document_title: Popeye

question_text: who owns the rights to popeye the sailor

question_tokens: who owns the rights to popeye the sailor

text: Popeye

text: Fictional character and story[edit]

text: Differences in Popeye's story and characterization vary depending on the medium. Originally, Popeye got his strength from rubbing the head of the Whiffle Hen, changing to spinach by 1932.[11] Swee'Pea is definitively Popeye's ward in the comic strips, but he is often depicted as belonging to Olive Oyl in cartoons. The cartoons also occasionally feature members of Popeye's family who have never appeared in the strip, notably his lookalike nephews Peepeye, Pupeye, Pipeye, and Poopeye.

text: There is no absolute sense of continuity in the stories, although certain plot and presentation elements remain mostly constant, including purposeful contradictions in Popeye's capabilities. Popeye seems bereft of manners and uneducated, yet he is often depicted as capable of coming up with solutions to problems that seem insurmountable to the police or, most importantly, the scientific community. Popeye has, alternatively, displayed Sherlock Holmes-like investigative prowess (determining, for instance, that his beloved Olive was abducted by estimating the depth of the villains' footprints in the sand), scientific ingenuity (as his construction, within a few hours, of a "spinach-drive" spacecraft), or oversimplified (yet successful) diplomatic arguments (by presenting his own existence—and superhuman strength—as the only true guarantee of world peace at diplomatic conferences). Popeye's pipe also proves to be highly versatile. Among other things, it has served as a cutting torch, jet engine, propeller, periscope, and, of course, a whistle with which he produces his trademark toot. Popeye also on occasion eats spinach through his pipe, sometimes sucking in the can itself along with the contents. Since the 1970s, Popeye is seldom depicted using his pipe to smoke tobacco.[4]

text: Popeye's exploits are also enhanced by a few recurring plot elements. One is the love triangle among Popeye, Olive, and Bluto, and the latter's endless machinations to claim Olive at Popeye's expense. Another is his near-saintly perseverance in overcoming any obstacle to please Olive, who often renounces Popeye for Bluto's dime-store advances. She is the only character that Popeye will permit to give him a thumping. Finally, Popeye usually uncovers villainous plots by accidentally sneaking up on the antagonists as they brag about or lay out their schemes.[citation needed]

text: Thimble Theatre and Popeye comic strips[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Thimble Theatre was cartoonist E. C. Segar's third published strip when it first appeared in the New York Journal on December 19, 1919. The paper's owner William Randolph Hearst also owned King Features Syndicate, which syndicated the strip. Thimble Theatre was intended as a replacement for Midget Movies by Ed Wheelan (Wheelan having recently resigned from King Features).[12] It did not attract a large audience at first, and at the end of its first decade appeared in only half a dozen newspapers.

text: In its early years, the strip featured characters acting out various stories and scenarios in theatrical style (hence the strip's name). It could be classified as a gag-a-day comic in those days.[12]

text: Thimble Theatre's first main characters were the thin Olive Oyl and her boyfriend Harold Hamgravy. After the strip moved away from its initial focus, it settled into a comedy-adventure style featuring Olive, Ham Gravy, and Olive's enterprising brother Castor Oyl. Olive's parents Cole and Nana Oyl also made frequent appearances.

text: Popeye first appeared in the strip on January 17, 1929 as a minor character. He was initially hired by Castor Oyl and Ham to crew a ship for a voyage to Dice Island, the location of a casino owned by the crooked gambler Fadewell. Castor intended to break the bank at the casino using the unbeatable good luck conferred by stroking the hairs on the head of Bernice the Whiffle Hen. Weeks later, on the trip back, Popeye was shot many times by Jack Snork, a stooge of Fadewell's, but survived by rubbing Bernice's head. After the adventure, Popeye left the strip but, due to reader reaction, he was quickly brought back.[4] [12]

text: The Popeye character became so popular that he was given a larger role, and the strip was expanded into many more newspapers as a result. Initial strips presented Olive as being less than impressed with Popeye, but she eventually left Ham Gravy to become Popeye's girlfriend and Ham Gravy left the strip as a regular. Over the years, however, she has often displayed a fickle attitude towards the sailor. Castor Oyl continued to come up with get-rich-quick schemes and enlisted Popeye in his misadventures. Eventually, he settled down as a detective and later on bought a ranch out West. Castor has seldom appeared in recent years.

text: In 1933, Popeye received a foundling baby in the mail, whom he adopted and named "Swee'Pea." Other regular characters in the strip were J. Wellington Wimpy, a hamburger-loving moocher who would "gladly pay you Tuesday for a hamburger today" (he was also soft-spoken and cowardly; Vickers Wellington bombers were nicknamed "Wimpys" after the character); George W. Geezil, a local cobbler who spoke in a heavily affected accent and habitually attempted to murder or wish death upon Wimpy; and Eugene the Jeep, a yellow, vaguely dog-like animal from Africa with magical powers. In addition, the strip featured the Sea Hag, a terrible pirate, as well as the last witch on earth (her even more terrible sister excepted); Alice the Goon, a monstrous creature who entered the strip as the Sea Hag's henchwoman and continued as Swee'Pea's babysitter; and Toar, a caveman.

text: Segar's strip was quite different from the cartoons that followed. The stories were more complex, with many characters that never appeared in the cartoons (King Blozo, for example). Spinach usage was rare and Bluto made only one appearance. Segar would sign some of his early Popeye comic strips with a cigar, due to his last name being a homophone of "cigar" (pronounced SEE-gar). The success of the strip meant Segar was earning $100,000 a year at the time of his death.[5]

text: Thimble Theatre became one of King Features' most popular strips during the 1930s. A poll of adult comic strip readers in the April 1937 issue of Fortune magazine voted Popeye their second favourite comic strip (after Little Orphan Annie).[5] By 1938, Thimble Theatre was running in 500 newspapers, and over 600 licensed "Popeye" products were on sale.[5] Following an eventual name change to Popeye in the 1970s, the comic remains one of the longest running strips in syndication today. After Mussolini came to power in Italy, he banned all American comic strips, but Popeye was so popular the Italians made him bring it back. The strip carried on after Segar's death in 1938, at which point he was replaced by a series of artists. In the 1950s, a spinoff strip was established, called Popeye the Sailorman.

text: Artists after Segar[edit]

text: After Segar's death in 1938, many different artists were hired to draw the strip. Tom Sims, the son of a Coosa River channel-boat captain, continued writing Thimble Theatre strips and established the Popeye the Sailorman spin-off. Doc Winner and Bela Zaboly,[13] successively, handled the artwork during Sims's run. Eventually, Ralph Stein stepped in to write the strip until the series was taken over by Bud Sagendorf in 1959.

text: Sagendorf wrote and drew the daily strip until 1986, and continued to write and draw the Sunday strip until his death in 1994. Sagendorf, who had been Segar's assistant, made a definite effort to retain much of Segar's classic style, although his art is instantly discernible. Sagendorf continued to use many obscure characters from the Segar years, especially O.G. Wotasnozzle and King Blozo. Sagendorf's new characters, such as the Thung, also had a very Segar-like quality. What set Sagendorf apart from Segar more than anything else was his sense of pacing. Where plotlines moved very quickly with Segar, it would sometimes take an entire week of Sagendorf's daily strips for the plot to be advanced even a small amount.

text: From 1986 to 1992, the daily strip was written and drawn by Bobby London, who, after some controversy, was fired from the strip for a story that could be taken to satirize abortion.[14] London's strips put Popeye and his friends in updated situations, but kept the spirit of Segar's original. One classic storyline, titled "The Return of Bluto", showed the sailor battling every version of the bearded bully from the comic strip, comic books, and animated films. The Sunday edition of the comic strip is currently drawn by Hy Eisman, who took over in 1994. The daily strip began featuring reruns of Sagendorf's strips after London was fired and continues to do so today.

text: On January 1, 2009, 70 years since the death of his creator, Segar's character of Popeye (though not the various films, TV shows, theme music and other media based on him) became public domain[15] in most countries, but remains under copyright in the United States. Because Segar was an employee of King Features Syndicate when he created the Popeye character for the company's Thimble Theatre strip, Popeye is treated as a work for hire under U.S. copyright law. Works for hire are protected for 95 years from publication or 120 years from creation, whichever is shorter. Since Popeye made his first appearance in January 1929, and all U.S. copyrights expire on December 31 of the year that the term ends, Popeye will enter the public domain in the U.S. on January 1, 2025, assuming no amendments to U.S. copyright law before that date.[16]

text: Reprints[edit]

text:
Popeye the Sailor, Nostalgia Press, 1971, reprints three daily stories from 1936.
Thimble Theatre, Hyperion Press, 1977, ISBN 0-88355-663-4, reprints daily from September 10, 1928 missing 11 dailies which are included in the Fantagraphics reprints.
Popeye, the First Fifty Years by Bud Sagendorf, Workman Publishing, 1979 ISBN 0-89480-066-3, the only Popeye reprint in full color.
The Complete E. C. Segar Popeye, Fantagraphics, 1980s, reprints all Segar Sundays featuring Popeye in 4 volumes, all Segar dailies featuring Popeye in 7 volumes, missing 4 dailies which are included in the Hyperion reprint, November 20–22, 1928, August 22, 1929.
Popeye. The 60th Anniversary Collection, Hawk Books Limited, 1989, ISBN 0-948248-86-6 featuring reprints a selection of strips and stories from the first newspaper strip in 1929 onwards, along with articles on Popeye in comics, books, collectables, etc.
E. C. Segar's Popeye, between 2006 and 2011, Fantagraphics Books published six oversized hardcover volumes, reprinting all dailies and Sundays (in color, along with Sappo) featuring Popeye, plus various extras.

