document_title: Map symbolization

question_text: what is the list of symbols on a map called

text: Map symbolization

text: Cognitive issues[edit]

text: In cartography, the principles of cognition are important since they explain why certain map symbols work.[1] In the past, mapmakers did not care why they worked. This behaviorist view treats the human brain like a black box.  Modern cartographers are curious why certain symbols are the most effective. This should help develop a theoretical basis for how brains recognize symbols and, in turn, provide a platform for creating new symbols.

text: Topographic maps[edit]

text: Topographic maps show the shape of Earth’s surface by using contour lines, the lines on the map that join points of equal elevation. They are among the most well-known symbols on modern maps as they are self-explanatory and accurately represent their phenomena. They make it possible to the depict height, depth, and even slope. Contour lines will be closer together or spaced apart to show the steepness of the area. If the line is spaced closer together, it means that there is a steeper slope. If they are farther apart, the area has a low slope. An area of low slope generally uses contour intervals of 10 feet or less. Areas that contain mountain or other high slope can use an interval of 100 feet.[2]

text: Apart from showing just contour lines, topographic maps also use a lot of map symbols to represent its features. Features are represented by using point, line, and area symbols. Individual features, such as houses, are shown as point symbols like a small dot or square. However, a cluster of houses or neighborhood can be shown as a shaded area or polygon. Areas of importance or landmarks may receive special symbols that represent what they are. For instance, a church may be symbolized as a picture of a little church or cross or the town hall may have a special color or symbol.

text: Shape and color of topographic symbols[edit]

text: Many of the symbol feature on maps of the earth will be shown by straight, curved, dashed, or solid lines. They may also be colored to represent different classes of information. The typical color standard for topographic maps depicts contours in brown, bodies of water in blue, boundaries in black, and grids and roads in red. Topographic maps may use different colors to represent area features. Most topographic maps will use green for vegetation or national parks and wildlife management areas. They will also use blue for rivers, lakes, or other bodies of water. Red may also be used to represent areas of significant importance.[2]

text: A map is a smaller representation of an area on the earth’s surface; therefore, map symbols are used to represent real objects. Without symbols, maps would not be possible.[3] Both shapes and colors can be used for symbols on maps. A small circle may mean a point of interest, with a brown circle meaning recreation, red circle meaning services, and green circle meaning rest stop. Colors may cover larger areas of a map, such as green representing forested land and blue representing waterways. To ensure that a person can correctly read a map, a map legend[citation needed] is a key to all the symbols used on a map. It is like a dictionary so you can understand the meaning of what the map represents/[3]

text: Rules to follow[edit]

text: There are certain rules to follow with map symbols. The representative symbols should always be placed on the left and defined to the right. This allows for the reader to view the symbol first, then its definition, which is customary in English dictionaries. In most cases, representative symbols should be vertically displayed and the symbols should be horizontally centred. The symbols should be vertically centred with the definitions. The definitions are supposed to be horizontally centred to the left.

text: Representing spatial phenomena[edit]

text:
Symbols are used to represent geographic phenomena. Most phenomena can be represented by using point, line, or area symbols.[4] It is necessary to consider the spatial arrangement of the phenomena to determine what kind of symbolization it will require. Discrete phenomena occur at isolated points, whereas continuous phenomena occur everywhere. Both of these can also be broken down into either smooth or abrupt. For example, rainfall and taxes for states are both continuous in nature, but rainfall is smooth because it does not vary at state boundaries, leaving the tax to be considered abrupt. It is important to distinguish between real world and the data we use to represent it.
There are basically five types of spatial dimensions that are used to classify phenomena for map symbolization. Point phenomena are assumed to have no spatial extent and are said to be zero-dimensional. These use point symbols on a map to indicate their location. An example of these would be fire hydrants or trees in a park. Linear phenomena are one-dimensional and have a length. This would include any line feature on a map like roads or sidewalks. Areal phenomena are 2-D that has both a length and a width.  The best example of this would be a lake or other body of water. When volume comes into consideration, it is broken down into two types, 2 ½ dimensions and 3-D. A good example of 2 ½ D would be the elevation of a place above sea level, while 3-D being any three-dimensional objects.

text: Ranking[edit]

text: An important factor in map symbols is the order in which they are ranked according to their relative importance. This is known as intellectual hierarchy. The most important hierarchy is the thematic symbols and type labels that are directly related to the theme. Next comes the title, subtitle, and legend.[4] The map must also contain base information, such as boundaries, roads, and place names. Data source and notes should be on all maps. Lastly, the scale, neat lines, and north arrow are the least important of the hierarchy of the map. From this we see that the symbols are the single most important thing to build a good visual hierarchy that shows proper graphical representation. When producing a map with good visual hierarchy, thematic symbols should be graphically emphasized. A map with a visual hierarchy that is effective attracts the map user’s eyes to the symbols with the most important aspects of the map first and to the symbols with the lesser importance later.

text: The legend of the map also contains important information and all of the thematic symbols of the map. Symbol that need no explanation, or do not coincide with the theme of the map, are normally omitted from the map legend. Thematic symbols directly represent the maps theme and should stand out.[3]

text: Choropleth maps[edit]

text: Choropleth mapping is commonly used to show data for counties, states, or other enumeration units. Data collected for choropleth maps is usually grouped into separate classes based on attributes or other forms of classification. The classes are given a specific color or shading based on their values and what they are trying to portray. Choropleth maps are most effective when the data or classes change abruptly at each enumerated boundary.[5]

text: A proportional symbol map is better than choropleth maps for showing raw data totals. A proportional symbols map uses symbols that are proportional to the data that they are representing with point locations. These symbols can be true points or conceptual points. True points represent real objects or the exact location of a tangible object. This could be an oil well or fire hydrant. A conceptual point represents the center of the enumeration unit, such as a corn field. The raw data on proportional symbol maps go hand in hand with the data shown on choropleth maps.[5]

text: Isopleth maps[edit]

text: Isopleth maps use isolines that connect points of equal values. A good example of isolines is connecting areas with similar temperatures. As with choropleth maps, Isopleth maps require standardized data to be appropriately contoured.

text: Dot maps[edit]

text: Dot maps use one single dot to represent where a single phenomenon is the most likely to occur. The total amount of dots can cover a single area or multiple areas. The density of the dots is interpreted by the user as areas of high value. This method is more accurate than proportional and Isopleth maps.[5]


document_title: History of Soviet Russia and the Soviet Union (1917–27)

question_text: following the russian revolution the soviet union adopted a system that

root

text: The Russian Revolution of 1917[edit]

text: During World War I, Tsarist Russia experienced famine and economic collapse. The demoralized Russian Army suffered severe military setbacks, and many captured soldiers deserted the front lines. Dissatisfaction with the monarchy and its policy of continuing the war grew among the Russian people. Tsar Nicholas II abdicated the throne following the February Revolution of 1917 (March 1917 N.S. See: Soviet calendar.), causing widespread rioting in Petrograd and other major Russian cities.

tag: p

text: The Russian Provisional Government was installed immediately following the fall of the Tsar by the Provisional Committee of the State Duma in early March 1917 and received conditional support of the Mensheviks. Led first by Prince Georgy Lvov, then Alexander Kerensky the Provisional Government consisted mainly of the parliamentarians most recently elected to the State Duma of the Russian Empire, which had been overthrown alongside Tsar Nicholas II. The new Provisional Government maintained its commitment to the war, joining the Triple Entente which the Bolsheviks opposed. The Provisional Government also postponed the land reforms demanded by the Bolsheviks.

text: Lenin, embodying the Bolshevik ideology, viewed alliance with the capitalist countries of Western Europe and the United States as involuntary servitude of the proletariat, who was forced to fight the imperialists' war. As seen by Lenin, Russia was reverting to the rule of the Tsar, and it was the job of Marxist revolutionaries, who truly represented socialism and the proletariat, to oppose such counter-socialistic ideas and support socialist revolutions in other countries.

text: Within the military, mutiny and desertion were pervasive among conscripts, though being AWOL (Absent Without Leave) was not uncommon throughout all ranks. The intelligentsia was dissatisfied over the slow pace of social reforms; poverty was worsening, income disparities and inequality were becoming out of control while the Provisional Government grew increasingly autocratic and inefficient. The government appeared to be on the verge of succumbing to a military junta. Deserting soldiers returned to the cities and gave their weapons to angry, and extremely hostile, socialist factory workers. The deplorable and inhumane poverty and starvation of major Russian centers produced optimum conditions for revolutionaries.

text: During the months between February and October 1917, the power of the Provisional Government was consistently questioned by nearly all political parties. A system of 'dual power' emerged, in which the Provisional Government held nominal power, though increasingly opposed by the Petrograd Soviet, their chief adversary, controlled by the Mensheviks and Socialist Revolutionaries (both democratic socialist parties politically to the right of the Bolsheviks). The Soviet chose not to force further changes in government due to the belief that the February Revolution was Russia's "crowing" overthrow of the bourgeois. The Soviet also believed that the new Provisional Government would be tasked with implementing democratic reforms and pave the way for a proletarian revolution. Though the creation of a government not based on the dictatorship of the proletariat in any form, was viewed as a "retrograde step" in Vladmir Lenin's April Theses. However, the Provisional Government still remained an overwhelmingly powerful governing body.

