document_title: Adventure Time (season 10)

question_text: when are new episodes of adventure time coming

text: Adventure Time (season 10)

text: Development[edit]

text: Concept[edit]

text: The series follows the adventures of Finn the Human, a human boy, and his best friend Jake, a dog with magical powers to change shape, grow, and shrink at will. Finn and Jake live in the post-apocalyptic Land of Ooo, wherein they interact with the other major characters, including: Princess Bubblegum, The Ice King, Marceline the Vampire Queen, Lumpy Space Princess, BMO, and Flame Princess. Common storylines revolve around Finn and Jake discovering strange creatures, dealing with the antagonistic but misunderstood Ice King, and battling monsters in order to help others.[2] Multi-episode story arcs for this season include Princess Bubblegum confronting her antagonistic Uncle Gumbald,[3] Finn dealing with Fern's embrace of the dark side,[4] and Betty trying to turn the Ice King back into Simon Petrikov.[5]

text: Production[edit]

text: On July 21, 2016, lead writer Kent Osborne posted an image on Twitter that suggested Adventure Time had been renewed for an additional season.[6] At the time, the season was intended to be the show's ninth.[6][7] However, the season divisions were later re-arranged by Cartoon Network,[8] and "The Wild Hunt" became the first episode of season ten.[9][10] This season's episodes were produced in a process similar to previous seasons. First, the episodes began as simple two-to-three-page outlines that contained the necessary plot information.[11] These outlines were then handed off to storyboard artists, who then expanded the rough outline into a full storyboard.[12] The episodes' design and coloring were done in Burbank, California. Animation was handled overseas in South Korea, by Rough Draft Korea and by Saerom Animation.[13][14][15]

text: Storyboard artists who worked on this season include (but are not limited to) Sam Alden, Polly Guo, Seo Kim, Somvilay Xayaphone, Steve Wolfhard, Tom Herpich, Graham Falk, Kent Osborne, Hanna K. Nyström, Aleks Sennwald, Erik Fountain, and Patrick McHale.[nb 1] In regards to other aspects of production, Ghostshrimp—the series' former lead background designer—returned to the series to work on episodes comprising the "final story arc of Adventure Time".[16] Ghostshrimp had retired from the show after the fourth season, but had previously returned to draw backgrounds for the seventh-season miniseries Stakes and the ninth-season episodes "Abstract", "Fionna and Cake and Fionna", and "Whispers".[nb 2][17][18] Additionally, Andy Ristaino (a former character designer, storyboard artist, and background designer for the show) returned as a revisionist for this season.[19] Finally, former storyboard artist Rebecca Sugar returned to contribute the song "Time Adventure" for the series finale.[20]

text: In November 17, 2017, it was announced that an episode entitled "Diamonds and Lemons" would be produced by Microsoft's gaming studio Mojang and air sometime in the summer of 2018. The episode will be based on the sandbox video game Minecraft.[21][22] According to Adam Muto, "Diamonds and Lemons" was produced separately from the show's final season and is considered a "bonus episode."[23] It is scheduled to air between the season ten episodes "Gumbaldia" and the series finale "Come Along With Me", making it the show's 279th episode.[24]

text: Series conclusion[edit]

text: During the latter few seasons of Adventure Time, there had been talk at Cartoon Network about wrapping up the series. According to Olivia Olson, since this discussion wore on for awhile, "the ending of the show was getting stretched and stretched and stretched".[26] In regards to the decision to end the series, executive vice president and chief content officer at Cartoon Network Rob Sorcher told Los Angeles Times:

text: Adventure Time was playing less and less on Cartoon Network, yet we were moving towards a large volume of episodes. And I really began thinking "[The end] can't come quickly as a sudden company decision, it needs to be a conversation over a period of time." And it did also strike me that if we don't wind this up soon, we're going to have a generation of fans graduate through the demo and we won't have completed a thought for them.[26]

text: Consequently, on September 29, 2016, Cartoon Network confirmed that the show's tenth season would be its last. When asked in an interview with Skwigly about his feelings concerning the end of the series, Osborne said:

text: It's weird because I've never been on a show this long, and I don't think Cartoon Network has done a show with this many episodes—for the past few seasons we’ve been surprised ... every time it gets picked up. And I think a lot of us were thinking in the back of our minds, "When is this going to end? Am I gonna be 80 and still writing this?!" It is sad, and everyone's kind of grieving, but it's hard to feel too bad about it, because ... they have so many episodes in the bank that it's gonna play for another couple years.[25]

text: Osborne did note that Cartoon Network provided the writers with "an opportunity to spend a lot of time thinking about the finale."[25] According to a speech given by Pendarvis, storyline writing for the series wrapped up mid-November 2016,[27] with the last storyline meeting being held on November 21.[28] A tweet by Osborne revealed that the show's final script was pitched to storyboarders Sam Alden and Hanna K. Nyström on November 28.[29][30][31] This episode was then pitched to the show's producers during the third week of December 2016.[32][33] Voice recording for the season and series ended on January 31, 2017, as confirmed by a number of voice actors, including Maria Bamford and Andy Milonakis.[34][35][36]

text: Production on the series officially ended with a wrap party hosted by Cartoon Network on November 16, 2017. Cast and crew members who had worked on the show since its beginning were invited to the festivities, which, among other things, featured a DJ booth shaped like Finn and Jake's tree fort, a live band, and Adventure Time-related food items.[37] Following the season's completion, several crewmembers were hired to work on the upcoming Cartoon Network series Summer Camp Island, which was created by Adventure Time storyline writer Julia Pott.[38]

text: Cast[edit]

text: The voice actors for the season include: Jeremy Shada (Finn the Human), John DiMaggio (Jake the Dog), Tom Kenny (The Ice King), Hynden Walch (Princess Bubblegum), and Olivia Olson (Marceline the Vampire Queen). Ward himself provides the voice for several minor characters, including Lumpy Space Princess. Former storyboard artist Niki Yang voices the sentient video game console BMO in English, as well as Jake's girlfriend Lady Rainicorn in Korean.[39] Polly Lou Livingston, a friend of Pendleton Ward's mother, Bettie Ward, plays the voice of the small elephant Tree Trunks.[40][41] Jessica DiCicco voices Flame Princess, Finn's ex-girlfriend and the sovereign of the Fire Kingdom.[42] Andy Milonakis voices N.E.P.T.R., a sentient robot who makes and throws pies.[43][44] The Lich, the series' principal antagonist, is portrayed by Ron Perlman in his demonic form.[45] The Adventure Time cast records their lines together as opposed to doing it individually. This is to capture more natural sounding dialogue among the characters. Hynden Walch has described these group session as akin to "doing a play reading—a really, really out there play."[46]

text: In addition to the regular cast members, episodes feature guest voices from many ranges of professions, including actors, musicians, and artists. "The Wild Hunt", "Always BMO Closing", "Bonnibel Bubblegum", "Seventeen", and "Gumbaldia" feature Fred Melamed voicing Princess Bubblegum's Uncle Gumbald.[47][48][49][50][51] In "The Wild Hunt", Jenny Slate reprises her role as Huntress Wizard.[47] "Son of Rap Bear" sees Dumbfoundead voices the titular character, Rekstizzy voices Rap Bear, Keith David reprise his role as Flame King, Paul Scheer reprises his role as Toronto, and Open Mike Eagle voices a gingerbread man.[52] In "Bonnibel Bubblegum", Livvy Stubenrauch voices the younger Princess Bubblegum, and former supervising director Andres Salaff reprises his role as Neddy.[49]

text: In "Seventeen" and "Gumbaldia" Brad Neely plays the Green Knight.[50][51] "Ring of Fire" features David Herman as Randy, Raza Jaffrey as Danny, and Andy Daly as Wyatt.[53] In, "Marcy & Hunson", Martin Olson reprises his role as Hunson Abadeer, the father of Marceline.[54][55][56] In "The First Investigation", Marc Evan Jackson reprises his role as Kim Kil Whan, and Dave Foley voices Warren Ampersand.[57] Foley would reprise this role in the episode "Jake the Starchild".[58] The episode "Temple of Mars" features Felicia Day reprising her role as Betty; the episode also sees the return of Tom Scharpling as Jermaine the dog.[59]

text: Various other characters are voiced by Dee Bradley Baker, Maria Bamford, Steve Little, and Melissa Villaseñor.[39]

text: Broadcast and reception[edit]

text: Broadcast[edit]

text: Much like the sixth, seventh, eighth, and ninth seasons,[60][61][62][63] the tenth season of Adventure Time featured several episode "bombs", or instances wherein large amounts of episodes debuted within a relatively short timeframe. The first of these occurred on September 17, 2017, when "The Wild Hunt", "Always BMO Closing", "Son of Rap Bear", and "Bonnibel Bubblegum" aired.[64] The second of these occurred on December 17, 2017 when "Seventeen", "Ring of Fire", "Marcy and Hunson" and "The First Investigation" aired.[65] The third of these occurred on March 18, 2018, when "Blenanas", "Jake the Starchild", "Temple of Mars", and "Gumbaldia" aired.[66]

text: ===Ratings===s

text: The tenth season of Adventure Time debuted on television on September 17, 2017, with the episode "The Wild Hunt". It was watched by 0.77 million viewers and scored a 0.24 Nielsen rating in the 18- to 49-year-old demographic. Nielsen ratings are audience measurement systems that determine the audience size and composition of television programming in the United States, which means that the episodes were seen by 0.24 percent of all households aged 18 to 49 years old at the time of the episode's airing.[67] In terms of viewers, this marked a decrease when compared to the season nine finale, "Three Buckets" (which was seen by 0.85 million individuals),[68] but an increase when compared to the previous season's premiere, "Orb" (which was viewed by 0.71 million).[69]

text: Reviews and accolades[edit]

text: While the tenth season was airing, Entertainment Weekly named Adventure Time the tenth-best series of 2018, writing, "All the episodes [that aired in 2018] shined with Adventure Time's eccentric trademarks: sweet fairy-tale logic, twisted dark humor, full-blown cosmic adventure, an ability to create and puncture myths in under 11 minutes."[70]

text: In July 2018, the episode "Ring of Fire" was nominated for a Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards for Outstanding Short-format Animated Program.[71]

