document_title: J. J. Watt

question_text: what nfl team does jj watt's brother play for

question_tokens: what nfl team does jj watt 's brother play for

text: J. J. Watt

text: Early life and high school career[edit]

text: Watt was born on March 22, 1989, in Waukesha, Wisconsin,[3] to parents Connie, a building operations vice-president, and John Watt, a firefighter. The Watt family has Scottish ancestry.[citation needed] Both of J.J.'s younger brothers are in the NFL as well – Derek Watt is a fullback for the Los Angeles Chargers, and T. J. Watt plays linebacker for the Pittsburgh Steelers. Watt played hockey from age four to age 13[4] and played for travel teams that traveled to Canada and Germany. He gave up hockey when weekly games started to conflict with his schedule and for financial reasons.[5] Watt also played football throughout his childhood and became passionate about the sport while he was in fifth grade.[4]

text: Watt attended Pewaukee High School, where he was a four-year letter-winner in football and also lettered in basketball, baseball, and track and field.[6] During his senior year, he was selected for first-team All-State. He earned the Woodland Conference Player of the Year Award his senior year, and first-team All-State, All-County, All-Area, and All-Conference selections as tight end and defensive end. He was also named the team's MVP.[7] During his senior year, Watt accumulated a total of 399 receiving yards, 26 catches, and 5 touchdowns.[8]

text: Watt followed in his father's footsteps and competed in the shot put during his senior season, earning first-team All-state selection.[9][10] He captured the state title in the shot put at the 2007 WIAA Division II Championship, setting a new school record with a throw of 59 ft, 11.5 in (18.28 meters).[11]

text: Recruiting[edit]

text: Regarded as a two-star recruit by both Rivals.com and Scout.com, Watt was ranked neither among the top tight end nor among the top defensive end prospects in his class. After official visits to Central Michigan, Colorado, and Minnesota, Watt chose to play for Central Michigan under coach Butch Jones.[12]

text:
US college sports recruiting information for high school athletes

Name
Hometown
High school / college
Height
Weight
40‡
Commit date

J. J. Watt
Defensive End
Pewaukee, WI
Pewaukee HS
6 ft 5 in (1.96 m)
220 lb (100 kg)
4.70
Jan 30, 2007

Recruiting star ratings: Scout:   Rivals:   247Sports: N/A    ESPN grade: 63

Overall recruiting rankings: Scout: NR   Rivals: NR  ESPN: 172 (DE)

Note: In many cases, Scout, Rivals, 247Sports, and ESPN may conflict in their listings of height and weight.
In these cases, the average was taken. ESPN grades are on a 100-point scale.

Sources:

"Central Michigan Football Commitments". Rivals.com. Retrieved May 20, 2014.
"2007 Central Michigan Football Commits". Scout.com. Retrieved May 20, 2014.
"ESPN". ESPN.com. Retrieved May 20, 2014.
"Scout.com Team Recruiting Rankings". Scout.com. Retrieved May 20, 2014.
"2007 Team Ranking". Rivals.com. Retrieved May 20, 2014.

text: College career[edit]

text: Central Michigan[edit]

text: Watt received a scholarship offer from Central Michigan University and matriculated there. Watt has stated that he was led to believe by Butch Jones, that as a tight end, he would have the opportunity to score touchdowns. At Central Michigan, he played 14 games, compiling 77 receiving yards and 8 receptions.[13][14] Watt's coaches, led by Butch Jones, suggested that he move to offensive tackle, but Watt decided to forgo his starting spot and scholarship to walk on at the University of Wisconsin, where he played as a defensive end.[15]

text: Wisconsin[edit]

text: At the University of Wisconsin-Madison, Watt was redshirted for the 2008 season and was named Wisconsin’s Scout Team Player of the Year. In 2009, he played in 13 games as defensive end. In a game against Hawaii on December 5, 2009, Watt had a career-high of two sacks for nine yards, three tackles for loss, six tackles, and one quarterback hurry. Watt finished the season with 32 solo tackles, 12 assisted tackles, four and a half sacks, 15.5 tackles for loss, and five passes defended.[16] He also earned his first letter. On November 20, 2010, against Michigan, he recorded his first collegiate interception.[17] Overall, in the 2010 season, Watt played in 13 games and led the team in tackles for loss, quarterback hurries, blocked kicks, and forced fumbles. He finished the season with 42 solo tackles, 20 assisted tackles, 21 tackles for loss, seven sacks, one interception for 15 yards, nine passes defended, and three fumbles forced.[18] He earned the Ronnie Lott Trophy in 2010, voted AP and Sports Illustrated second-team All- American, All-Big Ten first-team, academic All-Big Ten, and was voted the team’s MVP.[7]

text: College statistics[edit]

text:
Year
Team
Tackles
TFL (yards)
Sacks (yards)
FR

2009
Wisconsin
45
15.5 (53)
4.5 (19)
2

2010
Wisconsin
59
21.0 (91)
7.0 (56)
2

College totals
104
36.5 (144)
11.5 (75)
4

text: Professional career[edit]

text:
Pre-draft measurables

Ht
Wt
Arm length
Hand size
40-yard dash
10-yd split
20-yd split
20-ss
3-cone
Vert jump
Broad
BP
Wonderlic

6 ft 5 in
(1.96 m)
290 lb
(132 kg)
34 in
(0.86 m)
11 1⁄8 in
(0.28 m)
4.84 s
1.64 s
2.71 s
4.21 s
6.88 s
37 in
(0.94 m)
10 ft 0 in
(3.05 m)
34 reps
31

All values from NFL Combine,[19] Wonderlic score from ProFootballWeekly[20]

text: Watt skipped his senior season, entering the 2011 NFL Draft. At the 2011 NFL Combine, Watt was a top performer in all combine categories except the 40-yard dash.[21] On April 28, 2011, he was selected in the first round by the Houston Texans with the 11th overall pick.[22] He was the second defensive end to be selected, only behind Aldon Smith, who went seventh overall.[23] The Texans signed Watt to a four-year, $11.24 million contract on July 31, 2011.[24]

text: 2011 season[edit]

text: In the 2011 season, Watt started all 16 games. In the season opener against the Indianapolis Colts, he had five tackles and a fumble recovery in his NFL debut.[25] On November 27, against the Jacksonville Jaguars, he had his first multi-sack game with 2.0 in the 20–13 victory.[26] He finished the season with 48 solo tackles, eight assisted tackles, and five and a half sacks. The Texans qualified for the playoffs for the first time in franchise history.[27][28] In the playoffs, Watt recorded 11 solo tackles, three assisted tackles, one interception returned for a touchdown, one pass defended, and four sacks in two games against the Cincinnati Bengals and Baltimore Ravens.[29][30] Watt was named Texans Team Rookie of the Year, USA Today All-Joe Team, and Pro-Football Weekly/PWFA All-Rookie Team.[31]

text: 2012 season[edit]

text: In 2012, Watt had one of the best seasons for a defensive player in NFL history. Watt finished the season with 69 solo tackles, 12 assisted tackles, 20.5 sacks, 16 passes defended, four forced fumbles, and two fumble recoveries. Watt was named the AFC Defensive Player of the Month in September and December.[32] On November 22, 2012, in a game against the Detroit Lions, Watt recorded three sacks, to give him a total of 14.5, breaking the Texans' record for sacks in a season, which was previously held by Mario Williams.[33][34] On December 16, against the Indianapolis Colts, he recorded three sacks and ten total tackles in a 29–17 victory.[35] The Texans made the playoffs again in 2012, and Watt recorded six solo tackles, three assisted tackles, two passes defended, two sacks in two games.[36][37][38][39] Watt finished the season 2.5 sacks shy of Michael Strahan’s single-season record for sacks, set in 2001.[40] Watt was named to the 2013 NFL Pro-Bowl Team on December 26, 2012. Watt also was named Texans Team Most Valuable Player, USA Football Fundamentals Team, PFW First-Team All-Pro, Pro Football Weekly/PFWA Most Valuable Player, NFL 101 AFC Defensive Player of the Year, AP First-Team All-Pro, and the AP Defensive Player of the Year.[32] Watt received 49 out of 50 votes for the Defensive Player of the Year award. He is the first Texans player to receive an NFL Player of the Year award.[41] Watt was the 17th defensive lineman and only the eighth defensive end to receive the award since 1971.[42] Watt also made the highest debut on NFL Network’s Top 100 Players list for 2012, coming in at number five.[43]

text: 2013 season[edit]

text: Watt had a strong season, but the Texans struggled as a whole, in the 2013 season.[44] In Week 2, against the Tennessee Titans, he had his first two sacks of the season in 30–24 win.[45] From Weeks 7–12, he recorded at least one sack in each game.[46][47][48][49][50] Overall, in the 2013 season, Watt recorded 65 solo tackles, 15 assisted tackles, seven passes defended, 10.5 sacks, four forced fumbles, and two fumble recoveries.[32][51] The Texans, however, had a losing season and finished with a 2–14 record.[52] Watt was named to the 2014 NFL Pro Bowl and was a Pro Bowl Captain.[32]

text: 2014 season[edit]

text: Prior to the start of the 2014 season, the Texans and Watt agreed to a six-year contract extension, worth $100 million.[53] Watt received $30.9 million at signing and he will receive $21 million at the start of the 2016 season if he is on the roster. This contract made him the NFL’s highest paid non-quarterback, based on average yearly salary.[54]

text: In a game against the Oakland Raiders, on September 14, 2014, Watt became the first defensive player in Texans history to score a touchdown from scrimmage. Watt scored the touchdown on a one-yard catch after coming into the game as a tight end.[55][56] Watt scored his second touchdown of the season on September 28, 2014, against the Buffalo Bills. Watt picked off a pass from Buffalo’s E.J. Manuel that was intended for Fred Jackson, and returned 80 yards for the touchdown.[57] With this touchdown, Watt became tied at sixth for the longest interception return by a defensive lineman. Watt’s touchdown was also the fourth longest interception return in Houston Texans history.[58] During the game, Watt hit Manuel nine times, but was flagged twice for roughing the passer. Watt was fined $16,537 for only one of the incidents.[59] Watt was named the AFC Defensive Player of the Month for September.[60]

text: In a game against the Indianapolis Colts, on October 9, 2014, Watt forced Colts quarterback Andrew Luck to fumble the ball. Watt recovered the ball and returned 45 yards for the touchdown.[61][62]

text: For his fourth touchdown of the season, Watt caught a two-yard touchdown pass from Texans quarterback, Ryan Mallett, for Mallett’s first career touchdown pass. Watt recorded 4 solo tackles, one assisted tackle, one sack, one forced fumble, and fumble recovery in the same game, which was on November 16, 2014, against the Cleveland Browns.[63][64]

text: Watt scored his fifth touchdown on November 30, 2014, catching a one-yard pass from Ryan Fitzpatrick, the Texans quarterback.[65] With this reception, Watt became the first defensive lineman to have scored at least five touchdowns in a season since 1944.[66]

text: On December 21, Watt recorded his 54th sack as a Texan in a 25–13 win against the Baltimore Ravens.[67] With that sack, he surpassed Mario Williams as the franchise leader in sacks. On December 28, 2014, Watt had a sack for his first career safety against the Jacksonville Jaguars which gave him three sacks on the day[68][69] and 20.5 on the season, becoming the first player in NFL history to have 20 or more sacks in separate seasons.[70] Watt also finished the season with a career-high 5 fumble recoveries and 5 touchdowns.[71]

