document_title: List of largest companies by revenue

question_text: who has the biggest company in the world

text: List of largest companies by revenue

text: List of largest companies by revenue[edit]

text: State-owned enterprise (government owns 50% or more)

text:
Rank

Name

Industry

Revenue(USD millions)

Revenue growth

Employees

Country

Ref

1

Walmart
Retail
$500,343
  3.0%
2,300,000

[1]

2

State Grid
Electricity
$348,903
  10.7%
913,546

[4]

3

Sinopec
Oil and gas
$326,953
  22.2%
667,793

[5]

4

China National Petroleum

Oil and gas
$326,008
  24.2%
1,470,193

[6]

5

Royal Dutch Shell

Oil and gas
$311,870
  29.9%
84,000

[7]

6

Toyota
Automotive
$265,172
  4.1%
369,124

[8]

7

Volkswagen

Automotive
$260,028
  8.2%
642,292

[9]

8

BP
Oil and gas
$244,582
  31.1%
74,000

[10]

9

Exxon Mobil

Oil and gas
$244,363
  17.4%
71,200

[11]

10

Berkshire Hathaway
Financials
$242,137
  8.3%
377,000

[12]

11

Apple
Electronics
$229,234
  6.3%
123,000

[13]

12

Samsung

Electronics
$211,940
  21.8%
320,671

[14]

13

McKesson
Healthcare
$208,357
  4.9%
68,000

[15]

14

Glencore
MiningCommodities
$205,476
  18.2%
82,681

[16]

15

United Health
Healthcare
$201,159
  9.3%
260,000

[17]

16

Daimler
Automotive
$185,235
  9.3%
289,321

[18]

17

CVS Health
Healthcare
$184,765
  4.1%
203,000

[19]

18

Amazon
Retail
$177,866
  30.8%
566,000

[20]

19

Exor
Financials
$161,677
  4.4%
307,637

[21]

20

AT&T
Telecommunications
$160,546
 2999800000000000000♠ 2.0%
254,000

[22]

21

General Motors
Automotive
$157,311
 2999450000000000000♠ 5.5%
180,000

[23]

22

Ford

Automotive
$156,776
  3.3%
202,000

[24]

23

China State Construction
Construction
$156,071
  8.0%
270,467

[25]

24

Foxconn
Electronics
$154,699
  14.5%
803,126

[26]

25

AmerisourceBergen
Pharmaceuticals
$153,144
  4.3%
19,500

[27]

26

Industrial & Commercial Bank of China
Financials
$153,021
  3.6%
453,048

[28]

27

AXA

Financials
$149,461
  4.0%
95,728

[29]

28

Total
Oil and gas
$149,099
  16.6%
98,277

[30]

29

Ping An Insurance
Financials
$144,197
  23.7%
342,550

[31]

30

Honda
Automotive
$138,646
  7.3%
215,638

[32]

31

China Construction Bank
Financials
$138,594
  2.6%
370,415

[33]

32

Trafigura
Commodities
$136,421
  39.1%
3,935

[34]

33

Chevron
Oil and gas
$134,533
  25.1%
51,900

[35]

34

Cardinal Health
Pharmaceuticals
$129,976
  6.9%
40,400

[36]

35

Costco
Retail
$129,025
  8.7%
182,000

[37]

36

SAIC Motor
Automotive
$128,819
  13.1%
148,767

[38]

37

Verizon
Telecommunications
$126,034
  0.0%
155,400

[39]

38

Allianz
Financials
$123,532
  1.1%
140,553

[40]

39

Kroger
Retail
$122,662
  6.4%
449,000

[41]

40

Agricultural Bank of China
Financials
$122,366
  4.3%
491,578

[42]

41

General Electric
Conglomerate
$122,274
 2999650000000000000♠ 3.5%
313,000

[43]

42

China Life Insurance
Financials
$120,224
  14.7%
170,517

[44]

43

Walgreens Boots Alliance
RetailPharmaceuticals
$118,214
  0.7%
290,000

[45]

44

BNP Paribas
Financials
$117,375
  7.7%
189,509

[46]

45

Japan Post Holdings
Conglomerate
$116,616
 2999480000000000000♠ 5.2%
245,863

[47]

46

Bank of China
Financials
$115,423
  1.5%
311,133

[48]

47

JPMorgan Chase

Financials
$113,899
  8.0%
252,539

[49]

48

Fannie Mae

Financials
$112,394
  4.9%
7,200

[50]

49

Gazprom
Oil and gas
$111,983
  22.5%
469,600

[51]

50

Prudential
Financials
$111,458
  14.9%
24,711

[52]


document_title: Butter

question_text: who produces the most butter in the world

root

text: Butter

text: Etymology

text: The word butter derives (via Germanic languages) from the Latin butyrum,[2] which is the latinisation of the Greek βούτυρον (bouturon).[3][4] This may have been a construction meaning "cow-cheese", from βοῦς (bous), "ox, cow"[5] + τυρός (turos), "cheese".[6][7] Nevertheless, the earliest attested form of the second stem, turos ("cheese"), is the Mycenaean Greek tu-ro, written in Linear B syllabic script as 𐀶𐀫.[8] The root word persists in the name butyric acid, a compound found in rancid butter and dairy products such as Parmesan cheese.

tag: p

text: In general use, the term "butter" refers to the spread dairy product when unqualified by other descriptors. The word commonly is used to describe puréed vegetable or seed and nut products such as peanut butter and almond butter. It is often applied to spread fruit products such as apple butter. Fats such as cocoa butter and shea butter that remain solid at room temperature are also known as "butters". In addition to the act of applying butter being called "to butter", non-dairy items that have a dairy butter consistency may use "butter" to call that consistency to mind, including food items such as maple butter and witch's butter and nonfood items such as baby bottom butter, hyena butter, and rock butter.

text: Production

text: Unhomogenized milk and cream contain butterfat in microscopic globules. These globules are surrounded by membranes made of phospholipids (fatty acid emulsifiers) and proteins, which prevent the fat in milk from pooling together into a single mass. Butter is produced by agitating cream, which damages these membranes and allows the milk fats to conjoin, separating from the other parts of the cream. Variations in the production method will create butters with different consistencies, mostly due to the butterfat composition in the finished product. Butter contains fat in three separate forms: free butterfat, butterfat crystals, and undamaged fat globules. In the finished product, different proportions of these forms result in different consistencies within the butter; butters with many crystals are harder than butters dominated by free fats.

text: Churning produces small butter grains floating in the water-based portion of the cream. This watery liquid is called buttermilk—although the buttermilk most common today is instead a directly fermented skimmed milk. The buttermilk is drained off; sometimes more buttermilk is removed by rinsing the grains with water. Then the grains are "worked": pressed and kneaded together. When prepared manually, this is done using wooden boards called scotch hands. This consolidates the butter into a solid mass and breaks up embedded pockets of buttermilk or water into tiny droplets.

text: Commercial butter is about 80% butterfat and 15% water; traditionally made butter may have as little as 65% fat and 30% water. Butterfat is a mixture of triglyceride, a triester derived from glycerol and three of any of several fatty acid groups.[9] Butter becomes rancid when these chains break down into smaller components, like butyric acid and diacetyl. The density of butter is 0.911 g/cm3 (0.527 oz/in3), about the same as ice.

text: In some countries, butter is given a grade before commercial distribution.

text: Types

text: Before modern factory butter making, cream was usually collected from several milkings and was therefore several days old and somewhat fermented by the time it was made into butter. Butter made from a fermented cream is known as cultured butter. During fermentation, the cream naturally sours as bacteria convert milk sugars into lactic acid. The fermentation process produces additional aroma compounds, including diacetyl, which makes for a fuller-flavored and more "buttery" tasting product.[10](p35) Today, cultured butter is usually made from pasteurized cream whose fermentation is produced by the introduction of Lactococcus and Leuconostoc bacteria.

text: Another method for producing cultured butter, developed in the early 1970s, is to produce butter from fresh cream and then incorporate bacterial cultures and lactic acid. Using this method, the cultured butter flavor grows as the butter is aged in cold storage. For manufacturers, this method is more efficient, since aging the cream used to make butter takes significantly more space than simply storing the finished butter product. A method to make an artificial simulation of cultured butter is to add lactic acid and flavor compounds directly to the fresh-cream butter; while this more efficient process is claimed to simulate the taste of cultured butter, the product produced is not cultured but is instead flavored.

text: Dairy products are often pasteurized during production to kill pathogenic bacteria and other microbes. Butter made from pasteurized fresh cream is called sweet cream butter. Production of sweet cream butter first became common in the 19th century, with the development of refrigeration and the mechanical cream separator.[10](p33) Butter made from fresh or cultured unpasteurized cream is called raw cream butter. While butter made from pasteurized cream may keep for several months, raw cream butter has a shelf life of roughly ten days.

text: Throughout continental Europe, cultured butter is preferred, while sweet cream butter dominates in the United States and the United Kingdom. Cultured butter is sometimes labeled "European-style" butter in the United States, although cultured butter is made and sold by some, especially Amish, dairies. Commercial raw cream butter is virtually unheard-of in the United States. Raw cream butter is generally only found made at home by consumers who have purchased raw whole milk directly from dairy farmers, skimmed the cream themselves, and made butter with it. It is rare in Europe as well.[10](p34)

text: Several "spreadable" butters have been developed. These remain softer at colder temperatures and are therefore easier to use directly out of refrigeration. Some methods modify the makeup of the butter's fat through chemical manipulation of the finished product, some manipulate the cattle's feed, and some incorporate vegetable oil into the butter. "Whipped" butter, another product designed to be more spreadable, is aerated by incorporating nitrogen gas—normal air is not used to avoid oxidation and rancidity.

text: All categories of butter are sold in both salted and unsalted forms. Either granular salt or a strong brine are added to salted butter during processing. In addition to enhanced flavor, the addition of salt acts as a preservative. The amount of butterfat in the finished product is a vital aspect of production. In the United States, products sold as "butter" must contain at least 80% butterfat. In practice, most American butters contain slightly more than that, averaging around 81% butterfat. European butters generally have a higher ratio—up to 85%.

