document_title: Howard University

question_text: where did howard university get its name from

text: Howard University

text: History[edit]

text: Shortly after the end of the American Civil War, members of The First Congregational Society of Washington considered establishing a theological seminary for the education of African-American clergymen. Within a few weeks, the project expanded to include a provision for establishing a university. Within two years, the University consisted of the Colleges of Liberal Arts and Medicine. The new institution was named for General Oliver Otis Howard, a Civil War hero, who was both the founder of the University and, at the time, Commissioner of the Freedmen's Bureau. Howard later served as President of the University from 1869–74.[13]

text: U.S. Congress chartered Howard on March 2, 1867, and much of its early funding came from endowment, private benefaction, and tuition. (In the 20th and 21st centuries an annual congressional appropriation, administered by the U.S. Department of Education, funds Howard University and Howard University Hospital.[14])

text: Many improvements were made on campus. Howard Hall was renovated and made a dormitory for women. J. Stanley Durkee, Howard's last white president, was appointed in 1918.[15]

text: The Great Depression years of the 1930s brought hardship to campus. Despite appeals from Eleanor Roosevelt, Howard saw its budget cut below Hoover administration levels during the Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt.[16]

text: Howard University has played an important role in American history and the Civil Rights Movement on a number of occasions. Alain Locke, Chair of the Department of Philosophy and first African American Rhodes Scholar, authored The New Negro, which helped to usher in the Harlem Renaissance.[17] Ralph Bunche, the first Nobel Peace Prize winner of African descent, served as chair of the Department of Political Science.[18] Beginning in 1942, Howard University students pioneered the "stool-sitting" technique,[further explanation needed] which was to play a prominent role in the later Civil Rights Movement. By January 1943, students had begun to organize regular sit-ins and pickets at cigar stores and cafeterias around Washington, D.C. which refused to serve them because of their race. These protests continued until the fall of 1944.[19] Stokely Carmichael, also known as Kwame Toure, a student in the Department of Philosophy and the Howard University School of Divinity, coined the term "Black Power" and worked in Lowndes County, Alabama as a voting rights activist.[20] Historian Rayford Logan served as chair of the Department of History.[21] E. Franklin Frazier served as chair of the Department of Sociology.[22] Sterling Allen Brown served as chair of the Department of English.

text:
Presidents of Howard University

1867

Charles B. Boynton

1867–1869

Byron Sunderland

1869–1874

Oliver Otis Howard

1875–1876

Edward P. Smith

1877–1889

William W. Patton

1890–1903

Jeremiah Rankin

1903–1906

John Gordon

1906–1912

Wilbur P. Thirkield

1912–1918

Stephen M. Newman

1918–1926

J. Stanley Durkee

1926–1960

Mordecai Wyatt Johnson

1960–1969

James Nabrit Jr.

1969–1989

James E. Cheek

1990–1994

Franklyn Jenifer

1995–2008

H. Patrick Swygert

2008–2013

Sidney A. Ribeau

2013–present

Wayne A.I. Frederick

text: The first sitting president to speak at Howard was Calvin Coolidge in 1924. His graduation speech was entitled, "The Progress of a People," and highlighted the accomplishments to date of the blacks in America since the Civil War. His concluding thought was, "We can not go out from this place and occasion without refreshment of faith and renewal of confidence that in every exigency our Negro fellow citizens will render the best and fullest measure of service whereof they are capable."[23]

text: In 1965, President Lyndon B. Johnson delivered a speech to the graduating class at Howard, where he outlined his plans for civil rights legislation and endorsed aggressive affirmative action to combat the effects of years of segregation of blacks from the nation's economic opportunities.[24] At the time, the Voting Rights bill was still pending in the House of Representatives.[25]

text: In 1975 the historic Freedman's Hospital closed after 112 years of use as Howard University College of Medicine's primary teaching hospital. Howard University Hospital opened that same year and continues to be used as Howard University College of Medicine's primary teaching hospital with service to the surrounding community.

text: Recent history[edit]

text: In 1989, Howard gained national attention when students rose up in protest against the appointment of then-Republican National Committee Chairman Lee Atwater as a new member of the university's board of trustees. Student activists disrupted Howard's 122nd anniversary celebrations, and eventually occupied the university's Administration building.[26] Within days, both Atwater and Howard's President, James E. Cheek, resigned.

text: In April 2007, the head of the faculty senate called for the ouster of Howard University President H. Patrick Swygert, saying that the school was in a state of crisis and it was time to end "an intolerable condition of incompetence and dysfunction at the highest level."[27] This came on the heels of several criticisms of Howard University and its management. The following month, Swygert announced that he would retire in June 2008.[28] The university announced in May 2008 that Sidney Ribeau of Bowling Green State University would succeed Swygert as president.[29] Ribeau appointed a Presidential Commission on Academic Renewal to conduct a year-long self-evaluation that resulted in reducing or closing 20 out of 171 academic programs.[30] For example, they proposed closing the undergraduate philosophy major and African studies major.[30]

text: Six years later, in 2013, university insiders again alleged that the university was in crisis. In April, the vice chairwoman of the university's board of trustees wrote a letter to her colleagues harshly criticizing the university's president and calling for a vote of no confidence; her letter was subsequently obtained by the media where it drew national headline.[31][32] Two months later, the university's Council of Deans alleged that "fiscal mismanagement is doing irreparable harm," blaming the university's senior vice president for administration, chief financial officer and treasurer and asking for his dismissal.[33] In October, the faculty voted no confidence in the university's board of trustees executive committee, two weeks after university president Sidney A. Ribeau announced that he would retire at the end of the year.[34] On October 1, the Board of Trustees named Wayne A.I. Frederick Interim President.[35] In July 2014 Howard's Board of Trustees named Frederick as the school's 17th president.[36]

text: In 2018, nearly 1,000 students held a sit-in demanding injunction over the administration's use of funding. After the student protest ended, faculty voted "no confidence" in the university president, chief operating officer, provost, and board of trustees.[37]

text: Campus[edit]

text:
The 256-acre (1.04 km2; 0.400 sq mi) campus often referred to as "The Mecca" is located in northwest Washington.[38]
Major improvements, additions, and changes occurred at the school in the aftermath of World War I. New buildings were built under the direction of architect Albert Cassell.[39] Howard's buildings and plant have a value of $567.6 million.[38]

text: Howard University has several historic landmarks on campus, such as Andrew Rankin Memorial Chapel, Fredrick Douglass Memorial Hall, and the Founders Founders Library.

text: The Howard University Gallery of Art was established in 1928 by the university's board of trustees. Since its inception, the gallery's permanent collection has grown to over 4,000 works of art and continues to serve as an academic resource for the Howard community.[40]

text: Howard University has nine residence halls in which students can live: Drew Hall (male freshmen), College Hall North (female freshmen), Tubman Quadrangle (female freshmen), Cook Hall (male undergraduates), Bethune Annex (co-ed, undergraduates), Plaza Towers West (co-ed, for juniors and seniors only), Slowe Hall (co-ed), College Hall South (co-ed), and Plaza Towers East (co-ed, undergraduate honors program students, graduate students).

text: Howard University Hospital, opened in 1975 on the eastern end of campus, was built on the site of Griffith Stadium, in use from the 1890s to 1965 as home of the first, second and third incarnations of the MLB Senators, as well as the NFL's Washington Redskins, several college football teams (including Georgetown, GWU and Maryland) and part-time home of the Homestead Grays of the Negro National League.

text: Howard University is home to WHUR-FM 96.3, also known as Howard University Radio. Howard is also home to WHUT-TV, which is a television station located on campus beside WHUR-FM.

text: The Interdisciplinary Research Building (IRB) opened in 2016 is Howard's most prominent research building. The multi-story, 81,670 square foot, state-of-the-art research facility was completed for $70 million. The IRB was designed to cultivate more collaborative and innovative research on campus.[41]

text: Organization[edit]

text: The university is led by a Board of Trustees that includes a faculty trustee from the undergraduate colleges, a faculty trustee from the graduate and professional colleges serving 3-year terms, two student trustees, each serving 1-year terms, and three alumni-elected trustees, each serving 3-year terms.[38]

text: Academics[edit]

text: Schools and colleges[edit]

text:
College of Engineering and Architecture
College of Nursing & Allied Health Sciences
College of Pharmacy
Howard University College of Arts and Sciences
Howard University College of Dentistry
Howard University School of Business
Howard University School of Communications
Howard University College of Medicine
Howard University School of Law
Middle School of Mathematics and Science
School of Divinity
School of Education
School of Social Work

text: Honors programs[edit]

text: Howard offers three selective honors programs for its most high-achieving undergraduate students: the College of Arts & Sciences Honors Program, the Executive Leadership Honors Program in the School of Business, and the Annenberg Honors Program in the School of Communications.[42]

text: Howard University West[edit]

