document_title: Shot clock

question_text: when was the shot clock implemented in college basketball

text: Shot clock

text: History[edit]

text: Background[edit]

text: The NBA (National Basketball Association) had problems attracting fans (and positive media coverage) before the shot clock's inception.[2] This was due to teams running out the clock once they were leading in a game; without the shot clock, teams passed the ball nearly endlessly without penalty. If one team chose to stall, the other team (especially if behind) would often commit fouls to get the ball back following the free throw. Very low-scoring games with many fouls were common, which bored fans. The most extreme case occurred on November 22, 1950, when the Fort Wayne Pistons defeated the Minneapolis Lakers by a record-low score of 19–18, including 3–1 in the fourth quarter.[3] The Pistons held the ball for minutes at a time without shooting (they attempted 13 shots for the game) in order to limit the impact of the Lakers' dominant George Mikan. The Pistons' performance led the St. Paul Dispatch to write "[The Pistons] gave pro basketball a great black eye."[4] NBA President Maurice Podoloff said, "In our game, with the number of stars we have, we of necessity run up big scores."[5] A few weeks after the Pistons/Lakers game, the Rochester Royals and Indianapolis Olympians played a six-overtime game with only one shot in each overtime - in each overtime period, the team who had the ball first held the ball for the entirety of the period before attempting a last-second shot. The NBA tried several rule changes in the early 1950s to speed up the game and reduce fouls before eventually adopting the shot clock.

text: Creation[edit]

text: The shot clock first came to use in 1954 in Syracuse, New York, where Syracuse Nationals (now the Philadelphia 76ers) owner Danny Biasone and general manager Leo Ferris experimented using a 24-second version during a scrimmage game.[6] According to Biasone, "I looked at the box scores from the games I enjoyed, games where they didn't screw around and stall. I noticed each team took about 60 shots. That meant 120 shots per game. So I took 2,880 seconds (48 minutes) and divided that by 120 shots. The result was 24 seconds per shot."[3][7] Biasone and Ferris then convinced the NBA to adopt it for the 1954–55 season, a season in which the Nationals won the NBA Championship.

text: Syracuse Nationals General Manager Leo Ferris has emerged in the discussion as one of those involved in the creation and development of the shot clock. Along with Danny Biasone and Emil Barboni, a scout for the Nats, Leo Ferris was a key figure in developing the 24-second clock.[8] Jack Andrews, longtime basketball writer for The Syracuse Post-Standard, often recalled how Ferris would sit at Danny Biasone's Eastwood bowling alley, scribbling potential shot clock formulas onto a napkin.[9] Ferris, who loved mathematics, ended up dividing the number of seconds in a 48-minute game (2,880) by the average number of shots taken in a game (120) to get to the 24-second time limit per possession.[10] While he and Biasone often share in the credit for the shot clock, it was Ferris who was singled out by business manager Bob Sexton at the 1954 team banquet for pushing the shot clock rule.

text: Use and reaction[edit]

text: When it was first introduced by the NBA, the 24-second shot clock made players so nervous that it hardly came into play, as players were taking fewer than 20 seconds to shoot. According to Syracuse star Dolph Schayes, "We thought we had to take quick shots – a pass and a shot was it – maybe 8–10 seconds... But as the game went on, we saw the inherent genius in Danny's 24 seconds – you could work the ball around [the offensive zone] for a good shot."[7]

text: The shot clock, together with some rule changes concerning fouls, revolutionized NBA basketball. In the last pre-clock season (1953–54), teams averaged 79 points per game; in the first year with the clock (1954–55), the average was 93 points,[3] which went up to 107 points by its fourth year in use (1957–58).[11] The advent of the shot clock (and the resulting increase in scoring) coincided with an increase in attendance, which increased 40% within a few years to an average of 4,800 per game.[12]

text: The shot clock received near-universal praise for its role in improving the style of play in the NBA. Coach and referee Charley Eckman said, "Danny Biasone saved the NBA with the 24-second rule."[13] Boston Celtic all-star Bob Cousy said, "Before the new rule, the last quarter could be deadly. The team in front would hold the ball indefinitely, and the only way you could get it was by fouling somebody. In the meantime, nobody dared take a shot and the whole game slowed up. With the clock, we have constant action. I think it saved the NBA at that time. It allowed the game to breathe and progress."[14] League president Maurice Podoloff called the adoption of the shot clock "the most important event in the NBA."[3] The league itself states, "Biasone's invention rescue[d] the league."[13]

text: Adoption by other leagues[edit]

text: Two later pro leagues that rivaled the NBA adopted a modified version of the shot clock. The American Basketball League used a 30-second shot clock for its two years in existence (1961–1963). The American Basketball Association also adopted a 30-second clock when it launched in 1967–68, switching to the NBA's 24-second length for its final season (1975–76).

text: In the 1969–70 season, women's collegiate basketball (at the time sanctioned by the Commission on Intercollegiate Athletics for Women) used a 30-second shot clock on an experimental basis, officially adopting it for the 1970–71 season.[15] Unlike the women's side, there was initial resistance to the implementation of a shot clock for men's NCAA basketball, due to fears that smaller colleges would be unable to compete with powerhouses in a running game. However, after extreme results like an 11–6 Tennessee win over Temple in 1973, support for a men's shot clock began to build.[16] The NCAA introduced a 45-second shot clock for the men's game in the 1985–86 season, reducing it to 35 seconds in the 1993–94 season[17] and 30 seconds in the 2015–16 season.[18] The NAIA also reduced the shot clock to 30 seconds for men's basketball starting in 2015–16.[19]

text: From its inception in 1975, the Philippine Basketball Association adopted a 25-second shot clock. This was because the shot clocks then installed at the league's main venues, the Araneta Coliseum and Rizal Memorial Coliseum (the latter no longer used by the league), could only be set at 5-second intervals. The league later adopted a 24-second clock starting from the 1995 season. The Metropolitan Basketball Association in the Philippines used the 23-second clock from its maiden season in 1998. In Filipino college basketball, the NCAA Basketball Championship (Philippines) and the UAAP Basketball Championship adopted a 30-second clock; they switched to 24 seconds starting with the 2001–02 season, the first season to start after the FIBA rule change in 2001.

text: Operation[edit]

text: In the NBA (since 1954), Women's National Basketball Association (since 2006), and FIBA play (since 2000; 30-second from 1956 to 2000), the shot clock counts down 24 seconds, thus often being called the "24-second clock." If a shot is attempted and hits or enters the rim, or if the defensive team gains possession via a rebound, steal, or out-of-bounds play, the shot clock resets. Failure by the offense to attempt a shot that hits the rim within the prescribed time results in a "shot clock violation" and a loss of possession to the other team. Three signals indicate when the shot clock expires—a shot clock signal, illuminated lights on the shot clock (NBA, FIBA, Euroleague, and many venues using an NBA-style transparent shot clock), and in the (W)NBA and FIBA play (starting in July 2018), a yellow LED light strip on the backboard. In the 2011–12 NBA season and 2014–15 Euroleague, the last five seconds of the shot clock were modified to include tenths of a second, allowing offensive players to see precisely how much time they have to shoot and officials to determine any last-second shots easily. The rule has been adopted by FIBA starting in 2018.[20] In the 2016-17 NBA season, a new 'official timekeeper' deal for the NBA with Swiss watch manufacturer Tissot introduced a new united official game clock/shot clock system, putting both timing systems under the same system for the first time.[21] Tissot also became official timekeeper for the WNBA in the 2017 season.

text: Furthermore, the shot clock is not reset on a foul in the frontcourt. Rule changes in the NBA since 1998, and in FIBA after 2010 state the shot clock will be reset only if 13 seconds or fewer are on the shot clock, after which it is reset to 14 seconds.

text: The (W)NBA and Euroleague have different rules on the shot clock reset on jump balls; while both leagues have jump balls retained by the offense are reset to 14 seconds (if 13 seconds or fewer are on the shot clock), in the (W)NBA, if the defence causes the jump ball, the shot clock is not reset if the offense keeps control of the ball unless under 5.0 seconds of time remain, where it is reset to 5.0 seconds.

text: Also in FIBA play, if the offense retains control of a ball following a rebound, the shot clock is reset to 14 seconds.

