document_title: College football national championships in NCAA Division I FBS

question_text: who has the most championships in ncaa football

question_tokens: who has the most championships in ncaa football

text: College football national championships in NCAA Division I FBS

text: History[edit]

text: The concept of a national championship in college football dates to the early years of the sport in the late 19th century,[8] and the earliest contemporaneous polls can be traced to Caspar Whitney, Charles Patterson, and The Sun in 1901.[9] Therefore, the concept of polls and national champions predated mathematical ranking systems, but it was Frank Dickinson's math system that was one of the first to be widely popularized. His system named 10–0 Stanford the national champion of 1926, prior to their tie with Alabama in the Rose Bowl. A curious Knute Rockne, then coach of Notre Dame, had Dickinson backdate two seasons, which produced Notre Dame as the 1924 national champion and Dartmouth in 1925.[10]

text: A number of other mathematical systems were born in the 1920s and 1930s and were the only organized methods selecting national champions until the Associated Press began polling sportswriters in 1936 to obtain rankings. Alan J. Gould, the creator of the AP Poll, named Minnesota, Princeton, and SMU co-champions in 1935, and polled writers the following year, which resulted in a national championship for Minnesota.[10] The AP's main competition, United Press, created the first poll of coaches in 1950. For that year and the next three, the AP and UP agreed on the national champion. The first "split" championship occurred in 1954, when the writers selected Ohio State and the coaches chose UCLA.[10] The two polls also disagreed in 1957, 1965, 1970, 1973, 1974, 1978, 1990, 1991, 1997, and 2003. The Coaches' Poll would stay with United Press (UP) when they merged with International News Service (INS) to form United Press International (UPI) but was acquired by USA Today and CNN in 1991. The poll was in the hands of USA Today and ESPN from 1997 to 2005 before moving to sole ownership by USA Today. Beginning in 2014, Amway became a joint sponsor with USA Today.[11]

text: Though some of the math systems selected champions after the bowl games, both of the major polls released their rankings after the end of the regular season until the AP polled writers after the bowls in 1965, resulting in what was perceived at the time as a better championship selection (Alabama) than UPI's (Michigan State).[10] After 1965, the AP again voted before the bowls for two years, before permanently returning to a post-bowl vote in 1968. The coaches did not conduct a vote after the bowls until 1974, in the wake of awarding their 1973 championship to Alabama, who lost to the AP champion, undefeated Notre Dame, in the Sugar Bowl.[10] The AP and Coaches' polls remain the major rankings to this day.

text: The Bowl Championship Series, famous for its use of math, was the successor of the Bowl Alliance (1995–1997), which was itself the successor of the Bowl Coalition (1992–1994).[12] Besides the many adjustments it underwent during its tenure, including a large overhaul following the 2004 season that included the replacement of the AP Poll with the Harris poll, the BCS remained a mixture of math and human polls since its inception in 1998, with the goal of matching the best two teams in the nation in a national championship bowl game which rotated yearly between the Sugar, Fiesta, Rose, and Orange Bowls from 1998 to 2005, and later a standalone game titled the BCS National Championship Game (2006 to 2013).[10] The winner of the BCS Championship Game was awarded the national championship of the Coaches' Poll thus winning the AFCA National Championship Trophy. The BCS winner also received the MacArthur Bowl from the National Football Foundation.[13] Neither the AP Poll, nor other current selectors, had contractual obligations to select the BCS champion as their national champion.[14] The BCS resulted in a number of controversies, most notably after the 2003 season, when the BCS championship game did not include eventual AP champion USC, the only time the two championships have diverged since the advent of the BCS. After many seasons of controversy, the BCS was replaced with the College Football Playoff, a Plus-One system aimed at reducing the controversy involved in which teams get to play in a championship game through use of a tournament.

text: National championships in the official NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision records[edit]

text: The NCAA maintains an official records book of historical statistics and records for football. In the records book, with consultation from various college football historians, it has created and maintains a list of "major selectors" of national championships throughout the history of college football along with their championship picks for each season.[6]:107–116

text: Major selectors[edit]

text: A variety of selectors have named national champions throughout the years. They generally can be divided into four categories: those determined by mathematical formula, human polls, historical research, and recently, playoffs. The selectors below are listed in the official NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records as having been deemed to be "major selectors" for which the criteria is that the poll or selector be "national in scope either through distribution in newspaper, television, radio and/or computer online".[6]:107–109 The former selectors, deemed instrumental in the sport of college football, and selectors that were included for the calculation of the BCS standing, are listed together.[6]:107–116,119

text: Math[edit]

text: The mathematical system is the oldest systematic selector of college football national champions. Many of the math selectors were created during the "championship rush" of the 1920s and 1930s, beginning with Frank Dickinson's system, or during the dawn of the computer age in the 1990s. Selectors are listed below with years selected retroactively in italics.

text:
Selector
Name
Seasons

A&H
Anderson & Hester
1997–present

AS
Alderson System
1994–1998

B(QPRS)
Berryman (QPRS)
1920–1989, 1990–2011

BR
Billingsley Reporta
1869–1870, 1872–1969, 1970–present

BS
Boand System
1919–1929, 1930–1960

CCR
Congrove Computer Rankings
1993–present

CM
Colley Matrix
2001–present

CW
Caspar Whitney
1905–1907

DeS
DeVold System
1939–1944, 1945–2006

DiS
Dickinson System
1924–1925, 1926–1940

DuS
Dunkel System
1929–present

ERS
Eck Ratings System
1987–2005

HS
Houlgate System
1885, 1887–1905, 1907–1926, 1927–1949

L
Litkenhous
1934–1972, 1974, 1978, 1981–1984

MCFR
Massey College Football Ratings
1995–present

MGR
Matthews Grid Ratings
1966–1972, 1974–2006

NYT
New York Times
1979–2004

PS
Poling System
1924–1934, 1935–1955, 1957–1984

R(FACT)
Rothman (FACT)
1968–2006

SR
Sagarin Ratings
1919–1977, 1978–present

W
Wolfe
2001–present

WS
Williamson System
1931, 1932–1963

text: aThe Billingsley Report also provides an alternate selection that uses margin-of-victory in its calculation. The NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records book notes both selections in years where they disagree.[6]:107–116

text: Poll[edit]

text: The poll has been the dominant national champion selector since the inception of the AP Poll in 1936. It is notable that the NFF merged its poll with UPI from 1991 to 1992, with USA Today from 1993 to 1996, and with the FWAA from 2014 forward. Selectors are listed below with years selected retroactively in italics.

text: For many years, the national champion of various polls were selected prior to the bowl games. The national champion was selected before bowl games as follows: AP (1936–1964 and 1966–1967), Coaches' Poll (1950–1973), FWAA (1954), and NFF (1959–1970). In all other latter-day polls, champions were selected after bowl games.[6]:107–119

text: During the BCS era, the winner of the BCS Championship Game was automatically awarded the national championship of the Coaches' Poll and the National Football Foundation.

text:
Selector
Name
Seasons

AP
Associated Press
1936–present

Coaches'
  BRC
  UP
  UPI
  USAT/CNN
  USAT/ESPN
  USAT
  USAT/AMWAY
American Football Coaches Association
  AFCA Blue Ribbon Commission
  United Press
  United Press International
  USA Today/CNN
  USA Today/ESPN
  USA Today
  USA Today/Amway
1922–present
  1922–1949a
  1950–1957
  1958–1990b
  1991–1996b c
  1997–2004
  2005–2013b
  2014–present

CFRA
College Football Researchers Association
1919–1935, 1936–1981, 1982–1992, 2010–present

FN
Football News
1958–2002

FWAA
Football Writers Association of America
1954–2013c

FWAA/NFF
FWAA-NFF Grantland Rice Super 16
2014–presentc

HAF
Helms Athletic Foundation
1883–1935, 1936–1940, 1941–1982

INS
International News Service
1952–1957

NCF
National Championship Foundation
1869–1870, 1872–1935, 1936–1979, 1980–2000

NFF
National Football Foundation
1959–1990, 1997–2013c d e

SN
Sporting News
1975–2006

UPI
United Press International
1993–1995f

UPI/NFF
United Press International/National Football Foundation
1991–1992e

USAT
USA Today
1982g

USAT/CNN
USA Today/CNN
1983–1990g

USAT/NFF
USA Today/National Football Foundation
1993–1996d

text: aAt the request of several schools, the AFCA established a "Blue Ribbon Commission" in 2016 to begin retroactively selecting Coaches' Trophy winners from 1922 through 1949.[15]

text: bServed as the Coaches' Poll during the designated years, but also conducted their own poll at different times.

text: cThe Football Writers Association of America merged its poll with that of the National Football Foundation members beginning in 2014; as a result, the Grantland Trophy was retired and the FWAA/NFF national champion now receives the MacArthur Bowl.[6]:116

text: dUSA Today took over, from the UPI, the poll of the National Football Foundation's members in 1993, and its winner was designated by the NFF as its national champion and received the MacArthur Bowl. The poll was conducted by USA Today through the 1996 season, although national championship selections in the NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records do not distinguish the NFF from the USAT/NFF poll in 1995 and 1996. Not to be confused with the USA Today/CNN Coaches' Poll, which USA Today conducted separately.

text: eUPI conducted the Coaches' Poll through the 1990 season, which was subsequently taken over by CNN/USA Today. UPI then conducted a poll of National Football Foundation members in 1991 and 1992, the winner of which was designated by the NFF as its national champion and received the MacArthur Bowl.

text: fUPI conducted its own poll from 1993 to 1995, after the National Football Foundation Poll was taken over by USA Today.

text: gUSA Today conducted its own poll of college football sportswriters in 1982, then joined with CNN to do their own joint poll until they took over the Coaches' Poll starting with the 1991 season.

text: Research[edit]

text: College football historian Parke H. Davis is the only selector considered by the NCAA to have primarily used research in his selections.[6]:107–109 Davis did all of his work in 1933, naming retroactive national champions for most of the years from 1869 to 1932 while naming Michigan and Princeton (his alma mater) co-champions at the end of the 1933 season.

text:
Selector
Name
Seasons

PD
Parke H. Davis
1869–1870, 1872–1909, 1911–1916, 1919–1932, 1933

text: Hybrid[edit]

text: The Bowl Championship Series used a mathematical system that combined polls (Coaches' and AP/Harris) and multiple computer rankings (including some individual selectors listed above) to determine a season ending matchup between its top two ranked teams in the BCS Championship Game. The champion of that game was contractually awarded the Coaches' Poll and National Football Foundation championships.

text:
Selector
Name
Seasons

BCS
Bowl Championship Series
1998–2013

text: Playoff[edit]

text: Unlike all selectors prior to 2014, the College Football Playoff does not use math, polls or research to select the participants. Rather, a 13-member committee selects and seeds the teams.[16] The playoff system marked the first time any championship selector arranged a bracket competition to determine whom it would declare to be its champion.

text:
Selector
Name
Seasons

CFP
College Football Playoff
2014–present

text: Yearly national championship selections from major selectors[edit]

text: Below is a list of the national champions of college football from 1869 to present (with the exception of 1871, in which no games were played) deemed to be chosen by "major selectors" as listed in the official NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records.[6]:107–109 Many teams did not have coaches as late as 1899. "Consensus" selectors in the official NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records correspond to the period from 1950 to present which began with the introduction of the two poll system upon the appearance of the Coaches Poll in 1950. Selectors used to determine teams listed as "Consensus National Champions" in the NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records include the AP Poll, Coaches' Poll, Football Writers Association of America, and the National Football Foundation/College Football Hall of Fame.[6]:119

text: The first contemporaneous poll to include teams across the country and selection of a national champions can be traced to Caspar Whitney in 1901.[9] The last retroactive selection was made by Clyde Berryman in 1989 (Notre Dame). The tie was removed from college football in 1995 and the last consensus champion with a tie in its record was Georgia Tech in 1990. The 1947 Michigan Wolverines are often credited with a national championship on the basis of a "free poll" conducted by an AP sportswriter after the 1948 Rose Bowl, though that poll was unofficial and it is not recognized in the official NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records.[6]:107–109

text: Note that the Harris Interactive Poll (2005–2013) was contracted by the BCS to help formulate its standings, and although its final ranking which occurs prior to the bowl games is listed in the official NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records, it does not conduct a final poll or award or name a national champion on its own.[17]

text: As designated by the official NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records, the table below shows:

text:
Teams listed in italics indicate retroactively-applied championships.
Teams listed in bold reflect the NCAA's designation as "Consensus National Champions" by virtue of their selection from 1950 onward by one or more selectors from Associated Press, United Press/UPI, Football Writers Association of America, NFF/College Football Hall of Fame, and USA Today.

