document_title: Rugby union

question_text: what is the duration of a rugby match

question_tokens: what is the duration of a rugby match

text: Rugby union

text: History[edit]

text: The origin of rugby football is reputed to be an incident during a game of English school football at Rugby School in 1823, when William Webb Ellis is said to have picked up the ball and run with it.[6] Although the evidence for the story is doubtful, it was immortalised at the school with a plaque unveiled in 1895.[7][8] Despite the doubtful evidence, the Rugby World Cup trophy is named after Webb Ellis. Rugby football stems from the form of game played at Rugby School, which former pupils then introduced to their university.

text: Old Rugbeian Albert Pell, a student at Cambridge, is credited with having formed the first "football" team.[9] During this early period different schools used different rules, with former pupils from Rugby and Eton attempting to carry their preferred rules through to their universities.[10]

text: A significant event in the early development of rugby football was the production of the first written laws of the game at Rugby School in 1845,[11][12] which was followed by the 'Cambridge Rules' drawn up in 1848.[13] Other important events include the Blackheath Club's decision to leave the Football Association in 1863[14][15] and the formation of the Rugby Football Union in 1871.[14] The code was originally known as "rugby football"; it was not until after the schism in England in 1895, which resulted in the separate code of rugby league, that the sport took on the name "rugby union" to differentiate it from the league game.[16] Despite the sport's full name of rugby union, it is known simply as rugby throughout most of the world.[17]

text: First internationals[edit]

text: The first rugby football international was played on 27 March 1871 between Scotland and England in Edinburgh. Scotland won the game 1-0.[14][18] By 1881 both Ireland and Wales had representative teams, and in 1883 the first international competition, the Home Nations Championship had begun. 1883 is also the year of the first rugby sevens tournament, the Melrose Sevens,[19] which is still held annually.

text: Two important overseas tours took place in 1888: a British Isles team visited Australia and New Zealand—although a private venture, it laid the foundations for future British and Irish Lions tours;[20] and the 1888–89 New Zealand Native football team brought the first overseas team to British spectators.[21]

text: During the early history of rugby union, a time before commercial air travel, teams from different continents rarely met. The first two notable tours both took place in 1888—the British Isles team touring New Zealand and Australia,[22] followed by the New Zealand team touring Europe.[23] Traditionally the most prestigious tours were the Southern Hemisphere countries of Australia, New Zealand and South Africa making a tour of a Northern Hemisphere, and the return tours made by a joint British and Irish team.[24] Tours would last for months, due to long traveling times and the number of games undertaken; the 1888 New Zealand team began their tour in Hawkes Bay in June and did not complete their schedule until August 1889, having played 107 rugby matches.[25] Touring international sides would play Test matches against international opponents, including national, club and county sides in the case of Northern Hemisphere rugby, or provincial/state sides in the case of Southern Hemisphere rugby.[22][26]

text: Between 1905 and 1908, all three major Southern Hemisphere rugby countries sent their first touring teams to the Northern Hemisphere: New Zealand in 1905, followed by South Africa in 1906 and Australia in 1908. All three teams brought new styles of play, fitness levels and tactics,[27] and were far more successful than critics had expected.[28]

text: The New Zealand 1905 touring team performed a haka before each match, leading Welsh Rugby Union administrator Tom Williams to suggest that Wales player Teddy Morgan lead the crowd in singing the Welsh National Anthem, Hen Wlad Fy Nhadau, as a response. After Morgan began singing, the crowd joined in: the first time a national anthem was sung at the start of a sporting event.[29][nb 2] In 1905 France played England in its first international match.[27]

text: Rugby union was included as an event in the Olympic Games four times during the early 20th century. No international rugby games and union-sponsored club matches were played during the First World War, but competitions continued through service teams such as the New Zealand Army team.[31] During the Second World War no international matches were played by most countries, though Italy, Germany and Romania played a limited number of games,[32][33][34] and Cambridge and Oxford continued their annual University Match.[35]

text: The first officially sanctioned international rugby sevens tournament took place in 1973 at Murrayfield, one of Scotland's biggest stadiums, as part of the Scottish Rugby Union centenary celebrations.[36]

text: World Cup and professionalism[edit]

text: In 1987 the first Rugby World Cup was held in Australia and New Zealand, and the inaugural winners were New Zealand. The first World Cup Sevens tournament was held at Murrayfield in 1993. Rugby Sevens was introduced into the Commonwealth Games in 1998 and has been added to the Olympic Games of 2016.[37]

text: Rugby union was an amateur sport until the IRB declared the game "open" in 1995, removing restrictions on payments to players.[38][39] However, the pre-1995 period of rugby union was marked by frequent accusations of "shamateurism",[40] including an investigation in Britain by a House of Commons Select committee.[41][42] Following the introduction of professionalism trans-national club competitions were started, with the Heineken Cup in the Northern Hemisphere and Super Rugby in the Southern Hemisphere.[43][44]

text: The Tri Nations, an annual international tournament involving Australia, New Zealand and South Africa, kicked off in 1996.[44] In 2012, this competition was extended to include Argentina, a country whose impressive performances in international games (especially finishing in third place in the 2007 Rugby World Cup) was deemed to merit inclusion in the competition. As a result of the expansion to four teams, the tournament was renamed The Rugby Championship.[45]

text: Teams and positions[edit]

text: Each team starts the match with 15 players on the field and seven or eight substitutes.[46] Players in a team are divided into eight forwards (two more than in rugby league) and seven backs.[47]

text: Forwards[edit]

text: The main responsibilities of the forward players are to gain and retain possession of the ball.[48] Players in these positions are generally bigger and stronger and take part in the scrum and line-out.[48] The forwards are often collectively referred to as the 'pack', especially when in the scrum formation.[49]

text:
Front row
The front row consists of three players: two props (the loosehead prop and the tighthead prop) and the hooker. The role of the two props is to support the hooker during scrums, to provide support for the jumpers during line-outs and to provide strength and power in rucks and mauls. The third position in the front row is the hooker. The hooker is a key position in attacking and defensive play and is responsible for winning the ball in the scrum. Hookers normally throw the ball in at line-outs.[47][50]

text:
Second row
The second row consists of two locks or lock forwards. Locks are usually the tallest players in the team, and specialise as line-out jumpers.[47] The main role of the lock in line-outs is to make a standing jump, often supported by the other forwards, to either collect the thrown ball or ensure the ball comes down on their side. Locks also have an important role in the scrum, binding directly behind the three front row players and providing forward drive.[47]

text:
Back row
The back row, not to be confused with ‘Backs’, is the third and final row of the forward positions, they are often referred to as the loose forwards.[49] The three positions in the back row are the two flankers and the number 8. The two flanker positions, called the blindside flanker and openside flanker, are the final row in the scrum. They are usually the most mobile forwards in the game. Their main role is to win possession through 'turn overs'.[47] The number 8 packs down between the two locks at the back of the scrum. The role of the number 8 in the scrum is to control the ball after it has been heeled back from the front of the pack and the position provides a link between the forwards and backs during attacking phases.[51]

text: Backs[edit]

text: The backs' role is to create and convert point-scoring opportunities. They are generally smaller, faster and more agile than the forwards.[48] Another distinction between the backs and the forwards is that the backs are expected to have superior kicking and ball handling skills, especially the fly-half, scrum-half and full-back.[48]

text:
Half-backs
The half-backs consist of two positions, the scrum-half and the fly-half. The fly-half is crucial to a team's game plan, orchestrating the team's performance.[51] They are usually the first to receive the ball from the scrum-half following a breakdown, lineout, or scrum, and need to be decisive with what actions to take and be effective at communicating with the outside backs.[51] Many fly-halves are also their team's goal kickers. The scrum-half is the link between the forwards and the backs.[51] They receive the ball from the lineout and remove the ball from the back of the scrum, usually passing it to the fly-half.[52] They also feed the scrum and sometimes have to act as a fourth loose forward.[53]

text:
Three quarters
There are four three quarter positions, the inside centre, outside centre and left and right wings. The centres will attempt to tackle attacking players; whilst in attack they should employ speed and strength to breach opposition defences.[51] The wings are generally positioned on the outside of the backline. Their primary function is to finish off moves and score tries.[54] Wings are usually the fastest players in the team and are elusive runners who use their speed to avoid tackles.[55]

text:
Fullbacks
The fullback normally positions himself several metres behind the back line. He fields any opposition kicks and is often the last line of defence should an opponent break through the back line.[51] Two of the most important attributes of a good fullback are dependable catching skills and a good kicking game.[56]

text: Laws[edit]

text: Scoring[edit]

text: Rugby union is played between two teams – the one that scores more points wins the game. Points can be scored in several ways: a try, scored by grounding the ball in the in-goal area (between the goal line and the dead-ball line), is worth 5 points and a subsequent conversion kick scores 2 points; a successful penalty kick or a drop goal each score 3 points.[57] The values of each of these scoring methods have been changed over the years.[58]

text: Playing field[edit]

text: The field of play on a rugby pitch is as near as possible to a maximum of 144 metres (157 yd) long by 70 metres (77 yd) wide.[59] In actual gameplay there should be a maximum of 100 metres (109 yd) between the two try-lines, with anywhere between 10 and 22 metres behind each try line to serve as the in-goal area.[59] Several lines cross the field, notably the halfway line and the "twenty-two", which is 22 metres (24 yd) from the goal line.[59]

