document_title: Justin Bieber

question_text: when did friends by justin beiber come out

question_tokens: when did friends by justin beiber come out

text: Justin Bieber

text: Early life

text: Bieber was born on March 1, 1994, in London, Ontario, at St Joseph's Hospital,[10] and was raised in Stratford, Ontario.[11] He is the only child of Jeremy Jack Bieber and Patricia "Pattie" Mallette. Bieber's parents were never married.[12] Pattie, who was underaged at the time of giving birth, raised her son with the help of her mother, Diane, and stepfather, Bruce.[13] His mother is of French-Canadian descent; his paternal great-grandfather was of German ancestry, and his other roots are English, Scottish and Irish.[14][15][16] He has also claimed that he has some undetermined Aboriginal Canadian ancestry.[17]

text: Through Jeremy, Bieber has two younger half-siblings, Jazmyn (born 2009) and Jaxon (born 2010).[18] Pattie worked a series of low-paying office jobs, raising Bieber as a single mother in low-income housing. Bieber has maintained contact with his father.[19]

text: Bieber attended a French-language immersion elementary school in Stratford, the Jeanne Sauvé Catholic School.[13] Growing up, he learned to play the piano, drums, guitar, and trumpet.[11][20] He graduated from high school in Stratford, Ontario, the St. Michael Catholic Secondary School in 2012[21] with a 4.0 GPA.[22] In early 2007, aged 12, Bieber sang Ne-Yo's "So Sick" for a local singing competition in Stratford and was placed second.[20][23] Mallette posted a video of the performance on YouTube for their family and friends to see. She continued to upload videos of Bieber singing covers of various R&B songs, and Bieber's popularity on the site grew.[24]

text: Career

text: 2008–2010: Career beginnings and My World

text: When searching for videos of a different singer, Scooter Braun, a former marketing executive of So So Def Recordings, clicked on one of Bieber's 2007 videos by accident.[19] Impressed, Braun tracked down the theatre that Bieber was performing in, located Bieber's school, and finally contacted Mallette, who was reluctant because of Braun's Judaism. She remembered praying, "God, I gave him to you. You could send me a Christian man, a Christian label!", and, "God, you don't want this Jewish kid to be Justin's man, do you?" However, church elders convinced her to let Bieber go with Braun. At 13, Bieber went to Atlanta, Georgia, with Braun to record demo tapes.[19] Bieber began singing for Usher one week later.[25]

text: Bieber was soon signed to Raymond Braun Media Group (RBMG), a joint venture between Braun and Usher.[26] Justin Timberlake was also reportedly in the running to sign Bieber but lost the bidding war to Usher.[26][27] Usher then sought assistance in finding a label home for the artist from then manager Chris Hicks, who helped engineer an audition with his contact L.A. Reid of The Island Def Jam Music Group.[28] Reid signed Bieber to Island Records in October 2008 (resulting in a joint venture between RBMG and Island Records) and appointed Hicks as executive Vice-President of Def Jam, where he could manage Bieber's career at the label.[1][24][26][28] Bieber then moved to Atlanta with his mother to pursue further work with Braun and Usher.[26] Braun became Bieber's manager in 2008.[24]

text: Bieber's first single, "One Time", was released to radio while Bieber was still recording his debut album.[29] The song reached number 12 on the Canadian Hot 100 during its first week of release in July 2009[24] and later peaked at number 17 on the Billboard Hot 100. During fall 2009, it had success in international markets.[30] The song was certified platinum in Canada and the US and gold in Australia and New Zealand.[31][32][33] His first release, an extended play entitled My World, was released on November 17, 2009. The album's second single, "One Less Lonely Girl", and two promo singles, "Love Me" and "Favorite Girl", were released exclusively on the iTunes Store and charted within the top 40 of the Billboard Hot 100.[30]

text: "One Less Lonely Girl" was later also released to radio and peaked within the top 20 in Canada and the US, and was certified gold in the latter.[30] My World was eventually certified platinum in the US and double platinum in both Canada and the United Kingdom.[34][35] To promote the album, Bieber performed on several live shows such as mtvU's VMA 09 Tour, European program The Dome, YTV's The Next Star, The Today Show,[36][37] The Wendy Williams Show, Lopez Tonight, The Ellen DeGeneres Show, It's On with Alexa Chung, Good Morning America, Chelsea Lately, and BET's 106 & Park. Bieber also guest starred in an episode of True Jackson, VP in late 2009.[38]

text: Bieber performed Ron Miller and Bryan Wells's "Someday at Christmas" for US President Barack Obama and first lady Michelle Obama at the White House for Christmas in Washington, which aired on December 20, 2009, on US television broadcaster TNT.[39] Bieber was also one of the performers for Dick Clark's New Year's Rockin' Eve with Ryan Seacrest, on December 31, 2009.[40] Bieber was a presenter at the 52nd Annual Grammy Awards on January 31, 2010. He was invited to be a vocalist for the remake of "We Are the World" (a song written by Michael Jackson and Lionel Richie) for its 25th anniversary to benefit Haiti after the earthquake. Bieber sings the opening line, which was sung by Lionel Richie in the original version.[41]

text: On March 12, 2010, a version of K'naan's "Wavin' Flag", recorded by a collective of Canadian musicians known as Young Artists for Haiti, was released. Bieber is featured in the song, performing the closing lines.[42]

text: 2010–2011: My World 2.0 and Never Say Never

text: In January 2010, "Baby", was released from his debut album, My World 2.0. The song featured Ludacris, and became an international hit. It charted at number five on the US Billboard Hot 100, peaked at number three on the Canadian Hot 100[43] and reached the top ten in several international markets.[30] Two promo singles "Never Let You Go", and "U Smile" were top thirty hits on the US Hot 100, and top twenty hits in Canada.[30] According to review aggregator Metacritic, the album has received generally favourable reviews.[44] It debuted at number one on the US Billboard 200, making Bieber the youngest solo male act to top the chart since Stevie Wonder in 1963.[45] My World 2.0 also debuted at number one on the Canadian Albums Chart, Irish Albums Chart, Australian Albums Chart, and the New Zealand Albums Chart[30] and reached the top ten of fifteen other countries.[46][47]

text: To promote the album, Bieber appeared on several live programs including The View, the 2010 Kids' Choice Awards, Nightline, Late Show with David Letterman, The Dome and 106 & Park.[48] Sean Kingston appeared on the album's next single, "Eenie Meenie". The song reached the top ten in the United Kingdom and Australia, and the top-twenty of most other markets. On April 10, 2010, Bieber was the musical guest on Saturday Night Live.[49] On July 4, 2010, Bieber performed at the Macy's Fourth of July Fireworks Spectacular in New York City.[50] The following single from My World 2.0, "Somebody to Love", was released in April 2010, and a remix was released featuring Bieber's mentor Usher. On June 23, 2010, Bieber went on his first official headlining tour, the My World Tour, starting in Hartford, Connecticut, to promote My World and My World 2.0. In July 2010, it was reported that Bieber was the most searched for celebrity on the Internet.[51] That same month his music video for "Baby", surpassed Lady Gaga's "Bad Romance" to become the most viewed, and also the most disliked YouTube video ever.[52][53] However, Taylor Swift's Blank Space surpassed its number of views in 2015.[54] In September 2010, it was reported that Bieber accounted for three per cent of all traffic on Twitter, according to an employee of the social-networking site.[55]

text: In Bieber's second album, because of puberty, his voice was deeper than it was in his first album.[56] In April 2010, the singer discussing his vocals remarked, "It cracks. Like every teenage boy, I'm dealing with it and I have the best vocal coach in the world. [...] Some of the notes I hit on "Baby" I can't hit any more. We have to lower the key when I sing live."[57] Bieber guest-starred in the season premiere of the CBS crime drama CSI: Crime Scene Investigation, which aired on September 23, 2010. He played a "troubled teen who is faced with a difficult decision regarding his only brother", who is also a serial bomber. Bieber was also in a subsequent episode which aired on February 17, 2011, in which his character is killed.[58] Bieber performed a medley of "U Smile", "Baby", and "Somebody to Love" and briefly played the drums at the 2010 MTV Video Music Awards on September 12, 2010.[59] Bieber announced in October 2010 that he would be releasing an acoustic album, called My Worlds Acoustic.[60] It was released on November 26, 2010 in the United States and featured acoustic versions of songs from his previous albums, and accompanied the release of a new song titled "Pray".[61] In 2012, he was awarded the Queen Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee Medal.

text: A 3-D part-biopic, part-concert film starring Bieber entitled Justin Bieber: Never Say Never, was released on February 11, 2011, directed by Step Up 3D director Jon Chu. It topped the box office with an estimated gross of $12.4 million on its opening day from 3,105 theatres.[62] It grossed $30.3 million for the weekend and was narrowly beaten by the romantic comedy Just Go with It, which grossed $31 million.[63] Never Say Never reportedly exceeded industry expectations, nearly matching the $31.1 million grossed by Miley Cyrus's 2008 3-D concert film, Hannah Montana & Miley Cyrus: Best of Both Worlds Concert, which holds the record for the top debut for a music-documentary.[64] Never Say Never grossed a total of $98,441,954 worldwide.[65] The film is accompanied by his second remix album, Never Say Never – The Remixes, released February 14, 2011, and features remixes of songs from his debut album, with guest appearances from Miley Cyrus, Chris Brown, and Kanye West, among others.[66] In June 2011, Bieber was ranked No. 2 on the Forbes list of Best-Paid Celebrities under 30. He is the youngest star, and 1 of 7 musicians on the list, having raked in $53 million in a 12-month period.[67] On November 1, 2011, Bieber released the Christmas-themed Under the Mistletoe, his second studio album. It debuted at No. 1 on the Billboard 200, selling 210,000 copies in its first week of release.[68]

text: 2011–2015: Believe, Journals, and other appearances

text: In late 2011, Bieber began recording his third studio album, entitled Believe. The following week, Bieber appeared on The Ellen DeGeneres Show to announce that the first single would be called "Boyfriend" and would be released on March 26, 2012.[69] The song debuted at number two on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart, selling a total of 521,000 digital units, the second-highest-ever debut digital sales week.[70] Bill Werde of Billboard noted that it failed to debut at number one because the digital download of the track was available only through iTunes Store, "restricting the buying option for those that do not frequent the Apple retail store".[71] "Boyfriend" became Bieber's first single ever to reach the top position on the Canadian Hot 100 by debuting at number one and staying on for one week.[70]

text: His third studio album, Believe was released on June 19, 2012, by Island Records. The album marks a musical departure from the teen pop sound of his previous releases, and incorporates elements of dance-pop and R&B genres.[72] Intent on developing a more "mature" sound, Bieber collaborated with a wide range of urban producers for the release as well as some long-time collaborators, including Darkchild, Hit-Boy, Diplo, and Max Martin. Entertainment Weekly praised Bieber's musical shift, calling the album both a "reinvention and a reintroduction".[73] Rolling Stone noted the deeper voice and more "intense" beats found on the album, although it lampooned one of his euphemisms for newfound sexual maturity ("If you spread your wings, you can fly away with me").[74] Believe debuted at number one on the Billboard 200, becoming his fourth number-one album.[75][76][77] The album sold 57,000 copies in its first week in Canada, debuting atop the Canadian Albums Chart.[78]