text: A letter next to any season, team, record, coach or selector indicates a footnote that appears at the bottom of the table.

text:
Season
Champion(s)
Record
Coach
Selector(s)
Source

1869
Princeton
1–1

BR, NCF, PD
[6]:110

Rutgers
1–1

PD
[6]:110

1870
Princeton
1–0

BR, NCF, PD
[6]:110

1871
None
No games played

1872
Princeton
1–0

BR, NCF, PD
[6]:110

Yale
1–0

PD
[6]:110

1873
Princeton
2–0

BR, NCF, PD
[6]:110

1874
Harvard
1–1

PD
[6]:110

Princeton
2–0

BR, PD
[6]:110

Yale
3–0

NCF, PD
[6]:110

1875
Columbia
3–1–1

PD
[6]:110

Harvard
4–0

NCF, PD
[6]:110

Princeton
2–0

BR, PD
[6]:110

1876
Yale
3–0

BR, NCF, PD
[6]:110

1877
Princeton
2–0–1

BR, PD
[6]:110

Yale
3–0–1

NCF, PD
[6]:110

1878
Princeton
6–0

BR, NCF, PD
[6]:110

1879
Princeton
4–0–1

BR, NCF, PD
[6]:110

Yale
3–0–2

PD
[6]:110

1880
Princeton
4–0–1

NCF, PD
[6]:110

Yale
4–0–1

BR, NCF, PD
[6]:110

1881
Princeton
7–0–2

BR, PD
[6]:110

Yale
5–0–1

NCF, PD
[6]:110

1882
Yale
8–0

BR, NCF, PD
[6]:110

1883
Yale
9–0

BR, HAF, NCF, PD
[6]:110

1884
Princeton
9–0–1

BR, PD
[6]:110

Yale
8–0–1

HAF, NCF, PD
[6]:110

1885
Princeton
9–0

BR, HAF, HS, NCF, PD
[6]:110

1886
Princeton
7–0–1

BR, PD
[6]:110

Yale
9–0–1

HAF, NCF, PD
[6]:110

1887
Yale
9–0

BR, HAF, HS, NCF, PD
[6]:110

1888
Yale
13–0
Walter Camp
BR, HAF, HS, NCF, PD
[6]:110

1889
Princeton
10–0

BR, HAF, HS, NCF, PD
[6]:110

1890
Harvard
11–0
George C. Adams, George A. Stewart
BR, HAF, HS, NCF, PD
[6]:110

1891
Yale
13–0
Walter Camp
BR, HAF, HS, NCF, PD
[6]:110

1892
Yale
13–0
Walter Camp
BR, HAF, HS, NCF, PD
[6]:110

1893
Princeton
11–0

BR, HAF, HS, NCF
[6]:110

Yale
10–1
William Rhodes
PD
[6]:110

1894
Penn
12–0
George Washington Woodruff
PD
[6]:110

Princeton
8–2

HS
[6]:110

Yale
16–0
William Rhodes
BR, HAF, NCF, PD
[6]:110

1895
Penn
14–0
George Washington Woodruff
BR, HAF, HS, NCF, PD
[6]:110

Yale
13–0–2
John A. Hartwell
PD
[6]:110

1896
Lafayette
11–0–1
Parke H. Davis
NCF, PD
[6]:110

Princeton
10–0–1
Franklin Morse
BR, HAF, HS, NCF, PD
[6]:110

1897
Penn
15–0
George Washington Woodruff
BR, HAF, HS, NCF, PD
[6]:110

Yale
9–0–2
Frank Butterworth
PD
[6]:110

1898
Harvard
11–0
William Forbes
BR, HAF, HS, NCF
[6]:110

Princeton
11–0–1

PD
[6]:110

1899
Harvard
10–0–1
Benjamin Dibblee
HAF, HS, NCF
[6]:111

Princeton
12–1

BR, PD
[6]:111

1900
Yale
12–0
Malcolm McBride
BR, HAF, HS, NCF, PD
[6]:111

1901
Harvard
12–0
Bill Reid
BR
[6]:111

Michigan
11–0
Fielding H. Yost
HAF, HS, NCF
[6]:111

Yale
11–1–1
George S. Stillman
PDa
[6]:111

1902
Michigan
11–0
Fielding H. Yost
BR, HAF, HS, NCF, PD
[6]:111

Yale
11–0–1
Joseph R. Swan
PD
[6]:111

1903
Michigan
11–0–1
Fielding H. Yost
NCF
[6]:111

Princeton
11–0
Art Hillebrand
BR, HAF, HS, NCF, PD
[6]:111

1904
Michigan
10–0
Fielding H. Yost
NCF
[6]:111

Minnesota
13–0
Henry Williams
BR
[6]:111

Penn
12–0
Carl S. Williams
HAF, HS, NCF, PD
[6]:111

1905
Chicago
10–0
Amos Alonzo Stagg
BR, HAF, HS, NCF
[6]:111

Yale
10–0
Jack Owsley
CW, PD
[6]:111

1906
Princeton
9–0–1
William Roper
HAF, NCF
[6]:111

Yale
9–0–1
Foster Rockwell
BR, CW, PD
[6]:111

1907
Yale
9–0–1
William F. Knox
BR, CW, HAF, HS, NCF, PD
[6]:111

1908
Harvard
9–0–1
Percy Haughton
BR
[6]:111

LSU
10–0
Edgar Wingard
NCF
[6]:111

Penn
11–0–1
Sol Metzger
HAF, HS, NCF, PD
[6]:111

1909
Yale
10–0
Howard Jones
BR, HAF, HS, NCF, PD
[6]:111

1910
Harvard
8–0–1
Percy Haughton
BR, HAF, HS, NCF
[6]:111

Pittsburgh
9–0
Joseph Thompson
NCF
[6]:111

1911
Minnesota
6–0–1
Henry L. Williams
BR
[6]:111

Penn State
8–0–1
Bill Hollenback
NCF
[6]:111

Princeton
8–0–2
William Roper
BR, HAF, HS, NCF, PD
[6]:111

1912
Harvard
9–0
Percy Haughton
BR, HAF, HS, NCF, PD
[6]:111

Penn State
8–0
Bill Hollenback
NCF
[6]:111

1913
Auburn
8–0
Mike Donahue
BR
[6]:111

Chicago
7–0
Amos Alonzo Stagg
BR, PD
[6]:111

Harvard
9–0
Percy Haughton
HAF, HS, NCF, PD
[6]:111

1914
Army
9–0
Charles Daly
HAF, HS, NCF, PD
[6]:111

Illinois
7–0
Robert Zuppke
BR, PD
[6]:111

Texas
8–0
Dave Allerdice
BR
[6]:111

1915
Cornell
9–0
Albert Sharpe
HAF, HS, NCF, PD
[6]:111

Minnesota
6–0–1
Henry L. Williams
BR
[6]:111

Oklahoma
10–0
Bennie Owen
BR
[6]:111

Pittsburgh
8–0
Glenn "Pop" Warner
PD
[6]:111

1916
Army
9–0
Charles Daly
PD
[6]:111

Georgia Tech
8–0-1
John Heisman
BR
[6]:111

Pittsburgh
8–0
Glenn "Pop" Warner
BR, HAF, HS, NCF, PD
[6]:111

1917
Georgia Tech
9–0
John Heisman
BR, HAF, HS, NCF
[6]:111

1918
Michigan
5–0
Fielding H. Yost
BR, NCF
[6]:111

Pittsburgh
4–1
Glenn "Pop" Warner
HAF, HS, NCF
[6]:111

1919
Centre
9–0
Charley Moran
SR
[6]:111

Harvard
9–0–1
Bob Fisher
CFRA, HAF, HS, NCF, PD
[6]:111

Illinois
6–1
Robert Zuppke
BR, BS, CFRA, PD, SR
[6]:111

Notre Dame
9–0
Knute Rockne
NCF, PD
[6]:111

Texas A&M
10–0
Dana X. Bible
BR, NCF
[6]:111

1920
California
9–0
Andy Smith
CFRA, HAF, HS, NCF, SR
[6]:111

Georgia
8–0–1
Herman Stegeman
B(QPRS)
[6]:111

Harvard
8–0–1
Bob Fisher
BS
[6]:111

Notre Dame
9–0
Knute Rockne
BR, PD
[6]:111

Princeton
6–0–1
William Roper
BS, PD
[6]:111

1921
California
9–0–1
Andy Smith
BR, BS, CFRA, SR
[6]:111

Cornell
8–0
Gil Dobie
HAF, HS, NCF, PD
[6]:111

Iowa
7–0
Howard Jones
BR, PD
[6]:111

Lafayette
9–0
Jock Sutherland
BS, PD
[6]:111

Vanderbilt
7–0–1
Dan McGugin
B(QPRS)
[6]:111

Washington & Jefferson
10–0–1
Greasy Neale
BS
[6]:111

1922
California
9–0
Andy Smith
BR, HS, NCF, SR
[6]:111

Cornell
8–0
Gil Dobie
HAF, PD
[6]:111

Iowa
7–0
Howard Jones
BR
[6]:111

Princeton
8–0
William Roper
BS, CFRA, NCF, PD, SR
[6]:111

Vanderbilt
8–0–1
Dan McGugin
B(QPRS)
[6]:111

1923
California
9–0–1
Andy Smith
HS
[6]:111

Cornell
8–0
Gil Dobie
SR
[6]:111

Illinois
8–0
Robert Zuppke
BS, CFRA, HAF, NCF, PD, SR, B(QPRS)
[6]:111

Michigan
8–0
Fielding H. Yost
BR, NCF
[6]:111

Yale
8–0
Tad Jones
B(QPRS)
[6]:111

1924
Notre Dame
10–0
Knute Rockne
BR, BS, CFRA, DiS, HAF, HS, NCF, PS, SR, B(QPRS)
[6]:111

Penn
9–1–1
Lou Young
PD
[6]:111

1925
Alabama
10–0
Wallace Wade
BR, BS, CFRA, HAF, HS, NCF, PS, SR, B(QPRS)
[6]:111

Dartmouth
8–0
Jesse Hawley
DiS, PD
[6]:111

Michigan
7–1
Fielding H. Yost
SR
[6]:111

1926
Alabama
9–0–1
Wallace Wade
BR, CFRA, HAF, NCF, PS, B(QPRS)
[6]:111

Lafayette
9–0
Herb McCracken
PD
[6]:111

Michigan
7–1
Fielding H. Yost
SR
[6]:111

Navy
9–0–1
Bill Ingram
BS, HS
[6]:111

Stanford
10–0–1
Glenn "Pop" Warner
DiS, HAF, NCF, SR
[6]:111

1927
Georgia
9–1
George Cecil Woodruff
BS, PS, B(QPRS)
[6]:111–112

Illinois
7–0–1
Robert Zuppke
BR, DiS, HAF, NCF, PD
[6]:112

Notre Dame
7–1–1
Knute Rockne
HS
[6]:112

Texas A&M
8–0–1
Dana X. Bible
SR
[6]:112

Yale
7–1
Thomas Jones
CFRA
[6]:112

1928
Detroit
9–0
Gus Dorais
PD
[6]:112

Georgia Tech
10–0
William Alexander
BR, BS, CFRA, HAF, HS, NCF, PD, PS, SR, B(QPRS)
[6]:112

USC
9–0–1
Howard Jones
DiS, SR
[6]:112

1929
Notre Dame
9–0
Knute Rockne
BR, BS, CFRA, DiS, DuS, HAF, NCF, PS, SR
[6]:112

Pittsburgh
9–1
Jock Sutherland
PD
[6]:112

USC
10–2
Howard Jones
HS, SR, B(QPRS)
[6]:112

1930
Alabama
10–0
Wallace Wade
CFRA, PD, SR, B(QPRS)
[6]:112

Notre Dame
10–0
Knute Rockne
BR, BS, DiS, DuS, HAF, HS, NCF, PD, PS
[6]:112

1931
Pittsburgh
8–1
Jock Sutherland
PD
[6]:112

Purdue
9–1
Noble Kizer
PD
[6]:112

USC
10–1
Howard Jones
BR, BS, CFRA, DiS, DuS, HAF, HS, NCF, PS, SR, WS, B(QPRS)
[6]:112

1932
Colgate
9–0
Andrew Kerr
PD
[6]:112

Michigan
8–0
Harry Kipke
DiS, PD, SR
[6]:112

USC
10–0
Howard Jones
BR, BS, CFRA, DuS, HAF, HS, NCF, PD, PS, SR, WS, B(QPRS)
[6]:112