text: Failed military offensives in summer 1917 and large scale protesting and riots in major Russian cities (as advocated by Lenin in his Theses, known as the July Days) led to the deployment of troops in late August to restore order. The July Days were suppressed and blamed on the Bolsheviks, forcing Lenin into hiding. Still, rather than use force, many of the deployed soldiers and military personnel joined the rioters, disgracing the government and military at-large. It was during this time that support for the Bolsheviks grew and another of its leading figures, Leon Trotsky, was elected chair of the Petrograd Soviet, which had complete control over the defenses of the city, mainly, the city's military force. On October 24, in early days of the October Revolution, the Provisional Government moved against the Bolsheviks, arresting activists and destroying pro-Communist propaganda. The Bolsheviks were able to portray this as an attack against the People's Soviet and garnered support for the Red Guard of Petrograd to take over the Provisional Government. The administrative offices and government buildings were taken with little opposition or bloodshed. The generally accepted end of this transitional revolutionary period, which will lead to the creation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) lies with the assault and capture of the poorly defended Winter Palace (the traditional home and symbol of power of the Tsar) on the evening of October 26, 1917.

text: The Mensheviks and the right-wing of the Socialist Revolutionaries, outraged by the abusive and coercive acts carried out by the Red Guard and Bolsheviks, fled Petrograd, leaving control in the hands of the Bolsheviks and remaining Left Socialist Revolutionaries. On October 25, 1917, the Sovnarkom was established by the Russian Constitution of 1918 as the administrative arm of the All-Russian Congress of Soviets. By January 6, 1918, the VTsIK, supported by the Bolsheviks, ratified the dissolution of the Russian Constituent Assembly, which intended to establish the non-Bolshevik Russian Democratic Federative Republic as the permanent form of government established at its Petrograd session held January 5 and January 6, 1918.

text: The Russian Civil War[edit]

text: Prior to the revolution, the Bolshevik doctrine of democratic centralism argued that only a tightly knit and secretive organization could successfully overthrow the government; after the revolution, they argued that only such an organization could prevail against foreign and domestic enemies. Fighting the civil war would actually force the party to put these principles into practice.

text: Arguing that the revolution needed not a mere parliamentary organization but a party of action which would function as a scientific body of direction, a vanguard of activists, and a central control organ, the Tenth Party Congress banned factions within the party, initially intending it only to be a temporary measure after the shock of the Kronstadt rebellion. It was also argued that the party should be an elite body of professional revolutionaries dedicating their lives to the cause and carrying out their decisions with iron discipline, thus moving toward putting loyal party activists in charge of new and old political institutions, army units, factories, hospitals, universities, and food suppliers. Against this backdrop, the nomenklatura system would evolve and become standard practice.

text: In theory, this system was to be democratic since all leading party organs would be elected from below, but also centralized since lower bodies would be accountable to higher organizations. In practice, "democratic centralism" was centralist, with decisions of higher organs binding on lower ones, and the composition of lower bodies largely determined by the members of higher ones. Over time, party cadres would grow increasingly careerist and professional. Party membership required exams, special courses, special camps, schools, and nominations by three existing members.

text: In December 1917, the Cheka was founded as the Bolshevik's first internal security force following the failed assassination attempt on Lenin's life. Later it changed names to GPU, OGPU, MVD, NKVD and finally KGB.

text: The Polish–Soviet War[edit]

text: The frontiers between Poland, which had established an unstable independent government following World War I, and the former Tsarist empire, were rendered chaotic by the repercussions of the Russian revolutions, the civil war and the winding down World War I. Poland's Józef Piłsudski envisioned a new federation (Międzymorze), forming a Polish-led East European bloc to form a bulwark against Russia and Germany, while the Russian SFSR considered carrying the revolution westward by force. When Piłsudski carried out a military thrust into Ukraine in 1920, he was met by a Red Army offensive that drove into Polish territory almost to Warsaw. However, Piłsudski halted the Soviet advance at the Battle of Warsaw and resumed the offensive. The "Peace of Riga" signed in early 1921 split the territory of Belarus and Ukraine between Poland and Soviet Russia.

text: Creation of the USSR[edit]

text: On December 29, 1922 a conference of plenipotentiary delegations from the Russian SFSR, the Transcaucasian SFSR, the Ukrainian SSR and the Byelorussian SSR approved the Treaty on the Creation of the USSR and the Declaration of the Creation of the USSR, forming the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. These two documents were confirmed by the 1st Congress of Soviets of the USSR and signed by heads of delegations[1] - Mikhail Kalinin, Mikhail Tskhakaya, Mikhail Frunze and Grigory Petrovsky, Alexander Chervyakov[2] respectively on December 30, 1922.

text: The New Economic Policy[edit]

text: During the Civil War (1917–21), the Bolsheviks adopted War communism, which entailed the breakup of the landed estates and the forcible seizure of agricultural surpluses. In the cities there were intense food shortages and a breakdown in the money system (at the time many Bolsheviks argued that ending money's role as a transmitter of "value" was a sign of the rapidly approaching communist epoch). Many city dwellers fled to the countryside - often to tend the land that the Bolshevik breakup of the landed estates had transferred to the peasants. Even small scale "capitalist" production was suppressed.

text: The Kronstadt rebellion signaled the growing unpopularity of War Communism in the countryside: in March 1921, at the end of the civil war, disillusioned sailors, primarily peasants who initially had been stalwart supporters of the Bolsheviks under the provisional government, revolted against the new regime. Although the Red Army, commanded by Trotsky, crossed the ice over the frozen Baltic Sea to quickly crush the rebellion, this sign of growing discontent forced the party to foster a broad alliance of the working class and peasantry (80% of the population), despite left factions of the party which favored a regime solely representative of the interests of the revolutionary proletariat. At the Tenth Party Congress, it was decided to end War Communism and institute the New Economic Policy (NEP), in which the state allowed a limited market to exist. Small private businesses were allowed and restrictions on political activity were somewhat eased.

text: However, the key shift involved the status of agricultural surpluses. Rather than simply requisitioning agricultural surpluses in order to feed the urban population (the hallmark of War Communism), the NEP allowed peasants to sell their surplus yields on the open market. Meanwhile, the state still maintained state ownership of what Lenin deemed the "commanding heights" of the economy: heavy industry such as the coal, iron, and metallurgical sectors along with the banking and financial components of the economy. The "commanding heights" employed the majority of the workers in the urban areas. Under the NEP, such state industries would be largely free to make their own economic decisions.

text: In the cities and between the cities and the countryside, the NEP period saw a huge expansion of trade in the hands of full-time merchants - who were typically denounced as "speculators" by the leftists and also often resented by the public. The growth in trade, though, did generally coincide with rising living standards in both the city and the countryside (around 80% of Soviet citizens were in the countryside at this point).

text: The Soviet NEP (1921–29) was essentially a period of "market socialism" similar to the economic reform in China in 1978 in that both foresaw a role for private entrepreneurs and limited markets based on trade and pricing rather than fully centralized planning. As an interesting aside, during the first meeting in the early 1980s between Deng Xiaoping and Armand Hammer, a U.S. industrialist and prominent investor in Lenin's Soviet Union, Deng pressed Hammer for as much information on the NEP as possible.

text: During the NEP period, agricultural yields not only recovered to the levels attained before the Bolshevik Revolution, but greatly improved. The break-up of the quasi-feudal landed estates of the Tsarist-era countryside gave peasants their greatest incentives ever to maximize production. Now able to sell their surpluses on the open market, peasant spending gave a boost to the manufacturing sectors in the urban areas. As a result of the NEP, and the break-up of the landed estates while the Communist Party was strengthening power between 1917–1921, the Soviet Union became the world's greatest producer of grain.

text: Agriculture, however, would recover from civil war more rapidly than heavy industry. Factories, badly damaged by civil war and capital depreciation, were far less productive. In addition, the organization of enterprises into trusts or syndicates representing one particular sector of the economy would contribute to imbalances between supply and demand associated with monopolies. Due to the lack of incentives brought by market competition, and with little or no state controls on their internal policies, trusts were likely to sell their products at higher prices.

text: The slower recovery of industry would pose some problems for the peasantry, who accounted for 80% of the population. Since agriculture was relatively more productive, relative price indexes for industrial goods were higher than those of agricultural products. The outcome of this was what Trotsky deemed the "Scissors Crisis" because of the scissors-like shape of the graph representing shifts in relative price indexes. Simply put, peasants would have to produce more grain to purchase consumer goods from the urban areas. As a result, some peasants withheld agricultural surpluses in anticipation of higher prices, thus contributing to mild shortages in the cities. This, of course, is speculative market behavior, which was frowned upon by many Communist Party cadres, who considered it to be exploitative of urban consumers.

text: In the meantime, the party took constructive steps to offset the crisis, attempting to bring down prices for manufactured goods and stabilize inflation, by imposing price controls on essential industrial goods and breaking-up the trusts in order to increase economic efficiency.