text: Stricter rules apply to the pitch size for matches between national representative teams. The same maximums apply in this case, but the distance between the two try-lines must also be at least 94 metres (103 yd) and the pitch must be at least 68 metres (74 yd) wide.[59]

text: Rugby goalposts are H-shaped, and consist of two poles, 5.6 metres (6.1 yd) apart, connected by a horizontal crossbar 3 metres (3.3 yd) above the ground.[59][60]

text: Match structure[edit]

text: At the beginning of the game, the captains and the referee toss a coin to decide which team will kick off first. Play then starts with a drop kick, with the players chasing the ball into the opposition's territory, and the other side trying to retrieve the ball and advance it. If the ball does not reach the opponent’s 10-metre line the opposing team has two choices: to have the ball kicked off again, or to have a scrum at the centre of the half-way line.[61] If the player with the ball is tackled, frequently a ruck will result.[62]

text: Games are divided into 40-minute halves, with a break in the middle.[63] The sides exchange ends of the field after the half-time break.[63] Stoppages for injury or to allow the referee to take disciplinary action do not count as part of the playing time, so that the elapsed time is usually longer than 80 minutes.[63] The referee is responsible for keeping time, even when—as in many professional tournaments—he is assisted by an official time-keeper.[63] If time expires while the ball is in play, the game continues until the ball is "dead", and only then will the referee blow the whistle to signal half-time or full-time; but if the referee awards a penalty or free-kick, the game continues.[63]

text: In the knockout stages of rugby competitions, most notably the Rugby World Cup, two extra time periods of 10 minutes periods are played (with an interval of 5 minutes in between) if the game is tied after full-time. If scores are level after 100 minutes then the rules call for 20 minutes of sudden-death extra time to be played. If the sudden-death extra time period results in no scoring a kicking competition is used to determine the winner. However, no match in the history of the Rugby World Cup has ever gone past 100 minutes into a sudden-death extra time period.[64]

text: Passing and kicking[edit]

text: Forward passing (throwing the ball ahead to another player) is not allowed; the ball can be passed laterally or backwards.[65] The ball tends to be moved forward in three ways — by kicking, by a player running with it or within a scrum or maul. Only the player with the ball may be tackled or rucked. When a ball is knocked forward by a player with his/her arms, a "knock-on" is committed, and play is restarted with a scrum.[65]

text: Any player may kick the ball forward in an attempt to gain territory. When a player anywhere in the playing area kicks indirectly into touch so that the ball first bounces in the field of play, the throw-in is taken where the ball went into touch.[66] If the player kicks directly into touch (i.e. without bouncing in-field first) from within one's own 22-metre line, the lineout is taken by the opposition where the ball went into touch, but if the ball is kicked into touch directly by a player outside the 22-metre line, the lineout is taken level to where the kick was taken.[66]

text: Breakdowns[edit]

text: The aim of the defending side is to stop the player with the ball, either by bringing them to ground (a tackle, which is frequently followed by a ruck), or by contesting for possession with the ball-carrier on their feet (a maul). Such a circumstance is called a breakdown and each is governed by a specific law.

text: Tackling A player may tackle an opposing player who has the ball by holding them while bringing them to ground. Tacklers cannot tackle above the shoulder (the neck and head are out of bounds),[67] and the tackler has to attempt to wrap their arms around the player being tackled to complete the tackle. It is illegal to push, shoulder-charge, or to trip a player using feet or legs, but hands may be used (this being referred to as a tap-tackle or ankle-tap).[68][69] Tacklers may not tackle an opponent who has jumped to catch a ball until the player has landed.[67]

text: Rucking and Mauling Mauls occur after a player with the ball has come into contact with an opponent but the handler remains on his feet; once any combination of at least three players have bound themselves a maul has been set.[49] A ruck is similar to the maul, but in this case the ball has gone to ground with at least three attacking players binding themselves on the ground in an attempt to secure the ball.[49]

text: Set pieces[edit]

text: Lineout[edit]

text: When the ball leaves the side of the field, a line-out is awarded against the team which last touched the ball.[70] Forward players from each team line up a metre apart, perpendicular to the touchline and between 5 m and 15 m from the touchline.[70] The ball is thrown from the touchline down the centre of the lines of forwards by a player (usually the hooker) from the team that did not play the ball into touch.[70] The exception to this is when the ball went out from a penalty, in which case the side who gained the penalty throws the ball in.[70]

text: Both sides compete for the ball and players may lift their teammates.[71] A jumping player cannot be tackled until they stand and only shoulder-to-shoulder contact is allowed; deliberate infringement of this law is dangerous play, and results in a penalty kick.[72]

text: Scrum[edit]

text: A scrum is a way of restarting the game safely and fairly after a minor infringement.[73] It is awarded when the ball has been knocked or passed forward, if a player takes the ball over his own try line and puts the ball down, when a player is accidentally offside or when the ball is trapped in a ruck or maul with no realistic chance of being retrieved. A team may also opt for a scrum if awarded a penalty.[73]

text: A scrum is formed by the eight forwards from each team binding together in three rows.[73] The front row consists of the two props (loosehead and tighthead) either side of the hooker.[73] The second row consists of two locks and the two flankers. Behind the second row is the number 8. This formation is known as the 3–4–1 formation.[74] Once a scrum is formed the scrum-half from the team awarded the feed rolls the ball into the gap between the two front-rows known as the tunnel.[73] The two hookers then compete for possession by hooking the ball backwards with their feet, while each pack tries to push the opposing pack backwards to help gain possession.[73] The side that wins possession transfers the ball to the back of the scrum, where it is picked up either by the number 8 or by the scrum-half.[73]

text: Officials and offences[edit]

text: There are three match officials: a referee, and two assistant referees.[75] The latter, formerly known as touch judges, had the primary function of indicating when the ball had gone into "touch"; their role has been expanded and they are now expected to assist the referee in a number of areas, such as watching for foul play and checking offside lines.[75] In addition, for matches in high level competitions, there is often a television match official (TMO; popularly called the "video referee"), to assist with certain decisions, linked up to the referee by radio.[76] The referees have a system of hand signals to indicate their decisions.[77]

text: Common offences include tackling above the shoulders, collapsing a scrum, ruck or maul, not releasing the ball when on the ground, or being offside.[78] The non-offending team has a number of options when awarded a penalty: a "tap" kick, when the ball is kicked a very short distance from hand, allowing the kicker to regather the ball and run with it; a punt, when the ball is kicked a long distance from hand, for field position; a place-kick, when the kicker will attempt to score a goal; or a scrum.[78] Players may be sent off (signalled by a red card) or temporarily suspended ("sin-binned") for ten minutes (yellow card) for foul play or repeated infringements, and may not be replaced.[78]

text: Occasionally, infringements are not caught by the referee during the match and these may be "cited" by the citing commissioner after the match and have punishments (usually suspension for a number of weeks) imposed on the infringing player.[79]

text: Replacements and substitutions[edit]

text: During the match, players may be replaced (for injury) or substituted (for tactical reasons).[46] A player who has been replaced may not rejoin play unless he was temporarily replaced to have bleeding controlled; a player who has been substituted may return temporarily, to replace a player who has a blood injury or has suffered a concussion, or permanently, if he is replacing a front-row forward.[46] In international matches, eight replacements are allowed; in domestic or cross-border tournaments, at the discretion of the responsible national union(s), the number of replacements may be nominated to a maximum of eight, of whom three must be sufficiently trained and experienced to provide cover for the three front row positions.[46][80]

text: Prior to 2016, all substitutions, no matter the cause, counted against the limit during a match. In 2016, World Rugby changed the law so that substitutions made to replace a player deemed unable to continue due to foul play by the opposition would no longer count against the match limit. This change was introduced in January of that year in the Southern Hemisphere and June in the Northern Hemisphere.[81]

text: Equipment[edit]

text: The most basic items of equipment for a game of rugby union are the ball itself, a rugby shirt (also known as a "jersey"), rugby shorts, socks and boots. The rugby ball is oval in shape, (technically a prolate spheroid), and is made up of four panels.[82] The ball was historically made of leather, but in the modern era most games use a ball made from a synthetic material. The WR lays out specific dimensions for the ball, 280-300mm in length, 740-770mm in circumference of length and 580-620mm in circumference of width.[82] Rugby boots have soles with studs to allow grip on the turf of the pitch. The studs may be either metal or plastic but must not have any sharp edges or ridges.[83]

text: Protective equipment is optional and strictly regulated. The most common items are mouthguards, which are worn by almost all players, and are compulsory in some rugby-playing nations.[84] Other protective items that are permitted include head gear; thin (not more than 10 mm thick), non-rigid shoulder pads and shin guards; which are worn underneath socks.[83] Bandages or tape can be worn to support or protect injuries; some players wear tape around the head to protect the ears in scrums and rucks. Female players may also wear chest pads.[83] Although not worn for protection, some types of fingerless mitts are allowed to aid grip.[83]

text: It is the responsibility of the match officials to check players' clothing and equipment before a game to ensure that it conforms to the laws of the game.[83]

text: Governing bodies[edit]

text: The international governing body of rugby union (and associated games such as sevens) is World Rugby (WR).[85] The WR headquarters are in Dublin, Ireland.[85] WR, founded in 1886, governs the sport worldwide and publishes the game's laws and rankings.[85] As of February 2014, WR (then known as the IRB, for International Rugby Board) recorded 119 unions in its membership, 101 full members and 18 associate member countries.[2] According to WR, rugby union is played by men and women in over 100 countries.[85] WR controls the Rugby World Cup,[85] the Women's Rugby World Cup,[86] Rugby World Cup Sevens,[87] HSBC Sevens Series,[88] HSBC Women's Sevens Series,[89] World Under 20 Championship,[90] World Under 20 Trophy,[91] Nations Cup[92] and the Pacific Nations Cup.[93] WR holds votes to decide where each of these events are to be held, except in the case of the Sevens World Series for men and women, for which WR contracts with several national unions to hold individual events.

