document_title: List of people who have won Academy, Emmy, Grammy, and Tony Awards

question_text: which director has won all 4 major entertainment awards (egot)

question_tokens: which director has won all 4 major entertainment awards ( egot )

root

text: List of people who have won Academy, Emmy, Grammy, and Tony Awards

text: Winners of all four awards[edit]

text: To date, twelve individuals have won all four awards in competitive categories.[2]

tag: p

text:
Name
Completed
(year span)

Emmy
Grammy
Oscar
Tony
Completion Year
Category(s)

Rodgers, RichardRichard Rodgers
17
1962
19601
1945
19501,2
1962
Composer

Hayes, HelenHelen Hayes3
45
1953
1977
19321
19471,2
1977
Actress

Moreno, RitaRita Moreno3
16
19771
1972
1961
1975
1977
Actress/Singer

Gielgud, JohnJohn Gielgud
30
1991
1979
1981
19611,2
1991
Actor/Director

Hepburn, AudreyAudrey Hepburn
41
19935
19945
19532
19542
1993
Actress

Hamlisch, MarvinMarvin Hamlisch
23
19951
19741
19731
1976
1995
Composer

Tunick, JonathanJonathan Tunick
20
1982
1988
1977
1997
1997
Composer/Conductor

Brooks, MelMel Brooks
34
19671
19981
1968
20011
2001
Writer/Composer/Actor

Nichols, MikeMike Nichols
40
20011
1961
1967
19641
2001
Director/Actor

Goldberg, WhoopiWhoopi Goldberg
17
20021,2,4
1985
1990
2002
2002
Actress/Host

Rudin, ScottScott Rudin
28
1984
2012
2007
19941
2012
Producer

Lopez, RobertRobert Lopez6
10
20081,4
20121
20141
20041
2014
Composer

tag: table

text: Notes:

text:
^1 The artist also subsequently won one or more additional competitive awards.
^2 The artist also received one or more honorary or non-competitive awards.
^3 The artist also earned the Triple Crown of Acting, with singular (non-group/ensemble/company) acting wins in the Emmy, Oscar and Tony awards.
^4 The artist has won a Daytime Emmy Award, not a Primetime Emmy Award.
^5 The artist was awarded posthumously.
^6 The artist has subsequently achieved multiple EGOTs.

text: Additional major awards[edit]

text:
Marvin Hamlisch and Richard Rodgers have also won the Pulitzer Prize.
Gielgud, Goldberg, Hamlisch, Hepburn, Moreno, Nichols, and Rudin have been awarded one or more Golden Globe Awards.
Mel Brooks, Helen Hayes, Rita Moreno, Mike Nichols, and Richard Rodgers have also been awarded the Kennedy Center Honors.
Helen Hayes, Audrey Hepburn, and Rita Moreno have been awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom.
Mel Brooks, Helen Hayes, Rita Moreno, and Mike Nichols have been awarded the National Medal of Arts.
Mel Brooks and Mike Nichols have been awarded the AFI Life Achievement Award.
Audrey Hepburn and Rita Moreno have been awarded the Screen Actors Guild Life Achievement Award.
Audrey Hepburn has also been awarded the Cecil B. DeMille Award.

tag: ul

text: Including non-competitive or special[edit]

text: Six other artists – Liza Minnelli, James Earl Jones, Barbra Streisand, Alan Menken, Harry Belafonte and Quincy Jones – have also received all four awards, even though at least one of the awards was non-competitive, i.e. special or honorary in nature (Streisand's Tony, both Jones' Oscars, Minnelli's Grammy, Menken's Emmy and Belafonte's Oscar).[2]

text: The following are the six artists who also have won the four major awards but not exclusively in the main competitive categories.

text:
Artist
Years to complete
1st Award
2nd Award
3rd Award
4th Award

Streisand, BarbraBarbra Streisand

6

1964
Grammy
1965
Emmy
1968
Oscar
1970
Special Tony Award

Minnelli, LizaLiza Minnelli

25

1965
Tony
1972
Oscar
1973
Emmy
1990
Grammy Legend Award

Jones, James EarlJames Earl Jones

42

1969
Tony
1977
Grammy
1991
Emmy
2011
Academy Honorary Award (Oscar)

Menken, AlanAlan Menken

23

1989
Oscar
1990
Special Emmy Award
1991
Grammy
2012
Tony

Belafonte, HarryHarry Belafonte

61

1953
Tony
1960
Emmy
1961
Grammy
2014
Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award (Oscar)

Jones, QuincyQuincy Jones

52

1964
Grammy
1977
Emmy
1994
Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award (Oscar)
2016
Tony

text: Additional major awards or honors[edit]

text:
James Earl Jones, Alan Menken, Liza Minnelli, and Barbra Streisand have been awarded one or more Golden Globe Awards.
Harry Belafonte, James Earl Jones, Quincy Jones, and Barbra Streisand have been awarded the Kennedy Center Honors.
Harry Belafonte, James Earl Jones, Quincy Jones, and Barbra Streisand have been awarded the National Medal of Arts.
Harry Belafonte, Quincy Jones, Alan Menken, Liza Minnelli, and Barbra Streisand have been inducted into the Hollywood Walk of Fame.
James Earl Jones and Liza Minnelli have been inducted into the American Theatre Hall of Fame.
Barbra Streisand has been awarded the AFI Life Achievement Award, Cecil B. DeMille Award, and the Presidential Medal of Freedom.
James Earl Jones has been awarded the Screen Actors Guild Life Achievement Award.

text: Qualifying awards summary (competitive only)[edit]

text: Richard Rodgers[edit]

text: Richard Rodgers (1902–1979), a composer, received his fourth distinct award in 1962. Between 1945 and 1979, Rodgers received a total of 13 awards.

text:
Academy Awards:

1945: Best Song – "It Might as Well Be Spring" from State Fair

Emmy Awards:

1962: Outstanding Achievement in Original Music Composed – Winston Churchill: The Valiant Years

Grammy Awards:

1960: Best Show Album (Original Cast) – The Sound of Music
1962: Best Original Cast Show Album – No Strings

Tony Awards:

1950: Best Musical – South Pacific
1950: Tony Award for Producers, Musical – South Pacific
1950: Best Score – South Pacific
1952: Best Musical – The King and I
1960: Best Musical – The Sound of Music
1962: Best Composer – No Strings

Special Awards:

1962: Special Tony Award "for all he has done for young people in the theatre and for taking the men of the orchestra out of the pit and putting them onstage in No Strings"
1972: Special Tony Award
1979: Special Tony Award, Lawrence Langner Memorial Award for Distinguished Lifetime Achievement in the American Theatre

text: Helen Hayes[edit]

text: Helen Hayes (1900–1993), an actress, received her fourth distinct award in 1977. Between 1932 and 1980, Hayes received a total of 7 awards. She was the first woman to win all four. Hayes was also the first person to win the Triple Crown of Acting, with singular (non-group/ensemble/company) acting wins in each of the Emmy, Oscar and Tony awards, winning her third in 1953. Counting only the first award of each type, she also has the distinction of the longest timespan (45 years) between her first and fourth award of any showbiz Grand Slam winner.

text:
Academy Awards:

1932: Best Actress in a Leading Role – The Sin of Madelon Claudet
1970: Best Actress in a Supporting Role – Airport

Emmy Awards:

1953: Best Actress – Schlitz Playhouse of Stars for the episode "Not a Chance"

Grammy Awards:

1977: Best Spoken Word Recording – Great American Documents

Tony Awards:

1947: Best Actress, Dramatic – Happy Birthday
1958: Best Actress, Dramatic – Time Remembered

Special Awards:

1980: Special Tony Award, Lawrence Langner Memorial Award for Distinguished Lifetime Achievement in the American Theatre

text: Rita Moreno[edit]

text: Rita Moreno (born 1931), an actress, received her fourth distinct award in 1977. Between 1961 and 1978, Moreno received a total of five awards.[10] She is also the first Hispanic winner and the first winner to win a Grammy as their second award (both previous winners won Tonys as their second award). In addition, she became a Kennedy Center Honoree in 2015.

text:
Academy Awards:

1961: Best Actress in a Supporting Role – West Side Story

Emmy Awards:

1977: Outstanding Continuing or Single Performance by a Supporting Actress in Variety or Music – The Muppet Show
1978: Outstanding Lead Actress for a Single Appearance in a Drama or Comedy Series – The Rockford Files for the episode "The Paper Palace"

Grammy Awards:

1972: Best Recording for Children – The Electric Company

Tony Awards:

1975: Best Featured or Supporting Actress in a Play – The Ritz

text: John Gielgud[edit]

text: John Gielgud (1904–2000), an actor, received his fourth distinct award in 1991. Between 1948 and 1991, Gielgud received a total of six awards. Gielgud was the first winner to win any award other than the Oscar as their first award (his first award was a Tony). At age 87 when he won his Emmy, he was also the oldest winner.

text:
Academy Awards:

1981: Best Actor in a Supporting Role – Arthur

Emmy Awards:

1991: Outstanding Lead Actor in a Miniseries or Special – Summer's Lease

Grammy Awards:

1979: Best Spoken Word, Documentary or Drama Recording – Ages of Man

Tony Awards:

1948: Outstanding Foreign Company – The Importance of Being Earnest
1961: Best Director of a Drama – Big Fish, Little Fish

Special Awards:

1959: Special Tony Award "for contribution to theatre for his extraordinary insight into the writings of Shakespeare as demonstrated in his one-man play Ages of Man"

text: Audrey Hepburn[edit]

text: Audrey Hepburn (1929–1993), an actress, received her fourth distinct award posthumously in 1994. Between 1953 and 1994, Hepburn received a total of six awards. She was the fifth person to complete the feat and the first to do so posthumously. She was also the first winner to win two of their awards in consecutive awards shows (the 1994 Grammys were the first Grammys since her posthumous win at the 1993 Emmys). She is one of the only two EGOT winners (the other being Jonathan Tunick) to not win multiple awards in any of the four award fields.

text:
Academy Awards:

1953: Best Actress in a Leading Role – Roman Holiday

Emmy Awards:

1993: Outstanding Individual Achievement, Informational Programming – Gardens of the World with Audrey Hepburn

Grammy Awards:

1994: Best Spoken Word Album for Children – Audrey Hepburn's Enchanted Tales

Tony Awards:

1954: Tony Award for Best Actress in a Play – Ondine

Special Awards:

1968: Special Tony Award, Special Achievement Award
1993: Special Academy Award, Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award

text: Marvin Hamlisch[edit]

text: Marvin Hamlisch (1944–2012), a composer, received his fourth distinct award in 1995. Between 1973 and 2001, Hamlisch received a total of 12 awards. Hamlisch has the most Oscars of any Grand Slam winners (three). In 1974 he became the first winner to have won a "General Field" Grammy – taking Song of the Year and Best New Artist. He was also the first Grand Slam winner to have won multiple legs of the feat for the same work – an Oscar and a Grammy for song "The Way We Were".

text:
Academy Awards:

1973: Best Music, Original Dramatic Score – The Way We Were
1973: Best Music, Original Song – "The Way We Were"
1973: Best Music, Scoring Original Song Score and/or Adaptation – The Sting

Emmy Awards:

1995: Outstanding Individual Achievement in Music Direction – Barbra: The Concert
1995: Outstanding Individual Achievement in Music and Lyrics – Barbra: The Concert
1999: Outstanding Music and Lyrics – AFI's 100 Years... 100 Movies
2001: Outstanding Music Direction – Timeless: Live in Concert

Grammy Awards:

1974: Song of the Year – "The Way We Were"
1974: Best New Artist of the Year
1974: Best Pop Instrumental Performance – The Entertainer
1974: Album of Best Original Score Written for a Motion Picture or a Television Special – The Way We Were

Tony Awards:

1976: Best Musical Score – A Chorus Line

text: Jonathan Tunick[edit]

text: Jonathan Tunick (born 1938), a composer, conductor, and music arranger, received his fourth distinct award in 1997. Between 1977 and 1997, Tunick received a total of four awards. Tunick is the first Grand Slam winner to have won an Emmy as their second award as well as the first to win the Tony as their fourth award. He is also the second person (after Audrey Hepburn) to not win any multiple awards in any of the four award fields.

text:
Academy Awards:

1977: Best Music, Original Song Score and Its Adaptation or Best Adaptation Score – A Little Night Music

Emmy Awards:

1982: Outstanding Achievement in Music Direction – Night of 100 Stars

Grammy Awards:

1988: Best Instrumental Arrangement Accompanying Vocals – "No One is Alone," Cleo Laine

Tony Awards:

1997: Best Orchestrations – Titanic

text: Mel Brooks[edit]

text: Mel Brooks (born 1926), a director, writer and actor, received his fourth distinct award in June 2001. Between 1968 and 2002, Brooks received a total of 11 awards.[11] Brooks was the first person to win the Emmy as the first award, and the first winner to have won his Oscar for screenwriting.

text:
Academy Awards:

1968: Best Writing, Story and Screenplay Written Directly for the Screen – The Producers

Emmy Awards:

1967: Outstanding Writing Achievement in Variety – The Sid Caesar, Imogene Coca, Carl Reiner, Howard Morris Special
1997: Outstanding Guest Actor in a Comedy Series – Mad About You
1998: Outstanding Guest Actor in a Comedy Series – Mad About You
1999: Outstanding Guest Actor in a Comedy Series – Mad About You

Grammy Awards:

1998: Best Spoken Comedy Album – The 2000 Year Old Man in the Year 2000
2002: Best Long Form Music Video – Recording 'The Producers': A Musical Romp with Mel Brooks
2002: Best Musical Show Album – The Producers

Tony Awards:

2001: Best Book of a Musical – The Producers
2001: Best Original Score – The Producers
2001: Best Musical – The Producers

text: When he appeared on January 30, 2015 episode of Real Time with Bill Maher, Brooks called himself an EGOTAK, noting that he had also received awards from the American Film Institute and Kennedy Center.

text: Mike Nichols[edit]

text: Mike Nichols (1931–2014), a director, received his fourth distinct award in November 2001. Between 1961 and 2012, Nichols received a total of 15 awards. Nichols was the first slam winner to win the Grammy as their first award, the first winner to have won multiple awards (an Oscar, several Tonys, and two Emmys) for directing. When counting all awards won—not just the first of each type—Nichols has the longest timespan of awards among Grand Slam winners, at 51 years.

text:
Academy Awards:

1967: Best Director – The Graduate

Emmy Awards:

2001: Outstanding Directing for a Miniseries, Movie or a Special – Wit
2001: Outstanding Made for Television Movie – Wit (as Executive Producer)
2004: Outstanding Directing for a Miniseries, Movie or a Special – Angels in America
2004: Outstanding Miniseries – Angels in America (as Executive Producer)

Grammy Awards:

1961: Best Comedy Performance – An Evening with Mike Nichols and Elaine May

Tony Awards:

1964: Best Director, Dramatic – Barefoot in the Park
1965: Best Director, Dramatic – Luv and The Odd Couple
1968: Best Director, Dramatic – Plaza Suite
1972: Best Director, Dramatic – The Prisoner of Second Avenue
1977: Best Musical – Annie (as producer)
1984: Best Director, Play – The Real Thing
1984: Best Play – The Real Thing (as producer)
2005: Best Director, Musical – Monty Python's Spamalot
2012: Best Director, Play – Death of a Salesman

text: Whoopi Goldberg[edit]

text: Whoopi Goldberg (born 1955), an actress, comedian and talk-show host, received her fourth distinct award in 2002. Between 1985 and 2009, Goldberg received a total of 6 awards.[12] Goldberg is the first African American winner, the first to win the Oscar as their second award, and the first to win two of their awards in the same year (she won both her first Daytime Emmy and her Tony in 2002).

text:
Academy Awards:

1990: Best Actress in a Supporting Role – Ghost

Daytime Emmy Awards:

2002: Outstanding Special Class Special – Beyond Tara: The Extraordinary Life of Hattie McDaniel (Host)
2009: Outstanding Talk Show Host – The View

Grammy Awards:

1985: Best Comedy Recording – Whoopi Goldberg: Original Broadway Show Recording

Tony Awards:

2002: Best Musical – Thoroughly Modern Millie

Special Awards:

1997: Special Emmy Award, Governors Award, for the seven Comic Relief Benefit Specials

text: Notes: Although she has not won a competitive Primetime Emmy award, she has been nominated several times. The fact that she does not have a competitive Primetime Emmy Award has led to debate over her inclusion in the "official list." In the 30 Rock episode "Dealbreakers Talk Show*#0001", Goldberg (playing herself) addresses this when questioned by character Tracy Jordan about her Daytime Emmy: "It still counts! Girl's gotta eat!"

text: Scott Rudin[edit]

text: Scott Rudin (born 1958) received his fourth distinct award in 2012. Between 1984 and 2017, Rudin received a total of 18 awards making him the record holder for most awards won among the people who have won all four awards in competitive categories. Rudin is the first winner who is primarily a producer.

text:
Academy Awards:

2007: Best Picture – No Country For Old Men

Primetime Emmy Awards:

1984: Outstanding Children's Program – He Makes Me Feel Like Dancin'

Grammy Awards:

2012: Best Musical Theater Album – The Book of Mormon: Original Broadway Cast Recording

Tony Awards:

1994: Best Musical – Passion
2000: Best Play – Copenhagen
2002: Best Play – The Goat, or Who Is Sylvia?
2005: Best Play – Doubt
2006: Best Play – The History Boys
2009: Best Play – God of Carnage
2010: Best Revival of a Play – Fences
2011: Best Musical – The Book of Mormon
2012: Best Revival of a Play – Death of a Salesman
2014: Best Revival of a Play – A Raisin in the Sun
2015: Best Play – The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-Time
2015: Best Revival of a Play – Skylight
2016: Best Play – The Humans
2016: Best Revival of a Play – A View From the Bridge
2017: Best Revival of a Musical – Hello, Dolly!

text: Robert Lopez[edit]

text: Robert Lopez (born 1975), a songwriter, received his fourth distinct award in 2014. Between 2004 and 2018, Lopez received a total of 10 awards. Like fellow EGOT winner Whoopi Goldberg, his Emmy awards are Daytime Emmys (although he has been nominated for three competitive Primetime Emmy awards). Lopez is the first Filipino and Asian to achieve this feat. He is also the youngest winner to receive all four awards in competitive categories, as well as the fastest to complete his qualifying run of EGOT award wins (10 years), and has the shortest time to complete any run of EGOT wins (4 years).

