document_title: List of Marvel Cinematic Universe films

question_text: when is the avengers after infinity war coming out

question_tokens: when is the avengers after infinity war coming out

text: List of Marvel Cinematic Universe films

text: Phase One[edit]

text:
Film[4][5]
U.S. release date
Director
Screenwriter(s)
Producer(s)

Iron Man
May 2, 2008 (2008-05-02)
Jon Favreau[6]
Mark Fergus & Hawk Ostby and Art Marcum & Matt Holloway[6][7]
Avi Arad and Kevin Feige

The Incredible Hulk
June 13, 2008 (2008-06-13)
Louis Leterrier[8]
Zak Penn[9]
Avi Arad, Gale Anne Hurd and Kevin Feige

Iron Man 2
May 7, 2010 (2010-05-07)
Jon Favreau[10]
Justin Theroux[11]
Kevin Feige

Thor
May 6, 2011 (2011-05-06)
Kenneth Branagh[12]
Ashley Edward Miller & Zack Stentz and Don Payne[13]

Captain America: The First Avenger
July 22, 2011 (2011-07-22)
Joe Johnston[14]
Christopher Markus & Stephen McFeely[15]

The Avengers
May 4, 2012 (2012-05-04)
Joss Whedon[16]

text: Iron Man (2008)[edit]

text: Billionaire industrialist Tony Stark builds himself a suit of armor after he is taken captive by a terrorist organization. Free from his captors, he decides to upgrade and don his armor in order to hunt down weapons that were sold under the table.[18]

text: In April 2006, Marvel hired Jon Favreau to direct Iron Man,[6] with the writing teams of Art Marcum and Matt Holloway and Mark Fergus and Hawk Ostby writing competing scripts.[6][19] Favreau consolidated both into one script, which was then polished by John August.[7] Robert Downey, Jr. was cast in the title role in September 2006, after growing out a goatee and working out to convince the filmmakers he was right for the part.[20] Principal photography began on March 12, 2007,[21] with the first few weeks spent on Stark's captivity in Afghanistan,[22] which was filmed in Inyo County, California.[23] Production also occurred on the former Hughes Company soundstages in Playa Vista, Los Angeles, California,[24] with additional filming at Edwards Air Force Base[25] and Caesars Palace in Las Vegas, Nevada.[26] Iron Man premiered at the Greater Union theater in George Street, Sydney, on April 14, 2008,[27] and was released internationally on April 30, and in North America on May 2.[28][29]

text: The film ends with a post-credits scene featuring Samuel L. Jackson as Nick Fury, who approaches Stark regarding the "Avenger Initiative". Favreau said that he included the scene as "a little tip of the hat for the fans...a way to sort of tee up The Avengers." Jackson was only on set for a day, with a skeletal crew to avoid the news of his cameo leaking.[30] Captain America's shield is also visible in the background of a scene; it was added by an ILM artist as a joke, and Favreau decided to leave it in the film.[31]

text: The Incredible Hulk (2008)[edit]

text: After being exposed to gamma radiation that causes him to transform into the monstrous Hulk, scientist Bruce Banner goes on the run and isolates himself from his love, Betty Ross. Hunted by the military, Banner seeks to cure himself and prevent his condition from being weaponized.[32]

text: In January 2006,[33] Marvel reclaimed the film rights for the Hulk character from Universal Pictures after Universal failed to meet a deadline to develop a sequel to director Ang Lee's 2003 film Hulk.[34] Universal retained distribution rights for future Hulk films.[34] Instead of moving forward with a sequel, Marvel hired Louis Leterrier to direct The Incredible Hulk, a reboot.[8] Leterrier initially turned down the job out of respect for Lee, but later reconsidered and signed on.[8] The script was written by Zak Penn, who drafted a treatment for the 2003 film.[35] In April 2006, Edward Norton entered negotiations to portray Bruce Banner and rewrite Penn's script,[36] although Penn received sole credit for the screenplay.[9] Production began on July 9, 2007 and filming primarily took place in Toronto,[37] with additional filming in New York City and Rio de Janeiro.[38] The film premiered at the Gibson Amphitheatre on June 8, 2008, and was released on June 13.[39][40]

text: The film takes place simultaneously with the events of Iron Man 2 and Thor,[41] the former of which is set six months after the events of Iron Man.[42] Downey briefly reprised his role from Iron Man as Tony Stark in a cameo appearance at the end of the film. Downey said that the filmmakers "were just cross-pollinating our superheroes. It happens to be a scene where I basically approach [actor William Hurt's character General Ross], and we may be considering going into some sort of limited partnership together. The great thing is he—and I don't want to give too much away—but he's in disrepair at the time I find him. It was really fun seeing him play this really powerful character who's half in the bag."[43] In addition, Captain America is briefly seen frozen in ice in an alternate opening of the film, included in the DVD release.[44]

text: Iron Man 2 (2010)[edit]

text: After Tony Stark reveals himself to be Iron Man, the U.S. government demands he hand over his technology. Meanwhile, a rival industrialist and a Russian scientist conspire to use his own technology against him.[45]

text: Immediately following the successful release of Iron Man in May 2008, Marvel Studios announced it was developing a sequel, Iron Man 2.[46] Favreau returned as director[10] and Justin Theroux was hired to write the screenplay, which would be based on an original story by Favreau and Downey.[11] In October 2008, Downey signed a new four-picture deal, that retroactively included the first film, to reprise his role and Don Cheadle was hired to replace Terrence Howard as James Rhodes.[47][48] Jackson signed on to reprise his role as Nick Fury from the Iron Man post-credits sequence in up to nine films,[49] and Scarlett Johansson was cast as the Black Widow, as part of a multi-film commitment.[50] Principal photography began April 6, 2009,[51] at the Pasadena Masonic Temple in Pasadena, California.[52] The majority of filming took place at Raleigh Studios in Manhattan Beach, California.[53] Other locations included Edwards Air Force Base,[54] Monaco,[55] and the Sepulveda Dam.[53] Iron Man 2 premiered at the El Capitan Theatre in Los Angeles, California on April 26, 2010,[56] and was released internationally between April 28 and May 7 before releasing in North America on May 7.[57]

text: The film is set six months after the events of Iron Man,[42] and takes place simultaneously with the events of The Incredible Hulk and Thor.[41] The filmmakers continued to refer to other Marvel films by again including Captain America's shield. Favreau explained, "We introduced Captain America's shield briefly in one shot in the last film. So now it really was in his room, so we had to figure out how to deal with the reality that the shield was in his workshop."[31] A scene toward the end of Iron Man 2 in a S.H.I.E.L.D. safe house contains several Easter eggs, ranging from footage from The Incredible Hulk displayed on a monitor to pointers on a map indicating several locales related to other Marvel films, including one pointing toward a region of Africa in reference to the Black Panther.[58] A young Peter Parker appears as the child wearing an Iron Man mask whom Stark saves from a drone; the appearance was confirmed in June 2017 by Spider-Man actor Tom Holland, Kevin Feige and Spider-Man: Homecoming director Jon Watts.[59][60] The film's post-credits scene showed the discovery of Thor's hammer in a crater.[61]

text: Thor (2011)[edit]

text: Thor, crown prince of Asgard, is banished to Earth and stripped of his powers after he reignites a dormant war. As his brother, Loki, plots to take the throne for himself, Thor must prove himself worthy and reclaim his hammer Mjölnir.[62]

text: Mark Protosevich was hired to develop a script for Thor in April 2006, after the rights were acquired from Sony Pictures.[6] In August 2007 Marvel hired Matthew Vaughn to direct the film,[63] however he exited the project in May 2008.[64] In September 2008, Kenneth Branagh entered into negotiations to replace Vaughn.[12] In May 2009, Chris Hemsworth was in negotiations to portray the titular character,[65] and Tom Hiddleston was set to play his brother, Loki.[66] Both actors were contracted to star in several films.[67] Marvel hired the writing team of Ashley Edward Miller and Zack Stentz to write a new script for the film, which was then rewritten by Don Payne.[13] Production began on January 11, 2010 in Los Angeles, California,[68] before moving to Galisteo, New Mexico in March.[69] Thor had its world premiere on April 17, 2011 at the Event Cinemas theatre in George Street, Sydney[70] and a U.S. premiere on May 2 at the El Capitan Theatre in Los Angeles, California.[71] The film was released internationally from April 21 to 30, and on May 6 in North America.[72]

text: The film takes place simultaneously with the events of The Incredible Hulk and Iron Man 2,[41] the latter of which is set six months after the events of Iron Man.[42] Clark Gregg, who appeared in Iron Man and Iron Man 2 as S.H.I.E.L.D. agent Phil Coulson, reprised the role in Thor. About his role in Thor he stated, "Agent Coulson was one of the guys who wasn't really in the comic books, and he [had] a very kind of small role in Iron Man. And I was just very lucky that they chose to expand that character and [chose] to put him more into the universe of it."[73] After signing on to appear as Clint Barton / Hawkeye in The Avengers, Jeremy Renner made a cameo appearance as the character during a scene in Thor.[74] Branagh said that they "were always going to have a guy in a basket above the action where Thor breaks in the S.H.I.E.L.D. camp", and that he was thrilled when the producers told him they wanted to use Renner's Hawkeye for that role.[75] The film ends with a post-credits scene featuring Loki, watching as Erik Selvig and Nick Fury discuss the Tesseract.[76] The scene was directed by Joss Whedon, who directed The Avengers.[77] Stellan Skarsgård, who played Selvig, said the scene was not included when he first read the screenplay for Thor, and that he was sent pages for the scene after agreeing to appear in The Avengers.[78]

text: Captain America: The First Avenger (2011)[edit]

text: In 1942, Steve Rogers is deemed physically unfit to enlist in the U.S. Army and fight the Nazis in World War II. Recruited for a secret military operation, he is physically transformed into a super-soldier dubbed Captain America and must battle the Red Skull, head of a Nazi science division known as Hydra.[79]

text: In April 2006, Marvel hired David Self to write the script for a Captain America film.[6] Joe Johnston signed on to direct in November 2008,[14] and Christopher Markus & Stephen McFeely were hired to rewrite the script.[15] In March 2010, Chris Evans was cast as Captain America and Hugo Weaving was cast as the Red Skull.[80] Production began on June 28, 2010 in the United Kingdom,[81] with locations in London,[82] Caerwent,[83] Manchester and Liverpool.[84] The film premiered on July 19, 2011, at the El Capitan Theatre in Los Angeles, California,[85] and was released in North America on July 22, and in international markets starting July 27.[86]

text: The Tesseract from the Thor post-credits scene appears as a MacGuffin in Captain America: The First Avenger.[87] In the film, Dominic Cooper portrays a young Howard Stark, the father of Tony Stark,[88] who hosts an early version of the Stark Expo, the fair Tony hosts in Iron Man 2.[89] The final scene of the film includes a brief appearance by Jackson's Nick Fury followed by a teaser trailer for Marvel's The Avengers after the credits.[90]

text: Marvel's The Avengers (2012)[edit]

text: Nick Fury, the director of S.H.I.E.L.D., gathers the superheroes Iron Man, Thor, Captain America, the Hulk, Black Widow and Hawkeye to fight Thor's brother Loki, who plots to subjugate the Earth.[91]

text: Zak Penn, who wrote The Incredible Hulk, was hired to write a script for The Avengers in June 2007.[92] In April 2010, Joss Whedon closed a deal to direct the film, and to rework Penn's script.[16] Marvel announced that Edward Norton would not be reprising the role of Bruce Banner / Hulk,[93] and in July 2010, Mark Ruffalo was cast in his place.[94] Downey, Evans, Hemsworth, Johansson, Renner, Hiddleston and Jackson reprised their respective roles from previous films.[95] Principal photography began in April 2011 in Albuquerque, New Mexico,[91] before moving to Cleveland, Ohio in August,[96] and New York City in September.[97] The premiere was held on April 11, 2012 at the El Capitan Theatre in Los Angeles, California,[98] and the film was released in North America on May 4.[99]

text: Gwyneth Paltrow, who portrayed Pepper Potts in Iron Man and Iron Man 2, was included in the film at Downey's insistence. Prior to this, Whedon had not intended the film to include supporting characters from the heroes' individual films, commenting, "You need to separate the characters from their support systems in order to create the isolation you need for a team."[100] Avi Arad said that Sony Pictures and Disney discussed incorporating the OsCorp Tower from The Amazing Spider-Man into the climax of The Avengers,[101] but Feige said that "the deal was never close to happening."[102] The supervillain Thanos appears in a mid-credits scene, portrayed by Damion Poitier.[103]

text: Phase Two[edit]

text:
Film[4][5][104]
U.S. release date
Director(s)
Screenwriter(s)
Producer

Iron Man 3
May 3, 2013 (2013-05-03)
Shane Black[105]
Drew Pearce and Shane Black[105][106]
Kevin Feige

