document_title: Conscription in the United Kingdom

question_text: when did compulsory national service end in uk

text: Conscription in the United Kingdom

text: First World War[edit]

text: Conscription during the First World War began when the British government passed the Military Service Act in 1916. The act specified that single men aged 18 to 40 years old were liable to be called up for military service unless they were widowed with children or ministers of a religion. There was a system of Military Service Tribunals to adjudicate upon claims for exemption upon the grounds of performing civilian work of national importance, domestic hardship, health, and conscientious objection. The law went through several changes before the war ended. Married men were exempt in the original Act, although this was changed in June 1916. The age limit was also eventually raised to 51 years old. Recognition of work of national importance also diminished, and in the last year of the war there was some support for the conscription of clergy.[1] Conscription lasted until mid-1919.

text: Due to the political situation in Ireland, conscription was never applied there; only in England, Scotland and Wales.

text: Second World War[edit]

text: Conscription legislation lapsed in 1920. However, as a result of the deteriorating international situation and the rise of Nazi Germany, Leslie Hore-Belisha, Secretary of State for War, persuaded the cabinet of Neville Chamberlain to introduce a limited form of conscription on 27 April 1939, with the Military Training Act being passed the following month. Only single men 20 to 22 years old were liable to be called up, and they were to be known as "militiamen" to distinguish them from the regular army. To emphasise this distinction, each man was issued with a suit in addition to a uniform. The intention was for the first intake to undergo six months of basic training before being discharged into an active reserve. They would then be recalled for short training periods and attend an annual camp.

text: At the outbreak of war, on 3 September 1939, the Military Training Act was overtaken by the National Service (Armed Forces) Act, and the first intake was absorbed into the army. This act imposed a liability to conscription of all men 18 to 41 years old. Men could be rejected for medical reasons, and those engaged in vital industries or occupations were "reserved" at a particular age beyond which no one in that job would be enlisted. For example, lighthouse keepers were "reserved" at 18 years old. From 1943, some conscripts were directed into the British coal mining industry and become known as the "Bevin Boys". Provision was also made for conscientious objectors, who were required to justify their position to a tribunal, with power to allocate the applicant to one of three categories: unconditional exemption; exemption conditional upon performing specified civilian work (frequently farming, forestry or menial hospital work); exemption from only combatant service, meaning that the objector had to serve in the specially created Non-Combatant Corps or in some other non-combatant unit such as the Royal Army Medical Corps.

text: By 1942 all male British subjects between 18 and 51 years old and all females 20 to 30 years old resident in Britain were liable to be called up, with some exemptions:

text:
British subjects from outside Britain and the Isle of Man who had lived in the country for less than two years
Police, medical and prison workers
Northern Ireland
Students
Persons employed by the government of any country of the British Empire except the United Kingdom
Clergy of any denomination
Those who were blind or had mental disorders
Married women
Women who had one or more children 14 years old or younger living with them. This included their own children, legitimate or illegitimate, stepchildren, and adopted children, as long as the child was adopted before 18 December 1941.

text: Pregnant women were not exempted, but in practice were not called up.[2]

text: Men under 20 years old were initially not liable to be sent overseas, but this exemption was lifted by 1942. People called up before they were 51 years old but who reached their 51st birthday during their service were liable to serve until the end of the war. People who had retired, resigned or been dismissed from the forces before the war were liable to be called back if they had not reached 51 years of age.

text: Britain did not completely demobilise in 1945, as conscription continued after the war. Those already in the armed forces were given a release class determined by length of service and age. In practice, releases began in June 1945, and the last of the wartime conscripts had been released by 1949. However, urgently needed men, particularly those in the building trades, were released in 1945, although some restrictions on their immediate employment were supposed to be enforced. All women were released at the end of the war.

text: After 1945[edit]

text: National Service as peacetime conscription was formulated by the National Service Act 1948. From 1 January 1949, healthy males 17 to 21 years old were expected to serve in the armed forces for 18 months, and remain on the reserve list for four years. They could be recalled to their units for up to 20 days for no more than three occasions during these four years. Men were exempt from National Service if they worked in one of the three "essential services": coal mining, farming and the merchant navy for a period of eight years. If they quit early, they were subject to being called up. Exemption continued for conscientious objectors, with the same tribunal system and categories.

text: In October 1950, in response to the British involvement in the Korean War, the service period was extended to two years; in compensation, the reserve period was reduced by six months. National Servicemen who showed promise could be commissioned as officers. National Service personnel were used in combat operations, including the Malayan Emergency, the Cyprus Emergency, in Kenya against the Mau Mau Uprising, and the Korean War, where conscripts to the Gloucestershire Regiment took part in the last stand during the Battle of the Imjin River. In addition, National Servicemen served in the Suez Crisis in 1956.

text: During the 1950s there was a prohibition on serving members of the armed forces standing for election to parliament. A few National Servicemen stood for election in the 1951 and 1955 general elections in order to be dismissed from service.[3]

text: National Service ended gradually from 1957.[4] It was decided that those born on or after 1 October 1939 would not be required, but conscription continued for those born earlier whose call-up had been delayed for any reason.[5] In November 1960 the last men entered service, as call-ups formally ended on 31 December 1960, and the last National Servicemen left the armed forces in May 1963.[6]

text: British Overseas Territories[edit]

text: Currently, the British overseas territory of Bermuda practises conscription. Recruitment into the part-time military reserves in Bermuda (from 1895; service in the old Bermuda Militia, as in that in England and Wales, had been compulsory for all able-bodied, military-aged males) had originally followed the practices in England for the militia, in which soldiers voluntarily enlisted for six years, and in the later Volunteer Force, in which part-time soldiers served voluntarily and could quit their service with 14 days' notice, except while embodied for training, war, or national emergency. The Militia, Volunteer force, and Yeomanry were merged into the Territorial Force (later renamed the Territorial Army) in Britain in 1907, with the introduction of terms of service (specific lengths of service for which volunteers enlisted), but this did not occur in Bermuda until the 1920s. Conscription into the Bermuda Militia Artillery and the Bermuda Volunteer Rifle Corps was discussed during the First World War, but had not been put into place before the cessation of hostilities. It was introduced during the Second World War, with conscripts serving full-time for the duration in the BMA, BVRC, the Bermuda Volunteer Engineers, or the Bermuda Militia Infantry. Those unable to serve full-time were directed into the Bermuda Home Guard. Although conscription ended with the war, a shortfall of volunteers led to its reintroduction to the BVRC in 1957 and the BMA in 1960. Since the two units were amalgamated in 1965, conscription has been retained, making the Bermuda Regiment the only conscripted force still serving under the British Crown. Conscription is for three years of part-time service, with the terms of service otherwise identical to those which originally applied to Territorial soldiers in Britain (with a basic service requirement of one drill night per week, one weekend camp per month, and one two-week annual camp per year, not including embodiment for active service. Service is for home defence purposes, and soldiers cannot be compelled to serve in overseas campaigns).

text: In popular culture[edit]

text: Film and TV

text: The following productions have content inspired by British conscription or National Service:

text:
2013 Privates - Mini-series about soldiers at an Army base.
2013 Father Brown, Series 3, The Sign of the Broken Sword. - Crime-drama.
2002-06 Bad Lads Army - Reality TV series.
1990 The Krays - Barrack room scene.
1977 Stand Up, Virgin Soldiers - Based on the novel of the same name.
1975-78 Get Some In - TV sitcom set in an RAF base.
1969 The Virgin Soldiers - Based on the novel of the same name.
1958 Carry On Sergeant - Comedy.
1957-61 The Army Game - TV sitcom contemporary with National Service.
1956 Private's Progress - Film.

text: Literature

text:
Baxter, D; Two Years to Do, 1954. - Memoir.
Ions, E; Call to Arms: Interlude with the Military, 1972. - Memoir.
Lodge, D; Ginger, You're Barmy, 1962. - Fiction.
Thomas, L; The Virgin Soldiers, 1966. - Fiction.
Thomas, L; Stand Up, Virgin Soldiers, 1975. Fiction.
Weston, P; A Stranger to Khaki: Memoir of a National Service Officer, 1997.


document_title: List of A Touch of Frost episodes

question_text: a touch of frost season 5 episode 4

question_tokens: a touch of frost season 5 episode 4

root

text: List of A Touch of Frost episodes

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Series 1 (1992)[edit]

text:
Episode
Title
Written by
Directed by
Viewers
(millions)[2]
Original airdate

1
"Care and Protection"
Richard Harris
Don Leaver
TBA
6 December 1992 (1992-12-06)

After his superior DCI Allen falls ill, Frost is left to handle the disappearance of Tracy Uphill, who vanished when her prostitute mother was late arriving at the community centre to collect her. He's also assigned DC Clive Barnard (Matt Bardock), the Chief Constable's nephew, who receives a frosty reception from some of his fellow officers. In the course of searching for the girl, they uncover human remains that have been buried for 30 years or more. The remains are those of a bank clerk who had vanished with a large sum of money. When the assistant bank manager is murdered with the same gun used to kill the bank clerk, Frost must determine who else might have been implicated in the robbery. All during this time, Frost's wife is dying of cancer and he must juggle the increasing workload with being by her side.