1933
Michigan
7–0–1
Harry Kipke
BR, BS, CFRA, DiS, HAF, HS, NCF, PD, PS, SR, B(QPRS)
[6]:112

Ohio State
7–1
Sam Willaman
DuS
[6]:112

Princeton
9–0
Fritz Crisler
PD
[6]:112

USC
10–1–1
Howard Jones
WS
[6]:112

1934
Alabama
10–0
Frank Thomas
DuS, HS, PS, WS, B(QPRS)
[6]:112

Minnesota
8–0
Bernie Bierman
BR, BS, CFRA, DiS, HAF, L, NCF, SR
[6]:112

1935
LSU
9–2
Bernie Moore
WS
[6]:112

Minnesota
8–0
Bernie Bierman
BR, BS, CFRA, HAF, L, NCF, PS
[6]:112

Princeton
9–0
Fritz Crisler
DuS
[6]:112

SMU
12–1
Matty Bell
DiS, HS, SR, B(QPRS)
[6]:112

TCU
12–1
Dutch Meyer
WS
[6]:112

1936
Duke
9–1
Wallace Wade
B(QPRS)
[6]:112

LSU
9–1–1
Bernie Moore
SR, WS
[6]:112

Minnesota
7–1
Bernie Bierman
AP, BR, DiS, DuS, HAF, L, NCF, PS
[6]:112

Pittsburgh
8–1–1
Jock Sutherland
BS, CFRA, HS
[6]:112

1937
California
10–0–1
Stub Allison
DuS, HAF
[6]:112

Pittsburgh
9–0–1
Jock Sutherland
AP, BR, BS, CFRA, DiS, HS, L, NCF, PS, SR, WS, B(QPRS)
[6]:112

1938
Notre Dame
8–1
Elmer Layden
DiS
[6]:112

TCU
11–0
Dutch Meyer
AP, HAF, NCF, WS
[6]:112

Tennessee
11–0
Robert Neyland
BR, BS, CFRA, DuS, HS, L, PS, SR, B(QPRS)
[6]:112

1939
Cornell
8–0
Carl Snavely
L, SR
[6]:112

Texas A&M
11–0
Homer Norton
AP, BR, BS, CFRA, DeS, DuS, HAF, HS, NCF, PS, SR, WS, B(QPRS)
[6]:112

USC
8–0–2
Howard Jones
DiS
[6]:112

1940
Minnesota
8–0
Bernie Bierman
AP, B(QPRS), BS, CFRA, DeS, DiS, HS, L, NCF, SR
[6]:112

Stanford
10–0
Clark Shaughnessy
BR, HAF, PS
[6]:112

Tennessee
10–1
Robert Neyland
DuS, WS
[6]:112

1941
Alabama
9–2
Frank Thomas
HS
[6]:112

Minnesota
8–0
Bernie Bierman
AP, BR, BS, CFRA, DeS, DuS, HAF, L, NCF, PS, SR
[6]:112

Texas
8–1–1
Dana X. Bible
B(QPRS), WS
[6]:112

1942
Georgia
11–1
Wally Butts
B(QPRS), BR, DeS, HS, L, PS, SR, WS
[6]:112

Ohio State
9–1
Paul Brown
AP, BS, DuS, CFRA, NCF
[6]:112

Wisconsin
8–1–1
Harry Stuhldreher
HAF
[6]:112

1943
Notre Dame
9–1
Frank Leahy
AP, B(QPRS), BR, BS, CFRA, DeS, DuS, HAF, HS, L, NCF, PS, SR, WS
[6]:112

1944
Army
9–0
Earl Blaik
AP, B(QPRS), BR, BS, CFRA, DeS, DuS, HAF, HS, L, NCF, PS, SR, WS
[6]:112

Ohio State
9–0
Carroll Widdoes
NCF, SR
[6]:112

1945
Alabama
10–0
Frank Thomas
NCF
[6]:112

Army
9–0
Earl Blaik
AP, B(QPRS), BR, BS, CFRA, DeS, DuS, HAF, HS, L, NCF, PS, SR, WS
[6]:112

Oklahoma A&M
9–0
Jim Lookabaugh
BRC
[6]:112

1946
Army
9–0–1
Earl Blaik
BR, BS, CFRA, HAF, HS, PS
[6]:112

Georgia
11–0
Wally Butts
WS
[6]:112

Notre Dame
8–0–1
Frank Leahy
AP, B(QPRS), BS, DeS, DuS, HAF, L, NCF, PS, SR
[6]:112

1947
Michigan
10–0
Fritz Crisler
B(QPRS), BR, BS, CFRA, DeS, DuS, HAF, HS, L, NCF, PS, SR
[6]:112

Notre Dame
9–0
Frank Leahy
AP, HAF, WS
[6]:112

1948
Michigan
9–0
Bennie Oosterbaan
AP, B(QPRS), BR, BS, CFRA, DeS, DuS, HAF, HS, L, NCF, PS, SR, WS
[6]:112

1949
Notre Dame
10–0
Frank Leahy
AP, B(QPRS), BR, BS, DeS, DuS, HAF, HS, L, NCF, PS, SR, WS
[6]:112

Oklahoma
11–0
Bud Wilkinson
CFRA
[6]:112

1950
Kentucky
11–1
Paul "Bear" Bryant
SR
[6]:112

Oklahoma
10–1
Bud Wilkinson
AP, B(QPRS), HAF, L, UP, WS
[6]:112

Princeton
9–0
Charley Caldwell
BS, PS
[6]:112

Tennessee
11–1
Robert Neyland
BR, CFRA, DeS, DuS, NCF, SR
[6]:113

1951
Georgia Tech
11–0–1
Bobby Dodd
B(QPRS), BS
[6]:113

Illinois
9–0–1
Ray Eliot
BS
[6]:113

Maryland
10–0
Jim Tatum
CFRA, DeS, DuS, NCF, SR
[6]:113

Michigan State
9–0
Biggie Munn
BR, HAF, PS
[6]:113

Tennessee
10–1
Robert Neyland
AP, L, UP, WS
[6]:113

1952
Georgia Tech
12–0
Bobby Dodd
B(QPRS), BR, INS, PS, SR
[6]:113

Michigan State
9–0
Biggie Munn
AP, BS, CFRA, DeS, DuS, HAF, L, NCF, SR, UP, WS
[6]:113

1953
Maryland
10–1
Jim Tatum
AP, INS, UP
[6]:113

Notre Dame
9–0–1
Frank Leahy
BR, BS, DeS, DuS, HAF, L, NCF, PS, SR, WS
[6]:113

Oklahoma
9–1–1
Bud Wilkinson
B(QPRS), CFRA
[6]:113

1954
Ohio State
10–0
Woody Hayes
AP, B(QPRS), BR, BS, CFRA, DeS, HAF, INS, NCF, PS, SR, WS
[6]:113

UCLA
9–0
Henry Sanders
CFRA, DuS, FWAA, HAF, L, NCF, UP
[6]:113

1955
Michigan State
9–1
Duffy Daugherty
BS
[6]:113

Oklahoma
11–0
Bud Wilkinson
AP, B(QPRS), BR, CFRA, DeS, DuS, FWAA, HAF, INS, L, NCF, PS, SR, UP, WS
[6]:113

1956
Georgia Tech
10–1
Bobby Dodd
B(QPRS), SR
[6]:113

Iowa
9–1
Forest Evashevski
CFRA
[6]:113

Oklahoma
10–0
Bud Wilkinson
AP, BR, BS, DeS, DuS, FWAA, HAF, INS, L, NCF, SR, UP, WS
[6]:113

Tennessee
10–1
Bowden Wyatt
SR
[6]:113

1957
Auburn
10–0
Ralph Jordan
AP, BR, CFRA, HAF, NCF, PS, SR, WS
[6]:113

Michigan State
8–1
Duffy Daugherty
DuS
[6]:113

Ohio State
9–1
Woody Hayes
BS, DeS, FWAA, INS, L, UP
[6]:113

Oklahoma
10–1
Bud Wilkinson
B(QPRS)
[6]:113

1958
Iowa
8–1–1
Forest Evashevski
FWAA
[6]:113

LSU
11–0
Paul Dietzel
AP, B(QPRS), BR, BS, CFRA, DeS, DuS, FN, HAF, L, NCF, PS, SR, UPI, WS
[6]:113

1959
Ole Miss
10–1
Johnny Vaught
B(QPRS), DuS, SR
[6]:113

Syracuse
11–0
Ben Schwartzwalder
AP, BR, BS, CFRA, DeS, FN, FWAA, HAF, L, NCF, NFF, PS, SR, UPI, WS
[6]:113

1960
Iowa
8–1
Forest Evashevski
B(QPRS), BS, L, SR
[6]:113

Minnesota
8–2
Murray Warmath
AP, FN, NFF, UPI
[6]:113

Ole Miss
10–0–1
Johnny Vaught
BR, CFRA, DeS, DuS, FWAA, NCF, WS
[6]:113

Missouri
11–0*
Dan Devine
PS
[6]:113

Washington
10–1
Jim Owens
HAF
[6]:113

1961
Alabama
11–0
Paul "Bear" Bryant
AP, B(QPRS), BR, CFRA, DeS, DuS, FN, HAF, L, NCF, NFF, SR, UPI, WS
[6]:113

Ohio State
8–0–1
Woody Hayes
FWAA, PS
[6]:113

1962
LSU
9–1–1
Charles McClendon
B(QPRS)
[6]:113

Ole Miss
10–0
Johnny Vaught
BR, L, SR
[6]:113

USC
11–0
John McKay
AP, B(QPRS), CFRA, DeS, DuS, FN, FWAA, HAF, NCF, NFF, PS, UPI, WS
[6]:113

1963
Texas
11–0
Darrell Royal
AP, B(QPRS), BR, CFRA, DeS, DuS, FN, FWAA, HAF, L, NCF, NFF, PS, SR, UPI, WS
[6]:113

1964
Alabama
10–1
Paul "Bear" Bryant
AP, B(QPRS), L, UPI
[6]:113

Arkansas
11–0
Frank Broyles
BR, CFRA, FWAA, HAF, NCF, PS, SR
[6]:113

Michigan
9–1
Bump Elliott
DuS
[6]:113

Notre Dame
9–1
Ara Parseghian
DeS, FN, NFF
[6]:113

1965
Alabama
9–1–1
Paul "Bear" Bryant
AP, CFRA, FWAA, NCF
[6]:113

Michigan State
10–1
Duffy Daugherty
B(QPRS), BR, DeS, DuS, FN, FWAA, HAF, L, NFF, PS, SR, UPI
[6]:113

1966
Alabama
11–0
Paul "Bear" Bryant
B(QPRS), SR
[6]:113

Michigan State
9–0–1
Duffy Daugherty
CFRA, HAF, NFF, PS
[6]:113

Notre Dame
9–0–1
Ara Parseghian
AP, BR, DeS, DuS, FN, FWAA, HAF, L, MGR, NCF, NFF, PS, SR, UPI
[6]:113

1967
Notre Dame
8–2
Ara Parseghian
DuS
[6]:113

Oklahoma
10–1
Chuck Fairbanks
PS
[6]:113

USC
10–1
John McKay
AP, B(QPRS), BR, CFRA, DeS, FN, FWAA, HAF, MGR, NCF, NFF, SR, UPI
[6]:113

Tennessee
9–2
Doug Dickey
L
[6]:113

1968
Georgia
8–1–2
Vince Dooley
L
[6]:113

Ohio State
10–0
Woody Hayes
AP, B(QPRS), BR, CFRA, DuS, FN, FWAA, HAF, NCF, NFF, PS, R(FACT), SR, UPI
[6]:113

Texas
9–1–1
Darrell Royal
DeS, MGR, SR
[6]:113

1969
Ohio State
8–1
Woody Hayes
MGR
[6]:113

Penn State
11–0
Joe Paterno
R(FACT), SR
[6]:113

Texas
11–0
Darrell Royal
AP, B(QPRS), BR, CFRA, DeS, DuS, FN, FWAA, HAF, L, NCF, NFF, PS, R(FACT), SR, UPI
[6]:113

1970
Arizona State
11–0
Frank Kush
PS
[6]:113

Nebraska
11–0–1
Bob Devaney
AP, BR, CFRA, DeS, DuS, FN, FWAA, HAF, NCF, R(FACT), SR
[6]:113