Thor: The Dark World
November 8, 2013 (2013-11-08)
Alan Taylor[107]
Christopher Yost and Christopher Markus & Stephen McFeely[108]

Captain America: The Winter Soldier
April 4, 2014 (2014-04-04)
Anthony and Joe Russo[109]
Christopher Markus & Stephen McFeely[110]

Guardians of the Galaxy
August 1, 2014 (2014-08-01)
James Gunn[111]
James Gunn and Nicole Perlman[112]

Avengers: Age of Ultron
May 1, 2015 (2015-05-01)
Joss Whedon[113]

Ant-Man
July 17, 2015
Peyton Reed[114]
Edgar Wright & Joe Cornish and Adam McKay & Paul Rudd[115]

text: Iron Man 3 (2013)[edit]

text: Tony Stark faces a powerful enemy, the Mandarin, who attacks and destroys his mansion. Left to his own devices and battling posttraumatic stress disorder, Stark struggles to get to the bottom of a series of mysterious explosions.[116]

text: In late 2010, Marvel and Disney announced that they were developing a third Iron Man film.[117] In February 2011, Marvel hired Shane Black to direct Iron Man 3.[118] Black co-wrote the film's script with Drew Pearce.[105][106] Downey, Paltrow, and Cheadle reprised their roles from Iron Man 2, while Guy Pearce and Ben Kingsley joined the cast as Aldrich Killian and Trevor Slattery, respectively.[119] Filming began in May 2012, in North Carolina.[120] Additional filming took place in southern Florida,[121] China,[122] and Los Angeles.[123] Iron Man 3 premiered at Le Grand Rex in Paris, France on April 14, 2013 and at the El Capitan Theatre in Los Angeles, California on April 24.[124][125] The film was released internationally on April 25,[126] and in the United States on May 3.[117]

text: The film is set in December 2013,[127][128] after the events of The Avengers.[129] In the film Tony Stark experiences PTSD-like symptoms following the Battle of New York in The Avengers. Black explained, "that's an anxiety response to feeling inferior to The Avengers, but also to being humbled by sights he cannot possibly begin to understand or reconcile with the realities he's used to... There's a line in the movie about 'ever since that big guy with the hammer fell out of the sky, the rules have changed'. That's what we're dealing with here."[130] Bruce Banner appears in a post-credits scene, with Ruffalo reprising the role. About the scene, Ruffalo said "They were about to wrap the movie and I saw Robert [Downey, Jr.] at the Academy Awards... and he said, 'What do you think about coming and doing a day?' I said, 'Are you kidding me? Bang, let's do it!' We sort of spitballed that scene, then I came in and we shot for a couple of hours and laughed."[131]

text: Thor: The Dark World (2013)[edit]

text: Thor reunites with astrophysicist Jane Foster as a series of portals, linking worlds at random, begin to appear. He discovers that Malekith and his army of Dark Elves have returned after thousands of years, and they seek a powerful weapon known as the Aether. Thor must join forces with his now-imprisoned brother Loki to stop them.[108]

text: A sequel to Thor was first announced in June 2011, with Hemsworth reprising his role as Thor.[132] Hiddleston confirmed he would return as Loki in September,[133] and Alan Taylor signed on to direct the film in December.[107] The film's title was announced as Thor: The Dark World in July 2012 at the San Diego Comic-Con International,[134] and Christopher Eccleston was cast as Malekith a month later.[135] Production started in September 2012 in Bourne Wood, Surrey,[136] with additional filming taking place in Iceland and London.[137][138] The film premiered at the Odeon Leicester Square in London on October 22, 2013.[139] It was internationally released on October 30, 2013 and on November 8, 2013 in North America.[140]

text: The film is set one year after the events of The Avengers.[141] Evans briefly makes a cameo appearance in the film as Captain America when Loki shapeshifts into him while mocking Thor.[142] Hiddleston wore the Captain America costume while standing in for Evans, before Evans came to shoot the scene. Hiddleston said, "I did an impression of Loki in the Captain America costume, and then they showed Chris [Evans] my performance on tape. It's him doing an impression of me doing an impression of him. And it's brilliant."[142] James Gunn, the director of Guardians of the Galaxy, directed the mid-credits scene which featured the Collector, played by Benicio del Toro. Asked about shooting the scene, Gunn said, "I got the script that morning, and I did it in two hours at the end of a day of second unit shooting [for Guardians of the Galaxy]."[143]

text: Captain America: The Winter Soldier (2014)[edit]

text: Steve Rogers, now working with S.H.I.E.L.D., teams up with Natasha Romanoff / Black Widow and Sam Wilson / Falcon to expose a deep conspiracy which involves a mysterious assassin known only as the Winter Soldier.[144]

text: A sequel to 2011's Captain America: The First Avenger was announced in April 2012.[145] Anthony and Joe Russo were hired to direct in June,[109] and in July it was officially titled Captain America: The Winter Soldier.[134] Evans and Jackson were set to reprise their respective roles as Captain America and Nick Fury,[109] and Johansson would again play the Black Widow.[146] Sebastian Stan, who portrayed Bucky Barnes in Captain America: The First Avenger, returned as the Winter Soldier.[147] Production started in April 2013 in Manhattan Beach, California, and filming also took place in Washington, D.C. and Cleveland, Ohio.[148][149] The film premiered in Los Angeles on March 13, 2014.[150] Captain America: The Winter Soldier was released internationally on March 26[151] and in North America on April 4.[145]

text: The film is set two years after the events of The Avengers.[129] Stephen Strange, the alter-ego of the Marvel superhero Doctor Strange, is mentioned by name in the film by the character Jasper Sitwell.[152] A remodeled Stark Tower from The Avengers, now known as Avengers Tower, also makes an appearance in the film.[153] Whedon directed a post-credits scene featuring Baron Wolfgang von Strucker (Thomas Kretschmann), List (Henry Goodman), Quicksilver (Aaron Taylor-Johnson), and the Scarlet Witch (Elizabeth Olsen), who appear in Avengers: Age of Ultron.[154][155] The revelation in the film that S.H.I.E.L.D. had been infiltrated by Hydra informed the final six episodes of the first season of Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D., a television series set in the MCU.[156][157]

text: Guardians of the Galaxy (2014)[edit]

text: Peter Quill / Star-Lord and a group of misfits, including Gamora, Rocket, Drax the Destroyer and Groot, fight to keep a powerful orb from the clutches of the villainous Ronan.[158][159][160]

text: Nicole Perlman began writing a screenplay in 2009.[161] Marvel Studios announced it was developing a Guardians of the Galaxy film in July 2012.[134] The film is directed by James Gunn, based on his and Perlman's screenplay.[111] In February 2013, Chris Pratt was cast in the lead role, as Peter Quill / Star-Lord.[162] The film was shot at Shepperton Studios and in London from July to October 2013,[163] and post-production work was completed on July 7, 2014.[164] The film premiered on July 21, 2014 in Hollywood.[165] Guardians of the Galaxy was released in the United Kingdom on July 31, 2014,[166] and in North America on August 1.[134]

text: The film is set in 2014.[167] Josh Brolin provides the voice and performance capture for Thanos,[168] the supervillain who appeared in The Avengers mid-credits scene. Gunn noted that the film would be connected to Avengers: Infinity War.[169] Several other objects of significance appear in the Collector's museum, including a Chitauri from The Avengers and a Dark Elf from Thor: The Dark World, among other characters. About their appearances Gunn said, "There's a lot of stuff in the Collector's Museum. And for me, it was mostly just really fun. As a Marvel fan, giving the actual fans something that they can freeze frame on their Blu-Ray at home and just kind of pick out everything that's in there. So there are, I mean, seriously all those boxes have something interesting in them, so it's pretty fun."[170] Ronan's race, the Kree, were first introduced in the Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. episode "T.A.H.I.T.I.".[171][172]

text: Avengers: Age of Ultron (2015)[edit]

text: Captain America, Iron Man, Thor, the Hulk, Black Widow, and Hawkeye must work together as the Avengers to defeat Ultron, a technological enemy bent on human extinction, while encountering the powerful twins Pietro and Wanda Maximoff, as well as the new entity Vision.[173][174]

text: A sequel to The Avengers was announced by Disney in May 2012, shortly after the first film's release.[175] In August 2012, Joss Whedon was signed to return as writer and director.[113] In June 2013, Downey signed a deal to reprise the role of Iron Man for the second and third Avengers films.[176] On July 20, 2013, at San Diego Comic-Con International, Whedon announced that the subtitle of the film would be Age of Ultron.[177] In August 2013, James Spader was announced to portray Ultron.[178] Second unit filming began on February 11, 2014 in Johannesburg, South Africa.[179][180] Principal photography began in March 2014 at Shepperton Studios in Surrey, England,[176][181] with additional footage filmed at Fort Bard and various other locations in the Aosta Valley region of Italy,[182] and Seoul, South Korea.[183] Filming was completed on August 6, 2014.[184] Avengers: Age of Ultron had its world premiere in Los Angeles on April 13, 2015,[185] and was released internationally beginning April 22,[186] and on May 1 in North America.[187]

text: The film confirms that the gem in Loki's scepter is an Infinity Stone, specifically the Mind Stone, and Brolin reappears as Thanos in the mid-credit scene wielding an Infinity Gauntlet.[188] It also features references to Vibranium and Wakanda, both connections to Black Panther, introducing both to the universe ahead of Black Panther's solo film. Additionally, Andy Serkis portrays Ulysses Klaue in the film, traditionally a Black Panther antagonist.[189]

text: Ant-Man (2015)[edit]

text: Thief Scott Lang must aid his mentor Dr. Hank Pym in safeguarding the mystery of the Ant-Man technology, which allows its user to decrease in size but increase in strength, from various menaces and plot a heist to defend the Earth.[114]

text: Ant-Man is directed by Peyton Reed with a screenplay written by Edgar Wright & Joe Cornish and Adam McKay & Paul Rudd, from a story by Wright & Cornish, that includes both Scott Lang and Hank Pym.[114][115] Edgar Wright was initially slated to direct and write the film, but left the project in May 2014 due to creative differences.[190][191] In January 2013, Feige stated that Ant-Man would be the first film in Phase Three of the Marvel Cinematic Universe.[192] However, in October 2014, it was revealed that the film would be the last film of Phase Two.[104] Pre-production started in October 2013,[193] and principal photography took place from August to December 2014,[194] in San Francisco,[195] Fayette County, Georgia at Pinewood Atlanta,[196] and Downtown Atlanta.[197] In December 2013, Rudd was cast as Ant-Man,[198] followed in January 2014 with the casting of Michael Douglas as Pym and the confirmation of Rudd as Lang.[199] Ant-Man had its world premiere in Los Angeles on June 29, 2015,[200] and was released in France on July 14,[201] and in North America on July 17.[202]

text: The film is set several months after the events of Avengers: Age of Ultron.[203] Scott Lang attempts to infiltrate the new Avengers headquarters in Upstate New York featured in Age of Ultron, and confronts Sam Wilson / Falcon, played by Anthony Mackie. McKay and Rudd decided to add Falcon to Ant-Man after watching Captain America: The Winter Soldier.[204] The Russo brothers filmed the post-credit scene, which was footage from Captain America: Civil War,[205][206] and features Mackie as Falcon, Chris Evans as Steve Rogers / Captain America, and Sebastian Stan as Bucky Barnes / Winter Soldier.[207]

text: Phase Three[edit]

text:
Film[104][208][209]
U.S. release date
Director(s)
Screenwriter(s)
Producer(s)