text: For his outstanding season, Watt was unanimously named to the 2014 All-Pro First Team as a defensive end and named to the All-Pro second team as a defensive tackle. Watt was also named to the 2015 Pro Bowl where Cris Carter, team captain of Team Carter, selected Watt to be his captain on defense. During the game, Watt recorded a fumble recovery and an interception and after the game was named Defensive MVP. He also won the Defensive Player of the Year award, one of the few to win the award multiple times, and became the first defensive player since 2008 to get votes for the MVP award, receiving 13.[72] After the season, Watt was named to the top spot in the NFL Top 100 Players of 2015.[73]

text: 2015 season[edit]

text: Despite battling a groin injury and a fractured left hand, Watt started all 16 games in 2015 making 76 tackles, an NFL-leading 17.5 sacks, 8 passes defended, 3 forced fumbles, and a fumble recovery. In the regular season finale, against the Jacksonville Jaguars, he had a season-high three sacks to go along with eight total tackles.[74] He was named to the 2015 Pro Bowl, which was his fourth consecutive appearance, and also received his third Defensive Player of the Year award, the only player aside from Lawrence Taylor to do so. With the Texans finishing the season 9–7, the team clinched an AFC South division title but were shut out 30-0 by the Kansas City Chiefs in the Wild Card round.[75][76][77] On January 12, 2016, Watt underwent groin surgery for a sports hernia.[78] This forced Watt to withdraw from the 2016 Pro Bowl. This was his fourth straight Pro Bowl honors to go along with his fourth straight first-team All-Pro. He was ranked as the top defensive lineman and the third best player on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2016.[79]

text: 2016 season[edit]

text: On July 21, 2016, Watt underwent back surgery for a herniated disc. He began training camp on the PUP list, but returned in Week 1 to start the season in a victory over the Chicago Bears.[80][81] In Week 2, he had 1.5 sacks and five total tackles against the Kansas City Chiefs.[82] On September 22, in the game against the New England Patriots, he recorded two assisted tackles in last action of the season.[83] On September 28, 2016, he was placed on injured reserve.[84] The following day, he underwent back surgery again, and was officially ruled out for the rest of the 2016 season after playing three games and recording 1.5 sacks.[85] Even though Watt played in only three games, he was ranked 35th on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2017.[86]

text: 2017 season[edit]

text: Watt returned from his injury to play in the season opener against the Jacksonville Jaguars.[87] During Week 5 against the Kansas City Chiefs on Sunday Night Football, Watt left the game after an apparent leg injury. It was later revealed that he suffered a tibial plateau fracture in his left leg.[88] He underwent surgery the next day and was ruled out the remainder of the season.[89] In only 5 games, Watt finished with 11 tackles and 2 passes defended.[90]

text: The 2017 season would be marked by Watt raising upwards of $37 million for relief and recovery efforts for the Houston area. The entire sum was raised through an online drive after donating $100,000 of his own money as the starting base. Watt commented that this season "was always about more than football."[91] Watt was co-named Sports Illustrated Sportsperson of the Year for 2017 for his humanitarian efforts. Watt was named Walter Payton NFL Man of the Year.[92]

text: NFL career statistics[edit]

text:
Legend

Led the league

NFL Defensive Player of the Year

Bold
Career high

text:
Year
Team
Games
Tackles
Fumbles
Interceptions
Other
Receiving

GP
GS
Comb
Solo
Ast
Sack
FF
FR
Yds
TD
Int
Yds
Avg
Lng
TD
PD
SFT
Yds
Sfty
KB
Rec
Tgts
Yds
Avg
Lng
TD

2011
HOU
16
16
56
48
8
5.5
0
2
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
9
18
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0

2012
HOU
16
16
81
69
12
20.5
4
2
7
0
0
0
0
0
0
16
23
63
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

2013
HOU
16
16
80
65
15
10.5
4
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
7
15
28
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0

2014
HOU
16
16
78
59
19
20.5
4
5
59
1
1
80
80
80
1
10
15
34
1
1
3
3
4
1.3
2
3

2015
HOU
16
16
76
57
19
17.5
3
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
8
17
36
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0

2016
HOU
3
3
8
1
7
1.5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
8
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

2017
HOU
5
5
15
11
4
0.0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

Career
83
83
379
299
80
76.0
15
12
68
1
1
80
80
1
1
45
79
180
1
4
3
4
4
1.3
2
3

text: Awards and highlights[edit]

text: NFL[edit]

text:
4× Pro Bowl selection (2012, 2013, 2014, 2015)
4× First-team All-Pro selection (2012, 2013, 2014, 2015)
3× Associated Press NFL Defensive Player of the Year (2012, 2014, 2015)
3× Pro Football Writers Association NFL Defensive Player of the Year (2012, 2014, 2015)
3× Sporting News Defensive Player of the Year (2012, 2014, 2015)
3× Pro Football Focus Defensive Player of the Year (2012, 2013, 2014)
3× Pro Football Focus Best Player of the Year (2012, 2013, 2014)
3× Kansas City Committee of 101 AFC Defensive Player of the Year (2012, 2014, 2015)
2× NFL sacks leader (2012, 2015)
AP NFL MVP runner-up (2014)
Bert Bell Award (2014)
Walter Payton NFL Man of the Year (2017)
Pro Bowl Defensive MVP (2014)
Ranked No. 5 in the Top 100 Players of 2013
Ranked No. 12 in the Top 100 Players of 2014
Ranked No. 1 in the Top 100 Players of 2015
Ranked No. 3 in the Top 100 Players of 2016
Ranked No. 35 in the Top 100 Players of 2017
First player with multiple 20-sack seasons (2012, 2014)
4× PFWA All-NFL Team (2012, 2013, 2014, 2015)
5× AFC Defensive Player of the Month (Sep. 2012, Dec. 2012, Sep. 2014, Dec. 2014, Nov. 2015)[93]

text: Houston Texans franchise records[edit]

text:
Most career sacks (76.0)
Most career forced (15) and recovered fumbles (12)

text: College[edit]

text:
Lott Trophy (2010)
Big Ten Champion (2010)
First-team All-American, PFW (2010)
First-team All-Big Ten (2010)
3× Big Ten Defensive Player of the Week (2009–2010)
Wisconsin Team Co-MVP (2010)

text: Personal life[edit]

text: Watt played ice hockey from age three until he was thirteen years old, traveling as far as Canada and Germany for tournaments. Watt said that he played "primarily as a center and was a goal scorer."[94] Because of the financial cost of the sport and making a choice between hockey and football, Watt stopped playing hockey to focus on football. Watt has joked that he "may or may not" use skating as part of his offseason training.[95]

text: While an undergraduate at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, Watt delivered pizzas for a Pewaukee Pizza Hut.[96]

text: On July 22, 2015, Watt was named the Vice-President of Power Relations for Reliant. Reliant is a retail electric provider in Texas, also a subsidiary of NRG Energy Inc.[97]

text: On February 15, 2018, Baylor College of Medicine announced that Watt would receive an honorary degree from their medical school.[98]

text: He is the older brother of Los Angeles Chargers fullback Derek Watt and Pittsburgh Steelers linebacker T. J. Watt.

text: Charitable work[edit]

text: Watt is the president and founder of the Justin J. Watt Foundation, a charity organization that provides after-school opportunities for children in various communities, in order for them to get involved in athletics in a safe environment. This foundation’s motto, “Dream Big, Work Hard” is sold on wrist bands and T-shirts. Since this foundation was launched in 2010, Watt has raised over $1 million.[99] While most of the schools that benefit from the fundraising are in Texas and Wisconsin, schools in Alabama, Illinois, and California have also received donations. Watt’s mother, Connie, is the vice president of the organization. Watt and the J.J. Watt Foundation host a Charity Classic, Run/Walk, Golf Outing, and Tailgate annually.[100] The Charity Classic is a softball game held at Constellation Field, in Sugar Land, Texas, in which Texans players participate in a game, and Home Run Derby to raise money for the foundation.[101] The inaugural Charity Classic game was in 2013, and the 2014 Charity Classic raised over $436,433 towards his foundation.[102] On August 26, 2014, Watt received the Texans Spirit of the Bull Community Award.[103] On November 14, 2014, Watt was nominated for the NFL’s Salute to Service Award that honors either a coach, player, or owner for their efforts in supporting the country’s service men and women.[104] Due to the extremely good turnout in 2014, the annual Charity Classic has been moved to Minute Maid Park, home of the Houston Astros. The 2015 event raised over $640,000. For the 2017 game, Watt invited Arnold Schwarzenegger and swimmer Simone Manuel, a two-time Olympic gold medalist and native of Houston.[105]

text: Watt is also known for his interactions with children. On July 2, 2011, the Berry family was traveling home from a vacation in Colorado Springs. The parents, Joshua and Robin Berry were killed in a head-on collision while also leaving their two sons, Peter and Aaron handicapped. Their daughter, Willa, suffered minor injuries. Watt met the children at a fundraiser and grew close with them. He played wheelchair basketball with them and pantomimed rolling a wheelchair after sacking a quarterback in a 2012 game. The pantomime was an agreed upon signal between the Berry children and Watt as a post-sack celebration.[106] In 2012, following the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting, Watt found out some of the families that were affected were in the Houston area. He invited them out on the field to hang out and throw the football. He then proceeded to give them signed merchandise that he had worn in previous games.[107] In October 2015, he dressed up as Batman to surprise kids at the Texas Children's Hospital for a Halloween party.[108]

text: He also has raised over $37 million to help Houston recover from Hurricane Harvey, surpassing his initial goal of $200,000.[109]


document_title: Pret a Manger

question_text: how did pret a manger get its name

question_tokens: how did pret a manger get its name

root

text: Pret a Manger

text: History[edit]

text: First Pret a Manger restaurant[edit]

text: Jeffrey Hyman[5] founded the first Pret a Manger in London on 21 October 1983. The first Pret A Manger shop opened in Hampstead, London, in 1984.[6][7] The name Prêt à Manger (French pronunciation: [pʁɛt‿a mɑ̃ʒe], ready to eat) was based on prêt-à-porter, French for "ready-to-wear" clothing.

tag: p

text: This original Pret A Manger was located opposite Hampstead Underground station, had its own kitchen, and offered ready-to-eat freshly made natural food, filled baguettes, Croque-monsieur and other ready-to-go convenience foods.

text: Opening in June 1983, the company traded at 58 Hampstead High Street for eighteen months[8] at which time takings had dropped to below break-even point and the company went into liquidation. The name and visual branding was purchased from the company liquidator David Rubin by college friends Sinclair Beecham and Julian Metcalfe.[9]

text: Pret A Manger, 1986 onwards[edit]

text: Julian Metcalfe and Sinclair Beecham started a new operation, but using the Pret A Manger name purchased from the former companies liquidator.[10] They opened their first shop of the new Pret A Manger in July 1986, located at 75b Victoria Street in London. Beecham and Metcalfe had met while studying at University.[11]

text: The pair pioneered the chain's menu of handmade natural food, freshly prepared in shop kitchens, and they are still significant shareholders in the company.[12] The iconic logo was created by Adrian Kilby, founder of The Formation Creative Consultants Europe Ltd in the 1990s.