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleSupervisingdirection byWritten and storyboarded byOriginal air date [nb 3]Prod.code [75]US viewers(millions)2671"The Wild Hunt"Cole SanchezSam Alden, Erik Fountain & Polly GuoSeptember 17, 2017 (2017-09-17)1054-2750.77[67]
Still feeling guilty over Fern's death, Princess Bubblegum tasks Finn to protect the banana guard from a monster later dubbed "the Grumbo". Finn can't bring himself to slay the monster as he keeps seeing Fern's face materialize when he's close to defeating it. Later, Finn meets up with Huntress Wizard (voiced by Jenny Slate) who is also trying to slay the Grumbo and she tries to give encouraging words to Finn. They find the Grumbo's cave and Finn once again stalls. Huntress Wizard puts herself in harm's way and Finn imagines Fern in her place and finally slays the Grumbo. Afterwards, Finn and Huntress Wizard casually admit their feelings for each other and realize that the Grumbo was artificially created. Uncle Gumbald plots to create another monster using the remains of Fern.
2682"Always BMO Closing"Diana LafyatisGraham Falk & Kent OsborneSeptember 17, 2017 (2017-09-17)1054-2730.77[67]
BMO and Ice King become door-to-door salesmen by posing as one body (Ice King as the body and BMO as the head). After selling a stick to Tree Trunks, the two get lost and end up at the dungeon where Gumbald is staying. They sell him Finn's baby teeth which he happily pays for with a silver cup. Finn is outraged that his baby teeth were sold and is further mortified when Baby Finns made of teeth begin attacking the tree house. Through Ice King's encouragement, BMO "sells" two mallets to Finn and Jake and they successfully defeat the teeth babies. Afterwards, Gumbald admits that his current plan was a bad idea.
2693"Son of Rap Bear"Diana LafyatisSeo Kim & Somvilay XayaphoneSeptember 17, 2017 (2017-09-17)1054-2760.77[67]
While at a party, Flame Princess accidentally signs a contract from Toronto stating that if she loses in a rap battle against Son of Rap Bear (voiced by Dumbfoundead) her kingdom will be forfeited to Toronto. She and Finn go meet Rap Bear (voiced by Rekstizzy) who explains that his son literally blew his legs off, frightening them. Despite training, Flame Princess still feels ill-prepared, and so she visits her father, the deposed Flame King (voiced by Keith David). She attempts to mend their rocky relationship, but much to her frustration, her father seems oblivious to the pain that he caused his daughter. Later, at the rap battle, Flame Princess begins to lose her composure, but after seeing the still-unapologetic Flame King in the crowd, she angrily expresses her frustrations with her father in a rap. The track impresses the crowd, and Flame Princess defeats Son of Rap Bear.
2704"Bonnibel Bubblegum"Diana LafyatisHanna K. Nyström & Aleks SennwaldSeptember 17, 2017 (2017-09-17)1054-2740.77[67]
When Finn presents the silver cup from "Always BMO Closing", Princess Bubblegum decides to tell him, Marceline and Jake some more of her history. 800 years ago, a child version of Bonnibel discovers a family photo and decides to create a gum family. She creates Uncle Gumbald, Aunt Lolly and Cousin Chicle to help farm the area. But her family quickly turn on her with Gumbald wanting to "brand" their family as he creates a juice that transforms its drinkers into low minded candy people. Bonnibel fights back with her family transformed by their exposure to the dumdum juice into the first of her candy citizen and deciding on the title of princess. In the present, BMO reveals where it got the cup.
2715"Seventeen"Cole SanchezSeo Kim & Somvilay XayaphoneDecember 17, 2017 (2017-12-17)1054-2810.76[76]
At Finn's seventeenth birthday party, held at the Candy Kingdom, Princess Bubblegum, Marceline, Huntress Wizard and BMO present Finn with gifts. Suddenly, the Green Knight (voiced by Brad Neely) arrives and presents Finn with his own gift, an ax that he will reward him with if he attacks him with it. Thinking this is one of Jake's tricks, Finn beheads the Green Knight only for Jake to arrive and the Knight challenges him to a battle by blocking him from his friends. Finn accepts and the two play 2/3 with the party games held at the castle. While arm wrestling, the Knight reveals himself to be a revived Fern who makes short work of Finn. He is stopped by Gumbald, who reveals that he, Lolly and Chicle were all restored from being exposed to Lumpy Space Princess transforming Ooo at the end of Elements. The trio and Fern leave as Finn is devastated by his loss.
2726"Ring of Fire"Cole SanchezTom Herpich & Steve WolfhardDecember 17, 2017 (2017-12-17)1054-2770.76[76]
Tree Trunks gets a call from her old flame Randy (voiced by David Herman) who wants his old ring back to propose to his new girlfriend. In flashback, Randy proposed to Tree Trunks after graduating high school. Immediately afterwards, Tree Trunks left him and became a pirate on the sea where she met and married Danny (voiced by Raza Jaffrey). She breaks up with him due to him lying to her and she moves on to becoming a CEO to a shipping company. She marries her employee Wyatt, but due to his clinging attitude breaks up with him and he flees with the ring. Mr. Pig, who followed arrives as does Wyatt who still has the ring. Randy gets it back and Tree Trunks and Mr. Pig reaffirm their love.
2737"Marcy & Hunson"Cole SanchezGraham Falk & Adam MutoDecember 17, 2017 (2017-12-17)1054-2780.76[76]
Peppermint Butler gives Finn a new sword, the Night Blade. However, he also summons Hunson Abadeer. Peppermint Butler allows Hunson to roam the earth for one day and is restrained from using his powers. Finn and Jake take him to Marceline who is once again annoyed at her father's ignorance. When Finn and Jake let slip that Marceline has a solo concert for ghosts, Hunson forces his way in. Marceline gives her performance, but it is interrupted by Hunson's interference. Chicle, who has been following them, instigates a ruckus with the ghosts who proceed to beat up a weakened Hunson. Marceline is also powerless from stopping them, but Finn's new sword saves them. The group escape and meet with Princess Bubblegum and Marceline and Hunson make up.
2748"The First Investigation"Diana LafyatisHanna K. Nyström & Aleks SennwaldDecember 17, 2017 (2017-12-17)1054-2790.76[76]
Kim Kil Whan sends Finn and Jake to Joshua and Margaret's old office after one of his employees get frightened by something. Finn and Jake witness strange ghosts and other sightings as objects move around. Finn suddenly sees baby versions of himself, Jake and Jermaine and gives Jake a wet willy (earlier Jake claimed that Finn had given him one years ago and he denied it). Realizing that the ghosts are time remnants, Finn tries to look for the source while Jake accidentally scares Kim's employee and sees his own birth from "Joshua and Margaret Investigations". They discover that one of Dr. Gross' experiments, Time Bear, had been behind it and fix him with Finn leaving a note for past Joshua and Margaret. While outside, Jake meets his alien parent, is turned blue and taken away leaving a note for Finn that reads "BRB-Jake".
2759"Blenanas"Diana LafyatisSam Alden & Patrick McHaleMarch 18, 2018 (2018-03-18)1054-2800.53[77]
Bummed about Jake being gone, Finn reads an issue of Ble Magazine and comes across a doodle of a caveman with his leg getting bit by a dog while a psychiatrist sits next to him. Finn writes "Ouch! Hey this isn't helping at all!". He shows it to BMO and Princess Bubblegum, but neither get it. Finn shows it to Ice King who reveals that he wrote to Ble Magazine to have his stories published, but they never were. They find the building guarded by a passive pudding troll and discover that the building has been abandoned for years. They decide to publish a new issue with the joke, but the pudding troll does not get it either. Finn comes to terms with the possibility that he just is not funny, but upon returning home he slips on some banana peels, rips his pants and crashes into a message chair. BMO and NEPTR laugh as Finn smiles.
27610"Jake the Starchild"Cole SanchezHanna K. Nyström & Aleks SennwaldMarch 18, 2018 (2018-03-18)1054-2830.53[77]
Immediately after "The First Investigation", Jake is taken by his dying alien parent, Warren Ampersand, to his home planet and discovers that he must defeat an evil alien to save the inhabitants. Warren gives Jake a special belt while he wears one himself. As Jake uses his stretching powers, he becomes weaker and Warren becomes younger, revealing that the belts drain Jake's youth and energy. When Warren reveals his scheme as well as the fact the planet and evil alien are not real, Jake switches the belts and tricks Warren into giving his powers and youth back. Warren then tries to escape back to Earth after learning that Jake has children he could siphon from, but Jake tosses him into a black hole, leaving him stranded on the now empty space rock.
27711"Temple of Mars"Diana LafyatisTom Herpich & Steve WolfhardMarch 18, 2018 (2018-03-18)1054-2820.53[77]
Finn is visited by Jermaine who reveals that Jake is in space and that they must rescue him. They head to Mars where Normal Man, now King Man, has Betty doing labor to "cure" her. King Man has them enter a cave to search for a device to save Jake and encounter various puzzles. Eventually, they come across Past Betty who was to go on a trip in a week, but met Simon changing her plans. Finn and Jermaine tell her that Betty needs to think about herself and she "changes" her past so that she left that day instead of in a week. The cave turns out to be the device and they are reunited with Jake. However, Betty tells King Man that seeing Finn retrieve Jake has only increased her interest in rescuing Simon; she declares that she now has a plan to not only save Simon, but also retrieve Margles from GOLB, which frightens King Man.
27812"Gumbaldia"Diana LafyatisSam Alden & Graham FalkMarch 18, 2018 (2018-03-18)1054-2840.53[77]
As Princess Bubblegum prepares for war with Gumbald, Finn and Jake decide to visit him to prevent the battle from happening. They meet with the Gum Family who are hellbent on wanting to destroy Bubblegum. However, when Finn saves Gumbald from falling, the family come on good terms with Finn and Jake and sign a peace treaty. Before leaving, Finn and Jake are doused with celebratory juice. When they get back to the Candy Kingdom, the juice turns out to be dumdum juice and turns Peppermint Butler into a baby. With no other option, Bubblegum sets to go to war with her uncle. Gumbald learns of Bubblegum's survival and gathers forms an alliance with numerous past villains from throughout the series, including a confused Ice King, in preparation for the final battle upon which Ooo's fate depends: The Gum War.
280[nb 4]28128228313141516"Come Along with Me"[78][79]TBATom Herpich, Steve Wolfhard & TBASeptember 3, 2018 (2018-09-03)[80][81]TBATBD
BMO narrates the Great Gum War in which Princess Bubblegum, Finn, Jake, Lady Rainicorn, Marceline, Flame Princess, Lemongrab, Slime Princess, the Duke of Nuts, Huntress Wizard, and Lumpy Space Princess band together to battle Gumbald and his army.