text: Six regional associations, which are members of WR, form the next level of administration; these are:

text:
Rugby Africa, formerly Confederation of African Rugby (CAR)[94]
Asia Rugby, formerly Asian Rugby Football Union (ARFU)[95]
Rugby Americas North, formerly North America Caribbean Rugby Association (NACRA)[96]
Rugby Europe, previously Fédération Internationale de Rugby Amateur – Association Européenne de Rugby (FIRA-AER)[97]
Oceania Rugby, formerly Federation of Oceania Rugby Unions (FORU)[98]
Sudamérica Rugby, formerly Confederación Sudamericana de Rugby (South American Rugby Confederation, or CONSUR)[99]

text: SANZAAR (South Africa, New Zealand, Australia and Argentina Rugby) is a joint venture of the South African Rugby Union, New Zealand Rugby, Rugby Australia and the Argentine Rugby Union (UAR) that operates Super Rugby and The Rugby Championship (formerly the Tri Nations before the entry of Argentina).[100] Although UAR initially had no representation on the former SANZAR board, it was granted input into the organisation's issues, especially with regard to The Rugby Championship,[101] and became a full SANZAAR member in 2016 (when the country entered Super Rugby).

text: National unions oversee rugby union within individual countries and are affiliated to WR. Since 2016, the WR Council has 40 seats. A total of 11 unions—the eight foundation unions of Scotland, Ireland, Wales, England, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa and France, plus Argentina, Canada and Italy—have two seats each. In addition, the six regional associations have two seats each. Four more unions—Georgia, Japan, Romania and the USA—have one seat each. Finally, the Chairman and Vice Chairman, who usually come from one of the eight foundation unions (although the current Vice Chairman, Agustín Pichot, is with the non-foundation Argentine union) have one vote each.[102][85]

text: Global reach[edit]

text: The earliest countries to adopt rugby union were England, the country of inception, and the other three Home Nations, Scotland, Ireland and Wales. The spread of rugby union as a global sport has its roots in the exporting of the game by British expatriates, military personnel and over-seas university students. The first rugby club in France was formed by British residents in Le Havre in 1872, while the next year Argentina recorded its first game: 'Banks' v 'City' in Buenos Aires.[103]

text: At least six countries have adopted rugby union as their de facto national sport; they are Fiji,[104] Georgia,[105][106] New Zealand,[107] Samoa,[108] Tonga[109] and Wales.[110]

text: Oceania[edit]

text: A rugby club was formed in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia in 1864; while the sport was said to have been introduced to New Zealand by Charles Monro in 1870, who played rugby while a student at Christ's College, Finchley.[14]

text: Several island nations have embraced the sport of rugby. Rugby was first played in Fiji circa 1884 by European and Fijian soldiers of the Native Constabulary at Ba on Viti Levu island.[111][112] Fiji then sent their first overseas team to Samoa in 1924, who in turn set up their own union in 1927.[113] Along with Tonga, other countries to have national rugby teams in Oceania include the Cook Islands, Niue, Papua New Guinea and the Solomon Islands.[114]

text: North America and Caribbean[edit]

text: In North America a club formed in Montreal in 1868, Canada's first club. The city of Montreal also played its part in the introduction of the sport in the United States, when students of McGill University played against a team from Harvard University in 1874.[14][103]

text: Although the exact date of arrival of rugby union in Trinidad and Tobago is unknown, their first club Northern RFC was formed in 1923, a national team was playing by 1927 and due to a cancelled tour to British Guiana in 1933, switched their venue to Barbados; introducing rugby to the island.[115][116] Other Atlantic countries to play rugby union include Jamaica[117] and Bermuda.[118]

text: Europe[edit]

text: The growth of rugby union in Europe outside the 6 Nations countries in terms of playing numbers has been sporadic. Historically, British and Irish home teams played the Southern Hemisphere teams of Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa, as well as France. The rest of Europe were let to play amongst themselves. During a period when it had been isolated by the British and Irish Unions, France, lacking international competition, became the only European team from the top tier to regularly play the other European countries; mainly Belgium, the Netherlands, Germany, Spain, Romania, Poland, Italy and Czechoslovakia.[97][119] In 1934, instigated by the French Rugby Federation, FIRA (Fédération Internationale de Rugby Amateur) was formed to organise rugby union outside the authority of the IRFB.[97] The founding members were Italy, Romania, Netherlands, Portugal, Czechoslovakia, and Sweden.

text: Other European rugby playing nations of note include Russia, whose first officially recorded match is marked by an encounter between Dynamo Moscow and the Moscow Institute of Physical Education in 1933.[120] Rugby union in Portugal also took hold between the First and Second World Wars, with a Portuguese National XV set up in 1922 and an official championship started in 1927.[121]

text: In 1999, FIRA agreed to place itself under the auspices of the IRB, transforming itself into a strictly European organising body. Accordingly, it changed its name to FIRA–AER (Fédération Internationale de Rugby Amateur – Association Européenne de Rugby). It adopted its current name of Rugby Europe in 2014.

text: South America[edit]

text: Although Argentina is the best-known rugby playing nation in South America, founding the Argentine Rugby Union in 1899,[122] several other countries on the continent have a long history. Rugby had been played in Brazil since the end of the 19th century, but the game was played regularly only from 1926, when São Paulo beat Santos in an inter-city match.[123] It took Uruguay several aborted attempts to adapt to rugby, led mainly by the efforts of the Montevideo Cricket Club; these efforts succeeded in 1951 with the formation of a national league and four clubs.[124] Other South American countries that formed a rugby union include Chile (1948),[125] and Paraguay (1968).[126]

text: Asia[edit]

text: Many Asian countries have a tradition of playing rugby dating from the British Empire. India began playing rugby in the early 1870s, the Calcutta Football Club forming in 1873. However, with the departure of a local British army regiment, interest in rugby diminished in the area.[127] In 1878, The Calcutta Football Club was disbanded, and rugby in India faltered.[128] Sri Lanka claims to have founded their union in 1878, and although little official information from the period is available, the team won the All-India cup in Madras in 1920.[129] The first recorded match in Malaysia was in 1892, but the first confirmation of rugby is the existence of the HMS Malaya Cup which was first presented in 1922 and is still awarded to the winners of the Malay sevens.[130]

text: Rugby union was introduced to Japan in 1899 by two Cambridge students: Ginnosuke Tanaka and Edward Bramwell Clarke.[131][132] The Japan RFU was founded in 1926 and its place in rugby history was cemented with the news that Japan will host the 2019 World Cup.[133] It will be the first country outside the Commonwealth, Ireland and France to host the event, and this is viewed by the IRB as an opportunity for rugby union to extend its reach,[133] particularly in Asia. Other Asian playing countries of note include Singapore, South Korea, China and The Philippines, while the former British colony of Hong Kong is notable within rugby for its development of the rugby sevens game, especially the Hong Kong Sevens tournament which was founded in 1976.[134]

text: Rugby in the Middle East and the Gulf States has its history in the 1950s, with clubs formed by British and French Services stationed in the region after the Second World War.[135] When these servicemen left, the clubs and teams were kept alive by young professionals, mostly Europeans, working in these countries. The official union of Oman was formed in 1971.[136] Bahrain founded its union a year later, while in 1975 the Dubai Sevens, the Gulf's leading rugby tournament, was created. Rugby remains a minority sport in the region with Israel, as of 2011, being the only member union from the Middle East to be included in the IRB World Rankings.[137]

text: Africa[edit]

text: In 1875, rugby was introduced to South Africa by British soldiers garrisoned in Cape Town.[103] During the late 19th and early 20th century, the sport in Africa was spread by settlers and colonials who often adopted a "whites-only" policy to playing the game. This resulted in rugby being viewed as a bourgeois sport by the indigenous people with limited appeal.[138] The earliest countries to see the playing of competitive rugby include South Africa, and neighbouring Rhodesia (modern-day Zimbabwe), which formed the Rhodesia Rugby Football Union in 1895.[139]

text: In more recent times the sport has been embraced by several African nations. In the early 21st century Madagascar has experienced crowds of 40,000 at national matches,[140] while Namibia, whose history of rugby can be dated from 1915, have qualified for the final stages of the World Cup four times since 1999.[141] Other African nations to be represented in the World Rugby Rankings as Member Unions include Côte d'Ivoire, Kenya, Uganda and Zambia.[137] South Africa and Kenya are among the 15 "core teams" that participate in every event of the men's World Rugby Sevens Series.[142]

text: Women's rugby union[edit]

text: Records of women's rugby football date from the late 19th century, with the first documented source being Emily Valentine's writings, stating that she set up a rugby team in Portora Royal School in Enniskillen, Ireland in 1887.[143] Although there are reports of early women's matches in New Zealand and France, one of the first notable games to prove primary evidence was the 1917 war-time encounter between Cardiff Ladies and Newport Ladies; a photo of which shows the Cardiff team before the match at the Cardiff Arms Park.[144] In the past 30 years the game has grown in popularity among female athletes, and, according to WR, is now played in over 100 countries.[145]

text: The English-based Women's Rugby Football Union (WRFU), responsible for women's rugby in England, Scotland Ireland and Wales, was founded in 1983, and is the oldest formally organised national governing body for women's rugby.[146] This was replaced in 1994 by the Rugby Football Union for Women (RFUW) in England with each of the other Home Nations governing their own countries.[146] The premier international competition in rugby union for women is the Women's Rugby World Cup, first held in 1991.[147] From 1994 through 2014, it was held every four years.[147] Following the 2014 event, a new four-year cycle was instituted, with the Women's World Cup held in the middle year of the men's World Cup cycle. The new Women's World Cup cycle began in 2017, with future competitions every four years thereafter.