text: Clarified butter is butter with almost all of its water and milk solids removed, leaving almost-pure butterfat. Clarified butter is made by heating butter to its melting point and then allowing it to cool; after settling, the remaining components separate by density. At the top, whey proteins form a skin, which is removed. The resulting butterfat is then poured off from the mixture of water and casein proteins that settle to the bottom.[10](p37)

text: Ghee is clarified butter that has been heated to around 120 °C (250 °F) after the water evaporated, turning the milk solids brown. This process flavors the ghee, and also produces antioxidants that help protect it from rancidity. Because of this, ghee can keep for six to eight months under normal conditions.[10](p37)

text: Whey butter

text: Cream may be separated (usually by a centrifugal separator) from whey instead of milk, as a byproduct of cheese-making. Whey butter may be made from whey cream. Whey cream and butter have a lower fat content and taste more salty, tangy and "cheesy".[11] They are also cheaper than "sweet" cream and butter. The fat content of whey is low, so 1000 pounds of whey will typically give 3 pounds of butter.[12][13]

text: European butters

text: There are several butters produced in Europe with protected geographical indications; these include:

text:
Beurre d'Ardenne, from Belgium
Beurre d'Isigny, from France
Beurre Charentes-Poitou (Which also includes: Beurre des Charentes and Beurre des Deux-Sèvres under the same classification), from France
Beurre Rose, from Luxembourg
Mantequilla de Soria, from Spain
Mantega de l'Alt Urgell i la Cerdanya, from Spain

tag: ul

text: History

text: The earliest butter would have been from sheep or goat's milk; cattle are not thought to have been domesticated for another thousand years.[14] An ancient method of butter making, still used today in parts of Africa and the Near East, involves a goat skin half filled with milk, and inflated with air before being sealed. The skin is then hung with ropes on a tripod of sticks, and rocked until the movement leads to the formation of butter.

text: In the Mediterranean climate, unclarified butter spoils quickly— unlike cheese, it is not a practical method of preserving the nutrients of milk. The ancient Greeks and Romans seemed to have considered butter a food fit more for the northern barbarians. A play by the Greek comic poet Anaxandrides refers to Thracians as boutyrophagoi, "butter-eaters".[15] In his Natural History, Pliny the Elder calls butter "the most delicate of food among barbarous nations", and goes on to describe its medicinal properties.[16] Later, the physician Galen also described butter as a medicinal agent only.[17]

text: Historian and linguist Andrew Dalby says most references to butter in ancient Near Eastern texts should more correctly be translated as ghee. Ghee is mentioned in the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea as a typical trade article around the first century CE Arabian Sea, and Roman geographer Strabo describes it as a commodity of Arabia and Sudan.[15] In India, ghee has been a symbol of purity and an offering to the gods—especially Agni, the Hindu god of fire—for more than 3000 years; references to ghee's sacred nature appear numerous times in the Rigveda, circa 1500–1200 BCE. The tale of the child Krishna stealing butter remains a popular children's story in India today. Since India's prehistory, ghee has been both a staple food and used for ceremonial purposes, such as fueling holy lamps and funeral pyres.

text: Middle Ages

text: In the cooler climates of northern Europe, people could store butter longer before it spoiled. Scandinavia has the oldest tradition in Europe of butter export trade, dating at least to the 12th century.[18] After the fall of Rome and through much of the Middle Ages, butter was a common food across most of Europe—but had a low reputation, and so was consumed principally by peasants. Butter slowly became more accepted by the upper class, notably when the early 16th century Roman Catholic Church allowed its consumption during Lent. Bread and butter became common fare among the middle class, and the English, in particular, gained a reputation for their liberal use of melted butter as a sauce with meat and vegetables.[10](p33)

text: In antiquity, butter was used for fuel in lamps as a substitute for oil. The Butter Tower of Rouen Cathedral was erected in the early 16th century when Archbishop Georges d'Amboise authorized the burning of butter instead of oil, which was scarce at the time, during Lent.[19]

text: Across northern Europe, butter was sometimes treated in a manner unheard-of today: it was packed into barrels (firkins) and buried in peat bogs, perhaps for years. Such "bog butter" would develop a strong flavor as it aged, but remain edible, in large part because of the unique cool, airless, antiseptic and acidic environment of a peat bog. Firkins of such buried butter are a common archaeological find in Ireland; the National Museum of Ireland – Archaeology has some containing "a grayish cheese-like substance, partially hardened, not much like butter, and quite free from putrefaction." The practice was most common in Ireland in the 11th–14th centuries; it ended entirely before the 19th century.[18]

text: Industrialization

text: Like Ireland, France became well known for its butter, particularly in Normandy and Brittany. By the 1860s, butter had become so in demand in France that Emperor Napoleon III offered prize money for an inexpensive substitute to supplement France's inadequate butter supplies. A French chemist claimed the prize with the invention of margarine in 1869. The first margarine was beef tallow flavored with milk and worked like butter; vegetable margarine followed after the development of hydrogenated oils around 1900.

text: Until the 19th century, the vast majority of butter was made by hand, on farms. The first butter factories appeared in the United States in the early 1860s, after the successful introduction of cheese factories a decade earlier. In the late 1870s, the centrifugal cream separator was introduced, marketed most successfully by Swedish engineer Carl Gustaf Patrik de Laval.[20] This dramatically sped up the butter-making process by eliminating the slow step of letting cream naturally rise to the top of milk. Initially, whole milk was shipped to the butter factories, and the cream separation took place there. Soon, though, cream-separation technology became small and inexpensive enough to introduce an additional efficiency: the separation was accomplished on the farm, and the cream alone shipped to the factory. By 1900, more than half the butter produced in the United States was factory made; Europe followed suit shortly after.

text: In 1920, Otto Hunziker authored The Butter Industry, Prepared for Factory, School and Laboratory,[21] a well-known text in the industry that enjoyed at least three editions (1920, 1927, 1940). As part of the efforts of the American Dairy Science Association, Professor Hunziker and others published articles regarding: causes of tallowiness[22] (an odor defect, distinct from rancidity, a taste defect); mottles[23] (an aesthetic issue related to uneven color); introduced salts;[24] the impact of creamery metals[25] and liquids;[26] and acidity measurement.[27] These and other ADSA publications helped standardize practices internationally.

text: Butter also provided extra income to farm families. They used wood presses with carved decoration to press butter into pucks or small bricks to sell at nearby markets or general stores. The decoration identified the farm that produced the butter. This practice continued until production was mechanized and butter was produced in less decorative stick form.[28] Today, butter presses remain in use for decorative purposes.

text: Per capita butter consumption declined in most western nations during the 20th century, in large part because of the rising popularity of margarine, which is less expensive and, until recent years, was perceived as being healthier. In the United States, margarine consumption overtook butter during the 1950s,[29] and it is still the case today that more margarine than butter is eaten in the U.S. and the EU.[30]

text: Size and shape of packaging

text: In the United States, butter has traditionally been made into small, rectangular blocks by means of a pair of wooden butter paddles. In the United States, butter is usually produced in 4 ounces (110 g) sticks, wrapped in waxed or foiled paper and sold four to a 1-pound (450 g) package. This practice is believed to have originated in 1907, when Swift and Company began packaging butter in this manner for mass distribution.[31]

text: Due to historical differences in butter printers (machines that cut and package butter),[32] these sticks are commonly produced in two different shapes:

text: The dominant shape east of the Rocky Mountains is the Elgin, or Eastern-pack shape, named for a dairy in Elgin, Illinois. The sticks are 120 millimetres (4.7 in) long and 30 millimetres (1.2 in) wide and are typically sold stacked two by two in elongated cube-shaped boxes.[32]

text: West of the Rocky Mountains, butter printers standardized on a different shape that is now referred to as the Western-pack shape. These butter sticks are 80 millimetres (3.1 in) long and 38 millimetres (1.5 in) wide and are usually sold with four sticks packed side-by-side in a flat, rectangular box.[32]

text: Both sticks contain the same amount of butter, although most butter dishes are designed for Elgin-style butter sticks.[32]

text: The stick's wrapper is usually marked off as eight tablespoons (120 ml or 4.2 imp fl oz or 4.1 US fl oz); the actual volume of one stick is approximately nine tablespoons (130 ml or 4.6 imp fl oz or 4.4 US fl oz). In the United States, unsalted or "sweet" butter typically has red printing on the wrapper, while salted butter typically has blue printing on the wrapper.

text: Outside of the United States, butter is packaged and sold by mass only, not by volume nor by unit (stick), but the package shape remains approximately the same. The wrapper is usually a foil and waxed-paper laminate (the waxed paper is now a siliconised substitute, but is still referred to in some places as parchment, from the wrapping used in past centuries; and the term 'parchment-wrapped' is still employed where the paper alone is used, without the foil laminate).

text: In the remainder of the world, butter is packed and sold in 250g and 500g packs and measured for cooking in grams.

text: Butter for commercial and industrial use is packaged in plastic buckets, tubs, or drums, in quantities and units suited to the local market.

text: Worldwide

text: In 1997, India produced 1,470,000 metric tons (1,620,000 short tons) of butter, most of which was consumed domestically.[33] Second in production was the United States (522,000 t or 575,000 short tons), followed by France (466,000 t or 514,000 short tons), Germany (442,000 t or 487,000 short tons), and New Zealand (307,000 t or 338,000 short tons). France ranks first in per capita butter consumption with 8 kg per capita per year.[34] In terms of absolute consumption, Germany was second after India, using 578,000 metric tons (637,000 short tons) of butter in 1997, followed by France (528,000 t or 582,000 short tons), Russia (514,000 t or 567,000 short tons), and the United States (505,000 t or 557,000 short tons). New Zealand, Australia, and the Ukraine are among the few nations that export a significant percentage of the butter they produce.[35]

text: Different varieties are found around the world. Smen is a spiced Moroccan clarified butter, buried in the ground and aged for months or years. A similar product is maltash of the Hunza Valley, where cow and yak butter can be buried for decades, and is used at events such as weddings.[36] Yak butter is a specialty in Tibet; tsampa, barley flour mixed with yak butter, is a staple food. Butter tea is consumed in the Himalayan regions of Tibet, Bhutan, Nepal and India. It consists of tea served with intensely flavored—or "rancid"—yak butter and salt. In African and Asian developing nations, butter is traditionally made from sour milk rather than cream. It can take several hours of churning to produce workable butter grains from fermented milk.[37]

text: Storage and cooking

text: Normal butter softens to a spreadable consistency around 15 °C (60 °F), well above refrigerator temperatures. The "butter compartment" found in many refrigerators may be one of the warmer sections inside, but it still leaves butter quite hard. Until recently, many refrigerators sold in New Zealand featured a "butter conditioner", a compartment kept warmer than the rest of the refrigerator—but still cooler than room temperature—with a small heater.[38] Keeping butter tightly wrapped delays rancidity, which is hastened by exposure to light or air, and also helps prevent it from picking up other odors. Wrapped butter has a shelf life of several months at refrigerator temperatures.[39] Butter can also be frozen to further extend its storage life.

