document_title: Ferdinand (film)

question_text: what's the name of the goat in ferdinand

question_tokens: what 's the name of the goat in ferdinand

text: Ferdinand (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: In Spain, a ranch owned by Moreno (Raúl Esparza) that trains bulls for bullfighting called Casa del Toro harbours a bull calf named Ferdinand (Colin H. Murphy). He is ridiculed by his fellow calves Bones (Nile Diaz), Guapo (Jet Jurgensmeyer), and Valiente (Jack Gore) for being non-confrontational and his tendency to smell and protect flowers. A saddened Ferdinand runs away from Casa del Toro after his father Raf (Jeremy Sisto) does not return from the bull fight he was picked for and a flower he was fond of was flattened by Valiente after his own father was defeated by Raf. He eventually winds up at a florist's farm in Seville and is adopted by the owner Juan (Juanes), his dog Paco (Jerrod Carmichael), and his daughter Nina (Julia Saldanha) with whom he shares a bond, much to Paco's jealousy.

text: When Ferdinand (John Cena) eventually grows up into an enormous bull, he still retains his non-violent, flower-loving nature. Due to his size, he is left alone when Juan, Nina (Lily Day), and Paco go to Ronda for an annual flower festival. Ferdinand decides to go anyway, resulting in him getting stung by a bee and unintentionally causing chaos around town and is taken away back to Casa del Toro, much to his and the family’s sadness.

text: Once back there, he finds that Bones (Anthony Anderson), Guapo (Peyton Manning), and Valiente (Bobby Cannavale) have also grown up and have been joined by a Scottish bull named Angus (David Tennant) and a silent but intimidating bull named Maquina (Tim Nordquist). Ferdinand is still disrespected by the bulls, but manages to befriend a crazy goat named Lupe (Kate McKinnon) who wants to be his coach in bullfighting despite his lack of interest and three hedgehogs named Una (Gina Rodriguez), Dos (Daveed Diggs), and Cuatro (Gabriel Iglesias) who frequently invade Casa del Toro to steal food. They used to have another brother named Tres, but they claim he is dead.

text: One day, a legendary but egotistical bullfighter named El Primero (Miguel Ángel Silvestre) arrives at Casa del Toro to choose the biggest, strongest, and most aggressive bull to fight against before he retires. When the bulls fail to impress him on their first try, Guapo is taken to a nearby slaughterhouse and the other bulls tell Ferdinand that it will eventually be their fate if they are not chosen for a bullfight. Although Ferdinand manages to earn the respect of the other bulls, except Valiente, after a dance-off with three Austrian Lipzzans (Sally Phillips, Flula Borg and Boris Kodjoe), they still hold on to the belief that fighting is the only way for them to live. Ferdinand manages to convince Lupe to come back with him to Nina's farm and the hedgehogs help them escape, but when Ferdinand is close to freedom, he sees his father's picture on a wall with his horns mounted, along with dozens of other horns, making him realize that every bull who is chosen to fight gets slain by the matador.

text: Ferdinand explains to the other bulls that they will all eventually be killed even if they are chosen to fight. Valiente is the only one unconvinced and charges Ferdinand outside where Ferdinand inadvertently beats him in a fight and knocks off his right horn, much to the other animals' shock. Primero witnesses the scuffle, and chooses Ferdinand to fight him after seeing him defeat Valiente. When Valiente is taken to the slaughterhouse, Ferdinand rallies up the remaining bulls to escape but first goes to the slaughterhouse to break out Valiente. He at first refuses as he believes that the slaughterhouse is his fate now, but they discover that Guapo is still alive, and Ferdinand questions Valiente's courage after Valiente refuses to help him rescue Guapo. When Ferdinand tries to save Guapo, he accidentally activates a series of deadly contraptions, but with the help of a now-friendlier Valiente, they escape the slaughterhouse. The bulls, Lupe, the hedgehogs and a red bunny rabbit steal the training area's company truck to escape, with Moreno and his employees giving chase.

text: The animals try desperately to lose the humans and wind up at Atocha train station in Madrid that Ferdinand sees as his ticket back to Nina. When the bulls push a small railroad cart to catch the train back to Nina's home, Ferdinand sacrifices himself so the other bulls can escape (except for Lupe, who stays behind in shock after Ferdinand's act) and is captured by Moreno and his employees. When Nina learns of Ferdinand's upcoming fight with El Primero, she and Juan set out to Madrid to find and rescue Ferdinand.

text: At Las Ventas bullfight arena, Lupe tries to convince Ferdinand that he must fight in order to survive, but Ferdinand is silently unsure. When Ferdinand is released into the bullfight ring, he refuses to fight at first but is urged into fighting by El Primero. While being forced to run into Primero’s cape, Ferdinand is able to grab the cape from Primero with his horn and is temporarily blinded by it. Primero attempts to grab his cape back from Ferdinand, but is accidentally tossed out of the ring by Ferdinand. Primero re-enters the ring angrily and attacks Ferdinand using banderillas, striking him in the shoulder. Ferdinand almost retaliates against him, but sees a carnation underneath his hoof and realizes he is becoming the fighter he was determined not to be. As Primero draws his sword in order to finish Ferdinand, the crowd begins to cheer for Ferdinand, convincing Primero to spare him. Ferdinand is then reunited with Nina, who embraces him as the crowd throws carnations to the ring to praise the bull. The other bulls arrive, thinking they are too late to save Ferdinand, but instead witness Ferdinand making history as the first bull to ever make it out of a bullfight alive by being himself. Impressed, they sit to praise him for his efforts.

text: In the end, Ferdinand returns home with Nina, Juan, and Paco. They are joined by the other bulls, the hedgehogs, the bunny, and Lupe, who all move into the farm. The film ends with Ferdinand, his bull friends, and Lupe watching the sunset over Ronda from a field of flowers.

text: In a brief mid-credits scene, the hedgehogs are confronted by Tres who is revealed to have been alive the whole time.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
John Cena as Ferdinand, a bull who doesn't want be a fighting bull[8]
Colin H. Murphy voices a calf Ferdinand.
Kate McKinnon as Lupe, an old goat and Ferdinand's mentor[8]
Bobby Cannavale as Valiente, a bull.
Jack Gore voices a calf Valiente.
Cannavale also voices Valiente's father.
Gina Rodriguez as Una, a hedgehog who is Dos and Cuatro's sister[8]
Daveed Diggs as Dos, a hedgehog, Una and Cuatro's brother[8][9]
Gabriel Iglesias as Cuatro, a hedgehog, Una and Dos' brother[10][8][11]
Miguel Ángel Silvestre as El Primero, a famous bull fighter who is in search of the fiercest bull to fight in his final bull fight.[8]
Anthony Anderson as Bones, a bull[8]
Nile Diaz voices a calf Bones
Peyton Manning as Guapo, a bull[12]
Jet Jurgensmeyer voices a calf Guapo
David Tennant as Angus, a Scottish Highland bull from Scotland who had hair over his eyes until Ferdinand came up with a way to fix it by licking his hair.[13]
Lily Day as Nina, the original owner of Ferdinand and Paco. In the end, she becomes the new owner of Lupe.
Julia Scarpa Saldanha voices a young Nina.
Tim Nordquist as Maquina, a cloned Belted Galloway bull made in a laboratory who doesn't talk and mostly makes sounds, and additional voices.
Flula Borg as Hans, a Lipizzan at Casa del Toro.[8]
Boris Kodjoe as Klaus, a Lipizzan at Casa del Toro.[8]
Sally Phillips as Greta, a Lipizzan at Casa del Toro.[8]
Juanes as Juan, the father of Nina and the owner of Ferdinand and Paco.[12]
Jerrod Carmichael as Paco, a dog owned by Nina and Juan[8]
Cindy Slattery as Bunny, a red rabbit and additional voices.
Jeremy Sisto as Raf, Ferdinand's father who died in the bullfights.
Karla Martínez as Isabella, a village mother.[8]
Raúl Esparza as Moreno, the owner of Casa del Toro[8]
Belita Moreno as the shopkeeper of a china shop.
Carlos Saldanha as Screaming Matador and additional voices

text: Production[edit]

text: In 2011, it was reported that 20th Century Fox Animation had acquired the rights to the children's book The Story of Ferdinand by Munro Leaf to adapt it into a computer-animated feature film with Carlos Saldanha attached to direct it.[14] In May 2013, Fox titled the film simply Ferdinand, which would be produced by Blue Sky Studios.[15] John Powell, a frequent collaborator with Saldanha, would be composing the film's score.[16] In November 2016, it was reported that Gabriel Iglesias would voice a character named Cuatro, a hedgehog, Una, Dos and Tres' brother.[10]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text: Original Motion Picture Score is composed and conducted by John Powell, with additional music by Batu Sener, Anthony Willis and Paul Mounsey. The album was released on December 15, 2017.

text: Track listing[edit]

text: No.TitleLength1."Bees and Bulls"2:342."Selection Process"2:023."Father and Son"2:064."Finding Home"5:275."A New Day"2:546."Flower Festival"4:467."There's Been A Mistake"2:268."Lupe and Ferdinand"2:249."Lipizzaners and Ferraris"2:5010."Ferdinand and Nina"3:2411."Bull Olympics"3:4312."Sunsets in The Training Yard"3:1313."Escape from the Spa"3:2314."Highway Chase"3:1015."From Train Station to Arena"4:3716."Madrid Finale"12:18Total length:62:00

text: On September 19, 2017, it was announced that singer Nick Jonas wrote and recorded a song called "Home" for the movie. It was featured in the third trailer released in the next day and will also appear in the movie and end credits.[17] It was released as the first promotional single of the soundtrack on October 20, 2017.[18] A Second song by Nick Jonas named "Watch Me" was released alongside the film's EP on December 1.[19]

text: Track listing[edit]

text: The soundtrack features three original tracks: "Home" and "Watch Me" by Nick Jonas, and "Lay Your Head On Me" by Juanes.[19][20]

text: No.TitleArtist(s)Length1."Home"Nick Jonas3:002."Lay Your Head On Me"Juanes3:163."Watch Me"Jonas2:264."Freedom"Pitbull2:545."Macarena"Los del Rio4:096."Home (Film Version)"JonasJohn Powell2:48Total length:18:55

text: Release[edit]

text: In May 2013, Fox scheduled the film for April 7, 2017 release.[15] In February 2016, the release date was pushed back from its original release date of April 7, 2017 to July 21, 2017.[21] In August 2016, the release date was again pushed back, this time from July 21, 2017 to December 22, 2017, taking over the release date of DreamWorks Animation's The Croods 2,[22] before that film was temporarily cancelled.[23] In February 2017, the film was moved up by one week from December 22, 2017 to December 15, 2017.[5] The first trailer premiered on March 28, 2017,[24] followed by the second trailer on June 14, 2017.[25]

text: Home media[edit]

text: Ferdinand was released on digital on February 27, 2018, and was released on Ultra HD Blu-ray, DVD and Blu-ray on March 13, 2018.

