document_title: List of European Cup and UEFA Champions League winning players

question_text: who has won the champions league the most as a player

text: List[edit]

text:
Player

Nationality

Clubs

Titles won

Years

Notes

Dani Ceballos
 Spain
Real Madrid
1
2018
Was not in the 18 for the final.

Achraf Hakimi
 Morocco
Real Madrid
1
2018
Was not in the 18 for the final.

Theo Hernández
 France
Real Madrid
1
2018

Mariano
 Dominican Republic
Real Madrid
1
2017
Was not in the 18 for the final.

Marco Asensio
 Spain
Real Madrid
2
2017, 2018

Keylor Navas
 Costa Rica
Real Madrid
3
2016, 2017, 2018

James Rodríguez
 Colombia
Real Madrid
2
2016, 2017
Was not in the 18 for the 2017 final.

Kiko Casilla
 Spain
Real Madrid
3
2016, 2017, 2018

Mateo Kovačić
 Croatia
Real Madrid
3
2016, 2017, 2018

Lucas Vázquez
 Spain
Real Madrid
3
2016, 2017, 2018
Was not in the 18 for the 2017 final.

Rubén Yáñez
 Spain
Real Madrid
2
2016, 2017
Was not in the 18 for the 2017 final.

Danilo
 Brazil
Real Madrid
2
2016, 2017

Munir
 Spain
Barcelona
1
2015
Was not in the 18 for the final.

Sandro Ramírez
 Spain
Barcelona
1
2015
Was not in the 18 for the final.

Sergi Samper
 Spain
Barcelona
1
2015
Was not in the 18 for the final.

Douglas
 Brazil
Barcelona
1
2015
Was not in the 18 for the final.

Jordi Masip
 Spain
Barcelona
1
2015
Was not in the 18 for the final.

Martín Montoya
 Spain
Barcelona
1
2015
Was not in the 18 for the final.

Sergi Roberto
 Spain
Barcelona
1
2015
Was not in the 18 for the final.

Rafinha
 Brazil
Barcelona
1
2015

Jérémy Mathieu
 France
Barcelona
1
2015

Jordi Alba
 Spain
Barcelona
1
2015

Ivan Rakitić
 Croatia
Barcelona
1
2015

Marc-André ter Stegen
 Germany
Barcelona
1
2015

Claudio Bravo
 Chile
Barcelona
1
2015

Thomas Vermaelen
 Belgium
Barcelona
1
2015
Was not in the 18 for the final.

Luis Suárez
 Uruguay
Barcelona
1
2015

Neymar
 Brazil
Barcelona
1
2015

Álvaro Morata
 Spain
Real Madrid
2
2014, 2017

Jesús
 Spain
Real Madrid
1
2014

Nacho
 Spain
Real Madrid
4
2014, 2016, 2017, 2018

Casemiro
 Brazil
Real Madrid
4
2014, 2016, 2017, 2018

Asier Illarramendi
 Spain
Real Madrid
1
2014

Jesé
 Spain
Real Madrid
2
2014, 2016

Diego López
 Spain
Real Madrid
1
2014

Raphaël Varane
 France
Real Madrid
4
2014, 2016, 2017, 2018

Dani Carvajal
 Spain
Real Madrid
4
2014, 2016, 2017, 2018

Isco
 Spain
Real Madrid
4
2014, 2016, 2017, 2018

Ángel Di María
 Argentina
Real Madrid
1
2014

Luka Modrić
 Croatia
Real Madrid
4
2014, 2016, 2017, 2018

Álvaro Arbeloa
 Spain
Real Madrid
2
2014, 2016

Sami Khedira
 Germany
Real Madrid
1
2014

Pepe
 Portugal
Real Madrid
3
2014, 2016, 2017
Was not in the 18 for the 2017 final.

Fábio Coentrão
 Portugal
Real Madrid
2
2014, 2017
Was not in the 18 for the 2017 final.

Karim Benzema
 France
Real Madrid
4
2014, 2016, 2017, 2018

Marcelo
 Brazil
Real Madrid
4
2014, 2016, 2017, 2018

Gareth Bale
 Wales
Real Madrid
4
2014, 2016, 2017, 2018

Sergio Ramos
 Spain
Real Madrid
4
2014, 2016, 2017, 2018
Captain in 2016, 2017 and 2018.

Manuel Neuer
 Germany
Bayern Munich
1
2013

Philipp Lahm
 Germany
Bayern Munich
1
2013
Captain in 2013.

Jérôme Boateng
 Germany
Bayern Munich
1
2013

Dante
 Brazil
Bayern Munich
1
2013

David Alaba
 Austria
Bayern Munich
1
2013

Daniel Van Buyten
 Belgium
Bayern Munich
1
2013

Javi Martínez
 Spain
Bayern Munich
1
2013

Franck Ribéry
 France
Bayern Munich
1
2013

Arjen Robben
 Netherlands
Bayern Munich
1
2013

Thomas Müller
 Germany
Bayern Munich
1
2013

Bastian Schweinsteiger
 Germany
Bayern Munich
1
2013

Tom Starke
 Germany
Bayern Munich
1
2013

Mario Gómez
 Germany
Bayern Munich
1
2013

Holger Badstuber
 Germany
Bayern Munich
1
2013
Was not in the 18 for the final.

Toni Kroos
 Germany
Bayern Munich, Real Madrid
4
2013, 2016, 2017, 2018
Was not in the 18 for the 2013 final.

Diego Contento
 Germany
Bayern Munich
1
2013
Was not in the 18 for the final.

Mario Mandžukić
 Croatia
Bayern Munich
1
2013

Xherdan Shaqiri
  Switzerland
Bayern Munich
1
2013

Luiz Gustavo
 Brazil
Bayern Munich
1
2013

Rafinha
 Brazil
Bayern Munich
1
2013
Was not in the 18 for the final.

Anatoliy Tymoshchuk
 Ukraine
Bayern Munich
1
2013

Claudio Pizarro
 Peru
Bayern Munich
1
2013

José Bosingwa
 Portugal
Porto, Chelsea
2
2004, 2012

Paulo Ferreira
 Portugal
Porto, Chelsea
2
2004, 2012

Didier Drogba
 Ivory Coast
Chelsea
1
2012

Salomon Kalou
 Ivory Coast
Chelsea
1
2012

Michael Essien
 Ghana
Chelsea
1
2012

John Obi Mikel
 Nigeria
Chelsea
1
2012

Petr Čech
 Czech Republic
Chelsea
1
2012

Juan Mata
 Spain
Chelsea
1
2012

Oriol Romeu
 Spain
Chelsea
1
2012

Fernando Torres
 Spain
Chelsea
1
2012

Ryan Bertrand
 England
Chelsea
1
2012
Made his European debut in the final.

Ross Turnbull
 England
Chelsea
1
2012

Gary Cahill
 England
Chelsea
1
2012

Ashley Cole
 England
Chelsea
1
2012

Jamal Blackman
 England
Chelsea
1
2012
Was not in the 18 for the final.

Frank Lampard
 England
Chelsea
1
2012
Vice-captain, captain for the final.

Daniel Sturridge
 England
Chelsea
1
2012

John Terry
 England
Chelsea
1
2012
Captain. Suspended and did not play in the final.

Florent Malouda
 France
Chelsea
1
2012

Branislav Ivanović
 Serbia
Chelsea
1
2012
Suspended and did not play in the final.

Raul Meireles
 Portugal
Chelsea
1
2012
Suspended and did not play in the final.

David Luiz
 Brazil
Chelsea
1
2012

Ramires
 Brazil
Chelsea
1
2012
Suspended and did not start the final.

Maxwell
 Brazil
Barcelona
1
2011
Was not in the 18 for the final.

Jonathan dos Santos
 Mexico
Barcelona
1
2011
Was not in the 18 for the final.

Marc Bartra
 Spain
Barcelona
2
2011, 2015
Was not in the 18 for the 2011 final.

Andreu Fontàs
 Spain
Barcelona
1
2011
Was not in the 18 for the final.

Jeffrén
 Spain
Barcelona
1
2011
Was not in the 18 for the final.

Oier
 Spain
Barcelona
1
2011

David Villa
 Spain
Barcelona
1
2011

Thiago
 Spain
Barcelona
1
2011

Adriano
 Brazil
Barcelona
2
2011, 2015

Ibrahim Afellay
 Netherlands
Barcelona
1
2011

Javier Mascherano
 Argentina
Barcelona
2
2011, 2015

Dejan Stanković
 Serbia
Internazionale
1
2010

Rene Krhin
 Slovenia
Internazionale
1
2010
Was not in the 18 for the final.

Cristian Chivu
 Romania
Internazionale
1
2010

Ricardo Quaresma
 Portugal
Internazionale
1
2010
Was not in the 18 for the final.

Goran Pandev
 Macedonia
Internazionale
1
2010

Wesley Sneijder
 Netherlands
Internazionale
1
2010

McDonald Mariga
 Kenya
Internazionale
1
2010

Paolo Orlandoni
 Italy
Internazionale
1
2010
Was not in the 18 for the final.

Davide Santon
 Italy
Internazionale
1
2010
Was not in the 18 for the final.

Mario Balotelli
 Italy
Internazionale
1
2010

Marco Materazzi
 Italy
Internazionale
1
2010

Francesco Toldo
 Italy
Internazionale
1
2010

Sulley Muntari
 Ghana
Internazionale
1
2010

Iván Córdoba
 Colombia
Internazionale
1
2010

Lúcio
 Brazil
Internazionale
1
2010

Maicon
 Brazil
Internazionale
1
2010

Júlio César
 Brazil
Internazionale
1
2010

Esteban Cambiasso
 Argentina
Internazionale
1
2010

Javier Zanetti
 Argentina
Internazionale
1
2010
Captain in 2010.

Walter Samuel
 Argentina
Internazionale
1
2010

Diego Milito
 Argentina
Internazionale
1
2010

Marko Arnautović
 Austria
Internazionale
1
2010
Was not in the 18 for the final.

Sergio Busquets
 Spain
Barcelona
3
2009, 2011, 2015

José Manuel Pinto
 Spain
Barcelona
2
2009, 2011
Was suspended for the 2011 final.

Pedro
 Spain
Barcelona
3
2009, 2011, 2015

Bojan
 Spain
Barcelona
2
2009, 2011

Gabriel Milito
 Argentina
Barcelona
2
2009, 2011
Was not in the 18 in 2009 or 2011.

Dani Alves
 Brazil
Barcelona
3
2009, 2011, 2015
Was suspended for the 2009 final.

Alexander Hleb
 Belarus
Barcelona
1
2009

Yaya Touré
 Ivory Coast
Barcelona
1
2009

Thierry Henry
 France
Barcelona
1
2009

Éric Abidal
 France
Barcelona
2
2009, 2011
Was suspended for the 2009 final. Captain in 2011.

Eiður Guðjohnsen
 Iceland
Barcelona
1
2009

Martín Cáceres
 Uruguay
Barcelona
1
2009

Seydou Keita
 Mali
Barcelona
2
2009, 2011

Park Ji-sung
 South Korea
Manchester United
1
2008
Was not in the 18 for the final. Became the first Asian-born player to win a Champions League title.

Gerard Piqué
 Spain
Manchester United, Barcelona
4
2008, 2009, 2011, 2015
Was not in the 18 for the 2008 final. Won two years in a row with two different teams.

Louis Saha
 France
Manchester United
1
2008
Was not in the 18 for the final.

Carlos Tevez
 Argentina
Manchester United
1
2008

Wayne Rooney
 England
Manchester United
1
2008

Cristiano Ronaldo
 Portugal
Manchester United, Real Madrid
5
2008, 2014, 2016, 2017, 2018
First ever player to score in two finals for two different winning teams.

Michael Carrick
 England
Manchester United
1
2008

Patrice Evra
 France
Manchester United
1
2008

Mikaël Silvestre
 France
Manchester United
1
2008

Nemanja Vidić
 Serbia
Manchester United
1
2008

Rio Ferdinand
 England
Manchester United
1
2008
Captain in 2008.

Tomasz Kuszczak
 Poland
Manchester United
1
2008

John O'Shea
 Ireland
Manchester United
1
2008

Anderson
 Brazil
Manchester United
1
2008

Nani
 Portugal
Manchester United
1
2008

Darren Fletcher
 Scotland
Manchester United
1
2008

Marek Jankulovski
 Czech Republic
Milan
1
2007

Kaká
 Brazil
Milan
1
2007

Zeljko Kalac
 Australia
Milan
1
2007

Cafu
 Brazil
Milan
1
2007

Giuseppe Favalli
 Italy
Milan
1
2007

Alberto Gilardino
 Italy
Milan
1
2007

Massimo Oddo
 Italy
Milan
1
2007

Daniele Bonera
 Italy
Milan
1
2007
Was not in the 18 in 2007.

Yoann Gourcuff
 France
Milan
1
2007
Was not in the 18 in 2007.

Ricardo Oliveira
 Brazil
Milan
1
2007
Was not in the 18 in 2007.

Marco Storari
 Italy
Milan
1
2007
Was not in the 18 in 2007.

Valerio Fiori
 Italy
Milan
2
2003, 2007
Was not in the 18 in 2003 or 2007.

Dario Šimić
 Croatia
Milan
2
2003, 2007
Was not in the 18 in 2003 or 2007.

Víctor Valdés
 Spain
Barcelona
3
2006, 2009, 2011

Giovanni van Bronckhorst
 Netherlands
Barcelona
1
2006

Rafael Márquez
 Mexico
Barcelona
2
2006, 2009
Was not in the 18 in 2009 due to injury.

Carles Puyol
 Spain
Barcelona
3
2006, 2009, 2011
Captain in 2006 and 2009

Oleguer
 Spain
Barcelona
1
2006

Juliano Belletti
 Brazil
Barcelona
1
2006

Edmílson
 Brazil
Barcelona
1
2006

Andrés Iniesta
 Spain
Barcelona
4
2006, 2009, 2011, 2015

Deco
 Portugal
Porto, Barcelona
2
2004, 2006

Mark van Bommel
 Netherlands
Barcelona
1
2006

Henrik Larsson
 Sweden
Barcelona
1
2006

Ludovic Giuly
 France
Barcelona
1
2006

Ronaldinho
 Brazil
Barcelona
1
2006

Thiago Motta
 Italy
Barcelona, Internazionale
2
2006, 2010
Was suspended for the 2010 final.