text: He received his Grammy Award for The Book of Mormon in collaboration with fellow EGOT winner Scott Rudin (among others), making them the first pair of Grand Slam winners to have been co-winners of the same award. Lopez is also the first person to have won the Oscar last, which he won with his wife Kristen Anderson-Lopez.[13] He is also the first winner to also win the so-called "Double EGOT", winning each EGOT award twice.[14][15]

text: He is the second Grand Slam winner, behind only Marvin Hamlisch, to have won multiple legs of the feat for the same work – an Oscar and a Grammy for the song "Let It Go."

text:
Academy Awards

2014: Best Original Song – "Let It Go" from Frozen
2018: Best Original Song – "Remember Me" from Coco

Daytime Emmy Awards

2008: Outstanding Achievement in Music Direction and Composition – Wonder Pets
2010: Outstanding Achievement in Music Direction and Composition – Wonder Pets

Grammy Awards

2012: Best Musical Theater Album – The Book of Mormon: Original Broadway Cast Recording
2015: Best Compilation Soundtrack for Visual Media – Frozen
2015: Best Song Written for Visual Media – "Let It Go" from Frozen

Tony Awards

2004: Best Original Score – Avenue Q
2011: Best Book of a Musical – The Book of Mormon
2011: Best Original Score – The Book of Mormon

text: Winners including non-competitive awards[edit]

text: The following artists have also received all of the four major awards. However, in each case, one of these awards has been received only in an honorary or other non-competitive category. (Streisand has not received a competitive Tony, Minnelli has not received a competitive Grammy, Menken has not received a competitive Emmy and Belafonte and Jones have not received a competitive Oscar.)

text: Barbra Streisand[edit]

text: Barbra Streisand (born 1942), a singer and actress, received her fourth distinct award in 1970. Between 1963 and 2001, Streisand received a total of 18 awards. Having completed the showbiz Grand Slam at age 28, she is the youngest winner, and with just six years elapsing between her first award (a 1964 Grammy) and her final award (a 1970 Special Tony), Streisand also completed the Grand Slam in the shortest amount of time. She is also the only winner to have won an Oscar in both a music and an acting category. She is also the only winner to have won all of her competitive awards for her debut performances (her first musical album, feature film and television special, respectively). In addition, she also received the AFI Life Achievement Award, the Kennedy Center Honor, the Cecil B. DeMille Award, the National Medal of Arts, the American Society of Cinematographers Board of Governors Award, the Presidential Medal of Freedom.

text: Academy Awards:

text:
1968: Best Actress in a Leading Role – Funny Girl
1976: Best Music, Song – Evergreen (Love Theme from A Star Is Born)

tag: ol

text: Emmy Awards:

text:
1965: Outstanding Individual Achievements in Entertainment – Actors and Performers – My Name is Barbra
1995: Outstanding Individual Performance in a Variety or Music Program – Barbra Streisand: The Concert
1995: Outstanding Variety, Music or Comedy Special – Barbra Streisand: The Concert
2001: Outstanding Individual Performance in a Variety or Music Program – Timeless: Live in Concert

text: Daytime Emmy Awards:

text: 2001: Outstanding Special Class Special – Reel Models: The First Women of Film

text: Grammy Awards:

text:
1964: Best Vocal Performance, Female – The Barbra Streisand Album
1964: Album Of The Year (Other Than Classical) – The Barbra Streisand Album
1965: Best Vocal Performance, Female – "People" (from the musical Funny Girl)
1966: Best Vocal Performance, Female – My Name Is Barbra
1977: Best Pop Vocal Performance, Female – "Evergreen (Love Theme from A Star Is Born)"
1977: Song Of The Year – Evergreen (Love Theme from A Star Is Born)
1980: Best Pop Performance By A Duo Or Group With Vocal – "Guilty" (with Barry Gibb)
1986: Best Pop Vocal Performance, Female – The Broadway Album
1992: Special Grammy Award: Grammy Legend Award (non-competitive)
1995: Special Grammy Award: Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award (non-competitive)

text: Tony Awards:

text: 1970: Special Tony Award: Star of the Decade (non-competitive)

text: Liza Minnelli[edit]

text: Liza Minnelli (born 1946), an actress and singer, received her fourth distinct award in 1990. Between 1965 and 2009, Minnelli received a total of 7 awards.

text: Academy Awards:

text: 1972: Best Actress in a Leading Role (Cabaret)

text: Emmy Awards:

text: 1973: Outstanding Single Program − Variety and Popular Music (Liza with a 'Z'. A Concert for Television)

text: Grammy Awards:

text: 1990: Special Grammy Award: Grammy Legend Award (non-competitive)

text: Tony Awards:

text:
1965: Best Leading Actress in a Musical (Flora the Red Menace)
1974: Special Tony Award for "adding lustre to the Broadway season" (non-competitive)
1978: Best Leading Actress in a Musical (The Act)
2009: Best Special Theatrical Event (Liza's at The Palace...!)

text: James Earl Jones[edit]

text: James Earl Jones (born 1931), an actor, received his fourth distinct award in 2011. Between 1969 and 2011, Jones received a total of 7 awards.

text: Academy Awards:

text: 2011: Academy Honorary Award (non-competitive)

text: Emmy Awards:

text:
1991: Outstanding Lead Actor − Drama Series (Gabriel's Fire)
1991: Outstanding Supporting Actor − Miniseries or a Movie (Heat Wave)

text: Daytime Emmy Awards:

text: 2000: Outstanding Performer − Children's Special (Summer's End)

text: Grammy Awards:

text: 1977: Best Spoken Word Recording (Great American Documents)

text: Tony Awards:

text:
1969: Best Leading Actor in a Play (The Great White Hope)
1987: Best Leading Actor in a Play (Fences)
2017: Special Tony Award for Lifetime Achievement in the Theatre (non-competitive)

text: Alan Menken[edit]

text: Alan Menken (born 1949), composer and songwriter, received his fourth distinct award in 2012. Between 1989 and 2012, Menken received a total of 21 awards. He has the most Oscar wins (8) by a grand slam winner and is the second most prolific Oscar winner in the music categories after Alfred Newman. He is also notable for frequently having multiple songs from the same film nominated for major awards.

text: Academy Awards:

text:
1989: Best Original Score – The Little Mermaid
1989: Best Original Song – "Under the Sea" from The Little Mermaid
1991: Best Original Score – Beauty and the Beast
1991: Best Original Song – "Beauty and the Beast" from Beauty and the Beast
1992: Best Original Score – Aladdin
1992: Best Original Song – "A Whole New World" from Aladdin
1995: Best Original Musical or Comedy Score – Pocahontas
1995: Best Original Song – "Colors of the Wind" from Pocahontas

text: Emmy Awards:

text: 1990: Outstanding contribution to the success of the Academy's anti-drug special for children – "Wonderful Ways to Say No" from the TV special Cartoon All-Stars to the Rescue (non-competitive)

text: Grammy Awards:

text:
1991: Best Recording for Children – The Little Mermaid: Original Walt Disney Records Soundtrack
1991: Best Song Written Specifically for a Motion Picture or Television – "Under the Sea" from The Little Mermaid
1993: Best Album for Children – Beauty and the Beast: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack
1993: Best Instrumental Composition Written for a Motion Picture or for Television – Beauty and the Beast: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack
1993: Best Song Written Specifically for a Motion Picture or Television – "Beauty and the Beast" from Beauty and the Beast
1994: Song of the Year – "A Whole New World (Aladdin's Theme)" from Aladdin
1994: Best Musical Album for Children – Aladdin: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack
1994: Best Instrumental Composition Written for a Motion Picture or for Television – Aladdin: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack
1994: Best Song Written Specifically for a Motion Picture or Television – "A Whole New World" from Aladdin
1996: Best Song Written Specifically for a Motion Picture or Television – "Colors of the Wind" from Pocahontas
2012: Best Song Written for Visual Media – "I See the Light" from Tangled

text: Tony Awards:

text: 2012: Best Original Score – Newsies

text: Harry Belafonte[edit]

text: Harry Belafonte (born 1927), an actor, received his fourth distinct award in 2014. Between 1953 and 2014, Belafonte received a total of 6 awards.

text: Academy Awards:

text: 2014: Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award (non-competitive)

text: Emmy Awards:

text: 1960: Outstanding Individual Performance in a Variety or Music Program (Tonight with Belafonte - The Revlon Revue)

text: Grammy Awards:

text:
1961: Best Performance Folk – Swing Dat Hammer
1966: Best Folk Performance – An Evening With Belafonte/Makeba
2000: Grammy Hall of Fame Award

text: Tony Awards:

text: 1953: Best Featured Actor in a Musical – John Murray Anderson's Almanac

text: Quincy Jones[edit]

text: Quincy Jones (born 1933), an American record producer, actor and composer, received his fourth distinct award in 2016. Between 1964 and 2016, Jones received a total of 31 awards — the highest number of awards of any grand slam winner. He also has the most Grammy wins (28) by a grand slam winner.