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Ferdinand has grossed $84.4 million in the United States and Canada, and $210.9 million in other countries, for a worldwide total of $296 million, against a production budget of $111 million.[4]

text: In the United States and Canada, Ferdinand was released alongside Star Wars: The Last Jedi, and was projected to gross $15–20 million from 3,621 theaters in its opening weekend.[26] It made $350,000 from Thursday night previews at 2,385 theaters, which began at 5 P.M. and $3.6 million on its first day. It went on to open to $13.3 million, finishing second behind The Last Jedi.[27]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 71% based on 105 reviews and an average rating of 6.2/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "Ferdinand's colorful update on a classic tale doesn't go anywhere unexpected, but its timeless themes – and John Cena's engaging voice work in the title role – make for family-friendly fun."[28] On Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating to reviews, the film has a weighted average score of 58 out of 100, based on 20 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[29] Audience polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A" on an A+ to F scale.[27]

text: Spanish bullfighting critic of El País, Antonio Lorca, in a critique of the film said that the film's message is "profoundly unnatural", and that the "renunciation" of the lead character to its "animal nature" is a lie that manipulates children, who will become "tomorrow's anti-bullfighters".[30] El Diario.es commented on this article by Lorca, saying that it had been widely commented on social networks and that the anti-bullfighting narrative of the film "raised hackles" for its message against animal abuse, which can also be interpreted as "fight against school bullying" and "implicit defense of sexual and gender diversity".[31]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Award

Date of ceremony

Category

Recipient(s) and nominee(s)

Result

Ref(s)

Academy Awards

March 4, 2018

Best Animated Feature

Carlos Saldanha and Lori Forte

Nominated

Annie Awards

February 3, 2018

Design in an Animated Feature Production

Thomas CardoneArden ChanAndrew HicksonMike LeeJason Sadler

Nominated

Editorial in an Animated Feature Production

Harry HitnerTim Nordquist

Nominated

Golden Globe Awards

January 7, 2018

Best Animated Feature Film

Carlos Saldanha

Nominated

[32]

Best Original Song

"Home"

Nominated

Cinema Audio Society Awards

February 24th 2018

Outstanding Achievement in Sound Mixing for a Motion Picture – Animated

Bill Higley, Randy Thom, Lora Hirschberg, Leff Lefferts, Shawn Murphy and Scott Curtis

Nominated

[33]

Guild of Music Supervisors Awards

February 8, 2018

Best Song/Recording Created for a Film

"Home"

Nominated

[34]

Humanitas Prize

February 16, 2018

Feature – Family

Ron Burch & David Kidd, Don Rhymer, Robert L. Baird and Tim Federle and Brad Copeland

Won

[35]

Kids' Choice Awards

March 24, 2018

Favorite Animated Film

Ferdinand

Nominated

[36]

Producers Guild of America Awards

January 20, 2018

Outstanding Producer of Animated Theatrical Motion Picture

Lori Forte and Bruce Anderson

Nominated

[37]

Visual Effects Society Awards

February 13, 2018

Outstanding Effects Simulations in an Animated Feature

Yaron Canetti, Allan Kadkoy, Danny Speck, Mark Adams

Nominated

[38]

Movieguide Awards

March 2018

Best Movie for Families

Ferdinand

Nominated

[39]


question_text: who is the minister of personnel public grievances and pensions at present

root

text:
Minister of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions
                 Kārmika, Loka Śikāyata Aura Peṃśana Maṃtrī
State Emblem of India
Flag of India
IncumbentNarendra Modisince 26 May 2014
Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and PensionsStyle
The HonourableMember of
Union Council of Ministers of IndiaReports to
Prime ministerResidence
7, Lok Kalyan Marg (as Prime minister)Seat
South Block, Secretariat Building, New DelhiNominator
Prime ministerAppointer
PresidentFormation
1 August 1970; 48 years ago (1970-08-01)First holder
Indira GandhiUnofficial names
Personnel Minister, Minister of PersonnelDeputy
Minister of State for Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions

tag: table

text: The Minister of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions (IAST: Kārmika, Loka Śikāyata Aura Peṃśana Maṃtrī) is the cabinet minister in charge of Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions. The position is generally held by the prime minister, but sometimes it has been held by other senior members of the cabinet, such as the Minister of Home Affairs. The minister is generally assisted by a minister of state.

tag: p

text: Powers[edit]

text: As the Minister of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions, the prime minister exercises control over the Indian Administrative Service (IAS),[1] the country's premier civil service,[2][3] which staffs most of the senior civil service positions;[2][3] the Public Enterprises Selection Board (PESB);[4][5] and the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI),[4][5] except for the selection of its director, who is chosen by a committee of: (a) the prime minister, as chairperson; (b) the leader of the opposition in Lok Sabha; (c) and the chief justice.[6]

text: List of ministers[edit]

text:
Ministers and Ministers of State of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions[7][8]
hide

Lok Sabha

Sr. No.

Cabinet minister
designation

Portrait

Political party

Term

Tenure (in days)

Minister of state

Portrait

Political party

Term

Days

4th

1

Indira GandhiPrime minister

Indian National Congress

1 August 1970

24 March 1977

2427 days

Ram Niwas Mirdha

Indian National Congress

23 August 1970

10 October 1974

1509 days

5th

Om Mehta

10 October 1974

24 March 1977

896 days

6th

2

Charan Singh Deputy prime minister and home minister

Janata Party

26 March 1977

30 June 1978

461 days

—

3

Morarji Desai  Prime minister

1 July 1978

23 January 1979

206 days

4

Yashwantrao Chavan  Deputy prime minister and home minister

Indian National Congress (Socialist)

28 July 1979

13 January 1980

169 days

7th

5

Zail Singh  Home minister

Indian National Congress

14 January 1980

22 June 1982

890 days

6

R. Venkataraman  Home minister

22 June 1982

2 September 1982

72 days

7

Prakash Chandra SethiHome minister

2 September 1982

19 July 1984

686 days

8

P. V. Narasimha Rao Home minister

19 July 1984

31 December 1984

165 days

8th

9

Rajiv Gandhi  Prime minister

31 December 1984

2 December 1989

1797 days

Kamakhya Prasad Singh Deo

Indian National Congress

31 December 1984

25 September 1985

268 days

P. Chidambaram

26 December 1985

2 December 1989

1437 days

9th

10

V. P. Singh  Prime minister

Janata Dal

2 December 1989

10 November 1990

343 days

—

11

Chandra Shekhar  Prime minister

Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya)

10 November 1990

21 June 1991

223 days

10th

(8)

P. V. Narasimha Rao Prime minister

Indian National Congress

21 June 1991

16 May 1996

1791 days

Margaret Alva

Indian National Congress

21 June 1991

16 May 1996

1791 days

11th

12

Atal Bihari Vajpayee  Prime minister

Bharatiya Janata Party

16 May 1996

1 June 1996

16 days

—

13

H. D. Deve Gowda  Prime minister

Janata Dal

1 June 1996

21 April 1997

324 days

S. R. Balasubramoniyan

All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (AIADMK)

27 June 1996

17 March 1998

628 days

14

I. K. Gujral  Prime minister

22 April 1997

18 March 1998

330 days

12th

(12)

Atal Bihari Vajpayee Prime minister

Bharatiya Janata Party

19 March 1998

30 January 2003

1778 days

Kadambur R. Janarthanan

18 March 1998

8 April 1999

386 days

13th

Vasundhara Raje[a]

Bharatiya Janata Party

9 April 1999

30 January 2003

1392 days

Arun Shourie[b]

22 November 1999

1 September 2001

649 days

15

L. K. Advani  Deputy prime minister and home minister

30 January 2003

22 May 2004

478 days

Harin Pathak

30 January 2003

22 May 2004

478 days

14th

16

Manmohan Singh  Prime minister

Indian National Congress

23 May 2004

26 May 2014

3655 days

Suresh Pachouri

Indian National Congress

23 May 2004

6 April 2008

1413 days

Prithviraj Chavan

6 April 2008

10 November 2010

948 days

15th

V. Narayanasamy

11 November 2010

26 May 2014

1292 days

16th

17

Narendra Modi
Prime minister

Bharatiya Janata Party

27 May 2014

Incumbent

1613 days

Jitendra Singh

Bharatiya Janata Party

27 May 2014

Incumbent

1613 days

Notes

Jump up ^ Co-served with Arun Shourie from 22 November 1999 to 1 September 2001 (710 days).

Jump up ^ Co-served with Vasundhara Raje.


document_title: Sousa (surname)

question_text: where does the name de souza come from

question_tokens: where does the name de souza come from

text: Sousa (surname)

text: Etymology and history[edit]

text: The name was originally a toponym, denoting a river in Northern Portugal, from the Latin Saxa, meaning rocks. Sometimes the spelling is in the archaic form Souza or de Souza, which has occasionally been changed to D'Souza. The Spanish equivalent of this surname is Sosa.

text: During the colonial era, the Portuguese built forts along Brazilian and West African coastal areas for trade, many of which were later used for the slave trade. They also had children with local women, and the children were given their fathers' last names.

text: Some Afro-Brazilians who returned to Africa also carry this last name. Among those are the Tabom people, descendants of Francisco Félix de Sousa, a white man from Salvador, Bahia, in Brazil, once the richest man in West Africa due to his involvement in its slave trade.[citation needed]

text: Notable people sharing a variation of the surname Sousa[edit]

text: Scientists, academics and technologists[edit]

text:
Marcelo Damy de Souza Santos (1914–2009), Brazilian physicist
Roland deSouza, Pakistani consultant engineer and activist
Teotonio R. de Souza (1947–), Indian historian

tag: ul

text: Artists[edit]

text:
Amadeo de Souza Cardoso (1887–1918), Portuguese painter
Aurélia de Souza (1867–1922), Portuguese painter
Francis Newton Souza (1924–2002), Indian painter from Goa
Maurício de Sousa (1935–), Brazilian comic book artist
Solomon Souza Israeli artist, grandson of Francis Newton Souza
Remo D'Souza Indian dancer, choreographer, actor and film director.

text: Actors and filmmakers[edit]

text:
Edward de Souza (1932–), British actor
Genelia D'Souza (1987–), Indian actress
Krystal D'Souza (1990–), Indian television actress
Marjorie de Sousa (1980–), Venezuelan actress and model
Steven E. de Souza (1947–), American producer, director and screenwriter
Sebastian de Souza (1993–), British actor
Karla Souza (1985–), Mexican actress

text: Entrepreneurs[edit]

text: Osmel Sousa (1946–), Cuban-Venezuelan beauty pageant entrepreneur, gurú and the president of the Miss Venezuela Organization.

