document_title: Canadian Multiculturalism Act

question_text: canada was the first to enact a multicultural

text: Canadian Multiculturalism Act

text: Background[edit]

text: The Government of Canada, under Prime Minister Pierre Elliott Trudeau, declared in 1971 that Canada would adopt a multicultural policy.[2] The Government of Canada would recognize and respect its society including its diversity in languages, customs, religions, and so on.[3]  In 1982, multiculturalism was recognized by section 27 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms.[4]  The Canadian Multiculturalism Act was then enacted by Prime Minister Brian Mulroney.[5]

text: Details[edit]

text: In a webpage published by the Ministry of Immigration, Refugees, and Citizenship (IRC) it is declared that: "In 1971, Canada was the first country in the world to adopt multiculturalism as an official policy."[6] This statement likely refers to the 8 October 1971 announcement of Prime Minister Trudeau in the House of Commons of Canada that, after much deliberation, the policies of bilingualism and multiculturalism would be implemented in Canada.[7] One result of this policy statement was the Canadian Multiculturalism Act' of 1988.

text: The preamble of the Act declares that,

text:
“

WHEREAS the Constitution of Canada provides that every individual is equal before and under the law and has the right to the equal protection and benefit of the law without discrimination and that everyone has the freedom of conscience, religion, thought, belief, opinion, expression, peaceful assembly and association and guarantees those rights and freedoms equally to male and female persons...

”

text: This restatement of the Constitution is mirrored in the IRC webpage. The multiculturalism policy allows citizens to practice their religions and keep their identities without the fear of official persecution. It is believed by some that without this fear, Canadians are more willing to accept different cultures. The policy, therefore, emphasizes a mutual respect between ethnicities and also acceptance of one’s personal beliefs.[6]

text: This policy guaranteed equality before the law and for pursuing opportunities whether personal, career, or in any other field.[6] This means anyone of any race or ethnic origin is capable of pursuing his or her interests without persecution. Canadian law, as a result, reflects many of these rights and belief as they guaranteed to all men and women.[6] All of these rights are guaranteed in the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms which is part of the Canadian Constitution.[6]

text: The Parole Board of Canada writes that the Act has two fundamental principles:[8]

text:
All citizens are equal and have the freedom to preserve, enhance and share their cultural heritage.
Multiculturalism promotes the full and equitable participation of individuals and communities of all origins in all aspects of Canadian society.

text: The Act binds the federal government and its institutions to encourage, facilitate, assist and undertake several high-minded goals.  The Minister may also enter into agreements with provincial and foreign governments to promote these goals.  Other ministers may enter into agreements with the provinces.  The "Canadian multiculturalism advisory committee" is established in Section 7, and the Minister is charged with the annual composition of a report on the operation of the Act.

text: Content[edit]

text: The Canadian Multiculturalism Act affirms the policy of the Government of Canada to ensure that every Canadian receives equal treatment by the government which respects and celebrates diversity.[how?] The Act also:[9]

text:
recognizes Canada's multicultural heritage and that this heritage must be protected
recognizes Aboriginal rights
recognizes English and French remain the only official languages but that other languages may be used
recognizes equality rights regardless of race, religion, etc.
recognizes minorities' rights to enjoy their cultures.

text: Section 3 (1) of the Act states:[10]

text: It is hereby declared to be the policy of the Government of Canada to

text: (a) recognize and promote the understanding that multiculturalism reflects the cultural and racial diversity of Canadian society and acknowledges the freedom of all members of Canadian society to preserve, enhance and share their cultural heritage

text: (b) recognize and promote the understanding that multiculturalism is a fundamental characteristic of the Canadian heritage and identity and that it provides an invaluable resource in the shaping of Canada’s future

text: (c) promote the full and equitable participation of individuals and communities of all origins in the continuing evolution and shaping of all aspects of Canadian society and assist them in the elimination of any barrier to that participation

text: (d) recognize the existence of communities whose members share a common origin and their historic contribution to Canadian society, and enhance their development

text: (e) ensure that all individuals receive equal treatment and equal protection under the law, while respecting and valuing their diversity

text: (f) encourage and assist the social, cultural, economic and political institutions of Canada to be both respectful and inclusive of Canada’s multicultural character

text: (g) promote the understanding and creativity that arise from the interaction between individuals and communities of different origins

text: (h) foster the recognition and appreciation of the diverse cultures of Canadian society and promote the reflection and the evolving expressions of those cultures

text: (i) preserve and enhance the use of languages other than English and French, while strengthening the status and use of the official languages of Canada; and

text: (j) advance multiculturalism throughout Canada in harmony with the national commitment to the official languages of Canada.


document_title: Pro Football Hall of Fame Game

question_text: when do the hall of fame game come on

question_tokens: when do the hall of fame game come on

root

text: Pro Football Hall of Fame Game

text: Team selection[edit]

text: The two teams that play in the Pro Football Hall of Fame Game are typically selected by the league in advance of the remainder of the preseason schedule. The participants are usually announced around the time that the new Hall of Fame members are announced, which coincides with Super Bowl week. Often if a particularly notable player will be entering the Hall of Fame that year a team they were strongly associated with may be selected to play in the game to help maximize attendance and publicity of the game itself. Since 1971, the opponents for each game have traditionally included one AFC team and one NFC team. In 2009, as recognition of the 50th anniversary of the American Football League, the game paired two AFC teams who were part of the "original eight" franchises of the AFL, the Tennessee Titans (dressed as their previous incarnation, the Houston Oilers) and the Buffalo Bills, whose owner, Ralph Wilson, was inducted into the Hall that year. An all-NFC matchup was scheduled for 2011,[1] but it was canceled due to the 2011 NFL lockout; the following year, another intra-conference matchup of two NFC teams took its place. Since 2012, both competing teams in the game has had at least one prominent alumnus being inducted into the Hall that year.

tag: p

text: Because this game and the Hall of Fame's induction ceremonies are scheduled on the weekend before the league's regular four-week exhibition season begins, both teams end up playing five exhibition games instead of the normal four, and unlike the Canadian Football League, the league does not remove an exhibition game from another week.

text: Expansion clubs[edit]

text: The last four expansion teams to have been added to the league each played in the Hall of Fame Game as their first game. In 1995, expansion clubs Jacksonville and Carolina played one another, and in 2002, Houston was one of the participants. When the Cleveland Browns returned to the league with a rebooted roster in 1999, they too played in the Hall of Fame Game. (The Baltimore Ravens, while officially considered as being established in 1996, did not play in the Hall of Fame Game that year, nor have they played at any time in their existence.)

text: Scheduling[edit]

text: Prior to the AFL-NFL merger, the Hall of Fame Game was played in August or September, in some cases at the end of the preseason. In 1970, it was moved to the beginning of the preseason. Prior to 2002, it was not uncommon for the game to be played in July. Since 2002, when the league permanently moved the start of the season to the weekend after Labor Day, the game has always been played in early August.

text: The 2011 game was originally scheduled between the St. Louis Rams and the Chicago Bears, but the game was canceled due to an ongoing labor dispute that had disrupted nearly all league activity during the 2011 offseason. The two clubs had set a deadline of July 22 to ratify a resolution in enough time to prepare for the game. The league and players did not ratify the agreement until July 25, forcing cancellation of the game.

text: The 2016 edition, which was scheduled to be played between the Green Bay Packers and the Indianapolis Colts, was canceled due to unsafe playing conditions. Mike Silver of NFL.com reported that on the morning of game day, the logos at midfield and the end zones had been painted using paint which was not intended for use on artificial turf. When it was apparent the paint wasn't drying fast enough, the field was heated to speed up the drying process, but this caused the turf's rubber to melt. These issues led to unfavorable play conditions. The affected areas were described as being slick and "like cement," making it impossible to get decent footing. Stadium officials attempted to address this by applying a solvent, reportedly paint thinner, to the turf. A Packers employee noticed a label warning that this substance could result in burns when exposed to skin, and alerted others to the discovery. When officially cancelling the game, both the league and the Players Association cited safety concerns.[2][3][4]

text: Both teams were told at 6:40 p.m.--an hour and 20 minutes before kickoff--that the game was going to be canceled. However, fans in the stadium only learned of the pending cancellation via social media. No official announcement was made until just before the scheduled 8 p.m. kickoff.[5]

text: On December 28, 2016, the NFL announced that the 2017 edition of the game would be played on Thursday, August 3, 2017. The scheduling change makes the Hall of Fame Game the first event of the Hall of Fame Weekend. On February 23, 2017, it was announced the 2017 edition will be played between the Dallas Cowboys and the Arizona Cardinals.[6]

text: Television and radio[edit]

text: Unlike the majority of NFL preseason games, which air on local networks, the Hall of Fame Game airs nationwide. From 1999 to 2005, the game was held on Monday night, televised as part of ABC's Monday Night Football package. It had previously been held typically on Saturday afternoons, except from 1963 to 1965 on Sunday afternoons, televised as part of ABC's Wide World of Sports package (still using the MNF crew). In 1998, the game was put in the MNF package, and played on a Saturday night, which served as a test run for the move to Monday night. Starting in 2006, it was moved to Sunday night, coinciding with the new NBC Sunday Night Football[7] television package. The 2007 game was telecast on NFL Network as NBC was intending to televise the China Bowl game in Beijing, China (a game which was postponed to 2009 and later canceled). The Hall of Fame Game has since bounced between both networks. The 2012 game aired on NFL Network due to NBC's coverage of the Summer Olympics. After a two-year absence, the game returned to NBC in 2013 and remained on the network until 2015. The 2016 game was scheduled to air on ESPN as it was to be played two days into the 2016 Summer Olympics but the game was canceled due to field conditions, it returned to NBC in 2017 and will remain on the network until 2019.