text: Home media[edit]

text: Full season release[edit]

text: A DVD set that includes season ten  along with seasons eight and nine is scheduled for release on September 4, 2018.[82]

text:
Adventure Time: The Final Seasons

Set details[82]

Special features[82]

Seasons 8–10
58 episodes
1.78:1 aspect ratio
Subtitles: English
English (Dolby Stereo)

Animatics
Song demoes
Character art gallery
Behind the scenes featurette

Release dates

Region 1

Region 4

Region A

Region B

September 4, 2018[82]

TBA

TBA

TBA

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ Information regarding story development and storyboard artists is taken from the opening credits of the season's episodes.

Jump up ^ Information regarding background art is taken from the end credits of the episodes "Abstract", "Fionna and Cake and Fionna", and "Whispers".

Jump up ^ "Seventeen" was released on the Cartoon Network website on December 7, 2017;[72] "Ring of Fire", "Marcy & Hunson", and "The First Investigation" were released via the Cartoon Network phone app on December 8;[73] and "Blenanas", "Jake the Starchild", "Temple of Mars", and "Gumbaldia" were released via the Cartoon Network phone app and VOD on March 9.[74] However, because this field specifically refers to episode airdates, the information here will denote when this episode first aired on Cartoon Network.

Jump up ^ The special "Diamonds & Lemons", which is not considered a part of this season, aired before the four-part finale, making the former the show's 279th episode and the first part of the latter its 280th.

tag: ol


question_text: when was nigeria security and civil defence corps established

root

text: Nigeria Security and Civil Defence corps (NSCDC) is a paramilitary institution that was established in May 1967 by the Federal Republic of Nigeria, with the act of National Assembly (Nigeria).[1] The act was amended in 2007, to enhance the statutory duties of the corp.[2] Nigerian Security and Civil Defence Corps is a para-military agency of the Government of the Federal Republic of Nigeria that is commissioned to provide measures against threat and any form of attack or disaster against the nation and its citizenry. The corps is statutorily empowered by lay Act No. 2 of 2003 and amended by Act 6 of 4th June 2007.

tag: p

text: The Corps is empowered to institute legal proceedings by or in then and of the Attorney General of the Federation in accordance with the provisions of the constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria against any person or persons suspected to have committed an offence, maintain an armed squad in order to bear fire arms among others to strengthen the corps in the discharge of its statutory duties

text: The Nigeria Security and Civil Defence Corps was first introduced in May 1967 during the Nigerian Civil War within the then Federal Capital Territory of Lagos for the purpose of sensitization and protection of the civil populace. It was then known as Lagos Civil Defence Committee.

text: It later metamorphosed into the present day Nigeria Security and Civil Defence Corps in 1970. On inception, the Corps had the objective of carrying out some educational and enlightenment campaigns in and around the Federal Capital of Lagos to sensitize members of the civil populace on enemy attacks and how to save themselves from danger as most Nigerians living in and around Lagos territory then had little or no knowledge about war and its implications. Members of the Committee deemed it important to educate through electronic and print media on how to guide themselves during air raids, bomb attacks, identify bombs and how to dive into trenches during bomb blast.

text: In 1984, the Corps was transformed into a National security outfit and in 1988, there was a major re-structuring of the Corps that led to the establishment of Commands throughout the Federation, including Abuja, and the addition of special functions by the Federal Government. On 28th June 2003, an Act to give statutory backing to the NSCDC passed by the National Assembly was signed into law by Chief Olusegun Obasanjo, GCFR, the former president and Commander in chief of the Armed Forces, Federal Republic of Nigeria.

text: Statutory duties[edit]

text: The primary function of the NSCDC is to protect lives and properties in conjunction with Nigeria police.[3] One of the crucial function of the corp is to protect pipelines from vandalism.[4] The agency also involves in crisis resolutions.[5] They protect the country


document_title: Sun path

question_text: where does the sun rise in the northern hemisphere

text: Sun path

text: Effect of the Earth's axial tilt[edit]

text: This section is too long. Consider splitting it into new pages, adding subheadings, or condensing it. (June 2017)

tag: table

text: Sun paths at any latitude and any time of the year can be determined from basic geometry.[4] The Earth's axis of rotation tilts about 23.5 degrees, relative to the plane of Earth's orbit around the Sun. As the Earth orbits the Sun, this creates the 47° declination difference between the solstice sun paths, as well as the hemisphere-specific difference between summer and winter.

text: In the Northern Hemisphere, the winter sun (December, January, February) rises in the southeast, transits the celestial meridian at a low angle in the south (more than 43° above the southern horizon in the tropics), and then sets in the southwest. It is on the south (equator) side of the house all day long. A vertical window facing south (equator side) is effective for capturing solar thermal energy. For comparison, the winter sun in the Southern Hemisphere (June, July, August) rises in the northeast, peaks out at a low angle in the north (more than halfway up from the horizon in the tropics), and then sets in the northwest. There, the north-facing window would let in plenty of solar thermal energy to the house.

text: In the Northern Hemisphere in summer (June, July, August), the Sun rises in the northeast, peaks out slightly south of overhead point (lower in the south at higher latitude), and then sets in the northwest, whereas in the Southern Hemisphere in summer (December, January, February), the Sun rises in the southeast, peaks out slightly north of overhead point (lower in the north at higher latitude), and then sets in the southwest. A simple latitude-dependent equator-side overhang can easily be designed to block 100% of the direct solar gain from entering vertical equator-facing windows on the hottest days of the year. Roll-down exterior shade screens, interior translucent-or-opaque window quilts, drapes, shutters, movable trellises, etc. can be used for hourly, daily or seasonal sun and heat transfer control (without any active electrical air conditioning).

text: Everywhere around the world during the equinoxes (March 20/21 and September 22/23) except for the poles, the sun rises due east and sets due west. In the Northern Hemisphere, the equinox sun peaks in the southern half (about halfway up from the horizon at mid latitude) of the sky, while in the Southern Hemisphere, that sun peaks in the northern half of the sky. When facing the equator, the sun appears to move from left to right in the Northern Hemisphere and from right to left in the Southern Hemisphere.

text: The latitude (and hemisphere)-specific solar path differences are critical to effective passive solar building design. They are essential data for optimal window and overhang seasonal design. Solar designers must know the precise solar path angles for each location they design for, and how they compare to place-based seasonal heating and cooling requirements.

text: In the U.S., the precise location-specific altitude-and-azimuth seasonal solar path numbers are available from NOAA – the "equator side" of a building is south in the Northern Hemisphere, and north in the Southern Hemisphere, where the peak summer solstice solar altitude occurs on December 21.

text: Shadow of Vertical Stick at Solar Noon[edit]

text: On the equator, the sun will be straight overhead and a vertical stick will cast no shadow at solar noon on the equinoxes. On the vernal equinox, north of the subsolar point (on the equator) the vertical stick's shadow will point a little westwards of true north (NNW) reading 336.5° from true north and little eastwards of true south (SSE) reading 156.5° from true north. On the autumnal equinox, north of the subsolar point (on the equator), the shadow will point a little eastwards of true north (NNE) reading 23.5° from true north (and south of the subsolar, the shadow will point a little westward of true south (SSW) reading 203.5° from true north).