text: Academy Awards:

text: 1994: Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award (non-competitive)

text: Emmy Awards:

text: 1977: Outstanding Music Composition for a Series (for Roots)

text: Grammy Awards:

text:
1964: Best Instrumental Arrangement – "I Can't Stop Loving You"
1970: Best Instrumental Jazz Performance - Large Group Or Soloist With Large Group – Walking in Space
1972: Best Pop Instrumental Performance – Smackwater Jack
1974: Best Instrumental Arrangement – "Summer in the City"
1979: Best Instrumental Arrangement – "The Wiz Main Title (Overture, Part One)"
1981: Best Instrumental Arrangement – "Dinorah, Dinorah"
1982: Producer Of The Year
1982: Best Instrumental Arrangement Accompanying Vocal(s) – "Ai No Corrida"
1982: Best Arrangement On An Instrumental Recording – "Velas"
1982: Best Cast Show Album – Lena Horne: The Lady and Her Music
1982: Best R&B Performance By A Duo Or Group With Vocal – The Dude
1984: Producer Of The Year (Non-Classical)
1984: Best Recording For Children – E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial
1984: Album Of The Year – Thriller
1984: Record Of The Year – "Beat It"
1985: Best Arrangements On An Instrumental – "Grace (Gymnastics Theme)"
1986: Best Music Video, Short Form – "We Are the World – The Video Event"
1986: Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal – "We Are the World"
1986: Record Of The Year – "We Are the World"
1990: Producer Of The Year (Non-Classical)
1990: Best Instrumental Arrangement Accompanying Vocal(s) – "The Places You Find Love"
1990: Best Arrangement On An Instrumental – "Birdland"
1990: Best Jazz Fusion Performance – "Birdland"
1990: Best Rap Performance By A Duo Or Group – "Back on the Block"
1990: Album Of The Year – Back on the Block
1991: Grammy Legend Award
1994: Best Large Jazz Ensemble Performance – Miles & Quincy Live At Montreux
2002: Best Spoken Word Album – Q: The Autobiography Of Quincy Jones

text: Tony Awards:

text: 2016: Best Revival of a Musical (The Color Purple)

text: Three competitive awards[edit]

text: The following people have each won three out of the four major entertainment awards in competitive categories.[16]

text:
Missing a Tony Award

John Addison†
Julie Andrews[note 1]◊
Burt Bacharach◊
Alan Bergman
Marilyn Bergman
George Burns†
Cher
Common
Michael Giacchino
Brian Grazer◊
Ron Howard
James Moll
Randy Newman
Sid Ramin
Martin Scorsese
Barbra Streisand◊, NCA
Peter Ustinov†, ◊
John Williams
Robin Williams†
Kate Winslet

Missing a Grammy Award

Jack Albertson†, TC
Anne Bancroft†, TC
Ingrid Bergman†, TC
Shirley Booth†, TC
Ralph Burns†
Ellen BurstynTC
Viola DavisTC
Melvyn Douglas†, TC
Bob Fosse†
Jeremy Irons◊, TC
Jessica LangeTC
Frances McDormandTC
Liza Minnelli◊, NCA
Helen MirrenTC
Thomas Mitchell†, TC
Al PacinoTC
Christopher Plummer[note 2]TC
Vanessa RedgraveTC
Jason Robards†, TC
Geoffrey RushTC
Paul Scofield†, TC
Maggie SmithTC
Maureen Stapleton†, TC
Jessica Tandy†, TC
Tony Walton[note 3]

Missing an Emmy Award

Henry Fonda†, ◊
Oscar Hammerstein II†, P
Elton John
John Legend
Alan Jay Lerner†
Andrew Lloyd Webber
Frank Loesser†, P
Alan Menken◊, NCA
Benj Pasek
Justin Paul
Tim Rice
Stephen SondheimP
Jule Styne†

Missing an Academy Award (Oscar)

Harry BelafonteNCA
Leonard Bernstein†, ◊
Jerry Bock†
Martin Charnin
Cy Coleman†, ◊
Fred Ebb†, ◊
Cynthia Erivo
Anne Garefino
Julie Harris†, ◊
James Earl Jones◊, NCA
Quincy Jones◊, NCA
Rachel Bay Jones
John Kander◊
Cyndi Lauper
Audra McDonald
Bette Midler◊
Lin-Manuel Miranda[note 4]◊, P
Cynthia Nixon
Trey Parker[note 5]◊
Ben Platt
Marc Shaiman◊
Bill Sherman[18]
Matt Stone
Charles Strouse
Lily Tomlin◊
Dick Van Dyke
James Whitmore†, ◊

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ In 1996, Julie Andrews refused a Tony Award nomination for her role in Victor/Victoria in protest that the production received no other nominations.[17] She was also Tony-nominated for My Fair Lady and Camelot.
Jump up ^ With his 2012 Oscar win, Plummer became the oldest (82) to win the “Triple Crown Of Acting”
Jump up ^ Tony Walton is the only costume/set designer to win three different awards.
Jump up ^ Miranda would also be the first MacArthur Fellow to win the EGOT
Jump up ^ Trey Parker placed second in the narrative/dramatic division of 1993's Student Academy Awards for his college short American History.

text: Three awards (non-competitive)[edit]

text: In addition to the above winners, the following people have each won three out of the four major entertainment awards in either competitive categories or non-competitive special and honorary categories.

text:
Howard Ashman†, ◊ won two competitive Oscars, five competitive Grammy Awards, and a Special Award for outstanding contribution to the success of the Academy of Television Arts and Sciences' anti-drug special for children.
Fred Astaire† won three competitive Emmy Awards, a Special Academy Award, and a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award.
Robert Russell Bennett† won a competitive Emmy Award, a competitive Oscar, and two Special Tony Awards.
Irving Berlin† won an Academy Award, a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award, and a competitive Tony award.
Carol Burnett won 6 competitive Emmy Awards, a competitive Grammy, and a Special Tony award.
Walt Disney† won 26 competitive Academy Awards, seven competitive Emmy Awards, and a Grammy Trustees Award.
Ray Dolby† won an Academy Scientific and Technical Award, two Technology & Engineering Emmy Awards, and a Special Merit/Technical Grammy Award.
Judy Garland†, ◊ won an Academy Juvenile Award, two competitive Grammy Awards, and a Special Tony Award.
Eileen Heckart† won a competitive Academy Award, a competitive Emmy Award, and a Special Tony Award.
Barry Manilow won two competitive Emmy Awards, a competitive Grammy Award, and a Special Tony Award.
Steve Martin◊ won the Honorary Academy Award, a competitive Emmy Award, and five competitive Grammy Awards.
Stephen Schwartz won three competitive Oscars, three competitive Grammys and the Isabelle Stevenson Award, a non-competitive Tony Award.
Bruce Springsteen◊ won 20 competitive Grammys, a competitive Academy Award, and a Special Tony Award.
Eli Wallach† won a competitive Tony Award, a competitive Emmy Award, and an Academy Honorary Award.
Oprah Winfrey won competitive Emmy Awards, a competitive Tony Award, and the Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award, a non-competitive Academy Award.

text: Notes[edit]

text: Four nominations[edit]

text: The following people have not won all four awards in competitive categories, but have received at least one nomination for each of them:

text:
Lynn Ahrens
Alan Alda
Woody Allen
Judith Anderson†
Kristen Anderson-Lopez
Julie Andrews
Howard Ashman[note 1]†
Burt Bacharach
Elmer Bernstein†
Leonard Bernstein†
Ralph Burns†
Ellen Burstyn
Richard Burton†
Sammy Cahn†
Keith Carradine
Diahann Carroll
Glenn Close
Cy Coleman†
Fred Ebb†
Henry Fonda†
Jane Fonda
Judy Garland[note 2]†
Brian Grazer
Joel Grey
Julie Harris†
Katharine Hepburn†
Jeremy Irons
James Earl Jones
Quincy Jones
John Kander
Angela Lansbury
Michel Legrand
John Lithgow
Kenny Loggins
Steve Martin[note 3]
Alan Menken
Bette Midler
Liza Minnelli
Lin-Manuel Miranda
Trey Parker
Dolly Parton
Sidney Poitier
André Previn
Lynn Redgrave[note 4]†
Diana Ross[note 5]
Mark Ruffalo
Adam Schlesinger
Paul Scofield†
Marc Shaiman
Paul Simon
Glenn Slater
Tom Snow
Kevin Spacey
Bruce Springsteen[note 6]
Sting
Barbra Streisand
Meryl Streep
Lily Tomlin
Stanley Tucci
Peter Ustinov†
Jimmy Van Heusen†
Denzel Washington
James Whitmore†
Paul Williams
Hans Zimmer

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ Howard Ashman was never nominated for an Emmy, but won a special Emmy Award for his contributions to Cartoon All-Stars to the Rescue.
Jump up ^ Judy Garland was never nominated for a Tony, but did receive a Special Tony Award.
Jump up ^ Steve Martin has not received an Oscar nomination, but has won an Academy Honorary Award.
Jump up ^ Lynn Redgrave is the only person to date to be nominated at least once for each of the four awards, without winning any.
Jump up ^ Diana Ross has not received a Tony nomination, but received a Special Tony Award.
Jump up ^ Bruce Springsteen has not received a Tony nomination, but received a Special Tony Award.

text: PEGOT[edit]

text: The little used expression PEGOT was fabricated by a reporter at the Wall Street Journal in 2016, decades after Richard Rodgers (1962 EGOT after 1950 Pulitzer Prize) and Marvin Hamlisch (1995 EGOT after 1975 Pulitzer) had already completed an EGOT plus a win of the Pulitzer Prize.[19]

text: PEGOT winners:

text:
Richard Rodgers
Marvin Hamlisch

text: People who have won a Pulitzer, and are only missing one EGOT award:

text:
Jerry Bock (missing an Oscar)
Oscar Hammerstein II (missing an Emmy)
Frank Loesser (missing an Emmy)
Lin-Manuel Miranda (missing an Oscar)
Stephen Sondheim (missing an Emmy)

text: Of these five, only Miranda and Sondheim are still alive. Miranda was nominated for a 2017 Oscar for Best Original Song but did not win.