text: Major international competitions[edit]

text: Rugby World Cup[edit]

text: The most important tournament in rugby union is the Rugby World Cup, a men's tournament that has taken place every four years since 1987 among national rugby union teams. New Zealand has won the Rugby World Cup the most (3 times) and is the current cup holder, winning the 2015 Rugby World Cup held at Twickenham, beating Australia in the final.[148][149] England (2003) were the first team from the Northern Hemisphere to win, the other champions being New Zealand (1987, 2011 and 2015), Australia (1991 and 1999), and South Africa (1995 and 2007).[149]

text: The Rugby World Cup has continued to grow since its inception in 1987.[150] The first tournament, in which 16 teams competed for the title, was broadcast to 17 countries with an accumulated total of 230 million television viewers.[150] Ticket sales during the pool stages and finals of the same tournament was less than a million.[150] The 2007 World Cup was contested by 94 countries with ticket sales of 3,850,000 over the pool and final stage.[150] The accumulated television audience for the event, then broadcast to 200 countries, was a claimed 4.2 billion.[150]

text: Regional tournaments[edit]

text: Major international competitions are the Six Nations Championship and The Rugby Championship, held in Europe and the Southern Hemisphere respectively.[151]

text: The Six Nations is an annual competition involving the European teams England, France, Ireland, Italy, Scotland and Wales.[152] Each country plays the other five once. After the initial internationals between England and Scotland, Ireland and Wales began competing in the 1880s, forming the Home International Championships.[152] France joined the tournament in the 1900s and in 1910 the term Five Nations first appeared.[152] However, the Home Nations (England, Ireland, Scotland, and Wales) excluded France in 1931 amid a run of poor results, allegations of professionalism and concerns over on-field violence.[153] France then rejoined in 1939–1940, though World War II halted proceedings for a further eight years.[152] France has played in all the tournaments since WWII, the first of which was played in 1947.[152] In 2000, Italy became the sixth nation in the contest and Rome's Stadio Olimpico has replaced Stadio Flaminio, as the venue for their home games since 2013.[154] The current Six Nations champions are England.

text: The Rugby Championship is the Southern Hemisphere's annual international series for that region's top national teams. From its inception in 1996 through 2011, it was known as the Tri Nations, as it featured the hemisphere's traditional powers of Australia, New Zealand and South Africa.[155] These teams have dominated world rankings in recent years, and many considered the Tri Nations to be the toughest competition in international rugby.[156][157] The Tri Nations was initially played on a home and away basis with the three nations playing each other twice.

text: In 2006 a new system was introduced where each nation plays the others three times, though in 2007 and 2011 the teams played each other only twice, as both were World Cup years.[155] Since Argentina's strong performances in the 2007 World Cup,[158] after the 2009 Tri Nations tournament, SANZAR (South Africa, New Zealand and Australian Rugby) invited the Argentine Rugby Union (UAR) to join an expanded Four Nations tournament in 2012.[159] The competition has been officially rechristened as The Rugby Championship beginning with the 2012 edition. The competition reverted to the Tri Nations' original home-and-away format, but now involving four teams. In World Cup years, an abbreviated tournament is held in which each team plays the others only once. New Zealand are the current champions, having won the 2017 title with a round to spare.

text: Rugby within international tournaments[edit]

text: Rugby union was played at the Olympic Games in 1900, 1908, 1920 and 1924.[160] As per Olympic rules, the nations of Scotland, Wales and England were not allowed to play separately as they are not sovereign states. In 1900, France won the gold, beating Great Britain 27 points to 8 and defeating Germany 27 points to 17.[160] In 1908, Australia defeated Great Britain, claiming the gold medal, the score being 32 points to three.[160] In 1920, the United States, fielding a team with many players new to the sport of rugby, upset France in a shock win, eight points to zero. In 1924, the United States again defeated France 17 to 3, becoming the only team to win gold twice in the sport.[160]

text: In 2009 the International Olympic Committee voted with a majority of 81 to 8 that rugby union be reinstated as an Olympic sport in at least the 2016 and 2020 games, but in the sevens, 4-day tournament format.[37][161] This is something the rugby world has aspired to for a long time and Bernard Lapasset, president of the International Rugby Board, said the Olympic gold medal would be considered to be "the pinnacle of our sport" (Rugby Sevens).[162]

text: Rugby sevens has been played at the Commonwealth Games since the 1998 Games in Kuala Lumpur.[163] The most gold medal holders are New Zealand who have won the competition on four successive occasions until South Africa beat them in 2014.[164] Rugby union has also been an Asian Games event since the 1998 games in Bangkok, Thailand. In the 1998 and 2002 editions of the games, both the usual fifteen-a-side variety and rugby sevens were played, but from 2006 onwards, only rugby sevens was retained. In 2010, the women's rugby sevens event was introduced. The event is likely to remain a permanent fixture of the Asian Games due to elevation of rugby sevens as an Olympic sport from the 2016 Olympics onwards. The present gold medal holders in the sevens tournament, held in 2014, are Japan in the men's event and China in the women's.[citation needed]

text: Women's international rugby[edit]

text: Women's international rugby union began in 1982, with a match between France and Netherlands played in Utrecht.[165] As of 2009 over six hundred women's internationals have been played by over forty different nations.[166]

text: The first Women's Rugby World Cup was held in Wales in 1991, and was won by the United States.[147] The second tournament took place in 1994, and from that time through 2014 was held every four years. The New Zealand Women's team then won four straight World Cups (1998, 2002, 2006, 2010)[167] before England won in 2014. Following the 2014 event, World Rugby moved the next edition of the event to 2017, with a new four-year cycle from that point forward.[168] New Zealand are the current World Cup holders.

text: As well as the Women's Rugby World Cup there are also other regular tournaments, including a Six Nations, run in parallel to the men's competition. The Women's Six Nations, first played in 1996 has been dominated by England, who have won the tournament on 14 occasions, including a run of seven consecutive wins from 2006 to 2012. Ireland and France then alternated titles for four seasons before England reclaimed the crown in 2017.

text: Professional rugby[edit]

text: Rugby union has been professionalized since 1995. The following table shows fully professional rugby competitions. (Semi-professional competitions are excluded.)

text:
Professional rugby competitions

Competition
Teams
Countries
Average
Attendance

Super Rugby
18 [a]
South Africa (6), New Zealand (5),
Australia (5), Argentina (1), Japan (1)[b]
20,384

Premiership
12
England
15,065

Top 14
14
France
13,207

Currie Cup
9
South Africa
11,125

Pro14
14
Ireland (4), Wales (4),
Scotland (2), Italy (2), South Africa (2) [c]
8,586

Mitre 10 Cup
14
New Zealand
7,203

Rugby Pro D2
16
France
4,222

RFU Championship
12
England
2,738

NRC
9
Australia (8), Fiji (1)
1,450

tag: table

text:
Jump up ^ To be reduced to 15 teams for 2018 and beyond.
Jump up ^ Following the 2017 Super Rugby season, South Africa will lose two of its sides and Australia one.
Jump up ^ The two South African teams that were dropped from Super Rugby after its 2017 season joined the renamed Pro14 for the 2017–18 season.

text: Variants[edit]

text: The game of rugby union has spawned several variants of the full-contact, 15-a-side code. The two more common differences applied to the variants of the sport lie in either fewer players or reduced player contact. Of the variants, the oldest is Rugby sevens (7's, or VIIs), a fast-paced variant which originated in Melrose, Scotland in 1883. In rugby sevens, there are only seven players per side, and each half is normally seven minutes.

text: Major tournaments include the Hong Kong Sevens and Dubai Sevens, both held in areas not normally associated with the highest levels of the 15-a-side game. A more recent variant of the sport is Rugby tens (10's or Xs), a Malaysian variant with ten players per side.[169]

text: Due to the physical nature of playing rugby, several variants have been created to introduce the sport to children with a reduced level of physical contact.[170] Of these versions, Touch rugby, in which "tackles" are made by simply touching the ball carrier with two hands, is popular as a mixed sex version of the sport played by both children and adults.[171][172] Tag Rugby, is a version in which the participants wear a belt with two hook-and-loop fastener tags, the removal of either counting as a 'tackle'. Tag Rugby also varies in the fact that kicking the ball is not allowed.[173]

text: Mini rugby is another variant of rugby union aimed at fostering the sport in children.[174][175] It is played with only eight players and on a smaller pitch.[174] Similar to Tag Rugby, American Flag Rugby, (AFR), is a mixed gender, non-contact imitation of rugby union designed for American children entering grades K-9.[176] Both American Flag Rugby and Mini Rugby differ to Tag Rugby in that they introduce more advanced elements of rugby union as the participants age.[174]

text: Other less formal variants include beach rugby and snow rugby.[170][177]

text: Influence on other sports[edit]

text: Rugby league was formed as an administrative break from the English union before changing its laws, becoming a code in its own right. The two sports continue to influence each other to this day.

