document_title: United States Department of Education

question_text: what is the role of department of education

text: United States Department of Education

text: Functions[edit]

text: The primary functions of the Department of Education are to "establish policy for, administer and coordinate most federal assistance to education, collect data on US schools, and to enforce federal educational laws regarding privacy and civil rights."[5] The Department of Education does not establish schools or colleges.[6]

text: Unlike the systems of most other countries, education in the United States is highly decentralized, and the federal government and Department of Education are not heavily involved in determining curricula or educational standards (with the recent exception of the No Child Left Behind Act). This has been left to state and local school districts. The quality of educational institutions and their degrees is maintained through an informal private process known as accreditation, over which the Department of Education has no direct public jurisdictional control.

text: The Department of Education is a member of the United States Interagency Council on Homelessness,[7] and works with federal partners to ensure proper education for homeless and runaway youth in the United States.

text: Opposition to the Department of Education mainly stems from conservatives, who see the department as an undermining of states rights, and libertarians who believe it results in a state-imposed leveling towards the bottom and low value for taxpayers' money.[8]

text: Budget[edit]

text: The U.S. Department of Education provides a service to the education system that acts as like a government for schooling around the country. This is the place where the rules are made that exist in our school system today. “Since the Department of Education (Education) began operations in fiscal year 1980, its mission has included promoting student achievement and ensuring equal access to educational opportunity. To do so, Education partners with state and local governments, which provide most of the resources to school districts for K-12 programs”.[9][10]

text: Civil Rights and Equal Opportunity is one of the most forefront issues that is discussed about within the U.S. Department of Education’s four walls. The goal of this agency is to make sure that every student in primary and secondary education has the tools that they need to succeed. Not all of their ideas always work out in the best favor of the students. Throughout recent history, the educational system has not always been focused on furthering the development of all students (in regards to race and gender). However, coming out of the 20th century this ideal has been turned around and many new legislations have been put in place to break down these invisible walls that were surrounding the people who were affected by this hindrance. “The U.S., like other countries in the 21st century, is increasingly operating in an interconnected world. New structures require that teachers and our next generations of students prepare and expand ideas about their responsibilities as citizens”.

text:
Pell Grants: $28.856B (33.0%)
  Federal Direct Student Loan Program: $23.661B (27.1%)
  Title I Grants: $14.41B (16.5%)
  Special education: $12.522B (14.3%)
  Other: $7.92B (9.1%)

Budget of the Department of Education for FY 2015, showing its largest components[11]

tag: table

text:
Education in the United States
By state and in insular areas
By subject area
History of
Issues: Finance – Law – Literacy – Reform
Levels: Pre-kindergarten – Primary – Secondary – Higher
Organizations

 Education portal United States portalvte

text: For 2006, the ED discretionary budget was $56 billion and the mandatory budget contained $23 billion.[12] In 2009 it received additional ARRA funding of $102 billion.[13] As of 2011, the discretionary budget is $70 billion.[12]

text: History[edit]

text: Establishment[edit]

text: A previous Department of Education was created in 1867 but was soon demoted to an Office in 1868.[14][15] As an agency not represented in the president's cabinet, it quickly became a relatively minor bureau in the Department of the Interior. In 1939, the bureau was transferred to the Federal Security Agency, where it was renamed the Office of Education. In 1953, the Federal Security Agency was upgraded to cabinet-level status as the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare.

text: In 1979, President Carter advocated for creating a cabinet-level Department of Education.[16] Carter's plan was to transfer most of the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare's education-related functions to the Department of Education.[16] Carter also planned to transfer the education-related functions of the departments of Defense, Justice, Housing and Urban Development, and Agriculture, as well as a few other federal entities.[16] Among the federal education-related programs that were not proposed to be transferred were Headstart, the Department of Agriculture's school lunch and nutrition programs, the Department of the Interior's Native Americans' education programs, and the Department of Labor's education and training programs.[16]

text: Upgrading Education to cabinet level status in 1979 was opposed by many in the Republican Party, who saw the department as unconstitutional, arguing that the Constitution doesn't mention education, and deemed it an unnecessary and illegal federal bureaucratic intrusion into local affairs. However, many see the department as constitutional under the Commerce Clause, and that the funding role of the Department is constitutional under the Taxing and Spending Clause. The National Education Association supported the bill, while the American Federation of Teachers opposed it.[17]

text: As of 1979, the Office of Education had 3,000 employees and an annual budget of $12 billion.[18] Congress appropriated to the Department of Education an annual budget of $14 billion and 17,000 employees when establishing the Department of Education.[19]  During the 1980 presidential campaign, Gov. Reagan called for the total elimination of the U.S. Department of Education, severe curtailment of bilingual education, and massive cutbacks in the federal role in education. Once in office, President Reagan significantly reduced its budget.[20]

text: Early history[edit]

text: The Republican Party platform of 1980 called for the elimination of the Department of Education created under Carter and President Ronald Reagan promised during the 1980 presidential election to eliminate it as a cabinet post,[21] but he was not able to do so with a Democratic House of Representatives.[22] In the 1982 State of the Union Address, he pledged: "The budget plan I submit to you on Feb. 8 will realize major savings by dismantling the Department of Education."[22]

text: By 1984 the GOP had dropped the call for elimination from its platform, and with the election of President George H. W. Bush the Republican position evolved in almost lockstep with that of the Democrats, with Goals 2000 a virtual joint effort.

text: After the Newt Gingrich-led "revolution" in 1994 had taken control of both Houses of Congress, federal control of and spending on education soared. That trend continued unabated despite the fact that the Republican Party made abolition of the Department a cornerstone of 1996 platform and campaign promises, calling it an inappropriate federal intrusion into local, state, and family affairs.[22] The GOP platform read: "The Federal government has no constitutional authority to be involved in school curricula or to control jobs in the market place. This is why we will abolish the Department of Education, end federal meddling in our schools, and promote family choice at all levels of learning."[22]

text: In 2000, the Republican Liberty Caucus passed a resolution to abolish the Department of Education.[23] Abolition of the organization was not pursued under the George W. Bush administration, which made reform of federal education a key priority of the President's first term. In 2008 and 2012, presidential candidate Ron Paul campaigned in part on an opposition to the Department.[24]

text: Later history[edit]

text: Under President George W. Bush, the Department primarily focused on elementary and secondary education, expanding its reach through the No Child Left Behind Act. The Department's budget increased by $14 billion between 2002 and 2004, from $46 billion to $60 billion.[22]

text: In the time after George W. Bush’s presidency and towards the end of President Barack Obama’s presidency, there was an extremely noticeable problem within the education system that was excluding many children from receiving the striving opportunities that they should have been given throughout their schooling careers. So, In December of 2015 President Barack Obama had instituted the Every Student Succeeds Act, which reauthorized the Elementary Secondary Education Act. “In December 2015, the Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA) was signed into law, reauthorizing the Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA) and replacing the No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB). ESEA, the federal law that authorizes federal funding for K-12 schools, represents the nation’s commitment to equal educational opportunity for all students and has influenced the education of millions of children.”March 23, 2007, President George W. Bush signed into law H.R. 584, which designates the ED Headquarters building as the Lyndon B. Johnson Department of Education Building.[27]

text: On February 7, 2017, Representative Thomas Massie (R-KY) introduced H.R. 899, a bill to abolish the department. Massie's bill, which is one sentence long, states, "The Department of Education shall terminate on December 31, 2018."[28]

text: Organization[edit]

text:
Program

Secretary of Education

Office of Communications and Outreach

Office of the General Counsel

Office of Inspector General

Office of Legislation and Congressional Affairs

Office for Civil Rights

Office of Educational Technology

Institute of Education Sciences*National Center for Education Statistics**National Assessment of Educational Progress**Education Resources Information Center

Office of Innovation and Improvement

Office of the Chief Financial Officer

Office of Management

Office of the Chief Information Officer

Office of Planning, Evaluation and Policy Development*Budget Service

Risk Management Service

Deputy Secretary of Education

Office of Elementary and Secondary Education*Education Facilities Clearinghouse*Office of Migrant Education*Office of Safe and Healthy Students*Student Achievement and School Accountability Programs*White House Initiative on Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders*White House Initiative on Educational Excellence for Hispanics*White House Initiative on American Indian and Alaska Native Education*White House Initiative on Educational Excellence for African Americans

Office of English Language Acquisition

Office of Special Education and Rehabilitative Services*National Institute on Disability and Rehabilitation Research*Office of Special Education Programs*Rehabilitation Services Administration

Office of Innovation and Improvement

Under Secretary of Education

Office of Postsecondary Education

Office of Career, Technical, and Adult Education

Office of Federal Student Aid

President's Advisory Board on Tribal Colleges and Universities

President's Advisory Board on Historically Black Colleges and Universities

Associated federal organizations

Advisory Councils and Committees

National Assessment Governing Board (NAGB)[1]

National Advisory Council on Indian Education

Federal Interagency Committee on Education

Advisory Commission on Accessible Instructional Materials in Postsecondary Education for Students with Disabilities

National Board for Education Sciences

National Board of the Fund for the Improvement of Postsecondary Education

Federally aided organizations

Gallaudet University

Howard University

National Technical Institute for the Deaf


document_title: The Lego Movie 2: The Second Part

question_text: who is chris pratt in lego movie 2

question_tokens: who is chris pratt in lego movie 2

root

text: The Lego Movie 2: The Second Part

text: Premise[edit]

text: Five years after the events of the Taco Tuesday, the Duplo invaders have made Bricksburg into a post-apocalyptic wasteland as a result of Finn's father allowing his younger sister to play with him in the basement. Emmet is completely unaffected by this dramatic change and pretends everything is still awesome, unlike everyone else, who have been toughened and hardened, ready for more fighting. When an intergalactic invader named Sweet Mayhem comes from outer space and kidnaps his girlfriend Wyldstyle and his friends, Wyldstyle's ex-boyfriend Batman, MetalBeard, Princess Unikitty and Benny, Emmet's master building skills are put to the ultimate test. He must use them to travel to space and rescue his friends, defeat Sweet Mayhem, and restore harmony to Bricksburg and the rest of the Lego Universe, with help from a new friend, Rex Dangervest.