document_title: Mayflower

question_text: where did the mayflower first land in north america

text: Mayflower

text: Mayflower structure and layout

text: The Pilgrim ship Mayflower was square-rigged and beak-bowed with high, castle-like structures fore and aft that served to protect the ship's crew and the main deck from the elements—designs that were typical with English merchant ships of the early 17th century. Her stern carried a 30-foot high, square aft-castle which made the ship extremely difficult to sail against the wind and unable to sail well against the North Atlantic's prevailing westerlies, especially in the fall and winter of 1620, and the voyage from England to America took more than two months as a result. The Mayflower's return trip to London in April–May 1621 took less than half that time, with the same strong winds now blowing in the direction of the voyage.[4][5]

text: No dimensions of her hull can be stated exactly, since this was many years before such measurements were standardized. She probably measured about 100 feet (30 m) in length from the forward end at the beak of her prow to the tip of her stern superstructure aft. She was about 25 feet (7.6 m) at her widest point, with the bottom of her keel about 12 feet (3.6 m) below the waterline. William Bradford estimated that Mayflower had a cargo capacity of 180 tons. Surviving records from that time indicate that she could certainly accommodate 180 casks of wine in her cargo hold. The casks were great barrels holding hundreds of gallons of claret wine each.[5]

text: This was a ship that traditionally was heavily armed while on trading routes around Europe, due to the possibility of encountering pirates and privateers of all types. And with its armament, the ship and crew could easily be conscripted by the English monarch at any time in case of conflict with other nations.[6][self-published source] By 1620, the Mayflower was aging, nearing the end of the usual 15-year working life of an English merchant ship in that era.

text: General layout

text: The general layout of the ship was as follows:

text:
Three masts: mizzen (aft), main (midship), and fore, and also a spritsail in the bow area.[7]
Three primary levels: main deck, gun deck, and cargo hold.

text: Main deck

text: Aft on the main deck in the stern was the cabin for Master Christopher Jones, measuring about ten by seven feet (3 m × 2.1 m). Forward of that was the steerage room, which housed a whipstaff (tiller extension) for sailing control; not a wheel, as in later ships. Also here was the ship's compass and probably also berths for the ship's officers. Forward of the steerage room was the capstan, a vertical axle used to pull in ropes or cables. Far forward on the main deck, just aft of the bow, was the forecastle space where the ship's cook prepared meals for the crew; it may also have been where the ship's sailors slept.[6]

text: The poop deck was above the cabin of Master Jones, on the ship's highest level above the stern on the aft castle. The poop house was on this deck, which may have been for passengers' use either for sleeping or cargo. On normal merchant ships, this space was probably a chart room or a cabin for the master's mates.[8][self-published source][9]

text: Gun deck

text: The gun deck was where the passengers resided during the voyage, in a space measuring about 50 by 25 feet (15.2 m × 7.6 m) with a five-foot (1.5 m) overhead (ceiling). But it was also a dangerous place in conflict, as it had port and starboard gun ports from which cannon could be run out to fire on the enemy. The gun room was in the stern area of the gun deck, to which passengers had no access due to it being the storage space for powder and ammunition for the ship's cannons and any other weapons belonging to the ship. The gun room might also house a pair of stern chasers, small cannons used to fire out the stern of the ship. Forward on the gun deck in the bow area was a windlass, equipment similar in function to the capstan in steerage, which was used to raise and lower the ship's main anchor. There were no stairs for the passengers on the gun deck to go up through the gratings to the main deck. To get up to the main deck, passengers were required to climb a wooden or rope ladder.[8][9]

text: There was no facility for a latrine or privy on the Mayflower, and ship's crew had to fend for themselves in that regard. Gun deck passengers most likely used a bucket as a chamber pot, affixed to the deck or bulkhead to keep it from being jostled at sea.[9][10][self-published source]

text: Gun deck armament

text: The largest gun was a minion cannon which was brass, weighed about 1,200 pounds (545 kg), and could shoot a 3.5 pound (1.6 kg) cannonball almost a mile (1,600 m). The Mayflower also had on board a saker cannon of about 800 pounds (360 kg), and two base cannons that weighed about 200 pounds (90 kg) which shot a 3 to 5 ounce ball (85–140 g). She carried at least ten pieces of ordnance on the port and starboard sides of her gun deck: seven cannons for long range purposes, and three smaller guns often fired from the stern at close quarters that were filled with musket balls. Later at New Plymouth, Mayflower Master Jones unloaded four of the pieces to help fortify the colony against invaders, and would not have done so unless he was comfortable with the armament that he still had on board.[5]

text: Cargo hold

text: Below the gun deck was the cargo hold where the passengers kept most of their food stores and other supplies. Other items included most of their clothing and bedding. The hold also stored the passengers' personal weapons and military equipment – armor, muskets, gunpowder, and shot, as well as swords and bandoliers. It also stored all the tools that the Pilgrims would need, as well as all the equipment and utensils needed to prepare meals in the New World. It is also known that some Pilgrims loaded trade goods on board, including Isaac Allerton, William Mullins, and possibly others; these also most likely were stored in the cargo hold.[10]

text: Early history

text: It is not known when and where the Mayflower was built, but it is likely that she was launched at Harwich in the county of Essex, England. She was designated as "of Harwich" in the Port Books of 1609–11, although later known as "of London". Harwich was also the birthplace of Mayflower master Christopher Jones about 1570.[11]

text: Captain Jones became master of the Mayflower 11 years prior to the Pilgrims' voyage, sailing the ship cross-Channel taking English woolens to France and bringing French wine to London. In addition, he had also transported hats, hemp, Spanish salt, hops, and vinegar to Norway, and may have taken the Mayflower whaling in the North Atlantic in the Greenland area. She had traveled to Mediterranean ports, being then owned by Christopher Nichols, Robert Child, Thomas Short, and Christopher Jones, the ship's master. In 1620, Jones and Robert Child still owned their quarter shares in the ship, and it was from them that Thomas Weston chartered her in the summer of 1620 to undertake the Pilgrim voyage. Weston had a significant role in the Mayflower voyage, due to his membership in the Company of Merchant Adventurers, and he eventually traveled to the Plymouth Colony himself.[4][12][13]

text: There were 26 vessels bearing the same name as the Pilgrim ship in the Port Books of England in the reign of James I (1603–1625), and the reason for this popularity of the name has never been found.[14] One particular Mayflower that has caused historical confusion is a Mayflower erroneously identified as one of the 1620 Pilgrims. This ship was partly owned by John Vassall and was outfitted for Queen Elizabeth in 1588, during the time of the Spanish Armada, a war for which Vassall outfitted several ships. However, there are no records of Vassall's Mayflower after 1594.[15] The identity of Captain Jones's Mayflower is based on records of the time of her home port, her tonnage (est. 180–200 tons), and the master's name in 1620 in order to avoid confusion with the many other Mayflower ships.[14]

text: Records dating from August 1609 first note Christopher Jones as master and part owner of the Mayflower when his ship was chartered for a voyage from London to Trondheim in Norway and back to London. The ship lost an anchor on her return, due to bad weather, and made short delivery of her cargo of herrings. Litigation resulted, and this was still proceeding in 1612.

text: Christopher Jones is described in a document of January 1611 as being "of Harwich", and his ship is called the Mayflower of Harwich (in the county of Essex). Records of Jones's ship Mayflower show that the ship was twice on the Thames at London in 1613, once in July and again in October and November. Records of 1616 again state that Jones's ship was on the Thames, carrying a cargo of wine, which suggests that the ship had recently been on a voyage to France, Spain, Portugal, the Canaries, or some other wine-producing land.

text: After 1616, there is no further record which specifically relates to Jones's Mayflower until 1624. This is unusual for a ship trading to London, as it would not usually disappear from the records for such a long time. And no Admiralty court document can be found relating to the pilgrim fathers' voyage of 1620, although this might be due to the unusual way in which the transfer of the pilgrims was arranged from Leyden to New England. Or some of the records of the period may have been lost.

text: Voyage

text: Speedwell and Mayflower

text: Approximately 65 passengers embarked the Mayflower in the middle of July 1620 at its home port in the Rotherhithe district of London on the Thames river. The ship then proceeded down the Thames into the English Channel and then on to the south coast of England to anchor at Southampton Water. The Mayflower waited there for a rendezvous on July 22 with the Speedwell. Speedwell was coming from Holland with English separatist Puritans, members of the Leiden congregation who had been living in Holland to escape religious persecution in England.

text: The two ships set sail for America around August 5, but the Speedwell sprang a leak shortly after, and the two ships were brought into Dartmouth for repairs. They made a new start after the repairs, and they were more than 200 miles (320 km) beyond Land's End at the southwestern tip of England when Speedwell sprang another leak. It was now early September, and they had no choice but to abandon the Speedwell and make a determination on her passengers. This was a dire event, as the ship had wasted vital funds and was considered very important to the future success of their settlement in America. Both ships returned to Plymouth, where some of the Speedwell passengers joined the Mayflower and others returned to Holland. The Mayflower then continued on her voyage to America, and the Speedwell was sold soon afterwards.