text: Since the 2015–16 season, all American college basketball uses a 30-second shot clock, while Canadian university basketball uses a 24-second clock. The American women's game has used a 30-second clock since the 1970s, but the men's game did not adopt a shot clock until 1985. The men's limit was originally 45 seconds, and was shortened to 35 seconds in 1993 before going to 30 seconds in 2015. The National Federation of State High School Associations (NFHS), which sets rules for high school basketball in the U.S., does not mandate the use of a shot clock, instead leaving the choice to use a clock and its duration up to each individual state association. Proposals to adopt a national shot clock for high school basketball have been voted down by the NFHS as recently as 2011.[22] Currently, eight U.S. states require the use of a shot clock of 30/35 seconds in high school competition: California, Maryland, Massachusetts, New York, North Dakota, Rhode Island, South Dakota, and Washington.[22]

text:
Organization
Duration

NBA
24 seconds
14 seconds (offensive retains control after fouls)

WNBA

U Sports (Canadian universities)

NCAA, NAIA
30 seconds

United States high school basketball
30/35 seconds (some states only)

FIBA
24 seconds (full-court game)
14 seconds (reset when offense retains ball)
12 seconds (3x3 half-court)[23]

text:
Sport
Organization
Duration

Lacrosse
MLL
60 seconds

NLL
30 seconds

Ringette
N/A
30 seconds

Water polo
FINA
30 seconds

Canoe polo
ICF
60 seconds

Ten-pin bowling
PBA
25 seconds

Korfball
IKF
25 seconds

Snooker
Snooker Shoot-Out
15 seconds (first five minutes)
10 seconds (last five minutes)

Carom billiards
(Three-cushion billiards)
World Championship
European Championship
World Cup
40 seconds[24]
(3 time-outs (40 sec.) possible)

text: Similar rules in basketball[edit]

text: The shot clock and its enforcement is used in concert with the rule that requires an offensive team to advance the ball across half-court and into the offensive zone (or front court) within a referee's count (this rule was first introduced in 1933, predating the shot clock by over 2 decades). In men's college basketball, the offense must advance the ball to the front court within 10 seconds, the same length used by FIBA and the NBA until they adopted an 8-second limit in 2000 and 2001, respectively. Failure by the offense to advance the ball to the front court within the time limit results in a turnover to the other team.

text: Generally, the 10-second (or 8-second) count is independent from the shot clock's operation; in fact, a referee may count the 8 or 10 seconds through a visible motion of his hand or arm. Women's college basketball introduced the 10-second limit in 2013–2014, and provided that officials will not count the ten seconds but "will use the shot clock to determine if a 10-second violation has occurred." As a general reference, it refers to the shot clock reaching 15 (FIBA/[W]NBA; because the NBA shot clock registers tenths in the final five seconds, the violation occurs once the clock registers 15.9 seconds on the console, which is posted as 15 on the clock) or 20 (college) before a violation can be called.[25]


document_title: List of nearest stars and brown dwarfs

question_text: what are the 5 closest stars to the earth

root

text: List of nearest stars and brown dwarfs

text: List[edit]

text: Stars visible to the unaided eye have their magnitude shown in light blue below. Brown dwarfs are shown with their designations in brown. White dwarfs are shown with their designation in beige. The classes of the stars and brown dwarfs are shown in the color of their spectral types (these colors are derived from conventional names for the spectral types and do not represent the star's observed color). Many brown dwarfs are not listed by visual magnitude but are listed by near-infrared J band apparent magnitude due to how dim (and often invisible) they are in visible colors. Some of the parallax and distance results are preliminary measurements.[5]

tag: p

text:
Nearest star systems

Designation
Distance[6]
(light-years (±err))
Stellar class
Apparent magnitude (mV or mJ)
Absolute magnitude (MV or MJ)
Epoch J2000.0
Parallax
(mas (±err))
[5][note 1]
Discovery date[note 2]
Notes and additional
references

System
Star #
Right ascension[5]
Declination[5]

Solar System
Sun
5000000000000000000♠0
G2V[5]
−26.74[5]
4.85[5]
—
—
—
—
eight planets

Alpha Centauri
(Rigil Kentaurus)
Proxima Centauri (V645 Centauri)
7000424410000000000♠4.2441±0.0011
M5.5Ve
11.09[5]
15.53[5]
14h 29m 43.0s
−62° 40′ 46″
7002768500000000000♠768.50±0.20[7]
1915
flare star, one planet (b) (2016)

α Centauri A (HD 128620)
7000436500000000000♠4.3650±0.0068
G2V[5]
0.01[5]
4.38[5]
14h 39m 36.5s
−60° 50′ 02″
7002747230000000000♠747.23±1.17
[8][9][10]
—

α Centauri B (HD 128621)
K1V[5]
1.34[5]
5.71[5]
14h 39m 35.1s
−60° 50′ 14″
1689
one suspected planet (c) (2013)
(planet b refuted in 2015)

Barnard's Star (BD+04°3561a)
7000595770000000000♠5.9577±0.0032
M4.0Ve
9.53[5]
13.22[5]
17h 57m 48.5s
+04° 41′ 36″
7002547450000000000♠547.45±0.29[7]
1916
flare star, largest known proper motion[11]

Luhman 16
(WISE 1049−5319)
Luhman 16A
7000650490000000000♠6.5049±0.0012
L8±1[12]
10.7 J
14.2 J
10h 49m 15.57s
−53° 19′ 06″
7002501398000000000♠501.398±0.093[13]
2013
one refuted planet (Ab[14] in 2017[13])

Luhman 16B
T1±2[12]

WISE 0855−0714
7000726000000000000♠7.26±0.13[15]
Y2
25.0 J

08h 55m 10.83s
−07° 14′ 42.5″
7002449000000000000♠449±8[16]
2014
sub-brown dwarf

Wolf 359 (CN Leonis)
7000785600000000000♠7.856±0.031
M6.0V[5]
13.44[5]
16.55[5]
10h 56m 29.2s
+07° 00′ 53″
7002415160000000000♠415.16±1.62[17]
1919
flare star

Lalande 21185 (BD+36°2147)
7000830700000000000♠8.307±0.014
M2.0V[5]
7.47[5]
10.44[5]
11h 03m 20.2s
+35° 58′ 12″
7002392640000000000♠392.64±0.67[18]
1801
one suspected planet (2017)[19]

Sirius
(α Canis Majoris)
Sirius A
7000865900000000000♠8.659±0.010
A1V[5]
−1.46[5]
1.42[5]
06h 45m 08.9s
−16° 42′ 58″
7002376680000000000♠376.68±0.45[7]
—
brightest star in the night sky

Sirius B
DA2[5]
8.44[5]
11.34[5]
1844

Luyten 726-8
Luyten 726-8 A (BL Ceti)
7000879100000000000♠8.791±0.012
M5.5Ve
12.54[5]
15.40[5]
01h 39m 01.3s
−17° 57′ 01″
7002371000000000000♠371.0±0.5[7]
1949
flare star (Archetypal member)

Luyten 726-8 B (UV Ceti)
M6.0Ve
12.99[5]
15.85[5]

Ross 154 (V1216 Sagittarii)
7000970350000000000♠9.7035±0.0019
M3.5Ve
10.43[5]
13.07[5]
18h 49m 49.4s
−23° 50′ 10″
7002336123000000000♠336.123±0.064[7]
1925
flare star

Ross 248 (HH Andromedae)
7001102903000000000♠10.2903±0.0041
M5.5Ve
12.29[5]
14.79[5]
23h 41m 54.7s
+44° 10′ 30″
7002316960000000000♠316.96±0.13[7]
1925
flare star

Epsilon Eridani (BD−09°697)
7001104460000000000♠10.446±0.016
K2V[5]
3.73[5]
6.19[5]
03h 32m 55.8s
−09° 27′ 30″
7002312220000000000♠312.22±0.47[7]
150
three circumstellar disks,
two suspected planets (AEgir (debated) and c) (2000 & 2002)[20]

Lacaille 9352 (CD−36°15693)
7001107211000000000♠10.7211±0.0016
M0.5V
7.34[5]
9.75[5]
23h 05m 52.0s
−35° 51′ 11″
7002304219000000000♠304.219±0.045[7]
1753

Ross 128 (FI Virginis)
7001110074000000000♠11.0074±0.0026
M4.0Vn
11.13[5]
13.51[5]
11h 47m 44.4s
+00° 48′ 16″
7002296307000000000♠296.307±0.070[7]
1925
flare star, one planet (b) (2017)[21]

EZ Aquarii
(Gliese 866, Luyten 789-6)
EZ Aquarii A
7001111090000000000♠11.109±0.034
M5.0Ve
13.33[5]
15.64[5]
22h 38m 33.4s
−15° 17′ 57″
7002293600000000000♠293.60±0.9[22]
1937
A & B flare stars

EZ Aquarii B
M?
13.27[5]
15.58[5]
-

EZ Aquarii C
M?
14.03[5]
16.34[5]
1995

61 Cygni
61 Cygni A (BD+38°4343)
7001114008000000000♠11.4008±0.0012
K5.0V[5]
5.21[5]
7.49[5]
21h 06m 53.9s
+38° 44′ 58″
7002286080000000000♠286.08±0.03[7]
1725
B flare star, first star (besides Sun) to have measured distance[23]
possible circumstellar disk.