Vol. 1: I Yam What I Yam – covers 1928–30 (November 22, 2006, ISBN 978-1-56097-779-7)
Vol. 2: Well Blow Me Down! – covers 1930–32 (December 19, 2007, ISBN 978-1-56097-874-9)
Vol. 3: Let's You and Him Fight! – covers 1932–33 (November 15, 2008, ISBN 978-1-56097-962-3)
Vol. 4: Plunder Island – covers 1933–35 (December 22, 2009, ISBN 978-1-60699-169-5)
Vol. 5: Wha's a Jeep – covers 1935–37 (March 21, 2011, ISBN 978-1-60699-404-7)
Vol. 6: Me Li'l Swee'Pea – covers 1937–38 (November 15, 2011, ISBN 978-1-60699-483-2)

tag: ul

text: Comic books[edit]

text: There have been a number of Popeye comic books, from Dell, King Comics, Gold Key Comics, Charlton Comics and others, originally written and illustrated by Bud Sagendorf. In the Dell comics, Popeye became something of a crimefighter, thwarting evil organizations and Bluto's criminal activities. The new villains included the numerous Misermite dwarfs, who were all identical.

text: Popeye appeared in the British "TV Comic" series, a News of the World publication, becoming the cover story in 1960 with stories written and drawn by "Chick" Henderson. Bluto was referred to as Brutus and was Popeye's only nemesis throughout the entire run.

text: A variety of artists have created Popeye comic book stories since then; for example, George Wildman drew Popeye stories for Charlton Comics from 1969 until the late 1970s. The Gold Key series was illustrated by Wildman and scripted by Bill Pearson, with some issues written by Nick Cuti.

text: In 1988, Ocean Comics released the Popeye Special written by Ron Fortier with art by Ben Dunn. The story presented Popeye's origin story, including his given name of "Ugly Kidd"[17] and attempted to tell more of a lighthearted adventure story as opposed to using typical comic strip style humor. The story also featured a more realistic art style and was edited by Bill Pearson, who also lettered and inked the story as well as the front cover.[18] A second issue, by the same creative team, followed in 1988. The second issue introduced the idea that Bluto and Brutus were actually twin brothers and not the same person,[19] an idea also used in the comic strip on December 28, 2008 and April 5, 2009.[20][21] In 1999, to celebrate Popeye's 70th anniversary, Ocean Comics revisited the franchise with a one-shot comic book, entitled The Wedding of Popeye and Olive Oyl, written by Peter David. The comic book brought together a large portion of the casts of both the comic strip and the animated shorts, and Popeye and Olive Oyl were finally wed after decades of courtship. However, this marriage has not been reflected in all media since the comic was published.

text: In 1989, a special series of short Popeye comic books were included in specially marked boxes of Instant Quaker Oatmeal, and Popeye also appeared in three TV commercials for Quaker Oatmeal,[22] which featured a parrot delivering the tag line "Popeye wants a Quaker!" The plots were similar to those of the films: Popeye loses either Olive Oyl or Swee'Pea to a muscle-bound antagonist, eats something invigorating, and proceeds to save the day. In this case, however, the invigorating elixir was not his usual spinach, but rather one of four flavors of Quaker Oatmeal.[22] (A different flavor was showcased with each mini-comic.) The comics ended with the sailor saying, "I'm Popeye the Quaker Man!", which offended members of the Religious Society of Friends or Quakers.[23] Members of this religious group (which has no connection to the cereal company) are pacifists and do not believe in using violence to resolve conflicts. For Popeye to call himself a "Quaker man" after beating up someone was offensive to the Quakers and considered a misrepresentation of their faith and religious beliefs.[23] In addition, the submissiveness of Olive Oyl went against the Quakers' emphasis on women's rights. The Quaker Oatmeal company apologized and removed the "Popeye the Quaker man" reference from commercials and future comic book printings.[23]

text: In 2012, writer Roger Langridge teamed with cartoonists Bruce Ozella, Ken Wheaton, and Tom Neely (among others) to revive the spirit of Segar in IDW's 12-issue comic book miniseries, Popeye, Critic PS Hayes reviewed:

text: In late 2012, IDW began reprinting the original 1940s–1950s Sagendorf Popeye comic books under the title of Classic Popeye.

text: Theatrical animated cartoons[edit]

text: In November 1932, King Features signed an agreement with Fleischer Studios to have Popeye and the other Thimble Theatre characters begin appearing in a series of animated cartoons. The first cartoon in the series was released in 1933, and Popeye cartoons, released by Paramount Pictures, would remain a staple of Paramount's release schedule for nearly 25 years. William Costello was the original voice of Popeye, a voice that would be replicated by later performers, such as Jack Mercer and even Mae Questel. Many of the Thimble Theatre characters, including Wimpy, Poopdeck Pappy, and Eugene the Jeep, eventually made appearances in the Paramount cartoons, though appearances by Olive Oyl's extended family and Ham Gravy were notably absent. Thanks to the animated-short series, Popeye became even more of a sensation than he had been in comic strips, and by 1938, polls showed that the sailor was Hollywood's most popular cartoon character.[25][26]

text: In every Popeye cartoon, the sailor is invariably put into what seems like a hopeless situation, upon which (usually after a beating), a can of spinach which he apparently regularly carries with him falls out from inside his shirt. Popeye immediately pops the can open and gulps the entire contents of it into his mouth, or sometimes sucks in the spinach through his corncob pipe. Upon swallowing the spinach, Popeye's physical strength immediately becomes superhuman, and he is easily able to save the day (and very often rescue Olive Oyl from a dire situation). It did not stop there, as spinach could also give Popeye the skills and powers he needed, as in The Man on the Flying Trapeze, where it gave him acrobatic skills. (When the antagonist is the Sea Hag, it is Olive who eats the spinach; Popeye can't hit a lady.)

text: In May 1942, Paramount Pictures assumed ownership of Fleischer Studios, fired the Fleischers and began reorganizing the studio, which they renamed Famous Studios. The early Famous-era shorts were often World War II-themed, featuring Popeye fighting Nazis and Japanese soldiers, most notably the 1942 short You're a Sap, Mr. Jap. In late 1943, the Popeye series was moved to Technicolor production, beginning with Her Honor the Mare. Famous/Paramount continued producing the Popeye series until 1957, with Spooky Swabs being the last of the 125 Famous shorts in the series. Paramount then sold the Popeye film catalog to Associated Artists Productions, which was bought out by United Artists in 1958 and merged with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer 23 years later, which was itself purchased by Turner Entertainment in 1986. Then Turner sold off the production end of MGM/UA shortly after, but retained the film catalog, giving it the rights to the theatrical Popeye library. The black-and-white Popeye shorts were shipped to South Korea in 1985, where artists retraced them into color. The retraced shorts were syndicated in 1987 on a barter basis, and remained available until the early 1990s. Turner merged with Time Warner in 1996, and Warner Bros. (through its Turner subsidiary) therefore currently controls the rights to the Popeye shorts.

text: In 2001, the Cartoon Network, under the supervision of animation historian Jerry Beck, created a new incarnation of The Popeye Show. The show aired the Fleischer and Famous Studios Popeye shorts in versions approximating their original theatrical releases by editing copies of the original opening and closing credits (taken or recreated from various sources) onto the beginnings and ends of each cartoon, or in some cases, in their complete, uncut original theatrical versions direct from such prints that originally contained the front-and-end Paramount credits. The series aired 135 Popeye shorts over forty-five episodes, until March 2004. The Popeye Show continued to air on Cartoon Network's spin-off network Boomerang.

text: While many of the Paramount Popeye cartoons remained unavailable on video, a handful of those cartoons had fallen into public domain and were found on numerous low budget VHS tapes and later DVDs. When Turner Entertainment acquired the cartoons in 1986, a long and laborious legal struggle with King Features kept the majority of the original Popeye shorts from official video releases for more than 20 years. King Features instead opted to release a DVD boxed set of the 1960s made-for-television Popeye the Sailor cartoons, to which it retained the rights, in 2004. In the meantime, home video rights to the Associated Artists Productions library were transferred from CBS/Fox Video to MGM/UA Home Video in 1986, and eventually to Warner Home Video in 1999. In 2006, Warner Home Video announced it would release all of the Popeye cartoons produced for theatrical release between 1933 and 1957 on DVD, restored and uncut. Three volumes were released between 2007 and 2008, covering all of the Fleischer era and the beginnings of the Famous era.

text: Original television cartoons[edit]

text: In 1960, King Features Syndicate commissioned a new series of cartoons entitled Popeye the Sailor, but this time for television syndication. Al Brodax served as executive producer of the cartoons for King Features. Jack Mercer, Mae Questel, and Jackson Beck returned for this series, which was produced by a number of companies, including Jack Kinney Productions, Rembrandt Films (William L. Snyder and Gene Deitch), Larry Harmon Productions, Halas and Batchelor, Paramount Cartoon Studios (formerly Famous Studios), and Southern Star Entertainment (formerly Southern Star Productions). The artwork was streamlined and simplified for the television budgets, and 220 cartoons were produced in only two years, with the first set of them premiering in the autumn of 1960, and the last of them debuting during the 1961–1962 television season. Since King Features had exclusive rights to these Popeye cartoons, 85 of them were released on DVD as a 75th anniversary Popeye boxed set in 2004.

text: For these cartoons, Bluto's name was changed to "Brutus", as King Features believed at the time that Paramount owned the rights to the name "Bluto". Many of the cartoons made by Paramount used plots and storylines taken directly from the comic strip sequences – as well as characters like King Blozo and the Sea Hag.[27] The 1960s cartoons have been issued on both VHS and DVD.

text: On September 9, 1978, The All New Popeye Hour debuted on the CBS Saturday morning lineup. It was an hour-long animated series produced by Hanna-Barbera Productions, which tried its best to retain the style of the original comic strip (Popeye returned to his original costume and Brutus to his original name of Bluto), while complying with the prevailing content restrictions on violence. In addition to providing many of the cartoon scripts, Mercer continued to voice Popeye, while Marilyn Schreffler and Allan Melvin became the new voices of Olive Oyl and Bluto, respectively. (Mae Questel actually auditioned for Hanna-Barbera to recreate Olive Oyl, but was rejected in favor of Schreffler.) The All New Popeye Hour ran on CBS until September 1981, when it was cut to a half-hour and retitled The Popeye and Olive Show. It was removed from the CBS lineup in September 1983, the year before Jack Mercer's death. These cartoons have also been released on VHS and DVD. During the time these cartoons were in production, CBS aired The Popeye Valentine's Day Special – Sweethearts at Sea on February 14, 1979. In the UK, the BBC aired a half-hour version of The All New Popeye Show, from the early-1980s to 2004.

text: Popeye briefly returned to CBS in 1987 for Popeye and Son, another Hanna-Barbera series, which featured Popeye and Olive as a married couple with a son named Popeye Jr., who hates the taste of spinach but eats it to boost his strength. Maurice LaMarche performed Popeye's voice; Mercer had died in 1984. The show lasted for one season.

text: In 2004, Lions Gate Entertainment produced a computer-animated television special, Popeye's Voyage: The Quest for Pappy, which was made to coincide with the 75th anniversary of Popeye. Billy West performed the voice of Popeye, describing the production as "the hardest job I ever did, ever" and the voice of Popeye as "like a buzzsaw on your throat".[28] The uncut version was released on DVD on November 9, 2004; and was aired in a re-edited version on Fox on December 17, 2004 and again on December 30, 2005. Its style was influenced by the 1930s Fleischer cartoons, and featured Swee'Pea, Wimpy, Bluto (who is Popeye's friend in this version), Olive Oyl, Poopdeck Pappy and the Sea Hag as its characters. On November 6, 2007, Lions Gate Entertainment re-released Popeye's Voyage on DVD with redesigned cover art.

text: Popeye has made brief parody appearances in modern animated productions, including:

text:
A typical Popeye style rescue was spoofed in The Simpsons episode "Jaws Wired Shut".
In The Critic, Jay Sherman's father Franklin flashes back to saving his wife Popeye style with alcohol instead of spinach.
Popeye appeared in the Drawn Together episode "The Lemon-AIDS Walk", voiced by Billy West.
In the Family Guy episode "You May Now Kiss the...Uh...Guy Who Receives", Popeye's unique behavior and speech patterns are explained as being the result of a stroke, and his massive forearm muscles are actually cancerous tumors.
Popeye co-stars in a short from Seth MacFarlane's Cavalcade of Cartoon Comedy giving Bob Dylan a hard time about him not singing his hit song, "Blowin' in the Wind".
Popeye appeared in the Robot Chicken episodes "The Sack", "Squaw Bury Shortcake" and "Yancy the Yo-Yo Boy", voiced by Dave Coulier (which he was known to perform often during his co-starring role on the ABC sitcom Full House).
Popeye appeared in the South Park "Imaginationland" three-parter as one of the members of the Council of Nine. Popeye's appearance in one scene evoked that of the character Karl in the movie Sling Blade, as Popeye sharpened a blade, much as Karl sharpened a lawnmower blade near the end of Sling Blade.

