document_title: Demographics of Mexico

question_text: what was the population of mexico in 1940

question_tokens: what was the population of mexico in 1940

text: Demographics of Mexico

text: Demographic dynamics[edit]

text: Historical populationYearPop.±%1865 8,259,080[5]—    1910 15,160,369+83.6%1921 14,334,780−5.4%1930 16,552,722+15.5%1940 19,653,552+18.7%1950 25,791,017+31.2%1960 34,923,129+35.4%1970 48,225,238+38.1%1980 66,846,833+38.6%1990 81,249,645+21.5%2000 97,483,412+20.0%2010 113,580,528+16.5%2018 123,982,528+9.2%Source: INEGI

tag: table

text:
In 1900, the Mexican population was 13.6 million.[6] During the period of economic prosperity that was dubbed by economists as the "Mexican Miracle", the government invested in efficient social programs that reduced the infant mortality rate and increased life expectancy. These measures jointly led to an intense demographic increase between 1930 and 1980. The population's annual growth rate has been reduced from a 3.5% peak in 1965 to 0.99% in 2005. While Mexico is now transitioning to the third phase of demographic transition, close to 50% of the population in 2009 was 25 years old or younger.[7] Fertility rates have also decreased from 5.7 children per woman in 1976 to 2.2 in 2006.[8]
The average annual population growth rate of the capital, the Federal District, was the first   in the country at 0.2%. The state with the lowest population growth rate over the same period was Michoacán (-0.1%), whereas the states with the highest population growth rates were Quintana Roo (4.7%) and Baja California Sur (3.4%),[9] both of which are two of the least populous states and the last to be admitted to the Union in the 1970s. The average annual net migration rate of the Federal District over the same period was negative and the lowest of all political divisions of Mexico, whereas the states with the highest net migration rate were Quintana Roo (2.7), Baja California (1.8) and Baja California Sur (1.6).[10] While the national annual growth rate was still positive (1.0%) in the early years of the 2000s, the national net migration rate was negative (-4.75/1000 inhabitants), given the former strong flow of immigrants to the United States; an estimated 5.3 million undocumented Mexicans lived in the United States in 2004[11] and 18.2 million American citizens in the 2000 Census declared having Mexican ancestry.[12] However, as of recent years in the 2010s, the net migration rate reached 0, given the strong economy of Mexico and a weakening American economy, causing many of its former residents to return. However, Mexico itself constitutes the second country of total number of immigrants to the United States from 1830 to 2000, after Germany.

text: The Mexican government projects[13] that the Mexican population will grow to about 123 million by 2042 and then start declining slowly. Assumptions underlying this projection include fertility stabilizing at 1.85 children per woman and continued high net emigration (gently decreasing from 583,000 in 2005 to 393,000 in 2050).

text: The states and the Federal District that make up the Mexican federation are collectively called "federal entities". The five most populous federal entities in 2005 were the State of Mexico (14.4 million), the Federal District (8.7 million), Veracruz (7.1 million), Jalisco (6.7 million) and Puebla (5.4 million),  which collectively contain 40.7% of the national population. Mexico City, being coextensive with the Federal District, is the most populous city in the country, while Greater Mexico City, that includes the adjacent municipalities that conform a metropolitan area, is estimated to be the second most populous in the world, by the UN Urbanization Report.

text: Intense population growth in the northern states, especially along the US-Mexican border, changed the country's demographic profile in the second half of the 20th century, as the 1967 US-Mexico maquiladora agreement through which all products manufactured in the border cities could be imported duty-free to the US. Since the adoption of NAFTA in 1994, however, which allows all products to be imported duty-free regardless of their place of origin within Mexico, the non-border maquiladora share of exports has increased while that of border cities has decreased,[14] allowing for the growth of medium-sized cities in different regions in Mexico. This has also led to decentralization and growth of other metropolitan areas that form regional centers of economic growth, such as Monterrey, Guadalajara, Puebla, San Luis Potosí, León and Torreón.

text: UN estimates[edit]

text: According to the 2012 revision of the World Population Prospects, the total population was 117,886,000 in 2010, compared to only 28,296,000 in 1950. The proportion of children below the age of 15 in 2010 was 30%, 64% of the population was between 15 and 65 years of age, and 6% was 65 years or older.[15]

text:
Total population (x 1000)

Proportionaged 0–14(%)

Proportionaged 15–64(%)

Proportionaged 65+(%)

1950

28 296
42.5
54.1
3.5

1955

33 401
44.5
52.2
3.3

1960

38 677
45.9
50.8
3.4

1965

45 339
46.8
49.6
3.5

1970

52 988
46.6
49.7
3.7

1975

61 708
46.2
50.1
3.7

1980

70 353
44.7
51.5
3.8

1985

77 859
42.1
53.9
3.9

1990

86 077
38.5
57.2
4.3

1995

95 393
35.9
59.6
4.5

2000

103 874
34.1
61.0
4.9

2005

110 732
32.3
62.4
5.3

2010

117 886
30.0
64.0
6.0

2015

127 017
27.6
65.9
6.5

2020

134 837
25.6
66.9
7.6

text: Structure of the population [16][edit]

text: Structure of the population (12.06.2010) (Census):

text:
Male

Female

Total

%

Total

54 855 231

57 481 307

112 336 538

100

0-4

5 346 943

5 181 379

10 528 322

9,37

5-9

5 604 175

5 443 362

11 047 537

9,83

10-14

5 547 613

5 392 324

10 939 937

9,78

15-19

5 520 121

5 505 991

11 026 112

9,82

20-24

4 813 204

5 079 067

9 892 271

8,81

25-29

4 205 975

4 582 202

8 788 177

7,82

30-34

4 026 031

4 444 767

8 470 798

7,54

35-39

3 964 738

4 328 249

8 292 987

7,38

40-44

3 350 322

3 658 904

7 009 226

6,24

45-49

2 824 364

3 104 366

5 928 730

5,28

50-54

2 402 451

2 661 840

5 064 291

4,51

55-59

1 869 537

2 025 828

3 895 365

3,47

60-64

1 476 667

1 639 799

3 116 466

2,77

65-69

1 095 273

1 221 992

2 317 265

2,06

70-74

873 893

1 000 041

1 873 934

1,67

75-79

579 689

665 794

1 245 483

1,11

80-84

355 277

443 659

798 936

0,71

85-89

197 461

256 703

454 164

0,40

90-94

68 130

96 794

164 924

0,15

95-99

25 920

39 812

65 732

0,06

100+

7 228

11 247

18 475

0,02

unknown

700 219

697 187

1 397 406

1,24

text:
Age group

Male

Female

Total

Percent

0-14

16 498 731

16 017 065

32 515 796

28,94

15-64

34 453 410

37 031 013

71 484 423

63,63

65+

3 202 871

3 736 049

6 938 913

6,18

text: Vital statistics[edit]

text: Registered births and deaths[edit]

text: Source: Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía (INEGI)[17][18]

text: Note: registered births include births from non-resident mothers. Therefore, the birth rates are overestimated in the past two decades.

text:
Average population (x 1000)[19]

Live births

Deaths

Natural change

Crude birth rate (per 1000)

Crude death rate (per 1000)

Natural change (per 1000)