text: "French butter dishes" or "Acadian butter dishes" have a lid with a long interior lip, which sits in a container holding a small amount of water. Usually the dish holds just enough water to submerge the interior lip when the dish is closed. Butter is packed into the lid. The water acts as a seal to keep the butter fresh, and also keeps the butter from overheating in hot temperatures. This method lets butter sit on a countertop for several days without spoiling.

text: Once butter is softened, spices, herbs, or other flavoring agents can be mixed into it, producing what is called a compound butter or composite butter (sometimes also called composed butter). Compound butters can be used as spreads, or cooled, sliced, and placed onto hot food to melt into a sauce. Sweetened compound butters can be served with desserts; such hard sauces are often flavored with spirits.

text: Melted butter plays an important role in the preparation of sauces, most obviously in French cuisine. Beurre noisette (hazelnut butter) and Beurre noir (black butter) are sauces of melted butter cooked until the milk solids and sugars have turned golden or dark brown; they are often finished with an addition of vinegar or lemon juice.[10](p36) Hollandaise and béarnaise sauces are emulsions of egg yolk and melted butter; they are in essence mayonnaises made with butter instead of oil. Hollandaise and béarnaise sauces are stabilized with the powerful emulsifiers in the egg yolks, but butter itself contains enough emulsifiers—mostly remnants of the fat globule membranes—to form a stable emulsion on its own.[10](p635–636) Beurre blanc (white butter) is made by whisking butter into reduced vinegar or wine, forming an emulsion with the texture of thick cream. Beurre monté (prepared butter) is melted but still emulsified butter; it lends its name to the practice of "mounting" a sauce with butter: whisking cold butter into any water-based sauce at the end of cooking, giving the sauce a thicker body and a glossy shine—as well as a buttery taste.[10](p632)

text: In Poland, the butter lamb (Baranek wielkanocny) is a traditional addition to the Easter Meal for many Polish Catholics. Butter is shaped into a lamb either by hand or in a lamb-shaped mould. Butter is also used to make edible decorations to garnish other dishes.

text: Butter is used for sautéing and frying, although its milk solids brown and burn above 150 °C (250 °F)—a rather low temperature for most applications. The smoke point of butterfat is around 200 °C (400 °F), so clarified butter or ghee is better suited to frying.[10](p37) Ghee has always been a common frying medium in India, where many avoid other animal fats for cultural or religious reasons.

text: Butter fills several roles in baking, where it is used in a similar manner as other solid fats like lard, suet, or shortening, but has a flavor that may better complement sweet baked goods. Many cookie doughs and some cake batters are leavened, at least in part, by creaming butter and sugar together, which introduces air bubbles into the butter. The tiny bubbles locked within the butter expand in the heat of baking and aerate the cookie or cake. Some cookies like shortbread may have no other source of moisture but the water in the butter. Pastries like pie dough incorporate pieces of solid fat into the dough, which become flat layers of fat when the dough is rolled out. During baking, the fat melts away, leaving a flaky texture. Butter, because of its flavor, is a common choice for the fat in such a dough, but it can be more difficult to work with than shortening because of its low melting point. Pastry makers often chill all their ingredients and utensils while working with a butter dough.

text: Nutritional information

text: As butter is essentially just the milk fat, it contains only traces of lactose, so moderate consumption of butter is not a problem for lactose intolerant people.[40] People with milk allergies may still need to avoid butter, which contains enough of the allergy-causing proteins to cause reactions.[41] Whole milk, butter and cream have high levels of saturated fat.[42][43] Butter is a good source of Vitamin A.

text:
Butter, unsalted

Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)

Energy
2,999 kJ (717 kcal)

Carbohydrates

0 g

Fat

81 g

Saturated
51 g

Monounsaturated
21 g

Polyunsaturated
3 g

Protein

1 g

Vitamins

Vitamin A equiv.

(86%)
684 μg

Vitamin D

(10%)
60 IU

Vitamin E

(15%)
2.32 mg

Other constituents

Cholesterol
215 mg

Fat percentage can vary.
See also Types of butter.

Units
μg = micrograms • mg = milligrams
IU = International units

Percentages are roughly approximated using US recommendations for adults.
Source: USDA Nutrient Database

tag: table

text:
Comparative properties of common cooking fats (per 100 g )

Type of fat
Total fat (g)
Saturated fat (g)
Monounsaturated fat (g)
Polyunsaturated fat (g)
Smoke point

Sunflower oil
100
11
20
69
225 °C (437 °F)[44]

Sunflower oil (high oleic)
100
12
84 [45]
4 [45]

Soybean oil
100
16
23
58
257 °C (495 °F)[44]

Canola oil
100
7
63
28
205 °C (401 °F)[45][46]

Olive oil
100
14
73
11
190 °C (374 °F)[44]

Corn oil
100
15
30
55
230 °C (446 °F)[44]

Peanut oil
100
17
46
32
225 °C (437 °F)[44]

Rice bran oil
100
25
38
37
250 °C (482 °F)[47]

Vegetable shortening (hydrogenated)
71
23
8
37
165 °C (329 °F)[44]

Lard
100
39
45
11
190 °C (374 °F)[44]

Suet
94
52
32
3
200 °C (392 °F)

Butter
81
51
21
3
150 °C (302 °F)[44]

Coconut oil
100
86
6
2
177 °C (351 °F)

text: The molecular composition of butter which contribute to butter's distinct flavor includes: fatty acids, lactones, methyl ketones, diacetyl and dimethyl sulfide. When foods containing butter are baked, the concentrations of methyl ketones and lactones increase to provide the flavor of butter.[citation needed]


document_title: Dynasty (2017 TV series)

question_text: when does the new episode of dynasty come out

text: Dynasty (2017 TV series)

text: Premise[edit]

text: Dynasty begins with heiress Fallon Carrington unhappy to find her billionaire father Blake engaged to Cristal, a rival employee at the family company. When Fallon's machinations to separate the couple backfire and cost her a promotion, she allies with Blake's nemesis and former employee, Jeff Colby, and strikes out on her own. Meanwhile, the arrival of Cristal's opportunistic nephew Sam—who becomes romantically involved with Fallon's wayward brother Steven—threatens to expose her shady past.[1][2] The Carringtons form a united front in the wake of the suspicious death of Cristal's former lover, but things at the mansion do not remain harmonious for long.

text: The reboot updates several elements from the 1980s original, including moving the setting from Denver, Colorado to Atlanta, Georgia; making Steven's homosexuality a nonissue to Blake; and changing gold digger Sammy Jo from a woman to a gay man.[1][3][4] Additionally, in the new series, both Blake's fiancée later wife and her nephew are Hispanic, and both chauffeur Michael Culhane and the Colby family are African-American.[1][4]

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Elizabeth Gillies as Fallon Carrington, energy executive and heiress to an Atlanta energy fortune
Nathalie Kelley as Cristal Flores Carrington, Fallon's new stepmother, a woman with a shady past
James Mackay as Steven Carrington, Fallon's gay environmentalist brother, who is the older and more levelheaded of the two
Robert Christopher Riley as Michael Culhane, the Carrington chauffeur and Fallon's former lover
Sam Adegoke as Jeff Colby, a young business rival to Blake
Rafael de la Fuente as Samuel Josiah "Sammy Jo" Jones, Cristal's wayward nephew and Steven's fiancé
Alan Dale as Joseph Anders, the Carrington majordomo
Grant Show as Blake Carrington, billionaire CEO of Carrington Atlantic, married to Cristal, and the father of Fallon and Steven by his first wife

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Nick Wechsler as Matthew Blaisdel, Cristal's former lover, a field engineer who dies in a suspicious explosion
Brianna Brown as Claudia Blaisdel, Matthew's wife, a former engineer
Wakeema Hollis as Monica Colby, Jeff's sister
Dave Maldonado as Willy Santiago, Matthew's friend and coworker at Carrington Atlantic
Michael Beach as Police Chief Aaron Stansfield, a longtime friend of Blake's
Elena Tovar as Iris Machado, Cristal's sister and Sam's mother
KJ Smith as Kori Rucks, Michael's ex-girlfriend
Michael Patrick Lane as Ted Dinard, Steven's ex-boyfriend
Arnetia Walker as Louella Culhane, Michael's mother
Darryl Booker as James Culhane, Michael's father
Luis Fernández as Alejandro Silva, Sam's father who is operating under the alias of Diego Calastana
Bill Smitrovich as Thomas Carrington, Blake's father and Fallon and Steven's grandfather
Hakeem Kae-Kazim as Cesil Colby, Jeff and Monica's father
J. R. Cacia as Rick Morales, a journalist and old friend of Cristal's
Kelly Rutherford as Melissa Daniels, wife of Senator Paul Daniels, and Steven's former lover
Elizabeth Youman as Evie Culhane, Michael's sister.
Adam Huber as Liam Ridley, Fallon's husband
Nicollette Sheridan as Alexis Carrington, Blake's ex-wife, and the estranged mother of Fallon and Steven

text: Guests[edit]

text:
Nana Visitor as Diana Davis, editor-in-chief of Atlanta Digest
Kearran Giovanni as Police Chief Bobbi Johnson
Rick Hearst as Senator Paul Daniels, a longtime contact of Blake's
Steven Culp as Tim Meyers, a business associate of Jeff and Fallon

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

1
1
"I Hardly Recognized You"
Brad Silberling
Sallie Patrick, Josh Schwartz and Stephanie Savage
October 11, 2017 (2017-10-11)
1.26[5]

2
2
"Spit It Out"
Michael A. Allowitz
Sallie Patrick
October 18, 2017 (2017-10-18)
0.92[6]

3
3
"Guilt is for Insecure People"
Kellie Cyrus
Ali Adler
October 25, 2017 (2017-10-25)
0.72[7]

4
4
"Private as a Circus"
Kevin Sullivan
Jenna Richman
November 1, 2017 (2017-11-01)
0.74[8]

5
5
"Company Slut"
Cherie Nowlan
Christopher Fife
November 8, 2017 (2017-11-08)
0.72[9]