text: Mayflower carried 102 passengers plus a crew of 25 to 30 officers and men, bringing the total to approximately 130.[16] According to William Bradford, Speedwell was refitted and "made many voyages... to the great profit of her owners." Bradford later implied that the Speedwell's master used "cunning and deceit" to abort the voyage, possibly by causing leaks in the ship and motivated by a fear of starving to death in America.[17]

text: Mayflower sets sail

text: In early September, western gales began to make the North Atlantic a dangerous place for sailing. The Mayflower's provisions were already quite low when departing Southampton, and they became lower still by delays of more than a month. The passengers had been on board the ship for this entire time, and they were quite worn out and in no condition for a very taxing, lengthy Atlantic journey cooped up in cramped spaces in a small ship. But the Mayflower sailed from Plymouth on September 6, 1620 with what Bradford called "a prosperous wind".[18]

text: Aboard the Mayflower were many stores that supplied the pilgrims with the essentials needed for their journey and future lives. It is assumed that they carried tools and weapons, including cannon, shot, and gunpowder, as well as some live animals, including dogs, sheep, goats, and poultry. Horses and cattle came later. The ship also carried two boats: a long boat and a "shallop", a 21-foot boat powered by oars or sails. She also carried 12 artillery pieces (eight minions and four sakers), as the Pilgrims feared that they might need to defend themselves against enemy European forces, as well as the natives.[19]

text: The passage was a miserable one, with huge waves constantly crashing against the ship's topside deck until a key structural support timber fractured. The passengers had already suffered agonizing delays, shortages of food, and other shortages, and they were now called upon to provide assistance to the ship's carpenter in repairing the fractured main support beam. This was repaired with the use of a metal mechanical device called a jackscrew, which had been loaded on board to help in the construction of settler homes. It was now used to secure the beam to keep it from cracking further, making the ship seaworthy enough.[19][20]

text: The crew of the Mayflower had some devices to assist them en route, such as a compass for navigation, as well as a log and line system to measure speed in nautical miles per hour (knots). Time was measured with the ancient method of an hourglass.

text: Arrival in America

text: On November 9, 1620, they sighted present-day Cape Cod. They spent several days trying to sail south to their planned destination of the Colony of Virginia, where they had obtained permission to settle from the Company of Merchant Adventurers. However, strong winter seas forced them to return to the harbor at Cape Cod hook, well north of the intended area, where they anchored on November 11. The settlers wrote and signed the Mayflower Compact after the ship dropped anchor at Cape Cod, in what is now Provincetown Harbor, in order to establish legal order and to quell increasing strife within the ranks.[21][22][23][24]

text: On Monday, November 27, an exploring expedition was launched under the direction of Capt. Christopher Jones to search for a suitable settlement site. As master of the Mayflower, Jones was not required to assist in the search, but he apparently thought it in his best interest to assist the search expedition. There were 34 persons in the open shallop: 24 passengers and 10 sailors. They were obviously not prepared for the bitter winter weather which they encountered on their reconnoiter, the Mayflower passengers not being accustomed to winter weather much colder than back home. They were forced to spend the night ashore due to the bad weather which they encountered, ill-clad in below-freezing temperatures with wet shoes and stockings that became frozen. Bradford wrote, "Some of our people that are dead took the original of their death here" on that expedition.[25]

text: The settlers explored the snow-covered area and discovered an empty native village, now known as Corn Hill in Truro. The curious settlers dug up some artificially made mounds, some of which stored corn, while others were burial sites. The modern writer Nathaniel Philbrick claims that the settlers stole the corn and looted and desecrated the graves,[26] sparking friction with the locals.[27] Philbrick goes on to say that they explored the area of Cape Cod for several weeks as they moved down the coast to what is now Eastham, and he claims that the Pilgrims were looting and stealing native stores as they went.[28] He then writes about how they decided to relocate to Plymouth after a difficult encounter with the Nausets at First Encounter Beach in December 1620.

text: However, the only contemporary account of events, William Bradford's History of Plymouth Plantation, records only that the pilgrims took "some" of the corn, to show to others back at the boat, leaving the rest. They later took what they needed from another store of grain, but paid the natives back in six months, and there was no resulting conflict.

text: Also there was found more of their corn and of their beans of various colors; the corn and beans they brought away, purposing to give them full satisfaction when they should meet with any of them as, about some six months afterward they did, to their good content.[29]

text: First winter

text: During the winter, the passengers remained on board the Mayflower, suffering an outbreak of a contagious disease described[by whom?] as a mixture of scurvy, pneumonia, and tuberculosis. When it ended, only 53 passengers remained—just over half; half of the crew died, as well. In the spring, they built huts ashore, and the passengers disembarked from the Mayflower on March 21, 1621.

text: The settlers decided to mount "our great ordnances" on the hill overlooking the settlement in late February 1621, due to the fear of attack by the natives. Christopher Jones supervised the transportation of the "great guns"—about six iron cannons that ranged between four and eight feet (1.2 to 2.4 m) in length and weighed almost half a ton. The cannon were able to hurl iron balls 3.5 inches (8.9 cm) in diameter as far as 1,700 yards (1.5 km). This action made what was no more than a ramshackle village almost into a well-defended fortress.[30]

text: Jones had originally planned to return to England as soon as the Pilgrims found a settlement site. But his crew members began to be ravaged by the same diseases that were felling the Pilgrims, and he realized that he had to remain in Plymouth Harbor "till he saw his men began to recover."[31] The Mayflower lay in New Plymouth harbor through the winter of 1620–21, then set sail for England on April 5, 1621, her empty hold ballasted with stones from the Plymouth Harbor shore. As with the Pilgrims, her sailors had been decimated by disease. Jones had lost his boatswain, his gunner, three quartermasters, the cook, and more than a dozen sailors.

text: The Mayflower made excellent time on her voyage back to England. The westerly winds that had buffeted her coming out pushed her along going home, and she arrived at the home port of Rotherhithe in London on May 6, 1621,[32] less than half the time that it had taken her to sail to America."[33]

text: Jones died after coming back from a voyage to France on March 5, 1622, at about age 52. For the next two years, the Mayflower lay at her berth in Rotherhithe, not far from Jones' grave at St. Mary's church. By 1624, she was no longer useful as a ship; her subsequent fate is unknown, but she was probably broken up about that time.[34]

text: Passengers

text: Some families traveled together, while some men came alone, leaving families in England and Leiden. Two wives on board were pregnant; Elizabeth Hopkins gave birth to son Oceanus while at sea, and Susanna White gave birth to son Peregrine in late November while the ship was anchored in Cape Cod Harbor. He is historically recognized as the first European child born in the New England area. One child died during the voyage, and there was one stillbirth during the construction of the colony.

text: According to the Mayflower passenger list, just over a third of the passengers were Puritan Separatists who sought to break away from the established Church of England and create a society along the lines of their religious ideals. Others were hired hands, servants, or farmers recruited by London merchants, all originally destined for the Colony of Virginia. Four of this latter group of passengers were small children given into the care of Mayflower pilgrims as indentured servants. The Virginia Company began the transportation of children in 1618.[35] Until relatively recently, the children were thought to be orphans, foundlings, or involuntary child labor. At that time, children were routinely rounded up from the streets of London or taken from poor families receiving church relief to be used as laborers in the colonies. Any legal objections to the involuntary transportation of the children were overridden by the Privy Council.[36][37] For instance it was proven that the four More children were sent to America because they were deemed illegitimate.[38] Three of the four More children died in the first winter in the New World, but Richard lived to be approximately 81, dying in Salem, probably in 1695 or 1696.[39]

text: The passengers mostly slept and lived in the low-ceilinged great cabins and on the main deck, which was 75 by 20 feet large (23 m × 6 m) at most. The cabins were thin-walled and extremely cramped, and the total area was 25 ft by 15 ft (7.6 m × 4.5 m) at its largest. Below decks, any person over five feet (150 cm) tall would be unable to stand up straight. The maximum possible space for each person would have been slightly less than the size of a standard single bed.[40]

text: Passengers would pass the time by reading by candlelight or playing cards and games such as Nine Men's Morris.[19] Meals on board were cooked by the firebox, which was an iron tray with sand in it on which a fire was built. This was risky because it was kept in the waist of the ship. Passengers made their own meals from rations that were issued daily and food was cooked for a group at a time.[40]

text: Upon arrival in America, the harsh climate and scarcity of fresh food were exacerbated by the shortness of provisions due to the delay in departure. Living in these extremely close and crowded quarters, several passengers developed scurvy, a disease caused by a deficiency of vitamin C. At the time the use of lemons or limes to counter this disease was unknown, and the usual dietary sources of vitamin C in fruits and vegetables had been depleted, since these fresh foods could not be stored for long periods without their becoming rotten. Passengers who developed scurvy experienced symptoms such as bleeding gums, teeth falling out, and stinking breath.[41]

text: Passengers consumed large amounts of alcohol such as beer with meals. This was known to be safer than water, which often came from polluted sources causing diseases. All food and drink was stored in barrels known as "hogsheads".[41]

text: The passenger William Mullins brought 126 pairs of shoes and 13 pairs of boots in his luggage. Other items included oiled leather and canvas suits, stuff gowns and leather and stuff breeches, shirts, jerkins, doublets, neckcloths, hats and caps, hose, stockings, belts, piece goods, and haberdasherie. At his death, his estate consisted of extensive footwear and other items of clothing, and made his daughter Priscilla and her husband John Alden quite prosperous.[19][42][self-published source][43]