text: Musicians, singers and composers[edit]

text:
Carmen Souza (1981–), Portuguese-born singer and songwriter of Cape Verde
João de Sousa Carvalho (1745–1798), Portuguese composer of Baroque operas
John Philip Sousa (1854–1932), American composer of marches
Chris de Souza (1943–), British classical music composer
Luciana Souza (1966–), Brazilian singer
Raul de Souza (1934–), Brazilian trombonist
Steve "Zetro" Souza (1964–), American thrash metal singer

text: Writers and journalists[edit]

text:
Adelaide Filleul, Marquise de Souza-Botelho (1761–1836), French novelist
Amílcar de Sousa (1876–1940), Portuguese doctor and author of health books
Christovão Falcão (1512? – 1557), aka Christovão de Sousa Falcão, Portuguese poet
Dinesh D'Souza (1961–), Indian American political commentator and author
Henrique "Henfil" de Souza Filho (1944–1988), Brazilian cartoonist, caricaturist, journalist and writer
Luís de Sousa (1555–1632), Portuguese monk and writer
Júlio César de Mello e Souza (1895–1974), Brazilian writer and mathematics professor; used the pen name Malba Tahan ("1885–1931")
Manuel de Faria e Sousa (1590–1649), Portuguese historian and poet
Márcio Souza (1946–), Brazilian novelist, essayist and playwright
José de Sousa Saramago (1922–2010), Portuguese novelist, Prémio Camões and Noble Prize in Literature
Noémia de Sousa (1926–2003), Mozambican journalist and poet
Ovídio de Sousa Martins (1928–1999), Cape Verdean poet
Pete Souza (1954–), American photojournalist, current Chief Official White House photographer
Tony D'Souza, American novelist, journalist and essayist
Na D'Souza (1937–), Indian novelist and Kannada language writer

text: Political figures[edit]

text:
Aristides de Sousa Mendes (1885–1954), Portuguese diplomat
Charles Sousa (1958–), Canadian politician, Minister of Finance for Ontario from 2007
Christopher de Souza (1976–), Singaporean Member of Parliament
Dona Ana de Sousa aka Ngola Ann Nzinga Mbande (c. 1583–1663), Angolan queen
Fitz Remedios Santana de Souza (1929–), Kenyan lawyer and politician
Frances D'Souza, Baroness D'Souza (1944–), British scientist and former Lord Speaker of the House of Lords
Herbert de Souza (1935–1997), Brazilian sociologist, politician and activist
Jerónimo de Sousa (1947–), Portuguese politician, General Secretary of the Communist Party
Jose Philip D'Souza, Indian politician
José Sócrates Carvalho Pinto de Sousa (1957–), Portuguese politician and former Prime Minister of Portugal
Luiz Martins de Souza Dantas (1876–1954), Brazilian diplomat
Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa (1948–), Portuguese politician, Law professor, and political analyst
Márcio de Souza e Mello (1906–1991), Brazilian former air force general and member of ruling junta
Martim Afonso de Sousa (c. 1500–1571), Portuguese explorer and first Royal Governor of Brazil
Paulo Renato Souza (1945–2011), Brazilian economist and politician
Sabrina De Sousa (c. 1956–), former American diplomat and alleged CIA field officer
Sérgio Sousa Pinto (1972–), Portuguese politician, Member of the European Parliament
Tomé de Sousa (1503–1579), Portuguese nobleman and first governor-general of Brazil
Washington Luís Pereira de Sousa (1869–1957), last president of the First Brazilian Republic

text: Athletes[edit]

text:
Abigail Conceição de Souza (1921–2007), Brazilian footballer
Adrian D'Souza (1984–), Indian field hockey player
Adriano de Souza (1977–), Brazilian footballer
Alexsandro de Souza (1977–), Brazilian footballer
Antao D'Souza (1939–), Pakistani cricketer
Artur de Sousa Pinga (1909–1963), Portuguese footballer and coach
Cássio Alessandro de Souza (1986–), Brazilian footballer
Claudemir de Souza (1988–), Brazilian footballer
Darius D'Souza (1989–), Canadian cricketer
Deivid de Souza (1979–), Brazilian footballer
Douglas Costa de Souza (1990–), better known as Douglas Costa, Brazilian footballer
Edson Edmar Dias de Souza aka Mateus Paraná (1987–), Brazilian footballer
Erika de Souza (1982), Brazilian basketball player
Fábio de Souza a.k.a. Fabinho (1975–), Brazilian footballer
Frederico Sousa (1978–), Portuguese rugby player
Gesias Calvancante Souza a.k.a. JZ Calvan (1983–), Brazilian MMA fighter
Givanildo Vieira de Souza a.k.a. Hulk (1986–), Brazilian footballer
Hélia Souza (1970–), Brazilian volleyball player
Hudson de Souza (1977–), Brazilian middle distance runner
Jenílson Ângelo de Souza a.k.a. Júnior (1973), Brazilian footballer
João Sousa (1989–), Portuguese tennis player
Jorge Luiz Sousa a.k.a. Jorginho (1977–), Brazilian footballer
José Ivanaldo de Souza (1975–), Brazilian footballer
José Carlos Leite de Sousa a.k.a. Sousa (1977–), Portuguese footballer
Marcelo de Souza Ramos (1978–), Brazilian footballer
Marcelo de Souza (1975–), Uruguayan footballer
Márcio Rafael Ferreira de Souza, a.k.a. Rafinha (1985–), Brazilian footballer
Marcus Vinicius de Souza, a.k.a. Marcus Vinicius (1984–), Brazilian basketball player
Marshall D'Souza (1941–2013), Pakistani-Canadian cricketer
Nadson Rodrigues de Souza (1982–), Brazilian footballer
Paulo Manuel Carvalho de Sousa (1970–), Portuguese former footballer
Robert de Pinho de Souza a.k.a. Robert (1981–), Brazilian footballer
Robson de Souza a.k.a. Robinho (1984–), Brazilian footballer
Rodrigo de Souza Cardoso (1982–), Brazilian footballer
Romário de Souza Faria a.k.a. Romário (1966–), Brazilian former footballer
Ronaldo Souza dos Santos a.k.a. Jacaré (1979–), Brazilian MMA fighter
Silvestre de Sousa (1980–), Brazilian jockey
Stephie D'Souza (1936–1998), Indian track-and-field athlete and hockey player
Steven Jeffrey Souza, Jr. (1989–), American baseball player
Tony de Souza (1974–), Peruvian wrestler.
Uênia Fernandes de Souza (1984–), Brazilian racing cyclist
Vágner Silva de Souza a.k.a. Vágner Love (1984–), Brazilian footballer

text: Religious figures[edit]

text:
Archie D'Souza (1941–2006) Pakistani Roman Catholic priest
Albert D'Souza, Indian Roman Catholic Bishop
Aloysius Paul D'Souza (1941–), Bishop of the Mangalore Diocese, India
Basil Salvadore D'Souza (1926–1996), Bishop of the Mangalore Diocese, India
Felipa de Souza (1556–1600), Portuguese-Brazilian lesbian convicted and tortured by the Inquisition
Humberto Sousa Medeiros (1915–1983), Catholic Cardinal and Archbishop of Boston, Massachusetts
James deSouza (1925–) Pakistani Roman Catholic priest
Norbert D'Souza, former president of the All India Catholic Union
Terence D'Souza (1932–) Pakistani Canadian Roman Catholic priest

text: Fictional characters[edit]

text:
Anna De Souza, in Emmerdale TV series
Bianca DeSousa, in Degrassi: The Next Generation TV series
Lady Christina de Souza, in an episode of the British TV series Doctor Who
Daniel Sousa, in Agent Carter TV series
Donald De Souza, in Emmerdale TV series
Etienne de Sousa, in Dead Man's Folly, a novel by Agatha Christie
Madame Souza, in The Triplets of Belleville animated film
Miles De Souza, in Emmerdale TV series
Rodrigo De Souza, in Mozart in the Jungle TV series by Amazon.


document_title: Bring It On Home (Sonny Boy Williamson II song)

question_text: who played harmonica on bring it on home

text: Sonny Boy Williamson recording[edit]

text: Sonny Boy Williamson's version of the song was recorded on January 11, 1963 in Chicago. Accompanying Williamson on vocals and harmonica were Matt "Guitar" Murphy on guitar, Milton Rector on bass guitar, Al Duncan on drums, and either Lafayette Leake or Billy Emerson on organ.[1]

text: Williamson's version was not released until three years after its recording in early 1966 when it appeared on The Real Folk Blues and was released as a single (Checker 1134).[2][3]

text: Led Zeppelin version[edit]

text:
"Bring It On Home"

Song by Led Zeppelin

from the album Led Zeppelin II

Released
October 22, 1969 (1969-10-22)

Recorded
Atlantic Studios, New York City, 1969

Genre
Hard rock, blues rock

Length
4:19

Label
Atlantic

Songwriter(s)
Willie Dixon[4]

Producer(s)
Jimmy Page

text: In 1969, English rock band Led Zeppelin recorded a version of the song for their album Led Zeppelin II. The intro and outro were deliberate homages to the Sonny Boy Williamson song, whereas the rest of the track was an original Jimmy Page/Robert Plant composition;[5] however, Dixon was not given a lyric writing credit for the song. In 1972, Arc Music, the publishing arm of Chess Records, brought a lawsuit against Led Zeppelin for copyright infringement over "Bring It On Home"; the case was settled out-of-court for an undisclosed sum.

text: In a 1977 interview, Page commented:

text: The thing with "Bring It On Home," there's only a tiny bit taken from Sonny Boy Williamson's version and we threw that in as a tribute to him. People say, "Oh, 'Bring It On Home' is stolen." Well, there's only a little bit in the song that relates to anything that had gone before it, just the end.[6]

text: Plant's harmonica part was recorded in Vancouver. The band went on tour with the master tapes for Led Zeppelin II and recorded parts in various studios.

text: Led Zeppelin frequently performed this song live at Led Zeppelin concerts, first appearing as an encore on the band's 1970 UK tour. When played live, the song exhibited sharp interplay between Page's guitar, John Bonham's drums and John Paul Jones' bass. This can be seen on the Led Zeppelin DVD, which features a performance at the Royal Albert Hall in 1970. Another version dating from 1972 is included on the live release How the West Was Won which listed the song as a medley on the cover. "Bring It On Home" was credited to Dixon, while the middle section, newly named "Bring It On Back", was credited to Bonham, Jones, Page, and Plant.

text: From 1973, the song was dropped from the band's live set list. However, the middle section riff was retained and served as the introduction to "Black Dog" on the band's 1973 tour of the United States, as documented in the concert film The Song Remains the Same.