text: In 1995 Metcalfe and Beecham set up the Pret Foundation Trust with the aim to alleviate poverty in the UK.[13] The Trust receives donations from the sale of products and collection boxes in shops. The donations fund Pret's "Charity Run" vans which deliver unsold food to homeless shelters at the end of each day.[14]

text: The first shop outside of London was opened on Broad Street, New York in 2000.[13] In 2016 there were 74 Pret shops in the United States.[15]

text: In 2001, McDonald's bought a 33% non-controlling stake in the company,[16] which they sold in 2008 to private equity firm Bridgepoint Capital.[17][18]

text: The company opened its first shop in France in 2012,[13] and had a total of 19 shops in France in 2016.[15]

text: In 2016, its group sales were £776 million.[15]

text: On 19 March 2018 the company opened it first store in The Netherlands located in the central railway station of Utrecht.

text: On 29 May 2018, JAB Holding Company announced that it will acquire Pret A Manger from Bridgepoint, with the deal expected to complete during summer 2018.[19][20]

text: Restaurants[edit]

text: The company emphasises the use of natural ingredients and advertises that its sandwiches are made on the day of purchase in a kitchen at each location (with the stated exception of a few small outlets).  Food left unsold at the end of the day is collected by charities.  Sandwiches are packaged in paperboard rather than sealed plastic.[21] 67% of its trade is in London, where around three-quarters of its stores are located. Locations include:

text:
United Kingdom
Dubai: 1 outlet, as of March 2016. The first outlet in Dubai opened on 16 March 2016 at Dubai International Airport's new Concourse D.[22]
United States
Hong Kong
China
Singapore
France
Netherlands
Denmark: 1 at Copenhagen Airport in Terminal 3
Germany: 1 at Berlin Hauptbahnhof, as of October 2018

tag: ul

text: Organization[edit]

text: In 1998, the company employed 1,400 people, of whom 19% were from the UK and 60% were from other European Union countries, mainly in Eastern Europe. Pret A Manger employs one in every 14 applicants. Applicants go on a one-day experience day at a shop and their success is determined by the other staff members, who vote the applicant in or not. Many managers and senior executives have come from within the company.[23]

text: The organisational structure of Pret A Manger is divided between its stores and the main offices.  The London head office is the hub for the UK stores, while the office in New York City is the hub for the American stores.[24]  Each store contains levels of positions that range from Team Member to the General Manager of the store.[25]  Above the in-store manager is the Operations Manager who is in charge of a group of roughly 10 stores, and above that are more senior management positions based out of the offices that are tasked with coordinating an entire region and maintaining communication with the company’s CEO in London.[24]  All the office employees are paired with a "buddy shop" where they work at least two days a year.[26]

text: While the uppermost levels of management are located in the offices, not all the office jobs are above the store jobs in the organizational structure. Orders do not strictly flow from the head offices in a top-down manner; instead, the channel of communication between the executives and the stores is open in both directions.[27]

text: Pret a Manger promotes an internal culture as described in a leaflet entitled "Pret Behaviours".  The Behaviours break down traits into three categories: passion, clear talking and team working – and identify specific behaviours as "Don’t want to see", "Want to see", and "Pret perfect!"[28]  The number of Behaviours Pret hopes an employee exhibits increases with one's rank within the company: Team Members should practise around six Behaviours, Managers ten, and the company’s executives all of them.[29]

text: Controversies[edit]

text: Affective labour issues[edit]

text: Pret A Manger has been cited as being particularly vigorous in extracting affective labour from its employees.[30] Affective labour (or emotional labour)[31] is work which involves manipulating a person's emotional state.

text: Pret A Manger demands go beyond traditional requirements for fast-food workers (such as courtesy, efficiency, and reliability) to such tasks as having "presence", demonstrating a quirky sense of fun, and exhibiting behaviour consistent with being inwardly happy with oneself.[32] Pret A Manger uses mystery shoppers to ensure that employees deploy markers of a positive emotional state.[30][33] Employees who exhibit markers of latent sadness face consequences such as not having a bonus.[30][33] This has led to some criticism of the company for over-reaching[30][31][34] while drawing praise from right-wing commentators and other business owners for its business practices.[33][35]

text: Pret A Manger Staff Union[edit]

text: In response to labour issues within the company, the Pret A Manger Staff Union was established in 2012 as an independent union with its principal demand being made around calls for a Living Wage.[36] Andrej Stopa, the founder of the union, was later sacked from his Pret branch.[37][38]

text: Failure to list ingredients[edit]

text: This section may require copy editing for grammar, style, cohesion, tone, or spelling. You can assist by editing it. (October 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

tag: table

text: Pret a Manger does not consistently list all ingredients on packages.[citation needed]

text: In late 2015, a 17-year-old girl collapsed and needed emergency medical care after a “life-threatening” reaction to sesame, which was present in a Pret product despite an absence of suitable allergen labelling. The girl's mother, a doctor, contacted Pret a Manger and was told the allergen was not mentioned on the product, so she cautioned them that “other serious adverse incidents could easily occur”.[39]  A woman almost died following a reaction to a baguette in October 2015, despite the patient's family warning Pret A Manger the firm did not label products with allergy information.[40] The coroner said the labelling was inadequate.[41]

text: In July 2016, 15-year-old Natasha Ednan-Laperouse, died from an allergic reaction to sesame after eating a Pret sandwich, the packaging of which did not list sesame as an ingredient, but which nevertheless contained some.[42][43] Nadim Ednan-Laperouse, the girl's father, said, “When my mother called and told me that the baguette contained sesame, I was taken aback … I was completely horrified. It was their fault… I was stunned that a big food company like Pret could mislabel a sandwich and this could cause my daughter to die.” The lawyer for the family said a photograph, taken at the store eight days after the girl’s death, indicated no sticker warning concerning allergens was there.[44][39] Nine out of 21 allergic reactions that Pret a Manger recorded in the year before Natasha’s death included sesame, and six of those reportedly after having eaten an artisan baguette. Four patients went to hospital and one to a medical centre.

text: In 2017 Celia Marsh was a second victim who died from an allergic reaction to Pret a Manger products. A product, claimed by Pret to be dairy-free, contained traces of dairy. Pret a Manger blames a supplier.[45] The supplier, CoYo, disputed the allegation[46] and maintains Pret a Manger hampered its investigations by refusing to reveal the batch number of the affected batch.[47]


document_title: Terracotta Army

question_text: when was the terracotta army discovered in china

text: Terracotta Army

text: History

text: The construction of the tomb was described by historian Sima Qian (145–90 BCE) in his most noted work Shiji, written a century after the mausoleum's completion. Work on the mausoleum began in 246 BCE soon after Emperor Qin (then aged 13) ascended the throne, and the project eventually involved 700,000 workers.[3] Geographer Li Daoyuan, writing six centuries after the First Emperor's death, recorded in Shui Jing Zhu that Mount Li was a favoured location due to its auspicious geology, "famed for its jade mines, its northern side was rich in gold, and its southern side rich in beautiful jade; the First Emperor, covetous of its fine reputation, therefore chose to be buried there".[4][5] Sima Qian wrote that the First Emperor was buried with palaces, towers, officials, valuable artifacts and wondrous objects. According to this account, 100 flowing rivers were simulated using mercury, and above them the ceiling was decorated with heavenly bodies below which were the features of the land. Some translations of this passage refer to "models" or "imitations"; however, those words were not used in the original text, which makes no mention of the terracotta army.[3][6] High levels of mercury were found in the soil of the tomb mound, giving credence to Sima Qian's account.[7] Later historical accounts suggested that the tomb had been looted by Xiang Yu, a contender for the throne after the death of the first emperor.[8][9][10] However, there are indications that the tomb may not have been plundered.[11]

text: Discovery

text: The Terracotta Army was discovered on 29 March 1974[12] by farmers digging a water well approximately 1.5 kilometres (0.93 mi) east of the Qin Emperor's tomb mound at Mount Li (Lishan),[13][14] a region riddled with underground springs and watercourses. For centuries, occasional reports mentioned pieces of terracotta figures and fragments of the Qin necropolis – roofing tiles, bricks and chunks of masonry.[15] This discovery prompted Chinese archaeologists to investigate, revealing the largest pottery figurine group ever found in China. A museum complex has since been constructed over the area, with the largest pit enclosed within with a large structure.[16]

text: Necropolis

text: The Terracotta Army is part of a much larger necropolis. Ground-penetrating radar and core sampling have measured the area to be approximately 98 square kilometers (38 square miles).[17]

text: The necropolis was constructed as a microcosm of the emperor's imperial palace or compound, and covers a large area around the tomb mound of the first emperor. The earthen tomb mound is located at the foot of Mount Li and built in a pyramidal shape,[18] and is surrounded by two solidly built rammed earth walls with gateway entrances. The necropolis consists of several offices, halls, stables, other structures as well as an imperial park placed around the tomb mound.

text: The warriors stand guard to the east of the tomb. Up to 5 metres (16 ft) of reddish, sandy soil had accumulated over the site in the two millennia following its construction, but archaeologists found evidence of earlier disturbances at the site. During the excavations near the Mount Li burial mound, archaeologists found several graves dating from the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, where diggers had apparently struck terracotta fragments. These were discarded as worthless and used along with soil to back fill the excavations.[19]

text: Tomb

text: The tomb appears to be a hermetically sealed space roughly the size of a football pitch (c. 100 × 75 m).[20][21] The tomb remains unopened, possibly due to concerns over preservation of its artifacts.[20] For example, after the excavation of the Terracotta Army, the painted surface present on some terracotta figures began to flake and fade.[22] The lacquer covering the paint can curl in fifteen seconds once exposed to Xi'an's dry air and can flake off in just four minutes.[23]

text: Excavation site

text: Pits

text: Four main pits approximately 7 metres (23 ft) deep have been excavated.[24][25] These are located approximately 1.5 kilometres (0.93 mi) east of the burial mound. The soldiers within were laid out as if to protect the tomb from the east, where the Qin Emperor's conquered states lay.

text: Pit 1

text: Pit 1, which is 230 metres (750 ft) long and 62 metres (203 ft) wide,[26] contains the main army of more than 6,000 figures.[27] Pit 1 has eleven corridors, most more than 3 metres (10 ft) wide and paved with small bricks with a wooden ceiling supported by large beams and posts. This design was also used for the tombs of nobles and would have resembled palace hallways when built. The wooden ceilings were covered with reed mats and layers of clay for waterproofing, and then mounded with more soil raising them about 2 to 3 metres (6 ft 7 in to 9 ft 10 in) above the surrounding ground level when completed.[28]

text: Others

text: Pit 2 has cavalry and infantry units as well as war chariots and is thought to represent a military guard. Pit 3 is the command post, with high-ranking officers and a war chariot. Pit 4 is empty, perhaps left unfinished by its builders.

text: Some of the figures in Pits 1 and 2 show fire damage, while remains of burnt ceiling rafters have also been found.[29] These, together with the missing weapons, have been taken as evidence of the reported looting by Xiang Yu and the subsequent burning of the site, which is thought to have caused the roof to collapse and crush the army figures below. The terracotta figures currently on display have been restored from the fragments.

text: Other pits that formed the necropolis also have been excavated.[30] These pits lie within and outside the walls surrounding the tomb mound. They variously contain bronze carriages, terracotta figures of entertainers such as acrobats and strongmen, officials, stone armour suits, burials sites of horses, rare animals and labourers, as well as bronze cranes and ducks set in an underground park.[31]

text: Warrior figures

text: Types and appearance

text: The terracotta figures are life-sized. They vary in height, uniform, and hairstyle in accordance with rank. Their faces appear to be different for each individual figure; scholars, however, have identified 10 basic face shapes.[32] The figures are of these general types: armored warriors; unarmored infantrymen; cavalrymen who wear a pillbox hat; helmeted drivers of chariots with more armor protection; spear-carrying charioteers; kneeling archers who are armored; standing archers who are not; as well as generals and other lower-ranking officers.[33] There are, however, many variations in the uniforms within the ranks: for example, some may wear shin pads while others not; they may wear either long or short trousers, some of which may be padded; and their body armors vary depending on rank, function, and position in formation.[34] There are also terracotta horses placed among the warrior figures.