2
"Not With Kindness"
Richard Harris
David Reynolds
TBA
13 December 1992 (1992-12-13)

With DCI Allen still away, Frost investigates the murder of a 15-year-old girl who disappeared while completing her newspaper round. He is assisted by DS Sandy Gilmore (Tony Haygarth), who is temporarily relieving sick officers. He also has to look into vandalism at a local churchyard as Supt. Mullett fears it might be the work of Satanists, but it is also where the 15-year-old's body is found. Then there is the wealthy Compton couple, who have been receiving threatening phone calls. The Comptons are dealers in rare books and keep a large and valuable inventory at their home. When Mr. Compton is killed in a house fire, Frost quickly has a prime suspect. Finally, Frost receives a visit from his late wife's sister who now lives in America and doesn't seem to be in any hurry to return, frustrating him further.

3
"Conclusions"
Richard Harris
Anthony Simmons
TBA
20 December 1992 (1992-12-20)

Frost is paired with new Scottish DC Webster (George Anton), an officer who is struggling to fit in with life in Denton. The pair investigate a robbery at a local casino and a hit-and-run accident that may involve Roger Massie, the son of a local Member of Parliament. Massie has previously been charged, but never convicted of reckless driving. Supt. Mullett is concerned that Frost is on a witch hunt but Frost soon realises there is a connection between Massie and the casino, in the form of Massie's girlfriend, Julia King. Frost also receives a complaint about PC Shelby, who is accused of stealing jewellery but when Shelby turns up dead Frost must solve yet another complex puzzle. A local small-time crook hiding out in Denton after a failed bank robbery is the prime suspect and, with police suspicion heavily upon him, Frost appears alone in his view that the case might not be so straightforward...

tag: table

text: Series 2 (1994)[edit]

text:
Episode
Title
Written by
Directed by
Viewers
(millions)[2]
Original airdate

1
"A Minority of One"
Christopher Russell
Roger Bamford
TBA
9 January 1994 (1994-01-09)

Frost investigates a series of commercial robberies. He's assisted by DC Carl Tanner (Lennie James), a West Indian officer recruited by Supt. Mullett to encourage racial balance on the local force. When Frost makes an arrest on the local housing estate, Mullett's only concern is the culprit's racial background as he's concerned that the area not become a racial powder keg. When Frost's informant on the estate is killed, the case becomes a murder investigation, but all of the suspects are black and racial tensions are on the rise. In the course of his investigation, Frost determines that his informant had a number of secrets.

2
"Widows and Orphans"
Richard Harris
Roy Battersby
TBA
16 January 1994 (1994-01-16)

Frost investigates a series of burglaries directed against old age pensioners, assisted by new female DS Maureen Lawson (Sally Dexter). Things take a serious turn when an elderly woman is badly beaten. On examination, however, this case doesn't fit the pattern of the others and may not be related. Also, the victim was very difficult and disliked by many, including neighbours and community volunteers. The case takes a nasty turn when another elderly victim is found dead, with the potential to create a panic among the public. Frost concludes that the second victim knew her attacker and proceeds to eliminate all possible suspects, one by one.

3
"Nothing to Hide"
Richard Harris
John Glenister
TBA
23 January 1994 (1994-01-23)

Frost investigates the death of a young junkie, Ben Cornish. He is assisted by DC Frank Costello (Neil Dudgeon), recently demoted after a punch-up with a superior officer. The pathologist initially believes that Cornish choked on his own vomit but the autopsy reveals that he was beaten to death. Cornish had been in a good deal of trouble lately. He had stolen from his sister, he was harassing a local doctor and had been forcefully evicted while squatting in an abandoned house. A chance comment from a police constable gives Frost the vital information needed to bring the case to a close.

4
"Stranger in the House"
Christopher Russell
Don Leaver
TBA
30 January 1994 (1994-01-30)

A sexual predator is on the loose in Denton. There has been a series of rapes and, in each case, the perpetrator has broken into a home and waited for the victim to come home. The only exception is victim Emma Fox who, while driving home late one evening, finds that a man has hidden in the back seat of her car. The same evening, 17-year-old Alison Cook has gone missing. A girlfriend thought she saw a man in an upstairs window but assumed it was her dad and thought nothing more of it. WPC Hazel Wallace (Caroline Harker) is assigned to Frost and he decides to set a trap. Meanwhile, Frost is invited to a reunion in London for all Victoria and George Cross holders and the Chief Constable lets it be known that he expects Jack to attend. Jack has no idea where he's put his medal and can't find it.

text: Series 3 (1995)[edit]

text:
Episode
Title
Written by
Directed by
Viewers
(millions)[2]
Original airdate

1
"Appropriate Adults"
Michael Russell
Herbert Wise
TBA
8 January 1995 (1995-01-08)

Frost investigates the disappearance of 8-year-old Tricia Martin. The last person to see her alive was 19-year-old Billy Conrad who has Down syndrome and learning disabilities. He regularly played with children of that age and seems to be keeping a secret. Supt. Mullett is concerned about the number of cars being taken by joyriders and expects Frost to do something about it. Frost has to deal with a new DCI whose idea of teamwork clashes with his own more individualistic style.

2
"Quarry"
Christopher Russell
Roy Battersby
TBA
15 January 1995 (1995-01-15)

Frost investigates the murder of Nick Walder who was part of a group of saboteurs trying to disrupt the local hunt. DC Clive Barnard (Matt Bardock), the Chief Constable's nephew, is re-assigned to Denton CID. Suspicion falls on many, including the local hunt organisers and some of the saboteurs themselves as there was a schism within the group. A second saboteur, a local landscape gardener, is also murdered but when police uncover several barrels of antiques carefully packed and buried at the garden centre, the investigation takes a different turn. One of the hunt members, Stephen Milmore, owns an art gallery and also employs Ruth, the daughter of hunt organiser Alex Ormrod. Frost now needs to connect these events to identify the murderer.

3
"Dead Male One"
Christopher Russell
Roger Bamford
TBA
22 January 1995 (1995-01-22)

An unidentified body is found floating in Denton's river and the victim, despite carrying a driving licence, is not who he claims to be. Meanwhile, the star player of local soccer team Denton F.C., Adie Carr, collapses during a press conference following an incident on the field in which he received serious head injuries. However, it is soon discovered that someone had spiked Adie's pre-match drink with a deadly dose of steroids, leaving him with permanent brain damage. Frost soon finds himself on the trail of three suspects—a devious coach prepared to accept a backhander from a rival club, a grand-daughter with a grudge after her grandfather's house was shoddily worked on, and a rival player who gave Adie a good kicking.

4
"No Refuge"
Christopher Russell
Don Leaver
TBA
29 January 1995 (1995-01-29)

An employee is shot dead during an armed robbery at a local family-run glass works business. One of the witnesses, the business owner, is threatened, and he goes into hiding. Frost must understand the family's tangled web of personal relationships in order to find who is doing the threatening. Meanwhile, Shirley Fisher's mother dies, and Frost does not attend the funeral. Meanwhile, DS Lawson (Sally Dexter) mixes her professional and personal relationships—with serious consequences.

text: Series 4 (1996)[edit]

text:
Episode
Title
Written by
Directed by
Viewers
(millions)
Original airdate

1
"Paying the Price"
Christopher Russell
Ross Devenish
16.71
7 January 1996 (1996-01-07)

Pauline Venables has been running a successful party store in Denton with her sister Sue, but the siblings don't get on as well as they should. Their little world changes when Pauline brings home Karl Edwards (Danny Webb), a divorced ex-con and announces he will be moving in after they are married. Sue resents him as an interloper interested only her sister's money. Sue's resentment can be traced back to an earlier incident when she found her then husband and Pauline in bed. Looking to make amends to her sister, Pauline decides to have Linda, a shop employee, take her to a deserted farmhouse to buy Sue a Labrador puppy for her birthday, something she's always wanted. Things go awry when Pauline is brutally kidnapped by Linda's accomplice, sociopath Graham McCardy (Marc Warren), who binds Pauline and demands £30,000 in ransom... or else. Frost, alongside WPC Claire Toms (Colette Brown), tries to negotiate her safe return.

2
"Unknown Soldiers"
Michael Russell
Adrian Shergold
16.64
14 January 1996 (1996-01-14)

Frost is now living above an Indian curry restaurant, and his day is off to an inauspicious start when he is held by a gun-toting teenager suspected of dealing in drugs. The police are concerned that there may be other guns being sold on the street. He also has to deal with another armed robbery—of a security van—and the death of a part-time soldier on manoeuvres who was shot when everyone was supposed to be using blanks. Frost suspects the van robberies are an inside job. It's determined that the soldier could not have been shot with a military weapon and the police find an identical pistol to that used by the gun-toting teenager. Frost soon determines the motive and the identity of the killer, but is later forced to juggle this with moving out of the flat above the restaurant, after the owner complains his presence is scaring away his customers.