text: The same stick will cast no shadow on the summer solstice in the Northern Hemisphere when the subsolar point is on the Tropic of Cancer 23.44° north of equator. Although north of 23.44°N the shadow will point towards true north and south of 23.44°N the shadow will point towards true south. The reverse occurs on the winter solstice in the Northern Hemisphere when the subsolar point will be on the Tropic of Capricorn 23.44°S and a vertical stick will cast no shadow along that point. But north of the Tropic of Capricorn solar noon shadows will point towards true north and south of the Tropic of Capricorn shadows will point towards true south.

text: The solar noon shadows of objects on points beyond and below subsolar points will point towards true north and true south respectively only when the solar declination has its maximum positive (δ☉ = +23.44°) or maximum negative (δ☉ = −23.44°) value. On the other hand, on the equinoxes when the sun is neither declined north nor south (δ☉ = 0°) and solar time noon shadows point NNW north of the equator and SSE south of the equator on the vernal equinox (and point NNE north of the equator and SSW south of the equator on the autumnal equinox).

text: Duration of Daylight[edit]

text: North of the Arctic circle and south of the Antarctic circle, there will be at least one day a year when the sun is not above the horizon for 24 hours during the winter solstice, and at least one day when the sun is above the horizon for 24 hours during the summer solstice.

text: In the moderate latitudes (between the circles and tropics, where most humans live), the length of the day, solar altitude and azimuth vary from one day to the next, and from season to season. The difference between the length of a long summer day and a short winter day increases as one moves farther away from the equator.[2]

text: Building design simulation[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Before the days of modern, inexpensive, 3D computer graphics, a heliodon (precisely-movable light source) was used to show the angle of the sun on a physical model of a proposed building. Today, mathematical computer models calculate location-specific solar gain (shading) and seasonal thermal performance, with the ability to rotate and animate a 3D color graphic model of a proposed building design.

text: Heating and cooling issues in passive solar building design can be counterintuitive. Precise performance calculations and simulations are essential to avoid reinventing the wheel and duplicating expensive experimental design errors, such as skylights that turn a building into a solar furnace in summer (see Daylighting#Sawtooth roof).

text: Visualization[edit]

text: These pictures show such a perspective as follows. They show the day arcs of the Sun, the paths the Sun tracks along the celestial dome in its diurnal movement. The pictures show this for every hour on both solstice days. The longer arc is always the summer track and the shorter one the winter track. The two tracks are at a distance of 46.88° (2 × 23.44°) away from each other.

text: In addition, some "ghost" suns are indicated below the horizon, as much as 18° down. The Sun in this area causes twilight. The pictures can be used for both the northern and southern hemispheres. The observer is supposed to sit near the tree on the island in the middle of the ocean. The green arrows give the cardinal directions.

text:
On the northern hemisphere the north is to the left, the Sun rises in the east (far arrow), culminates in the south (to the right) while moving to the right and sets in the west (near arrow). Both rise and set positions are displaced towards the north in summer, and towards the south for the winter track.
On the southern hemisphere the south is to the left, the Sun rises in the east (near arrow), culminates in the north (to the right) while moving to the left and sets in the west (far arrow). Both rise and set positions are displaced towards the south in summer, and towards the north for the winter track.

tag: ul

text: The following special cases are depicted.

text:
On the imaginary line of the equator the Sun maximum elevation is great during all the year but it doesn't form every day a perfect right angle with the ground at noon. In fact it happens two days of the year, during the equinoxes. The solstices are the dates that the Sun stays farthest away from the zenith but anyway also in those cases it's high in the sky, reaching an altitude of 66.56° either to the north or the south. All days of the year, solstices included, have the same length of 12 hours.
The day arcs at 20° latitude. The Sun culminates at 46.56° altitude in winter and 93.44° altitude in summer. In this case an angle larger than 90° means that the culmination takes place at an altitude of 86.56° in the opposite cardinal direction. For example, in the southern hemisphere, the Sun remains in the north during winter, but can reach over the zenith to the south in midsummer. Summer days are longer than winter days, but approximately the difference is no more than only two and a half hours. The daily path of the Sun is steep at the horizon the whole year round, resulting in a twilight of only about one hour and 20 minutes in the morning and in the evening.
The day arcs at 50° latitude. During the winter solstice Sun does not rise more than 16.56° above the horizon at midday, but 63.44° in summer solstice above the same horizon direction. The difference in the length of the day between summer and winter, from here to the north, begin to be striking – slightly more than 8 hours at winter solstice, to more than 16 hours during the summer solstice. Likewise is the difference in direction of sunrise and sunset. At this latitude at midnight (around 1 a.m. with summer legal hour) the summer sun is 16.56° below the horizon, which means that astronomical twilight continues the whole night. This phenomenon is known as the grey nights, nights when it does not get dark enough for astronomers to do their observations of the deep sky. Above 60° latitude the Sun would be even closer to the horizon, only 6.56° away from it. Then civil twilight continues almost all night, only a little bit of "nautical twilight" obviously around the local midnight. And above 66.56° latitude, there is no sunset at all, a phenomenon referred to as the midnight sun.
The day arcs at 70° latitude. At local noon the winter Sun culminates at −3.44°, and the summer Sun at 43.44°. Said another way, during the winter the Sun does not rise above the horizon, it is the polar night. There will be still a strong twilight though. At local midnight the summer Sun culminates at 3.44°, said another way, it does not set, it is the polar day.
The day arcs at the pole. At the time of the summer or winter solstices, the Sun is 23.44° degrees above or below the horizon respectively, irrespective of time of day. Whilst the Sun is up (during summer months) it will circle around the whole sky (clockwise from the North Pole and counter-clockwise from the South Pole), appearing to stay at the same angle from the horizon, therefore the concept of day or night is meaningless. The angle of elevation will gradually change on an annual cycle, with the Sun reaching its highest point at the summer solstice, and rising or setting at the equinox, with extended periods of twilight lasting several days after the autumn equinox and before the spring equinox.

text:
Day arcs at 0° latitude, equator.

Day arcs at 20° latitude.

Day arcs at 50° latitude.

Day arcs at 70° latitude.

Day arcs at 90° latitude, pole.


document_title: George Hotz

question_text: who was the first person to unlock iphone

text: George Hotz

text: Personal life[edit]

text: He attended the Bergen County Academies, a magnet public high school in Hackensack, New Jersey. He attended Academy for Engineering and Design Technology.[4] Hotz is an alumnus of the Johns Hopkins Center for Talented Youth program.[5] Hotz also briefly attended Rochester Institute of Technology[6] and Carnegie Mellon University.

text: iOS device security[edit]

text: In August 2007, seventeen-year-old George Hotz became the first person reported to carrier-unlock an iPhone.[7][8][9][10] According to Hotz's blog, he traded his second unlocked 8 GB iPhone to Terry Daidone, the founder of Certicell, for a Nissan 350Z and three 8 GB iPhones.[11]

text: In September 2007, an anonymous group achieved a software-only unlocking method to complement Hotz's hardware-based unlocking method.[12]

text: On July 13, 2010, Hotz announced the discontinuation of his jailbreaking activities, citing demotivation over the technology and the unwanted personal attention.[13] Nevertheless, he continued to release new software-based jailbreak techniques until October 2010.[14]

text: PlayStation 3 security[edit]

text: In December 2009, Hotz announced his initial intentions to breach security on the Sony PlayStation 3. Five weeks later, on January 22, 2010, he announced that he had performed his first theoretical achievement. This consists of the initial read and write access to the machine's system memory as well as hypervisor level access to the machine's CPU.[15]

text: On January 26, 2010, Hotz released the exploit to the public. On March 28, 2010, Sony responded by announcing their intention to release a PlayStation 3 firmware update that would remove the OtherOS feature from all models,[16] a feature that was already absent on the newer Slim revisions of the machine.[citation needed]

text: On July 13, 2010, never having achieved any method of reading, installing, or modifying software on the PS3, Hotz posted a message on his Twitter account stating that he had abandoned his efforts of trying to crack the PS3 any further due to the system security's extreme difficulty.[17]

text: On December 29, 2010, notable hacking group fail0verflow, known for the reverse engineering of security models found in consumer electronics devices, performed an academic presentation at the 27th Chaos Communications Congress technical conference, of their accomplishments with the PlayStation 3. They presented the methods they'd devised for having successfully penetrated the device's security model, yielding the root signing and encryption keys. These keys are the essential element of a full (and even minimally usable) breach, capable of installing and running any new software on any PlayStation 3 unit.[18][19]

text: On January 2, 2011, Hotz posted a copy of the root keys of the PlayStation 3 on his website.[20] These keys were later removed from his website as a result of legal action by Sony against fail0verflow and Hotz. In response to his continued publication of PS3 exploit information, Sony filed on January 11, 2011 for an application for a temporary restraining order (TRO) against him in the US District Court of Northern California.[21] On January 14, 2011, Hotz appeared in an interview on G4's The Loop, where he explained his involvement with the PlayStation 3.[22][23]

text: Sony lawsuit[edit]

text: After the root keys of the console were published, Sony initiated litigation against George Hotz and predecessor PlayStation 3 hacking group known as fail0verflow. Hotz published his commentary on the case, including a song about the "disaster" of Sony.[24] Sony in turn has demanded social media sites, including YouTube, to hand over IP addresses of people who visited Geohot's social pages and videos; the latter being the case only for those who "watched the video and 'documents reproducing all records or usernames and IP addresses that have posted or published comments in response to the video".[25]

text: PayPal has granted Sony access to Geohot's PayPal account,[26] and the judge of the case granted Sony permission to view the IP addresses of everyone who visited geohot.com. In April 2011, it was revealed that Sony and Hotz had settled the lawsuit out of court, on the condition that Hotz would never again resume any hacking work on Sony products.[27]

text: At the end of April 2011, an anonymous hacker broke into the PlayStation Network and stole personal information of some 77 million users. Hotz denied any responsibility for the attack, and said "Running homebrew and exploring security on your devices is cool; hacking into someone else's server and stealing databases of user info is not cool".[25]

text: Rooting the AT&T and Verizon Galaxy S5[edit]

text: In June 2014, Hotz[28] published a root exploit software hack for Samsung Galaxy S5 devices used in the US market.[29] The exploit is itself built around Linux kernel CVE-2014-3153,[30][31] which was discovered by hacker Pinkie Pie, and it involves an issue in the Futex subsystem that in turn allows for privilege escalation. The exploit, known as towelroot, was designated a "one-click Android rooting tool"[31] by the hacking community because it was designed to be installed quickly like an App; other rooting hacks were typically uploaded from a nearby PC with a cable and necessitated rebooting the device with a special set of key presses.