text: The Believe Tour, which further promoted the album, began in September 2012 in Glendale, Arizona.[79] On December 14, 2012, Bieber appeared on The Ellen DeGeneres Show, where he announced plans to release an acoustic album titled Believe Acoustic, which was released on January 29, 2013.[80]

text: Bieber returned to Saturday Night Live as the host and musical guest on the February 9, 2013 episode. His appearance was panned by critics[81][82] and cast members, including Kate McKinnon, who stated that Bieber was not comfortable with his hosting duties, and Bill Hader, who stated that he did not enjoy the presence of Bieber or his entourage. Hader added that in his eight years on the program, Bieber was the only host who lived up to his reputation.[83][84]

text: On March 7, 2013, Bieber fainted backstage at London's O2 Arena after complaining of breathing problems throughout his performance and was taken to the hospital.[85] Bieber cancelled his second Lisbon, Portugal concert at the Pavilhão Atlântico, which was to be held on March 12, because of low ticket sales. The concert on March 11 went on.[86] In mid-August 2013, a remixed duet version of Michael Jackson's previously unreleased song "Slave To The Rhythm", featuring Justin Bieber leaked online.[87] In response to criticism over this remix, the MJ Estate had not authorized release of this recording, and has since made attempts to remove the song from as many sites and YouTube channels as possible.[88] Later, a song titled "Twerk" by rapper Lil Twist, featuring Bieber as well as Miley Cyrus, also leaked.[89]

text: On October 3, 2013, Bieber announced that he would release a new song every Monday for 10 weeks as a lead-up to the film Justin Bieber's Believe, which entered production in May 2012 and was released on December 25, 2013. The film is a follow-up to Justin Bieber: Never Say Never, and Jon M. Chu returned to direct.[90][91][92] The first song of Music Mondays, "Heartbreaker", was released on October 7. The second song, "All That Matters", was released on October 14, followed by "Hold Tight" on October 21, "Recovery" on October 28, "Bad Day" on November 4, and "All Bad" on November 11. The seventh song, "PYD" featuring R. Kelly, was released on November 18; it was followed by "Roller Coaster" on November 25, and "Change Me" on December 2. The final song, "Confident" featuring Chance the Rapper, was released on December 9, 2013. That same day, it was announced that all 10 tracks will be featured on an upcoming collection called Journals. It reportedly featured five additional unreleased songs, a music video for "All That Matters", and a trailer for Believe. Journals was only available for purchase via iTunes for a limited time only: from December 23, 2013, to January 9, 2014. The titles of the five new additional songs are: "One Life", "Backpack" featuring Lil Wayne, "What's Hatinin" featuring Future, "Swap It Out", and "Memphis" featuring Big Sean and Diplo.[93] Bieber released a song titled "Home to Mama" featuring Australian singer Cody Simpson in November 2014.[94]

text: Because of the disbanding of Universal Music's division, The Island Def Jam Music Group, in April 2014, Bieber and a number of artists were subsequently transferred to a UMG related division Def Jam Recordings, causing Bieber and the other artists to no longer be signed to Island Records.[95][96]

text: In February 2015, Bieber released a song "Where Are Ü Now", with Jack Ü.[97] In March 2015, Bieber made an appearance in the music video for Carly Rae Jepsen's single "I Really Like You".[98]

text: In March 2015 Bieber was the featured roastee in Comedy Central's annual roast special.[99] Bieber filmed an episode for the Fox TV reality series Knock Knock Live, and aired before the show was cancelled after two episodes.

text: 2015–present: Purpose, collaborations and upcoming fifth studio album

text: On August 28, 2015, Bieber released a new single titled "What Do You Mean?" as the lead single from his fourth studio album Purpose. The song is a blend of teen pop, electronic dance music and acoustic R&B and became Bieber's first number-one single on the Billboard Hot 100.[100] He became the youngest male artist to debut at the top of that chart, earning him a Guinness World Record. On October 23, 2015, Bieber released the album's second single titled "Sorry" as an instant download, with the pre-order of the album on iTunes. The song debuted at number two on the Billboard Hot 100.[101] After eight non-consecutive weeks at number two, on the week charting January 23, 2016, "Sorry" climbed to the top spot of the chart and became Bieber's second number-one single on the Billboard Hot 100. The third single from Purpose, "Love Yourself" also peaked at number one in the US, making Bieber the first male artist in almost a decade to have three number-ones from an album since Justin Timberlake last did it with his album FutureSex/LoveSounds in 2006/2007. "Company" was announced as the fourth single on March 8, 2016. On February 12, 2016, Bieber's first four albums were released on vinyl for the first time.[102]

text: Purpose was released on November 13, 2015, and debuted at number one on the Billboard 200, becoming Bieber's sixth album to debut at the top of that chart.[103][104] It was the fourth best-selling album of 2015 with worldwide sales of 3.1 million copies.[105] As of June 2016, it had sold 4.5 million copies globally.[106] On November 11, 2015, Bieber announced he will embark on the Purpose Tour. The tour started in Seattle, Washington on March 9, 2016.[107] On July 24, 2017, Bieber canceled the remaining dates of his Purpose Tour "due to unforeseen circumstances."[108][109]

text: On July 22, 2016, Bieber released a new single with Major Lazer and MØ titled "Cold Water". It debuted at number two, on the Billboard Hot 100, becoming Bieber's third number-two debut on the chart, passing Mariah Carey's record to become the artist with the most number-two debuts; he also leads with the most top-two debuts at five.[110] In August 2016, French DJ DJ Snake and Bieber released their collaborative song "Let Me Love You".[111] He appears in the documentary Bodyguards: Secret Lives from the Watchtower.[112]

text: On April 16, 2017, Luis Fonsi and Daddy Yankee released a remix for their song "Despacito" featuring Justin Bieber. The song was Justin's first release in 2017 and the first in which he sings in Spanish.[113] The remix boosted the original song to the Hot 100's Top 10, being the first mostly Spanish language top 10 on the Billboard Hot 100 since Macarena in 1996.[114] The remix is the most viewed song of all time on the crowdsourced media knowledge base Genius, with 21.2 million views.[115]

text: He, along with Quavo, Chance the Rapper, and Lil Wayne provided vocals on DJ Khaled's single "I'm the One", released on April 28, 2017. The song reached number 1 on the Billboard Hot 100.[116] One week later, Despacito topped the charts in the U.S., making the single the first mostly Spanish-language Hot 100 No. 1 in more than 20 years, becoming his fifth number one single and it made Bieber the first artist ever to notch new No. 1s in back-to-back weeks.[117] On June 9, 2017, French DJ David Guetta's single "2U", in which Bieber was featured, was released. The music video to "2U" is Victoria's Secret models lip synching to the song.[118][119][120]

text: On August 17, 2017, Bieber released the single "Friends" with American record producer and songwriter BloodPop. Songwriters Julia Michaels and Justin Tranter reunited with Bieber to construct the song, just as they helped create his single "Sorry" in 2015 on his studio album Purpose.[121] Bieber did not attend the 2018 Grammy Awards Show to perform the nominated song "Despacito", claiming that he would not make any award show appearances until his next album was finished.[122]

text: Artistry

text: Musical style

text: Bieber's music is mainly pop, while he also incorporates elements of R&B. In 2010, Jody Rosen of Rolling Stone asserted that the content of his music was "offering a gentle introduction to the mysteries and heartaches of adolescence: songs flushed with romance but notably free of sex itself."[123] But since then, Bieber gradually altered his artistry, with Peter Gicas of E! Online describing "PYD" as "sexed-up".[124] After his hit in 2015 on Jack Ü's track Where R Ü Now, Bieber released the EDM-fueled album Purpose a collaboration with Diplo, DJ Snake and Major Lazer.[125]

text: Influences

text: Bieber has cited The Beatles, Boyz II Men, Mariah Carey, Michael Jackson, Justin Timberlake, and Usher as his musical inspirations.[126][127][128] Bieber stated My World 2.0 was influenced by Timberlake.[129]

text: Voice

text: Bieber initially began singing with his adolescent voice, before later experiencing pubertal changes, as was evidenced during a performance of "Pray" at the 2011 American Music Awards. Bieber started to receive vocal conditioning from coach Jan Smith. Sean Michaels of The Guardian described it as "the biggest threat to his career" at the time.[130] Jody Rosen commented that Bieber sings with "swing and rhythmic dexterity" on his debut, noting his tone to be "nasal".[123]

text: In a review of his Purpose album, Neil McCormick of The Daily Telegraph complimented his "soft, supple and seductive singing".[131] Caroline Sullivan of The Guardian also praised Bieber’s "affectedly breathy voice", but insisted in the same sentence that "the voice soon palls" after listening to the whole album.[132]

text: Endorsements and business ventures

text: Bieber endorsed Adidas, beside Derrick Rose and Venus Williams, in 2012.[133] He became the new "face" and "body" of Calvin Klein in early 2015.[134] In June 2015, Bieber teamed up with StarShop, a new shopping app launched by Kevin Harrington.[135] In January 2015, Entertainment Tonight reported that entertainer Justin Bieber had used MYO-X, a dietary supplement, in preparation for a Calvin Klein underwear photo shoot.[136] Bieber was criticized for “…hyping the latest “miracle” supplement MYO-X, to his 59 million Twitter fans.”[137] Bieber endorses Beats By Dre, Elizabeth Arden and Best Buy.[138][139]

text: He has bandwagoned four fragrances as of 2014.[140] He launched his debut fragrance, Someday, in 2011;[140] it grossed more than three million US dollars in sales, at Macy's, in just under three weeks, which industry experts regard as a successful celebrity-led launch.[141] On the heels of that 2011 best-seller, he launched his second fragrance, Girlfriend, in June 2012.[142] His third fragrance, The Key, was launched in July 2013,[143] and his latest fragrance, Justin Bieber Collector's Edition, launched in 2014.

text: Public image

text: General

text: Usher commented that while he and Bieber were both signed at the same age, "I had the chance to ramp up my success, where this has happened to Bieber abruptly". As a result, Usher, Braun, Bieber's bodyguard, and other adults surrounding Bieber constantly coach him on handling fame and his public image.[19] After signing Bieber, Usher appointed one of his former assistants, Ryan Good, to be Bieber's road manager and stylist. Good, once nicknamed Bieber's "swagger coach", created a "streetwise look" for the singer which consisted of baseball caps, hoodies, dog chains, and flashy sneakers. Amy Kaufman of The Los Angeles Times comments, "Though a product of a middle-class suburban upbringing in Stratford, Ontario, Bieber's manner of dress and speech ('Wassup man, how you doin'?' or 'It's like, you know, whateva' ') suggest he's mimicking his favourite rappers."[144] In 2013, Bieber said that he was "very influenced by black culture", but he neither thought "of it as black or white" nor tried to "act or pose in a certain way". To him, it was "a lifestyle—like a suaveness or a swag".[145] Wax statues of him with his hairstyle from that of his earlier career are on display at the Madame Tussauds wax museums in Amsterdam, London, and New York City.[146]

text:
"He's the only person in humanity who's grown up the way he has -- with smartphones and cameras on him 24/7 ... Another kid can go out and have a good night on the town, and no one gives a crap, but Justin is the most Googled person on the planet -- for four years straight!"