61 Cygni B (BD+38°4344)
K7.0V[5]
6.03[5]
8.31[5]
21h 06m 55.3s
+38° 44′ 31″
-

Procyon
(α Canis Minoris)
Procyon A
7001114020000000000♠11.402±0.032
F5V–IV[5]
0.38[5]
2.66[5]
07h 39m 18.1s
+05° 13′ 30″
7002286050000000000♠286.05±0.81
[8][9]
—

Procyon B
DQZ[5]
10.70[5]
12.98[5]
1844

Struve 2398
(Gliese 725, BD+59°1915)
Struve 2398 A (HD 173739)
7001114880000000000♠11.4880±0.0012
M3.0V[5]
8.90[5]
11.16[5]
18h 42m 46.7s
+59° 37′ 49″
7002283910000000000♠283.91±0.03[7]
1835
flare stars

Struve 2398 B (HD 173740)
M3.5V[5]
9.69[5]
11.95[5]
18h 42m 46.9s
+59° 37′ 37″
1835

Groombridge 34
(Gliese 15)
Groombridge 34 A (GX Andromedae)
7001116182000000000♠11.6182±0.0008
M1.5V[5]
8.08[5]
10.32[5]
0h 18m 22.9s
+44° 01′ 23″
7002280730000000000♠280.73±0.02[7]
1813
flare star, two suspected planets (Ac, 2017) and Ab, 2014)[24]

Groombridge 34 B (GQ Andromedae)
M3.5V[5]
11.06[5]
13.30[5]
-
flare star

DX Cancri (G 51-15)
7001116780000000000♠11.6780±0.0056
M6.5Ve
14.78[5]
16.98[5]
08h 29m 49.5s
+26° 46′ 37″
7002279290000000000♠279.29±0.13[7]
1972
flare star

Tau Ceti (BD−16°295)
7001117530000000000♠11.753±0.022
G8Vp[5]
3.49[5]
5.68[5]
01h 44m 04.1s
−15° 56′ 15″
7002277519999999999♠277.52±0.52[7]
150
one debris disk
two planets (e and f) (2012),
three suspected planets (d, g and h) (2012, 2017),
two refuted planets (b and c in 2017)

Epsilon Indi
(CPD−57°10015)
Epsilon Indi A
7001118690000000000♠11.869±0.011
K5Ve[5]
4.69[5]
6.89[5]
22h 03m 21.7s
−56° 47′ 10″
7002274800000000000♠274.80±0.25[7]
1597
one planet (b) (2018)[25]

Epsilon Indi Ba
T1.0V
12.3 J[26]

22h 04m 10.5s
−56° 46′ 58″
2003

Epsilon Indi Bb
T6.0V
13.2 J[26]

2003

GJ 1061 (LHS 1565)
7001119803000000000♠11.9803±0.0029
M5.5V[5]
13.09[5]
15.26[5]
03h 35m 59.7s
−44° 30′ 45″
7002272245000000000♠272.245±0.066[7]
1995
[27][28]

YZ Ceti (LHS 138)
7001121084000000000♠12.1084±0.0035
M4.5V[5]
12.02[5]
14.17[5]
01h 12m 30.6s
−16° 59′ 56″
7002269363000000000♠269.363±0.078[7]
1961
flare star, three planets (b, c, and d) (2017),[29]
one suspected planet (e)

Luyten's Star (BD+05°1668)
7001121990000000000♠12.199±0.036
M3.5Vn
9.86[5]
11.97[5]
07h 27m 24.5s
+05° 13′ 33″
7002267360000000000♠267.36±0.79[30]
1935
two planets (b, c) (2017)[31]

Teegarden's Star (SO025300.5+165258)
7001124960000000000♠12.496±0.013
M6.5V
15.14[5]
17.22[5]
02h 53m 00.9sg
+16° 52′ 53″
7002261010000000000♠261.01±0.27[7]
2003
tentative radial velocity variation (2010)[28][32]

SCR 1845-6357
SCR 1845-6357 A
7001125710000000000♠12.571±0.054
M8.5V[5]
17.39
19.41
18h 45m 05.3s
−63° 57′ 48″
7002259450000000000♠259.45±1.11
[note 3]
2004
[28]

SCR 1845-6357 B
T6[33]
13.3 J[26]

18h 45m 02.6s
−63° 57′ 52″
2006

Kapteyn's Star (CD−45°1841)
7001128294000000000♠12.8294±0.0013
M1.5V[5]
8.84[5]
10.87[5]
05h 11m 40.6s
−45° 01′ 06″
7002254226000000000♠254.226±0.026[7]
1898
two suspected planets (b and c) (2014)[34]

Lacaille 8760 (AX Microscopii)
7001129515000000000♠12.9515±0.0029
M0.0V[5]
6.67[5]
8.69[5]
21h 17m 15.3s
−38° 52′ 03″
7002251829000000000♠251.829±0.056[7]
1753
flare star

Kruger 60
(BD+56°2783)
Kruger 60 A
7001130724000000000♠13.0724±0.0052
M3.0V[5]
9.79[5]
11.76[5]
22h 27m 59.5s
+57° 41′ 45″
7002249500000000000♠249.5±0.1[7]
1880
B flare star

Kruger 60 B (DO Cephei)
M4.0V[5]
11.41[5]
13.38[5]
1890?

DEN 1048-3956
7001131931999999999♠13.1932±0.0066
M8.5V[5]
17.39[5]
19.37[5]
10h 48m 14.7s
−39° 56′ 06″
7002247220000000000♠247.22±0.12[7]
2001
[35][36]

Ross 614
(V577 Monocerotis, Gliese 234)
Ross 614A (LHS 1849)
7001134240000000000♠13.424±0.049
M4.5V[5]
11.15[5]
13.09[5]
06h 29m 23.4s
−02° 48′ 50″
7002242970000000000♠242.97±0.88[7]
1927
A flare star

Ross 614B (LHS 1850)
M5.5V
14.23[5]
16.17[5]
1936

UGPS J0722-0540
7001134300000000000♠13.43±0.13
T9[5]
16.52 J[37]

07h 22m 27.3s
–05° 40′ 30″
7002242800000000000♠242.8±2.4[38]
2010
[39]

Wolf 1061 (Gliese 628, BD−12°4523)
7001140458000000000♠14.0458±0.0038
M3.0V[5]
10.07[5]
11.93[5]
16h 30m 18.1s
−12° 39′ 45″
7002232210000000000♠232.210±0.063[7]
1919
three planets (b, c, and d) (2015)[40]

Wolf 424
(FL Virginis, LHS 333, Gliese 473)
Wolf 424 A
7001140500000000000♠14.05±0.26
M5.5Ve
13.18[5]
14.97[5]
12h 33m 17.2s
+09° 01′ 15″
7002232200000000000♠232.2±4.3[41]
1919
flare stars

Wolf 424 B
M7Ve
13.17[5]
14.96[5]
1941

Van Maanen's star (Gliese 35, LHS 7)
7001140744000000000♠14.0744±0.0023
DZ7[5]
12.38[5]
14.21[5]
00h 49m 09.9s
+05° 23′ 19″
7002231737000000000♠231.737±0.038[7]
1896
closest known free-floating white dwarf,
third known white dwarf
possible debris disk (1917),
possible planet (b) (2004) (debated)