Notre Dame
10–1
Ara Parseghian
MGR, R(FACT), SR
[6]:113

Ohio State
9–1
Woody Hayes
NFF
[6]:113

Texas
10–1
Darrell Royal
B(QPRS), L, NFF, R(FACT), UPI
[6]:113

1971
Nebraska
13–0
Bob Devaney
AP, B(QPRS), BR, CFRA, DeS, DuS, FN, FWAA, HAF, L, MGR, NCF, NFF, PS, R(FACT), SR, UPI
[6]:113

1972
USC
12–0
John McKay
AP, B(QPRS), BR, CFRA, DeS, DuS, FN, FWAA, HAF, L, MGR, NCF, NFF, PS, R(FACT), SR, UPI
[6]:113

1973
Alabama
11–1
Paul "Bear" Bryant
B(QPRS), UPI
[6]:113

Michigan
10–0–1
Bo Schembechler
NCF, PS
[6]:113

Notre Dame
11–0
Ara Parseghian
AP, BR, FN, FWAA, HAF, NCF, NFF
[6]:113

Ohio State
10–0–1
Woody Hayes
NCF, PS, R(FACT), SR
[6]:114

Oklahoma
10–0–1
Barry Switzer
CFRA, DeS, DuS, SR
[6]:114

1974
Ohio State
10–2
Woody Hayes
MGR
[6]:114

Oklahoma
11–0
Barry Switzer
AP, B(QPRS), BR, CFRA, DeS, DuS, FN, HAF, L, NCF, PS, R(FACT), SR
[6]:114

USC
10–1–1
John McKay
FWAA, HAF, NCF, NFF, UPI
[6]:114

1975
Alabama
11–1
Paul "Bear" Bryant
MGR
[6]:114

Arizona State
12–0
Frank Kush
NCF, SN
[6]:114

Ohio State
11–1
Woody Hayes
B(QPRS), HAF, MGR, PS, R(FACT)
[6]:114

Oklahoma
11–1
Barry Switzer
AP, BR, CFRA, DeS, DuS, FN, FWAA, HAF, NCF, NFF, R(FACT), SR, UPI
[6]:114

1976
Pittsburgh
12–0
Johnny Majors
AP, BR, FN, FWAA, HAF, NCF, NFF, PS, R(FACT), SN, SR, UPI
[6]:114

USC
11–1
John Robinson
B(QPRS), BR, CFRA, DeS, DuS, MGR
[6]:114

1977
Alabama
11–1
Paul "Bear" Bryant
CFRA
[6]:114

Arkansas
11–1
Lou Holtz
R(FACT)
[6]:114

Notre Dame
11–1
Dan Devine
AP, BR, CFRA, DeS, DuS, FN, FWAA, HAF, MGR, NCF, NFF, PS, R(FACT), SN, SR, UPI
[6]:114

Texas
11–1
Fred Akers
B(QPRS), R(FACT), SR
[6]:114

1978
Alabama
11–1
Paul "Bear" Bryant
AP, CFRA, FWAA, HAF, NCF, NFF, R(FACT)
[6]:114

Oklahoma
11–1
Barry Switzer
DeS, DuS, HAF, L, MGR, PS, R(FACT), SR
[6]:114

USC
12–1
John Robinson
B(QPRS), BR, FN, HAF, NCF, R(FACT), SN, SR, UPI
[6]:114

1979
Alabama
12–0
Paul "Bear" Bryant
AP, B(QPRS), BR, DeS, DuS, FN, FWAA, HAF, MGR, NCF, NFF, NYT, PS, R(FACT), SN, SR, UPI
[6]:114

USC
11–0–1
John Robinson
CFRA
[6]:114

1980
Florida State
10–2
Bobby Bowden
R(FACT)
[6]:114

Georgia
12–0
Vince Dooley
AP, B(QPRS), BR, FN, FWAA, HAF, NCF, NFF, PS, R(FACT), SN, SR, UPI
[6]:114

Nebraska
10–2
Tom Osborne
R(FACT)
[6]:114

Oklahoma
10–2
Barry Switzer
DuS, MGR
[6]:114

Pittsburgh
11–1
Jackie Sherrill
CFRA, DeS, NYT, R(FACT), SR
[6]:114

1981
Clemson
12–0
Danny Ford
AP, B(QPRS), BR, CFRA, DeS, FN, FWAA, HAF, L, MGR, NCF, NFF, NYT, PS, R(FACT), SN, SR, UPI
[6]:114

Nebraska
9–3
Tom Osborne
NCF
[6]:114

Penn State
10–2
Joe Paterno
DuS
[6]:114

Pittsburgh
11–1
Jackie Sherrill
NCF
[6]:114

SMU
10–1
Ron Meyer
NCF
[6]:114

Texas
10–1–1
Fred Akers
NCF
[6]:114

1982
Nebraska
12–1
Tom Osborne
B(QPRS)
[6]:114

Penn State
11–1
Joe Paterno
AP, BR, CFRA, DeS, DuS, FN, FWAA, HAF, L, MGR, NCF, NFF, NYT, PS, R(FACT), SN, SR, UPI, USAT
[6]:114

SMU
11–0–1
Bobby Collins
HAF
[6]:114

1983
Auburn
11–1
Pat Dye
BR, CFRA, NYT, R(FACT), SR
[6]:114

Miami (FL)
11–1
Howard Schnellenberger
AP, DuS, FN, FWAA, NCF, NFF, SN, UPI, USAT/CNN
[6]:114

Nebraska
12–1
Tom Osborne
B(QPRS), DeS, L, MGR, PS, R(FACT), SR
[6]:114

1984
BYU
13–0
LaVell Edwards
AP, BR, CFRA, FWAA, NCF, NFF, PS, SR, UPI, USAT/CNN
[6]:114

Florida
9–1–1
Galen Hall
DeS, DuS, MGR, NYT, R(FACT), SN, SR
[6]:114

Nebraska
10–2
Tom Osborne
L
[6]:114

Washington
11–1
Don James
B(QPRS), FN, NCF
[6]:114

1985
Florida
9–1–1
Galen Hall
SR
[6]:114

Michigan
10–1–1
Bo Schembechler
MGR
[6]:114

Oklahoma
11–1
Barry Switzer
AP, B(QPRS), BR, CFRA, DeS, DuS, FN, FWAA, NCF, NFF, NYT, R(FACT), SN, UPI, USAT/CNN
[6]:114

1986
Miami (FL)
11–1
Jimmy Johnson
R(FACT)
[6]:114

Oklahoma
11–1
Barry Switzer
B(QPRS), CFRA, DeS, DuS, NYT, SR
[6]:114

Penn State
12–0
Joe Paterno
AP, BR, FN, FWAA, MGR, NCF, NFF, R(FACT), SN, SR, UPI, USAT/CNN
[6]:114

1987
Florida State
11–1
Bobby Bowden
B(QPRS)
[6]:114

Miami (FL)
12–0
Jimmy Johnson
AP, BR, CFRA, DeS, DuS, ERS, FN, FWAA, MGR, NCF, NFF, NYT, R(FACT), SN, SR, UPI, USAT/CNN
[6]:114

1988
Miami (FL)
11–1
Jimmy Johnson
B(QPRS)
[6]:114

Notre Dame
12–0
Lou Holtz
AP, BR, CFRA, DeS, DuS, ERS, FN, FWAA, MGR, NCF, NFF, NYT, R(FACT), SN, SR, UPI, USAT/CNN
[6]:114

1989
Miami (FL)
11–1
Dennis Erickson
AP, BR, CFRA, DeS, DuS, FN, FWAA, MGR, NCF, NFF, NYT, R(FACT), SN, UPI, USAT/CNN
[6]:114

Notre Dame
12–1
Lou Holtz
B(QPRS), ERS, R(FACT), SR
[6]:114

1990
Colorado
11–1–1
Bill McCartney
AP, B(QPRS), BR, CFRA, DeS, FN, FWAA, MGR, NCF, NFF, R(FACT), SN, USAT/CNN
[6]:114

Georgia Tech
11–0–1
Bobby Ross
DuS, NCF, R(FACT), SR, UPI
[6]:114

Miami (FL)
10–2
Dennis Erickson
ERS, NYT, R(FACT), SR
[6]:114

Washington
10–2
Don James
R(FACT)
[6]:114

1991
Miami (FL)
12–0
Dennis Erickson
AP, BR, CFRA, ERS, NCF, NYT, SN, SR
[6]:114

Washington
12–0
Don James
B(QPRS), DeS, DuS, FN, FWAA, MGR, NCF, R(FACT), SR, UPI/NFF, USAT/CNN
[6]:114

1992
Alabama
13–0
Gene Stallings
AP, B(QPRS), BR, CFRA, DeS, DuS, ERS, FN, FWAA, MGR, NCF, NYT, R(FACT), SN, SR, UPI/NFF, USAT/CNN
[6]:114

Florida State
11–1
Bobby Bowden
SR
[6]:114

1993
Auburn
11–0
Terry Bowden
NCF
[6]:114

Florida State
12–1
Bobby Bowden
AP, B(QPRS), BR, CCR, DeS, DuS, ERS, FN, FWAA, NCF, NYT, R(FACT), SN, SR, UPI, USAT/CNN, USAT/NFF
[6]:114

Nebraska
11–1
Tom Osborne
NCF
[6]:114

Notre Dame
11–1
Lou Holtz
MGR, NCF
[6]:114

1994
Florida State
10–1–1
Bobby Bowden
DuS
[6]:114

Nebraska
13–0
Tom Osborne
AP, AS, B(QPRS), BR, FN, FWAA, NCF, R(FACT), SN, SR, UPI, USAT/CNN, USAT/NFF
[6]:114–115

Penn State
12–0
Joe Paterno
CCR, DeS, ERS, MGR, NCF, NYT, R(FACT), SR
[6]:115

1995
Nebraska
12–0
Tom Osborne
AP, AS, B(QPRS), BR, CCR, DeS, DuS, ERS, FN, FWAA, MGR, NCF, NFF, NYT, R(FACT), SN, SR, UPI, USAT/CNN
[6]:115

1996
Florida
12–1
Steve Spurrier
AP, B(QPRS), BR, CCR, DeS, DuS, ERS, FN, FWAA, MGR, NCF, NFF, NYT, R(FACT), SN, SR, USAT/CNN
[6]:115

Florida State
11–1
Bobby Bowden
AS
[6]:115

1997
Michigan
12–0
Lloyd Carr
AP, BR, FN, FWAA, NCF, NFF, SN
[6]:115

Nebraska
13–0
Tom Osborne
A&H, AS, B(QPRS), BR, CCR, DeS, DuS, ERS, MGR, NCF, NYT, R(FACT), SR, USAT/ESPN
[6]:115

1998
Ohio State
11–1
John Cooper
SRb
[6]:115

Tennessee
13–0
Phillip Fulmer
A&H, AP, AS, B(QPRS), BCS, BR, CCR, DeS, DuS, ERS, FN, FWAA, MGR, NCF, NFF, NYT, R(FACT), SN, USAT/ESPN
[6]:115

1999
Florida State
12–0
Bobby Bowden
A&H, AP, B(QPRS), BCS, BR, CCR, DeS, DuS, ERS, FN, FWAA, MCFR, MGR, NCF, NFF, NYT, R(FACT), SN, SR, USAT/ESPN
[6]:115

2000
Miami (FL)
11–1
Butch Davis
NYT
[6]:115

Oklahoma
13–0
Bob Stoops
A&H, AP, B(QPRS), BCS, BR, CCR, DeS, DuS, ERS, FN, FWAA, MCFR, MGR, NCF, NFF, R(FACT), SN, SR, USAT/ESPN
[6]:115

2001
Miami (FL)
12–0
Larry Coker
A&H, AP, B(QPRS), BCS, BR, CCR, CM, DeS, DuS, ERS, FN, FWAA, MCFR, MGR, NFF, NYT, R(FACT), SN, SR, USAT/ESPN, W
[6]:115

2002
Ohio State
14–0
Jim Tressel
A&H, AP, B(QPRS), BCS, BR, CCR, CM, DeS, ERS, FN, FWAA, MCFR, NFF, NYT, R(FACT), SN, SR, USAT/ESPN, W
[6]:115

USC
11–2
Pete Carroll
DuS, MGR, SR
[6]:115

2003
LSU
13–1
Nick Saban
A&H, BCS, BR, CM, DeS, DuS, MCFR, NFF, R(FACT), SR, USAT/ESPN, W
[6]:115

Oklahoma
12–2
Bob Stoops
B(QPRS)
[6]:115

USC
12–1
Pete Carroll
AP, CCR, ERS, FWAA, MGR, NYT, SN
[6]:115

2004
USCc
11–0d
Pete Carroll
A&H, AP, B(QPRS), BR, CCR, CM, DeS, DuS, ERS, MCFR, MGR, NFF, NYT, R(FACT), SN, SR, W
Vacated:c BCS, FWAA, USAT/ESPN
[6]:115