text: In 2017, Google Inc. announced it established a residency program named "Howard University West" on its campus in Mountain View, California, to help increase black representation in the tech industry. Beginning in fall 2018, the program will be expanded from a three-month summer program to a full academic year program. Rising juniors majoring in computer science participating in the program will learn from senior Google engineers, practice the latest coding techniques, and experience tech culture in Mountain View for course credit towards their undergraduate degrees.[43][44]

text: Research[edit]

text: "The Moorland-Spingarn Research Center (MSRC) is recognized as one of the world's largest and most comprehensive repositories for the documentation of the history and culture of people of African descent in Africa, the Americas, and other parts of the world. The MSRC collects, preserves, and makes available for research a wide range of resources chronicling black experiences."[45]

text: NASA University Research Center (BCCSO)[edit]

text: The Beltsville Center for Climate System Observation (BCCSO) is a NASA University Research Center located at the Beltsville, Maryland campus of Howard University. BCCSO consists of a multidisciplinary group of Howard faculty in partnership with NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Earth Sciences Division, other academic institutions, and government. This group is led by three Principal Investigators, Everette Joseph, also the director of BCCSO, Demetrius Venable and Belay Demoz. BCCSO trains science and academic leaders to understand atmospheric processes through atmospheric observing systems and analytical methods.[46][47]

text: Publications[edit]

text: Howard University is home to The Hilltop, the award-winning (Princeton Review) student newspaper. Founded in 1924 by Zora Neale Hurston, The Hilltop enjoys a long legacy at the university, providing students with the ability to learn the newspaper industry.

text: Howard University is the publisher of The Journal of Negro Education, which began publication in 1932. The Howard University Bison Yearbook is created, edited and published during the school year to provide students a year-in-review. Howard University also publishes the Capstone, the official e-newsletter for the university; and the Howard Magazine, the official magazine for the university, which is published three times a year.

text: Howard University Libraries[edit]

text: Howard University Libraries (HUL) is the library system of Howard University and is composed by eight branches and centers:

text:
The Founders Library, the main library, founded in January 1939.[48][49][50]
The School of Business Library
The School of Divinity Library
The School of Social Work Library
The Moorland-Spingarn Research Center
The Channing Pollock Theatre Collection
The Patent and Trademark Resource Center
The Undergraduate Library (UGL).[51]
Afro-American Studies Center.[52]

text: Student life[edit]

text: Athletics[edit]

text: Students[edit]

text: The U.S. students come from the following regions: New England 2%, Mid-West 8%. South 22%, Mid-Atlantic 55%, and West 12%.[38] Nearly 4% of the student body are international students. Howard University is 86.1% African-American/Black.[53]

text: Howard is one of the top five largest HBCUs in the nation with over 10,000 students.[54] The student to faculty ratio is 7:1.[55]

text: Howard produced four Rhodes Scholars between 1986 and 2017.[7] Between 1998 and 2009, Howard University produced a Marshall Scholar, two Truman Scholars, twenty-two Fulbright Scholars and ten Pickering Fellows.[8][9]

text: There are over 200 student organizations and special interest groups established on campus.[56]

text: Howard is classified as a selective admissions institution.[57]  The incoming freshman class of fall 2018 had 20,946 applicants and 6,616 (31%) were accepted into Howard.[58]

text: As of  2006[update], Howard's six-year graduation rate was 67.5%.[59] In 2009, 1,270 of the 1,476 full-time freshmen enrolled were found to have financial need (86%). Of these, Howard could meet the full financial aid needs of 316 freshmen.[60] Howard's average undergraduate student's indebtedness at graduation is $16,798.[60]

text: Faculty[edit]

text: Howard faculty include: member of Congress from Maryland Roscoe Bartlett, blood shipment pioneer Charles Drew,[61] Emmy-winning actor Al Freeman Jr.,[62] suffragist Elizabeth Piper Ensley,[63] civil rights lawyer Charles Hamilton Houston, media entrepreneur Cathy Hughes, marine biologist Ernest Everett Just, professor of surgery LaSalle D. Leffall Jr., political consultant Ron Walters, novelist and diplomat E. R. Braithwaite,[64] filmmaker Haile Gerima, and psychiatrist Francis Cress Welsing.

text: Greek letter organizations[edit]

text: Howard University is the founding site of the National Pan-Hellenic Council (NPHC) and five of the nine NPHC organizations. The first chapters (Alpha Chapters) of Alpha Kappa Alpha (1908), Omega Psi Phi (1911), Delta Sigma Theta (1913), Phi Beta Sigma (1914), and Zeta Phi Beta (1920) were established on Howard's campus.[65] However, the Beta Chapter of Alpha Phi Alpha was the first to appear in 1907.[66] Also in 1920, the Xi Chapter of Kappa Alpha Psi appeared on campus, followed by the Alpha Phi Chapter of Sigma Gamma Rho in 1939, and the Alpha Tau Chapter of Iota Phi Theta in 1983.

text: Other notable Greek letter organizations registered at Howard include Phi Beta Kappa, Tau Beta Pi, Delta Sigma Pi, Phi Sigma Pi, Alpha Phi Omega, Alpha Nu Omega, Alpha Kappa Psi, Phi Sigma Rho, Gamma Iota Sigma, Phi Mu Alpha, Sigma Alpha Iota, Gamma Sigma Sigma, Kappa Kappa Psi, Tau Beta Sigma and Phi Alpha Delta.

text: Howard Homecoming[edit]

text: Howard Homecoming week is the most highly publicized and richest cultural tradition of the institution. Over 100,000 of alumni, students, special guests, and visitors are in attendance to patronize the many events and attractions affiliated with the festive week on and near campus. While the specific calendar of events changes from year to year, many of the traditional homecoming events include the Homecoming Football Game and Tailgate, Pep Rally, Coronation Ball, Greek Step-Show (Howard Greeks only), and Fashion Show. After a two-year hiatus, the Yardfest also returned in 2016 as one of the cherished traditions.[68][69][70]

text: Howard's first official homecoming was held in 1924 and it takes place every fall semester with a new theme developed by the homecoming committee.[71][72]

text: Springfest[edit]

text: Springfest is an annual tradition that was created by the Undergraduate Student Association (UGSA) to celebrate the arrival of spring. Springfest is similar to Howard's homecoming week in the fall but on a smaller scale and more emphasis on the student body. Springfest events traditionally include the Fashion Show, Greek Step-Show (Howard Greeks only), Vendor Fair, Poetry Showcase, Beauty Conference, Charity Basketball Game, and a major community service event. The schedule of events changes slightly each year.[73][74]

text: Bison Ball[edit]

text: The Bison Ball and Excellence Awards is an annual black tie gala hosted by the Howard University Student Association (HUSA). A select number of students, faculty, organizations, and administrators from the Howard community are honored for their exceptional accomplishments. This event takes place near the end of every spring semester.[75][76]

text: Resfest[edit]

text: Resfest week is a Howard tradition that involves students living in freshmen residence halls on campus competing in several organized competitions for awards and bragging rights; arguably the most coveted award is winning the Resfest Step-Show which normally consists of elaborate themes and productions. This event takes place near the end of every spring semester on campus.[77]

text: Notable alumni[edit]

text:
Ben Ali, co-founder and owner of Ben's Chili Bowl restaurant in Washington, D.C.
Debbie Allen, choreographer, actress and singer
Anthony Anderson, Emmy Award-nominated actor and star of the TV show Black-ish
Nnamdi Azikiwe, first president of Nigeria
Ras J. Baraka, mayor of Newark, New Jersey
Antoine Bethea, NFL player
Chadwick Boseman, actor
Stokely Carmichael, an activist and leader in the Civil Rights Movement and Black Power movement
Ta-Nehisi Coates, writer, MacArthur Fellow
Sean Combs, Grammy Award-winning rapper
Elijah Cummings, congressman from Maryland
Ossie Davis, actor, member of American Theater Hall of Fame
Cheick Modibo Diarra, former Malian prime minister and NASA engineer[78]
David Dinkins, the first African-American mayor of New York City
Rachel Dolezal, activist
Mike Espy, the first African-American U.S. Secretary of Agriculture
Adrian Fenty, former mayor of the District of Columbia
E. Franklin Frazier, sociologist, namesake of Howard University E. Franklin Frazier Center for Social Work Research
Ray Goodlett, soccer player and pastor
Lance Gross, actor
Kamala Harris, first African-American, and first Indian-American female Attorney General & US Senator from California
Patricia Roberts Harris, former U.S. Secretary of Housing and Urban Development, and first African-American woman United States Ambassador
Taraji P. Henson, Oscar and Emmy-nominated and Golden Globe-winning actress[79]
Shauntay Hinton, beauty pageant winner
Gus Johnson, sports broadcaster
Vernon Jordan, attorney, former president of National Urban League
Laraaji, new-age musician and performer
Ron "Amen-Ra" Lawrence, Grammy Award-winning producer and writer
Ananda Lewis, television personality
Thurgood Marshall, first African-American U.S. Supreme Court Justice
Toni Morrison, Nobel Prize and Pulitzer Prize–winning author
Shauneille Perry, stage director and playwright
Phylicia Rashad, actress and singer
Charlotte E. Ray, first African-American woman lawyer
Kasim Reed, 59th mayor of Atlanta, Georgia
Wendy Raquel Robinson, actress
Clarissa Sligh, book artist
Richard Smallwood, award-winning gospel artist
Lori Stokes, television journalist
Stan Verrett, anchor on the ESPN and ESPNews networks in the United States
Josephine Turpin Washington, educator and writer
Walter Washington, former mayor of Washington, D.C.
Crystal Waters, recording artist
Susan Kelechi Watson, actress
Marlon Wayans, actor
Nikki Woods, Tom Joyner Morning Show producer
Tanekeya Word, artist
Andrew Young, United States Ambassador

text:
Notable Howard University alumni include:

Toni Morrison, Pulitzer Prize and Nobel Prize–winning novelist

Thurgood Marshall, United States Supreme Court Justice

Andrew Young, United States Ambassador

Elijah Cummings, United States Representative

Taraji P. Henson, Academy Award–nominated actress

Chadwick Boseman, actor

text: In popular culture[edit]

text:
Andre Johnson in the TV show Black-ish is a Howard University alumnus.
Randall, a character on the TV show This is Us, toured Howard University as a prospective student in a 2017 episode.[80]
In the 2011 film Captain America: The First Avenger, linguistic expert Gabe Jones of the Howling Commandos attended Howard before joining the Army.
Captain Hero in the TV show Drawn Together attended Howard University.
Queen Latifah and Erika Alexander, actresses on the hit TV show Living Single, were Howard University alumnae.
Many episodes of A Different World were inspired by Debbie Allen's experiences as a Howard student. Debbie Allen served as a producer of the show following the first season.[81]
Howard University also appeared in This is Us in episode "Number Three" in which the character, Randall Pearson, is deciding whether or not he wants to go to college.


document_title: The Good Witch

question_text: where is the tv show good witch filmed

question_tokens: where is the tv show good witch filmed

root

text: The Good Witch

text: Plot[edit]

text: Grey House—an old, abandoned building in the town of Middleton—is infamous for being haunted by its former owner, known as "The Grey Lady". Police Chief Inspector Jake Russell decides to investigate when rumors start to spread of someone occupying the house. He enters the building, accompanied by town mayor Martha Tisdale, and is welcomed by a mysterious, beautiful woman who introduces herself as Cassandra Nightingale. She tells them she had just moved in, and plans to open a shop on Main Street.

tag: p

text: Later, Jake Russell's children Brandon and Lori are chased by a dog on their way home from school. They end up in the front yard of Grey House and Lori falls and bruises her knee. Cassie appears and makes the dog stop just by looking at it. She talks to the dog, and tells it to behave better and go home. The dog does as told. She invites the children into her house to take care of Lori's knee. The kitchen is full of vials and bottles containing various herbs, which leads Brandon to believe that Cassie is a witch.

text: The new shop on Main Street is also filled with elixirs and herbs from around the world. This leads many townspeople, especially Mayor Tisdale, to believe Cassie practices Black Magic.

text: As Jake Russell investigates mysterious occurrences, he and Cassie frequently interact. A mutual attraction evolves, leading him to ask her out on a date.

text: As time passes, some people in Middleton continue to be hostile toward Cassie and she considers leaving town. However, she postpones the date when Jake convinces her to stay. The couple spend a romantic evening at Grey House where they kiss.

text: Cast and Characters[edit]

text:
Catherine Bell as Cassandra Nightingale. A mysterious woman who moves into Grey House. She seems to have multiple strange abilities, the extent and origin of which are mostly unknown. These include communicating with animals, and suddenly appearing out of nowhere. Born Sue-Ellen Brook, Cassie's parents died in a car crash when she was a child, and she was raised in foster care. Cassie has a shop in Middleton called Bell, Book & Candle, where she sells various curious objects. Towards the end of the film she begins a relationship with Police Chief Jake Russell.
Chris Potter as Chief of Police Jake Russell. Jake is the father of Brandon and Lori. Since the death of his wife Jennifer three years ago, he gets help raising them by his father-in-law George. Since his wife's death he has become overly protective of his children. Jake is fascinated by Cassandra, but as opposed to her intuitive decision-making, he relies mainly on facts. Toward the end of the film, the two begin a relationship.
Matthew Knight as Brandon Russell. The son of Jennifer and Jake Russell. Brandon spends his free time playing video games. He cares for his younger sister, despite often being annoyed by her. He gets bullied by another boy in school, but after learning the boy comes from an abusive home, the two boys become friends. Brandon tells his father about the abuse, and helps get his friend away from the situation.
Hannah Endicott-Douglas as Lori Russell, Jake's youngest child. Since her mother's death, she has been haunted by nightmares about monsters. She receives a dreamcatcher from Cassie and is told not to dream of bunnies, which makes her nightmares disappear.
Catherine Disher as Martha Tinsdale, a strong willed member of city council. Martha is afraid of Cassandra ruining the good image of Middleton, as the town is looking for new investors. Convinced that Cassie practises Black Magic, she petitions for the shop to be closed.
Paula Boudrea as Nancy, also a member of city council. Nancy buys a parfum in Bell, Book & Candle that increases her husband's attraction to her. At the end of the film, she is revealed to be pregnant, after having tried for a long time. She befriends Cassie and makes some effort to defend her.
Noah Cappe as Deputy Derek Sanders, a laid back and easygoing police officer. In addition to Jake being his boss, the two men are also friends. Derek is surprised when he first sees Cassie, as she does not look like the witch townspeople have called her.
Peter MacNeill as George O'Hanrahan.
Nathan McLeod as Michael, son of Martha Tinsdale.
Jesse Bostick as Kyle.

tag: ul

text: Promotion[edit]

text: On January 15, 2008, Hallmark Channel and Limbo, the mobile entertainment community, teamed up to create and launch the cable network's first-ever mobile interactive initiative. The campaign "enhanced viewers' experience of the premiere of the network's original movie ... through 'Limbo Unique' – a game played via cell phone or online". The grand prize was $2,000 and a portrait of the "Grey Lady" that was featured in the movie.[1]

text: Production[edit]

text: Although set in Middleton, USA, it was filmed in Hamilton and Niagara on the Lake, Ontario in Canada. In the sequel, The Good Witch's Charm, the map on the wall in the police station shows Middleton located northwest of Chicago, in the vicinity of DuPage County. The names of the suburbs and interstates that are west of Chicago can be clearly seen.

text: Reception[edit]

text: The movie had great success on Hallmark Channel on the night of its premiere, making it the second-highest-rated original movie to that date. It premiered with a 3.8 HH (household) rating and was in nearly 3.2 million homes.[2] It also was #1 in its time period, propelling the channel to the #4 spot in weekly ranking.[3]

text: Home media[edit]

text: The Good Witch (Region 1) DVD was released on January 5, 2010.

text: The Good Witch Collection (Region 1) DVD was released October 14, 2014.[4]

text: Sequels[edit]

text: On February 7, 2009, the Hallmark Channel aired a sequel, The Good Witch's Garden.[5][6] The third installment, The Good Witch's Gift,[7] aired on November 13, 2010, on Hallmark. The fourth installment, The Good Witch's Family, aired on October 29, 2011. The fifth installment The Good Witch's Charm premiered on October 27, 2012. The Good Witch's Destiny sixth installment premiered on October 26, 2013. A seventh installment, The Good Witch's Wonder, aired October 25, 2014.[8]

text: Television series[edit]

text: In February 2014, the Hallmark Channel announced that Good Witch had been green-lighted for a ten-episode series, starring Catherine Bell, to premiere on February 28, 2015.[9][10] Production for the first season began on October 29, 2014, in Toronto,[11] with Sue Tenney as showrunner. Bailee Madison and James Denton also star.[11][12]

text: Characters[edit]

text: A dark grey cell indicates the character was not in the film.