Xavi
 Spain
Barcelona
4
2006, 2009, 2011, 2015
Captain in 2015. Did not feature in any game during knockout stages in 2006.

Sylvinho
 Brazil
Barcelona
2
2006, 2009

Lionel Messi
 Argentina
Barcelona
4
2006, 2009, 2011, 2015
Was not in the quarterfinals, semi-finals and final in 2006.

Santiago Ezquerro
 Spain
Barcelona
1
2006
Was not in the 18 for the final.

Maxi López
 Argentina
Barcelona
1
2006
Was not in the 18 for the final.

Samuel Eto'o
 Cameroon
Barcelona, Internazionale
3
2006, 2009, 2010
Won 2 years in a row with 2 different teams.

Gabri
 Spain
Barcelona
1
2006
Was not in the 18 for the final.

Jerzy Dudek
 Poland
Liverpool
1
2005

Slawomir Wojciechowski
 Poland
Bayern Munich
1
2001

Steve Finnan
 Ireland
Liverpool
1
2005

Dietmar Hamann
 Germany
Liverpool
1
2005

Sami Hyypiä
 Finland
Liverpool
1
2005

Jamie Carragher
 England
Liverpool
1
2005

Djimi Traoré
 Mali
Liverpool
1
2005

Harry Kewell
 Australia
Liverpool
1
2005

Vladimír Šmicer
 Czech Republic
Liverpool
1
2005

Xabi Alonso
 Spain
Liverpool, Real Madrid
2
2005, 2014
Was suspended for the 2014 final.

Steven Gerrard
 England
Liverpool
1
2005
Captain in 2005.

John Arne Riise
 Norway
Liverpool
1
2005

Luis García
 Spain
Liverpool
1
2005

Milan Baroš
 Czech Republic
Liverpool
1
2005

Djibril Cissé
 France
Liverpool
1
2005

Scott Carson
 England
Liverpool
1
2005

Josemi
 Spain
Liverpool
1
2005

Igor Bišćan
 Croatia
Liverpool
1
2005

Antonio Núñez
 Spain
Liverpool
1
2005

Vítor Baía
 Portugal
Porto
1
2004
One of the only nine footballers to have won all Three Major European Competitions (EC-UCL, UCWC, UC-EL).

Nuno Valente
 Portugal
Porto
1
2004

Jorge Costa
 Portugal
Porto
1
2004
Captain in 2004.

Ricardo Carvalho
 Portugal
Porto
1
2004

Costinha
 Portugal
Porto
1
2004

Pedro Emanuel
 Portugal
Porto
1
2004

Maniche
 Portugal
Porto
1
2004

Pedro Mendes
 Portugal
Porto
1
2004

Derlei
 Brazil
Porto
1
2004

Benni McCarthy
 South Africa
Porto
1
2004

Dmitri Alenichev
 Russia
Porto
1
2004

Carlos Alberto
 Brazil
Porto
1
2004

Ricardo Costa
 Portugal
Porto
1
2004

Edgaras Jankauskas
 Lithuania
Porto
1
2004

Nuno
 Portugal
Porto
1
2004

Dida
 Brazil
Milan
2
2003, 2007

Alessandro Costacurta
 Italy
Milan
5
1989, 1990, 1994, 2003, 2007
Costacurta was not in the 18 in the 2007 final and suspended for the 1994 final.

Roque Júnior
 Brazil
Milan
1
2003

Alessandro Nesta
 Italy
Milan
2
2003, 2007

Paolo Maldini
 Italy
Milan
5
1989, 1990, 1994, 2003, 2007
Captain in 2003 and 2007. Longest period between first and last win (18 years), started both finals.

Kakha Kaladze
 Georgia
Milan
2
2003, 2007

Gennaro Gattuso
 Italy
Milan
2
2003, 2007

Andrea Pirlo
 Italy
Milan
2
2003, 2007

Serginho
 Brazil
Milan
2
2003, 2007

Rui Costa
 Portugal
Milan
1
2003

Massimo Ambrosini
 Italy
Milan
2
2003, 2007

Andriy Shevchenko
 Ukraine
Milan
1
2003

Filippo Inzaghi
 Italy
Milan
2
2003, 2007

Christian Abbiati
 Italy
Milan
1
2003

Rivaldo
 Brazil
Milan
1
2003

Martin Laursen
 Denmark
Milan
1
2003

Cristian Brocchi
 Italy
Milan
2
2003, 2007

Samuele Dalla Bona
 Italy
Milan
1
2003
Was not in the 18 for the final.

Thomas Helveg
 Denmark
Milan
1
2003
Was not in the 18 for the final.

Jon Dahl Tomasson
 Denmark
Milan
1
2003
Was not in the 18 for the final.

César Sánchez
 Spain
Real Madrid
1
2002

Luís Figo
 Portugal
Real Madrid
1
2002

Claude Makélélé
 France
Real Madrid
1
2002

Flávio Conceição
 Brazil
Real Madrid
1
2002

Zinedine Zidane
 France
Real Madrid
1
2002
First and Only Coach that has won 3 Champions League's in a row with Real Madrid (2016-2017-2018). Won Champions League with same club as coach and player (2002 & 2016-2017-2018)

Santiago Solari
 Argentina
Real Madrid
1
2002

Pedro Munitis
 Spain
Real Madrid
1
2002

Francisco Pavón
 Spain
Real Madrid
1
2002

Javier Portillo
 Spain
Real Madrid
1
2002

Carlos Sánchez
 Spain
Real Madrid
1
2002
Was not in the 18 for the final.

Albert Celades
 Spain
Real Madrid
1
2002
Was not in the 18 for the final.

Óscar Miñambres
 Spain
Real Madrid
1
2002
Was not in the 18 for the final.

Rubén
 Spain
Real Madrid
1
2002
Was not in the 18 for the final.

Enrique Corrales
 Spain
Real Madrid
1
2002
Was not in the 18 for the final.

Raúl Bravo
 Spain
Real Madrid
1
2002
Was not in the 18 for the final.

Valdo
 Spain
Real Madrid
1
2002
Was not in the 18 for the final.

Oliver Kahn
 Germany
Bayern Munich
1
2001

Samuel Kuffour
 Ghana
Bayern Munich
1
2001

Patrik Andersson
 Sweden
Bayern Munich
1
2001

Thomas Linke
 Germany
Bayern Munich
1
2001

Willy Sagnol
 France
Bayern Munich
1
2001

Carsten Jancker
 Germany
Bayern Munich
1
2001

Owen Hargreaves
 England
Bayern Munich, Manchester United
2
2001, 2008
First British player to win two Champions League titles with 2 different teams.

Stefan Effenberg
 Germany
Bayern Munich
1
2001
Captain in 2001.

Bixente Lizarazu
 France
Bayern Munich
1
2001

Mehmet Scholl
 Germany
Bayern Munich
1
2001

Paulo Sérgio
 Brazil
Bayern Munich
1
2001

Giovane Élber
 Brazil
Bayern Munich
1
2001

Alexander Zickler
 Germany
Bayern Munich
1
2001

Bernd Dreher
 Germany
Bayern Munich
1
2001

Ciriaco Sforza
  Switzerland
Bayern Munich
1
2001

Michael Tarnat
 Germany
Bayern Munich
1
2001

Roque Santa Cruz
 Paraguay
Bayern Munich
1
2001

Stefan Wessels
 Germany
Bayern Munich
1
2001
Was not in the 18 for the final.

Thorsten Fink
 Germany
Bayern Munich
1
2001
Was not in the 18 for the final.

Jens Jeremies
 Germany
Bayern Munich
1
2001
Was not in the 18 for the final.

Michael Wiesinger
 Germany
Bayern Munich
1
2001
Was not in the 18 for the final.

Hasan Salihamidžić
 Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bayern Munich
1
2001

Nicolas Anelka
 France
Real Madrid
1
2000

Perica Ognjenović
 Yugoslavia
Real Madrid
1
2000
Was not in the 18 for the final.

Albano Bizarri
 Argentina
Real Madrid
1
2000
Was not in the 18 for the final.

Javier Dorado
 Spain
Real Madrid
1
2000
Was not in the 18 for the final.

David Aganzo
 Spain
Real Madrid
1
2000
Was not in the 18 for the final.

Manuel Meca
 Spain
Real Madrid
1
2000
Was not in the 18 for the final.

Júlio César
 Brazil
Real Madrid
1
2000
Was not in the 18 for the final.

Geremi
 Cameroon
Real Madrid
2
2000, 2002
Was not in the 18 in 2002.

Elvir Baljić
 Bosnia and Herzegovina
Real Madrid
2
2000, 2002
Was not in the 18 in 2002.

Iván Campo
 Spain
Real Madrid
2
2000, 2002

Míchel Salgado
 Spain
Real Madrid
2
2000, 2002

Iván Helguera
 Spain
Real Madrid
2
2000, 2002

Steve McManaman
 England
Real Madrid
2
2000, 2002
First British player to win two Champions League titles; First Englishman to win Champions League with a non-UK club.

Carlos Aranda
 Spain
Real Madrid
2
2000, 2002
Was not in the 18 for the final.

Peter Schmeichel
 Denmark
Manchester United
1
1999
Captain in 1999 final due to Keane's suspension.

Gary Neville
 England
Manchester United
2
1999, 2008
Not in final 18 in 2008.

Ronny Johnsen
 Norway
Manchester United
1
1999

Jaap Stam
 Netherlands
Manchester United
1
1999

Denis Irwin
 Ireland
Manchester United
1
1999

David Beckham
 England
Manchester United
1
1999

Nicky Butt
 England
Manchester United
1
1999

Ryan Giggs
 Wales
Manchester United
2
1999, 2008

Jesper Blomqvist
 Sweden
Manchester United
1
1999

Teddy Sheringham
 England
Manchester United
1
1999

Dwight Yorke
 Trinidad and Tobago
Manchester United
1
1999

Andy Cole
 England
Manchester United
1
1999

Ole Gunnar Solskjær
 Norway
Manchester United
1
1999

Raimond van der Gouw
 Netherlands
Manchester United
1
1999

David May
 England
Manchester United
1
1999

Phil Neville
 England
Manchester United
1
1999

Wes Brown
 England
Manchester United
2
1999, 2008

Jonathan Greening
 England
Manchester United
1
1999

Paul Scholes
 England
Manchester United
2
1999, 2008
Scholes was suspended for the final in 1999.

Roy Keane
 Ireland
Manchester United
1
1999
Keane was suspended for the final. Club captain in 1999.

Henning Berg
 Norway
Manchester United
1
1999
Berg was not in the 18 in 1999.

José Amavisca
 Spain
Real Madrid
1
1998

Predrag Mijatović
 Yugoslavia
Real Madrid
1
1998

Davor Šuker
 Croatia
Real Madrid
1
1998

Zé Roberto
 Brazil
Real Madrid
1
1998

Dani García
 Spain
Real Madrid
1
1998

Jaime Sánchez
 Spain
Real Madrid
1
1998

Santiago Cañizares
 Spain
Real Madrid
1
1998

Fernando Sanz
 Spain
Real Madrid
1
1998

Víctor Sánchez
 Spain
Real Madrid
1
1998

Pedro Contreras
 Spain
Real Madrid
1
1998
Was not in the 18 for the final

Chendo
 Spain
Real Madrid
1
1998
Was not in the 18 for the final

Raúl Pareja
 Spain
Real Madrid
1
1998
Was not in the 18 for the final

Álvaro Benito
 Spain
Real Madrid
1
1998
Was not in the 18 for the final

Roberto Rojas
 Spain
Real Madrid
1
1998
Was not in the 18 for the final

Bodo Illgner
 Germany
Real Madrid
2
1998, 2000

Christian Karembeu
 France
Real Madrid
2
1998, 2000

Manolo Sanchís
 Spain
Real Madrid
2
1998, 2000
Captain in 1998.

Sávio
 Brazil
Real Madrid
3
1998, 2000, 2002

Fernando Hierro
 Spain
Real Madrid
3
1998, 2000, 2002
Captain in 2002.

Roberto Carlos
 Brazil
Real Madrid
3
1998, 2000, 2002

Raúl
 Spain
Real Madrid
3
1998, 2000, 2002
First player ever to score in two Champions League final matches for the winning team.

Fernando Morientes
 Spain
Real Madrid
3
1998, 2000, 2002
Was cup-tied and did not partake in Liverpool's 2004-05 campaign.

Guti
 Spain
Real Madrid
3
1998, 2000, 2002

Iker Casillas
 Spain
Real Madrid
3
2000, 2002, 2014
Captain in 2014.

Aitor Karanka
 Spain
Real Madrid
3
1998, 2000, 2002

Fernando Redondo
 Argentina
Real Madrid, Milan
3
1998, 2000, 2003
Redondo was not in the 18 for the final in 2003. Captain in 2000.

Stefan Klos
 Germany
Borussia Dortmund
1
1997

Vladimir But
 Russia
Borussia Dortmund
1
1997
Not in the 18 for the final.

Steinar Pedersen
 Norway
Borussia Dortmund
1
1997
Not in the 18 for the final.

Jürgen Kohler
 Germany
Borussia Dortmund
1
1997

Matthias Sammer
 Germany
Borussia Dortmund
1
1997
Captain in 1997.

Martin Kree
 Germany
Borussia Dortmund
1
1997

Stefan Reuter
 Germany
Borussia Dortmund
1
1997

Paul Lambert
 Scotland
Borussia Dortmund
1
1997
First British to win Champions League with a non-UK club.

Jovan Kirovski
 United States
Borussia Dortmund
1
1997
Was not in the 18 for the final.

Paulo Sousa
 Portugal
Juventus, Borussia Dortmund
2
1996, 1997
Won 2 years in a row with 2 different teams.