text: "Bring It On Home" was played at the reunion of surviving Led Zeppelin members staged at Jason Bonham's wedding reception in May 1990.[5]

text: Personnel[edit]

text:
Robert Plant – vocals, harmonica
Jimmy Page – guitars
John Paul Jones – bass guitar
John Bonham – drums

text: Other recorded versions[edit]

text:
1966: Q65 (Revolution)
1969: Bakerloo
1969: Dave Brock, later of Hawkwind, recorded this song live at the Royal Albert Hall during "The Buskers" concert
1970: Hawkwind (Hawkwind)
1970: Canned Heat (Canned Heat '70 Concert Live in Europe)
1971: Edgar Broughton Band (Edgar Broughton Band)
1973: Don Partridge (Don Partridge & Friends)[7]
1987: Big Walter Horton as "Back Home to Mama" (Big Walter Horton & Alfred "Blues King" Harris)[8]
1990: Dread Zeppelin (Un-Led-Ed)
1995: Michael White & The White (Plays the Music of Led Zeppelin)
1999: Robert Lockwood, Jr. (Whole Lotta Blues: Songs of Led Zeppelin)
1999: Colin James (Colin James and the Little Big Band II)
2006: Chris Whitley & the Bastard Club, (Reiter In)
2006: Stephen Pearcy (Stripped)
2010: Acid Drinkers (Fishdick Zwei – The Dick Is Rising Again)
2012: Joan Osborne (Bring It On Home)
2016: Ace Frehley (Origins, Vol. 1)

text: Sources[edit]

text:
Lewis, Dave (2004) The Complete Guide to the Music of Led Zeppelin, ISBN 0-7119-3528-9
Welch, Chris (1998) Led Zeppelin: Dazed and Confused: The Stories Behind Every Song, ISBN 1-56025-818-7


document_title: Nicky, Ricky, Dicky & Dawn

question_text: who plays josie on nicky ricky dicky and dawn

text: Nicky, Ricky, Dicky & Dawn

text: Plot[edit]

text: The series focuses on quadruplets Nicky, Ricky, Dicky, and Dawn Harper, 10-years-old at the start of the series,[2] who have nothing in common and often fight, but must work together to solve everyday situations.

text: Characters[edit]

text:
Tom (Brian Stepanek) is the father of the quadruplets. It is a running gag in the series that he cares more about his possessions than his children, but he loves his family and is a kid at heart.
Anne (Allison Munn) is the mother of the quadruplets who usually gets caught up in Tom's new obsessions.
Nicky (Aidan Gallagher) is the youngest of the quadruplets. He is shown to be quite comedic, quirky, and easily confused.
Ricky (Casey Simpson) is the second oldest of the quadruplets. He is the smart one of the group, always seen carrying a book or doing his homework. He is also a neat freak and a bit of a goody two-shoes, though he occasionally tries to prove to Dawn and his brothers that he can bend rules as well.
Dicky (Mace Coronel) is the easy-going quadruplet who cares a great deal about his appearance. He always takes the easy way out.
Dawn (Lizzy Greene) is the oldest of the quadruplets. Although she's always seen bothering her brothers, she does care about them deeply. There is a consistent rivalry for the leader spot of the quads between her and Ricky.
Josie (Gabrielle Elyse) is a worker at Tom's sporting shop and babysitter for Nicky, Ricky, Dicky and Dawn. She only appears in the first season.
Mae (Kyla-Drew Simmons) is the quads' friend and Dawn's best friend. She once called herself "the fifth quad". In the first two seasons, she is a recurring character, but is promoted to a main character in the third season.

text: Production[edit]

text: The series was originally picked up for 13 episodes on March 13, 2014, but was later increased to 20 episodes.[3] The series premiered on September 13, 2014. On November 18, 2014, the series was renewed for a second season.[4] The second season premiered on May 23, 2015. On February 9, 2016, Nickelodeon renewed Nicky, Ricky, Dicky & Dawn for a third season of 14 episodes. It was also confirmed that Matt Fleckenstein would step down as show runner.[5] Actress Lizzy Greene announced on her Twitter account that production for season three started on April 26, 2016.[6] The third season premiered on January 7, 2017. The series was renewed for a fourth season and had its episode order for the third season increased from 14 to 24 by Nickelodeon on March 20, 2017.[7] Nickelodeon cancelled the series on September 26 2017[8]

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired

First aired
Last aired

1
20
September 13, 2014 (2014-09-13)
March 24, 2015 (2015-03-24)

2
25
May 23, 2015 (2015-05-23)
August 6, 2016 (2016-08-06)

3
24[9]
January 7, 2017 (2017-01-07)
TBA

text: Ratings[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
First aired
Last aired
Avg. viewers
(millions)

Date
Viewers
(millions)
Date
Viewers
(millions)

1
20
September 13, 2014 (2014-09-13)
1.60[10]
March 24, 2015 (2015-03-24)
1.75[11]
1.75

2
25
May 23, 2015 (2015-05-23)
1.11[12]
August 6, 2016 (2016-08-06)
1.31[13]
1.46

3
23
January 7, 2017 (2017-01-07)
1.58[14]
TBA
TBD
1.47

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
Year
Award
Category
Result
Refs

2015
Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards
Favorite TV Show
Nominated

2017
Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards
Favorite TV Show – Kids' Show
Nominated


document_title: Birth control movement in the United States

question_text: where did world's first 'birth control clinic' open

question_tokens: where did world 's first ' birth control clinic ' open

text: Contraception in the nineteenth century[edit]

text: Birth control practices[edit]

text: The practice of birth control was common throughout the U.S. prior to 1914, when the movement to legalize contraception began. Longstanding techniques included the rhythm method, withdrawal, diaphragms, contraceptive sponges, condoms, prolonged breastfeeding, and spermicides.[2] Use of contraceptives increased throughout the nineteenth century, contributing to a 50 percent drop in the fertility rate in the United States between 1800 and 1900, particularly in urban regions.[3] The only known survey conducted during the nineteenth century of American women's contraceptive habits was performed by Clelia Mosher from 1892 to 1912.[4] The survey was based on a small sample of upper-class women, and shows that most of the women used contraception (primarily douching, but also withdrawal, rhythm, condoms and pessaries) and that they viewed sex as a pleasurable act that could be undertaken without the goal of procreation.[5]

text: Although contraceptives were relatively common in middle-class and upper-class society, the topic was rarely discussed in public.[6] The first book published in the United States which ventured to discuss contraception was Moral Physiology; or, A Brief and Plain Treatise on the Population Question, published by Robert Dale Owen in 1831.[7] The book suggested that family planning was a laudable effort, and that sexual gratification – without the goal of reproduction – was not immoral.[8] Owen recommended withdrawal, but he also discussed sponges and condoms.[9] That book was followed by Fruits of Philosophy: The Private Companion of Young Married People, written in 1832 by Charles Knowlton, which recommended douching.[10] Knowlton was prosecuted in Massachusetts on obscenity charges, and served three months in prison.[11]

text: Birth control practices were generally adopted earlier in Europe than in the United States. Knowlton's book was reprinted in 1877 in England by Charles Bradlaugh and Annie Besant, with the goal of challenging Britain's obscenity laws.[12] They were arrested (and later acquitted) but the publicity of their trial contributed to the formation, in 1877, of the Malthusian League – the world's first birth control advocacy group – which sought to limit population growth to avoid Thomas Malthus's dire predictions of exponential population growth leading to worldwide poverty and famine.[13] By 1930, similar societies had been established in nearly all European countries, and birth control began to find acceptance in most Western European countries, except Catholic Ireland, Spain, and France.[14] As the birth control societies spread across Europe, so did birth control clinics. The first birth control clinic in the world was established in the Netherlands in 1882, run by the Netherlands' first female physician, Aletta Jacobs.[15] The first birth control clinic in England was established in 1921 by Marie Stopes, in London.[16]

text: Anti-contraception laws enacted[edit]

text: Contraception was legal in the United States throughout most of the 19th century, but in the 1870s a social purity movement grew in strength, aimed at outlawing vice in general, and prostitution and obscenity in particular.[17] Composed primarily of Protestant moral reformers and middle-class women, the Victorian-era campaign also attacked contraception, which was viewed as an immoral practice that promoted prostitution and venereal disease.[18] Anthony Comstock, a postal inspector and leader in the purity movement, successfully lobbied for the passage of the 1873 Comstock Act, a federal law prohibiting mailing of "any article or thing designed or intended for the prevention of conception or procuring of abortion" as well as any form of contraceptive information.[19] Many states also passed similar state laws (collectively known as the Comstock laws), sometimes extending the federal law by outlawing the use of contraceptives, as well as their distribution. Comstock was proud of the fact that he was personally responsible for thousands of arrests and the destruction of hundreds of tons of books and pamphlets.[20]

text: Comstock and his allies also took aim at the libertarians and utopians who comprised the free love movement – an initiative to promote sexual freedom, equality for women, and abolition of marriage.[21] The free love proponents were the only group to actively oppose the Comstock laws in the 19th century, setting the stage for the birth control movement.[22]

text: The efforts of the free love movement were not successful and, at the beginning of the 20th century, federal and state governments began to enforce the Comstock laws more rigorously.[22] In response, contraception went underground, but it was not extinguished. The number of publications on the topic dwindled, and advertisements, if they were found at all, used euphemisms such as "marital aids" or "hygienic devices". Drug stores continued to sell condoms as "rubber goods" and cervical caps as "womb supporters".[23]

text: Beginning (1914–1916)[edit]

text: Free speech movement[edit]

text: At the turn of the century, an energetic movement arose, centered in Greenwich Village, that sought to overturn bans on free speech.[24] Supported by radicals, feminists, anarchists, and atheists such as Ezra Heywood, Moses Harman, D. M. Bennett, and Emma Goldman, these activists regularly battled anti-obscenity laws and, later, the government's effort to suppress speech critical of involvement in World War I.[25] Prior to 1914, the free speech movement focused on politics, and rarely addressed contraception.[26]

text: Goldman's circle of radicals, socialists, and bohemians was joined in 1912 by a nurse, Margaret Sanger, whose mother had been through 18 pregnancies in 22 years, and died at age 50 of tuberculosis and cervical cancer.[27] In 1913, Sanger worked in New York's Lower East Side, often with poor women who were suffering due to frequent childbirth and self-induced abortions.[28] After one particularly tragic medical case, Sanger wrote: "I threw my nursing bag in the corner and announced ... that I would never take another case until I had made it possible for working women in America to have the knowledge to control birth."[29] Sanger visited public libraries, searching for information on contraception, but nothing was available.[30] She became outraged that working-class women could not obtain contraception, yet upper-class women who had access to private physicians could.[31]