Captain America: Civil War
May 6, 2016 (2016-05-06)
Anthony and Joe Russo[210]
Christopher Markus & Stephen McFeely[210]
Kevin Feige

Doctor Strange
November 4, 2016 (2016-11-04)
Scott Derrickson[211]
Jon Spaihts and Scott Derrickson & C. Robert Cargill[212]

Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2
May 5, 2017 (2017-05-05)
James Gunn[112]

Spider-Man: Homecoming
July 7, 2017 (2017-07-07)
Jon Watts[213]
Jonathan Goldstein & John Francis Daley and
Jon Watts & Christopher Ford and
Chris McKenna & Erik Sommers[214]
Kevin Feige and Amy Pascal

Thor: Ragnarok
November 3, 2017 (2017-11-03)
Taika Waititi[215]
Eric Pearson and Craig Kyle & Christopher Yost[216][217]
Kevin Feige

Black Panther
February 16, 2018 (2018-02-16)
Ryan Coogler[218]
Ryan Coogler & Joe Robert Cole[219][220]

Avengers: Infinity War
April 27, 2018 (2018-04-27)
Anthony and Joe Russo[221]
Christopher Markus & Stephen McFeely[222]

text: Captain America: Civil War (2016)[edit]

text: The Avengers become fractured into two opposing teams, one led by Captain America and another by Iron Man, after extensive collateral damage prompts politicians to pass an act regulating superhuman activity with government oversight and accountability for the Avengers while also facing against a new enemy, Helmut Zemo, who seeks revenge upon the Avengers.[223][224]

text: By January 2014, Anthony and Joe Russo had signed on to return to direct a third Captain America installment, which they confirmed in March 2014, with Chris Evans returning as Captain America, Feige returning to produce, and Christopher Markus & Stephen McFeely writing the screenplay.[225][210] In October 2014, the title was officially announced as Captain America: Civil War along with the reveal that Downey would appear in the film as Tony Stark / Iron Man.[226][227] The film is an adaptation from the "Civil War" storyline in the comics.[228] It is also the first film of Phase Three.[104][208][229] Filming began in April 2015 at Pinewood Atlanta,[230][231] and concluded in August 2015.[232] Captain America: Civil War had its premiere in Hollywood on April 12, 2016,[233] was released internationally beginning April 27,[234] and was released on May 6 in North America.[235]

text: The film is set one year after the events of Avengers: Age of Ultron.[236] Captain America: Civil War introduces Tom Holland as Peter Parker / Spider-Man and Chadwick Boseman as T'Challa / Black Panther to the MCU, who appear in solo films in 2017 and 2018, respectively.[237][238] William Hurt reprises his role as Thunderbolt Ross from The Incredible Hulk, and is now the US Secretary of State.[239] For the mid-credits scene, in which Black Panther offers Captain America and Bucky Barnes asylum in Wakanda, Joe and Anthony Russo received input from Black Panther director Ryan Coogler on the look and design of Wakanda.[240]

text: Doctor Strange (2016)[edit]

text: After Stephen Strange, the world's top neurosurgeon, is involved in a car accident that ruins his career, he sets out on a journey of healing, where he encounters the Ancient One, who teaches Strange the use of Mystic Arts and to defend the Earth from mystical threats.[241][242]

text: In June 2010, Thomas Dean Donnelly and Joshua Oppenheimer were hired to write the screenplay for a film starring the character Doctor Strange.[243] In January 2013, Kevin Feige confirmed that Doctor Strange would be a part of their Phase Three slate of films.[244] In June 2014, Scott Derrickson was hired to direct.[211] In December 2014, Benedict Cumberbatch was cast in the eponymous role, and Jon Spaihts was confirmed to rewrite the script.[245][246] In December 2015, C. Robert Cargill revealed he was a co-writer on the film,[247] and the following April, revealed that Derrickson also wrote the script.[248] Pre-production began in June 2014,[249] with filming beginning in November 2015 in Nepal, before moving to Longcross Studios in the UK later in the month.[250][251] Filming concluded in New York City in April 2016.[252][253] Doctor Strange had its premiere in Hong Kong on October 13, 2016,[254] and was released in the United Kingdom on October 25, 2016,[255] and on November 4 in the United States.[227]

text: Derrickson stated that the events of the film take "roughly" a year, ending "up to date with the rest of the MCU". Doctor Strange introduces the Eye of Agamotto, a mystical relic that can manipulate time and is revealed to be an Infinity Stone at the end of the film,[256] specifically the Time Stone.[257] The film's mid-credits scene features a cameo appearance by Hemsworth as Thor, meeting with Strange, which was footage from Thor: Ragnarok. The scene was directed by Ragnarok director Taika Waititi.[257]

text: Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 (2017)[edit]

text: The Guardians of the Galaxy travel throughout the cosmos and struggle to keep their newfound family together while helping Peter Quill learn more about his true parentage and facing against new enemies.[258]

text: In July 2014, Guardians of the Galaxy co-writer Nicole Perlman confirmed that Gunn would return to write and direct the sequel.[112][259] Chris Pratt returns for the sequel as Peter Quill / Star-Lord,[260][261] along with the other Guardians from the first film as well as additional cast members.[261] They are joined by Pom Klementieff as Mantis,[262][261] and Kurt Russell as Ego.[261][263] In June 2015, the film's title was revealed as Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2.[264] Filming began in February 2016 at Pinewood Atlanta,[265][266] and concluded in June 2016.[267] Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 premiered in Tokyo on April 10, 2017,[268] and was released on May 5, 2017.[227]

text: The film is set two-to-three months after the events of Guardians of the Galaxy,[269][270] in 2014.[167] One of the film's post-credit sequences hints at the introduction of Adam Warlock,[271] after Gunn originally intended for Warlock to make a full appearance in Vol. 2. He noted that Warlock could appear in future Guardians films, and is considered "a pretty important part" of the cosmic side of the Marvel Cinematic Universe.[272] The Grandmaster, played by Jeff Goldblum, is seen dancing in the end credits, before his appearance in Thor: Ragnarok.[273]

text: Spider-Man: Homecoming (2017)[edit]

text: Peter Parker tries to balance being the hero Spider-Man with his high school life under guidance of Tony Stark as he deals with the threat of the Vulture.[274][275]

text: On February 9, 2015, Sony Pictures and Marvel announced that Sony would be releasing a Spider-Man film co-produced by Marvel Studios president Feige and Amy Pascal, with Sony Pictures continuing to own, finance, distribute, and have final creative control of the Spider-Man films.[3] In April 2015, Feige confirmed the character would be Peter Parker and added that Marvel had been working to add Spider-Man to the MCU since at least October 2014, when they announced their full slate of Phase Three films, saying, "Marvel doesn't announce anything officially until it's set in stone. So we went forward with that Plan A in October, with the Plan B being, if [the deal] were to happen with Sony, how it would all shift. We've been thinking about [the Spider-Man film] as long as we've been thinking about Phase Three."[276] In June 2015, Tom Holland was cast in the role of Spider-Man and Jon Watts was hired to direct the film,[213] and the next month, John Francis Daley & Jonathan Goldstein were hired to write the screenplay.[277] Additional screenwriters include Watts & Christopher Ford and Chris McKenna & Erik Sommers.[214] In April 2016, the title was revealed to be Spider-Man: Homecoming.[278] Production began in June 2016 at Pinewood Atlanta,[279][280] and concluded in October 2016.[281] Spider-Man: Homecoming premiered on June 28, 2017 in Hollywood,[282] and was released in the United Kingdom on July 5,[283] and the United States on July 7, 2017.[284]

text: The film is set several months after the events of Captain America: Civil War,[285] which is eight years after the events of The Avengers.[286] In April 2016, Feige confirmed that characters from previous MCU films would appear in the film,[287] with Robert Downey Jr. confirmed to reprise his role as Tony Stark / Iron Man shortly thereafter.[288] Favreau, Paltrow, and Evans also reprise their roles as Happy Hogan,[289] Pepper Potts,[290] and Steve Rogers / Captain America, respectively.[291] The clean-up crew Damage Control appear in the film (after previously being referenced in Iron Man and Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.) ahead of an intended television series about them.[292][293][294] Various weaponry and artifacts from previous films are referenced throughout the film that Toomes and his crew repurpose for their weapons. In Parker's high school, one of his classes has a lesson about the Sokovia Accords,[295] and portraits of Bruce Banner, Howard Stark and Abraham Erskine are seen within the school.[296]

text: Thor: Ragnarok (2017)[edit]

text: Thor, trapped on another world without Mjölnir, must survive a gladiatorial duel against the Hulk and return to Asgard in time to stop the villainous Hela and the impending Ragnarök.[297]

text: In January 2014, Marvel announced that a third Thor film was in development, with Craig Kyle and Christopher Yost writing the screenplay,[298] and was officially announced as Thor: Ragnarok in October 2014.[227] By October 2015, Taika Waititi entered in negotiations to direct Thor: Ragnarok.[299][215] In December 2015, Stephany Folsom was hired to rewrite the script.[300] A year later, in January 2017, it was revealed that Eric Pearson wrote the screenplay, with Kyle, Yost and Folsom receiving story credit.[297] Pearson, Kyle and Yost would ultimately receive screenwriting credit for the film.[216][217] Hemsworth, Hiddleston, Idris Elba and Anthony Hopkins reprise their roles as Thor, Loki, Heimdall and Odin, respectively, and are joined by Cate Blanchett as Hela.[301] Production began in July 2016 in Australia at Village Roadshow Studios,[302][303] and wrapped in late October 2016.[304] Thor: Ragnarok premiered in Los Angeles on October 10, 2017,[305] began its international release on October 24, 2017 in the United Kingdom,[306] and was released on November 3, 2017 in the United States.[307]

text: The film is set four years after the events of Thor: The Dark World, two years after the events of Avengers: Age of Ultron,[308][309] and around the same time period as Captain America: Civil War and Spider-Man: Homecoming. Producer Brad Winderbaum noted that "Things happen on top of each other now in Phase Three. They're not as interlocked as they were in Phase One."[310] Mark Ruffalo and Benedict Cumberbatch appear in the film as Bruce Banner / Hulk and Doctor Stephen Strange, respectively.[301][257] The film reveals that the Infinity Gauntlet first seen in Odin's vault in Thor was a fake,[311] while also introducing Thanos' ship Sanctuary II in a post-credits scene.[312]