text: Theme song[edit]

text: Popeye’s theme song, titled "I'm Popeye The Sailor Man", composed by Sammy Lerner in 1933 for Fleischer’s first Popeye the Sailor cartoon,[29] has become forever associated with the sailor. "The Sailor's Hornpipe" has often been used as an introduction to Popeye's theme song.

text: A cover of the theme song, performed by Face to Face, is included on the 1995 tribute album Saturday Morning: Cartoons' Greatest Hits, produced by Ralph Sall for MCA Records. A jazz version, performed by Ted Kooshian's Standard Orbit Quartet, appears on their 2009 Summit Records release Underdog and Other Stories.

text: Playground song parodies of the theme have become part of children's street culture around the world,[30][31] usually interpolating "frying pan" or "garbage can" into the lyrics as Popeye's dwelling place[32][33] and ascribing to the character various unsavory actions or habits[34][35][36][37] that transform the character into an "Anti-Popeye", and changing his exemplary spinach-based diet into an inedible morass of worms, onions, flies, tortillas and snot.[38]

text: Other media[edit]

text: The success of Popeye as a comic-strip and animated character has led to appearances in many other forms. For more than 20 years, Stephen DeStefano has been the artist drawing Popeye for King Features licensing.[39]

text: Radio[edit]

text: Popeye was adapted to radio in several series broadcast over three different networks by two sponsors from 1935 to 1938. Popeye and most of the major supporting characters were first featured in a thrice-weekly 15-minute radio program, Popeye the Sailor, which starred Detmar Poppen as Popeye along with most of the major supporting characters—Olive Oyl (Olive Lamoy), Wimpy (Charles Lawrence), Bluto (Jackson Beck) and Swee'Pea (Mae Questel). In the first episode, Popeye adopted Sonny (Jimmy Donnelly), a character later known as Matey the Newsboy. This program was broadcast Tuesday, Thursday and Saturday nights at 7:15pm. September 10, 1935 through March 28, 1936 on the NBC Red Network (87 episodes), initially sponsored by Wheatena, a whole-wheat breakfast cereal, which would routinely replace the spinach references. Music was provided by Victor Irwin's Cartoonland Band. Announcer Kelvin Keech sang (to composer Lerner's "Popeye" theme) "Wheatena is his diet / He asks you to try it / With Popeye the sailor man." Wheatena paid King Features Syndicate $1,200 per week.

text: The show was next broadcast Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays from 7:15 to 7:30pm on WABC and ran from August 31, 1936 to February 26, 1937 (78 episodes). Floyd Buckley played Popeye, and Miriam Wolfe portrayed both Olive Oyl and the Sea Hag. Once again, reference to spinach was conspicuously absent. Instead, Popeye sang, "Wheatena's me diet / I ax ya to try it / I'm Popeye the Sailor Man".[40]

text: The third series was sponsored by the maker of Popsicle three nights a week for 15 minutes at 6:15 pm on CBS from May 2, 1938 through July 29, 1938.

text: Of the three series, only 20 of the 204 episodes are known to be preserved.

text: Popeye was recently featured on the Brad and John: Mornings on KISM "When Animals Attack" segment.

text: Films[edit]

text: Popeye (1980)[edit]

text: Director Robert Altman used the character in Popeye, a 1980 live-action musical feature film, starring Robin Williams as Popeye (his first movie role), Shelley Duvall as Olive Oyl, and Paul L. Smith as Bluto, with songs by Harry Nilsson and Van Dyke Parks. The script was by Jules Feiffer, who adapted the 1971 Nostalgia Press book of 1936 strips for his screenplay, thus retaining many of the characters created by Segar. A co-production of Paramount Pictures and Walt Disney Productions, the movie was filmed almost entirely on Malta, in the village of Mellieħa on the northwest coast of the island. The set is now a tourist attraction called Popeye Village. The US box office earnings were double the film's budget, making it a success.

text: Upcoming film[edit]

text: In March 2010, it was reported that Sony Pictures Animation is developing a 3-D computer-animated Popeye film, with Avi Arad producing it.[41] In November 2011, Sony Pictures Animation announced that Jay Scherick and David Ronn, the writers of The Smurfs, are writing the screenplay for the film.[42] In June 2012, it was reported that Genndy Tartakovsky had been set to direct the feature,[43] which he planned to make "as artful and unrealistic as possible."[44] In November 2012, Sony Pictures Animation set the release date for September 26, 2014,[45] which was, in May 2013, pushed back to 2015.[46] In March 2014, Sony Pictures Animation updated its slate, scheduling the film for 2016, and announcing Tartakovsky as the director of Hotel Transylvania 2, which he was directing concurrently with Popeye.[47] On September 18, 2014, Tartakovsky revealed an "animation test" footage, about which he said, "It's just something that kind of represents what we want to do. I couldn't be more excited by how it turned out."[48] In March 2015, Tartakovsky announced that despite the well-received test footage, he was no longer working on the project, and would instead direct Can You Imagine?, which is based on his own original idea.[49] Nevertheless, Sony Pictures Animation stated the project still remains in active development.[50] In January 2016, it was announced that T.J. Fixman would write the film.[51]

text: Video and pinball games[edit]

text:
Nintendo created a widescreen Game & Watch called Popeye in 1981. The handheld game featured Popeye on a boat, and the aim was to catch bottles, pineapples, and spinach cans thrown by Olive Oyl while trying to avoid Bluto's boat. If Bluto hit Popeye on the head with his mallet or Popeye failed to catch an object three times, the game would end.
The Nintendo arcade game Donkey Kong was originally conceived as a Popeye video game by Shigeru Miyamoto. But due to licensing disagreements with King Features, this idea was scrapped.[52]
When Donkey Kong went on to enormous success, King Features agreed to license the characters to Nintendo to create a Popeye arcade game in 1982. It was later ported to the Commodore 64 home computer as well as various home game consoles: Intellivision, Atari 2600, ColecoVision, Famicom/NES, and Odyssey2. The goal was to avoid Bluto (referred to as "Brutus") and the Sea Hag while collecting items produced by Olive Oyl such as hearts, musical notes, or the letters in the word "help" (depending on the level). Hitting a can of spinach gave Popeye a brief chance to strike back at Brutus. Other characters such as Wimpy and Swee' Pea appeared in the game but did not greatly affect gameplay. A board game based on the video game was released by Parker Brothers.
A table top Game & Watch style game was also released by Nintendo in 1983, which featured Popeye trying to rescue Olive while engaging in fisticuffs with Bluto.
Nintendo created another Popeye game for the Famicom, Popeye no Eigo Asobi, in 1983. This was an educational game designed to teach Japanese children English words.
Two Popeye games published by Sigma Enterprises were spawned for the Game Boy. The first Game Boy Popeye game, which was released exclusively in Japan in 1990, and Popeye 2 in 1991. Popeye 2 was also released in North America (1993) and Europe (1994) by Activision.
In 1994, Technos Japan released Popeye: Beach Volleyball for the Game Gear, and Popeye: Volume of the Malicious Witch Seahag (Popeye: Ijiwaru Majo Shihaggu no Maki) for the Japanese Super Famicom. A side scrolling adventure game that was mixed with a board game, the game never saw US release, but a ROM of the game can be found at various emulation sites. It featured many characters from the Thimble Theatre series as well. In the game, Popeye had to recover magical hearts scattered across the level to restore his frozen friends as part of a spell cast upon them by the Sea Hag in order to get revenge on Popeye.
Midway (under the Bally label) released Popeye Saves the Earth, a SuperPin pinball game, in 1994.
In 2003, Nova Productions released a strength tester called Popeye Strength Tester.
In 2005, Namco released a Game Boy Advance video game called Popeye: Rush for Spinach.
Released June 2007, the video game The Darkness featured televisions that played full-length films and television shows that had expired copyrights. Most of the cartoons viewable on the "Toon TV" channel are Famous Studios Popeye shorts.
In fall 2007, Namco Networks released the original Nintendo Popeye arcade game for mobile phones with new features including enhanced graphics and new levels.

text: Marketing, tie-ins, and endorsements[edit]

text: From early on, Popeye was heavily merchandised. Everything from soap to razor blades to spinach was available with Popeye's likeness on it. Most of these items are rare and sought-after by collectors, but some merchandise is still being produced.

text:
Mezco Toyz makes classic-style Popeye figures in two sizes.
KellyToys produces plush stuffed Popeye characters.

text:
Popeyes Louisiana Kitchen (aka Popeyes Chicken & Biscuits), a fast food restaurant chain, is not named after Popeye the Sailor but after the character "Popeye" Doyle from the 1971 film The French Connection, who was in turn named after real police detective Eddie Egan, who was called "Pop Eye" because of his keen observational skills. The restaurant chain would later obtain a license for use of the cartoon character and advertise the name as Popeye's after Popeye the Sailor, causing some confusion as to the source of the name. Popeyes Louisiana Kitchen locations in Puerto Rico make extensive use of Popeye the Sailor and associated characters.[53]
Wimpy's name was borrowed for the Wimpy restaurant chain, one of the first international fast food restaurants featuring hamburgers, which they call "Wimpy Burgers".[54]

text:
Allen Canning Company produces its own line of spinach, called "Popeye Spinach", in various canned varieties. The cartoon Popeye serves as the mascot on the can.[55]
In 1961, Buitoni Pasta marketed Popeye-shaped spinach macaroni.
Popeye appeared in a 1979 Dr Pepper commercial during the "Be a Pepper" campaign (possibly as a tie-in for the movie, going so far as to modify his traditional catchphrase to "I'm Popeye the Pepper-man").
Since 1989, "Popeye's Supplements" has been a chain of Canadian Sports Nutrition Stores.[56]
In 1989, Popeye endorsed Instant Quaker Oatmeal, citing it as a better food than spinach to provide strength.[22] The commercials had the tagline "Can the spinach, I wants me Quaker Oatmeal!" The Religious Society of Friends (also known as the Quakers) was offended by the promotion given the physical aggression from "Popeye the Quaker man" and also the excessive submissiveness of Olive Oyl.[23]
In 2001, Popeye (along with Bluto, Olive, and twin Wimpys) appeared in a television commercial for Minute Maid Orange juice. The commercial, produced by Leo Burnett Co, showed Popeye and Bluto as friends (and neglecting Olive Oyl) due to their having had Minute Maid Orange Juice that morning. The ad agency's intention was to show that even the notable enemies would be in a good mood after their juice, but some, including Robert Knight of the Culture and Family Institute, felt the commercial's intent was to portray the pair in a homosexual romantic relationship—while there is nothing wrong with that, it is a suggestion that Minute Maid denies. Knight was interviewed by Stephen Colbert on Comedy Central's The Daily Show about this issue.
World Candies Inc. produced Popeye-branded "candy cigarettes", which were small sugar sticks with red dye at the end to simulate a flame. They were sold in a small box, similar to a cigarette pack. The company still produces the item, but has since changed the name to "Popeye Candy Sticks" and has ceased putting the red dye at the end.
In 2013, McLean Design produced a packaging design using licensed characters and artwork for a Popeye branded energy drink. The drink is launching in the US with two flavors.[57]