text:
Character

Title

The Good Witch

Garden

Gift

Family

Charm

Destiny

Wonder

Season 1

Halloween

Season 2

Secrets of Grey House

Season 3

Spellbound

Season 4

Cassie Nightingale

Catherine Bell

Jake Russell

Chris Potter

Martha Tinsdale

Catherine Disher

George

Peter MacNeill

Peter MacNeill

Brandon Russell

Matthew Knight

Dan Jeannotte

Dan Jeannotte

Dan Jeannotte

Lori Russell

Hannah Endicott-Douglas

Derek

Noah Cappe

Tom Tinsdale

Paul Miller

Paul Miller

Paul Miller

Paul Miller

Paul Miller

Michael Tinsdale

Nathan McLeod

Edward Ruttle

Edward Ruttle

Gwen

Elizabeth Lennie

Elizabeth Lennie

Abigail Pershing

Sarah Power

Sarah Power

Tara

Ashley Leggat

Rebecca Dalton

Rebecca Dalton

Rebecca Dalton

Grace Russell

uncredited

uncredited

Lily-Fay Mowbray

Bailee Madison

Jarod

Randal Edwards

Randal Edwards

Randal Edwards

Sam

James Denton

Ryan

Anthony Lemke

Anthony Lemke

Stephanie

Kylee Evans

Nick

Rhys Matthew Bond

Anthony

Shane Harte

Linda

Gabrielle Miller

Ben

Jefferson Brown

Eve

Kate Corbett

John Dover

Dan Payne

Courtney

Alanna Bale

Alanna Bale

Liam

Seann Gallagher

Noah

James Swalm

James Rittinger

Phil

Sebastian Pigott

tag: table


document_title: Copa América

question_text: when was the last time uruguay won copa america

text: Copa América

text: History[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Beginnings[edit]

text: The first football team in South America, Lima Cricket and Football Club, was established in Peru in 1859, and the Argentine Football Association was founded in 1893. By the early 20th century, football was growing in popularity, and the first international competition held between national teams of the continent occurred in 1910 when Argentina organized an event to commemorate the centenary of the May Revolution. Chile and Uruguay participated, but this event is not considered official by CONMEBOL. Similarly, for the centennial celebration of its independence, Argentina held a tournament between 2 and 17 July 1916 with Argentina, Chile, Uruguay and Brazil being the first participants of the tournament. This so-called Campeonato Sudamericano de Football would be the first edition of what is currently known as Copa América; Uruguay would triumph in this first edition after tying 0–0 with hosts Argentina in the deciding, last match held in Estadio Racing Club in Avellaneda.

text: Seeing the success of the tournament, a boardmember of the Uruguayan Football Association, Héctor Rivadavia, proposed the establishment of a confederation of the associations of Argentina, Brazil, Chile and Uruguay, and on 9 July, independence day in Argentina, CONMEBOL was founded. The following year, the competition was played again, this time in Uruguay. Uruguay would win the title again to win their bicampeonato after defeating Argentina 1–0 in the last match of the tournament. The success of the tournament on Charrúan soil would help consolidate the tournament. After a flu outbreak in Rio de Janeiro canceled the tournament in 1918, Brazil hosted the tournament in 1919 and was crowned champion for the first time after defeating the defending champions 1–0 in a playoff match to decide the title, while the Chilean city of Viña del Mar would host the 1920 event which was won by Uruguay.

text: For the 1921 event, Paraguay participated for the first time after its football association affiliated to CONMEBOL earlier that same year. Argentina won the competition for the first time thanks to the goals of Julio Libonatti. In subsequent years, Uruguay would dominate the tournament, which at that time was the largest football tournament in the world. Argentina, however, would not be far behind and disputed the supremacy with the Charruas. After losing the 1928 final at the 1928 Summer Olympics held in Amsterdam, Argentina would gain revenge in the 1929 South American Championship by defeating the Uruguayans in the last, decisive match. During this period, both Bolivia and Peru debuted in the tournament in 1926 and 1927, respectively.

text: Disorganization and intermittency[edit]

text: After the first World Cup held in Uruguay in 1930, the enmity between the football federations of Uruguay and Argentina prevented the competition from being played for a number of years. Only in 1935 was it possible to dispute a special edition of the event to be officially reinstated in 1939. Peru became the host nation of the 1939 edition and won the competition for the first time. Ecuador made their debut at that tournament.

text: In 1941, Chile hosted that year's edition in celebration of the 400th anniversary of the founding of Santiago for which the capacity of the newly built Estadio Nacional was expanded from 30,000 to 70,000 spectators. Despite the large investment and initial success of the team, the Chileans would be defeated in the last match by eventual champions Argentina. Uruguay hosted and won the 1942 edition. Chile would host again in 1945, and came close to playing for the title against Argentina.  However, Brazil spoiled that possibility, and Argentina would win the tournament once again on Chilean soil.

text: The event then entered a period of great disruption. The championship was not played on a regular basis and many editions would be deemed unofficial, only to be considered valid later on by CONMEBOL. For example, Argentina would be the first (and so far only) team to win three consecutive titles by winning the championships of 1945, 1946 and 1947. After those three annual tournaments, the competition returned to being held every two years, then three and later four. There were even two tournaments held in 1959, one in Argentina and a second in Ecuador. During this period, some of the national teams were indifferent to the tournament. Some did not participate every year, others sent lesser teams; in the 1959 edition held in Ecuador, Brazil entered a team from the state of Pernambuco. Bolivia won for the first time when it hosted in 1963, but was defeated in the first game of the 1967 tournament by debutant Venezuela. The founding of the Copa Libertadores in 1959 also affected the way the tournament was viewed by its participants.

text: After eight years of absence, the event resumed in 1975 and officially acquired the name Copa América. The tournament had no fixed venue, and all matches were played throughout the year in each country. Nine teams participated in the group stages with the defending champions receiving a bye into the semifinals. The tournament was contested every four years using this system until 1987.

text: Renewal[edit]

text: In 1986, CONMEBOL decided to return to having one country host the tournament and to contest it every other year. From 1987 until 2001, the event was hosted every two years in rotation by the ten members of the confederation. The format would remain constant with a first round of groups, but the final round stage ranged from being a new, final round-robin group or a single-elimination system to decide the winner. This renewal helped the tournament, which began to receive television coverage in Europe and North America. The 1987 Copa América was held in Argentina; this was the first time the nation had hosted an edition in 28 years. Despite entering as heavy favorites for being the reigning world champions (having won the 1986 FIFA World Cup), playing at home and having a team largely composed of its World Cup winners led by the legendary Diego Maradona, Argentina would finish in a disappointing fourth place after being beaten by defending champions Uruguay 0–1 in the semifinals. Uruguay would defeat a surprisingly strong Chilean squad who made it to the final, disposing of the powerful Brazil 4–0 on the group stage.

text: Brazil lifted its first official international title since the 1970 FIFA World Cup upon winning the 1989 Copa América held on home soil. Argentina, in turn, won the Copa América after 32 long years in 1991 in Chile, thanks to a refreshed squad led by the prolific goalscorer Gabriel Batistuta. The 1993 Copa América tournament in Ecuador would take its current form. Along with the usual ten teams, CONMEBOL invited two countries from CONCACAF to participate, Mexico and the United States.

text: Uruguay managed to win the competition in 1995 as host, ending a period of decline for Uruguayan football. With the implementation of rotating hosts, Colombia, Paraguay and Venezuela hosted the tournament for the first time. Brazil entered a successful series of victories, winning four of the five continental titles between 1997 and 2007. The first, in 1997, was won after defeating host nation Bolivia 1–3 with goals from Leonardo, Denílson and Ronaldo becoming crucial in the Verde-Amarela's consagration on Bolivia's altitude. Brazil would successfully defend the title in 1999 after thumping Uruguay 3–0 in Asuncion, Paraguay. However, the 2001 Copa América saw one of the biggest surprises of the history of the sport as Honduras eliminated Brazil in the quarterfinals. Colombia, the host nation, would go on to win the competition for the first time ever.

text: From 2001 to 2007, the tournament was contested every three years, and from 2007 forward every four years, with the exception of the tournament's centennial in 2016.

text: Running from an embarrassing performance in 2001, Brazil reestablished itself in the South American pantheon after defeating Argentina, on penalties, in order to win the 2004 competition held in Peru. Three years later, the two teams met again in the final, this time in Venezuela. Once again, Brazil came out victorious after crushing Argentina 3–0.

text: Argentina hosted the 2011 competition and was ousted by Uruguay in the quarterfinals by penalty shootout. Uruguay would go on defeating Peru 2–0 in the semis to reach the finals and overpower Paraguay 3–0, thus winning the trophy on Argentinean soil for the third time and second in a row. This, the 43rd edition, was the first time that neither Argentina nor Brazil reached the semifinals of a tournament they both had entered.

text: The 2015 competition was hosted in Chile, who swapped hosting positions with Brazil in light of the latter's hosting of the 2014 FIFA World Cup and 2016 Summer Olympics. Chile went on to win the tournament, their first title, on home soil.

text: In 2016, the centenary of the tournament was celebrated with the Copa América Centenario tournament hosted in the United States; the tournament was the first to be hosted outside of South America and had an expanded field of 16 teams from CONMEBOL and CONCACAF. During the tournament, media outlets reported that CONMEBOL and CONCACAF were negotiating a merger of the Copa América with the CONCACAF Gold Cup, the latter's continental tournament held every 2 years, with the United States hosting regular tournaments; United States Soccer Federation president Sunil Gulati called the report inaccurate, saying that no such discussion had taken place and that a new tournament would have to be established.[7] For the second time in history, Chile won the trophy.

text: Hosts[edit]

text: In 1984, CONMEBOL adopted the policy of rotating the right to host the Copa América amongst the ten member confederations. The first rotation was completed following the 2007 Copa América which took place in Venezuela. A second rotation commenced in 2011, with host countries rotating in alphabetical order, starting with Argentina.[8] Chile, Mexico and the United States expressed interest in hosting the next tournament, but the CONMEBOL Executive Committee decided to continue the execution of the rotation, giving priority of the organization to each of its member associations; each association confirms whether they will host an edition or not, having no obligation to do so. Argentina confirmed on 24 November 2008, via representatives of the Argentine Football Association, that it would host the 2011 Copa América.