TFR

1936

786 388

1937

820 469

1938

822 586

43.5

1939

857 951

44.6

1940

19 763

875 471

44.3

1941

20 208

878 935

43.5

1942

20 657

940 067

45.5

1943

21 165

963 317

45.5

1944

21 674

958 119

44.2

1945

22 233

999 093

44.9

1946

22 779

994 838
442 935
551 903

43.7
19.4
24.3

1947

23 440

1 079 816
390 087
689 729

46.1
16.6
29.5

1948

24 129

1 090 867
407 708
683 159

44.7
16.9
27.8

1949

24 833

1 109 446
438 970
670 476

46.0
17.7
28.3

1950

28 296

1 174 947
418 430
756 517

41.5
14.8
26.7

1951

29 110

1 183 788
458 238
725 550

40.7
15.7
24.9

1952

29 980

1 195 209
408 823
786 386

39.9
13.6
26.2

1953

30 904

1 261 775
446 127
815 648

40.8
14.4
26.4

1954

31 880

1 339 837
378 752
961 085

42.0
11.9
30.1

1955

32 906

1 377 917
407 522
970 395

41.9
12.4
29.5

1956

33 978

1 427 722
368 740
1 058 982

42.0
10.9
31.2

1957

35 095

1 485 202
414 545
1 070 657

42.3
11.8
30.5

1958

36 253

1 447 578
404 529
1 043 049

39.9
11.2
28.8

1959

37 448

1 589 606
396 924
1 192 682

42.4
10.6
31.8

1960

38 677

1 608 174
402 545
1 205 629

41.6
10.4
31.2

1961

39 939

1 647 006
388 857
1 258 149

41.2
9.7
31.5

1962

41 234

1 705 481
403 046
1 302 435

41.4
9.8
31.6

1963

42 564

1 756 624
412 834
1 343 790

41.3
9.7
31.6

1964

43 931

1 849 408
408 275
1 441 133

42.1
9.3
32.8

1965

45 339

1 888 171
404 163
1 484 008

41.6
8.9
32.7

1966

46 784

1 954 340
424 141
1 530 199

41.8
9.1
32.7

1967

48 264

1 981 363
420 298
1 561 065

41.1
8.7
32.3

1968

49 788

2 058 251
452 910
1 605 341

41.3
9.1
32.2

1969

51 361

2 037 561
458 886
1 578 675

39.7
8.9
30.7

1970

52 988

2 132 630
485 656
1 646 974

40.2
9.2
31.1

1971

54 669

2 231 399
458 323
1 773 076

40.8
8.4
32.4

1972

56 396

2 346 002
476 206
1 869 796

41.6
8.4
33.2

1973

58 156

2 572 287
458 915
2 113 372

44.2
7.9
36.3

1974

59 931

2 522 580
433 104
2 089 476

42.1
7.2
34.9

1975

61 708

2 254 497
435 888
1 818 609

36.5
7.1
29.5

1976

63 486

2 366 305
455 660
1 910 645

37.3
7.2
30.1
5.7

1977

65 261

2 379 327
450 454
1 928 873

36.5
6.9
29.6

1978

67 013

2346 862
418 381
1928 481

35.0
6.2
28.8

1979

68 715

2 274 267
428 217
1 846 050

33.1
6.2
26.9

1980

70 353

2 446 238
434 465
2 011 773

34.8
6.2
28.6

1981

71 916

2 530 662
424 274
2 106 388

35.2
5.9
29.3
4.4

1982

73 416

2 392 849
412 345
1 980 504

32.6
5.6
27.0

1983

74 880

2 609 088
413 403
2 195 685

34.8
5.5
29.3

1984

76 351

2 511 894
410 550
2 101 344

32.9
5.4
27.5

1985

77 859

2 655 671
414 003
2 241 668

34.1
5.3
28.8

1986

79 410

2 577 045
400 079
2 176 966

32.5
5.0
27.4

1987

80 999

2 794 390
400 280
2 394 110

34.5
4.9
29.6
3.8

1988

82 635

2 622 031
412 987
2 209 044

31.7
5.0
26.7

1989

84 327

2 620 262
423 304
2 196 958

31.1
5.0
26.1

1990

86 077

2 735 312
422 803
2 312 509

31.8
4.9
26.9
3.38

1991

87 890

2 756 447
411 131
2 345 316

31.4
4.7
26.7
3.28

1992

89 758

2 797 397
409 814
2 387 583

31.2
4.6
26.6
3.20

1993

91 654

2 839 686
416 335
2 423 351

31.0
4.5
26.4
3.12

1994

93 542

2 904 389
419 074
2 485 315

31.0
4.5
26.6
3.04

1995

95 393

2 750 444
430 278
2 320 166

28.8
4.5
24.3
2.97

1996

97 202

2 707 718
436 321
2 271 397

27.9
4.5
23.4
2.90

1997

98 969

2 698 425
440 437
2 257 988

27.3
4.5
22.8
2.83

1998

100 679

2 668 429
444 665
2 223 764

26.5
4.4
22.1
2.77

1999

102 317

2 769 089
443 950
2 325 139

27.1
4.3
22.7
2.71

2000

103 874

2 798 339
437 667
2 360 672

26.9
4.2
22.7
2.66

2001

105 340

2 767 610
443 127
2 324 483

26.3
4.2
22.1
2.61

2002

106 724

2 699 084
459 687
2 239 397

25.3
4.3
21.0
2.56

2003

108 056

2 655 894
472 140
2 183 754

24.6
4.4
20.2
2.52

2004

109 382

2 625 056
473 417
2 151 639

24.0
4.3
19.7
2.48

2005

110 732

2 567 906
495 240
2 072 666

23.2
4.5
18.7
2.45

2006

112 117

2 505 939
494 471
2 011 468

22.4
4.4
17.9
2.41

2007

113 530

2 655 083
514 420
2 140 663

23.4
4.5
18.9
2.38

2008

114 968

2 636 110
539 530
2 096 580

22.9
4.7
18.2
2.35

2009

116 423

2 577 214
564 673
2 012 541

22.1
4.9
17.3
2.31

2010

114 255

2 643 908
592 018
2 051 890

23.1
5.2
17.9
2.28

2011

115 683

2 586 287
590 693
1 995 594

22.3
5.1
17.2
2.25

2012

117 054

2 498 880
602 354
1 896 526

21.3
5.1
16.2
2.27

2013

118 395

2 478 889
623 599
1 855 290

20.9
5.3
15.6
2.24

2014

119 713

2 463 420
633 641
1 829 779

20.5
5.3
15.2
2.22

2015

121 005

2 353 596
655 694
1 697 902

19.4
5.4
14.0
2.13

2016

122 298

2 293 708
685 763
1 607 945

18.8
5.6
13.2
2.08

2017

123 415

2 188 069
719 259
1 468 361

18.0
5.9
12.1
1.97

text: Estimates[edit]

text: The following estimates were prepared by the Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía:

text:
Crude birth rate (per 1000)[20]

Crude death rate (per 1000)[21]

Natural change (per 1000)

Total fertility rate[22]

1976

5.7

1981

4.4

1987

3.8

1990

27.9
5.6
22.3

3.4

1991

27.5
5.5
22.0

3.3

1992

27.1
5.4
21.7

3.2

1993

26.8
5.3
21.5

3.1

1994

26.3
5.2
21.1

3.0

1995

25.9
5.2
20.7

3.0

1996

25.4
5.1
20.3

2.9

1997

24.8
5.1
19.7

2.8

1998

24.3
5.1
19.2

2.8

1999

23.9
5.1
18.8

2.7

2000

23.4
5.1
18.3

2.6

2001

23.0
5.1
17.9

2.6

2002

22.6
5.1
17.5

2.6

2003

22.2
5.2
17.0

2.5

2004

21.8
5.2
16.6

2.5

2005

21.5
5.2
16.3

2.5

2006

21.1
5.3
15.8

2.4

2007

20.8
5.3
15.5

2.4

2008

20.4
5.4
15.0

2.3

2009

20.1
5.5
14.6

2.3

2010

19.7
5.6
14.1

2.3

2011

19.4
5.6
13.8

2.3

2012

19.2
5.7
13.5

2.2

2013

19.0
5.7
13.3

2.2

2014

18.7
5.7
13.0

2.2

2015

18.5
5.7
12.8

2.2

2016

18.3
5.8
12.5

2.2

text: UN estimates[edit]

text:
The Population Department of the United Nations prepared the following estimates.
[15]

text:
Period

Live birthsper year

Deathsper year

Natural changeper year

CBR*

CDR*

NC*

TFR*

IMR*

Life expectancy total

Life expectancy males

Life expectancy females

1950–1955
1 469 000
509 000
959 000
48.0
16.7
31.3
6.70
121
50.7
48.9
52.5

1955–1960
1 675 000
483 000
1 193 000
46.8
13.5
33.3
6.80
102
55.3
53.3
57.3

1960–1965
1 878 000
481 000
1 397 000
44.7
11.5
33.3
6.75
88
58.5
56.4
60.6

1965–1970
2 147 000
510 000
1 637 000
43.7
10.4
33.3
6.75
80
60.3
58.2
62.5

1970–1975
2 434 000
521 000
1 913 000
42.4
9.1
33.4
6.50
69
62.6
60.1
65.2

1975–1980
2 406 000
490 000
1 916 000
36.4
7.4
29.0
5.25
57
65.3
62.2
68.6

1980–1985
2 352 000
470 000
1 882 000
31.7
6.3
25.4
4.25
47
67.7
64.4
71.2

1985–1990
2 385 000
466 000
1 919 000
29.1
5.7
23.4
3.63
40
69.8
66.8
73.0

1990–1995
2 493 000
470 000
2 022 000
27.5
5.2
22.3
3.16
33
71.8
69.0
74.6

1995–2000
2 535 000
471 000
2 064 000
25.4
4.7
20.7
2.80
28
73.7
71.3
76.1

2000–2005
2 449 000
492 000
1 958 000
22.8
4.6
18.2
2.54
21
75.0
72.4
77.4

2005–2010
2 355 000
513 000
1 841 000
20.6
4.5
16.1
2.37
17
76.3
73.7
78.6

*  CBR = crude birth rate (per 1000); CDR = crude death rate (per 1000); NC = natural change (per 1000); IMR = infant mortality rate per 1000 births; TFR = total fertility rate (number of children per woman)

text: International migration[edit]

text: Immigration to Mexico[edit]

text: Aside from the original Spanish colonists, many Europeans immigrated to Mexico in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Non-Spanish immigrant groups included British, Irish, Italian, German, French and Dutch.[23] Large numbers of Middle Eastern immigrants arrived in Mexico during the same period, mostly from Syria and Lebanon.[24] Asian immigrants, mostly Chinese, some via the United States, settled in northern Mexico, whereas Koreans settled in central Mexico.[25]

