document_title: United States territorial acquisitions

question_text: what did the united states gain from guam

text: United States territorial acquisitions

text: History of the United States of America[edit]

text: Control over North America (1750–2008)

text: The 1783 Treaty of Paris with Great Britain defined the original borders of the United States. It generally stretched from the Eastern Seaboard to the Mississippi River in the west.  There were ambiguities in the treaty regarding the exact border with Canada to the north that led to disputes that were resolved by the Webster–Ashburton Treaty in 1842.[1]  Beginning in the late 18th century, the new nation organized areas west of the Original thirteen states into several United States territories, setting a template for future expansion.

text: Louisiana Purchase[edit]

text: The Louisiana Purchase in 1803, was negotiated with Napoleon during the presidency of Thomas Jefferson; the territory was acquired from France for $15 million (equivalent to $245 million in present-day terms). A small portion of this land was ceded to Britain in 1818 in exchange for the Red River Basin. More of this land was ceded to Spain in 1819 with the Florida Purchase, but was later reacquired through Texas annexation and Mexican Cession.[2]

text: West Florida[edit]

text: West Florida was declared to be a U.S. possession in 1810 by President James Madison after the territory had declared its independence from Spain.[3] Madison ordered the U.S. Army to take control. Six weeks later, the army entered and occupied the capital, St. Francisville, putting an end to the republic after 74 days of independence. Spain did not relinquish its claim to sovereignty (see West Florida Controversy) until ratification of the Adams–Onís Treaty. General Andrew Jackson personally accepted the delivery of West Florida from its Spanish governor on July 17, 1821.[4]

text: Red River[edit]

text: The parts of Rupert's Land and the Red River Colony south of the 49th parallel in the basin of the Red River of the North were acquired in 1818 from Britain under the Anglo-American Convention of 1818.

text: East Florida[edit]

text: The Adams–Onís Treaty of 1819 with Spain resulted in Spain's cession of East Florida and the Sabine Free State and Spain's surrender of any claims to the Oregon Country. Article III of the treaty, when properly surveyed, resulted in the acquisition of a small part of central Colorado.[5]

text: Along Canada–US border[edit]

text: Webster-Ashburton Treaty of 1842 with Britain split the disputed territory in Maine and New Brunswick and finalized the border with Canada,[6] including the disputed Indian Stream territory. In 1850 Britain ceded to the U.S. less than one acre of underwater rock (Horseshoe Reef) in Lake Erie near Buffalo for a lighthouse.[7]

text: Texas[edit]

text: Texas Annexation of 1845: The independent Republic of Texas long sought to join the U.S., despite Mexican claims and the warning by Mexican leader Antonio López de Santa Anna that this would be "equivalent to a declaration of war against the Mexican Republic." Congress approved the annexation of Texas on February 28, 1845. On December 29, 1845, Texas became the 28th state. Texas had claimed New Mexico east of the Rio Grande but had only made one unsuccessful attempt to occupy it; New Mexico was captured by the U.S. Army in August 1846 and then administered separately from Texas. Mexico acknowledged the loss of territory in the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo of 1848. Santa Ana (the mexican army leader) had an army of 5,000, while Davy Crockett (the texan army leader) had about 186 people. in the middle of the fight, they ran out of ammo, so they used their guns as clubs. in the end, two children and two women survived.

text: Oregon Territory[edit]

text: Oregon Country, the territory of North America west of the Rockies to the Pacific, was jointly controlled by the U.S. and Britain following the Anglo-American Convention of 1818 until June 15, 1846 when the Oregon Treaty divided the territory at the 49th parallel (see Oregon boundary dispute). The San Juan Islands were claimed and jointly occupied by the U.S. and the U.K. from 1846–72 due to ambiguities in the treaty (see Northwestern Boundary Dispute). Arbitration led to the sole U.S. possession of the San Juan Islands since 1872.

text: Mexican Cession[edit]

text: Mexican Cession lands were captured in the Mexican–American War in 1846–48, and ceded by Mexico in the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, where Mexico agreed to the present Mexico–United States border except for the later Gadsden Purchase. The United States paid $15 million (equivalent to $394 million in present-day terms) and agreed to pay claims made by American citizens against Mexico which amounted to more than $3 million (equivalent to $79 million today).

text: Gadsden Purchase[edit]

text: In the Gadsden Purchase of 1853, the United States purchased a strip of land along the Mexico–United States border for $10 million (equivalent to $294 million in present-day terms), now in New Mexico and Arizona. The territory was also bought as Americans were passing through the land west to California.  After the American Mexican War, over the dispute of border claims, American bought the land to prevent future conflict.  Few historians would argue the territory was intended for a southern transcontinental railroad.

text: Since 1853[edit]

text: Alaska[edit]

text: Alaska Purchase from the Russian Empire for $7.2 million (2 cents per acre)[8] on March 30, 1867 (equivalent to $126 million in present-day terms), as a vital refueling station for ships trading with Asia. The land went through several administrative changes before becoming an organized territory on May 11, 1912, and the 49th state of the U.S. on January 3, 1959.

text: Hawaii[edit]

text:
Hawaii and Outlying Islands

In 1959, 94% of Hawaii's residents voted to relinquish all land claims (proposition 2) to the United States and become a state.

Today's United States Minor Outlying Islands excluding Caribbean

text: The Kingdom of Hawaii was closely linked by missionary work and trade to the U.S. by the 1880s. In 1893 business leaders overthrew the Queen of Hawaii and sought annexation. President Grover Cleveland strongly disapproved, so Hawaii set up an independent republic, the Republic of Hawaii. Southern Democrats in Congress strongly opposed a non-white addition. President William McKinley, a Republican, secured a Congressional resolution in 1898, and the small republic joined the U.S. All its citizens became full U.S. citizens. One factor was the need for advanced naval bases to fend off Japanese ambitions.[citation needed] The Hawaiian Islands officially became an incorporated territory of the U.S. in 1900. Following 94% voter approval of the Admission of Hawaii Act, on August 21, 1959 the Territory of Hawaii became the state of Hawaii, the 50th state.

text: With Hawaii came two remote coral atolls: the Palmyra Atoll which had been annexed by the U.S. in 1859, abandoned, then claimed in 1862 by the Kingdom of Hawaii, and the Stewart Islands, which had joined the Kingdom a few years before Palmyra.  At Hawaiian statehood in 1959, Palmyra and arguably the Stewarts were excluded from the new state.  Palmyra remained an incorporated U.S. territory, while the Stewarts were claimed and are now controlled by the Solomon Islands.[9]

text: Spanish colonies[edit]

text: Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines (for which the United States compensated Spain $20 million, equivalent to $588 million in present-day terms), were ceded by Spain after the Spanish–American War in the 1898 Treaty of Paris. Spain relinquished all claim of sovereignty over Cuba, but did not cede it to the United States, so it became a protectorate. All four of these areas were under United States Military Government (USMG) for extended periods. Cuba became an independent nation in 1902, and the Philippines became an independent nation in 1946.

text: This era also saw the first scattered protests against American imperialism. Noted Americans such as Mark Twain spoke out forcefully against these ventures. Opponents of the war, including Twain and Andrew Carnegie, organized themselves into the American Anti-Imperialist League.

text: During this same period the American people continued to strongly chastise the European powers for their imperialism. The Second Boer War was especially unpopular in the United States and soured Anglo-American relations. The anti-imperialist press would often draw parallels between the U.S. in the Philippines and the British in the Second Boer War.[10]

text: Cuba[edit]

text: Under the 1898 Treaty of Paris, Spain relinquished all claim of sovereignty over and title to Cuba, with the island to be occupied by the United States. Under the Teller Amendment Congress had already decided against annexation. Cuba gained formal independence on 20 May 1902. Under the new Cuban constitution, however, the U.S. retained the right to intervene in Cuban affairs and to supervise its finances and foreign relations through the Platt Amendment;[11] this, however, was later renounced as part of Franklin Roosevelt's Good Neighbor Policy.[11] Under the Platt Amendment (1901), Cuba also agreed to lease to the U.S. the naval base at Guantánamo Bay.

text: The naval base occupies land which the United States leased from Cuba in 1903 "... for the time required for the purposes of coaling and naval stations."  The two governments later agreed that, "So long as the United States of America shall not abandon the said naval station of Guantanamo or the two Governments shall not agree to a modification of its present limits, the station shall continue to have the territorial area that it now has, with the limits that it has on the date of the signature of the present Treaty."[12][13]

text: Puerto Rico[edit]

text: On July 25, 1898, during the Spanish–American War, Puerto Rico was invaded by the United States with a landing at Guánica. As an outcome of the war, the Jones–Shafroth Act granted all the inhabitants of Puerto Rico U.S. citizenship in 1917. The U.S. granted Puerto Ricans the right to democratically elect their own governor in 1948. In 1950, the Truman Administration allowed for a democratic referendum in Puerto Rico to determine whether Puerto Ricans desired to draft their own local constitution without affecting the unincorporated territory status with the U.S.[14] A local constitution was approved by a Constitutional Convention on February 6, 1952, ratified by the U.S. Congress, approved by President Truman on July 3 of that year, and proclaimed by Gov. Muñoz Marín on July 25, 1952, the anniversary of the 1898 arrival of U.S. troops. Puerto Rico adopted the name of Estado Libre Asociado (literally translated as "Free Associated State"), officially translated into English as Commonwealth, for its body politic.[15][16]

text: Guam[edit]

text: In Guam, settlement by foreign ethnic groups was small at first. After World War II showed the strategic value of the island, construction of a huge military base began along with a large influx of people from other parts of the world. Guam today has a very mixed population of 164,000. The indigenous Chamorros make up 37% of the population. The rest of the population consists mostly of white Americans and Filipinos, with smaller groups of Chinese, Japanese, Koreans, Micronesians, Vietnamese and Indians. Guam today is almost totally Americanized. The situation is somewhat similar to that in Hawaii, but attempts to change Guam's status as an 'unincorporated' U.S. territory have yet to meet with success.