3
"Fun Times for Swingers"
Robert Smith
Peter Smith
17.49
21 January 1996 (1996-01-21)

Frost finds himself investigating the murder of Damien Law who was killed in his flat. This time around, he is assisted by DS Prentice (Russell Hunter), a somewhat dour Scot. Law was essentially a gigolo and a paid male escort who spent a great deal of time with a great many women. At least one client became obsessed with him and he also may have set himself up in competition with the long-time owner of an escort agency. Frost also determines that the case may be related to a recent suicide. Frost is also investigating a theft at the local cricket club.

4
"The Things We Do for Love"
Alma Cullen
Adrian Shergold
17.45
28 January 1996 (1996-01-28)

Frost, along with DS Frank Nash (Neil Stuke), who has just transferred from London, investigates the murder of Vicky Phillips, a local physiotherapist who was stabbed to death in her car. Frost suspects one of her patients, Jonathan Meyerbridge, who has a criminal record but is now a born-again Christian. The local butcher, Mr. Sykes, is also acting strangely and denies knowing the dead woman even though she had keys to the vacant flat above his shop. Frost is also investigating a series of smash-and-grab robberies in the commercial district. The culprits drive a vehicle through the front window of a business and take whatever they can within minutes before they scamper off.

5
"Deep Waters"
Christopher Russell
Don Leaver
17.55[3]
4 February 1996 (1996-02-04)

Frost investigates the stabbing of a woman during a robbery at a sub-post-office. He is convinced that they have the culprits in custody but is frustrated by the limits placed on his ability to gather evidence. He also looks into an attack on the very pretty Helen Tudor who was pushed down the stairs at her university. She has no idea who may have pushed her but had recently rebuffed a professor, Dr. Michaelson, who had a reputation for getting too "close" to his students. In the course of the investigation, Frost uses WPC Lindsey Hunter (Katrina Levon) to get close to Helen, and learns that a woman very similar in appearance to Helen drowned some two years previously, even though she was a very good swimmer. Clive Barnard, now a DS in Boxborough, assists Frost in locating a possible suspect, a student who knew both girls. Frost finally finds himself a flat but also gets some unexpected lodgers.

text: Series 5 (1997)[edit]

text:
Episode
Title
Written by
Directed by
Viewers
(millions)[2]
Original airdate

1
"Penny for the Guy"
Malcolm Bradbury
Paul Seed
16.75
9 February 1997 (1997-02-09)

It's a busy night for the Denton CID. Just as Frost is about to leave on a fortnight's leave, the body of a young boy is found dead in an alley. He was gagged and the pathologist determines he had been chloroformed and had choked on his own vomit. He had also had his left little finger cut off. The police had initially thought the young boy was Bobby Kirby who had gone missing that evening, but they determine it's not the same child so they have both a murder victim and a missing child. The same evening, a couple returns home to find their front door open and their teenage daughter missing. The parents paid 25,000 pounds for her release but Frost has his doubts having had business with the girl's father in the past. As for Bobby, kidnappers demand a half-million-pound ransom from a major supermarket chain or the boy will be killed. The payment is made but the police operation is botched and they have to go back a few steps in order to get on the right track.

2
"House Calls"
Malcolm Bradbury
Graham Theakston
18.22[4]
16 February 1997 (1997-02-16)

Frost is in charge of the case of a three-month-old corpse found in the coal bin of an abandoned farm house. The body is eventually identified as that of a well-known thief, but Frost has little to go on. DS Liz Maud (Susannah Doyle) has a case of a child abuser who is injecting children with water. Frost recalls a similar case and, when they learn he is now in the area, have an immediate suspect. Frost feels sorry for him however and concludes that he can't be the person they're after. However, when two children are killed, both with indications of having injections, Frost may be in the soup. Supt. Mullett advises him that he will have no choice but to advise the Chief Constable and that it will likely lead to a disciplinary hearing. Fortunately for Frost, he sees a number of holes in Maud's case, leading him to the real killer.

3
"True Confessions"
Michael Russell
Sandy Johnson
17.47
23 February 1997 (1997-02-23)

Just back from a holiday in Spain with his friend Kitty Rayford, Frost investigates the death of Jeanette Barr, found on a nearby riverbank. The autopsy reveals that although she drowned, it more likely happened in her bathtub and not in the river. In the course of the investigation, Frost learns that she was having an affair with Richard Sheridan, a graphic designer who worked for her husband and his brother but he has an alibi for the time of her death. Jeanette's husband, Jack Barr, is known to Frost from when he investigated the murder of his first wife 10 years previously. Unfortunately someone is already serving a sentence for that killing and Jack finds himself suspended while an internal investigation takes place.

4
"No Other Love"
Sian Orrells
David Reynolds
18.15
2 March 1997 (1997-03-02)

Peter Lawson is a pawnbroker with a difficult family life. His father, retired after a long career in the army, is a demanding patriarch and his oldest children hate him. An armed robbery at his shop brings Frost, now reunited with DS Clive Barnard (Matt Bardock), onto the case but all does not sit well with the police. When Lawson is murdered a few days later, Frost and Barnard uncover a case of child abuse that has gone on for years. The ensuing investigation leads to a tragedy that will long affect the police and Frost in particular. At the Station, Supt. Mullett is being forced to cut his budget and has his eyes squarely set on making Frost redundant…

text: Series 6 (1999)[edit]

text:
Episode
Title
Written by
Directed by
Viewers
(millions)[2]
Original airdate

1
"Appendix Man"
Malcolm Bradbury
Sandy Johnson
16.04
7 March 1999 (1999-03-07)

Hazel Wallace (Caroline Harker) returns from her training as the new Detective Sergeant. Supt. Mullett assigns her to sorting the mess left behind by Frost while he was on extended compassionate leave. Wallace's first case is a man found hanged in his home. She suspects the death was not suicide. A set of fingerprints at the scene belong to an unidentified man discovered drowned a year previously. Frost is summoned by Supt Mullett to sort things. He connects a painting that appears to have been stolen from the hanged man with an art robbery and murder several years earlier.

2
"One Man's Meat"
Michael Russell
Alan Dossor
14.64
14 March 1999 (1999-03-14)

Frost is left holding the dog after his owner, a junior PC, falls down a flight of stairs. Meanwhile, he is tasked to investigate a suspicious death and a missing person. The suspicious death involves a homeless teenage girl, Jane Owens, who drowned in Denton river. An argument with her brother and her refusal to sell her body for money are two possible motives for murder - but is anyone really responsible for her death? Meanwhile, the missing person case involves Warren Barber, an environmental health officer who disappeared after investigating a local meat processing factory on the quiet. When a dismembered arm washes up on the shoreline in Hull, Frost uncovers two businessmen desperate to conceal their involvement in a multi-national drug smuggling operation.

3
"Private Lives"
Russell Gascoigne
David Reynolds
16.85
21 March 1999 (1999-03-21)

Frost and newly seconded DS Billy "Razor" Sharpe (Philip Jackson) investigate an accident where housewife Bryony Darrow was hit by a car while walking home. In a coma and unlikely to recover, Frost starts looking into her background. Her husband was at home with their daughter when the accident happened but there is evidence of sexual activity and Frost suspects that she may have been having an affair. What he learns about her shows that she had a far more complex life than anyone imagined. Separately, Frost investigates a robbery at a local brewery. He describes the robbery as "OTT" - over the top - since the thieves wore ski masks and used a sawed off shotgun when there was only one elderly security guard on duty. Using information from the police archives, he manages to lay a trap for the would-be thieves.

4
"Keys to the Car"
Malcolm Bradbury
Adrian Shergold
15.83
28 March 1999 (1999-03-28)

With Superintendent Mullett off work on a fortnight's leave, Frost is called on the carpet by the newly promoted Assistant Chief Constable for using unorthodox questioning techniques on suspected drug dealer Richie Dearne. Meanwhile, Mullett calls Frost in when Ben Pecksmith has his Mercedes stolen at the local golf club. Turns out the thief travels from club to club, stealing cars as he goes along. Things take an interesting twist when the Mercedes is recovered the next day, with Dearne's body in the boot. Frost is placed on desk duty and his investigation is left to the mercy of his latest secondment, DS Bill Dorridge (Paul Jesson).

text: Series 7 (1999-2000)[edit]

text:
Episode
Title
Written by
Directed by
Viewers
(millions)[2]
Original airdate

1
"Line of Fire (Part One)"
Michael Russell
Robert Knights
12.10
25 December 1999 (1999-12-25)

Christmas 1999. Frost and Dorridge are called to investigate the murder of a young regional crime squad police detective, Tim Fox. Frost wonders if Fox's death is really related to the large investigation he was working on to uncover a car theft gang, or if an affair between the deceased's wife and one of his colleagues could also hold a motive for murder. Meanwhile, a local power station worker, Cocroft, is burgled. Shortly afterward, he falls to his death in a mysterious accident. Nothing is suspect, until new WPC Susan Kavanagh establishes a link between the burglary and a series of pet shootings.