text: Although originally released for the Verizon Galaxy S5, the root exploit was made compatible with most Android devices available at that time. For example, it was tested and found to work with the AT&T Galaxy S5, Nexus 5, and Galaxy S4 Active. Updates continued to be applied to the root exploit to increase its capabilities with other devices running Android.[32] Updates to the Android operating system closed the source of the exploit. Samsung officially responded to the towelroot exploit by releasing updated software designed to be immune from the exploit.[33]

text: Career[edit]

text: In addition to having made a meaningful side income from public donations solicited for his exploits,[8] Hotz has been employed at Facebook and Google.

text: On June 27, 2011, ZDNet freelance reporter, Emil Protalinski reported that according to a Facebook spokesman, Hotz had been hired by the company in an unknown role.[34] However, according to a CNET article, he had actually been employed since May, which was confirmed by Facebook.[35] In January 2012, Hotz was no longer employed by Facebook.[8][36]

text: On July 16, 2014, Google hired Hotz to work in their software security auditing team called Project Zero, which "hopes to find zero-day vulnerabilities before the NSA".[37] Hotz worked in Project Zero for 5 months where he developed Qira - an open source program for dynamically analysing application binaries.[citation needed]

text: In January 2015, Vicarious.com hired Hotz to develop AI algorithms where he worked for 7 months.[citation needed]

text: comma.ai[edit]

text: Since September 2015, Hotz has been working on his own AI startup called comma.ai.[38] In an interview with Bloomberg, Hotz revealed he is building vehicular automation technology based on artificial intelligence algorithms. Hotz has built a working self-driving 2016 Acura ILX, which he demonstrated on the I-280 in a video.[3] The video prompted a cease and desist letter from the California Department of Motor Vehicles.[39] Hotz wants to sell his technology to Tesla Motors and he has reported to have talked to CEO Elon Musk and is working on proving his technology to be superior to that of Mobileye, which, at the time, was used for Tesla Autopilot.[3][3] [40][41] Hotz claims that Musk offered him $12 million (minus $1 million for every month it took Hotz to work on the task) to create a driving system that could replace the MobilEye solution currently used in Tesla vehicles.[42] Tesla later released a statement on their website citing corrections to the Bloomberg article, stressing that their autopilot system was developed in-house, with a vision chip component from MobilEye, instead of one separate autopilot system manufactured by MobilEye, as suggested by Hotz in the interview with Bloomberg.[40] Tesla CEO Elon Musk offered advice on Hotz's self-driving car project in a December 2015 interview.[43]

text: On October 27, 2016, the NHTSA informed Hotz that this product was legally required to comply with Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards, and requested information that would confirm such compliance.[44] A day later, George Hotz tweeted from Shenzhen that the comma one was cancelled.[45] Kristen Lee stated on Jalopnik that the NHTSA was simply trying to open a dialog, and commented that "Instead, they got the worst attitude possible from Silicon Valley: try and regulate us, thought leaders, and we’ll take our ball and go home."[46]

text: comma.ai open sourced their self driving car software on November 30, 2016, emphasising its intended use for research without any warranty.[47]

text: Other activities and recognition[edit]

text: Hotz was a finalist at the 2004 ISEF competition in Portland, Oregon with his project "The Mapping Robot". Recognition included interviews on the Today Show and Larry King.[48] Hotz was a finalist at the 2005 ISEF competition, with his project "The Googler".[49] Continuing with robots, Hotz competed in his school's highly successful Titanium Knights battlebots team.

text: Hotz competed in the 2007 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair, a science competition for high school students, where his 3D imaging project, entitled "I want a Holodeck", received awards and prizes in several categories including a $20,000 Intel scholarship.[50] He travelled to Sweden to speak about the project at the Stockholm International Youth Science Seminar.[51]

text: Hotz has received considerable attention in mainstream media, including interviews on the Today Show, Fox, CNN, NBC, CBS, G4, ABC,[52] CNBC,[2] and articles in several magazines, newspapers, and websites, including Forbes,[53] and BBC.[54]

text: In March 2008, PC World magazine listed Hotz as one of the top 10 Overachievers under 21.[55]

text: In August 2013, Hotz attended DEF CON with Carnegie Mellon's Plaid Parliament of Pwning (PPP). PPP placed first in the DEF CON Capture the Flag (CTF) tournament.[56] Later in 2013, Hotz also competed in CSAW 2013. Working alone, Hotz took first place under the pseudonym tomcr00se.[57]

text: In August 2014, Hotz once again competed as part of the eight person team making up Carnegie Mellon's Plaid Parliament of Pwning (PPP) at DEF CON. PPP won the DEF CON CTF tournament for a second year in a row and also placed first in the DEF CON "Crack Me If You Can" tournament.[58]


document_title: Sena dynasty

question_text: which dynasty described itself as the brahma kshatriya

text: Sena dynasty

text: Origins[edit]

text: The political space after the decline of the Pala power in Bengal was occupied by the Senas whose king Vijayasena succeeded in conquering a large part of Pala territory. The Senas were the supporters of orthodox Hinduism. The dynasty traces its origin to the South, to the Western Chalukya Empire of southern India.[3] Theres is a record of a Western Chalukya invasion during the reign of Someshvara I led by his son Vikramaditya VI who defeated the kings of Gauda and Kamarupa.[4][5] This invasion of the Kannada ruler brought bodies of his countrymen from Karnataka into Bengal which explains the origin of the Sena Dynasty.[3][4]

text: The founder of the Sena rule was Samantasena who described himself as a Kshatriya of Karnata (Karnataka). He himself stated that he fought the outlaws of Karnata and later turned an ascetic.[citation needed] The inscriptions of the Sena kings mention them as Brahma-Kshatriyas or Kshatriyas.[6] Otherwise, sources have identified them with the Vaidya as well as the Ambashtha caste or sub-caste, considered as a mixed caste, being born of Brahmin father and Vaishya mother,[6][7] and they married with and were identified with the Bengali Vaidyas (commonly known as Baidyas in Bengal) in Vaidya Kula-panjikas (family-tree accounts).[8]

text: Sena Dynasty had ruled Bengal for little over a century (c 1097–1225). The emergence of the dynasty, which supplanted the Palas in Bengal towards the close of 11th century A.D., had constituted a significant epoch in the history of ancient India. Taking advantage of the revolt of Samantachakra in Varendra during the reign of Mahipala II, Vijayasena, founder of the Sena dynasty, gradually consolidated his position in western Bengal and ultimately assumed an independent position during the reign of Madanapala. One important aspect of Sena rule in Bengal is that the whole territory of Bengal was brought under a single rule for the first time. It is likely impossible to provide definite information to the question as to how the family entered Bengal. The Sena records also are amazingly silent about this.

text: The Sena kings claim in their own inscriptions that they are Brahma-Kshatriyas. Their remote ancestor was one Virasena, whose name was supposed to have been mentioned in Puranas. The "Deopara Inscription" of the Senas also traces the Sena ancestry from Virasena. Since there are no authentic records available still, a keen controversy prevails among scholars regarding origin of the Senas.[citation needed]

text: Like the origin of the Senas, their early history or circumstances, which led them to concentrate in Bengal is also still unknown. It has been presumed by historians that the Senas came to Bengal on the eve of the invading army led by the Chalukya kings Vikramaditya VI and Someswara III. Some scholars have also suggested that when Rajendra Chola's army had invaded Bengal, the Senas had accompanied them. According to some other historians, a few Karnataka officials, who were subordinate to the Pala kings, had established their independent kingdom in the region of Radha, taking advantage of the weakness of the Pala powers. Those Karnataka chiefs might have arrived in Bengal in wake of the Chalukya invasion and had settled into a kingdom of their own. According to historians Samantasena was such a chief who had established his independent kingdom in the Radha region of Bengal.