text: Black Panther (2018)[edit]

text: T'Challa returns home as sovereign of the nation of Wakanda only to find his dual role of king and protector challenged by a long-time adversary in a conflict that has global consequences.[313]

text: Documentary filmmaker Mark Bailey was hired to write a script for Black Panther in January 2011.[314] In October 2014, the film was announced and Chadwick Boseman was revealed to be portraying T'Challa / Black Panther.[227][238] In January 2016, Ryan Coogler was announced as director,[218] and the following month, Joe Robert Cole was confirmed as the film's screenwriter.[219] In April 2016, Feige confirmed that Coogler was a co-screenwriter.[220] Filming began in January 2017 at EUE/Screen Gems Studios in Atlanta,[315][316] and concluded in April 2017.[317] Black Panther premiered in Los Angeles on January 29, 2018,[318] and began its international release on February 13, 2018,[319] and was released on February 16, 2018 in the United States.[209] The film also had a "cross-nation release" in Africa, a first for a Disney film.[320][321]

text: The film is set one week after the events of Captain America: Civil War.[313] Florence Kasumba,[322] Serkis, Martin Freeman, and John Kani reprise their roles as Ayo, Ulysses Klaue, Everett K. Ross and T'Chaka respectively from previous MCU films.[313] The film's post-credits scene features a cameo appearance by Sebastian Stan, reprising his role as Bucky Barnes.[323]

text: Avengers: Infinity War (2018)[edit]

text: The Avengers join forces with the Guardians of the Galaxy to battle Thanos, who is trying to amass the Infinity Stones.[324]

text: The film was announced in October 2014 as Avengers: Infinity War – Part 1.[227] In April 2015, Marvel announced that Anthony and Joe Russo would direct the film and in May, that Christopher Markus & Stephen McFeely would write the screenplay.[221][222] In July 2016, Marvel revealed the title would be shortened to simply Avengers: Infinity War.[325] Brolin reprises his role as Thanos,[326][327] and is part of an ensemble cast featuring many actors who have appeared in other MCU films. Filming for Infinity War began in January 2017 in Atlanta,[315][328] and lasted until July 2017.[329] Additional filming also took place in Scotland.[330] Avengers: Infinity War premiered in Los Angeles on April 23, 2018.[331] It was released worldwide on April 27, 2018, with a few debuts beginning as early as April 25 in a handful of countries.[332]

text: The film is set two years after the events of Captain America: Civil War.[333] Marvel had been planting the seeds for Infinity War since their early films, by introducing the Infinity Stones as MacGuffins: the Tesseract / Space Stone in Captain America: The First Avenger, Loki's Scepter / Mind Stone in The Avengers, the Aether / Reality Stone in Thor: The Dark World, the Orb / Power Stone in Guardians of the Galaxy, and the Eye of Agamotto / Time Stone in Doctor Strange.[257] Additionally, Thanos is shown holding an empty Infinity Gauntlet in Avengers: Age of Ultron.[188] The Red Skull from Captain America: The First Avenger appears in the film, played by Ross Marquand instead of Hugo Weaving, and is the keeper of the final Infinity Stone, the Soul Stone.[334] The post-credits scene features Nick Fury transmitting a distress signal on a device, which has the insignia of Captain Marvel.[335]

text: Recurring cast and characters[edit]

text: List indicator(s)

text:
This table only includes characters which have appeared in multiple film franchises within the Marvel Cinematic Universe, and have appeared in the billing block for at least two films. (see FAQ)
A dark grey cell indicates the character was not in the franchise, or that the character's presence in a film of the franchise has not yet been announced.
A V indicates a voice-only role

tag: ul

text:
Character
Ant-Man films
Avengers films
Black Panther
Captain America films
Captain Marvel
Doctor Strange
Guardians of the Galaxy films
The Incredible Hulk
Iron Man films
Spider-Man films
Thor films

Bruce Banner
Hulk

Mark Ruffalo[94]

Edward Norton[36]

Lou FerrignoV[336]
Mark Ruffalo[131]

Mark Ruffalo[337]

James "Bucky" Barnes
Winter Soldier
Sebastian Stan[207][338][323][339]

Clint Barton
Hawkeye

Jeremy Renner[95]

Jeremy Renner[340]

Jeremy Renner[74]

Peggy Carter
Hayley Atwell[341][342]

Hayley Atwell[339]

Phil Coulson

Clark Gregg[95]

Clark Gregg[343]

Clark Gregg[73]

Clark Gregg[73]

Drax the Destroyer

Dave Bautista[344]

Dave Bautista[261]

Nick Fury

Samuel L. Jackson[345]

Samuel L. Jackson[345][346]

Samuel L. Jackson[30]

Samuel L. Jackson[345]

Gamora

Zoe Saldana[347]

Zoe Saldana[261]

Groot

Vin DieselV[348]

Vin DieselV[261]

Heimdall

Idris Elba[349]

Idris Elba[350]

Maria Hill

Cobie Smulders[351]

Cobie Smulders[352]

Harold "Happy" Hogan

Jon Favreau[353]

Jon Favreau[354][289]

Korath

Djimon Hounsou[343]

Djimon Hounsou[111]

Scott Lang
Ant-Man
Paul Rudd[355][356]

Paul Rudd[223]

Loki

Tom Hiddleston[357]

Tom Hiddleston[66]

Mantis

Pom Klementieff[358]

Pom Klementieff[359]

Wanda Maximoff
Scarlet Witch

Elizabeth Olsen[360]

Elizabeth Olsen[155]

Nebula

Karen Gillan[361]

Karen Gillan[261]

Okoye

Danai Gurira[362][363]

Peter Parker
Spider-Man

Tom Holland[364]

Tom Holland[237]

Max Favreau[a]
Tom Holland[213]

Virginia "Pepper" Potts

Gwyneth Paltrow[100]

Gwyneth Paltrow[365][290]

Peter Quill
Star-Lord

Chris Pratt[366]

Chris Pratt[162]

James "Rhodey" Rhodes
War Machine / Iron Patriot

Don Cheadle[367]

Don Cheadle[223]

Terrence Howard[365]
Don Cheadle[368]

Rocket

Bradley CooperV[369]

Bradley CooperV[261]

Steve Rogers
Captain America
Chris Evans[207][80]

Chris Evans[80]

Chris Evans[291][142]

Natasha Romanoff
Black Widow

Scarlett Johansson[50]

Scarlett Johansson[146]

Scarlett Johansson[50]

Ronan the Accuser

Lee Pace[343]

Lee Pace[111]

Thaddeus "Thunderbolt" Ross

William Hurt[370]

William Hurt[223]

William Hurt[336]

Erik Selvig

Stellan Skarsgård[78]

Stellan Skarsgård[78]

Shuri

Letitia Wright[371][372]

Tony Stark
Iron Man

Robert Downey, Jr.[47]

Robert Downey, Jr.[226]

Robert Downey, Jr.[226][43][20][288]

Stephen Strange

Benedict Cumberbatch[373]

Benedict Cumberbatch[245]

Benedict Cumberbatch[257]

T'Challa
Black Panther

Chadwick Boseman[238][374]

Thor

Chris Hemsworth[95]

Chris Hemsworth[257]

Chris Hemsworth[65]

Taneleer Tivan
The Collector

Benicio del Toro[375]

Benicio del Toro[111]

Benicio del Toro[143]

Hope van Dyne
Wasp
Evangeline Lilly[376][377]

Vision

Paul Bettany[378]

Paul Bettany[223]

Sam Wilson
Falcon
Anthony Mackie[379][380]

Anthony Mackie[381]

Wong

Benedict Wong[382]

Benedict Wong[383]

text: Jump up ^ In June 2017 several interviews with Holland, Watts, and Feige revealed that the child whom Tony Stark saves from a drone in Iron Man 2 is Peter Parker.[60]

tag: ol

text: Home media[edit]

text: In June 2012, Marvel announced a 10-disc box set titled "Marvel Cinematic Universe: Phase One – Avengers Assembled", for release on September 25, 2012. The box set includes all six of the Phase One films—Iron Man, The Incredible Hulk, Iron Man 2, Thor, Captain America: The First Avenger, and Marvel's The Avengers—on Blu-ray and Blu-ray 3D, in a replica of Nick Fury's briefcase from The Avengers.[384] In August 2012, luggage company Rimowa GmbH, who developed the briefcase for The Avengers, filed suit against Marvel Studios and Buena Vista Home Entertainment in U.S. federal court, complaining that "Marvel did not obtain any license or authorization from Rimowa to make replica copies of the cases for any purpose."[385] The set was delayed to early 2013 for the packaging to be redesigned.[386] The box set, with a redesigned case, was released on April 2, 2013. In addition, the box set included a featurette on the then-upcoming Phase Two films, showing footage and concept art, as well as previously unreleased deleted scenes from all of the Phase One films.[387]

text: In July 2015, Marvel announced a 13-disc box set titled "Marvel Cinematic Universe: Phase Two Collection", for release on December 8, 2015, exclusive to Amazon.com. The box set includes all six of the Phase Two films—Iron Man 3, Thor: The Dark World, Captain America: The Winter Soldier, Guardians of the Galaxy, Avengers: Age of Ultron, and Ant-Man—on Blu-ray, Blu-ray 3D and a digital copy, in a replica of the Orb from Guardians of the Galaxy, plus a bonus disc and exclusive memorabilia. Material on the bonus disc includes all of the Marvel One-Shots with commentary, deleted scenes and pre-production creative features for each of the films, featurettes on the making of the post-credit scenes for the films, and first looks at Captain America: Civil War, Doctor Strange, and Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2.[388][389]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office performance[edit]

text:
Film
U.S. release date
Box office gross
All-time Ranking
Budget
Ref(s)

U.S. and Canada
Other territories
Worldwide
U.S. and Canada
Worldwide

Iron Man
May 2, 2008
$318,412,101
$266,762,121
$585,174,222
61
147
$140 million
[390]

Incredible Hulk !The Incredible Hulk
June 13, 2008
$134,806,913
$128,620,638
$263,427,551
412
516
$150 million
[391]

Iron Man 2
May 7, 2010
$312,433,331
$311,500,000
$623,933,331
66
129
$200 million
[392]

Thor
May 6, 2011
$181,030,624
$268,295,994
$449,326,618
232
225
$150 million
[393]

Captain America: The First Avenger
July 22, 2011
$176,654,505
$193,915,269
$370,569,774
249
302
$140 million
[394]

Marvel's The Avengers
May 4, 2012
$623,357,910
$895,455,078
$1,518,812,988
7
6
$220 million
[395]

Iron Man 3
May 3, 2013
$409,013,994
$805,797,258
$1,214,811,252
24
15
$178.4 million
[396]
[397]

Thor: The Dark World
November 8, 2013
$206,362,140
$438,209,262
$644,571,402
182
120
$152.7 million
[398]
[397]

Captain America: The Winter Soldier
April 4, 2014
$259,766,572
$454,497,695
$714,264,267
104
97
$177 million
[399]
[400]

Guardians of the Galaxy
August 1, 2014
$333,176,600
$440,152,029
$773,328,629
54
82
$195.9 million
[401]
[402]