text: Originally, the figures were painted with bright pigments, variously coloured pink, red, green, blue, black, brown, white and lilac.[35][36] The coloured lacquer finish and individual facial features would have given the figures a realistic feel. However, much of the colour coating had flaked off or become greatly faded.

text: Some scholars have speculated a possible Hellenistic link to these sculptures, because of the lack of life-sized and realistic sculptures before the Qin dynasty.[37][38] They argued that potential Greek influence is particularly evident in some terracotta figures such as those of acrobats, as well as the technique used for casting bronze sculptures.[39][40] However, this idea is disputed by scholars and it has been pointed out that there is "no substantial evidence at all" for contact between ancient Greeks and Chinese builders of the tomb.[41] It is argued that such speculations in its core rest on flawed and old "Eurocentric" ideas that assumed other civilizations were incapable of sophisticated artistry and thus foreign artistry must be seen through western traditions.[41]

text: Construction

text: The terracotta army figures were manufactured in workshops by government laborers and local craftsmen using local materials. Heads, arms, legs, and torsos were created separately and then assembled by luting the pieces together. When completed, the terracotta figures were placed in the pits in precise military formation according to rank and duty.[42]

text: The faces were created using molds, and at least ten face molds may have been used.[32] Clay was then added after assembly to provide individual facial features to make each figure appear different.[43] It is believed that the warriors' legs were made in much the same way that terracotta drainage pipes were manufactured at the time. This would classify the process as assembly line production, with specific parts manufactured and assembled after being fired, as opposed to crafting one solid piece and subsequently firing it. In those times of tight imperial control, each workshop was required to inscribe its name on items produced to ensure quality control. This has aided modern historians in verifying which workshops were commandeered to make tiles and other mundane items for the terracotta army.

text: Weaponry

text: Most of the figures originally held real weapons such as spears, swords, or crossbows, and the use of actual weapons would have increased the figures' realism. Most of the original weapons were looted shortly after the creation of the army, or have rotted away. Nevertheless, many weapons such as swords, spears, lances, battle-axes, scimitars, shields, crossbows, and arrowheads have been found in the pits.[24][44] Over 40,000 bronze items of weaponry have been recovered from the pits, most of them arrowheads which are usually found in bundles of 100 units.[45] Studies of these arrowheads suggests that they were produced in small units of self-sufficient, autonomous workshops that produced finished items in a production process referred to as cellular production or Toyotism.[46] There are also hundreds of crossbow triggers, and smaller numbers of other weapons such as bronze swords, and daggers.[47]

text: Some of these weapons, such as the swords, are sharp and were coated with a 10–15 micrometer layer of chromium dioxide that kept the swords rust-free for 2,000 years.[48][49] The swords contain an alloy of copper, tin, and other elements including nickel, magnesium, and cobalt.[50] Some carry inscriptions that date their manufacture to between 245 and 228 BCE, indicating that they were used as weapons before their burials.[51]

text: An important element of the army is the chariot, of which four types have been found. In battle the fighting chariots formed pairs at the head of a unit of infantry. The principal weapon of the charioteers was the ge or dagger-axe, an L-shaped bronze blade mounted on a long shaft and used for sweeping and hooking at the enemy. Infantrymen also carried ge on shorter shafts, ji or halberds and spears and lances. For close fighting and defence, both charioteers and infantrymen carried double-edged straight swords. The archers carried crossbows, which have sophisticated trigger mechanisms and are capable of shooting arrows farther than 800 metres (2,600 ft).[51]

text: Scientific research

text: In 2007, scientists at Stanford University and the Advanced Light Source facility in Berkeley, California reported that powder diffraction experiments combined with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and micro-X-ray fluorescence analysis showed that the process of producing terracotta figures colored with Chinese purple dye consisting of barium copper silicate was derived from the knowledge gained by Taoist alchemists in their attempts to synthesize jade ornaments.[52][53]

text: Since 2006, an international team of researchers at the UCL Institute of Archaeology have been using analytical chemistry techniques to uncover more details about the production techniques employed in the creation of the Terracotta Army. Using X-ray fluorescence spectrometry of 40,000 bronze arrowheads bundled in groups of 100, the researchers reported that the arrowheads within a single bundle formed a relatively tight cluster that was different from other bundles. In addition, the presence or absence of metal impurities was consistent within bundles. Based on the arrows’ chemical compositions, the researchers concluded that a cellular manufacturing system similar to the one used in a modern Toyota factory, as opposed to a continuous assembly line in the early days of the automobile industry, was employed.[54][55]

text: Grinding and polishing marks visible under a scanning electron microscope provide evidence for the earliest industrial use of lathes for polishing.[54]

text: Exhibitions

text: A collection of 120 objects from the mausoleum and 12 terracotta warriors were displayed at the British Museum in London as its special exhibition "The First Emperor: China's Terracotta Army" from 13 September 2007 to April 2008.[56] This exhibition made 2008 the British Museum's most successful year and made the British Museum the United Kingdom's top cultural attraction between 2007 and 2008.[57][58] The exhibition brought the most visitors to the museum since the King Tutankhamun exhibition in 1972.[57] It was reported that the 400,000 advance tickets sold out so fast that the museum extended its opening hours until midnight.[59] According to The Times, many people had to be turned away, despite the extended hours.[60] During the day of events to mark the Chinese New Year, the crush was so intense that the gates to the museum had to be shut.[60] The Terracotta Army has been described as the only other set of historic artifacts (along with the remnants of wreck of the RMS Titanic) that can draw a crowd by the name alone.[59]

text: Warriors and other artifacts were exhibited to the public at the Forum de Barcelona in Barcelona between 9 May and 26 September 2004. It was their most successful exhibition ever.[61] The same exhibition was presented at the Fundación Canal de Isabel II in Madrid between October 2004 and January 2005, their most successful ever.[62] From December 2009 to May 2010, the exhibition was shown in the Centro Cultural La Moneda in Santiago de Chile.[63]

text: The exhibition traveled to North America and visited museums such as the Asian Art Museum of San Francisco, Bowers Museum in Santa Ana, California, Houston Museum of Natural Science, High Museum of Art in Atlanta,[64] National Geographic Society Museum in Washington, D.C. and the Royal Ontario Museum in Toronto.[65] Subsequently, the exhibition traveled to Sweden and was hosted in the Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities between 28 August 2010 and 20 January 2011.[66][67] An exhibition entitled 'The First Emperor – China's Entombed Warriors', presenting 120 artifacts was hosted at the Art Gallery of New South Wales, between 2 December 2010 and 13 March 2011.[68] An exhibition entitled "L'Empereur guerrier de Chine et son armée de terre cuite" ("The Warrior-Emperor of China and his terracotta army"), featuring artifacts including statues from the mausoleum, was hosted by the Montreal Museum of Fine Arts from 11 February 2011 to 26 June 2011.[69] In Italy, from July 2008 to 16 November 2008, five of the warriors of the terracotta army were displayed in Turin at the Museum of Antiquities,[70] and from 16 April 2010 to 5 September 2010 were exposed nine warriors in Milan, at the Royal Palace, at the exhibition entitled "The Two Empires".[71] The group consisted of a horse, a counselor, an archer and 6 Lancers. The "Treasures of Ancient China" exhibition, showcasing two terracotta soldiers and other artifacts, including the Longmen Grottoes Buddhist statues, was held between 19 February 2011 and 7 November 2011 in four locations in India: National Museum of New Delhi, Prince of Wales Museum in Mumbai, Salar Jung Museum in Hyderabad and National Library of India in Kolkata.[citation needed]

text: Soldiers and related items were on display from 15 March 2013 to 17 November 2013, at the Historical Museum of Bern.[72]

text: Several Terracotta Army figures were on display, along with many other objects, in an exhibit entitled "Age of Empires: Chinese Art of the Qin and Han Dynasties" at The Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City from 3 April 2017, to 16 July 2017.[73][74][75] An exhibition featuring ten Terracotta Army figures and other artifacts, "Terracotta Warriors of the First Emperor," was on display at the Pacific Science Center in Seattle, Washington, from 8 April 2017 to 4 September 2017[76][77] before traveling to The Franklin Institute in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, to be exhibited from 30 September 2017 to 4 March 2018 with the addition of augmented reality.[78][79]

text: An exhibition entitled "China's First Emperor and the Terracotta Warriors" is at the World Museum in Liverpool from 9 February 2018 to 28 October 2018.[80] This is the first time in more than 10 years that the warriors have travelled to the UK.

text: Gallery

text:
A rank of soldiers

Close-up on the head of an archer

The face of each soldier differs and is constructed to be unique.

A cavalryman and his mount

Ranks of terracotta infantrymen

The Terracotta Warriors were once painted. Today only a handful of statues contain small amounts of paint. Also notice the detail put into the soles of the warrior's shoes.

Bronze chariot for the emperor

Terracotta horse and two soldiers

Close-up of an archer's head showing hair details and accessories

Pigments used on the Terracotta Warriors

Original coloring on the warriors

Original coloring on the warriors


document_title: Demographics of Belgium

question_text: who formed majority in terms of population in belgium

text: Demographics of Belgium

text: Population[edit]

text:
Historical population

Year
Pop.
±%

1846
4,337,196
—

1856
4,529,460
+4.4%

1866
4,827,833
+6.6%

1876
5,336,185
+10.5%

1880
5,520,009
+3.4%

1890
6,069,321
+10.0%

1900
6,693,548
+10.3%

1910
7,423,784
+10.9%

1920
7,465,782
+0.6%

1930
8,092,004
+8.4%

1947
8,512,195
+5.2%

1961
9,189,741
+8.0%

1970
9,650,944
+5.0%

1981
9,848,647
+2.0%

1991
9,978,681
+1.3%

2001
10,296,350
+3.2%

2011
11,000,638
+6.8%

2016
11,267,910
+2.4%

Source: Statistics Belgium

text: Belgium had a population of 11,190,846 people on 1 January 2015 as compared to 10,839,905 people on 1 January 2010, an increase of 601,000 in comparison to 2000 (10,239,085 inhabitants). Between 1990 (9,947,782 inhabitants) and 2000 the increase was only 291,000. The population of Flanders, Wallonia and Brussels on January 1, 2010 was 6,251,983 (57.7%), 3,498,384 (32.3%) and 1,089,538 (10.1%), respectively.

text: Immigration[edit]

text: This section needs to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (June 2017)

text: In the beginning of 2012, people of foreign background and their descendants were estimated to have formed 25% of the total population.[2]

text: Of these 'New Belgians', 1,200,000 (49%) are of European ancestry and 1,350,000 (51%)[3] are from non-Western countries.

text: Since the relaxation of the Belgian nationality law more than 1.3 million migrants have acquired Belgian citizenship and are now considered new Belgians. 89.2% of inhabitants of Turkish origin have been naturalized, as have 88.4% of people of Moroccan background, 75.4% of Italians, 56.2% of the French and 47.8% of Dutch people.[3]

text: In 2007, there were 1.38 million foreign-born residents in Belgium, corresponding to 12.9% of the total population. Of these, 685 000 (6.4%) were born outside the EU and 695 000 (6.5%) were born in another EU Member State.[4]

text: Vital statistics[edit]

text: Births and deaths[edit]

text: Note: Territorial changes in East-Belgium occurred in 1925, 1940 and 1944.