text: During the 1970s and 1980s Mexico opened its doors to immigrants from Latin America, mainly political refugees from Chile, Cuba, Peru, Colombia and Central America. The PRI governments, in power for most of the 20th century, had a policy of granting asylum to fellow Latin Americans fleeing political persecution in their home countries. A second wave of immigrants has come to Mexico as a result of the economic crises experienced by some countries in the region. The Argentine community is quite significant estimated to be somewhere between 11,000 and 30,000.[26][27]

text: Due to the 2008 Financial Crisis and the resulting economic decline and high unemployment in Spain, many Spaniards have been emigrating to Mexico to seek new opportunities.[28] For example, during the last quarter of 2012, a number of 7,630 work permits were granted to Spaniards.[29]

text: Mexico is also the country where the largest number of American citizens live abroad, with Mexico City playing host to the largest number of American citizens abroad in the world. The American Citizens Abroad Association estimated in 1999 that a little more than one million Americans live in Mexico (which represent 1% of the population in Mexico and 25% of all American citizens living abroad).[30] This immigration phenomenon could well be explained by the interaction of both countries under the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), but also by the fact that Mexico has become a popular destination for retirees, especially the small towns: just in the State of Guanajuato, in San Miguel de Allende and its surroundings, 10,000 Americans have their residence.[31]

text: Discrepancies between the figures of official legal aliens and all foreign-born residents is quite large. The official figure for foreign-born residents in Mexico in 2000 was 493,000,[32] with a majority (86.9%) of these born in the United States (except Chiapas, where the majority of immigrants are from Central America). The six states with the most immigrants are Baja California (12.1% of total immigrants), Mexico City (the Federal District; 11.4%), Jalisco (9.9%), Chihuahua (9%) and Tamaulipas (7.3%).[32]

text: Emigration from Mexico[edit]

text: The national net migration rate in Mexico is negative, estimated at -4.32 migrant per 1,000 population. The great majority of Mexican emigrants have moved to the United States of America. This migration phenomenon is not new, but it has been a defining feature in the relationship of both countries for most of the twentieth century.[33] Since World Wars I and II, the United States government approved the recruitment of Mexican workers in their territory, and tolerated unauthorized migration to obtain additional farm and industrial workers to fill the necessary spots vacated by the population in war, and to supply the increase in the demand for labor. Nonetheless, the United States unilaterally ended the program as a result of activities of civil rights groups.[33] In spite of that, emigration of Mexicans continued throughout the rest of the century at varying degrees. It grew significantly during the 1990s and has continued to do so in the first years of the 2000s. In fact, it has been estimated that 37% of all Mexican immigrants to the United States in the 20th century arrived during the 1990s.[33] In 2000 approximately 20 million American residents identified themselves as either Mexican, Mexican-Americans or of Mexican origin, making it the sixth most cited ancestry of all US residents.[34]

text: In 2000, the INEGI estimated that about eight million Mexican-born people, which then was equivalent to 8.7% of the population of Mexico itself, lived in the United States of America.[35] In that year, the Mexican states sending the greatest numbers of emigrants to the United States were Jalisco (170,793), Michoacán (165,502), and Guanajuato (163,338); the total number of Mexican emigrants to the United States in 2000, both legal and illegal, was estimated at 1,569,157; the great majority of these were men.[36]  Approximately 30% of emigrants come from rural communities.[37]  In that same year, 260,650 emigrants returned to Mexico.[38]  According to the Pew Hispanic Center in 2006, an estimated ten percent of all Mexican citizens lived in the United States.[39]  The population of Mexican immigrants residing illegally in the United States fell from around seven million in 2007 to about 6.1 million in 2011.[40]  This trajectory has been linked to the economic downturn which started in 2008 and reduced available jobs, and to the introduction of stricter immigration laws in many States.[41][42][43][44]  According to the Pew Hispanic Center the total number of Mexican-born people had stagnated in 2010 and then began to fall.[45]

text: After the Mexican-American community, Mexican Canadians are the second largest group of emigrant Mexicans, with a population of over 50,000.[citation needed]  A significant but unknown number of mestizos of Mexican descent had migrated to the Philippines since the era of the Viceroyalty of New Spain when the Philippines was a territory under the rule of Mexico city.[46]  Mexicans live throughout Latin America as well as in Australia, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, and the United Arab Emirates.

text:
Emigration list from Mexico[47]Mexican residents in the world by countries

Country

Population

Position

Continent

 United States
9,900,000[48]
1
North America

 Canada
36,225[49]
2
North America

 Spain
15,399[50]
3
Europe

 Guatemala
14,481[51]
4
Central America

 Bolivia
13,377[52]
5
South America

 Germany
8,848[53]
6
Europe

 Argentina
6,750[54]
7
South America

 United Kingdom
5,125[55]
8
Europe

 France
4,601[56]
9
Europe

 Israel
4,252[57]
10
Asia

 Netherlands
3,758[58]
11
Europe

 Italy
3,485[58]
12
Europe

 Venezuela
3,075[59]
13
South America

 Sweden
2,794[60]
14
Europe

 Belize
2,349[61]
15
Central America

 Costa Rica
2,327[62]
16
Central America

 Panama
2,299[63]
17
Central America

 Colombia
2,286[64]
18
South America

 Chile
1,874[65]
19
South America

 Paraguay
1,778[66]
20
South America

The list includes also temporary residents (1–3 years' stay)

text:
showvte Mexican diasporaAmericas
Belize
Canada
Chile
Costa Rica
Cuba
Panama
United States
Uruguay
Asia
Philippines
Europe
France
Germany
Spain
United Kingdom

text: Cities and metropolitan areas[edit]

text: Settlements, cities and municipalities[edit]

text:
Most populated municipalities

Municipality of Guadalajara

Municipality

Pop. (2005)

Ecatepec de Morelos

1,688,258

Guadalajara

1,600,940

Puebla

1,485,941

Tijuana

1,410,700

León

1.325.210

Juárez

1,313,338

text: In 2005 Mexico had 187,938 localidades (lit. "localities" or "settlements"), which are census-designated places, which could be defined as a small town, a large city, or simply as a single unit housing in a rural area whether situated remotely or close to an urban area. A city is defined to be a settlement with more than 2,500 inhabitants. In 2005 there were 2,640 cities with a population between 2,500 and 15,000 inhabitants, 427 with a population between 15,000 and 100,000 inhabitants, 112 with a population between 100,000 and one million, and 11 with a population of more than one million.[67] All cities are considered "urban areas" and represent 76.5% of total population.  Settlements with less than 2,500 inhabitants are considered "rural communities" (in fact, more than 80,000 of those settlements have only one or two housing units). Rural population in Mexico is 22.2% of total population.[67]

text: Municipalities (municipios in Spanish) and boroughs (delegaciones in Spanish) are incorporated places in Mexico, that is, second or third-level political divisions with internal autonomy, legally prescribed limits, powers and functions. In terms of second-level political divisions there are 2,438 municipalities and Mexico and 16 semi-autonomous boroughs (all within the Federal District). A municipality can be constituted by one or more cities one of which is the cabecera municipal (municipal seat). Cities are usually contained within the limits of a single municipality, with a few exceptions in which small areas of one city may extend to other adjacent municipalities without incorporating the city which serves as the municipal seat of the adjacent municipality. Some municipalities or cities within municipalities are further divided into delegaciones or boroughs. However, unlike the boroughs of the Federal District, these are third-level administrative divisions; they have very limited autonomy and no elective representatives.

text: Municipalities in central Mexico are usually very small in area and thus coextensive with cities (as is the case of Guadalajara, Puebla and León), whereas municipalities in northern and southeastern Mexico are much larger and usually contain more than one city or town that may not necessarily conform a single urban agglomeration (as is the case of Tijuana).

text: Metropolitan areas[edit]

text: A metropolitan area in Mexico is defined to be the group of municipalities that heavily interact with each other, usually around a core city.[68] In 2004, a joint effort between CONAPO, INEGI and the Ministry of Social Development (SEDESOL) agreed to define metropolitan areas as either:[68]

text:
the group of two or more municipalities in which a city with a population of at least 50,000 is located whose urban area extends over the limit of the municipality that originally contained the core city incorporating either physically or under its area of direct influence other adjacent predominantly urban municipalities all of which have a high degree of social and economic integration or are relevant for urban politics and administration; or
a single municipality in which a city of a population of at least one million is located and fully contained, (that is, it does not transcend the limits of a single municipality); or
a city with a population of at least 250,000 which forms a conurbation with other cities in the United States of America.