6
6
"I Exist Only for Me"
Lee Rose
Kevin Garnett
November 15, 2017 (2017-11-15)
0.64[10]

7
7
"A Taste of Your Own Medicine"
Matt Earl Beesley
Jay Gibson
November 29, 2017 (2017-11-29)
0.64[11]

8
8
"The Best Things in Life"
Pascal Verschooris
Francisca X. Hu
December 6, 2017 (2017-12-06)
0.64[12]

9
9
"Rotten Things"
Brad Silberling
Paula Sabbaga
December 13, 2017 (2017-12-13)
0.69[13]

10
10
"A Well-Dressed Tarantula"
Kenny Leon
Adele Lim
January 17, 2018 (2018-01-17)
0.63[14]

11
11
"I Answer to No Man"
Steven A. Adelson
Gladys Rodriguez
January 24, 2018 (2018-01-24)
0.56[15]

12
12
"Promises You Can't Keep"
Matt Earl Beesley
Jenna Richman
January 31, 2018 (2018-01-31)
0.65[16]

13
13
"Nothing But Trouble"
Matt Earl Beesley
Jenna Richman
February 7, 2018 (2018-02-07)
0.65[17]

14
14
"The Gospel According to Blake Carrington"
Dawn Wilkinson
Francisca X. Hu & Paula Sabbaga
March 9, 2018 (2018-03-09)
0.64[18]

15
15
"Our Turn Now"
Matt Earl Beesley
Libby Wells
March 16, 2018 (2018-03-16)
0.60[19]

16
16
"Poor Little Rich Girl"
Kenny Leon
Jenna Richman & Ali Adler
March 23, 2018 (2018-03-23)
0.63[20]

17
17
"Enter Alexis"
Jeffrey W. Byrd
Sallie Patrick & Christopher Fife
March 30, 2018 (2018-03-30)
0.69[21]

18
18
"Don't Con a Con Artist"
Carl Seaton
Kevin A. Garnett & Paula Sabbaga
April 6, 2018 (2018-04-06)
0.71[22]

19
19
"Use or Be Used"[23]
Viet Nguyen
Jake Coburn & Jay Gibson
April 20, 2018 (2018-04-20)
TBD

20
20
"A Line from the Past"[24]
Pascal Verschooris
Jenna Richman & Francisca X. Hu
April 27, 2018 (2018-04-27)
TBD

21
21
"Trashy Little Tramp"[25]
Brandi Bradburn
Christopher Fife & Kevin A. Garnett
May 4, 2018 (2018-05-04)
TBD

22
22
[26]
Michael A. Allowitz
Sallie Patrick & Libby Wells
May 11, 2018 (2018-05-11)
TBD

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: In September 2016, it was announced that a reboot of the 1980s prime time soap opera Dynasty was in development at The CW, co-written by Josh Schwartz, Stephanie Savage, and Sallie Patrick.[27][28] Savage said, "All of us have worked on shows that owe a huge debt to Dynasty, so it's kind of in our writing DNA to do this show."[3] The trio discussed what they found unique and attractive about the original series, and how best to preserve those elements in an update.[3] They also met with Richard and Esther Shapiro, the creators of Dynasty,[3] who were ultimately attached as producers.[27][28] Schwartz said, "We are definitely living in an age of dynasties. Whether it's the Trumps or the Clintons or the Kardashians or the Murdochs, our news is filled with the worlds of family dynasties and that was exciting for us."[29] Savage added, "When we first sat down with the Shapiros to talk about rebooting the show, they talked a lot about family. No matter the villainous things that they did, they never stopped loving each other. I think we took that core concept and then just talked about how to place the idea in the historical context of our day."[29] Patrick noted that the 1980s series was progressive for its time, dealing with issues like race, women in the workplace, and gay acceptance.[30] She said, "We're trying to figure out how do we respect what that show was doing then and pushing it even farther in our version."[30] De la Fuente said, "We're trying to make it stand on its own and be its own thing. But we have to pay homage to the original and the classic stuff that people remember from Dynasty, like the fashion, the catfights and the opulence of it all, is of course in our show. It wouldn't be Dynasty otherwise."[31]

text: The new series finds heiress Fallon Carrington facing off against her soon-to-be stepmother Cristal, a Hispanic woman.[27][28] Patrick said, "It was important to me as a working woman to have two women fighting over the future of the dynasty."[30] Schwartz said of the rival characters:

text: Even when you watch the original, Fallon is a character who feels as if she can exist in 2017. She just pops off the screen, and she can take on Krystle, who, in the original, was pure and the moral center of the show. With this new Cristal, we liked the idea of not letting her be quite as pure and raising some questions about her past and having her stir the pot—making her more formidable. That really let us lean into this rivalry between Fallon and Cristal.[3]

text: Patrick said, "We knew in our version—2017—we wanted Steven's conflict with Blake to be not about him being gay, but about him being liberal."[3] Savage noted, "With Steven Carrington out and proud, it makes sense for Sammy Jo to be a man."[4] Patrick said in August 2017 that Blake's first wife Alexis would be introduced during the first season, but that the role had yet to be cast.[29] She noted, "We knew Alexis was coming before we even started shooting the pilot, which allowed us to pave the way for her ... throughout the season, we hear Blake, Steven, and Fallon's memories about the woman who abandoned their family. So by the time she actually enters the series, we've established expectations about her character—which Alexis will happily break."[32] The role was cast with Nicollette Sheridan in November 2017,[33][34] and she first appeared in episode 16 in March 2018.[32][35]

text: The setting was also moved from Denver to Atlanta, in part because of Atlanta's diversity.[3] Schwartz called the city "a realistic location of this family to be based out of", noting that the Shapiros had arbitrarily picked Denver for the original series and were not creatively attached to it.[29] Patrick said that Atlanta is "a super diverse population and a great mixture—where there's conflict between old money and new money."[30] Kelley said, "This modern version represents a more current picture of what's happening in America. The diversity of the cast really represents that."[29] In the update, chauffeur Michael Culhane and the Colby family are African-American.[1][4] Also, Cristal's Venezuelan origins will allow the show to explore the current geopolitics of that country.[4][29]

text: Patrick said that episode seven, "A Taste of Your Own Medicine", "brings to a head so many of the stories that we've been slowly building. It hits the tone of the show perfectly."[36] She added:

text: We loved the original Dynasty—the camp and the big, surprising soapy twists. We also felt very strongly that we needed to earn those. It would have been hard to come out of the gate with an episode like this. You have to be with the characters long enough to start caring about them. We're cranking up the crazy moving forward.[36]

text: The episode titles are lines of dialogue from the original series.[37][38] In addition to reworked characters and plotlines, the reboot contains multiple visual homages to the 1980s series, including props and wardrobe.[37][39]

text: The pilot was filmed in Atlanta.[40] On May 10, 2017, the Dynasty reboot received a series order at The CW.[41][42][43] A preview trailer was released on May 18, 2017.[44][45] On November 8, 2017, The CW picked up the series for a full season of 22 episodes.[46] Sheridan's casting was a key factor in the decision to give Dynasty a back nine order of episodes after the initial 13.[35] On April 2, 2018, The CW renewed the series for a second season.[47]

text: Casting[edit]

text: Nathalie Kelley was cast as Cristal in January 2017,[48][49] followed by Elizabeth Gillies as Fallon,[50] Sam Adegoke as playboy Jeff Colby,[51] and Robert Christopher Riley as Blake's chauffeur Michael Culhane in February.[52] Next cast were Grant Show as Fallon's father Blake Carrington,[53] and Rafael de la Fuente as Sam Jones, a gay male version of the original series' Sammy Jo Carrington, in March.[54][55] The remaining main cast members are James Mackay as Fallon's gay brother Steven,[56] and Alan Dale as Carrington majordomo Anders,[57] Additional recurring performers include Nick Wechsler as Cristal's ex-lover Matthew Blaisdel,[1][58] Brianna Brown as Matthew's wife Claudia,[1][59] and Wakeema Hollis as Jeff's sister Monica Colby.[4] In November 2017, Nicollette Sheridan was cast in the role of Blake's ex-wife Alexis Carrington.[33][34] Other guest stars include Elena Tovar as Iris Machado, Cristal's sister and Sam's mother,[60][61] Bill Smitrovich as Thomas Carrington, Blake's estranged father,[62] and Hakeem Kae-Kazim as Cesil Colby, Jeff and Monica's father.[63]

text: Music[edit]

text: The pilot includes a flashback of a young Steven playing the original Dynasty theme by Bill Conti on piano.[1][37] An updated, 15-second version debuted as an opening credits sequence in the 1980s-themed third episode, "Guilt is for Insecure People",[38][64] but is only used in some episodes. Composer Paul Leonard-Morgan worked with Troy Nõka to get "an '80s-rock vibe" for the song, to match Leonard-Morgan's soundtrack for the series.[64] The new theme was recorded with an orchestra at Capitol Records in Hollywood, featuring Los Angeles Philharmonic lead trumpet player Tom Hooten.[64]

text: Broadcast[edit]

text: Dynasty premiered on The CW in the United States on Wednesday, October 11, 2017, with the season 2 premiere of Riverdale as its lead-in.[65] Netflix acquired the exclusive international broadcast rights to Dynasty, making it available as an original series on the platform less than a day after their original U.S. broadcast.[66] The series moved to Fridays starting with the fourteenth episode.[35][67]

text: Leslie Moonves, the head of CBS Corporation, said in 2017, "We own 100 percent of [Dynasty], and we've already licensed it to Netflix in 188 countries ... So this means Dynasty is profitable before it even hits the air."[68] The CW's president Mark Pedowitz said in January 2018, "I'm disappointed in the ratings, I wanted it to do more, but I'm happy with the production values that Josh, Steph and Sallie are doing. There are changes coming, I'm thrilled to have Nicollette [Sheridan] ... I'm looking forward to Nicollette and Liz [Gillies] really going at it as a mother-daughter situation, and I think that will add some juice to the show."[35]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Ratings[edit]

text:
Season
Timeslot (ET)
Episodes
First aired
Last aired
TV season
Rank
Avg. viewers
(millions)
18–49 rating
(average)

Date
Viewers
(millions)
Date
Viewers
(millions)

1
Wednesday 9:00 pm (episodes 1-13)
Friday 8:00 pm (episodes 14-22)
22
October 11, 2017
1.26[5]
May 11, 2018[69]
TBD
2017–18
TBD
TBD
TBD

text: Critical response[edit]

text: The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 53% approval rating with an average rating of 6.59/10 based on 40 reviews. The website's consensus reads, "Dynasty's revival retains enough of its predecessor's over-the-top allure to offer a glamorous guilty pleasure in its first season, even if it never quite recaptures the magic of the original."[70] Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned a score of 52 out of 100 based on 17 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[71]

text: Chris Harnick of E! Online called the pilot "soapy and fun", adding that the series is "a worthy heir to the original show and Josh Schwartz and Stephanie Savage's previous offering Gossip Girl and The O.C.".[72] Adweek called the pilot inferior to Gossip Girl and the original Dynasty, but suggested that its pairing with Riverdale "could provide audiences a guilty-pleasure double-feature".[73]

text: Tierney Bricker of E! Online dubbed Kelley "this season's breakout star", with Gillies "hot on her Louboutin heels".[72]

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
Year
Award
Category
Nominee(s)
Result
Ref.