Jörg Heinrich
 Germany
Borussia Dortmund
1
1997

Andreas Möller
 Germany
Borussia Dortmund
1
1997

Michael Zorc
 Germany
Borussia Dortmund
1
1997

Karlheinz Riedle
 Germany
Borussia Dortmund
1
1997

Heiko Herrlich
 Germany
Borussia Dortmund
1
1997

Stéphane Chapuisat
  Switzerland
Borussia Dortmund
1
1997

Lars Ricken
 Germany
Borussia Dortmund
1
1997

Wolfgang de Beer
 Germany
Borussia Dortmund
1
1997

René Tretschok
 Germany
Borussia Dortmund
1
1997

Angelo Peruzzi
 Italy
Juventus
1
1996

Ciro Ferrara
 Italy
Juventus
1
1996

Moreno Torricelli
 Italy
Juventus
1
1996

Pietro Vierchowod
 Italy
Juventus
1
1996

Gianluca Pessotto
 Italy
Juventus
1
1996

Antonio Conte
 Italy
Juventus
1
1996

Vladimir Jugović
 Yugoslavia FR Yugoslavia
Red Star Belgrade, Juventus
2
1991, 1996

Angelo Di Livio
 Italy
Juventus
1
1996

Didier Deschamps
 France
Marseille, Juventus
2
1993, 1996
Captain in 1993.

Alessandro Del Piero
 Italy
Juventus
1
1996

Gianluca Vialli
 Italy
Juventus
1
1996
Captain in 1996. One of the only nine footballers to have won all Three Major European Competitions (EC-UCL, UCWC, UC-EL).

Fabrizio Ravanelli
 Italy
Juventus
1
1996

Michele Padovano
 Italy
Juventus
1
1996

Sergio Porrini
 Italy
Juventus
1
1996

Michaelangelo Rampulla
 Italy
Juventus
1
1996

Clarence Seedorf
 Netherlands
Ajax, Real Madrid, Milan
4
1995, 1998, 2003, 2007
Seedorf is the only player to have won the trophy with three different clubs.

Edwin van der Sar
 Netherlands
Ajax, Manchester United
2
1995, 2008
Longest gap between medal wins for which a part was played in each match (13 years).

Michael Reiziger
 Netherlands
Ajax
1
1995

Danny Blind
 Netherlands
Ajax
1
1995
Captain in 1995. One of the only five footballers to have won all European club competitions.

Frank Rijkaard
 Netherlands
Milan, Ajax
3
1989, 1990, 1995
Has also won as manager in 2006 for Barcelona. [1]

Frank de Boer
 Netherlands
Ajax
1
1995

Edgar Davids
 Netherlands
Ajax
1
1995

Finidi George
 Nigeria
Ajax
1
1995

Ronald de Boer
 Netherlands
Ajax
1
1995

John van den Brom
 Netherlands
Ajax
1
1995
Was not in the 18 for the final.

Jari Litmanen
 Finland
Ajax
1
1995

Marc Overmars
 Netherlands
Ajax
1
1995

Nwankwo Kanu
 Nigeria
Ajax
1
1995

Patrick Kluivert
 Netherlands
Ajax
1
1995

Peter van Vossen
 Netherlands
Ajax
1
1995

Fred Grim
 Netherlands
Ajax
1
1995

Winston Bogarde
 Netherlands
Ajax
1
1995

Sebastiano Rossi
 Italy
Milan
1
1994

Jean-Pierre Papin
 France
Milan
1
1994

Christian Panucci
 Italy
Milan, Real Madrid
2
1994, 1998

Mauro Tassotti
 Italy
Milan
3
1989, 1990, 1994
Captain in 1994.

Demetrio Albertini
 Italy
Milan
1
1994

Filippo Galli
 Italy
Milan
3
1989, 1990, 1994

Stefano Nava
 Italy
Milan
1
1994

Roberto Donadoni
 Italy
Milan
3
1989, 1990, 1994

Marcel Desailly
 France
Marseille, Milan
2
1993, 1994
The first player won 2 years in a row with 2 different teams.

Zvonimir Boban
 Croatia
Milan
1
1994

Dejan Savićević
 Yugoslavia FR Yugoslavia
Red Star Belgrade, Milan
2
1991, 1994

Daniele Massaro
 Italy
Milan
2
1990, 1994

Marco Simone
 Italy
Milan
2
1990, 1994

Mario Ielpo
 Italy
Milan
1
1994

Gianluigi Lentini
 Italy
Milan
1
1994

Angelo Carbone
 Italy
Milan
1
1994

Florin Răducioiu
 Romania
Milan
1
1994
Was not in the final.

Brian Laudrup
 Denmark
Milan
1
1994
Was not in the final.

Fabien Barthez
 France
Marseille
1
1993

Jocelyn Angloma
 France
Marseille
1
1993

Jean-Philippe Durand
 France
Marseille
1
1993

Éric Di Meco
 France
Marseille
1
1993

Basile Boli
 France
Marseille
1
1993

Franck Sauzée
 France
Marseille
1
1993

Jean-Jacques Eydelie
 France
Marseille
1
1993

Alen Bokšić
 Croatia
Marseille
1
1993

Rudi Völler
 Germany
Marseille
1
1993

Jean-Christophe Thomas
 France
Marseille
1
1993

Abédi Pelé
 Ghana
Marseille
1
1993

Pascal Olmeta
 France
Marseille
1
1993

Bernard Casoni
 France
Marseille
1
1993

Jean-Marc Ferreri
 France
Marseille
1
1993

Igor Dobrovolski
 Russia
Marseille
1
1993
Was not in the final.

Andoni Zubizarreta
 Spain
Barcelona
1
1992
Captain in 1992.

Eusebio Sacristán
 Spain
Barcelona
1
1992

Albert Ferrer
 Spain
Barcelona
1
1992

Ronald Koeman
 Netherlands
PSV Eindhoven, Barcelona
2
1988, 1992

Nando
 Spain
Barcelona
1
1992

Juan Carlos
 Spain
Barcelona
1
1992

José Mari Bakero
 Spain
Barcelona
1
1992

Pep Guardiola
 Spain
Barcelona
1
1992
Has also won as manager for Barcelona in 2009 and 2011.[1]

José Ramón Alexanko
 Spain
Barcelona
1
1992

Michael Laudrup
 Denmark
Barcelona
1
1992

Julio Salinas
 Spain
Barcelona
1
1992

Andoni Goikoetxea
 Spain
Barcelona
1
1992

Hristo Stoichkov
 Bulgaria
Barcelona
1
1992

Ricardo Serna
 Spain
Barcelona
1
1992

Cristóbal Parralo
 Spain
Barcelona
1
1992

Richard Witschge
 Netherlands
Barcelona
1
1992

Guillermo Amor
 Spain
Barcelona
1
1992

Aitor Beguiristain
 Spain
Barcelona
1
1992

Carles Busquets
 Spain
Barcelona
1
1992

Miguel Ángel Nadal
 Spain
Barcelona
1
1992

Stevan Stojanović
 Yugoslavia
Red Star Belgrade
1
1991
Captain in 1991.

Miodrag Belodedici
 Romania
Steaua București, Red Star Belgrade
2
1986, 1991
First player to win the trophy with two different clubs.

Ilija Najdoski
 Yugoslavia
Red Star Belgrade
1
1991

Refik Šabanadžović
 Yugoslavia
Red Star Belgrade
1
1991

Slobodan Marović
 Yugoslavia
Red Star Belgrade
1
1991

Siniša Mihajlović
 Yugoslavia
Red Star Belgrade
1
1991

Dragiša Binić
 Yugoslavia
Red Star Belgrade
1
1991

Robert Prosinečki
 Yugoslavia
Red Star Belgrade
1
1991

Darko Pančev
 Yugoslavia
Red Star Belgrade
1
1991

Vlada Stošić
 Yugoslavia
Red Star Belgrade
1
1991

Milić Jovanović
 Yugoslavia
Red Star Belgrade
1
1991

Ivica Momčilović
 Yugoslavia
Red Star Belgrade
1
1991

Rade Tošić
 Yugoslavia
Red Star Belgrade
1
1991

Vladan Lukić
 Yugoslavia
Red Star Belgrade
1
1991

Andrea Pazzagli
 Italy
Milan
1
1990

Stefano Borgonovo
 Italy
Milan
1
1990

Giovanni Galli
 Italy
Milan
2
1989, 1990

Franco Baresi
 Italy
Milan
3
1989, 1990, 1994
Captain in 1989 and 1990. Baresi was suspended for the 1994 final.

Angelo Colombo
 Italy
Milan
2
1989, 1990

Carlo Ancelotti
 Italy
Milan
2
1989, 1990
Has also won as manager in 2003 and 2007 for A.C. Milan and in 2014 for Real Madrid.[1]

Alberigo Evani
 Italy
Milan
2
1989, 1990

Ruud Gullit
 Netherlands
Milan
2
1989, 1990

Marco van Basten
 Netherlands
Milan
2
1989, 1990

Pietro Paolo Virdis
 Italy
Milan
1
1989

Davide Pinato
 Italy
Milan
1
1989

Roberto Mussi
 Italy
Milan
1
1989

Hans van Breukelen
 Netherlands
PSV Eindhoven
1
1988

Eric Gerets
 Belgium
PSV Eindhoven
1
1988
Captain in 1988.

Ivan Nielsen
 Denmark
PSV Eindhoven
1
1988

Berry van Aerle
 Netherlands
PSV Eindhoven
1
1988

Jan Heintze
 Denmark
PSV Eindhoven
1
1988

Edward Linskens
 Netherlands
PSV Eindhoven
1
1988

Gerald Vanenburg
 Netherlands
PSV Eindhoven
1
1988

Søren Lerby
 Denmark
PSV Eindhoven
1
1988

Wim Kieft
 Netherlands
PSV Eindhoven
1
1988

Hans Gillhaus
 Netherlands
PSV Eindhoven
1
1988

Anton Janssen
 Netherlands
PSV Eindhoven
1
1988

Adick Koot
 Netherlands
PSV Eindhoven
1
1988

Eric Viscaal
 Netherlands
PSV Eindhoven
1
1988

Willy van de Kerkhof
 Netherlands
PSV Eindhoven
1
1988

Patrick Lodewijks
 Netherlands
PSV Eindhoven
1
1988

Józef Mlynarczyk
 Poland
Porto
1
1987

João Pinto
 Portugal
Porto
1
1987
Captain in 1987.

Celso
 Portugal
Porto
1
1987

Eduardo Luís
 Portugal
Porto
1
1987

Augusto Inácio
 Portugal
Porto
1
1987

Antonio Frasco
 Portugal
Porto
1
1987

Jaime Magalhães
 Portugal
Porto
1
1987

António André
 Portugal
Porto
1
1987

António Sousa
 Portugal
Porto
1
1987

Quim
 Portugal
Porto
1
1987

Juary
 Brazil
Porto
1
1987

Rabah Madjer
 Algeria
Porto
1
1987

Paulo Futre
 Portugal
Porto
1
1987

João Festas
 Portugal
Porto
1
1987

Zé Beto
 Portugal
Porto
1
1987

Walter Casagrande
 Brazil
Porto
1
1987

Helmuth Duckadam
 Romania
Steaua București
1
1986

Ștefan Iovan
 Romania
Steaua București
1
1986
Captain in 1986.

Adrian Bumbescu
 Romania
Steaua București
1
1986

Ilie Bărbulescu
 Romania
Steaua București
1
1986

Gavril Balint
 Romania
Steaua București
1
1986

Lucian Bălan
 Romania
Steaua București
1
1986

Anghel Iordănescu
 Romania
Steaua București
1
1986

Ladislau Bölöni
 Romania
Steaua București
1
1986

Mihail Majearu
 Romania
Steaua București
1
1986

Marius Lăcătuș
 Romania
Steaua București
1
1986

Victor Pițurcă
 Romania
Steaua București
1
1986

Marin Radu
 Romania
Steaua București
1
1986

Dumitru Stângaciu
 Romania
Steaua București
1
1986

Tudorel Stoica
 Romania
Steaua București
1
1986

Stefano Tacconi
 Italy
Juventus
1
1985
One of the only five footballers to have won all European club competitions.

Luciano Favero
 Italy
Juventus
1
1985

Antonio Cabrini
 Italy
Juventus
1
1985
One of the only five footballers to have won all European club competitions.

Sergio Brio
 Italy
Juventus
1
1985
One of the only five footballers to have won all European club competitions.

Gaetano Scirea
 Italy
Juventus
1
1985
Captain in 1985. One of the only five footballers to have won all European club competitions.

Massimo Bonini
 San Marino
Juventus
1
1985

Michel Platini
 France
Juventus
1
1985

Marco Tardelli
 Italy
Juventus
1
1985
One of the only nine footballers to have won all Three Major European Competitions (EC-UCL, UCWC, UC-EL).

Massimo Briaschi
 Italy
Juventus
1
1985

Claudio Prandelli
 Italy
Juventus
1
1985

Paolo Rossi
 Italy
Juventus
1
1985

Beniamo Vignola
 Italy
Juventus
1
1985

Zbigniew Boniek
 Poland
Juventus
1
1985

Luciano Bodini
 Italy
Juventus
1
1985

Nicola Caricola
 Italy
Juventus
1
1985

Bruno Limido
 Italy
Juventus
1
1985

Bruce Grobbelaar
 Zimbabwe
Liverpool
1
1984

Phil Neal
 England
Liverpool
4
1977, 1978, 1981, 1984

Mark Lawrenson
 Ireland
Liverpool
1
1984

Alan Hansen
 Scotland
Liverpool
3
1978, 1981, 1984

Alan Kennedy
 England
Liverpool
2
1981, 1984

Craig Johnston
 Australia
Liverpool
1
1984

Steve Nicol
 Scotland
Liverpool
1
1984

Sammy Lee
 England
Liverpool
2
1981, 1984

Graeme Souness
 Scotland
Liverpool
3
1978, 1981, 1984
Captain in 1984.