tag: ul

text: In 2004 there were 55 metropolitan areas in Mexico, in which close to 53% of the country's population lives. The most populous metropolitan area in Mexico is the Metropolitan Area of the Valley of Mexico, or Greater Mexico City, which in 2005 had a population of 19.23 million, or 19% of the nation's population. The next four largest metropolitan areas in Mexico are Greater Guadalajara (4.1 million), Greater Monterrey (3.7 million), Greater Puebla (2.1 million) and Greater Toluca (1.6 million),[69] whose added population, along with Greater Mexico City, is equivalent to 30% of the nation's population. Greater Mexico City was the fastest growing metropolitan area in the country since the 1930s until the late 1980s. Since then, the country has slowly become economically and demographically less centralized. From 2000 to 2005 the average annual growth rate of Greater Mexico City was the lowest of the five largest metropolitan areas, whereas the fastest growing metropolitan area was Puebla (2.0%) followed by Monterrey (1.9%), Toluca (1.8%) and Guadalajara (1.8%).[69]

text:
Mexico CityGuadalajaraMonterrey

Ranks

Core city

State

Metro area population

PueblaTolucaTijuana

1
Mexico City
 Federal District
20,137,152

2
Guadalajara
 Jalisco
4,434,878

3
Monterrey
 Nuevo León
4,106,054

4
Puebla
 Puebla
2,728,790

5
Toluca
 México
1,936,126

6
Tijuana
 Baja California
1,751,430

7
León
 Guanajuato
1,609,504

8
Juárez
 Chihuahua
1,495,094

9
Torreón
 Coahuila
1,275,993

10
Querétaro
 Querétaro
1,097,025

11
San Luis Potosí
 San Luis Potosí
1,040,443

12
Mérida
 Yucatán
973,046

Source: INEGI[70]

text: Ethnic groups[edit]

text: Mexico is ethnically diverse. The second article of the Mexican Constitution defines the country to be a pluricultural state originally based on the indigenous peoples and combined with European heritage through the process of colonization and "mestizaje".

text: Mestizo[edit]

text: A large majority of Mexicans have been classified as "Mestizos", meaning in modern Mexican usage that they identify fully neither with any indigenous culture nor with a Spanish cultural heritage, but rather identify as having cultural traits incorporating elements from both indigenous and Spanish traditions. By the deliberate efforts of post-revolutionary governments the "Mestizo identity" was constructed as the base of the modern Mexican national identity, through a process of cultural synthesis referred to as mestizaje [mestiˈsahe]. Mexican politicians and reformers such as José Vasconcelos and Manuel Gamio were instrumental in building a Mexican national identity upon the concept of mestizaje.[71][72]

text: Since the Mestizo identity promoted by the government is more of a cultural identity than a biological one it has achieved a strong influence in the country, with a good number of biologically white people identifying with it, leading to being considered Mestizos in Mexico's demographic investigations and censuses due the ethnic criteria having its base on cultural traits rather than biological ones.[73] A similar situation occurs regarding the distinctions between Indigenous peoples and Mestizos: while the term Mestizo is sometimes used in English with the meaning of a person with mixed indigenous and European blood, In Mexican society a non-indigenous person can be considered mestizo.[74] and a person with none or a very low percentage of indigenous genetic heritage would be considered fully indigenous either by speaking an indigenous language or by identifying with a particular indigenous cultural heritage.[75][76][77] In the Yucatán peninsula the word Mestizo has a different meaning, with it being to refer to the Maya-speaking populations living in traditional communities, because during the caste war of the late 19th century those Maya who did not join the rebellion were classified as Mestizos.[78] In Chiapas the word "Ladino" is used instead of mestizo.[79]

text: Given that the word Mestizo has different meanings in Mexico, estimates of the Mexican Mestizo population vary widely. According to the Encyclopædia Britannica, which uses a biology-based approach, between one half and two thirds of the Mexican population is Mestizo.[80] A culture-based estimate gives the percentage of Mestizos as high as 90%.[81] Paradoxically, the word Mestizo has long been dropped from popular Mexican vocabulary, with the word even having pejorative connotations,[78] which further complicates attempts to quantify Mestizos via self-identification.

text: Indigenous peoples[edit]

text:
Largest indigenous peoples

Mayas in Chiapas

Group

Number

Nahua peoples (Nawatlaka)

2,445,969

Maya (Maaya)

1,475,575

Zapotec (Binizaa)

777,253

Mixtec (Ñuu sávi)

726,601

Otomí (Hñähñü)

646,875

Totonac (Tachihuiin)

411,266

Source: CDI (2000) [8]

text: Prior to contact with Europeans the indigenous peoples of Mexico had not had any kind of shared identity.[82] Indigenous identity was constructed by the dominant Euro-Mestizo majority and imposed upon the indigenous people as a negatively defined identity, characterized by the lack of assimilation into modern Mexico. Indigenous identity therefore became  socially stigmatizing.[83] Cultural policies in early post-revolutionary Mexico were paternalistic towards the indigenous people, with efforts designed to help indigenous peoples achieve the same level of progress as the rest of society, eventually assimilating indigenous peoples completely to Mestizo Mexican culture, working toward the goal of eventually solving the "Indian problem" by transforming indigenous communities into mestizo communities.[84]

text: The category of "indigena" (indigenous) in Mexico has been defined based on different criteria through history, this means that the percentage of the Mexican population defined as "indigenous" varies according to the definition applied. It can be defined narrowly according to linguistic criteria including only persons that speak an Indigenous language, based on this criteria approximately 5.4% of the population is Indigenous.[85] Nonetheless, activists for the rights of indigenous peoples have referred to the usage of this criteria for census purposes as "statistical genocide"[86][87]Other surveys made by the Mexican government do count as Indigenous all persons who speak an indigenous language and people who do not speak indigenous languages nor live in indigenous communities but self-identifies as Indigenous. According to this criteria, the National Commission for the Development of Indigenous Peoples (Comisión Nacional para el Desarrollo de los Pueblos Indígenas, or CDI in Spanish) and the INEGI (Mexico's National Institute of Statistics and Geography), state that there are 15.7 million indigenous people in Mexico of many different ethnic groups,[88] which constitute 14.9% of the population in the country.[89] Finally According to the latest intercensal survey carried out by the Mexican government on 2015, Indigenous people make up 21.5% of Mexico's population. In this occasion, people who self-identified as "Indigenous" and people who self-identified as "partially Indigenous" were classified in the "Indigenous" category altogheter.[90]

text: The Mexican constitution not only recognizes the 62 indigenous peoples living in Mexican territory but also grants them autonomy and protects their culture and languages. This protection and autonomy is extended to those Amerindian ethnic groups which have migrated from the United States — like the Cherokees and Kickapoos — and Guatemala during the 19th and 20th centuries. Municipalities in which indigenous peoples are located can keep their normative traditional systems in relation to the election of their municipal authorities. This system is known as Usos y Costumbres, roughly translated as "customs and traditions".

text: According to official statistics —as reported by the National Commission for the Development of Indigenous Peoples or CDI— Amerindians make up 10-14%[91] of the country's population, more than half of them (5.4% of total population) speak an indigenous language and a tenth (1.2% of total population) do not speak Spanish.[92]  Official statistics of the CDI[93] report that the states with the greatest percentage of people who speak an Amerindian language or identify as Amerindian are Yucatán (59%), Oaxaca (48%), Quintana Roo (39%), Chiapas (28%), Campeche (27%), Hidalgo (24%), Puebla (19%), Guerrero (17%), San Luis Potosí (15%) and Veracruz (15%). Oaxaca is the state with the greatest number of distinct indigenous peoples and languages in the country.

text: Mexicans of European descent[edit]

text: White Mexicans are Mexican citizens of fully or predominately European descent.[94] Given that the Mexican government does not conduct racial censuses that quantify the country's Eurodescendant population, estimations of this ethnic group's percentage within Mexico's population vary depending of the source, ranging from one tenth or one fifth [95] to as high as 47%[96][97] the latter figure coming from a nationwide survey conducted by the Mexican government as a mean to address the problems of racism that Mexicans of mainly Indigenous or African ancestry suffer at hands of a society that favours light skinned, European looking Mexicans.[98]

text: Mexico’s northern and western regions have the highest percentages of European population, with the majority of the people not having native admixture or being of predominantly European ancestry, resembling in aspect that of northern Spaniards.[99] In the north and west of Mexico, the indigenous tribes were substantially smaller than those found in central and southern Mexico, and also much less organized, thus they remained isolated from the rest of the population or even in some cases were hostile towards Mexican colonists. The northeast region, in which the indigenous population was eliminated by early European settlers, became the region with the highest proportion of whites during the Spanish colonial period. However, recent immigrants from southern Mexico have been changing, to some degree, its demographic trends.[100]

text: While the majority of European immigration to Mexico has been Spanish with the first wave starting with the colonization of America and the last one being a consequence of the Spanish Civil War of 1937,[101] immigrants from other European countries have arrived to Mexico as well: during the Second Mexican Empire the immigration was mostly French, and during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries migrants mainly from Italy, the United Kingdom, Ireland and Germany followed.[23][102] Additionally small numbers of White Americans, Croats, Armenians, Greeks, Poles, Romanians, Russians and Ashkenazi Jews came.[102] The European Jewish immigrants joined the Sephardic community that lived in Mexico since colonial times, though many lived as Crypto-Jews, mostly in the northern states of Nuevo León and Tamaulipas.[103] Some communities of European immigrants have remained isolated from the rest of the general population since their arrival, among them the German-speaking Mennonites from Russia of Chihuahua and Durango,[104] and the Venetos of Chipilo, Puebla, which have retained their original languages.[105]

text: Arab Mexicans[edit]

text: An Arab Mexican is a Mexican citizen of Arabic-speaking origin who can be of various ancestral origins. The vast majority of Mexico's 1.1 million Arabs are from either Lebanese, Syrian, Iraqi, or Palestinian background.[106]

text: The interethnic marriage in the Arab community, regardless of religious affiliation, is very high; most community members have only one parent who has Arab ethnicity. As a result of this, the  Arab community in Mexico shows marked language shift away from Arabic. Only a few speak any Arabic, and such knowledge is often limited to a few basic words. Instead the majority, especially those of younger generations, speak Spanish as a first language. Today, the most common Arabic surnames in Mexico include Nader, Hayek, Ali, Haddad, Nasser, Malik, Abed, Mansoor, Harb and Elias.