text: The death of Lenin and the fate of the NEP[edit]

text: Following Lenin's third stroke, a troika made up of Stalin, Zinoviev and Kamenev emerged to take day to day leadership of the party and the country and try to block Trotsky from taking power. Lenin, however, had become increasingly anxious about Stalin and, following his December 1922 stroke, dictated a letter (known as Lenin's Testament) to the party criticizing him and urging his removal as general secretary, a position which was starting to arise as the most powerful in the party. Stalin was aware of Lenin's Testament and acted to keep Lenin in isolation for health reasons and increase his control over the party apparatus.

text: Zinoviev and Bukharin became concerned about Stalin's increasing power and proposed that the Orgburo which Stalin headed be abolished and that Zinoviev and Trotsky be added to the party secretariat thus diminishing Stalin's role as general secretary. Stalin reacted furiously and the Orgburo was retained but Bukharin, Trotsky and Zinoviev were added to the body.

text: Due to growing political differences with Trotsky and his Left Opposition in the fall of 1923, the troika of Stalin, Zinoviev and Kamenev reunited. At the Twelfth Party Congress in 1923, Trotsky failed to use Lenin's Testament as a tool against Stalin for fear of endangering the stability of the party.

text: Lenin died in January 1924 and in May his Testament was read aloud at the Central Committee but Zinoviev and Kamenev argued that Lenin's objections had proven groundless and that Stalin should remain General Secretary. The Central Committee decided not to publish the testament.

text: Meanwhile, the campaign against Trotsky intensified and he was removed from the position of People's Commissar of War before the end of the year. In 1925, Trotsky was denounced for his essay Lessons of October, which criticized Zinoviev and Kamenev for initially opposing Lenin's plans for an insurrection in 1917. Trotsky was also denounced for his theory of permanent revolution which contradicted Stalin's position that socialism could be built in one country, Russia, without a worldwide revolution. As the prospects for a revolution in Europe, particularly Germany, became increasingly dim through the 1920s, Trotsky's theoretical position began to look increasingly pessimistic as far as the success of Russian socialism was concerned.

text: With the resignation of Trotsky as War Commissar, the unity of the troika began to unravel. Zinoviev and Kamenev again began to fear Stalin's power and felt that their positions were threatened. Stalin moved to form an alliance with Bukharin and his allies on the right of the party who supported the New Economic Policy and encouraged a slowdown in industrialization efforts and a move towards encouraging the peasants to increase production via market incentives. Zinoviev and Kamenev criticized this policy as a return to capitalism. The conflict erupted at the Fourteenth Party Congress held in December 1925 with Zinoviev and Kamenev now protesting against the dictatorial policies of Stalin and trying to revive the issue of Lenin's Testament which they had previously buried. Stalin now used Trotsky's previous criticisms of Zinoviev and Kamenev to defeat and demote them and bring in allies like Vyacheslav Molotov, Kliment Voroshilov and Mikhail Kalinin. Trotsky was dropped from the politburo entirely in 1926. The Fourteenth Congress also saw the first developments of the Stalin's cult of personality with him being referred to as "leader" for the first time and becoming the subject of effusive praise from delegates.

text: Trotsky, Zinoviev and Kamenev formed a United Opposition against the policies of Stalin and Bukharin, but they had lost influence as a result of the inner party disputes and in October 1927, Trotsky, Zinoviev and Kamenev were expelled from the Central Committee. In November, prior to the Fifteenth Party Congress, Trotsky and Zinoviev were expelled from the Communist Party itself as Stalin sought to deny the Opposition any opportunity to make their struggle public. By the time, the Congress finally convened in December 1927. Zinoviev had capitulated to Stalin and denounced his previous adherence to the opposition as "anti-Leninist" and the few remaining members still loyal to the opposition were subjected to insults and humiliations. By early 1928, Trotsky and other leading members of the Left Opposition had been sentenced to internal exile.

text: Stalin now moved against Bukharin by appropriating Trotsky's criticisms of his right wing policies and he promoted a new general line of the party favoring collectivization of the peasantry and rapid industrialization of industry, forcing Bukharin and his supporters into a Right Opposition.

text: At the Central Committee meeting held in July 1928, Bukharin and his supporters argued that Stalin's new policies would cause a breach with the peasantry. Bukharin also alluded to Lenin's Testament. While he had support from the party organization in Moscow and the leadership of several commissariats, Stalin's control of the secretariat was decisive in that it allowed Stalin to manipulate elections to party posts throughout the country, giving him control over a large section of the Central Committee. The Right Opposition was defeated and Bukharin attempted to form an alliance with Kamenev and Zinoviev but it was too late.


document_title: Visa requirements for Australian citizens

question_text: visa requirements for australian citizens travelling to turkey

question_tokens: visa requirements for australian citizens travelling to turkey

text: Visa requirements for Australian citizens

text: Visa requirements map[edit]

text: Visa requirements[edit]

text: Each country has a multitude of visa types, each with its particular purpose and requirements. Rules for short visits by ordinary passport holders are as follows:

text:
Country
Visa requirement
Allowed stay
Notes (excluding departure fees)

 Afghanistan
Visa required[2]

Due to safety concerns, Australian government advises its citizens not to visit Afghanistan.[3]

 Albania
Visa not required[4]
90 days

 Algeria
Visa required[5]

 Andorra
Visa not required[6]

 Angola
eVisa[7][8]
30 days

Visitors who were granted online pre-visa are then issued with visa on arrival at Luanda International Airport.[9][10]
For a maximum total stay of 90 days within year period.[11]

 Antigua and Barbuda
Visa not required[12]
1 month

 Argentina
Visa not required[13]
90 days

 Armenia
Visa not required[14]
180 days

 Austria
Visa not required[15]
90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area

 Azerbaijan
eVisa[16]
30 days[17]

 Bahamas
Visa not required[18]
3 months

 Bahrain
eVisa / Visa on arrival[19]
14 days

 Bangladesh
Visa on arrival[20]
30 days
Not available at all entry points.[21]

 Barbados
Visa not required[22]
6 months

 Belarus
Visa not required[23]
5 days
Must arrive via Minsk International Airport;
Visas are issued on arrival at the Minsk International Airport
if the support documents were submitted not later than 3 business days before expected date of arrival.[24]

 Belgium
Visa not required[25]
90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area

 Belize
Visa not required[26]
1 month[27]

 Benin
Visa on arrival[28]
8 days

 Bhutan
Visa required[29]

Visa approved via tour operators only.

 Bolivia
Visa not required[30]
90 days

 Bosnia and Herzegovina
Visa not required[31]
90 days within any 6-month period

 Botswana
Visa not required[32]
90 days per year

 Brazil
eVisa[33]
90 days per year

 Brunei
Visa on arrival[34]
30 days

 Bulgaria
Visa not required[35]
90 days within any 180 day period

 Burkina Faso
Visa on arrival[36]
1 month

 Burundi
Visa required[37]

Due to safety concerns, Australian government advises its citizens not to visit Burundi.[38]

 Cambodia
eVisa / Visa on arrival[39]
30 days
Visa is also obtainable online.[40]

 Cameroon
Visa required[41]

 Canada
Visa not required[42]
6 months
eTA required if arriving by air.[43]

 Cape Verde
Visa on arrival[44]

Not available at all entry points.[45]

 Central African Republic
Visa required[46]

Due to safety concerns, Australian government advises its citizens not to visit Central African Republic.[47]

 Chad
Visa required[48]

Letter of invitation required.

 Chile
Visa not required[49]
90 days
Australian tourists entering Chile through Santiago International Airport are required to pay a "reciprocity fee" of US$117.

 China
Visa required[50]

72-hours visa free visit when in transit at, Changsha, Chengdu, Chongqing, Guangzhou, Guilin, Harbin, Kunming, Qingdao, Wuhan, Xi'an and Xiamen.
144-hours visa free visit when in transit at Beijing (Beijing Capital International Airport)[51], Dalian, Hangzhou, Hebei (Shijiazhuang Zhengding International Airport)[52], Nanjing, Shanghai (Hongqiao and Pudong international airports, Railway Station and port), Shenyang and Tianjin (Tianjin Binhai International Airport)[53]
Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan do count as third countries under the 72 and 144-hours transit policy.

 Colombia
Visa not required[54]
180 days
90 days - extendable up to 180-days stay within a one-year period

 Comoros
Visa on arrival[55]

 Republic of the Congo
Visa required[56]

Visa and invitation letters approved via tour operators only.

 Democratic Republic of the Congo
Visa required[57]

Visa not required for Congolese-born visitors

 Costa Rica
Visa not required[58]
90 days

 Côte d'Ivoire
eVisa[59]
3 months
eVisa holders must arrive via Port Bouet Airport.

 Croatia
Visa not required[60]
90 days within any 180 day period

 Cuba
Visa required !Tourist Card required[61]

Visitors travelling to Cuba can purchase a tourist card at the Cuban embassy or nearest travel agent that sells authorized cards.