Ronnie Whelan
 Ireland
Liverpool
1
1984

Kenny Dalglish
 Scotland
Liverpool
3
1978, 1981, 1984

Michael Robinson
 Ireland
Liverpool
1
1984

Ian Rush
 Wales
Liverpool
1
1984

Bob Bolder
 England
Liverpool
1
1984

David Hodgson
 England
Liverpool
1
1984

Gary Gillespie
 Scotland
Liverpool
1
1984

Uli Stein
 West Germany
Hamburg
1
1983

Manfred Kaltz
 West Germany
Hamburg
1
1983

Ditmar Jakobs
 West Germany
Hamburg
1
1983

Holger Hieronymus
 West Germany
Hamburg
1
1983

Bernd Wehmeyer
 West Germany
Hamburg
1
1983

Jürgen Groh
 West Germany
Hamburg
1
1983

Wolfgang Rolff
 West Germany
Hamburg
1
1983

Felix Magath
 West Germany
Hamburg
1
1983

Jürgen Milewski
 West Germany
Hamburg
1
1983

Horst Hrubesch
 West Germany
Hamburg
1
1983
Captain in 1983

Lars Bastrup
 Denmark
Hamburg
1
1983

Thomas von Heesen
 West Germany
Hamburg
1
1983

Uwe Hain
 West Germany
Hamburg
1
1983

Jimmy Rimmer
 England
Manchester United, Aston Villa
2
1968, 1982
Longest gap between medal wins (14 years) albeit with a non-playing role in the 1968 final.

Nigel Spink
 England
Aston Villa
1
1982

Kenny Swain
 England
Aston Villa
1
1982

Allan Evans
 Scotland
Aston Villa
1
1982

Ken McNaught
 Scotland
Aston Villa
1
1982

Gary Williams
 England
Aston Villa
1
1982

Des Bremner
 Scotland
Aston Villa
1
1982

Gordon Cowans
 England
Aston Villa
1
1982

Dennis Mortimer
 England
Aston Villa
1
1982
Captain in 1982.

Gary Shaw
 England
Aston Villa
1
1982

Peter Withe
 England
Aston Villa
1
1982

Tony Morley
 England
Aston Villa
1
1982

Pat Heard
 England
Aston Villa
1
1982

Ray Clemence
 England
Liverpool
3
1977, 1978, 1981

Phil Thompson
 England
Liverpool
2
1978, 1981
Captain in 1981.

Terry McDermott
 England
Liverpool
3
1977, 1978, 1981

Ray Kennedy
 England
Liverpool
3
1977, 1978, 1981

Jimmy Case
 England
Liverpool
3
1977, 1978, 1981

David Johnson
 England
Liverpool
2
1977, 1981

Steve Ogrizovic
 England
Liverpool
2
1978, 1981

Colin Irwin
 England
Liverpool
2
1978, 1981

Howard Gayle
 England
Liverpool
1
1981

Avi Cohen
 Israel
Liverpool
1
1981

Richard Money
 England
Liverpool
1
1981

Peter Shilton
 England
Nottingham Forest
2
1979, 1980

Viv Anderson
 England
Nottingham Forest
2
1979, 1980

Frank Gray
 Scotland
Nottingham Forest
1
1980

Bryn Gunn
 England
Nottingham Forest
1
1980

Larry Lloyd
 England
Nottingham Forest
2
1979, 1980

Kenny Burns
 Scotland
Nottingham Forest
2
1979, 1980

Frank Clark
 England
Nottingham Forest
2
1979, 1980

Martin O'Neill
 Northern Ireland
Nottingham Forest
2
1979, 1980

John McGovern
 Scotland
Nottingham Forest
2
1979, 1980
Captain in 1979 and 1980.

Ian Bowyer
 England
Nottingham Forest
2
1979, 1980

Gary Mills
 England
Nottingham Forest
1
1980

John O'Hare
 Scotland
Nottingham Forest
1
1980

John Robertson
 Scotland
Nottingham Forest
2
1979, 1980

Garry Birtles
 England
Nottingham Forest
2
1979, 1980

Jimmy Montgomery
 England
Nottingham Forest
1
1979

Trevor Francis
 England
Nottingham Forest
1
1979

Tony Woodcock
 England
Nottingham Forest
1
1979

Chris Woods
 England
Nottingham Forest
1
1979

Emlyn Hughes
 England
Liverpool
2
1977, 1978
Captain in 1977 and 1978.

David Fairclough
 England
Liverpool
2
1977, 1978

Steve Heighway
 Ireland
Liverpool
3
1977, 1978, 1981

Joey Jones
 Wales
Liverpool
2
1977, 1978

Ian Callaghan
 England
Liverpool
2
1977, 1978

Tommy Smith
 England
Liverpool
1
1977

Kevin Keegan
 England
Liverpool
1
1977

Peter McDonnell
 England
Liverpool
1
1977

Alan Waddle
 England
Liverpool
1
1977

Alec Lindsay
 England
Liverpool
1
1977

Sepp Maier
 West Germany
Bayern Munich
3
1974, 1975, 1976

Johnny Hansen
 Denmark
Bayern Munich
3
1974, 1975, 1976

Hans-Georg Schwarzenbeck
 West Germany
Bayern Munich
3
1974, 1975, 1976

Franz Beckenbauer
 West Germany
Bayern Munich
3
1974, 1975, 1976
Captain in 1974, 1975 and 1976.

Udo Horsmann
 West Germany
Bayern Munich
1
1976

Hugo Robl
 West Germany
Bayern Munich
2
1975, 1976

Bernd Dürnberger
 West Germany
Bayern Munich
3
1974, 1975, 1976

Franz Roth
 West Germany
Bayern Munich
3
1974, 1975, 1976

Hans-Josef Kapellmann
 West Germany
Bayern Munich
3
1974, 1975, 1976

Karl-Heinz Rummenigge
 West Germany
Bayern Munich
2
1975, 1976

Gerd Müller
 West Germany
Bayern Munich
3
1974, 1975, 1976

Ulrich Hoeness
 West Germany
Bayern Munich
3
1974, 1975, 1976

Björn Andersson
 Sweden
Bayern Munich
1
1975

Sepp Weiss
 West Germany
Bayern Munich
1
1975

Rainer Zobel
 West Germany
Bayern Munich
3
1974, 1975, 1976

Klaus Wunder
 West Germany
Bayern Munich
1
1975

Conny Torstensson
 Sweden
Bayern Munich
3
1974, 1975, 1976

Paul Breitner
 West Germany
Bayern Munich
1
1974

Heinz Stuy
 Netherlands
Ajax
3
1971, 1972, 1973

Wim Suurbier
 Netherlands
Ajax
3
1971, 1972, 1973

Barry Hulshoff
 Netherlands
Ajax
3
1971, 1972, 1973

Horst Blankenburg
 West Germany
Ajax
3
1971, 1972, 1973

Ruud Krol
 Netherlands
Ajax
2
1972, 1973

Johan Neeskens
 Netherlands
Ajax
3
1971, 1972, 1973

Arnold Mühren
 Netherlands
Ajax
3
1971, 1972, 1973
Not in the 1973 final. One of the only nine footballers to have won all three major European competitions (EC-UCL, UCWC, UC-EL).

Gerrie Mühren
 Netherlands
Ajax
3
1971, 1972, 1973

Arie Haan
 Netherlands
Ajax
3
1971, 1972, 1973

Johnny Rep
 Netherlands
Ajax
1
1973

Johan Cruijff
 Netherlands
Ajax
3
1971, 1972, 1973
Has also won as manager in 1992 for Barcelona. Captain in 1973.

Piet Keizer
 Netherlands
Ajax
3
1971, 1972, 1973
Captain in 1972.

Sjaak Swart
 Netherlands
Ajax
3
1971, 1972, 1973

Velibor Vasović
 Yugoslavia
Ajax
1
1971
Captain in 1971.

Nico Rijnders
 Netherlands
Ajax
1
1971

Dick van Dijk
 Netherlands
Ajax
1
1971

Eddy Pieters Graafland
 Netherlands
Feyenoord
1
1970

Piet Romeijn
 Netherlands
Feyenoord
1
1970

Guus Haak
 Netherlands
Feyenoord
1
1970

Theo Laseroms
 Netherlands
Feyenoord
1
1970

Rinus Israël
 Netherlands
Feyenoord
1
1970
Captain in 1970.

Theo van Duivenbode
 Netherlands
Feyenoord
1
1970

Franz Hasil
 Austria
Feyenoord
1
1970

Wim Jansen
 Netherlands
Feyenoord
1
1970

Willem van Hanegem
 Netherlands
Feyenoord
1
1970

Henk Wery
 Netherlands
Feyenoord
1
1970

Ove Kindvall
 Sweden
Feyenoord
1
1970

Coen Moulijn
 Netherlands
Feyenoord
1
1970

Fabio Cudicini
 Italy
Milan
1
1969

Angelo Anquilletti
 Italy
Milan
1
1969

Karl-Heinz Schnellinger
 West Germany
Milan
1
1969

Roberto Rosato
 Italy
Milan
1
1969

Saul Malatrasi
 Italy
Internazionale, Milan
2
1965[citation needed], 1969

Giovanni Trapattoni
 Italy
Milan
2
1963, 1969
Has also won as manager

Kurt Hamrin
 Sweden
Milan
1
1969

Giovanni Lodetti
 Italy
Milan
2
1963, 1969

Angelo Sormani
 Italy
Milan
1
1969

Gianni Rivera
 Italy
Milan
2
1963, 1969
Captain in 1969.

Pierino Prati
 Italy
Milan
1
1969

Alex Stepney
 England
Manchester United
1
1968

Shay Brennan
 Ireland
Manchester United
1
1968

Nobby Stiles
 England
Manchester United
1
1968

Bill Foulkes
 England
Manchester United
1
1968

Tony Dunne
 Ireland
Manchester United
1
1968

Denis Law
 Scotland
Manchester United
1
1968
Was not in the final due to injury.

Pat Crerand
 Scotland
Manchester United
1
1968

Francis Burns
 Scotland
Manchester United
1
1968
Was not in the final.

John Fitzpatrick
 Scotland
Manchester United
1
1968
Was not in the final.

Jimmy Ryan
 Scotland
Manchester United
1
1968
Was not in the final.

Bobby Charlton
 England
Manchester United
1
1968
Captain in 1968

David Sadler
 England
Manchester United
1
1968

George Best
 Northern Ireland
Manchester United
1
1968

Brian Kidd
 England
Manchester United
1
1968

John Aston
 England
Manchester United
1
1968

John Hughes
 Scotland
Celtic
1
1967
Was not in the final.

Joe McBride
 Scotland
Celtic
1
1967
Was not in the final.

Charlie Gallagher
 Scotland
Celtic
1
1967
Was not in the final.

Willie O'Neill
 Scotland
Celtic
1
1967
Was not in the final.

Ronnie Simpson
 Scotland
Celtic
1
1967

Jim Craig
 Scotland
Celtic
1
1967

Tommy Gemmell
 Scotland
Celtic
1
1967

Bobby Murdoch
 Scotland
Celtic
1
1967

Billy McNeill
 Scotland
Celtic
1
1967
Captain in 1967.

John Clark
 Scotland
Celtic
1
1967

Jimmy Johnstone
 Scotland
Celtic
1
1967

William Wallace
 Scotland
Celtic
1
1967

Stevie Chalmers
 Scotland
Celtic
1
1967

Bertie Auld
 Scotland
Celtic
1
1967

Bobby Lennox
 Scotland
Celtic
1
1967

John Fallon
 Scotland
Celtic
1
1967

José Araquistáin
 Spain
Real Madrid
1
1966

Antonio Betancort
 Spain
Real Madrid
1
1966

Ramón Tejada
 Spain
Real Madrid
1
1966

Vicente Miera
 Spain
Real Madrid
1
1966

Pedro De Felipe
 Spain
Real Madrid
1
1966

Antonio Calpe
 Spain
Real Madrid
1
1966

Ignacio Zoco
 Spain
Real Madrid
1
1966

Manuel Sanchís Martínez
 Spain
Real Madrid
1
1966

Pirri
 Spain
Real Madrid
1
1966

Manuel Velázquez
 Spain
Real Madrid
1
1966

Fernando Serena
 Spain
Real Madrid
1
1966

Félix Ruiz
 Spain
Real Madrid
1
1966

José Luis Veloso
 Spain
Real Madrid
1
1966

Juan Agüero
 Paraguay
Real Madrid
1
1966

Amancio Amaro
 Spain
Real Madrid
1
1966

Ramón Grosso
 Spain
Real Madrid
1
1966

Giuliano Sarti
 Italy
Internazionale
2
1964, 1965

Tarcisio Burgnich
 Italy
Internazionale
2
1964, 1965

Aristide Guarneri
 Italy
Internazionale
2
1964, 1965

Giacinto Facchetti
 Italy
Internazionale
2
1964, 1965

Gianfranco Bedin
 Italy
Internazionale
1
1965

Armando Picchi
 Italy
Internazionale
2
1964, 1965
Captain in 1964 and 1965.

Jair da Costa
 Brazil
Internazionale
2
1964, 1965

Sandro Mazzola
 Italy
Internazionale
2
1964, 1965

Joaquín Peiró
 Spain
Internazionale
1
1965

Luis Suárez
 Spain
Internazionale
2
1964, 1965

Mario Corso
 Italy
Internazionale
2
1964, 1965

Carlo Tagnin
 Italy
Internazionale
1
1964

Aurelio Milani
 Italy
Internazionale
1
1964

Giorgio Ghezzi
 Italy
Milan
1
1963

Mario David
 Italy
Milan
1
1963

Mario Trebbi
 Italy
Milan
1
1963

Morales Benitez Victor
 Peru
Milan
1
1963

Cesare Maldini
 Italy
Milan
1
1963
Captain in 1963.