2005
Texas
13–0
Mack Brown
A&H, AP, B(QPRS), BCS, BR, CCR, CM, DeS, DuS, ERS, FWAA, MCFR, MGR, NFF, R(FACT), SN, SR, USAT, W
[6]:115

2006
Florida
13–1
Urban Meyer
A&H, AP, B(QPRS), BCS, BR, CCR, CM, DuS, FWAA, MCFR, MGR, NFF, R(FACT), SN, SR, USAT, W
[6]:115

Ohio State
12–1
Jim Tressel
DeS, R(FACT)
[6]:115

2007
LSU
12–2
Les Miles
AP, B(QPRS), BCS, BR, CCR, CM, FWAA, MCFR, NFF, SR, USAT, W
[6]:115

Missouri
12–2
Gary Pinkel
A&H
[6]:115

USC
11–2
Pete Carroll
DuSe
[6]:115

2008
Florida
13–1
Urban Meyer
AP, B(QPRS), BCS, BR, CCR, CM, DuS, FWAA, NFF, SR, USAT
[6]:115

Utah
13–0
Kyle Whittingham
A&H, MCFR, W
[6]:115

2009
Alabama
14–0
Nick Saban
A&H, AP, B(QPRS), BCS, BR, CCR, CFRA, CM, DuS, FWAA, MCFR, NFF, SR, USAT, W
[6]:115

2010
Auburn
14–0
Gene Chizik
A&H, AP, B(QPRS), BCS, BR, CFRA, CM, DuS, FWAA, MCFR, NFF, SR, USAT, W
[6]:115

TCU
13–0
Gary Patterson
CCR
[6]:115

2011
Alabama
12–1
Nick Saban
AP, B(QPRS), BCS, BR, CFRA, DuS, FWAA, MCFR, NFF, SR, USAT, W
[6]:115

LSU
13–1
Les Miles
A&H, CCR
[6]:115

Oklahoma State
12–1
Mike Gundy
CM
[6]:115

2012
Alabama
13–1
Nick Saban
A&H, AP, BCS, BR, CCR, CFRA, DuS, FWAA, MCFR, NFF, SR, USAT, W
[6]:115

Notre Dame
12–1
Brian Kelly
CM
[6]:115

2013
Florida State
14–0
Jimbo Fisher
A&H, AP, BCS, BR, CCR, CFRA, CM, DuS, FWAA, MCFR, NFF, SR, USAT, W
[6]:115

2014
Ohio State
14–1
Urban Meyer
A&H, AP, BR, CCR, CFP, CFRA, CM, DuS, FWAA/NFF, MCFR, SR, USAT/AMWAY, W
[6]:115

2015
Alabama
14–1
Nick Saban
A&H, AP, BR, CCR, CFP, CFRA, CM, DuS, FWAA/NFF, MCFR, SR, USAT/AMWAY, W
[6]:115

2016
Alabama
14–1
Nick Saban
CCR, CM, DuS
[6]:115

Clemson
14–1
Dabo Swinney
A&H, AP, BR, CFP, CFRA, FWAA/NFF, MCFR, SR, USAT/AMWAY, W
[6]:115

2017
Alabama
13–1
Nick Saban
A&H[18], AP[19], BR[20], CCR[21], CFP[22], CFRA[23], DuS[24], FWAA/NFF[25], MCFR[26], SR[27], USAT/AMWAY[28], W[29]

UCF
13–0
Scott Frost
CM
[30]

text:
aParke Davis' selection for 1901, as published in the 1935 Spalding's Foot Ball Guide (which he himself edited until his death), was Harvard.[31]:233
bThe NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records book lists Sagarin as having selected Tennessee,[6]:114 while Sagarin's official website gives Ohio State as its 1998 selection.[32]
cThe FWAA stripped USC of its 2004 Grantland Rice Trophy and vacated the selection of its national champion for 2004. The BCS also vacated USC's participation in the 2005 Orange Bowl and USC's 2004 BCS National Championship, and the AFCA Coaches' Poll Trophy was returned.[33][34]
dRecord does not count wins against UCLA, or against Oklahoma in the BCS Championship game on January 4, 2005, as they were vacated by the NCAA.[35]
eThe NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records book lists Dunkel as having selected LSU,[6]:114 while Dunkel's official website gives USC as its 2007 selection.[36]

text: Total championship selections from major selectors by school[edit]

text: The national title count listed below is a culmination of all championship awarded since 1869, regardless of consensus or non-consensus status, as listed in the table above according to the selectors deemed to be major as listed in the official NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records (minus the Harris Interactive poll, 2005–2013, that is listed but does not conduct a final poll or award a championship).[6]:107–119

text: The totals can be said to be disputed. Individual schools may claim national championships not accounted for by the NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records or may not claim national championship selections that do appear in the official NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records (see National championship claims by school below). For an alternative independent view of national championship totals for each team, please see the College Football Data Warehouse recognized national champions or Poll era (1936–present) selections in the tables below.

text:
School
Championships

Princeton
28

Yale
27

Alabama
22

Notre Dame
22

Oklahoma
17

USC
17

Michigan
16

Ohio State
16

Harvard
12

Nebraska
11

Pittsburgh
11

Miami (FL)
9

Minnesota
9

Texas
9

Florida State
8

LSU
8

Georgia Tech
7

Penn State
7

Tennessee
7

Georgia
6

Michigan State
6

Penn
6

Iowa
5

Army
5

Auburn
5

California
5

Cornell
5

Florida
5

Illinois
5

Washington
4

Lafayette
3

Ole Miss
3

SMU
3

TCU
3

Texas A&M
3

Arizona State
2

Arkansas
2

Chicago
2

Clemson
2

Maryland
2

Missouri
2

Oklahoma State
2

Stanford
2

BYU
1

Centre
1

Colgate
1

Colorado
1

Columbia
1

Dartmouth
1

Detroit
1

Kentucky
1

Navy
1

Purdue
1

Rutgers
1

Syracuse
1

UCF
1

UCLA
1

Utah
1

Washington & Jefferson
1

Wisconsin
1

text: National championship claims by school[edit]

text: The following is a table of known schools' claims on national championships at the highest level of play in college football. Several of these schools no longer compete at the highest level, which is currently NCAA Division I FBS, but nonetheless maintain claims to titles from when they did compete at the highest level.

text: Because there is no one governing or official body that regulates, recognizes, or awards national championships in college football, and because many independent selectors of championships exist, many of the claims by the schools listed below are shared, contradict each other, or are controversial.[5][6]:107–119 In addition, because there is no one body overseeing national championships, no standardized requirements exist in order for a school to make a claim on a national championship, as any particular institution is free to make any declaration it deems to be fit. However, all known national championship claims are for seasons in which a national championship, or share of a championship, was believed to be awarded to that particular school by at least one independent third-party selector.[37][38][39][40] The majority of these claims, but not all, are based on championships awarded from selectors listed as "major" in the official NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records.[6]:107–109 Not all championships awarded by third party selectors, nor those listed in the official NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records, are necessarily claimed by each school.[note 1] Therefore, these claims represent how each individual school sees their own history on the subject of national championships.

text: This table below includes only national championship claims originating from each particular school and therefore represents the point-of-view of each individual institution. Each total number of championships, and the years for which they are claimed, are documented by the particular school on its official website, in its football media guide, or in other official publications or literature (see Source). If a championship is not mentioned by a school for any particular season, regardless of whether it was awarded by a selector or listed in a third-party publication such as the official NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records, it is not considered to be claimed by that institution.[note 2]

text:
School
Claimed
national
championships
Seasons
Source

Princeton
28
1869, 1870, 1872, 1873, 1874, 1875, 1877, 1878, 1879, 1880, 1881, 1884, 1885, 1886, 1889, 1893, 1894, 1896, 1898, 1899, 1903, 1906, 1911, 1920, 1922, 1933, 1935, 1950
[41]

Yale
27
1872, 1874, 1876, 1877, 1879, 1880, 1881, 1882, 1883, 1884, 1886, 1887, 1888, 1891, 1892, 1893, 1894, 1895, 1897, 1900, 1901, 1902, 1905, 1906, 1907, 1909, 1927
[42][43]

Alabama
17
1925, 1926, 1930, 1934, 1941, 1961, 1964, 1965, 1973, 1978, 1979, 1992, 2009, 2011, 2012, 2015, 2017
[44]

Michigan
11
1901, 1902, 1903, 1904, 1918, 1923, 1932, 1933, 1947, 1948, 1997
[45]

Notre Dame
11
1924, 1929, 1930, 1943, 1946, 1947, 1949, 1966, 1973, 1977, 1988
[46]

USC
11a
1928, 1931, 1932, 1939, 1962, 1967, 1972, 1974, 1978, 2003, 2004
[47]

Pittsburgh
9
1915, 1916, 1918, 1929, 1931, 1934, 1936, 1937, 1976
[48]

Ohio State
8
1942, 1954, 1957, 1961, 1968, 1970, 2002, 2014
[49][50]

Harvard
7
1890, 1898, 1899, 1910, 1912, 1913, 1919
[51]

Minnesota
7
1904, 1934, 1935, 1936, 1940, 1941, 1960
[52]

Oklahoma
7
1950, 1955, 1956, 1974, 1975, 1985, 2000
[53]

Penn
7
1894, 1895, 1897, 1904, 1907, 1908, 1924
[54]

Michigan State
6
1951, 1952, 1955, 1957, 1965, 1966
[55]

Tennessee
6
1938, 1940, 1950, 1951, 1967, 1998
[56][57]

California
5
1920, 1921, 1922, 1923, 1937
[58]

Cornell
5
1915, 1921, 1922, 1923, 1939
[59]

Illinois
5
1914, 1919, 1923, 1927, 1951
[60]

Miami (FL)
5
1983, 1987, 1989, 1991, 2001
[61]

Nebraska
5
1970, 1971, 1994, 1995, 1997
[62]

Georgia Tech
4
1917, 1928, 1952, 1990
[63]

Iowa
4b
1921, 1956, 1958, 1960
[64]

Texas
4
1963, 1969, 1970, 2005
[65]

Washington
4
1960, 1984, 1990, 1991
[66]

Army
3
1944, 1945, 1946
[67]

Florida
3
1996, 2006, 2008
[68]

Florida State
3
1993, 1999, 2013
[69]

Lafayette
3
1896, 1921, 1926
[70]

LSU
3
1958, 2003, 2007
[71]

Ole Miss
3
1959, 1960, 1962
[72]

SMU
3
1935, 1981, 1982
[73]

Texas A&M
3
1919, 1927, 1939
[74]

Auburn
2c
1957, 2010
[75]

Chicago
2
1905, 1913
[76]

Clemson
2
1981, 2016
[77][78]

Georgia
2d
1942, 1980
[79][80]

Penn State
2
1982, 1986
[81]

TCU
2
1935, 1938
[82]

Stanford
2
1926, 1940
[83][84]

Arkansas
1
1964
[85]

Boston College
1
1940
[86]

BYU
1
1984
[87]

Centre
1
1921
[88]

Colorado
1
1990
[89]

Dartmouth
1
1925
[90]

Kentucky
1
1950
[91]

Maryland
1
1953
[92]

Navy
1
1926
[93]

Oklahoma State
1
1945
[94][95]

Rutgers
1
1869
[96]

Syracuse
1
1959
[97]

UCF
1
2017
[98]

UCLA
1
1954
[99]

text:
aUSC's January 4, 2005 win over Oklahoma in the BCS Championship Game was vacated as mandated by the NCAA, its 2004 BCS National Championship vacated by the BCS, and its AFCA Coaches' Trophy returned. NCAA sanctions mandate that "any reference to the vacated results, including championships, shall be removed." USC still retains the 2004 Associated Press National Championship and has not abandoned its claim to a 2004 national championship.[100][101]
bIowa lists the awarding of the 1958 Grantland Rice National Championship in various publications, but describes championship selections from 3 other years as well in its annual media guide.
cAuburn's 1913, 1983, and 1993 (Auburn was disqualified from post-season play in 1993 and did not play in a bowl game) championships are not recognized by the school.
dGeorgia's website has multiple pages which list national championships by sport and only callout two seasons for football (1942 and 1980).[102][79][103] The Georgia football media guide contains a year-by-year results section in which five seasons (1927, 1942, 1946, 1968, 1980) have "National Champions#" headers paired with selector callouts,[80]:159–161, but also a "Championship History" page which pairs 1942 and 1980 into a "The Consensus National Champions" section and groups 1927, 1946, and 1968 together without description as national champions beyond identification of those specific selectors.[80]:192

text: College Football Data Warehouse recognized national champions[edit]

text: College Football Data Warehouse (CFBDW) is an online resource and database that has collected and researched information on college football and national championship selections. It provides a comprehensive list of national championship selectors[38][39] and has itself recognized selectors that it has deemed to be the most acceptable throughout history. These include the National Championship Foundation (1869–1882), the Helms Athletic Foundation (1883–1935), the College Football Researchers Association (1919–1935), the Associated Press Poll (1936–present), and the Coaches Poll (1950–present).[104] From its research, it has compiled a list of Recognized National Championships for each season.[37] Some years include recognition of multiple teams for a particular season. Please note that the CFBDW list of Recognized Champions does not confer any additional legitimacy to the titles. In this regard, some universities claim championships not recognized by CFBDW or do not claim championships that are recognized by CFBDW. Please consult the above table of National championship claims by school or individual team articles and websites for possible additional or alternative national championship claims.