 Cyprus
Visa not required[62]
90 days within any 180 day period

 Czech Republic
Visa not required[63]
90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area

 Denmark
Visa not required[64]
90 days within any 180 day period regardless of previous time spent in other Schengen countries (except the other Nordic countries)

 Djibouti
eVisa[65]
31 days

 Dominica
Visa not required[66]
6 months

 Dominican Republic
Visa not required[67]
90 days

 Ecuador
Visa not required[68]
90 days[27]

 Egypt
eVisa / Visa on arrival[69][70]
30 days

 El Salvador
Visa not required[71]
3 months

 Equatorial Guinea
Visa required[72]

Letter of invitation required.

 Eritrea
Visa required[73]

A tourist visa for Australian citizens is issued for a stay of 1 month from arrival to Eritrea.

 Estonia
Visa not required[74]
90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area

 Ethiopia
eVisa / Visa on arrival[75]

Not available at all entry points.[76]

 Fiji
Visa not required[77]
4 months

 Finland
Visa not required[78]
90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area

 France
Visa not required[79]
90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area (in Regions of France)

 Gabon
eVisa / Visa on arrival[80]

Electronic visa holders must arrive via Libreville International Airport.[81]

 Gambia
Visa not required[82]
90 days

 Georgia
Visa not required[83]
360 days[84]

 Germany
Visa not required[85]
90 days within any 180 day period regardless of previous time spent in Schengen countries

 Ghana
Visa required[86][87]

Visa fee AUD$140 for single entry.

 Greece
Visa not required[88]
90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area

 Grenada
Visa not required[89]
3 months[27]

 Guatemala
Visa not required[90]
90 days

 Guinea
Visa required[91]

 Guinea-Bissau
eVisa / Visa on arrival[92]
90 days

 Guyana
Visa not required[93]
3 months

 Haiti
Visa not required[94]
3 months

 Honduras
Visa not required[95]
3 months

 Hungary
Visa not required[96]
90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area

 Iceland
Visa not required[97]
90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area

 India
e-Visa[98]
60 days
e-Visa holders must arrive via 24 designated airports or 3 designated seaports.[99]

 Indonesia
Visa not required[100][101]
30 days

 Iran
Visa on arrival[102]
30 days[103]

 Iraq
Visa required[104]

Due to safety concerns, Australian government advises its citizens not to visit Iraq.[105]

 Ireland
Visa not required[106]
3 months

 Israel
Visa not required[107]
3 months

 Italy
Visa not required[108]
90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area

 Jamaica
Visa not required[109]

 Japan
Visa not required[110]
90 days

 Jordan
Visa on arrival[111]

Conditions apply.[112] Not available at all entry points.[113]

 Kazakhstan
Visa not required[114]
30 days

 Kenya
eVisa / Visa on arrival[115]
3 months

 Kiribati
Visa not required[116]
30 days

 North Korea
Visa required[117]

 South Korea
Visa not required[118]
90 days

 Kuwait
eVisa / Visa on arrival[119]
3 months

 Kyrgyzstan
Visa not required[120]
60 days
A single or multiple tourist or business e-visa for 90 days is also available.[121]

 Laos
Visa on arrival[122]
30 days.[27]
Not available at all entry points.[123]

 Latvia
Visa not required[124]
90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area

 Lebanon
Visa on arrival[125]
1 month
1 month extendible for 2 additional months; granted free of charge at Beirut International Airport or any other port of entry if there is no Israeli visa or seal, holding a telephone number, an address in Lebanon, and a non refundable return or circle trip ticket.

 Lesotho
Visa not required[126]
14 days[27]

 Liberia
Visa required[127]

 Libya
Visa required[128]

Due to safety concerns, Australian government advises its citizens not to visit Libya.[129]

 Liechtenstein
Visa not required[130]
90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area

 Lithuania
Visa not required[131]
90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area

 Luxembourg
Visa not required[132]
90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area

 Macedonia
Visa not required[133]
90 days within any 180 day period

 Madagascar
Visa on arrival[134]
30 days
Free of charge.

 Malawi
Visa on arrival[135]

 Malaysia
Visa not required[136]
3 months

 Maldives
Visa on arrival[137]
30 days[27]

 Mali
Visa required[138]

 Malta
Visa not required[139]
90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area

 Marshall Islands
Visa on arrival[140]
90 days

 Mauritania
Visa on arrival[141]

Available at Nouakchott–Oumtounsy International Airport.

 Mauritius
Visa not required[142]
90 days

 Mexico
Visa not required[143]
180 days

 Micronesia
Visa not required[144]
30 days

 Moldova
Visa not required[145]
90 days within any 180 day period

 Monaco
Visa not required[146]

 Mongolia
Visa required[147]

Registration upon arrival for stays longer than 30 days is mandatory.

 Montenegro
Visa not required[148]
90 days within any 180 day period

 Morocco
Visa not required[149]
3 months

 Mozambique
Visa on arrival[150]
30 days
Conditions apply[151]

 Myanmar
eVisa[152]
28 days
eVisa holders must arrive via Yangon, Nay Pyi Taw or Mandalay airports.

 Namibia
Visa not required[153]
3 months

 Nauru
Visa required[154]

Criminal record and medical fitness certificates are not required for Australian citizens.[155]

   Nepal
Visa on arrival[156]
90 days

 Netherlands
Visa not required[157]
90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen area (European Netherlands)

 New Zealand
Freedom of movement[158]

Trans-Tasman Travel Arrangement

 Nicaragua
Visa not required[159]
90 days

 Niger
Visa required[160]

 Nigeria
Visa required[161]

Visa not required for Nigerian-born citizens.

 Norway
Visa not required[162]
90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area

 Oman
eVisa[163]
30 days

 Pakistan
Visa required[164]

Visa on arrival when travelling on business valid for 30 days. Conditions apply.[165]

 Palau
Visa on arrival[166]
30 days

 Panama
Visa not required[167]
180 days

 Papua New Guinea
Free Visa on arrival[168]
30 days
Available at Gurney Airport (Alotau), Mount Hagen Airport, Port Moresby Airport and Tokua Airport (Rabaul).

 Paraguay
Visa on arrival[169]
90 days
Only available at Silvio Pettirossi International Airport in Luque. Reciprocity fee applies.

 Peru
Visa not required[170]
183 days

 Philippines
Visa not required[171]
30 days

 Poland
Visa not required[172]
90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area

 Portugal
Visa not required[173]
90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area

 Qatar
eVisa / Visa on arrival[174]
30 days
Available at Hamad International Airport. eVisa is also available.

 Romania
Visa not required[175]
90 days within any 180 day period

 Russia
Visa required[176]

Registration required after 2 business days.

 Rwanda
eVisa / Visa on arrival[177]
30 days

 Saint Kitts and Nevis
Visa not required[178]
3 months

 Saint Lucia
Visa not required[179]
6 weeks

 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Visa not required[180]
1 month

 Samoa
Visa on arrival !Entry Permit on arrival[181]
60 days

 San Marino
Visa not required[182]

 São Tomé and Príncipe
eVisa[183]

 Saudi Arabia
Visa required[184]

 Senegal
Visa not required[185]

 Serbia
Visa not required[186]
90 days within any 180 day period

 Seychelles
Visa on arrival !Visitor's Permit on arrival[187]
3 months[27]

 Sierra Leone
Visa required[188]

 Singapore
Visa not required[189]
90 days

 Slovakia
Visa not required[190]
90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area

 Slovenia
Visa not required[191]
90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area

 Solomon Islands
Visa on arrival !Visitor's permit on arrival[192]
3 months

 Somalia
Visa on arrival[193]

Due to safety concerns, Australian government advises its citizens not to visit Somalia.[194]

 South Africa
Visa not required[195]
90 days

 South Sudan
Visa required[196]

Due to safety concerns, Australian government advises its citizens not to visit South Sudan.[197]

 Spain
Visa not required[198]
90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area

 Sri Lanka
eVisa / Visa on arrival[199]
30 days

 Sudan
Visa required[200]

Visa not required for Sudanese-born citizens

 Suriname
Visa required[201]

Visitors arriving from Australia without a representation from Suriname can obtain a visa on arrival with a maximum stay of 2 months if holding a pre-arranged approval.

 Swaziland
Visa not required[202]
30 days[27]

 Sweden
Visa not required[203]
90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area

  Switzerland
Visa not required[204]
90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area

 Syria
Visa required[205]

Due to safety concerns, Australian government advises its citizens not to visit Syria.[206]

 Tajikistan
Visa on arrival[207]
45 days
At Dushanbe International Airport. Visa also available online. E-visa holders can enter through all border points.[208]

 Tanzania
Visa on arrival[209]

 Thailand
Visa not required[210]
30 days
Maximum two visits annually if not arriving by air

 Timor-Leste
Visa on arrival[211]
30 days
Not available at all entry points.[212]

 Togo
Visa on arrival[213]
7 days

 Tonga
Visa on arrival[214]
31 days

 Trinidad and Tobago
Visa on arrival[215]
30 days

 Tunisia
Visa not required[216][217]
3 months

 Turkey
eVisa / Visa on arrival[218]
3 months[219]
Cruise ship passengers do not require a visa for up to 72 hours.[220] eVisa can be obtained on arrival for a higher fee.