text: The 2015 Copa América was due to be held in Brazil following the order of rotation. However, the hosting of the 2014 FIFA World Cup and the 2016 Summer Olympics in that nation resulted in the decision being reconsidered. Although CONMEBOL President Nicolas Leoz proposed hosting the continental tournament in Mexico (a member of the CONCACAF federation) and board members Brazil and Chile discussed the possibility of exchanging the 2015 and 2019 tournaments, it was decided and confirmed by the CBF in February 2011 that the 2015 Copa América would remain in Brazil. However, in March 2012, it was announced that Chile would be hosting the 2015 Copa América, after CBF president Ricardo Teixeira resigned from his position and the CBF agreed to swap the tournament's hosting with Chile. The swap was made official in May 2012. The centennial edition of the tournament, Copa América Centenario, took place in June 2016, and was held in the United States.[9] The Copa América Centenario marked the first time the tournament was hosted by a non-CONMEBOL nation.

text: Each Copa América since 1987 has had its own mascot or logo. Gardelito, the mascot for the 1987 competition, was the first Copa América mascot.

text:
Times hosted

Hosts

Editions mascot

9

 Argentina (1916, 1921, 1925, 1929, 1937, 1946, 1959, 1987, 2011)

7

 Uruguay (1917, 1923, 1924, 1942, 1956, 1967, 1995)

7

 Chile (1920, 1926, 1941, 1945, 1955, 1991, 2015)

6

 Peru (Copa América 1927, Copa América 1935, Copa América 1939, Copa América 1953, Copa América 1957, Copa América 2004)

4

 Brazil (Copa América 1919, Copa América 1922, Copa América 1949, Copa América 1989, 2019 Copa América)

3

 Ecuador (Copa América 1947, Copa América 1959, Copa América 1993)

3

No fixed host nation[F] (Copa América 1975, Copa América 1979, Copa América 1983)

2

 Bolivia (Copa América 1963, Copa América 1997)

1

 Paraguay (Copa América 1999)

1

 Colombia (Copa América 2001)

1

 Venezuela (Copa América 2007)

1

 United StatesC (2016 Copa América Centenario)

text: Format and rules[edit]

text: The tournament was previously known as Campeonato Sudamericano de Futbol (South American Championship of Football). South American Championship of Nations was the official English language name. The current name has been used since 1975. Between 1975 and 1983 it had no host nation, and was held in a home and away fashion. The current final tournament features 12 national teams competing over a month in the host nation. There are two phases: the group stage followed by the knockout stage. In the group stage, teams compete within three groups of four teams each. Three teams are seeded, including the hosts, with the other seeded teams selected using a formula based on the FIFA World Rankings. The other teams are assigned to different "pots", usually based also on the FIFA Rankings, and teams in each pot are drawn at random to the three groups.

text: Each group plays a round-robin tournament, in which each team is scheduled for three matches against other teams in the same group. The last round of matches of each group is not scheduled at the same time unlike many tournaments around the world. The top two teams from each group advance to the knockout stage as well as the two best third-place teams. Points are used to rank the teams within a group. Beginning in 1995, three points have been awarded for a win, one for a draw and none for a loss (before, winners received two points).

text: The ranking of each team in each group is determined as follows:

text:
If two or more teams are equal on the basis of the above three criteria,
their rankings are determined as follows:

text: The knockout stage is a single-elimination tournament in which teams play each other in one-off matches, with penalty shootouts used to decide the winner if a match is still tied after 90 minutes in the quarter-finals and semi-finals, and after extra time in the final. It begins with the quarter-finals, then semi-finals, the third-place match (contested by the losing semi-finalists), and the final.

text: Invitees[edit]

text: Owing to CONMEBOL's somewhat limited number of registered confederations, countries from other continents are usually invited to participate to make up the 12 teams necessary for the current tournament format. Since 1993, two teams from other confederations, usually from CONCACAF whose members are geographically and culturally close, have also been invited. In all, eight different nations have received invitations: Costa Rica (1997, 2001, 2004, 2011, 2016), Honduras (2001), Japan (1999), Jamaica (2015, 2016), Mexico (1993, 1995, 1997, 1999, 2001, 2004, 2007, 2011, 2015, 2016), Haiti (2016), Panama (2016), and the United States (1993, 1995, 2007, 2016). The United States was invited to every tournament between 1997 and 2007 but frequently turned down the invitation due to scheduling conflicts with Major League Soccer. However, on 30 October 2006, the US Soccer Federation accepted the invitation to participate in the 2007 tournament, ending a 12-year absence. At the 2001 Copa América, Canada was an invitee, but withdrew just before the start of the tournament due to security concerns. At the 2011 Copa América, Japan withdrew, citing difficulties with European clubs in releasing Japanese players following the earthquake.[10] Spain was invited to the 2011 edition, but according to the Royal Spanish Football Federation, they declined because they did not want to interrupt the Spanish players' holidays.[11] At the 2015 Copa América, Japan declined the invitation as it would bring burdens to their overseas players, and China had to withdraw due to the Asian sector of qualification for the 2018 World Cup being held at the same time.[12][13][14][15][16]

text: Invitees nations record[edit]

text:
Team

1993

1995

1997

1999

2001

2004

2007

2011

2015

2016

2019

Editions

 Costa Rica

 –

 –

GS

 –

QF

QF

 –

GS

 –

GS

 –

5

 Haiti

 –

 –

 –

 –

 –

 –

 –

 –

 –

GS

 –

1

 Honduras

 –

 –

 –

 –

3rd

 –

 –

 –

 –

 –

 –

1

 Jamaica

 –

 –

 –

 –

 –

 –

 –

 –

GS

GS

 –

2

 Japan

 –

 –

 –

GS

 –

 –

 –

 –

 –

 –

Q

2

 Mexico

2nd

QF

3rd

3rd

2nd

QF

3rd

GS

GS

QF

 –

10

 Panama

 –

 –

 –

 –

 –

 –

 –

 –

 –

GS

 –

1

 Qatar

 –

 –

 –

 –

 –

 –

 –

 –

 –

 –

Q

1

 United States

GS

4th

 –

 –

 –

 –

GS

 –

 –

4th

 –

4

text: [QF = quarter final, GS = group stage, 2nd/3rd/4th = final rank]

text: Trophies[edit]

text: The Copa América trophy, which is awarded to the winner of the tournament, was donated to the Association by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Argentina, Ernesto Bosch, in 1910, when Argentina organized an event to commemorate the centenary of the May Revolution. That competition (also attended by Uruguay and Chile) was named "Copa del Centenario" (Centennial Cup).[17]

text: The current Copa América trophy was purchased in 1916 from "Casa Escasany", a jewelry shop in Buenos Aires, at the cost of 3,000 Swiss francs.[18]

text: The Copa América trophy is a 9 kg (20 lb) weight and 77 cm (30 in) tall silver ornament, with a wooden base which contains several plaques. The plaques are engraved with every winner of the competition, as well as the edition won.[19]

text: On April 2016, a new trophy – specifically designed for the Copa América Centenario – was introduced at the Colombian Football Federation headquarters of Bogota to commemorate the 100th. anniversary of the competition.[20] The trophy was based on the original Copa América trophy's shape, with the addition of the 2016 edition logo. The CAC was 61 cm (24 in) tall with a weight of 7.1 kg (16 lb), being covered by 24-carat gold. The emblems of CONMEBOL and CONCACAF were also engraved on its body.[21]

text: The Copa América Centenario trophy was designed by Epico Studios in the United States and manufactured by London Workshops of Thomas Lyte in England.[22][23] The winning team will keep the trophy in perpetuity.

text: Apart from the main trophy, the "Copa Bolivia" (a trophy made in silver) has been awarded to the runner-up of the competition since the 1997 edition.[24] The trophy is named after the country that hosted the 1997 Copa América, with a small Bolivian flag attached on one of its sides.[25]

text: Results[edit]

text: South American Championship era

text:
#

Year

Hosts

Winners

Score

Runners-up

Third place

Score

Fourth place

Number of teams

1

1916  Details

 Argentina

Uruguay

[A]

Argentina

Brazil

[A]

Chile

4

2

1917  Details

 Uruguay

Uruguay

[A]

Argentina

Brazil

[A]

Chile

4

3

1919  Details

 Brazil

Brazil

1–0[B](a.e.t.)