text:
Average population (x 1,000)
Live births
Deaths
Natural change
Crude birth rate (per 1,000)
Crude death rate (per 1,000)
Natural change (per 1,000)
Fertility rates

1900
6,719
193,789
129,046
64,743
28.8
19.2
9.6

1901
6,747
200,077
116,077
84,000
29.7
17.2
12.4

1902
6,848
195,871
119,330
76,541
28.6
17.4
11.2

1903
6,941
192,301
118,675
73,626
27.7
17.1
10.6

1904
7,030
191,721
119,506
72,215
27.3
17.0
10.3

1905
7,118
187,437
118,343
69,094
26.3
16.6
9.7

1906
7,200
186,271
118,884
67,387
25.9
16.5
9.4

1907
7,278
185,138
115,347
69,791
25.4
15.8
9.64

1908
7,352
183,834
121,964
61,870
25.0
16.6
8.4

1909
7,419
176,431
117,571
58,860
23.8
15.8
7.9

1910
7,438
176,413
112,826
63,587
23.7
15.2
8.5

1911
7,457
171,802
122,843
48,959
23.0
16.5
6.6

1912
7,531
171,187
112,378
58,809
22.7
14.9
7.8

1913
7,605
171,099
111,227
59,872
22.5
14.6
7.9

1914
7,662
156,389
108,720
47,669
20.4
14.2
6.2

1915
7,697
124,291
100,674
23,617
16.1
13.1
3.1

1916
7,701
99,360
101,044
-1,684
12.9
13.1
-0.2

1917
7,667
86,675
124,824
-38,149
11.3
16.3
-5.0

1918
7,599
85,056
157,340
-72,284
11.2
20.7
-9.5

1919
7,566
123,314
113,732
9,582
16.3
15.0
1.3

1920
7,491
164,950
102,505
62,445
22.0
13.7
8.3

1921
7,444
164,603
102,908
61,695
22.1
13.8
8.3

1922
7,511
154,871
106,615
48,256
20.6
14.2
6.4

1923
7,573
156,600
100,084
56,516
20.7
13.2
7.5

1924
7,646
154,083
99,653
54,430
20.2
13.0
7.1

1925
7,748
155,330
99,569
55,761
20.0
12.9
7.2

1926
7,843
151,009
101,018
49,991
19.3
12.9
6.4

1927
7,903
146,296
103,007
43,289
18.5
13.0
5.5

1928
7,968
148,071
102,270
45,801
18.6
12.8
5.7

1929
8,032
147,311
115,901
31,410
18.3
14.4
3.9

1930
8,076
152,530
103,397
49,133
18.9
12.8
6.1
2.37

1931
8,126
149,657
103,773
45,884
18.4
12.8
5.6
2.30

1932
8,186
145,835
104,221
41,614
17.8
12.7
5.1
2.22

1933
8,231
136,757
104,640
32,117
16.6
12.7
3.9
2.07

1934
8,262
133,514
96,851
36,663
16.2
11.7
4.4
2.01

1935
8,288
128,432
102,132
26,300
15.5
12.3
3.2
1.92

1936
8,315
127,751
101,595
26,156
15.4
12.2
3.1
1.91

1937
8,346
128,696
104,163
24,533
15.4
12.5
2.9
1.89

1938
8,374
133,610
104,684
28,926
16.0
12.5
3.5
1.96

1939
8,391
130,019
110,393
19,626
15.5
13.2
2.3
2.09

1940
8,301
112,497
125,083
-12,586
13.6
15.1
-1.5
1.67

1941
8,276
100,616
118,670
-18,054
12.2
14.3
-2.2
1.49

1942
8,246
108,603
117,291
-8,688
13.2
14.2
-1.1
1.61

1943
8,241
123,349
107,767
15,582
15.0
13.1
1.9
1.84

1944
8,291
127,122
124,861
2,261
15.3
15.1
0.3
1.89

1945
8,339
130,526
121,155
9,371
15.7
14.5
1.1
1.93

1946
8,367
152,962
110,413
42,549
18.3
13.2
5.1
2.22

1947
8,450
150,227
108,136
42,091
17.8
12.8
5.0
2.16

1948
8,557
150,416
108,016
42,400
17.6
12.6
5.0
2.18

1949
8,614
147,854
111,104
36,750
17.2
12.9
4.3
2.13

1950
8,639
145,672
108,236
37,436
16.9
12.5
4.3
2.34

1951
8,678
142,314
109,763
32,551
16.4
12.6
3.8
2.29

1952
8,730
146,064
104,178
41,886
16.7
11.9
4.8
2.33

1953
8,778
146,125
105,863
40,262
16.6
12.1
4.6
2.33

1954
8,819
148,538
105,033
43,505
16.8
11.9
4.9
2.39

1955
8,868
149,195
108,743
40,452
16.8
12.3
4.6
2.40

1956
8,924
150,210
108,761
41,449
16.8
12.2
4.6
2.42

1957
8,989
152,871
107,840
45,031
17.0
12.0
5.0
2.47

1958
9,053
155,048
106,051
48,997
17.1
11.7
5.4
2.52

1959
9,104
158,237
103,933
54,304
17.4
11.4
6.0
2.59

1960
9,153
154,787
113,938
40,849
16.9
12.4
4.5
2.55

1961
9,184
158,431
106,985
51,446
17.3
11.6
5.6
2.64

1962
9,251
155,061
112,758
42,303
16.8
12.2
4.6
2.59

1963
9,328
159,192
116,718
42,474
17.1
12.5
4.6
2.68

1964
9,428
160,838
110,100
50,738
17.1
11.7
5.4
2.73

1965
9,499
155,496
115,045
40,451
16.4
12.1
4.3
2.60

1966
9,528
151,096
115,613
35,483
15.9
12.1
3.7
2.53

1967
9,581
146,193
115,212
30,981
15.3
12.0
3.2
2.42

1968
9,619
141,984
121,744
20,240
14.8
12.7
2.1
2.31

1969
9,660
141,799
120,471
21,328
14.7
12.5
2.2
2.26

1970
9,656
142,168
118,660
23,508
14.7
12.3
2.4
2.20

1971
9,695
140,966
118,853
22,113
14.5
12.3
2.3
2.18

1972
9,711
136,304
117,424
18,880
14.0
12.1
1.9
2.09

1973
9,742
129,424
118,254
11,170
13.3
12.1
1.1
1.95

1974
9,772
123,674
116,159
7,515
12.7
11.9
0.8
1.83

1975
9,801
119,693
119,425
268
12.2
12.2
0.0
1.74

1976
9,818
121,034
118,641
2,393
12.3
12.1
0.2
1.73

1977
9,830
121,852
112,672
9,180
12.4
11.5
0.9
1.71

1978
9,840
122,592
115,388
7,204
12.5
11.7
0.7
1.69

1979
9,848
123,825
112,010
11,815
12.6
11.4
1.2
1.69

1980
9,849
124,398
113,699
10,699
12.6
11.5
1.1
1.67

1981
9,859
123,792
112,326
11,466
12.6
11.4
1.2
1.67

1982
9,856
120,231
111,871
8,360
12.2
11.4
0.8
1.61

1983
9,856
117,145
114,534
2,611
11.9
11.6
0.3
1.56

1984
9,855
115,715
109,658
6,057
11.7
11.1
0.6
1.59

1985
9,858
114,030
110,770
3,260
11.6
11.2
0.3
1.49

1986
9,862
117,102
111,343
5,759
11.9
11.3
0.6
1.54

1987
9,870
117,334
105,426
11,908
11.9
10.7
1.2
1.55

1988
9,902
119,456
104,552
14,904
12.1
10.6
1.5
1.56

1989
9,938
121,117
107,619
13,498
12.2
10.8
1.4
1.57

1990
9,967
123,726
104,818
18,908
12.4
10.5
1.9
1.62

1991
10,004
126,068
105,150
20,918
12.6
10.5
2.1
1.57

1992
10,045
124,774
104,200
20,574
12.4
10.4
2.0
1.56

1993
10,084
120,998
108,170
12,828
12.0
10.7
1.3
1.61

1994
10,116
116,449
104,894
11,555
11.5
10.4
1.1
1.55

1995
10,137
115,638
105,933
9,705
11.4
10.5
1.0
1.57

1996
10,157
115,214
104,140
11,074
11.3
10.3
1.1
1.55

1997
10,181
115,864
103,802
12,062
11.4
10.2
1.2
1.60

1998
10,203
114,276
104,583
9,693
11.2
10.3
1.0
1.59

1999
10,226
113,469
104,904
8,565
11.1
10.3
0.8
1.62

2000
10,251
114,883
104,903
9,980
11.2
10.2
1.0
1.67

2001
10,278
114,172
103,447
10,725
11.1
10.1
1.0
1.66

2002
10,333
111,225
105,642
5,583
10.8
10.2
0.5
1.66

2003
10,376
112,149
107,039
5,110
10.8
10.3
0.5
1.63

2004
10,421
115,618
101,946
13,672
11.1
9.8
1.3
1.71

2005
10,479
118,002
103,278
14,724
11.3
9.9
1.4
1.75

2006
10,548
121,382
101,587
19,795
11.5
9.6
1.9
1.79

2007
10,626
125,228
102,060
23,168
11.4
9.5
1.9
1.78

2008
10,710
128,049
104,587
23,462
12.0
9.8
2.2
1.86

2009
10,796
127,297
104,509
22,788
11.8
9.7
2.1
1.85

2010
10,840
129,173
105,094
24,079
11.9
9.6
2.3
1.86

2011
10,951
127,665
104,247
23,418
11.6
9.5
2.1
1.81

2012
11,035
126,993
109,034
17,959
11.5
9.9
1.6
1.79

2013
11,099
124,862
109,295
15,567
11.2
9.8
1.4
1.75

2014
11,150
124,415
104,723
19,692
11.1
9.3
1.8
1.73

2015
11,209
121,713
110,508
11,205
10.9
9.8
1.1
1.68

2016
11,267
121,161
108,056
13,105
10.8
9.6
1.2

text: Infant mortality rate[edit]

text:
4.8 in 2010
3.4 in 2011

text: Total fertility rate[edit]

text: The total fertility rate (TFR) gradually increased during the last decade from 1.60 in 1997, 1.65 in 2002 and 1.82 in 2007. The rates in Brussels are higher than the national average (1.79 in 1997, 1.93 in 2002 and 2.09 in 2007), while they are below the average in Flanders (1.54 in 1997, 1.56 in 2002 and 1.77 in 2007), due to the higher percentage of non-European immigrants with higher birth rates in Brussels.[5]

text: Life expectancy[edit]

text:
Male: 74.4 in 1999, 77.2 in 2009
Female: 80.9 in 1999, 82.4 in 2009
Total: 77.7 in 1999, 79.8 in 2009

text: Ethnic groups[edit]

text: The country is populated by a Flemish majority of about 6,400,000 people speaking Dutch, a French-speaking minority of 4,100,000 people (Walloons and French-speakers in Brussels), as well as 73,000 German speaking people in Wallonia, near the German border. However, David Levinson reports that "the Flemish and Walloon groups are described by experts as "communities" rather than as ethnic groups, and individuals can move easily from one community to the other by learning to speak the other language".[6]

text: The largest group of immigrants and their descendants in Belgium are Italians, with more than 450,000[2] people, which is well over 4% of Belgium's total population. The Moroccans are the third-largest group, and the largest Muslim ethnic group, numbering 220,000.[2][7]

text: The rest consists mostly of French-speaking people from Brussels, Turks, Dutch, French, Portuguese, Spaniards, Greeks, Bosniaks, Algerians, Congolese, Vietnamese, Poles, Indians, and Guineans (around 23% of Belgium's population is of non-Belgian origin)[8]

text: The exact number of French-speakers in Brussels is hard to determine, but it is estimated that 80% of the people living in Brussels use French and 20% use Dutch in their households, as the sole language or secondary language, while Arabic is also largely spoken. See the Brussels article for more details.