text: Philippines[edit]

text: The Philippine Revolution against Spain began in April 1896. The Spanish–American War came to the Philippines on May 1, 1898, when the United States Navy's Asiatic Squadron, commanded by Commodore George Dewey, defeated the Spanish Pacific Squadron under Admiral Patricio Montojo y Pasarón during the Battle of Manila Bay. On June 12, Philippine revolutionaries declared independence and establishment of the First Philippine Republic. On December 10, 1898, the Treaty of Paris which ended the Spanish–American War was signed. The treaty transferred control of the Philippines from Spain to the United States. This agreement was not recognized by the Philippine revolutionaries, who declared war against the United States on June 2, 1899.[17] The Philippine–American War ensued. In 1901, Emilio Aguinaldo, president of the Malolos Republic, was captured and pledged his allegiance to the American government.[18] The U.S. unilaterally declared an end to the conflict in 1902. Scattered fighting continued, however, until 1913.

text: The Philippine Organic Act of 1902 provided for the establishment of a bicameral legislature composed of an upper house consisting of the Philippine Commission, an appointed body with both American and Filipino members. and a popularly elected lower house, the Philippine Assembly. The Philippines became a U.S. colony in the fashion of Europe's New Imperialism,[citation needed] with benevolent colonial practices. English joined Spanish as an official language, and English language education was made compulsory. In 1916, the United States passed the Philippine Autonomy Act and committed itself to granting independence to the Philippines "as soon as a stable government can be established therein."[19] As a step to full independence in 1946, partial autonomy as a Commonwealth was granted in 1935.

text: Preparation for a fully sovereign state was interrupted by the Japanese occupation of the Philippines during World War II. The United States suffered a total of 62,514 casualties, including 13,973 deaths in its attempt to liberate the Philippines from Imperial Japanese rule during the hard-fought Philippines campaign from 1944–1945. Full independence came with the recognition of Philippine sovereignty by the U.S. in 1946.

text: Wake Island[edit]

text: Wake Island was annexed as empty territory by the United States in 1899 (the claim is currently disputed by the Marshall Islands).

text: American Samoa[edit]

text: Germany, the United States, and Britain colonized the Samoan Islands. The nations came into conflict in the Second Samoan Civil War and the nations resolved their issues, establishing American Samoa as per the Treaty of Berlin, 1899. The U.S. took control of its allotted region on June 7, 1900, with the Deed of Cession. Tutuila Island and Aunuu Island were ceded by their chiefs in 1900, then added to American Samoa.  Manua was annexed in 1904, then added to American Samoa.  Swains Island was annexed in 1925 (occupied since 1856), then added to American Samoa. (The claim is currently disputed by Tokelau, a colonial territory of New Zealand.)  American Samoa was under the control of the U.S. Navy from 1900 to 1951. American Samoa was made a formal territory in 1929. From 1951 until 1977, Territorial Governors were appointed by the Secretary of the Interior. Immigration of Americans was never as strong as it was, for instance, in Hawaii; indigenous Samoans make up 89% of the population. The islands have been reluctant to separate from the U.S. in any manner.

text: Dominican Republic[edit]

text: The Annexation of Santo Domingo was an attempted treaty during the later Reconstruction Era, initiated by United States President Ulysses S. Grant in 1869, to annex "Santo Domingo" (as the Dominican Republic was then commonly known) as a United States territory, with the promise of eventual statehood. President Grant feared some European power would take the island in violation of the Monroe Doctrine. He privately thought annexation would be a safety valve for African Americans who were suffering persecution in the US, but he did not include this in his official messages. Grant speculated that the acquisition of Santo Domingo would help bring about the end of slavery in Cuba and elsewhere. Militarily he wanted a US naval port in the Dominican Republic which would also serve as protection for a projected canal across Nicaragua.

text: On January 10, 1870 President Grant formally submitted Sec. Fish's Dominican Republic annexation treaty to the U.S. Senate. The treaty was stalled in the Senate until Sen. Sumner's Foreign Relations Committee started hearings in mid February, 1870. On 19 February, a referendum was held in the Dominican Republic, in which nearly 99% of the votes cast were in favor of the annexation. Sec. Fish noted that the Senate was reluctant to pass any measures initiated by the Executive Branch. Sen. Sumner allowed the treaty to be debated openly on the Committee without giving his own opinion. However, on March 15, Senator Sumner's Foreign Relations Committee in a closed session voted to oppose the treaty 5 to 2. On March 24, in another closed session, Sen. Sumner came out strongly against the treaty. Sen. Sumner opposed the treaty believing annexation would be expensive, launch an American empire in the Caribbean, and would diminish independent Afro-Hispanic and African creole republics in the Western Hemisphere. Grant met with many Senators on Capitol Hill hoping to rally support for the Treaty, however, to no avail. Grant refused the suggestion that the treaty drop the Dominican statehood clause. Finally on June 30, 1870 the Senate defeated the Dominican Republic Annexation treaty by a vote of 28 to 28. Eighteen Senators had joined Sen. Sumner to defeat the Dominican annexation treaty.

text: The first United States occupation of the Dominican Republic lasted from 1916 to 1924. It was one of the many interventions in Latin America undertaken by the military forces of the United States. On May 13, 1916, Rear Admiral William B. Caperton forced the Dominican Republic's Secretary of War Desiderio Arias, who had seized power from Juan Isidro Jimenes Pereyra, to leave Santo Domingo by threatening the city with naval bombardment.

text: From the start of the intervention until the US Marines withdrew in 1924, they were in almost continuous actions on both the squad and platoon levels, fighting numerous small-unit actions with elusive guerilla forces. Despite the ability of the Marines to bring a large amount of firepower to bear against the guerillas from both the ground and the air, the occupation troops had their share of problems as well. Sometimes the enemy would successfully ambush a lone Marine patrol, killing all or most of its members, and would scatter before reinforcements arrived on the scene.

text: Panama Canal Zone[edit]

text: The Panama Canal Zone was an unorganized US territory located within the Republic of Panama. It was established under the Hay–Bunau-Varilla Treaty in 1903 and disestablished in 1979 under the Torrijos–Carter Treaties. Panama gained full control over the Panama Canal in 1999.

text: Virgin Islands[edit]

text: A referendum on transferring ownership from Denmark to the United States was held on 9 January 1868 on the islands of Sankt Jan and Sankt Thomas, two of three main islands in the Danish West Indies. Of the votes cast, 98% were in favor of the transfer, but it never materialized. A second referendum was held in all three islands on 17 August 1916, once again with overwhelming support for the transfer.

text: In 1917, the United States purchased the former Danish colony of St. Croix, St. John and St. Thomas, which is now the U.S. Virgin Islands. The United States—which had made an earlier approach in 1902—purchased these islands because they feared that the islands might be seized as a submarine base during World War I. After several months of secret negotiations, a sales price of $25 million was agreed. A non-binding referendum in Denmark held in late 1916 confirmed the decision to sell by a wide margin. The U.S. took possession of the islands on March 31, 1917 a few days before the U.S entered the war. The deal was ratified and finalized on January 17, 1917, when the United States and Denmark exchanged their respective treaty ratifications. The territory was renamed the U.S. Virgin Islands.[20] U.S. citizenship was granted to the inhabitants of the islands in 1927.

text: Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands[edit]

text: The Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands (TTPI) was a United Nations trust territory in Micronesia (western Pacific) administered by the United States from July 18, 1947, comprising the former League of Nations Mandate administered by Japan and taken by the U.S. in 1944. The various island groupings in the Trust Territory were later divided up. The Marshall Islands and the Federated States of Micronesia achieved independence on October 21, 1986.  Palau did so in 1994. All three nations signed Compacts of Free Association with the United States.