 Turkmenistan
Visa required[221]

 Tuvalu
Visa on arrival[222]
1 month[27]

 Uganda
eVisa / Visa on arrival[223]

Determined at the port of entry. May apply online.[224]

 Ukraine
eVisa / Visa on arrival[225][226]
15 days
Visa on arrival for 15 days for business or tourism purposes, available at Kyiv Boryspil Airport, Kyiv International Airport (Zhuliany) and Odessa International Airport.[227]

 United Arab Emirates
Visa on arrival[228]
30 days

 United Kingdom and Crown dependencies
Visa not required[229]
6 months

 United States
Visa not required !Visa Waiver Program[230]
90 days
On arrival from overseas; ESTA (valid for 2 years when issued) required if arriving by air or cruise ship.[231]

ESTA is not required for Guam and Northern Mariana Islands.

 Uruguay
Visa not required[232]
3 months

 Uzbekistan
Visa required[233]

Simplified procedure for Australian citizens - no requirement for tourist voucher or invitation letter from Uzbekistan.[234]

 Vanuatu
Visa not required[235]
30 days[27]

  Vatican City
Visa not required[236]

 Venezuela
Visa not required[237]
90 days

 Vietnam
eVisa[238]
30 days

 Yemen
Visa required[239]

Due to safety concerns, Australian government advises its citizens not to visit Yemen.[240]

 Zambia
eVisa / Visa on arrival[241]
90 days
Also eligible for a universal visa allowing access to Zimbabwe. eVisa available.

 Zimbabwe
eVisa / Visa on arrival[242]
3 months
Strictly tourism purposes only. Also eligible for a universal visa allowing access to Zambia. eVisa available.

tag: table

text: Dependent, Disputed, or Restricted territories[edit]

text:
Territory
Conditions of access
Notes

 Abkhazia
Visa required[243]

 Kosovo
Visa not required[244]
90 days

 Northern Cyprus
Visa not required[245]
3 months

 Artsakh
Visa required[246]
Travellers with Artsakh visa (expired or valid) or evidence of travel to Artsakh (stamps) will be permanently denied entry to Azerbaijan.[247]

 Palestine
Visa not required[248]
Arrival by sea to Gaza Strip not allowed.[249]

 Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic

Undefined visa regime in the Western Sahara controlled territory.

 Somaliland
Visa on arrival
30 days for 30 US dollars, payable on arrival.[250][251]

 South Ossetia
Visa not required[252]
Multiple entry visa to Russia and three day prior notification are required to enter South Ossetia.[253][254]

 Taiwan
Visa not required[255][256]
90 days

 Transnistria
Visa not required[257]
Registration required after 24h.[258][259]

text:
Territory
Conditions of access
Notes

China

 Hong Kong
Visa not required[260]
90 days

 Macau
Visa not required[261]
30 days

Denmark

 Faroe Islands
Visa not required[262]

 Greenland
Visa not required[263]

France

 French Guiana
Visa not required[264]
3 months

 French Polynesia
Visa not required[265]
90 days within 180 days

 French West Indies
Visa not required
Includes overseas departments of Guadeloupe and Martinique and overseas collectivities of Saint Barthélemy and Saint Martin.

 Mayotte
Visa not required[266]
3 months

 New Caledonia
Visa not required[267]
3 months

 Réunion
Visa not required[268]
3 months

 Saint Pierre and Miquelon
Visa not required[269]
3 months

 Wallis and Futuna
Visa not required[270]
3 months

Netherlands

 Aruba
Visa not required[271]
30 days, extendable to 180 days

 Caribbean Netherlands
Visa not required[272]
90 days. Includes Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba.

 Curaçao
Visa not required[273]
90 days

 Sint Maarten
Visa not required[274]
90 days

New Zealand

 Cook Islands
Visa not required[275]
31 days

 Niue
Visa not required[276]
30 days

 Tokelau
Visa required[277]

United Kingdom

 Akrotiri and Dhekelia
Visa not required[278]
Stays longer than 28 days per 12-month period require a permit.[279]

 Anguilla
Visa not required[280]
3 months

 Bermuda
Visa not required[281]
Up to 6 months, decided on arriva

 British Indian Ocean Territory
Special permit required
Special permit required.[282]

 British Virgin Islands
Visa not required[283]
30 days, extensions possible

 Cayman Islands
Visa not required[284]
6 months

 Falkland Islands
Visa not required[285]

 Gibraltar
Visa not required[286]

 Montserrat
Visa not required[287]
6 months

 Pitcairn Islands
Visa not required
14 days visa free and landing fee 35 USD or tax of 5 USD if not going ashore.[288][289][290]

 Ascension Island
Entry Permit required
Entry Permit must be obtained minimum 28 days in advance (3 months for 20/30 pounds sterling, single/double entry).[291]

 Saint Helena
Visitor's Pass required
Visitor's Pass granted on arrival valid for 4/10/21/60/90 days for 12/14/16/20/25 pound sterling.[292]

 Tristan da Cunha
Permission required
Permission to land required for 15/30 pounds sterling (yacht/ship passenger) for Tristan da Cunha Island or 20 pounds sterling for Gough Island, Inaccessible Island or Nightingale Islands.[293]

 South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
Permit required
Pre-arrival permit from the Commissioner required (72 hours/1 month for 110/160 pounds sterling).[294][295]

 Turks and Caicos Islands
Visa required[296]
90 days

United States

 American Samoa
Entry permit required[297]

 Guam
Visa not required[298]
45 days

 Northern Mariana Islands
Visa not required[299]
45 days

 Puerto Rico
Visa not required[300]
Under the Visa Waiver Program, for 90 days on arrival from overseas for 2 years. ESTA required.

 U.S. Virgin Islands
Visa not required[301]
Under the Visa Waiver Program, for 90 days on arrival from overseas for 2 years. ESTA required.

Antarctica and adjacent islands

Special permits required for  Bouvet Island,  British Antarctic Territory,  French Southern and Antarctic Lands,  Argentine Antarctica,  Australian Antarctic Territory,  Chilean Antarctic Territory,  Heard Island and McDonald Islands,  Peter I Island,  Queen Maud Land,  Ross Dependency.[302][303][304][305][306][307][308][309][310][311][312][313]

text:
Territory
Conditions of access
Notes

 Brest and Grodno
Visa not required
Visa-free for 10 days[314]

 China
Hainan
Visa on arrival[315]
15 days. Available at Haikou Meilan International Airport and Sanya Phoenix International Airport.
Visa not required for 15 days for traveling as part of a tourist group (5 or more people)[316]

 China
Tibet Autonomous Region
TTP required
Tibet Travel Permit required (10 US Dollars).[317][318][319]

 Crimea
Visa required
Visa issued by Russia is required.[320]

 Ecuador
 Galápagos
Pre-registration required
Online pre-registration is required. Transit Control Card must also be obtained at the airport prior to departure.[321]

 Eritrea outside Asmara
Travel permit required
To travel in the rest of the country, a Travel Permit for Foreigners is required (20 Eritrean nakfa).[322]

 Greece
 Mount Athos
Special permit required
Special permit required (4 days: 25 euro for Orthodox visitors, 35 euro for non-Orthodox visitors, 18 euro for students). There is a visitors' quota: maximum 100 Orthodox and 10 non-Orthodox per day and women are not allowed.[323][324]

 India PAP/RAP
PAP/RAP required
Protected Area Permit (PAP) required for whole states of Nagaland and Sikkim and parts of states Manipur, Arunachal Pradesh, Uttaranchal, Jammu and Kashmir, Rajasthan, Himachal Pradesh.
Restricted Area Permit (RAP) required for all of Andaman and Nicobar Islands and parts of Sikkim. Some of these requirements are occasionally lifted for a year.[325][326][327][328][329][330]

 Iran
Kish Island
Visa not required
Visitors to Kish Island do not require a visa.[331]

 Iraqi Kurdistan
Visa on arrival
Visa on arrival for 15 days is available at Erbil and Sulaymaniyah airports.[332]

 Fiji
Lau Province
Special permission required
Special permission required.[333]

 France
Clipperton Island
Special permit required
Special permit required.[334]

 Kazakhstan
Special permission required
Special permission required for the town of Baikonur and surrounding areas in Kyzylorda Oblast, and the town of Gvardeyskiy near Almaty.[335]

 North Korea outside Pyongyang
Special permit required
People are not allowed to leave the capital city, tourists can only leave the capital with a governmental tourist guide (no independent moving)

 Malaysia Sabah and Sarawak
Visa not required
These states have their own immigration authorities and passport is required to travel to them, however the same visa applies.[336]

 Maldives outside Malé
Permission required
With the exception of the capital Malé, tourists are generally prohibited from visiting non-resort islands without the express permission of the Government of Maldives.[337]

 Norway
Jan Mayen
Permit required
Permit issued by the local police required for staying for less than 24 hours[338] and permit issued by the Norwegian police for staying for more than 24 hours.[339]

 Svalbard of  Norway
Visa not Required

Unlimited Stay (Idefinite Stay).