tag: p

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Chris Pratt as Emmet Brickowski, an everyman, construction worker, and Master Builder from Bricksburg, and Wyldstyle’s new boyfriend.[8]
Pratt also voices Rex Dangervest, a spoof of Star-Lord from the Marvel Cinematic Universe, Owen Grady from the Jurassic Park series, and Joshua Faraday from The Magnificent Seven, all played by Pratt. He is a space-traveling archaeologist, cowboy, raptor trainer and casino gambler.[9]
Elizabeth Banks as Lucy "Wyldstyle", a Master Builder, who is Emmet’s girlfriend.[8]
Will Arnett as Bruce Wayne / Batman, a DC Comics superhero who is a Master Builder and Wyldstyle's ex-boyfriend.[8]
Tiffany Haddish as Queen Watevra Wa-Nabi, a shape-shifting alien queen.[8]
Nick Offerman as MetalBeard, a Master Builder who is a large bionic robot pirate with a severed head after he lost his original body in an earlier encounter with Lord Business's forces.[8]
Alison Brie as Princess Unikitty, a Master Builder who is a unicorn-horned cat. She has the ability to become very strong by using extreme anger.[8]
Stephanie Beatriz as Sweet Mayhem, an evil intergalactic minidoll who captures all of Emmet's friends.[10]
Charlie Day as Benny, a Master Builder who is a spaceship-obsessed 1980's spaceman.[11]
Channing Tatum as Clark Kent / Superman, a DC Comics superhero who is one of the Master Builders.[8]
Jonah Hill as Hal Jordan / Green Lantern, a DC Comics superhero who is one of the Master Builders.[8]
Arturo Castro as Ice Cream Cone.[10]
Margot Robbie as Dr. Harleen Quinzel / Harley Quinn, a Gotham City criminal, girlfriend of the Joker and enemy of Batman. Robbie reprises her role from the film Suicide Squad and replaces Jenny Slate from The Lego Batman Movie.[12]

tag: ul

text: Production[edit]

text: Even before the critical acclaim and blockbuster success of The Lego Movie, plans for a sequel had already been set in motion. On February 3, 2014, Jared Stern was hired to write the sequel, along with Michelle Morgan.[13] On March 12, 2014, Deadline reported that animation co-director Chris McKay would direct the sequel with Phil Lord and Christopher Miller as producers.[14] On April 10, 2014, it was reported that McKay wanted to have more women in the sequel than men.[15] On July 28, 2014, it was reported that Chris Pratt wants to return to reprise his role as Emmet. It was also reported that Will Arnett might return to reprise his role as Batman, but had not decided yet.[16]

text: In October 2014, Warner Bros. scheduled The Lego Batman Movie for 2017, and The Lego Movie 2 for May 25, 2018.[17][18] On October 25, 2014, it was reported that Lord and Miller had signed on to write The Lego Movie 2.[19] On October 30, it was announced that Australia-based animation studio Animal Logic was in talks to produce the next three Lego films (though the deal was not finalized at the time) and the New South Wales government would make financial contributions to all the films.[20] On November 12, during an interview with BBC News, Lord and Miller revealed that there would be more female characters featured in the film.[21]

text: On February 24, 2015, the sequel was officially titled The Lego Movie Sequel and Rob Schrab was officially announced as the film's director, replacing McKay as director as he was scheduled to direct The Lego Batman Movie instead.[22] By February 2017, Schrab had been replaced by Mike Mitchell, reportedly due to "creative differences".[1] Production started in Canada on October 2, 2017.[4][5]

text: On March 23, 2018, it was reported that Tiffany Haddish had been cast in the film to voice a new lead character, while returning actors would be Pratt as Emmet, Elizabeth Banks as Wyldstyle, Arnett as Batman, Channing Tatum as Superman, and Jonah Hill as Green Lantern.[8] On May 21, 2018, Warner Bros. officially renamed the film The Lego Movie 2: The Second Part along with releasing the first teaser image of the logo.[23][24] Stephanie Beatriz and Arturo Castro were announced to be part of the film on June 4, 2018.[10]

text: Release[edit]

text: The film is scheduled to be theatrically released in the United States on February 8, 2019.[25] It was originally scheduled to be released on May 26, 2017,[26] but the release date was later assigned to The Lego Batman Movie, which was itself in February 2015 rescheduled for release on February 10, 2017.  At that time, it was planned to release on May 18, 2018.[25]  But on June 17, 2016, it was pushed back to its current release date.

text: Marketing[edit]

text: On June 4, 2018, the first poster was released along with the announcement that the first trailer would be released the next day, June 5.[27] On August 1, Turkish Airlines released a special safety video featuring characters from the franchise.[28]


document_title: How Far I'll Go

question_text: who sings how far i'll go during credits

question_tokens: who sings how far i 'll go during credits

text: How Far I'll Go

text: Composition[edit]

text: "How Far I'll Go" was composed as Moana's "I Want" song, following in the long tradition of "I Want" songs in 1990s Disney animated musicals.[2][3] It replaced an earlier attempt called "More", for which the demo version recorded by Marcy Harriell was released as an outtake on the deluxe version of the soundtrack album. Although Miranda has stressed that he is still "very proud of" the song as a first draft, "More" was not good enough in retrospect because it merely expressed Moana's vague desire to see more since she had already figured out everything about the island.[2][3] In contrast, "How Far I'll Go" expresses a deeper, richer message: Moana's struggle with the irresistible impulse to explore beyond the reef notwithstanding her genuine love for her island, her family, and her people.[2][3] As Miranda explained to People: "To me that's much more complicated than, 'I hate it here and I want to get out,' ... To say, ‘I love it here, I love my parents, but why can't I stop walking to the ocean and fantasizing about getting out of here?' And questioning that instinct? It's even more confusing. And that's a valid story too."[3]

text: To make himself write a song more compelling than "More", Miranda "went method".[2] According to Miranda, he locked himself in his childhood bedroom at his parents' residence for an entire weekend in order to force his mind back to age 16 (the same age as Moana in the film), a time when he was facing what seemed like an "impossible distance" between the reality of his pleasant middle-class childhood which had no connection to show business whatsoever, and his dreams of a career in show business.[2] He was well aware that he was composing the next Disney "I Want" song after "Let It Go" and that whatever he wrote had to be different from "Let It Go".[2]

text: Auli'i Cravalho version[edit]

text:
"How Far I'll Go"

Song by Auli'i Cravalho

from the album Moana

Released
November 18, 2016

Format
Digital download

Genre
Soul . Disney

Length
2:43

Label
Walt Disney

Songwriter(s)
Lin-Manuel Miranda

Producer(s)
Miranda

Moana track listing

"Where You Are"
(3)
"How Far I'll Go"
(4)
"We Know the Way"
(5)

text: American actress and singer Auli'i Cravalho, the voice of Moana, recorded "How Far I'll Go" for Moana and the Moana soundtrack. It was released along with the album on November 18, 2016.

text: Music video[edit]

text: A music video for the song was released on December 12, 2016.[4]

text: Other languages[edit]

text: When the movie had its first theater release worldwide, the song numbered 44 versions, including a special Tahitian-language adaptation created specifically for the movie.[5] For promotional purposes, South African singer Lira[6] and Filipino singer and actress Janella Salvador[7] recorded their own English-language versions of the song in order to play them over the end credits on the South African and Filipino release of the film, while Indonesian singer Maudy Ayunda and Malaysian singer Ayda Jebat recorded their own versions of the song respectively in Indonesian[8] and Malaysian[9] language.

text: On December 15, a 5-languages mash-up was released online, featuring singers from Southeast Asian countries: Janella Salvador from the Philippines, Maudy Ayunda from Indonesia, Myra Molloy from Thailand, Ayda Jebat from Malaysia and Trần Minh Như from Vietnam.[10] Shortly thereafter, a 24-languages video was released on Disney's Vevo channel.[11]

text: In June 2017, a Māori-language version of the movie, featuring four voice-actors from the original English cast, was announced.[12] Three weeks later, New Zealander Jaedyn Randell was introduced as Moana's singing voice. The movie was released in September 2017.[13]

text: In November 2017, a Hawaiian-language dubbing was announced to be under way, with Auli'i Cravalho reprising her role as Moana.[14]

text:
[show]"How Far I'll Go" worldwide

Language
Performer[15]
Title
Translation

Arabic
كارمن عصام سليمان (Carmen Essam Suleiman)
"المجهول يناديني" ("Almajhul inadini")
"The unknown calls me"

Brazilian Portuguese
Any Gabrielly
"Saber quem sou"
"To know who I am"

Bulgarian
Михаела Маринова (Mihaela Marinova)
"По пътя мой" ("Po pŭtya moĭ")
"On my way"

Cantonese
蘇麗珊 (“So Lai Shan”; Cecilia So) (zh)
"尋我的路" ("Chàhm ngóh dīk louh")
"Find my own path"

Castilian Spanish
María Parrado
"Qué hay más allá"
"What’s beyond"

Catalan
Ana Fernández Pellicer
"On aniré"
"Where I will go"

Croatian
Mia Negovetić
"Što dalje"
"What’s further away"

Czech
Michaela Tomešová (cs)
"Co je tam dál"
"What's next"

Danish
Clara Rugaard-Larsen
"Hvor langt min verden når"
"How far my world reaches"

Dutch
Vajèn van den Bosch (nl)
"Ooit zal ik gaan"
"Sometime I’ll go"

English
Auli’i Cravalho
Janella Salvador (Philippines end credits)
Lira (South Africa end credits)
"How far I’ll go"

Estonian
Kelly Tulvik
"Kui kaugel see"
"How far it is"

European Portuguese
Sara Madeira
"Onde irei ter"
"Where I will get to"

Finnish
Yasmine Yamajako
"Taivaanrantaan"
"Into the horizon"

Flemish
Laura Tesoro
"Ooit zal ik gaan"
"Sometime I’ll go"

French
Cerise Calixte
"Le bleu lumière"
"The gleam-blue"

German
Debby Van Dooren
"Ich bin bereit"
"I am ready"

Greek
Μαρίνα Σάττι (Marína Sátti) (el)
"Αν θα την βρω" ("An tha tin vro")
"If I'll find it"

Hawaiian
Auli'i Cravalho
TBA
TBA

Hebrew
משי קלינשטיין (Meshi Kleinstein) (he)
"כמה רחוק" ("Kama rachok")
"How far"

Hindi
श्रुति राणे (Shruti Rane)
"मंजिल हैं जो" ("Manzil hai jo")
"Where my destination is"

Hungarian
Faluvégi Fanni
"Ahogy csillan a távoli fény"
"How the distant shine gleams"

Icelandic
Agla Bríet Einarsdóttir
"Hve langt ég fer"
"How far I'll go"

Indonesian (Indonesia credits)
Maudy Ayunda
"Seberapa jauh ku melangkah"
"How far I step"

Italian
Chiara Grispo
"Oltre l’orizzonte"
"Beyond the horizon"

Japanese
屋比久知奈 (Tomona Yabiku)
"どこまでも" ("Doko made mo")
"To the ends of the earth"

Kazakh
Назерке Серікболова (Nazerke Serikbolova)
"Бірақ қайда барам" ("Biraq qayda baram")
"Where do I go"

Korean
김소향 (Kim So-Hyang)
"나 언젠간 떠날 거야" ("Na ŏnjen-gan ttŏnal gŏya")
"When will I leave"

Latin American Spanish
Sara Paula Gómez Arias
"Cuán lejos voy"
"How far I go"

Latvian
Vanda Siliņa
"Cik tālu došos es"
"How far do I go"

Lithuanian
Dorotėja Kravčenkaitė
"Plauksiu iš čia"
"I'll sail from here"

Malaysian (Malaysia credits)
Ayda Jebat
"Bawaku berkelana"
"Take me wander"

Mandarin Chinese (China)
刘美麟 (Liú Měi-Lín) (zh)
"能走多远" ("Néng zǒu duō yuǎn")
"How far I’ll go"

Mandarin Chinese (Taiwan)
吳以悠 (“Wú Yǐ-Yōu”; Monica Wu)
"海洋之心" ("Hǎiyáng zhī xīn")
"The heart of the sea"

Māori
Jaedyn Randell
"Tukuna au"
"I was released"

Norwegian
Nora Gjestvang
"Hvor langt jeg må"
"How far I need"

Polish
Weronika Bochat
"Pół kroku stąd"
"Half a step away"

Romanian
Ana Bianca Popescu
"E viața mea"
"It's my life"

Russian
Зинаида Куприянович (Zinaida Kupriyanovich) (ru)
"Что меня ждёт" ("Chto menya zhdyot")
"What awaits me"

Serbian
Ивона Рамбосек (Ivona Rambosek) (sr)
"Пучине зов" ("Pučine zov")
"Call of the high seas"

Slovak
Monika Potokárová
"Svet plný krás, naozaj mám"
"This beautiful world is truly mine"

Slovene
Katja Ajster
"Do kod naj grem"
"Where should I go"