text: Mexican boundary[edit]

text:
The Boundary Treaty of 1970 transferred 823 acres (3.33 km2) of Mexican territory to the U.S., in areas near Presidio and Hidalgo, Texas, to build flood control channels. In exchange, the U.S. ceded 2,177 acres (8.81 km2) to Mexico, including five parcels near Presidio, the Horcon Tract containing the little town of Rio Rico, Texas, and Beaver Island near Roma, Texas. The last of these transfers occurred in 1977.
On November 24, 2009, the U.S. ceded 6 islands in the Rio Grande to Mexico, totaling 107.81 acres (0.4363 km2). At the same time, Mexico ceded 3 islands and 2 cuts to the U.S., totaling 63.53 acres (0.2571 km2). This transfer, which had been pending for 20 years, was the first application of Article III of the 1970 Boundary Treaty.
The Chamizal Treaty of 1963, which ended a hundred-year dispute between the two countries near El Paso, Texas, transferred 630 acres (2.5 km2) from the U.S. to Mexico in 1967. In return, Mexico transferred 264 acres (1.07 km2) to the U.S.
The Rio Grande Rectification Treaty of 1933 straightened and stabilized the 155 miles (249 km) of river boundary through the highly developed El Paso-Juárez Valley. Numerous parcels of land (174) were transferred between the two countries during the construction period, 1935–1938. At the end, each nation had ceded an equal area of land (2,560.5 acres (10.362 km2)) to the other.[21][22]
The Banco Convention of 1905 resulted in many exchanges of bancos (land surrounded by bends in the river that became segregated from either country by a cutoff, often due to rapid accretion or avulsion of the alluvial channel) between the two nations, most often in the Lower Rio Grande Valley. Under the treaty, the following transfers involving Texas occurred from 1910–1976:[23]

text:
Year

# Bancos

Acres to USA

Acres to Mexico

Net total

Year

# Bancos

Acres to USA

Acres to Mexico

Net total

1910

57

5,357.2

3,101.2

2,256

1942

1

63.3

0

63.3

1912

31

1,094.4

2,343.0

−1,248.6

1943

4

482.9

100.5

382.4

1928

42

3,089.9

1,407.8

1,682.1

1944

14

253.7

166.2

87.5

1930

31

4,685.6

984.3

3,701.3

1945

16

240.9

333.5

−92.6

1931

4

158.4

328.7

−170.3

1946

1

185.8

0

185.8

1932

2

159.7

0

159.7

1949

2

190.2

281.9

−91.7

1933

1

0

122.1

−122.1

1956

1

508.3

0

508.3

1934

1

278.1

0

278.1

1968

1

0

154.6

−154.6

1939

1

240.2

0

240.2

1970

21

449.8

1,881.8

−1,432

1940

2

0

209.5

−209.5

1976

6

49.2

0

49.2

1941

6

224.5

246.9

−22.4

Total

245

17,712 acres (71.68 km2)

11,662 acres (47.19 km2)

6,050 acres (24.5 km2)

text:
In 1927 under the same 1905 Convention, the U.S. acquired two bancos from Mexico at the Colorado River border with Arizona. Farmers Banco, covering 583.4 acres (2.361 km2), a part of the Cocopah Indian Reservation at 32°37′27″N 114°46′45″W / 32.62417°N 114.77917°W / 32.62417; -114.77917, was ceded to the U.S. with controversy.[24] Fain Banco (259 acres (1.05 km2)) at 32°31′32″N 114°47′28″W / 32.52556°N 114.79111°W / 32.52556; -114.79111 also became U.S. soil.
Proposed: Based on aerial surveys in 2008, there are 138 cases where the widest channel of normal flow of the Rio Grande has shifted from previous surveys. Therefore, the International Boundary Line is to be changed under Article III of the 1970 Boundary Treaty. The result is 138 proposed transfers of territory that remain pending further evaluation and approval by the International Boundary and Water Commission and the two governments. Upon resolution, the U.S. is to cede 7 islands and 60 cuts in the Rio Grande to Mexico, totaling 1,251.2 acres (5.063 km2), while Mexico is to cede 3 islands and 68 cuts to the U.S., totaling 1,275.9 acres (5.163 km2).

text: Canada[edit]

text: In 1925, to correct an unintended effect from an earlier treaty, the U.S. ceded to Canada two enclaves comprising two and one-half acres of water territory in the Lake of the Woods.[7][25]

text: Northern Mariana Islands[edit]

text: The Northern Mariana Islands were part of the former Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands but decided in the 1970s not to seek independence. The Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands in political union with the United States was established in 1978.

text: Ryukyu Islands[edit]

text: The United States Military Government of the Ryukyu Islands (琉球列島米国軍政府 Ryūkyū-rettō Beikoku Gunseifu) was the government in Okinawa, Japan from 1945 to 1950, whereupon it was replaced by the United States Civil Administration of the Ryukyu Islands from 1950 until 1972.

text: South Korea[edit]

text: The United States Army Military Government in Korea (USAMGIK; Korean: 재조선 미육군 사령부 군정청; Hanja: 在朝鮮美陸軍司令部軍政廳) was the official ruling body of the southern half of the Korean Peninsula from September 8, 1945 to August 15, 1948.


document_title: Women's College World Series

question_text: who won the women's softball world series

question_tokens: who won the women 's softball world series

root

text: Women's College World Series

text: Division I[edit]

text: NCAA[edit]

text:
Year
Champion[3]
Title
Series
Score
Runner-up
Tie-3rd
Tie-5th
Tie-7th

1982
UCLA
WCAA
2–0 (8 inn)
Fresno State
NorPac
Cal St. Fullerton
WCAA
Arizona State
WCAA
Nebraska
Big Eight
Western Michigan
MAC
Creighton
Gateway
Oklahoma State
Big Eight

1983
Texas A&M
Southwest
2–0 (12 inn)
Cal State Fullerton
WCAA
UCLA
WCAA
South Carolina
Independent
Louisiana Tech
Southland
Pacific
NorPac
Indiana
Big Ten
Missouri
Big Eight

1984
UCLA
WCAA
1–0 (13 inn)
Texas A&M
Southwest
Northwestern
Big Ten
Nebraska
Big Eight
Adelphi
Atlantic 10
Fresno State
NorPac
Cal Poly Pomona
CCAA
Utah State
High Country

1985
2–1 (9 inn)
Nebraska*
Big Eight
Cal St. Fullerton
PCAA
Cal Poly Pomona
CCAA
Adelphi
Atlantic 10
Northwestern
Big Ten
Louisiana Tech
Southland
Utah
High Country

1986
Cal State Fullerton
PCAA
3–0
Texas A&M
Southwest
California
NorPac
Indiana
Big Ten
Creighton
Gateway
Long Beach State
PCAA
Louisiana Tech
Southland
Northwestern
Big Ten

1987
Texas A&M
Southwest
4–1
UCLA
Pac-10
Cal St. Fullerton
PCAA
Nebraska
Big Eight
Central Michigan
MAC
Fresno State
PCAA
Arizona State
Pac-10
Florida State
Metro

1988
UCLA
Pac-10
3–0
Fresno State
PCAA
Arizona
Pac-10
Cal Poly Pomona
CCAA
Nebraska
Big Eight
Texas A&M
Southwest
Aldelphi
Atlantic 10
Northern Illinois
North Star

1989
1–0
Arizona
Pac-10
Oklahoma State
Big Eight
Cal Poly Pomona
CCAA
Oregon
Pac-10
South Carolina
Metro
Toledo
MAC

1990
2–0
Florida State
Metro
Oklahoma State
Big Eight
Long Beach State
Big West
UNLV
Big West
Arizona
Pac-10
Kent State
MAC

1991
Arizona
Pac-10
5–1
UCLA
Pac-10
Fresno State
Big West
Long Beach State
Big West
Florida State
Metro
Missouri
Big Eight
UNLV
Big West
Utah
WAC

1992
UCLA
Pac-10
2–0
Arizona
Pac-10
Fresno State
Big West
Massachusetts
Atlantic 10
California
Pac-10
Long Beach State
Big West
Florida State
ACC
Kansas
Big Eight

1993
Arizona
Pac-10
1–0
UCLA
Pac-10
Southwestern Louisiana
Sun Belt
Oklahoma State
Big Eight
Cal St. Northridge
WAC
Connecticut
Big East
Florida State
ACC
Long Beach State
Big West

1994
4–0
Cal State Northridge
WAC
Oklahoma State
Big Eight
UCLA
Pac-10
Fresno State
WAC
Utah
WAC
Illinois–Chicago
Mid-Con
Missouri
Big Eight

1995
UCLA**
Pac-10
4–2
Arizona
Pac-10
Iowa
Big Ten
UNLV
Big West
Cal St. Fullerton
Big West
SW Louisiana
Sun Belt
Michigan
Big Ten
Princeton
Ivy

1996
Arizona
Pac-10
6–4
Washington
Pac-10
Iowa
Big Ten
UCLA
Pac-10
California
Pac-10
SW Louisiana
Sun Belt
Michigan
Big Ten
Princeton
Ivy

1997
10–2 (5 inn)
UCLA
Pac-10
Fresno State
WAC
Washington
Pac-10
Iowa
Big Ten
Michigan
Big Ten
Massachusetts
Atlantic 10
South Carolina
SEC

1998
Fresno State
WAC
1–0
Arizona
Pac-10
Oklahoma State
Big 12
Washington
Pac-10
Michigan
Big Ten
Nebraska
Big 12
Massachusetts
Atlantic 10
Texas
Big 12

1999
UCLA
Pac-10
3–2
Washington
Pac-10
California
Pac-10
DePaul
Conference USA
Arizona
Pac-10
Fresno State
WAC
Arizona State
Pac-10
Southern Miss
Conference USA