Scooter Braun, Bieber's manager, in 2013[145]

tag: div

text: Bieber was often featured in teen magazines, such as Tiger Beat,[19] and has been labelled as a "teen heartthrob".[147] In 2010, he was frequently criticized for looking and sounding younger than his age,[148] and the following year for an androgynous appearance, which had been commonly noted in the media, including his appearance on the cover of LOVE magazine's androgyny issue in 2011.[149] His teen-pop music, image (especially as a heartthrob to girls), and the media attention he receives have additionally been criticized.[148] He has been a target of Internet bloggers and message board posters, especially users of the Internet message board 4chan and of YouTube.[150] Nick Collins of The Daily Telegraph said that "Bieber's character appears to strike a particularly sour note with his Internet critics" who have questioned his manner of speech, among other things.[148]

text: YouTube and Twitter

text: Bieber's early fanbase developed on YouTube and predated the release of his debut album My World.[151] According to Jan Hoffman of The New York Times, part of Bieber's appeal stems from his YouTube channel. Chicago Tribune noted that Bieber's fanbase, "Beliebers", was among the top words of 2010.[152] Long before the November 2009 release of My World, his YouTube videos attracted millions of views.[19] Braun recognized the appeal. Before flying him to Atlanta, Braun wanted to "build him up more on YouTube first" and had Bieber record more home videos for the channel. "I said: 'Justin, sing like there’s no one in the room. But let's not use expensive cameras.' We'll give it to kids, let them do the work, so that they feel like it's theirs", recalled Braun.[19] Bieber continues to upload videos to the same channel and has opened a Twitter account, from which he interacts with fans regularly;[24] his account was reported in November 2010 to have more than six million followers.[153] Bieber surpassed Lady Gaga for having the most followed person on Twitter in January 2013. In early November 2013, Katy Perry surpassed him for having the most followers.[154] As of 2017, Bieber remains the second most followed user of Twitter, while his VEVO channel made him the third most subscribed user of YouTube until by 2018 where it became the second most subscribed user of YouTube. The music video for Bieber's song "Baby" is the most disliked on YouTube, receiving over 7.8 million dislikes since its upload in 2010, as of 2017[update].[155] Guinness Book of World Records listed "Baby" as the most disliked video on YouTube and on the Internet as of 2013[156] and six of Bieber's music videos (more than any other artist) listed in the top 40 most disliked videos on YouTube.[157] Bieber was frequently a trending topic on Twitter when the feature first launched[158] because his fans frequently discussed him on the network,[159] and he was named the top trending star on Twitter in 2010;[160] Klout gave his account a score of 100.[161][162] In April 2013, the social media analysis company Socialbakers concluded that 16.7 million of Bieber's 37 million Twitter followers are not genuine.[163][164]

text: Personal life

text: Beliefs

text: Bieber's mother was Christian and raised him in faith.[165] Bieber has described himself as a faithful adherent of Christianity, said he communicates with God via prayer, and that "he's the reason I'm here".[166] He reflected his faith in a music video with Brandon Burke, titled "#iPledge", in which he talks about God's forgiveness.[167] He was baptized by Pentecostal pastor Carl Lentz of Hillsong Church New York, who is a close friend, on January 9, 2014, after a born again experience.[168][169] On his Purpose tour he invited his pastor Judah Smith up on stage.[165]

text: Many of Bieber's tattoos have religious significance including the medium-sized cross on his chest and a tiny cross under his eye. Bieber also covered up the "Son of God" text tattooed on his abdomen with a large design that features two angels, gothic arches, a skeleton and a serpent.[170][171]

text: Regarding sexual abstinence, he told music magazine Rolling Stone, "I don't think you should have sex with anyone unless you love them." He added that he does not "believe in abortion", and that it is "like killing a baby." When asked about the case of abortion with regard to rape, however, he said, "I guess I haven't been in that position, so I wouldn't be able to judge that."[172][173] His view on sexual orientation is quoted as "everyone's own decision",[174] and he has contributed to the It Gets Better Project,[175] a non-profit group aiming to prevent suicide among LGBT youth.[176]

text: As Bieber resides in the United States, he is reported to possess an O-1 visa for temporary resident status, based on "extraordinary ability or achievement" in a field.[177] Bieber has stated that he is not interested in obtaining US citizenship. He has praised Canada as being "the best country in the world" citing its government-run health care system as a model example.[172]

text: Bieber's father, Jeremy Bieber, is a former carpenter and pro-am mixed martial artist. In March 2014, Rolling Stone characterized Jeremy as having "split with Justin's mom when Justin was a toddler, and wasn't always around afterward. But he has, as of late, accepted a place of honor in his superstar son's entourage".[178]

text: Relationships

text: In December 2010, Bieber began dating Selena Gomez. After separating in November 2012, they reconciled a few weeks later before splitting up again in January 2013.[179][180][181][182][183] They later reconciled for a few months in each of 2013, 2014, and 2015.[184][185]

text: In 2014, Bieber began dating Kourtney Kardashian, their relation lasting on-and-off through 2016. In 2017 they dated briefly once again. There has been speculation that Reign Disick, Kourtney’s son, is actually Bieber’s biological child due to a close physical resemblance between the two.

text: In 2016, he dated Nicola Peltz, daughter of billionaire Nelson Peltz. They broke up after a few weeks.

text: In 2017, Bieber dated Sofia Ritchie for several months, before reuniting with Gomez. After the breakup with Gomez, there have been several “run ins” with his ex, Kardashian.

text: Philanthropy

text: Bieber supports Pencils of Promise,[186] a charity founded by Adam Braun, the younger brother of Bieber's manager. The organization builds schools in developing countries, and Bieber became manager for the organization's campaign in Guatemala. He serves as a celebrity spokesman for the organization[187] by running ads for the charity and its campaign "Schools4All".[188][189] He promises to visit schools that donate the most funds to the organization.[190] He takes part in the charity's fund-raising galas and donates parts of the proceeds from his concerts and Someday line of fragrances,[191] and various merchandising to the charity. He also appears in an animal welfare PSA for PETA encouraging people to volunteer at and adopt from animal shelters instead of buying pets from breeders or pet stores.[192] In 2013, Bieber launched his online #GiveBackPhilippines campaign for helping the victims of Typhoon Haiyan and traveled to Philippines after raising $3 million.[193] His work for The Philippines earned him a star on the Walk of Fame Philippines.[194] He also supports Children's Miracle Network Hospitals and Alzheimer's Association.[195][196]

text: Legal issues and controversies

text: Bieber had several run-ins with the law around the world before his first arrest in 2014,[197] including when he was accused of reckless driving in his neighbourhood in 2012, and charged in Brazil with vandalism in 2013.[197][198] One of his neighbours in Calabasas, California, accused Bieber of throwing eggs at his home on January 9, 2014, and causing thousands of dollars of damage.[197][199][200] On January 23, 2014, Bieber was arrested in Miami Beach, Florida, together with singer Khalil on suspicion of driving under the influence (DUI), driving with an over six month expired license, and resisting arrest without violence.[198][201][202] Police said that Bieber told authorities he had consumed alcohol, smoked marijuana, and taken prescription drugs.[197] He has been released from these charges on a $2,500 bond, and lack of evidence beyond reasonable doubt as dictated in the United States court of law.[203] A toxicology report revealed that Bieber had THC (a principal constituent of cannabis) and the anti-anxiety medication Xanax in his system at the time of his arrest.[204][205]

text: Following Bieber's arrest on the DUI charge, more than 270,000 persons petitioned the White House seeking to have him deported from the United States. Although the number of signatures received was sufficient to require a response under published White House guidelines, the Obama Administration declined substantive comment on the petition.[206] Immigration Law expert Harlan York noted that the likeliness of Bieber being deported was extremely slim. York stated, "About a decade ago, the Supreme Court ruled that driving under the influence, typically, is not a basis to deport someone."[207]

text: On July 9, 2014, Bieber was charged with one misdemeanour count of vandalism in California for throwing eggs at his Calabasas neighbour's home in January.[200][208][209] Police earlier claimed that they had video footage of him high-fiving friends after the eggs were thrown.[200][210] With him pleading no contest to the charge, the Los Angeles County Superior Court sentenced him on July 9 to pay US$80,900 in restitution, serve two years' probation, complete twelve weeks of anger management, and five days of community service in what the district attorney termed a negotiated settlement. Since then, he has permanently moved to Beverly Hills, California after the incident.[200][208][209]

text: On August 13, 2014, the January DUI case was settled with a plea bargain pleading guilty to resisting an officer without violence, and a lesser charge of driving without due care and attention. He has been fined with US$500 and sentenced to attend both a 12-hour anger management course, and a program that teaches about the impact of drunken driving on victims. As part of the plea bargain, he has made a US$50,000 contribution to Our Kids, a local children's charity.[211][212]

text:
"I didn't want to come off arrogant or conceited, or basically how I've been acting the past year, year and a half ... although what's happened in the past has happened, I just want to ... be kind and loving and gentle and soft."

Bieber reflects in a video posted in January 2015[213]

text: On September 1, 2014, Bieber was arrested and charged with assault and dangerous driving near his hometown of Stratford, Ontario after a collision between a minivan and Bieber's all-terrain vehicle on August 29. Ontario police said that he then "engaged in a physical altercation" with an occupant of the minivan. He was released shortly and his lawyer blamed the incident on "the unwelcome presence of paparazzi".[214][215] On September 8, Toronto dropped an assault charge against him originally brought up on January 29 for an incident with a limousine driver in December 2013.[216][217] In November 2014, he was ordered to appear in Argentina within 60 days by a Buenos Aires court to give testimony on an alleged assault on a photographer on November 9, 2013.[218] When he failed to do so, an arrest warrant was issued and two of his bodyguards were released in Argentina in April 2015.[219]

text: In June 2014, a video emerged of a 15-year-old Bieber telling a joke about black people, which used the word "nigger" multiple times.[220] In the same month, a second video showed a 15-year-old Bieber giggling as he croons his song "One Less Lonely Girl", but parodying the main lyric as "One less lonely nigger", and stating that if he were to kill one, he would be "part of the KKK".[221][222] He apologized the day the latter was released: "Facing my mistakes from years ago has been one of the hardest things I've ever dealt with."[223]

text: In July 2017, the Chinese government banned Justin Bieber from performing in China. A Chinese Bieber fan reached out to the Beijing Municipal Bureau of Culture requesting the reason for the ban. The Bureau released a statement, explaining "Justin Bieber is a gifted singer, but he is also a controversial young foreign singer", and "In order to maintain order in the Chinese market and purify the Chinese performance environment, it is not suitable to bring in badly behaved entertainers."[224][225]

text: Achievements

text: Throughout his career, Bieber has sold an estimated 140 million records,[226] and is one of the best-selling music artists globally.[227] On November 23, 2012, Bieber was presented with the Queen Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee Medal by the Prime Minister of Canada, Stephen Harper. He was one of 60,000 Canadians to receive the Diamond Jubilee medal that year.[228] In 2013, Bieber received a Diamond award from the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) to recognize his single "Baby" as the highest-certified digital song of all time.[229][230] Bieber has earned ten Grammy nominations (including one win),[231][232][233] two Brit awards,[234][235] four NRJ Music Award nominations (including three wins),[236][237][238] thirteen Billboard Music Awards,[239] and numerous fan voted accolades which include eight American Music Awards and[240] twenty Teen Choice Awards.[241] He also has won eighteen MTV Europe Music Awards, which is the most awards received by a single artist to date.[242]