text: Starting in 1940, Popeye became the mascot of Flamengo (Rio de Janeiro – Brazil), the most popular soccer team with almost 50 million fans around the world. The mascot of the soccer club is currently a cartoon vulture.[58]

text:
In 1979, salsa singer Adalberto Santiago releases Adalberto Santiago Featuring Popeye El Marino. Fania Records JM 536.
During the 1960s, Popeye appeared in advertising for Crown gasoline.
In 1987, Stabur Graphics commissioned artist Will Elder to paint "Popeye's Wedding" as oil on masonite. Released was a stamped, numbered and signed Limited Edition lithograph, edition size of 395. The lithograph shows Popeye and Olive Oyl in front of the preacher (Popeye slipping a lifesaver-ring onto Olive's finger) along with Nana Oyl, Alice the Goon, Swee'Pea (cradled in Popeye's free arm), Wimpy, Granny, Eugene the Jeep and Brutus (holding a large cauldron of steaming, cooked rice). Twenty-one other characters watch from the pews. The litho is titled "Wit Dis Lifesaver, I Dee Wed!" and is pictured on page 83 of the book "Chicken Fat" by Will Elder (Fantagraphics, 2006).
In 1990, Popeye appeared in an advertisement warning of the harmful effects of coastal pollution. Bluto is laughing as he carelessly dumps garbage over the side of his boat, to which Olive reacts in horror as seagulls and other sea creatures are caught in six pack ring holders. Popeye punches out Bluto and cleans up his garbage; however, when some more plastic garbage sails by Popeye's boat, he says unsurprisingly, "I can't do it all meself, you know!"
In 1995, the Popeye comic strip was one of 20 included in the Comic Strip Classics series of commemorative U.S. postage stamps.
From 1996 to 1999, the Darien Lake theme park in Western New York operated a "Popeye's Seaport" in the park. It was rebranded as "Looney Tunes Seaport" after Darien Lake came under the Six Flags banner.
In the 1997 film Alien: Resurrection, John Vriess (Dominique Pinion) whistles the Popeye theme song.
In 2006, King Features Syndicate produced a radio spot and an industrial for the United States Power Squadrons featuring Robyn Gryphe as Olive and Allen Enlow as Popeye.
In October 2007, to coincide with the launch of the Popeye mobile game, Namco Networks and Sprint launched a Popeye the Sailorman sweepstakes offering the authorized edition four-disc Popeye the Sailor: 1933–1938 Vol. 1 DVD set as grand prize.[59]
In Islands of Adventure, there is a river rafting water ride, Popeye and Bluto's Bilge-Rat Barges, themed after Popeye the Sailor saving Olive Oyl from Bluto.

text: Cultural origins and impact[edit]

text: Local folklore in Chester, Illinois, Segar's hometown, claims that Popeye is based on Frank "Rocky" Fiegel, a man who was handy with his fists.[60] Fiegel was born on January 27, 1868. He lived as a bachelor his entire life. According to local Popeye historian Michael Brooks, Segar regularly sent money to Fiegel.[61]

text: Culturally,[62] many consider Popeye a precursor to the superheroes who would eventually come to dominate US comic books.[63]

text: Such has been Popeye's cultural impact that the medical profession sometimes refers to the biceps bulge symptomatic of a tendon rupture as the "Popeye muscle."[64][65] Note, however, that under normal (non-spinach-influenced) conditions, Popeye has pronounced muscles of the forearm, not of the biceps.

text: In 1973, Cary Bates created Captain Strong, a takeoff of Popeye, for DC Comics,[66] as a way of having two cultural icons – Superman and (a proxy of) Popeye – meet.[67]

text: The 1988 Disney/Touchstone film Who Framed Roger Rabbit featured many classic cartoon characters, and the absence of Popeye was noted by some critics. Popeye (along with Bluto and Olive Oyl) actually had a role planned for the film. However, since the Popeye cartoons were based on a comic strip, Disney found they had to pay licensing fees to both King Features Syndicate and MGM/UA. MGM/UA's pre-May 1986 library (which included Popeye) was being purchased by Turner Entertainment at the time, which created legal complications; thus, the rights could not be obtained and Popeye's cameo was dropped from the film.[68]

text: The Popeye Dance[edit]

text: The Popeye was a popular dance in the dance craze era of the late 1950s and early 1960s. Originating in New Orleans around 1962, the Popeye was performed by shuffling and moving one's arms, placing one arm behind and one arm in front and alternating them, going through the motion of raising a pipe up to the mouth, and alternate sliding or pushing one foot back in the manner of ice skating, similar to motions exhibited by the cartoon character. According to music historian Robert Pruter, the Popeye was even more popular than The Twist in New Orleans.[69] The dance was associated with and/or referenced to in several songs, including Eddie Bo's "Check Mr. Popeye," Chris Kenner's "Something You Got" and "Land of a Thousand Dances," Frankie Ford's "You Talk Too Much," Ernie K-Doe's "Popeye Joe," Huey "Piano" Smith's "Popeye," and Harvey Fuqua's "Any Way You Wanta." A compilation of 23 Popeye dance songs was released in 1996 under the title "New Orleans Popeye Party." [70]

text: Spinach[edit]

text: Initially Popeye's chief superhuman characteristic was his indestructibility, rather than super strength, which was attributed to his having rubbed the head of Bernice the Whiffle Hen numerous times after being shot. Popeye later attributed his strength to spinach.[71][72] The popularity of Popeye helped boost spinach sales. Using Popeye as a role model for healthier eating may work; a 2010 study revealed that children increased their vegetable consumption after watching Popeye cartoons.[73] The spinach-growing community of Crystal City, Texas, erected a statue of the character in recognition of Popeye's positive effects on the spinach industry. There is another Popeye statue in Segar's hometown, Chester, Illinois, and statues in Springdale and Alma, Arkansas (which claims to be "The Spinach Capital of the World"), at canning plants of Allen Canning, which markets Popeye-branded canned spinach. In addition to Allen Canning's Popeye spinach, Popeye Fresh Foods markets bagged, fresh spinach with Popeye characters on the package. In 2006, when spinach contaminated with E. coli was accidentally sold to the public, many editorial cartoonists lampooned the affair by featuring Popeye in their cartoons.[74]

text: A frequently circulated story claims that Fleischer's choice of spinach to give Popeye strength was based on faulty calculations of its iron content. In the story, a scientist misplaced a decimal point in an 1870 measurement of spinach's iron content, leading to an iron value ten times higher than it should have been. This faulty measurement was not noticed until the 1930s.[75][76][77] While this story has gone through longstanding circulation, recent study has shown that this is a myth,[78][79] and it was chosen for its vitamin A content alone;[80] see Spinach: Popeye and iron.

text: Word coinages[edit]

text: The strip is also responsible for popularizing, although not inventing, the word "goon" (meaning a thug or lackey); goons in Popeye's world were large humanoids with indistinctly drawn faces that were particularly known for being used as muscle and slave labor by Popeye's nemesis, the Sea Hag. One particular goon, the aforementioned female named Alice, was an occasional recurring character in the animated shorts, but she was usually a fairly nice character.

text: Eugene the Jeep was introduced in the comic strip on March 13, 1936. Two years later the term "jeep wagons" was in use, later shortened to simply "jeep" with widespread World War II usage and then trademarked by Willys-Overland as "Jeep".[81]

text: Events and honors[edit]

text: The Popeye Picnic is held every year in Chester, Illinois on the weekend after Labor Day. Popeye fans attend from across the globe, including a visit by a film crew from South Korea in 2004. The one-eyed sailor's hometown strives to entertain devotees of all ages.[82]

text: In honor of Popeye’s 75th anniversary, the Empire State Building illuminated its notable tower lights green the weekend of January 16–18, 2004 as a tribute to the icon’s love of spinach. This special lighting marked the only time the Empire State Building ever celebrated the anniversary/birthday of a comic strip character.[83]

text: Thimble Theatre/Popeye characters[edit]

text: Characters originating in the comic strips[edit]

text:
Popeye the Sailor Man
Olive Oyl
Ham Gravy (full name Harold Hamgravy, Olive Oyl's original boyfriend)
Castor Oyl (Olive Oyl's brother)
Cole Oyl (Olive Oyl's father)
Nana Oyl (Olive Oyl's mother)
Bernice (The "Whiffle Bird" in 1960s King Features TV shorts)
Sutra oyl (olive's cousin)
Motor oyl(sutra oyl's punk husband)
The Sea Hag
Salty the parott
Ghost island's ghost
the doomsday doll
The Sea Hag's vultures, specifically Bernard
J. Wellington Wimpy
George W. Geezil (the local cobbler who hates Wimpy)
Rough House (a cook who runs a local restaurant, The Rough House)
Swee'Pea (Popeye's adopted baby son in the comics, Olive's cousin in the cartoons)
King Blozo
Misermites (A race of thieving dwarves)
Toar (a 900-pound caveman living in the modern age)
Bluto/Brutus
Goons, specifically Alice the Goon
Poopdeck Pappy (Popeye's 99-year-old long-lost father; also a sailor)
Eugene the Jeep
Saddarn Shahame (dictator of Bananastan)
Barnacle (salty) Bill (a fellow sailor and old friend)
Oscar
Pooky Jones (dwarf and poopdeck pappy's best friend/partner in crime)
Horace (Native American guide and friend of popeye)
Bolo (Humanoid slave of the sea hag)
general Bunzo
Patcheye the pirate (popeye's anscestor)
Oscar wimpy (A.K.A. the nicest man on earth)
sir Pomeroy (eplorator and later archeologist friend of popeye)
Liverstone (popeye's pet seagull)
Mary ann (popeye's adopted daughter for a few strips)
Jhonny Doodle (pilot friend of olive)
Bill Squid (rival of popeye)
Bullo Oxheart and his mother (boxer rival of popeye)
Davy Jones
Snagg and Baby Doll (spinachovian criminals)
Battling McGnat (popeye's boxing manager)
B. Loony Bullony (depressive cartoonist)
Georges the giant
Dufus (the son of a family friend)
Mars men (coming in various forms)
Mr. Sloppy (Co-owner of the rough house cafe)
SweetHaven short supremascist
Granny (Popeye's grandmother and Poopdeck's mother)
Professor O. G. Watasnozzle[84][85] (a character with a large nose, as his name indicates)
Otis O. Otis, "The world's smartest detective"[86] as well as Wimpy's cousin filmmaker Otis Von Lens Cover[87][88]

text: Characters originating in the cartoons[edit]

text:
Pipeye, Pupeye, Poopeye, Peepeye (Popeye's identical nephews)
Shorty (Popeye's shipmate in three World War II-era Famous Studios shorts)
Diesel Oyl (Olive's identical niece, a conceited brat who appears in three of the 1960s King Features shorts)
Popeye, Jr. (son of Popeye and Olive Oyl, exclusive of the series Popeye and Son)
Tank (son of Brutus, exclusive of the series Popeye and Son)

text: Filmography[edit]

text: Theatrical[edit]

text:
Popeye the Sailor (produced by Fleischer Studios) (1933–1942, 108 cartoons)
Popeye the Sailor (produced by Famous Studios) (1942–1957, 122 cartoons)

text: Television[edit]