Swedish
Wiktoria Johansson
"Vad jag kan nå"
"What I can reach"

Tahitian
Sabrina Laughlin
"E fano ai au"
"I will go"

Thai
ไมร่า มณีภัสสร มอลลอย (Myra Molloy)
"ห่างเพียงใด" ("Hang-phiang-dai")
"How far is it"

Turkish
Ezgi Erol
"Uzaklara"
"To far off places"

Ukrainian
Маргарита Мелешко (Margarita Maleshko)
"Ця далина така ясна" ("Tsya dalyna taka yasna")
"This expance is so bright"

Vietnamese
Trần Minh Như
"Chặng đường bao xa"
"How far the way is"

text: Charts[edit]

text:
Chart (2016–17)
Peak
position

Australia (ARIA)[16]
49

Canada (Canadian Hot 100)[17]
53

New Zealand Heatseekers (Recorded Music NZ)[18]
1

Philippines (Philippine Hot 100)[19]
100

Scotland (Official Charts Company)[20]
39

UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[21]
55

US Billboard Hot 100[22]
41

text: Certifications[edit]

text:
Region
Certification
Certified units/Sales

United Kingdom (BPI)[23]
Silver
200,000

United States (RIAA)[24]
Platinum
1,000,000

*sales figures based on certification alone
^shipments figures based on certification alone
sales+streaming figures based on certification alone

text: Alessia Cara version[edit]

text:
"How Far I'll Go"

Single by Alessia Cara

from the album Moana

Released
October 28, 2016 (2016-10-28)

Format
Digital download

Genre

Synthpop
tropical house

Length
2:55

Label
Walt Disney

Songwriter(s)
Lin-Manuel Miranda

Producer(s)
Miranda

Alessia Cara singles chronology

"Scars to Your Beautiful"
(2016)
"How Far I'll Go"
(2016)
"Stay"
(2017)

"Scars to Your Beautiful"
(2016)
"How Far I'll Go"
(2016)
"Stay"
(2017)

Music video

"How Far I'll Go" on YouTube

text: Canadian singer and songwriter Alessia Cara recorded "How Far I'll Go" for the Moana soundtrack, with the song being released ahead of the soundtrack on October 28, 2016.[25]

text: Blue Days version[edit]

text: Canadian singers Innes Reid and Eileen Nash (Blue Days) recorded this soundtrack July 9, 2017

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: Rolling Stone's Brittany Spanos called the song "inspirational and sweet" and went on to say "the uplifting song is a perfect fit into the Disney canon, with Cara belting lyrics about persevering to achieve her dreams in spite of her imperfections or detractors."[26] US magazine Rap-Up said "the empowering anthem allows the Canadian songstress to deliver outstanding vocals about overcoming adversity to reach for goals" and labeled it "a song with a message" and an "emotionally-charged track."[27] Taylor Weatherby of Billboard dubbed it a "bouncy, uplifting tune."[1] Idolator's Mike Wass said "the inspiring anthem is the perfect antidote to the general ugliness of 2016" and called it "a soaring ballad."[28]

text: Music video[edit]

text: The official music video for the song, directed by Aya Tanimura, was released on November 3, 2016.[29] Derek Lawrence of Entertainment Weekly described the video: "The video finds Cara roaming an empty beach as she belts out lyrics that reflect the film’s plot about a young Polynesian girl setting sail for an epic adventure."[30] The video was filmed at El Matador Beach in Malibu, California.[31]

text: Other languages[edit]

text: In many versions of Moana, Alessia Cara's version of the song played during the end credits. However, several localized adaptations of Cara's version of the song were recorded for the end credits of the film as released in certain markets around the world.

text: Vajèn van den Bosch (nl) (Dutch), Laura Tesoro (Flemish) and Cerise Calixte (French) sang the song both for the end credits and the movie.

text:
[hide]"How far I'll go" end credits version worldwide

Language
Performer
Title
Translation

Dutch
Vajèn van den Bosch (nl)[32]
"Ooit zal ik gaan"
"Sometime I'll go"

English
Alessia Cara
"How Far I'll Go"

Flemish
Laura Tesoro[33]
"Ooit zal ik gaan"
"Sometime I'll go"

French
Cerise Calixte[34]
"Le bleu lumière"
"The gleam-blue"

German
Helene Fischer[35]
"Ich bin bereit"
"I am ready"

Japanese
加藤ミリヤ (Miliyah Kato)[36]
"どこまでも" ("Doko made mo")
"To the ends of the earth"

Kazakh
Гулсим Мырзабекова (Gulsim Myrzabekova)[37]
"Бірақ қайда барам" ("Biraq qayda daram")
"Where do I go"

Mandarin Chinese (China)
吉克隽逸 ("Jike Junyì"; Summer Jike) (zh)[38][39]
"海洋之心" ("Hǎiyáng zhī xīn")
"The heart of the sea"

Mandarin Chinese (Taiwan)
阿玲 ("Ā Líng"; A-Lin)[40][41]

Māori
Maisey Rika[42]
"Tukuna Au"
"I was released"

Polish
Natalia Nykiel[43]
"Pół kroku stąd"
"Half a step away"

Russian
Юлианна Караулова (Yulianna Karaulova)[44]
"Ceрдцe мoё" ("Syerdtse moyo")
"My heart"

text: Charts[edit]

text:
Chart (2016–17)
Peak
position

Australia (ARIA)[45]
15

Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[46]
58

Belgium (Ultratip Flanders)[47]
1

Belgium (Ultratip Wallonia)[48]
19

Canada (Canadian Hot 100)[49]
46

Czech Republic (Singles Digitál Top 100)[50]
29

Denmark (Tracklisten)[51]
29

Germany (Official German Charts)[52]
53

Hungary (Rádiós Top 40)[53]
31

Ireland (IRMA)[54]
26

Italy (FIMI)[55]
51

Japan (Japan Hot 100)[56]
67

Malaysia (RIM)[57]
13

Netherlands (Single Top 100)[58]
26

New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[18]
3

Norway (VG-lista)[59]
10

Philippines (Philippine Hot 100)[19]
79

Portugal (AFP)[60]
40

Scotland (Official Charts Company)[61]
80

Slovakia (Singles Digitál Top 100)[62]
36

Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)[63]
7

Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[64]
66

UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[65]
49

US Billboard Hot 100[66]
56

text: Certifications[edit]

text:
Region
Certification
Certified units/Sales

Australia (ARIA)[67]
Gold
35,000^

Denmark (IFPI Denmark)[68]
Gold
45,000^

Italy (FIMI)[69]
Gold
25,000

New Zealand (RMNZ)[70]
Platinum
30,000*

Sweden (GLF)[71]
3× Platinum
120,000^

United Kingdom (BPI)[72]
Silver
200,000

United States (RIAA)[73]
Platinum
1,000,000

*sales figures based on certification alone
^shipments figures based on certification alone
sales+streaming figures based on certification alone

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Awards

Award
Category
Result
Ref.

Academy Awards
Best Original Song
Nominated
[74]

Critics' Choice Awards
Best Song
[75]

Golden Globe Awards
Best Original Song
[76]

Houston Film Critics Society
Best Original Song
[77]

St. Louis Gateway Film Critics Association
Best Song
[78]


document_title: Time in Indiana

question_text: where does the time zone change in northern indiana

text: Time in Indiana

text: Time zone division of Indiana[edit]

text: Indiana observes Eastern Time, except for twelve of its ninety-two counties, which observe Central Time.[2] Six of these counties are in northwestern Indiana, near Chicago (which observes Central Time), and six are in southwestern Indiana, near Evansville, where the metro area includes portions of southeastern Illinois and western Kentucky, which also observe Central Time. The twelve counties are:

text:
Northwestern Indiana (Chicago-Gary metropolitan area):
Jasper
Lake
LaPorte
Newton
Porter
Starke
Southwestern Indiana (Evansville Metro Area):
Gibson
Perry
Posey
Spencer
Vanderburgh
Warrick

text: Since April 2, 2006, all counties in Indiana observe daylight saving time.

text: Time zones[edit]

text: The most extensive study of time zone history in Indiana has been published in The American Atlas (1978) by Thomas G. Shanks, where the author identifies 345 areas in the state with a different time zone history for each.

text: The tz database lists 11 time zones for Indiana, where each zone is defined as a geographic area that observed the same offsets from UTC since January 1, 1970 (the UNIX epoch). The diagrams in this article are colored to show these 11 zones and a key is provided below.

text: History[edit]

text: Early history[edit]

text: Before 1883 in the United States, most towns and cities set their own local time to noon when the sun was at its highest point in the sky. Since the sun reaches "high noon" four minutes later for every degree of longitude traveled towards the west, the time in every town was different.  In Indiana, local mean time varied from GMT-5:39 in the east to GMT-5:52 in the west.  With the emergence of the railroads, hundreds of miles could be traveled in a much shorter time, causing a train passenger to apparently experience several slight changes in time over the course of even a short rail trip. By 1883, the major railroads in the US agreed to coordinate their clocks and begin operating on "standard time" with four "time zones" established across the nation, centered roughly on the 75th, 90th, 105th, and 120th meridians west. On November 18, 1883, telegraph lines transmitted GMT to major cities, where each city was to adjust their official time to their proper zone.[3] The state capital in Indianapolis lies at approximately the 86th meridian (U.S. Census Bureau), closer to the center of the Central Time Zone at the 90th meridian than the center of the Eastern Time Zone at the 75th meridian.

text: Time zones were first adopted by the United States Congress with the Standard Time Act of 1918. All of Indiana was located in the Central Time Zone.  It was at this time the dividing line between Eastern Time and Central Time was moved from the Pennsylvania-Ohio state line to the Indiana–Ohio state line.  Daylight saving time (DST) was included in the original Standard Time Act. A year later, Congress repealed daylight saving time from the Standard Time Act of 1918, though some communities continued to follow it.[3] During World War II, daylight saving time was once again mandated by Congress to conserve energy. After the war, the mandate to observe daylight saving time was lifted again.[3]

text: In 1949, in a heated rural vs. city debate, the Indiana General Assembly passed a law to put all of Indiana on Central Standard Time and to outlaw daylight saving time. However, the law had no enforcement power, and it was largely ignored by communities who wanted to observe Eastern Standard Time.[3] The Indiana General Assembly passed a law to make Central Time the official time zone of the state in 1957, but permitted any community to switch to daylight saving time during the summer. The law did, however, make it illegal for communities to observe "fast time" (i.e., daylight saving time) during the winter months. Governor Harold W. Handley vowed to enforce the law by withdrawing state aid from communities who attempted to observe "fast time" during the winter, though legal obstacles forced the Governor to back down from his stance. Once again, the law was not enforceable, as individual communities continued to observe whichever time zone they preferred.[3]

text: In 1961, the Indiana legislature repealed the 1957 law making Central Time the official time of Indiana, which allowed any community to observe DST.[3] The Interstate Commerce Commission divided Indiana between the Central Time Zone and the Eastern Time Zone. Still, neither the time zone line nor daylight saving time were uniformly observed (see 50 FR 43745). The United States Congress later passed the Uniform Time Act of 1966 (Pub.L. 89–387 April 13, 1966; 80 Stat. 107–108; 15 U.S.C. §§ 260–267) to specify where and when daylight saving time was applied in the U.S., and authority was shifted to the United States Department of Transportation (USDOT). Prior to the passing of this law, each state was permitted to decide this issue for itself. Having the state split in two time zones was inconvenient, however, so Governor Roger D. Branigin petitioned the USDOT to place all of Indiana back in the Central Time Zone a year later.