2
"Line of Fire (Part Two)"
Michael Russell
Robert Knights
11.95
1 January 2000 (2000-01-01)

January 2000. As Frost and Dorridge continue to try to identify detective Tim Fox's killer, his colleague, DI Newcombe, protests his innocence - but Frost is sure he is responsible for the killing. Meanwhile, WPC Kavanagh links a series of other local burglaries to the pet shootings - and a further incident in which a woman's car is tampered with, causing her to have a serious accident - also appears to fit into the picture. Forced to seek help from Kavanagh's new computer system, Frost uncovers the real identity of Tim Fox's killer - whilst she goes to investigate two young men working at the power station to question them about the burglaries, shootings and attempted murder. She soon, however, finds herself in grave danger - and Frost's pursuit leads to a confrontation above the power station.

text: Series 8 (2001)[edit]

text:
Episode
Title
Written by
Directed by
Viewers
(millions)[2]
Original airdate

1
"Benefit of the Doubt (Part One)"
David Gilman
Roger Bamford
14.69
14 January 2001 (2001-01-14)

As is usually the case, there's a lot on Frost's plate these days. He's been assigned a new officer, DS Terry Reid (Robert Glenister), who has been transferred somewhat abruptly after investigating a university student for selling contraband cigarettes. He has other problems as well, as Frost soon learns, but generally he is a good copper. Their first case is that of a woman, eventually identified as Sylvia Carter, whose remains are found on the railroad tracks after being run over by several trains. She worked for a local sandwich maker and Frost is convinced she was having an affair with someone. Dr. Helena Gibson, a senior surgeon at the local hospital in Denton, goes missing over a weekend. From all accounts she was in on Saturday but didn't show up at a colleague's house for lunch on Sunday. She was brilliant in her field but was disliked by virtually everyone at the hospital so there is no shortage of possible suspects if in fact anything is amiss.

2
"Benefit of the Doubt (Part Two)"
David Gilman
Roger Bamford
14.44
15 January 2001 (2001-01-15)

Having solved the death of Sylvia Carter, Frost now focuses on the murder of Dr. Gibson, whose corpse was found in a plastic bag in a truckload of medical waste. According to the pathologist, she was killed with a blow to the head from a blunt instrument. Many at the hospital didn't like the woman including the hospital administrator, Jameson and several members of her surgical team including Dr. Retnick from whom she was demanding a letter of resignation. She had also recently had a run-in with a parent whose young son inexplicably died in post-operative care. In fact, there is an investigation into an abnormally large number of post-operative deaths at Denton General but as Frost learns, everyone who dies seems to have done so while occupying bed 5. DS Reid is in hospital having been beaten in a public washroom. Frost is certain it has to do with his earlier investigation of Tim Hamilton.

text: Series 9 (2002)[edit]

text:
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1
"Mistaken Identity (Part One)"
David Gilman
Roger Bamford
12.37
27 January 2002 (2002-01-27)

Frost welcomes a new member of the CID team, DC Ronnie Lonnegan (Michelle Joseph). They soon are investigating a mysterious death when a body is found in the local water reservoir. There is no identification on the body and there doesn't seem to be a car parked nearby so they're not sure how he got there. The post-mortem indicates however that he didn't drown in the place where his body was found. They also investigate the death of Paul and Jean Harris who are killed when an assailant ties them up and sets their house on fire. The main suspect is Mike Patterson, a handyman who had been doing work for the couple and who may have also been having an affair with Jean. Forensics indicate there is a connection between the death of the unknown man and the Harrises. Meanwhile, Supt. Mullett is his usual concerned self about a formal inspection of the station by a senior officer. Frost is also his usual self, which doesn't help matters.

2
"Mistaken Identity (Part Two)"
David Gilman
Roger Bamford
11.66
28 January 2002 (2002-01-28)

Frost now has Mike Patterson in custody, but he vehemently denies having anything to do with the death of the Harrises. Toolan thinks that Patterson is their man but Frost isn't so sure and believes the solution lies elsewhere. The dead man in the reservoir is identified as Reginald Molloy, a one-time resident of Denton. His mother returns to Denton to identify the body and hasn't a clue as to how or why her son would be there. They had moved away some 13 years ago after she witnessed a bank robbery and was required to give evidence in court. When Frost learns that Paul Harris' father was also a witness at the same trial he has the beginnings of the solution. Melanie Monkton, the daughter of the local gentry, is also missing and although under pressure to include her disappearance as part of the murder investigation, Frost thinks it's a completely separate case.

text: Series 10 (2003)[edit]

text:
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1
"Hidden Truth"
David Gilman
Paul Harrison
11.71
19 January 2003 (2003-01-19)

Frost is tasked with protecting Cathy Thompson, a vital witness to a murder committed by Jack Flynn, who has hired a hit-man to eliminate her. He requests the help again of Sergeant Terry Reid, because of his contacts in the London underworld, where Flynn comes from. But with the hit-man finding the safe house easily, it's obvious that there's a leak coming from someone inside the protection team. Then one of the armed team is shot dead while trying to apprehend a second hit-man. In an attempt to stay safe, Cathy and her son go on the run - ending up in an aircraft museum, where Frost has a showdown with the pursuer. Meanwhile, Frost has mislaid his jackpot-winning lottery ticket, and has to get Ernie Trigg to search the station for it.

2
"Close Encounters"
Michael Russell
Paul Harrison
12.24
3 March 2003 (2003-03-03)

Laurence Burrell, an autistic young man, is the only witness to an attack on a security guard at Denton Quarry, but he claims that aliens were responsible - and after being bailed, he returns to the quarry and threatens to blow it up. Superintendent Mullett asks Frost to investigate a series of burglaries on homes that have been recently occupied, and drafts him in some help, in the form of Det Sgt Hazel Wallace, who sometimes has to bring her new baby Emma into work. Frost is also suspicious about the link between a local takeaway delivery service and another series of burglaries. Then a seven-year-old child of divorced parents goes missing, and the father is unable to account convincingly for his whereabouts in the hours afterwards. Frost wonders if there is a coincidental link between him and the first series of burglaries. Meanwhile, his suspicions are growing about what is happening behind the scenes at the quarry, and how it relates to a proposed large development in the area that would include it.

3
"Held in Trust"
David Gilman
Roger Bamford
10.37
14 September 2003 (2003-09-14)

Presents keep arriving at Denton Police station from Frost's new secret admirer, though their identity turns out to be ironic, rather than adoring. He is up for promotion but Mullett seems to be more enthusiastic on his behalf and he even walks out of an interview panel because duty calls - a very sad duty, in fact. Bobby Palmer has gone missing whilst at a football match with his father, and there seems no doubt that the corpse discovered in a shed is his. The body of a second, malnourished boy is also found dumped but this at least allows Frost to save a third lad from a grasping family. The fact that Anton Caldwell, a known paedophile, has been released from another area, and is living unsupervised in a local hostel fills him with rage, causing him to berate the psychiatrist who can only point out to him the failings of the system. Caldwell is not only a seedy little man but an extremely provocative one who taunts the police. At the end, Frost attacks Caldwell and is suspended.

text: Series 11 (2004)[edit]

text:
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1
"Another Life"
David Gilman
Roger Bamford
11.41
26 October 2003 (2003-10-26)

Returning from his seven months suspension, Frost is immediately plunged into two parallel murder investigations, despite a defective police lollipop causing him the need for major, painful dentistry. A man's body is pulled from the canal, with £6000 in cash and a list of numbers on him, but no identifying papers. Tasked to work with former sergeant and good friend Maureen Lawson, Frost's investigations reveal not one, but two, separate lives that he led, and how he financed them. Meanwhile, at a local fridge recycling holding site, a dismembered man's body is found in one of fridges. All the body parts fit together, except that he has two left feet - could he be linked to the local ballroom dancing scene? Frost's investigation leads him into the competitive world of ballroom dancing and Miss Dolores Delmonte, whose search for perfection in her partners goes to alarming lengths.

2
"Dancing in the Dark"
Christopher Blake
Roy Battersby
12.96
22 February 2004 (2004-02-22)

Frost's efforts to join a gym and date Julie, the fitness instructor, are hampered by two suspicious deaths. The first concerns a man found dead on a waste tip with no identity beyond an empty wallet, seemingly a mugging victim. However his wife comes to report his disappearance and Frost, in following through, is intrigued to learn that her sleep therapist is rather more than just the concerned friend he professes to be. Could these two meek little souls be capable of murder? The other body is that of escort girl Heather, found in a hotel room booked by married businessman Stephen Richford. He denies murder but confesses that he was shocked to realise what she did as she was a student friend of his daughter. Later he is found dead in his car but Frost can see no reason for his suicide. Paired with cocky young under-graduate DC Jasper Tranter (Nicholas Burns), Frost is forced to juggle his own personal relationships whilst solving both murders.

text: Series 12 (2005)[edit]

text:
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1
"Near Death Experience"
David Gilman
Paul Jackson
10.28
25 September 2005 (2005-09-25)

A priest, Father Rose, is found covered in the blood of a murdered woman, the death bearing the hallmarks of a ritual killing, and Detective Sergeant 'Razor' Sharpe (Philip Jackson) is drafted in to assist Frost, having investigated a similar death in his own area. The dead woman's family feel that her ex-boyfriend is to blame but Frost believes the priest is more involved than he is letting on. A glamorous profiler joins the team and suggests that they are dealing with a serial killer. And she is right. At the same time Frost feels responsible for the loyal George Toolan being hospitalised with severe injuries after falling from a high building whilst helping him prevent a suicide.