text: Arab immigration to Mexico started in the 19th and early 20th centuries.[citation needed] Roughly 100,000 Arabic-speakers settled in Mexico during this time period. They came mostly from Lebanon, Syria, Palestine, and Iraq and settled in significant numbers in Nayarit, Puebla, Mexico City and the Northern part of the country (mainly in the states of Baja California, Tamaulipas, Nuevo Leon, Sinaloa, Chihuahua, Coahuila, and Durango, as well as the city of Tampico and Guadalajara. The term "Arab Mexican" may include ethnic groups that do not in fact identify as Arab.

text: During the Israel-Lebanon war in 1948 and during the Six-Day War, thousands of Lebanese left Lebanon and went to Mexico. They first arrived in Veracruz. Although Arabs made up less than 5% of the total immigrant population in Mexico during the 1930s, they constituted half of the immigrant economic activity.[107]

text: Immigration of Arabs in Mexico has influenced Mexican culture, in particular food, where they have introduced Kibbeh, Tabbouleh and even created recipes such as Tacos Árabes. By 1765,[citation needed] Dates, which originated from the Middle East, were introduced into Mexico by the Spaniards. The fusion between Arab and Mexican food has highly influenced the Yucatecan cuisine.[108]

text: Another concentration of Arab-Mexicans is in Baja California facing the U.S.-Mexican border, esp. in cities of Mexicali in the Imperial Valley U.S./Mexico, and Tijuana across from San Diego with a large Arab American community (about 280,000), some of whose families have relatives in Mexico. 45% of Arab Mexicans are of Lebanese descent.

text: The majority of Arab-Mexicans are Christians who belong to the Maronite Church, Roman Catholic, Eastern Orthodox and Eastern Rite Catholic Churches.[109] A scant number are Muslims and Jews of Middle Eastern origins.

text: Afro-Mexicans[edit]

text: Afro-Mexicans are an ethnic group that predominate in certain areas of Mexico. Such as the Costa Chica of Oaxaca and the Costa Chica of Guerrero, Veracruz (e.g. Yanga) and in some towns in northern Mexico. The existence of blacks in Mexico is unknown, denied or diminished in both Mexico and abroad for a number of reasons: their small numbers, heavy intermarriage with other ethnic groups and Mexico's tradition of defining itself as a "mestizaje" or mixing of European and indigenous. Mexico did have an active slave trade since the early Spanish period but from the beginning, intermarriage and mixed race offspring created an elaborate caste system. This system broke down in the very late Spanish period and after Independence the legal notion of race was eliminated. The creation of a national Mexican identity, especially after the Mexican Revolution, emphasized Mexico's indigenous and European past actively or passively eliminating its African one from popular consciousness.

text: The majority of Mexico's native Afro-descendants are Afromestizos, i.e. "mixed-race". Individuals with significantly high amounts of African ancestry make up a very low percentage of the total Mexican population, the majority being recent black immigrants from Africa, the Caribbean and elsewhere in the Americas. According to the Intercensal survey carried out by the Mexican government, Afro-Mexicans make up 1.2% of Mexico's population, the Afro-Mexican category in the Intercensal survey includes people who self-identified solely as African and people who self-identified as partially African. The survey also states that 64.9% (896,829) of Afro-Mexicans also identified as indigenous, with 9.3% being speakers of indigenous languages.[90]

text: Asian Mexicans[edit]

text: Asian Mexicans make up less than 1% of the total population of modern Mexico, nonetheless they are a notable minority. Due to the historical and contemporary perception in Mexican society of what constitutes Asian culture (associated with the Far East rather than the Near East), Asian Mexicans are of East, South and Southeast Asian descent and Mexicans of West Asian descent are not considered to be part of the group.

text: Asian immigration began with the arrival of Filipinos to Mexico during the Spanish period. For two and a half centuries, between 1565 and 1815, many Filipinos and Mexicans sailed to and from Mexico and the Philippines as sailors, crews, slaves, prisoners, adventurers and soldiers in the Manila-Acapulco Galleon assisting Spain in its trade between Asia and the Americas. Also on these voyages, thousands of Asian individuals (mostly males) were brought to Mexico as slaves and were called "Chino",[111] which meant Chinese. Although in reality they were of diverse origins, including Japanese, Koreans, Malays, Filipinos, Javanese, Cambodians, Timorese, and people from Bengal, India, Ceylon, Makassar, Tidore, Terenate, and China.[112][113][114] A notable example is the story of Catarina de San Juan (Mirra), an Indian girl captured by the Portuguese and sold into slavery in Manila. She  arrived in New Spain and eventually she gave rise to the "China Poblana".

text: These early individuals are not very apparent in modern Mexico for two main reasons: the widespread mestizaje of Mexico during the Spanish period and the common practice of Chino slaves to "pass" as Indios (the indigenous people of Mexico) in order to attain freedom. As had occurred with a large portion of Mexico's black population, over generations the Asian populace was absorbed into the general Mestizo population. Facilitating this miscegenation was the assimilation of Asians into the indigenous population. The indigenous people were legally protected from chattel slavery, and by being recognized as part of this group, Asian slaves could claim they were wrongly enslaved.

text: Asians, predominantly Chinese, became Mexico's fastest-growing immigrant group from the 1880s to the 1920s, exploding from about 1,500 in 1895 to more than 20,000 in 1910.[115]

text: Official censuses[edit]

text: Historically, population studies and censuses have never been up to the standards that  a population as diverse and numerous such as Mexico's require: the first racial census was made in 1793, being also Mexico's (then known as New Spain) first ever nationwide population census. Since only part of its original datasets survive, most of what is known of it comes from essays made by researchers who back in the day used the census' findings as reference for their own works. More than a century would pass until the Mexican government conducted a new racial census in 1921 (some sources assert that the census of 1895 included a comprehensive racial classification;[116] however, according to the historic archives of Mexico's National Institute of Statistics, that was not the case).[117] While the 1921 census was the last time the Mexican government conducted a census that included a comprehensive racial classification, in recent years it has conducted nationwide surveys to quantify most of the ethnic groups who inhabit the country as well as the social dynamics and inequalities between them.

text: 1793 census[edit]

text: Also known as the "Revillagigedo census" from the name of the Count who ordered it to be conducted, this census was the first nationwide population census of Mexico (then known as the Viceroyalty of New Spain). Most of its original datasets have reportedly been lost, so most of what is known about it nowadays comes from essays and field investigations made by academics who had access to the census data and used it as reference for their works, such as Prussian geographer Alexander von Humboldt. Each author gives different estimations for each racial group in the country although they don't vary greatly, with Europeans ranging from 18% to 22% of New Spain's population, Mestizos from 21% to 25%, Indians from 51% to 61%, and Africans from 6,000 and 10,000. The estimations given for the total population range from 3,799,561 to 6,122,354. It is concluded then, that across nearly three centuries of colonization, the population growth trends of whites and mestizos were even, while the total percentage of the indigenous population decreased at a rate of 13%–17% per century. The authors assert that rather than whites and mestizos having higher birthrates, the reason for the indigenous population's numbers decreasing lies on their suffering of higher mortality rates due to living in remote locations rather than in cities and towns founded by the Spanish colonists or being at war with them. For the same reasons, the number of Indigenous Mexicans presents the greatest variation range between publications, as in some cases their numbers in a given location were estimated rather than counted, leading to possible overestimations in some provinces and possible underestimations in others.[118]

text:
Intendecy or territory

European population (%)

Indigenous population (%)

Mestizo population (%)

Mexico

16.9%

66.1%

16.7%

Puebla

10.1%

74.3%

15.3%

Oaxaca

06.3%

88.2%

05.2%

Guanajuato

25.8%

44.0%

29.9%

San Luis Potosi

13.0%

51.2%

35.7%

Zacatecas

15.8%

29.0%

55.1%

Durango

20.2%

36.0%

43.5%

Sonora

28.5%

44.9%

26.4%

Yucatán

14.8%

72.6%

12.3%

Guadalajara

31.7%

33.3%

34.7%

Veracruz

10.4%

74.0%

15.2%

Villadolid

27.6%

42.5%

29.6%

Nuevo Mexico

~

30.8%

69.0%

Vieja California

~

51.7%

47.9%

Nueva California

~

89.9%

09.8%

Coahuila

30.9%

28.9%

40.0%

Nuevo Leon

62.6%

05.5%

31.6%

Nuevo Santander

25.8%

23.3%

50.8%

Texas

39.7%

27.3%

32.4%

Tlaxcala

13.6%

72.4%

13.8%

text: ~Europeans are included within the Mestizo category.