text: Over the next two years, the USDOT conducted several hearings in response to Governor Branigan's petition. Citizens of northwest and southwest Indiana appeared to favor the Central Time Zone with observance of DST, while those from other areas of the state favored the Eastern Time Zone with no observance of DST. The USDOT chose to divide Indiana between the Central Time Zone and the Eastern Time Zone. Six counties near Chicago (Lake, Porter, LaPorte, Jasper, Newton, and Starke) and six counties near Evansville (Posey, Vanderburgh, Warrick, Spencer, Gibson, and Pike) were placed in the Central Time Zone with observance of DST. The remainder of the state was placed in the Eastern Time Zone; the state was given special dispensation to exempt parts of itself from DST. Most portions of the state that were in the Eastern Time Zone did not observe DST. However, Floyd, Clark, and Harrison counties, which are near Louisville, Kentucky; and Ohio and Dearborn counties, which are near Cincinnati, Ohio unofficially observed DST due to their proximity to those major cities that observed DST.

text:
While the USDOT was considering where the time zone line should be, several broadcast companies filed a federal lawsuit in 1968 to compel the USDOT to enforce the observance of daylight saving time in Indiana, which they won. As a result, the USDOT was ordered to stop informing Indiana residents that the Uniform Time Act will not be enforced and to provide a plan for its enforcement (see
Time Life Broadcast Company, Inc. v. Boyd, 289 F. Supp. 219 (S.D. Indiana 1968). ; Time Life being the then-owner of WFBM-TV (Channel 6) in Indianapolis).

text:
In 1972, the Indiana General Assembly overrode a veto from Governor Whitcomb to place the Northwest and Southwest corners of Indiana in the Central Time Zone on daylight saving time, and to place the rest of the state on Eastern Standard Time, upon federal approval (see IC 1-1-8.1
). Congress approved an amendment (Pub.L. 92–267;86 Stat. 116) to the Uniform Time Act of 1966 to permit a state that lay in two time zones to exempt part of the state from daylight saving time, and President Richard Nixon signed it into law. Indiana enacted the statute, officially placing northwest and southwest Indiana in the Central Time Zone, in observance of daylight saving time, and the rest of the state in the Eastern Standard Time throughout the year. Several eastern Indiana counties (Ohio and Dearborn counties, near Cincinnati; and Floyd, Clark, and Harrison counties, near Louisville) chose to unofficially observe daylight saving time, despite the Indiana statute.

text: County petitions[edit]

text: Pike County asked the USDOT to move it from the Central Time Zone to the Eastern Time Zone in 1977; the request was approved. Four years later, Starke County asked the USDOT to move it from the Central Time Zone to the Eastern Time Zone; in this case, however they did not find a sound reason for the move, and declined the request (see 46 FR 23500 and 46 FR 51786). But in 1985, the Indiana General Assembly, in Senate Concurrent Resolution 6 from 1985, asked the USDOT to move five counties in southwest Indiana (Posey, Vanderburgh, Warrick, Spencer, and Gibson) from the Central Time Zone to the Eastern Time Zone. They denied the request, finding that the change would not serve the convenience of commerce (see 50 FR 25856, 50 FR 28959, and 50 FR 43745). By 1986–87, Jasper County, along with Starke County, which was making a time zone change request for the second time in four years, petitioned the USDOT to move them from the Central Time Zone to the Eastern Time Zone in 1987–89. They denied the petitions of both counties (see 51 FR 43644 and 52 FR 10119).

text: Attitudes began to change in the 1990s, as Indiana's convoluted time zone situation was seen as impeding the state's economic growth. Interstate travel and commerce were difficult as people wondered, "what time is it in Indiana?"[4] In 1991, Starke County petitioned the USDOT to move it from the Central Time Zone to the Eastern Time Zone for the third time. This time, the petition was granted, effective October 27, 1991 (see 56 FR 13609 and 56 FR 51997).

text: On April 29, 2005, with heavy backing from Governor Mitch Daniels' economic development plan, and after years of controversy, the Indiana General Assembly passed a law stating that, effective April 2, 2006, the entire state of Indiana would become the 48th state to observe daylight saving time. The bill was also accompanied by Senate Enrolled Act 127,[5] which required Governor Daniels to seek federal hearings from the USDOT on whether to keep Indiana on Eastern Time with New York City and Ohio or whether to move the entire state back to Central Time with Chicago.[3]

text: As a result of a review by the USDOT, eight counties were moved from the Eastern Time Zone to the Central Time Zone, effective April 2, 2006. These were Starke and Pulaski counties in the northwest and Daviess, Dubois, Knox, Martin, Perry, and Pike counties in the southwest.

text: The placement of Martin County into the Central Time Zone, while leaving adjoining Greene and Lawrence Counties in the Eastern Time Zone presented a particular problem for Naval Surface Warfare Center Crane, a large US Navy base that straddles all three counties. With the Eastern/Central dividing line running through the base, NSWC Crane was unable to fully comply with the realigned time zones. The base opted to recognize Central Time, since the portion in Martin County was larger than the portions in Greene and Lawrence combined. This decision presented a larger regional problem, for even though NSWC Crane is Martin County's largest employer, two-thirds of the base's employees live in Greene, Lawrence, Monroe, and other Eastern Time Zone counties. This meant that the vast majority of Crane's employees would live in one time zone but work in another. Furthermore, a business park under construction at Crane's west gate would also straddle the new dividing line, with businesses on one side of the street being in a different time zone from those on the other. After one year under this awkward arrangement, Martin County reconsidered their bid to be placed in the Central Time Zone and formally petitioned for a return to the Eastern Time Zone.[6]

text:
Independent from the situation facing Martin County, Pulaski County also formally petitioned for a return to the Eastern Time Zone. Pulaski County Commissioners and County Council both voted unanimously on February 6, 2006, to declare home rule and stay on Eastern Time if a federal agency did not grant an appeal to change the time zone ruling. However, the county conceded on March 27, 2006, officially accepting Central Time and switching time zones on April 2, 2006.[7]
After some residents pledged to unofficially continue observing Eastern Time, the county changed work hours for most county employees so that they were in sync with Eastern Time work hours.[8]
Dubois, Daviess, Knox, and Pike counties also decided to ask the federal government to return them to the Eastern Time Zone, and Dubois did so on April 27, 2006.[9] The confusion involving the time status of these counties led to their being dubbed the "seesaw six." St. Joseph, Marshall, and Fulton counties overtly expressed interest in making another attempt to be changed to Central Time as of the end of 2006.[10]

text: On February 9, 2007, it was officially reported that the USDOT had approved Pulaski County's return to Eastern Time. The change went into effect on March 11, 2007, the date when daylight saving time resumed.[11]

text: On September 20, 2007, the USDOT approved a petition from the five southwestern counties (Daviess, Dubois, Knox, Martin, and Pike) to return to the Eastern Time Zone. The request was approved, effective when daylight saving time ended on November 3, 2007. A petition from Perry County to move to the Eastern Time Zone was denied.[12]

text: With the exception of Perry and Starke counties, all counties that were moved to the Central Time Zone in 2006 were moved back to the Eastern Time Zone in 2007.

text: Controversy[edit]

text: The decades-long Indiana time zone debate remains controversial. Some argue that the entire state should move to Central Time, while some others would prefer to have the state return to the non-observance of DST.[13][1]

text: With a large agricultural heritage, many farmers oppose DST because their days are controlled by the sun, not the clock. Farmers are often dependent on younger workers whose parents want them home by dinner, and when the sun is up later in the evening, farmers miss out on recreational activities that only happen late. When the sun is still up at 9pm to 9:30pm, the farmer is still in the field, while others have been off work for hours.[13]

text: Opponents of putting the entire state on one time zone often cite out-of-state cities as their reason of opposition. For example, counties in Northwestern Indiana are part of the Chicago metropolitan area. Many residents commute to Chicago, which is on Central Time. Counties in the southeastern corner of the state are suburbs of cities such as Cincinnati, Ohio and Louisville, Kentucky, who both observe Eastern Time. In the southwestern corner of the state, Evansville serves as the central hub of a tri-state area that includes southern Illinois and western Kentucky (both on Central Time).

text: Supporters of daylight saving time and a common time zone in Indiana often claim Indiana must adopt the time-keeping system of the Eastern United States to preserve interstate business with that region. Some believe that Indiana businesses have lost hours of productive time with out-of-state colleagues because the time quirks are too confusing to keep track of on a daily basis.[14] The confusion caused to outsiders featured prominently in the plot of an episode of The West Wing in which presidential aides unfamiliar with Indiana's non-observance of DST miss their return flight to Washington, D.C., on Air Force One and express consternation with the variances in the state's time measurement.[15]

text: Detractors of daylight saving time claim that scientific studies assessing the impact of the time policy change to DST in Indiana have identified a significant increase in energy usage and spending on electricity by Indiana households. Indiana households paid an additional $8.6 million in electricity bills according to University of California, Santa Barbara economics professor Matthew Kotchen and Ph.D. student Laura Grant,[16] while supporters of Daylight Saving Time point to studies such as Professor Kotchen, the Department of Transportation and organizations such as the California Energy Commission claim that the United States saves approximately 1% of energy when Daylight Saving Time is being observed.[17]

text: Another wrinkle in the issue is the unnatural geographic location of this Eastern-Time-Zoned region. In the western Indiana counties where Eastern time is observed (South Bend and Lafayette south to Terre Haute and Vincennes), around the summer solstice, the sun neither sets until after 9:20 pm, nor does it reach solar noon until almost 2:00 pm.[18] During the winter months when standard time is observed, school buses in western regions lose a valuable hour of the sun's rays as they pick up children in the morning. Another notable observation is that schools in the Eastern Time Zone of Indiana tend to have far more 2-hour delays, mainly due to the fact that sunlight is required for many road de-icing components to work.[citation needed] With the sun rising as late as 8:20 am in some areas, available sunlight is inadequate to safely thaw the roads for school buses to pick up all their passengers on time. The argument is that if the same area were in its geographically natural Central time zone, the sun would be up an hour sooner, and it would have an additional hour to thaw the roads every morning.[19][20]

text: Central Time Coalition[edit]

text: One group that believes Indiana should be on Central Time with DST is the Central Time Coalition, formed in 2009. The group's stated reasons for restoring Central Time to Indiana includes the following claims:

text:
All of Indiana is geographically situated in the Central Time Zone, as defined by the line of longitude of 90 degrees west, with the natural eastern border of the time zone being 82 degrees 30 minutes longitude west, running east of Columbus, Ohio.
There is a significant cost to education, in terms of lost hours of education due to one and two-hour school delays.
Since Indiana's adoption of Eastern Time, there has been an increase in vehicle accidents.
Indiana's teen suicide rate is higher than the national average.

text: tz database[edit]

text: Indiana is covered by the following zones in the tz database. Columns marked with * contain the data from zone.tab.

text:
c.c.*

coordinates*

TZ*

comments*

UTC offset
DST

Location and counties within Indiana

Notes

US
+394606-0860929
America/Indiana/Indianapolis
Eastern Time - Indiana - most locations

−05:00

East of the 1961 divide: (all unlisted counties)  West of the 1961 divide:
N: Saint Joseph, Marshall, Fulton, Cass, Miami, Howard, Tipton
NW: Benton, Warren, White, Tippecanoe, Carroll, Clinton
W: Montgomery, Fountain, Parke, Vigo, Clay, Sullivan, Greene, Owen, Vermillion, Putnam
S: Monroe, Brown, Bartholomew, Lawrence, Jackson, Orange, Washington

US
+410305-0863611
America/Indiana/Winamac
Eastern Time - Indiana - Pulaski County