text: Below is a list of all of the CFBDW recognized national championships from 1869 to present.

text:
School
Championships
Seasons

Princeton
26
1869, 1870, 1872, 1873, 1874, 1875, 1877, 1878, 1879, 1880, 1881, 1884, 1885, 1886, 1889, 1893, 1896, 1898, 1899, 1903, 1906, 1911, 1920, 1922, 1933, 1935

Yale
18
1874, 1876, 1877, 1880, 1881, 1882, 1883, 1884, 1886, 1887, 1888, 1891, 1892, 1894, 1900, 1907, 1909, 1927

Alabama
15
1925, 1926, 1930, 1934, 1961, 1964, 1965, 1973, 1978, 1979, 1992, 2009, 2011, 2012, 2015

Notre Dame
13
1919, 1924, 1929, 1930, 1943, 1946, 1947, 1949, 1964, 1966, 1973, 1977, 1988

Michigan
11
1901, 1902, 1903, 1904, 1918, 1923, 1932, 1933, 1947, 1948, 1997

USC
10
1928, 1931, 1932, 1962, 1967, 1972, 1974, 1978, 2003, 2004

Pittsburgh
9
1910, 1915, 1916, 1918, 1929, 1931, 1936, 1937, 1976

Harvard
8
1875, 1890, 1898, 1899, 1910, 1912, 1913, 1919

Ohio State
8
1942, 1954, 1957, 1961, 1968, 1970, 2002, 2014

Oklahoma
7
1950, 1955, 1956, 1974, 1975, 1985, 2000

Minnesota
6
1934, 1935, 1936, 1940, 1941, 1960

Penn
6
1894, 1895, 1897, 1904, 1907, 1908

Army
5
1914, 1916, 1944, 1945, 1946

Miami (FL)
5
1983, 1987, 1989, 1991, 2001

Nebraska
5
1970, 1971, 1994, 1995, 1997

California
4
1920, 1921, 1922, 1937

Georgia Tech
4
1917, 1928, 1952, 1990

Illinois
4
1914, 1919, 1923, 1927

LSU
4
1908, 1958, 2003, 2007

Michigan State
4
1951, 1952, 1965, 1966

Penn State
4
1911, 1912, 1982, 1986

Tennessee
4
1938, 1950, 1951, 1998

Texas
4
1963, 1969, 1970, 2005

Auburn
3
1913, 1957, 2010

Cornell
3
1915, 1921, 1922

Florida
3
1996, 2006, 2008

Florida State
3
1993, 1999, 2013

Lafayette
3
1896, 1921, 1926

Georgia
2
1942, 1980

Ole Miss
2
1960, 1962

Texas A&M
2
1919, 1939

TCU
2
1935, 1938

Arkansas
1
1964

Boston College
1
1940

BYU
1
1984

Chicago
1
1905

Clemson
1
1981

Colorado
1
1990

Dartmouth
1
1925

Iowa
1
1958

Maryland
1
1953

SMU
1
1935

Stanford
1
1926

Syracuse
1
1959

UCLA
1
1954

Washington
1
1991

text: Poll era (1936–present)[edit]

text: The polling system first gained widespread consistency with the introduction of the AP poll in 1936, followed by the Coaches' Poll in 1950. National championships are often popularly considered to be "consensus" when both of these polls are in agreement with their national championship selections, although other selectors exist and do make alternative selections. A more modern incarnation, the Bowl Championship Series (BCS), was a consortium of college football conferences that uses a combination of various computer rankings and human polls to mathematically determine a post-season matchup between the two top teams as determined by its formula. The USA Today Coaches' Poll was contractually obligated to name the BCS champion as its national champion.

text: AP Poll[edit]

text: The AP college football poll has a long history. The news media began running their own polls of sports writers to determine who was, by popular opinion, the best football team in the country at the end of the season. One of the earliest such polls was the AP College Football Poll, first run in 1934 (compiled and organized by Charles Woodroof, former SEC Assistant Director of Media Relations, but not recognized in the official NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records) and then continuously from 1936. Due to the long-standing historical ties between individual college football conferences and high-paying bowl games like the Rose Bowl and Orange Bowl, the NCAA has never held a tournament or championship game to determine the champion of what is now the highest division, NCAA Division I, Football Bowl Subdivision (the Division I, Football Championship Subdivision and lower divisions do hold championship tournaments). As a result, the public and the media began to take the leading vote-getter in the final AP Poll as the national champion for that season.

text: While the AP Poll currently lists the Top 25 teams in the nation, from 1936 to 1961 the wire service only ranked 20 teams. And from 1962 to 1967 only 10 teams were recognized. From 1968 to 1988, the AP again resumed its Top 20 before expanding to 25 teams in 1989.

text: Until the 1968 college football season, the final AP Poll of the season was released following the end of the regular season, with the exception of the 1965 season. In 1964, Alabama was named the national champion in the final AP Poll following the completion of the regular season, but lost in the Orange Bowl to Texas, leaving Arkansas as the only undefeated, untied team after the Razorbacks defeated Nebraska in the Cotton Bowl Classic. In 1965, the AP's decision to wait to crown its champion paid off, as top-ranked Michigan State lost to UCLA in the Rose Bowl, number two Arkansas lost to LSU in the Cotton Bowl Classic, and fourth-ranked Alabama defeated third-ranked Nebraska in the Orange Bowl, vaulting the Crimson Tide to the top of the AP's final poll. Michigan State was named national champion in the final United Press International poll of coaches, which did not conduct a post-bowl poll. At the end of the 1947 season, the AP released an unofficial post-bowl poll which differed from the regular season final poll. The AP national championship had been awarded before bowl games were played.

text: Beginning in the 1968 season, a post bowl game poll was released and the AP championship reflected the bowl game results. The UPI did not follow suit with the coaches' poll until the 1974 season.[105]

text: Coaches' Poll[edit]

text: The Coaches' poll began selecting the top 20 teams on a weekly basis during the 1950–1951 college football season. It is conducted among selected members of the American Football Coaches Association. In 1990 the poll expanded to a top 25, and it has retained this format since. The Coaches' Poll took their final poll prior to the bowl games from 1950–1973, and since 1974, has taken their final poll after bowl games. The Coaches' Poll does not include teams on either NCAA or conference-sanction probation, which also differentiates it from the AP poll.[106] The poll has been released through various media outlets and with differing sponsors over its history, and thus has taken a succession of different names, including United Press (UP) from 1950 thru 1957, the United Press International (UPI) from 1958 thru 1990, USA Today/CNN from 1991 thru 1996, USA Today/ESPN from 1997 to 2004, and USA Today from 2005 to present.

text: During the era of the BCS, the Coaches' Poll was under contractual obligation to award its national championship selection to the winner of the BCS Championship Game or its predecessors—who was presented with the AFCA National Championship Trophy during a post-game presentation. The College Football Playoff is not tied to the Coaches' Poll in this manner.[107]

text: Poll era national championships by school (1936–present)[edit]

text: The following table contains the national championships that have been recognized by the final AP or Coaches' Poll. Originally both the AP and Coaches' poll champions were crowned after the regular season, but since 1968 and 1974, respectively, both polls crown their champions after the bowl games are completed. The BCS champion was automatically awarded the Coaches' Poll championship. Of the current 120+ Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS, formerly Division I-A) schools, only 30 have won at least a share of a national title by the AP or Coaches' poll. Of these 30 teams, only 19 teams have won multiple titles. Of the 19 teams, only 7 have won five or more national titles: Alabama, Notre Dame, Oklahoma, USC, Miami (FL), Nebraska, and Ohio State. The years listed in the table below indicate a national championship selection by the AP or Coaches' Poll. The selections are noted with (AP) or (Coaches) when a national champion selection differed between the two polls for that particular season, which has occurred in twelve different seasons (including 2004, for which the coaches selection was rescinded) since the polls first came to coexist in 1950.

text:
School
Championships
Seasons

Alabama
12
1961, 1964, 1965 (AP), 1973 (Coaches), 1978 (AP), 1979, 1992, 2009, 2011, 2012, 2015, 2017

Notre Dame
8
1943, 1946, 1947, 1949, 1966, 1973 (AP), 1977, 1988

Oklahoma
7
1950, 1955, 1956, 1974 (AP), 1975, 1985, 2000

USC
7
1962, 1967, 1972, 1974 (Coaches), 1978 (Coaches), 2003 (AP), 2004 (AP)†

Ohio State
6
1942, 1954 (AP), 1957 (Coaches), 1968, 2002, 2014

Miami (FL)
5
1983, 1987, 1989, 1991 (AP), 2001

Nebraska
5
1970 (AP), 1971, 1994, 1995, 1997 (Coaches)

Minnesota
4
1936, 1940, 1941, 1960

Texas
4
1963, 1969, 1970 (Coaches), 2005

Florida
3
1996, 2006, 2008

Florida State
3
1993, 1999, 2013

LSU
3
1958, 2003 (Coaches), 2007

Army
2
1944, 1945 (AP)

Auburn
2
1957 (AP), 2010

Clemson
2
1981, 2016

Michigan
2
1948, 1997 (AP)

Michigan State
2
1952, 1965 (Coaches)

Penn State
2
1982, 1986

Pittsburgh
2
1937, 1976

Tennessee
2
1951, 1998

BYU
1
1984

Colorado
1
1990 (AP)

Georgia
1
1980

Georgia Tech
1
1990 (Coaches)

Maryland
1
1953

Oklahoma State
1
1945 (Coaches)‡

Syracuse
1
1959

TCU
1
1938

Texas A&M
1
1939

UCLA
1
1954 (Coaches)

Washington
1
1991 (Coaches)

text:
† USC's 2004–2005 BCS National Championship was vacated by the BCS and the AFCA Coaches' Trophy returned.[108]
‡ Retroactively awarded in 2016 by AFCA Blue Ribbon Panel[15]

text: BCS championships[edit]

text: The Bowl Championship Series (BCS) was a selection system designed to give the top two teams in NCAA Division I-A (now known as the FBS) an opportunity to compete in a "national championship game". This championship was intended as a surrogate for a playoff system since the NCAA does not formally determine a champion in this category. It began during the 1998 season, but a number of controversial selections spurred changes to the format over the years. Prior to the 2006 season, eight teams competed in four BCS Bowls (the Orange, Sugar, Rose, and Fiesta). The BCS replaced the Bowl Alliance (in place from 1995–1997), which itself followed the Bowl Coalition (in place from 1992–1994). One of the main differences was that the Rose Bowl participated in the BCS; previously, the Big Ten and Pac-12 champions automatically played in the Rose Bowl regardless of their poll rankings. However, after the change, those teams played in the BCS National Championship Game if they finished #1 or #2 in the BCS standings.

text: The BCS formula varied over the years, with the final version relying on a combination of the Coaches' and Harris polls and an average of various computer rankings to determine relative team rankings, and to narrow the field to two teams to play in the BCS National Championship Game held after the other college bowl games. The winner of this game was crowned Coaches' Poll national champion winning the AFCA National Championship Trophy and was also awarded the MacArthur Bowl by the National Football Foundation.[13]

text: BCS National Championships by school (1998–2013)[edit]

text:
School
Championships
Seasons

Alabama
3
2009, 2011, 2012

Florida
2
2006, 2008

Florida State
2
1999, 2013

LSU
2
2003, 2007

Auburn
1
2010

Miami (FL)
1
2001

Ohio State
1
2002

Oklahoma
1
2000

Tennessee
1
1998

Texas
1
2005

USC
0*
2004*

text: *USC's victory in the 2005 Orange Bowl and subsequent 2004–05 BCS National Championship was vacated by the BCS.[100][109]

text: College Football Playoff championships[edit]

text: The College Football Playoff (CFP) was designed as a replacement for the BCS. While the NCAA still does not officially sanction the event, organizers sought to bring a playoff system similar to all other levels of NCAA football to the Football Bowl Subdivision.

