document_title: Wiz Khalifa discography

question_text: when did laugh now fly later come out

question_tokens: when did laugh now fly later come out

text: Wiz Khalifa discography

text: Albums[edit]

text: Studio albums[edit]

text:
List of studio albums, with selected chart positions and certifications

Title
Album details
Peak chart positions
Certifications

US
[10]
US
R&B
[11]
US
Rap
[12]
AUS
[13]
CAN
[14]
FRA
[15]
GER
[16]
NLD
[17]
SWI
[8]
UK
[18]

Show and Prove[19]

Released: September 5, 2006 (US)[19]
Label: Rostrum
Formats: CD, digital download

—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—

Deal or No Deal

Released: November 24, 2009 (US)[20]
Label: Rostrum
Formats: CD, LP, digital download

—
25
10
—
—
—
—
—
—
—

Rolling Papers

Released: March 29, 2011 (US)[21]
Label: Rostrum, Atlantic
Formats: CD, LP, digital download

2
1
1
77
6
60
67
49
68
47

RIAA: 2× Platinum[5]
MC: Gold[22]

O.N.I.F.C.

Released: December 4, 2012 (US)[9]
Label: Rostrum, Atlantic
Formats: CD, LP, digital download

2
1
1
45
14
20
10
15
9
10

RIAA: Platinum[5]

Blacc Hollywood

Released: August 19, 2014 (US)[23]
Label: Rostrum, Atlantic
Formats: CD, LP, digital download

1
1
1
26
1
31
12
56
7
27

RIAA: Gold[5]

Rolling Papers 2[24]

Scheduled: TBA
Label: Rostrum, Atlantic
Formats: CD, digital download

To be released

"—" denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that territory.

text: Compilation albums[edit]

text:
List of collaborative albums, with selected chart positions

Title
Album details
Peak chart positions

US
[10]
US
R&B
[11]
US
Rap
[12]
AUS
[13]
CAN
[14]
FRA
[15]
GER
[16]
NLD
[17]
SWI
[8]
UK
[18]

Khalifa

Released: February 5, 2016
Label: Atlantic
Format: Digital download

6
3
2
48
11
99
55
73
83
45

text: Collaborative albums[edit]

text:
List of collaborative albums, with selected chart positions

Title
Album details
Peak chart positions

US
[10]
US
R&B
[11]
US
Rap
[12]
CAN
[14]

Rude Awakening
(with Juicy J & TM88; as TGOD Mafia)

Released: June 3, 2016
Label: Atlantic, Columbia, EMPIRE
Format: Digital download

26
3
3
81

text: Soundtracks[edit]

text:
List of collaborative albums, with selected chart positions

Title
Album details
Peak chart positions
Certifications

US
[10]
US
R&B
[11]
US
Rap
[12]

Mac & Devin Go to High School
(with Snoop Dogg)

Released: December 13, 2011 (US)[25]
Label: Rostrum, Atlantic, Doggystyle
Formats: CD, digital download

29
6
3

RIAA: Gold[5]

text: Mixtapes[edit]

text:
List of mixtapes

Title
Album details

Prince of the City: Welcome to Pistolvania[26]

Released: 2005 (US)[26]
Label: Taylor Gang, Rostrum
Format: Digital download

Grow Season[27]

Released: 2007 (US)[27]
Label: Taylor Gang, Rostrum
Format: Digital download

Prince of the City 2[28]

Released: November 20, 2007 (US)[28]
Label: Taylor Gang, Rostrum
Format: Digital download

Star Power[29]

Released: September 17, 2008 (US)[29]
Label: Taylor Gang, Rostrum
Format: Digital download

Flight School[30]

Released: April 17, 2009 (US)[30]
Label: Taylor Gang, Rostrum
Format: Digital download

How Fly[31]
(with Currensy)

Released: August 9, 2009 (US)[31]
Label: Taylor Gang, Rostrum
Format: Digital download