Gliese 1 (CD−37°15492)
7001141725000000000♠14.1725±0.0037
M1.5 V [5]
8.55[5]
10.35[5]
00h 05m 24.4s
−37° 21′ 27″
7002230133000000000♠230.133±0.060[7]
1884

L 1159-16 (TZ Arietis, Gliese 83.1)
7001145843000000000♠14.5843±0.0070
M4.5V[5]
12.27[5]
14.03[5]
02h 00m 13.2s
+13° 03′ 08″
7002223630000000000♠223.63±0.11[7]

flare star

Gliese 674 (LHS 449)
7001148387000000000♠14.8387±0.0033
M3.0V[5]
9.38[5]
11.09[5]
17h 28m 39.9s
−46° 53′ 43″
7002219801000000000♠219.801±0.049[7]

one planet (b) (2007)[42]

Gliese 687 (LHS 450, BD+68°946)
7001148401000000000♠14.8401±0.0022
M3.0V[5]
9.17[5]
10.89[5]
17h 36m 25.9s
+68° 20′ 21″
7002219781000000000♠219.781±0.032[7]

possible flare star, one planet (b) (2014)[43]

LHS 292 (LP 731-58)
7001148850000000000♠14.885±0.011
M6.5V[5]
15.60[5]
17.32[5]
10h 48m 12.6s
−11° 20′ 14″
7002219120000000000♠219.12±0.16[7]

flare star

WISE J0521+1025
7001150000000000000♠15±3[note 4]
T7.5[44]
15.26 J
16.95 J
05h 21m 26.3s
+10° 25′ 28″
7002217500000000000♠217.5±40
2012
distance highly uncertain

LP 145-141 (WD 1142-645, Gliese 440)
7001151182000000000♠15.1182±0.0023
DQ6[5]
11.50[5]
13.18[5]
11h 45m 42.9s
−64° 50′ 29″
7002215737000000000♠215.737±0.032[7]
1917

G 208-44
G 208-45
(GJ 1245)
G 208-44 A (V1581 Cyg)
7001152090000000000♠15.2090±0.0050
M5.5V[5]
13.46[5]
15.17[5]
19h 53m 54.2s
+44° 24′ 55″
7002214450000000000♠214.45±0.07[7]

flare stars

G 208-45
M6.0V[5]
14.01[5]
15.72[5]
19h 53m 55.2s
+44° 24′ 56″

G 208-44 B
M5.5
16.75[5]
18.46[5]
19h 53m 54.2s
+44° 24′ 55″

Gliese 876 (Ross 780)
7001152504000000000♠15.2504±0.0054
M3.5V[5]
10.17[5]
11.81[5]
22h 53m 16.7s
−14° 15′ 49″
7002213867000000000♠213.867±0.076[7]

four planets (d (2005), c (2001), b (1998), and e (2010))[45]
two possible planets (f and g) (2014) (debated)

LHS 288 (Luyten 143-23)
7001157703000000000♠15.7703±0.0056
M5.5V[5]
13.90[5]
15.51[5]
10h 44m 21.2s
−61° 12′ 36″
7002206817000000000♠206.817±0.074[7]

one tentative planet (b) (2007)[28]

GJ 1002
7001158164000000000♠15.8164±0.0098
M5.5V[5]
13.76[5]
15.40[5]
00h 06m 43.8s
−07° 32′ 22″
7002206210000000000♠206.21±0.13[7]

Groombridge 1618 (Gliese 380)
7001158797000000000♠15.8797±0.0026
K7.0V[5]
6.59[5]
8.16[5]
10h 11m 22.1s
+49° 27′ 15″
7002205392000000000♠205.392±0.034[7]
1838
flare star, one suspected debris disk,
one suspected planet (b) (1989) (tentative)

DEN 0255-4700
7001158850000000000♠15.885±0.020
L7.5V[5]
22.92[5]
24.44[5]
02h 55m 03.7s
−47° 00′ 52″
7002205330000000000♠205.33±0.25[7]
1999
[36]

Gliese 412
Gliese 412 A
7001159830000000000♠15.983±0.013
M1.0V[5]
8.77[5]
10.34[5]
11h 05m 28.6s
+43° 31′ 36″
7002204060000000000♠204.06±0.17[7]
1850s?

Gliese 412 B (WX Ursae Majoris)
M5.5V[5]
14.48[5]
16.05[5]
11h 05m 30.4s
+43° 31′ 18″
1850s?
flare star

WISE 1639-6847
7001161200000000000♠16.12±0.25[note 4]
Y0.5
20.57 J
22.10 J
16h 39m 40.9s
−68° 47′ 46″
7002202300000000000♠202.3±3.1[46]
2012

Gliese 832
7001161939000000000♠16.1939±0.0034
M1.5 V[5]
8.66[5]
10.20[5]
21h 33m 34.0s
−49° 00′ 32″
7002201407000000000♠201.407±0.043[7]
1910s?
possible flare star, two planets (b (2008) and c (2014))[47][48]

AD Leonis
7001161970000000000♠16.1970±0.0055
M3.0V[5]
9.32[5]
10.87[5]
10h 19m 36.4s
+19° 52′ 10″
7002201368000000000♠201.368±0.068[7]
1850s?
flare star

GJ 1005
GJ 1005 A
7001162600000000000♠16.26±0.76[note 4]
M4V[49]
11.48[49]

00h 15m 28.11s
−16° 08′ 01.6″
7002200500000000000♠200.5±9.4[49]

GJ 1005 B
M7V
?
?

System
Star #
Distance[6]
Light-years (±err)
Stellar class
Apparent magnitude (mV or mJ)
Absolute magnitude (MV or MJ)
Right ascension[5]
Declination[5]
Parallax[5][note 1]
mas (±err)
Discovery date
Additional
references

Designation
Epoch J2000.0

tag: table

text: Maps of nearby stars[edit]

text: Distant future and past encounters[edit]

text: Over long periods of time, the slow independent motion of stars change in both relative position and in their distance from the observer. This can cause other currently distant stars to fall within a stated range, which may be readily calculated and predicted using accurate astromertic measurements of parallax and total proper motions, along with spectroscopic determined radial velocities. Although predictions can be extrapolated back into the past or forward into the future, they are subject to increasing significant cumulative errors over very long periods.[1] Inaccuracies of these measured parameters make determining the true minimum distances of any encountering stars or brown dwarfs fairly difficult.[50]

text: Examples of notable predicted stellar encounters falling within 5 parsecs from the Sun appear in the list below. A summary of the more likely candidates include:

text: Scholz's star and its companion brown dwarf is thought to have passed about 52,000 astronomical units (0.25 parsecs; 0.82 light-years) from the Sun about 70,000 years ago.[51]

tag: ul

text: Gamma Microscopii approximately 3.8 million years ago has been predicted to approach as close as 6 light-years from the Sun. Maximum apparent magnitude possibly reached −3, being brighter than the current brightest star, Sirius.[citation needed] More recent examination of measurement errors now suggests it may or may not have passed within 5.0 parsecs.

text: Gliese 710 / HIP 89825 is the low mass orange K7 spectral type star that currently lies about 63.8 light-years (19.6 parsecs) from the Sun. Based on past and 2007 Hipparcos data,[52] was first estimated to approach just under one light year from the Sun some 1.4 million years from now to appear as a first-magnitude star roughly equal in brightness to Antares. As total proper motion of Gliese 710 is very small and a radial velocity of −119 km/s is fairly high, this suggests it is traveling at a similar and relatively close-approach trajectory to the Solar System. Gaia DR2 in 2018 now predicts the closest known encounter so far known: Minimum perihelion distance is 0.0676±0.0157 parsecs or 13900±3200 AU about 1.281 million years in the future. The Gliese 710 close approach will likely cause the greatest known gravitational perturbation on celestial objects within in the Solar System.[4]

text: Ross 248 is presently about 10.3 light-years away from the Sun and in about 31,000 years from now it may be the closest star for several millennia, with a minimum distance of 0.927 parsecs (3.02 light-years) in 36,000 years.[1]

text: Gliese 445 present distance is 17.6 light-years but in about 40,000 years it will become the closest star for a period of several thousand years.