text: Series 13 (2006)[edit]

text:
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1
"Endangered Species"
Christopher Blake
Roy Battersby
10.07
5 November 2006 (2006-11-05)

Frost is summoned to a remote farm-house by criminal Kevin Flanagan who is in a blind panic. At the farm he finds a crocodile and cages full of endangered species, as well as a severed leg. This transpires to belong to an Asian man, part of the gang who have been smuggling rare animals, and Flanagan, who has escaped the gang, is used by Frost to help locate its leader. At the same time the Harris family are shocked to find the nude corpse of a local art teacher in their bedroom. A search of his studio yields revealing photos of a female colleague but it is the Harrises' teenage son who literally holds the key to events. Meanwhile, Frost is forced to puppywalk a new trainee, DC Robert Presley (Blake Ritson), who has a lot to learn about divisional CID.

text: Series 14 (2008)[edit]

text:
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1
"Mind Games"
Michael Russell
Paul Harrison
8.37
12 October 2008 (2008-10-12)

Two young men are tricked by their girlfriends into stripping themselves nude for a midnight swim, during which the girls run off with the boys' clothes, leaving them to streak through Denton. One is arrested but the other, Roman Cassell, gets back to his office where, the next day, he is found beaten to death. Suspicion falls on Jason Cohu and his father-in-law Joshua Ray, who blame Cassell for the death of Jason's wife and were in the vicinity of the office that night. Joshua admits to the murder but Frost believes he is innocent, misguidedly protecting his son-in-law and CCTV footage proves him right. At the same time Carl Meyer is released from a twenty year prison term. When he was a young boy he was accused of murdering a little girl with whom he used to play and with whose corpse he was found. Her cousin disappeared on the same day and he was also accused of killing her. The girls' family conduct a vendetta against him to which he shows no malice...

2
"Dead End"
David Gilman
Roger Bamford
8.52
19 October 2008 (2008-10-19)

The Heal family is appalled to see the man whose lorry killed three of their members some years earlier is driving a bus. Because the lorry's mechanism was faulty he was acquitted of dangerous driving but the Heals are not happy and Andy Heal goes to the bus depot for a confrontation. Later the driver and his conductress are abducted from their bus. The conductress is diabetic and needs her insulin shots and, after a television appeal, she is dumped, alive, in town, not far from an alley where a clown is found dead. He recently entertained at a children's party where one of the mothers has a pathological phobia of clowns, and believes she attacked him without knowing. However, it turns out that he was also a thief, robbing the houses he visited and his killer may have been somebody else. In solving the death and finding the bus driver Frost's work is not helped by having to work with DS Annie Marsh (Cherie Lunghi), who once reported him for being unprofessional.

3
"In the Public Interest"
Thomas Ellice
Paul Harrison
8.16
26 October 2008 (2008-10-26)

The naked bodies of three young men are found, arranged in a triangle, in a grave at an old burial site and an American anthropologist insists to Frost that these are ritual killings. However the fact that she has a book to promote and reports of unrest among local Eastern European immigrant workers suggest that the murders are not mystical at all. Ever the maverick, Frost enjoys crossing swords with James Callum, an unpleasant local business man who is going to tear down the local youth club to make way for new offices. When Callum's fitness instructress mistress, Rosemary, is found dead on her houseboat, and evidence also suggests that another of Callum's girlfriends died in suspicious circumstances some years earlier Frost cannot wait to pounce. First, however, he must get past Callum's adoring personal assistant, Michael. Perhaps a spot of breaking and entering would help Frost find the clues he is after.

text: Series 15 (2010)[edit]

text:
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1
"If Dogs Run Free (Part One)"
Michael Russell
Paul Harrison
8.79
4 April 2010 (2010-04-04)

Frost and his men assist RSPCA officer Christine Moorhead in smashing an illegal dog-fighting ring but its organiser, local gangster Gerry Berland, eludes them. One of Christine's helpers, Brian, is stabbed to death by Berland's thuggish son Sean, who believes he set the police on the ring, and Christine recognises him and his accomplice, Neil. Berland arranges alibis for the boys and, though initially appalled, his wife Sally colludes with him as he has always run her life. She persuades Neil's honest and horrified parents to go along with the lie. Having failed to warn Christine off, Berland sends a thug, Lisowski, to torch the RSPCA unit with Christine inside it with her rescued dogs. Meanwhile a mysterious criminal is duplicating unsolved crimes on Frost's books from years earlier and, as he goes to rescue Christine, Jack finds chalked on his car's windscreen, 'You Die Next.'

2
"If Dogs Run Free (Part Two)"
Michael Russell
Paul Harrison
9.94
5 April 2010 (2010-04-05)

Christine survives her ordeal and grows closer to Jack, who meets her apparently friendly ex-husband. To silence Lisowski, a drug addict, Berland gives him an extra strong fix, which kills him. Frost realises the two men know each other but decides to bide his time. However, he has a piece of good fortune when Salmond, Berland's cocky solicitor, has his car stolen by joy-riding colleagues and Salmond's large, personal stash of cocaine is found in the car. Frost levers him into revealing the location of the site where Berland trains his fighting dogs and from here on Berland's world collapses. Sean kills himself and Sally leaves him, watched by Neil's mother, who takes her boy to the police to confess everything. Berland, finally recognising the pain of losing a loved one, allows Frost to arrest him in peace.
In various alternate endings, Mullett and Frost die instead of George Toolan.


document_title: Emily Prentiss

question_text: where did prentiss go on criminal minds season 8

text: Emily Prentiss

text: Background[edit]

text: Prentiss was born to her unnamed father and Elizabeth, a US Ambassador.[6] Due to her mother's job postings, Prentiss spent her childhood in numerous places, including Ukraine, France, Italy, and various countries in the Middle East. Her father has never been referred to in any way.

tag: p

text: She graduated from Yale before joining the FBI, and had worked for ten years before coming to the Behavioral Analysis Unit (BAU). Prentiss is extremely well travelled due to her upbringing as an ambassador's daughter and her previous assignments while at Interpol. She is fluent in Arabic,[7] Spanish, French,[8] Italian,[9] Russian, and Greek.[10]

text: Prentiss first appeared in the season two episode "The Last Word". Her appearance surprised both SSA Aaron Hotchner and Jason Gideon, as neither supervisor had signed off on the transfer. Hotchner was immediately suspicious of the new agent, but Prentiss, insisting that her mother had not pulled any strings for her to get the assignment, convinced him to let her join the team on a probationary basis, and eventually proved her competence and gained the team's trust.

text: Prentiss confided to David Rossi that during her mother's diplomatic posting in Italy, she got pregnant at 15 and had an abortion. Though Prentiss does not explicitly state whether she struggled with her decision afterwards, she expressed a lot of grief and sorrow when recounting the past events. She also states that the friend who accompanied her to the clinic "saved [her] life".[9]

text: Relationships with colleagues[edit]

text: Initially upon joining the BAU, Prentiss feels like an outsider and often worries that people doubt her ability as a profiler. Over time, Prentiss proves herself through her sharp profiling skills, competence, and dedication to the work, gradually earning the trust and respect of her fellow BAU team members.

text: Prentiss has a good relationship with her supervisor Aaron Hotchner and establishes herself as one of the most reliable and capable agents on the BAU. Hotchner had previously worked as the Head of Security for Prentiss's Ambassador mother, Elizabeth Prentiss, but did not cross paths with Prentiss, because she was off to Yale. When she joins the BAU, they get off to a rocky start, but after a confrontation in his office about her feelings and opinions regarding politics and after she resigns instead of secretly feeding reports to Section Chief Erin Strauss, Hotchner begins to understand Prentiss and trust her more. Before leaving to be with the BAU on a case despite his suspension from the field, Hotchner stops by Prentiss's apartment to convince her to get on the plane with him to help their team catch the UNSUB.

text: In "52 Pickup", Hotchner is seen asking Prentiss for advice on how to deal with JJ's temporary substitute, Agent Jordan Todd, and acts on her suggestions, even giving Agent Todd another chance to prove herself.

text: For the most part, Prentiss has also developed friendly relationships with the other members of the BAU team.

text: Prentiss immediately bonds with Agent Derek Morgan due to their mutual love of Kurt Vonnegut books and they develop a close relationship. Their strong bond is most evident in the episodes leading up to and after Prentiss's death. Morgan is able to detect that Prentiss is worried about something and tries to get her to tell him what is bothering her. He also feels betrayed when Prentiss does not reveal the extent of her involvement with Doyle and the case and assumes she does not trust him enough. Rossi later tries to reason with him that Prentiss is merely trying to protect the BAU team. Morgan is also with Prentiss, holding her, when she is dying after being seriously injured by Doyle, and tells her that he understands what she did, and that she is brave, and he is proud of her. When he believes she has died, Morgan takes her death quite hard and expresses anger toward Doyle. When Emily returns to the BAU in season 7, Morgan shows concern for her safety and ability to protect herself in the field by making her sign up for re-certification.