text: On November 13, 2015, the release of Purpose marked his sixth album to debut at number one. He also became the first artist, since Elvis Presley in 2005, to replace his own song as number one on the UK Singles Chart.[243] As of 2016, Bieber has received fourteen titles in the Guinness World Records, which include eight that were achieved from the success of his album Purpose and was featured in the 2017 Edition. These records included the most streamed track on Spotify in one week, the most streamed album on Spotify in one week, the most simultaneous tracks and most simultaneous new entries on the US Billboard Hot 100 by a solo artist, the first act to occupy all top three positions simultaneously on the UK Singles Chart, the most followers on Twitter by a male, the most viewed music channel on YouTube by an individual, and the most subscribers on YouTube for a musician by a male.[244]

text: Discography

text:
My World 2.0 (2010)
Under the Mistletoe (2011)
Believe (2012)
Purpose (2015)

text: Filmography

text:
Justin Bieber: Never Say Never (2011)
Men in Black 3 (2012)
Katy Perry: Part of Me (2012)
Zendaya: Behind the Scenes (2012)
Justin Bieber's Believe (2013)
Behaving Badly (2014)
Zoolander 2 (2016)
Killing Hasselhoff (2017)

text: Tours

text:
Urban Behavior Tour (2009)
My World Tour (2010–2011)
Believe Tour (2012–2013)
Purpose World Tour (2016–2017)


document_title: List of banks in South Africa

question_text: give 5 examples of commercial banks in south africa

root

text: List of banks in South Africa

text: Banks[edit]

text: Locally controlled banks[edit]

text:
African Bank Limited
Bidvest Bank Limited
Capitec Bank Limited
Discovery Bank Limited
First National Bank
FirstRand Bank - A subsidiary of First Rand Limited
Grindrod Bank Limited
Imperial Bank South Africa
Investec Bank Limited
Nedbank Limited
Sasfin Bank Limited
Standard Bank of South Africa
UBANK Limited

tag: ul

text: Co-operative banks[edit]

text:
Ditsobotla Primary Savings and Credit Co-operative Bank[2]
OSK Koöperatiewe Bank Beperk[2]

text: Foreign-controlled banks[edit]

text:
Absa Group Limited[3]
Albaraka Bank Limited
Habib Overseas Bank Limited
Habib Bank AG Zurich
Mercantile Bank Limited
South African Bank of Athens Limited[4]

text: Branches of foreign banks[edit]

text:
Bank of Baroda
Bank of China
Bank of Taiwan
BNP Paribas
Calyon Corporate and Investment Bank
China Construction Bank Corporation
Citibank N.A.
Deutsche Bank AG
JPMorgan Chase Bank
Société Générale
Standard Chartered Bank
State Bank of India
Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation (HSBC)
Royal Bank of Scotland
Wittelsbach Princely Trust Bank

text: Foreign Bank Representatives[edit]

text:
AfrAsia Bank Limited
Banco Africano de Investimentos
Banco BIC
Banco BPI SA
Banco Espirito Santo e Comercial de Lisboa
Banco Santander Totta S.A.
Bank Leumi Le-Israel BM
Bank of America
Bank of Cyprus Group
Bank of India
Barclays Bank Plc
Barclays Private Clients International Limited
Commerzbank AG Johannesburg
Credit Suisse AG
Ecobank
Export-Import Bank of India
Fairbairn Private Bank (Isle of Man) Limited
Fairbairn Private Bank (Jersey) Limited
First Bank of Nigeria
First City Monument Bank Plc
Hellenic Bank Public Company Limited
HSBC Bank International Limited
ICICI Bank Limited
Industrial and Commercial Bank of China
KfW Ipex-Bank GmbH
Lloyds TSB Offshore Limited
Mauritius Commercial Bank Limited
Mukuru
Millennium BCP
National Bank of Egypt
NATIXIS
Royal Bank of Scotland International Limited
Société Générale
Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation
The Bank of New York Mellon
The Bank of Tokyo-Mitsubishi UFJ Limited
The Export-Import Bank of China
The Royal Bank of Scotland N.V.
UBS AG
Unicredit Bank AG
Union Bank of Nigeria Plc
Wells Fargo Bank
Zenith Bank Plc

text: Mutual banks[edit]

text:
GBS Mutual Bank
VBS Mutual Bank
Finbond Mutual Bank
Bank Zero

text: Other banks[edit]

text:
Development Bank of Southern Africa
Land and Agricultural Development Bank of South Africa
Postbank


document_title: All Eyez on Me

question_text: what was the name of the song at the end of all eyez on me

text: All Eyez on Me

text: Background[edit]

text: In October 1995, Suge Knight and Jimmy Iovine paid the $1.4 million bail necessary to get Shakur released from jail on charges of sexual abuse. At the time, Shakur was broke and thus unable to make bail himself. All Eyez on Me was released following an agreement between Knight and Shakur which stated Shakur would make three albums under Death Row Records in return for them paying his bail. Fulfilling part of Shakur's brand new contract, this double-album served as the first two albums of his three-album contract.[7][8]

tag: p

text: Euthanasia was the initial title of the album until it was changed to All Eyez on Me during the recording process. Shakur explained to MTV's Bill Bellamy in December 1995 saying:

text:
“
It's called All Eyez on Me. That's how I feel it is. I got the police watching me, the Feds. I got the females that want to charge me with false charges and sue me and all that. I got the females that like me. I got the jealous homeboys and I got the homies that roll with me. Everybody's looking to see what I'mma do now so All Eyez on Me.[9]
”

tag: table

text: All Eyez on Me was originally intended for a Christmas 1995 release but was pushed back as Shakur continued to record music and shoot music videos for the album.[9]

text: Recording and production[edit]

text: The album features guest spots from 2Pac's regulars, such as former-Thug Life members and The Outlawz, as well as Dr. Dre, Snoop Dogg, Tha Dogg Pound, Nate Dogg, and George Clinton, Rappin' 4-Tay, The Click, Method Man, and Redman among others.[10] The song "Heartz of Men" samples a portion of Richard Pryor's comedy album That Nigger's Crazy. Most of the album was produced by Johnny "J" and Daz Dillinger, with help from Dr. Dre on the songs "California Love", which he himself appeared in also as an album guest spot, and "Can't C Me", which was Clinton's appearance. DJ Quik also produced, mixed and made an appearance on the album, but had to use his real name on the credits because his contract with Profile Records prevented him from using his stage name.

text: Lyrical themes[edit]

text: The songs on All Eyez on Me are, in general, unapologetic celebrations of living the "Thug Lifestyle". Though there is the occasional reminiscence about past and present friends, it is a definite move away from the social and political consciousness of 2Pacalypse Now and Strictly 4 My N.I.G.G.A.Z....[11] The songs on the album along with the name of the album itself, allude to the feeling of being watched. With songs like "Can't C Me" and "All Eyez on Me", 2Pac makes it known that he feels the presence of surveillance, most notably by the police. The album also references the fact the 2Pac is under the attention of many fans, being his fourth studio album.[12]

text: Singles[edit]

text: The first single, "California Love" featuring Dr. Dre and Roger Troutman was released, December 28, 1995.[13] This is perhaps 2Pac's best-known song and his most successful, reaching number one on the Billboard Hot 100 for two weeks (as a double A-side single with "How Do U Want It") and 5 weeks at number one in New Zealand. The song was nominated for a Grammy Award as a Best Rap Solo Performance and Best Rap Performance by a Duo or Group (with Dr. Dre and Roger Troutman) in 1997.[14] A remix version also produced by Dr. Dre appeared on the album. The song has since been certified 2x platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America.[15]

text: "2 of Amerikaz Most Wanted" featuring rapper Snoop Dogg, was released as the second single on, May 7, 1996.[16] The video was directed by one of 2Pac's production partners, Gobi M. Rahimi and was filmed four months prior to September 1996 shooting. The prelude for the song shows a parody of Biggie Smalls ("Piggie") and Puff Daddy ("Buff Daddy") in discussion with Shakur about the November 1994 shooting. The beginning of the scene where Tupac is speaking to Biggie is in reference to the movie Scarface where Tony speaks to his alleged killer before shooting him.[17] The song peaked at number 46 on the US Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Airplay chart.[18]

text: The third single, "How Do U Want It" featuring R&B duo K-Ci & JoJo, was released, June 4, 1996.[19] It was a Double A-side single to "California Love" in America. The song reached number one on the Billboard Hot 100. There were three videos filmed for the song: two in the same set for the single in April 1996. The video was directed by Ron Hightower and produced by Tracy D. Robinson. These two are distinguished by MPAA rating (one is certified adult material). The video portrays a wild sex party with jacuzzi, mechanical bull riding, cage dancing and pole stripping. All actors and actresses are dressed in renaissance-age costumes, though all clothes are removed for the nude clip. The adult-material video also features numerous porn stars, including Nina Hartley, Heather Hunter, and Angel Kelly.[20] The limousine segment seen in the clean version is the same except no nudity.[21] The third one is the concert version, mostly them performing on stage. There are cameo appearances by K-Ci & JoJo, and fellow group member of Digital Underground Shock G both in the concert and studio segments.[22]

text: "I Ain't Mad at Cha" featuring singer Danny Boy, was released shortly after Shakur's death as the final single from the album, on September 15, 1996. For the video the song was re-recorded with a live band. The new track was recorded at Can-Am Studios by Conley Abrams. The video was shot weeks before Shakur's death.[23]

text: Hit 'Em Up[edit]

text: "Hit 'Em Up" is a diss track featuring the Outlawz. It was released on June 4, 1996, as the B-side to the single "How Do U Want It".[24] The song's lyrics contain vicious insults to several East Coast rappers, including The Notorious B.I.G., Puffy, Mobb Deep, Lil' Kim, Lil' Cease, Chino XL and the entire Junior M.A.F.I.A.. The song was recorded in Los Angeles, California at Can-Am Studios in May 1996. Reporter Chuck Philips, who interviewed Shakur at Can-Am, described the song as "a caustic anti-East Coast jihad in which the rapper threatens to eliminate Biggie, Sean Combs (Puffy), and a slew of Bad Boy artists and other New York acts."[25] The music video for "Hit 'Em Up" was filmed in a warehouse off Slauson Avenue near Fox Hills Mall in Los Angeles in May 1996.[26][27] "Hit 'Em Up" had a large role in exacerbating the East Coast–West Coast hip hop rivalry. The song is widely considered by the American hip hop community as one of the greatest "diss tracks" ever recorded.[28] The song didn't appear on All Eyez on Me, due to it being recorded after the release of the album, however, it was included on Shakur's Greatest Hits album in 1998.[29]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text:
Professional ratings

Review scores

Source
Rating

AllMusic
[30]

Encyclopedia of Popular Music
[31]

Entertainment Weekly
B+[32]

Los Angeles Times
[33]

NME
9/10[34]

Q
[35]

Rolling Stone
[36]

The Rolling Stone Album Guide
[37]

Spin
7/10[38]