2018
Dorian Awards
Campy TV Show of the Year
Dynasty
Nominated
[74]


document_title: Let's kill all the lawyers

question_text: who said let's kill all the lawyers

question_tokens: who said let 's kill all the lawyers

text: Let's kill all the lawyers

text: "Let's kill all the lawyers" is a line from William Shakespeare's Henry VI, Part 2, Act IV, Scene 2. The full quote is "The first thing we do, let's kill all the lawyers".[1] It is among Shakespeare's most famous lines,[2] as well as one of his most controversial,[3] and has been used as the title of movies[4] and books.[5] Shakespeare may be making a joke when character "Dick The Butcher" suggests one of the ways the band of pretenders to the throne can improve the country is to kill all the lawyers. Dick is a rough character, a killer as evil as his name implies,[1] like the other henchmen, and this is his rough solution to his perceived societal problem.[6] There is some disagreement with the interpretation that one of Shakespeare's sympathetic characters would make a joke suggesting that killing lawyers would make the world better.[7] The Florida Bar Association contends the quote was a lawyer joke.[8]

text: Henry VI, Part 2, Act IV, Scene 2[edit]

text: JACK CADE. Valiant I am.

text: SMITH [aside]. A must needs; for beggary is valiant.

text: JACK CADE. I am able to endure much.

text: DICK [aside]. No question of that; for I have seen him whipp'd three market-days together.

text: JACK CADE. I fear neither sword nor fire.

text: SMITH [aside]. He need not fear the sword; for his coat is of proof.

text: DICK [aside]. But methinks he should stand in fear of fire, being burnt i' th'hand for stealing of sheep.

text: JACK CADE. Be brave, then; for your captain is brave, and vows reformation. There shall be in England seven half-penny loaves sold for a penny: the three-hoop'd pot shall have ten hoops; and I will make it felony to drink small beer: all the realm shall be in common; and in Cheapside shall my palfrey go to grass: and when I am king,- as king I will be,-

text: ALL. God save your majesty!

text: JACK CADE. I thank you, good people:- there shall be no money; all shall eat and drink on my score; and I will apparel them all in one livery, that they may agree like brothers, and worship me their lord.

text: DICK. The first thing we do, let's kill all the lawyers.


document_title: Biathlon

question_text: what caliber gun do they shoot in the biathlon in the olympics

text: Biathlon

text: History[edit]

text:
According to Encyclopædia Britannica, the biathlon "is rooted in the skiing traditions of Scandinavia, where early inhabitants revered the Norse god Ullr as both the ski god and the hunting god".
In modern times, the activity that developed into this sport was an exercise for Norwegian people that was an alternative training for the military. Norwegian skiing regiments organized military skiing contests in the 18th century, divided in four classes: shooting at mark while skiing at top speed, downhill race among trees, downhill race on big hills without falling, and a long race on flat ground while carrying rifle and military pack. In modern terminology these military contests included downhill, slalom, biathlon, and cross-country skiing.[1] One of the world's first known ski clubs, the Trysil Rifle and Ski Club, was formed in Norway in 1861 to promote national defense at the local level. 20th century variants include Forsvarsrennet (the military contest) – a 17 km cross-country race with shooting, and the military cross-country race at 30 km including marksmanship. The modern biathlon is a civilian variant of the old military combined exercise.[2] In Norway, the biathlon was until 1984 a branch of Det frivillige Skyttervesen, an organization set up by the government to promote civilian marksmanship in support of national defense. In Norwegian, the biathlon is called skiskyting (literally ski shooting).[3] In Norway there are still separate contests in skifeltskyting, a cross-country race at 12 km with large-caliber rifle shooting at various targets with unknown range.[4]

text: Called military patrol, the combination of skiing and shooting was contested at the Winter Olympic Games in 1924, and then demonstrated in 1928, 1936, and 1948, but did not regain Olympic recognition then because the small number of competing countries disagreed on the rules. During the mid-1950s, however, the biathlon was introduced into the Soviet and Swedish winter sport circuits and was widely enjoyed by the public. This newfound popularity aided the effort of having the biathlon gain entry into the Winter Olympics.

text: The first Biathlon World Championship was held in 1958 in Austria, and in 1960 the sport was finally included in the Olympic Games.[3] At Albertville in 1992, women were first allowed in the Olympic biathlon.

text: The competitions from 1958 to 1965 used high-power centerfire cartridges, such as the .30-06 Springfield and the 7.62×51mm NATO, before the .22 Long Rifle rimfire cartridge was standardized in 1978. The ammunition was carried in a belt worn around the competitor's waist. The sole event was the men's 20 kilometres (12 mi) individual, encompassing four separate ranges and firing distances of 100 metres (330 ft), 150 metres (490 ft), 200 metres (660 ft), and 250 metres (820 ft). The target distance was reduced to 150 metres (490 ft) with the addition of the relay in 1966. The shooting range was further reduced to 50 metres (160 ft) in 1978 with the mechanical targets making their debut at the 1980 Winter Olympics in Lake Placid.[5]

text: Governing body[edit]

text: In 1948, the Union Internationale de Pentathlon Moderne et Biathlon (UIPMB) was founded, to standardise the rules for the biathlon and the modern pentathlon. In 1993, the biathlon branch of the UIPMB created the International Biathlon Union (IBU), which officially separated from the UIPMB in 1998.

text: Presidents of the UIPMB/IBU:

text:
1947–1949: Tom Wiborn (Sweden)
1949–1960: Gustaf Dyrssen (Sweden)
1960–1988: Sven Thofelt, (Sweden)
1988–1992: Igor Novikov (USSR/Russia)
Since 1992: Anders Besseberg (Norway)

text: Championships[edit]

text: The following articles list major international biathlon events and medalists. Contrary to the Olympics and World Championships (BWCH), the World Cup (BWC) is an entire winter season of (mostly) weekly races, where the medalists are those with the highest sums of World Cup points at the end of the season.

text:
Biathlon at the Winter Olympics
Biathlon World Championships
Biathlon World Cup
Biathlon Junior World Championships

text: Rules and equipment[edit]

text: The complete rules of the biathlon are given in the official IBU rule books.[6]

text: Basic concepts[edit]

text: A biathlon competition consists of a race in which contestants ski through a cross-country trail system whose total distance is divided into either two or four shooting rounds, half in prone position, the other half standing. Depending on the shooting performance, extra distance or time is added to the contestant's total skiing distance/time. The contestant with the shortest total time wins.

text: For each shooting round, the biathlete must hit five targets or receive a penalty for each missed target, which varies according to the competition rules, as follows:[6]

text:
Skiing around a 150-metre (490 ft) penalty loop—typically taking 20–30 seconds for elite biathletes to complete, depending on weather and snow conditions.
Adding one minute to the skier's total time.
Use of an extra cartridge (placed at the shooting range) to hit the target; only three such extras are available for each round, and a penalty loop must be done for each target left standing.

text: In order to keep track of the contestants' progress and relative standing throughout a race, split times (intermediate times) are taken at several points along the skiing track and upon finishing each shooting round. The large display screens commonly set up at biathlon arenas, as well as the information graphics shown as part of the TV picture, will typically list the split time of the fastest contestant at each intermediate point and the times and time differences to the closest runners-up.

text: Skiing details[edit]

text: In the Olympics, all cross-country skiing techniques are permitted in the biathlon, allows the use of skate skiing,[7] which is overwhelmingly the choice of competitors. The minimum ski length is the height of the skier minus 4 centimetres (1.6 in). The rifle has to be carried by the skier during the race at all times.

text: Shooting details[edit]

text: The biathlete carries a small-bore rifle, which weighs at least 3.5 kilograms (7.7 lb), excluding ammunition and magazines. The rifles use .22 LR ammunition and are bolt action or Fortner (straight-pull bolt) action. The rifle must weight more than 3.5 kilograms. Each rifle holds 4 magazines with 5 rounds each. Addtional rounds can be kept on the stock of the rifle for a relay race.

text: The target range shooting distance is 50 metres (160 ft). There are five circular targets to be hit in each shooting round. When shooting in the prone position, the target diameter is 45 millimetres (1.8 in); when shooting in the standing position, the target diameter is 115 millimetres (4.5 in). On all modern biathlon ranges, the targets are self-indicating, in that they flip from black to white when hit, giving the biathlete, as well as the spectators, instant visual feedback for each shot fired.

text: Competition format[edit]

text: Individual[edit]

text: The 20 kilometres (12 mi) individual race (15 kilometres (9.3 mi) for women) is the oldest biathlon event; the distance is skied over five laps. The biathlete shoots four times at any shooting lane,[8] in the order of prone, standing, prone, standing, totaling 20 targets. For each missed target a fixed penalty time, usually one minute, is added to the skiing time of the biathlete. Competitors' starts are staggered, normally by 30 seconds.

text: Sprint[edit]

text: The sprint is 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) for men and 7.5 kilometres (4.7 mi) for women; the distance is skied over three laps. The biathlete shoots twice at any shooting lane, once prone and once standing, for a total of 10 shots. For each miss, a penalty loop of 150 metres (490 ft) must be skied before the race can be continued. As in the individual competition, the biathletes start in intervals.