Avengers: Age of Ultron
May 1, 2015
$459,005,868
$946,397,826
$1,405,403,694
15
8
$365.5 million
[403]
[404]

Ant-Man
July 17, 2015
$180,202,163
$339,109,802
$519,311,965
234
182
$109.3 million
[405]
[404]

Captain America: Civil War
May 6, 2016
$408,084,349
$745,220,146
$1,153,304,495
25
17
$250 million
[406]

Doctor Strange
November 4, 2016
$232,641,920
$445,076,475
$677,718,395
139
109
$165 million
[407]

Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2
May 5, 2017
$389,813,101
$473,942,950
$863,756,051
32
61
$200 million
[408]

Spider-Man: Homecoming
July 7, 2017
$334,201,140
$545,965,784
$880,166,924
52
53
$175 million
[409]

Thor: Ragnarok
November 3, 2017
$315,058,289
$538,918,837
$853,977,126
65
63
$180 million
[410]

Black Panther
February 16, 2018
$698,745,233
$646,221,327
$1,344,966,560
3
9
$205 million
[411]

Avengers: Infinity War
April 27, 2018
$627,649,180
$1,286,889,282
$1,914,538,462
6
4
$358 million
[412]

Total
$7009660041593300000♠6,600,415,933
$7010101709477730000♠10,170,947,773
$7010167713637060000♠16,771,363,706
1
1
$3.712 billion
[413]
[414]

text: Critical response[edit]

text:
Film
Rotten Tomatoes
Metacritic

Iron Man
94% (268 reviews)[415]
79 (38 reviews)[416]

Incredible Hulk !The Incredible Hulk
67% (225 reviews)[417]
61 (38 reviews)[418]

Iron Man 2
73% (280 reviews)[419]
57 (40 reviews)[420]

Thor
77% (272 reviews)[421]
57 (40 reviews)[422]

Captain America: The First Avenger
79% (253 reviews)[423]
66 (43 reviews)[424]

Marvel's The Avengers
92% (330 reviews)[425]
69 (43 reviews)[426]

Iron Man 3
80% (300 reviews)[427]
62 (44 reviews)[428]

Thor: The Dark World
66% (256 reviews)[429]
54 (44 reviews)[430]

Captain America: The Winter Soldier
89% (275 reviews)[431]
70 (47 reviews)[432]

Guardians of the Galaxy
91% (299 reviews)[433]
76 (52 reviews)[434]

Avengers: Age of Ultron
75% (328 reviews)[435]
66 (49 reviews)[436]

Ant-Man
82% (288 reviews)[437]
64 (43 reviews)[438]

Captain America: Civil War
91% (363 reviews)[439]
75 (52 reviews)[440]

Doctor Strange
89% (313 reviews)[441]
72 (49 reviews)[442]

Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2
83% (341 reviews)[443]
67 (47 reviews)[444]

Spider-Man: Homecoming
92% (317 reviews)[445]
73 (51 reviews)[446]

Thor: Ragnarok
92% (333 reviews)[447]
74 (51 reviews)[448]

Black Panther
97% (375 reviews)[449]
88 (55 reviews)[450]

Avengers: Infinity War
83% (332 reviews)[451]
68 (53 reviews)[452]

Average
84%
68

text: Future[edit]

text:
Film
U.S. release date
Director(s)
Screenwriter(s)
Producer(s)
Status

Phase Three[104][208][209]

Ant-Man and the Wasp
July 6, 2018 (2018-07-06)[209]
Peyton Reed[453]
Chris McKenna & Erik Sommers and
Paul Rudd & Andrew Barrer & Gabriel Ferrari[454]
Kevin Feige
Post-production

Captain Marvel
March 8, 2019 (2019-03-08)[209]
Anna Boden and Ryan Fleck[455]
Meg LeFauve and Nicole Perlman and
Geneva Robertson-Dworet and
Liz Flahive & Carly Mensch and
Anna Boden & Ryan Fleck[456]
Filming

Untitled Avengers film
May 3, 2019 (2019-05-03)[227]
Anthony and Joe Russo[221]
Christopher Markus & Stephen McFeely[222]
Post-production

Post-Phase Three

Untitled Spider-Man: Homecoming sequel
July 5, 2019 (2019-07-05)[457]
Jon Watts[458]
Chris McKenna and Erik Sommers[459]
Kevin Feige and Amy Pascal
Pre-production[460]

Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3
2020 (2020)[461]
James Gunn[462]
Kevin Feige
In development

text: Ant-Man and the Wasp (2018)[edit]

text: Scott Lang tries to balance his home life with his responsibilities as Ant-Man, when Hope van Dyne and Hank Pym present him with a new mission, requiring him to team up with Van Dyne as the Wasp.[454]

text: Ant-Man and the Wasp was announced in October 2015.[209] Peyton Reed confirmed that he would return to direct in November 2015, and that Paul Rudd and Evangeline Lilly would reprise their roles as Scott Lang / Ant-Man and Hope van Dyne / Wasp, respectively.[453] In December 2015, Andrew Barrer, Gabriel Ferrari, and Rudd were confirmed to write the screenplay,[463] with Chris McKenna and Erik Sommers revealed to have also contributed to the script in August 2017.[454] In February 2017, Michael Douglas confirmed he would reprise his role as Hank Pym in the film.[464] Filming began in August 2017 in Atlanta with additional filming in San Francisco,[454] and ended in November 2017.[465] Ant-Man and the Wasp is scheduled to be released on July 6, 2018.[209]

text: The film is set between the events of Captain America: Civil War and Avengers: Infinity War.[466]

text: Captain Marvel (2019)[edit]

text: Carol Danvers becomes Captain Marvel, one of the galaxy's strongest heroes, after the Earth is caught in the center of an intergalactic conflict between two alien worlds.[456]

text: In May 2013, The Hollywood Reporter reported that Marvel had a working script for Ms. Marvel.[467] In October 2014, Marvel announced the film would be titled Captain Marvel and feature Carol Danvers.[227] In April 2015, Nicole Perlman and Meg LeFauve were announced as screenwriters.[468] At the 2016 San Diego Comic-Con, Brie Larson was confirmed to play the role of Carol Danvers.[469] In April 2017, Anna Boden and Ryan Fleck were hired to direct.[455] That August, Geneva Robertson-Dworet was revealed to be taking over as the film's screenwriter, replacing Perlman and LeFauve.[470] Liz Flahive, Carly Mensch, Boden and Ryan Fleck are also credited as screenwriters on the film.[456] Location filming occurred in January 2018,[471][472] while principal photography began in March 2018 in Los Angeles,[473] and is scheduled to last until May 2018.[474] The film is scheduled to be released on March 8, 2019.[209]

text: The film is set in the 1990s.[475] Jackson, Djimon Hounsou, Lee Pace, and Clark Gregg reprise their roles as Nick Fury, Korath, Ronan the Accuser, and Phil Coulson, respectively,[346][343] while the Skrull species are introduced to the MCU.[475]

text: Untitled Avengers film (2019)[edit]

text: The film was announced in October 2014 as Avengers: Infinity War – Part 2.[227] In April 2015, it was revealed that Anthony and Joe Russo would direct the film and in May, that Christopher Markus and Stephen McFeely would write the screenplay.[221][222] In July 2016, Marvel revealed the title would be changed, being known simply at that time as the Untitled Avengers film.[325] Brolin reprises his role as Thanos,[326][327] and is part of an ensemble cast featuring many actors who have appeared in other MCU films. Filming began in August 2017 in Atlanta,[476] and ended in January 2018.[477] The film is scheduled to be released on May 3, 2019.[227]

text: Untitled Spider-Man: Homecoming sequel (2019)[edit]

text: In December 2016, Sony Pictures scheduled a sequel to Spider-Man: Homecoming for release on July 5, 2019.[457] A year later, Watts was confirmed to be returning to direct the film.[458] Chris McKenna and Erik Sommers, two of the writers of the first film, return to write the script.[459] Filming is scheduled to begin in early July 2018, in London.[478]

text: The film is set after the untitled Avengers film.[479]

text: Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3 (2020)[edit]

text: In April 2016, Kevin Feige stated that "Guardians 3 is [one film that's] up there" being considered for release beyond 2019.[480] In March 2017, Gunn stated that a third Guardians film would happen "for sure",[481] and the following month confirmed he would return to write and direct Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3.[462] The film is scheduled to be released in 2020.[461]

text: The film is set after Avengers: Infinity War and its untitled sequel.[462]

text: Other potential projects[edit]

text: Disney has scheduled multiple release dates for untitled Marvel Studios films. These include: May 1, July 31, and November 6, 2020;[209][482][483][484] May 7, July 30, and November 5, 2021; and February 18, May 6, and July 29, 2022.[484] In October 2016, Feige said it was a combination of knowing what films would occupy the 2020 dates and allowing some flexibility, saying, "We know what [films] we'd like them to be for 2020. Over the years, where we're aiming we've been lucky enough that it's usually been the same thing but we always leave ourselves the opportunity to bob and weave and adapt if we have to. But we know where we're headed for 2020 and we have ideas and we're beginning to solidify the years beyond that."[485] Feige and Marvel have additional storylines planned through 2028,[486] resulting in 20 films "on the docket that are completely different from anything that's come before—intentionally."[487]

text: In October 2014, in terms of Phase Four films, Feige said, for the time being, "We're not going to talk specifically about the story of any of those films, the plot of any of those films, what happens to any of the characters in any of those films. In fact, even to talk about any of those characters – who will be involved in those movies – will be a bit of a spoiler as to what may or may not happen to them in earlier movies."[104] In April 2016, Feige added, "We're only working on what's been announced through the end of 2019. And it is still a big chess board for 2020 and beyond."[480] A year later, Feige noted, "We have an idea [of what the MCU looks like post-Infinity War], and it's gonna be very, very different", but cautioned that Marvel would not be "actively discussing anything past untitled Avengers" besides dating the sequel to Spider-Man: Homecoming and that James Gunn would be working on Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3. He also was not sure if Marvel would continue to group the films in phases once Phase Three concluded, that "it might be a new thing".[483] Feige noted Marvel hoped to reveal additional films after the release of the untitled Avengers film.[488] A second sequel to Homecoming is also planned.[489]

text: In February 2014, Feige stated that after exploring Black Widow's past in Age of Ultron, he would like to see it explored further in a solo film.[490] Marvel has done some development work for the potential film, including a "pretty in depth" treatment by Nicole Perlman,[490][491] and by May 2016, Feige stated that Marvel was "creatively and emotionally" committed to creating the solo film.[492] By January 2018, Jac Schaeffer was hired to write the script for the potential film.[493] By the end of April, Marvel had met with directors Deniz Gamze Ergüven, Chloé Zhao, and Amma Asante for the project.[494]

text: By April 2018, Marvel had met with multiple screenwriters, to craft a film based on the Eternals, with a focus on the character Sersi. Feige stated that a film based on the group was "one of many many many things that we are actively beginning to have creative discussions about to see if we believe in them enough to put them on a slate."[495] A month later, Matthew and Ryan Firpo were hired to write the script for the project.[496]

text: In May 2013, The Hollywood Reporter reported that Marvel had a working script for Blade.[467] In July 2015, Wesley Snipes, who played Blade in three films before the character's rights reverted to Marvel, stated that he had discussions with Marvel to reprise the role.[497]

text: Repurposed projects[edit]