2000
Oklahoma
Big 12
3–1
UCLA
Pac-10
Arizona
Pac-10
Southern Miss
Conference USA
Alabama
SEC
Washington
Pac-10
California
Pac-10
DePaul
Conference USA

2001
Arizona
Pac-10
1–0
UCLA
Pac-10
LSU
SEC
Stanford
Pac-10
California
Pac-10
Oklahoma
Big 12
Iowa
Big Ten
Michigan
Big Ten

2002
California
Pac-10
6–0
Arizona
Pac-10
Arizona State
Pac-10
Florida State
ACC
Nebraska
Big 12
UCLA
Pac-10
Michigan
Big Ten
Oklahoma
Big 12

2003
UCLA
Pac-10
1–0 (9 inn)
California
Pac-10
Arizona
Pac-10
Texas
Big 12
Oklahoma
Big 12
Washington
Pac-10
Alabama
SEC
LA-Lafayette
Sun Belt

2004
3–1
LSU
SEC
Stanford
Pac-10
Florida State
ACC
Oklahoma
Big 12
Michigan
Big Ten
Washington
Pac-10

2005***
Michigan
Big Ten
0–5
5–2
4–1 (10 inn)
UCLA
Pac-10
Tennessee
SEC
Texas
Big 12
Alabama
SEC
Arizona
Pac-10
California
Pac-10
DePaul
Conference USA

2006
Arizona
Pac-10
8–0
5–0
Northwestern
Big Ten
Tennessee
SEC
UCLA
Pac-10
Arizona State
Pac-10
Texas
Big 12
Alabama
SEC
Oregon State
Pac-10

2007
0–3
1–0 (10 inn)
5–0
Tennessee
SEC
Northwestern
Big Ten
Washington
Pac-10
Baylor
Big 12
DePaul
Big East
Arizona State
Pac-10
Texas A&M
Big 12

2008
Arizona State
Pac-10
3–0
11–0
Texas A&M
Big 12
Alabama
SEC
Florida
SEC
LA-Lafayette
Sun Belt
UCLA
Pac-10
Arizona
Pac-10
Virginia Tech
ACC

2009
Washington
Pac-10
8–0
3–2
Florida
SEC
Alabama
SEC
Georgia
SEC
Arizona
Pac-10
Michigan
Big Ten
Arizona State
Pac-10
Missouri
Big 12

2010
UCLA
Pac-10
6–5 (8 inn)
15–9
Arizona
Pac-10
Georgia
SEC
Tennessee
SEC
Florida
SEC
Hawaii
WAC
Missouri
Big 12
Washington
Pac-10

2011
Arizona State
Pac-10
14–4
7–2
Florida
SEC
Alabama
SEC
Baylor
Big 12
California
Pac-10
Missouri
Big 12
Oklahoma
Big 12
Oklahoma State
Big 12

2012
Alabama
SEC
1–4
8–6
5–4
Oklahoma
Big 12
California
Pac-12
Arizona State
Pac-12
Oregon
Pac-12
LSU
SEC
South Florida
Big East
Tennessee
SEC

2013
Oklahoma
Big 12
5–3 (12 inn)
4–0
Tennessee
SEC
Washington
Pac-12
Texas
Big 12
Michigan
Big Ten
Florida
SEC
Arizona State
Pac-12
Nebraska
Big Ten

2014
Florida
SEC
5–0
6–3
Alabama
SEC
Oregon
Pac-12
Baylor
Big 12
Oklahoma
Big 12
Kentucky
SEC
LA-Lafayette
Sun Belt
Florida State
ACC

2015
3–2
0–1
4–1
Michigan
Big Ten
Auburn
SEC
LSU
SEC
UCLA
Pac-12
Alabama
SEC
Oregon
Pac-12
Tennessee
SEC

2016
Oklahoma
Big 12
3–2
7–11 (8 inn)
2–1
Auburn
SEC
Florida State
ACC
LSU
SEC
Michigan
Big Ten
Georgia
SEC
Alabama
SEC
UCLA
Pac-12

2017
7-5 (17 inn)
5-4
Florida
SEC
Oregon
Pac-12
Washington
Pac-12
LSU
SEC
UCLA
Pac-12
Baylor
Big 12
Texas A&M
SEC

2018
Florida State
ACC
1-0
8-3
Washington
Pac-12
UCLA
Pac-12
Oklahoma
Big 12
Oregon
Pac-12
Florida
SEC
Georgia
SEC
Arizona State
Pac-12

tag: table

text: * Nebraska's runner-up finish in 1985 was vacated by the NCAA.

tag: p

text: ** The 1995 title by UCLA and any related records have been vacated by the NCAA due to scholarship violations. Criticism also centered on UCLA player Tanya Harding who was recruited from Queensland, Australia midway through the 1995 season. After UCLA captured the NCAA National Championship, Harding, the MVP of the tournament, returned to her homeland without taking final exams or earning a single college credit. Despite not violating any formal rules in recruiting Harding, the incident generated heated criticism that some foreign athletes were little more than hired guns.[4][5]

text: *** Beginning in 2005, a best-of-three series determines the national championship.

text: AIAW[edit]

text: From 1969–1972, the DGWS (forerunner organization of the AIAW) recognized the WCWS, organized by the Amateur Softball Association, as the collegiate championship tournament. The AIAW assumed responsibilities from DGWS in 1973.

text:
Year
Champion[3]
Title Series Game Score(s)
Runner-up

1969
John F. Kennedy College
2–0
Illinois State

1970
0–2
7–6
Southwest Missouri State

1971
6–0
4–0
Iowa State

1972
Arizona State
0–1
8–5 (11 inn)
University of Tokyo–Nihon

1973
0–4
4–3 (16 inn)
Illinois State

1974
Southwest Missouri State
14–7
Northern Colorado

1975
Nebraska Omaha
1–11
6–4
Northern Iowa

1976
Michigan State
3–0
Northern Colorado

1977
Northern Iowa
0–1 (9 inn)
7–0
Arizona

1978
UCLA
3–0
Northern Colorado

1979
Texas Woman's
1–0
1–0
UCLA

1980[a]
Utah State
1–0
2–1
Indiana

1981[b]
1–6
4–3
Cal State Fullerton

1982
Texas A&M
4–1
5–3 (8 inn)
Oklahoma State

text:
Jump up ^ Officially named the "AIAW Division I National Softball Championship."[3]:54
Jump up ^ Officially named the "AIAW College Softball World Series."[3]:58

tag: ol

text: NCAA team titles by school[edit]

text:
School
Number
Year Won

UCLA
11
1982, 1984, 1985, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1992, 1999, 2003, 2004, 2010

Arizona
8
1991, 1993, 1994, 1996, 1997, 2001, 2006, 2007

Oklahoma
4
2000, 2013, 2016, 2017

Arizona State
2
2008, 2011

Texas A&M
2
1983, 1987

Florida
2
2014, 2015

Alabama
1
2012

Cal State Fullerton
1
1986

Florida State
1
2018

Fresno State
1
1998

Michigan
1
2005

Washington
1
2009

California
1
2002

*UCLA also won the 1995 title, but it has since been vacated by the NCAA; see above.

text: AIAW team titles by school[edit]

text:
School
Championships[3]
Years

John F. Kennedy College (Nebraska)
3
1969, 1970, 1971 (all DGWS)

Arizona State
2
1972 (DGWS), 1973

Utah State
2
1980, 1981

Florida State
2
1981, 1982 (both Slow Pitch)

(Southwest) Missouri State
1
1974

Nebraska Omaha
1
1975

Michigan State
1
1976

Northern Iowa
1
1977

UCLA
1
1978

Texas Woman's
1
1979

Texas A&M
1
1982

text: Championships & appearances by school[edit]

text:
Color coded by current conference; table is sortable
Bold indicates team championship

tag: ul

text:
School
Championships[3]
(through 2018)
Title Games
(through 2018)
WCWS Appearances
(through 2018)
WCWS Appearances
(through 2018)

UCLA‡
12
21
30
1978, 1979, 1981, 1982,[a] 1983, 1984, 1985, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1996, 1997, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2008, 2010, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018

Arizona
8
14
26
1974, 1975, 1977, 1979, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010

Arizona State
4
4
19
1971, 1972, 1973, 1976, 1977, 1978, 1979, 1982,[a] 1987, 1999, 2002, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2018

California
1
3
15
1980, 1981, 1982,[b] 1986, 1992, 1996, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2011, 2012

Oklahoma
4
5
16
1975, 1980, 1981, 1982,[b] 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2016, 2017, 2018

Fresno State
1
5
12
1982,[a] 1984, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1994, 1997, 1998, 1999

Michigan
1
2
13
1982,[b] 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 2001, 2002, 2004, 2005, 2009, 2013, 2015, 2016

Texas A&M
3
6
11
1979, 1980, 1981, 1982,[b] 1983, 1984, 1986, 1987, 1988, 2007, 2008, 2017

Washington
1
4
12
1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2003, 2004, 2007, 2009, 2010, 2013, 2017, 2018

Northern Colorado
0
3
11
1969, 1970, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1974, 1975, 1976, 1977, 1978, 1979