text: Westwood One owns national radio rights; it is the only preseason game to air on a nationwide network. Each team's radio network is also allowed to broadcast the games (albeit usually with fewer affiliates since exhibition games are traditionally much lower priority to non-sports and non-flagship stations).

text: In 2007 and 2008, the game was broadcast live in both Ireland and the United Kingdom by Sky Sports. It was not shown in 2009 because of a dispute between Sky Sports and the NFL over TV rights. ESPN America (formerly North American Sports Network) broadcasts the game in the rest of Europe.

text: From 1998 to 2005, the Global Television Network aired the game in Canada, simulcasting ABC; upon the move to Sunday night in 2006, the CTV Television Network aired the game until 2010. With CTV airing the 2012 Summer Olympics, TSN broadcast the Hall of Fame Game in 2012. Azteca 7 aired Spanish-language coverage of the Hall of Fame Game in Mexico from 1998 to 2005; the Game moved to Canal 5 in 2006 and aired on that station until 2010. Due to the cancellation of the 2011 Hall of Fame Game and Televisa's Summer Olympics coverage, the Hall of Fame Game moved to Televisa Deportes in 2012 and then to Galavision in 2013.

text: Tom Benson Hall of Fame Stadium is part of the Cleveland market, and is also within 75 miles of numerous other television markets in northeast Ohio and western Pennsylvania. As such, the NBC affiliates (and before them, the ABC affiliates) are within league requirements to blackout the game in the rare event the game does not sell out. Because the stadium only holds 22,375 fans (less than half the NFL's minimum requirements for its stadiums) and the Hall of Fame induction ceremonies bring large numbers of outside fans to Canton, the game has, to date, always sold out (several NFL teams, as well as the Super Bowl, have similarly enjoyed long sellout streaks).

text: Game history[edit]

text:
Date
Away team
Away score
Home team
Home score
Recap

August 11, 1962
New York Giants
21
St. Louis Cardinals
21
Recap

September 8, 1963
Cleveland Browns
7
Pittsburgh Steelers
16
Recap

September 6, 1964
Baltimore Colts
48
Pittsburgh Steelers
17
Recap

September 12, 1965
Detroit Lions
3
Washington Redskins
20
Recap

August 5, 1967
Cleveland Browns
13
Philadelphia Eagles
28
Recap

August 3, 1968
Dallas Cowboys
24
Chicago Bears
30
Recap

September 13, 1969
Green Bay Packers
38
Atlanta Falcons
24
Recap

August 8, 1970
New Orleans Saints
14
Minnesota Vikings
13
Recap

July 31, 1971
Houston Oilers
6
Los Angeles Rams
17
Recap

July 29, 1972
Kansas City Chiefs
23
New York Giants
17
Recap

July 28, 1973
San Francisco 49ers
20
New England Patriots
7
Recap

July 27, 1974
Buffalo Bills
13
St. Louis Cardinals
21
Recap

August 2, 1975
Washington Redskins
17
Cincinnati Bengals
9
Recap

July 24, 1976
Denver Broncos
10
Detroit Lions
7
Recap

July 30, 1977
Chicago Bears
20
New York Jets
6
Recap

July 29, 1978
Miami Dolphins
3
Philadelphia Eagles
17
Recap

July 28, 1979
Dallas Cowboys
13
Oakland Raiders
20
Recap

August 2, 1980
San Diego Chargers
0
Green Bay Packers
0
Recap [A]

August 1, 1981
Atlanta Falcons
10
Cleveland Browns
24
Recap

August 7, 1982
Baltimore Colts
14
Minnesota Vikings
30
Recap

July 30, 1983
New Orleans Saints
14
Pittsburgh Steelers
27
Recap

July 28, 1984
Seattle Seahawks
38
Tampa Bay Buccaneers
0
Recap

August 3, 1985
New York Giants
21
Houston Oilers
20
Recap

August 2, 1986
New England Patriots
21
St. Louis Cardinals
16
Recap

August 8, 1987
San Francisco 49ers
20
Kansas City Chiefs
7
Recap

July 30, 1988
Cincinnati Bengals
14
Los Angeles Rams
7
Recap

August 5, 1989
Washington Redskins
31
Buffalo Bills
6
Recap

August 4, 1990
Cleveland Browns
0
Chicago Bears
13
Recap

July 27, 1991
Detroit Lions
14
Denver Broncos
3
Recap

August 1, 1992
New York Jets
41
Philadelphia Eagles
14
Recap

July 31, 1993
Green Bay Packers
3
Los Angeles Raiders
19
Recap

July 30, 1994
San Diego Chargers
17
Atlanta Falcons
21
Recap

July 29, 1995
Carolina Panthers
20
Jacksonville Jaguars
14
Recap

July 27, 1996
Indianapolis Colts
10
New Orleans Saints
3
Recap

July 26, 1997
Minnesota Vikings
28
Seattle Seahawks
26
Recap

August 1, 1998
Pittsburgh Steelers
6
Tampa Bay Buccaneers
30
Recap

August 9, 1999
Dallas Cowboys
17
Cleveland Browns
20
Recap

July 31, 2000
New England Patriots
20
San Francisco 49ers
0
Recap

August 6, 2001
St. Louis Rams
17
Miami Dolphins
10
Recap

August 5, 2002
Houston Texans
17
New York Giants
34
Recap

August 4, 2003
Kansas City Chiefs
9
Green Bay Packers
0
Recap[B]

August 9, 2004
Denver Broncos
17
Washington Redskins
20
Recap

August 8, 2005
Chicago Bears
27
Miami Dolphins
24
Recap

August 6, 2006
Oakland Raiders
16
Philadelphia Eagles
10
Recap

August 5, 2007
New Orleans Saints
7
Pittsburgh Steelers
20
Recap

August 3, 2008
Indianapolis Colts
16
Washington Redskins
30
Recap

August 9, 2009
Buffalo Bills
18
Tennessee Titans
21
Recap

August 8, 2010
Dallas Cowboys
16
Cincinnati Bengals
7
Recap

August 7, 2011
Canceled due to 2011 NFL lockout
Ref.

August 5, 2012
Arizona Cardinals
10
New Orleans Saints
17
Recap

August 4, 2013
Miami Dolphins
20
Dallas Cowboys
24
Recap

August 3, 2014
New York Giants
17
Buffalo Bills
13
Recap

August 9, 2015
Pittsburgh Steelers
3
Minnesota Vikings
14
Recap

August 7, 2016
Canceled due to poor field conditions
Ref.