text: A film based on the Runaways went through a number of iterations. Brian K. Vaughan was originally hired to write a screenplay based on the property in May 2008.[498] In April 2010, Marvel hired Peter Sollett to direct the film,[499] and Drew Pearce was hired to write a script in May.[500] The following October, development on the film was put on hold,[501] with Pearce revealing in September 2013 that the Runaways film had been shelved in favor of The Avengers, with the earliest it could release being Phase Three.[502] In October 2014, after announcing all of Marvel's Phase Three films without Runaways, Feige stated the project was "still an awesome script that exists in our script vault", adding, "We'd love to do something with Runaways some day. In our television and future film discussions, it's always one that we talk about, because we have a solid draft there. But again, we can't make them all."[104] In August 2016, Marvel Television announced Marvel's Runaways from the streaming service Hulu,[503] with the series receiving a full season order in May 2017.[504] It premiered in November 2017.[505]

text: In April 2013, Feige mentioned the Inhumans as a property out of which he was "confident" a film would be made.[506] Inhumans as a concept would first be introduced to the MCU in 2014 through the second season of the television series Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.[507] By August 2014, the studio was ready to move forward in development with the film, with a screenplay written by Joe Robert Cole.[508] In October 2014, the film was announced for Phase Three[227] and scheduled for release July 2019.[307] By October 2015, Cole was no longer involved with the film and any potential drafts that he may have written would not be used.[509] In April 2016, Inhumans was removed from the release schedule,[510] and would no longer be a part of Phase Three.[511] In July 2016, Feige said Inhumans would "certainly" be a part of the discussion regarding the film ideas for 2020 and 2021,[512] adding the following November that he was still optimistic the film could be released in Phase Four.[513] In November 2016, Marvel Television announced the series Marvel's Inhumans, which premiered on ABC in September 2017, after the first two episodes were screened in IMAX.[514] The series was not intended to be a reworking of the film.[515] ABC canceled Inhumans after one season in May 2018.[516]


document_title: Life of the Party (2018 film)

question_text: where was movie life of the party filmed

root

text: Life of the Party (2018 film)

text: Plot[edit]

text:
After dropping off their daughter Maddie (Molly Gordon) to her senior year at Decatur University in Atlanta, Dan tells Deanna (Melissa McCarthy) that he wants a divorce because he has fallen in love with another woman, a realtor Marcie (Julie Bowen), and he also wants to sell their house under his name. Heartbroken, Deanna visits her parents Mike (Stephen Root) and Sandy (Jacki Weaver) to tell them what happened, but Mike is frustrated because Dan made Deanna drop out of her college because she was pregnant, as well as his overbearing ways during their marriage.
Deanna goes to see Maddie in her dorm to tell the news about her divorce and her plans to study again at the university to earn a degree in Archaeology. Maddie initially has doubts about her plan but she ultimately accepts it. Maddie introduces Deanna to her friends - Amanda (Adria Arjona), neurotic Debbie (Jessie Ennis), and Helen (Gillian Jacobs). Deanna later meets her agoraphobic and chronically depressed roommate Leonor (Heidi Gardner).

tag: p

text: On the first day of school, she meets demeaning girls, Jennifer (Debby Ryan) and her friend Trina (Yani Simone), who mocks Deanna's age. Deanna later signed the divorce papers, with her best friend Christine, in front of Dan and Marcie. At night, Maddie and her friends take Deanna to the party, where she meets a boy named Jack (Luke Benward), who later falls in love with her and, the next day, they have sex inside the library. In another night, they attend an 80's-themed party where Deanna has a dance-off with Jennifer, resulting in earning the respect of her schoolmates. Deanna later has stage fright during her oral presentation and she faints.

text: While Deanna hanging out for the dinner with Christine, her husband, and their couple friends, Dan and Marcie unexpectedly show up, who declare that they are getting married. Jack turns out to be Marcie's son and knowing about Deanna sleeping with Jack, Marcie walks out in disgust. On the night of Dan and Marcie's wedding, Deanna and her friends get high from chocolate bark laced with weed, and they head to the reception, where they start wrecking the wedding hall. Dan, Marcie, and Maddie find them and Marcie tells Deanna she is cut off financially from Dan. Deanna is filled with shame, if only because of how Maddie saw her.

text: Deanna tries to make amends with Maddie, but she tells her that she is leaving college since she has no means of completing the rest of the year on her own. The girls then come up with a plan to throw a party to raise money to pay for Deanna's tuition. Since everyone is at Christina Aguilera concert, Helen posts the message on her Twitter, claiming Aguilera will be at the party after her show. Christine shows up with her husband, as do Mike and Sandy. Mike offers to give Deanna a 401K check to pay her tuition, but Deanna refuses to take it. The party is not a success until Aguilera (who ends up being Leonor’s cousin) arrives and she puts on a show with Deanna and the girls to an excited crowd.

text: Later on, Deanna is due to repeat her presentation in class. She is still nervous until Maddie, Helen, Amanda, Debbie, and all the sorority sisters show up to support her, and Deanna manages to give the presentation with ease. At the end of the year, Deanna and Maddie graduate together, with all their friends and family there to support them. Maddie encourages Deanna to throw her cap in the air. She does so, and it hits Dan in the face, knocking out an earring he was wearing while Marcie berates him for losing the expensive diamond stud.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Melissa McCarthy as Deanna "Dee Rock" Miles (née Cook)
Molly Gordon as Maddie Miles, Dan and Deanna's daughter
Gillian Jacobs as Helen, a sorority sister who is older than the rest due to having been in a coma for eight years.
Maya Rudolph as Christine Davenport, Deanna's neurotic and heavy drinking best friend
Jessie Ennis as Debbie, a sorority sister with "issues"
Adria Arjona as Amanda, another sorority sister with "issues"
Matt Walsh as Daniel "Dan" Miles, Deanna's ex-husband, Maddie's father
Julie Bowen as Marcie Strong, a real estate agent, Deanna's nemesis and Dan's lover
Debby Ryan as Jennifer, a "mean girl" in Deanna's archaeology class
Stephen Root as Michael "Mike" Cook, Deanna's father and Maddie's grandfather
Jacki Weaver as Sandy Cook, Deanna's mother and Maddie's grandmother
Luke Benward as Jack Strong, a frat boy infatuated with Deanna
Jimmy O. Yang as Tyler, Maddie's boyfriend and Jack's friend
Chris Parnell as Wayne Truzack, Deanna's professor
Heidi Gardner as Leonor, Deanna's reclusive Goth roommate
Yani Smone as Trina, Jennifer's snarky sidekick
Damon Jones as Frank Davenport, Christine's husband
Ben Falcone as Dale, the Uber driver
Nat Faxon as Lance
Sarah Baker as Gildred
Karen Maruyama as Mediator
Steve Mallory as Bill
Courtney Patterson as Amy
Steve Falcone (Ben Falcone's real-life father) as Older Man #1 / Vince
Michael D. McCarthy (Melissa McCarthy's real-life father) as Older Man #2 / Dennis
Christina Aguilera as herself (cameo)

text: Production[edit]

text: Filming began in August 2016 in the metro Atlanta area. The sorority house used in the film is The Twelve Oaks Bed & Breakfast (www.thetwelveoaks.com) located in Covington, GA. The interior of the mansion was replicated in a warehouse in Decatur, GA for the interior scenes and the exterior scenes were filmed on location at the inn.[citation needed]

text: Release[edit]

text: Life of the Party was released on May 11, 2018.[5] The first official trailer for the film was released on February 5, 2018.[6]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Life of the Party grossed 52.9 million in the United States and Canada, and $12.8 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $65.7 million.[3]

text: In the United States and Canada, Life of the Party was released alongside Breaking In, and was projected to gross $18–21 million from 3,656 theaters in its opening weekend.[7] It made $4.9 million on its first day, including $700,000 from Thursday night previews, down from the $985,000 McCarthy's The Boss grossed in March 2016, and similar to the $650,000 grossed by Snatched on the Thursday before the same weekend the previous year.[2] The film went on to debut to $17.9 million, and finished second behind Avengers: Infinity War ($62 million in its third week); 80% of its audience was over the age of 25, while 70% was female.[8] It fell 57% in its second weekend, to $7.6 million, finishing fourth at the box office,[9] and another 33% to $5.1 million in its third, finishing fifth.[10]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: On review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 38% based on 129 reviews, and an average rating of 5/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Life of the Party's good-natured humor and abundance of onscreen talent aren't enough to make up for jumbled direction and a script that misses far more often than it hits."[11] On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 46 out of 100, based on reviews from 32 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews."[12] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B" on an A+ to F scale, higher than the "C+" earned by McCarthy and Falcone's previous two film collaborations.[8]

text: Matt Zoller-Seitz of RogerEbert.com gave the film two out of four stars, calling it "the latest Melissa McCarthy star vehicle that fails to do justice to the sheer awesomeness of its leading lady."[13] Leigh Monson from Birth.MoviesDeath wrote, "One hundred minutes of self-indulgence and tedium, even if it's well-meaning in its intentions."[14]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Award

Category

Recipient

Result

Teen Choice Awards

Choice Summer Movie

Nominated

Choice Summer Movie Actress

Melissa McCarthy

Nominated

People's Choice Awards

The Comedy Movie Star of 2018

Pending

tag: table


document_title: Supercomputer

question_text: how many cores does the fastest super computer have

text: Supercomputer

text: History[edit]

text: In 1960 Sperry Rand built the Livermore Atomic Research Computer (LARC), today considered among the first supercomputers, for the US Navy Research and Development Centre. It still used high-speed drum memory, rather than the newly emerging disk drive technology.[12] Also among the first supercomputers was the IBM 7030 Stretch. The IBM 7030 was built by IBM for the Los Alamos National Laboratory, which in 1955 had requested a computer 100 times faster than any existing computer. The IBM 7030 used transistors, magnetic core memory, pipelined instructions, prefetched data through a memory controller and included pioneering random access disk drives. The IBM 7030 was completed in 1961 and despite not meeting the challenge of a hundredfold increase in performance, it was purchased by the Los Alamos National Laboratory. Customers in England and France also bought the computer and it became the basis for the IBM 7950 Harvest, a supercomputer built for cryptanalysis.[13]

text: The third pioneering supercomputer project in the early 1960s was the Atlas at the University of Manchester, built by a team led by Tom Kilburn. He designed the Atlas to have memory space for up to a million words of 48 bits, but because magnetic storage with such a capacity was unaffordable, the actual core memory of Atlas was only 16,000 words, with a drum providing memory for a further 96,000 words. The Atlas operating system swapped data in the form of pages between the magnetic core and the drum. The Atlas operating system also introduced time-sharing to supercomputing, so that more than one programe could be executed on the supercomputer at any one time.[14] Atlas was a joint venture between Ferranti and the Manchester University and was designed to operate at processing speeds approaching one microsecond per instruction, about one million instructions per second.[15]

text: The CDC 6600, designed by Seymour Cray, was finished  in 1964 and marked the transition from germanium to silicon transistors. Silicon transistors could run faster and the overheating problem was solved by introducing refrigeration to the supercomputer design.[16] Thus the CDC6600 became the fastest computer in the world. Given that the 6600 outperformed all the other contemporary computers by about 10 times, it was dubbed a supercomputer and defined the supercomputing market, when one hundred computers were sold at $8 million each.[17][18][19][20]

text: Cray left CDC in 1972 to form his own company, Cray Research.[18] Four years after leaving CDC, Cray delivered the 80 MHz Cray-1 in 1976, which became one of the most successful supercomputers in history.[21][22] The Cray-2 was released in 1985. It had eight central processing units (CPUs), liquid cooling and the electronics coolant liquid fluorinert was pumped through the supercomputer architecture. It performed at 1.9 gigaFLOPS and was the world's second fastest after M-13 supercomputer in Moscow.[23]

text: Massively parallel designs[edit]

text: The only computer to seriously challenge the Cray-1's performance in the 1970s was the ILLIAC IV. This machine was the first realized example of a true massively parallel computer, in which many processors worked together to solve different parts of a single larger problem. In contrast with the vector systems, which were designed to run a single stream of data as quickly as possible, in this concept, the computer instead feeds separate parts of the data to entirely different processors and then recombines the results. The ILLIAC's design was finalized in 1966 with 256 processors and offer speed up to 1 GFLOPS, compared to the 1970s Cray-1's peak of 250 MFLOPS. However, development problems led to only 64 processors being built, and the system could never operate faster than about 200 MFLOPS while being much larger and more complex than the Cray. Another problem was that writing software for the system was difficult, and getting peak performance from it was a matter of serious effort.