Oklahoma State
0
1
11
1977, 1980, 1981, 1982,[b] 1982,[a] 1989, 1990, 1993, 1994, 1998, 2011

South Carolina
0
0
11
1972, 1973, 1974, 1976, 1978, 1979, 1980, 1981, 1983, 1989, 1997

Alabama
1
2
11
2000, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2008, 2009, 2011, 2012, 2014, 2015, 2016

(Southwest) Missouri State
1
2
10
1969, 1970, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1974, 1977, 1978, 1980, 1982[b]

(Nebraska–)Omaha
1
1
10
1969, 1970, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1975, 1976, 1977, 1978, 1979

Nebraska‡
0
0
9
1970, 1971, 1982,[a] 1984, 1987, 1988, 1998, 2002, 2013

Cal State Fullerton
1
3
8
1980, 1981, 1982,[a] 1983, 1985, 1986 1987, 1995

Illinois State
0
2
8
1969, 1970, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1976, 1978, 1981

Western Illinois
0
0
8
1970, 1972, 1973, 1975, 1977, 1979, 1980, 1982[b]

Florida State
1
1
10
1987, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 2002, 2004, 2014, 2016, 2018

Florida
2
5
9
2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2017, 2018

Tennessee
0
2
7
2005, 2006, 2007, 2010, 2012, 2013, 2015

Missouri
0
0
7
1981, 1983, 1991, 1994, 2009, 2010, 2011

Cal Poly Pomona
0
0
7
1978, 1979, 1980, 1984, 1985, 1988, 1989

Kansas
0
0
7
1973, 1974, 1975, 1976, 1977, 1979, 1992

Michigan State
1
1
6
1973, 1974, 1975, 1976, 1977, 1981

Louisiana (Lafayette)
0
0
6
1993, 1995, 1996, 2003, 2008, 2014

Oregon
0
0
7
1976, 1980, 1989, 2012, 2014, 2015, 2017, 2018

Massachusetts
0
0
6
1974, 1978, 1980, 1992, 1997, 1998

Long Beach State
0
0
5
1986, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993

Northwestern
0
1
5
1984, 1985, 1986, 2006, 2007

Texas
0
0
5
1998, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2013

Utah
0
0
5
1976, 1982,[b] 1985, 1991, 1994

Creighton
0
0
5
1969, 1980, 1981, 1982,[a] 1986

Wayne State (NE)
0
0
5
1970, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1974

Utah State
2
2
4
1978, 1980, 1981, 1984

Northern Iowa
1
2
4
1973, 1975, 1976, 1977

Indiana
0
1
4
1979, 1980, 1983, 1986

DePaul
0
0
4
1999, 2000, 2005, 2007

Iowa
0
0
4
1995, 1996, 1997, 2001

LSU
0
0
6
2001, 2004, 2012, 2015, 2016, 2017

Oregon State
0
0
4
1977, 1978, 1979, 2006

Southern Illinois (Carbondale)
0
0
4
1970, 1971, 1977, 1978

South Dakota State
0
0
4
1971, 1972, 1973, 1974

Luther (IA)
0
0
4
1970, 1971, 1972, 1974

John F. Kennedy (NE)
3
3
3
1969, 1970, 1971

Texas Woman's
1
1
3
1975, 1978, 1979

Baylor
0
0
4
2007, 2011, 2014, 2017

Louisiana Tech
0
0
3
1983, 1985, 1986

Adelphi
0
0
3
1984, 1985, 1988

UNLV
0
0
3
1990, 1991, 1995

Western Michigan
0
0
3
1980, 1981, 1982[a]

Kearney State (NE)
0
0
3
1969, 1970, 1971

Minot State
0
0
3
1970, 1971, 1972

Emporia State
0
0
3
1971, 1972, 1979

Weber State
0
0
3
1973, 1974, 1975

North Dakota State
0
0
3
1973, 1974, 1975

Iowa State
0
1
2
1971, 1973

Cal State–Northridge
0
1
2
1993, 1994

Georgia
0
0
5
2009, 2010, 2016, 2018

Princeton
0
0
2
1995, 1996

Southern Miss
0
0
2
1999, 2000

Stanford
0
0
2
2001, 2004

Central Michigan
0
0
2
1982,[b] 1987

Minnesota–Duluth
0
0
2
1970, 1971

Midland Lutheran (NE)
0
0
2
1970, 1971

New Mexico
0
0
2
1980, 1981

Rutgers
0
0
2
1979, 1981

Concordia (NE)
0
0
2
1970, 1971

Upper Iowa
0
0
2
1970, 1971

Eastern Illinois
0
0
2
1971, 1974

Central Missouri
0
0
2
1971, 1972

Ball State
0
0
2
1973, 1975

Indiana State
0
0
2
1974, 1976

East Stroudsburg State (PA)
0
0
2
1975, 1976

Northern State (SD)
0
0
2
1975, 1976

Texas–Arlington
0
0
2
1976, 1977

Sacramento State
0
0
2
1976, 1977

Minnesota
0
0
2
1976, 1978

Auburn
0
0
2
2015, 2016

Connecticut
0
0
1
1993

Hawaii
0
0
1
2010

Illinois–Chicago
0
0
1
1994

Kent State
0
0
1
1990

Kentucky
0
0
1
2014

Northern Illinois
0
0
1
1988

Pacific (CA)
0
0
1
1983

South Florida
0
0
1
2012

Toledo
0
0
1
1989

Virginia Tech
0
0
1
2008

St. Petersburg Junior College (FL)
0
0
1
1969

Black Hills State (SD)
0
0
1
1969

Midwestern (IA)
0
0
1
1970

Parsons (IA)
0
0
1
1971

Wartburg (IA)
0
0
1
1971

Wisconsin State University–Eau Claire
0
0
1
1971

South Dakota
0
0
1
1971

Southwest Baptist (MO)
0
0
1
1971

Buena Vista (IA)
0
0
1
1971

Simpson (IA)
0
0
1
1971

University of Tokyo–Nihon
0
1
1
1972

Keene State (NH)
0
0
1
1972

Purdue
0
0
1
1972

West Georgia
0
0
1
1974

Golden West College (CA)
0
0
1
1974

Winona State (MN)
0
0
1
1974

Nassau Community College (NY)
0
0
1
1974

Oregon College of Education
0
0
1
1975

Northwest Missouri State
0
0
1
1975

Ohio
0
0
1
1975

Mankato State (MN)
0
0
1
1975

Tarkio (MO)
0
0
1
1976

Northwestern Oklahoma State
0
0
1
1976

Mayville State (ND)
0
0
1
1976

West Chester (PA)
0
0
1
1977

Springfield (MA)
0
0
1
1977

Portland State
0
0
1
1978

Stephen F. Austin
0
0
1
1978

Chapman (CA)
0
0
1
1979

Pittsburgh
0
0
1
2015

New Mexico State
0
0
1
1981

Ohio State
0
0
1
1982[b]

Rhode Island
0
0
1
1982[b]

U.S. International (CA)
0
0
1
1982[b]

text: ‡ UCLA's 1995 NCAA championship and Nebraska's 1985 runner-up finish were vacated by the NCAA and are not counted

text:
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h NCAA WCWS participant in 1982, when both the AIAW and NCAA conducted championships with the same name
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l AIAW WCWS participant in 1982, when both the AIAW and NCAA conducted championships with the same name

text: Championships & appearances by conference[edit]

text: This listing excludes results of the pre-NCAA Women's College World Series of 1969 through 1982 (both Division I tournaments in 1982—AIAW and NCAA—were called "Women's College World Series").

text:
Conference
Championships
(Through 2017)
Title Game/Series Appearances
(Through 2017)
WCWS Appearances
(Through 2017)

Pac-12[c 1]
23
36
82

SEC
3
10
40

Big 12
4
5
30

Big Ten
1
3
23

Big West[c 2]
1
4
19

Big Eight[c 3] [c 4]

12

WAC[c 5]
1
2
11

Atlantic 10

6

Southwest[c 6] [c 4]
2
4
5

ACC

9

Conference USA[c 7]

5

Sun Belt

6

CCAA

4

MAC

4

Metro[c 7][c 4]

4

Southland

3

Big East[c 8]

3

Ivy

2

Missouri Valley[c 9]

2

Independent

1

Summit League[c 10]

1

NorPac[c 11] [c 4]

1
3

North Star[c 12] [c 4]