text:
Popeye the Sailor (1960–1962; produced by Jack Kinney Productions, Rembrandt Films (animated by Gene Deitch), Halas and Batchelor, Larry Harmon Pictures, TV Spots, and Paramount Cartoon Studios for King Features Syndicate, 220 cartoons)
The All New Popeye Hour, later The Popeye and Olive Comedy Show (1978–1983, CBS; produced by Hanna-Barbera Productions, 159 cartoons)
Popeye and Son (1987–1988, CBS; produced by Hanna-Barbera Productions, 26 cartoons)
The Popeye Show (2001–2003, Cartoon Network, repeats)

text: Television specials[edit]

text:
Popeye Meets the Man Who Hated Laughter (1972)
The Popeye Valentine's Day Special: Sweethearts at Sea (1979, produced by Hanna-Barbera Productions)
Popeye's Voyage: The Quest for Pappy (2004 telefilm, produced by Mainframe Entertainment for Lions Gate Entertainment and King Features)

text: Live-action Feature Films[edit]

text: Popeye (1980 live-action film, produced by Paramount Pictures and Walt Disney Productions, directed by Robert Altman)

text: DVD collections[edit]

text:
Popeye the Sailor: 1933–1938, Volume 1 (released July 31, 2007) features Fleischer cartoons released from 1933 through early 1938 and contains the color Popeye specials Popeye the Sailor Meets Sindbad the Sailor and Popeye the Sailor Meets Ali Baba's Forty Thieves.
Popeye the Sailor: 1938–1940, Volume 2 (released June 17, 2008) features Fleischer cartoons released from mid-1938 through 1940 and includes the last color Popeye special Aladdin and His Wonderful Lamp.
Popeye the Sailor: 1941–1943, Volume 3 (released November 4, 2008) features the remaining black-and-white Popeye cartoons released from 1941 to 1943, including the final Fleischer-produced and earliest Famous-produced entries in the series.
Popeye – 75th Anniversary Collector's edition (released April 27, 2004) features 85 cartoons from the Popeye the Sailor 1960s series.
Popeye and Friends: Volume 1 (released June 17, 2008) features a collection of eight cartoons from The All New Popeye Hour. A second volume containing cartoons from Popeye and Son was scheduled, but it was cancelled before being released (it was subsequently released in the UK and Australia).


question_text: who are the highest goal scorer in english premier league

root

text: Since the Premier League's formation at the start of the 1992–93 season, 26 players have managed to accrue 100 or more goals in the competition.

tag: p

text: During the 1995–96 season, Alan Shearer became the first player to score 100 Premier League goals, and holds the record for the fewest games taken to reach 100, doing so in 124 appearances. He also holds the record for most goals scored in the Premier League.[1][2] After Shearer, Sergio Agüero is the second-fastest to 100 goals, doing so in 147 games.[3]

text: Players[edit]

text:
List of Premier League players with 100 or more goals

Rank
Player
Position
Premier League club(s)
Goals
Played
Gls/Game

1
 Shearer, AlanAlan Shearer
S
Blackburn Rovers, Newcastle United
260
441
0.59

2
 Rooney, WayneWayne Rooney
F
Everton, Manchester United
207
475
0.44

3
 Cole, AndyAndy Cole
S
Newcastle United, Manchester United, Blackburn Rovers, Fulham, Manchester City, Portsmouth
187
414
0.45

4
 Lampard, FrankFrank Lampard
MF
West Ham United, Chelsea, Manchester City
177
609
0.29

5
 Henry, ThierryThierry Henry
S
Arsenal
175
258
0.68

6
 Fowler, RobbieRobbie Fowler
S
Liverpool, Leeds United, Manchester City
163
379
0.43

7
 Defoe, JermainJermain Defoe
S
West Ham United, Portsmouth, Tottenham Hotspur, Sunderland, Bournemouth
161
482
0.33

8
 Owen, MichaelMichael Owen
S
Liverpool, Newcastle United, Manchester United, Stoke City
150
326
0.46

9
 Ferdinand, LesLes Ferdinand
S
Queens Park Rangers, Newcastle United, Tottenham Hotspur, West Ham United, Leicester City, Bolton Wanderers
149
351
0.42

10
 Sheringham, TeddyTeddy Sheringham
S
Nottingham Forest, Tottenham Hotspur, Manchester United, Portsmouth, West Ham United
146
418
0.35

11
 van Persie, RobinRobin van Persie
F
Arsenal, Manchester United
144
280
0.51

12
 Agüero, SergioSergio Agüero
S
Manchester City
132
193
0.68

13
 Hasselbaink, Jimmy FloydJimmy Floyd Hasselbaink
S
Leeds United, Chelsea, Middlesbrough, Charlton Athletic
127
288
0.44

14
 Keane, RobbieRobbie Keane
F
Coventry City, Leeds United, Tottenham Hotspur, Liverpool, West Ham United, Aston Villa
126
349
0.36

15
 Anelka, NicolasNicolas Anelka
F
Arsenal, Liverpool, Manchester City, Bolton Wanderers, Chelsea, West Bromwich Albion
125
364
0.34

16
 Yorke, DwightDwight Yorke
S
Aston Villa, Manchester United, Blackburn Rovers, Birmingham City, Sunderland
123
375
0.33

17
 Gerrard, StevenSteven Gerrard
MF
Liverpool
120
504
0.24

18
 Wright, IanIan Wright
S
Arsenal, West Ham United
113
213
0.53

19
 Dublin, DionDion Dublin
F
Manchester United, Coventry City, Aston Villa
111
312
0.36

20
 Heskey, EmileEmile Heskey
S
Leicester City, Liverpool, Birmingham City, Wigan Athletic, Aston Villa
110
516
0.21

21
 Giggs, RyanRyan Giggs
MF
Manchester United
109
632
0.17

22
 Scholes, PaulPaul Scholes
MF
Manchester United
107
499
0.21

23
 Bent, DarrenDarren Bent
S
Ipswich Town, Charlton Athletic, Tottenham Hotspur, Sunderland, Aston Villa, Fulham
106
276
0.38

23
 Crouch, PeterPeter Crouch
S
Aston Villa, Southampton, Liverpool, Portsmouth, Tottenham Hotspur, Stoke City
106
443
0.24

25
 Drogba, DidierDidier Drogba
S
Chelsea
104
254
0.41

26
 Le Tissier, MattMatt Le Tissier
MF
Southampton
100
270
0.37

Italics show players still playing professional football; Bold shows players still playing in the Premier League.[4]

tag: table


document_title: The Deuce (TV series)

question_text: when does episode 3 of the deuce come out

text: The Deuce (TV series)

text: Premise

text: In New York, the violence of the drug epidemic is worsening. Twin brothers Vincent and Frankie Martino become fronts for the Mafia while operating out of Times Square, which is also the home of "Candy," a sex worker who turns to the now legal emerging porn industry.

text: Conception

text: Marc Henry Johnson, an assistant locations manager on Treme, introduced Simon and Pelecanos to a man in New York who told them vivid accounts from his stint as a mob front for bars and massage parlors in 1970s Manhattan. "The characters were so rich, and that's what it all comes down to," said Pelecanos. Inspired by these stories, the producers set out to present a fictional account of the era. "Some of it happened," said Simon. "Some of it didn't happen. Some of it might have happened. But all of it could have happened."[8]

text: Cast

text: Main

text:
James Franco as Vincent Martino and Frankie Martino, twin brothers operating out of Times Square who become fronts for the Mob.[1]
Maggie Gyllenhaal as Eileen "Candy" Merrell, a Times Square street prostitute with an entrepreneurial spirit who is drawn into the emerging pornography industry.[9]
Gbenga Akinnagbe as Larry Brown, an intense and demanding pimp who physically intimidates his stable of women but also has moments that betray a conflicted, underlying humanity.[10]
Chris Bauer as Bobby Dwyer, Vincent and Frankie Martino’s brother-in-law, a construction foreman and family man whose eyes are opened by their adventures along the Deuce.[10]
Gary Carr as C.C., an affable but ruthless pimp.[4]
Chris Coy as Paul Hendrickson, a kindred spirit to Vincent Martino and a veteran bartender who pursues his own personal and professional ambitions in the emerging gay, lesbian, bisexual and transgender community of '70s New York.[11]
Dominique Fishback as Darlene, a young, sweet-natured prostitute who's trying to survive on the street while under the thumb of a volatile, violent pimp.[12]
Lawrence Gilliard Jr. as Chris Alston, an NYPD patrolman.[12]
Margarita Levieva as Abigail "Abby" Parker, an adventurous college student who strikes up a relationship with Vincent.[12]
Emily Meade as Lori, a young woman newly arrived to New York City from Minnesota.[1]
Natalie Paul as Sandra Washington, a newspaper reporter who's investigating the Times Square sex industry.[13]
Michael Rispoli as Rudy Pipilo, a Gambino family capo who oversees the Mob's financial interests in the sex business.[13]

text: Recurring

text:
Pernell Walker as Ruby "Thunder Thighs", an opinionated sex worker who embodies her unorthodox aesthetics and works to survive, rather than to provoke sensationalism.[14]
Method Man as Rodney, a pimp
Tariq Trotter as Reggie Love, a pimp
Daniel Sauli as Tommy Longo
David Krumholtz as Harvey Wasserman, a director of pornographic movies[15]
Don Harvey as Danny Flanagan, a NYC patrolman[4]
Mustafa Shakir as Big Mike, a man of few words, a physically imposing loner who becomes Vincent’s primary muscle and fiercely devoted friend.[11]
Anwan Glover as Leon, who runs a diner the characters frequent[1]
Jamie Neumann as Ashley, a prostitute who works for C.C.[16]
Zoe Kazan as Andrea Martino, Vincent's wife[17]
James Ciccone as Carmine Patriccia, a mob underboss who works out of a Mulberry Street social club in Little Italy and is one rung above Rudy Pipilo.
Garry Pastore as Matthew Ianniello, the Genovese Family crime boss who ran the Times Square porn industry during the 1970s and 1980s.
Carolyn Mignini as Joan Merrell, Candy's mother who lives in the suburbs.
Finn Robbins as Adam, Candy's son who lives with Candy's mother.
Gino Vento as Carlos, driver and bodyguard for mobster Rudy Pipilo.
Aaron Dean Eisenberg as Todd Lang, a classically trained but starving actor with little success in acting. To make ends meet, he starts acting in a few porn films, and quickly finds a home.

text: Episodes

text:
No.
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

1
"Pilot"
Michelle MacLaren
George Pelecanos & David Simon
August 25, 2017 (2017-08-25) (online)
September 10, 2017 (2017-09-10) (HBO)
0.830[18]

2
"Show and Prove"
Ernest Dickerson
Richard Price & George Pelecanos
September 17, 2017 (2017-09-17)
0.839[19]

3
"The Principle Is All"
James Franco
David Simon & Richard Price
September 24, 2017 (2017-09-24)
0.992[20]

4
"I See Money"
Alex Hall
Story by : George Pelecanos and Lisa Lutz
Teleplay by : Lisa Lutz
October 1, 2017 (2017-10-01)
0.941[21]

5
"What Kind of Bad?"
Uta Briesewitz
Story by : Richard Price
Teleplay by : Will Ralston & Chris Yakaitis
October 8, 2017 (2017-10-08)
0.888[22]

6
"Why Me?"
Roxann Dawson
Story by : Richard Price and Marc Henry Johnson
Teleplay by : Marc Henry Johnson
October 15, 2017 (2017-10-15)
0.812[23]