August 3, 2017
Dallas Cowboys
20
Arizona Cardinals
18
Recap

August 5, 2018
TBA

TBA

tag: table

text: Standings[edit]

text:
Team
W
L
T
PCT
Last appearance

Washington Redskins
5
0
0
1.000
2008

Chicago Bears
4
0
0
1.000
2005

Oakland/Los Angeles Raiders
3
0
0
1.000
2006

Carolina Panthers
1
0
0
1.000
1995

Minnesota Vikings
3
1
0
.750
2015

Pittsburgh Steelers
3
3
0
.500
2015

New England Patriots
2
1
0
.667
2000

San Francisco 49ers
2
1
0
.667
2000

Los Angeles/St. Louis Rams
2
1
0
.667
2001

Kansas City Chiefs
2
1
0
.667
2003

New York Giants
3
1
1
.625
2014

Dallas Cowboys
3
3
0
.500
2017

Indianapolis/Baltimore Colts
2
2
0
.500
2008

Philadelphia Eagles
2
2
0
.500
2006

New York Jets
1
1
0
.500
1992

Seattle Seahawks
1
1
0
.500
1997

Tampa Bay Buccaneers
1
1
0
.500
1998

Cleveland Browns
2
3
0
.400
1999

New Orleans Saints
2
3
0
.400
2012

Green Bay Packers
1
2
1
.375
2003

Cincinnati Bengals
1
2
0
.333
2010

Atlanta Falcons
1
2
0
.333
1994

Denver Broncos
1
2
0
.333
2004

Detroit Lions
1
2
0
.333
1991

Tennessee Titans/Houston Oilers
1
2
0
.333
2009

Arizona/St. Louis Cardinals
1
3
1
.300
2017

Los Angeles/San Diego Chargers
0
1
1
.250
1994

Baltimore Ravens
0
0
0
–
N/A

Houston Texans
0
1
0
.000
2002

Jacksonville Jaguars
0
1
0
.000
1995

Buffalo Bills
0
4
0
.000
2014

Miami Dolphins
0
4
0
.000
2013

text: Most appearances – 6: Pittsburgh Steelers (1963, 1964, 1983, 1998, 2007, and 2015) and Dallas Cowboys (1968, 1979, 1999, 2010, 2013, and 2017)

text: Most wins – 5: Washington Redskins (1965, 1975, 1989, 2004, and 2008)

text: Longest active drought without Hall of Fame Game appearance – 26 seasons: Detroit Lions (last appearance – 1991); 25 seasons: New York Jets (last appearance – 1992); 23 seasons: Atlanta Falcons and Los Angeles Chargers (last appearance – 1994); 22 seasons: Carolina Panthers and Jacksonville Jaguars (last appearance – 1995)

text: Active teams to have never made a Hall of Fame Game appearance – Baltimore Ravens

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ Game ended with 5:29 remaining in the fourth quarter due to severe lightning.
Jump up ^ Game ended with 5:49 remaining in the third quarter due to severe lightning.

tag: ol


document_title: Presentence investigation report

question_text: who is typically responsible for preparing the presentence investigation report

text: Presentence investigation report

text: History[edit]

text: The reports trace their origins to the efforts of prison reformer John Augustus who in the 1840s began a campaign to allow discretion in sentencing to help those who were deemed undeserving of harsh sentences and could be reformed. The practice became firmly entrenched in the 1920s under a theory that crime was a pathology that could be diagnosed and treated like a disease.[2]

text: The information included in a typical PSIR encompasses both legal and extralegal information about the defendant such as:[3][4]

text: Legal Information

text:
Juvenile record
Adult record
Probation/parole history
Official version of offense
Plea bargain
Custody status
Pending cases

tag: ul

text: Extralegal Information

text:
Probation officer recommendations
Gang affiliation
Background and ties to the community
Substance abuse history
Physical health
Mental health
Financial circumstances
Employment history
Education history
Victim-impact statement
Marital history
Military record
Evaluative/needs summary

text: One may note that there is considerably more extralegal information contained within the PSIR. This is important because many have seen this as suggestive of sentencing disparities or inequality in the treatment of offenders with a lower socioeconomic status or little to few ties to the community, but As Alarid and Montemayor (2010, p. 130) state, "The use of extralegal factors becomes especially important in that the PSIR identifies needs related to the defendant's criminal behavior for future treatment intervention services".[5]

text: Purpose[edit]

text: The report has an immediate purpose: to help the court determine an appropriate sentence, but it also serves other purposes. Since the advent of the sentencing guidelines, the importance of the presentence report has increased because the document is now designed to frame factual and legal issues for sentencing. Thereafter, if a defendant is incarcerated, the Bureau of Prisons or State Department of Corrections will use information in the report to designate the institution where the offender will serve the sentence and determine the offender's eligibility or need for specific correctional programs. Also, depending on the jurisdiction, the presentence report can be used to calculate the release date. The probation officer assigned responsibility for the offender's case during probation and supervised release will use the report to make an initial assessment of case needs and risks. Additionally, the report may be used as a source of information for future research. The information allows changing of a sentence subject to the Commitment Order and the judge's verdict.[6]

text: Preparation[edit]

text: Whether interviewing or reviewing documents, the probation officer must weigh the evidence based on the best available information. The final report must contain only accurate information. The goal is to produce a report that the court may rely upon at sentencing. Though it is inevitable that there will be data that the probation officer is unable to verify, that information should be clearly identified. The probation officer must distinguish between facts and the inferences, opinions, or conclusions based upon those facts.

text: When a defendant is referred for a presentence investigation, the officer must immediately begin to gather the facts. Though the procedure varies somewhat from jurisdiction to jurisdiction, the officer usually conducts several aspects of the investigation concurrently to ensure that the presentence report is submitted to the court on time. Since officers routinely conduct multiple presentence investigation simultaneously, meeting the deadlines can be difficult.

text: Review of records[edit]

text: During any investigation a probation officer may review numerous documents including: court dockets, plea agreements, investigative reports from numerous agencies, previous probation or parole records, pretrial services records, medical records, counseling and substance abuse treatment records, scholastic records, employment records, financial records, and others. The probation officer must scrutinize each document received and determine the likely accuracy of the record.

text: The probation officer's investigation of the offense usually begins with an examination of the complaint, information, or indictment charging the defendant and the docket describing the judicial history of the case. These documents may be found in the district court clerk's file. The officer will use them to develop a brief chronological history of the prosecution of the case and identify the specific charges that resulted in the conviction. The review of the clerk's file may also reveal the identities of co-defendants or related cases, the status of which must be investigated and reported in the presentence report. At the same time, the probation officer may also request information about the offender's history, circumstances, and release status from the pretrial services officer or from a separate pretrial services agency.

text: Before interviewing the defendant about the offense, the probation officer must review official descriptions of the offense conduct and the applicable guidelines. As a result, it is often necessary to postpone a discussion of the offense until a second interview. The offender is also asked to submit a written statement about the offense conduct.

text: Additionally, the probation officer must make an inquiry into the offender's criminal history. This is usually accomplished by using databases maintained by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), the National Crime Information Center (NCIC), or state law enforcement agencies. Though the guideline criminal history category is based only upon sentences imposed for juvenile adjudications and criminal convictions meeting specific criteria, the probation officer reports all known incidents in which the defendant has been involved in criminal behavior to partially fulfill the statutory mandate to provide information to the court regarding the history and characteristics of the defendant. The early examination of computerized criminal history records enables the officer to identify which law enforcement, court, and correctional records must be reviewed. In addition, the initial interview of the defendant should include questioning about the offender's residential history so that the officer can check local police and court records in every jurisdiction where the defendant has lived. Additionally, the probation officer may request physical and mental health, educational, employment or financial records from a variety of sources to corroborate information provided by the offender.

text: Interview of defendant[edit]

text: Probation officers investigate by interviewing and reviewing documents. Unless the defendant declines, the defendant is questioned in every case. Additionally, the officer should interview the defense counsel, the prosecutor, law enforcement agents who investigated the conduct that led to the defendant's conviction, victims, the defendant's family, present or previous employers, school officials, doctors, counselors, and others. The diverse interview settings that probation officers encounter require them to be proficient in a variety of questioning techniques.

text: Ideally, the offender is available for the interview early in the investigation. The defendant interview is the pivotal point around which the presentence investigation turns. Often, the format is a structured interview during which a standard worksheet is completed. The worksheet follows the format of the presentence report and provides space for recording data about the offense and the offender's characteristics and history. Each item on the form is reviewed with the defendant. Even though some of the data solicited from the offender during this interview may not appear in the final report, it is impossible at this stage to determine what information will be included. No question is asked without a purpose. The defendant's answers will determine follow up questions, items for further investigation or corroboration, and, ultimately, whether the data should be included in the report.

text: The presentence investigation is often the first inquiry into the offender's past, and the initial interview provides the framework for the report's description of the offender's history and circumstances. The probation officer inquires about the defendant's family and developmental history, familial and marital relationships, education, employment history, physical and mental health, alcohol or controlled substance abuse, and finances. The emphasis throughout the questioning is on identifying information that is relevant for understanding the defendant's offense conduct and present situation. During the interview, the probation officer will ask the offender to sign authorizations to release confidential information. At the conclusion of the initial interview, the offender may be asked to provide numerous documents to the probation officer substantiating the offender's complete life history. Additionally, the offender may be asked to submit an autobiography fleshing out the skeletal information already gathered about the social history.

text: The second interview may be scheduled either in the probation office or in the offender's home. By visiting the home, the probation officer may verify information by talking to other family members and may obtain clues about the offender's standard of living, community ties, and use of alcohol or controlled substances. A second interview is also an opportunity to clarify any vague, contradictory, or confusing information.