Gino Pivatelli
 Italy
Milan
1
1963

Dino Sani
 Brazil
Milan
1
1963

José Altafini
 Brazil
Milan
1
1963

Bruno Mora
 Italy
Milan
1
1963

Costa Pereira
 Portugal
Benfica
2
1961, 1962

Mario João
 Portugal
Benfica
2
1961, 1962

Germano
 Portugal
Benfica
2
1961, 1962

Angelo Martins
 Portugal
Benfica
2
1961, 1962

Domiciano Cávem
 Portugal
Benfica
2
1961, 1962

Fernando Cruz
 Portugal
Benfica
2
1961, 1962

José Augusto
 Portugal
Benfica
2
1961, 1962

Eusébio
 Portugal
Benfica
1
1962

José Aguas
 Portugal
Benfica
2
1961, 1962
Captain in 1961 and 1962.

Mário Coluna
 Portugal
Benfica
2
1961, 1962

António Simões
 Portugal
Benfica
1
1962

José Neto
 Portugal
Benfica
1
1961

Joaquim Santana
 Portugal
Benfica
1
1961

Didi
 Brazil
Real Madrid
1
1960

Canário
 Brazil
Real Madrid
1
1960

José María Vidal
 Spain
Real Madrid
1
1960

Canário
 Spain
Real Madrid
1
1960

Luis del Sol
 Spain
Real Madrid
1
1960

Pantaleón
 Spain
Real Madrid
1
1960

Pepillo
 Spain
Real Madrid
1
1960

Manuel Bueno
 Spain
Real Madrid
2
1960, 1966

Pachín
 Spain
Real Madrid
2
1960, 1966

Antonio Ruiz Cervilla
 Spain
Real Madrid
2
1959, 1960

Jesús Herrera
 Spain
Real Madrid
2
1959, 1960

Miché
 Spain
Real Madrid
2
1959, 1960

Ferenc Puskás
 Hungary
Real Madrid
3
1959, 1960, 1966

Pereda
 Spain
Real Madrid
1
1958

Rogelio Domínguez
 Argentina
Real Madrid
3
1958, 1959, 1960

José Santamaría
 Uruguay
Real Madrid
4
1958, 1959, 1960, 1966

Manuel Torres
 Spain
Real Madrid
1
1957

Berasaluce Marquiegui
 Spain
Real Madrid
1
1957

Raymond Kopa
 France
Real Madrid
3
1957, 1958, 1959

Enrique Mateos[2]
 Spain
Real Madrid
4
1957, 1958, 1959, 1960

Castaño
 Spain
Real Madrid
1
1956

Luis Molowny
 Spain
Real Madrid
1
1956

Pérez-Payá Soler
 Spain
Real Madrid
1
1956

Roque Olsen
 Argentina
Real Madrid
1
1956

Joaquín Navarro
 Spain
Real Madrid
2
1956, 1957

Joaquín Oliva
 Spain
Real Madrid
2
1956, 1957

Angel Atienza
 Spain
Real Madrid
3
1956, 1957, 1958

Miguel Muñoz
 Spain
Real Madrid
3
1956, 1957, 1958
Has also won as manager in 1960 and 1966. Captain in 1956 and 1957.

Becerril Minguela
 Spain
Real Madrid
3
1956, 1957, 1958

Ramón Marsal Ribó[3]
 Spain
Real Madrid
3
1956, 1957, 1958

Joseíto
 Spain
Real Madrid
4
1956, 1957 1958, 1959

Héctor Rial
 Spain
Real Madrid
5
1956, 1957, 1958, 1959, 1960

Juan Alonso[4]
 Spain
Real Madrid
5
1956, 1957, 1958, 1959, 1960
Captain in 1958.

Juan Santisteban
 Spain
Real Madrid
5
1956, 1957, 1958, 1959, 1960

Marquitos
 Spain
Real Madrid
5
1956, 1957, 1958, 1959, 1960

Rafael Lesmes
 Spain
Real Madrid
5
1956, 1957, 1958, 1959, 1960

José María Zárraga
 Spain
Real Madrid
5
1956, 1957, 1958, 1959, 1960
Captain in 1959 and 1960.

Alfredo Di Stéfano
 Spain
Real Madrid
5
1956, 1957, 1958, 1959, 1960
Scored in all five finals.

Francisco Gento
 Spain
Real Madrid
6
1956, 1957, 1958, 1959, 1960, 1966
Most European Cup wins. Captain in 1966.


document_title: Blood type distribution by country

question_text: what percentage of the population has blood type o

root

text: Blood type distribution by country

text: ABO and distribution by country[edit]

text: This section's factual accuracy is disputed. Relevant discussion may be found on Talk:Blood type distribution by country. Please help to ensure that disputed statements are reliably sourced. (April 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

tag: table

text:
ABO and Rh blood type distribution by country (population averages)