text: HIP 85605 in 2014 was estimated to approach the Sun between 0.13 to 0.65 light-years (8,200 to 41,100 astronomical units; 0.040 to 0.199 parsecs) within the next 240,000 to 470,000 years. [53][54][55] With the release of Gaia DR2, it was determined that HIP 85605 is actually a much more distant 1790±30 light-years away, and as such will not be passing remotely close to the Sun at any point in time.

text: ≈Known stars that have passed or will pass within 5.1 light-years of the Sun within ±3 million years:[52][56]

text:
Star name
HIP#
Minimum distance
(light-years)
Date of approach
in kiloyears
Current distance
(light-years)
Stellar
classification
Mass in M☉
Current
apparent magnitude
Current Constellation
Current
Right ascension
Current
Declination

Gliese 710
89825
6999178000000000000♠0.178+0.043
−0.036
7003128000000000000♠1280+41
−39
7001621030000000000♠62.103±0.057
K7V
0.4–0.6
09.6 !9.6
Serpens
18h 19m 50.843s
−01° 56′ 18.98″

2MASS J0610-4246

6999755000000000000♠0.755+0.084
−0.090
2996883560000000000♠−1164.4+8.8
−8.9
7002319750000000000♠319.75±0.60
early K
~0.8
11.79 !11.79
Puppis
06h 10m 55.448s
−42° 46′ 03.39″

Scholz's star and companion brown dwarf

6999820000000000000♠0.82+0.37
−0.22
2998310000000000000♠−69+10
−14
7001196000000000000♠19.6±3.4
M9+T5
0.15
18.3 !18.3
Monoceros
07h 20m 03.20s
−08° 46′ 51.2″

HD 283856

7000112999999999999♠1.13+0.75
−0.55
7002374000000000000♠374+40
−34
7002290000000000000♠290±17
K0V (binary?)
~0.8
10.46 !10.46
Taurus
04h 48m 28.124s
+27° 00′ 39.06″

TYC 1662-1962-1

7000184000000000000♠1.84+0.22
−0.21
2996848700000000000♠−1513+18
−19
7002284500000000000♠284.5±1.0
Early K
~0.8
10.95 !10.95
Vulpecula
21h 14m 32.911s
+21° 53′ 32.76″

HD 7977

7000188000000000000♠1.88+0.18
−0.16
2996720200000000000♠−2798+44
−46
7002247030000000000♠247.03±0.70
G0V
~1.2
09.04 !9.04
Cassiopeia
01h 20m 31.597s
+61° 52′ 57.08″

2MASS J2146+3813

7000189000000000000♠1.89+0.18
−0.15
7001844000000000000♠84.4+8.0
−6.8
7001229603000000000♠22.9603±0.0083
M5V
~0.015
10.82 !10.82
Cygnus
21h 46m 22.285s
+38° 13′ 03.12″

2MASS J0634-7449

7000216900000000000♠2.169+0.083
−0.080
2997102000000000000♠−898+12
−13
7002213280000000000♠213.28±0.29
mid K
~0.6
12.69 !12.69
Mensa
06h 34m 29.385s
−74° 49′ 47.12″

TYC 2730-1701-1

7000231000000000000♠2.31+0.31
−0.29
2997286000000000000♠−714+21
−22
7002829100000000000♠829.1±9.1
G?
~1
09.44 !9.44
Pegasus
21h 50m 41.029s
+36h 20m 46.73s

2MASS J0409+0245

7000268400000000000♠2.684+0.088
−0.091
7002912000000000000♠912±13
7002101400000000000♠101.40±0.18
Early M
~0.4
11.73 !11.73
Taurus
04h 09m 02.050s
+02° 45′ 38.32″

Gliese 3649

7000297500000000000♠2.975+0.093
−0.089
2997491000000000000♠−509±12
7001544150000000000♠54.415±0.048
M1
0.49
10.85
Leo
11h 12m 38.97s
+18° 56′ 05.4″

2MASS J0605+4020

7000290000000000000♠2.9+4.5
−2.1
2997140000000000000♠−860+210
−350
7002248000000000000♠248±20
K
~0.5
12.07 !12.07
Auriga
06h 05m 05.077s
+40° 20′ 37.72″

2MASS J1818-4038

7000300000000000000♠3.0+1.3
−1.1
7003104900000000000♠1049+54
−50
7002191400000000000♠191.4±5.6
K/M
~0.5
11.97 !11.97
Corona Australis
18h 18m 17.213s
−40° 38′ 39.48″

BD-21 1529

7000301000000000000♠3.01+0.29
−0.28
2996831500000000000♠−1685+14
−15
7002374100000000000♠374.1±1.8
G5V
~0.95
09.67 !9.67
Canis Major
06h 37m 48.004s
−21° 22′ 21.94″

Ross 248

7000311000000000000♠3.11+0.15
−0.14
7001392000000000000♠39.2+1.9
−1.8
7001102903000000000♠10.2903±0.0041
M6V
0.136
12.29 !12.29
Andromeda
23h 41m 54.99s
+44° 10′ 40.8″

Proxima Centauri
70890
7000310340000000000♠3.1034±0.0033
7001286770000000000♠28.677±0.054
7000424410000000000♠4.2441±0.0011
M5Ve
0.15
11.05 !11.05
Centaurus
14h 29m 42.949s
−62° 40′ 46.14″

Alpha Centauri AB
71683
71685
7000324200000000000♠3.242±0.060
7001296300000000000♠29.63+1.00
−0.98
7000432100000000000♠4.321±0.024
G2V+K1V
1.100
0.907[57]
-0.01
+1.33
Centaurus
14h 39m 36.495s
−60° 50′ 02.31″

Gliese 445
57544
7000333650000000000♠3.3365±0.0050
7001463010000000000♠46.301±0.052
7001171424000000000♠17.1424±0.0043
M4
0.15?
10.8 !10.8
Camelopardalis
11h 47m 41.377s
+78° 41′ 28.18″

HIP 117795
117795
7000343300000000000♠3.433±0.013
7001934599999999999♠93.46±0.21
7001873360000000000♠87.336±0.075
K8V
~0.5
10.6 !10.6
Cassiopeia
23h 53m 20.014s
+59° 56′ 42.95″

2MASS J0625-2408

7000359000000000000♠3.59+0.25
−0.27
2996815100000000000♠−1849+30
−31
7002537100000000000♠537.1±2.7
K/M
~0.5
12.91 !12.91
Canis Major
06h 25m 42.744s
−24° 08′ 35.02″

Barnard's Star
87937
7000376040000000000♠3.7604±0.0074
7001117310000000000♠11.731±0.027
7000595770000000000♠5.9577±0.0032
sdM4
0.144
09.54 !9.54
Ophiuchus
17h 57m 48.498s
+04° 41′ 36.25″

2MASS J2241-2759

7000379000000000000♠3.79+0.67
−0.62
2996719100000000000♠−2809+53
−55
7002414700000000000♠414.7±2.6
K7V
~0.5
12.28 !12.28
Piscis Austrinus
22h 41m 50.996s
−27° 59′ 47.04″

Gliese 3379

7000419400000000000♠4.194±0.016
2997843870000000000♠−156.13±0.52
7001169813000000000♠16.9813±0.0063
M3.5V
0.19
11.31 !11.31
Orion
06h 00m 03.824s
+02° 42′ 22.97″

Zeta Leporis
27288
7000470000000000000♠4.70+0.59
−0.51
2997140000000000000♠−860+45
−49
7001713400000000000♠71.34±0.65
A2Vann
2.0
03.55 !3.55
Lepus
05h 46m 57.341s
−14° 49′ 19.02″

Lalande 21185
54035
7000469200000000000♠4.692±0.018
7001220390000000000♠22.039+0.082
−0.081
7000830700000000000♠8.307±0.014
M2V
0.39
07.52 !7.52
Ursa Major
11h 03m 20.194s
+35° 58′ 11.55″