−05:00

North West: Pulaski

US
+382931-0871643
America/Indiana/Petersburg
Eastern Time - Indiana - Pike County

−05:00

South West: Pike

US
+384038-0873143
America/Indiana/Vincennes
Eastern Time - Indiana - Daviess, Dubois, Knox & Martin Counties

−05:00

South West: Daviess, Dubois, Knox, Martin

US
+382232-0862041
America/Indiana/Marengo
Eastern Time - Indiana - Crawford County

−05:00

South West: Crawford

US
+381515-0854534
America/Kentucky/Louisville
Eastern Time - Kentucky - Louisville area

−05:00

South East: Clark, Floyd, Harrison

only part of the zone is in Indiana

US
+384452-0850402
America/Indiana/Vevay
Eastern Time - Indiana - Switzerland County

−05:00

South East: Switzerland

US
+404251-0740023
America/New_York
Eastern Time

−05:00

South East: Dearborn, Ohio

only part of the zone is in Indiana

US
+415100-0873900
America/Chicago
Central Time

−06:00

North West, near Chicago: Jasper, Lake, LaPorte, Newton, PorterSouth West, near Evansville: Gibson, Posey, Spencer, Vanderburgh, and Warrick

only part of the zone is in Indiana

US
+411745-0863730
America/Indiana/Knox
Central Time - Indiana - Starke County

−06:00

North West: Starke

US
+375711-0864541
America/Indiana/Tell_City
Central Time - Indiana - Perry County

−06:00

South West: Perry


document_title: The Great British Bake Off

question_text: who won the first season of the great british baking show

text: The Great British Bake Off

text: Background[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: The idea of the baking competition was conceived by producer Anna Beattie after she spoke to a friend who had seen 'bake-offs' in America.[6] Beattie was also inspired by the classic English village fête baking competitions; she said: "I loved that idea of village fetes and an old-fashioned baking competition with people who only wanted to bake a good cake."[5] However, Beattie failed to interest any channel in the idea for four years. In early 2009, they pitched the idea to Janice Hadlow, the then controller of BBC Two.[7] The pitch was successful, and Hadlow and the Commissioning Editor Charlotte Moore commissioned the programme,[8][9] which was then developed over the next six months. The development team first selected Mary Berry as a judge, and following an audition Paul Hollywood was also appointed. Sue Perkins and Mel Giedroyc were approached to be presenters of the show.[7] Reproducing the surroundings of the English village fête, the series is filmed in bunting-draped marquees in scenic gardens.[10]

text: Broadcast and personnel changes[edit]

text: On 17 August 2010, the first episode of The Great British Bake Off was shown on BBC Two.[11] It stayed on BBC Two for four years, grew in popularity and became the most popular programme on that channel. In its fifth series it was moved to BBC One where it stayed for three years. It was the most-watched programme on British television in 2015 and 2016.[12][13] Following extended negotiations, Love Productions announced that the seventh series of the show would be the last broadcast by the BBC. On 12 September 2016, Love agreed to a three-year deal to broadcast the show on Channel 4.[14][2] Giedroyc and Perkins subsequently announced that they would not be returning when the show moves to its new network.[15] On 22 September, Berry announced that she would also be leaving the show when it moved to Channel 4,[16] while Hollywood later announced he would stay.[17] In March 2017, it was announced that Prue Leith would join Hollywood as a judge, while Noel Fielding and Sandi Toksvig would take over as presenters.[18]

text: Format[edit]

text: The programme operates on a weekly elimination process to find the best all-around baker from the contestants, who are all amateurs.  The applicants to the show are assessed by a researcher, followed by an audition in London with two of their bakes. They then undergo a screen test and an interview with a producer. A second audition involves the applicants baking two recipes for the judges in front of the cameras.[6] Ten contestants were chosen for the first series, twelve for the following two series, thirteen for the fourth, and back to twelve from series five onwards.

text: In each episode, the amateur bakers are given three challenges: a signature bake, a technical challenge, and a show-stopper.[6] The three challenges take place over two days, and the filming takes up to 16 hours a day. The contestants are assessed by the judges who then choose a "Star Baker" for the week (introduced in series 2), and a contestant is also eliminated. In the final round, three bakers are left and a winner is chosen from the three.

text: In the first series, the location of the cast and crew moves from town to town each week, but starting from the second series, the competition is held in one location in a specially constructed marquee. Interspersed in the programme are the background of the contestants as well as video vignettes on the history of baking. What each baker intends to bake during a particular challenge is illustrated using animated graphics. These graphics have been created by illustrator Tom Hovey since the show's inception in 2010.[19][20]

text: Series overview[edit]

text:
Series

Episodes

Premiere

Finale

Winner

Runners-up

Average UK viewers(millions)[21][22]

Timeslot

Channel

1

6

17 August 2010

21 September 2010

Edd Kimber

Miranda Gore Browne

2.77

Tuesday8:00 pm

BBC Two

Ruth Clemens

2

8

14 August 2011

4 October 2011

Joanne Wheatley

Holly Bell

4.00

Mary-Anne Boermans

3

10

14 August 2012

16 October 2012

John Whaite

Brendan Lynch

5.00

James Morton

4

10

20 August 2013

22 October 2013

Frances Quinn

Kimberley Wilson

7.35

Ruby Tandoh

5

10

6 August 2014

8 October 2014

Nancy Birtwhistle

Luis Troyano

10.04

Wednesday8:00 pm

BBC One

Richard Burr

6

10

5 August 2015

7 October 2015

Nadiya Hussain

Ian Cumming

12.50

Tamal Ray

7

10

24 August 2016

26 October 2016

Candice Brown

Andrew Smyth

13.85

Jane Beedle

8

10

29 August 2017

31 October 2017

Sophie Faldo

Kate Lyon

9.29

Tuesday8:00 pm

Channel 4

Steven Carter-Bailey

text: Series 1 (2010)[edit]

text: Series 1 of The Great British Bake Off saw ten home bakers take part in a bake-off to test their baking skills as they battled to be crowned the Great British Bake Off's best amateur baker. Each week the nationwide tour saw the bakers put through three challenges in a particular discipline. The rounds took place in various locations across the UK, with the final round being held at Fulham Palace, London.

text: The three finalists were Ruth Clemens, Miranda Gore Browne, and Edd Kimber. On 21 September 2010, Edd Kimber was crowned the best amateur baker.[23]

text: Series 2 (2011)[edit]

text: The number of amateur baker contestants increased to twelve for the second series. Unlike Series 1, this year The Great British Bake Off stayed in one location – Valentines Mansion, a 17th-century mansion house in Redbridge, London.

text: All the Series 2 finalists were female: Holly Bell, Mary-Anne Boermans, and the winning contestant Joanne Wheatley.[24]

text: Series 3 (2012)[edit]

text: A third series of The Great British Bake Off began on 14 August 2012.[25] The series was filmed at Harptree Court in East Harptree, Somerset.

text: In contrast to Season 2, there was an all-male final. The finalists were Brendan Lynch, James Morton and John Whaite,[26] who won the final in a surprise result.[27]

text: In the U.S., the series is currently being broadcast as season 5 on PBS.

text: Series 4 (2013)[edit]

text: The fourth series of The Great British Bake Off started on 20 August 2013 on BBC Two. The series was again filmed at Harptree Court in East Harptree, Somerset.[28] The all-female final was won by Frances Quinn, with Ruby Tandoh and Kimberley Wilson as runners up.[29]

text: In the U.S., the fourth series was broadcast as season 2 on PBS.

text: Series 5 (2014)[edit]

text: The fifth series of The Great British Bake Off began airing on 6 August 2014 on BBC One. This series was filmed at Welford Park in Berkshire.[30] There were twelve bakers taking part. Mary Berry and Paul Hollywood returned as judges, whilst Sue Perkins and Mel Giedroyc continued to present the series. Richard Burr was awarded the largest number of star baker designations of any series so far, but was beaten by Nancy Birtwhistle in the final.

text: A spin-off show The Great British Bake Off: An Extra Slice, hosted by comedian Jo Brand on BBC Two, was also launched as a companion series this year. Each episode was broadcast two days after the main show but later moved to the same night.  The show includes interviews with eliminated contestants.[31]

text: In the U.S., the fifth series was broadcast as season 1 on PBS.

text: Series 6 (2015)[edit]

text: The sixth series began on 5 August 2015[32] on BBC One, again from Welford Park in Berkshire. Spin-off show The Great British Bake Off: An Extra Slice returned for a second series, with Jo Brand as host. This series was won by Nadiya Hussain, with Ian Cumming and Tamal Ray as runners up.[33]

text: In the U.S., the sixth series was broadcast as season 3 on PBS.

text: Series 7 (2016)[edit]

text: The seventh series began on 24 August 2016 on BBC One, once again from Welford Park in Berkshire, a later than usual start following the BBC's coverage of the Olympic Games.[34] This series was won by Candice Brown, with Jane Beedle and Andrew Smyth as runners up.

text: In the U.S., the seventh series was broadcast as season 4 on PBS.

text: Series 8 (2017)[edit]

text: The eighth series of The Great British Bake Off began airing on 29 August 2017.[35] This is the first series of The Great British Bake Off to be broadcast on Channel 4 following its move from the BBC.[36] The series features new hosts Noel Fielding and Sandi Toksvig, and new judge Prue Leith along with returning judge Paul Hollywood. This series was won by Sophie Faldo, with Kate Lyon and Steven Carter-Bailey finishing as runners-up.

text: Incomplete bakes and other incidents[edit]

text: As of the sixth series, there have been a number of incomplete bakes.

text:
Presenters Mel Giedroyc and Sue Perkins have accidentally interfered with several bakes. In Series 4, Sue leaned on Howard Middleton's English Muffins in the Technical Challenge and in Series 6, she broke Nadiya Hussain's biscuit lid in the Showstopper Challenge. Similarly, Frances Quinn's biscuit tower collapsed as Mel was measuring it with seconds to spare in Series 4.
On several occasions (mostly in technical challenges), contestants haven't met the required quantity of the bake that the judges specified. Several instances of this include Cathryn Dresser presenting forty-six crackers instead of the required forty-eight in Series 3, two of the bakers being unable to present the required twelve custard tarts in Series 4 and Marie Campbell only presenting four of the required eight arlettes in Series 6 after having not set her oven.
In Series 2, Robert Billington accidentally dropped his tiered showstopper while applying finishing touches to the cake. Both judges and presenters came to his aid to salvage the bottom tier of his cake. He was able to present the incomplete showstopper as a single-tiered cake.
In Series 3, John Whaite was unable to complete his bake after he suffered a severe cut to his finger on the food processor. He tried to continue working on his strudel wearing a rubber glove, but the bleeding required medical attention and he therefore had to abandon the last bake. As a result, no one was eliminated that week.[37]
In Series 4, contestant Deborah Manger accidentally used Howard Middleton's custard instead of her own. As a result, Howard was forced to use Deborah's custard, and this was taken into account by the judges, who judged the trifles and custards individually.[38]
In Series 5, during the Baked Alaska challenge, Iain Watters's ice cream melted for reasons that were not entirely clear, although the editing of the show suggested that it had been caused by Diana Beard's actions. He threw his ice cream into the bin in frustration and left the tent. He returned shortly after, and as he had no cake for judging (he produced his bin instead, and the incident was labelled "bingate"), he was eliminated from the competition. The event that led to his departure provoked extreme anger from the viewers.[39]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: The early reviews for the first series were mixed. Lucy Mangan of The Guardian wondered if "competitive baking [is] a contradiction in terms" and found the proceedings humourless.[40] Iain Hollingshead of The Daily Telegraph was scathing, describing the presenters as "annoying", the judge Paul Hollywood as looking "sinister without being interesting", and that the audience would be so bored that they "could certainly forgive the cameraman if he were to commit  hara-kiri in a giant pool of egg and flour."[41]