text: If the defendant impedes the probation officer's investigation, e.g. by failing to disclose all prior convictions and arrests, his sentence may be increased for obstruction of justice and failure to accept responsibility, even if the undisclosed information has no effect on his criminal history score. Since some defendants may not remember all such prior history, some defense attorneys conduct their own investigations. Some courts have ruled that a defendant waives his Fifth Amendment right against self-incrimination when he pleads guilty. It remains to be seen exactly how this applies to presentence investigation interviews, but it appears likely that a defendant who refuses to talk about his criminal history will jeopardize his sentence reduction for acceptance of responsibility.[7]

text: Gathering of information from other persons[edit]

text: Another step that must occur early in the investigation is contact prosecutor assigned to the case. The prosecutor will be asked to provide information about the conduct that resulted in the defendant's conviction, victim's losses, the defendant's history, and any other data relevant to the sentencing decision. During the investigation, the defense counsel will also be asked to discuss the same topics.

text: After the interview of the offender, contact with the prosecutor, and the criminal history inquiry, the probation officer must identify any information gaps, must identify potential sources for the missing information, and must plan on how to eliminate the gaps. It may be necessary for the investigating officer to request another probation officer in another jurisdiction to conduct a collateral investigation about a specific aspect of the case. Supplemental interviews may be scheduled with case agents, victims, family members, employers, counselors, or others.

text: Writing and revision[edit]

text: Gradually, the emphasis shifts from gathering information to analyzing data. The probation officer must take the tentative findings of fact regarding the offense conduct and criminal history and must make tentative applications of the sentencing guidelines. The applicable sentencing options that the probation officer must recite in the presentence report. Additionally, the probation officer must study the case to identify potential grounds for departure from the guidelines and then must analyze any potential departure to determine if it is valid. During the investigation, the probation officer may consult a probation officer specialist who is a subject matter expert about guidelines, financial investigation, mental health, substance abuse, or some other aspect of the case. The probation officer may also consult a supervisor or, in a team environment, other members of the officer's team.

text: Finally, the probation officer must write a draft of the report for disclosure to the defendant and the attorneys. When objections to report are received, the probation officer must manage the resolution of disputes. The officer must be impartial and open to opposing perspective and must consider all relevant and reliable information before making an independent judgment about the tentative findings of fact and guideline applications that will be recommended to the court. The probation officer must be prepared to report unresolved disputes to the court in a detached, dispassionate manner focusing on the factual or legal disagreement among the parties.

text: After revising the report in response to objections, the probation officer develops a sentencing recommendation based on the facts and sentencing options identified in the report. The written justification for the recommendation is the probation officer's evaluation and analysis of the offense, the offender, and the sentencing options. The justification provides the officer's rationale for the specific sentencing recommendations. It should address the statutory factors to be considered in imposing a sentence and should assist the court in the preparation of the judge's statement of reasons for imposing a sentence.

text: The officer then discloses the final report and sentencing recommendation to court. Also, the officer discloses the report to the defendant, and both attorneys, but the job is not finished. The probation officer must be prepared to discuss the case with the sentencing judge in chambers or in court, to answer questions about the report that arise during the sentencing hearing, and, ultimately, to testify under oath in open court as to the basis for the factual findings and guideline applications recommended in the report.

text: In the Federal System, after the offender's sentencing by the Court, the probation officer must ensure that copies of the pre-sentence report and other requested documents are forwarded to the U.S. Bureau of Prisons and the U.S. Sentencing Commission. If possible, the probation officer must also interview the offender after sentencing and instruct the defendant about the conditions of supervision that the court imposed. A written copy of the conditions of supervision must be provided to each offender.

text: Rules[edit]

text: Local rules, adopted by the judges of each jurisdiction, supplement the federal rules and set a specific schedule for the disclosure of the initial draft of the presentence report to the defendant and both counsel, for the filing of objections to the report by counsel, and for the submission of the final report to the court, the defendant, and counsel. The report must be disclosed to the court, the defendant, defendant's counsel, and the attorney for the government at least before the sentencing.

text: The probation officer must manage the investigation process within the time line established by those rules. In addition to gathering information, the officer must plan to verify that information, interpret and evaluate the data, determine the appropriate sentencing guidelines and statutes to the specific facts of the case, and present the results of the investigation in an organized and objective report. The probation officer must set deadlines for the submission of information by the defendant and others and monitor compliance with the deadlines.

text: Rule 32 of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure[8] and §6A1.1 of the United States Federal Sentencing Guidelines regulate presentence reports.[9]

text: Controversy[edit]

text: Presentence reports typically include copious amounts of hearsay that would not be permitted in court testimony. This practice has been criticized:[10]

text: Generally, the state (or judge) seeks to rely on extremely subjective, hearsay-laden documents such as police reports and presentence reports as "evidence" that the defendant committed a "violent" crime. In other words, they attempt to "go behind" the prior conviction by looking at the alleged facts of the crime to determine whether the crime was "violent". This practice violates due process. Moreover, this practice will inevitably lead to "ad hoc mini-trials" concerning prior offenses that have long since gone stale.


document_title: Spider-Man (2002 film)

question_text: who does spiderman fight in the first movie

text: Spider-Man (2002 film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: High-school senior Peter Parker lives with his Aunt May and Uncle Ben, and is a school outcast. On a school field trip, he visits a genetics laboratory with his friend Harry Osborn and love interest Mary Jane Watson. There, Parker is bitten by a genetically engineered "super spider." Shortly after arriving home, he becomes unconscious. Meanwhile, Harry's father, scientist Norman Osborn, owner of Oscorp, is trying to secure an important military contract. He experiments on himself with an unstable performance-enhancing chemical. After absorbing the chemical, he goes insane, and kills his assistant.

text: The next morning, Parker finds that he is no longer near-sighted, and his body has metamorphosized into a more muscular physique. At school, he finds that his body can produce webs, and his quickened reflexes let him avoid injury during a confrontation with Flash Thompson. Parker discovers he has developed superhuman speed, strength, the ability to stick to surfaces, and a heightened ability to sense danger.

text: Brushing off Ben's advice that "with great power comes great responsibility," Parker thinks of impressing Mary Jane with a car. He enters an underground fighting tournament and wins his first match, but the promoter cheats him out of his money. When a thief suddenly raids the promoter's office, Parker allows him to escape. Moments later, he discovers that Ben was carjacked, and killed. Parker pursues and confronts the carjacker, only to realize it was the thief he let escape. After Parker disarms him, the carjacker flees, but dies in the process. Meanwhile, a crazed Norman interrupts a military experiment, and kills several scientists and the military's General Slocum.

text: Upon graduating, Parker begins using his abilities to fight injustice, donning a costume, and the persona of Spider-Man. J. Jonah Jameson, a newspaper company headmaster, hires Parker as a freelance photographer, since he is the only person providing clear images of Spider-Man.

text: Norman, upon learning Oscorp's board members plan to sell the company, assassinates them at the World Unity Fair. Jameson quickly dubs the mysterious killer the Green Goblin. The Goblin offers Parker a place at his side, but Parker refuses. They fight, and Parker is wounded. At Thanksgiving dinner, May invites Mary Jane, Harry, and Norman. During the dinner, Norman sees the wound, and realizes Parker's identity. Shortly after he leaves, the Green Goblin attacks, and hospitalizes May.

text: Mary Jane admits she has a crush on Spider-Man, who has rescued her on numerous occasions, and asks Parker whether Spider-Man ever asked about her. Harry, who loves Mary Jane, arrives and learns she has feelings for Parker. Devastated, Harry tells his father that Parker loves Mary Jane, unintentionally revealing Spider-Man's biggest weakness.

text: The Goblin holds Mary Jane and a Roosevelt Island Tram car full of children hostage alongside the Queensboro Bridge. He forces Parker to choose whom he wants to save, and drops Mary Jane and the children. Parker manages to save both Mary Jane and the tram car, while the Goblin is pelted by civilians who side with Parker. The Goblin then grabs Parker, and throws him into an abandoned building where they battle. When the Goblin boasts about how he will later kill Mary Jane, an enraged Parker overpowers the Goblin.

text: Norman reveals himself to Parker, who stops attacking. He begs for forgiveness, but at the same time controls his glider to impale his foe. Sensing the attack, Parker dodges, and the glider impales Norman. As he dies, Norman begs Parker not to tell Harry of the Green Goblin's identity. Parker takes Norman's body back to his house. Harry arrives to find Parker standing over his father's body. He seizes a gun, intent on shooting Parker, but Parker escapes, and hides the Green Goblin's equipment.

text: At Norman’s funeral, Harry swears vengeance toward Spider-Man, whom he deems responsible for his father's death, and asserts that Parker is all the family he has left. Mary Jane confesses to Parker that she is in love with him. Parker, however, feels that he must protect her from the unwanted attentions of Parker's enemies. He hides his true feelings, and tells Mary Jane that they can only be friends. As Parker leaves the funeral, he recalls Ben's words, and accepts his new responsibility as Spider-Man.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
"I felt like I was an outsider. I think what happened to me made me develop this street sense of watching people and working out what made them tick, wondering whether I could trust them or not. I went to a lot of schools along the coast in California, made few friends and stayed with aunts, uncles and grandparents while my folks tried to make ends meet. It was tough. We had no money."