text: Pursuit[edit]

text: In a pursuit, biathletes' starts are separated by their time differences from a previous race,[9] most commonly a sprint. The contestant crossing the finish line first is the winner. The distance is 12.5 kilometres (7.8 mi) for men and 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) for women, skied over five laps; there are four shooting bouts (two prone, two standing, in that order), and each miss means a penalty loop of 150 metres (490 ft). To prevent awkward or dangerous crowding of the skiing loops, and overcapacity at the shooting range, World Cup Pursuits are held with only the 60 top ranking biathletes after the preceding race. The biathletes shoot on a first-come, first-served basis at the lane corresponding to the position they arrived for all shooting bouts.

text: Mass start[edit]

text: In the mass start, all biathletes start at the same time and the first across the finish line wins. In this 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) for men or 12.5 kilometres (7.8 mi) for women competition, the distance is skied over five laps; there are four bouts of shooting (two prone, two standing, in that order) with the first shooting bout being at the lane corresponding to the competitor's bib number (Bib #10 shoots at lane #10 regardless of position in race), with the rest of the shooting bouts being on a first-come, first-served basis (If a competitor arrives at the lane in fifth place, they shoot at lane 5). As in sprint and pursuit, competitors must ski one 150 metres (490 ft) penalty loop for each miss. Here again, to avoid unwanted congestion, World Cup Mass starts are held with only the 30 top ranking athletes on the start line (half that of the Pursuit as here all contestants start simultaneously).

text: Relay[edit]

text: The relay teams consist of four biathletes, who each ski 7.5 kilometres (4.7 mi) (men) or 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) (women), each leg skied over three laps, with two shooting rounds; one prone, one standing. For every round of five targets there are eight bullets available, though the last three can only be single-loaded manually one at a time from spare round holders or bullets deposited by the competitor into trays or onto the mat at the firing line. If after eight bullets there are still misses, one 150 m (490 ft) penalty loop must be taken for each missed target remaining. The first-leg participants start all at the same time, and as in cross-country skiing relays, every athlete of a team must touch the team's next-leg participant to perform a valid changeover. On the first shooting stage of the first leg, the participant must shoot in the lane corresponding to their bib number (Bib #10 shoots at lane #10 regardless of position in race), then for the remainder of the relay, the relay team shoots on a first-come, first-served basis (arrive at the range in fifth place, shoot at lane 5).

text: Mixed relay[edit]

text: The most recent addition to the number of biathlon competition variants, the mixed relay is similar to the ordinary relay but the teams are composed of two women and two men.  Legs 1 and 2 are done by the women, legs 3 and 4 by the men. The women's legs are 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) and men's legs are 7.5 kilometres (4.7 mi) as in ordinary relay competitions.

text: In 2014, single mixed relay was introduced by the IBU. Each team has a man and a woman, and each runs two 3.0 kilometres (1.9 mi) legs, except the last leg where the man completes 4.5 kilometres (2.8 mi) for a total 13.5 kilometres (8.4 mi).

text: This event was first held at the Biathlon World Championships 2005 in Khanty-Mansiysk, and it was added to the 2014 Winter Olympics.

text: Team (obsolete)[edit]

text: A team consists of four biathletes, but unlike the relay competition, all team members start at the same time. Two athletes must shoot in the prone shooting round, the other two in the standing round. In case of a miss, the two non-shooting biathletes must ski a penalty loop of 150 m (490 ft). The skiers must enter the shooting area together, and must also finish within 15 seconds of each other; otherwise a time penalty of one minute is added to the total time. Since 2004, this race format has been obsolete at the World Cup level.

text: Broadcasting[edit]

text: Biathlon events are broadcast most regularly where the sport enjoys its greatest popularity, namely Germany (ARD, ZDF), Austria (ORF), Norway (NRK), France (L'Équipe 21), Finland (YLE), Estonia (ETV), Latvia (LTV), Lithuania (LRT), Croatia (HRT), Poland (Polsat), Sweden (SVT), Russia (Russia-2, Channel One), Belarus (TVR), Slovenia (RTV), Bosnia and Herzegovina (BHRT), Bulgaria (BNT), and South Korea (KBS); it is broadcast on European-wide Eurosport, which also broadcasts to the Asia-Pacific region. World Cup races are streamed (without commentary) via the IBU website.[10]

text: The broadcast distribution being one indicator, the constellation of a sport's main sponsors usually gives a similar, and correlated, indication of popularity: for biathlon, these are the Germany-based companies E.ON Ruhrgas (energy), Krombacher (beer), and Viessmann (boilers and other heating systems).

text: Biathlon records and statistics[edit]

text: The IBU maintains biathlon records, rules, news, videos, and statistics for many years back, all of which are available at its web site.[11]


document_title: List of National Basketball Association career playoff 3-point scoring leaders

question_text: who has the most 3 pointers in nba playoff history

text: Playoff 3-Point Field Goals Made Leaders[edit]

text: This is a list of National Basketball Association players by total career playoff three-point field goals made.[1]

text:
^
Active NBA player

*
Inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame

†
Not yet eligible for Hall of Fame consideration[3]

§
1st time eligible for Hall of Fame in 2018 [4]

text:
Rank
Player
Position(s)
Team(s) played for (years)[6]
Total 3-point field
goals made
Total 3-point field
goals attempted
3-point field goal
percentage

1
Allen, RayRay Allen†
SG
Milwaukee Bucks (1999–2001)
Seattle SuperSonics (2005)
Boston Celtics (2008–2012)
Miami Heat (2013–2014)
385
959
.401

2
James, LeBronLeBron James^
SF
Cleveland Cavaliers (2006–2010, since 2015)
Miami Heat (2011–2014)
331
1002
.330

3
Miller, ReggieReggie Miller*
SG
Indiana Pacers (1990–1996, 1998–2005)
320
820
.390

4
Ginóbili, ManuManu Ginóbili^
SG
San Antonio Spurs (2003–2008, since 2010)
318
887
.359

5
Curry, StephenStephen Curry^
PG
Golden State Warriors (since 2013)
314
765
.410

6
Bryant, KobeKobe Bryant†
SG
Los Angeles Lakers (1997–2004, 2006–2012)
292
882
.331

7
Fisher, DerekDerek Fisher†
PG
Los Angeles Lakers (1997–2004, 2008–2011)
Utah Jazz (2007)
Oklahoma City Thunder (2012–2014)
285
715
.399

8
Pierce, PaulPaul Pierce†
SF
Boston Celtics (2002–2005, 2008–2013)
Brooklyn Nets (2014)
Washington Wizards (2015)
Los Angeles Clippers (since 2016)
276
777
.355

9
Billups, ChaunceyChauncey Billups†
PG
Minnesota Timberwolves (2001–2002)
Detroit Pistons (2003–2008)
Denver Nuggets (2009–2010)
New York Knicks (2011)
Los Angeles Clippers (2013)
267
729
.366

10
Horry, RobertRobert Horry
PF
Houston Rockets (1993–1996)
Los Angeles Lakers (1997–2003)
San Antonio Spurs (2004–2008)
261
728
.359

11
Smith, J.R.J.R. Smith
SG
Denver Nuggets (2007–2011)
New York Knicks (2012–2013)
Cleveland Cavaliers (since 2015)
244
659
.370

12
Thompson, KlayKlay Thompson^
SG
Golden State Warriors (since 2013)
237
586
.404

13
Kidd, JasonJason Kidd§
PG
Phoenix Suns (1997–2001)
New Jersey Nets (2002–2007)
Dallas Mavericks (2008–2012)
New York Knicks (2013)
236
733
.322

14
Durant, KevinKevin Durant^
SF
Oklahoma City Thunder (2010–2014, 2016)
Golden State Warriors (2017)
222
645
.344

15
Terry, JasonJason Terry^
SG/PG
Dallas Mavericks (2005–2012)
Boston Celtics (2013)
Houston Rockets (2015–2016)
Milwaukee Bucks (2017)
219
570
.384

16
Pippen, ScottieScottie Pippen*
SF
Chicago Bulls (1988–1998)
Houston Rockets (1999)
Portland Trail Blazers (2000–2003)
200
660
.303

Finley, MichaelMichael Finley
SG
Dallas Mavericks (2001–2005)
San Antonio Spurs (2006–2009)
Boston Celtics (2010)
200
515
.388

18
Korver, KyleKyle Korver^
SG/SF
Philadelphia 76ers (2005)
Utah Jazz (2008–2010)
Chicago Bulls (2010–2012)
Atlanta Hawks (2013–2016)
Cleveland Cavaliers (since 2017)
192
497
.386

19
Wallace, RasheedRasheed Wallace§
PF/C
Portland Trail Blazers (1997–2003)
Detroit Pistons (2004–2009)
Boston Celtics (2010)
190
540
.352

20
Green, DannyDanny Green^
SG
San Antonio Spurs (since 2011)
186
441
.422

21
Majerle, DanDan Majerle
SG
Phoenix Suns (1989–1995)
Cleveland Cavaliers (1996)
Miami Heat (1997–2001)
181
513
.353

22
Nash, SteveSteve Nash†
PG
Phoenix Suns (1997–1998, 2005–2008, 2010)
Dallas Mavericks (2001–2004)
Los Angeles Lakers (2013)
178
438
.406

Harden, JamesJames Harden^
SG
Oklahoma City Thunder (2010–2012)
Houston Rockets (since 2013)
178
532
.337

24
Starks, JohnJohn Starks
PG
New York Knicks (1991–1998)
Utah Jazz (2001)
176
475
.371

25
Ainge, DannyDanny Ainge
SG
Boston Celtics (1982–1988)
Portland Trail Blazers (1991–1992)
Phoenix Suns (1993–1995)
172
432
.398

text: Progressive List of Playoff 3-Point Field Goals Made[edit]

text: This is a progressive list of 3-point scoring leaders showing how the record has increased through the years.

text:
^
Active NBA player

*
Inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame

†
Not yet eligible for Hall of Fame consideration[3]

§
1st time eligible for Hall of Fame in 2018 [7]

text:
Team Abbreviations
Team listed is the one player was on when he established the record.