text: Over time, she also forms a close relationship with Agent Jennifer "JJ" Jareau, especially when they are the only two female agents in the BAU in the field for several seasons. When Prentiss has to fake her death for the team's safety, JJ is the only one (aside from Hotchner) who knows the truth. JJ also flies to Paris and is involved in getting fake passports and setting up bank accounts for Prentiss to stay incognito. JJ expresses the most happiness when Prentiss came back from the dead and tells Prentiss how much she has missed her while she was gone. Prentiss later mentions to Hotchner that while she was away from the BAU and work, she played a lot of online Scrabble with someone with the online moniker "cheetobreath", implying it was JJ keeping her company. In the rare moments outside work, JJ and Prentiss have been seen having conversations about children and the men, or lack thereof, in Prentiss's life. Prentiss was also the first to congratulate JJ when she revealed she was pregnant with Henry.

text: After Spencer Reid returns to work following his abduction by serial killer Tobias Hankel, Prentiss experiences a falling out with the young agent due to his harsh behavior toward her (a function of the irritability resulting from Reid's use of narcotics to cope with his recent trauma). However, the agents eventually gain a mutual respect and even share light-hearted moments. Prentiss sometimes joins in with Morgan in good-natured teasing of Reid's genius. She also amazes Reid when she beats him at poker even though he is from Las Vegas and never loses. Another turning point in their relationship is when Prentiss and Reid are held captive by a cult group and Prentiss admits she is the FBI agent, causing her to suffer a beating from the cult leader. As a result, Reid feels guilty, but Prentiss reassures him everything is all right and that is not his fault. Prentiss is also the only one Reid tells about his recurring headaches. Reid is one of the most affected by Prentiss's death, sobbing on JJ's shoulder because he never got to say goodbye, and even thought about giving up since he felt the BAU had failed at protecting a member of their team. Later, when Prentiss comes back, Reid feels betrayed by Prentiss for not telling him the truth, but Prentiss confronts him and they eventually reconcile.

text: Prentiss is often seen hanging out with Jareau and Technical Analyst Penelope Garcia outside of work. Garcia looks up to Prentiss and never fails to vocalize her admiration, whether it is for Prentiss's fluency in Arabic, wit or the fact she took up salsa dancing classes. Garcia also notes that after four years with the team, Prentiss is a part of the “BAU family;” they hold a close friendship.

text: On the job[edit]

text: Prentiss is shown to be an extremely competent, level-headed agent. She is not as affected by the nightmares that come with the job and manages to keep her cool in hostile confrontations. She is also shown to put herself in the line of fire, for example, volunteering to enter into the unsub's house to rescue his young boy, and sacrifice herself for her teammates, as she did for Spencer Reid once in the season 4 episode, "Minimal Loss". She does not act rashly and there was only one rare occasion where she allowed her personal feelings interfere with investigations.[9] It has been mentioned by Morgan that she has problems trusting others, preferring to handle things independently instead of asking others to help, but it was revealed that this reluctance is due to her long background as an undercover agent.

text: Ian Doyle and "Death"[edit]

text: In the sixth season, Agent Prentiss is notified by her former superiors at Interpol that a man named Ian Doyle has escaped from prison in North Korea. Later, after returning home from work, Prentiss receives several hang-up calls on her home phone from an unknown caller. Upon her return home on a subsequent night, she finds an anonymous gift on her doorstep, containing a single purple flower. She experiences a flashback to a past undercover job in Italy, during which she was acting as his girlfriend and surveiling Doyle. Recognizing that the gift of the purple flower means Doyle knows where she lives, Prentiss flees. In "Coda", Prentiss enlists two former Interpol colleagues in hunting Doyle. Tsia Mosely, one of her Interpol colleagues, gets shot in the head by Doyle while visiting someone.[11] At the end of that episode, Prentiss sneaks out of a meeting in order to save her BAU colleagues from Doyle.

text: At the beginning of "Lauren", it is revealed that Prentiss had been a spy eight years previously, on a task force profiling terrorists; while undercover, she met Ian Doyle (an arms dealer) and became his lover. Her betrayal of Doyle led to his arrest and subsequent imprisonment, including time in a North Korean prison. Prentiss tracks down Doyle in Boston and tries to kill him, but he takes her hostage. Later, Rossi realized that she left their team meeting suddenly in order to protect them from Doyle as it was Prentiss that Doyle was after. Hotch says they will treat Doyle as an unsub and Prentiss as his victim, and profile them just as they would in any other case.

text: They eventually track them down to an abandoned building in Boston and arrive with a SWAT team. Prentiss reveals to Doyle that his son, whom Doyle believed had been killed, is actually alive, and that she staged photos of executing the boy in order to get Doyle to break under interrogation in North Korea. After an intense fight, Doyle manages to stab Prentiss in the abdomen with a broken table leg. Even though she is dying, she refuses to tell him where his son is hiding, and Doyle escapes shortly before Morgan reaches her. In the hospital, the BAU team is notified that Prentiss has died. They are seen attending her funeral. The last scene, however, reveals she is alive and in Paris, where JJ meets her and gives her an envelope with "passports from three different countries, and a bank account in each one to keep [her] comfortable".

text: Returning to the BAU[edit]

text: In the season seven premiere, Morgan captures Doyle and Emily returns to the BAU to assist the team in finding who kidnapped Doyle's son.[12] The team comes under fire from the judiciary panel for their retaliatory actions to avenge Prentiss's death, but everyone stands their ground to protect the team. Section Chief Erin Strauss later reveals to them that the committee was persuaded by Prentiss' defense and eventually decided to lift the BAU's suspensions although they will still be "keeping a close eye" on the members. Reid, who is still angry over her 'death' refuses to speak to her or JJ or even look them in the eye. At the end of "Proof", Prentiss talks it through with him and they make amends.[13] In the premiere it is also revealed that Garcia has been taking care of her cat, Sergio, and when she inquires about him, Garcia jokingly states that she wants visitation rights.

text: In the season seven finale, Prentiss receives an offer to run Interpol's London office. While still pondering her decision on the offer, Prentiss decides to leave the BAU. In the season eight premiere, Morgan and Garcia mention seeing her while they were in London and that Emily is doing fine.

text: Brewster returned for guest appearances in the season 9 episode, 200 in 2014 and the season 11 episode Tribute in early 2016 before returning as a regular cast member in the season 12 episode Taboo later in the year.[14]

text: She is now the Unit Chief of the BAU, following the departure of Aaron Hotchner.[15]


document_title: Fluting (firearms)

question_text: what is the benefit of a fluted barrel

question_tokens: what is the benefit of a fluted barrel

text: Fluting (firearms)

text: In firearms terminology, fluting refers to the removal of material from a cylindrical surface, usually creating grooves. This is most often the barrel of a rifle, though it may also refer to the cylinder of a revolver or the bolt of a bolt action rifle. In contrast to rifle barrels and revolver cylinders, rifle bolts are normally helically fluted, though helical fluting is sometimes also applied to rifle barrels.

text: The main purpose of fluting is to reduce weight, and to a lesser extent increase rigidity for a given total weight or increase surface area to make the barrels less susceptible for overheating for a given total weight. However, for a given diameter, while a fluted barrel may cool more quickly, a non-fluted barrel will be stiffer and be able to absorb a larger amount of total heat at the price of additional total weight.[1][2][3][4]


document_title: Human iron metabolism

question_text: where is most of the iron in a person's body located

question_tokens: where is most of the iron in a person 's body located

text: Human iron metabolism

text: Importance of iron regulation[edit]

text: Iron is an essential bioelement for most forms of life, from bacteria to mammals. Its importance lies in its ability to mediate electron transfer. In the ferrous state, iron acts as an electron donor, while in the ferric state it acts as an acceptor. Thus, iron plays a vital role in the catalysis of enzymatic reactions that involve electron transfer (reduction and oxidation, redox). Proteins can contain iron as part of different cofactors, such as iron-sulfur clusters (Fe-S) and heme groups, both of which are assembled in mitochondria.

text: Cellular respiration[edit]

text: Human cells require iron in order to obtain energy as ATP from a multi-step process known as cellular respiration, more specifically from oxidative phosphorylation at the mitochondrial cristae. Iron is present in the iron-sulfur clusters and heme groups of the electron transport chain proteins that generate a proton gradient that allows ATP synthase to synthesize ATP (chemiosmosis).

text: Heme groups are part of hemoglobin, a protein found in red blood cells that serves to transport oxygen from the lungs to the tissues. Heme groups are also present in myoglobin to store and diffuse oxygen in muscle cells.

text: Oxygen transport[edit]

text: The human body needs iron for oxygen transport. Oxygen (O2) is required for the functioning and survival of nearly all cell types (mature erythrocytes being one exception). Oxygen is transported from the lungs to the rest of the body bound to the heme group of hemoglobin in erythrocytes. In muscles cells, iron binds myoglobin, which regulates its release.