text: No cattle or beasts of draft or burden were brought on the journey, but there were pigs, goats, and poultry. Some passengers brought family pets such as cats and birds. Peter Browne took his large bitch mastiff, and John Goodman brought along his spaniel.[19]

text: Mayflower officers, crew, and others

text: According to author Charles Banks, the officers and crew of the Mayflower consisted of a captain, four mates, four quartermasters, surgeon, carpenter, cooper, cooks, boatswains, gunners, and about 36 men before the mast, making a total of about 50. The entire crew stayed with the Mayflower in Plymouth through the winter of 1620–1621, and about half of them died during that time. The remaining crewmen returned to England on the Mayflower, which sailed for London on April 5, 1621.[44][45]

text: Crew members per various sources

text: Banks states that the crew totaled 36 men before the mast and 14 officers, making a total of 50. Nathaniel Philbrick estimates between 20 and 30 sailors in her crew whose names are unknown. Nick Bunker states that Mayflower had a crew of at least 17 and possibly as many as 30. Caleb Johnson states that the ship carried a crew of about 30 men, but the exact number is unknown.[2][46][47][48]

text: Officers and crew

text:
Captain: Christopher Jones. About age 50, of Harwich, a seaport in Essex, England, which was also the port of his ship Mayflower. He and his ship were veterans of the European cargo business, often carrying wine to England, but neither had ever crossed the Atlantic. By June 1620, he and the Mayflower had been hired for the Pilgrims voyage by their business agents in London, Thomas Weston of the Merchant Adventurers and Robert Cushman.[49][50][self-published source]

Historical marker in London honoring the Mayflower and Captain Jones.

Masters Mate: John Clark (Clarke), Pilot. By age 45 in 1620, Clark already had greater adventures than most other mariners of that dangerous era. His piloting career began in England about 1609. In early 1611, he was pilot of a 300-ton ship on his first New World voyage, with a three-ship convoy sailing from London to the new settlement of Jamestown in Virginia. Two other ships were in that convoy, and the three ships brought 300 new settlers to Jamestown, going first to the Caribbean islands of Dominica and Nevis. While in Jamestown, Clark piloted ships in the area carrying various stores. During that time, he was taken prisoner in a confrontation with the Spanish; he was taken to Havana and held for two years, then transferred to Spain where he was in custody for five years. In 1616, he was finally freed in a prisoner exchange with England. In 1618, he was back in Jamestown as pilot of the ship Falcon. Shortly after his return to England, he was hired as pilot for the Mayflower in 1620.[47][51][52][53][self-published source]
Masters Mate: Robert Coppin, Pilot. Coppin had prior New World experience; he previously hunted whales in Newfoundland and sailed the coast of New England.[47][51][54][self-published source] He was an early investor in the Virginia Company, being named in the Second Virginia Charter of 1609. He was possibly from Harwich in Essex, the hometown of Captain Jones.
Masters Mate: Andrew Williamson
Masters Mate: John Parker[51]
Surgeon: Doctor Giles Heale. The surgeon on board the Mayflower was never mentioned by Bradford, but his identity was well established. He was essential in providing comfort to all who died or were made ill that first winter. He was a young man from Drury Lane in the parish of St. Giles in the Field, London who had completed his apprenticeship with the Barber-Surgeons in the previous year. On February 21, 1621, he was a witness to the death-bed will of William Mullins. He survived the first winter and returned to London on the Mayflower in April 1621, where he began his medical practice and worked as a surgeon until his death in 1653.[55][56][self-published source][57]
Cooper: John Alden. Alden was a 21-year-old from Harwich in Essex and a distant relative of Captain Jones. He hired on apparently while the Mayflower was anchored at Southampton Waters. He was responsible for maintaining the ship's barrels, known as hogsheads, which were critical to the passengers' survival and held the only source of food and drink while at sea; tending them was a job which required a crew member's attention. Bradford noted that Alden was "left to his own liking to go or stay" in Plymouth rather than return with the ship to England. He decided to remain.[58][self-published source][59]
Quartermaster: (names unknown), 4 men. These men were in charge of maintaining the ship's cargo hold, as well as the crew's hours for standing watch. Some of the "before the mast" crewmen may also have been in this section. These quartermasters were also responsible for fishing and maintaining all fishing supplies and harpoons. The names of the quartermasters are unknown, but it is known that three of the four men died the first winter.[51][53]
Cook: (name unknown). He was responsible for preparing the crew's meals and maintaining all food supplies and the cook room, which was typically located in the ship's forecastle (front end). The unnamed cook died the first winter.[60][self-published source]
Master Gunner: (name unknown). He was in charge of the ship's guns, ammunition, and powder. Some of those "before the mast" were likely in his charge. He is recorded as going on an exploration on December 6, 1620, and was "sick unto death and so remained all that day, and the next night". He died later that winter.[61][self-published source]
Boatswain: (name unknown). He was the person in charge of the ship's rigging and sails, the anchors, and the ship's longboat. The majority of the crew members "before the mast" were most likely under his supervision, working the sails and rigging. The operation of the ship's shallop was also probably under his control, a light open boat with oars or sails (see seaman Thomas English). William Bradford made this comment about the boatswain: "the boatswain... was a proud young man, who would often curse and scoff at the passengers, but when he grew weak they had compassion on him and helped him." But despite such assistance, the unnamed boatswain died the first winter.[60]
Carpenter: (name unknown). He was responsible for making sure that the hull was well-caulked and the masts were in good order. He was the person responsible for maintaining all areas of the ship in good condition and being a general repairman. He also maintained the tools and all necessary items to perform his carpentry tasks. His name is unknown, but his tasks were quite important to the safety and seaworthiness of the ship.[51][62][self-published source]
Swabber: (various crewmen). This was the lowliest position on the ship, responsible for cleaning (swabbing) the decks. The swabber usually had an assistant who was responsible for cleaning the ship's beakhead (extreme front end), which was also the crew's toilet.[63]

text: Known Mayflower seamen

text:
John Allerton: A Mayflower seaman who was hired by the company as labor to help in the Colony during the first year, then to return to Leiden to help other church members seeking to travel to America. He signed the Mayflower Compact. He was a seaman on ship's shallop with Thomas English on exploration of December 6, 1620, and died sometime before the Mayflower returned to England in April 1621.[64][self-published source][65]
____ Ely: A Mayflower seaman who was contracted to stay for a year, which he did. He returned to England with fellow crewman William Trevor on the Fortune in December 1621. Genealogist Dr. Jeremy Bangs believes that his name was either John or Christopher Ely (or Ellis), both of whom are documented in Leiden, Holland.[66]
Thomas English: A Mayflower seaman who was hired to be the master of the shallop (see Boatswain) and to be part of the company. He signed the Mayflower Compact. He was a seaman on the ship's shallop with John Allerton on exploration of December 6, 1620, and died sometime before the departure of the Mayflower for England in April 1621. He appeared in Leiden records as "Thomas England".[67][self-published source][68]
William Trevore (Trevor): A Mayflower seaman who was hired to remain in Plymouth for one year. One reason for his hiring was his prior New World experience. He was one of those seamen to crew the shallop used in coastal trading. He returned to England with _____ Ely and others on the Fortune in December 1621. In 1623, Robert Cushman noted that Trevor reported to the Adventurers about what he saw in the New World. He did at some time return as master of a ship and was recorded living in Massachusetts Bay Colony in April 1650.[69][70][self-published source][71]

text: Unidentified passenger

text: "Master" Leaver: Another passenger not mentioned by Bradford is a person called "Master" Leaver. He was named in Mourt's Relation, London 1622, under a date of January 12, 1621 as a leader of an expedition to rescue Pilgrims lost in the forest for several days while searching for housing-roof thatch. It is unknown in what capacity he came to the Mayflower and his given name is unknown. The title of "Master" indicates that he was a person of some authority and prominence in the company. He may have been a principal officer of the Mayflower. No more is known of him; he may have returned to England on the Mayflower's April 1621 voyage or died of the illnesses that affected so many that first winter.[72]

text: Later history

text: Three of Mayflower's owners applied to the Admiralty court for an appraisal of the ship on May 4, 1624, two years after Captain Jones' death in 1622; one of these applicants was Jones' widow Mrs. Josian (Joan) Jones. This appraisal probably was made to determine the valuation of the ship for the purpose of settling the estate of its late master. The appraisal was made by four mariners and shipwrights of Rotherhithe, home and burial place of Captain Jones, where the Mayflower was apparently then lying in the Thames at London. The appraisement is extant and provides information on ship's gear on board at that time, as well as equipment such as muskets and other arms. The ship may have been laid up since Jones' death and allowed to get out of repair, as that is what the appraisal indicates.[14][73] The vessel was valued at one hundred and twenty-eight pounds, eight shillings, and fourpence.[74]

text: What finally became of the Mayflower is an unsettled issue. Charles Edward Banks, an English historian of the Pilgrim ship, claims that the ship was finally broken up, with her timbers used in the construction of a barn at Jordans village in Buckinghamshire. Tradition claims that this barn still exists as the Mayflower Barn, located within the grounds of Old Jordan in South Buckinghamshire. In 1624, Thomas Russell supposedly added to part of a farmhouse already there with timbers from a ship, believed to be from the Pilgrim ship Mayflower, bought from a shipbreaker's yard in Rotherhithe. The well-preserved structure was a tourist attraction, receiving visitors each year from all over the world and particularly from America, but it is now privately owned and not open to the public.[14]

text: Second Mayflower

text: Another ship called the Mayflower made a voyage from London to Plymouth Colony in 1629 carrying 35 passengers, many from the Pilgrim congregation in Leiden that organized the first voyage. This was not the same ship that made the original voyage with the first settlers. This voyage began in May and reached Plymouth in August. This ship also made the crossing from England to America in 1630 (as part of the Winthrop Fleet), 1633, 1634, and 1639. It attempted the trip again in 1641, departing London in October of that year under master John Cole, with 140 passengers bound for Virginia. It never arrived. On October 18, 1642, a deposition was made in England regarding the loss.[75]

text: Place in history

text: The Pilgrim ship Mayflower has a famous place in American history as a symbol of early European colonization of the future United States.[76]

text: The main record for the voyage of the Mayflower and the disposition of the Plymouth Colony comes from the letters and journal of William Bradford, who was a guiding force and later the governor of the colony.