7
"Au Reservoir"
James Franco
Story by : David Simon and Megan Abbott
Teleplay by : Megan Abbott
October 22, 2017 (2017-10-22)
0.953[24]

8
"My Name Is Ruby"
Michelle MacLaren
David Simon & George Pelecanos
October 29, 2017 (2017-10-29)
0.771[25]

text:
It was important to me that we don’t ever shoot in a way that isn’t real, or how it would actually look. If you put a camera on two people having sex, it’s not necessarily going to look beautiful and romantic.
... Sometimes there’s a beauty in the ugliness of the truth. To me, when you are authentic and real to what something looks like, it brings a different kind of beauty in the honesty of it.
  — Director of The Deuce pilot, Michelle MacLaren, The Ringer, September 6, 2017[26]

tag: div

text: Reception

text: Critical response

text: The Deuce has received critical acclaim. On Metacritic, it has a score of 86 out of 100 based on 34 reviews.[27] On Rotten Tomatoes, it has a 91% approval rating with an average rating of 8.53 out of 10 based on 65 reviews. The site's critical consensus is, "The Deuce again demonstrates David Simon's masterful grasp of urban grit, while never losing detailed sight of its colorful characters."[28]

text: Daniel Fienberg of The Hollywood Reporter gave it a highly positive review, praising its ensemble cast, and wrote in conclusion, "Simon and Pelecanos are just beginning to put the machinery of The Deuce into motion in these eight episodes. As an opening act, the show's first season is substantive, provocative and entertaining."[29] Charles Bramesco of The Guardian gave it a five star review and wrote, "Simon has created his most accessible work of humanism to date, and he's done so without sacrificing his loftier ambitions of societal critique."[30]

text: Ratings

text: The premiere episode received 830,000 viewers on HBO for its initial airing and additional 342,000 viewers for its encore later that night, on September 10, 2017. The episode was previously made available online through on-demand and HBO Go on August 25 and received 1.1 million viewers. Cumulatively, through all platforms, the episode received 2.2 million viewers.[18]


document_title: Solar power in India

question_text: which state produces the most renewable energy in india

text: Solar power in India

text: Resources[edit]

text: With about 300 clear and sunny days in a year, the calculated solar energy incidence on India's land area is about 5000 trillion kilowatt-hours (kWh) per year (or 5 EWh/yr).[24][25] The solar energy available in a single year exceeds the possible energy output of all of the fossil fuel energy reserves in India. The daily average solar-power-plant generation capacity in India is 0.20 kWh per m2 of used land area, equivalent to 1400–1800 peak (rated) capacity operating hours in a year with available, commercially-proven technology.[26][27]

text: Installations by region[edit]

text:
Installed solar PV on 31 March[28]

Year

Cumulative Capacity (in MW)

2010

161

2011

461

2012

1,205

2013

2,319

2014

2,632

2015

3,744

2016

6,763

2017

12,289

2018

21,651

text:
Installed solar power capacity (MW)[1]

State

31 March 2015

31 March 2016

31 March 2017

31 Oct. 2017[29]

Rajasthan
942.10
1,269.93
1,812.93
2,246.48

Punjab
185.27
405.06
793.95
876.80

Uttar Pradesh
71.26
143.50
336.73
507.74

Uttarakhand
5.00
41.15
233.49
246.89

Haryana
12.80
15.39
81.40
191.44

Delhi
5.47
14.28
40.27
57.23

Jammu and Kashmir
0.00
1.36
1.36
1.36

Chandigarh
4.50
6.81
17.32
17.32

Himachal Pradesh
0.00
0.73
0.73
1.48

Northern Region

3318.18

Gujarat
1,000.05
1,119.17
1,249.37
1,291.18

Maharashtra
360.75
385.76
452.37
515.01

Chhattisgarh
7.60
93.58
128.86
128.91

Madhya Pradesh
558.58
776.37
857.04
1,139.99

Dadra and Nagar Haveli
0.00
0.00
2.97
2.97

Goa
0.00
0.00
0.71
0.71

Daman and Diu
0.00
4.00
10.46
10.46

Western Region

2701.78

Tamil Nadu
142.58
1,061.82
1,691.83
1,712.07

Andhra Pradesh
137.85
572.97
1867.23
2,138.82

Telangana
167.05
527.84
1,286.98
2,570.43

Kerala
0.03
13.05
74.20
88.20

Karnataka
77.22
145.46
1,027.84
1,492.38

Puducherry
0.20
0.20
0.08
0.08

Southern Region

5948.16

Bihar
0.00
5.10
108.52
141.52

Odisha
31.76
66.92
79.42
79.49

Jharkhand
16.00
16.19
23.27
23.37

West Bengal
7.21
7.77
26.14
33.61

Sikkim
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01

Eastern Region

237.35

Assam
0.00
0.00
11.78
11.78

Tripura
5.00
5.00
5.09
5.09

Arunachal Pradesh
0.03
0.27
0.27
4.39

Mizoram
0.00
0.00
0.10
0.10

Manipur
0.00
0.00
0.03
1.31

Meghalaya
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.06

Nagaland
0.00
0.00
0.50
0.50

North Eastern Region

17.78

Andaman and Nicobar
5.10
5.10
6.56
6.56

Lakshadweep
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.75

Others
0.00
58.31
58.31
58.31

Islands and others

65.62

Total
3,743.97
6,762.85
12,288.83
15,604.76

text: Karnataka[edit]

text: Karnataka is the top solar state in India exceeding 5,000 MW installed capacity by the end of financial year 2017-18.[30] The installed capacity of Pavagada Solar Park is 600 MW and its ultimate 2,000 MW installed capacity  is  expected by the end of year 2020.

text: Andhra Pradesh[edit]

text: Installed photovoltaic capacity in Andhra Pradesh is more than 2049 MW as on 31 July 2017.[31][32] In 2014, the IPPs agreed with APTransCo to install 619 MW.[33] The following year, NTPC agreed with APTransCo to install the 250-MW NP Kunta Ultra Mega Solar Power Project near Kadiri in Anantapur district.[34][35] In October 2017, 1000 MW was commissioned at Kurnool Ultra Mega Solar Park which has become the world's largest solar power plant.[36]

text: Rajasthan[edit]

text: Rajasthan is one of India's most solar-developed states, with its total photovoltaic capacity reaching 2289 MW by the end of June, 2018. Rajasthan is also home to the worlds largest Fresnel type 125 MW CSP plant at the Dhirubhai Ambani Solar Park.[5][37] Jodhpur district leads the state with installed capacity of over 1,500 MW, followed by Jaisalmer and Bikaner.  The Bhadla Solar Park, with a total ultimate capacity of 2,255 MW, is being developed in four phases of which 260 MW capacity was commissioned by NTPC Limited. Total installed capacity at the end of June, 2018 is 745 MW and the remaining capacity is expected to be commissioned by March, 2019. The only tower type solar thermal power plant (2.5 MW) in India is located in Bikaner district.[38]

text: Tamil Nadu[edit]

text: Tamil Nadu has the 5th highest installed solar-power capacity in India on May 2018. The total installed capacity in Tamil Nadu is 1,8 GW.[30] On 1 July 2017, Solar power tariff in Tamil Nadu has hit an all-time low of Rs 3.47 per unit when bidding for 1500 MW capacity was held.[39][40]

text: The 648-MW Kamuthi Solar Power Project is the biggest operating project in the state. On 1 January 2018, NLC India Limited (NCIL) commissioned a new 130 MW solar power project in Neyveli.[41]

text: Gujarat[edit]

text: Gujarat is one of India's most solar-developed states, with its total photovoltaic capacity reaching 1,262 MW by the end of July 2017. Gujarat has been a leader in solar-power generation in India due to its high solar-power potential, availability of vacant land, connectivity, transmission and distribution infrastructure and utilities. According to a report by the Low Emission Development Strategies Global Partnership (LEDS GP) report, these attributes are complemented by political will and investment.[full citation needed] The 2009 Solar Power of Gujarat policy framework, financing mechanism and incentives have contributed to a green investment climate in the state and targets for grid-connected solar power.[42][43]

text: The state has commissioned Asia's largest solar park near the village of Charanka in Patan district.[44] The park is generating 2 MW of its total planned capacity of 500 MW, and has been cited as an innovative and environmentally-friendly project by the Confederation of Indian Industry.[full citation needed]

text: To make Gandhinagar a solar-power city, the state government has begun a rooftop solar-power generation scheme. Under the scheme, Gujarat plans to generate 5 MW of solar power by putting solar panels on about 50 state-government buildings and 500 private buildings.

text: It also plans to generate solar power by putting solar panels along the Narmada canals. As part of this scheme, the state has commissioned the 1 MW Canal Solar Power Project on a branch of the Narmada Canal near the village of Chandrasan in Mehsana district. The pilot project is expected to stop 90,000 litres (24,000 US gal; 20,000 imp gal) of water per year from evaporating from the Narmada River.

text: Maharashtra[edit]

text: The 125-MW Sakri solar plant is the largest solar-power plant in Maharashtra. The Shri Saibaba Sansthan Trust has the world's largest solar steam system. It was constructed at the Shirdi shrine at an estimated cost of ₹1.33 crore (US$190,000), ₹58.4 lakh (US$85,000) which was paid as a subsidy by the renewable-energy ministry. The system is used to cook 50,000 meals per day for pilgrims visiting the shrine, resulting in annual savings of 100,000  kg of cooking gas, and was designed to generate steam for cooking even in the absence of electricity to run the circulating pump. The project to install and commission the system was completed in seven months, and the system has a design life of 25 years.[45][46][47] The Osmanabad region in Maharashtra has abundant sunlight, and is ranked the third-best region in India in solar insolation. A 10 MW solar power plant in Osmanabad was commissioned in 2013. The total power capacity of Maharashtra is about 500 MW.

text: Madhya Pradesh[edit]

text:
Madhya Pradesh is one of India's most solar-developed states, with its total photovoltaic capacity reaching 1,117 MW by the end of July 2017. The Welspun Solar MP project, the largest solar-power plant in the state, was built at a cost of ₹1,100 crore (US$160 million) on 305 ha (3.05 km2) of land and will supply power at ₹8.05 (12¢ US) per kWh. A 130 MW solar power plant project at Bhagwanpura, a village in Neemuch district, was launched by Prime Minister Narendra Modi. It is the largest solar producer, and Welspun Energy is one of the top three companies in India's renewable-energy sector.[48]
A planned 750 MW solar-power plant in Rewa district is also planned and expected to be completed in 2018. This is developing by Rewa Ultra Mega Solar Limited.[49][better source needed]

text: Kerala[edit]

text: India's largest floating solar power plant was set upon the Banasura Sagar reservoir in Wayanad, Kerala. The 500 kW (kilowatt peak) solar plant of the Kerala state electricity board (KSEB) floats on 1.25 acres of the water surface of the reservoir. The solar plant has 1,938 solar panels which have been installed on 18 Ferro cement floaters with hollow insides.[50]

text: Electricity generation[edit]

text: Grid-connected solar electricity generation has reached nearly 2% of total utility electricity generation.[51] Solar generation meets the daytime peak load in non-monsoon months when electricity spot prices exceed the daily average price.[52]

text:
Annual solar power generation

Year

Solar power generation (TWh)