text: Toxicity[edit]

text: Iron is also potentially toxic. Its ability to donate and accept electrons means that it can catalyze the conversion of hydrogen peroxide into free radicals. Free radicals can cause damage to a wide variety of cellular structures, and ultimately kill the cell.[1]

text: Iron bound to proteins or cofactors such as heme is safe. Also, there are virtually no truly free iron ions in the cell, since they readily form complexes with organic molecules. However, some of the intracellular iron is bound to low-affinity complexes, and is termed labile iron or "free" iron. Iron in such complexes can cause damage as described above.[2]

text: To prevent that kind of damage, all life forms that use iron bind the iron atoms to proteins. This binding allows cells to benefit from iron while also limiting its ability to do harm.[1][3] Typical intracellular labile iron concentrations in bacteria are 10-20 micromolar,[4] though they can be 10-fold higher in anaerobic environment,[5] where free radicals and reactive oxygen species are scarcer. In mammalian cells, intracellular labile iron concentrations are typically smaller than 1 micromolar, less than 5 percent of total cellular iron.[2]

text: Bacterial protection[edit]

text: In response to a systemic bacterial infection, the immune system initiates a process known as iron withholding. If bacteria are to survive, then they must obtain iron from their environment. Disease-causing bacteria do this in many ways, including releasing iron-binding molecules called siderophores and then reabsorbing them to recover iron, or scavenging iron from hemoglobin and transferrin. The harder they have to work to get iron, the greater a metabolic price they must pay. That means that iron-deprived bacteria reproduce more slowly. So our control of iron levels appears to be an important defense against most bacterial infections; there are some exceptions however. TB causing bacterium can reside within macrophages which are an iron rich environment and Borrelia burgdorferi utilises manganese in place of iron. People with increased amounts of iron, like people with hemochromatosis, are more susceptible to some bacterial infection.[6]

text: Although this mechanism is an elegant response to short-term bacterial infection, it can cause problems when inflammation goes on for longer. Since the liver produces hepcidin in response to inflammatory cytokines, hepcidin levels can increase as the result of non-bacterial sources of inflammation, like viral infection, cancer, auto-immune diseases or other chronic diseases. When this occurs, the sequestration of iron appears to be the major cause of the syndrome of anemia of chronic disease, in which not enough iron is available to produce enough hemoglobin-containing red blood cells.[3]

text: Body iron stores[edit]

text: Most well-nourished people in industrialized countries have 4 to 5 grams of iron in their bodies (∼38 mg iron/kg body weight for women and ∼50 mg iron/kg body for men).[7] Of this, about 6997250000000000000♠2.5 g is contained in the hemoglobin needed to carry oxygen through the blood, and most of the rest (approximately 2 grams in adult men, and somewhat less in women of childbearing age) is contained in ferritin complexes that are present in all cells, but most common in bone marrow, liver, and spleen. The liver's stores of ferritin are the primary physiologic source of reserve iron in the body. The reserves of iron in industrialized countries tend to be lower in children and women of child-bearing age than in men and in the elderly. Women who must use their stores to compensate for iron lost through menstruation, pregnancy or lactation have lower non-hemoglobin body stores, which may consist of 6996500000000000000♠500 mg, or even less.

text: Of the body's total iron content, about 6996399999999999999♠400 mg is devoted to cellular proteins that use iron for important cellular processes like storing oxygen (myoglobin) or performing energy-producing redox reactions (cytochromes). A relatively small amount (3–4 mg) circulates through the plasma, bound to transferrin.[8] Because of its toxicity, free soluble iron is kept in low concentration in the body.

text: Iron deficiency first affects the storage iron in the body, and depletion of these stores is thought to be relatively non-symptomatic, although some vague and non-specific symptoms have been associated with it. Since iron is primarily required for hemoglobin, iron deficiency anemia is the primary clinical manifestation of iron deficiency. Iron-deficient people will suffer or die from organ damage well before cells run out of the iron needed for intracellular processes like electron transport.

text: Macrophages of the reticuloendothelial system store iron as part of the process of breaking down and processing hemoglobin from engulfed red blood cells. Iron is also stored as a pigment called hemosiderin which is an ill-defined deposit of protein and iron, created by macrophages where excess iron is present, either locally or systemically for example among people with iron overload due to frequent blood cell destruction and transfusions. If the systemic iron overload is corrected, over time the hemosiderin is slowly resorbed by macrophages.

text: Mechanisms of iron regulation[edit]

text: Human iron homeostasis is regulated at two different levels. Systemic iron levels are balanced by the controlled absorption of dietary iron by enterocytes, the cells that line the interior of the intestines, and the uncontrolled loss of iron from epithelial sloughing, sweat, injuries and blood loss. In addition, systemic iron is continuously recycled. Cellular iron levels are controlled differently by different cell types due to the expression of particular iron regulatory and transport proteins.

text: Systemic iron regulation[edit]

text: Dietary iron uptake[edit]

text: The absorption of dietary iron is a variable and dynamic process. The amount of iron absorbed compared to the amount ingested is typically low, but may range from 5% to as much as 35% depending on circumstances and type of iron. The efficiency with which iron is absorbed varies depending on the source. Generally the best-absorbed forms of iron come from animal products. Absorption of dietary iron in iron salt form (as in most supplements) varies somewhat according to the body’s need for iron, and is usually between 10% and 20% of iron intake. Absorption of iron from animal products, and some plant products, is in the form of heme iron, and is more efficient, allowing absorption of from 15% to 35% of intake. Heme iron in animals is from blood and heme-containing proteins in meat and mitochondria, whereas in plants, heme iron is present in mitochondria in all cells that use oxygen for respiration.

text: Like most mineral nutrients, the majority of the iron absorbed from digested food or supplements is absorbed in the duodenum by enterocytes of the duodenal lining. These cells have special molecules that allow them to move iron into the body. To be absorbed, dietary iron can be absorbed as part of a protein such as heme protein or iron must be in its ferrous Fe2+ form. A ferric reductase enzyme on the enterocytes’ brush border, duodenal cytochrome B (Dcytb), reduces ferric Fe3+ to Fe2+.[9] A protein called divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1), which can transport several divalent metals across the plasma membrane, then transports iron across the enterocyte’s cell membrane into the cell.

text: These intestinal lining cells can then either store the iron as ferritin, which is accomplished by Fe3+ binding to apoferritin (in which case the iron will leave the body when the cell dies and is sloughed off into feces), or the cell can release it into the body via the only known iron exporter in mammals, ferroportin. Hephaestin, a ferroxidase that can oxidize Fe2+ to Fe3+ and is found mainly in the small intestine, helps ferroportin transfer iron across the basolateral end of the intestine cells. In contrast, ferroportin is post-translationally repressed by hepcidin, a 25-amino acid peptide hormone. The body regulates iron levels by regulating each of these steps. For instance, enterocytes synthesize more Dcytb, DMT1 and ferroportin in response to iron deficiency anemia.[10] Iron absorption from diet is enhanced in the presence of vitamin C and diminished by excess calcium, zinc, or manganese.[11][citation needed]

text: The human body’s rate of iron absorption appears to respond to a variety of interdependent factors, including total iron stores, the extent to which the bone marrow is producing new red blood cells, the concentration of hemoglobin in the blood, and the oxygen content of the blood. The body also absorbs less iron during times of inflammation, in order to deprive bacteria of iron. Recent discoveries demonstrate that hepcidin regulation of ferroportin is responsible for the syndrome of anemia of chronic disease.

text: Iron recycling and loss[edit]

text: Most of the iron in the body is hoarded and recycled by the reticuloendothelial system, which breaks down aged red blood cells. In contrast to iron uptake and recycling, there is no physiologic regulatory mechanism for excreting iron. People lose a small but steady amount by gastrointestinal blood loss, sweating and by shedding cells of the skin and the mucosal lining of the gastrointestinal tract. The total amount of loss for healthy people in the developed world amounts to an estimated average of 6994100000000000000♠1 mg a day for men, and 1.5–2 mg a day for women with regular menstrual periods.[citation needed] People with gastrointestinal parasitic infections, more commonly found in developing countries, often lose more.[1] Those who cannot regulate absorption well enough get disorders of iron overload. In these diseases, the toxicity of iron starts overwhelming the body's ability to bind and store it.[12]

text: Cellular iron regulation[edit]

text: Iron import[edit]

text: Most cell types take up iron primarily through receptor-mediated endocytosis via transferrin receptor 1 (TFR1), transferrin receptor 2 (TFR2) and GAPDH. TFR1 has a 30-fold higher affinity for transferrin-bound iron than TFR2 and thus is the main player in this process.[13][14] The higher order multifunctional glycolytic enzyme glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) also acts as a transferrin receptor.[15][16] Transferrin-bound ferric iron is recognized by these transferrin receptors, triggering a conformational change that causes endocytosis. Iron then enters the cytoplasm from the endosome via importer DMT1 after being reduced to its ferrous state by a STEAP family reductase.[17]

text: Alternatively, iron can enter the cell directly via plasma membrane divalent cation importers such as DMT1 and ZIP14 (Zrt-Irt-like protein 14).[18] Again, iron enters the cytoplasm in the ferrous state after being reduced in the extracellular space by a reductase such as STEAP2, STEAP3 (in erythrocytes), Dcytb (in enterocytes) and SDR2.[17]

text: The labile iron pool[edit]