ATL
Atlanta Hawks
DET
Detroit Pistons
MIA
Miami Heat
PHI
Philadelphia 76ers

BOS
Boston Celtics
GSW
Golden State Warriors
MIL
Milwaukee Bucks
PHO
Phoenix Suns

CHI
Chicago Bulls
HOU
Houston Rockets
MIN
Minnesota Timberwolves
POR
Portland Trail Blazers

CLE
Cleveland Cavaliers
IND
Indiana Pacers
NOP
New Orleans Pelicans
SAS
San Antonio Spurs

DAL
Dallas Mavericks
KCK
Kansas City Kings
NYK
New York Knicks
SEA
Seattle SuperSonics

DEN
Denver Nuggets
LAL
Los Angeles Lakers
ORL
Orlando Magic
WSB
Washington Bullets

text:
Leaders and Records for Playoff 3-Pt Field Goals for Every Season

Season
Year-by-year leader
3P
Active player leader
3P
Career record
3P
Single season record
3P
Season

1979–80
Fred Brown000SEA
10
Fred Brown000SEA
10
Fred Brown000SEA
10
Fred Brown000SEA
10
1979–80

1980–81
Scott Wedman000KCK
9
Scott Wedman000KCK
Brian Winters000MIL
11
Scott Wedman000KCK
Brian Winters000MIL
11
1980–81

1981–82
Andrew Toney000PHI
Brian Winters000MIL
Frank Johnson000WSB
Mike Bratz000SAS
5
Brian Winters000MIL
16
Brian Winters000MIL
16
1981–82

1982–83
Johnny Moore000SAS
9
19
19
1982–83

1983–84
Mike Dunleavy000MIL
18
Mike Dunleavy000MIL
32
Mike Dunleavy000MIL
32
Mike Dunleavy000MIL
18
1983–84

1984–85
Mike Evans000DEN
17
1984–85

1985–86
Larry Bird*000BOS
23
Larry Bird*000BOS
46
Larry Bird*000BOS
46
Larry Bird*000BOS
23
1985–86

1986–87
Michael Cooper000LAL
34
Michael Cooper000LAL
75
Michael Cooper000LAL
75
Michael Cooper000LAL
34
1986–87

1987–88
25
100
100
1987–88

1988–89
Craig Hodges000CHI
35
121
121
Craig Hodges000CHI
35
1988–89

1989–90
Terry Porter000POR
40
124
124
Terry Porter000POR
40
1989–90

1990–91
Magic Johnson*000LAL
21
Byron Scott000LAL
97
1990–91

1991–92
Terry Porter000POR
37
Danny Ainge
000POR 1991–92
000PHO 1992–95
110
1991–92

1992–93
Dan Majerle000PHO
54
143
Danny Ainge000PHO
143
Dan Majerle000PHO
54
1992–93

1993–94
John Starks000NYK
47
160
160
1993–94

1994–95
Dennis Scott000ORL
56
172
172
Dennis Scott000ORL
56
1994–95

1995–96
Gary Payton*000SEA
41
John Starks000NYK
137
1995–96

1996–97
Matt Maloney000HOU
43
John Starks000NYK
Dan Majerle000MIA
150
1996–97

1997–98
Reggie Miller*000IND
38
John Starks000NYK
175
John Starks000NYK
175
1997–98

1998–99
Jaren Jackson000SAS
31
Reggie Miller*000IND
185
Reggie Miller*000IND
185
1998–99

1999–00
Reggie Miller*000IND
58
243
243
Reggie Miller*000IND
58
1999–00

2000–01
Ray Allen †000MIL
57
258
258
2000–01

2001–02
Antoine Walker000BOS
42
271
271
2001–02

2002–03
Michael Finley 000DAL
47
275
275
2002–03

2003–04

Chauncey Billups †000DET
Latrell Sprewell000MIN
37
299
299
2003–04

2004–05
Chauncey Billups †000DET
44
320
320
2004–05

2005–06
Tim Thomas 000PHO
Antoine Walker000MIA
48
Robert Horry000SAS
243
2005–06

2006–07
Michael Finley 000SAS
44
256
2006–07

2007–08
Ray Allen †000BOS
55
261
2007–08

2008–09
Rashard Lewis †000ORL
52
Chauncey Billups †000DEN
248
2008–09

2009–10
Ray Allen †000BOS
56
Kobe Bryant†000LAL
263
2009–10

2010–11
Jason Kidd §000DAL
43
Ray Allen †
000BOS 2010–12
000MIA 2012–14
285
2010–11

2011–12
Shane Battier †000MIA
42
313
2011–12

2012–13
Danny Green^000SAS
55
352
Ray Allen †000MIA
352
2012–13

2013–14
Paul George^000IND
52
385
385
2013–14

2014–15
Stephen Curry^000GSW
98
Manu Ginóbili^000SAS
300
Stephen Curry^000GSW
98
2014–15

2015–16
Klay Thompson^000GSW
98
309
Stephen Curry^ &
Klay Thompson^000GSW
2015–16

2016–17
Stephen Curry^000GSW
72
LeBron James^000CLE
331
2016–17

Season
Year-by-year
3P
Active player leader
3P
Career 3P record
3P
Single season 3P record
3P
Season


document_title: The Book of Henry

question_text: who played peter in the book of henry

question_tokens: who played peter in the book of henry

text: The Book of Henry

text: Plot[edit]

text: In a small suburban town in the Hudson Valley, 11-year-old boy genius Henry Carpenter and his younger brother Peter are being raised by their single mother Susan, a waitress who is working on writing children's picture books. Henry has used his intellect to invest successfully in the stock market, building up a very substantial nest egg for his family. Henry also protects Peter from a school bully and builds Rube Goldberg machines in their tree house. Henry and Susan are both fond of their next-door neighbor (and Henry's classmate), Christina Sickleman, who has recently become glum.

text: Henry sees Christina being abused by her stepfather, Glenn, the local police commissioner. Henry reports the abuse to social services and the school principal, Janice Wilder, but Glenn has connections throughout the local government, and Wilder is reluctant to challenge the commissioner without "conclusive evidence". Henry is unable to get the authorities to launch a serious investigation that would protect Christina. Henry tells his mother that when someone is in trouble, those who can help must take action. He develops a detailed plan to rescue Christina that he memorializes in a notebook. After a violent seizure, Henry is taken to the hospital, where he is diagnosed with a brain tumor and undergoes surgery. Anticipating his death, he tells Peter to give Susan the notebook. Days later, Henry dies in Susan's arms in the hospital.

text: Susan is distraught at Henry's death and has difficulty functioning, but when Peter gives her the notebook, she focuses on Henry's plan. Susan tries, but fails, to interest a nearby social services agency in opening an investigation. One night, from the window in Peter's bedroom, she sees Glenn in Christina's room and decides to carry out the plan. The notebook and an accompanying cassette tape describe a step-by-step plan to kill Glenn with a sniper rifle while covering Susan's tracks so that it will be impossible to trace the murder back to her. Susan's alibi is to be provided by executing the murder while both Christina and Peter are performing at a school talent show.

text: Susan slips away from the talent show and puts the plan into motion. As she is about to pull the trigger, however, she realizes that Henry's plan, though ingenious, is the construct of a child, and that she must act as an adult. She immediately confronts Glenn and tells him that she is going to expose him for what he has done to Christina. Glenn replies that everyone will believe him, not her, and he tells her that he is going to call his police chief to come and bring her in. At the same time, affected by Christina's dance performance at the talent show, Principal Wilder decides to follow through on the abuse accusation and contacts the authorities. Glenn returns home, calls his relative at Social Services, and learns that an investigation is being opened into his abuse of Christina. As the police arrive at his house, Glenn kills himself. Susan legally adopts Christina as her daughter. She also finishes writing one of her children's books, as Henry had urged her to do.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Naomi Watts as Susan Carpenter, the mother of Henry and Peter[6]
Jaeden Lieberher as Henry Carpenter, the title character and Susan's older son.
Jacob Tremblay as Peter Carpenter, Henry's brother and Susan’s younger son
Sarah Silverman as Sheila, a waitress and Susan's best friend
Dean Norris as Glenn Sickleman, the police commissioner and Christina's abusive stepfather
Lee Pace as David Daniels, a neurosurgeon who operates on Henry
Maddie Ziegler as Christina Sickleman, Glenn's stepdaughter
Tonya Pinkins as Janice Wilder, the school principal
Bobby Moynihan as John, Susan's and Sheila's boss at the diner
Geraldine Hughes as Mrs. Evans, Henry's and Christina's teacher
Jackson Nicoll as Morris, a boy who bullies Peter

text: Production[edit]

text: Hurwitz wrote the first draft of the screenplay by 1998. The film was eventually optioned by Jenette Kahn, and Sidney Kimmel Entertainment joined as a producer. An executive at Kimmel Entertainment thought that Colin Trevorrow would be right to direct The Book of Henry. Trevorrow and Hurwitz found each other to be congenial, but then Trevorrow was hired to direct Jurassic World. Another director was considered. By early 2015, after Trevorrow finished Jurassic World, he returned to The Book of Henry.[7][8] Kimmel Entertainment and Double Nickel Entertainment financed and co-produced the film; producers are Sidney Kimmel, Kahn and Adam Richman.[9] Focus Features obtained worldwide distribution rights.[10]

text: Principal photography on the film began in September 2015 in and around New York City,[6][11][12][13] and concluded in November.[14] The music was composed by Michael Giacchino.[15] Stevie Nicks sang a new song in the film.[16]

text: Release[edit]

text: The Book of Henry was scheduled to be released on September 16, 2016,[17] but Focus rescheduled the film's release to June 16, 2017,[18] concluding that during the summer, the film release schedule would offer fewer adult-oriented films that might compete against The Book of Henry for older viewers.[19] The film premiered at the Los Angeles Film Festival on June 14, 2017.[20] In its opening weekend, the film grossed $1.4 million from 579 theaters (an average of $2,460 per theater), finishing 13th at the box office, and making it "by far the biggest start among the new Specialties" opening that weekend.[21]

text: The film was featured at the July 2017 Ischia Film Festival, where Trevorrow was honored with the Breakout Director award for the film.[22]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 20% based on 118 reviews, with an average rating of 4/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "The Book of Henry deserves a few points for ambition, but its tonal juggling act – and a deeply maudlin twist – may leave viewers gaping in disbelief rather than choking back tears."[23] On Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating, the film has a score of 31 out of 100, based on 31 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews".[24] PostTrak reported audiences gave the film an 86% overall positive score and a 65% "definite recommend".[21]