2MASS J1941-4602

7000485400000000000♠4.854+0.087
−0.085
2997536299999999999♠−463.7+6.5
−6.7
7001669960000000000♠66.996±0.066
M4-M6
~0.15
12.4
Telescopium
19h 41m 53.18s
−46° 02′ 31.4″


document_title: Yellowstone (U.S. TV series)

question_text: when does the new season of yellowstone start

text: Yellowstone (U.S. TV series)

text: Premise[edit]

text: Yellowstone follows "the Dutton family, led by John Dutton, who controls the largest contiguous ranch in the United States, under constant attack by those it borders — land developers, an Indian reservation, and America’s first National Park. It is an intense study of a violent world far from media scrutiny — where land grabs make developers billions, and politicians are bought and sold by the world’s largest oil and lumber corporations. Where drinking water poisoned by fracking wells and unsolved murders are not news: they are a consequence of living in the new frontier. It is the best and worst of America seen through the eyes of a family that represents both."[1]

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Kevin Costner as John Dutton, the 6th generation patriarch of the Dutton family which controls the largest contiguous ranch in the United States. He is confronted with challenge of defending his land from those who would seek to take it from him while also overcoming the recent death of his son and a recent diagnosis of colon cancer. Josh Lucas portrays a young John Dutton in a recurring role.
Luke Grimes as Kayce Dutton, a former US Navy SEAL and one of John and Evelyn's sons. He lives on the local Indian reservation with his wife and son. Rhys Alterman portrays a young Kayce in a recurring role.
Kelly Reilly as Beth Dutton, a financier and the daughter of John and Evelyn. She is educated, highly intelligent, and a master manipulator. She is also, however, very unstable and suffers from a substance abuse problem. Kylie Rogers portrays a young Beth in a recurring role.
Wes Bentley as Jamie Dutton, an attorney, aspiring politician, and one of John and Evelyn's sons. Although completely loyal to his father and family, he is constantly frustrated at the current state of his family. He also has an intense love/hate relationship with his sister Beth. Dalton Baker portrays a young Jamie in a recurring role.
Cole Hauser as Rip Wheeler, the ranch foreman at Yellowstone and John's right-hand man and enforcer. Rip has worked on the ranch for many years and is fiercely loyal to John. He has an on-again, off-again relationship with Beth. Kyle Red Silverstein portrays a young Rip Wheeler in a guest appearance in the episode "The Unraveling: Pt. 1".
Kelsey Asbille as Monica Dutton, Kayce's Native American wife with whom he lives on the local reservation. She is a teacher at the school on the local Indian reservation.
Brecken Merrill as Tate Dutton, the son of Kayce and Monica and John's only grandchild.
Jefferson White as Jimmy Hurdstrom, a ranch hand at Yellowstone.
Danny Huston as Dan Jenkins, a land developer with aspirations of building on parts of Yellowstone.
Gil Birmingham as Chief Thomas Rainwater, the chief of the nearby Indian reservation.

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Moses Brings Plenty as Rainwater's driver
Ian Bohen as Ryan, a cowboy wrangler
Denim Richards as Colby, a cowboy wrangler
Forrie J. Smith as Lloyd
Wendy Moniz as Governor Lynelle Perry, the Governor of Montana.
Atticus Todd as Ben Waters
Timothy Carhart as A.G. Stewart
Rudy Ramos as Felix Long
Tokala Black Elk as Sam Stands Alone
Michaela Conlin as Sarah Nguyen
Ryan Bingham as Walker
Luke Peckinpah as Fred Meyers
Walter C. Taylor III as Emmett Walsh
Fredric Lehne as Carl Reynolds
Savonna Spracklin as Alice Wahl
Robert Mirabal as Principle Littlefield
Heather Hemmens as Melody Prescott
Katherine Cunningham as Christina
John Aylward as Father Bob
Morningstar Angeline as Samantha Long
Bill Tangradi as Alan Keene
Michael Nouri as Bob Schwartz
Gretchen Mol as Evelyn Dutton, the late wife of John Dutton, mother to Jaime, Beth, Kayce, and stepmother to John’s eldest son, Lee.
Barret Swatek as Victoria Jenkins, the wife of Dan Jenkins.
Hugh Dillon as Sheriff Donnie Haskell

text: Guest[edit]

text:
Dave Annable as Lee Dutton ("Daybreak")
Jill Hennessy as Senator Huntington ("Daybreak"), an ally of Chief Rainwater.
Jeremiah Bitsui as Robert Long ("Daybreak")
Geno Segers as Danny Trudeau ("No Good Horses")
Taylor Sheridan as Travis Wheatley ("Coming Home")
Tinsel Korey as Emily Sessions ("A Monster Is Among Us")
Mike Faiola as Dr. Fielding ("A Monster Is Among Us")
Brian Unger as Dr. Stafford ("A Monster Is Among Us")
Hugh Dillon as Sheriff Donnie Haskell ("The Unravelling: Pt. 1")
Tanaya Beatty as Avery ("The Unravelling: Pt. 2")
James Pickens Jr. as Old Cowboy ("The Unravelling: Pt. 2")

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No.TitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateU.S. viewers(millions)1"Daybreak"Taylor SheridanStory by : Taylor Sheridan & John Linson Teleplay by : Taylor SheridanJune 20, 2018 (2018-06-20)2.83[2]
2"Kill the Messenger"Taylor SheridanStory by : Taylor Sheridan & John Linson Teleplay by : Taylor SheridanJune 27, 2018 (2018-06-27)2.07[3]
3"No Good Horses"Taylor SheridanTaylor SheridanJuly 11, 2018 (2018-07-11)2.17[4]
4"The Long Black Train"Taylor SheridanTaylor SheridanJuly 18, 2018 (2018-07-18)1.89[5]
5"Coming Home"Taylor SheridanTaylor SheridanJuly 25, 2018 (2018-07-25)1.95[6]
6"The Remembering"Taylor SheridanTaylor SheridanAugust 1, 2018 (2018-08-01)2.10[7]
7"A Monster Is Among Us"Taylor SheridanTaylor SheridanAugust 8, 2018 (2018-08-08)2.08[8]
8"The Unravelling, Pt. 1"Taylor SheridanTaylor SheridanAugust 15, 2018 (2018-08-15)2.13[9]
9"The Unravelling, Pt. 2"Taylor SheridanTaylor SheridanAugust 22, 2018 (2018-08-22)2.37[10]

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: In 2013, Taylor Sheridan began work on the series, having recently grown tired of acting and begun writing screenplays. Having lived in the rural parts of states such as Texas and Wyoming, Sheridan purposely set the series in Montana and went about writing the first scripts in Livingston.[11]

text: On May 3, 2017, it was announced that the Paramount Network had greenlit its first scripted series, Yellowstone. Paramount issued a series order for a first season consisting of ten episodes. The series was set to be written, directed, and executive-produced by Sheridan. Other executive producers were to include John Linson, Art Linson, Harvey Weinstein, and David Glasser. Production companies involved with the series were set to consist of Linson Entertainment and The Weinstein Company.[1]

text: On October 12, 2017, it was announced that following reports of sexual abuse allegations against producer Harvey Weinstein, his name would be removed from the series' credits as would The Weinstein Company as well.[12] On January 15, 2018, Kevin Kay, president of Paramount Network, clarified during the annual Television Critics Association's winter press tour that Yellowstone will not have The Weinstein Company's credits or logo on them, even though that company was involved in production. Furthermore, he stated that their intent is to replace Weinstein Television with the company’s new name in the show's credits when available.[13] That same day, it was also announced that the series would premiere on June 20, 2018.[14]

text: On July 24, 2018, it was announced that Paramount Network had renewed the series for a second season that was expected to premiere in 2019.[15]

text: Casting[edit]

text: On May 15, 2017, it was announced that Kevin Costner had been cast in the series lead role of John Dutton.[16] In June 2017, it was reported that Luke Grimes, Cole Hauser, Wes Bentley, and Kelly Reilly had joined the cast as series regulars.[17][18] On July 13, 2017, it was announced that Kelsey Asbille had been cast in a main role.[19] In August 2017, it was reported that Dave Annable, Gil Birmingham, and Jefferson White had been added to the main cast while Wendy Moniz, Gretchen Mol, Jill Hennessy, Patrick St. Esprit, Ian Bohen, Denim Richards, and Golden Brooks were joining the cast in a recurring capacity.[20][21][22][23] In November 2017, it was announced that Michaela Conlin and Josh Lucas had been added to the cast in recurring roles.[24][25] On December 19, 2017, it was reported that Heather Hemmens was joining the cast in a recurring capacity.[26] On June 13, 2018, it was announced that Barret Swatek had been cast in a recurring role.[27]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Principal photography for the series began in August 2017 at the Chief Joseph Ranch in Darby, Montana, which stands in as the home of John Dutton. Filming also took place that month near Park City, Utah. The production used all three soundstages at the Utah Film Studio in Park City, which is a total of 45,000 square feet. The building also houses offices, editing, a huge wardrobe department and construction shops. By November 2017, the series had filmed in more than twenty locations in Utah, including the Salt Flats and Spanish Fork. Additionally, filming also took place at various locations in Montana. Production was reportedly set to last until December 2017.[28][29]