2013-14

3.35

2014-15

4.60

2015-16

7.45

2016-17

12.09

2017-18

25.87

text:
Monthly solar power generation in India, April 2017 - March 2018

Month

Regional solar power generation (GWh)[53]

Total (GWh)[54]

North
West
South
East
North East

April 2017
458.76
419.26
833.47
40.16
0.99
1,752.74

May 2017
528.92
426.05
935.51
39.72
1.17
1,931.30

June 2017
489.02
399.95
871.08
36.36
0.92
1,803.35

July 2017
461.40
282.92
886.69
27.17
0.98
1,661.29

August 2017
504.42
363.99
765.21
30.43
1.17
1,660.26

September 2017
547.08
438.70
974.52
32.84
0.94
2,002.51

October 2017
608.61
456.16
1,069.60
33.31
1.11
2,186.00

November 2017
518.77
489.30
1,083.92
19.27
1.32
2,094.59

December 2017
483.35
465.63
1242.36
31.49
3.35
2,242.64

January 2018
-
-
-
-
-
2,547.77

February 2018
548.61
546.80
1,530.38
35.23
0.98
2,677.10

March 2018
685.27
703.39
1,872.31
49.26
1.29
3,311.53

Total (GWh)
-
-
-
-
-
25,871.08

text: Major photovoltaic power stations[edit]

text: Below is a list of solar power generation facilities with a capacity of at least 10 MW.

text:
Major photovoltaic (PV) power plants

Plant
State
DC peak power (MW)
Commissioned

Kamuthi Solar Power Project
Tamil Nadu
648
21 September 2016[55]

Charanka Solar Park[56]
Gujarat
221
April 2012

Welspun Solar MP project[57]
Madhya Pradesh
151
February 2014

ReNew Power, Nizamabad
Telangana
143
15 April 2017[58]

Sakri solar plant
Maharashtra
125
March 2013

NTPC solar plants[59]

110
2015

Green Energy Development Corporation (GEDCOL)[60]
Odisha
50
2014

Tata Power Solar Systems (TPS), Rajgarh[61]
Madhya Pradesh
50
March 2014

Welspun Energy, Phalodhi[62]
Rajasthan
50
March 2013

Jalaun Solar Power Project
Uttar Pradesh
50
27 January 2016

GEDCOL[63]
Odisha
48
2014

Bitta Solar Power Plant[64]
Gujarat
40
January 2012

Dhirubhai Ambani Solar Park, Pokhran[65]
Rajasthan
40
April 2012

Rajasthan Photovoltaic Plant[66]
Rajasthan
35
February 2013

Welspun, Bathinda[67]
Punjab
34
August 2015

Moser Baer, Patan district[68]
Gujarat
30
October 2011

Lalitpur Solar Power Project[69]
Uttar Pradesh
30
2015

Mithapur Solar Power Plant[70]
Gujarat
25
25 January 2012

GEDCOL[71]
Odisha
20
2014

Kadodiya Solar Park
Madhya Pradesh
15
2014

NTPC
Odisha
10
2014

Sunark Solar
Odisha
10
2011

RNS Infrastructure Limited, Pavagada
Karnataka
10
2016

Bolangir Solar Power Project
Odisha
10
2011

Azure Power, Sabarkantha[72][73]
Gujarat
10
June 2011

Green Infra Solar Energy, Rajkot[74][75]
Gujarat
10
November 2011

Waa Solar Power Plant, Surendranagar[76]
Gujarat
10
December 2011

Sharda Construction, Latur[77]
Maharashtra
10
June 2015

Ushodaya Project, Midjil
Telangana
10
December 2013

text: Solar photovoltaic growth forecasts[edit]

text: In August 2016, the forecast for solar photovoltaic installations was about 4.8 GW for the calendar year. About 2.8 GW was installed in the first eight months of 2016, more than all 2015 solar installations. India's solar projects stood at about 21 GW, with about 14 GW under construction and about 7 GW to be auctioned.[78] The country's solar capacity  reached 19.7 GW by the end of 2017, making it the third-largest global solar market.[79]

text: In mid-2018 the Indian power minister RK Singh flagged a tender for a 100GW solar plant at an event in Delhi, while discussing a 10GW tender due to be issued in July that year (at the time, a world record). He also increased the government target for installed solar by 2022 to 227GW.[80]

text: Solar thermal power[edit]

text: The installed capacity of commercial solar thermal power plants (non storage type) in India is 227.5 MW with 50 MW in Andhra Pradesh and 177.5 MW in Rajasthan.[81][82] Solar thermal plants with thermal storage are emerging as cheaper (US 6.1 ¢/kWh or Rs 3.97/KWh) and clean load following power plants to supply electricity round the clock.[83][84] They can cater the load demand perfectly and work as base load power plants when the extracted solar energy is found excess in a day.[85] Proper mix of solar thermal (thermal storage type) and solar PV can fully match the load fluctuations without the need of costly battery storage.[86][87]

text: The existing solar thermal power plants (non-storage type) in India which are generating costly intermittent power on daily basis, can be converted into storage type solar thermal plants to generate 3 to 4 times more baseload power at cheaper cost and not depend on government subsidies.[88]

text: Hybrid solar plants[edit]

text: Solar power, generated mainly during the daytime in the non-monsoon period, complements wind which generate power during the monsoon months in India. Solar panels can be located in the space between the towers of wind-power plants.[89] It also complements hydroelectricity, generated primarily during India's monsoon months. Solar-power plants can be installed near existing hydropower and pumped-storage hydroelectricity, utilizing the existing power transmission infrastructure and storing the surplus secondary power generated by the solar PV plants.[90]

text: During the daytime, the additional auxiliary power consumption of a solar thermal storage power plant is nearly 10% of its rated capacity for the process of extracting solar energy in the form of thermal energy.[85] This auxiliary power requirement can be made available from cheaper solar PV plant by envisaging hybrid solar plant with a mix of solar thermal and solar PV plants at a site. Also to optimise the cost of power, generation can be from the cheaper solar PV plant (33% generation) during the daylight whereas the rest of the time in a day is from the solar thermal storage plant (67% generation from Solar power tower and parabolic trough types) for meeting 24 hours base load operation.[91] When solar thermal storage plant is forced to idle due to lack of sunlight locally during cloudy days in monsoon season, it is also possible to consume (similar to a lesser efficient, huge capacity and low cost battery storage system) the cheap excess grid power when the grid frequency is above 50 hz for heating the hot molten salt to higher temperature for converting stored thermal energy in to electricity during the peak demand hours when the electricity sale price is profitable.[92][93]

text: Solar heating[edit]

text: Generating hot water or air or steam using concentrated solar reflectors, is increasing rapidly. Presently concentrated solar thermal installation base for heating applications is about 20 MWth in India and expected to grow rapidly.[94][95] Cogeneration of steam and power round the clock is also feasible with solar thermal CHP plants with storage capacity.

text: Bengaluru has the largest deployment of roof-top solar water heaters in India, generating an energy equivalent of 200 MW.[96] It is India's first city to provide a rebate of ₹50 (73¢ US) on monthly electricity bills for residents using roof-top thermal systems,[97] which are now mandatory in all new structures. Pune has also made solar water heaters mandatory in new buildings.[98]

text: Rural electrification[edit]

text: The lack of an electricity infrastructure is a hurdle to rural India's development. India's power grid is under-developed, with large groups of people still living off the grid.[99] In 2004, about 80,000 of the nation's villages still did not have electricity; of them, 18,000 could not be electrified by extending the conventional grid. A target of electrifying 5,000 such villages was set for the 2002–2007 Five-Year Plan. By 2004 more than 2,700 villages and hamlets were electrified, primarily with solar photovoltaic systems.[24] The development of inexpensive solar technology is considered a potential alternative, providing an electricity infrastructure consisting of a network of local-grid clusters with distributed electricity generation.[100] It could bypass (or relieve) expensive, long-distance, centralized power-delivery systems, bringing inexpensive electricity to large groups of people. In Rajasthan during FY2016-17, 91 villages have been electrified with a solar standalone system and over 6,200 households have received a 100W solar home-lighting system.[citation needed]

text: India has sold or distributed about 1.2 million solar home-lighting systems and 3.2 million solar lanterns, and has been ranked the top Asian market for solar off-grid products.[101][102][103][104]

text: Lamps and lighting[edit]

text: By 2012, a total of 4,600,000 solar lanterns and 861,654 solar-powered home lights were installed. Typically replacing kerosene lamps, they can be purchased for the cost of a few months' worth of kerosene with a small loan. The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy is offering a 30- to 40-percent subsidy of the cost of lanterns, home lights and small systems (up to 210 Wp).[105] Twenty million solar lamps are expected by 2022.[106]

text: Agricultural support[edit]

text: Solar photovoltaic water-pumping systems are used for irrigation and drinking water.[107] Most pumps are fitted with a 200–3,000 W (0.27–4.02 hp) motor powered with a 1,800 Wp PV array which can deliver about 140,000 litres (37,000 US gal) of water per day from a total hydraulic head of 10 m (33 ft). By 30 September 2006 a total of 7,068 solar photovoltaic water pumping systems were installed,[100] and 7,771 were installed by March 2012.[108] During hot sunny daytime when the water needs are more for watering the fields, solar pumps performance can be improved by maintaining pumped water flowing/sliding over the solar panels to keep them cooler and clean.[109] Solar driers are used to dry harvests for storage.[110] Low cost solar powered bicycles are also available to ply between fields and village for agricultural activity, etc.[111]

text: Rainwater harvesting[edit]

text:
In addition to solar energy, rainwater is a major renewable resource of any area.
In India, large areas are being covered by solar PV panels every year.
Solar panels can also be used for harvesting most of the rainwater falling on them and drinking-quality water, free from bacteria and suspended matter, can be generated by simple filtration and disinfection processes, as rainwater is very low in salinity.[112][113]
Good quality water resources, closer to populated areas, are becoming a scarcity and increasingly costly for consumers.
Exploitation of rainwater for value-added products like bottled drinking water makes solar PV power plants profitable even in high rainfall and cloudy areas by the increased income from drinking water generation.[114]

text: Refrigeration and air conditioning[edit]

text: Thin-film solar cell panels offer better performance than crystalline silica solar panels in tropical hot and dusty places like India; there is less deterioration in conversion efficiency with increased ambient temperature, and no partial shading effect. These factors enhance the performance and reliability (fire safety) of thin-film panels.[115][116][117] Maximum solar-electricity generation during the hot hours of the day can be used for meeting residential air-conditioning requirements regardless of other load requirements, such as refrigeration, lighting, cooking and water pumping. Power generation of photovoltaic modules can be increased by 17 to 20 percent by equipping them with a tracking system.[118][119]

text: Residential electricity consumers who are paying higher slab rates more than ₹5 (7.3¢ US) per unit, can form in to local groups to install collectively roof top off-grid solar power units (without much battery storage) and replace the costly power used from the grid with the solar power as and when produced.[120] Hence power drawl from the grid which is an assured power supply without much power cuts nowadays, serves as cheaper back up source when grid power consumption is limited to lower slab rate by using solar power during the day time. The maximum power generation of solar panels during the sunny daytime is complementary with the enhanced residential electricity consumption during the hot/summer days due to higher use of cooling appliances such as fans, refrigerators, air conditioners, desert coolers, etc. It would discourage the Discoms to extract higher electricity charges selectively from its consumers.[121] There is no need of any permission from Discoms similar to DG power sets installation. Cheaper discarded batteries of electric vehicle can also be used economically to store the excess solar power generated in the daylight.[122]