text: Owen Gleiberman of Variety wrote: "There’s the kind of bad movie that just sits there, unfolding with grimly predictable monotony. Then there’s the kind where the badness expands and metastasizes, taking on a jaw-dropping life of its own, pushing through to ever-higher levels of garishness. The Book of Henry ... is of the latter, you’ve-got-to-see-it-to-disbelieve-it variety."[25] The Guardian's Peter Bradshaw, in a critical review, said that, "in its pure misjudged ickiness, bad-acting ropiness, and its quirksy, smirksy passive-aggressive tweeness, this insidiously terrible film could hardly get any more skin-crawling."[26] Writing for Vulture, Emily Yoshida opined, "It does not suffice to call The Book of Henry bad; it’s nonfunctional, so poorly conceived from the ground up as to slip out of the grasp of the usual standards one applies to narrative film. It might be admirable if it wasn’t such torture to watch."[27]

text: Ignatiy Vishnevetsky of The A.V. Club wrote: "Director Colin Trevorrow ... lacks any of the eccentricities that might make this quirky and contrived material work, even at face value," though he added, "its above-average performances and insistence on following through on an off-beat premise give it a hint of battiness."[28] Writing for Rolling Stone, Peter Travers gave it 1.5 stars out of 4, saying: "The Book of Henry starts well, begins flirting with absurdity in the middle – and ends in crashing disaster. But the feeling persists that director Colin Treverrow believes every word in the shambles of a 20-year-old screenplay by crime novelist Gregg Hurwitz."[29] Stephen Schaefer of the Boston Herald was one of the minority of critics who praised the film, as was Colin Covert of the Chicago Tribune, who concluded: "This is a poignant, frequently funny film that moves into unexpected dark subjects."[30][31]

text: Audience response has been more favorable than the critical response. Caroline McVitty commented in The Island Packet: "It is a movie that critics hate and audiences love."[32][33] while Metacritc's "User Score" is 4.5 out of 10, indicating mixed or average reviews.[34]


document_title: Milky Way (chocolate bar)

question_text: when did the milky way midnight come out

text: Milky Way (chocolate bar)

text: American version[edit]

text:
Milky Way Bar (American version)

Nutritional value per 2.05 oz., 58.12 g (1 bar)

Carbohydrates

57 g

Sugars
21 g

Dietary fiber
1 g

Fat

11 g

Saturated
19 g

Protein

1 g

Units
μg = micrograms • mg = milligrams
IU = International units

Percentages are roughly approximated using US recommendations for adults.
Source: USDA Nutrient Database

text: The Milky Way bar was created in 1923 by Frank C. Mars and originally manufactured in Minneapolis, Minnesota. The name and taste were taken from a famed malted milk drink (milkshake) of the day, which was in turn named after the Earth’s galaxy.[1][2]

text: On March 10, 1925, the Milky Way trademark was registered in the U.S., claiming a first-use date of 1922.[3] In 1924, the Milky Way bar was introduced nationally and sold $800,000 that year. The chocolate for the chocolate coating was supplied by Hershey's.[4]

text: By 1926 it came out in two flavors, chocolate nougat with milk chocolate coating, and vanilla nougat with a dark chocolate coating, each for a nickel. In June 1932, the Milky Way bar was sold as a two piece bar, but just four years later, in 1936, the chocolate and vanilla were separated. The vanilla version, with a dark chocolate coating, was called "Forever Yours" and it was produced until 1979.[5] In 1989, Forever Yours was reintroduced and renamed "Milky Way Dark," and later "Milky Way Midnight".[6]

text: In 1935, the slogan was "The sweet you can eat between meals."[4] It was then changed to "At work, rest and play, you get three great tastes in a Milky Way." By 2006 the US slogan was "Comfort in every bar." and most recently became "Life's Better the Milky Way."[7][8]

text: In 2010, the Milky Way Simply Caramel bar went on sale. This version has no nougat and is made of caramel covered in milk chocolate. In 2011, a fun size offering of the Simply Caramel bar was introduced.

text: In 2012, Milky Way Caramel Apple Minis went on sale as a limited time offer for the Halloween season.

text: The American Milky Way bar contains 240 Calories in each 52.2 gram bar, while the smaller Milky Way Midnight contains 220 Calories in each 50 gram bar and the Milky Way Simply Caramel bar contains 250 calories in each 54 gram bar.[9]

text: Marketing[edit]

text: In November 2012, a new print and digital advertising campaign was launched in the US called "Sorry, I was Eating a Milky Way". This campaign portrays the comical aftermath of what happens after someone (off camera) was distracted due to eating a Milky Way bar. This campaign originated from the insight that eating a Milky Way bar is a slow and involved process due to its caramel, chocolate and nougat.[10]

text: Worldwide version[edit]

text: The European version of the bar has no caramel topping, and consists of a nougat center that is considerably lighter than that of the Mars bar. Because of this low density (0.88 g/cm3), it floats when placed in milk. This rare attribute was used for an advertising campaign in Germany, France, Russia, Belgium, Ireland, Poland, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom.

text: Originally available within Europe only in chocolate flavor, the center changed to vanilla flavor at around 1993, although the chocolate flavor still remains available in Australia. The bar is also available in banana, mango and strawberry flavors. In the UK, Mars introduced the Flyte bar which is identical to the old-style chocolate flavored Milky Way but only comes in twin packs. Also available in Europe are Milky Way Crispy Rolls, chocolate covered wafer rolls with a milk-cream filling.

text: A popular child-oriented derivative of the Milky Way bar known as 'Milky Way Magic Stars' is also sold in the UK and consists of small aerated chocolate star shapes. Originally, every star was engraved with a different smiley face, each representing one of the magic star characters portrayed on the packaging. The characters were: Pop Star, Jess Star, Bright Star, Super Star, Twinkle Star, Falling Star, Happy Star, Sport Star, Clever Star and Baby Star. Recently, however, the characters and their respective engravings have been discontinued, possibly to lower production costs.

text: Depending on the version consumed the calorie intake is different. For the British version this bar is 96 calories.

text: Marketing[edit]

text: A long running advertising slogan for the product in the United Kingdom and Australia was, "The sweet you can eat between meals without ruining your appetite".[11] In 1991, the Health Education Authority and anti-sugar lobbyists both complained, without success, to the ITC that such advertising encouraged children to eat sweets between meals. The ITC agreed with Mars that its advertisements in fact encouraged restrained eating.[12]

text: However, marketing for snack foods such as Milky Way has altered since the 1980s, with its focus now being the reverse of what it was. Instead of Milky Way and similar foods (e.g. the Cadbury Fudge) being snack foods that won't prevent one from eating normal meals, modern marketing defines these snacks as ones that will reduce hunger at mealtimes and curb the appetite in-between.[13] By 2003, sweet marketers such as Andrew Harrison of Nestlé were seeing a reduced social stigma attached to not consuming three square meals a day, and thus the falling out of favor of the old Milky Way slogan.[14]

text: Probably the most famous advert was originally aired in 1989. It featured a red 1951 Buick Roadmaster and a blue 1959 Cadillac Series 62 having a race with the red car eating everything in sight. The blue car instead eats a Milky Way. The advert ends with the red car falling through a bridge due to being too fat and the blue car winning the race. The advert re-aired in 2009, albeit with considerable edits, such as lyric changes and sign changes.[15]

text: Milky Way adverts in the 1990s showed how light in weight the Milky Way bars were by showing that they floated on milk. Milky Ways still float on milk today, except for the USA version, which has caramel on the nougat, making it heavier than the worldwide version.


document_title: NHS ambulance services trust

question_text: when did the ambulance service become part of the nhs

text: NHS ambulance services trust

text: Areas[edit]

text: Following consultation, on 1 July 2006 the number of ambulance trusts fell from 29 to 13. The reduction can be seen as part of a trend dating back to 1974, when English local authorities ceased to be providers of ambulance services. This round of reductions in the number of trusts originated in the June 2005 report "Taking healthcare to the Patient", authored by Peter Bradley, Chief Executive of the London Ambulance Service, for the Department of Health. Most of the trusts followed government office regional boundaries. Exceptions include Staffordshire Ambulance Service (which had a temporary reprieve), the Isle of Wight (where provision remained with the island's primary care trust), South East Coast Ambulance Service, and South Central Ambulance Service.

text: The National Ambulance Resilience Unit, which provides support to all the English ambulance trusts, was established in summer 2011 and is based in Oldbury, West Midlands.[2]

text: As of 2018, the 13 NHS ambulance trusts are:[3]

text:
East of England Ambulance Service - Bedfordshire, Cambridgeshire, Essex, Hertfordshire, Norfolk, and Suffolk
East Midlands Ambulance Service - Nottinghamshire, Derbyshire, Leicestershire, Lincolnshire, Northamptonshire, and Rutland
London Ambulance Service - Greater London
North East Ambulance Service - County Durham, Northumberland, Tyne and Wear, and the area of the former county of Cleveland in North Yorkshire
North West Ambulance Service - Cheshire, Cumbria, Greater Manchester, Lancashire, and Merseyside
South Central Ambulance Service  - Berkshire, Buckinghamshire, Hampshire, and Oxfordshire
South East Coast Ambulance Service - Kent, East Sussex, West Sussex, Surrey, and North East Hampshire
South Western Ambulance Service - Bristol, Cornwall, Devon, Dorset, Gloucestershire, Somerset, and Wiltshire
West Midlands Ambulance Service - Herefordshire, Shropshire, Staffordshire, Warwickshire, West Midlands, and Worcestershire
Yorkshire Ambulance Service - East Yorkshire, North Yorkshire, South Yorkshire, and West Yorkshire
Scottish Ambulance Service - Scotland
Welsh Ambulance Service - Wales
Northern Ireland Ambulance Service - Northern Ireland

text: In addition, the Isle of Wight NHS Trust provides ambulance services for the Isle of Wight.

text: Speeding[edit]

text: Ambulance vehicles responding to emergencies (blues and twos) are exempt from speed limits under section 87 of the Road Traffic Regulation Act 1984.

text: 23,227 speeding tickets were issued to English ambulance trusts between 2009 and 2014 after they were caught on speed cameras.  Only 400 tickets were upheld. Trust staff are employed to check against the 999 incident logging information for the date and time of the ticket whether the vehicle was on a blue light emergency call.[4]

text: Patients waiting in ambulances[edit]

text: The number of patients waiting over an hour in an ambulance at a hospital before being admitted doubled in two years.  51,115 patients waited over an hour in 2014-15 which rose to 111,524 in 2016-17.  There is concern that delays in diagnosis can put patients at risk.  NHS Improvement said: “Tolerating ambulance handover delays is tolerating significant risk of harm to patients.”[5]