text: Languages[edit]

text: Belgium's three official languages are Dutch, spoken by 59% of the population, French, spoken by 40%, and German, spoken by less than 1%. The vast majority of Belgium's population, 99%, is literate as defined by the Belgian government, i.e. capable of reading and writing in an official language by the time a citizen has reached the age of 15.

text: Religion[edit]

text: 58% of Belgians, are nominally Roman Catholic. Muslims, other Christians and other minority religions comprise 14% of the population. 27% are agnostic, atheist or other non-believers.[9]

text: CIA World Factbook demographic statistics[edit]

text: The following demographic statistics are from the CIA World Factbook, unless otherwise indicated.

text: Population[edit]

text: Age structure[edit]

text: Age structure:

text: Median age[edit]

text: Population growth rate[edit]

text: Birth rate[edit]

text: Death rate[edit]

text: Net migration rate[edit]

text: Sex ratio[edit]

text:
At birth: 1.04 male(s)/female
Under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
15–64 years: 1.02 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.71 male(s)/female
Total population: 0.96 male(s)/female (2009 est.)

text: Life expectancy at birth[edit]

text: Literacy[edit]

text:
Definition: age 15 and over can read and write (2003 est.)
Total population: 99%
Male: 99%
Female: 99%

text: Education expenditures[edit]

text: 6.6% of total GDP (2010)

text: Nationality[edit]

text:
noun: Belgian(s)
adjective: Belgian


document_title: Long Ago (and Far Away)

question_text: who wrote the song long ago and far away

text: Long Ago (and Far Away)

text: "Long Ago (and Far Away)" is a popular song from the 1944 Technicolor film musical Cover Girl starring Rita Hayworth and Gene Kelly and released by Columbia Pictures. The music was written by Jerome Kern, and the lyrics were written by Ira Gershwin. The song was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Song in 1944 but lost out to “Swinging on a Star”. The song was published in 1944 and sold over 600,000 copies in sheet music in a year.[1] In 2004 it finished #92 in AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs survey of top tunes in American cinema.

text: In the film it is sung by Rita Hayworth (dubbed by Martha Mears) to Gene Kelly, and later briefly reprised by Jinx Falkenburg. Charting versions were recorded almost simultaneously by Dick Haymes and Helen Forrest, Bing Crosby, Jo Stafford, and Perry Como.

text: The Dick Haymes-Helen Forrest recording was released by Decca Records as catalog number 23317. The record first reached the Billboard magazine charts on April 27, 1944 and lasted 11 weeks on the chart, peaking at #2. [2]

text: The Jo Stafford recording was released by Capitol Records as catalog number 153. The record first reached the Billboard magazine charts on May 4, 1944 and lasted 12 weeks on the chart, peaking at #6.[2]

text: The Perry Como recording was released by RCA Victor Records as catalog number 20-1569. The record first reached the Billboard magazine charts on May 11, 1944 and lasted three weeks on the chart, peaking at #8.[2]

text: The Bing Crosby recording was released by Decca Records as catalog number 18608. The record first reached the Billboard magazine charts on June 29, 1944 and lasted four weeks on the chart, peaking at #5.[2] The flip side, "Amor," also charted, making this a two-sided hit. The Crosby version of "Long Ago (and Far Away)" was used in the film Someone to Love (1987).[3]

text: Johnny Desmond sang it in German with Glenn Miller and the American Band of the AEF.

text: The song was used in the film Till the Clouds Roll By (1946) when it was sung by Kathryn Grayson.

text: Recorded versions[edit]

text:
Anthony Perkins (On A Rainy Afternoon album, 1958)
John Abercrombie on 1996's Tactics
Ronnie Aldrich and his Orchestra
Ambrose and his Orchestra
Chet Baker (1955) Chet Baker Sings and Plays
Acker Bilk
Pat Boone (1964)
Connee Boswell
Les Brown and his Orchestra (vocal: Doris Day) (1945)
Benny Carter
Frank Chacksfield and his Orchestra
Richard Clayderman
Rosemary Clooney (1979)
Perry Como (1944)
Bing Crosby (recorded May 3, 1944 and included in the album Bing Crosby – Jerome Kern.)[4]
Bob Crosby and his Orchestra
Meredith d'Ambrosio (1996)
Bobby Darin (1961)
Tommy Dorsey
Bob Dylan
Billy Eckstine
Percy Faith and his Orchestra
Michael Feinstein
Eddie Fisher
Helen Forrest and Dick Haymes (1944)
The Four Freshmen
The Four Lads (1956)
Judy Garland (1945)
Erroll Garner

Lesley Garrett (1996)
Ron Goodwin
Eydie Gorme
Robert Goulet (1965)
Stephane Grappelli
Johnny Hartman
The Hi-Lo's (1955)
Michael Holliday
Odetta Holmes
Engelbert Humperdinck (1988)
Leslie Hutchinson
Joni James
Salena Jones
Shirley Jones and Jack Cassidy (1959)
Bev Kelly (1960)
Julie Kelly
Stan Kenton and his Orchestra
Peggy King (1984)
Dorothy Kirsten
Kay Kyser and his Orchestra
Jeanie Lambe (1998)
Vicky Lane (1959)
Mario Lanza (1951)
Steve Lawrence (1964)
Guy Lombardo and His Royal Canadians (vocal: Tony Craig) (1944)
London Philharmonic Orchestra
Vera Lynn
Gloria Lynne (1960)
Henry Mancini and his Orchestra
Mantovani and his Orchestra
Sally Martin

Johnny Mathis (1965)
Bob McCarroll (2010) That Old Feeling
Sylvia McNair and André Previn (1994)
Marian McPartland (1985)
Martha Mears and Gene Kelly (Film Soundtrack, 1944)
The Migil 5 (1964)
Glenn Miller and The AAF Band (vocal: Johnny Desmond) (1944)
Marion Montgomery
Marni Nixon (1988)
Jackie Paris (1960)
Oscar Peterson
Paul Bley
Johnnie Ray
Cliff Richard (Love is Forever album, 1965)
Amália Rodrigues
Jo Stafford (1944)
George Shearing
Frank Sinatra (1944)
Rod Stewart (2005)
Richard Tauber (1944)
Kiri Te Kanawa (1993)
The Three Suns (Instrumental, 1944)
Mel Tormé
Elisabeth Welch (1989)
Paul Weston and his Orchestra
Margaret Whiting (1960)
Gene Ammons and Sonny Stitt on Boss Tenors in Orbit! (1962)
Andrea Marcovicci


document_title: One Foot in the Grave

question_text: who sings the theme tune to one foot in the grave

text: One Foot in the Grave

text: Plot[edit]

text: The series features the exploits and mishaps of irascible early retiree Victor Meldrew, who after being made redundant from his job as a security guard, finds himself at war with the world and everything in it. Meldrew, cursed with misfortune and always complaining, is married to long-suffering wife Margaret, who is often left exasperated by his many misfortunes.[5]

text: Amongst other witnesses to Victor's wrath are tactless family friend Jean Warboys, and next-door couple Patrick (Victor's nemesis) and Pippa Trench. Patrick often discovers Victor in inexplicably bizarre or compromising situations, leading him to believe that he is insane. The Meldrews' neighbour on the other side, overly cheery charity worker Nick Swainey, also adds to Victor's frustration.

text: Although set in a traditional suburban setting, the show subverts this genre with a strong overtone of black comedy. Series One's "The Valley of Fear" is an episode which caused controversy, when Victor finds a frozen cat in his freezer. Writer David Renwick also combined farce with elements of tragedy.[6] For example, in the final episode, Victor is killed by a hit-and-run driver, and although there is no explicit reference that Victor and Margaret had children, the episode "Timeless Time" contained a reference to someone named Stuart; the strong implication being that they once had a son who had died as a child.[5][7][8]

text: A number of episodes were also experimental in that they took place entirely in one setting. Such episodes include: Victor, Margaret and Mrs Warboys stuck in a traffic jam;[9] Victor and Margaret in bed suffering insomnia;[10] Victor left alone in the house waiting to see if he has to take part in jury service; Victor and Margaret having a long wait in their solicitor's waiting room; and Victor and Margaret trying to cope during a power cut on the hottest night of the year.

text: Despite Margaret's frequent exasperation with her husband's antics, the series shows that the couple have a deep affection for one another. This is demonstrated several times throughout the series.

text: Characters[edit]

text: Main characters[edit]

text: Victor Meldrew (Richard Wilson) – Victor is the main protagonist of the sitcom and finds himself constantly battling against all that life throws at him as he becomes entangled in complicated misfortunes and farcical situations. Renwick once pointed out in an interview that the name "Victor" was ironic, since he almost always ends up a loser.[11] From being buried alive to being prosecuted for attacking a feisty pit bull terrier with a collection of coconut meringues, Victor tries to adjust to life after an automatic security system made him redundant at the office where he worked as a security guard, but to no avail. He believes that everything is going wrong for him all the time, and he has the right to be upset because it is always someone else's fault. Victor does not see himself as retired and is always trying to find another job, but all his attempts end in failure. Victor is a tragic comedy character and sympathy is directed towards him as he becomes embroiled in complex misunderstandings, bureaucratic vanity and, at times, sheer bad luck. The audience sees a philosophical ebb to his character, however, along with a degree of optimism. Yet his polite façade collapses when events get the better of him, and a full verbal onslaught is forthcoming. "Victor-isms" include "I do not believe it!", "I don't believe it!", "Un-be-lievable!", "What in the name of bloody hell?", "In the name of sanity!". Despite his grumpy demeanor Victor isn't totally devoid of compassion—in "Hearts of Darkness" he liberates elderly nursing home residents that were being mistreated by the staff and in "Descent Into The Maelstrom" he calls the incident room number and gives the location of an emotionally disturbed girl that abducted a baby and stole Margaret's pearl earrings, which resulted in the girl getting picked up by the police. However, because the girl was a friend of Margaret's and knowing she meant a lot to her, Victor never said anything. Victor has also shown a vast amount of loyalty to Margaret as, throughout their entire 42 years of lifelong marriage together, not once has the thought of infidelity ever occurred to him. In "Rearranging the Dust", Victor and Margaret recollect the days of their courtship at a party after which Victor says "You were always my first choice", which leaves Margaret stunned. In another episode, Margaret recounts the time Victor took her to the funfair and they ended up getting stuck in the hall of mirrors for over an hour. Victor had said he didn't mind as he was happy to stay there and look at all the reflections of her. Victor's very best act of compassion came in the episode "The Wisdom of the Witch" in which he ends up saving Patrick's life from his new secretary's psychopathic boyfriend by forcing Patrick's would-be murderer, with himself along with him as well, out of the window of the house in which they were trapped during a snowstorm.