text: But the partial success of the ILLIAC IV was widely seen as pointing the way to the future of supercomputing. Cray argued against this, famously quipping that "If you were plowing a field, which would you rather use? Two strong oxen or 1024 chickens?"[24] But by the early 1980s, several teams were working on parallel designs with thousands of processors, notably the Connection Machine (CM) that developed from research at MIT. The CM-1 used as many as 65,536 simplified custom microprocessors connected together in a network to share data. Several updated versions followed; the CM-5 supercomputer is a massively parallel processing computer capable of many billions of arithmetic operations per second.[25]

text: In 1982, Osaka University's LINKS-1 Computer Graphics System used a massively parallel processing architecture, with 514 microprocessors, including 257 Zilog Z8001 control processors and 257 iAPX 86/20 floating-point processors. It was mainly used for rendering realistic 3D computer graphics.[26] Fujitsu's Numerical Wind Tunnel supercomputer used 166 vector processors to gain the top spot in 1994 with a peak speed of 1.7 gigaFLOPS (GFLOPS) per processor.[27][28] The Hitachi SR2201 obtained a peak performance of 600 GFLOPS in 1996 by using 2048 processors connected via a fast three-dimensional crossbar network.[29][30][31] The Intel Paragon could have 1000 to 4000 Intel i860 processors in various configurations and was ranked the fastest in the world in 1993. The Paragon was a MIMD machine which connected processors via a high speed two dimensional mesh, allowing processes to execute on separate nodes, communicating via the Message Passing Interface.[32]

text: Software development remained a problem, but the CM series sparked off considerable research into this issue. Similar designs using custom hardware were made by many companies, including the Evans & Sutherland ES-1, MasPar, nCUBE, Intel iPSC and the Goodyear MPP. But by the mid-1990s, general-purpose CPU performance had improved so much in that a supercomputer could be built using them as the individual processing units, instead of using custom chips. By the turn of the 21st century, designs featuring tens of thousands of commodity CPUs were the norm, with later machines adding graphic units to the mix.[7][8]

text: Systems with a massive number of processors generally take one of two paths. In the grid computing approach, the processing power of many computers, organised as distributed, diverse administrative domains, is opportunistically used whenever a computer is available.[33] In another approach, a large number of processors are used in proximity to each other, e.g. in a computer cluster. In such a centralized massively parallel system the speed and flexibility of the interconnect becomes very important and modern supercomputers have used various approaches ranging from enhanced Infiniband systems to three-dimensional torus interconnects.[34][35] The use of multi-core processors combined with centralization is an emerging direction, e.g. as in the Cyclops64 system.[36][37]

text: As the price, performance and energy efficiency of general purpose graphic processors (GPGPUs) have improved,[38] a number of petaFLOPS supercomputers such as Tianhe-I and Nebulae have started to rely on them.[39] However, other systems such as the K computer continue to use conventional processors such as SPARC-based designs and the overall applicability of GPGPUs in general-purpose high-performance computing applications has been the subject of debate, in that while a GPGPU may be tuned to score well on specific benchmarks, its overall applicability to everyday algorithms may be limited unless significant effort is spent to tune the application towards it.[40][41] However, GPUs are gaining ground and in 2012 the Jaguar supercomputer was transformed into Titan by retrofitting CPUs with GPUs.[42][43][44]

text: High-performance computers have an expected life cycle of about three years before requiring an upgrade.[45]

text: Special purpose supercomputers[edit]

text:
A number of "special-purpose" systems have been designed, dedicated to a single problem. This allows the use of specially programmed FPGA chips or even custom ASICs, allowing better price/performance ratios by sacrificing generality. Examples of special-purpose supercomputers include Belle,[46] Deep Blue,[47] and Hydra,[48] for playing chess, Gravity Pipe for astrophysics,[49] MDGRAPE-3 for protein structure computation
molecular dynamics[50] and Deep Crack,[51] for breaking the DES cipher.

text: Energy usage and heat management[edit]

text: Throughout the decades, the management of heat density has remained a key issue for most centralized supercomputers.[52][53][54] The large amount of heat generated by a system may also have other effects, e.g. reducing the lifetime of other system components.[55] There have been diverse approaches to heat management, from pumping Fluorinert through the system, to a hybrid liquid-air cooling system or air cooling with normal air conditioning temperatures.[56][57] A typical supercomputer consumes large amounts of electrical power, almost all of which is converted into heat, requiring cooling. For example, Tianhe-1A consumes 4.04 megawatts (MW) of electricity.[58] The cost to power and cool the system can be significant, e.g. 4 MW at $0.10/kWh is $400 an hour or about $3.5 million per year.

text: Heat management is a major issue in complex electronic devices and affects powerful computer systems in various ways.[59] The thermal design power and CPU power dissipation issues in supercomputing surpass those of traditional computer cooling technologies. The supercomputing awards for green computing reflect this issue.[60][61][62]

text: The packing of thousands of processors together inevitably generates significant amounts of heat density that need to be dealt with. The Cray 2 was liquid cooled, and used a Fluorinert "cooling waterfall" which was forced through the modules under pressure.[56] However, the submerged liquid cooling approach was not practical for the multi-cabinet systems based on off-the-shelf processors, and in System X a special cooling system that combined air conditioning with liquid cooling was developed in conjunction with the Liebert company.[57]

text:
In the Blue Gene system, IBM deliberately used low power processors to deal with heat density.[63]
The IBM Power 775, released in 2011, has closely packed elements that require water cooling.[64] The IBM Aquasar system uses hot water cooling to achieve energy efficiency, the water being used to heat buildings as well.[65][66]

text: The energy efficiency of computer systems is generally measured in terms of "FLOPS per watt". In 2008, IBM's Roadrunner operated at 3.76 MFLOPS/W.[67][68] In November 2010, the Blue Gene/Q reached 1,684 MFLOPS/W.[69][70] In June 2011 the top 2 spots on the Green 500 list were occupied by Blue Gene machines in New York (one achieving 2097 MFLOPS/W) with the DEGIMA cluster in Nagasaki placing third with 1375 MFLOPS/W.[71]

text:
Because copper wires can transfer energy into a supercomputer with much higher power densities than forced air or circulating refrigerants can remove waste heat,[72]
the ability of the cooling systems to remove waste heat is a limiting factor.[73][74]
As of  2015[update], many existing supercomputers have more infrastructure capacity than the actual peak demand of the machine –  designers generally conservatively design the power and cooling infrastructure to handle more than the theoretical peak electrical power consumed by the supercomputer. Designs for future supercomputers are power-limited –  the thermal design power of the supercomputer as a whole, the amount that the power and cooling infrastructure can handle, is somewhat more than the expected normal power consumption, but less than the theoretical peak power consumption of the electronic hardware.[75]

text: Software and system management[edit]

text: Operating systems[edit]

text: Since the end of the 20th century, supercomputer operating systems have undergone major transformations, based on the changes in supercomputer architecture.[76] While early operating systems were custom tailored to each supercomputer to gain speed, the trend has been to move away from in-house operating systems to the adaptation of generic software such as Linux.[77]

text: Since modern massively parallel supercomputers typically separate computations from other services by using multiple types of nodes, they usually run different operating systems on different nodes, e.g. using a small and efficient lightweight kernel such as CNK or CNL on compute nodes, but a larger system such as a Linux-derivative on server and I/O nodes.[78][79][80]

text: While in a traditional multi-user computer system job scheduling is, in effect, a tasking problem for processing and peripheral resources, in a massively parallel system, the job management system needs to manage the allocation of both computational and communication resources, as well as gracefully deal with inevitable hardware failures when tens of thousands of processors are present.[81]

text: Although most modern supercomputers use the Linux operating system, each manufacturer has its own specific Linux-derivative, and no industry standard exists, partly due to the fact that the differences in hardware architectures require changes to optimize the operating system to each hardware design.[76][82]

text: Software tools and message passing[edit]

text: The parallel architectures of supercomputers often dictate the use of special programming techniques to exploit their speed. Software tools for distributed processing include standard APIs such as MPI and PVM, VTL, and open source-based software solutions such as Beowulf.

text: In the most common scenario, environments such as PVM and MPI for loosely connected clusters and OpenMP for tightly coordinated shared memory machines are used. Significant effort is required to optimize an algorithm for the interconnect characteristics of the machine it will be run on; the aim is to prevent any of the CPUs from wasting time waiting on data from other nodes. GPGPUs have hundreds of processor cores and are programmed using programming models such as CUDA or OpenCL.

text: Moreover, it is quite difficult to debug and test parallel programs. Special techniques need to be used for testing and debugging such applications.

text: Distributed supercomputing[edit]

text: Opportunistic approaches[edit]

text: Opportunistic Supercomputing is a form of networked grid computing whereby a "super virtual computer" of many loosely coupled volunteer computing machines performs very large computing tasks. Grid computing has been applied to a number of large-scale embarrassingly parallel problems that require supercomputing performance scales. However, basic grid and cloud computing approaches that rely on volunteer computing cannot handle traditional supercomputing tasks such as fluid dynamic simulations.

text: The fastest grid computing system is the distributed computing project Folding@home (F@h). F@h reported 101 PFLOPS of x86 processing power As of  October 2016[update]. Of this, over 100 PFLOPS are contributed by clients running on various GPUs, and the rest from various CPU systems.[84]

text: The Berkeley Open Infrastructure for Network Computing (BOINC) platform hosts a number of distributed computing projects. As of  February 2017[update], BOINC recorded a processing power of over 166 PetaFLOPS through over 762 thousand active Computers (Hosts) on the network.[85]

text: As of  October 2016[update], Great Internet Mersenne Prime Search's (GIMPS) distributed Mersenne Prime search achieved about 0.313 PFLOPS through over 1.3 million computers.[86] The Internet PrimeNet Server supports GIMPS's grid computing approach, one of the earliest and most successful[citation needed] grid computing projects, since 1997.