text: Under the influence of Goldman and the Free Speech League, Sanger became determined to challenge the Comstock laws that outlawed the dissemination of contraceptive information.[32] With that goal in mind, in 1914 she launched The Woman Rebel, an eight-page monthly newsletter which promoted contraception using the slogan "No Gods, No Masters",[33] and proclaimed that each woman should be "the absolute mistress of her own body."[34] Sanger coined the term birth control, which first appeared in the pages of Rebel, as a more candid alternative to euphemisms such as family limitation.[35]

text: Sanger's goal of challenging the law was fulfilled when she was indicted in August 1914, but the prosecutors focused their attention on articles Sanger had written on assassination and marriage, rather than contraception.[36] Afraid that she might be sent to prison without an opportunity to argue for birth control in court, she fled to England to escape arrest.[37]

text: While Sanger was in Europe, her husband continued her work, which led to his arrest after he distributed a copy of a birth control pamphlet to an undercover postal worker.[38] The arrest and his 30-day jail sentence prompted several mainstream publications, including Harper's Weekly and the New-York Tribune, to publish articles about the birth control controversy.[39] Emma Goldman and Ben Reitman toured the country, speaking in support of the Sangers, and distributing copies of Sanger's pamphlet Family Limitation.[40] Sanger's exile and her husband's arrest propelled the birth control movement into the forefront of American news.[41]

text: Early birth control organizations[edit]

text: In the spring of 1915 supporters of the Sangers – led by Mary Dennett – formed the National Birth Control League (NBCL), which was the first American birth control organization.[42] Throughout 1915, smaller regional organizations were formed in San Francisco, Portland, Oregon, Seattle, and Los Angeles.[43]

text: Sanger returned to the United States in October 1915. She planned to open a birth control clinic modeled on the world's first such clinic, which she had visited in Amsterdam. She first had to fight the charges outstanding against her.[44] Noted attorney Clarence Darrow offered to defend Sanger free of charge but, bowing to public pressure, the government dropped the charges early in 1916.[45] No longer under the threat of jail, Sanger embarked on a successful cross-country speaking tour, which catapulted her into the leadership of the U.S. birth control movement.[46] Other leading figures, such as William J. Robinson and Mary Dennett, chose to work in the background, or turned their attention to other causes.[46] Later in 1916, Sanger traveled to Boston to lend her support to the Massachusetts Birth Control League and to jailed birth control activist Van Kleeck Allison.[47]

text: First birth control clinic[edit]

text: During Sanger's 1916 speaking tour, she promoted birth control clinics based on the Dutch model she had observed during her 1914 trip to Europe. Although she inspired many local communities to create birth control leagues, no clinics were established.[48] Sanger therefore resolved to create a birth control clinic in New York that would provide free contraceptive services to women.[49] New York state law prohibited the distribution of contraceptives or even contraceptive information, but Sanger hoped to exploit a provision in the law which permitted doctors to prescribe contraceptives for the prevention of disease.[50] On October 16, 1916, she, partnering with Fania Mindell and Ethel Byrne, opened the Brownsville clinic in Brooklyn. The clinic was an immediate success, with over 100 women visiting on the first day.[51] A few days after opening, an undercover policewoman purchased a cervical cap at the clinic, and Sanger was arrested. Refusing to walk, Sanger and a co-worker were dragged out of the clinic by police officers.[52] The clinic was shut down, and it was not until 1923 that another birth control clinic was opened in the United States.[53]

text: Sanger's trial began in January 1917. She was supported by a large number of wealthy and influential women who came together to form the Committee of One Hundred, which was devoted to raising funds for Sanger and the NBCL.[54] The committee also started publishing the monthly journal Birth Control Review, and established a network of connections to powerful politicians, activists, and press figures.[55] Despite the strong support, Sanger was convicted; the judge offered a lenient sentence if she promised not to break the law again, but Sanger replied "I cannot respect the law as it exists today."[56] She served a sentence of 30 days in jail.[56]

text: In protest to her arrest as well, Byrne was sentenced to 30 days in jail at Blackwell’s Island Prison and responded to her situation with a hunger strike protest. With no signs of ending her demonstration anytime soon, Byrne was force fed by prison guards. Weakened and ill, Byrne refused to end her hunger strike at the cost of securing early release from prison. However, Sanger accepted the plea bargain on her sister’s behalf, agreeing that Byrne would be released early from prison if she ended her birth control activism. Horrified, Byrne’s relationship quickly eroded with her sister and, both forcefully and willingly, she left the birth control movement. Due to the drama of Byrne’s demonstration, the birth control movement became a headline news story in which the organization’s purpose was distributed across the country.[57]

text: Other activists were also pushing for progress. Emma Goldman was arrested in 1916 for circulating birth control information,[58] and Abraham Jacobi unsuccessfully tried to persuade the New York medical community to push for a change in law to permit physicians to dispense contraceptive information.[59]

text: Mainstream acceptance (1917–1923)[edit]

text: The publicity from Sanger's trial and Byrne's hunger strike generated immense enthusiasm for the cause, and by the end of 1917 there were over 30 birth control organizations in the United States.[61] Sanger was always astute about public relations, and she seized on the publicity of the trial to advance her causes.[62] After her trial, she emerged as the movement's most visible leader.[63] Other leaders, such as William J. Robinson, Mary Dennett, and Blanche Ames Ames, could not match Sanger's charisma, charm and fervor.[64]

text: The movement was evolving from radical, working-class roots into a campaign backed by society women and liberal professionals.[65] Sanger and her fellow advocates began to tone down their radical rhetoric and instead emphasized the socioeconomic benefits of birth control, a policy which led to increasing acceptance by mainstream Americans.[66] Media coverage increased, and several silent motion pictures produced in the 1910s featured birth control as a theme (including Birth Control, produced by Sanger and starring herself).[67]

text: Opposition to birth control remained strong: state legislatures refused to legalize contraception or the distribution of contraceptive information;[68] religious leaders spoke out, attacking women who would choose "ease and fashion" over motherhood;[69] and eugenicists were worried that birth control would exacerbate the birth rate differential between "old stock" white Americans and "coloreds" or immigrants.[70]

text: Sanger formed the New York Woman's Publishing Company (NYWPC) in 1918 and, under its auspices, became the publisher for the Birth Control Review.[71] British suffragette activist Kitty Marion, standing on New York street corners, sold the Review at 20 cents per copy, enduring death threats, heckling, spitting, physical abuse, and police harassment. Over the course of the following ten years, Marion was arrested nine times for her birth control advocacy.[72]

text: Legal victory[edit]

text: Sanger appealed her 1917 conviction and won a mixed victory in 1918 in a unanimous decision by the New York Court of Appeals written by Judge Frederick E. Crane. The court's opinion upheld her conviction, but indicated that the courts would be willing to permit contraception if prescribed by doctors.[73] This decision was only applicable within New York, where it opened the door for birth control clinics, under physician supervision, to be established.[74] Sanger herself did not immediately take advantage of the opportunity, wrongly expecting that the medical profession would lead the way; instead she focused on writing and lecturing.[75]

text: World War I and condoms[edit]

text: The birth control movement received an unexpected boost during World War I, as a result of a crisis the U.S. military experienced when many of its soldiers were diagnosed with syphilis or gonorrhea. The military undertook an extensive education campaign, focusing on abstinence, but also offering some contraceptive guidance.[76] The military, under pressure from purity advocates, did not distribute condoms, or even endorse their use, making the U.S. the only military force in World War I that did not supply condoms to its troops. When U.S. soldiers were in Europe, they found rubber condoms readily available, and when they returned to America, they continued to use condoms as their preferred method of birth control.[77]

text: The military's anti-venereal disease campaign marked a major turning point for the movement: it was the first time a government institution had engaged in a sustained, public discussion of sexual matters.[78] The government's public discourse changed sex from a secret topic into a legitimate topic of scientific research, and it transformed contraception from an issue of morals to an issue of public health.[79]

text: In 1917, advocate Emma Goldman was arrested for protesting World War 1 and American military conscription. Goldman’s commitment to free speech on topics such as socialism, anarchism, birth control, labor/union rights, and free love eventually cost her American citizenship and the right to live in the United States. Due to her commitment to socialist welfare and anti-capitalism, Goldman was associated with communism which led to her expulsion from the country during the First Red Scare.[80] While World War 1 led to a breakthrough on American acceptance of birth control relating to public health, anti-communist WW1 propaganda sacrificed one of the birth control movement's most dedicated members.

text: Legislative efforts[edit]

text: While an important birth control activist and leader, Mary Dennett advocated for a wide variety of organizations. Starting as a field secretary for the Massachusetts Women’s Suffrage Association, she worked her way up to win an elected seat as a corresponding secretary for the National American Women’s Suffrage Association. Dennett headed the literary department, undertaking assignments such as distributing pamphlets and leaflets. Following disillusionment with the NAWSA’s organizational structure, Dennett, as described above, helped found the National Birth Control League. The NBCL took a strong stance against militant protest strategies and instead focused attention on legislation changes at both the state and federal level.[81] During World War I, Mary Dennett focused her efforts on the peace movement, but she returned to the birth control movement in 1918.[82] She continued to lead the NBCL, and collaborated with Sanger's NYWPC. In 1919, Dennett published a widely distributed educational pamphlet, The Sex Side of Life, which treated sex as a natural and enjoyable act.[83] However, in the same year, frustrated with the NBCL's chronic lack of funding, Dennett broke away and formed the Voluntary Parenthood League (VPL).[84] Both Dennett and Sanger proposed legislative changes that would legalize birth control, but they took different approaches: Sanger endorsed contraception but only under a physician's supervision; Dennett pushed for unrestricted access to contraception.[85] Sanger, a proponent of diaphragms, was concerned that unrestricted access would result in ill-fitting diaphragms and would lead to medical quackery.[86] Dennett was concerned that requiring women to get prescriptions from physicians would prevent poor women from receiving contraception, and she was concerned about a shortage of physicians trained in birth control.[85] Both legislative initiatives failed, partly because some legislators felt that fear of pregnancy was the only thing that kept women chaste.[87] In the early 1920s, Sanger's leadership position in the movement solidified because she gave frequent public lectures, and because she took steps to exclude Dennett from meetings and events.[88]

text: American Birth Control League[edit]

text:
"We hold that children should be (1) Conceived in love; (2) Born of the mother's conscious desire; (3) And only begotten under conditions which render possible the heritage of health. Therefore we hold that every woman must possess the power and freedom to prevent conception except when these conditions can be satisfied."
American Birth Control League founding statement[89]