— Tobey Maguire on identifying with Peter Parker[7]

text: Tobey Maguire as Peter Parker / Spider-Man

text: Willem Dafoe as Norman Osborn / Green Goblin

text: Kirsten Dunst as Mary Jane Watson

text: James Franco as Harry Osborn

text: Cliff Robertson as Ben Parker

text: Rosemary Harris as May Parker

text: J. K. Simmons as J. Jonah Jameson

text: Joe Manganiello as Flash Thompson:

text: Bill Nunn as Robbie Robertson

text: Michael Papajohn as The Carjacker

text: Elizabeth Banks as Miss Brant

text: Ron Perkins as Dr. Mendel Stromm

text: Randy Savage as Bone Saw McGraw

text: Octavia Spencer as Check-in Girl

text: Lucy Lawless as Punk Rock girl

text: Bruce Campbell, a long-time colleague of director Sam Raimi, has a cameo as the announcer at the wrestling ring Peter takes part in. Years later, Jeffrey Henderson who worked on the storyboards for the cancelled Spider-Man 4 movie, released information regarding which villains would appear within the movie. One of those included Bruce Campbell's character's progression into Quentin Beck / Mysterio.[22][23] Ted Raimi, Sam Raimi's actor brother, plays a small role as editor's assistant "Hoffman". Sam Raimi himself appeared off-screen, throwing popcorn at Peter as he enters the arena to wrestle Bonesaw McGraw.[24] Spider-Man co-creator Stan Lee also has a cameo, in which he asks Peter, "Hey kid, would you like a pair of these glasses? They're the kind they wore in X-Men." The scene was cut, and Lee only briefly appears in the film to grab a young girl from falling debris during the battle between Spider-Man and the Green Goblin in Times Square. R&B/soul singer Macy Gray appears as herself. One of the stunt performers in the film is actor Johnny Tri Nguyen.[9] Robert Kerman, best known for his performances in pornographic and exploitation films, has a bit part as a tugboat captain. It was also intended for Hugh Jackman to make an appearance in the film as Logan / Wolverine, reprising the role from 2000's X-Men, but a dispute between Sony and 20th Century Fox over the characters' film rights prevented it from happening.[25]

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: In April 1999, although Sony Pictures optioned from Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer all preceding script versions of a Spider-Man film, it only exercised the options on "the Cameron material," which contractually included a multi-author screenplay and a forty-five page "scriptment" credited only to James Cameron. The studio announced they were not hiring Cameron himself to direct the film nor would they be using his script.[26] The studio lined up Roland Emmerich, Tony Scott, Chris Columbus, Ang Lee, David Fincher, Jan de Bont and M. Night Shyamalan as potential directors. Fincher did not want to depict the origin story, pitching the film as being based on The Night Gwen Stacy Died storyline, but the studio disagreed.[13] Sam Raimi was attached to direct in January 2000,[27] for a summer 2001 release.[28] He had been a fan of the comic book during his youth, and his passion for Spider-Man earned him the job.[29]

text: Cameron's work became the basis of David Koepp's first draft screenplay, often word for word.[30] Cameron's versions of the Marvel villains Electro and Sandman remained the antagonists. Koepp's rewrite substituted the Green Goblin as the main antagonist and added Doctor Octopus as the secondary antagonist.[31] Raimi felt the Green Goblin and the surrogate father-son theme between Norman Osborn and Peter Parker would be more interesting, thus, he dropped out Doctor Octopus from the film.[32] In June, Columbia hired Scott Rosenberg to rewrite Koepp's material. Remaining a constant in all the rewrites was the "organic webshooter" idea from the Cameron "scriptment".[33] Raimi felt he would stretch the audience's suspension of disbelief too far to have Peter invent mechanical webshooters.[10]

text: Rosenberg removed Doctor Octopus and created several new action sequences.[34] Raimi felt adding a third origin story would make the film too complex. Sequences removed from the final film had Spider-Man protecting Fargas, the wheelchair-using Oscorp executive, from the Goblin, and Spider-Man defusing a hostage situation on a train.[13] As production neared, producer Laura Ziskin hired her husband, award-winning writer Alvin Sargent, to polish the dialogue, primarily between Peter and Mary Jane.[35] Columbia gave the Writers Guild of America a list of four writers as contributors to the final "Spider-Man" script: Rosenberg, Sargent and James Cameron, all three of whom voluntarily relinquished credit to the fourth, David Koepp.[30]

text: Filming[edit]

text: With Spider-Man cast, filming was set to begin the following November in New York City and on Sony soundstages. The film was set for release a year later,[8] but when the film was postponed to be released on May 3, 2002,[36] filming officially began on January 8, 2001[35] in Culver City, California. After the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001, certain sequences were re-filmed, and images of the Twin Towers were digitally erased from the film.[37][38] Sony's Stage 29 was used for Peter's Forest Hills home, and Stage 27 was used for the wrestling sequence where Peter takes on Bonesaw McGraw (Randy Savage). Stage 27 was also used for the complex Times Square sequence where Spider-Man and the Goblin battle for the first time, where a three-story set with a breakaway balcony piece was built. The scene also required shooting in Downey, California.[39] On March 6,[40] forty-five-year-old construction worker Tim Holcombe was killed when a forklift modified as a construction crane crashed into a construction basket that he was in. The following court case led to the California Division of Occupational Safety and Health to fine Sony $58,805.[41]

text: In Los Angeles, locations included the Natural History Museum (for the Columbia University lab where Peter is bitten and receives his powers), the Pacific Electricity Building (the Daily Bugle offices) and Greystone Mansion (for the interiors of Norman Osborn's home). In April, 4 of the Spider-Man costumes were stolen, and Sony put up a $25,000 reward for their return.[42] They were recovered after 18 months and a former movie studio security guard and an accomplice were arrested.[43] Production moved to New York City for two weeks, taking in locations such as the Queensboro Bridge, the exteriors of Columbia University's Low Memorial Library and the New York Public Library, and a rooftop garden in the Rockefeller Center.[39] The crew returned to Los Angeles where production and filming ended in June. The Flatiron Building was used for the Daily Bugle.[35]

text: Design[edit]

text: Although it wound up being faithful to the comics, many designs were made for Spider-Man's costumes: one concept costume designer James Acheson became fond of the idea of having a red emblem over a black costume. Another, which would eventually lead to the final product, featured an enlarged logo on the chest and red stripes going down the sides of the legs.[13] To create Spider-Man's costume, Maguire was fitted for the skintight suit, being covered with layers of substance to create the suit's shape.[44] It was designed as a single piece, except for the mask. The webbing, which accented the costume, was cut by computer. The mask eye lenses were designed to have a mirror look.[45]

text: Effects[edit]

text: Visual effects supervisor John Dykstra was hired to produce the film's visual effects in May 2000.[46] He convinced Raimi to make many of the stunts computer generated, as they would have been physically impossible. Raimi had used more traditional special effects in his previous films and learned a lot about using computers during production.[29] Raimi worked hard to plan all the sequences of Spider-Man swinging from buildings, which he described as, "ballet in the sky." The complexity of such sequences meant the budget rose from an initially planned $70 million to around $100 million.[9] Shots were made more complicated because of the main characters' individual color schemes, so Spider-Man and the Green Goblin had to be shot separately for effects shots: Spider-Man was shot in front of a greenscreen, while the Green Goblin was shot against bluescreen. Shooting them together would have resulted in one character being erased from a shot.[13]

text: Dykstra said the biggest difficulty of creating Spider-Man was that as the character was masked, it immediately lost a lot of characterization. Without the context of eyes or mouth, a lot of body language had to be put in so that there would be emotional content. Raimi wanted to convey the essence of Spider-Man as being, "the transition that occurs between him being a young man going through puberty and being a superhero." Dykstra said his crew of animators had never reached such a level of sophistication to give subtle hints of still making Spider-Man feel like a human being.[47] When two studio executives were shown shots of the computer generated character, they believed it was actually Maguire performing stunts.[13] In addition, Dykstra's crew had to composite areas of New York City and replaced every car in shots with digital models. Raimi did not want it to feel entirely like animation, so none of the shots were 100% computer generated.[48]

text: Release[edit]