text: American football[178][179] and Canadian football[180] are derived from early forms of rugby.[180]

text: Australian rules football was influenced by rugby football and other games originating in English public schools.[181][182][183]

text: James Naismith took aspects of many sports including rugby to invent basketball.[184] The most obvious contribution is the jump ball's similarity to the line-out as well as the underhand shooting style that dominated the early years of the sport. Naismith played rugby at McGill University.[185]

text: Swedish football was a code whose rules were a mix of Association and Rugby football rules.[186][187]

text: Rugby lends its name to wheelchair rugby, a full contact sport which contains elements of rugby such as crossing a try line with the ball to score.[188]

text: Statistics and records[edit]

text: According to a 2011 report by the Centre for the International Business of Sport, over four and a half million people play rugby union or one of its variants organised by the IRB.[189] This is an increase of 19 percent since the previous report in 2007.[190] The report also claimed that since 2007 participation has grown by 33 percent in Africa, 22 percent in South America and 18 percent in Asia and North America.[190] In 2014 the IRB published a breakdown of the total number of players worldwide by national unions. It recorded a total of 6.6 million players globally, of those, 2.36 million were registered members playing for a club affiliated to their country's union.[2] The 2016 World Rugby Year in Review reported 8.5 million players, of which 3.2 million were registered union players and 1.9 million were registered club players; 22% of all players were female.[191]

text: The most capped international player from the tier 1 nations is former New Zealand openside flanker and captain Richie McCaw who has played in 148 internationals.[192] While the top scoring tier 1 international player is New Zealand's Dan Carter, who has amassed 1442 points during his career.[193] In April 2010 Lithuania which is a second tier rugby nation, broke the record of consecutive international wins for second tier rugby nations. In 2016, the All Blacks of New Zealand set the new record 18 consecutive test wins among tier 1 rugby nations, bettering their previous consecutive run of 17.[194] This record was equalled by England on 11 March 2017 with a win over Scotland at Twickenham.[195] The highest scoring international match between two recognised unions was Hong Kong's 164–13 victory over Singapore on 27 October 1994.[196] While the largest winning margin of 152 points is held by two countries, Japan (a 155–3 win over Chinese Taipei) and Argentina (152–0 over Paraguay) both in 2002.[196]

text: The record attendance for a rugby union game was set on 15 July 2000 in which New Zealand defeated Australia 39–35 in a Bledisloe Cup game at Stadium Australia in Sydney before 109,874 fans.[197] The record attendance for a match in Europe of 104,000 (at the time a world record) was set on 1 March 1975 when Scotland defeated Wales 12–10 at Murrayfield in Edinburgh during the 1975 Five Nations Championship.[197] The record attendance for a domestic club match is 99,124, set when Racing 92 defeated Toulon in the 2016 Top 14 final on 24 June at Camp Nou in Barcelona. The match had been moved from its normal site of Stade de France near Paris due to scheduling conflicts with France's hosting of UEFA Euro 2016.[198]

text: In culture[edit]

text: Thomas Hughes 1857 novel Tom Brown's Schooldays, set at Rugby School, includes a rugby football match, also portrayed in the 1940s film of the same name. James Joyce mentions Irish team Bective Rangers in several of his works, including Ulysses (1922) and Finnegans Wake (1939), while his 1916 semi-autobiographical work A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man has an account of Ireland international James Magee.[199] Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, in his 1924 Sherlock Holmes tale The Adventure of the Sussex Vampire, mentions that Dr Watson played rugby for Blackheath.[200]

text: Henri Rousseau's 1908 work Joueurs de football shows two pairs of rugby players competing.[201] Other French artists to have represented the sport in their works include Albert Gleizes' Les Joueurs de football (1912), Robert Delaunay's Football. L'Équipe de Cardiff (1916) and André Lhote's Partie de Rugby (1917).[202] The 1928 Gold Medal for Art at the Antwerp Olympics was won by Luxembourg's Jean Jacoby for his work Rugby.[203]

text: In film, Ealing Studios' 1949 comedy A Run for Your Money and the 1979 BBC Wales television film Grand Slam both centre on fans attending a match.[204] Films that explore the sport in more detail include independent production Old Scores (1991) and Forever Strong (2008). Invictus (2009), based on John Carlin's book Playing the Enemy, explores the events of the 1995 Rugby World Cup and Nelson Mandela's attempt to use the sport to connect South Africa's people post-apartheid.[205][206]

text: In public art and sculpture there are many works dedicated to the sport. There is a 27 ft bronze statue of a rugby line-out by pop artist Gerald Laing at Twickenham[207] and one of rugby administrator Sir Tasker Watkins at the Millennium Stadium.[208] Rugby players to have been honoured with statues include Gareth Edwards in Cardiff and Danie Craven in Stellenbosch.[209]


document_title: List of Governors of Reserve Bank of India

question_text: who was the first governor of reserve bank of india

root

text:
Governor of the Reserve Bank of India

Seal of RBI

Incumbent
Urjit Patel
since 3 September 2016

Appointer
Government of India

Inaugural holder
Osborne Smith

Formation
1 April 1935

text: The Governor of the Reserve Bank of India is the chief executive of India's central bank and the ex-officio chairperson of its Central Board of Directors. Indian Rupee currency notes, issued by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI), bear the governor's signature. Since its establishment in 1935 by the British colonial government, the RBI has been headed by 24 governors. The term of office typically runs for 3 years.

tag: p

text: The inaugural officeholder was the British banker Osborne Smith, while C. D. Deshmukh was the first Indian governor. The position is currently held by Urjit Patel, who took over from Raghuram Rajan on 4 September 2016.

text: RBI governors[edit]

text:
No.
Name
Term of office

Began
Ended
Duration

1
Osborne Smith
1 April 1935
30 June 1937
7002821000000000000♠2 years, 90 days

2
James Braid Taylor, ICS[1]
1 July 1937
17 February 1943
7003205700000000000♠5 years, 231 days

3
C. D. Deshmukh, ICS
11 August 1943
30 June 1949
7003215000000000000♠5 years, 323 days

4
Benegal Rama Rau, ICS
1 July 1949
14 January 1957
7003275400000000000♠7 years, 197 days

5
K. G. Ambegaonkar, ICS
14 January 1957
28 February 1957
7001450000000000000♠45 days

6
H. V. R. Iyengar, ICS
1 March 1957
28 February 1962
7003182500000000000♠4 years, 364 days

7
P. C. Bhattacharya
1 March 1962
30 June 1967
7003194700000000000♠5 years, 121 days

8
L. K. Jha
1 July 1967
3 May 1970
7003103700000000000♠2 years, 306 days

9
B. N. Adarkar
4 May 1970
15 June 1970
7001420000000000000♠42 days

10
S. Jagannathan
16 June 1970
19 May 1975
7003179800000000000♠4 years, 337 days

11
N. C. Sen Gupta
19 May 1975
19 August 1975
7001920000000000000♠92 days

12
K. R. Puri
20 August 1975
2 May 1977
7002621000000000000♠1 year, 255 days

13
M. Narasimham
3 May 1977
30 November 1977
7002211000000000000♠211 days

14
I. G. Patel
1 December 1977
15 September 1982
7003174900000000000♠4 years, 288 days

15
Manmohan Singh
16 September 1982
14 January 1985
7002851000000000000♠2 years, 120 days

16
Amitav Ghosh
15 January 1985
4 February 1985
7001200000000000000♠20 days

17
R. N. Malhotra, IAS
4 February 1985
22 December 1990
7003214700000000000♠5 years, 321 days

18
S. Venkitaramanan, IAS
22 December 1990
21 December 1992
7002730000000000000♠1 year, 365 days

19
C. Rangarajan
22 December 1992
21 November 1997
7003179500000000000♠4 years, 334 days

20
Bimal Jalan
22 November 1997
6 September 2003
7003211400000000000♠5 years, 288 days

21
Y. V. Reddy, IAS
6 September 2003
5 September 2008
7003182600000000000♠4 years, 365 days

22
D. Subbarao, IAS
5 September 2008
4 September 2013
7003182500000000000♠4 years, 364 days

23
Raghuram Rajan
4 September 2013
4 September 2016
7003109600000000000♠3 years, 0 days

24
Urjit Patel
4 September 2016
Incumbent
7002543000000000000♠1 year, 178 days


document_title: That's So Raven

question_text: when did the show that's so raven end

question_tokens: when did the show that 's so raven end

text: That's So Raven

text: Overview[edit]

text: Raven Baxter, a teenage girl, receives short psychic visions of the future events when in deep situations. Attempting to make these visions come true frequently results in trouble and hilarious situations for herself, her family, and her friends.