text: Samantasena was a scion of the Sena family, who had distinguished himself through various warfares in South India. He had settled in Radha in Bengal, at an old age. He had also laid the foundation of the Sena family in Bengal. His son Hemantasena carved out an important kingdom in Radha, taking advantage of the decline of the Pala Empire. From their base in Radha, the Senas ultimately extended their powers over the whole of Bengal.[9]

text: Inscriptions[edit]

text: A copperplate was found in the Adilpur or Edilpur pargana of Faridpur District in 1838 A.D. and was acquired by the Asiatic Society of Bengal, but now the copperplate is missing from collection. An account of the copperplate was published in the Dacca Review and Epigraphic Indica. The copperplate inscription is written in Sanskrit and in Ganda character, and dated 3rd jyaistha of 1136 samval, or 1079 A.D. In the Asiatic Society's proceeding for January 1838, an account of the copperplate states that three villages were given to a Brahman in the third year of Keshava Sena. The grant was given with the landlord rights, which include the power of punishing the chandrabhandas or Sundarbans, a race that lived in the forest.[10] The land was granted in the village of Leliya in the Kumaratalaka mandala, which is situated in shatata-padamavati-visaya. The copperplate of Keshava Sena records that the king Vallala Sena carried away, from the enemies, the goddesses of fortune on palanquins (Shivaka), which elephant tusk staff supported; and also states that Vallala Sena's son, Lakshmana Sena (1179–1205), erected pillars of victory and sacrificial posts at Varanasi, Allahabad, and Adon Coast of the South Sea. The copperplate also describes the villages with smooth fields growing excellent paddy, the dancing and music in ancient Bengal, and ladies adorned with blooming flowers. The Edilpur copperplate of Keshava Sena records that the king made a grant in favour of Nitipathaka Isvaradeva Sarman for the inscae of the subha-varsha.

text: The Deopara Prashasti is a stone inscription eulogising the Sena kings, particularly Vijaya Sena, composed by the court poet Umapati Dhara.

text: Society[edit]

text: The Sena rulers consolidated the caste system in Bengal. Although Bengal borrowed from the caste system of Mithila, caste was not so strong in Bengal as in Mithila.[11]

text: Architecture[edit]

text: The Sena dynasty is famous for building Hindu temples and monasteries, which include the renowned Dhakeshwari Temple in what is now Dhaka, Bangladesh.

text: In Kashmir, the dynasty also likely built a temple knows as Sankara Gaureshwara.[12]

text: Literature[edit]

text: The Sena rulers were also great patrons of literature. During the Pala dynasty and the Sena dynasty, major growth in Bengali was witnessed. Some Bengali authors believe that Jayadeva, the famous Sanskrit poet and author of Gita Govinda, was one of the Pancharatnas (five gems) in the court of Lakshmana Sena. Dhoyin – himself an eminent court poet of Sena dynasty – mentions nine gems (ratna) in the court of Lakshmana Sena, among whom were:

text:
Govardhana
Sarana
Jayadeva
Umapati
Dhoyi/ Dhoyin Kaviraja[13]

text: Legacy[edit]

text: After the Sena dynasty, the Deva dynasty ruled in eastern Bengal. The Deva dynasty was probably the last independent Hindu dynasty of Bengal.

text: The Sena rulers[edit]

text:
Samanta Sena[9]
Hemanta Sena (1070–1096 AD)
Vijaya Sena (1095–1158 AD)
Ballala Sena (1158–1179 AD)
Lakshmana Sena (1179–1206 AD)
Vishvarupa Sena (1206–1225 AD)
Keshava Sena (1225–1230 AD)


document_title: List of Toronto Maple Leafs seasons

question_text: when was the last time toronto won a playoff series

text: List of Toronto Maple Leafs seasons

text: Table keys[edit]

text:
Key of colors and symbols

Color/symbol
Explanation

Division champions

Led league in points

O'Brien Cup champions

Stanley Cup champions

text:
Key of terms and abbreviations

Term or abbreviation
Definition

Finish
Final position in division or league standings

GA
Goals against (goals scored by the Leafs' opponents)

GF
Goals for (goals scored by the Leafs)

GP
Number of games played

L
Number of losses

OT
Number of losses in overtime (since the 1999–2000 season)

Pts
Number of points

T
Number of ties

TG
Two-game total goals series

W
Number of wins

—
Does not apply

text: Year by year[edit]

text:
Year by year listing of all seasons played by the Toronto Maple Leafs franchise

NHL season
Franchise season
Conference
Division
Regular season[3][4][5][6][8]
Postseason[3][4][5][6][8]

GP
W
L
T
OT[a]
Pts
GF
GA
Finish
GP
W
L
T
GF
GA
Result

1917–18[b]
1917–18[c]
—
—[d]
14
8
6
—
—
16
71
75
2nd[e]
7
4
3
0
28
28
Won NHL Finals vs. Montreal Canadiens, 10–7 (TG)[9]
Won Stanley Cup Finals vs. Vancouver Millionaires, 3–2[10]

8
5
3
—
—
10
37
34
1st

1918–19
1918–19[f]
—
—
10
3
7
—
—
6
43
49
3rd
—
—
—
—
—
—
Did not qualify

8
2
6
—
—
4
22
43
3rd

1919–20
1919–20[g]
—
—
12
5
7
—
—
10
52
62
3rd
—
—
—
—
—
—
Did not qualify

12
7
5
—
—
14
67
44
2nd

1920–21
1920–21
—
—
10
5
5
—
—
10
39
47
2nd
2
0
2
0
0
7
Lost NHL Finals to Ottawa Senators, 0–7 (TG)[11]

14
10
4
—
—
20
66
53
1st

1921–22
1921–22
—
—
24
13
10
1[h]
—
27
98
97
2nd
7
4
2
1
21
13
Won NHL Finals vs. Ottawa Senators 5–4 (TG)[12]
Won Stanley Cup Finals vs. Vancouver Millionaires, 3–2[13]

1922–23
1922–23
—
—
24
13
10
1
—
27
82
88
3rd
—
—
—
—
—
—
Did not qualify

1923–24
1923–24
—
—
24
10
14
0
—
20
59
85
3rd
—
—
—
—
—
—
Did not qualify

1924–25
1924–25
—
—
30
19
11
0
—
38
90
84
2nd
2
0
2
0
2
5
Lost NHL Semifinals to Montreal Canadiens, 2–5 (TG)[14]

1925–26
1925–26
—
—
36
12
21
3
—
27
92
114
6th
—
—
—
—
—
—
Did not qualify

1926–27
1926–27
—
Canadian[i]
44
15
24
5
—
35
79
94
5th
—
—
—
—
—
—
Did not qualify

1927–28
1927–28[j]
—
Canadian
44
18
18
8
—
44
89
88
4th
—
—
—
—
—
—
Did not qualify

1928–29
1928–29
—
Canadian
44
21
18
5
—
47
85
69
3rd
4
2
2
0
8
5
Won Quarterfinals vs. Detroit Cougars, 7–2 (TG)
Lost Semifinals to New York Rangers, 0–2[15]

1929–30
1929–30
—
Canadian
44
17
21
6
—
40
116
124
4th
—
—
—
—
—
—
Did not qualify

1930–31
1930–31
—
Canadian
44
22
13
9
—
53
118
99
2nd
2
0
1
1
3
4
Lost Quarterfinals to Chicago Black Hawks, 3–4 (TG)[16]

1931–32
1931–32
—
Canadian
48
23
18
7
—
53
155
127
2nd
7
5
1
1
28
15
Won Quarterfinals vs. Chicago Black Hawks, 6–2 (TG)
Won Semifinals vs. Montreal Maroons, 4–3 (TG)
Won Stanley Cup Finals vs. New York Rangers, 3–0[17]

1932–33
1932–33
—
Canadian
48
24
18
6
—
54
119
111
1st[k]
9
4
5
0
14
18
Won Semifinals vs. Boston Bruins, 3–2
Lost Stanley Cup Finals to New York Rangers, 1–3[18]

1933–34
1933–34
—
Canadian
48
26
13
9
—
61
174
119
1st
5
2
3
0
12
11
Lost Semifinals to Detroit Red Wings, 2–3[19]

1934–35
1934–35
—
Canadian
48
30
14
4
—
64
157
111
1st
7
3
4
0
11
12
Won Semifinals vs. Boston Bruins, 3–1
Lost Stanley Cup Finals to Montreal Maroons, 0–3[20]

1935–36
1935–36
—
Canadian
48
23
19
6
—
52
126
106
2nd
9
4
5
0
25
27
Won Quarterfinals vs. Boston Bruins, 8–6 (TG)
Won Semifinals vs. New York Americans, 2–1
Lost Stanley Cup Finals to Detroit Red Wings, 1–3[21]

1936–37
1936–37
—
Canadian
48
22
21
5
—
49
119
115
3rd
2
0
2
0
1
5
Lost Quarterfinals to New York Rangers, 0–2[22]

1937–38
1937–38
—
Canadian
48
24
15
9
—
57
151
127
1st
7
4
3
0
14
13
Won Semifinals vs. Boston Bruins, 3–0
Lost Stanley Cup Finals to Chicago Black Hawks, 1–3[23]

1938–39
1938–39
—
—[l]
48
19
20
9
—
47
114
107
3rd[m]
10
5
5
0
22
20
Won Quarterfinals vs. New York Americans, 2–0
Won Semifinals vs. Detroit Red Wings, 2–1
Lost Stanley Cup Finals to Boston Bruins, 1–4[24]

1939–40
1939–40
—
—
48
25
17
6
—
56
134
110
3rd
10
6
4
0
21
19
Won Quarterfinals vs. Chicago Black Hawks, 2–0
Won Semifinals vs. Detroit Red Wings, 2–0
Lost Stanley Cup Finals to New York Rangers, 2–4[25]