text: After the terrorist attacks on the United States on September 11, 2001, Sony recalled teaser posters which showed a close-up of Spider-Man's face with the New York skyline (including, prominently, the World Trade Center towers) reflected in his eyes. The film's original teaser trailer, released in 2001 and shown before Atlantis: The Lost Empire, American Pie 2, Final Fantasy: The Spirits Within and Jurassic Park III, featured a mini-film plot involving a group of bank robbers escaping in a Eurocopter AS355 Twin Squirrel helicopter, which gets caught from behind and propelled backward into what at first appears to be a net, then is shown to be a gigantic spider web spun between the World Trade Center towers. According to Sony, the trailer did not contain any actual footage from the film itself and is consequently one of the most popular "Special Shoot" trailers since Terminator 2: Judgment Day.[49] The trailer and poster were pulled after the events of the attacks, but can be found on the internet on websites such as YouTube.[50]

text: Before the film's British theatrical release in June 2002, the British Board of Film Classification (BBFC) gave the film a "12" certificate. Due to Spider-Man's popularity with younger children, this prompted much controversy. The BBFC defended its decision, arguing that the film could have been given a "15". Despite this, North Norfolk and Breckland District Councils, in East Anglia, changed it to a "PG", and Tameside council, Manchester, denoted it a "PG-12". The U.S. rated it "PG-13"[51] for "stylized violence and action". In late August, the BBFC relaxed its policy to "12A", leading Sony to re-release the film.[52][53]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office performance[edit]

text: Spider-Man became the first film to pass the $100 million mark in a single weekend, even when adjusting for inflation, with its $114,844,116[54] mark establishing a new opening weekend record.[55][56] The gross surpassed the previous record holder's Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone $90 million opening; on this, Rick Lyman of The New York Times wrote, "while industry executives had expected a strong opening for the film because there was little competition in the marketplace and prerelease polling indicated intense interest from all age groups, no one predicted that Spider-Man would surpass the Harry Potter record."[56]

text: The film also set a record for crossing the $100 million milestone in 3 days, at the time being the fastest any film had reached the mark.[57] This opening weekend haul had an average of $31,769 per theater, which at time, Box Office Mojo reported as being "the highest per theater average ever for an ultra-wide release."[55] The film's three-day record was surpassed by Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest four years later.[58] The $114.8 million opening weekend was the highest at the North America box office film for a non-sequel, until it was surpassed eight years later by Alice in Wonderland.[59]

text: With the release in the United States and Canada on May 3, 2002 on 7,500 screens at 3,615 theaters,[56] the film earned $39,406,872 on its opening day, averaging $10,901 per theater.[60] This was the highest opening day at the time until it was surpassed by its sequel Spider-Man 2's $40.4 million haul in 2004.[61] Spider-Man also set an all-time record for the highest earnings in a single day with $43,622,264 on its second day of release,[55][60] a record later surpassed by Shrek 2 in 2004.[62] On the Sunday during its opening weekend, the film earned an additional $31,814,980,[60] the highest gross a film took in on a Sunday, at the time.[55]

text: The film stayed at the top position in its second weekend, dropping only 38% and grossing another $71,417,527,[63] while averaging $19,755.89 per theater. At the time, this was the highest grossing second weekend of any film.[63] During its second weekend, the film crossed the $200 million mark on its ninth day of release, also a record at the time.[63] At the end of its second weekend, the film brought in a 10-day total of $223,040,031.[63]

text: The film dropped to the second position in its third weekend, behind Star Wars: Episode II – Attack of the Clones, but still made $45,036,912, dropping only 37%, averaging $12,458 per theater, and bringing the 17-day tally to $285,573,668.[64] Its third weekend haul set the record for highest grossing third weekend, which was first surpassed by Avatar (2009).[65] It stayed at the second position in its fourth weekend, grossing $35,814,844 over the four-day Memorial Day frame, dropping only 21% while expanding to 3,876 theaters, averaging $9,240 over four days, and bringing the 25-day gross to $333,641,492.[66] In the box office, Spider-Man became 2002's highest-grossing film with $403,706,375 in the U.S. and Canada, defeating The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers and Star Wars Episode II: Attack of the Clones.[67]

text: Spider-Man currently ranks as the 24th highest-grossing film of all time in the U.S. and Canada, not adjusted for inflation. The film also grossed $418,002,176 from its international markets, bringing its worldwide total to $821,708,551,[68] making it 2002's third-highest-grossing film behind The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers and Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets and the 58th highest-grossing film of all time, worldwide.[69] The film sold an estimated 69,484,700 tickets in the US.[68] Spider-Man was the highest-grossing superhero origin film, a record it held for 15 years until it was surpassed by Wonder Woman[70]. It is the eighth highest-grossing superhero film, as well as eighth highest-grossing comic book adaptation in general.[71][72]

text: International markets which generated grosses in excess of $10 million include Australia ($16.9 million), Brazil ($17.4 million), France, Algeria, Monaco, Morocco and Tunisia ($32.9 million), Germany ($30.7 million), Italy ($20.8 million), Japan ($56.2 million), Mexico ($31.2 million), South Korea ($16.98 million), Spain ($23.7 million), and the United Kingdom, Ireland and Malta ($45.8 million).[73]

text: Spider-Man became the highest-grossing superhero film of all time at the time of its release, both domestically and worldwide. Its domestic gross was eventually topped by The Dark Knight (2008). Its worldwide gross was first surpassed by Spider-Man 3 (2007). Since then, the 2012 Avengers film has topped all superhero films both domestically and worldwide.

text: The film's U.S. television rights (Fox, TBS/TNT) were sold for $60 million.[74] Related gross toy sales were $109 million.[74] Its U.S. DVD revenue as of July 2004 stands at $338.8 million.[74] Its U.S. VHS revenue as of July 2004 is $89.2 million.[74]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 89% based on 236 reviews, with an average rating of 7.7/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Not only does Spider-Man provide a good dose of web-swinging fun, it also has a heart, thanks to the combined charms of director Sam Raimi and star Tobey Maguire."[75] On Metacritic, the film has an average score of 73 out of 100, based on 37 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[76] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A–" on an A+ to F scale.[77]

text: The casting, mainly Tobey Maguire and Willem Dafoe, is often cited as one of the film's high points. Eric Harrison, of the Houston Chronicle, was initially skeptical of the casting of Maguire, but, after seeing the film, he stated, "within seconds, however, it becomes hard to imagine anyone else in the role."[78] USA Today critic Mike Clark believed the casting rivaled that of Christopher Reeve as 1978's Superman.[79] Owen Gleiberman, of Entertainment Weekly, had mixed feelings about the casting, particularly Tobey Maguire. "Maguire, winning as he is, never quite gets the chance to bring the two sides of Spidey – the boy and the man, the romantic and the avenger – together."[80] The Hollywood Reporter's Kirk Honeycutt thought, "the filmmakers' imaginations work in overdrive from the clever design of the cobwebby opening credits and Spider-Man and M.J.'s upside down kiss – after one of his many rescues of her – to a finale that leaves character relationships open ended for future adventures."[81]

text: Conversely, LA Weekly's Manohla Dargis wrote, "It isn't that Spider-Man is inherently unsuited for live-action translation; it's just that he's not particularly interesting or, well, animated."[82] Giving it 2.5/4 stars, Roger Ebert felt the film lacked a decent action element; "Consider the scene where Spider-Man is given a cruel choice between saving Mary Jane or a cable car full of school kids. He tries to save both, so that everyone dangles from webbing that seems about to pull loose. The visuals here could have given an impression of the enormous weights and tensions involved, but instead the scene seems more like a bloodless storyboard of the idea."[83] Stylistically, there was heavy criticism of the Green Goblin's costume, which led IGN's Richard George to comment years later, "We're not saying the comic book costume is exactly thrilling, but the Goblin armor (the helmet in particular) from Spider-Man is almost comically bad... Not only is it not frightening, it prohibits expression."[84]

text: Entertainment Weekly put "the kiss in Spider-Man" on its end-of-the-decade "best-of" list, saying, "There's a fine line between romantic and corny. And the rain-soaked smooch between Spider-Man and Mary Jane from 2002 tap-dances right on that line. The reason it works? Even if she suspects he's Peter Parker, she doesn't try to find out. And that's sexy."[85] Empire magazine ranked Spider-Man 437 in its 500 Greatest Movies of All Time list the following year.

text: Awards[edit]

text: The film won several awards ranging from Teen Choice Awards to the Saturn Awards, and was also nominated for two Academy Awards (Best Visual Effects and Best Sound (Kevin O'Connell, Greg P. Russell and Ed Novick), but lost to The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers and Chicago, respectively.[86][87] While only Danny Elfman brought home a Saturn Award, Raimi, Maguire, and Dunst were all nominated for their respective positions. It also took home the People's Choice Award for "Favorite Motion Picture."[87] The film was nominated for Favorite Movie at the Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards, but lost to Austin Powers in Goldmember.

text:
Award
Date of ceremony
Category
Recipients and nominees
Outcome

Academy Awards[88]
March 23, 2003
Best Sound
Kevin O'Connell, Greg P. Russell and Ed Novick
Nominated