tag: div

text: Although Sanger was busy publishing the Birth Control Review during the years 1919–1920, she was not formally affiliated with either of the major birth control organizations (NBCL or VPL) during that time. In 1921 she became convinced that she needed to associate with a formal body to earn the support of professional societies and the scientific community. Rather than join an existing organization, she considered creating a new one.[90] As a first step, she organized the First American Birth Control Conference, held in November 1921 in New York City. On the final night of the conference, as Sanger prepared to give a speech in the crowded Town Hall theater, police raided the meeting and arrested her for disorderly conduct. From the stage she shouted: "we have a right to hold [this meeting] under the Constitution ... let them club us if they want to."[91]  She was soon released.[91] The following day it was revealed that Patrick Joseph Hayes, the Archbishop of New York, had pressured the police to shut down the meeting.[92] The Town Hall raid was a turning point for the movement: opposition from the government and medical community faded, and the Catholic Church emerged as its most vocal opponent.[93] After the conference, Sanger and her supporters established the American Birth Control League (ABCL).[94]

text: Second birth control clinic[edit]

text: Four years after the New York Court of Appeals opened the doors for physicians to prescribe contraceptives, Sanger opened a second birth control clinic, which she staffed with physicians to make it legal under that court ruling (the first clinic had employed nurses).[95] This second clinic, the Clinical Research Bureau (CRB), opened on January 2, 1923.[96] To avoid police harassment the clinic's existence was not publicized, its primary mission was stated to be conducting scientific research, and it only provided services to married women.[97] The existence of the clinic was finally announced to the public in December 1923, but this time there were no arrests or controversy. This convinced activists that, after ten years of struggle, birth control had finally become widely accepted in the United States.[98] The CRB was the first legal birth control clinic in the United States, and quickly grew into the world's leading contraceptive research center.[98]

text: Progress and setbacks (1920s–1940s)[edit]

text: Widespread acceptance[edit]

text: Following the successful opening of the CRB in 1923, public discussion of contraception became more commonplace, and the term "birth control" became firmly established in the nation's vernacular.[99] Of the hundreds of references to birth control in magazines and newspapers of the 1920s, more than two-thirds were favorable.[100] The availability of contraception signaled the end of the stricter morality of the Victorian era, and ushered in the emergence of a more sexually permissive society.[100] Other factors that contributed to the new sexual norms included increased mobility brought by the automobile, anonymous urban lifestyles, and post-war euphoria.[100] Sociologists who surveyed women in Muncie, Indiana in 1925 found that all the upper class women approved of birth control, and more than 80 percent of the working class women approved.[101] The birth rate in America declined 20 percent between 1920 and 1930, primarily due to increased use of birth control.[102]

text: Opposition[edit]

text: Although clinics became more common in the late 1920s, the movement still faced significant challenges:  Large sectors of the medical community were still resistant to birth control;  birth control advocates were blacklisted by the radio industry; and state and federal laws – though generally not enforced – still outlawed contraception.[103]

text: The most significant opponent to birth control was the Catholic Church, which mobilized opposition in many venues during the 1920s.[104] Catholics persuaded the Syracuse city council to ban Sanger from giving a speech in 1924; the National Catholic Welfare Conference lobbied against birth control; the Knights of Columbus boycotted hotels that hosted birth control events; the Catholic police commissioner of Albany prevented Sanger from speaking there; the Catholic mayor of Boston, James Curley, blocked Sanger from speaking in public; and several newsreel companies, succumbing to pressure from Catholics, refused to cover stories related to birth control.[105] The ABCL turned some of the boycotted speaking events to their advantage by inviting the press, and the resultant news coverage often generated public sympathy for their cause.[106] However, Catholic lobbying was particularly effective in the legislative arena, where their arguments – that contraception was unnatural, harmful, and indecent – impeded several initiatives, including an attempt in 1924 by Mary Dennett to overturn federal anti-contraception laws.[107]

text: Dozens of birth control clinics opened across the United States during the 1920s, but not without incident.[108] In 1929, New York police raided a clinic in New York and arrested two doctors and three nurses for distributing contraceptive information that was unrelated to the prevention of disease.[109] The ABCL achieved a major victory in the trial, when the judge ruled that use of contraceptives to space births farther apart was a legitimate medical treatment that benefited the health of the mother.[110] The trial, in which many prominent physicians served as witnesses for the defense, brought a large segment of the medical community onto the side of birth control advocates.[111]

text: Eugenics and race[edit]

text: Before the advent of the birth control movement, eugenics had become very popular in Europe and the U.S., and the subject was widely discussed in articles, movies, and lectures.[112] Eugenicists had mixed feelings about birth control: they worried that it would exacerbate the birth rate differential between "superior" and "inferior" races, but they also recognized its value as a tool to "racial betterment".[113] Leaders of the birth control movement never considered eugenics to be their primary goal, focusing instead on free speech and women's rights, but around 1920 they started to make common cause with eugenicists, hoping to broaden the support base of the birth control movement.[114] Eugenics buttressed the birth control movement's aims by correlating excessive births with increased poverty, crime and disease.[115] Sanger published two books in the early 1920s that endorsed eugenics: Woman and the New Race and The Pivot of Civilization.[116] Sanger and other advocates endorsed negative eugenics (discouraging procreation of "inferior" persons), but did not advocate euthanasia or positive eugenics (encouraging procreation of "superior" persons).[117]  However, many eugenicists refused to support the birth control movement because of Sanger's insistence that a woman's primary duty was to herself, not to the state.[118]

text: Like many white Americans in the U.S. in the 1930s, some leaders of the birth control movement believed that lighter-skinned races were superior to darker-skinned races.[119] They assumed that African Americans were intellectually backward, would be relatively incompetent in managing their own health, and would require special supervision from whites.[120] The dominance of whites in the movement's leadership and medical staff resulted in accusations of racism from blacks and suspicions that "race suicide" would be a consequence of large scale adoption of birth control.[121] These suspicions were misinterpreted by some of the white birth control advocates as lack of interest in contraception.[122]

text: In spite of these suspicions, many African-American leaders supported efforts to supply birth control to the African-American community. In 1929, James H. Hubert, a black social worker and leader of New York's Urban League, asked Sanger to open a clinic in Harlem.[124] Sanger secured funding from the Julius Rosenwald Fund and opened the clinic, staffed with African-American doctors, in 1930.[125] The clinic was guided by a 15-member advisory board consisting of African-American doctors, nurses, clergy, journalists, and social workers.[126] It was publicized in the African-American press and African-American churches, and received the approval of W. E. B. Du Bois, co-founder of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP).[126] In the early 1940s, the Birth Control Federation of America (BCFA) initiated a program called the Negro Project, managed by its Division of Negro Service (DNS).[127] As with the Harlem clinic, the primary aim of the DNS and its programs was to improve maternal and infant health.[128] Based on her work at the Harlem clinic, Sanger suggested to the DNS that African Americans were more likely to take advice from a doctor of their own race, but other leaders prevailed and insisted that whites be employed in the outreach efforts.[129] The discriminatory actions and statements by the movement's leaders during the 1920s and 1930s have led to continuing allegations that the movement was racist.[130]

text: Expanding availability[edit]

text: Two important legal decisions in the 1930s helped increase the accessibility of contraceptives. In 1930, two condom manufacturers sued each other in the Youngs Rubber case, and the judge ruled that contraceptive manufacturing was a legitimate business enterprise. He went further, and declared that the federal law prohibiting the mailing of condoms was not legally sound.[131] Sanger precipitated a second legal breakthrough when she ordered a diaphragm from Japan in 1932, hoping to provoke a decisive battle in the courts.[132] The diaphragm was confiscated by the U.S. government, and Sanger's subsequent legal challenge led to the 1936 One Package legal ruling by Judge Augustus Hand. His decision overturned an important provision of the anti-contraception laws that prohibited physicians from obtaining contraceptives.[133] This court victory motivated the American Medical Association in 1937 to finally adopt contraception as a normal medical service and a core component of medical school curricula.[134] However, the medical community was slow to accept this new responsibility, and women continued to rely on unsafe and ineffective contraceptive advice from ill-informed sources until the 1960s.[135]

text: By 1938, over 400 contraceptive manufacturers were in business, over 600 brands of female contraceptives were available, and industry revenues exceeded $250 million per year.[136] Condoms were sold in vending machines in some public restrooms, and men spent twice as much on condoms as on shaving.[137] Although condoms had become commonplace in the 1930s, feminists in the movement felt that birth control should be the woman's prerogative, and they continued to push for development of a contraceptive that was under the woman's control, a campaign which ultimately led to the birth control pill decades later.[138] To increase the availability of high-quality contraceptives, birth control advocates established the Holland–Rantos company to manufacture contraceptives – primarily diaphragms, which were Sanger's recommended method.[139] By the 1930s, the diaphragm with spermicidal jelly had become the most commonly prescribed form of contraception;[140] in 1938, female contraceptives accounted for 85 percent of annual contraceptive sales.[141]

text: Planned Parenthood[edit]

text: The 1936 One Package court battle brought together two birth control organizations – the ABCL and the Birth Control Clinical Research Bureau (formerly the CRB) – who had joined forces to craft the successful defense effort.[142] Leaders of both groups viewed this as an auspicious time to merge the two organizations, so, in 1937, the Birth Control Council of America, under the leadership of Sanger, was formed to effect a consolidation.[143] The effort eventually led to the merger of the two organizations in 1939 as the Birth Control Federation of America (BCFA).[144] Although Sanger continued in the role of president, she no longer wielded the same power as she had in the early years of the movement, and, in 1942, more conservative forces within the organization changed the name to Planned Parenthood Federation of America, a name Sanger objected to because she considered it too euphemistic.[145] After World War II, the leadership of Planned Parenthood de-emphasized radical feminism and shifted focus to more moderate themes such as family planning and population policy.[146]

text: The movement to legalize birth control came to a gradual conclusion around the time Planned Parenthood was formed.[147] In 1942, there were over 400 birth control organizations in America, contraception was fully embraced by the medical profession, and the anti-contraception Comstock laws (which still remained on the books) were rarely enforced.[148]

text: Legalization and aftermath[edit]

text: After World War II advocacy for reproductive rights transitioned into a new era which focused on abortion, public funding, and insurance coverage.[149]

text: Birth control advocacy also took on a global aspect as organizations around the world began to collaborate. In 1946, Sanger helped found the International Committee on Planned Parenthood, which evolved into the International Planned Parenthood Federation and soon became the world's largest non-governmental international family planning organization.[150] In 1952, John D. Rockefeller III founded the influential Population Council.[151] Fear of global overpopulation became a major issue in the 1960s, generating concerns about pollution, food shortages, and quality of life, leading to well-funded birth control campaigns around the world.[152] The 1994 International Conference on Population and Development and the 1995 Fourth World Conference on Women addressed birth control and influenced human rights declarations which asserted women's rights to control their own bodies.[153]

text: In the early 1950s in the United States, philanthropist Katharine McCormick provided funding for biologist Gregory Pincus to develop the birth control pill, which was approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1960.[154] The pill became very popular and had a major impact on society and culture. It contributed to a sharp increase in college attendance and graduation rates for women.[155]  New forms of intrauterine devices were introduced in the 1960s, increasing popularity of long acting reversible contraceptives.[156]

text: In 1965, the Supreme Court ruled in Griswold v. Connecticut that it was unconstitutional for the government to prohibit married couples from using birth control.