 Novorossiya
Restricted area
Crossing from Ukraine requires visit purpose to be explained to Ukrainian passport control on exit and those who entered from Russia are not allowed to proceed further into Ukraine.[340][341]

 Russia
Special authorization required
Several closed cities and regions in Russia require special authorization.[342]

 Sudan outside Khartoum
Travel permit required
All foreigners traveling more than 25 kilometers outside of Khartoum must obtain a travel permit.

 Sudan
Darfur
Travel permit required
Separate travel permit is required.[343]

 Tajikistan
Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Province
OIVR permit required
OIVR permit required (15+5 Tajikistani Somoni) and another special permit (free of charge) is required for Lake Sarez.[344][345][346]

 UN Buffer Zone in Cyprus
Access Permit required[347]
Access Permit is required for travelling inside the zone, except Civil Use Areas.

 Korean Demilitarized Zone
Restricted zone.

 UNDOF Zone and Ghajar
Restricted zone.

 United States Minor Outlying Islands
Special permits required
Special permits required for Baker Island, Howland Island, Jarvis Island, Johnston Atoll, Kingman Reef, Midway Atoll, Palmyra Atoll and Wake Island.[348][349][350][351][352][353][354]

 Venezuela
Margarita Island
Visa not required
All visitors are fingerprinted.[355]

 Vietnam
Phú Quốc
Visa not required
30 days[356]

 Yemen outside Sana’a or Aden
Special permission required
Special permission needed for travel outside Sana’a or Aden.[357]

text: Reciprocity issues[edit]

text: Some countries regard the ETA as being equivalent to visa-free travel when deciding whether to grant the same to Australians wishing to enter their territory. The United States, for example, offers their Visa Waiver Program to Australian passport-holders,[358] and one of the conditions for joining this scheme is that "Governments provide reciprocal visa-free travel for U.S. citizens for 90 days for tourism or business purposes".[359] However, United States require from January 2009 similar ETA from citizens of Australia and some more countries. This system is not called visa, but Electronic System for Travel Authorization, therefore the USA still allows visa-free travel for Australians. As of December 1998, Japan has also granted visa-free access to Australians.[360] Other ETA eligible countries and territories including Canada,[361] Hong Kong,[362] Malaysia,[363] Singapore,[364] South Korea (90 days)[365] and Taiwan (90 days)[366] also grant visa-free access to Australians while Brunei grants Australians a 30-day visa on arrival.[367]

text: Additional rules[edit]

text: Visa exemptions for Schengen states[edit]

text: A stay in the Schengen Area as a whole of more than three months (but no more than three months in any individual member state)[edit]

text: The Australian Government has signed bilateral visa waiver agreements with a number of the individual countries who are Schengen signatories, which allow Australian citizens to spend up to three months in the relevant country, without reference to time spent in other Schengen signatory states. Since these agreements continue to remain valid despite the implementation of the Schengen agreement, the European Commission has confirmed that in practice if Australians visit Schengen countries which have signed these types of bilateral agreements with Australia, then the terms of these agreements override the conditions normally imposed as a result of the Schengen visa exemption agreement.[368] However, amendments are under consideration to restrict exit from the Schengen area only through the territory of the Member State which is a Contracting Party to the bilateral agreement and the authorities of which have extended the stay. [369]

text: Australia has individual bilateral visa waiver agreements with the following Schengen signatories:

text:
Austria[370]
 Belgium[371]
 Denmark[372][373]
 Finland[374]
 France[375]
 Germany[376][377]

 Iceland[378]
 Italy[379]
 Luxembourg[380]
 Netherlands[381][382]
 Spain[383]
 Norway[384]
 Sweden[385]

text: Consequently, Australian citizens can visit the above Schengen member states visa-free for periods of up to three months in each country. If, however, an Australian citizen then visits another Schengen state not included in the list above, the restriction of no more than three months out of a six-month period in the Schengen area as a whole applies. Therefore, if an Australian citizen has already spent three months in one or more of the above Schengen countries, any visits to another Schengen country without a bilateral visa waiver agreement with Australia may lead to difficulties with local law enforcement agencies (e.g. being accused of having overstayed upon leaving a Schengen country which is not in the list above).

text: A stay in the Schengen Area as a whole of up to three months[edit]

text: Australian citizens are classified as 'Annex II' foreign nationals, and so are permitted to stay visa-free in the 26 member states of the Schengen Area as a whole — rather than each country individually — for a period not exceeding 3 months every 6 months.

text: During the visa exemption period, Australian citizens are permitted to work in Belgium, Bulgaria, Denmark, Finland, Germany, Iceland, Lithuania, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Slovenia and Sweden.[386] In addition, Australian citizens intending to stay and work in Estonia for up to 90 days can do so without a visa as long as the employer has completed a 'registration of short-term employment'.[387]

text: A stay in the Schengen Area as a whole of more than 3 months (and more than 3 months in an individual member state)[edit]

text: In general, any person who is not a European Union, European Economic Area or Swiss citizen and who wishes to stay in a Schengen member state for more than 3 months is required to obtain a national long-stay 'D' visa and/or a residence permit. Australian citizens aged 18–30 (or 18-35 in some cases) are able to obtain a national long-stay 'D' visa and/or a residence permit from some Schengen member states on the basis of a working holiday (see below). Schengen member states also issue national long-stay 'D' visas and residence permits for other reasons to those fulfilling criteria laid out in their national immigration policies (e.g. skilled workers, students, au pair).

text: In general, the national long-stay 'D' visa/residence permit needs to be obtained in advance through the member state's embassy/consulate. However, some Schengen member states offer exceptions for Australian citizens.

text: Austria allows Australian citizens to enter the country without a visa and to apply for a temporary residence permit or a 'Red-White-Red Card' (issued to permanent immigrants) after arrival, rather than in advance through an Austrian embassy/consulate.[388][389]

text: The  Czech Republic allows Australian citizens to apply for a work visa under a special scheme known as a 'Green Card' (rather than a 'Blue Card' or work permit which is required by most non-EU citizens). The application for a Green Card can be lodged at any Czech embassy/consulate (or, in some circumstances, within the Czech Republic if the applicant is already resident there) and is usually processed within 60 days.[390] Note that 'Green Cards' are no longer issued after 24 June 2014.[391]

text: Germany permits Australian citizens intending to stay in the country for over 3 months to enter without a visa and to apply for a residence permit after arrival (whilst for many other non-EEA and Swiss citizens, a residence permit and visa for a stay over 3 months must be applied for in advance at a German foreign mission).[392][393]

text: Estonia permits Australian citizens to stay and work in Estonia for more than 90 days but less than 6 months as long as they obtain a category 'D' long-stay visa at a cost of €80 in advance at an Estonian foreign mission after the employer has completed a 'registration of short-term employment'.[394] Australian citizens intending to stay and work in Estonia for more than 6 months can apply for a temporary residence permit for employment after arrival in the country.[395]

text: Hungary allows Australian citizens who wish to stay for more than 90 days in the country to apply for a residence card from the regional directorate of the Office of Immigration and Nationality within 90 days of arrival and do not need to obtain a residence permit prior to arrival in Hungary (unlike most other non-EEA and Swiss foreign nationals).[396]

text: Latvia permits Australian citizens intending to stay in the country for over 3 months as self-employed persons or as businesspersons to enter Latvia without a visa and to apply for a residence permit after arrival (whilst for many non-EEA and Swiss citizens, an application for a residence permit must be lodged in advance at a Latvian foreign mission).[397]

text: Netherlands exempts Australian citizens from the requirement to obtain a Schengen category "D" visa (the visa issued for long term stays in The Netherlands of over 90 days, known in Dutch as the "MVV" visa) - an exemption which goes beyond the visa waiver afforded to most other non-EEA and non-Swiss foreign nationals who are usually only given a visa waiver of up to 90 days in a 180-day period.[398]

text: Norway permits Australian citizens who have qualifications as a skilled worker to stay in the country without a visa for up to 6 months to seek employment as a skilled worker or a specialist (except as a religious leader/teacher or an ethnic cook), as long as they register with the police within 3 months of arriving in Norway.[399]

text: Visa exemptions and requirements for the United Kingdom[edit]

text: Australian citizens are able to visit the United Kingdom for up to 6 months (or 3 months if they enter from the Republic of Ireland) without the need to apply for a visa as long as they fulfil all of the following criteria:

text:
they do not work during their stay in the UK
they must not register a marriage or register a civil partnership during their stay in the UK
they can present evidence of sufficient money to fund their stay in the UK (if requested by the border inspection officer)
they intend to leave the UK at the end of their visit and can meet the cost of the return/onward journey
they have completed a landing card and submitted it at passport control unless in direct transit to a destination outside the Common Travel Area[400]
if under the age of 18, they can demonstrate evidence of suitable care arrangements and parental (or guardian's) consent for their stay in the UK[401]

tag: ul

text: However, even though, strictly speaking, he or she is not required to apply for a visa if he or she satisfies all of the above criteria, an Australian citizen who falls into any of the following categories has been strongly advised by the UK Border Agency (replaced by UK Visas and Immigration) to apply for a visa prior to travelling to the UK:

text:
he/she has any unspent criminal convictions in any country
he/she has previously been refused or breached the terms of any entry to the UK, or been deported or otherwise removed from the UK
he/she has previously applied for a visa and been refused one
he/she has been warned by a UK official that he/she should obtain a visa before travelling to the UK

text: Australian citizens who were born before 1983[citation needed] and qualify for the right of abode are able to live and work in the United Kingdom indefinitely.