Best Visual Effects
John Dykstra, Scott Stokdyk, Anthony LaMolinara and John Frazier
Nominated

BMI Film and TV Awards[89]
May 14, 2003
BMI Film Music Award
Danny Elfman
Won

British Academy Film Awards[90]
February 23, 2003
Best Achievement in Special Visual Effects
John Dykstra, Scott Stokdyk, Anthony LaMolinara and John Frazier
Nominated

Broadcast Film Critics Association[91]
January 17, 2003
Best Song
Chad Kroeger ("Hero")
Nominated

Empire Awards[9]
February 5, 2003
Best Actress
Kirsten Dunst
Won

Golden Trailer Awards[92]
March 14, 2002
Best Action
Spider-Man
Nominated

Best Music
Spider-Man
Nominated

Best of Show
Spider-Man
Nominated

Best Voice Over
Spider-Man
Won

Grammy Award[93]
February 23, 2003
Best Score Soundtrack Album for a Motion Picture, Television or Other Visual Media
Danny Elfman
Nominated

Best Song Written for a Motion Picture, Television or Other Visual Media
Chad Kroeger ("Hero")
Nominated

Hugo Awards[94]
August 30, 2003
Best Dramatic Presentation – Long Form
Spider-Man
Nominated

MTV Movie Awards[95]
May 31, 2003
Best Female Performance
Kirsten Dunst
Won

Best Kiss
Kirsten Dunst and Tobey Maguire
Won

Best Male Performance
Tobey Maguire
Nominated

Best Movie
Spider-Man
Nominated

Best Villain
Willem Dafoe
Nominated

People's Choice Awards[96]
January 12, 2003
Favorite Motion Picture
Spider-Man
Nominated

Satellite Awards[97]
January 12, 2003
Best Film Editing
Eric Zumbrunnen
Nominated

Best Visual Effects
John Dykstra
Nominated

Saturn Awards[98]
May 18, 2003
Best Fantasy Film
Spider-Man
Nominated

Best Actor
Tobey Maguire
Nominated

Best Actress
Kirsten Dunst
Nominated

Best Director
Sam Raimi
Nominated

Best Music
Danny Elfman
Won

Best Special Effects
John Dykstra, Scott Stokdyk, Anthony LaMolinara
and John Frazier
Nominated

World Soundtrack Awards[99]
October 19, 2002
Best Original Soundtrack of the Year – Orchestral
Danny Elfman
Nominated

World Stunt Awards[100]
June 1, 2003
Best Fight
Chris Daniels, Zach Hudson, Kim Kahana Jr., Johnny Nguyen and Mark Aaron Wagner
Nominated

Young Artist Awards[101]
March 29, 2003
Best Family Feature Film - Fantasy
Spider-Man
Nominated

text: Sequels[edit]

text: In January 2003, Sony revealed that a sequel to Spider-Man was in development, and would be produced and directed by Sam Raimi. On March 15, 2003, a trailer revealed that the film, Spider-Man 2, would be released in June 30, 2004. Spider-Man 3, the second sequel to Spider-Man and the final film in the series to be directed by Raimi, was released on May 4, 2007. Spider-Man: The New Animated Series was an alternate sequel to the film and did not include the events of Spider-Man 2 and 3.[102]

text:
Film in the United States portal
Superhero fiction portal
2000s portal


document_title: Abilene, Kansas

question_text: who set up the first stockyard for texas cattle in abilene kansas

text: Abilene, Kansas

text: History[edit]

text: 19th century[edit]

text: For millennia, the land now known as Kansas was inhabited by Native Americans. In 1803, most of modern Kansas was secured by the United States as part of the Louisiana Purchase. In 1854, the Kansas Territory was organized, then in 1861 Kansas became the 34th U.S. state.

text: In 1857, Dickinson County was founded. Abilene began as a stage coach stop in the same year, established by Timothy Hersey and named Mud Creek. It wasn't until 1860 that it was named Abilene, from a passage in the Bible (Luke 3:1), meaning "city of the plains".[2]

text: In 1867, the Kansas Pacific Railway (Union Pacific) pushed westward through Abilene. In the same year, Joseph G. McCoy purchased 250 acres of land north and east of Abilene, on which he built a hotel, the Drover’s Cottage, stockyards equipped for 2,000 heads of cattle, and a stable for their horses. The Kansas Pacific put in a switch at Abilene that enabled the cattle cars to be loaded and sent on to their destinations. The first twenty carloads left September 5, 1867, en route to Chicago, Illinois, where McCoy was familiar with the market.[10] The town grew quickly and became the very first "cow town" of the west.[11]

text: McCoy encouraged Texas cattlemen to drive their herds to his stockyards. From 1867 to 1871, the Chisholm Trail ended in Abilene, bringing in many travelers and making Abilene one of the wildest towns in the west.[12][13] The stockyards shipped 35,000 head in 1867 and became the largest stockyards west of Kansas City, Kansas. In 1871, more than 5,000 cowboys herded from 600,000 to 700,000 cows to Abilene and other Kansas railheads.[2][14][15] Another source reports 440,200 head of cattle were shipped out of Abilene from 1867 to 1871.[16] As railroads were built further south, the end of the Chisholm Trail was slowly moved south towards Caldwell, while as Kansas homesteaders moved the trail west towards and past Ellsworth.

text: Town marshal Tom "Bear River" Smith was initially successful policing Abilene, often using only his bare hands. He survived two assassination attempts during his tenure. However, he was murdered and decapitated on November 2, 1870. Smith wounded one of his two attackers during the shootout preceding his death, and both suspects received life in prison for the offense.[11] He was replaced by Wild Bill Hickok in April 1871.[2] Hickok's time in the job was short. While the marshal was standing off a crowd during a street brawl, gambler Phil Coe took two shots at Hickok, who returned fire, killing Coe. But Hickok then accidentally shot his friend and deputy, Mike Williams,[17] who was coming to his aid. Hickok lost his job two months later in December.

text: In 1880 Conrad Lebold built the Lebold Mansion. Lebold was one of the early town developers and bankers from 1869 through 1889. The Hersey dugout can still be seen in the cellar. The house is now a private residence.[18] A marker outside credits the name of the town being given by opening a Bible and using the first place name pointed to.

text: In 1887, Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway built a branch line from Neva (3 miles west of Strong City) through Abilene to Superior, Nebraska. In 1996, the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway merged with Burlington Northern Railroad and renamed to the current BNSF Railway. Most locals still refer to this railroad as the "Santa Fe".

text: In 1890, Dr. A.B. Seelye founded the A.B. Seelye Medical Company. Seelye developed over 100 products for the company including "Wasa-Tusa",[19] an Indian name meaning to heal.

text: 20th century[edit]

text: Abilene became home to Dwight D. Eisenhower when his family moved to Abilene from Denison, Texas in 1892. Eisenhower attended elementary school through high school in Abilene, graduating in 1909. The Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library and Museum is the burial site of President Eisenhower, his wife, Mamie, and their first-born son Doud Dwight.[20]

text: Geography[edit]

text: Abilene is located at 38°55′11″N 97°13′2″W / 38.91972°N 97.21722°W / 38.91972; -97.21722 (38.919721, −97.217329) at an elevation of 1,155 feet (352 m).[6][21] The city lies on the north side of the Smoky Hill River[2] in the Flint Hills region of the Great Plains.[22] Mud Creek, a tributary of the Smoky Hill, flows south through the city.[23] Located in north-central Kansas at the intersection of Interstate 70 and K-15, Abilene is approximately 27 mi (43 km) east of Salina, Kansas, 94 mi (151 km) north of Wichita, and 139 mi (224 km) west of Kansas City.[22][24]

text: According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 4.68 square miles (12.12 km2), all of it land.[3]

text: Climate[edit]

text: Lying in the transition zone between North America's humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa) and humid continental climate (Köppen Dfa) zones, Abilene experiences hot, humid summers and cold, dry winters. Over the course of a year, temperatures range from an average low below 20 °F (−7 °C) in January to an average high of nearly 95 °F (35 °C) in July. The maximum temperature reaches 90 °F (32 °C) an average of 66 days per year and reaches 100 °F (38 °C) an average of 14 days per year. The minimum temperature falls to or below the freezing point an average of 116 days per year. Typically the first fall freeze occurs between the last week of September and the first week of November, and the last spring freeze occurs during April or the first week of May. The area receives nearly 33 inches (840 mm) of precipitation during an average year with the largest share being received in May and June—which when combined average 19 days of measurable precipitation. There are on average 79 days of measurable precipitation per year. Winter snowfall averages about 14 inches, but the median is less than 10 inches (250 mm). Measurable snowfall occurs an average of 7 days per year with at least an inch of snow being received on five of those days. Snow depth of at least an inch occurs an average of 8 days per year.[25] The hottest temperature recorded in Abilene was 113 °F (45 °C) in 1954; the coldest temperature recorded was −24 °F (−31 °C) in 1989.[26]

text:
[hide]Climate data for Abilene, Kansas

Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year

Record high °F (°C)
77
(25)
83
(28)
91
(33)
98
(37)
102
(39)
111
(44)
113
(45)
111
(44)
111
(44)
98
(37)
88
(31)
73
(23)
113
(45)