Country
Population[1]
O+
A+
B+
AB+
O−
A−
B−
AB−

 Argentina
44,270,440
45.4%
34.26%
8.59%
2.64%
8.4%
0.44%
0.21%
0.06%

 Armenia[2]
2,931,568
29.0%
46.3%
12.0%
5.6%
2.0%
3.7%
1.0%
0.4%

 Australia[3]
24,642,693
40.0%
31.0%
8.0%
2.0%
9.0%
7.0%
2.0%
1.0%

 Austria[4]
8,592,470
30.0%
33.0%
12.0%
6.0%
7.0%
8.0%
3.0%
1.0%

 Bahrain
1,418,695
48.48%
19.35%
22.61%
3.67%
3.27%
1.33%
1.04%
0.25%

 Bangladesh
164,833,667
31.18%
21.44%
34.58%
8.85%
1.39%
0.96%
0.96%
0.64%

 Belgium[5]
11,444,053
38.0%
34.0%
8.6%
4.1%
7.0%
6.0%
1.5%
0.8%

 Bolivia
11,053,376
51.53%
29.45%
10.11%
1.15%
4.39%
2.73%
0.54%
0.1%

 Bosnia and Herzegovina
3,792,730
31.0%
36.0%
12.0%
6.0%
5.0%
7.0%
2.0%
1.0%

 Brazil[6]
211,248,418
36.0%
34.0%
8.0%
2.5%
9.0%
8.0%
2.0%
0.5%

 Bulgaria
7,045,097
28.0%
37.0%
13.0%
7.0%
5.0%
7.0%
2.0%
1.0%

 Cambodia
16,077,172
46.7%
27.2%
18.5%
4.9%
1.3%
0.8%
0.5%
0.1%

 Cameroon
24,515,533
42.8%
38.8%
12.0%
3.3%
1.4%
1.2%
0.4%
0.1%

 Canada[7]
36,627,140
39.0%
36.0%
7.6%
2.5%
7.0%
6.0%
1.4%
0.5%

 Chile
18,314,060
85.5%
8.7%
3.35%
1.0%
1.2%
0.1%
0.05%
0.1%

 China
1,388,251,023
47.7%
27.8%
18.9%
5.0%
0.28%
0.19%
0.1%
0.03%

 Colombia
49,069,267
61.3%
26.11%
2.28%
1.47%
5.13%
2.7%
0.7%
0.31%

 Côte d'Ivoire
23,869,656
46.5%
22.5%
22.5%
4.3%
2.0%
1.0%
1.0%
0.2%

 Croatia
4,207,355
29.0%
36.0%
15.0%
5.0%
5.0%
6.0%
3.0%
1.0%

 Cuba
11,486,750
45.8%
33.5%
10.2%
2.9%
3.6%
2.8%
1.0%
0.2%

 Cyprus[8]
1,189,395
35.22%
40.35%
11.11%
4.72%
3.85%
3.48%
0.87%
0.40%

 Czech Republic[9]
10,555,152
27.0%
36.0%
15.0%
7.0%
5.0%
6.0%
3.0%
1.0%

 Denmark[10]
5,711,902
35.0%
37.0%
8.0%
4.0%
6.0%
7.0%
2.0%
1.0%

 Dominican Republic
10,766,932
46.2%
26.4%
16.9%
3.1%
3.7%
2.1%
1.4%
0.2%

 Ecuador
16,665,756
75.0%
14.0%
7.1%
0.5%
2.38%
0.7%
0.3%
0.02%

 Egypt
95,220,838
52.0%
24.0%
12.4%
3.8%
5.0%
2.0%
0.6%
0.2%

 El Salvador[11]
6,171,483
62.0%
23.0%
11.0%
1.0%
1.0%
1.0%
0.7%
0.3%

 Estonia[12]
1,305,745
29.5%
30.8%
20.7%
6.3%
4.3%
4.5%
3.0%
0.9%

 Ethiopia
104,352,727
39.0%
28.0%
21.0%
5.0%
3.0%
2.0%
1.0%
1.0%

 Finland[13]
5,541,328
27.0%
38.0%
15.0%
7.0%
4.0%
6.0%
2.0%
1.0%

 France[14]
64,939,560
36.0%
37.0%
9.0%
3.0%
6.0%
7.0%
1.0%
1.0%

 Germany
80,635,980
35.0%
37.0%
9.0%
4.0%
6.0%
6.0%
2.0%
1.0%

 Greece
10,892,849
37.4%
32.9%
11.0%
3.7%
7.0%
5.0%
2.0%
1.0%

 Guinea
13,291,741
46.88%
21.64%
22.86%
4.52%
2.0%
0.9%
1.0%
0.2%

 Honduras
9,348,898
57.5%
27.0%
7.8%
2.5%
2.7%
1.7%
0.6%
0.2%

 Hong Kong
7,402,115
41.5%
26.13%
25.34%
6.35%
0.32%
0.17%
0.14%
0.05%

 Hungary
9,787,801
27.0%
33.0%
16.0%
8.0%
5.0%
7.0%
3.0%
1.0%

 Iceland[15]
334,311
47.6%
26.4%
9.3%
1.6%
8.4%
4.6%
1.7%
0.4%

 India[16]
1,342,561,902
27.85%
20.8%
38.14%
8.93%
1.43%
0.57%
1.79%
0.49%

 Indonesia
263,519,317
36.82%
25.87%
28.85%
7.96%
0.18%
0.13%
0.15%
0.04%

 Iran
80,982,137
33.5%
27.0%
22.2%
7.0%
4.0%
3.0%
2.5%
0.8%

 Iraq
38,657,787
32.1%
25.0%
25.6%
7.4%
3.6%
2.7%
2.7%
0.9%

 Ireland[17]
4,749,263
47.0%
26.0%
9.0%
2.0%
8.0%
5.0%
2.0%
1.0%

 Israel[18]
8,323,659
32.0%
34.0%
17.0%
7.0%
3.0%
4.0%
2.0%
1.0%

 Italy
59,797,969
39.0%
36.0%
7.5%
2.5%
7.0%
6.0%
1.5%
0.5%

 Jamaica[19]
2,813,316
47.0%
23.0%
20.0%
3.0%
3.5%
2.0%
1.0%
0.5%

 Japan[20]
126,044,340
29.9%
39.8%
19.9%
9.9%
0.15%
0.2%
0.1%
0.05%

 Kenya
48,470,780
45.6%
25.2%
21.28%
4.2%
1.8%
1.0%
0.9%
0.02%

 Latvia
1,944,122
30.6%
31.0%
17.0%
6.0%
5.4%
6.0%
3.0%
1.0%

 Lebanon
6,039,438
38.4%
32.3%
9.5%
3.2%
7.7%
6.5%
1.7%
0.7%

 Libya
6,408,990
42.64%
28.86%
11.19%
4.5%
6.26%
4.24%
1.64%
0.67%

 Lithuania
2,827,573
36.0%
33.0%
11.0%
4.0%
7.0%
6.0%
2.0%
1.0%

 Luxemburg[21]
587,297
35.0%
37.0%
9.0%
4.0%
6.0%
6.0%
2.0%
1.0%

 Macao
606,413
41.5%
26.1%
25.4%
6.3%
0.33%
0.17%
0.15%
0.05%

 Macedonia
2,083,690
30.0%
34.0%
15.0%
6.0%
5.0%
6.0%
3.0%
1.0%

 Malaysia
31,165,480
34.32%
30.35%
27.37%
7.46%
0.17%
0.15%
0.14%
0.04%

 Mauritania
4,266,765
46.3%
26.68%
17.47%
3.85%
2.8%
1.6%
1.1%
0.2%

 Mexico
130,227,836
55.79%
29.9%
8.0%
1.63%
2.7%
1.5%
0.4%
0.08%

 Mongolia
3,052,044
55.4%
27.7%
10.9%
4.96%
0.6%
0.3%
0.1%
0.04%

 Myanmar
53,507,932
35.7%
23.8%
32.7%
6.95%
0.3%
0.2%
0.3%
0.05%

   Nepal
29,188,100
35.2%
28.3%
27.1%
8.6%
0.3%
0.2%
0.2%
0.1%

 Netherlands[22]
17,033,012
39.5%
35.0%
6.7%
2.5%
7.5%
7.0%
1.3%
0.5%

 New Zealand[23]
4,604,996
38.0%
32.0%
9.0%
3.0%
9.0%
6.0%
2.0%
1.0%

 Nigeria
191,851,411
51.3%
22.4%
20.7%
2.6%
1.6%
0.7%
0.6%
0.1%

 Norway[24]
5,330,986
33.0%
41.5%
6.8%
3.4%
6.0%
7.5%
1.2%
0.6%

 North Korea
25,432,033
27.15%
31.08%
30.15%
11.32%
0.08%
0.1%
0.1%
0.03%

 Pakistan
180,440,005
24.63%
20.6%
34.40%
9.52%
4.17%
2.66%
3.57%
0.45%

 Papua New Guinea
7,952,511
48.0%
37.2%
9.6%
2.8%
1.0%
0.8%
0.4%
0.2%

 Peru
32,167,717
70.0%
18.4%
7.8%
1.6%
1.4%
0.5%
0.28%
0.02%

 Philippines[25]
103,801,747
36.9%
28.9%
26.9%
6.97%
0.1%
0.1%
0.1%
0.03%

 Poland[26]
38,563,480
31.0%
32.0%
15.0%
7.0%
6.0%
6.0%
2.0%
1.0%

 Portugal[27]
10,264,672
36.3%
40.0%
6.6%
2.9%
6.0%
6.6%
1.1%
0.5%

 Romania
19,237,087
28.0%
37.0%
14.0%
7.0%
5.0%
6.0%
2.0%
1.0%

 Russia
143,374,801
28.0%
30.0%
20.0%
7.0%
4.9%
5.8%
3.2%
1.1%

 Saudi Arabia[28]
32,744,532
47.8%
23.9%
17.0%
4.0%
4.0%
2.0%
1.0%
0.3%

 Serbia
8,776,827
31.92%
35.28%
12.6%
4.2%
6.08%
6.72%
2.4%
0.8%

 Singapore
5,784,819
43.6%
23.9%
24.4%
6.0%
0.9%
0.7%
0.4%
0.1%

 Slovakia[29]
5,432,265
27.2%
35.7%
15.3%
6.8%
4.8%
6.3%
2.7%
1.2%

 Slovenia
2,071,258
31.0%
33.0%
12.0%
6.0%
7.0%
7.0%
3.0%
1.0%

 South Africa[30]
55,437,815
39.0%
32.0%
12.0%
3.0%
6.0%
5.0%
2.0%
1.0%

 South Korea
50,748,307
27.9%
33.87%
26.92%
10.98%
0.1%
0.13%
0.08%
0.02%

 Spain[31]
46,070,163
36.0%
34.0%
8.0%
2.5%
9.0%
8.0%
2.0%
0.5%

 Sudan
40,827,975
48.0%
27.7%
15.2%
2.8%
3.5%
1.8%
0.8%
0.2%

 Sweden[32]
9,920,843
32.0%
37.0%
10.0%
5.0%
6.0%
7.0%
2.0%
1.0%

  Switzerland
8,454,321
26.0%
37.0%
13.0%
7.0%
5.0%
6.0%
4.0%
2.0%

 Syria
18,920,698
43.0%
30.0%
14.0%
3.7%
5.0%
3.0%
1.0%
0.3%

 Taiwan
23,234,936
43.9%
25.9%
23.9%
6.0%
0.17%
0.1%
0.01%
0.02%

 Thailand
68,298,027
40.8%
16.9%
36.8%
4.97%
0.2%
0.1%
0.2%
0.03%

 Turkey[33]
80,420,065
29.8%
37.8%
14.2%
7.2%
3.9%
4.7%
1.6%
0.8%

 Uganda
43,276,492
43.7%
39.0%
10.7%
3.9%
1.3%
1.0%
0.3%
0.1%

 Ukraine
44,404,078
32.0%
34.0%
15.0%
5.0%
5.0%
6.0%
2.0%
1.0%

 United Arab Emirates
3,398,017
44.1%
21.9%
20.9%
4.3%
4.3%
2.1%
2.0%
0.4%

 United Kingdom[34]
65,512,375
37.0%
35.0%
8.0%
3.0%
7.0%
7.0%
2.0%
1.0%

 United States[35]
326,481,533
37.4%
35.7%
8.5%
3.4%
6.6%
6.3%
1.5%
0.6%

 Venezuela[36]
32,011,082
58.5%
28.3%
5.3%
1.8%
3.5%
1.7%
0.7%
0.2%

 Vietnam
95,414,640
41.7%
21.9%
30.8%
4.98%
0.3%
0.1%
0.2%
0.02%

 Zimbabwe
16,642,880
63.3%
18.5%
14.6%
0.99%
1.7%
0.5%
0.4%
0.01%

World
6,629,970,232
38.66%
27.41%
22.03%
5.89%
2.55%
1.99%
1.11%
0.36%

text: 50.0% and above   40.0–49.9%   30.0–39.9%   20.0–29.9%   10.0–19.9%   5.0–9.9%

tag: p

text:
[show]Ethnic distribution of ABO (without Rh) blood types[37]
(This table has more entries than the table above but does not distinguish between Rh types.)

People group
O (%)
A (%)
B (%)
AB (%)

Aboriginal people
61
39
0
0

Abyssinians
43
27
25
5

Ainu (Japan)
17
32
32
18

Albanians
38
43
13
6

Grand Andamanese
9
60
23
9

Arabs
34
31
29
6

Armenians
31
50
13
6

Asian Americans
40
28
27
5

Austrians
36
44
13
6

Bantus
46
30
19
5

Basques
51
44
4
1

Belgians
47
42
8
3

Bororo (Brazil)
100
0
0
0

Brazilians
47
41
9
3

Bulgarians
32
44
15
8

Burmese
36
24
33
7

Buryats (Siberia)
33
21
38
8

Bushmen
56
34
9
2

Chinese-Canton
46
23
25
6

Chinese-Peking
29
27
32
13

Chuvash
30
29
33
7

Croats
42
34
17
7

Czechs
30
44
18
9

Danes
41
44
11
4

Dutch
45
43
9
3

Egyptians
33
36
24
8

English
47
42
9
3

Inuit (Alaska)
38
44
13
5

Inuit (Greenland)
54
36
23
8

Estonians
34
36
23
8

Fijians
44
34
17
6

Finns
34
41
18
7

French
43
47
7
3

Georgians
46
37
12
4

Germans
41
43
11
5

Greeks
40
42
14
5

Romani people (Hungary)
29
27
35
10

Hawaiians
37
61
2
1

Hindus (Bombay)
29
25
35
11

Hungarians
36
43
16
5

Icelanders
56
32
10
3

Indians (India)
29
21
40
9

Native Americans
79
16
4
1

Irish
52
35
10
3

Italians (Milan)
46
41
11
3

Japanese
30
38
22
10

Jews (Germany)
42
41
12
5

Jews (Poland)
33
41
18
8

Kalmuks
26
23
41
11

Kikuyu (Kenya)
60
19
20
1

Koreans
28
32
31
10

Sami people
29
63
4
4

Latvians
32
37
24
7

Lithuanians
40
34
20
6

Malays
62
18
20
0

Māori
46
54
1
0

Mayans
98
1
1
1

Moros
64
16
20
0

Navajo Indians
73
27
0
0

Nicobarese
74
9
15
1

Norwegians
39
50
8
4

Papuans (New Guinea)
41
27
23
9

Persians
38
33
22
7

Peruvian Indians
100
0
0
0

Filipinos
45
22
27
6

Poles
33
39
20
9

Portuguese
35
53
8
4

Romanians
33
43
16
8

Russians
33
36
23
8

Sardinians
50
26
19
5

Scots
51
34
12
3

Serbians
38
42
16
5

Shompen Nicobarese
100
0
0
0

Slovaks
42
37
16
5

South Africans
45
40
11
4

Spanish
38
47
10
5

Sudanese
62
16
21
0

Swedish
38
47
10
5

Swiss
40
50
7
3

Tatars
28
30
29
13

Thais
37
22
33
8

Turks
43
34
18
6

Ukrainians
37
40
18
6

Black Americans
49
27
20
4

White Americans
45
40
11
4

Vietnamese
42
22
30
5

Mean
43.91
34.80
16.55
5.14

Standard deviation
16.87
13.80
9.97
3.41

text: Blood group B has its highest frequency in South Asia where it ranks first as the largest share of the earth's population. In Southeast Asia the share of the population is high, especially in Thailand and Indonesia, then in East Asia, Northern Asia and neighboring Central Asia, and its incidence diminishes both towards the west and the east, falling to single digit percentages in Netherlands, Norway and Portugal.[38][39] It is believed to have been entirely absent from Native American and Australian Aboriginal populations prior to the arrival of Europeans in those areas.[39][40]

text: Blood group A is associated with high frequencies in Europe, especially in Scandinavia and Central Europe, although its highest frequencies occur in some Australian Aboriginal populations and the Blackfoot Indians of Montana, the US.[41][42]

text: Maps of allele ABO among native populations[edit]

text:
Map of allele A
among native populations

Map of allele B
among native populations

Map of allele O
among native populations

tag: ul


document_title: Yoplait

question_text: when did yoplait yogurt come on the market

text: Yoplait

text: History[edit]

text: In 1964, 100,000 French farmers merged their regional dairy cooperatives to sell nationally. In 1965, two co-operatives, "Yola" and "Coplait", merged, becoming "Yoplait". The company's logo is a six-petaled flower designed by Philippe Morlighem,[1] each petal representing one of the six main cooperatives' founders. A redesigned logo, which has been slowly rolled out since the late 2000s, uses a flower with only five petals.

text: On May 18, 2011, General Mills announced it had agreed to purchase a controlling 51% interest in the brand's main operating company Yoplait SAS, and a 50% interest in a related company owning the brand's intellectual property, with Sodiaal retaining the remainder.[2] The announcement of the completion of the acquisition was made on 1 July 2011.[3]In September 2017,Yoplait launched new campaign for kids yoghurt brand, Frubes.[4]

text: World franchises[edit]

text: Australia[edit]

text: In Australia, Yoplait is locally manufactured by LD&D Foods Pty Ltd, a subsidiary of Lion. It uses the slogan "Yoplait; French for Yoghurt".[5]

text: Canada[edit]

text: In Canada, General Mills markets pre-stirred Yoplait yogurt, Minigo, Tubes, Source, Creamy, Delicieux, Yop, Yoplait Basket, Yoptimal, and Asana. In 1971, the Coopérative agricole de Granby, which went on to become the largest dairy cooperative in the country—Agropur—launched the Yoplait brand in Canada. In 1993, Agropur and Agrifoods (the two largest dairy cooperatives in Canada) combined their yogurt and fresh cheese marketing and manufacturing activities to form Ultima Foods. Ultima Foods oversaw Yoplait brand products throughout Canada until 2012, when General Mills took over the licence (Ultima Foods continues to manufacture Yoplait products in Canada as a subcontractor, but has also launched a wholly owned rival product line, iögo).[6]

text: Chile[edit]

text: In Chile the Yoplait brand is managed by Quillayes.

text: Ireland[edit]

text: In Ireland, Glanbia controlled the Yoplait brand from 1973 until May 2012, when the control was let go to Yoplait.

text: Israel[edit]

text: Yoplait in Israel is managed by Tnuva, Israel's largest dairy,[7] and products are kosher. The company's drinkable yogurt comes in a 100-gram shot-style bottle with a center opening for easy gripping.[8] Yoplait-brand flavored yogurts account for 42–52% of the Israeli market.[9] Tnuva and Yoplait entered into a partnership to set up production facilities in Romania in 2007.[7] In 2009, Tnuva introduced a 500-gram family-size yogurt called Yoplait YYY that comes in resealable containers.[9]

text: Mexico[edit]

text: In Mexico, the Yoplait brand is managed by Sigma Alimentos.

text: Norway[edit]

text: The franchise in Norway is held by Fjordland.

text: Portugal[edit]

text: In Portugal, Yoplait is run under Gelgurte.[10]

text: South Korea[edit]

text: In South Korea, the Yoplait brand is managed and manufactured by Binggrae.

text: Spain[edit]

text: In 2001 Sodiber Spanish brand from Sodiaal stopped its production and commercializations in Spain closing its Alcobendas production plant.

text: United Kingdom[edit]

text: In the United Kingdom, Yoplait UK Ltd is now 100% owned by Yoplait France.[11] In April 2009 the joint venture between Yoplait and Dairy Crest ended. Yoplait UK Ltd is based in General Mills' European head office; Harman House in Uxbridge, London, United Kingdom. Tubed yogurts are called Frubes (portmanteau of fruit and tube) in the UK.

text: United States[edit]

text: In the United States, General Mills is the sole franchisee of Yoplait pre-stirred yogurt. Products are available in a variety of fruit-based flavors that come in a truncated-conical container sealed with an aluminum foil top. Under the Yoplait label, General Mills also markets Trix Yogurt, based on the flavors of their breakfast cereal of the same name, and Go-Gurt, where various flavors are packaged in plastic tubes for spoonless eating; these brands are targeted to children. A probiotic line of yogurt is marketed under the brand name Yo-Plus.

text: Community involvement[edit]

text: In the U.S., Yoplait participates in an annual program called "Save Lids to Save Lives" to raise money for breast cancer research. Yoplait donates ten cents per pink foil lid that is mailed to the company, but they state in fine print on all promotional materials that their donations will be capped at $2,000,000 per year. This money is donated to the Susan G. Komen Breast Cancer Foundation. Yoplait has been the primary sponsor of Race for the Cure, a marathon held to raise additional research money, since 2001.