text: Regardless of the possible inaccuracies related to the counting of Indigenous peoples living outside of the colonized areas, the effort that New Spain's authorities put into considering them as subjects is worth mentioning, as censuses made by other colonial or post-colonial countries did not consider American Indians to be citizens/subjects; for example, the censuses made by the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata would only count the inhabitants of the colonized settlements.[119] Another example is the censuses made by the United States, which did not include Indigenous peoples living among the general population until 1860, and indigenous peoples as a whole until 1900.[120]

text: 1921 census[edit]

text: Made right after the consummation of the Mexican revolution, the social context in which this census was conducted makes it particularly unique, as the government of the time was in the process of rebuilding the country and was looking to unite all Mexicans in a single national identity. The 1921 census' final results in regards to race, which assert that 59.3% of the Mexican population self-identified as Mestizo, 29.1% as Indigenous, and only 9.8% as White, were then essential in cementing the mestizaje ideology (which asserts that the Mexican population as a whole is product of the admixture of all races), which shaped Mexican identity and culture through the 20th century and remains prominent nowadays, with extraofficial international publications such as The World Factbook and Encyclopædia Britannica using the 1921 census as a reference to estimate Mexico's racial composition up to this day.[121][80]

text: Nonetheless in recent times, the census' results have been subjected to scrutiny by historians, academics and social activists alike, who assert that such drastic alterations on demographic trends with respect to the 1793 census are impossible and cite, among other statistics, the relatively low frequency of marriages between people of different continental ancestries in colonial and early independent Mexico.[122] It is claimed that the mestizaje process sponsored by the state was more "cultural than biological", which resulted in the numbers of the Mestizo Mexican group being inflated at the expense of the identity of other races.[123] Controversies aside, this census constituted the last time the Mexican Government conducted a comprehensive racial census with the breakdown by states being the following (foreigners and people who answered "other" not included):[124]

text:
Federative Units

Mestizo Population (%)

Amerindian Population (%)

White Population (%)

Aguascalientes

66.12%

16.70%

16.77%

Baja California (Distrito Norte)

72.50%

07.72%

00.35%

Baja California (Distrito Sur)

59.61%

06.06%

33.40%

Campeche

41.45%

43.41%

14.17%

Coahuila

77.88%

11.38%

10.13%

Colima

68.54%

26.00%

04.50%

Chiapas

36.27%

47.64%

11.82%

Chihuahua

50.09%

12.76%

36.33%

Durango

89.85%

09.99%

00.01%

Guanajuato

96.33%

02.96%

00.54%

Guerrero

54.05%

43.84%

02.07%

Hidalgo

51.47%

39.49%

08.83%

Jalisco

75.83%

16.76%

07.31%

Mexico City

54.78%

18.75%

22.79%

State of Mexico

47.71%

42.13%

10.02%

Michoacan

70.95%

21.04%

06.94%

Morelos

61.24%

34.93%

03.59%

Nayarit

73.45%

20.38%

05.83%

Nuevo Leon

75.47%

05.14%

19.23%

Oaxaca

28.15%

69.17%

01.43%

Puebla

39.34%

54.73%

05.66%

Querétaro

80.15%

19.40%

00.30%

Quintana Roo

42.35%

20.59%

15.16%

San Luis Potosí

61.88%

30.60%

05.41%

Sinaloa

98.30%

00.93%

00.19%

Sonora

41.04%

14.00%

42.54%

Tabasco

53.67%

18.50%

27.56%

Tamaulipas

69.77%

13.89%

13.62%

Tlaxcala

42.44%

54.70%

02.53%

Veracruz

50.09%

36.60%

10.28%

Yucatán

33.83%

43.31%

21.85%

Zacatecas

86.10%

08.54%

05.26%

text: When the 1921 census' results are compared with the results of Mexico's recent censuses[90] as well as with modern genetic research,[125] there is high consistency with respect to the distribution of Indigenous Mexicans across the country, with states located in south and south-eastern Mexico having both the highest percentages of population who self-identify as Indigenous and the highest percentages of Amerindian genetic ancestry. However, this is not the case when it comes to European Mexicans, as there are instances in which states that have been shown through scientific research to have a considerably high European ancestry are reported to have very small white populations in the 1921 census, with the most extreme case being that of the state of Durango, where the aforementioned census asserts that only 0.01% of the state's population (33 persons) self-identified as "white" while modern scientific research shows that the population of Durango has similar genetic frequencies to those found on European peoples (with the state's Indigenous population showing almost no foreign admixture either).[126] Various authors theorize that the reason for these inconsistencies may lie in the Mestizo identity promoted by the Mexican government, which reportedly led to people who are not biologically Mestizos to identify themselves as such.[127][128]

text: Present day[edit]

text: The following table is a compilation of (when possible) official nationwide surveys conducted by the Mexican government who have attempted to quantify different Mexican ethnic groups. Given that for the most part each ethnic group was estimated by different surveys, with different methodologies and years apart rather than on a single comprehensive racial census, some groups could overlap with others and be overestimated or underestimated.

text:
Race or ethnicity

Population (est.)

Percentage (est.)

Year

Indigenous

26,000,000

21.5%

2015[90]

Black

1,400,000

1.2%

2015[90]

White

56,000,000

47.0%

2010[96][97][98]

Foreigners residing in Mexico (of any race)

1,010,000

<1.0%

2015[129]

East Asian

1,000,000

<1.0%

2010[130]

Middle Eastern

400,000

<1.0%

2010[131]

Jewish

68,000

<1.0%

2010[132]

Muslim

4,000

<1.0%

2015[133]

Unclassified (most likely Mestizos)

37,300,000

30.0%

-

Total

123,500,000

100%

2017[134]

text:
Of all the ethnic groups that have been surveyed, Mestizos are notably absent, which is likely due the label's fluid and subjective definition, which complicates its precise quantification. However it can be safely assumed that Mestizos make up at least the remaining 30% unassessed percentage of Mexico's population with possibilities of increasing if the methodologies of the extant surveys are considered. As example the 2015 intercensal survey considered as Indigenous Mexicans and Afro-Mexicans altogether individuals who self-identified as "part Indigenous" or "part African" thus, said people technically would be Mestizos. Similarly, White Mexicans were quantified based on physical traits and appearance, thus technically a Mestizo with a percentage of Indigenous ancestry that was low enough to not affect his or her primarily European phenotype was considered to be white. Finally the remaining ethnicities, for being of a rather low number or being faiths have more permissive classification criteria, therefore a Mestizo could claim to belong to one of them by practicing the faith, or by having an ancestor who belonged to said ethnicities.
Nonetheless, contemporary sociologists and historians agree that, given that the concept of "race" has a psychological foundation rather than a biological one and to society's eyes a Mestizo with a high percentage of European ancestry is considered "white" and a Mestizo with a high percentage of Indigenous ancestry is considered "Indian", a person that identifies with a given ethnic group should be allowed to, even if biologically it doesn't completely belong to that group.[135]

text: Languages[edit]

text: Languages in Mexico%[136]

text: Spanish is the de facto official language in Mexico being spoken by 99.3% of the population.[137] Mexican Spanish is spoken in a variety of dialects, accents and variations in different regions across the country.

text: Some indigenous languages are still being spoken by around 5% according to the latest census, in 2003 the General Law of Linguistic Rights of the Indigenous Peoples recognized 68 indigenous languages as "national languages", with the "same validity" in all territories and contexts where they are spoken. The indigenous language with the greatest number of speakers is Nahuatl (1,586,884 speakers in 2010 or 1.5% of the nation's population), followed by Yucatec Maya (796,405 speakers in 2010 0.8%) spoken Yucatán Peninsula, Mixtecas languages (494,454), Tzeltal (474,298), Zapotecas languages (460,683), Tzotzil (429,168), Otomí (288,052), Totonaca (250,252) Mazateco (230,124), Chol (222,051) and 1,462,857 speakers of other languages. After half a century of rural-to-urban migration, in Mexico City and other major cities large districts and sections use both written and spoken Amerindian languages.

text: During the first half of the 20th century the government promoted a policy of castellanización, that is, promoting the use of Spanish as a way to integrate indigenous peoples into Mexican society. Later, this policy changed, and since the 1980s the government has sponsored bilingual and intercultural education in all indigenous communities. This policy has mainly been successful in large communities with a significant number of speakers. While some languages, with less than 1,000 speakers, are still facing extinction.

text: The second most spoken language in Mexico, however, is English. It is used extensively at border areas, tourist centers and large metropolitan areas, a phenomenon arguably caused by the economic integration of North American under the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and the immigration phenomenon and the return of workers and their families from the United States.[citation needed] In border cities, American TV and radio waves in English (and Spanish) are received as much Spanish-speaking radio and TV stations from Mexico on the US side of the border, thus a bilingual cross-cultural exchange is at work.