text: Production[edit]

text: The name for the main character changed several times prior to production, starting with Dawn Baxter in a show named The Future Is on Me. Names changed to Rose Baxter in a show called Absolutely Psychic but finally settling on Raven Baxter when actress Raven-Symoné won the lead part, with the show titled That's So Raven. Symoné originally auditioned for the role of the best friend, Chelsea. Raven-Symoné was credited simply as "Raven" throughout the series.

text: The show filmed a special pilot episode on April 12, 2001 and the first season was filmed from November 9, 2001 – June 2002.[5]

text: That's So Raven was responsible for many firsts for Disney Channel: the series was the highest-rated series in the history of Disney Channel and the first series to garner more than three-million viewers; the third longest-running original series in Disney Channel history, the first Disney Channel series to reach 100 episodes, the first Disney Channel series to produce a spinoff (Cory in the House) and one of the first two live action original series where the lead and most of the supporting main characters are minorities (The Famous Jett Jackson being the other).

text: In addition, it was also the first Disney Channel sitcom to be shot on videotape, to use a multi-camera format, to be shot in front of a studio audience or use a laugh track,[citation needed] and to use the simulated film look created by FilmLook, Inc. (all of which has become standard on all Disney Channel comedies, though a 'filmized' appearance was given to all of the channel's videotaped sitcoms produced from 2009 onward, as the live-action Disney Channel Original Series begin being produced in high definition).

text: The first three seasons were produced by Brookwell McNamara Entertainment. The company later left at the end of season 3, being replaced by Warren & Rinsler Productions. Raven-Symoné then received a producer credit for the show's fourth and final season, with the credit being called "That So Productions". It became the first Disney Channel series to create a spin-off, Cory in the House, which followed her younger brother, Cory, as his dad became the head chef for the President of the United States, causing the two of them to move to Washington, D.C.

text: In the fourth season of That's So Raven and on Cory in the House, Victor states that Tanya (T'Keyah Crystal Keymáh) is in England studying to be a lawyer. The show shot its final few episodes in January 2006, but they weren't all aired until a year later, with the series finale airing in March 2007 and the second-to-last episode shown that November.

text: Opening sequence[edit]

text: The show's title theme song was written by John Coda, who also composed the music cues to signify scene changes and commercial breaks for this series as well as Even Stevens. It was produced by Jeffrey "Def Jef" Fortson and Christopher B. Pearman and was performed by Raven-Symoné, Anneliese van der Pol and Orlando Brown.

text: Each season had opening credits composed of footage from the episodes of that season. Each season also made an exception to the guideline by showing footage from the previous seasons, most of the time when it was needed. For example, if footage being shown was of the characters dancing, then footage of a character or characters would be shown. When originally broadcast, season two followed the guideline, but when season three began airing, the opening credits from season two were inexplicably replaced with the opening credits from season three for daytime network rebroadcasts and subsequent syndication.

text: Each opening sequence, before going to the title card, always ended with the main cast being together (in clips that were not part of any episode). Seasons one, two, and three were of the Baxters sitting on their living room couch, and season four was of the Baxters (with the exception of Tanya), Eddie, and Chelsea coming down the Baxters' living room stairs.

text: At the end of the opening credits, Raven stands next to the title card and says, "Yep, that's me." This remained in season four, except with a new addition. Raven's catchphrase "Oh, Snap!" was dubbed in right before she says, "Yep, that's me."

text: Raven-Symoné performs most of the theme, while Brown performs a rap near the end of the theme and some scattered vocals in the beginning of the theme. Anneliese van der Pol sings the show's title in the chorus. A full-length version of this theme was heard in a music video which aired a few months before the show's U.S. premiere and also can be heard on the show's first soundtrack, released in 2004.

text: In Disney Channel Asia, an Asian version[clarification needed] of the show's theme song was made. The music video debuted on January 17, 2007, back-to-back with the 100th episode of That's So Raven. It also aired in China on CCTV as 那是因此掠夺.[1]

text: Episodes[edit]

text: The series is the third-longest running Disney Channel Original Series, with its popularity extending the show's contract from 65 to 100 episodes. The last episode produced was "The Way We Were", but then "Checkin' Out" was produced. Although it was chronologically the last episode, it did not air last; instead, "Where There's Smoke" aired last.

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired

First aired
Last aired

1
21
January 17, 2003 (2003-01-17)
March 5, 2004 (2004-03-05)

2
22
October 3, 2003 (2003-10-03)
September 24, 2004 (2004-09-24)

3
35
October 1, 2004 (2004-10-01)
January 16, 2006 (2006-01-16)

4
22
February 20, 2006 (2006-02-20)
November 10, 2007 (2007-11-10)

text: Crossover with The Suite Life of Zack & Cody and Hannah Montana[edit]

text: The episode "Checkin' Out" is the first part of a three-way crossover that continues on The Suite Life of Zack & Cody and concludes on Hannah Montana. Raven Baxter meets Zack and Cody while visiting the Tipton Hotel to do a photo shoot promoting a fashion line for boys. During her stay, Raven upsets Cody with a psychic vision and London Tipton refuses to take interest in one of Raven's clothing designs until Hannah Montana arrives and shows an interest.

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Raven-Symoné (credited as Raven), portrays Raven Lydia Baxter, the main character. Aged 14–17. A precognitive teenager. She has a sassy attitude and a grand personality, and is well known for her style. She also loves fashion, and designs her own clothing. She has friends and a loving family, and she goes to public school. However, on various occasions, she gets "psychic visions" about what may or may not happen later. She is only able to "see" a small segment of some future event, and she frequently errs on what it really means, in which case her attempts to change these events only end up making it happen or making it worse. Her main catchphrases are "Oh Fudge!", "Oh snap!", "Ya nasty!", "How y'all doin'?", and "Oh, no he didn't!" She abruptly says, "I'm okay!" if she falls down in one of her disguises. And, if big guys throw her, she tells them to do it "gently!" In addition, when she disapproves of something, she exclaims "Gotta go!" When she makes an appearance on Cory in the House, her father exclaims, "You didn't get kicked out of design school because they don't give out refunds!", which shows she is attending design school. Raven is also a master of disguise, which fits in with her trouble-making antics and passion for becoming a fashion designer, like her idol, Donna Cabonna, whom she worked for as an intern. Raven Baxter is extremely allergic to mushrooms, and her favorite drink is orange juice. According to Chelsea, her favorite gemstone is diamond, her favorite vegetable is corn, and her favorite animal is stuffed. Often referred to as Rae, Raven does not enjoy nature or camping. She has appeared in every episode of the series, along with her younger brother Cory. In the second spin-off, Raven's Home, Raven eventually married her first love Devon but they got divorced. In between that time, they had two children Nia and Booker - latter of whom, shares Raven's ability to see into the future.
Orlando Brown portrays Edward "Eddie" Thomas. Aged 14–17. He is Raven's male best friend. He is an aspiring rapper, and is a guard on the school basketball team. He is like a "big brother" to Cory Baxter and was commonly portrayed as playful, ambitious, loyal, girl crazy and quick to jump to conclusions. Occasionally, he says "Told ya! Told ya twice!" after he tells Raven not to do something that they both knew she would do. Another common catchphrase of his is "Holla!" after he finishes talking to his friends or girls that he likes. His parents are divorced, which is mentioned several times throughout the series. It is also said that he has a little brother. In one episode, Eddie and Raven not only start to develop romantic feelings for each other but they also kiss on the lips at two separate times; however, by the end of the episode, they decide to remain friends (though its strongly implied they're still interested in one another). Eddie has appeared in every episode except Juicer Consequences.
Kyle Massey portrays Cory Baxter. Aged 10–13. Cory is Raven's younger brother who sometimes acts as the main antagonist of the series. He and Raven often argue, but in the long run, they care deeply for each other. Even as he gets older, he claims that playing pranks on Raven is one of his guilty pleasures. Cory has two best friends, William and Larry. Together, the 3 boys form the band Cory and the Boys, with Cory as the drummer and lead singer, while Larry is the guitarist. William starts out playing the clarinet, and then plays the keyboard. The band has one song: "Feelin' the Love". Cory is an aspiring businessman. He is shown to be obsessed with money, and often creates "get-rich-quick" schemes behind his parents' backs, in which he always gets into trouble. Cory also has a close relationship with his pet rat, Lionel. Earlier in the series, he had a crush on Chelsea. In the third season starts an relationship with Cindy. His catchphrases is "Cha-ching" and "You Know How I Do!". He and Victor are the main characters in the spin-off series Cory in the House. He has appeared in every episode of the series, along with his older sister Raven.
Anneliese van der Pol portrays Chelsea Daniels. Aged 14–17. Often referred to as Chels, She is Raven's female best friend. She is an environmentalist, vegetarian, and closet artist. She is portrayed as being clumsy and dimwitted (although the first two seasons portray her to be just as smart as Raven, but to extreme limits); at times, her stupidity is so potent that she is frequently oblivious to what should be obvious and unable to discern sarcasm from sincerity. She usually uses the catchphrases "That makes more sense!" or '"This is awkward!" She also likes to make jokes, which only she would laugh at. Despite her apparent lack of common sense and intelligence, she has a few surprises up her sleeve—such as occasionally knowing certain "smart" things, which usually tends to surprise everyone else. In Season 1, it is revealed that Raven and Chelsea's friendship goes all the way back to when they were in pre-school, but she was also shown to be dimwitted back then because she did not notice Raven blowing out the candles on her birthday cake. It should also be noted that Chelsea was just as caring when she was young as she is now because one of her unfulfilled wishes on that same birthday was to stop global warming. She is quite similar to Newt (from Cory in the House) in personality. She is very passionate in saving the environment and caring for the animals, and also much more spiritual compared to Raven who can be materialistic, though it occasionally leads to troubling events like the three friends disputing over a goat and nearly turning herself and Raven into cows. In earlier episodes, Cory has a huge crush on her and unsuccessfully pursues her. Occasionally, Chelsea refers to a specific relative, Cousin Earl, at times. Her parents are Therapists. She also has a dog named Sam. Chelsea is present in every episode except Mother Dearest, Smell of Victory, and Saturday Afternoon Fever.
T'Keyah Crystal Keymáh portrays Tanya Baxter. (seasons 1–3). Tanya is the mother of Raven and Cory, and wife of Victor. She is a firm, but fun and caring mother who, despite the antics of her children, is always there for them. She halted her studies to raise her family, but decided once the children were older to continue studying law. Before that, she briefly worked as Raven's English teacher at the request of Raven's school principal. Her catchphrase is "Momma like!" She has a very competitive nature to her personality. It's learned that her mother, Viv, is also psychic. In season 4, Tanya is not present; it is said that she has gone off to England to attend law school. On Cory in the House, she is still in England and she does not visit Cory and Victor but is mentioned. In the pilot episode of Raven's Home, it is revealed by Booker that Tanya is still living.