text: The College Football Playoff relies on a 13-member selection committee to choose the top four teams to play in a two-round single-elimination playoff bracket. The winner of the final game is awarded the College Football Playoff National Championship Trophy.

text: CFP National Championships by school (2014–present)[edit]

text:
School
Championships
Seasons

Alabama
2
2015, 2017

Clemson
1
2016

Ohio State
1
2014


document_title: Sanctuary city

question_text: when did san francisco become a sanctuary city

root

text: Sanctuary city

text: History[edit]

text: The concept of a sanctuary city goes back thousands of years. It has been associated with Christianity, Islam, Judaism, Buddhism, Baha'i, Sikhism, and Hinduism.[10] In Western Civilization, sanctuary cities can be traced back to the Old Testament. The Book of Numbers commands the selection of six cities of refuge in which the perpetrators of accidental manslaughter could claim the right of asylum. Outside of these cities, blood vengeance against such perpetrators was allowed by law.[11] In AD 392, Christian Roman emperor Theodosius I set up sanctuaries under church control. In AD 600 in medieval England, churches were given a general right of sanctuary, and some cities were set up as sanctuaries by Royal charter. The general right of sanctuary for churches in England was abolished in 1621.[10]

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text: United States[edit]

text: It has been suggested that this article be split into multiple articles. (Discuss) (January 2017)

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text: Terminology[edit]

text: Several different terms and phrases are used to describe immigrants who enter the U.S. illegally. The term alien is "considered insensitive by many" and a LexisNexis search showed that its use in reports on immigration has declined substantially, making up just 5% of terms used in 2013.[12] Usage of the word "illegal" and phases using the word (e.g., illegal alien, illegal immigrant, illegal worker and illegal migrant) has declined, accounting for 82% of language used in 1996, 75% in 2002, 60% in 2007, and 57% in 2013.[12] Several other phrases are competing for wide acceptance: undocumented immigrant (usage in news reports increased from 6% in 1996 to 14% in 2013); unauthorized immigrant (3% usage in 2013 and rarely seen before that time), and undocumented person or undocumented people (1% in 2007, increasing to 3% in 2013).[12] A recent term is "illegalized immigrant".[13]

text: Media outlets' policies as to use of terms differ, and no consensus has yet emerged in the press.[14][15] In 2013, the Associated Press changed its AP Stylebook to provide that "Except in direct quotes essential to the story, use illegal only to refer to an action, not a person: illegal immigration, but not illegal immigrant. Acceptable variations include living in or entering a country illegally or without legal permission."[16] Within several weeks, major U.S. newspapers such as Chicago Tribune, the Los Angeles Times, and USA Today adopted similar guidance.[15] The New York Times style guide similarly states that that the term illegal immigrant may be considered "loaded or offensive" and advises journalists to "explain the specific circumstances of the person in question or to focus on actions: who crossed the border illegally; who overstayed a visa; who is not authorized to work in this country."[14] The style book discourages the use of illegal as a noun and the "sinister-sounding" alien.[14] Both unauthorized and undocumented are acceptable, but the stylebook notes that the former "has a flavor of euphemism and should be used with caution outside quotation" and the latter has a "bureaucratic tone."[14] The Washington Post stylebook "says 'illegal immigrant' is accurate and acceptable, but notes that some find it offensive"; the Post "does not refer to people as 'illegal aliens' or 'illegals,' per its guidelines.[17]

text: Electoral politics[edit]

text: This issue entered presidential politics in the race for the Republican Party presidential nomination in 2008. Colorado Rep. Tom Tancredo ran on an anti-illegal immigration platform and specifically attacked sanctuary cities. Former Massachusetts governor Mitt Romney accused former New York City mayor Rudy Giuliani of running it as a sanctuary city.[18] Giuliani's campaign responded saying that Romney ran a sanctuary Governor's mansion, and that New York City is not a "haven" for undocumented immigrants.[18]

text: Following the shooting death of Kathryn Steinle in San Francisco (a sanctuary city) by an illegal immigrant, Hillary Clinton told CNN that "The city made a mistake, not to deport someone that the federal government strongly felt should be deported. I have absolutely no support for a city that ignores the strong evidence that should be acted on."[19] The following day, her campaign stated: "Hillary Clinton believes that sanctuary cities can help further public safety, and she has defended those policies going back years."[20]

text: Political action[edit]

text: State[edit]

text: Georgia banned "sanctuary cities" in 2009, and in 2016 went further by requiring local governments, in order to obtain state funding, to certify that they cooperate with federal immigration officials.[21]

text: Arizona, through SB 1070 (enacted in 2010), requires law enforcement officers to notify federal immigration authorities "if they develop reasonable suspicion that a person they’ve detained or arrested is in the country illegally."[22]

text: Tennessee state law bars "local governments or officials from making policies that stop local entities from complying with federal immigration law."[23] In 2017, legislation proposed in the Tennessee General Assembly would go further, withholding funding from local governments deemed insufficiently cooperative with the federal government.[23]

text: In California Seaside became the Monterey Peninsula's first sanctuary city.

text: The state senate passed a bill that would largely prohibit local law enforcement agencies from using their money, equipment or personnel to aid federal government action against illegal immigrants. [24]

text: In Texas no city has formally declared "sanctuary" status, but a few do not fully cooperate with federal immigration authorities and have drawn a negative response from the legislature.[25] Bills seeking to deprive state funding from police departments and municipalities that do not cooperate with federal authorities had been introduced into the Texas Legislature several times.[25] On February 1, 2017, Texas Governor Greg Abbott blocked funding to Travis County, Texas due to its recently implemented de facto sanctuary city policy.[26][27] On May 7, 2017, Abbott signed a bill into law effectively banning sanctuary cities by charging county or city officials who refuse to work with federal officials and by allowing police officers to check the immigration status of those they detain if they choose.[28][29]

text: Federal[edit]

text: The Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996 addressed the relationship between the federal government and local governments. Minor crimes, such as shoplifting, became grounds for possible deportation.[30] Additionally, the legislation outlawed cities' bans against municipal workers reporting a person's immigration status to federal authorities.[31]

text: Section 287(g) makes it possible for state and local law enforcement personnel to enter into agreements with the federal government to be trained in immigration enforcement and, subsequent to such training, to enforce immigration law. However, it provides no general power for immigration enforcement by state and local authorities.[32] This provision was implemented by local and state authorities in five states, California, Arizona, Alabama, Florida and North Carolina by the end of 2006.[33] On June 16, 2007 the United States House of Representatives passed an amendment to a United States Department of Homeland Security spending bill that would withhold federal emergency services funds from sanctuary cities. Congressman Tom Tancredo (R-Colo.) was the sponsor of this amendment. 50 Democrats joined Republicans to support the amendment. The amendment would have to pass the United States Senate to become effective.[34]

text: In 2007, Republican representatives introduced legislation targeting sanctuary cities. Reps. Brian Bilbray, R-Calif., Ginny Brown-Waite, R-Fla., Thelma Drake, R-Va., Jeff Miller, R-Fla., and Tom Tancredo introduced the bill. The legislation would make undocumented immigrant status a felony, instead of a civil offense. Also, the bill targets sanctuary cities by withholding up to 50 percent of Department of Homeland Security funds from the cities.[35]

text: On September 5, 2007, Department of Homeland Security Secretary Michael Chertoff told a House committee that he certainly wouldn't tolerate interference by sanctuary cities that would block his "Basic Pilot Program" that requires employers to validate the legal status of their workers. "We're exploring our legal options. I intend to take as vigorous legal action as the law allows to prevent that from happening, prevent that kind of interference."[36][37]

text: On January 25, 2017 President Donald Trump signed an executive order directing the Secretary of Homeland Security and Attorney General to defund sanctuary jurisdictions that refuse to comply with federal immigration law.[38] He also ordered the Department of Homeland Security to begin issuing weekly public reports that include "a comprehensive list of criminal actions committed by aliens and any jurisdiction that ignored or otherwise failed to honor any detainers with respect to such aliens."[38] Ilya Somin, Professor of Law at George Mason University, has argued that Trump's withholding of federal funding would be unconstitutional: "Trump and future presidents could use [the executive order] to seriously undermine constitutional federalism by forcing dissenting cities and states to obey presidential dictates, even without authorization from Congress. The circumvention of Congress makes the order a threat to separation of powers, as well."[39] On April 25, 2017, U.S. District Judge William Orrick issued a nationwide preliminary injunction halting this executive order.[40][41]

text: Jurisdiction

text: Whether federal or local government has jurisdiction to detain and deport illegal immigrants is a tricky and unsettled issue, because the U.S. Constitution does not provide a clear answer. Both federal and local government offer arguments to defend their authority. The issue of jurisdiction has been vigorously debated dating back to the Alien Act of 1798.[42] Opponents of local level policing tend to use the Naturalization Clause and the Migration clause in the Constitution as textual confirmation of federal power. Because the Supremacy Clause is generally interpreted to mean that federal law takes priority over state law, the U.S. Supreme Court in the majority of cases has ruled in favor of the federal government. Certain states have been affected by illegal immigration more than others and have attempted to pass legislation that limits access by undocumented immigrants to public benefits. A notable case was Arizona's SB 1070 law, which was passed in 2010 and struck down in 2012 by the Supreme Court as unconstitutional.[43]

text: States like Arizona, Texas and Nevada justify their aggressive actions as a result of insufficient efforts by the federal government to address issues like use of schools and hospitals by illegal immigrants and changes to the cultural landscape--impacts that are most visible on a local level.[44] Ambiguity and confusion over jurisdiction is one of the reasons why local and state policies for and against sanctuary cities vary widely depending on location in the country.

text: Effects[edit]

text: Crime[edit]

text: A 2017 study found that sanctuary policy itself has no statistically meaningful effect on crime.[45][5][46][47][48] The findings of the study were misinterpreted by Attorney General Jeff Sessions in a July 2017 speech when he claimed that the study showed that sanctuary cities were more prone to crime than cities without sanctuary policies.[49][50]

text: According to a study by Tom K. Wong, associate professor of political science at the University of California, San Diego, published by the Center for American Progress, a progressive think tank: "Crime is statistically significantly lower in sanctuary counties compared to nonsanctuary counties. Moreover, economies are stronger in sanctuary counties – from higher median household income, less poverty, and less reliance on public assistance to higher labor force participation, higher employment-to-population ratios, and lower unemployment."[6] The study also concluded that sanctuary cities build trust between local law enforcement and the community, which enhances public safety overall.[51] The study evaluated sanctuary and non-sanctuary cities while controlling for differences in population, the foreign-born percentage of the population, and the percentage of the population that is Latino."[6]

text: Economy[edit]

text: Advocates of local enforcement of immigration laws argue that more regulatory local immigration policies would cause immigrants to flee those cities and possibly the United States altogether,[52] while opponents argue that regulatory policies on immigrants wouldn't affect their presence because immigrants looking for work will relocate towards economic opportunity despite challenges living there.[3] Undocumented migrants tend to be attracted to states with more economic opportunity and individual freedom.[53] Because there is no reliable data that asks for immigration status, there is no way to tell empirically if regulatory policies do have an effect on immigrant presence. A study comparing restrictive counties with nonrestrictive counties found that local jurisdictions that enacted regulatory immigration policies experienced a 1-2% negative effect in employment.[3]

text: Health and well-being[edit]

text: A preliminary study's results imply that the number of Sanctuary cities in the U.S. positively affects well-being in the undocumented immigrant population.[54] Concerning health, a study in North Carolina found that after implementation of section 287(g), prenatal Hispanic/Latina mothers were more likely than non-Hispanic/Latina mothers to have late or inadequate prenatal care. The study's interviews indicated that Hispanics/Latinos in the section 287(g) counties had distrust in health services among other services and had fear about going to the doctor.[55]

text: Laws and policies by state and city[edit]

text: Alabama[edit]

text: In Alabama, state law (Alabama HB 56) was enacted in 2011, calling for proactive immigration enforcement; however, many provisions are either blocked by the federal courts or subject to ongoing lawsuits.[citation needed] On January 31, 2017, William A. Bell, the mayor of Birmingham, declared the city a "welcoming city" and said that the police would not be "an enforcement arm of the federal government" with respect to federal immigration law. He also stated that the city would not require proof of citizenship for granting business licenses. The Birmingham City Council subsequently passed a resolution supporting Birmingham being a "sanctuary city".[56]