text: Among the languages brought to the country by immigrants are the Venetian of Chipilo, and Mennonite Low German spoken in Durango and Chihuahua. Other languages spoken in Mexico include French, German, Russian, Arabic, Occitan, Catalan, Basque, Galician, Asturian, Chinese, Hebrew, Korean, Ladino, Plautdietsch, Armenian, Italian, etc. Although some of these may have a greater number of speakers than the national languages, they are not recognized by the government.

text: Mexican nationality and citizenship[edit]

text: The Constitution of Mexico grants Mexican nationality based on birth and naturalization. Mexican laws regarding nationality by birth are very open. Mexican nationality by birth is granted to:[138]

text:
all those individuals born in Mexican territory,
all those individuals born outside Mexico, whose father or mother is Mexican by birth,
all those individuals born outside Mexico, whose father or mother is Mexican by naturalization,
all those individuals born aboard Mexican aircraft or sea vessels, whether warships or commercial vessels.

text: Mexican nationality by naturalization is granted to:[138]

text:
foreign citizens granted Mexican nationality by the Secretariat of Government (Ministry of the Interior);
foreign citizens married to a Mexican national, whether by birth or naturalization.

text: Religion[edit]

text: Religions: in Mexico[136]

text: The Mexican population is predominantly Catholic (83.9% of the population aged five and older, according to the 2010 census),[139] although a smaller percent (46%) attends church on a weekly basis.[140] About 7.6% of the population was classified as Protestant or Evangelical, 2.5% were classified as "Non-Evangelical Biblical" (a classification that groups Adventists, Mormons and Jehovah's Witnesses), 0.05% as practicing Jews, and 4.6% without a religion.[141] The largest group of Protestants are Pentecostals and Charismatics (classified as Neo-Pentecostals).

text: The states with the greatest percentage or professing Catholics are central states, namely Guanajuato (96.4%), Aguascalientes (95.6%) and Jalisco (95.4%), whereas southeastern states have the least percentage of Catholics, namely Chiapas (63.8%), Tabasco (70.4%) and Campeche (71.3%).[141] The percentage of professing Catholics has been decreasing over the last four decades, from over 98% in 1950 to 87.9% in 2000. Average annual growth of Catholic believers from 1990 to 2000 was 1.7% whereas that of Non-Catholics was 3.7%.[142] Given that average annual population increase over the same time period was 1.8%,[143] the percentage of Catholics with respect to total population is still decreasing.

text: Unlike some other countries in Latin America or Ibero-America, the 1857 Mexican Constitution drastically separated Church and State. The State does not support or provide any economic resource for the Church (as is the case in Spain and Argentina),[144] and the Church cannot participate in public education (no public school can be operated by a Catholic order, although they can participate in private education). Moreover, the government nationalized all the Church's properties (some of which were given back in the 1990s), and priests lost the right to vote or to be voted for (in the 1990s they were given back the right to vote).


document_title: Witney Carson

question_text: who is witney carson from dancing with the stars married to

root

text: Witney Carson

text: Personal life[edit]

text: Carson was born in American Fork, Utah.[3] She is the oldest of four children. She has two brothers and a sister. She started her career as a dancer at the age of three, training in different dance styles including ballet, jazz, hip hop, ballroom and tap among many others. She has competed and performed around the world and has won several awards and scholarships throughout her career.[citation needed] On October 3, 2015, Carson confirmed her engagement on Instagram to her boyfriend of four years, Carson McAllister.[4] The couple married on January 1, 2016 in a private Mormon ceremony at the Salt Lake Temple in Salt Lake City. Fellow Dancing with the Stars dancers Brittany Cherry, Jenna Johnson, and Emma Slater were among her bridesmaids, with Lindsay Arnold serving as her matron of honor.[5]

tag: p

text: So You Think You Can Dance[edit]

text: At the age of 18, Carson auditioned for season nine of Fox network's hit show So You Think You Can Dance. She made it through to the top twenty finalists. Her partner was ballet dancer and season winner Chehon Wespi-Tschopp. When only ten dancers remained, the contestants switched partners to a new all-star each week. As she proceeded to the top 6 dancers, Carson partnered with dancers Nick Lazzarini, Stephen "Twitch" Boss and Marko Germar before she was eliminated after the week-seven round which aired on September 2012.[6]

text: She returned as an all-star in season ten, partnering with top 6 dancer Paul Karmiryan and season winner, Du-shaunt "Fik-shun" Stegall.[7]

text: Performances and results[edit]

text:
Week
Partner(s) / type
Style
Music
Choreographer

Meet the Top 20
(June 27)
Lindsay Arnold, Nick Bloxsom-Carter
Cha-cha-cha
"Dance Again"—Jennifer Lopez feat. Pitbull
Jason Gilkison

Meet the Top 20
(June 27)
Top 10 Girls
Contemporary
"Where the Light Gets In"—Sennen
Travis Wall

Meet the Top 20
(June 27)
Top 20
Contemporary
"Eyes" (Coachella Live 2012 version)—Kaskade
Mia Michaels

Week 1
(July 11)
Group Dance
Modern
"Architect of the Mind"—Kerry Muzzey
Christopher Scott

Week 1
(July 11)
Chehon Wespi-Tschopp
Samba
"Jump"—The Cube Guys & Luciana Caporaso
Louis van Amstel

Week 2
(July 18)
Group Dance
Jazz
"The Beautiful People (District 78 remix)" — Marilyn Manson
Nappytabs

Week 2
(July 18)
Chehon Wespi-Tschopp
Bollywood
"Tandav Music"—Aatish Kapadia
Nakul Dev Mahajan

Week 3
(July 25)
Group Dance
Contemporary
"The Here and After"—Jun Miyake
Tyce Diorio

Week 3
(July 25)
Chehon Wespi- Tschopp
Contemporary
"I Will Always Love You"—Whitney Houston
Stacey Tookey

Week 4
(August 15)
Group Dance
Contemporary
"Hanging On" Active Child
Mia Michaels

Week 4
(August 15)
Chehon Wespi-Tschopp
Contemporary
"Calling You"—Celine Dion
Mia Michaels

Week 5
(August 22)
Group Dance
Broadway
"The Cool World Stomp"—Mark Isham
Tyce Diorio

Week 5
(August 22)
Nick Lazzarini
Jazz
"Sing It Back"—Moloko
Travis Wall

Week 5
(August 22)
Solo
Samba
"You’ll find a Way" (Switch & Sinden remix)—Santigold

Week 6
(August 29)
Group Dance
Contemporary
"Run Boy Run"—Woodkid
Peter Chao

Week 6
(August 29)
Stephen "Twitch" Boss
Hip-hop
"My Homies Still"—Lil Wayne feat. Big Sean
Luther Brown

Week 6
(August 29)
Solo
Cha-cha-cha
"Where Have You Been"—Rihanna

Week 7
(September 5)
Group Dance
Jazz
"Scream"—Kelis
Sonya Tayeh

Week 7
(September 5)
Marko Germar
Lyrical Jazz
"No Nothing"—Curtis & Reinhard feat. Blaire
Ray Leeper

Week 7
(September 5)
Chehon Wespi-Tschopp
Cha-cha-cha
"Where Have You Been"—Rihanna
Jean-Marc Généreux

Week 7
(September 5)
Solo
Paso doble
"Malagueña"—Brian Setzer '68 Comeback Special
Eliminated

Week 7
(August 13)
Paul Karmiryan
Cha-cha-cha
"Live It Up"—Jennifer Lopez
Jean-Marc Généreux

Week 9
(August 27)
Du-shaunt "Fik-shun" Stegall
Foxtrot
"Sexy Silk"—Jessie J
Jonathan Roberts

text: Dancing with the Stars[edit]

text: Witney was announced as a troupe dancer on reality television series, Dancing with the Stars in March 2013.[8] Carson (along with DWTS pro dancer, Lindsay Arnold) was a contestant on So You Think You Can Dance season nine.[8] She continued dancing and choreographing for the troupe on season 17.

text: On season 18, Carson was promoted to professional dancer, partnering with singer Cody Simpson.[1] They were eliminated on April 14, 2014, finishing in ninth place.

text: For season 19, Carson returned as a professional dancer partnering with actor Alfonso Ribeiro. On November 25, 2014, she and Ribeiro were declared the season's champions. It was Carson's first win in two seasons as a professional dancer on the show.

text: Carson returned for season 20 as partner for season 19 Bachelor, Chris Soules. They were the eighth couple to be eliminated, finishing in fifth place.[9]

text: For season 21, Carson was paired with Big Time Rush singer and actor Carlos PenaVega. They reached the Finals but were eliminated on Night 1 and finished in fourth place.

text: For season 22, Carson was paired with NFL player Von Miller. During a double elimination on week 7, Miller and Carson were eliminated and finished in 8th place.

text: For season 23, Carson was paired with rapper Vanilla Ice. During a double elimination on week 4, they were eliminated and finished in 10th place.

text: For season 24, Carson was partnered with comedian Chris Kattan. They were first eliminated on March 27, 2017.

text: For season 25, Carson is partnered with Malcolm in the Middle actor Frankie Muniz.