text: Music[edit]

text: The series' score was composed by Brian Tyler who worked with musicians from the London Philharmonia Orchestra and viola, cello, and violin soloists. On August 17, 2018, the soundtrack for the first season was released by Sony Music.[30]

text: Release[edit]

text: Marketing[edit]

text: On February 28, 2018, a teaser trailer for the series was released.[31] On April 26, 2018, the first full trailer was released.[32]

text: Premiere[edit]

text: On June 25, 2018, the series held a screening at Seriesfest, an annual international television festival, at the Red Rocks Amphitheatre in Denver, Colorado.[33][34]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: The series has been met with a mixed response from critics upon its premiere. On the review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes, the first season holds a 51% approval rating, with an average rating of 5.86 out of 10 based on 35 reviews. The website's critical consensus reads, "Yellowstone proves too melodramatic to be taken seriously, diminishing the effects of the talented cast and beautiful backdrops."[35] Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned the season a score of 53 out of 100 based on 26 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews."[36]

text: Ratings[edit]

text: The two-hour series premiere of Yellowstone averaged 2.8 million viewers in live + same day and became the most-watched original scripted series telecast ever on Paramount Network (or its predecessor Spike). The premiere audience grows to nearly 4 million when the two encore airings of the premiere are factored in. The premiere audience more than doubled that of Paramount Network’s first scripted drama series, Waco and more than tripled the debut viewership of Paramount Network's new comedy series, American Woman.[37] It was later reported that the premiere's Live+3 Nielsen ratings revealed that 4.8 million viewers ultimately watched the premiere after delayed viewing was factored in.[38] By the series' third episode, it was reported that the show had become the second most watched television series on ad-supported cable to air in 2018, only behind AMC's The Walking Dead.[39]

text:
No.

Title

Air date
Rating(18–49)
Viewers(millions)
DVR(18–49)
DVR viewers(millions)
Total(18–49)
Total viewers(millions)

1

"Daybreak"

June 20, 2018
0.4
2.83[2]
0.5
2.48
0.9
5.31[40]

2

"Kill the Messenger"

June 27, 2018
0.3
2.07[3]
0.4
2.22
0.7
4.29[41][a]

3

"No Good Horses"

July 11, 2018
0.4
2.17[4]
0.5
3.05
0.9
5.22[42]

4

"The Long Black Train"

July 18, 2018
0.3
1.89[5]
0.5
2.75
0.8
4.64[43]

5

"Coming Home"

July 25, 2018
0.3
1.95[6]
0.6
3.03
0.9
4.98[44]

6

"The Remembering"

August 1, 2018
0.4
2.10[7]
0.4
2.20
0.8
4.31[45][a]

7

"A Monster Is Among Us"

August 8, 2018
0.4
2.08[8]
0.4
2.35
0.8
4.43[46][a]

8

"The Unravelling, Pt. 1"

August 15, 2018
0.4
2.13[9]
0.4
2.14
0.8
4.27[47][a]

9

"The Unravelling, Pt. 2"

August 22, 2018
0.4
2.37[10]
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD

text: Notes[edit]

text: ^ Jump up to: a b c d Live +7 ratings were not available, so Live +3 ratings have been used instead.

tag: ol


document_title: 2014 FIFA World Cup Final

question_text: what minute did mario gotze score in the world cup final

text: 2014 FIFA World Cup Final

text: Background[edit]

text: The two teams had met in 20 previous matches, with nine wins for Argentina, six wins for Germany and five draws. In these games, both teams had scored a total of 28 goals. Six of these matches were at a World Cup, two of them in the final. The 2014 final was the seventh World Cup match between them, equalling a tournament record for meetings between two teams (along with Brazil vs Sweden, and Germany vs Yugoslavia). The last three meetings were in three consecutive World Cups, having met in quarter-finals of 2006 and 2010 campaigns.

text:
Previous World Cup matches between the teams

1958 FIFA World Cup Group 1, West Germany defeated Argentina 3–1.[10]
1966 FIFA World Cup Group 2, West Germany and Argentina drew 0–0.[11]
1986 FIFA World Cup Final, Argentina defeated West Germany 3–2 to win their second and most recent title.[12]
1990 FIFA World Cup Final, West Germany defeated Argentina 1–0 to win their third title. It was Germany's last title as West Germany and the last before the 2014 Final.[13]
2006 FIFA World Cup quarter-finals, Germany defeated Argentina 4–2 on penalties (1–1 draw after extra time).[14]
2010 FIFA World Cup quarter-finals, Germany defeated Argentina 4–0.[15]

text: In the 1966 FIFA World Cup, Argentina and West Germany played a 0–0 draw in the group stage. FIFA cautioned Argentina for its violent style against the Germans which saw Argentine Rafael Albrecht get sent off and suspended for the next match.[16][17]

text: The 1990 FIFA World Cup Final saw two Argentine players get sent off and West Germany won 1–0 due to a controversial penalty kick late in the match.

text: The 2006 quarter-final game, where Germany won 4–2 in the shootout after the game ended 1–1, was marred by a post-match brawl caused by the Argentines, which resulted in suspensions for two Argentine players and one German player.[18][19][20][21]

text: The most recent meeting between the two teams was a friendly match played on 15 August 2012 at Commerzbank-Arena, Frankfurt am Main, won by Argentina 3–1.[22] Before the tournament, a friendly was scheduled for 3 September 2014, being the first match for both teams after the World Cup. Argentina won this meeting 4–2.[23]

text: Returning players[edit]

text: Among the players in the 2014 World Cup squads, the following played in the 2006 and 2010 meetings:

text:
Previous appearance of players from the teams

2006

Germany: Miroslav Klose, Philipp Lahm, Per Mertesacker, Lukas Podolski, and Bastian Schweinsteiger;
Argentina: Javier Mascherano, Maxi Rodríguez, Lionel Messi and Rodrigo Palacio

2010

Germany: Jérôme Boateng, Sami Khedira, Miroslav Klose, Toni Kroos (substitute), Philipp Lahm, Per Mertesacker, Thomas Müller, Manuel Neuer, Mesut Özil, Lukas Podolski, and Bastian Schweinsteiger;
Argentina: Sergio Agüero (substitute), Martín Demichelis, Ángel Di María, Gonzalo Higuaín, Javier Mascherano, Lionel Messi, Maxi Rodríguez, and Sergio Romero (Mariano Andújar was an unused substitute)

text: Klose scored one goal in the 2006 meeting and two goals in the 2010 meeting, while Müller scored one goal in the 2010 meeting.[24] Germany manager Joachim Löw was the assistant manager in 2006 and the manager in 2010.

text: Road to the final[edit]

text:
Germany
Round
Argentina

Opponent
Result
Group stage
Opponent
Result

 Portugal
4–0
Match 1
 Bosnia and Herzegovina
2–1

 Ghana
2–2
Match 2
 Iran
1–0

 United States
1–0
Match 3
 Nigeria
3–2

Group G winner

Team
Pld
W
D
L
GF
GA
GD
Pts

 Germany
3
2
1
0
7
2
+5
7

 United States
3
1
1
1
4
4
0
4

 Portugal
3
1
1
1
4
7
−3
4

 Ghana
3
0
1
2
4
6
−2
1

Final standings
Group F winner

Team
Pld
W
D
L
GF
GA
GD
Pts

 Argentina
3
3
0
0
6
3
+3
9

 Nigeria
3
1
1
1
3
3
0
4

 Bosnia and Herzegovina
3
1
0
2
4
4
0
3

 Iran
3
0
1
2
1
4
−3
1

Opponent
Result
Knockout stage
Opponent
Result

 Algeria
2–1 (aet)
Round of 16
  Switzerland
1–0 (aet)