text: In 1967 activist Bill Baird was arrested for distributing a contraceptive foam and a condom to a student during a lecture on birth control and abortion at Boston University. Baird's appeal of his conviction resulted in the United States Supreme Court case Eisenstadt v. Baird (1972), which extended the Griswold holding to unmarried couples, and thereby legalized birth control for all Americans.[157]

text: In 1970, Congress finally removed references to contraception from federal anti-obscenity laws[158]; and in 1973, the Roe v. Wade decision legalized abortion during the first trimester of pregnancy.[159]

text: Also in 1970, Title X of the Public Health Service Act was enacted as part of the war on poverty, to make family planning and preventive health services available to low-income and the uninsured.[160]  Without publicly funded family planning services, according to the Guttmacher Institute, the number of unintended pregnancies and abortions in the United States would be nearly two-thirds higher; the number of unintended pregnancies among poor women would nearly double.[161]  According to the United States Department of Health and Human Services, publicly funded family planning saves nearly $4 in Medicaid expenses for every $1 spent on services.[162]

text: In 1982, European drug manufacturers developed mifepristone, which was initially utilized as a contraceptive, but is now generally prescribed with a prostoglandin to induce abortion in pregnancies up to the fourth month of gestation.[163] To avoid consumer boycotts organized by anti-abortion organizations, the manufacturer donated the U.S. manufacturing rights to Danco Laboratories, a company formed by pro-choice advocates, with the sole purpose of distributing mifepristone in the U.S, and thus immune to the effects of boycotts.[164]

text: In 1997, the FDA approved a prescription emergency contraception pill (known as the morning-after pill), which became available over the counter in 2006.[165] In 2010, ulipristal acetate, a more effective emergency contraceptive was approved for use up to five days after unprotected sexual intercourse.[166]  Fifty to sixty percent of abortion patients became pregnant in circumstances in which emergency contraceptives could have been used.[167]  These emergency contraceptives, including Plan B and EllaOne, proved to be  another battleground in the war over reproductive rights.[168] Opponents of emergency contraception consider it a form of abortion, because it may interfere with the ability of a fertilized embryo to implant in the uterus; while proponents contend that it is not abortion, because the absence of implantation means that pregnancy never commenced.[169]

text: In 2000, the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission ruled that companies that provided insurance for prescription drugs to their employees but excluded birth control were violating the Civil Rights Act of 1964.[170]

text: President Obama signed the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) on 23 March 2010. As of 1 August 2011, female contraception was added to a list of preventive services covered by the ACA that would be provided without patient co-payment. The federal mandate applied to all new health insurance plans in all states from 1 August 2012.[171][172] Grandfathered plans did not have to comply unless they changed substantially.[173] To be grandfathered, a group plan must have existed or an individual plan must have been sold before President Obama signed the law; otherwise they were required to comply with the new law.[174] The Guttmacher Institute noted that even before the federal mandate was implemented, twenty-eight states had their own mandates that required health insurance to cover the prescription contraceptives, but the federal mandate innovated by forbidding insurance companies from charging part of the cost to the patient.[175]

text: Burwell v. Hobby Lobby, 573 U.S. ___ (2014), is a landmark decision[176][177] by the United States Supreme Court allowing closely held for-profit corporations to be exempt from a law its owners religiously object to if there is a less restrictive means of furthering the law's interest. It is the first time that the court has recognized a for-profit corporation's claim of religious belief,[178] but it is limited to closely held corporations.[a] The decision is an interpretation of the Religious Freedom Restoration Act (RFRA) and does not address whether such corporations are protected by the free-exercise of religion clause of the First Amendment of the Constitution. For such companies, the Court's majority directly struck down the contraceptive mandate  under the Affordable Care Act (ACA) by a 5–4 vote.[179] The court said that the mandate was not the least restrictive way to ensure access to contraceptive care, noting that a less restrictive alternative was being provided for religious non-profits, until the Court issued an injunction 3 days later, effectively ending said alternative, replacing it with a government-sponsored alternative for any female employees of closely held corporations that do not wish to provide birth control.[180]

text: Zubik v. Burwell was a case before the United States Supreme Court on whether religious institutions other than churches should be exempt from the contraceptive mandate. Churches were already exempt.[181] On May 16, 2016, the U.S. Supreme Court issued a per curiam ruling in Zubik v. Burwell that vacated the decisions of the Circuit Courts of Appeals and remanded the case "to the respective United States Courts of Appeals for the Third, Fifth, Tenth, and D.C. Circuits" for reconsideration in light of the "positions asserted by the parties in their supplemental briefs".[182] Because the Petitioners agreed that "their religious exercise is not infringed where they 'need to do nothing more than contract for a plan that does not include coverage for some or all forms of contraception'", the Court held that the parties should be given an opportunity to clarify and refine how this approach would work in practice and to "resolve any outstanding issues".[183] The Supreme Court expressed "no view on the merits of the cases."[184]  In a concurring opinion, Justice Sotomeyer, joined by Justice Ginsburg noted that in earlier cases "some lower courts have ignored those instructions" and cautioned lower courts not to read any signals in the Supreme Court's actions in this case.[185]

text: In 2017, the Trump administration issued a ruling letting insurers and employers refuse to provide birth control if doing so went against their "religious beliefs" or "moral convictions".[186] However, later that same year federal judge Wendy Beetlestone issued an injunction temporarily stopping the enforcement of the Trump administration ruling.[187]


document_title: Trolls (film)

question_text: who does the voice of poppy in the movie trolls

text: Trolls (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: This article's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed. Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise. (April 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The Trolls are small creatures who live in an almost perpetual state of happiness, singing, dancing and hugging all day long. However, they are discovered by the Bergens, large creatures who never feel happy, but discover that they can feel happy for a moment, if they devour a Troll. Every year, the Bergens put the Trolls and their tree in a cage, and hold an annual festival, called Trollstice, in which each Bergen gets its feeling of happiness, by eating a Troll. However, the Trolls, led by their King Peppy, with his baby daughter, Princess Poppy, escape through underground tunnels on the day that young Prince Gristle would eat his first Troll. Furious, Gristle's father King Gristle Sr. banishes his Chef who was in charge of the Trollstice preparation.

text: 20 years later, Poppy, throws a big party to celebrate the Trolls' escape, despite the fears and warnings of the grey troll, Branch, that loud parties will attract the Bergens. Branch's fears become true when Chef sees the fireworks and captures a number of Trolls. Poppy is among the Trolls who manage to hide, but discovers that none of the other Trolls dare to venture to Bergen Town to rescue their friends. She initially goes by herself, but is later accompanied by the reluctant Branch, who thinks she will not make it if she goes alone.

text: Once they reach Bergen Town, Poppy and Branch find out that Bergen Town will be holding Trollstice that night and witness Creek, one of the Troll hostages, apparently get eaten by the now King Gristle, but Poppy remains hopeful that Creek survived. Poppy and Branch discover that the rest of the Troll captives are being guarded by a scullery maid named Bridget. While attempting to free the Trolls, they discover that Bridget is in love with Gristle and strike a deal with her: If she frees their friends and lets them get close to Gristle to confirm if Creek is alive, they will help her get a date with Gristle.

text: While setting her up for the date, Branch refuses to sing and triggers a big argument with Poppy, revealing that, as a child, he caused his grandmother to be killed after Chef found him because of his singing, and blamed himself since, causing his color to turn from blue to grey. After Poppy comforts him, Branch reluctantly agrees to help Bridget and the trolls, but he still won't sing. Bridget, disguised as Lady Glitter Sparkles by the Trolls, gets her date with Gristle at a roller rink and arcade restaurant, and Gristle asks her to be his "plus one" at Trollstice, revealing Creek being held captive in the jewel that decorates the king's mantle.

text: When they get back to Bridget's room, Bridget asks them if they can help her disguise as Lady Glitter Sparkles at Trollstice, but they tell her that she can't always be someone she isn't, causing Bridget to cry. The Trolls leave and attempt to rescue Creek from Gristle's room and steals his jewel, but discover that it is empty. The Trolls are then captured by Chef and are shocked to discover that Creek had agreed to sell out the rest of the Trolls to the Bergens in exchange for not being eaten himself. Creek returns to the Troll village where using Poppy's cowbell, he lures Peppy and the other Trolls out of hiding, letting them be captured by Chef and the other Bergen cooks, who lie in ambush. With all the Trolls captured and soon to be eaten, Poppy loses hope as she and all the other Trolls turn grey.

text: Hating to see her so despondent, Branch sings for Poppy to cheer her up, and (through the song) confesses his love for her and restores not only Poppy's color, much to Poppy's surprise, but his own color and the colors of all of the Trolls and the two trolls fell in love together. Just before being served, the Trolls are rescued by Bridget who wants them to flee while she is ready to sacrifice herself for them. However, Poppy does not want to abandon her Bergen friend. Together with Branch and her friends, Poppy reveals to the Bergens that Bridget was Lady Glitter Sparkles, and for that, it is not necessary to eat Trolls as the feeling, that Bridget and Gristle had on their date was happiness too so, The Trolls invite the Bergen to sing and dance with them, making them feel happy.

text: Chef, refusing to accept the peace, tries to kill Poppy and Branch, but is knocked into a serving cart that is sent rolling out of Bergen Town on fire with Creek in her pouch. The Trolls and Bergens agree to live in peace, and Poppy is crowned as the new Queen of the Trolls. And at the new troll tree, Poppy and her new boyfriend, Branch share a romantic hug. In the mid-credits scene, the serving cart with Chef and Creek on it stops on a hill in the middle of nowhere. Chef tries to eat Creek, but the hill opens to reveal the mouth of a giant monster and the pair fall into it and get eaten.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Anna Kendrick as Princess Poppy, the princess and later queen of the Trolls and Branch's love interest.

Iris Dohrn voices a baby Poppy.

Justin Timberlake as Branch, a paranoid, disgruntled Troll survivalist and Poppy's love interest.

Liam Henry voices a younger Branch.