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text: Arizona[edit]

text: Following the passage of Arizona SB 1070, a state law, few if any cities in Arizona are "sanctuary cities." A provision of SB 1070 requires local authorities to "contact federal immigration authorities if they develop reasonable suspicion that a person they've detained or arrested is in the country illegally."[22] The Center for Immigration Studies, which advocates restrictive immigration policies, labels only one city in the state, South Tucson, a "sanctuary city"; the label is because South Tucson does not honor ICE detainers "unless ICE pays for cost of detention".[22]

text: California[edit]

text:
Berkeley became the first city in the United States to pass a sanctuary resolution on November 8, 1971.[57] Additional local governments in certain cities in the United States began designating themselves as sanctuary cities during the 1980s.[58][59] Some have questioned the accuracy of the term "sanctuary city" as used in the USA.[60] The policy was first initiated in 1979 in Los Angeles, to prevent the Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) from inquiring about the immigration status of arrestees. Many Californian cities have adopted "sanctuary" ordinances banning city employees and public safety personnel from asking people about their immigration status.[61][62]
According to the National Immigration Law Center, about a dozen California cities have some formal sanctuary policy, and none of the 58 California counties "complies with detainer requests by U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement."[63]
Los Angeles – In 1979, the Los Angeles City Council adopted Special Order 40, barring LAPD officers from initiating contact with a person solely to determine their immigration status.[64] However, the city frequently cooperates with federal immigration authorities.[63] Los Angeles Mayor Eric Garcetti does not use the phrase "sanctuary city" to describe the city because the label is unclear.[63]
San Francisco "declared itself a sanctuary city in 1989, and city officials strengthened the stance in 2013 with its 'Due Process for All' ordinance. The law declared local authorities could not hold immigrants for immigration officials if they had no violent felonies on their records and did not currently face charges."[63] The 2015 shooting of Kathryn Steinle provoked debate about San Francisco's "sanctuary city" policy.[65]
On October 5, 2017, Governor Jerry Brown signed a bill that makes California a "sanctuary state". In spite of this, it does not bar local and state agencies from cooperating with ICE regarding certain illegal criminals and ICE is still free to carry out raids targeting illegal aliens within the state.[66]
Seaside – On March 29, 2017, Seaside became Monterey County's first sanctuary city.[67]

text: Colorado[edit]

text:
Boulder[68] became a sanctuary city in 2017.
Denver does not identify as a sanctuary city. The Denver Post reports: "The city doesn't have an ordinance staking out a claim or barring information-sharing with federal officials about a person's immigration status, unlike some cities. But it is among cities that don't enforce immigration laws or honor federal 'detainer' requests to hold immigrants with suspect legal status in jail past their release dates.[69]
Estes Park police chief Wes Kufeld stated that, "As far as day-to-day policing, people are not required to provide proof of immigration status, and our officers are not required by ICE to check immigration status, nor to conduct sweeps for undocumented individuals. So, we don’t do these things." He added that town police do assist ICE in the arrest and detainment of any illegal immigrant suspected of a felony.[70]

text: Connecticut[edit]

text:
Hartford passed an ordinance providing services to all residents regardless of their immigration in 2008. Said ordinance also prohibits that police from detaining individuals based solely on their immigration status or inquiring as to their immigration status. In 2016, the ordinance was amended to declare that Hartford is a "Sanctuary City", though the term itself does not have an established legal meaning.[71]
In 2013, Connecticut passed a law that gives local law enforcement officers discretion to carry out immigration detainer requests, though only for suspected felons.[72]
On February 3, 2017, Middletown, CT declared itself a sanctuary city. This was in direct response to President Trump's executive order. Said Middletown's mayor, “We don't just take orders from the President of the United States”[73]

text: Florida[edit]

text:
In January 2017 Miami-Dade County rescinded a policy of insisting the U.S. government pay for detention of persons on a federal list. Republican Mayor Carlos Gimenez ordered jails to "fully cooperate" with Presidential immigration policy. He said he did not want to risk losing a larger amount of federal financial aid for not complying. The mayor said Miami-Dade County has never considered itself to be a sanctuary city.[74]
St. Petersburg Democratic Mayor Rick Kriseman said residents from all backgrounds implored him to declare a sanctuary city. In February 2017 he blogged that, "I have no hesitation in declaring St. Petersburg a sanctuary from harmful federal immigration laws. We will not expend resources to help enforce such laws, nor will our police officers stop, question or arrest an individual solely on the basis that they may have unlawfully entered the United States." He said the county sheriff’s office has ultimate responsibility for notifying federal officials about people illegally in the city. The mayor criticized President Trump for "demonization of Muslims."[75][76]

text: Georgia[edit]

text: The mayor of Atlanta, Georgia in January 2017 declared the city was a “welcoming city” and “will remain open and welcoming to all”. This statement was in response to President's Trump's executive orders related to “public safety agencies and the communities they serve”. Nonetheless, Atlanta does not consider itself to be a “sanctuary city”.[77]

text: Illinois[edit]

text:
Chicago became a "de jure" sanctuary city in 2012 when Mayor Rahm Emanuel and the City Council passed the Welcoming City Ordinance.[78][79] The ordinance protects residents' rights to access city services regardless of immigration status and states that Chicago police officers cannot arrest individuals on the basis of immigration status alone.[80] The status was reaffirmed in 2016.[81][82]
Urbana, Illinois[83]
Evanston, Illinois[84]
On August 28, 2017, Illinois Governor Bruce Rauner signed a bill into law that prohibited state and local police from arresting anyone solely due to their immigration status or due to federal detainers.[85][86][87][88] Some fellow Republicans criticized Rauner for his action, claiming the bill made Illinois a sanctuary state.[89][90][91]

text: Louisiana[edit]

text: In New Orleans [92] the New Orleans Police Department began a new policy to "no longer cooperate with federal immigration enforcement" beginning on Feb. 28, 2016.[92]

text: Maine[edit]

text: A 2004 executive order prohibited state officials from inquiring about immigration status of individual seeking public assistance, but in 2011, the incoming Maine governor Paul LePage rescinded this, stating “it is the intent of this administration to promote rather than hinder the enforcement of federal immigration law”. In 2015 Governor LePage accused the city of Portland, Maine of being a sanctuary city based on the fact that “city employees are prohibited from asking about the immigration status of people seeking city services unless compelled by a court or law”,[93] but Portland city officials did not accept that characterization.[93]

text: Maryland[edit]

text: In 2008, Baltimore and Takoma Park are sometimes identified as sanctuary cities.[94] However, "[m]ost local governments in Maryland – including Baltimore – still share information with the federal government."[95] In 2016, Baltimore Mayor Stephanie Rawlings-Blake said that she did not consider Baltimore to be a "sanctuary city."[96]

text: Massachusetts[edit]

text:
Boston has an ordinance, enacted in 2014, that bars the Boston Police Department "from detaining anyone based on their immigration status unless they have a criminal warrant."[97] Cambridge, Chelsea, Somerville, Orleans, Northampton, and Springfield have similar legislation.[97] In August 2016, Boston Police Commissioner, William B. Evans re-issued a memo stating “all prisoners who are subject to ICE Detainers must receive equal access to bail commissioners, which includes notifying said prisoner of his or her right to seek bail.” Bail commissioners are informed of the person’s status on an ICE detainer list and may set bail accordingly.[98]
The Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court ruled in 2017 that a person cannot be held solely due to an ICE detainer.[99]

text: Michigan[edit]

text: Detroit and Ann Arbor are sometimes referred to as "sanctuary cities" because they "have anti-profiling ordinances that generally prohibit local police from asking about the immigration status of people who are not suspected of any crime."[100] Unlike San Francisco's ordinance, however, the Detroit and Ann Arbor policies do not bar local authorities from cooperating and assisting ICE and Customs and Border Protection, and both cities frequently do so.

text: Minnesota[edit]

text: Minneapolis has an ordinance, adopted in 2003,[101] that directs local law enforcement officers "not to 'take any law enforcement action' for the sole purpose of finding undocumented immigrants, or ask an individual about his or her immigration status."[102] The Minneapolis ordinance does not bar cooperation with federal authorities: "The city works cooperatively with the Homeland Security, as it does with all state and federal agencies, but the city does not operate its programs for the purpose of enforcing federal immigration laws. The Homeland Security has the legal authority to enforce immigration laws in the United States, in Minnesota and in the city."[101]

text: New York[edit]

text:
Ithaca[103]
New York City[104] (see also illegal immigration to New York City)
Rochester[105]
Syracuse[106]

text: New Jersey[edit]

text: Among the municipalities which are considered sanctuary cities are Asbury Park, Camden, East Orange, Jersey City, Linden, New Brunswick, Newark, North Bergen, Plainfield, Trenton and Union City.[107] Those with specific executive orders made by mayors or resolution by municipal councils are:

text:
Jersey City[108][109]
Maplewood[110]
Newark[111][112]
East Orange[113]
Prospect Park[114]
Union City[115]

text: North Carolina[edit]

text: The state of North Carolina currently restricts any city or municipality from refusing to cooperate with federal immigration and customs enforcement officials.[116] There are therefore no official sanctuary cities in the state. A bill, under consideration as of March 2017, is entitled Citizens Protection Act of 2017 or HB 63. Under the new provisions, the state would be able to deny bail to illegal immigrants for whom Immigration and Customs Enforcements (ICE) has issued a detainer; allow the state to withhold tax revenues from cities who are not in compliance with the statewide immigration regulations; and encourage tipsters to identify municipalities which violate these laws.[117]

text: Ohio[edit]

text: Cincinnati's mayor declared the city a sanctuary city on January 30, 2017 in response to a federal executive order limiting immigration issued three days earlier.[118]

text: Oregon[edit]

text:
State law passed in 1987: "Oregon Revised Statute 181.850, which prohibits law enforcement officers at the state, county or municipal level from enforcing federal immigration laws that target people based on their race or ethnic origin, when those individuals are not suspected of any criminal activities.[119][120]
Beaverton city council passed a resolution in January 2017 stating, in part, "The City of Beaverton is committed to living its values as a welcoming city for all individuals ...regardless of a person's ... immigration status" and that they would abide by Oregon state law of not enforcing federal immigration laws.[121]
Corvallis[122]
Portland[123]

text: Washington[edit]

text: Canada[edit]

text: Toronto was the first city in Canada to declare itself a sanctuary city, with Toronto City Council voting 37–3 on February 22, 2013 to adopt a formal policy allowing undocumented migrants to access city services.[125] Hamilton, Ontario declared itself a sanctuary city in February 2014 after the Hamilton City Council voted unanimously to allow undocumented immigrants to access city-funded services such as shelters, housing and food banks.[126] In response to US President Donald Trump's Executive Order 13769, the city council of London, Ontario voted unanimously to declare London a sanctuary city in January 2017[127] with Montreal doing the same in February 2017 after a unanimous vote.[128]

text: While Vancouver is not a sanctuary city, it adopted an "Access to City Services without Fear" policy for residents that are undocumented or have an uncertain immigration status in April 2016.[129] The policy does not apply to municipal services operated by individual boards, including services provided by the Vancouver Police Department, Vancouver Public Library, or Vancouver Park Board.[130]

text: As of February 2017[update], the cities of Calgary, Ottawa, Regina, Saskatoon, and Winnipeg are considering motions to declare themselves sanctuary cities.[130][131]

text: United Kingdom[edit]

text: In the United Kingdom, sanctuary cities provide services – such as housing, education, and cultural integration – to asylum seekers (i.e. persons fleeing one country and seeking protection in another).[8] The movement began in Sheffield in the north of England in 2005. It was motivated by a national policy adopted in 1999 to disperse asylum seekers to different towns and cities in the UK. In 2009, the city council of Sheffield drew up a manifesto outlining key areas of concern and 100 supporting organizations signed on.[132]

text: A city's status as a place of sanctuary is not necessarily a formal governmental designation. The organization City of Sanctuary encourages local grassroots groups throughout the UK and Ireland to build a culture of hospitality towards asylum seekers.[133]

text: Glasgow is a noted sanctuary city in Scotland. In 2000 the city council accepted their first asylum seekers relocated by the Home Office. The Home Office provided funding to support asylum seekers but would also forcibly deport them ("removal seizures") if it was determined they could not stay in the UK. As of 2010 Glasgow had accepted 22,000 asylum seekers from 75 different nations. In 2007, local residents upset by the human impact of removal seizures, organized watches to warn asylum seekers when Home Office vans were in the neighborhood. They also organized protests and vigils which led to the ending of the removal seizures.[7][9]