text: Margaret Meldrew (née Pellow) (Annette Crosbie) – Victor's long-suffering, tolerant and kind-hearted wife. Margaret tries to maintain a degree of calmness and to rise above her husband's antics. However, she is often engulfed in these follies, mishaps and confusion and often vents her anger at Victor. In early episodes, her character acts more as a comic foil to Victor's misfortunes. Examples include fearfully asking if a cat found frozen in their freezer is definitely dead and mentioning a friend who died of a terminal illness. When Victor reminds her that the woman actually fell from a cliff, Margaret retorts she only did so because "she went to the seaside to convalesce".

text: In later episodes, Margaret develops into a more complex character. She is shown to be fiercely protective of her marriage to Victor by becoming easily suspicious and jealous. For example, of a Dutch marionette that Victor becomes occupied with repairing in the episode "Hole in the Sky", eventually leading her to destroy it. In "The Affair of the Hollow Lady", a greengrocer (played by Barbara Windsor) develops a soft spot for Victor and tries to convince Margaret that he has been unfaithful to her. In revenge, Margaret assaults her with a pair of boxing gloves. However, Margaret herself is shown to have contemplated infidelity with a man called Ben whom she met on holiday in the episode "Warm Champagne". She decides against cheating on Victor. In this episode, she sums up her relationship with Victor by telling Ben, "He's the most sensitive person I've ever met, and that's why I love him and why I constantly want to ram his head through a television screen." She also began to develop a sense of cynicism, slowly beginning to see the world the way her husband Victor sees it. This is especially evident in "Things aren't simple anymore" where she voices that the world is "all speed and greed" and that "nobody does anything about anything". In "Rearranging the Dust", Margaret recounts the time she first chose Victor at a party and, during a power cut, "shared their bodies" in the garden. After this moment of passion, they went back inside and when the lights came back on Margaret realised that she had "grabbed hold of the wrong person". Margaret's demeanor seemed to stem from an incident she had at school when she was a child. When she was five, she had two budgies; one day when she opened the door of their cage, one flew straight out and hit the window killing itself, while the other stayed in the cage despite her best efforts to get it to come out. The next day at school her teacher asked the class to write a story about something that had happened to them so Margaret wrote her story about the budgies. Her teacher made Margaret read it out loud in front of the whole class which resulted in everyone laughing at her. She then realized that the teacher had done it deliberately just to be cruel to her and knew why the other budgie never wanted to leave its cage.

text: Margaret could be said to have a catchphrase - typically a long, exasperated use of the word "God", usually when making a realisation about the reasons behind one of Victor's mishaps. These are occasionally inadvertently aided by herself in some way, such as leaving the phone off the hook or giving permission to someone to enter the Meldrews' house when she isn't there.

text: Jean Warboys (Doreen Mantle) – Mrs Warboys is a friend of Margaret (and a rather annoying one in Victor's eyes) who attached herself to the Meldrews, accompanying them on many of their exploits. In the early series she was married to (never seen) Chris, but eventually he left her for the private detective she had hired when she suspected him of having an affair, and they divorced.

text: She often bears the brunt of Victor's temper due to muddled misunderstandings and in part due to her aloof nature. One such occasion saw Victor asking her to pick up a suit of his from the dry-cleaners, only for her to return with a gorilla costume. Another occasion saw her persuading Victor to take on a dog whose owner had just died. Victor spent time building a kennel in the garden and when Mrs Warboys arrives with the dog, she forgets to mention that the dog is stuffed - much to Victor and Margaret's consternation. On another occasion she won a competition where the prize was either to earn £500 or to have a life-size waxwork model made of herself, which had to be delivered to the Meldrews' house; she chose the waxwork. As it turned out, she hated it as much as Victor and Margaret did, and the waxwork ended up in the dustbin.

text: Despite being friends, she has driven Margaret to distraction on several occasions. Most notably in "Only a Story", when she stayed with the Meldrews after her flat had been flooded and drove Margaret to the point of distraction with her complaining and laziness. Jean was also shown as a somewhat absent-minded character, as she has a pet cockatiel despite having a lifelong allergy to feathers. She would often bore the Meldrews by showing them her complete collection of holiday pictures at the most unwelcome times. A running joke is her beating Victor at board-games, including Trivial Pursuit and chess, while having a conversation with someone else. Doreen Mantle described her character as "wanting to do the right thing but always finding out that it was the wrong thing".[12]

text: Patrick Trench (Angus Deayton) – Patrick and his wife Pippa live next door to Victor, and often catches Victor engrossed in seemingly preposterous situations, all of which in context are perfectly innocuous. The couple's relationship with their neighbours begins badly after Victor mistakes Patrick and Pippa for distant relations when they arrive outside with three suitcases – not realising that they are his next-door neighbours, having been on a lengthy holiday from the day Victor and Margaret moved in. Victor subsequently invites the bemused pair to stay; this and later incidents cause Patrick to suspect that Victor is quite insane, possibly bordering on malicious.

text: However, Patrick's rift with Victor eventually transforms him into a rather cynical character (much like Victor), and he often responds to him in similarly vindictive ways as a means of trying to settle the score. For example, writing complaints and grievances on post-it notes. This aspect of Patrick's character came to a head in the episode "The Executioner's Song" where his face temporarily morphs into that of Victor's as he looks into a mirror.

text: It is mentioned several times that Patrick would like to have children. After Pippa miscarries and Patrick is, so he claims, rendered infertile by a freak accident (for which he unfairly blames Victor), he adopts a dachshund called Denzil, which Pippa describes as his "baby substitute". Denzil frequently appears with Patrick through series 3-5. Despite their animosity towards each other, Victor ends up saving Patrick's life in "The Wisdom of the Witch".

text: Pippa Trench (née Croker) (Janine Duvitski) – Patrick's wife sought friendly relations with the Meldrews and, after a while, became good friends with Margaret. The two women usually attempt to get the men to make peace with each other at least once per series. Eventually Patrick proposes that the Trenches move house, but they soon realise that the Meldrew curse has followed them: Victor sent workmen to their home, thinking they were removal men who had initially come to the wrong house. They were in fact from a house clearance firm Margaret had employed to clear her late cousin Ursula's country mansion. The workmen consequently cleared Patrick and Pippa's house of their entire furniture and sold it for a mere four hundred and seventy five pounds. Pippa is slightly dim-witted (once described by Victor as a "gormless twerp" on an answering machine message, unaware she was listening) – for example, believing Victor had murdered an elderly blind man simply because the victim had been found clutching a double-one domino in his hand, and Victor had two pimples on his nose.

text: New neighbours Derek and Betty McVitie replaced the Trenches for the 1997 special "Endgame", however this turned out to be their only appearances in the series and they were said to have emigrated by the penultimate episode which caused Nick Swainey to leap straight in with the offer for their old house. Series six saw the Trenches return as prominent characters, albeit living in a house some distance from the Meldrews. Despite appearing in five out of six series and three Christmas specials, neither of the Trenches ever share a scene with Mrs Warboys, and Pippa only ever shares one scene with Nick Swainey (in the episode "Who Will Buy?").

text: Nick Swainey (Owen Brenman) – The excessively cheerful and often oblivious Mr Swainey appeared in the first episode, encouraging Victor to join his OAPs' trip to Eastbourne, and being greeted with Victor's trademark abuse. When the Meldrews move house, they discover he is their neighbour, living on the other side of the Meldrews from the Trenches. He remains continuously optimistic; even his being told to "piss off" by Victor is laughed off. Despite this run-in he later befriends Victor, and they frequently chat in their gardens, where Victor is often surprised by Mr Swainey's activities, ranging from archery and preparing amateur dramatics props, to bizarre games he arranges for his bedridden senile mother, whom the audience never actually see. Despite his cheery demeanour, he does occasionally drop his guard, once displaying apparent depression at being nothing more than "an overgrown boy-scout". Following his mother's death, he moved house near the end of the series, but only went as far as the Trenches'/McVitie's old house, claiming he'd always wanted to live in an "end house, without leaving the area". This took Victor by surprise; he did not learn where Mr Swainey was moving to until, while reminiscing in the garden about his departure, Mr Swainey suddenly appeared from the other side.

text: Other characters[edit]

text: Ronnie and Mildred (Gordon Peters and Barbara Ashcroft) – Ronnie and Mildred were a constantly cheerful, but incredibly boring, couple who provided yet another annoyance to the Meldrews, who dreaded any upcoming visits to them; Victor once said that he had hoped they were both dead. In "The Worst Horror of All", when the couple attempted a surprise visit, the Meldrews hid in their house to give the impression they were away on holiday, and then took the phone off the hook for several days afterwards, though these efforts to avoid them were in vain. They are referenced a number of times in the series for giving the Meldrews bizarre and always unwanted presents that are seldom opened, usually involving a garish photograph of themselves. In the final series, however it was clear that their cheerfulness was a façade and, in a particularly dark scene, Mildred hanged herself "during a game of Happy Families". The shot of Mildred's feet dangling outside the window is usually cut from pre-watershed screenings.

text: Alfred Meldrew (Richard Pearson) - Victor's absent-minded brother, who lives in New Zealand. During the episode "The Broken Reflection", he comes to visit after 25 years, to the disdain of Victor. Alfred is an eccentric character, often walking around with his hat on fire, and bringing over his and Victor's great-grandfather's skull. He is a clumsy character too, mistaking the table-cloth for a napkin and dropping the entire contents of the table all over the floor when he stands up, and breaking a mirror in the middle of the night after mistaking his own reflection for a burglar. Victor starts to warm to Alfred towards the end of his visit, but Alfred leaves early the next day after finding an unpleasant message about him that Victor had accidentally recorded on a dictaphone. He is not seen again, but keeps in touch with the Meldrews, as Victor is seen looking at some photographs Alfred had sent over in "The Trial".

text: Cousin Wilfred (John Rutland) – Mrs. Warboys' cousin, Wilfred, appeared twice in the series, and was considered to be a fairly boring middle-aged man. In the final series the character returned, but the effects of a stroke rendered him mute, and forced him to "speak" with the aid of an electronic voice generator. His poor typing on the generator led to several misunderstandings, such as asking Victor for a "bra of soup" (as opposed to a "bar of soap") and describing a visit to his "brothel" (as opposed to "brother").

text: Great Aunt Joyce and Uncle Dick - Unseen characters, they are often mentioned by Victor and Margaret, as an aging and grim couple and Victor and Margaret dread having anything to do with them. Great Aunt Joyce is mentioned as having a glass eye and has the habit of knitting bizarre items (such as six-fingered gloves) for Victor. Uncle Dick has a wooden arm; in the final Comic Relief (2001) episode, it transpires that a nurse had mistakenly placed a drip in the false arm for 18 hours after a trip to hospital after trying to remove a kidney stone with a wire coat hanger.

text: Mimsy Berkovitz - Another unseen character, she is the local agony aunt, whom many of the characters turn to for advice. In the episode "The Secret of the Seven Sorcerers", Patrick is heard talking to her on the radio, seeking her advice on how to cope when Victor and Margaret invite him and Pippa around to dinner.

text: Mrs Birkett (Gabrielle Blunt) An elderly neighbour. She accidentally gets trapped in the Meldrews' loft when Victor closes the trap door whilst she is up there looking for jumble that Margaret has prepared. She continues to be mentioned throughout the rest of the series, but is not seen again.