USA Today
[39]

text: All Eyez on Me received widespread acclaim from critics. It was included in Rolling Stone's essential recordings of the 1990s.[40] Spin magazine gave it a 7 out of 10, writing that, "As long as you don't expect philanthropy from Tupac, you'll find honesty and some pleasurably twisted scenarios."[41] The record ranked No. 3 on Entertainment Weekly's list of Top 10 albums of 1996.[42] AllMusic stated, "Maybe it was his time in prison, or maybe it was simply his signing with Suge Knight's Death Row label. Whatever the case, 2Pac re-emerged hardened and hungry with All Eyez on Me, the first double-disc album of original material in hip-hop history. With all the controversy surrounding him, 2Pac seemingly wanted to throw down a monumental epic whose sheer scope would make it an achievement of itself. But more than that, it's also an unabashed embrace of the gangsta lifestyle, backing off the sober self-recognition of Me Against the World. Sure, there are a few reflective numbers and dead-homiez tributes, but they're much more romanticized this time around"."Despite some undeniable filler, it is easily the best production 2Pac's ever had on record".[43] Writing for Los Angeles Times, Cheo Hodari Coker praised the album saying: "All Eyez on Me, a 27-song, 133-minute gangster's paradise, finds the rapper even more venomous than he was before his 11-month incarceration for sexual abuse. He displays no remorse for his tough life, and even less feeling for his enemies. The only thing jail time did for 2Pac was make his creative fires burn even hotter—he raps here with a passion and skill matched in gangsta rap only by Snoop Doggy Dogg and the Notorious B.I.G. And with such producers as DJ Pooh, DJ Quik, Dr. Dre and Johnny J laying down the tracks, he finally has a musical team worthy of his talent."[33]

text: On MTV's Greatest Rappers of All Time list, All Eyez on Me was listed as one of 2Pac's "certified classic" albums, along with 2Pacalypse Now, Me Against the World, and The Don Killuminati: The 7 Day Theory.[44]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
The information regarding accolades attributed to All Eyez on Me is adapted from Acclaimed Music.[45]
Asterisk (*) signifies unordered lists.

text:
Publication
Country
Accolade
Year
Rank

FNAC
France
The 1000 Best Albums of All Time[46]
2008
461

Rock & Folk
The Best Albums from 1963 to 1999[47]
1999
*

Babylon
Greece
The 50 Best Albums of the 1990s
48

Hip-Hop Connection
United Kingdom
The 100 Greatest Rap Albums 1995–2005
2005
35

The New Nation
Top 100 Albums by Black Artists
64

Q
The Ultimate Music Collection
*

90 Albums of the 90s
1999
*

rap.About.com
United States
100 Greatest Hip Hop Albums[48]
2008
80

Best Rap Albums of 1996[49]
1

Tom Moon
1000 Recordings to Hear Before You Die
*

Entertainment Weekly
The 100 Best Albums from 1983 to 2008
87

Ego Trip
Hip Hop's 25 Greatest Albums by Year 1980–98
1999
14

Rolling Stone
The Essential Recordings of the 90s
*

100 Best Albums of the Nineties[50]
2010
50

Complex
The 90 Best Rap Albums of the '90s
2014
10

text: Commercial performance[edit]

text: All Eyez on Me debuted at number-one on both the Billboard 200 and the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums charts. It was the second album from 2Pac to do so,[51] selling 566,000 copies in the first week.[52] All Eyez on Me has shipped 10 million copies in the United States as of July 23, 2014 and has been certified Diamond by the RIAA, which makes it one of the best-selling albums in the U.S.[53][54] In the UK, BPI certified the album Silver (300,000 copies sold) on January 1, 1997 followed by Gold on July 22, 2013 and Platinum on November 14, 2014.[55] It has charted on Billboard 200 for 105 weeks in total.

text: All Eyez on Me is 2Pac's best selling album.[54] It was re-released in 2001 as enhanced CDs containing the "California Love" music video. Both discs contained the same data track. It was also re-released as a Dual-Disc in 2005.

text: Track listing[edit]

text:
Disc 1: Book 1

No.
Title
Writer(s)
Producer(s)
Length

1.
"Ambitionz Az a Ridah"

Tupac Shakur
Delmar Arnaud

Daz Dillinger
4:39

2.
"All Bout U" (featuring Snoop Dogg, Nate Dogg, Dru Down, Yaki Kadafi and Hussein Fatal)

Shakur
Johnny Jackson
Larry Blackmon
Tomi Jenkins

Johnny "J"
2Pac

4:37

3.
"Skandalouz" (featuring Nate Dogg)

Shakur
Arnaud

Daz Dillinger
4:09

4.
"Got My Mind Made Up" (featuring Tha Dogg Pound and Method Man & Redman)

Shakur
Arnaud
Ricardo Brown

Daz Dillinger
5:13

5.
"How Do U Want It" (featuring K-Ci & JoJo)

Shakur
Jackson

Johnny "J"
4:48

6.
"2 of Amerikaz Most Wanted" (featuring Snoop Dogg)

Shakur
Calvin Broadus
Arnaud

Daz Dillinger
4:07

7.
"No More Pain"

Shakur
DeVanté Swing
Timothy Mosley
Clifford Smith
Robert Diggs, Jr.

DeVante Swing
Timbaland

6:15

8.
"Heartz of Men"

Shakur
David Blake
Prince Nelson
George Clinton, Jr.
William Collins
Clarence Haskins
Bernard Worrell

DJ Quik
4:43

9.
"Life Goes On"

Shakur
Jackson
Stacey Smallie

Johnny "J"
5:02

10.
"Only God Can Judge Me" (featuring Rappin' 4-Tay)

Shakur
Doug Rasheed

Doug Rasheed
Harold Scrap Freddie

4:57

11.
"Tradin' War Stories" (featuring Dramacydal, C-Bo and Storm)

Shakur
Mike Mosley

Mike Mosley
Rick Rock

5:29

12.
"California Love (Remix)" (featuring Dr. Dre and Roger Troutman)

Shakur
James Anderson
Andre Young
Roger Troutman
Larry Troutman
Norman Durham
Woody Cunningham

Dr. Dre
6:25

13.
"I Ain't Mad at Cha" (featuring Danny Boy)

Shakur
Arnaud

Daz Dillinger
4:54

14.
"What'z Ya Phone #" (featuring Danny Boy)

Shakur
Jackson

Johnny "J"
2Pac

5:10

Total length:
70:25

text:
Disc 2: Book 2

No.
Title
Writer(s)
Producer(s)
Length

1.
"Can't C Me" (featuring George Clinton)

Shakur
Young

Dr. Dre
5:30

2.
"Shorty Wanna Be a Thug"

Shakur
Jackson

Johnny "J"
3:52

3.
"Holla at Me"

Shakur
Bobby Ervin

Bobby "Bobcat" Ervin
4:55

4.
"Wonda Why They Call U Bytch"

Shakur
Jackson

Johnny "J"
2Pac

4:18

5.
"When We Ride" (featuring Outlawz)

Shakur
Mark Jordan

DJ Pooh
2Pac

5:10

6.
"Thug Passion" (featuring Jewell, Dramacydal and Storm)

Shakur
Jackson
L. Troutman
R. Troutman
Shirley Murdock

Johnny "J"
2Pac

5:08

7.
"Picture Me Rollin'" (featuring Danny Boy, CPO and Big Syke)

Shakur
Jackson
Tiruss Himes

Johnny "J"
5:15

8.
"Check Out Time" (featuring Kurupt and Big Syke)

Shakur
Jackson
Himes
Brown

Johnny "J"
2Pac

4:39

9.
"Ratha Be Ya Nigga" (featuring Richie Rich)

Shakur
Rasheed

Doug Rasheed
4:14

10.
"All Eyez on Me" (featuring Big Syke)

Shakur
Jackson
James Pennington

Johnny "J"
5:08

11.
"Run tha Streetz" (featuring Michel'le, Napoleon and Storm)

Shakur
Jackson

Johnny "J"
2Pac

5:16

12.
"Ain't Hard 2 Find" (featuring D-Shot, C-Bo, B-Legit, Richie Rich and E-40)

Shakur
Mosley

Mike Mosley
Rick Rock

4:29

13.
"Heaven Ain't Hard 2 Find" (featuring Danny Boy)

Shakur
Quincy Jones III

QDIII
3:59

Total length:
61:55

text:
[show]Original UK edition bonus track

No.
Title
Writer(s)
Producer
Length

14.
"California Love" (short radio edit; featuring Dr. Dre and Roger Troutman)

Shakur
James Anderson
Young
R. Troutman
L. Troutman
Durham
Cunningham

Dr. Dre
4:45

Total length:
66:40

text:
"All Bout U" features additional vocals from Nate Dogg and Snoop Dogg and uncredited vocals from Dru Down.
"Life Goes On" features Stacey Smallie additional backgrounds Nanci Fletcher
"Tradin' War Stories" features uncredited vocals from CPO.
"California Love (Remix)" features background vocals from Barbara Wilson, Nanci Fletcher and Danette Williams.
"Can't C Me" features additional vocals from George Clinton and Nanci Fletcher.
"Wonder Why They Call U Bytch" originally featured former Bad Boy Records singer Faith Evans, but her vocals were replaced.
"Check Out Time" features background vocals from Natasha Walker.
"Ratha Be Ya Nigga" features background vocals from Stacey Smallie.
Track list, writing and production credits adapted from AllMusic review, MusicBrainz database and CD booklet (available from Discogs).[56][57]

text: Sample credits[edit]

text:
Ambitionz Az a Ridah[58]

"Pee-Wee's Dance" performed by Joeski Love

All Bout U[59]

"Candy" performed by Cameo

Got My Mind Made Up[60]

"I Got My Mind Made Up (You Can Get It Girl)" performed by Instant Funk
"Sucker M.C.'s" performed by Run–D.M.C.
"Eric B. is President" performed by Eric B. & Rakim

How Do U Want It[61]

"Body Heat" performed by Quincy Jones

2 of Amerikaz Most Wanted[62]

"The Message" performed by Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five
Radio Activity Rapp (Let's Jam)" performed by MC Frosty and Lovin' C
"The Posse (Shoot 'Em Up)" performed by Intelligent Hoodlum

No More Pain[63]

"Bring the Pain" performed by Method Man

Heartz of Men[64]

"Darling Nikki" performed by Prince and The Revolution
"Mudbone - Intro" performed by Richard Pryor
"Up for the Down Stroke" performed by Parliament
"You're Gettin' a Little Too Smart" performed by The Detroit Emeralds
"The Back Down" performed by Richard Pryor
"Nigger With a Seizure" performed by Richard Pryor
"Jim Brown" performed by Richard Pryor

Life Goes On[65]

"Brandy (You're A Fine Girl)" performed by The O'Jays

Only God Can Judge Me[66]

"Top Billin'" performed by Audio Two

Tradin' War Stories[67]

"Too Little in Common" performed by Randy Brown

California Love (Remix)[68]

"So Ruff, So Tuff" performed by Roger Troutman
"Intimate Connection" performed by Kleeer
"Woman to Woman" by Joe Cocker
"West Coast Poplock" performed by Ronnie Hudson and The Street People
"Dance Floor" performed by Zapp

I Ain't Mad at Cha[69]

"A Dream" performed by DeBarge

What'z Ya Phone #[70]

"777-9311" performed by The Time

Can't C Me[71]