tag: ul

text: Rondell Sheridan portrays Victor Baxter, the father of Raven and Cory, and husband of Tanya. He starts out as a chef in a restaurant, but he later opens his own restaurant, The Chill Grill. His biggest rival is Leonard Stevenson. In Cory in the House, he gets a job as the President's chef, and it is unknown what became of his restaurant. His catchphrases are "Here comes the pain!" and "I'll go pack!" (Cory in the House)

text: Recurring[edit]

text: Reunion[edit]

text: Eight years after the series ended, there was speculation and rumors that the series would get a second spin-off or revamp. On August 14, 2015, a reunion with Raven and her former co-stars happened on The View, where they discussed all things about the show and past times. Crystal Keymah and Sheridan were not present, but got a special mention from Symoné herself.[6]

text: Merchandise[edit]

text: The That's So Raven franchise has been modeled after fellow Disney Channel hit Lizzie McGuire. Raven has a clothing line, DVD releases, novels, bedroom sets, a perfume, a Girl Talk board game,[7] three video games[8] and two soundtracks, That's So Raven: Songs from and inspired by the hit TV show and That's So Raven Too!.

text: In February 2005, That's So Raven toys were featured in the McDonald's Happy Meal. In April 2005, a doll based on Raven Baxter was released[9] and another was released the following year.

text: In September 2005, the show also spawned a fragrance and an MP3 player. That same month, the clothing line was shipped to Macy's stores. As of 2006, That's So Raven merchandise had made $400 million.[10]

text: Soundtrack albums[edit]

text:
That's So Raven
That's So Raven Too!

text: Series novelizations[edit]

text:
What You See Is What You Get – Smell of Victory & A Dog by Any Other Name
Rescue Me – Driven To Insanity & Mother Dearest
In Raven We Trust – Test of Friendship & Saturday Afternoon Fever
Step Up – Dissin' Cousins & Party Animal
Family Affair – If I Only Had a Job & Teach Your Children Well
2 Good 2 B True – To See or Not to See & Ye Olde Dating Game
Tell It Like It Is – Campaign in the Neck & Separation Anxiety
Dueling Divas' – A Fight at the Opera & The Parties
Showtime! – Wake Up, Victor & A Fish Called Raven
Psyched – Psychics Wanted & Saving Psychic Raven
Boyfriend Blues – Four's a Crowd & Blue in the Face
Be Mine – Hearts And Minds & Close Encounters of the Nerd Kind
The Real Deal – That's So Not Raven & Run, Raven, Run
Over the Top – Out of Control & He's Got the Power
Rebel Raven – Clothes Minded & Spa Day Afternoon
Superstar – Radio Heads & The Road to Audition
House Party – Hizzouse Party & Leave It to Diva
Queen of Hearts – There Goes the Bride & Royal Treatment
Raven Rocks – A Goat's Tale & Boyz 'N Commotion
Extreme Fever – Extreme Cory & When There's Smoke

tag: ol

text: Video games[edit]

text: That's So Raven has spawned three video games:

text:
That's So Raven, Game Boy Advance
That's So Raven 2, Game Boy Advance
That's So Raven: Psychic on the Scene, Nintendo DS

text: Reception[edit]

text: The series premiere was watched by 3.5 million viewers, the first Disney Channel series to garner more than 3 million viewers. The most watched episode of That's So Raven is "Country Cousins", scoring 10.8 million viewers.

text: VHS and DVD releases[edit]

text: Volume releases[edit]

text:
!#
VHS and DVD title
Episodes featured
Release date
Bonus features

1
That's So Raven: Supernaturally Stylish[11]

"If I Only Had a Job"
"He's Got the Power"
"That's So Not Raven"
"Boyz 'N Commotion"

December 7, 2004

"Supernatural" (music video)
"That's So Raven" (music video)

2
That's So Raven: Disguise the Limit[12]

"Art Breaker"
"Country Cousins (Part 1)"
"Country Cousins (Part 2)"
"The Grill Next Door"

August 16, 2005

Master of Disguises (featurette)
Visual commentary by Raven on selected scenes

3
That's So Raven: Raven's House Party[13]

"Opportunity Shocks"
"Double Vision"
"Too Much Pressure"
"Four Aces Club"
"Vision Impossible"

December 6, 2005

Never-before-seen episode
Bloopers and outtakes
That's So Raven Radio Trivia Game

4
That's So Raven: Raven's Makeover Madness (Only on DVD)[14]

"Pin Pals"
"Dues and Don'ts"
"Adventures in Boss-Sitting"
"Hook Up My Space"
"When 6021 Met 4267"

July 18, 2006

Never-before-seen episode
So You Think You Know Raven (Volume 1, trivia game)

text: Other releases[edit]

text:
DVD title
Episode featured
Release date
Bonus features

Disney Channel Holiday (VHS and DVD)

"Escape Clause"

November 1, 2005
N/A

That's So Suite Life of Hannah Montana[15]

"Checkin' Out"

January 16, 2007

So You Think You Know Raven (Volume 2, trivia game)

Hannah Montana Volume 4: One in a Million[16]

"Run, Raven, Run"

January 28, 2008
N/A

text: Name in other countries[edit]

text:
Countries
Name

Australia
That's So Raven

Brazil
As Visões da Raven

Denmark
That's So Raven

Spain
Raven

Greece
Raven

Finland
That's So Raven

France
Phénomène Raven

Germany
Raven Blickt Durch

Hong Kong
好係Raven

India
That's so Raven

Italy
Raven

Japan
レイブン 見えちゃってチョー大変! (Reibun Mie Chatte Cho Taihen!)

Mexico
Es Tan Raven

Philippines
That's So Raven

Poland
Świat Raven

Portugal
Raven

United Kingdom
That's So Raven

Taiwan
天才魔女

Turkey
Tam Raven'a Göre

text: Spin-off and Sequels[edit]

text: Cory in the House[edit]

text: Cory in the House is the first Disney Channel spin-off and it premiered on January 12, 2007. It was the one chosen out of the many pitched and proposed spin-offs that were to have aired after the completion of That's So Raven, including one about Raven going off to college. Originally Raven-Symoné was offered the spin-off, but she declined it, therefore Disney Channel decided to give it to Kyle Massey.

text: The storyline involves Cory and Victor adjusting to life in Washington, D.C.; Victor has received a job as the Head Chef to the President. The show takes place while Raven is attending fashion college and Tanya is still in London.

text: The series is similar to its sister show, That's So Raven. Cory has two best friends, one a boy, Newton Livingston III (Jason Dolley), and one a girl, Meena Paroom (Maiara Walsh). Note that in That's So Raven, the main character also has two best friends, one a boy and one a girl and Newt and Meena's persona's are similar to Chelsea and Eddie. Cory attends a middle school in Washington, D.C. Also in the series, the president's daughter Sophie (Madison Pettis) constantly pesters Cory, like Cory did to Raven in That's So Raven. Cory also participates in crazy situations in which he learns a moral lesson and will most likely get punished. Candy Smiles plays in Cory's love life multiple times, and Stickler continuously spies on Cory, Newton and especially Meena's.

text: It is implied the episode, "When 6021 Met 4267", that Cory and Victor did move back to San Francisco.

text: In the episode "That's So in the House", Raven came to show designs of new tour guide uniforms to President Martinez (John D'Aquino). Unfortunately, she has a vision of a clock falling on the President, and tackles him, earning the Secret Service a chance to chase her around the grounds. Cory poses as his sister to display the uniforms, modeled by Newton and Meena. Raven is discovered outside the Oval Office window, and chased, until she actually does save Mr. Martinez from the clock. The episode ends with the credits sequence for That's So Pooshnick, a show from Meena's country about a psychic girl who can see the past and always ends up messing up trying to stop the vision from happening again.

text: Stanley and the Juicer have also made special appearances on the show as well.