text: However, reviews from the later series were more positive. Andrew Collins of The Guardian called it "the nicest show on television" and judged it the best TV programme of 2012.[42][43] Rachel Ward of The Daily Telegraph thought the programme "had just the right consistency of mouth-watering morsels, good humour, and fascinating history",[44] while Tom Sutcliffe of The Independent considered the contest "perfectly baked".[45]

text: Bake Off was moved to Channel 4 in 2017, and reviews of the programme on the channel were largely positive, although a few felt that it did not compare well to the BBC version.[46][47][48] Mark Lawson of The Guardian described the programme on Channel 4 as "both exactly the same but also just subtly different enough", and that "only someone desperate to dislike the re-plated show could argued that [it] has soured, spoiled or binned its recipe".[49] Michael Hogan of The Telegraph thought that "Mary, Mel and Sue might be gone but the show's recipe remains as winning as ever. The four Cs – chemistry, camaraderie, comedy, cakes – were all present and correct."[50] Anna Leszkiewicz of the New Statesman however considered that while the format had been left largely unchanged and the contestants "irresistibly likeable", "every single change to the show has been for the worse".[47]

text: Cultural impact[edit]

text: The show has become a significant part of British culture and is credited with spurring an interest in home baking, with supermarkets and department stores in the UK reporting sharp rises in sales of baking ingredients and accessories.[51][52] It was also credited with reviving the Women's Institute, whose membership reached its highest level since the 1970s.[53] The show also boosted the sales of bakery books and the number of baking clubs, and independent bakeries also showed an increase. According to one analyst, more than three-fifths of adults have baked at home at least once in 2013 compared with only a third in 2011.[54]

text: TV ratings[edit]

text: The first series of The Great British Bake Off premiered in August 2010 with moderate ratings of just over 2 million viewers for its first episode.[55] This was enough to place it in BBC Two's top ten for that week, and over the series the audience grew to over three million, with the semi-final and final both achieving first place in BBC Two's weekly ratings. During the second series, the ratings gradually increased, and it became a surprise hit with nearly 4 million watching each episode.[56] Week two was the last time that the show was out-rated by another BBC Two programme in the same week (it came second to the drama Page Eight); from then until the show's move to BBC One, every competition episode would be the channel's number one rated programme of the week. By its final episode it had averaged 4.56 million viewers, peaking at 5.1 million in its last 15 minutes.[57]

text: The ratings continued to strengthen in the third series, and the show began to beat its competition in its timeslot.[58] The final of the series where John Whaite was crowned the winner saw its highest rating yet, with an average of 6.5 million viewers that peaked at 7.2 million, which made it the second highest-rated BBC Two-originated show after Top Gear since at least 2006.[59][60] The fourth series achieved some of the highest ratings seen on BBC Two. The viewer count for its premiere episode was more than two million higher than that of the previous series,[61] while the final episode was seen by 9.1 million viewers at its peak, more than twice the number of viewers on BBC One and ITV.[62] The final episode is the most-watched show on BBC Two since the present ratings system was introduced in 2002, beating the previous record set by Top Gear.[63] As a result of its high ratings, the show was moved to BBC One.[64]

text: After its move to BBC One, the opening episode was watched by over 7 million viewers according to overnight figures, beating the figure of 5.6 million for the opening episode of the previous year.[65] the Bingate controversy surrounding episode four helped the show gain its biggest ever audience of 10.3 million viewers, with 2 million people who watched it on BBC iPlayer.[66] The final of the show gained an overnight viewing figure of 12.29 million, then the highest viewing figure of the year for a non-sporting event on UK TV.[67] In the following year, the top ten ratings for 2015 was also dominated by The Great British Bake Off, with seven of the year's ten most-watched television programmes being episodes of the show, topped by the final episode with 15.05 million viewers.[68] In the last series on the BBC in 2016, nine of the top ten most-watched programmes of the year were episodes of the show, with 16.03 million viewers watching the finale.[69]

text: The first series broadcast by Channel 4 opened with average viewing figures of 5.8 million, rising to 6.5 million to include those watching on Channel 4+1, and 9.46 million for the 7-day rating.[70]  Although the overnight figure was the lowest for an opening episode since 2013, it was Channel 4's biggest audience since the Opening Ceremony of the 2012 Paralympics.[71]  This series attracted an average audience of 9 million viewers on Channel 4.[72]

text: Controversies[edit]

text: Product placement sanction[edit]

text: In September 2012, production company Love Productions was sanctioned by the BBC for product placement of Smeg fridges. The issue came to light after a viewer wrote to the Radio Times complaining of "blatant product promotion". After an investigation, the BBC said Love Production's loan agreement with Smeg did not meet editorial guidelines and was being revised for the third series, and that appropriate retrospective hire payments would be made.[73] The BBC asked Smeg to remove a notice from its website promoting its association with the show, which it has since done.[74]

text: Favouritism[edit]

text: During the fourth series, there were accusations of favouritism towards female contestants after the last man Glenn Cosby was eliminated from the show;[75] however, similar claims were not made the previous year over the all-male final, or even the year before, when there was also an all-female quarter-final. The fourth series also suffered allegations of Paul Hollywood's favouritism towards Ruby Tandoh,[76][77] and personal attacks on Tandoh by various people including the chef Raymond Blanc.[78][79][80] Both Paul Hollywood and Ruby Tandoh denied the accusation.[81][82]

text: Baked Alaska controversy ("Bingate")[edit]

text: In the fourth episode of the fifth series, there was controversy around the elimination of contestant Iain Watters. During the final showstopper round contestants were tasked with producing a Baked Alaska. Iain's ice cream was shown as having not set and in a show of frustration he threw his bake in the bin. The editing of the show suggested that another contestant, Diana Beard, had caused the failure by removing the ice cream from a freezer, and the perceived "sabotage" resulted in an uproar on social media networks.[83] However, unseen footage broadcast in the accompanying programme An Extra Slice shows Luis holding the large floor freezer that contained Iain's ice cream open as he piped the sides of his own baked Alaska, while Mel warns him to pipe quickly and close the freezer.  Later in the episode, when Iain removes his ice cream to begin the next step of his dish, it is still quite soft, indicating it went into the freezer he shared with Diana without being completely frozen.  Various members of the cast posted comments in support of Diana[84] and a BBC spokesman later issued a statement that "Diana removing Iain's ice cream from the freezer for less than a minute was in no way responsible for Iain's departure."[85]

text: More than 800 complaints were lodged with the BBC over the incident and some also complained to the communication watchdog Ofcom.[86]

text: Use of innuendo[edit]

text: A number of viewers complained to the BBC feedback show Points of View in the fifth series about the "constant smutty remarks" from the presenters Mel and Sue.[87][88] This series was seen as having more innuendos than previous ones; some reviewers noted the "extra pinch of saucy spice" and "the increasingly filthy-minded hosts Mel Giedroyc and Sue Perkins",[89][90][91] while the Daily Mail argued that the "smutty" innuendos made the show no longer fit for family entertainment.[92] The series 3 winner John Whaite however argued that innuendo is part of what made the show a success,[93] whilst judge Paul Hollywood described the innuendos as banter in the spirit of the Carry On films and is a part of British culture,[94] a view shared by others.[95][96]

text: Clones, legal challenges and move to Channel 4[edit]

text: The success of The Great British Bake Off led to the BBC commissioning many other series closely following the format from Love Productions for example The Great British Sewing Bee and The Great Pottery Throw Down. However the 2014 series Hair using the same format was produced in house by the BBC, Love Productions responded by making preparations to sue the BBC for infringing their copyright.[97][98] Although the matter was kept quiet, with the BBC settling out of court and compensating Love Productions,[97][98] the matter soured relations between the BBC and Love Productions.[98] In September 2016, it was announced that the BBC had lost the broadcast rights of the show to Channel 4.[99] Channel 4 offered £25 million for the show outbidding the £15 million offered by the BBC.[99] In January 2017 the BBC waived its rights to keep the program off the air until 2018, and wished the programme "well for the future".[100]

text: Accidental revealing of Series 8 winner[edit]

text: On 31 October 2017, judge Prue Leith accidentally revealed the winner of Series 8 on Twitter twelve hours before the finale was due to air. This caused uproar among many fans of the show. She quickly deleted the tweet and apologised to the fans who saw it.[101]

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text: The Great British Bake Off was nominated for a Rose d'Or in the Lifestyle section of the 2012 competition and won.[102][103] The programme has been nominated a number of times in various categories for the BAFTA awards and won in 2012, 2013, and 2016.[104][105] It also won two 2015 National Television Award for Skills Challenge Show.[106]

text:
Year
Award
Category
Recipient
Results
Ref.

2012

Rose d'Or

Lifestyle

The Great British Bake Off

Won

[107]

BAFTA TV Awards

Features

Anna Beattie, Andy Devonshire, Simon Evans, Richard McKerrow

Won

[108]

YouTube Audience Award

The Great British Bake Off

Nominated

[104]

2013

Features

Anna Beattie, Kieran Smith, Amanda Westwood, Scott Tankard

Won

[109]

Radio Times Audience Award

The Great British Bake Off

Nominated

[109]

National Television Award

Factual Entertainment

Nominated

[110]

2014

BAFTA TV Awards

Features

Anna Beattie, Amanda Westwood, Samantha Beddoes, Simon Evans

Nominated

[111]

National Television Award

Factual Entertainment

The Great British Bake Off

Nominated

[112]

2015

BAFTA TV Awards

Features

Anna Beattie, Samantha Beddoes, Andy Devonshire, Simon Evans

Nominated

[113]

Radio Times Audience Award

The Great British Bake Off

Nominated

[114]

National Television Award

Skills Challenge Show

Won

[115]

2016

National Television Award

Challenge Show

Won

[115]

BAFTA

Features

The Great British Bake Off production team

Won

[116]

Radio Times audience award

The Great British Bake Off

Nominated

[116]

2017

National Television Award

Challenge Show

The Great British Bake Off

Nominated

[117]

TV judge

Mary Berry

Won

[118]

BAFTA

Features

The Great British Bake Off production team

Nominated

[119]

text: International broadcast and versions[edit]

text: The UK version of The Great British Bake Off is broadcast in many countries and it has been sold to 196 territories as of 2015.[120] The format has also been sold to 20 territories by 2015, making it the third most successful BBC format after Dancing with the Stars (Strictly Come Dancing) and The Weakest Link.[121] Many of these shows have been successful.[122][123] The Junior Bake Off format has also been sold to Thailand.[124]

text: Beginning in 2014, the US broadcaster PBS has aired several series of the show under the name The Great British Baking Show.[125] The change of name was necessary due to the fact that "Bake-Off" is a registered trademark of Pillsbury in the United States.  The fifth series was broadcast as Season 1 in Winter 2014–2015;[126] the fourth series was then broadcast as Season 2 in Fall 2015,[127] the sixth series was broadcast as Season 3 in Summer 2016, and the seventh series was broadcast as Season 4 in Summer 2017. After the move from original distributor BBC Worldwide in 2018, PBS chose to air BBC's third series as Season 5 instead of licensing the eighth series from Channel 4. As of 2018, PBS has the rights to air the second BBC series as Season 6 in 2019, and has chosen to not license the Channel 4 series.[128]

text: The CBC began broadcasting The Great British Bake Off in Canada in August 2016, starting with the sixth series and also with the Great British Baking Show title. The seventh series aired the year after.[129]

text: International versions[edit]

text: Current and upcoming versions include:[130]

text:
Legend:
     Airing or in production
     No longer airing

text:
Country
Local title
Host(s)
Judges
Channel
Premiere

 Argentina
Bake Off Argentina, El Gran Pastelero(Bake Off Argentina, The Great Baker)
Paula Chaves[131]
Christophe KrywonisDamián PetularPamela Villar
Telefe[132]
8 April 2018