1940–41
1940–41
—
—
48
28
14
6
—
62
145
99
2nd
7
3
4
0
17
15
Lost Semifinals to Boston Bruins, 3–4[26]

1941–42
1941–42
—
—
48
27
18
3
—
57
158
136
2nd
13
8
5
0
38
31
Won Semifinals vs. New York Rangers, 4–2
Won Stanley Cup Finals vs. Detroit Red Wings, 4–3[27]

1942–43
1942–43
—
—
50
22
19
9
—
53
198
159
3rd
6
2
4
0
17
20
Lost Semifinals to Detroit Red Wings, 2–4[28]

1943–44
1943–44
—
—
50
23
23
4
—
50
214
174
3rd
5
1
4
0
6
23
Lost Semifinals to Montreal Canadiens, 1–4[29]

1944–45
1944–45
—
—
50
24
22
4
—
52
183
161
3rd
13
8
5
0
24
30
Won Semifinals vs. Montreal Canadiens, 4–2
Won Stanley Cup Finals vs. Detroit Red Wings, 4–3[30]

1945–46
1945–46
—
—
50
19
24
7
—
45
174
185
5th
—
—
—
—
—
—
Did not qualify

1946–47
1946–47
—
—
60
31
19
10
—
72
209
172
2nd
11
8
3
0
31
27
Won Semifinals vs. Detroit Red Wings, 4–1
Won Stanley Cup Finals vs. Montreal Canadiens, 4–2[31]

1947–48
1947–48
—
—
60
32
15
13
—
77
182
143
1st
9
8
1
0
38
20
Won Semifinals vs. Boston Bruins, 4–1
Won Stanley Cup Finals vs. Detroit Red Wings, 4–0[32]

1948–49
1948–49
—
—
60
22
25
13
—
57
147
161
4th
9
8
1
0
28
15
Won Semifinals vs. Boston Bruins, 4–1
Won Stanley Cup Finals vs. Detroit Red Wings, 4–0[33]

1949–50
1949–50
—
—
70
31
27
12
—
74
176
173
3rd
7
3
4
0
11
10
Lost Semifinals to Detroit Red Wings, 3–4[34]

1950–51
1950–51
—
—
70
41
16
13
—
95
212
138
2nd
11
8
2
1
30
15
Won Semifinals vs. Boston Bruins, 4–1–1[n][35][36]
Won Stanley Cup Finals vs. Montreal Canadiens, 4–1[37]

1951–52
1951–52
—
—
70
29
25
16
—
74
168
157
3rd
4
0
4
0
3
13
Lost Semifinals to Detroit Red Wings, 0–4[38]

1952–53
1952–53
—
—
70
27
30
13
—
67
156
167
5th
—
—
—
—
—
—
Did not qualify

1953–54
1953–54
—
—
70
32
24
14
—
78
152
131
3rd
5
1
4
0
8
15
Lost Semifinals to Detroit Red Wings, 1–4[39]

1954–55
1954–55
—
—
70
24
24
22
—
70
147
135
3rd
4
0
4
0
6
14
Lost Semifinals to Detroit Red Wings, 0–4[40]

1955–56
1955–56
—
—
70
24
33
13
—
61
153
181
4th
5
1
4
0
10
14
Lost Semifinals to Detroit Red Wings, 1–4[41]

1956–57
1956–57
—
—
70
21
34
15
—
57
174
192
5th
—
—
—
—
—
—
Did not qualify

1957–58
1957–58
—
—
70
21
38
11
—
53
192
226
6th
—
—
—
—
—
—
Did not qualify

1958–59
1958–59
—
—
70
27
32
11
—
65
189
201
4th
12
5
7
0
32
39
Won Semifinals vs. Boston Bruins, 4–3
Lost Stanley Cup Finals to Montreal Canadiens, 1–4[42]

1959–60
1959–60
—
—
70
35
26
9
—
79
199
195
2nd
10
4
6
0
25
31
Won Semifinals vs. Detroit Red Wings, 4–2
Lost Stanley Cup Finals to Montreal Canadiens, 0–4[43]

1960–61
1960–61
—
—
70
39
19
12
—
90
234
176
2nd
5
1
4
0
8
15
Lost Semifinals to Detroit Red Wings, 1–4[44]

1961–62
1961–62
—
—
70
37
22
11
—
85
232
180
2nd
12
8
4
0
40
30
Won Semifinals vs. New York Rangers, 4–2
Won Stanley Cup Finals vs. Chicago Black Hawks, 4–2[45]

1962–63
1962–63
—
—
70
35
23
12
—
82
221
180
1st
10
8
2
0
31
16
Won Semifinals vs. Montreal Canadiens, 4–1
Won Stanley Cup Finals vs. Detroit Red Wings, 4–1[46]

1963–64
1963–64
—
—
70
33
25
12
—
78
192
172
3rd
14
8
6
0
39
31
Won Semifinals vs. Montreal Canadiens, 4–3
Won Stanley Cup Finals vs. Detroit Red Wings, 4–3[47]

1964–65
1964–65
—
—
70
30
26
14
—
74
204
173
4th
6
2
4
0
14
17
Lost Semifinals to Montreal Canadiens, 2–4[48]

1965–66
1965–66
—
—
70
34
25
11
—
79
208
187
3rd
4
0
4
0
6
15
Lost Semifinals to Montreal Canadiens, 0–4[49]

1966–67
1966–67
—
—
70
32
27
11
—
75
204
211
3rd
12
8
4
0
35
30
Won Semifinals vs. Chicago Black Hawks, 4–2
Won Stanley Cup Finals vs. Montreal Canadiens, 4–2[50]

1967–68
1967–68
—
East[o]
74
33
31
10
—
76
209
176
5th
—
—
—
—
—
—
Did not qualify

1968–69
1968–69
—
East
76
35
26
15
—
85
234
217
4th
4
0
4
0
5
24
Lost Quarterfinals to Boston Bruins, 0–4[51]

1969–70
1969–70
—
East
76
29
34
13
—
71
222
242
6th
—
—
—
—
—
—
Did not qualify

1970–71
1970–71
—
East
78
37
33
8
—
82
248
211
4th
6
2
4
0
15
16
Lost Quarterfinals to New York Rangers, 2–4[52]

1971–72
1971–72
—
East
78
33
31
14
—
80
209
208
4th
5
1
4
0
10
18
Lost Quarterfinals to Boston Bruins, 1–4[53]

1972–73
1972–73
—
East
78
27
41
10
—
64
247
279
6th
—
—
—
—
—
—
Did not qualify

1973–74
1973–74
—
East
78
35
27
16
—
86
274
230
4th
4
0
4
0
9
17
Lost Quarterfinals to Boston Bruins, 0–4[54]

1974–75
1974–75
Wales[p]
Adams
80
31
33
16
—
78
280
309
3rd
7
2
5
0
13
21
Won Preliminary Round vs. Los Angeles Kings, 2–1
Lost Quarterfinals to Philadelphia Flyers, 0–4[55]

1975–76
1975–76
Wales
Adams
80
34
31
15
—
83
294
276
3rd
10
5
5
0
31
36
Won Preliminary Round vs. Pittsburgh Penguins, 2–1
Lost Quarterfinals to Philadelphia Flyers, 3–4[56]

1976–77
1976–77
Wales
Adams
80
33
32
15
—
81
301
285
3rd
9
4
5
0
31
29
Won Preliminary Round vs. Pittsburgh Penguins, 2–1
Lost Quarterfinals to Philadelphia Flyers, 2–4[57]

1977–78
1977–78
Wales
Adams
80
41
29
10
—
92
271
237
3rd
13
6
7
0
33
32
Won Preliminary Round vs. Los Angeles Kings, 2–0
Won Quarterfinals vs. New York Islanders, 4–3
Lost Semifinals to Montreal Canadiens, 0–4[58]

1978–79
1978–79
Wales
Adams
80
34
33
13
—
81
267
252
3rd
6
2
4
0
19
24
Won Preliminary Round vs. Atlanta Flames, 2–0
Lost Quarterfinals to Montreal Canadiens, 0–4[59]

1979–80
1979–80
Wales
Adams
80
35
40
5
—
75
304
327
4th
3
0
3
0
8
17
Lost Preliminary Round to Minnesota North Stars, 0–3[60]

1980–81
1980–81
Wales
Adams
80
28
37
15
—
71
322
367
5th
3
0
3
0
9
15
Lost Preliminary Round to New York Islanders, 0–3[61]

1981–82
1981–82
Campbell[q]
Norris
80
20
44
16
—
56
298
380
5th
—
—
—
—
—
—
Did not qualify

1982–83
1982–83
Campbell
Norris
80
28
40
12
—
68
293
330
3rd
4
1
3
0
18
18
Lost Division Semifinals to Minnesota North Stars, 1–3[62]

1983–84
1983–84
Campbell
Norris
80
26
45
9
—
61
303
387
5th
—
—
—
—
—
—
Did not qualify

1984–85
1984–85
Campbell
Norris
80
20
52
8
—
48
253
358
5th
—
—
—
—
—
—
Did not qualify

1985–86
1985–86
Campbell
Norris
80
25
48
7
—
57
311
386
4th
10
6
4
0
40
33
Won Division Semifinals vs. Chicago Black Hawks, 3–0
Lost Division Finals to St. Louis Blues, 3–4[63]