1

WCAA[c 13] [c 4]
3
3
6

text:
Jump up ^ UCLA's 1995 WCWS participation & title were vacated by the NCAA, and are not included in these figures; see above. The Pac-12, which adopted its current name on July 1, 2011, retains all historical records from its years as the Pac-10. The conference had adopted the "Pac-10" name in 1978, but did not begin sponsoring women's sports until the 1986–87 school year.
Jump up ^ The Big West Conference was known as the Pacific Coast Athletic Association until July 1988. Totals include all appearances by conference members under both names, but includes only appearances after the conference began sponsoring women's sports in 1984–85.
Jump up ^ Nebraska's 1985 WCWS participation & title game appearance were vacated by the NCAA, and are not included in these totals. The Big Eight merged with four teams from the Southwest Conference to form the Big 12 in 1996.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Conference is now defunct.
Jump up ^ The Western Athletic Conference (WAC) did not sponsor women's sports until the 1990–91 academic year, after absorbing the High Country Athletic Conference (HCAC), a parallel women's-only conference. The WAC maintains all historic records from the HCAC; totals include Utah State's 1984 and Utah's 1985 appearances while in the HCAC.
Jump up ^ Texas A&M won two titles, made four title game appearances and five WCWS appearances while they were still members of the Southwest Conference. This conference is now defunct. Texas A&M was a charter member of the Big 12 in 1996, but left for the Southeastern Conference in July 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Following the breakup of the Metro in 1991 by Florida State, South Carolina, Cincinnati, and Memphis, the Metro and its breakaway Great Midwest Conference reunified in 1995 as Conference USA.
Jump up ^ Although the charter of the original Big East Conference was inherited by the American Athletic Conference following the 2013 Big East split, the current Big East Conference maintains all athletic records of the original conference in all sports that it sponsors.
Jump up ^ Records include those of the former Gateway Collegiate Athletic Conference when it was originally a women's-only conference parallel to the MVC. In 1985, after the MVC stopped sponsoring football, the Gateway took on football as its only men's sport. In 1992, the women's portion of the Gateway merged into the MVC, which maintains all historic records of Gateway women's sports. The football side of the conference maintained the Gateway charter, first as the Gateway Football Conference and now the Missouri Valley Football Conference.
Jump up ^ The Mid-Continent Conference adopted its current name of The Summit League in June 2007.
Jump up ^ The NorPac, in full the Northern Pacific Conference, was a women's-only conference that operated from 1982 to 1986. The conference disbanded when the then-Pac-10, home to five of the final seven NorPac members, began sponsoring women's sports in 1986–87. The remaining two schools, which were members of the PCAA for men's sports, moved their women's sports to that conference.
Jump up ^ The North Star Conference was a women's-only conference that merged into the Mid-Continent Conference, now The Summit League, in 1992. The Summit maintains all historic records of North Star sports.
Jump up ^ The WCAA, in full the Western Collegiate Athletic Association, was a women's-only conference that operated from 1981 to 1986. Its final five members were all members of the conference known at the time as the Pac-10, and moved their women's sports to that league.


document_title: Top Gun

question_text: who does tim robbins play in top gun

question_tokens: who does tim robbins play in top gun

text: Top Gun

text: Plot[edit]

text: United States Naval Aviator LT Pete "Maverick" Mitchell and his Radar Intercept Officer LTJG Nick "Goose" Bradshaw fly the F-14A Tomcat aboard USS Enterprise (CVN-65). During an interception with two hostile aircraft, Maverick gets missile lock on one, while the other hostile aircraft gets missile lock on Maverick's wingman, Cougar. Maverick then flies inverted above that remaining hostile aircraft to give the other pilot the finger. Afterwards Cougar is too shaken to land, and Maverick, defying orders, escorts him back to the carrier. Cougar gives up his wings, citing his newborn child that he has never seen. Despite his dislike for Maverick's recklessness, CAG "Stinger" sends him and Goose—now his top crew—to attend the Top Gun school at NAS Miramar.

text: At a bar the day before Top Gun starts, Maverick, assisted by Goose, unsuccessfully approaches a woman. He learns the next day that she is Charlotte "Charlie" Blackwood, an astrophysicist and civilian Top Gun instructor. She becomes interested in Maverick upon learning of his inverted maneuver, which disproves US intelligence on the enemy aircraft's performance.

text: During Maverick's first training sortie he defeats CDR Rick "Jester" Heatherly but through reckless flying breaks two rules of engagement, and becomes a rival to top student LT Tom "Iceman" Kazanski, who considers Maverick's methods "dangerous." Charlie also refutes Maverick's aggressive tactics, but eventually admits that she admires his flying and omitted it from her reports to hide her feelings for him, and the two begin a romantic relationship.

text: During a training sortie Maverick abandons his wingman "Hollywood" to chase chief instructor CDR Mike "Viper" Metcalf, but is defeated when Viper maneuvers Maverick into a position from which his wingman Jester can shoot down Maverick from behind, demonstrating the value of teamwork.

text: Maverick and Iceman, now direct competitors for the Top Gun Trophy, chase Jester in a later training engagement. Maverick pressures Iceman to break off his engagement so he can shoot down Jester, but Maverick's F-14 flies through the jet wash of Iceman's aircraft and suffers a flameout of both engines, going into an unrecoverable flat spin. Maverick and Goose eject, but Goose hits the jettisoned aircraft canopy head-first and is killed.

text: Although the board of inquiry clears Maverick of responsibility for Goose's death, he is overcome by guilt and loses his aggressiveness when flying. Charlie and others attempt to console him, but Maverick considers retiring. He seeks advice from Viper, who reveals that he served with Maverick's father Duke Mitchell on the USS Oriskany. Mitchell was subject to an unspecified disgrace, which causes others to doubt Maverick's flying ability. Viper reveals classified information that proves Mitchell died heroically, and informs Maverick that he can succeed if he can regain his self-confidence. Maverick chooses to graduate, though Iceman wins the Top Gun Trophy.

text: During the graduation party, Iceman, Hollywood, and Maverick are ordered to immediately return to Enterprise to deal with a "crisis situation", providing air support for the rescue of a stricken ship that has drifted into hostile waters. Maverick and Merlin are assigned as back-up for F-14s flown by Iceman and Hollywood, despite Iceman's reservations over Maverick's state of mind. The subsequent hostile engagement with six MiGs sees Hollywood shot down; Maverick is scrambled alone due to a catapult failure and nearly retreats after encountering circumstances similar to those that caused Goose's death. Upon finally rejoining Iceman they shoot down four MiGs and force the others to flee, returning triumphantly to Enterprise.

text: Offered any assignment he chooses, Maverick decides to return to Top Gun as an instructor. At a bar at Miramar, Maverick and Charlie reunite.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Tom Cruise as LT Pete "Maverick" Mitchell
Kelly McGillis as Charlotte "Charlie" Blackwood. The character is based on a real life person, Christine Fox, who worked at the Miramar Naval Air Station.
Val Kilmer as LT Tom "Iceman" Kazanski
Anthony Edwards as LTJG Nick "Goose" Bradshaw
Tom Skerritt as CDR Mike "Viper" Metcalf
Michael Ironside as LCDR Rick "Jester" Heatherly
John Stockwell as LT Bill "Cougar" Cortell
Barry Tubb as LTJG Leonard "Wolfman" Wolfe
Rick Rossovich as LTJG Ron "Slider" Kerner
Tim Robbins as LTJG Sam "Merlin" Wells
Clarence Gilyard, Jr. as LTJG Marcus "Sundown" Williams
Whip Hubley as LT Rick "Hollywood" Neven
James Tolkan as CDR Tom "Stinger" Jardian
Meg Ryan as Carole Bradshaw
Adrian Pasdar as LT Charles "Chipper" Piper
Duke Stroud as Air Boss CDR Johnson
Linda Rae Jurgens as Mary Metcalf

text: Production[edit]

text: Background[edit]

text: The primary inspiration for the film was the article "Top Guns" by Ehud Yonay, from the May 1983 issue of California magazine, which featured aerial photography by then-Lieutenant Commander Charles "Heater" Heatley.[4] The article detailed the life of fighter pilots at the Naval Air Station Miramar in San Diego, self-nicknamed as "Fightertown USA". Numerous screenwriters allegedly turned down the project.[4] Bruckheimer and Simpson went on to hire Jim Cash and Jack Epps, Jr., to write the first draft. The research methods, by Epps, included an attendance at several declassified Top Gun classes at Miramar and gaining experience by being flown in an F-14. The first draft failed to impress Bruckheimer and Simpson, and is considered to be very different from the final product in numerous ways.[5]

text: Actor Matthew Modine turned down the role of LT Pete "Maverick" Mitchell (that went to Tom Cruise) because he felt the film's pro-military stance went against his politics.[6]

text: The producers wanted the assistance of the US Navy in production of the film. The Navy was influential in relation to script approval, which resulted in changes being made. The opening dogfight was moved to international waters as opposed to Cuba, the language was toned down, and a scene that involved a crash on the deck of an aircraft carrier was also scrapped.[7] Maverick's love interest was also changed from a female enlisted member of the Navy to a civilian contractor with the Navy, due to the US military's prohibition of fraternization between officers and enlisted personnel.[4] The "Charlie" character also replaced an aerobics instructor from an early draft as a love interest for Maverick after producers were introduced to Christine "Legs" Fox, a civilian mathematician employed by the Center for Naval Analyses as a specialist in Maritime Air Superiority (MAS), developing tactics for aircraft carrier defense.[8] Rear Admiral Pete "Viper" Pettigrew, a former Navy aviator, Vietnam War veteran, and Top Gun instructor served as a technical advisor on the film, and also made a cameo appearance in the film as a colleague of Charlie's.