text: Australian citizens with a grandparent born either in the United Kingdom, Channel Islands or Isle of Man at any time or in the Republic of Ireland on or before 31 March 1922 can apply for UK Ancestry Entry Clearance, which enables them to work in the UK for five years, after which they can apply to settle indefinitely.

text: Australian citizens aged 18 to 30 can apply for a Youth Mobility Scheme visa which allows them to pursue a working holiday in the UK for two years.

text: Visa exemption for New Zealand[edit]

text: By virtue of the Trans-Tasman Travel Arrangement, Australian citizens are exempt from the requirement to hold a permit on arrival in New Zealand and may reside or work for an indefinite period as long as:[402]

text:
they present a valid Australian passport OR hold a foreign passport showing their Australian Citizen Endorsement or Australian Citizen Declaratory Visa (either with a label or a confirmation letter) as evidence of their Australian citizenship
they have no criminal convictions
they have no untreated tuberculosis
they have not been deported, excluded or removed from any country

text: Travel ban[edit]

text: It is an offence for Australians to travel or remain in Declared Areas. Those are currently parts of northern Iraq and parts of northern Syria.

text: APEC Business Travel Card[edit]

text: Holders of an APEC Business Travel Card (ABTC) travelling on business do not require a visa to the following countries:[403]

text:
Brunei1
 Chile1
 China2
 Hong Kong2
 Indonesia2
 Japan1
 South Korea1
 Malaysia2
 Mexico1

 New Zealand1
 Papua New Guinea2
 Peru1
 Philippines3
 Russia1
 Singapore2
 Taiwan1
 Thailand1
 Vietnam2

text:
1 – up to 90 days
2 – up to 60 days
3 – up to 59 days

text: The card must be used in conjunction with a passport and has the following advantages:[404]

text:
no need to apply for a visa or entry permit to APEC countries, as the card is treated as such (except by  Canada and  United States)
undertake legitimate business in participating economies
expedited border crossing in all member economies, including transitional members
expedited scheduling of visa interview (USA)

text: Non-visa restrictions[edit]

text: Passport validity length[edit]

text: Many countries require passports to be valid for at least 6 months upon arrival.[405] Note that some nations have bilateral agreements with other countries to shorten the passport validity cut-off period for each other's citizens.[406][407]

text: Countries requiring passports to be valid at least 6 months on arrival include Afghanistan, Algeria, Anguilla, Bahrain, Bhutan, Botswana, British Virgin Islands, Brunei, Cambodia, Cameroon, Cayman Islands, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Côte d'Ivoire, Curaçao, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Fiji, Gabon, Guinea Bissau, Guyana, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq (except when arriving at Basra and Erbil or Sulaimaniyah), Israel, Jordan, Kenya, Kiribati, Laos, Madagascar, Malaysia, Marshall Islands, Micronesia, Myanmar, Namibia, Nicaragua, Nigeria, Oman, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Qatar, Rwanda, Saint Lucia, Samoa, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Solomon Islands, Somalia, Somaliland, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Taiwan, Tanzania, Thailand, Timor-Leste, Tokelau, Tonga, Tuvalu, Uganda, United Arab Emirates, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Yemen and Zimbabwe.[408]

text: Countries requiring passports valid for at least 4 months on arrival include Micronesia and Zambia.

text: Countries requiring passports valid for at least 3 months on arrival include European Union countries (except Denmark, Republic of Ireland and the United Kingdom, and always excepting EU/EEA/Swiss nationals), Albania, Belarus, Georgia, Honduras, Iceland, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Liechtenstein, Moldova, Monaco, Nauru, Panama, Saint Barthélemy, San Marino, Switzerland and the United Arab Emirates.

text: Bermuda requires passports to be valid for at least 45 days upon entry.

text: Countries that require a passport validity of at least 1 month on arrival include Eritrea, Hong Kong, Macao, New Zealand and South Africa.[409]

text: Other countries require either a passport valid on arrival or a passport valid throughout the period of the intended stay.

text: Blank passport pages[edit]

text: Many countries require a minimum number of blank pages in the passport being presented, generally one or two pages.[410] Endorsement pages which oftentimes appear after the visa pages are not counted.

text: Vaccination[edit]

text: Many African countries, including Angola, Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo, Côte d'Ivoire, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Rwanda, São Tomé and Príncipe, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Uganda, and Zambia require all incoming passengers to have a current International Certificate of Vaccination.

text: Some other countries require vaccination only if the passenger is coming from an infected area.[411]

text: Israeli stamps[edit]

text: Kuwait,[412] Lebanon,[413] Libya,[414] Saudi Arabia,[415] Sudan,[416] Syria[417] and Yemen[418] do not allow entry to people with passport stamps from Israel or whose passports have either a used or an unused Israeli visa, or where there is evidence of previous travel to Israel such as entry or exit stamps from neighbouring border posts in transit countries such as Jordan and Egypt.

text: To circumvent this Arab League boycott of Israel, the Israeli immigration services have now mostly ceased to stamp foreign nationals' passports on either entry to or exit from Israel. Since 15 January 2013, Israel no longer stamps foreign passports at Ben Gurion Airport, giving passengers a card instead: "Since January 2013 a pilot scheme has been introduced whereby visitors are given an entry card instead of an entry stamp on arrival. You should keep this card with your passport until you leave. This is evidence of your legal entry into Israel and may be required, particularly at any crossing points into the Occupied Palestinian Territories." [419] Passports are still (as of 22 June 2017[update]) stamped at Erez when travelling into and out of Gaza. Also, passports are still stamped (as of 22 June 2017[update]) at the Jordan Valley/Sheikh Hussein and Yitzhak Rabin/Arava land borders with Jordan.

text: Iran: Admission is refused for holders of passports containing an Israeli visa/stamp in the last 12 months

text: Armenian ethnicity[edit]

text: Due to a state of war existing between Armenia and Azerbaijan, the government of Azerbaijan not only bans entry of citizens from Armenia, but also all citizens and nationals of any other country who are of Armenian descent, to the Republic of Azerbaijan[420][421] (although there have been exceptions, notably for Armenia's participation at the 2015 European Games held in Azerbaijan).

text: Azerbaijan also strictly bans any visit by foreign citizens to the separatist region of Nagorno-Karabakh[422] (the de facto independent Republic of Artsakh), its surrounding territories and the Azerbaijani exclaves of Karki, Yuxarı Əskipara, Barxudarlı and Sofulu which are de jure part of Azerbaijan but under control of Armenia, without the prior consent of the government of Azerbaijan. Foreign citizens who enter these occupied territories will be permanently banned from entering the Republic of Azerbaijan[423] and will be included in their "list of personae non gratae".[424] As of late 2017 the list contains 699 persons.

text: Upon request, the Republic of Artsakh authorities may attach their visa and/or stamps to a separate piece of paper in order to avoid detection of travel to their country.

text: Persona non grata[edit]

text: The government of a country can declare a diplomat persona non grata, banning their entry into that country. In non-diplomatic use, the authorities of a country may also declare a foreigner persona non grata permanently or temporarily, usually because of unlawful activity. Attempts to enter the Gaza strip by sea may attract a 10-year ban on entering Israel.[425]

text: Fingerprinting[edit]

text: Several countries including Argentina, Brunei, Cambodia, Japan, Malaysia, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, South Korea and the United States demand all travellers, or all foreign travellers, to be fingerprinted on arrival.[426][427][428][429][430][431][432]

text: Criminal record[edit]

text: Some countries (for example, Canada and the United States[433]) routinely deny entry to non-citizens who have a criminal record.

text: Fingerprinting[edit]

text: Several countries including Argentina, Cambodia, Japan, Malaysia, Saudi Arabia, United States, South Korea demand all passengers to be fingerprinted on arrival.[434][435][436][437][438][439][440]

text: Furthermore, the UAE conducts retina scanning on visitors, however, that is normally for those who have to apply for a visa.[441]

text: Consular protection of Australian citizens abroad[edit]

text:
There are currently over 100 Australian missions overseas.
See also List of diplomatic missions of Australia.