1986–87
1986–87
Campbell
Norris
80
32
42
6
—
70
286
319
4th
13
7
6
0
33
32
Won Division Semifinals vs. St. Louis Blues, 4–2
Lost Division Finals to Detroit Red Wings, 3–4[64]

1987–88
1987–88
Campbell
Norris
80
21
49
10
—
52
273
345
4th
6
2
4
0
20
32
Lost Division Semifinals to Detroit Red Wings, 2–4[65]

1988–89
1988–89
Campbell
Norris
80
28
46
6
—
62
259
342
5th
—
—
—
—
—
—
Did not qualify

1989–90
1989–90
Campbell
Norris
80
38
38
4
—
80
337
358
3rd
5
1
4
0
16
20
Lost Division Semifinals to St. Louis Blues, 1–4[66]

1990–91
1990–91
Campbell
Norris
80
23
46
11
—
57
241
318
5th
—
—
—
—
—
—
Did not qualify

1991–92
1991–92
Campbell
Norris
80
30
43
7
—
67
234
294
5th
—
—
—
—
—
—
Did not qualify

1992–93
1992–93
Campbell
Norris
84
44
29
11
—
99
288
241
3rd
21
11
10
0
69
63
Won Division Semifinals vs. Detroit Red Wings, 4–3
Won Division Finals vs. St. Louis Blues, 4–3
Lost Conference Finals to Los Angeles Kings, 3–4[67]

1993–94
1993–94
Western[r]
Central
84
43
29
12
—
98
280
243
2nd
18
9
9
0
50
47
Won Conference Quarterfinals vs. Chicago Blackhawks, 4–2
Won Conference Semifinals vs. San Jose Sharks, 4–3
Lost Conference Finals to Vancouver Canucks, 1–4[68]

1994–95[s]
1994–95
Western
Central
48
21
19
8
—
50
135
146
4th
7
3
4
0
20
22
Lost Conference Quarterfinals to Chicago Blackhawks, 3–4[69]

1995–96
1995–96
Western
Central
82
34
36
12
—
80
247
252
3rd
6
2
4
0
15
21
Lost Conference Quarterfinals to St. Louis Blues, 2–4[70]

1996–97
1996–97
Western
Central
82
30
44
8
—
68
230
273
6th
—
—
—
—
—
—
Did not qualify

1997–98
1997–98
Western
Central
82
30
43
9
—
69
194
237
6th
—
—
—
—
—
—
Did not qualify

1998–99
1998–99
Eastern[t]
Northeast
82
45
30
7
—
97
268
231
2nd
17
9
8
0
43
46
Won Conference Quarterfinals vs. Philadelphia Flyers, 4–2
Won Conference Semifinals vs. Pittsburgh Penguins, 4–2
Lost Conference Finals to Buffalo Sabres, 1–4[71]

1999–2000
1999–2000
Eastern
Northeast
82
45
27
7
3[u]
100
246
222
1st
12
6
6
0
26
26
Won Conference Quarterfinals vs. Ottawa Senators, 4–2
Lost Conference Semifinals to New Jersey Devils, 2–4[72]

2000–01
2000–01
Eastern
Northeast
82
37
29
11
5
90
232
207
3rd
11
7
4
0
28
24
Won Conference Quarterfinals vs. Ottawa Senators, 4–0
Lost Conference Semifinals to New Jersey Devils, 3–4[73]

2001–02
2001–02
Eastern
Northeast
82
43
25
10
4
100
249
207
2nd
20
10
10
0
44
49
Won Conference Quarterfinals vs. New York Islanders, 4–3
Won Conference Semifinals vs. Ottawa Senators, 4–3
Lost Conference Finals to Carolina Hurricanes, 2–4[74]

2002–03
2002–03
Eastern
Northeast
82
44
28
7
3
98
236
208
2nd
7
3
4
0
16
24
Lost Conference Quarterfinals to Philadelphia Flyers, 3–4[75]

2003–04
2003–04
Eastern
Northeast
82
45
24
10
3
103
242
204
2nd
13
6
7
0
27
28
Won Conference Quarterfinals vs. Ottawa Senators, 4–3
Lost Conference Semifinals to Philadelphia Flyers, 2–4[76]

2004–05[v]
2004–05
Eastern
Northeast
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
No playoffs due to lockout

2005–06
2005–06
Eastern
Northeast
82
41
33
—[w]
8
90
257
270
4th
—
—
—
—
—
—
Did not qualify

2006–07
2006–07
Eastern
Northeast
82
40
31
—
11
91
258
269
3rd
—
—
—
—
—
—
Did not qualify

2007–08
2007–08
Eastern
Northeast
82
36
35
—
11
83
231
260
5th
—
—
—
—
—
—
Did not qualify

2008–09
2008–09
Eastern
Northeast
82
34
35
—
13
81
250
293
5th
—
—
—
—
—
—
Did not qualify

2009–10
2009–10
Eastern
Northeast
82
30
38
—
14
74
214
267
5th
—
—
—
—
—
—
Did not qualify

2010–11
2010–11
Eastern
Northeast
82
37
34
—
11
85
218
251
4th
—
—
—
—
—
—
Did not qualify

2011–12
2011–12
Eastern
Northeast
82
35
37
—
10
80
231
264
4th
—
—
—
—
—
—
Did not qualify

2012–13[x]
2012–13
Eastern
Northeast
48
26
17
—
5
57
145
133
3rd
7
3
4
0
18
22
Lost Conference Quarterfinals to Boston Bruins, 3–4[77]

2013–14
2013–14
Eastern
Atlantic[y]
82
38
36
—
8
84
231
256
6th
—
—
—
—
—
—
Did not qualify

2014–15
2014–15
Eastern
Atlantic
82
30
44
—
8
68
211
262
7th
—
—
—
—
—
—
Did not qualify

2015–16
2015–16
Eastern
Atlantic
82
29
42
—
11
69
198
246
8th
—
—
—
—
—
—
Did not qualify

2016–17
2016–17
Eastern
Atlantic
82
40
27
—
15
95
251
242
4th
6
2
4
0
16
18
Lost First Round to Washington Capitals, 2–4

2017–18
2017–18
Eastern
Atlantic
82
49
26
—
7
105
277
232
3rd
7
3
4
0
16
21
Lost First Round to Boston Bruins 3–4

NHL season
Franchise season
Conference
Division
Regular season
Postseason

GP
W
L
T
OT
Pts
GF
GA
Finish
GP
W
L
T
GF
GA
Result

Totals
5 Division Championships
6578
2883
2762
783
150
6699
20166
20296
—
544
259
281
4
1400
1488
13 Stanley Cups

text: Notes[edit]

text:
a Overtime and shootout losses for which a point was awarded.
b From the 1917–18 season to the 1920–21 season, the NHL played a split season schedule. The winners of both halves faced each other in a two-game, total-goals series for the NHL championship.[78]
c For the 1917–18 season, the club had no official nickname.[3]
d From the 1917–18 season to the 1925–26 season, the NHL had no divisions.[78]
e From the 1917–18 season to the 1926–27 season, the O'Brien Cup was awarded to the postseason champion of the NHL.[79]
f For the 1918–19 season, the club was known as the Arenas.[3]
g From the 1919–20 season until February 1927, the club was known as the St. Patricks.[8]
h Beginning in the 1921–22 NHL season, the NHL adopted a new rule stipulating that only a single overtime period would be played to break ties, with both teams receiving one point in games that remained tied.[80]
i From the 1926–27 season to the 1937–38 season, the Maple Leafs played in the Canadian Division.[5][6]
j In February 1927, Conn Smythe, the new owner of the team, changed the team name to the Maple Leafs. The team played for the rest of the season as the Maple Leafs and has used that name since.[5][6]
k From the 1927–28 season to the 1937–38 season, the O'Brien Cup was awarded to the champion of the Canadian Division.[79]
l From the 1938–39 season to the 1966–67 season, the NHL had no divisions.[78]
m From the 1938–39 season to the 1949–50 season, the O'Brien Cup was awarded to the NHL playoff runner-up, and was retired after the 1949–50 season.[79]
n Toronto won the series with Boston 4 games to 1, however 6 games were played with the second ending in a tie.[35][36] The game was called after one overtime period due to a Toronto curfew law.[81]
o Before the 1967–68 season, the NHL split into East and West Divisions because of the addition of six expansion teams.[78]
p The NHL realigned before the 1974–75 season. The Maple Leafs were placed in the Adams Division of the Prince of Wales Conference.[82]
q The NHL realigned before the 1981–82 season. The Maple Leafs were placed in the Norris Division of the Clarence Campbell Conference.[83]
r The NHL realigned into Eastern and Western conferences prior to the 1993–94 season. Toronto was placed in the Central Division of the Western Conference.[84]
s The season was shortened to 48 games because of the 1994–95 NHL lockout.[85]
t The NHL realigned before the 1998–99 season. The Maple Leafs were placed in the Northeast Division of the Eastern Conference.[8]
u Beginning with the 1999–2000 season, teams received one point for losing a regular-season game in overtime.[86]
v The season was cancelled because of the 2004–05 NHL lockout.[87]
w Beginning in the 2005–06 season, the NHL instituted a penalty shootout for regular-season games that remained tied after a five-minute overtime period, with losing teams receiving a point, which prevented ties.[88]
x The season was shortened to 48 games because of the 2012–13 NHL lockout.[89]
y The NHL realigned prior to the 2013–14 season. The Maple Leafs were placed in the Atlantic Division of the Eastern Conference.[90]