 Australia
The Great Australian Bake Off
Shane JacobsonAnna Gare[133]
Dan LepardKerry Vincent
Nine Network[134]
9 July 2013

Claire HooperMel Buttle
Maggie BeerMatt Moran[135]
LifeStyle Food
13 October 2015

 Belgium
De MeesterBakker(The Master Baker)
Rani De Coninck
Sofie DumontBernard Proot
vtm
4 April 2012

 Brazil
Bake Off Brasil
Ticiana Villas Boas(2015–16)Carol Fiorentino(2017)Nadja Haddad(2018–present)
Carol Fiorentino(2015–16)Fabrizio Fasano Jr.(2015–17)Beca Milano(2017–present)Olivier Anquier(2018–present)
SBTDiscovery Home & Health
25 July 2015

 Bulgaria
Bake Off: Най-сладкото състезание(Bake Off: The Sweetest Competition)
Aleksandra RaevaRaffi Bohosyan
Julia PandzherovaYuri Baltaliyski
Nova TV
15 November 2016

 Canada
The Great Canadian Baking Show
Dan LevyJulia Chan
Bruno FeldeisenRochelle Adonis
CBC
1 November 2017

 Chile
Bake Off Chile, El Gran Pastelero[136](Bake Off Chile, The Great Baker)
Carolina de Moras
Yann YvinGustavo SáezMillaray Vallejos
Chilevisión
6 August 2018

 Denmark
Den store bagedyst(The Great Baking Contest)
Timm Vladimir
Mette BlomsterbergJan Friis-Mikkelsen
DR1
28 August 2012[137]

 Estonia
Eesti parim pagar[138]
Kristjan Rabi (2015) Indrek Vaheoja (2015) Alari Kivisaar
Angeelika KangAnts Uustalu
TV3
31 August 2015

 Finland
Koko Suomi leipoo[139](The whole of Finland bakes)
Anne Kukkohovi
Mika Parviainen  Sami Granroth
MTV3[140]
24 September 2013

 France
Le Meilleur Pâtissier[141][142](The Best Baker)
Faustine Bollaert (2012–17) Julia Vignali (2017–)
Cyril LignacJacqueline Mercorelli
M6[143]RTL-TVI (Belgium)
26 November 2012

 Germany
Das große Backen(The great Bake)
Britt Hagedorn (2013)Meltem Kaptan (2013)Enie van de Meiklokjes (2014–16)Annika Lau (2017)
Christian HümbsEnie van de Meiklokjes (2013)Andrea Schirmaier-Huber (2013–14)Betty Schliephake-Burchardt (2015–17)
Sat.1
1 December 2013

 Greece
Bake Off Greece
Ioanna Triantafillou
Nikolas StraggasAkis PetretzikisDimitris Xronopoulos
Alpha TV
October 2018

 Hungary
Ide süss! (Az ország nagy cukrászversenye)
Hajós AndrásSass Dániel
Baracskay AngélaSzabadfi Szabolcs
Viasat 3
26 March 2018

 Ireland
The Great Irish Bake Off
Anna Nolan[144]
Biddy White LennonPaul Kelly[145]
TV3
19 September 2013

 Italy
Bake Off Italia – Dolci in forno[146](Bake Off Italy – Sweets in the oven)
Benedetta Parodi
Ernst KnamClelia d'OnofrioDamiano Carrara
Real Time[147]
November 2013

 Israel
בייק אוף ישראל[148](Bake Off Israel)
Paula RosenbergAya Kremerman
Ran ShmueliOded BrennerCarine Goren
Channel 2
9 April 2016

 Netherlands
Heel Holland Bakt(All of Holland bakes)
Martine Bijl[149] (2013–15)André van Duin (2016–present)
Robèrt van BeckhovenJanny van der Heijden
MAX (NPO 1)
5 June 2013[150]

 New Zealand
The Great Kiwi Bake Off
Madeleine SamiHayley Sproull
Dean BrettschneiderSue Fleischl
TVNZ 2
2018 [151][152]

 Norway
Hele Norge baker(All of Norway Bakes)
Line Verndal
Pascal DupuyØyvind Lofthus[153]
TV3[154]
10 March 2013[155]

 Poland
Bake Off – Ale Ciacho!(Bake Off – What A Cake!)
Anna GacekPaulina Mikuła[156]
Krzysztof IlnickiGosia Molska[157]
TVP2
5 September 2016[158]

 Romania
Bake Off Romania[159]
Nicolle Stanese[160]
Alex StanSimona PopeTudor Constantinescu
Pro TV
29 February 2016[161]

 South Africa
The Great South African Bake Off[162]
Anne HirschLentswe Bhengu
Shirley GuyTjaart Walraven
BBC Lifestyle
8 October 2015

 Sweden
Hela Sverige bakar[163](All of Sweden Bakes)
Tilde de Paula
Johan SörbergBirgitta Rasmussen
TV4 (Sjuan)
20 September 2012

Hela kändis-Sverige bakar[164](Celebrity All of Sweden Bakes)
11 November 2014

 Turkey
Ver Fırına
Burcu Esmersoy
Arda TürkmenEmel Başdoğan
TV8[165]
20 October 2014[166]

 Ukraine
Великий пекарський турнір(Great Bakers Tournament)
Yuri Gorbunov[167]
Serge MarkovicCatherine AhronikOlga Ganushchak
1+1[168]
1 September 2013[169]

 United States
The American Baking Competition[170][171]
Jeff Foxworthy
Marcela ValladolidPaul Hollywood
CBS[172]
29 May 2013[173]

 United States
The Great American Baking Show
Ayesha CurryAnthony Adams
Johnny IuzziniPaul Hollywood[174]
ABC
30 November 2015(as The Great Holiday Baking Show)[175][176][177][178]

text: The Great Sport Relief Bake Off[edit]

text:
The Great Sport Relief Bake OffGenre

Cooking
Baking
Presented by

Mel Giedroyc
Jennifer Saunders (2016)
Ed Byrne (2014, 2016)
Sarah Millican (2016)
Sue Perkins (2014)
Jo Brand (2014)
Omid Djalili (2014)
Judges

Mary Berry
Paul Hollywood
Country of origin
United KingdomOriginal language(s)
EnglishNo. of series
3No. of episodes
12ProductionRunning time
60 minutesProduction company(s)
Love ProductionsReleaseOriginal network
BBC Two (2012–2013)  BBC One (2014–2016)Picture format
16:9Original release
10 January 2012 (2012-01-10) – 23 February 2016 (2016-02-23)

text: Episode viewing figures from BARB.[179]

text: Series 1 (2012)[edit]

text:
Episode No.
Signature Challenge
Technical Challenge
Showstopper Challenge
Contestants
Airdate
Viewers(millions)

1

Traybake

Wholemeal Cheese Scones

Meringue Dessert

Angela Griffin

10 January 2012 (2012-01-10)

3.52

James Wong

Joe Swift

Sarah Hadland

2

Savoury Flan

Banana & Chocolate Chip Loaves

Layered Cake

Arlene Phillips

11 January 2012 (2012-01-11)

2.79

Fi Glover

Gus Casely-Hayford

Saira Khan

3

Classic Crumble

Coffee & Walnut Cake

24 Miniature Tarts

Alex Deakin

12 January 2012 (2012-01-12)

2.56

Alex Langlands

Anita Rani

Pearl Lowe

4

Trio of Baked Biscuits

6 Sausage Rolls

Covered Tiered Occasion Cake

Angela Griffin

13 January 2012 (2012-01-13)

3.43

Anita Rani

Fi Glover

text: Series 2 (2014)[edit]

text:
Episode No.
Guest host
Signature Challenge
Technical Challenge
Showstopper Challenge
Contestants
Airdate
Viewers(millions)

1

Sue Perkins

12 Sandwich Biscuits

Tarte Tatin

3D Novelty Cake

Bonnie Wright

13 January 2014 (2014-01-13)

4.37

Johnny Vaughan

Michael Vaughan

Samantha Bond

2

Jo Brand

12 Gingerbread Biscuits

Banoffee Pie

Chocolate Cake

Greg Rutherford

14 January 2014 (2014-01-14)

5.07

Jane Horrocks

Jason Gardiner

Kirsty Young

3

Omid Djalili

Traybake

Iced Ring Dougnuts

Layered Cakes

Emma Freud

15 January 2014 (2014-01-15)

5.02

Jamelia[180]

Michael Ball

Victoria Pendleton

4

Ed Byrne

Pizzas

Eccles Cakes

Tiered Cakes

Alistair McGowan

16 January 2014 (2014-01-16)

4.94

Doon Mackichan

Helen Skelton

Rochelle Humes

text: Series 3 (2016)[edit]

text:
Episode No.
Guest host
Signature Challenge
Technical Challenge
Showstopper Challenge
Contestants
Airdate
Viewers(millions)

1

Mel Giedroyc

Canapés

Paris–Brest

Trophy Cake

David James

27 January 2016 (2016-01-27)

6.03

Jason Manford

Maddy Hill

Samantha Cameron

2

Jennifer Saunders

American Muffins

Football Pie

Tiered Cake

Chris Kamara

3 February 2016 (2016-02-03)

7.44

Ed Balls

Kimberley Walsh

Victoria Coren Mitchell

3

Ed Byrne

Savoury tarts

Chocolate and Beetroot Tray Bake

3D Biscuits

Geri Horner

17 February 2016 (2016-02-17)

7.12

Jermaine Jenas

John Simpson

Louise Redknapp

4

Sarah Millican

Open-top Pie

Salmon Roulade

Cupcakes

Ade Edmondson

24 February 2016 (2016-02-24)

6.74

Alison Steadman

Morgana Robinson

Will Young

text: The Great Comic Relief Bake Off[edit]

text:
The Great Comic Relief Bake OffGenre

Cooking
Baking
Presented by

Mel Giedroyc (2013, 2015)
Sue Perkins (2015)
Jo Brand (2015)
Ed Byrne (2015)
Judges

Mary Berry
Paul Hollywood
Country of origin
United KingdomOriginal language(s)
EnglishNo. of series
2No. of episodes
8ProductionRunning time
60 minutesProduction company(s)
Love ProductionsReleaseOriginal network
BBC Two (2013)BBC One (2015)Picture format
16:9Original release
21 January 2013 (2013-01-21) – 4 March 2015 (2015-03-04)

text: Series 1 (2013)[edit]

text:
Episode No.
Signature Challenge
Technical Challenge
Showstopper Challenge
Contestants
Airdate
Viewers(millions)

1

Shortbread

Custard Slices

Portrait Cake

Jo Brand

21 January 2013 (2013-01-21)

4.17

Stephen K. Amos

Lorna Watson

Ingrid Oliver

2

Iced Biscuits

Bakewell Tart

Gateaux

Warwick Davis

22 January 2013 (2013-01-22)

4.44

Duncan Bannatyne

Simon Reeve

Andy Akinwolere

3

Scones

Chocolate Eclairs

Novelty Cake

Ellie Simmonds

23 January 2013 (2013-01-23)

4.34

Kirsty Wark

Julia Bradbury

Bob Mortimer

4

Chocolate Biscuits

Lemon Meringue Pie

Comic Relief Birthday Cake

Claudia Winkleman

24 January 2013 (2013-01-24)

4.39

Ed Byrne

Martha Kearney

Helen Glover

text: Series 2 (2015)[edit]

text:
Episode No.
Guest host
Signature Challenge
Technical Challenge
Showstopper Challenge
Contestants
Airdate
Viewers(millions)