text: Foreign travel statistics[edit]

text: According to the statistics these are the numbers of Australian visitors to various countries per annum in 2015 (unless otherwise noted):

text:
Foreign travel statistics

Destination
Number of Australian visitors

 American Samoa[note 1][442]
974

 Angola[443]
702

 Antarctica[note 2][444]
4,488

 Antigua and Barbuda[note 2][445]
761

 Austria[note 3][note 1][446]
143,000

 Azerbaijan[note 1][447]
1,851

 Bahamas[note 4][448]
3,858

 Barbados[note 3][note 1][449]
2,301

 Belgium[note 1][450]
43,276

 Bhutan[note 1][451]
1,818

 Bolivia[note 1][452]
11,044

 Bosnia and Herzegovina[note 1][453]
7,418

 Botswana[454]
15,607

 Brazil[note 1][455]
49,809

 Brunei[note 5][456]
18,845

 Cambodia[note 1][457]
146,806

 Canada[note 1][458]
352,345

 Cayman Islands[note 2][note 6][459]
1,303

 Chile[note 1][460]
50,968

 China[461]
637,300

 Colombia[462]
13,356

 Congo[note 7][463]
69

 Cook Islands[note 1][464]
23,796

 Costa Rica[note 1][465]
13,555

 Croatia[note 1][466]
149,829

 Cyprus[note 2][467]
14,655

 Dominica[468]
437

 Dominican Republic[note 2][469]
2,723

 Ecuador[note 8][470]
13,686

 Estonia[note 3][note 2][471]
7,431

 Fiji[note 2][472]
365,689

 Finland[473]
26,959

 France[474]
1,266,509

 French Polynesia[note 2][475]
7,363

 Georgia[note 2][476]
4,611

 Germany[note 1][477]
314,014

 Greece[478]
183,165

 Guatemala[note 8][479]
17,206

 Guam[note 2][note 6][480]
2,255

 Hong Kong[note 2][481]
567,881

 Hungary[note 3][note 1][482]
41,231

 Indonesia[note 1][483]
1,302,291

 India[note 1][484]
293,625

 Israel[note 1][485]
32,000

 Italy[note 1][486]
884,000

 Jamaica[note 2][487]
2,574

 Japan[note 2][488]
495,100

 Jordan[note 1][489]
21,857

 Kazakhstan[note 1][490]
3,909

 Kiribati[note 8][491]
625

 Kyrgyzstan[note 1][492]
2,300

 Laos[note 1][493]
33,077

 Latvia[note 3][note 1][494]
6,440

 Lebanon[note 1][495]
72,743

 Luxembourg[note 1][note 3][496]
3,525

 Macau[note 2][497]
88,988

 Macedonia[note 1][note 3][498]
5,557

 Madagascar[499]
1,098

 Malaysia[note 2][500]
351,232

 Malawi[note 9][501]
10,250

 Maldives[note 2][502]
27,360

 Mali[note 8][503]
860
-

 Malta[note 2][504]
35,875

 Mauritius[note 2][505]
21,271

 Mexico[note 2][note 6][506]
84,225

 Micronesia[507]
1,075

 Mongolia[note 2][508]
6,689

 Montenegro[note 3][note 1][509]
6,103

 Myanmar[note 1][510]
34,010

 Namibia[511]
7,888

   Nepal[512]
18,619

 Netherlands[note 8][513]
188,000

 New Caledonia[514]
20,926

 New Zealand[note 2][515]
1,472,160

 Niue[note 9][516]
461

 Oman[note 4][517]
15,616

 Pakistan[note 9][518]
13,200

 Palau[519]
1,135

 Panama[520]
4,349

 Papua New Guinea[note 1][521]
88,092

 Peru[522]
41,568

 Philippines[note 2][523]
259,433

 Romania[note 1][524]
16,978

 Russia[note 2][525]
49,259

 Samoa[526]
30,302

 Serbia[note 2][note 3][527]
13,559

 Seychelles[528]
1,661

 Singapore[note 2][529]
1,081,987

 Slovakia[note 1][note 3][530]
7,888

 Slovenia[note 2][note 3][531]
34,205

 Solomon Islands[532]
9,509

 South Africa[533]
99,205

 South Korea[note 2][534]
150,408

 Sri Lanka[note 2][535]
81,281

 Suriname[536]
188

 Swaziland[note 1][537]
3,132

 Taiwan[note 2][538]
107,157

 Tanzania[note 1][539]
15,356

 Tonga[540]
11,930

 Thailand[note 2][541]
817,091

 Timor-Leste[note 8][note 10][542]
13,429

 Turkey[note 2][543]
77,153

 Tuvalu[note 5][544]
116

 Uganda[note 4][545]
7,842

 Ukraine[note 2][546]
5,743

 United Arab Emirates[note 2][547]
279,000

 United Kingdom[note 1][548]
798,000

 United States[note 1][note 11][549][550]
1,529,987

 Vanuatu[551]
46,098

 Vietnam[note 2][552]
370,438

 Zambia[553]
12,363

 Zimbabwe[554]
22,016

text:
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al Data for 2016
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah Data for 2017
^ a b c d e f g h i j k Counting only guests in tourist accommodation establishments.
^ a b c Data for 2013
^ a b Data for 2011
^ a b c Data for arrivals by air only.
^ Data for 2012
^ a b c d e f Data for 2014
^ a b c Data for 2009
^ Data for arrivals by air only.
^ Total number includes tourists, business travelers, students, exchange visitors, temporary workers and families, diplomats and other representatives and all other classes of nonimmigrant admissions (I-94).

tag: ol


document_title: Wonder (Hillsong United album)

question_text: who sings so will i by hillsong united

question_tokens: who sings so will i by hillsong united

text: Wonder (Hillsong United album)

text: Background[edit]

text: The band had several recording sessions for Wonder at The Record Plant in Los Angeles.[1] Lead vocalist Joel Houston felt that the album's title and themes reflected returning wonder to both faith and worship, saying, "This is the challenge, and this is what worship— if worship can be summed up as an expression of art and music and story— is ultimately designed to do. To elevate the conversation, re-awaken the soul to something other, and lift our eyes to the wonder of a superlative truth."[2] "Splinters and Stones" was described as having "striking vocal modification and pulsing bass samplings" while containing personal lyrics.[3]

text: Promotion[edit]

text: Wonder was announced as a surprise album on May 2017, alongside its cover art, release date and track listing.[2] Hillsong United also toured Israel to promote Empires, where they debuted "Wonder" alongside several new songs.[3][4] "Wonder" and "Splinters and Stones" were released as instant-grat singles for those who pre-ordered the album, and the two songs were also available for streaming.[2] "Wonder" was released to radio airplay as the album's first single on the same day.[5] The official lyric video for "Wonder" was released on 18 May,[6] while the lyric video for "Splinters and Stones" was uploaded two days later.[7] Hillsong United also performed an acoustic version of "Wonder" for music website Worship Together.[8][9] "Shadow Step" was released as the album's third promotional single on 26 May 2017, with its lyric video released on the same day.[10] "Shape of Your Heart" was released as the album's fourth promotional single on 2 June.[11]

text: "Wonder" was debuted live during the band's concert in Caeserea, Israel, which was filmed in a live video and released on 24 May 2017.[4]

text: Hillsong United promoted the album during the 2017 Justice Conference on 9 June,[12] and had "launch nights" for the album at the Beacon Theatre in New York City on 18 June 2017,[13] and the Ryman Auditorium in Nashville, Tennessee on 23 June.[14] The band was also announced as part of the lineup of the 2017 Outcry Festival at Toyota Stadium in Frisco, Texas.[15]

text: On 5 January 2018, "So Will I (100 Billion X)" was released as the album's second single.[16][17][18]

text: Track listing[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Writer(s)
Worship leader[citation needed]
Length

1.
"Wonder"
Joel Houston, Matt Crocker[8]
Matt Crocker, Taya Smith
4:54

2.
"Shadow Step"
Houston, Michael Guy Chislett[19]
Taya Smith
5:34

3.
"Future Marches In"
Houston, Crocker
Matt Crocker
5:42

4.
"So Will I (100 Billion X)"
Benjamin Hastings, Houston, Michael Fatkin
Benjamin Hastings, Taya Smith
6:51

5.
"Splinters and Stones"
Houston, Chislett
Joel Houston, Taya Smith
4:32

6.
"Glimmer in the Dust"
Aodhan King, Hastings, Dylan Thomas, Houston
Taya Smith, Jad Gillies, Joel Houston
7:44

7.
"Greatest of These"
Hastings, Houston, Fatkin
Joel Houston, Brooke Ligertwood
3:59

8.
"Shape of Your Heart"
Houston, Crocker
Matt Crocker
5:02

9.
"Not Today"
Houston, Crocker
Taya Smith
4:13

10.
"Life"
Houston, Crocker, Chislett
Michelle Cook, Jonathon Douglass
6:08

11.
"Rain / Reign"
Houston, Crocker
Jad Gillies, Courtney Tennikoff
6:34

12.
"Water to Wine"
Houston
Joel Houston, Jad Gillies, Taya Smith
9:47

Total length:
71:00

text: Charts[edit]

text: Weekly charts[edit]

text:
Chart (2017)
Peak
position

Australian Albums (ARIA)[20]
4

Belgian Albums (Ultratop Flanders)[21]
131

Canadian Albums (Billboard)[22]
39

Dutch Albums (MegaCharts)[23]
91

New Zealand Albums (RMNZ)[24]
19

Norwegian Albums (VG-lista)[25]
37

UK Christian & Gospel Albums (OCC)[26]
1

US Billboard 200[27]
21

US Christian Albums (Billboard)[28]
1

text: Year-end charts[edit]

text:
Chart (2017)
Position

Australian Albums (ARIA)[29]
72