"(Not Just) Knee Deep" performed by Funkadelic
"I'm Only Out for One Thang" performed by Ice Cube
"Get Off My Dick and Tell Yo Bitch to Come Here" performed by Ice Cube
"What's My Name" performed by Snoop Dogg
"Shake, Rattle and Roll" performed by Big Joe Turner

Shorty Wanna Be a Thug[72]

"Wildflower" performed by Hank Crawford

When We Ride[73]

"What Would You Do" performed by Tha Dogg Pound

Thug Passion[74]

"Computer Love" performed by Zapp & Roger

Picture Me Rollin'[75]

"Winter Sadness" performed by Kool & the Gang
"Better Off" performed by Johnny "J"

Check Out Time[76]

"Candy Rain" performed by Soul for Real
"Just Don't Bite It" performed by N.W.A

Ratha Be Ya Nigga[77]

"I'd Rather Be with You" performed by Bootsy Collins

All Eyez on Me[78]

"Never Gonna Stop" performed by Linda Clifford

Run tha Streetz[79]

"Piece of My Love" performed by Guy

Heaven Ain't Hard 2 Find[80]

"What You Won't Do for Love" performed by Bobby Caldwell

text: Personnel[edit]

text: Credits for All Eyez on Me adapted from AllMusic and CD booklet.[81][56]

text:
2Pac — associate producer, composer, primary artist, producer
Suge Knight — executive producer
Norris Anderson — production manager
Delmar "Daz" Arnaud — composer
Dave Aron — engineer, mixing
Big Syke — featured artist
Larry Blackmon — composer
David Blake — composer, mixing, producer, talk box
B-Legit — featured artist
Bobcat — composer
Calvin Broadus — composer
R. Brown — composer
C-BO — featured artist
Larry Chatman — associate producer
Rick Clifford — engineer
G. Clinton, Jr. — composer
George Clinton — composer, featured artist, vocals
Nanci Fletcher — featured artist, vocals
Dorothy Coleman — background vocals
W. Collins — composer
Kenn Cox — composer
CPO — featured artist
Woody Cunningham — composer
Tommy D. Daugherty — engineer
Danny Boy — featured artist
Dat Nigga Daz — featured artist, producer
Robert Diggs — composer
DJ Pooh — composer, mixing, producer
Dr. Dre — composer, featured artist, mixing, producer
Tha Dogg Pound — featured artist
Nate Dogg — featured artist, vocals
Dramacydal — featured artist
Dru Down — featured artist
Norman Durham — composer
E-40 — featured artist
Ebony — background vocals
Bobby Ervin — composer, producer
Fatal — featured artist
Brian Gardner — mastering
Michael Geiser — associate engineer
Yaki Kadafi — featured artist
Nathaniel Hale — composer
C. Haskins — composer
Johnny Jackson — composer
Jewell — featured artist
Johnny "J" — mixing, producer
Puff Johnson — background vocals
Jojo the Elf — featured artist
E. Jordan — composer
Kurupt — featured artist
Alvin McGill — associate engineer, engineer
Method Man — featured artist
Michel'le — featured artist
Mike Mosley — assistant engineer, composer, mixing, producer
Nanci Fletcher — featured artist
Shirley Murdock — composer
Ken Nahoum — photography
Outlawz — featured artist
J.P. Pennington — composer
Prince — composer
George Pryce — art direction, design
QD3 — composer
Rappin' 4-Tay — featured artist
Doug Rasheed — composer, producer
Danny Ray — background vocals
Redman — featured artist
Richie Rich — featured artist
Rick Rock — producer
Patrick Shevelin — associate engineer
Carl "Butch" Small — percussion
Stacey Smallie — background vocals
C. Smith — composer
Henry "Hendogg" Smith — illustrations
Snoop Doggy Dogg — featured artist, vocals
Troy Staton — engineer
D. Stevens — composer
E. Stevens — composer
D. Stewart — composer
The Storm — featured artist
DeVanté Swing — composer, mixing, producer
Roy Tesfay — production co-ordination
Rahiem Prince Thomas — composer
S. Thomas — composer
Sean "Barney" Thomas — keyboards
Larry Troutman — composer
Roger Troutman — composer, featured artist, talk box, unknown contributor role
Natasha Walker — background vocals
Carlos Warlick — engineer, mixing
Barbara Warren — stylist, unknown contributor role
Bruce Washington — composer
Danette Williams — background vocals
Barbara Wilson — background vocals
Nanci Fletcher — background vocals
Keston Wright — engineer

text: Charts[edit]

text: Weekly charts[edit]

text:
Chart (1996)
Peak
position

Australian Albums Chart[82]
19

Belgium Charts (Flanders)[83]
44

Belgium Charts (Wallonia)[84]
34

Dutch Albums Chart[85]
11

French Albums Chart[86]
15

German Albums Chart[87]
16

New Zealand Albums Chart[88]
15

Norwegian Albums Chart[89]
14

Swedish Albums Chart[90]
5

Switzerland Albums Chart[91]
15

UK R&B Albums Charts[92]
6

UK Albums Chart[93][94]
32

US Billboard 200[95]
1

US Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums (Billboard)[95]
1

text:
Chart (2002)
Peak
position

UK Albums (Official Charts Company)[96]
65

text:
Chart (2003)
Peak
position

Irish Albums Chart[97]
62

UK Albums (Official Charts Company)[96]
74

French Albums Chart[98]
99

text: End of decade charts[edit]

text:
Chart (1990–1999)
Position

U.S. Billboard 200[99]
97

text:
Preceded by
Jagged Little Pill by Alanis Morissette
Billboard 200 number-one album
March 2, 1996 – March 15, 1996
Succeeded by
Jagged Little Pill by Alanis Morissette

text: Certifications[edit]

text:
Region
Certification
Certified units/Sales

Australia (ARIA)[100]
Gold
35,000^

Canada (Music Canada)[101]
Platinum
100,000^

United Kingdom (BPI)[102]
Platinum
300,000^

United States (RIAA)[103]
10× Platinum
5,000,000^

^shipments figures based on certification alone


document_title: Council of Trent

question_text: when were the decrees of the council of trent reviewed and changed

text: Council of Trent

text: Background information[edit]

text: Obstacles and events before the Council[edit]

text: On 15 March 1517, the Fifth Council of the Lateran closed its activities with a number of reform proposals (on the selection of bishops, taxation, censorship and preaching) but not on the major problems that confronted the Church in Germany and other parts of Europe. A few months later, on 31 October 1517, Martin Luther issued his 95 Theses in Wittenberg.

text: A general, free council in Germany[edit]

text: Luther's position on ecumenical councils shifted over time,[6] but in 1520 he appealed to the German princes to oppose the papal Church, if necessary with a council in Germany,[7] open and free of the Papacy. After the Pope condemned in Exsurge Domine fifty-two of Luther's theses as heresy, German opinion considered a council the best method to reconcile existing differences. German Catholics, diminished in number, hoped for a council to clarify matters.[8]

text: It took a generation for the council to materialise, partly because of papal reluctance, given that a Lutheran demand was the exclusion of the papacy from the Council, and partly because of ongoing political rivalries between France and Germany and the Turkish dangers in the Mediterranean.[8] Under Pope Clement VII (1523–34), troops of the Catholic Holy Roman Emperor Charles V sacked Papal Rome in 1527, "raping, killing, burning, stealing, the like had not been seen since the Vandals". Saint Peter's Basilica and the Sistine Chapel were used for horses.[9] This, together with the Pontiff's ambivalence between France and Germany, led to his hesitation.

text: Charles V strongly favoured a council, but needed the support of King Francis I of France, who attacked him militarily. Francis I generally opposed a general council due to partial support of the Protestant cause within France, and in 1533 he further complicated matters when suggesting a general council to include both Catholic and Protestant rulers of Europe that would devise a compromise between the two theological systems. This proposal met the opposition of the Pope for it gave recognition to Protestants and also elevated the secular Princes of Europe above the clergy on church matters. Faced with a Turkish attack, Charles held the support of the Protestant German rulers, all of whom delayed the opening of the Council of Trent.[10]

text: Occasion, sessions, and attendance[edit]

text: In reply to the Papal bull Exsurge Domine of Pope Leo X (1520), Martin Luther burned the document and appealed for a general council. In 1522 German diets joined in the appeal, with Charles V seconding and pressing for a council as a means of reunifying the Church and settling the Reformation controversies. Pope Clement VII (1523–1534) was vehemently against the idea of a council, agreeing with Francis I of France. After Pope Pius II, in his bull Execrabilis (1460) and his reply to the University of Cologne (1463), set aside the theory of the supremacy of general councils laid down by the Council of Constance.

text: Pope Paul III (1534–1549), seeing that the Protestant Reformation was no longer confined to a few preachers, but had won over various princes, particularly in Germany, to its ideas, desired a council. Yet when he proposed the idea to his cardinals, it was almost unanimously opposed. Nonetheless, he sent nuncios throughout Europe to propose the idea. Paul III issued a decree for a general council to be held in Mantua, Italy, to begin on 23 May 1537.[11] Martin Luther wrote the Smalcald Articles in preparation for the general council. The Smalcald Articles were designed to sharply define where the Lutherans could and could not compromise. The council was ordered by the Emperor and Pope Paul III to convene in Mantua on 23 May 1537. It failed to convene after another war broke out between France and Charles V, resulting in a non-attendance of French prelates. Protestants, just defeated by Charles V, refused to attend as well. Financial difficulties in Mantua led the Pope in the autumn of 1537 to move the council to Vicenza, where participation was poor. The Council was postponed indefinitely on 21 May 1539. Pope Paul III then initiated several internal Church reforms while Emperor Charles V convened with Protestants at an imperial diet in Regensburg, to reconcile differences. Unity failed between Catholic and Protestant representatives "because of different concepts of Church and justification".[12]

text: However, the council was delayed until 1545 and, as it happened, convened right before Luther's death. Unable, however, to resist the urging of Charles V, the pope, after proposing Mantua as the place of meeting, convened the council at Trento (at that time a free city of the Holy Roman Empire under a prince-bishop), on 13 December 1545; the Pope's decision to transfer it to Bologna in March 1547 on the pretext of avoiding a plague[2] failed to take effect and the Council was indefinitely prorogued on 17 September 1549. None of the three popes reigning over the duration of the council ever attended, which had been a condition of Charles V. Papal legates were appointed to represent the Papacy.[13]

text: Reopened at Trento on 1 May 1551 by convocation of Pope Julius III (1550–1555), it was broken up by the sudden victory of Maurice, Elector of Saxony over the Emperor Charles V and his march into surrounding state of Tirol on 28 April 1552.[14] There was no hope of reassembling the council while the very anti-Protestant Paul IV was Pope.[2] The council was reconvened by Pope Pius IV (1559–1565) for the last time, meeting from 18 January 1562 at Santa Maria Maggiore, Trento, and continued until its final adjournment on 4 December 1563. It closed with a series of ritual acclamations honouring the reigning Pope, the Popes who had convoked the Council, the emperor and the kings who had supported it, the papal legates, the cardinals, the ambassadors present, and the bishops, followed by acclamations of acceptance of the faith of the Council and its decrees, and of anathema for all heretics.[15]

text: The history of the council is thus divided into three distinct periods: 1545–1549, 1551–1552 and 1562–1563. During the second period, the Protestants present asked for renewed discussion on points already defined and for bishops to be released from their oaths of allegiance to the Pope. When the last period began, all hope of conciliating the Protestants was gone and the Jesuits had become a strong force.[2]

text: The number of attending members in the three periods varied considerably. The council was small to begin with, opening with only about 30 bishops.[16] It increased toward the close, but never reached the number of the First Council of Nicaea (which had 318 members) nor of the First Vatican Council (which numbered 744). The decrees were signed in 1563 by 255 members, the highest attendance of the whole council,[16] including four papal legates, two cardinals, three patriarchs, twenty-five archbishops, and 168 bishops, two-thirds of whom were Italians. The Italian and Spanish prelates were vastly preponderant in power and numbers. At the passage of the most important decrees, not more than sixty prelates were present.