text: Failed Movie Attempt[edit]

text: In 2011, to promote her latest film Vampires Suck, Anneliese van der Pol revealed in an interview that a That's So Raven film had been written but failed to go into production. "The storyline saw us going to France. [Raven] was going to start a fashion line in France. Eddie and [Chelsea] were going to fly out and meet her. Of course, something tragic happens. We have to rescue the situation." Van der Pol admitted that Raven's schedule at the time was booked solid for a year and the possibility of the film seemed unlikely. "But no, It's not ever happening. If I hear something, I will be the first to sign on." She also commented on reprising her role of Chelsea Daniels.[17]

text: Raven's Home[edit]

text: On October 27, 2016, it was announced that Raven-Symoné will star in and develop a sequel to the original series. Raven departed as a host of The View later in 2016 in order to work on the series full-time.[18]In November 2016, it was announced that Anneliese van der Pol will reprise her role of Chelsea Daniels.[19]

text: In the new series, Raven Baxter will be a divorced mother of two pre-teens, Nia and Booker.[20] Booker will inherit his mother's psychic abilities during middle school.[20] Chelsea Daniels is also a divorced mother, who is raising a son, Levi, and moves in with Raven.[21]

text: Indian adaptation[edit]

text: Palak Pe Jhalak is the sixth Disney Channel India series to be adapted in Hindi after Art Attack, Good Luck Charlie, The Suite Life of Zack and Cody, Shake It Up and Jessie, and premiered on September 27, 2015. Ayesha Kaduskar is seen playing the role of Nysha Kapoor, a character similar to Raven Baxter played by Raven-Symoné.[22] The original That's So Raven aired on Disney Channel India as well from 2004-2010 and also on the number 1 entertainment channel in India Star Plus from 2003 to 2008.

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
Year
Award
Category
Recipient
Result

2003
BAFTA Children's Awards
International
That's So Raven
Nominated[23]

2004
BET Comedy Awards
Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series
Raven-Symoné
Nominated[24]

Outstanding Comedy Series
That's So Raven
Nominated[24]

Gracie Allen Awards
Outstanding Children/Adolescent Program
That's So Raven
Won[25]

NAACP Image Awards
Outstanding Performance in a Youth/Children's Program
Raven-Symoné
Won[26]

Kids Choice Awards
Favorite Female TV Star
Raven-Symoné
Won[27]

NAMIC Vision Awards
Best Comedic Performance
Raven-Symoné
Nominated[28]

Children's
That's So Raven
Nominated[28]

Teen Choice Awards
Choice TV Actress: Comedy
Raven-Symoné
Nominated[29]

Choice TV Show: Comedy
That's So Raven
Nominated[29]

Young Artist Awards
Best Performance in a TV Series (Comedy or Drama) – Leading Young Actor
Kyle Massey
Nominated[30]

Best Performance in a TV Series (Comedy or Drama) – Leading Young Actress
Raven-Symoné
Nominated[30]

2005
BET Comedy Awards
Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series
Raven-Symoné
Nominated[31]

Outstanding Comedy Series
That's So Raven
Nominated[31]

Casting Society of America
Best Casting – Children's Programming
Joey Paul Jensen
Won[32]

Genesis Awards
Children's Programming
That's So Raven
Won[33]

Gracie Allen Awards
Outstanding Female Lead in a Comedy
Raven-Symoné
Won[34]

NAACP Image Awards
Outstanding Performance in a Youth/Children's Series/Special
Raven-Symoné
Won[35]

Kids Choice Awards
Favorite TV Actress
Raven-Symoné
Won[36]

NAMIC Vision Awards
Best Comedic Performance
Raven-Symoné
Nominated[28]

Children's
That's So Raven
Nominated[28]

Primetime Emmy Awards
Outstanding Children's Program
That's So Raven
Nominated[37]

Teen Choice Awards
Choice TV Actress: Comedy
Raven-Symoné
Nominated[38]

Choice TV Show: Comedy
That's So Raven
Nominated[38]

Young Artist Awards
Best Performance in a Television Series – Guest Starring Young Actor
Christopher Malpede
Won[39]

Outstanding Young Performers in a TV Series
Orlando Brown
Kyle Massey
Anneliese van der Pol
Raven-Symoné
Won[39]

2006
Casting Society of America
Best Casting – Children's TV Programming
Joey Paul Jensen
Nominated[40]

NAACP Image Awards
Outstanding Performance in a Youth/Children's Series or Special
Raven-Symoné
Won[41]

Outstanding Directing in a Comedy Series
Eric Dean Seaton
Nominated[41][42]

Kids Choice Awards
Favorite TV Actress
Raven-Symoné
Nominated[43][44]

Favorite TV Show
That's So Raven
Nominated[43][44]

NAMIC Vision Awards
Best Comedic Performance
Raven-Symoné
Nominated[45][46]

Best Children's
That's So Raven
Won[46]

Teen Choice Awards
TV – Choice Actress: Comedy
Raven-Symoné
Nominated[47]

Young Artist Awards
Best Family Television Series (Comedy)
That's So Raven
Nominated[48]

2007
NAACP Image Awards
Outstanding Actress in a Comedy Series
Raven-Symoné
Nominated[49][50]

Outstanding Performance in a Youth/Children's Program – Series or Special
Kyle Massey
Nominated[49][50]

Raven-Symoné
Won[50]

Outstanding Children's Program
That's So Raven
Won[50]

Kids Choice Awards
Favorite TV Actress
Raven-Symoné
Nominated[51][52]

NAMIC Vision Awards
Children's
That's So Raven
Won[53]

Primetime Emmy Awards
Outstanding Children's Program
That's So Raven
Nominated[54]

Writers Guild of America
Children's Episodic & Specials
Deborah Swisher ("Fur Better or Worse")
Nominated[55][56]

Young Artist Awards
Best Performance in a TV Series (Comedy or Drama) – Leading Young Actor
Kyle Massey
Won[57]

2008
NAACP Image Awards
Outstanding Performance in a Youth/Children's Program (Series or Special)
Raven-Symoné
Won

Outstanding Children's Program
That's So Raven
Won[58]

Kids Choice Awards
Favorite TV Actress
Raven-Symoné
Nominated[59][60]

NAMIC Vision Awards
Best Performance – Comedy
Raven-Symoné
Nominated[61][62]


document_title: Arjun (Firoz Khan)

question_text: who play the role of arjun in mahabharat

text: Arjun (Firoz Khan)

text: This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (September 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
Arjun (Firoz Khan)
Arjun (Firoz Khan)Born
MumbaiResidence
IndiaOccupation
ActorYears active
1985–present

text: Arjun (Hindi: अर्जुन) (born Firoz Khan) is an Indian actor, best known for playing the hero character of Arjuna in B. R. Chopra's television serialisation of the ancient Indian epic work, the Mahabharata. His success in that production, and the precaution of not to get confused with a more famous actor of the same name, caused him to change his name to that of the character he portrayed.[1] He has also acted in a number of Hindi language movies.

text: He is an alumnus of Smt. MMK College of Commerce and Economics.[2]

text: Filmography[edit]

text:
Year

Title

Role

Other notes

1984

Manzil Manzil

Rupesh

1985

Zabardast

Bikram Singh

1986

Swati

Manohar Joshi

1986

Mazloom

Rajan Vijay Singh

1987

Swayam Krushi

Chinna

Telugu Movie

1988

Kanwarlal

Jaggan Singh

1988

Qayamat Se Qayamat Tak

Ratan Singh

Guest Role

1988

Khatron Ke Khiladi

Arjun Singh

1988

Jungle Ki Beti

1988

Mahabharat

Arjun

TV Series (Notable Role) 1988 - 1990

1989

Ajeeb Itefaq

Singer

Guest Role

1990

Sher Dil

Rapist

1991

Naya Zaher

Inspector Vikram

1992

Kal Ki Awaz

DSP Singh

1992

Jigar

Duryodhan

1992

Tirangaa

Rasik Nath Gundaswamy

1993

Aadmi

Trikaal's Goon

1993

Phool Aur Angaar

Kaalicharan

1994

Mr. Azaad

Hiravat Mishra's Son

1994

Brahma

Sunder

1994

Aa Gale Lag Jaa

Sikander Khanna

1995

Kalyug Ke Avtaar

Vicky

1995

Karan Arjun

Naahar Singh

1996

Hum Hain Khalnayak

Film Producer (Role)

1996

Saajan Chale Sasural

Thakur's Son

1996

Rangbaaz

Goga

1996

Hello Daddy

Ji Jo

1997

Mohabbat

Goon

1997

Do Ankhen Barah Hath

Police Inspector

1997

Raja Ki Aayegi Baraat

Police Inspector Feroz Khan

Guest Role

1997

Vishwavidhaata

Goon

1997

Yug

Peter Gomes 'The Killer'

1997

Betaal Pachisi

1998

Barood

Singhal's Man

1998

Mehndi

Billoo (Eunuch/Hijra)

1998

Mafia Raaj

Jacky Jackal

1999

Maa Kasam

Inspector Gashal

2000

Dada

Goon

2000

Jwalamukhi

Nagarjuna

2001

Arjun Devaa

Jahangir Khan

2001

Rishtey

2001

Jodi No.1

Monty

2005

Chand Sa Roshan Chehra

2006

Yeh Raat

Yograj

2013

Yamla Pagla Deewana 2

Sikh Inspector in London

2016

I Don't Watch TV

Himself