text: Martin Trout (Peter Cook) - A paparazzo in "One Foot in the Algarve". He manages to take a number of compromising photographs, involving a high-ranking politician. Trout compares the potential impact of the photos to the Profumo affair. On his way to sell the images, he loses the roll of film whilst arguing at a phone box with the Meldrews and subsequently pursues them across the Algarve to retrieve it. He suffers a number of disasters both related and unrelated to Victor and Margaret's own misfortunes, only to find that the film had actually fallen into the lining of his jacket and had been with him for much of his journey. He lost it in the door of the Meldrews' car. Retrieving the roll after a brief spell in hospital, Trout attempts to leave the Algarve in a taxi but is involved in a car crash.

text: Production[edit]

text: The production of the show was in a conventional sitcom format, with episodes taped live in front of a studio audience, interposed with pre-filmed location material.[6]

text: Most of the first five series of One Foot in the Grave were produced and directed by Susan Belbin, the exceptions being "Love and Death", which was partly directed by veteran sitcom director Sydney Lotterby, and "Starbound", for which Gareth Gwenlan (who in fact had originally commissioned the series in 1989) stepped in to direct some sequences after Belbin was taken ill. Afterward, Belbin retired owing to ill-health,[13] and the final series was produced by Jonathan P. Llewellyn and directed by Christine Gernon. Wilson and Renwick felt that Gernon's experience of working with Belbin on earlier series of One Foot as a production secretary and assistant, as well as other shows, meant that her style was similar to Belbin's, aiding the transition between directors.[13]

text: One Foot used Bournemouth to film some exterior sequences because of its favourable climate, easy access to London, and economical benefits relative to filming in the capital. After the first series was filmed, the house—near Pokesdown, Bournemouth—which had been used for the Meldrews' house in location sequences, changed hands and the new owners demanded nearly treble the usage fees that the previous owners had asked for. Rather than agree to this, the production team decided to find a new house, and the first episode of the second series was rewritten to have the Meldrews' house destroyed in a fire (this was filmed on waste ground in Northcote Road, Springbourne). This also gave the opportunity for a new interior set to be designed, as Belbin had been unhappy with the original set designed for the series, which she felt was too restrictive to shoot in.[14]

text: Since series two, the exterior scenes of the Meldrew's home were filmed at Tresillian Way, Walkford, near New Milton in Hampshire.[15] These later series make extensive use of specific street and garden locations in most episodes, particularly for scenes involving the Meldrew's neighbours.[16] Most outside locations were filmed in and around Bournemouth and Christchurch. These include Richmond Hill, Undercliff Drive and Boscombe Pier, Bournemouth Town Hall, Lansdowne College, Christchurch Hospital and the former Royal Victoria Hospital (Boscombe). Later episodes, such as "Hearts of Darkness", were filmed entirely on location. Victor's death by a hit and run driver in the final episode was filmed at Shawford railway station, Hampshire. Fans left floral tributes at the site.[17][18]

text: Over the show's history, it featured a number of notable comic actors in one-off roles. These included Susie Blake, John Bird, Tim Brooke-Taylor, Peter Cook, Diana Coupland, Phil Daniels, Edward de Souza, Hannah Gordon, Georgina Hale, Jimmy Jewel, Rula Lenska, Stephen Lewis, Brian Murphy, Christopher Ryan, Barbara Windsor, Joan Sims and Ray Winstone. Two of Angus Deayton's former Radio Active and KYTV co-stars, Geoffrey Perkins and Michael Fenton Stevens were cast, in separate episodes, as respectively the brother and brother-in-law of Deayton's character. A few actors little-known at the time also appeared in one-off roles before going on to greater fame, including Lucy Davis, Joanna Scanlan, Eamonn Walker and Arabella Weir.

text: The show was produced with an aspect ratio of 4:3 from 1990 to 1997. Three years later, the show returned to television for its final series, which was produced with an aspect ratio of 16:9. All episodes are of Standard Definition 576i.

text: Music[edit]

text: The One Foot in the Grave theme song was written, composed and sung by Eric Idle. A longer version was produced for the special "One Foot in the Algarve", released as a single with five remixes and a karaoke version in November 1994.[19] Idle included a live version of the song on his album Eric Idle Sings Monty Python.[20] It is preluded by a similar adaptation of "Bread of Heaven" to that used in the episode "The Beast in the Cage" by disgruntled car mechanics.[9][21] The title music on the TV series is accompanied at the beginning and end of each episode by footage of Galapagos tortoises. The series also made extensive use of incidental music, composed by Ed Welch, which often hinted at a particular genre to fit the mood of the scenes, frequently incorporating well-known pieces of music such as "God Rest You Merry, Gentlemen" or Intermezzo from Jean Sibelius' Karelia Suite. In the Christmas special "Endgame" during Margaret's alleged death scene, a compilation of clips from past episodes are accompanied by the song "River Runs Deep" performed by J. J. Cale. The final episode ended with a montage of some of the mishaps Victor encountered, which were mentioned in the episode – backed by "End of the Line" by the Traveling Wilburys.

text: Awards[edit]

text: The programme received a number of prestigious awards. In 1992, it won a BAFTA as Best Comedy (Programme or Series). During its ten-year run, the series was nominated a further six times. Richard Wilson also won Best Light Entertainment Performance in 1992 and 1994, and Annette Crosbie was nominated for the same award in 1994.

text: The series also won the Best Television Sitcom in 1992 from the Royal Television Society and the British Comedy Award for Best Sitcom in 1992, 1995 and 2001.[22]

text: In 2004, One Foot in the Grave came tenth in a BBC poll to find "Britain's Best Sitcom" with 31,410 votes.[23] The programme also came 80th in the British Film Institute's 100 Greatest British Television Programmes [4]

text: Controversies[edit]

text: A number of complaints were made during the series' run for its depiction of animal deaths. For example, in the episode "The Valley of Fear", a dead cat is found in the Meldrews' freezer; in another, a tortoise is roasted in a brazier. However, this was later cited as a positive feature of the programme's daring scripts in Britain's Best Sitcom by its advocate Rowland Rivron.[24] The programme was censured, however, for a scene in the episode "Hearts of Darkness" in which an elderly resident is abused in an old people's home, and following complaints, the scene was slightly cut when the episode was repeated.[25] In the DVD commentary for the episode, David Renwick stated his continued opposition to the cuts.[26] Another controversial scene in the episode "Tales of Terror" saw the Meldrews visit Ronnie and Mildred on the understanding that Mildred had gone upstairs during a game of Happy Families and not returned; Ronnie then shows her feet hanging outside of the window, revealing that she has committed suicide. The Broadcasting Standards Commission received complaints about this scene.[8]

text: When the final episode, "Things Aren't Simple Any More" originally aired on 20 November 2000 at 9pm, it coincided with the broadcast of the first jackpot winner in the UK version of Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?, which had been filmed the Sunday before the broadcast. ITV was accused of engineering this in order to damage the final episode's expected high ratings, but was later cleared by the Independent Television Commission.[27]

text: Cultural impact[edit]

text: Wikiquote has quotations related to: One Foot In The Grave

text: Due to the series' popularity, people who constantly complain and are irritated by minor things are often compared to Victor Meldrew by the British media.[28][29] Renwick disputes this usage however, claiming that Victor's reactions are entirely in proportion to the things that happen to him.[30]

text: Renwick integrated some of the plots and dialogue from the series into a novel, which was first published by BBC Books in 1992. Renwick also adapted four episodes for BBC Radio 2, which first aired between 21 January 1995 and 11 February 1995.[5] The episodes are "Alive and Buried", "In Luton Airport, No One Can Hear You Scream", "Timeless Time" and "The Beast in the Cage". They are regularly repeated on the digital speech station BBC Radio 4 Extra and are available on audio CD.

text: Wilson dislikes saying his character's catchphrase ("I don't believe it!") and only performs the line for charity events for a small fee.[31] This became a joke in the actor's guest appearance as himself in the Father Ted episode "The Mainland", where Ted annoys him by constantly repeating his catchphrase. The situation was conceived when Father Ted writers Graham Linehan and Arthur Mathews sat behind Wilson at a performance of Le Cirque du Soleil at the Royal Albert Hall. They considered how "tasteless and wrong" it would be to lean forward to him every time that an acrobat did a stunt and yell the catchphrase, and then they realised that that's exactly what their fictional priests would do.[32] This was also played upon when Wilson made a guest appearance on the comedy TV quiz show Shooting Stars, in which Vic Reeves and Bob Mortimer purposefully misquoted his catchphrase by referring to him as "Richard 'I don't believe you' Wilson".

text: VHS and DVD releases[edit]

text: All six series and specials were initially available on BBC Worldwide VHS video tapes during the late 1990s and early 2000s. The Comic Relief Shorts from 1993 and 2001 have not been released on DVD. A One Foot in the Grave Very Best Of DVD featuring five of the greatest episodes was released on 22 October 2001 in Region 2. Then on 8 July 2004, a One Foot in the Grave Very Best Of was also released in Region 4. Each series was gradually released on DVD in Region 2 between 2004 and 2006, with a complete series 1-6 box set towards the end of 2006. A slimmer series 1-6 box set was released in 2010 in Region 2.

text:
DVD Title
Discs
Year
Ep. No,
DVD releases
Notes

Region 1
Region 2
Region 4

Complete Series 1
1
1990
6
27 March 2007
2 August 2004
7 July 2005
Includes Britain's Best Sitcom feature.

Complete Series 2
2
1990
7
27 March 2007
9 May 2005
4 May 2006
Includes the 1990 Christmas special

Complete Series 3
2
1992
7
11 March 2008
8 August 2005
17 August 2006
Includes the 1991 Christmas special

Complete Series 4
2
1993
7
11 March 2008
24 April 2006
7 March 2007
Includes the 1993 Christmas special

Complete Series 5
2
1994/1995
7
10 February 2009
21 August 2006
1 August 2007
Includes the 1994 & 1995 Christmas special

Complete Series 6
2
2000
6
10 February 2009
16 October 2006
3 October 2007
Includes the 2000 documentary "I Don't Believe It: The Story of One Foot in the Grave"

Complete Series 1-6
12
1990-2000
42
8 September 2009
16 October 2006
4 October 2010 (slim version)
6 March 2008
A 12-disc box set that includes the Christmas specials

Christmas Specials
1
1996/1997
2
8 September 2009
13 November 2006
6 November 2008
The 1996 and 1997 Christmas specials

text: Foreign versions[edit]

text:
German version was made of the series in 1996-97, Mit einem Bein im Grab, directed by Thomas Nennstiel and Frank Strecker. It starred Heinz Schubert as "Viktor Bölkhoff", Brigitte Böttrich as "Margret Bölkhoff" and Irm Hermann as "Lisbeth Albermann".[33]
Swedish version, En fot i graven was made in 2001. Produced by commercial television channel TV4, it starred Gösta Ekman as "Victor Melldrov" and Lena Söderblom as his wife. A total of 12 episodes were broadcast.[34]
In 2006 a Dutch version was made under the title Met één been in het graf. It starred Serge Henri Valcke as Victor Monter. The series was directed by Zdenek Kraus, who had directed the highly successful series Toen Was Geluk Heel Gewoon and was adapted for Dutch television by Ger Apeldoorn and Harm Edens, who also wrote Het Zonnetje in Huis. The series only lasted one season.[35]
The American sitcom Cosby starring Bill Cosby, which ran on CBS from 1996 to 2000, was loosely based on this series.