text: The scores below have been adjusted to be out of 30, not 40.*

text:
Season
Partner
Place
Average Score

18
Cody Simpson
9th
23.8

19
Alfonso Ribeiro
1st
27.7*

20
Chris Soules
5th
21.9*

21
Carlos PenaVega
4th
26.6

22
Von Miller
7th
22.9

23
Vanilla Ice
10th
19.6*

24
Chris Kattan
12th
14.7*

25
Frankie Muniz
TBA
TBA

text: Dancing with the Stars performances[edit]

text: With Cody Simpson[edit]

text:
Week #
Dance / Song
Judges' scores
Result

Inaba
Goodman
Tonioli

1
Cha-cha-cha / "Timber"
7
7
8
No Elimination

2
Tango / "Yeah 3x"
7
7
8
Last to be called safe

3
Jazz / "Surfboard"
9
8 / 91
9
Safe

42
Foxtrot / "I'm Yours"
8
7 / 83
8
No Elimination

5
Samba / "I Just Can't Wait to Be King"
9
8 / 84
9
Eliminated

text: 1 Score given by guest judge Robin Roberts.

text: 2 For this week only, as part of the "Partner Switch-Up" week, Simpson performed with Sharna Burgess instead of Carson. Carson performed with Drew Carey.

text: 3 Score given by guest judge Julianne Hough.

text: 4 Score given by guest judge Donny Osmond.

text: With Alfonso Ribeiro[edit]

text:
Week #
Dance / Song
Judges' scores
Result

Inaba
Goodman
Hough
Tonioli

1
Jive / "3-6-9"
9
9
9
9
Safe

2
Samba / "Gettin' Jiggy wit It"
8
8
8
8
Safe

3
Quickstep / "Hey Goldmember"
8
81
8
8
Safe

4
Jazz / "It's Not Unusual"
10
102
10
10
Safe

53
Flamenco / "Angelica"
8
94
9
8
No elimination

6
Salsa / "Booty"
10
105
9
10
Safe

7
Rumba / "Ghost"
Team freestyle / "Time Warp"
9
8
9
8
9
8
9
8
Safe

8
Cha-cha-cha / "Trust"
Jive dance-off / "Rip It Up"
10
Awarded
9
3
9
extra
10
points
Safe

9
Foxtrot / "Ain't That a Kick in the Head?"
Trio Paso doble / "Turn Down for What"
9
10
9
10
9
10
10
10
Safe

10
(Semi-finals)
Argentine Tango / "Love Runs Out"
Contemporary / "Love Runs Out" (acoustic)
9
10
9
9
9
10
9
10
Safe

11
(Finals)
Jive / "3-6-9"
Freestyle / "Sing, Sing, Sing (With a Swing)"
Cha-cha-cha & Argentine Tango fusion / "Shut Up and Dance"
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
Winner

text:
Score given by guest judge Kevin Hart in place of Goodman.
The American public scored the dance in place of Goodman with the averaged score being counted alongside the three other judges.
This week only, for "Partner Switch-Up" week, Ribeiro performed with Cheryl Burke instead of Carson. Carson performed with Michael Waltrip.
Score given by guest judge Jessie J in place of Goodman.
Score given by guest judge Pitbull in place of Goodman.

tag: ol

text: With Chris Soules[edit]

text:
Week #
Dance / Song
Judges' scores
Result

Inaba
Goodman
Hough
Tonioli

1
Jive / "Footloose"
7
6
6
7
No Elimination

2
Cha-cha-cha / "Time of Our Lives"
5
6
5
5
Safe

3
Argentine Tango / "Dangerous"
7
7
7
7
Last to be called safe

4
Rumba / "The Book of Love"
7
6
7
7
Safe

5
Quickstep / "Zero to Hero"
7
6
7
7
Last to be called safe

6
Viennese Waltz / "Hopelessly Devoted to You"
Team freestyle / "Trouble"
8
10
7
9
8
10
8
10
Safe

7
Foxtrot / "Five Minutes More"
Foxtrot dance-Off / "Orange Colored Sky"
8
No
7
extra
8
points
8
awarded
Safe

8
Contemporary / "Lay Me Down"
Trio Paso doble / "Outside"
9
7
8
7
9
8
8
8
Eliminated

text: With Carlos PenaVega[edit]

text: This season returned having three judges.

text:
Week #
Dance / Song
Judges' scores
Result

Inaba
Hough
Tonioli

1
Jive / "I Got You (I Feel Good)"
8
8
7
No elimination

2
Foxtrot / "Home"
Cha-cha-cha / "Hound Dog"
8
7
8
7
8
7
Safe

3
Jazz / "Thank You for Being a Friend"
7
81/8
8
Safe

4
Waltz / "Amazing Grace"
9
8
8
Last to be called safe

52
Quickstep / "Bossa Nova Baby"
10
10/93
10
No elimination

6
Rumba / "Pony"
10
9/94
10
Safe

7
Paso doble / "O Fortuna"
Team freestyle / "Ghostbusters"
9
9
10
10
9
9
Safe

8
Salsa / "Valió la Pena"
Jive Dance-Off / "Travelin' Band"
9
Awarded
9
2
9
points
Last to be called safe

9
Argentine Tango / "What Do You Mean?"
Team-up dance Paso doble / "We Will Rock You
9
8
9
8
9
8
Last to be called safe

10
Semifinals
Contemporary / "Drag Me Down"
Cha-cha-cha dance-off / "Fun"
Trio Charleston / "Booty Swing"
9
Awarded
9
9
3
10
10
points
10
No elimination

11
Finals
Foxtrot / "The Hills"
Freestyle / "WTF (Where They From)"
10
10
10
10
10
10
Eliminated

text: 1 Score given by guest judge Alfonso Ribeiro.

text: 2 This week only, for "Partner Switch-Up" week, PenaVega performed with Lindsay Arnold instead of Carson. Carson performed with Nick Carter.[10]

text: 4 Score given by guest judge Olivia Newton-John.

text: With Von Miller[edit]

text:
Week #
Dance / Song
Judges' scores
Result

Inaba
Goodman
Tonioli

1
Foxtrot / "My House"
8
6
7
No elimination

2
Cha-cha-cha / "Ain't Too Cool"
7
6
7
Safe

3
Contemporary / "In the Air Tonight"
7
6
7
Safe

4
Viennese Waltz / "A Dream Is a Wish Your Heart Makes"
8
8/81
8
Safe

52
Jive / "Hips"
8
7/73
7
No elimination

6
Jazz / "Bad"
8
8
8
Last to be called safe

7
Salsa / "A Little Less Conversation"
Team Freestyle / "Super Bad", "Living in America" & "I Got You (I Feel Good)"
8
9
8
9
8
10
Eliminated

text:
1 Score given by guest judge Zendaya.
2 For this week only, as part of "America's Switch Up", Miller performed with Lindsay Arnold instead of Carson. Carson performed with Wanyá Morris.
3 Score given by guest judge Maksim Chmerkovskiy.

text: With Vanilla Ice[edit]

text:
Week #
Dance / Song
Judges' scores
Result

Inaba
Goodman
Hough
Tonioli

1
Cha-cha-cha / "Ice Ice Baby"
7
5
6
7
No Elimination

2
Foxtrot / "Love and Marriage"
6
7
6
7
Safe

3[11]
Paso doble / "Save Tonight"
6
6
5
6
Safe

4
Viennese Waltz / "La Nouba"
8
–
7
8
Eliminated

text: With Chris Kattan[edit]

text:
Week #
Dance / Song
Judges' scores
Result

Inaba
Goodman
Hough
Tonioli

1
Cha-cha-cha / "What Is Love"
5
4
4
4
No Elimination

2
Jazz / "Hey Ya!"
6
5
6
5
Eliminated

text: With Frankie Muniz[edit]

text:
Week #
Dance / Song
Judges' scores
Result

Inaba
Goodman
Tonioli

1
Foxtrot / "Sign of the Times"
7
6
6
No Elimination

2
Tango / "Whatever It Takes"
Cha-cha-cha / "Perm"
8
8
7
8
8
9
Safe

3
Samba / "It's Gonna Be Me"
7
7
7
No Elimination

4
Quickstep / "Adventure of a Lifetime"
8
8
8
Safe

5
Argentine Tango / "Angelica"
10
9
10
Last to be called safe

6
Jazz / "Holly Rock"
7
8 / 81
8
Safe

7
Contemporary / "Every Breath You Take"
Team Freestyle / "The Phantom of the Opera"
10
10
10
10
10
10
Safe

8
Viennese Waltz / "Perfect"
Trio Jive / "Good Place"
9
9
8
9
9
9
Last to be called safe

9
(Semi-finals)

text: 1 Score given by guest judge Shania Twain.

text: Dancin' It's On![edit]

text: Carson is part of the dancing cast of the 2015 movie Dancin' It's On! in the role of Jennifer. She joins former SYTYCD winners Russell Ferguson (season 6), and Chehon Wespi-Tschopp (season 9).[12]

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
Year
Association
Category
Nominated work
Result
Ref.

2015
Primetime Emmy Awards
Outstanding Choreography
Dancing with the Stars
Nominated
[13]

2016
Industry Dance Awards
Favorite Dance Idol

Nominated
[14]