text: Former Top Gun instructor pilot and Congressman Randy "Duke" Cunningham claimed to have been the inspiration for Pete Mitchell, although the film's producers have denied that the character was based on any specific Naval aviator.[9]

text: Filming[edit]

text: The Navy made several aircraft from F-14 fighter squadron VF-51 "Screaming Eagles" (which Tom Skerritt mentions in the scene at his home) available for the film. Paramount paid as much as $7,800 per hour for fuel and other operating costs whenever aircraft were flown outside their normal duties. Shots of the aircraft carrier sequences were filmed aboard the USS Enterprise, showing aircraft from F-14 squadrons VF-114 "Aardvarks" and VF-213 "Black Lions".[10] The majority of the carrier flight deck shots were of normal aircraft operations and the film crew had to take what they could get, save for the occasional flyby which the film crew would request. During filming, director Tony Scott wanted to shoot aircraft landing and taking off, back-lit by the sun. During one particular filming sequence, the ship's commanding officer changed the ship's course, thus changing the light. When Scott asked if they could continue on their previous course and speed, he was informed by the commander that it cost $25,000 to turn the ship, and to continue on course. Scott wrote the carrier's captain a $25,000 check so that the ship could be turned and he could continue shooting for another five minutes.[11]

text: Most of the sequences of the aircraft maneuvering over land were shot at NAS Fallon, in Nevada, using ground-mounted cameras. Air-to-air shots were filmed using a Learjet. Grumman, manufacturer of the F-14, was commissioned by Paramount Pictures to create camera pods to be placed upon the aircraft that could be pointed toward either the front or rear of the aircraft providing outside shots at high altitude.[citation needed]

text: In July 1985, Kansas City Barbeque served as a filming location for two scenes. The first scene features Goose and Maverick singing "Great Balls of Fire" while seated at the piano. The final scene, where "You've Lost That Lovin' Feelin'" can be heard on the restaurant's jukebox, was also filmed at the restaurant. Both scenes were filmed consecutively. After release of the movie, the restaurant went on to collect a significant amount of memorabilia from the motion picture until a kitchen fire on June 26, 2008 destroyed much of the restaurant. Some memorabilia and props, including the original piano used in the film, survived the fire, and the restaurant re-opened in November 2008.

text: Renowned aerobatic pilot Art Scholl was hired to do in-flight camera work for the film. The original script called for a flat spin, which Scholl was to perform and capture on a camera on the aircraft. The aircraft was observed to spin through its recovery altitude, at which time Scholl radioed "I have a problem... I have a real problem". He was unable to recover from the spin and crashed his Pitts S-2 into the Pacific Ocean off the Southern California coast near Carlsbad on September 16, 1985. Neither Scholl's body nor his aircraft were recovered, leaving the official cause of the accident unknown.[12] Top Gun was dedicated to Scholl's memory.[13]

text: Music[edit]

text: The Top Gun soundtrack is one of the most popular soundtracks to date, reaching 9× Platinum certification[14] and #1 on the Billboard Hot 200 albums chart for five nonconsecutive weeks in the summer and fall of 1986.[15] Harold Faltermeyer, who previously worked with both Jerry Bruckheimer and Don Simpson on the films Flashdance and Beverly Hills Cop, was sent the script of Top Gun by Bruckheimer before filming began. Giorgio Moroder and Tom Whitlock worked on numerous songs including the Oscar-winning "Take My Breath Away". Kenny Loggins performed two songs on the soundtrack, "Playing with the Boys", and "Danger Zone". Berlin recorded the song "Take My Breath Away", which would later win numerous awards, sending the band to international acclaim. After the release of Loggins's single "Danger Zone", sales of the album exploded, selling 7 million in the United States alone. On the re-release of the soundtrack in 2000, two songs that had been omitted from the original album (and had been released many years before the film was made), "Great Balls of Fire" by Jerry Lee Lewis and "You've Lost That Lovin' Feelin'" by The Righteous Brothers, were added. The soundtrack also includes "Top Gun Anthem" and "Memories" by Steve Stevens/Faltermeyer and Faltermeyer. However, no soundtrack release to date has included the full Faltermeyer score.[citation needed]

text: Other artists were considered for the soundtrack project but did not participate. Bryan Adams was considered as a potential candidate but refused to participate because he felt the film glorified war.[16] Likewise, REO Speedwagon was considered but backed down because they would not be allowed to record their own composition.[citation needed] The band Toto was originally meant to record "Danger Zone", and had also written and recorded a song "Only You" for the soundtrack. However, there was a dispute between Toto's lawyers and the producers of the film, paving the way for Loggins to record "Danger Zone" and "Only You" being omitted from the film entirely.[17]

text: Release[edit]

text: Home media[edit]

text: In addition to its box office success, Top Gun went on to break further records in the then still-developing home video market. Backed by a massive $8 million marketing campaign including a Top Gun-themed Diet Pepsi commercial,[18] the advance demand was such that the film became the best-selling videocassette in the industry's history on pre-orders alone. It was also one of the first video cassette releases in the $20 price range.[19] Top Gun's home video success was again reflected by strong DVD sales, which were furthered by a special-edition release in 2004. Bomber jacket sales increased and Ray-Ban Aviator sunglasses jumped 40%, due to their use by characters in the film.[20] The film also had boosted Navy recruitment. The Navy had recruitment booths in some theaters to attract enthusiastic patrons.[21]

text: IMAX 3D re-release[edit]

text: Top Gun was re-released in IMAX 3D on February 8, 2013, for six days.[22] A four-minute preview of the conversion, featuring the "Danger Zone" flight sequence, was screened at the 2012 International Broadcasting Convention in Amsterdam, Netherlands.[23] Subsequently, the film was released in Blu-ray 3D on February 19, 2013.[24]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: The film opened in the United States in 1,028 theaters on May 16, 1986. It quickly became a success and was the highest-grossing film of 1986. It would be six months before its theater count dropped below that of its opening week.[2] It was number one on its first weekend with an $8,193,052 gross, and went on to a total domestic figure of $176,786,701. Internationally it took in an estimated $177,030,000 for a worldwide box office total of $353,816,701.[25] The film sold an estimated 47,650,100 tickets in North America in its initial theatrical run.[26]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: Upon the film's original release, critical response was mixed. Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports that 56% of 52 critics have given the film a positive review, with a rating average of 5.8 out of 10 and the critical consensus states: "Though it features some of the most memorable and electrifying aerial footage shot with an expert eye for action, Top Gun offers too little for non-adolescent viewers to chew on when its characters aren't in the air".[27]

text: Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film 2.5 out of 4 stars, pointing out that "Movies like Top Gun are hard to review because the good parts are so good and the bad parts are so relentless. The dogfights are absolutely the best since Clint Eastwood's electrifying aerial scenes in Firefox. But look out for the scenes where the people talk to one another."[28]

text: Awards[edit]

text: The film was nominated for and won many awards, most prominently for its sound and effects. The film won the following awards:

text:
Year
Award
Category – Recipient(s)

1987
ASCAP Film and Television Music Awards
Most Performed Songs from Motion Pictures – Giorgio Moroder and Tom Whitlock for the song "Take My Breath Away".

1987
Academy Awards
Best Original Song – Giorgio Moroder (music) and Tom Whitlock (lyrics) for "Take My Breath Away".

1986
Apex Scroll Awards
Achievement in Sound Effects

1987
BRIT Awards
Best Soundtrack

1987
Golden Globe Awards
Best Original Song – Motion Picture – Giorgio Moroder (music) and Tom Whitlock (lyrics) for the song "Take My Breath Away".

1987
Golden Screen Award

1987
Grammy Awards
Best Pop Instrumental Performance (Orchestra, Group or Soloist) – Harold Faltermeyer and Steve Stevens for "Top Gun Anthem".

1987
Motion Picture Sound Editors
Golden Reel Award for Best Sound Editing

Best Sound Editing – Sound Effects

1987
People's Choice Awards
Favorite Motion Picture

1988
Award of the Japanese Academy
Best Foreign Language Film

text: The film was nominated for the following awards:

text:
Academy Awards (1987)[29]

Best Sound Effects Editing – Cecelia Hall and George Watters II
Best Film Editing – Billy Weber and Chris Lebenzon
Best Sound – Donald O. Mitchell, Kevin O'Connell, Rick Kline and William B. Kaplan
Best Original Song – Giorgio Moroder and Tom Whitlock for "Take My Breath Away"

Apex Scroll Awards (1986)

Actress in a Supporting Role – Meg Ryan
Film Editing – Billy Weber and Chris Lebenzon
Best Original Song – Motion Picture – Giorgio Moroder (music) and Tom Whitlock (lyrics) for the song "Take My Breath Away".
Best Picture – Don Simpson, Jerry Bruckheimer
Achievement in Compilation Soundtrack
Achievement in Sound

Golden Globe Awards (1987)

Best Original Score – Motion Picture – Harold Faltermeyer

Award of the Japanese Academy (1988)

Best Foreign Language Film

Fennecus Awards (1986)

Achievement in Compilation Soundtrack
Best Original Song – Motion Picture – Giorgio Moroder (music) and Tom Whitlock (lyrics) for the song "Take My Breath Away".
Film Editing – Billy Weber and Chris Lebenzon
Achievement in Sound
Achievement in Sound Effects

text: In 2008, the film was ranked at number 455 in Empire's list of the 500 greatest films of all time.[30] Yahoo! Movies ranked Top Gun #19 on their list of greatest action films of all-time.[31] The film has been nominated multiple times for various AFI lists, ranking only once. In 2005, the line "I feel the need... the need for speed!" was ranked 94 on AFI's 100 Years...100 Movie Quotes list.