 France
1–0
Quarter-finals
 Belgium
1–0

 Brazil
7–1
Semi-finals
 Netherlands
0–0 (aet) (4–2 pen.)

text: Match ball[edit]

text: The match ball for the 2014 FIFA World Cup Final, announced on 29 May 2014, featured a variation of the Adidas Brazuca named the Adidas Brazuca Final Rio.[25] Whilst the technical aspects of the ball were the same, the design was different from the Brazuca balls used in the group stages and other playoffs, with a green, gold and black coloring.[25] It was the third special ball for FIFA World Cup final matches, after the +Teamgeist Berlin (2006) and the Jo'bulani (2010).

text: Match officials[edit]

text: Nicola Rizzoli, from Italy, was named as the referee of the final, together with fellow Italians Renato Faverani and Andrea Stefani as the assistant referees, and Carlos Vera and Christian Lescano from Ecuador as the fourth and fifth officials.[26] Earlier in the 2014 World Cup, Rizzoli took charge of the Spain–Netherlands and Nigeria–Argentina matches in the group stage, and the Argentina–Belgium quarter-final. He had previously taken charge of the 2010 UEFA Europa League Final and the 2013 UEFA Champions League Final. He was also one of the referees at the 2011 FIFA Club World Cup, UEFA Euro 2012 and the 2013 FIFA U-20 World Cup. He became the third Italian referee to take charge of a World Cup final, after Sergio Gonella in 1978 and Pierluigi Collina in 2002.[26]

text: Match[edit]

text: Summary[edit]

text: Both teams named unchanged starting line-ups from their semi-finals, but German midfielder Sami Khedira withdrew during the warm-up with a calf injury. He was replaced by Christoph Kramer, who had made two brief substitute appearances during the tournament. Kramer himself suffered a head injury after a collision with Ezequiel Garay inside the penalty area, but was initially cleared to continue playing. Fourteen minutes later in the 31st minute however, he collapsed to the ground, apparently suffering from concussion and was replaced by André Schürrle.[27]

text: Argentina's Gonzalo Higuaín missed a good opportunity in the first half, dragging his shot wide after being put through on goal by a misjudged header from Toni Kroos. He had a goal disallowed later in the first half, when he was ruled offside after tapping in a cross by Ezequiel Lavezzi from the right wing. Lionel Messi wasted a chance early in the second half, firing wide of the German goal from inside the penalty area after receiving a through pass. In extra time, Rodrigo Palacio's lob over Manuel Neuer went just wide after the forward received a cross, missed by Mats Hummels, in the German penalty area. Germany had the closest chance when Benedikt Höwedes' header hit the post after a corner.[28][29]

text: Mario Götze of Germany scored during extra time, in the 113th minute, when he collected Schürrle’s cross from the left on his chest before volleying left-footed into the net.[30] He became the first substitute to score a World Cup-winning goal,[31] as well as the youngest player to score in a World Cup Final since German Wolfgang Weber in 1966 (same age, 22).[32] Prior to Götze's goal, Germany came close to scoring on a number of occasions, including a header by Benedikt Höwedes that struck the Argentine goalpost just before halftime. Schürrle later struck a close-range shot straight at Argentine goalkeeper Sergio Romero early in the first half of extra time, after a pass from Götze. Thomas Müller had a chance to double Germany's lead after dribbling past two defenders, but his shot across the net was too wide.

text: Late in extra time, Messi had a free kick within goal-scoring distance, which would have equalised, but he hit it over the crossbar.[33]

text: Details[edit]

text:
Germany
1–0 (a.e.t.)
 Argentina

Götze  113'

Report

text:
Germany

Argentina

text:
GK
1
Manuel Neuer

RB
16
Philipp Lahm (c)

CB
20
Jérôme Boateng

CB
5
Mats Hummels

LB
4
Benedikt Höwedes
 34'

CM
23
Christoph Kramer

 31'

CM
7
Bastian Schweinsteiger
 29'

RW
13
Thomas Müller

AM
18
Toni Kroos

LW
8
Mesut Özil

 120'

CF
11
Miroslav Klose

 88'

Substitutions:

FW
9
André Schürrle

 31'

MF
19
Mario Götze

 88'

DF
17
Per Mertesacker

 120'

Manager:

Joachim Löw

GK
1
Sergio Romero

RB
4
Pablo Zabaleta

CB
15
Martín Demichelis

CB
2
Ezequiel Garay

LB
16
Marcos Rojo

CM
14
Javier Mascherano
 64'

CM
6
Lucas Biglia

RW
8
Enzo Pérez

 86'

LW
22
Ezequiel Lavezzi

 46'

SS
10
Lionel Messi (c)

CF
9
Gonzalo Higuaín

 78'

Substitutions:

FW
20
Sergio Agüero
 65'
 46'

FW
18
Rodrigo Palacio

 78'

MF
5
Fernando Gago

 86'

Manager:

Alejandro Sabella

text:
Man of the Match:
Mario Götze (Germany)
Assistant referees:
Renato Faverani (Italy)
Andrea Stefani (Italy)
Fourth official:
Carlos Vera (Ecuador)
Fifth official:
Christian Lescano (Ecuador)

Match rules:

90 minutes.
30 minutes of extra-time if necessary.
Penalty shoot-out if still tied.
Twelve named eligible substitutes.
Maximum of three substitutions.

text: Statistics[edit]

text:
Overall[34]
Germany
Argentina

Goals scored
1
0

Total shots
10
10

Shots on target
7
2

Ball possession
60%
40%

Corner kicks
5
3

Fouls committed
20
16

Offsides
3
2

Saves
2
6

Yellow cards
2
2

Red cards
0
0

text: Reaction in Brazil[edit]

text: Due to the Argentina–Brazil football rivalry, the Brazilians in the crowd supported Germany, despite their resounding 7–1 victory over Brazil in the semi-finals, as the Germans had shown respect to the defeated hosts, while Argentine fans had celebrated Brazil's elimination. Most Brazilians were reportedly relieved that their rivals did not win the World Cup in Brazil's iconic home stadium.[35][36][37]

text: Notable spectators[edit]

text: Host President Dilma Rousseff invited the BRICS leaders to the final ahead of the 6th BRICS summit. Among these invited leaders was Vladimir Putin, the President of Russia, the next World Cup hosts,[38] and Jacob Zuma, the President of South Africa, the previous host.[39] The Chinese President, Xi Jinping, and the Indian Prime Minister, Narendra Modi, did not attend the event. Other world leaders Viktor Orbán (Hungary), Ali Bongo Ondimba (Gabon) and Gaston Browne (Antigua and Barbuda) also attended the event, which led The Guardian to label the guest list "bizarre and random".[40] Rousseff delivered the trophy to the champions in the awards ceremony.[41]

text: German President Joachim Gauck and Chancellor Angela Merkel were present for the final. Merkel already watched the Germany vs. Portugal match in Salvador, when the German team won 4–0.[42] The President of Argentina, Cristina Fernández de Kirchner, did not attend because of both her grandson's birthday and a case of pharyngo-laryngitis.[43]

text: Russian comedian Vitaly Zdorovetskiy ran onto the pitch during the match with "Natural Born Prankster" written across his torso and attempted to kiss Benedikt Höwedes of Germany.[44] Brazilian authorities arrested him, and he was released hours after the match.

text: Several celebrities also attended the final, including Rihanna, Mick Jagger, David Beckham, Fabio Cannavaro, Lothar Matthäus, Daniel Passarella, Ashton Kutcher, Daniel Craig, Tom Brady, LeBron James and Pelé.[45][46][47][48]

text: Ceremonies[edit]

text: The closing ceremony took place about an hour and forty minutes before the final.[49] A performance of two acts, the ceremony lasted about 20 minutes. The first act featured 22 samba dancers and a host of other performers, with 32 of the dancers wearing dresses decorated in the colours of the 32 participating teams. The second act featured musical performances headlined by Colombian singer Shakira, and included singers Carlinhos Brown, Wyclef Jean, Alexandre Pires, Ivete Sangalo and guitarist Carlos Santana.[45][50][51]

text: Brazilian supermodel Gisele Bündchen and Carles Puyol, a member of Spain's winning team in 2010, unveiled the FIFA World Cup Trophy.[52]

text: Viewer figures[edit]

text: According to FIFA, 1.013 billion individuals globally watched the final match of this tournament.[53]