text: In the cytoplasm, ferrous iron is found in a soluble, chelatable state which constitutes the labile iron pool (~0.001 mM).[19] In this pool, iron is thought to be bound to low-mass compounds such as peptides, carboxylates and phosphates, although some might be in a free, hydrated form (aqua ions).[19] Alternatively, iron ions might be bound to specialized proteins known as metallochaperones.[20] Specifically, poly-r(C)-binding proteins (PCBPs) appear to mediate transfer of free iron to ferritin (for storage) and non-heme iron enzymes (for use in catalysis).[18][21] The labile iron pool is potentially toxic due to iron's ability to generate reactive oxygen species. Iron from this pool can be taken up by mitochondria via mitoferrin to synthesize Fe-S clusters and heme groups.[17]

text: The storage iron pool[edit]

text: Iron can be stored in ferritin as ferric iron due to the ferroxidase activity of the ferritin heavy chain.[22] Dysfunctional ferritin may accumulate as hemosiderin, which can be problematic in cases of iron overload.[23] The ferritin storage iron pool is much larger than the labile iron pool, ranging in concentration from 0.7 mM to 3.6 mM.[19]

text: Iron export[edit]

text: Iron export occurs in a variety of cell types, including neurons, erythrocytes, macrophages and enterocytes. The latter two are especially important since systemic iron levels depend upon them. There is only one known iron exporter, ferroportin.[24] It transports ferrous iron out of the cell, generally aided by ceruloplasmin and/or hephaestin (mostly in enterocytes), which oxidize iron to its ferric state so it can bind ferritin in the extracellular medium.[17] Hepcidin causes the internalization of ferroportin, decreasing iron export. Besides, hepcidin seems to downregulate both TFR1 and DMT1 through an unknown mechanism.[25] Another player assisting ferroportin in effecting cellular iron export is GAPDH.[26] A specific post translationally modified isoform of GAPDH is recruited to the surface of iron loaded cells where it recruits apo-transferrin in close proximity to ferroportin so as to rapidly chelate the iron extruded.[27]

text: The expression of hepcidin, which only occurs in certain cell types such as hepatocytes, is tightly controlled at the transcriptional level and it represents the link between cellular and systemic iron homeostasis due to hepcidin's role as "gatekeeper" of iron release from enterocytes into the rest of the body.[17] Erythroblasts produce erythroferrone, a hormone which inhibits hepcidin and so increases the availability of iron needed for hemoglobin synthesis.[28]

text: Translational control of cellular iron[edit]

text: Although some control exists at the transcriptional level, the regulation of cellular iron levels is ultimately controlled at the translational level by iron-responsive element-binding proteins IRP1 and especially IRP2.[29] When iron levels are low, these proteins are able to bind to iron-responsive elements (IREs). IREs are stem loop structures in the untranslated regions (UTRs) of mRNA.[17]

text: Both ferritin and ferroportin contain an IRE in their 5' UTRs, so that under iron deficiency their translation is repressed by IRP2, preventing the unnecessary synthesis of storage protein and the detrimental export of iron. In contrast, TFR1 and some DMT1 variants contain 3' UTR IREs, which bind IRP2 under iron deficiency, stabilizing the mRNA, which guarantees the synthesis of iron importers.[17]

text: Iron-related pathology[edit]

text: Iron deficiency[edit]

text: Functional or actual iron deficiency can result from a variety of causes. These causes can be grouped into several categories:

text:
Increased demand for iron, which the diet cannot accommodate.
Increased loss of iron (usually through loss of blood).
Nutritional deficiency. This can result due to a lack of dietary iron or consumption of foods that inhibit iron absorption, including calcium, phytates and tannins. Black tea steeped for long has high tannins.
Inability to absorb iron: A common cause of iron deficiency is the widespread use of acid reducing medications, the strongest of which are proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) such as omeprazole.[citation needed]
Damage to the intestinal lining. Examples of causes of this kind of damage include surgery involving the duodenum, or diseases like Crohn's or celiac sprue which severely reduce the surface area available for absorption.
Inflammation leading to hepcidin-induced restriction on iron release from enterocytes (see above).

tag: ul

text: Iron overload[edit]

text: The body is able to substantially reduce the amount of iron it absorbs across the mucosa. It does not seem to be able to entirely shut down the iron transport process. Also, in situations where excess iron damages the intestinal lining itself (for instance, when children eat a large quantity of iron tablets produced for adult consumption), even more iron can enter the bloodstream and cause a potentially deadly syndrome of iron overload. Large amounts of free iron in the circulation will cause damage to critical cells in the liver, the heart and other metabolically active organs.

text: Iron toxicity results when the amount of circulating iron exceeds the amount of transferrin available to bind it, but the body is able to vigorously regulate its iron uptake. Thus, iron toxicity from ingestion is usually the result of extraordinary circumstances like iron tablet over-consumption[1][30] rather than variations in diet. The type of acute toxicity from iron ingestion causes severe mucosal damage in the gastrointestinal tract, among other problems.

text: Chronic iron toxicity is usually the result of more chronic iron overload syndromes associated with genetic diseases, repeated transfusions or other causes. In such cases the iron stores of an adult may reach 50 grams (10 times normal total body iron) or more. Classic examples of genetic iron overload includes hereditary hemochromatosis (HH) and the more severe disease juvenile hemochromatosis (JH) caused by mutations in either the gene RGMc gene, a member of a three gene repulsive guidance molecule family,[31] (also called hemojuvelin (HJV), and HFE2), Hemojuvelin, or the HAMP gene that encodes (an iron regulatory peptide). The exact mechanisms of most of the various forms of adult hemochromatosis, which make up most of the genetic iron overload disorders, remain unsolved. So while researchers have been able to identify genetic mutations causing several adult variants of hemochromatosis, they now must turn their attention to the normal function of these mutated genes.


document_title: Service flag

question_text: when do you display a blue star flag

question_tokens: when do you display a blue star flag

text: Service flag

text: History[edit]

text: The banner was designed in 1917 by United States Army Captain Robert L. Queisser of the Fifth Ohio Infantry, in honor of his two sons who were serving in World War I.[4][5] It was quickly adopted by the public and by government officials. On September 24, 1917, an Ohio congressman read into the Congressional Record:

text: The mayor of Cleveland, the Chamber of Commerce and the Governor of Ohio have adopted this service flag. The world should know of those who give so much for liberty. The dearest thing in all the world to a father and mother – their children.[5]

text: Usage[edit]

text: These flags were first used in World War I, with subsequent standardization and codification by the end of World War II.[6] They were not popular during the Vietnam War, but have come back into use since the first Gulf War / Operation Desert Storm.[7] In modern usage, an organization may fly a service flag if one of its members is serving active duty.[8]

text: Manufacture of these flags is only allowed by specific government license in the territories under U.S. jurisdiction. The same section of the United States Code that limits manufacture of the banner also mentions lapel pins. There is no legal specification of the banner's size, but according to the DoD code,[9] the flag size ratio must be 10:19, the same as the Flag of the United States. When displayed with the national flag, the latter should take the place of honor. If the flags displayed differ in size, the national flag should be larger.

text: Blue and gold are the only colors specified for use, but silver stars are increasingly in use to represent those discharged from service because of wounds or being invalided home.[10] The Silver Star Families of America is an organization attempting to encourage the U.S. Congress to make the Silver Star Service Banner official for those wounded or injured in a war zone. Forty-nine states, Guam, Saipan, the U.S. Virgin Islands, the Chickasaw Nation and over 2,700 cities and counties have issued proclamations in support of the Silver Star Banner and of Silver Star Service Banner Day on May 1 of every year.[11]

text: On April 21, 2010, the United States House of Representatives passed House Resolution 855, a stand-alone resolution recognizing the Silver Star Service Banner and making May 1 Silver Star Service Banner Day. One state, Missouri, took steps to make such recognition a state law.[12]

text: In World War II, the Brazilian Clube Militar (Military Club) and the Casino da Urca adopted the concepts of the U.S. service banner by giving posters to the family members of the Brazilian Expeditionary Force. On these posters the phrase Daqui saiu um Expedicionário was written, which means "From here came an Expeditionary". Although the design differs from the U.S. banners, the mothers of the Brazilian soldiers also received a pin prominently featuring a blue star similar to U.S. pins.[13]

text: Individuals entitled to display[edit]

text: The individuals entitled to display the service flag are officially defined in 36 U.S.C. § 901 which reads:

text: A service flag approved by the Secretary of Defense may be displayed in a window of the place of residence of individuals who are members of the immediate family of an individual serving in the Armed Forces of the United States during any period of war or hostilities in which the Armed Forces of the United States are engaged.[14]

text: The U.S. Code also discusses the wearing of lapel pins.

text: Gold Star Mother's Day[edit]

text: On the last Sunday in September, Gold Star Mother's Day is observed in the U.S. in honor of Gold Star mothers, as established in Title 36 § 111 of the United States Code.[15] This was originally declared by Senate Joint Resolution 115 of June 23, 1936.[16] In September 2012, Barack Obama issued a presidential proclamation commemorating September 30, 2012, as "Gold Star Mothers' and Families' Day".[16]

text: Gold Star license plates[edit]

text: All fifty U.S. states and Guam offer some form of a specialty license plate for motor vehicles owned by members of Gold Star families.[17]