Average high °F (°C)
41
(5)
48
(9)
59
(15)
70
(21)
78
(26)
89
(32)
94
(34)
93
(34)
84
(29)
72
(22)
55
(13)
44
(7)
68.9
(20.6)

Average low °F (°C)
18
(−8)
24
(−4)
33
(1)
43
(6)
54
(12)
63
(17)
69
(21)
67
(19)
58
(14)
45
(7)
33
(1)
23
(−5)
44.2
(6.8)

Record low °F (°C)
−19
(−28)
−22
(−30)
−9
(−23)
15
(−9)
27
(−3)
39
(4)
44
(7)
41
(5)
23
(−5)
16
(−9)
−6
(−21)
−24
(−31)
−24
(−31)

Average precipitation inches (mm)
0.82
(20.8)
1.09
(27.7)
2.55
(64.8)
2.80
(71.1)
4.73
(120.1)
4.35
(110.5)
4.31
(109.5)
3.88
(98.6)
2.54
(64.5)
2.64
(67.1)
1.99
(50.5)
1.04
(26.4)
32.74
(831.6)

Average snowfall inches (cm)
4.8
(12.2)
3.6
(9.1)
1.9
(4.8)
0.1
(0.3)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0.1
(0.3)
0.8
(2)
2.5
(6.4)
13.8
(35.1)

Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in)
4.1
4.2
6.9
7.8
10.3
8.3
7.5
7.9
6.4
6.0
5.4
4.4
79.1

Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in)
2.3
1.7
0.8
0.1
0
0
0
0
0
0.1
0.4
1.9
7.3

Source: The Weather Channel;[26] National Weather Service[25]

text: Economy[edit]

text: Abilene remains a cattle yard town, which is still loaded onto the rail system, along with grain and other crops.[2]

text: Demographics[edit]

text:
Historical population

Census
Pop.

%±

1880
2,360

—

1890
3,547

50.3%

1900
3,507

−1.1%

1910
4,118

17.4%

1920
4,895

18.9%

1930
5,658

15.6%

1940
5,671

0.2%

1950
5,775

1.8%

1960
6,746

16.8%

1970
6,661

−1.3%

1980
6,572

−1.3%

1990
6,242

−5.0%

2000
6,543

4.8%

2010
6,844

4.6%

Est. 2016
6,469
[4]
−5.5%

U.S. Decennial Census

text: 2010 census[edit]

text: As of the 2010 census, there were 6,844 people, 2,878 households, and 1,781 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,463.6 people per square mile (3,791/km²). There were 3,143 housing units at an average density of 671.6 per square mile (259.8/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 94.9% White, 0.9% African American, 0.4% American Indian, 0.2% Asian, 1.1% from some other race, and 2.4% from two or more races. 4.7% of the population was Hispanic or Latino of any race.[5]

text: There were 2,878 households of which 31.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 47.3% were married couples living together, 4.0% had a male householder with no wife present, 10.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 38.1% were non-families. 33.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 17.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.33, and the average family size was 2.97.[5]

text: In the city, the population was spread out with 25.7% under the age of 18, 6.9% from 18 to 24, 23.7% from 25 to 44, 24.5% from 45 to 64, and 19.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39.6 years. For every 100 females, there were 92.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87.2 males age 18 and over.[5]

text: The median income for a household in the city was $48,115, and the median income for a family was $61,146. Males had a median income of $42,332 versus $29,325 for females. The per capita income for the city was $21,820. About 7.3% of families and 10.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 14.1% of those under age 18 and 15.1% of those age 65 or over.[5]

text: Education[edit]

text: Primary and secondary education[edit]

text: Abilene is part of Unified School District 435.[27][28]

text: Transportation[edit]

text: Interstate 70 and U.S. Route 40 run concurrently east–west immediately north of Abilene, intersecting highway K-15, which runs north–south through the city.[22]

text: Abilene Municipal Airport is located on the city's southwest side. Publicly owned, it has one asphalt runway and is used predominantly for general aviation.[29]

text: The Kansas Pacific (KP) line of the Union Pacific Railroad runs east–west through the city.[23][30] It intersects a BNSF Railway line which enters the city from the east and then turns north.[31]

text: Media[edit]

text: Print[edit]

text: Abilene has one daily newspaper, The Abilene Reflector-Chronicle.[32]

text: Radio[edit]

text: The following radio stations are licensed to Abilene:

text: AM

text:
Frequency
Callsign[33]
Format[34]
City of License
Notes

1560
KABI
Adult Standards/MOR
Abilene, Kansas
-

text: FM

text:
Frequency
Callsign[35]
Format[36]
City of License
Notes

94.1
K231AW
Religious
Abilene, Kansas
AFR; Translator of KAKA, Salina, Kansas[37]

98.5
KSAJ-FM
Oldies
Abilene, Kansas
Broadcasts from Salina, Kansas[38]

text: Television[edit]

text: Abilene is in the Wichita-Hutchinson, Kansas television market.[39]

text: Points of interest[edit]

text:
Abilene and Smoky Valley Railroad - A tourist railroad based out of the old Rock Island train depot in Old Abilene Town; it hauls passengers between Abilene and Enterprise.[40]
Eisenhower Presidential Center and the Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library and Museum.[1] - Contains murals depicting President Eisenhower's life, painted by artists, Louis George Bouché and Ross Moffett in 1954.
Great Plains Theatre - Originally First Presbyterian Church, built in 1881, Landmarked, and is now a live professional theatre, and movie theatre. [2]
Greyhound Hall of Fame - Located near the Eisenhower Presidential Library, the hall exhibits the history of the greyhound breed and of greyhound racing.
Heritage Center of Dickinson County - Two museums including the Historical Museum and the Museum of Independent Telephony. The Museum of Independent Telephony tells the story of C.L. Brown, whose independent Brown Telephone Company grew to become the telecommunications company known today as Sprint Nextel Corporation [3]. [4]
Lebold Mansion - National Register Property listed in 1973. Built in 1880 in the Italianate Tuscan villa style. This decorative arts museum was once home to one of the finest collections of American Victorian antiques and artifacts. However the museum closed to all tours in June 2010 and was sold to new owners as a private residence on 9/15/10.[5]
Old Abilene Town - Constructed as a replica historic district, beginning in the late 1950s, it includes several original buildings that have been moved from their original locations.[41]
A. B. Seelye House and Museum - A Georgian style mansion built in 1905 at a cost of $55,000. The 25 room mansion contains the original furniture and Edison light fixtures. The Patent Medicine Museum contains many artifacts of the A.B. Seelye Medical Company. [6] Listed on the National Register of Historic Places, it is currently a museum showcasing Seelye, an advocate of patent medicines.[42]
Kansas Historical Marker - Historic Abilene, on south Sixth Street.[43]

text: Cultural[edit]

text: Cowboy-era Abilene is the fictional setting for the Randolph Scott-starring 1946 film Abilene Town, which in turn became the inspiration behind the 1963 hit song "Abilene” recorded by George Hamilton lV.

text: Notable people[edit]

text: Old West figures who lived in Abilene during its period as a cowtown included Wild Bill Hickok, cattle baron Joseph McCoy, gambler Phil Coe, marshal Tom “Bear River” Smith, gunfighters Pat Desmond, Thomas J. Smith, John Wesley Hardin and Ben Thompson, and Thompson's sister-in-law Libby, a prostitute and dance hall girl.[44][45]

text: President of the United States and five-star general Dwight D. Eisenhower grew up in Abilene as did his brothers Edgar, Earl, and Milton.[46][47] President Eisenhower is buried in Abilene, along with his wife Mamie and their eldest son Doud, on the grounds of his presidential library.[48]

text: Other notable individuals who were born in and/or have lived in Abilene include:

text:
C. Olin Ball, food scientist, inventor[49]
Harry Beaumont, Oscar-nominated film director
Joseph R. Burton, U.S. Senator from Kansas[50]
Steve Doocy, journalist, author[51]
Edward C. Little, U.S. Representative from Kansas[52]
Deane Waldo Malott, university administrator[53]
Frank D. Parent, California court judge[54]
Everett W. Stewart, World War II flying ace[55]
Hy Vandenberg, Major League Baseball pitcher[56]
Cody Whitehair, center in NFL

text: Sister Cities[edit]

text: Omitama, Japan[57]