text: The American franchise of Yoplait added a rim on the bottom of the yogurt containers to keep animals such as skunks from accidentally getting their heads caught. A label was added to the container stating: "Protect Wildlife: Crush Cup Before Disposal."[12]

text: Controversy[edit]

text: The 2011 documentary Pink Ribbons, Inc. reported that some products sold under the "Save Lids to Save Lives" campaign had previously contained milk from cows treated with bovine somatotropin, a growth hormone banned in many nations for its possible link to diseases in humans, until the company agreed to remove it.[13][14]

text: A 2012 television advertisement for Yoplait prompted criticism from the National Eating Disorders Association due to its portrayal of a woman making difficult food choices. The company announced within a few days of the complaint that they would pull the ad, saying, "We aren't sure that everyone saw the ad that way, but if anyone did, that was not our intent and is cause for concern."[15]


document_title: Sea level rise

question_text: when did the sea level start to rise

question_tokens: when did the sea level start to rise

text: Sea level rise

text: Mechanism[edit]

text: Two main mechanisms contribute to observed sea level rise:[11] (1) thermal expansion: because of the increase in ocean heat content (ocean water expands as it warms);[12] and (2) the melting of major stores of land ice like ice sheets and glaciers. Based on figures from between 1993–2008 two thirds (68%) of recent sea level rise has been attributed by melting ice, and roughly one third has come from thermal expansion.[13]

text: On the timescale of centuries to millennia, the melting of ice sheets could result in even higher sea level rise. Partial deglaciation of the Greenland ice sheet, and possibly the West Antarctic ice sheet, could contribute 4 to 6 m (13 to 20 ft) or more to sea level rise.[14]

text: Past changes in sea level[edit]

text: Various factors affect the volume or mass of the ocean, leading to long-term changes in eustatic sea level. The two primary influences are temperature (because the density of water depends on temperature), and the mass of water locked up on land and sea as fresh water in rivers, lakes, glaciers and polar ice caps. Over much longer geological timescales, changes in the shape of oceanic basins and in land–sea distribution affect sea level. Since the Last Glacial Maximum about 20,000 years ago, sea level has risen by more than 125 m, with rates varying from tenths of a mm/yr to 10+mm/year, as a result of melting of major ice sheets.[15]

text: During deglaciation between about 19,000 and 8,000 calendar years ago, sea level rose at extremely high rates as the result of the rapid melting of the British-Irish Sea, Fennoscandian, Laurentide, Barents-Kara, Patagonian, Innuitian ice sheets and parts of the Antarctic ice sheet. At the onset of deglaciation about 19,000 calendar years ago, a brief, at most 500-year long, glacio-eustatic event may have contributed as much as 10 m to sea level with an average rate of about 20 mm/yr. During the rest of the early Holocene, the rate of sea level rise varied from a low of about 6.0–9.9  mm/yr to as high as 30–60  mm/yr during brief periods of accelerated sea level rise.[16][17]

text: Solid geological evidence, based largely upon analysis of deep cores of coral reefs, exists only for 3 major periods of accelerated sea level rise, called meltwater pulses, during the last deglaciation. They are Meltwater pulse 1A between circa 14,600 and 14,300 calendar years ago; Meltwater pulse 1B between circa 11,400 and 11,100 calendar years ago; and Meltwater pulse 1C between 8,200 and 7,600 calendar years ago. Meltwater pulse 1A was a 13.5 m rise over about 290 years centered at 14,200 calendar years ago and Meltwater pulse 1B was a 7.5 m rise over about 160 years centered at 11,000 years calendar years ago. In sharp contrast, the period between 14,300 and 11,100 calendar years ago, which includes the Younger Dryas interval, was an interval of reduced sea level rise at about 6.0–9.9  mm/yr. Meltwater pulse 1C was centered at 8,000 calendar years and produced a rise of 6.5 m in less than 140 years.[17][18][19] Such rapid rates of sea level rising during meltwater events clearly implicate major ice-loss events related to ice sheet collapse. The primary source may have been meltwater from the Antarctic ice sheet. Other studies suggest a Northern Hemisphere source for the meltwater in the Laurentide ice sheet.[19]

text: Recently, it has become widely accepted that late Holocene, 3,000 calendar years ago to present, sea level was nearly stable prior to an acceleration of rate of rise that is variously dated between 1850 and 1900 AD. Late Holocene rates of sea level rise have been estimated using evidence from archaeological sites and late Holocene tidal marsh sediments, combined with tide gauge and satellite records and geophysical modeling. For example, this research included studies of Roman wells in Caesarea and of Roman piscinae in Italy. These methods in combination suggest a mean eustatic component of 0.07 mm/yr for the last 2000 years.[16]

text: Since 1880, the ocean began to rise briskly, climbing a total of 210 mm (8.3 in) through 2009 causing extensive erosion worldwide and costing billions.[20]

text: Sea level rose by 6 cm during the 19th century and 19 cm in the 20th century.[21] Evidence for this includes geological observations, the longest instrumental records and the observed rate of 20th century sea level rise. For example, geological observations indicate that during the last 2,000 years, sea level change was small, with an average rate of only 0.0–0.2 mm per year. This compares to an average rate of 1.7 ± 0.5 mm per year for the 20th century.[22] Baart et al. (2012) show that it is important to account for the effect of the 18.6-year lunar nodal cycle before acceleration in sea level rise should be concluded.[23] Based on tide gauge data, the rate of global average sea level rise during the 20th century lies in the range 0.8 to 3.3 mm/yr, with an average rate of 1.8 mm/yr.[24]

text: Current state of the sea level change[edit]

text: This NASA chart represents the satellite bi-monthly data on sea level in mm with the seasonal variation adjusted for.[25][26]

text: Projections[edit]

text: 20th century[edit]

text: Hansen et al. 1981, published the study Climate impact of increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide, and predicted that anthropogenic carbon dioxide warming and its potential effects on climate in the 21st century could cause a sea level rise of 5 to 6 m, from melting of the West Antarctic ice-sheet alone.[28]

text: 21st century[edit]

text: The 2007 Fourth Assessment Report (IPCC 4) projected century-end sea levels using the Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (SRES). SRES developed emissions scenarios to project climate-change impacts.[29] The projections based on these scenarios are not predictions,[30] but reflect plausible estimates of future social and economic development (e.g., economic growth, population level).[31] The six SRES "marker" scenarios projected sea level to rise by 18 to 59 centimetres (7.1 to 23.2 in).[32] Their projections were for the time period 2090–99, with the increase in level relative to average sea level over the 1980–99 period. This estimate did not include all of the possible contributions of ice sheets.

text: Hansen (2007), assumed an ice sheet contribution of 1 cm for the decade 2005–15, with a potential ten year doubling time for sea-level rise, based on a nonlinear ice sheet response, which would yield 5 m this century.[33]

text: The average sea ice decline recorded from 1953 to 2006 is -7.8%±0.6%/decade, this is more than three times the size of the average forecast trend of -2.5%±0.2%/decade. Even the ‘worst case scenario’ models didn’t forecast the extent of the sea ice decline adequately. The quickest rate of sea ice decline from any of the models associated with the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Fourth Assessment Report was -5.4%±0.4%/decade.[34]

text: Research from 2008 observed rapid declines in ice-mass balance from both Greenland and Antarctica, and concluded that sea-level rise by 2100 is likely to be at least twice as large as that presented by IPCC AR4, with an upper limit of about two meters.[35]

text: Projections assessed by the US National Research Council (2010)[36] suggest possible sea level rise over the 21st century of between 56 and 200 cm (22 and 79 in). The NRC describes the IPCC projections as "conservative".[36]

text: In 2011, Rignot and others projected a rise of 32 centimetres (13 in) by 2050. Their projection included increased contributions from the Antarctic and Greenland ice sheets. Use of two completely different approaches reinforced the Rignot projection.[37][38]

text: In its Fifth Assessment Report (2013), The IPCC found that recent observations of global average sea level rise at a rate of 3.2 [2.8 to 3.6] mm per year is consistent with the sum of contributions from observed thermal ocean expansion due to rising temperatures (1.1 [0.8 to 1.4] mm per year), glacier melt (0.76 [0.39 to 1.13] mm per year), Greenland ice sheet melt (0.33 [0.25 to 0.41] mm per year), Antarctic ice sheet melt (0.27 [0.16 to 0.38] mm per year), and changes to land water storage (0.38 [0.26 to 0.49] mm per year). The report had also concluded that if emissions continue to keep up with the worst case IPCC scenarios, global average sea level could rise by nearly 1m by 2100 (0.52−0.98 m from a 1986-2005 baseline). If emissions follow the lowest emissions scenario, then global average sea level is projected to rise by between 0.28−0.6 m by 2100 (compared to a 1986−2005 baseline).[39]

text: The IPCC's projections are conservative, and may underestimate future sea level rise.[40] Other estimates suggest that for the same period, global mean sea level could rise by 0.2 to 2.0 m (0.7–6.6 ft), relative to mean sea level in 1992.[41]

text: The Third National Climate Assessment (NCA), released May 6, 2014, projected a sea level rise of 1 to 4 feet (30–120 cm) by 2100. Decision makers who are particularly susceptible to risk may wish to use a wider range of scenarios from 8 inches to 6.6 feet (20–200 cm) by 2100.[42]

text: A 2015 study by sea level rise experts concluded that based on MIS 5e data, sea level rise could accelerate in the coming decades, with a doubling time of 10, 20 or 40 years. The study abstract explains:

text: However, Greg Holland from the National Center for Atmospheric Research, who reviewed the James (Jim) Hansen study, noted “There is no doubt that the sea level rise, within the IPCC, is a very conservative number, so the truth lies somewhere between IPCC and Jim.”[44]

text: One 2017 study's scenario, assuming high fossil fuel use for combustion and strong economic growth during this century, projects sea level rise of up to 1.32 metres (4.3 ft) on average — and an extreme scenario with as much as 1.89 metres (6.2 ft), by 2100. This could mean rapid sea level rise of up to 19 millimeters per year by the end of the century. The study also concluded that the Paris climate agreement emissions scenario, if met, would result in a median 0.52 metres (1.7 ft) of sea level rise by 2100.[45][46]

text: Melting of the Greenland ice sheet could contribute an additional 4 to 7.5 m over many thousands of years.[9] It has been estimated that we are already committed to a sea-level rise of approximately 2.3 metres for each degree of temperature rise within the next 2,000 years.[47]

text: Warming beyond the 2 °C target would potentially lead to rates of sea-level rise dominated by ice loss from Antarctica. Continued CO2 emissions from fossil sources could cause additional tens of metres of sea level rise, over the next millennia and eventually ultimately eliminate the entire Antarctic ice sheet, causing about 58 metres of sea level rise.[48]

text: After 2100[edit]

text: There is a widespread consensus that substantial long-term sea-level rise will continue for centuries to come even if the temperature stabilizes.[49] IPCC AR4 estimated that at least a partial deglaciation of the Greenland ice sheet, and possibly the West Antarctic ice sheet, would occur given a global average temperature increase of 1–4 °C (relative to temperatures over the years 1990–2000).[50] This estimate was given about a 50% chance of being correct.[51] The estimated timescale was centuries to millennia, and would contribute 4 to 6 metres (13 to 20 ft) or more to sea levels over this period.

text: Rising sea levels will cause flooding and will have the ability to wipe out entire cities. In a study published by Nature, the entire state of Delaware could be completely wiped out by 2500.[52]

text: Models[edit]

text: There is the possibility of a rapid change in glaciers, ice sheets, and hence sea level.[53] Predictions of such a change are highly uncertain due to insufficient scientific understanding. Modeling of the processes associated with a rapid ice-sheet and glacier change could potentially increase future projections of sea-level rise.

text: Hansen (2007), concluded that paleoclimate ice sheet models generally do not include physics of ice streams, effects of surface melt descending through crevasses and lubricating basal flow, or realistic interactions with the ocean. The calibration of projected modelling for future sea-level rise is generally done with a linear projection of future sea level. It thus does not include potential nonlinear collapse of an ice sheet.[33]

text: Contribution[edit]

text: Each year about 8 mm of precipitation (liquid equivalent) falls on the ice sheets in Antarctica and Greenland, mostly as snow, which accumulates and over time forms glacial ice. Much of this precipitation began as water vapor evaporated from the ocean surface. To a first approximation, the same amount of water appeared to return to the ocean in icebergs and from ice melting at the edges. Scientists previously had estimated which is greater, ice going in or coming out, called the mass balance, important because a nonzero balance causes changes in global sea level. High-precision gravimetry from satellites determined that Greenland was losing more than 200 billion tons of ice per year, in accord with loss estimates from ground measurement.[54] The rate of ice loss was accelerating,[55] having grown from 137 billion tons in 2002–2003.[56]

text:
The total global ice mass lost from Greenland, Antarctica and Earth's glaciers and ice caps during 2003–2010 was about 4300 billion tons (1,000 cubic miles), adding about 12 mm (0.5 in) to global sea level, enough ice to cover an area comparable to the United States 50 cm (1.5 ft) deep.[57]
The melting of small glaciers on the margins of Greenland and the Antarctic Peninsula would increase sea level around 0.5 meter. At the extreme potential, according to the Third Assessment Report of the International Panel on Climate Change, the ice contained within the Greenland ice sheet entirely melted increases sea level by 7.2 meters (24 feet). The ice contained within the Antarctic ice sheet entirely melted would produce 61.1 meters (200 feet) of sea-level change, both totaling a sea-level rise of 68.3 meters (224 feet).[58]

text: It is estimated that fully melting Antarctica would contribute over 60 metres of sea level rise, and Greenland would contribute more than 7 metres. Small glaciers and ice caps on the margins of Greenland and the Antarctic Peninsula might contribute about 0.5 metres. The latter figure is much smaller than for Antarctica or Greenland, but it could occur relatively quickly (within the coming century), whereas full melting of Greenland would be slow (perhaps 1,500 years to fully deglaciate at the fastest likely rate) and Antarctica even slower.[59] However, this calculation does not account for the possibility of accelerate melting as meltwater flows under and lubricates the larger ice sheets, which would begin to move much more rapidly towards the sea.[60][61]

text: In 2002, Eric Rignot and R.H. Thomas found that the West Antarctic and Greenland ice sheets were losing mass, while the East Antarctic ice sheet was close to in balance (they could not determine the sign of the mass balance for The East Antarctic ice sheet).[62] Kwok and Comiso (J. Climate, v15, 487–501, 2002) also discovered that temperature and pressure anomalies around West Antarctica and on the other side of the Antarctic Peninsula correlate with recent Southern Oscillation events.

text: In 2005 it was reported that during 1992–2003, East Antarctica thickened at an average rate of about 18 mm/yr while West Antarctica showed an overall thinning of 9 mm/yr. associated with increased precipitation. A gain of this magnitude is enough to slow sea-level rise by 0.12 ± 0.02 mm/yr.[63]

text: Antarctica[edit]

text: The large volume of ice on the Antarctic continent stores around 70% of the world's fresh water.[64] This ice sheet is constantly gaining ice from snowfall and losing ice through outflow to the sea.

text: Sheperd et al. 2012, found that different satellite methods were in good agreement and combining methods leads to more certainty with East Antarctica, West Antarctica, and the Antarctic Peninsula changing in mass by +14 ± 43, –65 ± 26, and –20 ± 14 gigatonnes per year.[65]

text: East Antarctic ice sheet (EAIS)[edit]

text: East Antarctica is a cold region with a ground-base above sea level and occupies most of the continent. This area is dominated by small accumulations of snowfall which becomes ice and thus eventually seaward glacial flows. The mass balance of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet as a whole over the period 1980-2004 is thought to be slightly positive (lowering sea level) or near to balance, with a large degree of uncertainty.[66][67] However, increased ice outflow has been suggested in some regions.[67][68]

text: West Antarctic ice sheet (WAIS)[edit]

text: West Antarctica is currently experiencing a net outflow of glacial ice, which will increase global sea level over time. A review of the scientific studies looking at data from 1992 to 2006 suggested a net loss of around 50 gigatons of ice per year was a reasonable estimate (around 0.14 mm of yearly sea-level rise),[66] although significant acceleration of outflow glaciers in the Amundsen Sea Embayment could have more than doubled this figure for the year 2006.[67]

text: Thomas et al. found evidence of an accelerated contribution to sea level rise from West Antarctica.[69] The data showed that the Amundsen Sea sector of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet was discharging 250 cubic kilometres of ice every year, which was 60% more than precipitation accumulation in the catchment areas. This alone was sufficient to raise sea level at 0.24 mm/yr. Further, thinning rates for the glaciers studied in 2002–03 had increased over the values measured in the early 1990s. The bedrock underlying the glaciers was found to be hundreds of metres deeper than previously known, indicating exit routes for ice from further inland in the Byrd Subpolar Basin. Thus the West Antarctic ice sheet may not be as stable as has been supposed.