text: The 400th anniversary of the Mayflower sailing will take place in 2020. The Harwich Mayflower Project is hoping to build a replica of the ship at Harwich, England.[77]


document_title: Tropic of Cancer

question_text: the region generally between the tropic of cancer and the tropic of capricorn is known as

text: Tropic of Cancer

text: Name[edit]

text: When this line of latitude was named some 2,000 years ago, the Sun was in the constellation Cancer (Latin for crab) at the June solstice, the time each year that the Sun reaches its zenith at this latitude. Due to the precession of the equinoxes, this is no longer the case; today the Sun is in Taurus at the June solstice. The word "tropic" itself comes from the Greek "trope (τροπή)", meaning turn (change of direction, or circumstances), inclination, referring to the fact that the Sun appears to "turn back" at the solstices.

text: Geography[edit]

text: The Tropic of Cancer's position is not fixed, but varies in a complicated manner over time. Currently, it gradually drifts south almost half an arcsecond (0.468″) of latitude, or 15 metres, per year (it was at exactly 23° 27′ in 1917 and will be at 23° 26' in 2045).[2] See axial tilt and circles of latitude for further information.

text: North of the tropic are the subtropics and the North Temperate Zone. The equivalent line of latitude south of the Equator is called the Tropic of Capricorn, and the region between the two, centered on the Equator, is the tropics.

text: Starting at the prime meridian and heading eastward, the Tropic of Cancer passes through 16 countries:

text:
Co-ordinates
Country, territory or sea
Notes

23°26′N 0°0′E / 23.433°N 0.000°E / 23.433; 0.000 (Prime Meridian)
 Algeria

23°26′N 11°51′E / 23.433°N 11.850°E / 23.433; 11.850 (Niger)
 Niger

23°26′N 12°17′E / 23.433°N 12.283°E / 23.433; 12.283 (Libya)
 Libya
The Tropic touches on the northernmost point of  Chad at 23°26′N 15°59′E / 23.433°N 15.983°E / 23.433; 15.983 (Northernmost point of Chad)

23°26′N 25°0′E / 23.433°N 25.000°E / 23.433; 25.000 (Egypt)
 Egypt
The Tropic passes through Lake Nasser

23°26′N 35°30′E / 23.433°N 35.500°E / 23.433; 35.500 (Red Sea)
Red Sea

23°26′N 38°38′E / 23.433°N 38.633°E / 23.433; 38.633 (Saudi Arabia)
 Saudi Arabia

23°26′N 52°10′E / 23.433°N 52.167°E / 23.433; 52.167 (United Arab Emirates)
 United Arab Emirates
Abu Dhabi emirate only

23°26′N 55°24′E / 23.433°N 55.400°E / 23.433; 55.400 (Oman)
 Oman

23°26′N 58°46′E / 23.433°N 58.767°E / 23.433; 58.767 (Indian Ocean)
Indian Ocean
Arabian Sea

23°26′N 68°23′E / 23.433°N 68.383°E / 23.433; 68.383 (India)
 India
States of Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand and West Bengal

23°26′N 88°47′E / 23.433°N 88.783°E / 23.433; 88.783 (Bangladesh)
 Bangladesh
Khulna, Dhaka, and Chittagong Divisions

23°26′N 91°14′E / 23.433°N 91.233°E / 23.433; 91.233 (India)
 India
State of Tripura

23°26′N 91°56′E / 23.433°N 91.933°E / 23.433; 91.933 (Bangladesh)
 Bangladesh
Chittagong Division

23°26′N 92°19′E / 23.433°N 92.317°E / 23.433; 92.317 (India)
 India
State of Mizoram

23°26′N 93°23′E / 23.433°N 93.383°E / 23.433; 93.383 (Myanmar)
 Myanmar
Chin State, Sagaing Division, Mandalay Division, Shan State

23°26′N 98°54′E / 23.433°N 98.900°E / 23.433; 98.900 (China)
 China
Provinces of Yunnan (passing about 7 km north of the border with  Vietnam), Guangxi, and Guangdong

23°26′N 117°8′E / 23.433°N 117.133°E / 23.433; 117.133 (Taiwan Strait)
Taiwan Strait

23°26′N 120°8′E / 23.433°N 120.133°E / 23.433; 120.133 (Taiwan)
 Taiwan
Chiayi County, Hualien County

23°26′N 121°29′E / 23.433°N 121.483°E / 23.433; 121.483 (Philippine Sea)
Philippine Sea

23°26′N 142°00′E / 23.433°N 142.000°E / 23.433; 142.000 (Pacific Ocean)
Pacific Ocean
Passing just south of Necker Island, Hawaii,  United States

23°26′N 110°15′W / 23.433°N 110.250°W / 23.433; -110.250 (Mexico)
 Mexico
State of Baja California Sur

23°26′N 109°24′W / 23.433°N 109.400°W / 23.433; -109.400 (Gulf of California)
Gulf of California

23°26′N 106°35′W / 23.433°N 106.583°W / 23.433; -106.583 (Mexico)
 Mexico
States of Sinaloa, Durango, Zacatecas, San Luis Potosí, Nuevo León, and Tamaulipas

23°26′N 97°45′W / 23.433°N 97.750°W / 23.433; -97.750 (Gulf of Mexico)
Gulf of Mexico

23°26′N 83°0′W / 23.433°N 83.000°W / 23.433; -83.000 (Atlantic Ocean)
Atlantic Ocean
Passing through the Straits of Florida and the Nicholas Channel
Passing just south of the Anguilla Cays ( Bahamas)
Passing through the Santaren Channel and into the open ocean

23°26′N 76°0′W / 23.433°N 76.000°W / 23.433; -76.000 (Bahamas)
 Bahamas
Exuma Islands and Long Island

23°26′N 75°10′W / 23.433°N 75.167°W / 23.433; -75.167 (Atlantic Ocean)
Atlantic Ocean

23°26′N 15°57′W / 23.433°N 15.950°W / 23.433; -15.950 (Western Sahara)
Western Sahara
Claimed by  Morocco and the  Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic

23°26′N 12°0′W / 23.433°N 12.000°W / 23.433; -12.000 (Mauritania)
 Mauritania

23°26′N 6°23′W / 23.433°N 6.383°W / 23.433; -6.383 (Mali)
 Mali

23°26′N 2°23′W / 23.433°N 2.383°W / 23.433; -2.383 (Algeria)
 Algeria

text:
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text: Climate[edit]

text: Excluding cooler highland regions in China, the climate at the Tropic of Cancer is generally hot and dry except for easterly coastal areas where orographic rainfall can be very heavy, in some places reaching 4 metres (160 in). Most regions on the Tropic of Cancer experience two distinct seasons: an extremely hot summer with temperatures often reaching 45 °C (113 °F) and a warm winter with maxima around 22 °C (72 °F). Much land on or near the Tropic of Cancer is part of the Sahara Desert, whilst to the east the climate is torrid monsoonal with a short wet season from June to September and very little rainfall for the rest of the year.

text: The highest mountain on or adjacent to the Tropic of Cancer is Yushan in Taiwan; though it had glaciers descending as low as 2,800 metres (9,190 ft) during the Last Glacial Maximum, none survive and at present no glaciers exist within 470 kilometres (290 mi) of the Tropic of Cancer; the nearest currently surviving are the Minyong and Baishui in the Himalayas to the north and on Iztaccíhuatl to the south.

text: Circumnavigation[edit]

text: According to the rules of the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale, for a flight to compete for a round-the-world speed record, it must cover a distance no less than the length of the Tropic of Cancer, cross all meridians, and end on the same airfield where it started.

text: Length of the Tropic on 11 December 2015, at 23°26′14″N is 36,788 kilometres (22,859 mi).[3]

text: For an ordinary circumnavigation the rules are somewhat relaxed and the distance is set to a rounded value of at least 36,770 kilometres (22,850 mi).

text: Gallery[edit]

text:
Road sign south of Dakhla, Western Sahara marking the Tropic of Cancer. The sign was placed by Budapest-Bamako rally participants; thus, the inscription is in English and Hungarian.

Sign marking the Tropic of Cancer a few miles from Rann of Kutch, Gujarat, India

Sign marking the Tropic of Cancer in Madhya Pradesh, India

Sign marking the Tropic of Cancer on National Highway 34 in Nadia District, West Bengal, India

Tropic of Cancer mark in Ruisui Township, Hualien County, Taiwan