Uruguay

Argentina

[A]

Chile

4

4

1920  Details

 Chile

Uruguay

[A]

Argentina

Brazil

[A]

Chile

4

5

1921  Details

 Argentina

Argentina

[A]

Brazil

Uruguay

[A]

Paraguay

5/4[C]

6

1922  Details

 Brazil

Brazil

3–0[B]

Paraguay

Uruguay

[A]

Argentina

5

7

1923  Details

 Uruguay

Uruguay

[A]

Argentina

Paraguay

[A]

Brazil

5/4[C]

8

1924  Details

 Uruguay

Uruguay

[A]

Argentina

Paraguay

[A]

Chile

5/4[D]

9

1925  Details

 Argentina

Argentina

[A]

Brazil

Paraguay

[A]

N/A

5/3[E]

10

1926  Details

 Chile

Uruguay

[A]

Argentina

Chile

[A]

Paraguay

6/5[D]

11

1927  Details

 Peru

Argentina

[A]

Uruguay

Peru

[A]

Bolivia

7/4[F]

12

1929  Details

 Argentina

Argentina

[A]

Paraguay

Uruguay

[A]

Peru

7/4[G]

13

1935  Details

 Peru

Uruguay

[A]

Argentina

Peru

[A]

Chile

7/4[H]

14

1937  Details

 Argentina

Argentina

2–0[B]

Brazil

Uruguay

[A]

Paraguay

8/6[I]

15

1939  Details

 Peru

Peru

[A]

Uruguay

Paraguay

[A]

Chile

9/5[J]

16

1941  Details

 Chile

Argentina

[A]

Uruguay

Chile

[A]

Peru

9/5[K]

17

1942  Details

 Uruguay

Uruguay

[A]

Argentina

Brazil

[A]

Paraguay

9/7[I]

18

1945  Details

 Chile

Argentina

[A]

Brazil

Chile

[A]

Uruguay

9/7[L]

19

1946  Details

 Argentina

Argentina

[A]

Brazil

Paraguay

[A]

Uruguay

9/6[M]

20

1947  Details

 Ecuador

Argentina

[A]

Paraguay

Uruguay

[A]

Chile

9/8[D]

21

1949  Details

 Brazil

Brazil

7–0[B]

Paraguay

Peru

[A]

Bolivia

9/8[N]

22

1953  Details

 Peru

Paraguay

3–2[B]

Brazil

Uruguay

[A]

Chile

9/7[O]

23

1955  Details

 Chile

Argentina

[A]

Chile

Peru

[A]

Uruguay

9/6[P]

24

1956  Details

 Uruguay

Uruguay

[A]

Chile

Argentina

[A]

Brazil

9/6[Q]

25

1957  Details

 Peru

Argentina

[A]

Brazil

Uruguay

[A]

Peru

9/7[R]

26

1959  Details

 Argentina

Argentina

[A]

Brazil

Paraguay

[A]

Peru

9/7[S]

27

1959  Details

 Ecuador

Uruguay

[A]

Argentina

Brazil

[A]

Ecuador

9/5[T]

28

1963  Details

 Bolivia

Bolivia

[A]

Paraguay

Argentina

[A]

Brazil

9/7[E]

29

1967  Details

 Uruguay

Uruguay

[A]

Argentina

Chile

[A]

Paraguay

6

text:
showNotes

^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba The tournament winner was decided in a single group stage.

^ Jump up to: a b c d e After both teams finished tied in the standings, the title was decided in a playoff match.

^ Jump up to: a b Chile withdrew from the tournament.

^ Jump up to: a b c Brazil withdrew from the tournament.

^ Jump up to: a b Chile and Uruguay withdrew from the tournament.

Jump up ^ Brazil, Chile and Paraguay withdrew from the tournament.

Jump up ^ Bolivia, Brazil and Chile withdrew from the tournament.

Jump up ^ Bolivia, Brazil and Paraguay withdrew from the tournament.

^ Jump up to: a b Bolivia and Colombia withdrew from the tournament.

Jump up ^ Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil and Colombia withdrew from the tournament.

Jump up ^ Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia and Paraguay withdrew from the tournament.

Jump up ^ Paraguay and Peru withdrew from the tournament.

Jump up ^ Colombia, Ecuador and Peru withdrew from the tournament.

Jump up ^ Argentina withdrew from the tournament.

Jump up ^ Argentina and Colombia withdrew from the tournament.

Jump up ^ Bolivia, Brazil and Colombia withdrew from the tournament.

Jump up ^ Bolivia, Colombia and Ecuador withdrew from the tournament.

Jump up ^ Bolivia and Paraguay withdrew from the tournament.

Jump up ^ Colombia and Ecuador withdrew from the tournament.

Jump up ^ Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, and Peru withdrew from the tournament.

text: Copa América era

text:
#

Year

Hosts

Winners

Score

Runners-up

Third place

Score

Fourth place

Number of teams

30

1975  Details

Various

Peru

0–1 / 2–1Play-off: 1–0

Colombia

Brazil

[A]

Uruguay

10

31

1979  Details

Various

Paraguay

3–0 / 0–1Play-off: 0–0 (a.e.t.)

Chile

Brazil

[A]

Peru

10

32

1983  Details

Various

Uruguay

2–0 / 1–1

Brazil

Paraguay

[A]

Peru

10

33

1987  Details

 Argentina

Uruguay

1–0

Chile

Colombia

2–1

Argentina

10

34

1989  Details

 Brazil

Brazil

[B]

Uruguay

Argentina

[B]

Paraguay

10

35

1991  Details

 Chile

Argentina

[C]

Brazil

Chile

[C]

Colombia

10

36

1993  Details

 Ecuador

Argentina

2–1

Mexico

Colombia

1–0

Ecuador

12

37

1995  Details

 Uruguay

Uruguay

1–1 (5–3p)

Brazil

Colombia

4–1

United States

12

38

1997  Details

 Bolivia

Brazil

3–1

Bolivia

Mexico

1–0

Peru

12

39

1999  Details

 Paraguay

Brazil

3–0

Uruguay

Mexico

2–1

Chile

12

40

2001  Details

 Colombia

Colombia

1–0

Mexico

Honduras

2–2 (5–4p)

Uruguay

12[D]

41

2004  Details

 Peru

Brazil

2–2(4–2p)

Argentina

Uruguay

2–1

Colombia

12

42

2007  Details

 Venezuela

Brazil

3–0

Argentina

Mexico

3–1

Uruguay

12

43

2011  Details

 Argentina

Uruguay

3–0

Paraguay

Peru

4–1

Venezuela

12

44

2015  Details

 Chile

Chile

0–0 (a.e.t.)(4–1p)

Argentina

Peru

2–0

Paraguay

12

45

2016  Details

 United States

Chile

0–0 (a.e.t.)(4–2p)

Argentina

Colombia

1–0

United States

16[E]

46

2019  Details

 Brazil

12

47

2024  Details

 Ecuador

12 or 16

text:
a.e.t.: after extra time
p: after penalty shoot-out

text:
showNotes

^ Jump up to: a b c No third place match was played; teams are listed in alphabetical order.

^ Jump up to: a b The tournament winner was decided by a final round-robin group contested by four teams (Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay).

^ Jump up to: a b The tournament winner was decided by a final round-robin group contested by four teams (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, and Colombia).

Jump up ^ Argentina and invitee Canada withdrew from the tournament; Honduras and Costa Rica took their place.

Jump up ^ Six CONCACAF teams, including newcomers Haiti and Panama, participated in the tournament as celebration of the centenary of CONMEBOL and the Copa América.

text: Performance by country[edit]

text: Cumulative top four results for both South American Championships and Copa Américas.

text:
Team

Winners

Runners-up

Third place

Fourth place

 Uruguay

15 (1916, 1917 *, 1920, 1923 *, 1924 *, 1926, 1935, 1942 *, 1956 *, 1959 (Ecuador), 1967 *, 1983, 1987, 1995 *, 2011)

6 (1919, 1927, 1939, 1941, 1989, 1999)

9 (1921, 1922, 1929, 1937, 1947, 1953, 1957, 1975, 2004)

5 (1945, 1946, 1955, 2001, 2007)

 Argentina

14 (1921 *, 1925 *, 1927, 1929 *, 1937 *, 1941, 1945, 1946 *, 1947, 1955, 1957, 1959 (Argentina) *, 1991, 1993)

14 (1916 *, 1917, 1920, 1923, 1924, 1926, 1935, 1942, 1959 (Ecuador), 1967, 2004, 2007, 2015, 2016)

4 (1919, 1956, 1963, 1989)

2 (1922, 1987 *)

 Brazil

8 (1919 *, 1922 *, 1949 *, 1989 *, 1997, 1999, 2004, 2007)

11 (1921, 1925, 1937, 1945, 1946, 1953, 1957, 1959 (Argentina), 1983, 1991, 1995)

7 (1916, 1917, 1920, 1942, 1959 (Ecuador), 1975, 1979)

3 (1923, 1956, 1963)

 Paraguay

2 (1953, 1979)

6 (1922, 1929, 1947, 1949, 1963, 2011)

7 (1923, 1924, 1925, 1939, 1946, 1959 (Argentina), 1983)

7 (1921, 1926, 1937, 1942, 1967, 1989, 2015)

 Chile

2 (2015 *, 2016)