text: The French monarchy boycotted the entire council until the last minute; a delegation led by Charles de Guise, Cardinal of Lorraine finally arrived in November 1562. The first outbreak of the French Wars of Religion had been earlier in the year, and the French had experience of a significant and powerful Protestant minority, iconoclasm and tensions leading to violence in a way the Italians and Iberians did not. Among other influences, the last minute inclusion of a decree on sacred images was a French initiative, and the text, never discussed on the floor of the council or referred to council theologians, was based on a French draft.[17]

text: Objectives and overall results[edit]

text: The main objectives of the council were twofold, although there were other issues that were also discussed:

text:
To condemn the principles and doctrines of Protestantism and to clarify the doctrines of the Roman Catholic Church on all disputed points. It is true that the emperor intended it to be a strictly general or truly ecumenical council, at which the Protestants should have a fair hearing. He secured, during the council's second period, 1551–1553, an invitation, twice given, to the Protestants to be present and the council issued a letter of safe conduct (thirteenth session) and offered them the right of discussion, but denied them a vote. Melanchthon and Johannes Brenz, with some other German Lutherans, actually started in 1552 on the journey to Trento. Brenz offered a confession and Melanchthon, who got no farther than Nuremberg, took with him the Confessio Saxonica. But the refusal to give the Protestants the right to vote and the consternation produced by the success of Maurice in his campaign against Charles V in 1552 effectually put an end to Protestant cooperation.
To effect a reformation in discipline or administration. This object had been one of the causes calling forth the reformatory councils and had been lightly touched upon by the Fifth Council of the Lateran under Pope Julius II. The obvious corruption in the administration of the Church was one of the numerous causes of the Reformation. Twenty-five public sessions were held, but nearly half of them were spent in solemn formalities. The chief work was done in committees or congregations. The entire management was in the hands of the papal legate. The liberal elements lost out in the debates and voting. The council abolished some of the most notorious abuses and introduced or recommended disciplinary reforms affecting the sale of indulgences, the morals of convents, the education of the clergy, the non-residence of bishops (also bishops having plurality of benefices, which was fairly common), and the careless fulmination of censures, and forbade duelling. Although evangelical sentiments were uttered by some of the members in favour of the supreme authority of the Scriptures and justification by faith, no concession whatsoever was made to Protestantism.
The Church is the ultimate interpreter of Scripture.[18] Also, the Bible and Church Tradition (the tradition that made up part of the Catholic faith) were equally and independently authoritative.
The relationship of faith and works in salvation was defined, following controversy over Martin Luther's doctrine of "justification by faith alone".
Other Roman Catholic practices that drew the ire of reformers within the Church, such as indulgences, pilgrimages, the veneration of saints and relics, and the veneration of the Virgin Mary were strongly reaffirmed, though abuses of them were forbidden. Decrees concerning sacred music and religious art, though inexplicit, were subsequently amplified by theologians and writers to condemn many types of Renaissance and medieval styles and iconographies, impacting heavily on the development of these art forms.

tag: ol

text: The doctrinal decisions of the council are divided into decrees (decreta), which contain the positive statement of the conciliar dogmas, and into short canons (canones), which condemn the dissenting Protestant views with the concluding "anathema sit" ("let him be anathema").

text: Canons and decrees[edit]

text: The doctrinal acts are as follows: after reaffirming the Niceno-Constantinopolitan Creed (third session), the decree was passed (fourth session) confirming that the deuterocanonical books were on a par with the other books of the canon (against Luther's placement of these books in the Apocrypha of his edition) and coordinating church tradition with the Scriptures as a rule of faith. The Vulgate translation was affirmed to be authoritative for the text of Scripture.

text: Justification (sixth session) was declared to be offered upon the basis of human cooperation with divine grace as opposed to the Protestant doctrine of passive reception of grace. Understanding the Protestant "faith alone" doctrine to be one of simple human confidence in divine mercy, the Council rejected the "vain confidence" of the Protestants, stating that no one can know who has received the grace of God. Furthermore, the Council affirmed—against Protestant doctrine—that the grace of God can be forfeited through mortal sin.

text: The greatest weight in the Council's decrees is given to the sacraments. The seven sacraments were reaffirmed and the Eucharist pronounced to be a true propitiatory sacrifice as well as a sacrament, in which the bread and wine were consecrated into the Eucharist (thirteenth and twenty-second sessions). The term transubstantiation was used by the Council, but the specific Aristotelian explanation given by Scholasticism was not cited as dogmatic. Instead, the decree states that Christ is "really, truly, substantially present" in the consecrated forms. The sacrifice of the Mass was to be offered for dead and living alike and in giving to the apostles the command "do this in remembrance of me," Christ conferred upon them a sacerdotal power. The practice of withholding the cup from the laity was confirmed (twenty-first session) as one which the Church Fathers had commanded for good and sufficient reasons; yet in certain cases the Pope was made the supreme arbiter as to whether the rule should be strictly maintained. On the language of the Mass, "contrary to what is often said", the council condemned the belief that only vernacular languages should be used, while insisting on the use of Latin.[19]

text: Ordination (twenty-third session) was defined to imprint an indelible character on the soul. The priesthood of the New Testament takes the place of the Levitical priesthood. To the performance of its functions, the consent of the people is not necessary.

text: In the decrees on marriage (twenty-fourth session) the excellence of the celibate state was reaffirmed, concubinage condemned and the validity of marriage made dependent upon the wedding taking place before a priest and two witnesses, although the lack of a requirement for parental consent ended a debate that had proceeded from the 12th century. In the case of a divorce, the right of the innocent party to marry again was denied so long as the other party was alive, even if the other party had committed adultery. However the council "refused … to assert the necessity of usefulness of clerical celibacy.[19]

text: In the twenty-fifth and last session,[20] the doctrines of purgatory, the invocation of saints and the veneration of relics were reaffirmed, as was also the efficacy of indulgences as dispensed by the Church according to the power given her, but with some cautionary recommendations, and a ban on the sale of indulgences. Short and rather inexplicit passages concerning religious images, were to have great impact on the development of Roman Catholic art. Much more than the Second Council of Nicaea (787) the Council fathers of Trent stressed the pedagogical purpose of Christian images.[21]

text: The council appointed, in 1562 (eighteenth session), a commission to prepare a list of forbidden books (Index Librorum Prohibitorum), but it later left the matter to the Pope. The preparation of a catechism and the revision of the Breviary and Missal were also left to the pope. The catechism embodied the council's far-reaching results, including reforms and definitions of the sacraments, the Scriptures, church dogma, and duties of the clergy.[4]

text: On adjourning, the Council asked the supreme pontiff to ratify all its decrees and definitions. This petition was complied with by Pope Pius IV, on 26 January 1564, in the papal bull, Benedictus Deus, which enjoins strict obedience upon all Roman Catholics and forbids, under pain of excommunication, all unauthorised interpretation, reserving this to the Pope alone and threatens the disobedient with "the indignation of Almighty God and of his blessed apostles, Peter and Paul." Pope Pius appointed a commission of cardinals to assist him in interpreting and enforcing the decrees.

text: The Index librorum prohibitorum was announced in 1564 and the following books were issued with the papal imprimatur: the Profession of the Tridentine Faith and the Tridentine Catechism (1566), the Breviary (1568), the Missal (1570) and the Vulgate (1590 and then 1592).

text: The decrees of the council were acknowledged in Italy, Portugal, Poland and by the Catholic princes of Germany at the Diet of Augsburg in 1566. Philip II of Spain accepted them for Spain, the Netherlands and Sicily inasmuch as they did not infringe the royal prerogative. In France they were officially recognised by the king only in their doctrinal parts. The disciplinary sections received official recognition at provincial synods and were enforced by the bishops. No attempt was made to introduce it into England. Pius IV sent the decrees to Mary, Queen of Scots, with a letter dated 13 June 1564, requesting her to publish them in Scotland, but she dared not do it in the face of John Knox and the Reformation.

text: These decrees were later supplemented by the First Vatican Council of 1870.

text: Publication of documents[edit]

text: The most comprehensive history is still Hubert Jedin's The History of the Council of Trent (Geschichte des Konzils von Trient) with about 2500 pages in four volumes: The History of the Council of Trent: The fight for a Council (Vol I, 1951); The History of the Council of Trent: The first Sessions in Trent (1545–1547) (Vol II, 1957); The History of the Council of Trent: Sessions in Bologna 1547–1548 and Trento 1551–1552 (Vol III, 1970, 1998); The History of the Council of Trent: Third Period and Conclusion (Vol IV, 1976).

text: The canons and decrees of the council have been published very often and in many languages (for a large list consult British Museum Catalogue, under "Trent, Council of"). The first issue was by Paulus Manutius (Rome, 1564). The best Latin editions are by Judocus Le Plat (Antwerp, 1779) and by Johann Friedrich von Schulte and Aemilius Ludwig Richter (Leipzig, 1853). Other good editions are in vol. vii. of the Acta et decreta conciliorum recentiorum. Collectio Lacensis (7 vols., Freiburg, 1870–90), reissued as independent volume (1892); Concilium Tridentinum: Diariorum, actorum, epistularum, … collectio, ed. Sebastianus Merkle (4 vols., Freiburg, 1901 sqq.); not to overlook Mansi, Concilia, xxxv. 345 sqq. Note also Carl Mirbt, Quellen, 2d ed, pp. 202–255. The best English edition is by James Waterworth (London, 1848; With Essays on the External and Internal History of the Council).

text: The original acts and debates of the council, as prepared by its general secretary, Bishop Angelo Massarelli, in six large folio volumes, are deposited in the Vatican Library and remained there unpublished for more than 300 years and were brought to light, though only in part, by Augustin Theiner, priest of the oratory (d. 1874), in Acta genuina sancti et oecumenici Concilii Tridentini nunc primum integre edita (2 vols., Leipzig, 1874).

text: Most of the official documents and private reports, however, which bear upon the council, were made known in the 16th century and since. The most complete collection of them is that of J. Le Plat, Monumentorum ad historicam Concilii Tridentini collectio (7 vols., Leuven, 1781–87). New materials(Vienna, 1872); by JJI von Döllinger (Ungedruckte Berichte und Tagebücher zur Geschichte des Concilii von Trient) (2 parts, Nördlingen, 1876); and August von Druffel, Monumenta Tridentina (Munich, 1884–97).