Zooey Deschanel as Bridget, a kind-hearted Bergen who works as a scullery maid to the Bergen Chef and has feelings for Gristle.[13]
Christopher Mintz-Plasse as Prince Gristle, the prince (later king) of the Bergens. He is Bridget's love interest.[13]
Christine Baranski as Chef, a mean-spirited Bergen who is in charge of Troll preparation.[13]
Russell Brand as Creek, a Troll with a positive personality and zen-like wisdom later revealed to be a coward and traitor willing to sell out all the trolls just so he won't be eaten.[13][14]
Gwen Stefani as DJ Suki, the Trolls' resident disk jockey.[13][15]
James Corden as Biggie, a chubby, friendly Troll.[13][16]
Jeffrey Tambor as King Peppy, the king of the Trolls.[13]
Ron Funches as Cooper, a giraffe-like Troll.[13][17]
Icona Pop as Satin and Chenille, twin trolls who are joined by their hair and love fashion.[13][18]
Kunal Nayyar as Guy Diamond, a glittery silver Troll with a highly Auto-Tuned voice, who is always naked.[13][19]
Walt Dohrn as Mr. Dinkles, Biggie's pet worm.[13] Dohrn also voices Smidge, Fuzzbert, Cloud Guy, Tunnel Troll and Wedgie Bergen #2.
John Cleese as King Gristle Sr., Gristle's father and the ruler of the Bergens at the start of the film.[13]
GloZell as Grandma Rosiepuff, an elderly Troll and Branch's late grandmother.[20] In the UK version, newsreader Susanna Reid voices the character and in the Australian version, Dami Im voices the character.[21]
Meg DeAngelis as Moxie Dewdrop, a dancing Troll.[20] Noodlerella voices the character in the UK version.
Ricky Dillon as Aspen Heitz, a Troll skitterboarder.[20]
Kandee Johnson as Mandy Sparkledust, a Troll who designs and repairs all the treasures of Troll Town.[20]
Quvenzhané Wallis as Harper, a Troll artist who paints with her hair.[13]
Mike Mitchell as Darius, Vinny the Phone, Captain Starfunkle, Spider, Wedgie Bergen #1, Chad, Card
Grace Helbig as Cookie Sugarloaf, one of the trolls.
Curtis Stone as Todd
Rhys Darby as Bibbly

text: Production[edit]

text: DreamWorks announced plans for a film based on the Troll toyline as early as 2010. This version was to be written by Adam Wilson and his wife Melanie[22] By 2012, Chloë Grace Moretz had already been cast in the female lead role and Jason Schwartzman was reported to have been offered the male lead.[23] In September 2012, 20th Century Fox and DreamWorks Animation announced that the film with the working title Trolls would be released on June 5, 2015, with Anand Tucker set to direct the film, written by Wallace Wolodarsky and Maya Forbes.[1]

text: By April 2013, DreamWorks Animation had acquired the intellectual property for the Trolls franchise from the Dam Family and Dam Things. Having "big plans for the franchise," DreamWorks Animation became the exclusive worldwide licensor of the merchandise rights, except for Scandinavia, where Dam Things remains the licensor.[24] In May 2013, the film was pushed back for a year to November 4, 2016.[25] The same month, DreamWorks Animation announced that Mike Mitchell and Erica Rivinoja has been hired as a director and screenplay writer to "reimagine" the film as a musical comedy, which will present the origin of the Trolls' colorful hair.[26] On June 16, 2014, Anna Kendrick joined the cast to voice Poppy, a princess.[27] On September 15, 2015, Deadline.com reported that Justin Timberlake will voice a character named Branch.[9] Timberlake previously worked with DreamWorks Animation as the voice of Arthur "Artie" Pendragon in Shrek the Third in 2007. The full cast announced their respective roles via announcements on Twitter on January 6, 2016.[28]

text: Music[edit]

text: Justin Timberlake served as an executive producer for the film's music and released the original song "Can't Stop the Feeling!" on May 6, 2016.[29] The song reached No. 1 in the official charts of 17 countries, including the United States and Canada. Timberlake along with the film cast, with guest appearances from Earth, Wind & Fire and Ariana Grande, contributed to the soundtrack.[30] The soundtrack album was certified Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America[31] and the Australian Recording Industry Association.[32]

text: Release[edit]

text: The film's world premiere took place at the BFI London Film Festival on October 8, 2016, and was theatrically released on November 4, 2016, in the United States by 20th Century Fox.

text: Home media[edit]

text: Trolls was released on Digital HD on January 24, 2017, and on DVD and Blu-ray on February 7, 2017.[33] The film topped the home video sales chart for two consecutive weeks.[34][35]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Trolls grossed $153.7 million in the US and Canada and $190.9 million in other countries for a worldwide total of $344.6 million, against a budget of $125 million.[6]

text: In the United States and Canada, Trolls was released alongside Doctor Strange and Hacksaw Ridge, and was projected to gross $35–40 million from 4,060 theaters in its opening weekend.[36] On its first day, the film grossed $12.3 million (including $900,000 made from Thursday night previews). It went on to open to $46.5 million, finishing second at the box office behind Doctor Strange.[37]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 74% based on 132 reviews; the average rating is 6.2/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Trolls brings its instantly recognizable characters to the big screen in a colorful adventure that, while geared toward the younger set, isn't without rewards for parents."[38] On Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating, the film has a score 56 out of 100, based on 32 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[39] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A" on an A+ to F scale.[40]

text: Lindsey Bahr of Associated Press gave the film a positive review and said, "Ultimately, the 'get happy' moral of the story, while trite compared to something like Inside Out, is sufficiently sweet enough for its audience. Did you expect more from a piece of candy?"[41] Bill Zwecker of Chicago Sun-Times gave the film three-and-a-half stars out of four and said, "You simply will walk out — or perhaps dance out — of the theater feeling very happy yourself."[42] Andy Webster of The New York Times said, "Exuberant, busy and sometimes funny, DreamWorks Animation's Trolls is determined to amuse."[43]

text: The Hollywood Reporter called the film "an admittedly vibrant-looking but awfully recognizable animated musical comedy concoction."[3] Alonso Duralde of TheWrap said the film "combines the barely-there characterization and irritating cutesiness of The Smurfs with the hideous character design and awful pop covers of Strange Magic."[44] Betsy Bozdech of Common Sense Media gave the movie 4 stars. She said, "Make no mistake: Kids are going to love this movie. Trolls is cute, it's colorful, it has tons of catchy songs, and the messages are positive and easy to understand (happiness is inside everyone, if you know where/how to find it, and you shouldn't have to change who you are to get someone to like you)."[45]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
List of awards and nominations

Award
Date of ceremony
Category
Recipient(s)
Result
Ref(s)

Academy Awards
February 26, 2017
Best Original Song
"Can't Stop the Feeling!" – Max Martin, Shellback and Justin Timberlake
Nominated
[46]
[47]

Annie Awards
February 4, 2017
Outstanding Achievement, Character Design in an Animated Feature Production
Tim Lamb and Craig Kellman
Nominated
[48]

Outstanding Achievement, Production Design in an Animated Feature Production
Kendal Cronkhite and Tim Lamb
Nominated

Outstanding Achievement, Storyboarding in an Animated Feature Production
Claire Morrissey
Nominated

Outstanding Achievement, Voice Acting in an Animated Feature Production
Zooey Deschanel
Nominated

Billboard Music Awards
May 21, 2017
Top Soundtrack/Cast Album
Trolls: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack
Nominated
[49]

Critics' Choice Awards
December 11, 2016
Best Animated Feature
Trolls
Nominated
[50]

Best Song
"Can't Stop the Feeling!" – Max Martin, Shellback and Justin Timberlake
Nominated

Golden Globe Awards
January 8, 2017
Best Original Song
"Can't Stop the Feeling!" – Max Martin, Shellback and Justin Timberlake
Nominated
[51]

Grammy Awards
February 12, 2017
Best Song Written for Visual Media
"Can't Stop the Feeling!" – Max Martin, Shellback and Justin Timberlake
Won
[52]

Guild of Music Supervisors Awards
February 16, 2017
Best Song/Recording Created for a Film
"Can't Stop the Feeling!" – Max Martin, Shellback and Justin Timberlake
Nominated
[53]

Hollywood Film Awards
November 6, 2016
Hollywood Song Award
"Can't Stop the Feeling!" by Justin Timberlake
Won
[54]

Hollywood Music in Media Awards
November 17, 2016
Best Song Written for an Animated Film
"Can't Stop the Feeling!" – Max Martin, Shellback and Justin Timberlake
Won
[55]
[56]

Best Soundtrack From a Movie
Trolls: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack
Nominated

Outstanding Music Supervision – Film
Justin Timberlake
Nominated

iHeartRadio Music Awards
March 5, 2017
Best Song from a Movie
"Can't Stop the Feeling!" by Justin Timberlake
Nominated
[57]

Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards
March 11, 2017
Favorite Animated Movie
Trolls
Nominated
[58]

Favorite Voice From an Animated Movie
Justin Timberlake and Anna Kendrick
Nominated

Favorite Frenemies
Justin Timberlake and Anna Kendrick
Nominated

Favorite Soundtrack
Trolls: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack
Nominated

Satellite Awards
February 19, 2017
Best Animated or Mixed Media Feature
Trolls
Nominated
[59]

Best Original Song
"Can't Stop the Feeling!" – Max Martin, Shellback and Justin Timberlake
Nominated

Saturn Awards
June 28, 2017
Best Animated Film
Trolls
Nominated
[60]

St. Louis Gateway Film Critics Association
December 18, 2016
Best Soundtrack
Trolls
Nominated
[61]

Teen Choice Awards
July 31, 2016
Choice AnTEENcipated Movie
Trolls
Nominated
[62]

Choice Music: Song from a Movie or TV Show
"Can't Stop the Feeling!" by Justin Timberlake
Nominated

text: Regarding music award shows, only film-related categories are included on this list.

text: Franchise[edit]

text: Sequel[edit]

text: On February 28, 2017, Universal Pictures, the studio's new distributor and parent company since 2016, and DreamWorks Animation announced that a sequel titled Trolls 2 would be released on April 10, 2020, with Kendrick and Timberlake reprising their roles.[10] On October 4, 2017, the release date for the sequel was moved up to February 14, 2020, as Fast & Furious 9 took its original April 10, 2020 slot. Along with the new release date, it was announced that Walt Dohrn will be returning to direct and Gina Shay will return to produce the sequel.[63]

text: Television special[edit]

text: Trolls Holiday is a half-hour[64] television special that will air fall of 2017 on NBC.[65] Set after the film, The queen of the trolls, Poppy, realizes that the Bergens have no holidays to celebrate. She enlists her boyfriend, Branch and their friends (the Snack Pack) to show their best friend Bridget and other Bergens the importance of holidays. Anna Kendrick, Justin Timberlake, Zooey Deschanel, Christopher Mintz-Plasse and James Corden will reprise their roles from the film. It will be directed by Joel Crawford and written by Josh Bycel & Jonathan Fener.[64]

text: Animated series[edit]

text: An animated series based on the film is in development for Netflix.[66]