4 (1955 *, 1956, 1979, 1987)

5 (1926 *, 1941 *, 1945 *, 1967, 1991 *)

10 (1916, 1917, 1919, 1920 *, 1924, 1935, 1939, 1947, 1953, 1999)

 Peru

2 (1939 *, 1975)

—

8 (1927 *, 1935 *, 1949, 1955, 1979, 1983, 2011, 2015)

5 (1929, 1941, 1957 *, 1959 (Argentina), 1997)

 Colombia

1 (2001 *)

1 (1975)

4 (1987, 1993, 1995, 2016)

2 (1991, 2004)

 Bolivia

1 (1963 *)

1 (1997 *)

—

2 (1927, 1949)

 Mexico^

—

2 (1993, 2001)

3 (1997, 1999, 2007)

—

 Honduras^

—

—

1 (2001)

—

 Ecuador

—

—

—

2 (1959 (Ecuador) *, 1993 *)

 United States^

—

—

2 (1995, 2016 *)

 Venezuela

—

—

—

1 (2011)

text:
There have been only 3 editions where neither Brazil nor Uruguay has finished in the top four (1993, 2015, 2016).
There have been only 3 editions where neither Argentina nor Brazil has finished in the top four (1939, 2001, 2011).
There have been only 3 editions where neither Argentina nor Uruguay finish in the top four (1949, 1979, 1997).
All Copa América tournaments held in Brazil and Uruguay have been won by the host nation.

text: Records and statistics[edit]


document_title: Galilean moons

question_text: which of jupiter’s moons is believed to be covered with water ice

question_tokens: which of jupiter 's moons is believed to be covered with water ice

text: Galilean moons

text: History[edit]

text: Discovery[edit]

text: As a result of improvements Galileo Galilei made to the telescope, with a magnifying capability of 20×,[4] he was able to see celestial bodies more distinctly than was ever possible before. This allowed Galilei to discover in either December 1609 or January 1610 what came to be known as the Galilean moons.[2][5]

text: On January 7, 1610, Galileo wrote a letter containing the first mention of Jupiter's moons. At the time, he saw only three of them, and he believed them to be fixed stars near Jupiter. He continued to observe these celestial orbs from January 8 to March 2, 1610. In these observations, he discovered a fourth body, and also observed that the four were not fixed stars, but rather were orbiting Jupiter.[2]

text: Galileo's discovery proved the importance of the telescope as a tool for astronomers by showing that there were objects in space to be discovered that until then had remained unseen by the naked eye. More importantly, the discovery of celestial bodies orbiting something other than Earth dealt a blow to the then-accepted Ptolemaic world system, which held that Earth was at the center of the universe and all other celestial bodies revolved around it.[6] Galileo's Sidereus Nuncius (Starry Messenger), which announced celestial observations through his telescope, does not explicitly mention Copernican heliocentrism, a theory that placed the Sun at the center of the universe. Nevertheless, Galileo accepted the Copernican theory.[2]

text: A Chinese historian of astronomy, Xi Zezong, has claimed that a "small reddish star" observed near Jupiter in 362 BCE by Chinese astronomer Gan De may have been Ganymede, predating Galileo's discovery by around two millennia.[7]

text: Dedication to the Medicis[edit]

text: In 1605, Galileo had been employed as a mathematics tutor for Cosimo de' Medici. In 1609, Cosimo became Grand Duke Cosimo II of Tuscany. Galileo, seeking patronage from his now-wealthy former student and his powerful family, used the discovery of Jupiter's moons to gain it.[2] On February 13, 1610, Galileo wrote to the Grand Duke's secretary:

text: "God graced me with being able, through such a singular sign, to reveal to my Lord my devotion and the desire I have that his glorious name live as equal among the stars, and since it is up to me, the first discoverer, to name these new planets, I wish, in imitation of the great sages who placed the most excellent heroes of that age among the stars, to inscribe these with the name of the Most Serene Grand Duke."[2]

text: Galileo asked whether he should name the moons the "Cosmian Stars", after Cosimo alone, or the "Medician Stars", which would honor all four brothers in the Medici clan. The secretary replied that the latter name would be best.[2]

text: On March 12, 1610, Galileo wrote his dedicatory letter to the Duke of Tuscany, and the next day sent a copy to the Grand Duke, hoping to obtain the Grand Duke's support as quickly as possible. On March 19, he sent the telescope he had used to first view Jupiter's moons to the Grand Duke, along with an official copy of Sidereus Nuncius (The Starry Messenger) that, following the secretary's advice, named the four moons the Medician Stars.[2] In his dedicatory introduction, Galileo wrote:

text: Scarcely have the immortal graces of your soul begun to shine forth on earth than bright stars offer themselves in the heavens which, like tongues, will speak of and celebrate your most excellent virtues for all time. Behold, therefore, four stars reserved for your illustrious name ... which ... make their journeys and orbits with a marvelous speed around the star of Jupiter ... like children of the same family ... Indeed, it appears the Maker of the Stars himself, by clear arguments, admonished me to call these new planets by the illustrious name of Your Highness before all others.[2]

text: Name[edit]

text: Galileo initially called his discovery the Cosmica Sidera ("Cosimo's stars"), in honour of Cosimo II de' Medici (1590–1621).[9] At Cosimo's suggestion, Galileo changed the name to Medicea Sidera ("the Medician stars"), honouring all four Medici brothers (Cosimo, Francesco, Carlo, and Lorenzo). The discovery was announced in the Sidereus Nuncius ("Starry Messenger"), published in Venice in March 1610, less than two months after the first observations.

text: Other names put forward include:

text:
I. Principharus (for the "prince" of Tuscany), II. Victripharus (after Vittoria della Rovere), III. Cosmipharus (after Cosimo de' Medici) and IV. Fernipharus (after Duke Ferdinando de' Medici)[10] – by Giovanni Battista Hodierna, a disciple of Galileo and author of the first ephemerides (Medicaeorum Ephemerides, 1656);
Circulatores Jovis, or Jovis Comites – by Johannes Hevelius;
Gardes, or Satellites (from the Latin satelles, satellitis, meaning "escorts") – by Jacques Ozanam.

text: The names that eventually prevailed were chosen by Simon Marius, who discovered the moons independently at the same time as Galileo: he named them at the suggestion of Johannes Kepler after lovers of the god Zeus (the Greek equivalent of Jupiter): Io, Europa, Ganymede and Callisto, in his Mundus Jovialis, published in 1614.[11]

text: Galileo steadfastly refused to use Marius' names and invented as a result the numbering scheme that is still used nowadays, in parallel with proper moon names. The numbers run from Jupiter outward, thus I, II, III and IV for Io, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto respectively.[11] Galileo used this system in his notebooks but never actually published it. The numbered names (Jupiter x) were used until the mid-20th century when other inner moons were discovered, and Marius' names became widely used.[11]

text: Determination of longitude[edit]

text: Galileo was able to develop a method of determining longitude based on the timing of the orbits of the Galilean moons.[12] The times of the eclipses of the moons could be precisely calculated in advance, and compared with local observations on land or on ship to determine the local time and hence longitude. The main problem with the technique was that it was difficult to observe the Galilean moons through a telescope on a moving ship; a problem that Galileo tried to solve with the invention of the celatone. The method was used by Cassini and Picard to re-map France.[13]

text: Members[edit]

text: Some models predict that there may have been several generations of Galilean satellites in Jupiter's early history. Each generation of moons to have formed would have spiraled into Jupiter and been destroyed, due to tidal interactions with Jupiter's proto-satellite disk, with new moons forming from the remaining debris. By the time the present generation formed, the gas in the proto-satellite disk had thinned out to the point that it no longer greatly interfered with the moons' orbits.[14][15] Other models suggest that Galilean satellites formed in a proto-satellite disk, in which formation timescales were comparable to or shorter than orbital migration timescales.[16] Io is anhydrous and likely has an interior of rock and metal.[14] Europa is thought to contain 8% ice and water by mass with the remainder rock.[14] These moons are, in increasing order of distance from Jupiter:

text:
Name
Image
Model of interior
I E G C
Diameter
(km)
Mass
(kg)
Density
(g/cm³)
Semi-major axis
(km)[17]
Orbital period(d)
[18] (relative)
Inclination
(°)[19]
Eccentricity

Io
Jupiter I

7003366000000000000♠3660.0
7003363740000000000♠× 3637.4
7003363060000000000♠× 3630.6
0893 !7022893000000000000♠8.93×1022
7000352800000000000♠3.528
7005421800000000000♠421800
1.769

(1)
0.050
0.0041

Europa
Jupiter II

7003312160000000000♠3121.6
0480 !7022480000000000000♠4.8×1022
3.014
7005671100000000000♠671100
3.551

(2)
0.471
0.0094

Ganymede
Jupiter III

7003526820000000000♠5268.2
1480 !7023148000000000000♠1.48×1023
1.942
7006107040000000000♠1070400
7.155