text: Quasi-opportunistic approaches[edit]

text: Quasi-opportunistic supercomputing is a form of distributed computing whereby the "super virtual computer" of many networked geographically disperse computers performs computing tasks that demand huge processing power.[87] Quasi-opportunistic supercomputing aims to provide a higher quality of service than opportunistic grid computing by achieving more control over the assignment of tasks to distributed resources and the use of intelligence about the availability and reliability of individual systems within the supercomputing network. However, quasi-opportunistic distributed execution of demanding parallel computing software in grids should be achieved through implementation of grid-wise allocation agreements, co-allocation subsystems, communication topology-aware allocation mechanisms, fault tolerant message passing libraries and data pre-conditioning.[87]

text: HPC in the Cloud[edit]

text: Cloud Computing with its recent and rapid expansions and development have grabbed the attention of HPC users and developers in recent years. Cloud Computing attempts to provide HPC-as-a-Service exactly like other forms of services currently available in the Cloud such as Software-as-a-Service, Platform-as-a-Service, and Infrastructure-as-a-Service. HPC users may benefit from the Cloud in different angles such as scalability, resources being on-demand, fast, and inexpensive. On the other hand, moving HPC applications have a set of challenges too. Good examples of such challenges are virtualization overhead in the Cloud, multi-tenancy of resources, and network latency issues. Much research[88][89][90][91] is currently being done to overcome these challenges and make HPC in the cloud a more realistic possibility.

text: Performance measurement[edit]

text: Capability versus capacity[edit]

text: Supercomputers generally aim for the maximum in capability computing rather than capacity computing. Capability computing is typically thought of as using the maximum computing power to solve a single large problem in the shortest amount of time. Often a capability system is able to solve a problem of a size or complexity that no other computer can, e.g., a very complex weather simulation application.[92]

text: Capacity computing, in contrast, is typically thought of as using efficient cost-effective computing power to solve a few somewhat large problems or many small problems.[92] Architectures that lend themselves to supporting many users for routine everyday tasks may have a lot of capacity but are not typically considered supercomputers, given that they do not solve a single very complex problem.[92]

text: Performance metrics[edit]

text: In general, the speed of supercomputers is measured and benchmarked in "FLOPS" (FLoating point Operations Per Second), and not in terms of "MIPS" (Million Instructions Per Second), as is the case with general-purpose computers.[93] These measurements are commonly used with an SI prefix such as tera-, combined into the shorthand "TFLOPS" (1012 FLOPS, pronounced teraflops), or peta-, combined into the shorthand "PFLOPS" (1015 FLOPS, pronounced petaflops.) "Petascale" supercomputers can process one quadrillion (1015) (1000 trillion) FLOPS. Exascale is computing performance in the exaFLOPS (EFLOPS) range. An EFLOPS is one quintillion (1018) FLOPS (one million TFLOPS).

text: No single number can reflect the overall performance of a computer system, yet the goal of the Linpack benchmark is to approximate how fast the computer solves numerical problems and it is widely used in the industry.[94] The FLOPS measurement is either quoted based on the theoretical floating point performance of a processor (derived from manufacturer's processor specifications and shown as "Rpeak" in the TOP500 lists), which is generally unachievable when running real workloads, or the achievable throughput, derived from the LINPACK benchmarks and shown as "Rmax" in the TOP500 list.[95] The LINPACK benchmark typically performs LU decomposition of a large matrix.[96] The LINPACK performance gives some indication of performance for some real-world problems, but does not necessarily match the processing requirements of many other supercomputer workloads, which for example may require more memory bandwidth, or may require better integer computing performance, or may need a high performance I/O system to achieve high levels of performance.[94]

text: The TOP500 list[edit]

text: Since 1993, the fastest supercomputers have been ranked on the TOP500 list according to their LINPACK benchmark results. The list does not claim to be unbiased or definitive, but it is a widely cited current definition of the "fastest" supercomputer available at any given time.

text: This is a recent list of the computers which appeared at the top of the TOP500 list,[97] and the "Peak speed" is given as the "Rmax" rating.

text:
Year
Supercomputer
Peak speed(Rmax)
Location

2018

IBM Summit

122.3 PFLOPS

Oak Ridge, U.S.

2016

Sunway TaihuLight

93.01 PFLOPS

Wuxi, China

2013

NUDT Tianhe-2

33.86 PFLOPS

Guangzhou, China

2012

Cray Titan

17.59 PFLOPS

Oak Ridge, U.S.

2012

IBM Sequoia

17.17 PFLOPS

Livermore, U.S.

2011

Fujitsu K computer

10.51 PFLOPS

Kobe, Japan

2010

Tianhe-IA

2.566 PFLOPS

Tianjin, China

2009

Cray Jaguar

1.759 PFLOPS

Oak Ridge, U.S.

2008

IBM Roadrunner

1.026 PFLOPS

Los Alamos, U.S.

1.105 PFLOPS

text: Largest Supercomputer Vendors according to the total Rmax (GFLOPS) operated[edit]

text: Source: TOP500

text: In 2018 Lenovo became the worlds largest provider (117) for the top500 supercomputers.[98]

text:
Country/Vendor
System count
System share (%)
Rmax (GFLOPS)
Rpeak (GFLOPS)
Processor cores

 IBM
27
5.4
56,428,002
67,161,639
4,611,236

 Cray Inc.
57
11.4
160,476,360
229,400,160
5,981,864

 HP
143
28.6
124,430,645
181,738,373
4,996,780

 NUDT
4
0.8
39,271,790
64,020,685
3,534,336

 SGI
23
4.6
14,741,773
17,963,102
813,376

 Fujitsu
11
2.2
37,624,378
51,859,986
1,753,368

 Bull
18
3.6
24,362,683
31,212,663
978,924

 Dell
15
3.0
24,528,727
42,623,632
1,247,118

 Atipa Technologies
3
0.6
3,044,976
4,163,712
214,584

 NEC/HP
1
0.2
2,785,000
5,735,685
76,032

 T-Platforms
3
0.6
4,428,620
6,355,903
170,824

 RSC Group
1
0.2
658,112
829,338
19,936

 Dawning
2
0.4
1,451,600
3,217,772
151,360

 Hitachi/Fujitsu
1
0.2
1,018,000
1,502,236
222,072

 Supermicro
1
0.2
602,983
677,376
20,160

 NRCPCET
1
0.2
795,900
1,070,160
137,200

 ClusterVision
2
0.4
784,735
881,254
42,368

 Intel
1
0.2
758,873
933,481
51,392

 Amazon
2
0.4
724,269
947,610
43,520

 Oracle
2
0.4
708,300
804,835
68,672

 MEGWARE
3
0.6
610,521
710,592
54,800

 NEC
3
0.6
578,987
709,520
21,296

 Adtech
1
0.2
532,600
1,098,000
38,400

 Hitachi
2
0.4
496,900
622,598
20,544

   IPE, Nvidia, Tyan
1
0.2
496,500
1,012,650
29,440

 Itautec
2
0.4
411,800
920,830
27,776

 Netweb Technologies
1
0.2
388,442
520,358
30,056

 Xenon Systems
1
0.2
335,300
472,498
6,875

   AMD, ASUS, FIAS, GSI
1
0.2
316,700
593,600
10,976

  Clustervision/Supermicro
1
0.2
299,300
588,749
44,928

  Niagara Computers, Supermicro
1
0.2
289,500
348,660
5,310

 Inspur
1
0.2
196,234
262,560
8,412

  HP/WIPRO
1
0.2
188,700
394,760
12,532

  PEZY Computing/Exascaler Inc.
1
0.2
178,107
395,264
262,784

 Acer Group
1
0.2
177,100
231,859
26,244

text: Applications[edit]

text: The stages of supercomputer application may be summarized in the following table:

text:
Decade
Uses and computer involved

1970s

Weather forecasting, aerodynamic research (Cray-1).[99]

1980s

Probabilistic analysis,[100] radiation shielding modeling[101] (CDC Cyber).

1990s

Brute force code breaking (EFF DES cracker).[102]

2000s

3D nuclear test simulations as a substitute for legal conduct Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (ASCI Q).[103]

2010s

Molecular Dynamics Simulation (Tianhe-1A)[104]

text: The IBM Blue Gene/P computer has been used to simulate a number of artificial neurons equivalent to approximately one percent of a human cerebral cortex, containing 1.6 billion neurons with approximately 9 trillion connections. The same research group also succeeded in using a supercomputer to simulate a number of artificial neurons equivalent to the entirety of a rat's brain.[105]

text: Modern-day weather forecasting also relies on supercomputers. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration uses supercomputers to crunch hundreds of millions of observations to help make weather forecasts more accurate.[106]

text: In 2011, the challenges and difficulties in pushing the envelope in supercomputing were underscored by IBM's abandonment of the Blue Waters petascale project.[107]

text: The Advanced Simulation and Computing Program currently uses supercomputers to maintain and simulate the United States nuclear stockpile.[108]

text: Development and trends[edit]

text: In the 2010s, China, the United States, the European Union, and others competed to be the first to create a 1 exaFLOP (1018 or one quintillion FLOPS) supercomputer.[109] Erik P. DeBenedictis of Sandia National Laboratories has theorized that a zettaFLOPS (1021 or one sextillion FLOPS) computer is required to accomplish full weather modeling, which could cover a two-week time span accurately.[110][111][112] Such systems might be built around 2030.[113]

text: Many Monte Carlo simulations use the same algorithm to process a randomly generated data set; particularly, integro-differential equations describing physical transport processes, the random paths, collisions, and energy and momentum depositions of neutrons, photons, ions, electrons, etc.  The next step for microprocessors may be into the third dimension; and specializing to Monte Carlo, the many layers could be identical, simplifying the design and manufacture process.[114]

text: The cost of operating high performance supercomputers has risen, mainly due to increasing power consumption. In the mid 1990s a top 10 supercomputer required in the range of 100 kilowatt, in 2010 the top 10 supercomputers required between 1 and 2 megawatt.[115] A 2010 study commissioned by DARPA identified power consumption as the most pervasive challenge in achieving Exascale computing.[116] At the time a megawatt per year in energy consumption cost about 1 million dollar. Supercomputing facilities were constructed to efficiently remove the increasing amount of heat produced by modern multi-core central processing units. Based on the energy consumption of the Green 500 list of supercomputers between 2007 and 2011, a supercomputer with 1 exaflops in 2011 would have required nearly 500 megawatt. Operating systems were developed for existing hardware to conserve energy whenever possible.[117] CPU cores not in use during the execution of a parallelised application were put into low-power states, producing energy savings for some supercomputing applications.[118]

text: The increasing cost of operating supercomputers has been a driving factor in a trend towards bundling of resources through a distributed supercomputer infrastructure. National supercomputing centres first emerged in the US, followed by Germany and Japan. The European Union launched the Partnership for Advanced Computing in Europe (PRACE) with the aim of creating a persistent pan-European supercomputer infrastructure with services to support scientists across the European Union in porting, scaling and optimizing supercomputing applications.[119] Iceland built the world's first zero-emission supercomputer. Located at the Thor Data Center in Reykjavik, Iceland, this supercomputer relies on completely renewable sources for its power rather than fossil fuels. The colder climate also reduces the need for active cooling, making it one of the greenest facilities in the world of computers.[120]

text: Funding supercomputer hardware also became increasingly difficult. In the mid 1990s a top 10 supercomputer cost about 10 Million Euros, while in 2010 the top 10 supercomputers required an investment of between 40 and 50 million Euros.[121] In the 2000s national governments put in place different strategies to fund supercomputers. In the UK the national government funded supercomputers entirely and high performance computing was put under the control of a national funding agency. Germany developed a mixed funding model, pooling local state funding and federal funding.[122]

text: In fiction[edit]

text: Many science-fiction writers have depicted supercomputers in their works, both before and after the historical construction of such computers. Much of such fiction deals with the relations of humans with the computers they build and with the possibility of conflict eventually developing between them. Some scenarios of this nature appear on the AI-takeover page.

text: Examples of supercomputers in fiction include HAL-9000, Multivac, The Machine Stops, GLaDOS, The Evitable Conflict and Vulcan's Hammer.