text: Grid stabilisation[edit]

text: Solar-power plants equipped with battery-storage systems where net energy metering is used can feed stored electricity into the power grid when its frequency is below the rated parameter (50 Hz) and draw excess power from the grid when its frequency is above the rated parameter.[123] Excursions above and below the rated grid frequency occur about 100 times daily.[124][125] The solar-plant owner would receive nearly double the price for electricity sent into the grid compared to that consumed from the grid if a frequency-based tariff is offered to rooftop solar plants or plants dedicated to a distribution substation.[126][127] A power-purchase agreement (PPA) is not needed for solar plants with a battery storage system to serve ancillary-service operations and transmit generated electricity for captive consumption using an open-access facility.[128][129] Battery storage is popular in India, with more than 10 million households using battery backup during load shedding.[130] Battery storage systems are also used to improve the power factor.[131]

text: Battery storage is also used economically to reduce daily/monthly peak power demand for minimising the monthly demand charges from the utility to the commercial and industrial establishments.[132] Construction power tariffs are very high in India.[133] Construction power needs of long gestation mega projects can be economically met by installing solar PV plants for permanent service in the project premises with or without battery storage for minimising use of Standby generator sets or costly grid power.[134]

text: Challenges and opportunities[edit]

text: The land is scarce in India, and per-capita land availability is low[citation needed]. Dedication of land for the installation of solar arrays must compete with other needs. The amount of land required for utility-scale solar power plants is about 1 km2 (250 acres) for every 40–60 MW generated. One alternative is to use the water-surface area on canals, lakes, reservoirs, farm ponds and the sea for large solar-power plants.[135][136] These water bodies can also provide water to clean the solar panels.[137] Highways and railways may also avoid the cost of land nearer to load centres, minimising transmission-line costs by having solar plants about 10 meters above the roads or rail tracks.[138] Solar power generated by road areas may also be used for in-motion charging of electric vehicles, reducing fuel costs.[139] Highways would avoid damage from rain and summer heat, increasing comfort for commuters.[140][141][142]

text: The architecture best suited to most of India would be a set of rooftop power-generation systems connected via a local grid.[143] Such an infrastructure, which does not have the economy of scale of mass, utility-scale solar-panel deployment, needs a lower deployment price to attract individuals and family-sized households. Photovoltaics are projected to continue their cost reductions, becoming able to compete with fossil fuels.[144][145]

text: Greenpeace[24][146][147] recommends that India adopt a policy of developing solar power as a dominant component of its renewable-energy mix, since its identity as a densely-populated country[148] in the tropical belt[149][150] of the subcontinent has an ideal combination of high insolation[149] and a large potential consumer base.[151][152][153] In one scenario[147] India could make renewable resources the backbone of its economy by 2030, curtailing carbon emissions without compromising its economic-growth potential.[154] A study suggested that 100 GW of solar power could be generated through a mix of utility-scale and rooftop solar, with the realizable potential for rooftop solar between 57 and 76 GW by 2024.[155]

text: During the 2015-16 fiscal year NTPC, with 110 MW solar power installations, generated 160.8 million kWh at a capacity utilisation of 16.64 percent (1,458 kWh per kW)—more than 20 percent below the claimed norms of the solar-power industry.[59]

text: It is considered prudent to encourage solar-plant installations up to a threshold (such as 7,000 MW) by offering incentives.[156] Otherwise, substandard equipment with overrated nameplate capacity may tarnish the industry.[157][158] The purchaser, transmission agency and financial institution should require capacity utilisation and long-term performance guarantees for the equipment backed by insurance coverage in the event that the original equipment manufacturer ceases to exist.[159][160][161] Alarmed by the low quality of equipment, India issued draft quality guide lines in May 2017 to be followed by the solar plant equipment suppliers conforming to Indian standards.[162][163][164]

text: Government support[edit]

text: Fifty-one solar radiation resource assessment stations have been installed across India by the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) to create a database of solar-energy potential. Data is collected and reported to the Centre for Wind Energy Technology (C-WET) to create a solar atlas. In June 2015, India began a ₹40 crore (US$5.8 million) project to measure solar radiation with a spatial resolution of 3 by 3 kilometres (1.9 mi × 1.9 mi). This solar-radiation measuring network will provide the basis for the Indian solar-radiation atlas. According to National Institute of Wind Energy officials, the Solar Radiation Resource Assessment wing (121 ground stations) would measure solar radiation's three parameters—Global Horizontal Irradiance (GHI), Direct Normal Irradiance (DNI) and Diffuse Horizontal Irradiance (DHI)—to accurately measure a region's solar radiation.[165][166]

text: The Indian government is promoting solar energy. It announced an allocation of ₹1,000 crore (US$150 million) for the Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission and a clean-energy fund for the 2010-11 fiscal year, an increase of ₹380 crore (US$55 million) from the previous budget. The budget encouraged private solar companies by reducing the import duty on solar panels by five percent. This is expected to reduce the cost of a rooftop solar-panel installation by 15 to 20 percent.

text: Solar PV tariff[edit]

text: The average bid in reverse auctions in April 2017 is ₹3.15 (4.6¢ US) per kWh, compared with ₹12.16 (18¢ US) per kWh in 2010, which is around 73% drop over the time window.[169][170][171] The current prices of solar PV electricity is around 18% lower than the average price for electricity generated by coal-fired plants.[7] Competitive reverse auctions, falling panel and component prices, the introduction of solar parks, lower borrowing costs and large power companies have contributed to the fall in prices. The cost of solar PV power in India, China, Brazil and 55 other emerging markets fell to about one-third of its 2010 price, making solar the cheapest form of renewable energy and cheaper than power generated from fossil fuels such as coal and gas.[172]

text: The levelized cost of solar PV electricity fell below 1.77¢ US per kWh in November 2017, cheaper than fuel cost of any pit head coal-based power plants in India.[173][174] The intermittent / non-dispatchable solar PV at the prevailing low tariffs clubbed with Pumped-heat electricity storage can offer cheapest dispatchable power round the clock on demand.

text: The Indian government has reduced the solar PV power purchase price from the maximum allowed ₹4.43 (6.4¢ US) per KWh to ₹4.00 (5.8¢ US) per KWh, reflecting the steep fall in cost of solar power-generation equipment.[175][176][177] The applicable tariff is offered after applying viability gap funding (VGF) or accelerated depreciation (AD) incentives.[178][179]

text: Solar PV generation cost fell to ₹2.97 (4.3¢ US) per kWh for the 750 MW Rewa Ultra Mega Solar power project, India's lowest electricity-generation cost.[180][181] Solar panel prices are lower than those of mirrors by unit area.[107][182]

text: In an auction of 250 MW capacity of the second phase in Bhadla solar park, South Africa's Phelan Energy Group and Avaada Power were awarded 50 MW and 100 MW of capacity respectively in May 2017 at ₹2.62 (3.8¢ US) per kilowatt hour.[183]  The tariff is also lower than NTPC's average coal power tariff of ₹3.20 per kilowatt hour. SBG Cleantech, a consortium of Softbank Group, Airtel and Foxconn, was awarded the remaining 100 MW capacity at a rate of ₹2.63 (3.8¢ US) per kWh.[184][185] Few days later in a second auction for another 500 MW at the same park, solar tariff has further fallen to ₹2.44 (3.6¢ US) per kilowatt hour which are the lowest tariffs for any solar power project in India.[186] These tariffs are lower than traded prices for day time in non-monsoon period in IEX  and also for meeting peak loads on daily basis by using cheaper solar PV power in pumped-storage hydroelectricity stations indicating there is no need of any power purchase agreements and any incentives for the solar PV power plants in India.[187][188][52] Solar PV power plant developers are forecasting that solar power tariff would drop to ₹1.5 (2.2¢ US) /unit in near future.[189][190]

text: The lowest solar tariff in May 2018 is Rs 2.71/kWh (without incentives) which is less than the tariff of Badla solar park (₹2.44 (3.6¢ US) per kWh with VGF incentive) after the clarification that any additional taxes are pass through cost with hike in the tariff.[191][192] In early July 2018 bids, the lowest solar PV tariff has touched ₹2.44 (3.6¢ US) per kWh without VGF incentive.[193][194] The tariff for roof top installations are also falling with the recent offer of ₹3.64 (5.3¢ US) with 100% locally made components.[195]

text: Incentives[edit]

text: At the end of July 2015, the chief incentives were:

text:
Viability Gap Funding: Under the reverse bidding process, bidders who need least viability gap funding at the reference tariff (RS 4.93 per unit in 2016) is selected.[197]. Funding was Rs 1 Crore/MW for open projects on average in 2016.
Accelerated depreciation: For profit-making enterprises installing rooftop solar systems, 40 percent of the total investment could be claimed as depreciation in the first year (decreasing taxes).
To protect the local solar panel manufacturers, 25% safe guard duty is imposed for two years period from August 2018 on the imports from China & Malaysia who are suspected of dumping solar panels in to India.[198]
Capital subsidies were applicable to rooftop solar-power plants up to a maximum of 500 kW. The 30-percent subsidy was reduced to 15 percent.
Renewable Energy Certificates (RECs): Tradeable certificates providing financial incentives for every unit of green power generated.[199]
Net metering incentives depend on whether a net meter is installed and the utility's incentive policy. If so, financial incentives are available for the power generated.[200]
Assured Power Purchase Agreement (PPA): The power-distribution and -purchase companies owned by state and central governments guarantee the purchase of solar PV power when produced only during daylight. The PPAs offer fair market determined tariff for the solar power which is a secondary power or negative load and an intermittent energy source on a daily basis.
Interstate transmission system (ISTS) charges and losses are not levied during the period of PPA for the projects commissioned before 31 March 2022.[201]
Additional incentives are offered to roof top solar power plants both from central and various state governments.[202]

tag: ol

text: Solar-panel manufacturing[edit]

text: The 2018 manufacturing capacity of solar cells and solar modules in India was 1,590 MW and 5,620 MW, respectively.[203] Except for crystalline silicon wafers or cadmium telluride photovoltaics or Float-zone silicon, nearly 80 percent of solar-panel weight is flat glass.[204] One hundred to 150 tons of flat glass is used to manufacture a one-MW solar panel. Low-iron flat or float glass is manufactured from soda ash and iron-free silica. Soda-ash manufacturing from common salt is an energy-intensive process if it is not extracted from soda lakes or glasswort cultivation in alkali soil. To increase installation of photovoltaic solar-power plants, the production of flat glass and its raw materials must expand commensurately to eliminate supply constraints or future imports.[205]

text: List of top solar panel suppliers in India[edit]

text:
For utility scale solar projects, top solar module suppliers in 2016-17 were: Trina Solar, JA Solar, Canadian Solar, Risen, Hanwha and GCL Poly.[206]
For rooftop solar projects, international companies with the largest market share in the Indian market were: Trina Solar, Canadian Solar, Renesola, REC Solar and Jinko Solar.[207] Similarly, top Indian suppliers were: Vikram Solar, Waaree, Adani, Emmvee and Jakson.[208]