(4)
0.204
0.0011

Callisto
Jupiter IV

7003482060000000000♠4820.6
1080 !7023108000000000000♠1.08×1023
1.834
7006188270000000000♠1882700
16.69

(9.4)
0.205
0.0074

text: Io[edit]

text: Io (Jupiter I) is the innermost of the four Galilean moons of Jupiter and, with a diameter of 3,642 kilometers, the fourth-largest moon in the Solar System. It was named after Io, a priestess of Hera who became one of the lovers of Zeus. Nevertheless, it was simply referred to as "Jupiter I", or "The first satellite of Jupiter", until the mid-20th century.[11]

text: With over 400 active volcanos, Io is the most geologically active object in the Solar System.[20] Its surface is dotted with more than 100 mountains, some of which are taller than Earth's Mount Everest.[21] Unlike most satellites in the outer Solar System (which have a thick coating of ice), Io is primarily composed of silicate rock surrounding a molten iron or iron sulfide core.

text: Although not proven, recent data from the Galileo orbiter indicate that Io might have its own magnetic field.[22] Io has an extremely thin atmosphere made up mostly of sulfur dioxide (SO2).[23] If a surface data or collection vessel were to land on Io in the future, it would have to be extremely tough (similar to the tank-like bodies of the Soviet Venera landers) to survive the radiation and magnetic fields that originate from Jupiter.[24]

text: Europa[edit]

text: Europa (Jupiter II), the second of the four Galilean moons, is the second closest to Jupiter and the smallest at 3121.6 kilometers in diameter, which is slightly smaller than the Moon. The name comes from a mythical Phoenician noblewoman, Europa, who was courted by Zeus and became the queen of Crete, though the name did not become widely used until the mid-20th century.[11]

text: It has a smooth and bright surface,[25] with a layer of water surrounding the mantle of the planet, thought to be 100 kilometers thick.[26] The smooth surface includes a layer of ice, while the bottom of the ice is theorized to be liquid water.[27] The apparent youth and smoothness of the surface have led to the hypothesis that a water ocean exists beneath it, which could conceivably serve as an abode for extraterrestrial life.[28] Heat energy from tidal flexing ensures that the ocean remains liquid and drives geological activity.[29] Life may exist in Europa's under-ice ocean, perhaps subsisting in an environment similar to Earth's deep-ocean hydrothermal vents or the Antarctic Lake Vostok.[30] Life in such an ocean could possibly be similar to microbial life on Earth in the deep ocean.[31] So far, there is no evidence that life exists on Europa, but the likely presence of liquid water has spurred calls to send a probe there.[32]

text: The prominent markings that criss-cross the moon seem to be mainly albedo features, which emphasize low topography. There are few craters on Europa because its surface is tectonically active and young.[34] Some theories suggest that Jupiter's gravity is causing these markings, as one side of Europa is constantly facing Jupiter. Also, volcanic water eruptions splitting the surface of Europa, and even geysers have been considered as a cause. The color of the markings, reddish-brown, is theorized to be caused by sulfur, but scientists cannot confirm that, because no data collection devices have been sent to Europa.[35] Europa is primarily made of silicate rock and likely has an iron core. It has a tenuous atmosphere composed primarily of oxygen.

text: Ganymede[edit]

text: Ganymede (Jupiter III), the third Galilean moon is named after the mythological Ganymede, cupbearer of the Greek gods and Zeus's beloved.[36] Ganymede is the largest natural satellite in the Solar System at 5262.4 kilometers in diameter, which makes it larger than the planet Mercury – although only at about half of its mass[37] since Ganymede is an icy world. It is the only satellite in the Solar System known to possess a magnetosphere, likely created through convection within the liquid iron core.[38]

text: Ganymede is composed primarily of silicate rock and water ice, and a salt-water ocean is believed to exist nearly 200 km below Ganymede's surface, sandwiched between layers of ice.[39] The metallic core of Ganymede suggests a greater heat at some time in its past than had previously been proposed. The surface is a mix of two types of terrain—highly cratered dark regions and younger, but still ancient, regions with a large array of grooves and ridges. Ganymede has a high number of craters, but many are gone or barely visible due to its icy crust forming over them. The satellite has a thin oxygen atmosphere that includes O, O2, and possibly O3 (ozone), and some atomic hydrogen.[40][41]

text: Callisto[edit]

text: Callisto (Jupiter IV) is the fourth and last Galilean moon, and is the second largest of the four, and at 4820.6 kilometers in diameter, it is the third largest moon in the Solar System, and barely smaller than Mercury, though only a third of the latter's mass. It is named after the Greek mythological nymph Callisto, a lover of Zeus who was a daughter of the Arkadian King Lykaon and a hunting companion of the goddess Artemis. The moon does not form part of the orbital resonance that affects three inner Galilean satellites and thus does not experience appreciable tidal heating.[42] Callisto is composed of approximately equal amounts of rock and ices, which makes it the least dense of the Galilean moons. It is one of the most heavily cratered satellites in the Solar System, and one major feature is a basin around 3000 km wide called Valhalla.

text: Callisto is surrounded by an extremely thin atmosphere composed of carbon dioxide[43] and probably molecular oxygen.[44] Investigation revealed that Callisto may possibly have a subsurface ocean of liquid water at depths less than 300 kilometres.[45] The likely presence of an ocean within Callisto indicates that it can or could harbour life. However, this is less likely than on nearby Europa.[46] Callisto has long been considered the most suitable place for a human base for future exploration of the Jupiter system since it is furthest from the intense radiation of Jupiter.[47]

text: Comparative structure[edit]

text:
Jovian Radiation

Moon
rem/day

Io
3600[48]

Europa
540[48]

Ganymede
8[48]

Callisto
0.01[48]

text: Fluctuations in the orbits of the moons indicate that their mean density decreases with distance from Jupiter. Callisto, the outermost and least dense of the four, has a density intermediate between ice and rock whereas Io, the innermost and densest moon, has a density intermediate between rock and iron. Callisto has an ancient, heavily cratered and unaltered ice surface and the way it rotates indicates that its density is equally distributed, suggesting that it has no rocky or metallic core but consists of a homogeneous mix of rock and ice. This may well have been the original structure of all the moons. The rotation of the three inner moons, in contrast, indicates differentiation of their interiors with denser matter at the core and lighter matter above. They also reveal significant alteration of the surface. Ganymede reveals past tectonic movement of the ice surface which required partial melting of subsurface layers. Europa reveals more dynamic and recent movement of this nature, suggesting a thinner ice crust. Finally, Io, the innermost moon, has a sulfur surface, active volcanism and no sign of ice. All this evidence suggests that the nearer a moon is to Jupiter the hotter its interior. The current model is that the moons experience tidal heating as a result of the gravitational field of Jupiter in inverse proportion to the square of their distance from the giant planet. In all but Callisto this will have melted the interior ice, allowing rock and iron to sink to the interior and water to cover the surface. In Ganymede a thick and solid ice crust then formed. In warmer Europa a thinner more easily broken crust formed. In Io the heating is so extreme that all the rock has melted and water has long ago boiled out into space.

text: Size[edit]

text: Latest flyby[edit]

text: Origin and evolution[edit]

text: Jupiter's regular satellites are believed to have formed from a circumplanetary disk, a ring of accreting gas and solid debris analogous to a protoplanetary disk.[49][50] They may be the remnants of a score of Galilean-mass satellites that formed early in Jupiter's history.[15][49]

text: Simulations suggest that, while the disk had a relatively high mass at any given moment, over time a substantial fraction (several tenths of a percent) of the mass of Jupiter captured from the Solar nebula was processed through it. However, the disk mass of only 2% that of Jupiter is required to explain the existing satellites.[49] Thus there may have been several generations of Galilean-mass satellites in Jupiter's early history. Each generation of moons would have spiraled into Jupiter, due to drag from the disk, with new moons then forming from the new debris captured from the Solar nebula.[49] By the time the present (possibly fifth) generation formed, the disk had thinned out to the point that it no longer greatly interfered with the moons' orbits.[15] The current Galilean moons were still affected, falling into and being partially protected by an orbital resonance which still exists for Io, Europa, and Ganymede. Ganymede's larger mass means that it would have migrated inward at a faster rate than Europa or Io.[49]

text: Visibility[edit]

text: All four Galilean moons are bright enough that they could be sighted from Earth without a telescope, if they were farther away from Jupiter. (They are, however, easily visible with even low-powered binoculars.) They have apparent magnitudes between 4.6 and 5.6 when Jupiter is in opposition with the Sun,[51] and are about one unit of magnitude dimmer when Jupiter is in conjunction. The main difficulty in observing the moons from Earth is their proximity to Jupiter since they are obscured by its brightness.[52] The maximum angular separations of the moons are between 2 and 10 minutes of arc from Jupiter,[53] which is close to the limit of human visual acuity. Ganymede and Callisto, at their maximum separation, are the likeliest targets for potential naked-eye observation.

text: Orbit animation[edit]

text: GIF animation of the resonance of Io, Europa, and Ganymede