text: List of decrees[edit]

text:
Doctrine
Session
Date
Canons
Decrees

The Holy Scriptures
4
8 April 1546
none
1

Original sin
5
7 June 1546
5
4

Justification
6
13 January 1547
33
16

Sacraments
7
3 March 1547
13
1

Baptism
7
3 March 1547
14
none

Confirmation
7
4 March 1547
3
none

Holy Eucharist
13
11 October 1551
11
8

Penance
14
15 November 1551
15
15

Extreme Unction
14
4 November 1551
4
3

Matrimony
24
11 November 1563
12
10

Cults
Saints
Relics
Images

25
4 December 1563
none
3

Indulgences
25
4 December 1563
none
1


document_title: Boy (2010 film)

question_text: where was the movie boy filmed in new zealand

text: Boy (2010 film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: The year is 1984. Alamein, known as Boy, is an 11-year-old boy living in Waihau Bay, in the Bay of Plenty region of New Zealand, on a small farm with his grandmother, younger brother Rocky, and several cousins. Boy spends his time dreaming of Michael Jackson, hanging out with his friends Dallas and Dynasty, trying to impress Chardonnay, a girl at his school, talking to his pet goat, and making up wild stories about his estranged father, Alamein. Rocky, meanwhile, is a quiet, odd child, who believes he has dangerous superpowers because his mother died giving birth to him. One day, Boy and Rocky's grandmother leaves for a funeral in Wellington, leaving Boy in charge of the house and taking care of the other children. Boy is then surprised to see his father and two other men arrive at the farm.

text: Boy is overjoyed to see Alamein return, thinking that he has come to take the boys away to live with him, but Rocky is uncertain about their father's sudden reappearance. It seems at first that Alamein has finally come back to be in his sons' lives, but it's soon revealed that he is actually there to find a bag of money that he had buried on the farm before being arrested by the police. With his patched gang, the Crazy Horses (which is just him and two friends,) Alamein begins digging up the field, searching for the money. Boy sees this and offers to help, thinking Alamein is digging for treasure, and Alamein soon decides to hang out with Boy and be a father. He cuts his son's hair to look like Michael Jackson, and the two go on drives in Alamein's car and get revenge on Boy's school bullies. Boy brings Alamein marijuana to sell from a crop grown by Dallas and Dynasty's father, a member of a local gang. Alamein, uncomfortable with being called 'Dad,' convinces Boy to call him Shogun instead.

text: Boy begins to see himself as an adult and a Crazy Horse, growing distant from his friends. However, Alamein, unable to find the money, becomes frustrated and drives off, leaving Boy behind. Boy continues to dig for the money alone, until he finally discovers it. Excited, Boy hides the moneybag in his goat's pen, then takes his father's Crazy Horses jacket and proudly treats his friends to ice blocks and lollies. When Alamein drives up, Boy goes to tell him that he has found the money, but Alamein hits Boy for stealing his jacket and angrily questions him about where he found the money for the ice blocks, leaving Boy humiliated. Alamein later apologizes, telling his son for the first time that he loves him, and Boy goes to retrieve the moneybag; only to find that it has been eaten by his goat.

text: Alamein and Rocky continue to dig for the hidden money, making Boy uneasy. Boy decides to make up for losing the money by leading Alamein to the marijuana crop owned by Dallas and Dynasty's father, and Alamein gathers the entire crop. The group are spotted running away by Dynasty, who stares at Boy, betrayed. Later, Alamein takes his gang out to celebrate. Whilst waiting in the car with Boy, Rocky tells his brother that he likes their father, and wants to get to know him better. Another car then drives up, and the local gang gets out. Boy sees Dynasty sitting in the front seat with a black eye. The gang approaches Alamein and the Crazy Horses, confronting them over stealing their marijuana. At first, Boy imagines his dad successfully fighting off the gang in a Michael Jackson dance sequence, but reality comes back to him, and he sees the gang beat Alamein. While driving home, Alamein accidentally hits and kills Boy's goat.

text: The next day, Alamein is abandoned by his men, who steal the marijuana and the car. Boy visits his mother's grave, drinking alcohol and smoking marijuana, and finally comes to terms with the fact that all of his happy, early memories of his father are make-believe, and Alamein was in fact not even there when Rocky was born. Meanwhile, Alamein sits in the barn, depressed that he has been unable to find his money. Rocky comes up to him and attempts to comfort him with his 'powers,' telling Alamein that he is sorry he killed his mother by being born. Just then, Boy comes in and scatters the shredded money at Alamein's feet, then begins hitting his father, screaming to know why he wasn't there when Boy and Rocky's mother died. Boy tells Alamein that they are nothing alike, then returns to the house to take care of his cousins. The next morning, Boy and Rocky's grandmother returns home, and Alamein is gone.

text: Boy tells Rocky that Alamein has gone to Japan to train as a samurai. He reconnects with his friends and apologizes to Dynasty, then goes with Rocky to visit their mother's grave. The two boys find Alamein sitting there. Quietly, they join him, before Rocky asks, "How was Japan?"

text: Cast[edit]

text:
James Rolleston as Boy, a Māori kid who is a huge fan of Michael Jackson, Boy dreams of becoming rich and going to the city with his father, brother, and his pet goat. His real name is Alamein, like his father.
Te Aho Aho Eketone-Whitu as Rocky, Boy's younger brother who believes he has super powers. He's very shy, likely because of his mother's death during his birth.
Taika Waititi as Alamein, Boy and Rocky's father; an ex-convict and national serviceman who wants to be the leader of a biker gang, and comes back to Waihau Bay to find his lost money.
Moerangi Tihore as Dynasty, Dallas' sister and one of Boy's best friends. She is the daughter of a biker, and seems to have feelings for Boy.
Cherilee Martin as Kelly, Boy's same-age cousin, who lives with him in the same house, with her three kid sisters.
RickyLee Waipuka-Russell as Chardonnay, a teenage girl that Boy has a crush on, and who totally ignores him.
Haze Reweti as Dallas, a long-haired boy and brother of Dynasty, who is one of Boy's best friends.
Maakariini Butler as Murray, one of Boy's friends from school.
Rajvinder Eria as Tane, Boy's Indian friend, who is always alongside Murray and Dallas.
Manihera Rangiuaia as Kingi, a school bully who often bullies Boy. He wears a Michael Jackson "Thriller" jacket.
Darcy Ray Flavell-Hudson as Holden, Kingi's older brother, who also bullies Boy but comes to fear Boy's father Alamein and comes to admire him.
Rachel House as Aunty Gracey, the sister of Boy's deceased mother, who owns a store in front of the sea.
Craig Hall as Mr Langston, the Pākehā school principal, who studied with Boy's parents.
Waihoroi Shortland as Weirdo, a strange fat man who lives near the bridge, and appears to always be looking for something. He seems to be childish and inoffensive.
Cohen Holloway as Chuppa, a Pākehā friend of Alamein, who is an ex-convict and very foolish, along with Juju.
Pana Hema Taylor as Juju, the other of Alamein's friends. He has a strange haircut, and like Chuppa is always getting himself in trouble alongside the kids.
Mavis Paenga as Nan, Boy's grandmother and Alamein's mother. She travels to someone's funeral for two weeks, leaving Boy in charge. She calls the children "My Mokos", which is short for mokopuna, the Māori word for grandchildren.

text: Production[edit]

text: Waititi started developing Boy soon after finishing the short film Two Cars, One Night; and it first emerged as a film called Choice. The project was accepted into the Sundance Writer's Lab in 2005, where Waititi workshopped it with script writers Frank Pierson, Susan Shilliday, David Benioff and Naomi Foner Gyllenhaal. Instead of making Boy his first film as a director, Waititi went on to make oddball romance Eagle vs Shark, and continued to develop the screenplay over the next three years.

text: When the script was finally ready there was a small window of opportunity in which to make it. Waititi dropped the title Choice because he felt it would not translate to international audiences, and the film was retitled The Volcano. "It was a big pain about this kid’s potential to be bigger than he is or just bloom or explode," said Waititi. "So it was a character in the script as well. When we were shooting the film it was still called Volcano and during the editing. We ended up cutting a lot of the stuff out."[4]

text: Waititi wanted to shoot the film in the place where he partly grew up, Waihau Bay. The story was set in summer, but it was challenging to shoot in the height of summer due to the area's popularity as a fishing and holiday destination. The film features the maize fields and the maize is harvested from late April.[5] James Rolleston was not initially cast as the lead role of Boy. Another actor was already in place when Rolleston turned up for a costume fitting as an extra. Waititi gave him an audition and after reviewing the film clips, Rolleston was offered the role two days before shooting began.[6][7]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text:
Boy

Soundtrack album by The Phoenix Foundation

Released
2010

Recorded
2010

Genre
Soundtrack

Length
67:49

Label
The Volcano Company Ltd and Franklin Rd

Producer
Lee Prebble

The Phoenix Foundation film scores chronology

Eagle vs Shark
(2007)Eagle vs Shark2007
Boy
(2010)

text:
Hine e Hine - The Phoenix Foundation
Poi E - Patea Maori Club
Pass the Dutchie - Musical Youth
One Million Rainbows - The Phoenix Foundation
French Letter - Herbs
Dragons & Demons - Herbs
Forget It - The Phoenix Foundation
Aku Raukura (Disco Mix) - Patea Maori Club
Out on the Street - Alastair Riddell
Hine e Hine - St Josephs Maori Girls Choir
Here We Are - The Phoenix Foundation
Paki-o-Matariki - The Ratana Senior Concert Party
Mum - Prince Tui Teka
E Te Atua - St Josephs Maori Girls Choir
Karu - Prince Tui Teka
Flock of Hearts - The Phoenix Foundation

text: Release[edit]

text: Boy premiered at the 2010 Sundance Film Festival on 22 January 2010 and competed in the "World Cinema – Dramatic" category.[8] Boy was theatrically released on March 25, 2010 in New Zealand. The film was released on DVD and Blu-ray in 2011 by Paramount Home Media Distribution.

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: Based on 65 reviews collected by Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an overall approval rating from critics of 87%, with an average score of 7.3/10 .[9] Peter Calder of The New Zealand Herald gave the film five out of five stars. He praised the performances by the three main actors and said "it's hard to praise too highly the pitch-perfect tone of this movie."[10]

text: Box office[edit]

text: On release in New Zealand the film topped the box office receipts for the week, earning more on its opening day than any previous New Zealand film.[11] The film grossed nearly $900,000 in its first seven days, beating Alice in Wonderland and homegrown pictures Whale Rider and The World's Fastest Indian. It also climbed above international animated-fantasy hit How to Train Your Dragon and mythical action flick Clash of the Titans.[2] Boy then went on to become the highest grossing New Zealand film to date on its own soil, taking over The World's Fastest Indian which had held the position for five years.[12]

text: Awards[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
AFI Fest Audience Award - Best International Feature Film - Taika Waititi - Won
Asia Pacific Screen Award - Best Children's Feature Film - Ainsley Gardiner, Cliff Curtis, Emanuel Michael and Merata Mita - Nominated
Berlin International Film Festival Deutsches Kinderhilfswerk Grand Prix - Best Feature Film - Taika Waititi - Won
Melbourne International Film Festival Most Popular Feature Film - Taika Waititi - Won
Sundance Film Festival Grand Jury Prize - World Cinema - Dramatic - Taika Waititi - Nominated
Sydney Film Festival Audience Award - Best Feature Film - Taika Waititi - Won
New Zealand Film and TV Awards - 13 nominations, seven wins including Best Feature Film, Best Director, and Best Screenplay