1

Sue Perkins

Giant Cookie or Biscuit

12 Mini Fruit Tarts

Tiered Chocolate Cake

Dame Edna Everage

11 February 2015 (2015-02-11)

7.75

Joanna Lumley

Jennifer Saunders

Lulu

2

Mel Giedroyc

24 cupcakes

20 profiteroles

Marble "Building" Cake

Jonathan Ross

18 February 2015 (2015-02-18)

8.39

Zoe Sugg

Gok Wan

Abbey Clancy

3

Jo Brand

24 Shortbread

6 Mini Pork Pies

Triple-tiered Pavlova

Sarah Brown

25 February 2015 (2015-02-25)

7.92

David Mitchell

Michael Sheen

Jameela Jamil

4

Ed Byrne

Tray Bake

12 Crumpets

Vegetable Self Portrait Cake

Alexa Chung

4 March 2015 (2015-03-04)

8.21

Victoria Wood

Chris Moyles

Kayvan Novak

text: The Great Stand Up to Cancer Bake Off[edit]

text:
The Great Stand Up to Cancer Bake OffGenre

Cooking
Baking
Presented by

Sandi Toksvig
Noel Fielding
Judges

Prue Leith
Paul Hollywood
Country of origin
United KingdomOriginal language(s)
EnglishNo. of series
1No. of episodes
5Production company(s)
Love ProductionsReleaseOriginal network
Channel 4Picture format
16:9Original release
6 March 2018 – present

text: Series 1 (2018)[edit]

text:
Episode No.
Signature Challenge
Technical Challenge
Showstopper Challenge
Contestants
Airdate
Viewers(millions)

1

12 cupcakes

6 crepes suzette

3D biscuit scene

Roisin Conaty

6 March 2018 (2018-03-06)

5.91

Martin Kemp

Harry Hill

Bill Turnbull

2

24 scones

Devil's food cake

Self-portrait croquembouches

Nick Hewer

13 March 2018 (2018-03-13)

5.65

Perri Kiely

Stacey Solomon

Ricky Wilson

3

Loaf cake

8 Tiramisu sandwich biscuits

Meringue towers

Ella Eyre

20 March 2018 (2018-03-20)

5.95

Ruth Davidson

Jamie Laing

Tim Minchin

4

12 blondies

6 fruit turnovers

Secret passion cake

Griff Rhys Jones

27 March 2018 (2018-03-27)

5.48

Joe Lycett

Lee Mack

Melanie Sykes

5

12 muffins

Custard pie

Rainbow dream cake

Aisling Bea

3 April 2018 (2018-04-03)

5.53

Alan Carr

Kadeena Cox

Teri Hatcher


document_title: Thirteen Reasons Why

question_text: when was the book 13 reasons why published

text: Thirteen Reasons Why

text: History[edit]

text: Thirteen Reasons Why was first published in hardcover on October 18, 2007 by RazorBill, a young adult imprint of Penguin Books. The audiobook on CD was released at the same time by Listening Library, a division of Penguin Books, featuring the voices of Debra Wiseman as Hannah and Joel Johnstone as Clay.[1]

text: The novel was published in trade paperback format by Penguin Young Readers Group, a division of Penguin Random House on June 14, 2011.[2] Thirteen Reasons Why had remained in hardcover long past the usual one-year release-to-paperback schedule due to its continued grassroots popularity and sales fueled by author participation.[3]

text: On December 27, 2016, the Tenth Anniversary Edition of Thirteen Reasons Why was published in hardcover, also by Penguin Young Readers Group.[4] In this edition, the book's original ending is included, as well as a new introduction and an essay from the author, pages from the notebook that the author used while writing this novel, reader reactions, and a reading guide.[5]

text: Plot summary[edit]

text: Clay Jensen, a shy high school student, returns home from school one day to find that he has received a mysterious package in the mail. It contains seven cassette tapes recorded by Hannah Baker, a classmate who recently committed suicide. The tapes had been sent to various other people before arriving at Clay's door.[1]

text: The first person to receive the tapes was Justin Foley. Hannah and Justin kissed in the park once, after she developed a crush on him. Despite this, Justin betrayed her by telling his friends that more had happened in the park than a kiss, earning Hannah the reputation of a slut at school.

text: The second person was Alex Standall. Alex published a "hot or not" list comparing the girls in their class based on their body parts. He awarded Hannah the title of Best Ass, which only reinforced her reputation as a slut. He also awarded his ex-girlfriend Jessica the title of Worst Ass, in revenge for her breaking up with him.

text: The third person was Jessica Davis. After being compared to Hannah on the "hot or not" list, Jessica accused Hannah of stealing Alex from her. When Hannah denied it, Jessica slapped Hannah, leaving a scar on her forehead and ending their friendship. It is hinted that Jessica may have believed the rumors about Hannah being a slut, leading her to believe that Hannah had stolen Alex from her. Jessica then began spreading rumors that Hannah was the reason of her breakup with Alex.

text: The fourth person to receive the tapes was Tyler Down, a classmate who worked as a photographer for the yearbook. After suspecting that someone was taking pictures of her through her bedroom window, Hannah enlisted her classmate Courtney Crimsen, who was unnamed at this point, to help catch the Peeping Tom. They staged a massage and then Courtney exclaimed over some "toys" she pretended to find. Based on the glimpse she got as the perpetrator ran away and his reaction at school, Hannah was able to determine that Tyler was the one at the window.

text: The fifth person was Courtney Crimsen. Courtney used Hannah to get a ride to a party, but then she left Hannah to herself. Courtney started spreading a rumor at the party regarding the sexual "toys" she had "found" in Hannah's bedroom, further reinforcing Hannah's reputation as a slut. Hannah left Courtney at the party and gave Tyler a ride home.

text: The sixth person was Marcus Cooley. Hannah matched up with him through a Valentine fundraiser for the cheerleaders. They went on a date at a diner where Marcus tried to take advantage of her. Hannah pushed him to the floor, then he left, calling her a "tease".

text: The seventh person was Zach Dempsey, who tried to comfort Hannah after Marcus ditched her. After Hannah fails to respond the way he wants, he takes classroom "notes of encouragement" from her pigeonhole as revenge. Hannah had considered this class her "haven" as the teacher did not tolerate bullying. She had left an anonymous note about contemplating suicide, but the teacher and the class felt that the note was just an attempt to get attention.

text: The eighth person was Ryan Shaver. He attended a poetry class outside of school that Hannah signed up for. After gaining her trust, Ryan stole a poem written by Hannah and published the poem anonymously in the school newspaper. When students and teachers criticized the poem harshly, Hannah took the criticism to heart, although no one knew who had actually written it.

text: The ninth person to receive the tapes was Clay. However, Hannah apologized for including Clay, saying that he did not deserve to be on the list. She admitted that Clay was the nicest person she had ever met and that she wished they had had more time to get to know each other. Hannah broke curfew and went to a party she knew Clay would be at. They had a long conversation and ended it with what she called a "fantastic" kiss, which ended when Hannah began recalling her kiss with Justin and react badly. That was the last time Clay and Hannah spoke to each other.

text: The tenth person was Justin. After Clay left her, Justin and Jessica entered the bedroom, not noticing Hannah on the floor. Justin tried to have sex with Jessica on the bed, but her drunken state kept her from responding. Justin left the room and Hannah got up and hid in a closet. She then witnessed a now unconscious Jessica being raped by the unnamed at this point Bryce Walker. Justin knew about the rape and let it happen.

text: The eleventh person was Jenny Kurtz, a cheerleader who offered Hannah a ride home from the house party. She hit a stop sign while driving and did not tell the police, leading to a car accident which killed one of their classmates.

text: The twelfth person was Bryce Walker. After another party she had attended on another night, Hannah took a walk. Bryce called her to a hot tub at Courtney's house. She knew better than to join them, but she had given up. She removed her clothing and got in the tub wearing only a bra and panties. Bryce began touching Hannah, and Courtney left the hot tub. When she didn't actively resist his attentions, he raped her.

text: The thirteenth to receive the tapes was Mr. Porter, the temporary school counselor. Hannah secretly recorded a conversation they had, in which she expressed a desire to end her life. Overwhelmed, Mr. Porter simply told Hannah that if she was unwilling to press charges against "the boy", she should just try to move on.

text: After sending the tapes to the next person on the list, Clay returned to school and ran into his classmate Skye Miller, whom he had reason to suspect was becoming suicidal. The novel ends with Clay reaching out to her. .[6][7]

text: This is similar to what happens in the tv show adaption, 13 Reasons Why. In the end of the tv show adaptation, we have Clay riding in a car. Alex is in critical condition from a gunshot wound. Bryce’s trial is awaiting, and Justin has runaway from home, with his fate being unclear. All these potential storylines leading up to an upcoming second season. The tv show adaptation has gotten many mixed reviews. Many people saying that after the show, suicide rates have increased, but Selena Gomez stands by her tv show, saying it’s very similar to the book.[8]

text: Character differences: book versus TV series[edit]

text:
The character in the book who was Marcus Cooley[9] became Marcus Cole[10] in the TV series.

The character in the book who was Jenny Kurtz[9] became Sheri Holland[10] in the TV series.

Mr. Porter's first name is not listed in the book,[9] but he is named as Kevin[10] in the TV series.

The second character to be named on the tapes in the book was Alex Standall;[9] in the TV series it was Jessica Davis.[10]

The third character to be named on the tapes in the book was Jessica Davis;[9] in the TV series it was Alex Standall.[10]

The ninth character to be named on the tapes in the book was Clay Jensen;[9] in the TV series it was Justin Foley.[10]

The tenth character to be named on the tapes in the book was Justin Foley;[9] in the TV series it was Sheri Holland.[10]

The eleventh character to be named on the tapes in the book was Jenny Kurtz;[9] in the TV series it was Clay Jensen.[10]

text: Adaptations[edit]

text: Universal Pictures purchased film rights to the novel on February 8, 2011.[11] On October 29, 2015, it was announced Netflix and Paramount Television would be taking on the book to become a miniseries, with Selena Gomez as an executive producer.[12] The series was released on March 31, 2017. On May 7, 2017, Netflix announced that they had ordered a second season of the series.[13]

text: In 2009, Asher adapted the novel into a stage play for high school performance.[14]

text: Recent developments[edit]

text: In May 2017, the curriculum director in Mesa County School District in Colorado ordered librarians to stop circulating the book due to a rash of student suicides. After three hours of deliberation by librarians and counselors, the books were returned to circulation when it was determined that the book was not as graphic as the TV series. Notices were sent to parents within the school district alerting them to the possible influence of the series.[15]

text: Awards and recognition[edit]

text:
2013 – Abraham Lincoln Award winner[16]
2010 – South Carolina Young Adult Book Award winner[17]
2009 – International Reading Association Young Adults' Choice list[18]
2009 – Writing Conference's Literature Festival[19]
2008 – Best Books for Young Adults YALSA[20]
2008 – Quick Picks for Reluctant Young Adult Readers YALSA[21]
2008 – Selected Audiobooks for Young Adults YALSA[22]
2008 – California Book Award silver medal – Young Adult[23]
2007 – Kirkus Reviews Editors Choice[24]