text: A 2009 study found that the rapid collapse of West Antarctic Ice Sheet would raise sea level by 3.3 metres (11 ft).[70]

text: Glaciers[edit]

text: Observational and modelling studies of mass loss from glaciers and ice caps indicate a contribution to sea-level rise of 0.2–0.4 mm/yr, averaged over the 20th century. The results from Dyurgerov show a sharp increase in the contribution of mountain and subpolar glaciers to sea-level rise since 1996 (0.5 mm/yr) to 1998 (2 mm/yr) with an average of about 0.35 mm/yr since 1960.[71] Of interest also is Arendt et al., who estimate the contribution of Alaskan glaciers of 0.14±0.04 mm/yr between the mid-1950s to the mid-1990s, increasing to 0.27 mm/yr in the middle and late 1990s.[72]

text: Greenland[edit]

text: In 2004 Rignot et al. estimated a contribution of 0.04 ± 0.01 mm/yr to sea level rise from South East Greenland.[74] In the same year, Krabill et al. estimate a net contribution from Greenland to be at least 0.13 mm/yr in the 1990s.[75] Joughin et al. have measured a doubling of the speed of Jakobshavn Isbræ between 1997 and 2003.[76] This is Greenland's largest outlet glacier; it drains 6.5% of the ice sheet, and is thought to be responsible for increasing the rate of sea-level rise by about 0.06 millimetres per year, or roughly 4% of the 20th-century rate of sea-level increase.[77] In 2004, Rignot et al. estimated a contribution of 0.04±0.01 mm/yr to sea-level rise from southeast Greenland.[74]

text: Rignot and Kanagaratnam produced a comprehensive study and map of the outlet glaciers and basins of Greenland.[78] They found widespread glacial acceleration below 66 N in 1996 which spread to 70 N by 2005; and that the ice sheet loss rate in that decade increased from 90 to 200 cubic km/yr; this corresponds to an extra 0.25–0.55 mm/yr of sea level rise.

text: In July 2005 it was reported that the Kangerlussuaq Glacier, on Greenland's east coast, was moving towards the sea three times faster than a decade earlier. Kangerdlugssuaq is around 1,000 m thick, 7.2 km (4.5 miles) wide, and drains about 4% of the ice from the Greenland ice sheet.[79] Measurements of Kangerdlugssuaq in 1988 and 1996 showed it moving at between 5 and 6 km/yr (3.1–3.7 miles/yr), while in 2005 that speed had increased to 14 km/yr (8.7 miles/yr).

text: According to the 2004 Arctic Climate Impact Assessment, climate models project that local warming in Greenland will exceed 3 °C during this century. Also, ice-sheet models project that such a warming would initiate the long-term melting of the ice sheet, leading to a complete melting of the Greenland ice sheet over several millennia, resulting in a global sea level rise of about seven metres.[80]

text: Subsidence and effective sea level rise[edit]

text: Many ports, urban conglomerations, and agricultural regions are built on river deltas, where subsidence of land contributes to a substantially increased effective sea level rise. This is caused by both unsustainable extraction of groundwater (in some place also by extraction of oil and gas), and by levees and other flood management practices that prevent accumulation of sediments from compensating for the natural settling of deltaic soils.[81] In many deltas this results in subsidence ranging from several millimeters per year up to possibly 25 centimeters per year in parts of the Ciliwung delta (Jakarta).[82] Total anthropogenic-caused subsidence in the Rhine-Meuse-Scheldt delta (Netherlands) is estimated at 3 to 4 meters, over 3 meters in urban areas of the Mississippi River Delta (New Orleans), and over nine meters in the Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta.[83]

text: Effects[edit]

text: The IPCC TAR WGII report (Impacts, Adaptation Vulnerability) notes that current and future climate change would be expected to have a number of impacts, particularly on coastal systems.[84] Such impacts may include increased coastal erosion, higher storm-surge flooding, inhibition of primary production processes, more extensive coastal inundation, changes in surface water quality and groundwater characteristics, increased loss of property and coastal habitats, increased flood risk and potential loss of life, loss of non-monetary cultural resources and values, impacts on agriculture and aquaculture through decline in soil and water quality, and loss of tourism, recreation, and transportation functions.

text: There is an implication that many of these impacts will be detrimental—especially for the three-quarters of the world's poor who depend on agriculture systems.[85] The report does, however, note that owing to the great diversity of coastal environments; regional and local differences in projected relative sea level and climate changes; and differences in the resilience and adaptive capacity of ecosystems, sectors, and countries, the impacts will be highly variable in time and space.

text: The IPCC report of 2007 estimated that accelerated melting of the Himalayan ice caps and the resulting rise in sea levels would likely increase the severity of flooding in the short term during the rainy season and greatly magnify the impact of tidal storm surges during the cyclone season. A sea-level rise of just 400 mm in the Bay of Bengal would put 11 percent of the Bangladesh's coastal land underwater, creating 7–10 million climate refugees.

text: Sea level rise could also displace many shore-based populations: for example it is estimated that a sea level rise of just 200 mm could make 740,000 people in Nigeria homeless.[86]

text: Future sea-level rise, like the recent rise, is not expected to be globally uniform. Some regions show a sea-level rise substantially more than the global average (in many cases of more than twice the average), and others a sea level fall.[87] However, models disagree as to the likely pattern of sea level change.[88]

text: Island nations[edit]

text: IPCC assessments suggest that deltas and small island states are particularly vulnerable to sea-level rise caused by both thermal expansion and increased ocean water. Sea level changes have not yet been conclusively proven to have directly resulted in environmental, humanitarian, or economic losses to small island states, but the IPCC and other bodies have found this a serious risk scenario in coming decades.[89]

text: Maldives, Tuvalu, and other low-lying countries are among the areas that are at the highest level of risk. The UN's environmental panel has warned that, at current rates, sea level would be high enough to make the Maldives uninhabitable by 2100.[90][91]

text: Many media reports have focused on the island nations of the Pacific, notably the Polynesian islands of Tuvalu, which based on more severe flooding events in recent years, were thought to be "sinking" due to sea level rise.[92] A scientific review in 2000 reported that based on University of Hawaii gauge data, Tuvalu had experienced a negligible increase in sea level of 0.07 mm a year over the past two decades, and that the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) had been a larger factor in Tuvalu's higher tides in recent years.[93] A subsequent study by John Hunter from the University of Tasmania, however, adjusted for ENSO effects and the movement of the gauge (which was thought to be sinking). Hunter concluded that Tuvalu had been experiencing sea-level rise of about 1.2 mm per year.[93][94] The recent more frequent flooding in Tuvalu may also be due to an erosional loss of land during and following the actions of 1997 cyclones Gavin, Hina, and Keli.[95]

text: A study conducted on the Jaluit Atoll, Marshall Islands demonstrated that significant geomorphologic events such as storms (i.e. Typhoon Ophelia in 1958) tend to have larger impacts on reef islands than the smaller-scale effects of sea level rise. These effects include the immediate erosion and subsequent regrowth process that may vary in length from decades to centuries, even resulting in land areas larger than pre-storm values. With an expected rise in the frequency and intensity of storms, they may become more significant in determining island shape and size than sea level rise.[96]

text: In 2016 it was reported that five of the Solomon Islands had disappeared due to the combined effects of sea level rise and stronger trade winds that were pushing water into the Western Pacific.[97]

text: Besides the issues that flooding brings, such as soil salinisation, the island states themselves would also become dissolved over time, as the islands become uninhabitable or completely submerged by the sea. Once this happens, all rights on the surrounding area (sea) are removed. This area can be huge as rights extend to a radius of 224 nautical miles (414 km) around the entire island state. Any resources, such as fossil oil, minerals and metals, within this area can be freely dug up by anyone and sold without needing to pay any commission to the (now dissolved) island state.[98]

text: Options that have been proposed to assist island nations to adapt to rising sea level include abandoning islands, building dikes, and building upwards.[99]

text: Cities[edit]

text: A study in the April, 2007 issue of Environment and Urbanization reports that 634 million people live in coastal areas within 30 feet (9.1 m) of sea level. The study also reported that about two thirds of the world's cities with over five million people are located in these low-lying coastal areas. Future sea level rise could lead to potentially catastrophic difficulties for shore-based communities in the next centuries: for example, many major cities such as Venice, London, New Orleans, and New York City already need storm-surge defenses, and will need more if the sea level rises; they also face issues such as subsidence.[100][101] However, modest increases in sea level are likely to be offset when cities adapt by constructing sea walls or through relocating.[102]

text: Re-insurance company Swiss Re estimates an economic loss for southeast Florida in 2030, of $33 billion from climate-related damages.[103][104] Miami has been listed as "the number-one most vulnerable city worldwide" in terms of potential damage to property from storm-related flooding and sea-level rise.[105]

text: Habitats[edit]

text: Coastal and Polar habitats are facing drastic changes as consequence of rising sea levels. Loss of ice in the Arctic may force local species to migrate in search of a new home. If seawater continues to approach inland, problems related to contaminated soils and flooded wetlands may occur. Also, fish, birds, and coastal plants could lose parts of their habitat.[106] In 2016 it was reported that the Bramble Cay melomys, which lived on a Great Barrier Reef island, had probably become extinct because of sea level rises.[107]

text: Extreme sea level rise events[edit]

text: Downturn of Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC), has been tied to extreme regional sea level rise (1-in-850 year event). Between 2009–2010, coastal sea levels north of New York City increased by 128 mm within two years. This jump is unprecedented in the tide gauge records, which have collected data for several centuries.[108][109]

text: Sea level measurement[edit]

text: Satellites[edit]

text: Since the 1992 launch of TOPEX/Poseidon, altimetric satellites have been recording the change in sea level.[110] Current rates of sea level rise from satellite altimetry have been estimated in the range of 2.9–3.4 ± 0.4–0.6 mm per year for 1993–2010.[111][112][113][114][115][115] This exceeds those from tide gauges. It is unclear whether this represents an accelerated increase over the last decades, variability due to the sparse sampling of the tide gauges, true differences between satellites and tide gauges, or problems with satellite calibration.[116] In 2015, a small calibration errors of the first altimetric satellite – Topex/Poseidon - was identified. It had caused a slight overestimation of the 1992-2005 sea levels, which masked the ongoing sea level rise acceleration.[117]

text: Tide gauge[edit]

text: Amsterdam[edit]

text: The longest running sea-level measurements, NAP or Amsterdam Ordnance Datum established in 1675, are recorded in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. About 25 percent of the Netherlands lies beneath sea level, while more than 50 percent of this nation's area would be inundated by temporary floods if it did not have an extensive levee system, see Flood control in the Netherlands.[118]

text: Australia[edit]

text: In Australia, data collected by the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) show the current global mean sea level trend to be 3.2 mm/yr.,[119] a doubling of the rate of the total increase of about 210mm that was measured from 1880 to 2009, which reflected an average annual rise over the entire 129-year period of about 1.6 mm/year.[120]

text: Australian record collection has a long time horizon, including measurements by an amateur meteorologist beginning in 1837 and measurements taken from a sea-level benchmark struck on a small cliff on the Isle of the Dead[121] near the Port Arthur convict settlement on 1 July 1841. These records, when compared with data recorded by modern tide gauges, reinforce the recent comparisons of the historic sea level rise of about 1.6 mm/year, with the sharp acceleration in recent decades.[122]

text: Continuing extensive sea level data collection by Australia's (CSIRO) is summarized in its finding of mean sea level trend to be 3.2 mm/yr. As of 2003 the National Tidal Centre of the Bureau of Meteorology managed 32 tide gauges covering the entire Australian coastline, with some measurements available starting in 1880.[123]

text: United States[edit]

text: Tide gauges in the United States reveal considerable variation because some land areas are rising and some are sinking. For example, over the past 100 years, the rate of sea level rise varied from an increase of about 0.36 inches (9.1 mm) per year along the Louisiana Coast (due to land sinking), to a drop of a few inches per decade in parts of Alaska (due to post-glacial rebound). The rate of sea level rise increased during the 1993–2003 period compared with the longer-term average (1961–2003), although it is unclear whether the faster rate reflected a short-term variation or an increase in the long-term trend.[124]

text: One study showed no acceleration in sea level rise in US tide gauge records during the 20th century.[125] However, another study found that the rate of rise for the US Atlantic coast during the 20th century was far higher than during the previous two thousand years.[126]

text: Adaptation[edit]

text: In 2008, the Dutch Delta Commission (Deltacommissie), advised in a report that the Netherlands would need a massive new building program to strengthen the country's water defenses against the anticipated effects of global warming for the next 190 years. The Dutch plans included drawing up worst-case plans for evacuations. The plan included more than €100 billion (US$144 bn), in new spending through the year 2100 to take measures, such as broadening coastal dunes and strengthening sea and river dikes. The commission said the country must plan for a rise in the North Sea up to 1.3 metres (4 ft 3 in) by 2100, rather than the previously projected 0.80 metres (2 ft 7 in), and plan for a 2–4 metre (6.5–13 feet) rise by 2200.[127]

text: The New York City Panel on Climate Change (NPCC), is an effort to prepare the New York City area for climate change.

text: Miami Beach is spending $500 million in the next years to address sea-level rise. Actions include a pump drainage system, and to raise roadways and sidewalks.[128]