text:
AFI's 100 Years...100 Thrills – Nominated[32]
AFI's 100 Years...100 Heroes and Villains:

Lt. Pete "Maverick" Mitchell – Nominated Hero[33]

AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs:

"Take My Breath Away" – Nominated[34]

AFI's 100 Years...100 Movie Quotes:

"I feel the need — the need for speed." – #94

AFI's 100 Years...100 Cheers – Nominated[35]

text: Effect on military recruiting[edit]

text: Movie producer John Davis claimed that Top Gun was a recruiting video for the Navy, that people saw the movie and said, "Wow! I want to be a pilot." After the film's release, the US Navy stated that the number of young men who joined wanting to be Naval Aviators went up by 500 percent.[36]

text: In popular culture[edit]

text: Since its initial release, the film has made many top film lists and has been the subject of comedic interpretation.

text: The 1991 film Hot Shots! was a comedy spoof of Top Gun.

text: The masculine theme of the film has been the subject of humorous examination, with the homoerotic subtext examined in a monologue performed by Quentin Tarantino in the 1994 film Sleep with Me.[37][38][39][40][41]

text: Top Gun is one of many war and action films, especially those by Jerry Bruckheimer, parodied in the 2004 comedy Team America: World Police.[42]

text: The DisneyToon Studios film Planes (2013), pays homage to Top Gun with Val Kilmer and Anthony Edwards appearing in the film as part of the voice cast.

text: Sequel[edit]

text: A sequel has been in active development since at least 2010.[43] However plans have been complicated by Scott's suicide in 2012.[44] In 2013, all parties were still reported interested in the project with Bruckheimer, "For 30 years we've been trying to make a sequel and we're not going to stop. We still want to do it with Tom and Paramount are still interested in making it. What Tom tells me is that no matter where he goes in the world, people refer to him as Maverick. It's something he is excited about so as long as he keeps his enthusiasm hopefully we'll get it made."[45]

text: By September 2014 it was revealed that Justin Marks was already in negotiations to write the screenplay,[46] which was confirmed that following June.[47] Marks would go on later to say that the film was a dream project for him, calling the original an "iconic film in my memory" due in part to it being one of the first films he remembers seeing in a movie theater.[48]

text: In May 2017, during the promotional tour for The Mummy, Cruise confirmed that a sequel to Top Gun will start filming in 2018.[49] By June of the same year, he revealed that the title will be Top Gun: Maverick with Faltermeyer back as composer for the sequel. Cruise further stated that, “Aviators are back, the need for speed. We’re going to have big, fast machines. It’s going to be a competition film, like the first one…but a progression for Maverick.” [50] Later that month it was announced Joseph Kosinski, who directed Cruise in 2013's Oblivion, was set to direct the sequel.[51]

text: Video games[edit]

text: Top Gun also spawned a number of video games for various platforms. The original game was released in 1987 under the same title as the film. It was released on five platforms in total: PC, Commodore 64, ZX Spectrum, Amstrad CPC and Nintendo Entertainment System (NES) (with an equivalent version for Nintendo's "VS." arcade cabinets). In the game, the player pilots an F-14 Tomcat fighter, and has to complete four missions. A sequel, Top Gun: The Second Mission, was released for the NES three years later.

text: Another game, Top Gun: Fire at Will, was released in 1996 for the PC and later for the Sony PlayStation platform. Top Gun: Hornet's Nest was released in 1998. Top Gun: Combat Zones was released for PlayStation 2 in 2001 and was ported to the GameCube and Windows PCs a year later. Combat Zones was considerably longer and more complex than its predecessors, and also featured other aircraft besides the F-14. In late 2005, a fifth game, simply titled Top Gun, was released for the Nintendo DS. At E3 2011, a new game was announced, Top Gun: Hard Lock, which was released in March 2012 for Xbox 360, PC, and PlayStation 3.


document_title: 2018–19 NBA season

question_text: when does the 2018-19 nba schedule come out

text: 2018–19 NBA season

text: Transactions

text: Retirement

text:
On May 10, 2018, Nick Collison announced his retirement from the NBA. Collison played all his 15 seasons with the Seattle SuperSonics/Oklahoma City Thunder franchise.[1]
On May 25, 2018 after playing 13 seasons in the NBA for seven teams, Mo Williams announced his retirement from the NBA to take the assistant head coaching job at Cal State Northridge.[2]
On July 17, 2018 after playing 10 seasons in the NBA for four teams, Roy Hibbert retired from the NBA.[3]

text: Free agency

text: Free agency negotiations began on July 1. Players began signing on July 6 after the July moratorium ended.

text: Coaching changes

text:
Coaching changes

Off-season

Team
2017–18 season
2018–19 season

Atlanta Hawks
Mike Budenholzer
Lloyd Pierce

Charlotte Hornets
Steve Clifford
James Borrego

Detroit Pistons
Stan Van Gundy
Dwane Casey

Milwaukee Bucks
Joe Prunty (interim)
Mike Budenholzer

New York Knicks
Jeff Hornacek
David Fizdale

Orlando Magic
Frank Vogel
Steve Clifford

Phoenix Suns
Jay Triano (interim)
Igor Kokoškov

Toronto Raptors
Dwane Casey
Nick Nurse

text: Off-season

text:
On April 12, 2018, the New York Knicks fired head coach Jeff Hornacek after the team missed the playoffs.[4] In addition, associate head coach Kurt Rambis was also fired.
On April 12, 2018, the Orlando Magic fired head coach Frank Vogel after the team missed the playoffs.[5]
On April 13, 2018, the Charlotte Hornets fired head coach Steve Clifford after the team missed the playoffs.[6]
On April 25, 2018, the Atlanta Hawks and Mike Budenholzer had mutually agreed to part ways.[7]
On May 1, 2018, the Memphis Grizzlies announced that J. B. Bickerstaff would become the new permanent head coach of the team.[8]
On May 2, 2018, the Phoenix Suns hired Igor Kokoškov as head coach.[9]
On May 7, 2018, the New York Knicks hired David Fizdale as head coach.[10]
On May 7, 2018, the Detroit Pistons fired head coach Stan Van Gundy after the team missed the playoffs for the second consecutive season.[11]
On May 10, 2018, the Charlotte Hornets hired James Borrego as head coach.[12]
On May 11, 2018, the Toronto Raptors fired Dwane Casey after the team was swept by the Cleveland Cavaliers for the second consecutive time in the postseason.[13]
On May 11, 2018, the Atlanta Hawks hired Lloyd Pierce as head coach.[14]
On May 17, 2018, the Milwaukee Bucks hired Mike Budenholzer as head coach.[15]
On May 30, 2018, the Orlando Magic hired Steve Clifford as head coach.[16]
On June 11, 2018, the Detroit Pistons hired Dwane Casey as head coach.[17]
On June 14, 2018, the Toronto Raptors promoted assistant coach Nick Nurse as their head coach.[18]

text: Preseason

text: The Preseason will begin on September 29 and will end on October 12.

text: International games

text: The Toronto Raptors will play two preseason games in Canada first beginning with the Portland Trail Blazers in Vancouver at the Rogers Arena on September 29. And then the Brooklyn Nets in Montreal at the Bell Centre on October 10.[19]

text: The Dallas Mavericks and the Philadelphia 76ers will play two preseason games in China at Shanghai on October 5 and Shenzhen on October 8.[20]

text: Regular season

text: The regular season will begin on October 16, 2018 and will end on April 10, 2019. The entire schedule was released at 4:00 p.m. ET on August 10, 2018.[21]

text: International games

text: On June 20, 2018, the NBA announced that the Washington Wizards would play the New York Knicks at the O2 Arena in London, United Kingdom on January 17, 2019.[22]

text: On August 7, 2018, the NBA announced that the Orlando Magic would play two games at Mexico City Arena in Mexico City. They will play the Chicago Bulls on December 13, 2018, and they will play the Utah Jazz on December 15, 2018.[23]

text: Arenas

text:
This will be the Golden State Warriors' final season at Oracle Arena in Oakland, before moving to the new Chase Center in San Francisco. The Warriors will play their final regular season game there in April 2019.[24]
This will be the Milwaukee Bucks' first season at the new Fiserv Forum after playing at the Bradley Center from 1988 to 2018. The Bucks will play their first game there in October 2018.[25][26]
The Toronto Raptors' home arena was renamed Scotiabank Arena on July 1, 2018.[27][28]

text: Media

text: This will be the third year of the current nine-year contracts with ABC, ESPN, TNT, and NBA TV.[citation needed]

text: Uniforms

text:
On June 6, 2018, the Denver Nuggets unveiled their new logos and uniforms to enter the 2018–19 season.[29][30]
On July 31, 2018, the Los Angeles Lakers unveiled their new uniforms to enter the 2018–19 season.[31]
On August 2, 2018, the Memphis Grizzlies unveiled their new logos and uniforms to enter the 2018–19 season.[32]