Burn After Rolling[32]

Released: November 2, 2009 (US)[32]
Label: Taylor Gang, Rostrum
Format: Digital download

Kush & Orange Juice[33]

Released: April 14, 2010 (US)[33]
Label: Taylor Gang, Rostrum
Format: Digital download

Cabin Fever[34]

Released: February 17, 2011 (US)[34]
Label: Taylor Gang, Rostrum
Format: Digital download

Taylor Allderdice[35]

Released: March 13, 2012 (US)[35]
Label: Taylor Gang, Rostrum
Format: Digital download

Cabin Fever 2[36]

Released: October 16, 2012 (US)[36]
Label: Taylor Gang, Rostrum
Format: Digital download

28 Grams

Released: May 25, 2014 (US)[37]
Label: Taylor Gang, Rostrum
Format: Digital download

Cabin Fever 3

Released: December 15, 2015
Label: Taylor Gang, Rostrum
Format: Digital download

Pre-Rolleds[38]

Released: June 3, 2017
Label: Taylor Gang, Rostrum
Format: Digital download

Bong Rips[39]

Released: June 24, 2017
Label: Taylor Gang, Rostrum
Format: Digital download

Laugh Now, Fly Later[40]

Released: November 9, 2017
Label: Taylor Gang, Rostrum
Format: Digital download, Streaming

text: Extended plays[edit]

text:
List of extended plays, with selected chart positions

Title
Extended play details
Peak chart positions

US
[10]
US
R&B
[11]
US
Rap
[12]

Live in Concert
(with Curren$y)

Released: April 20, 2013 (US)[41]
Label: Jet Life, Rostrum
Format: Digital download

30
8
7

Talk About It in the Morning
(with Ty Dolla Sign)

Released: March 31, 2015[42]
Label: Taylor Gang
Format: Digital download

N/A

text: Singles[edit]

text: As lead artist[edit]

text:
Title
Year
Peak chart positions
Certifications
Album

US
[2]
US
R&B
[43]
US
Rap
[44]
AUS
[6]
CAN
[3]
GER
[45]
IRL
[46]
NZ
[7]
SWI
[8]
UK
[4]

"Pittsburgh Sound"[47]
2007
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—

Show and Prove

"Youngin' on His Grind"[48]
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—

non-album singles

"Make It Hot"[49]
2008
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—

"Say Yeah"
—[A]
—[B]
20
—
—
—
—
—
—
—

RIAA: Gold[5]

"Ink My Whole Body"[52]
2009
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—

Star Power

"Get Sum"[53]
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—

Flight School

"Mezmorized"[54]
2010
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—

Kush & Orange Juice

"Black and Yellow"
1
6
1
24
7
31
14
21
44
5

RIAA: 6× Platinum[5]
ARIA: Platinum[55]
BPI: Silver[56]
BVMI: Gold[57]
MC: 3× Platinum[22]
RMNZ: Gold[58]

Rolling Papers

"Roll Up"
2011
13
7
2
72
56
—
49
—
—
42

RIAA: 2× Platinum[5]
MC: Gold[22]

"On My Level"
(featuring Too Short)
52
16
10
—
96
—
—
—
—
—

RIAA: Platinum[5]

"No Sleep"
6
—
23
—
64
91
—
—
—
—

RIAA: 2× Platinum[5]
MC: Gold[22]

"The Race"
66
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—

"Young, Wild & Free"
(with Snoop Dogg, featuring Bruno Mars)
7
56
8
4
13
15
33
2
6
44

RIAA: 4× Platinum[5]
ARIA: 4× Platinum[59]
BVMI: Gold[57]
IFPI SWI: Gold[60]
MC: 3× Platinum[22]
RMNZ: Platinum[61]

Mac & Devin Go to High School

"Work Hard, Play Hard"
2012
17
13
3
93
40
76
—
—
—
161

RIAA: 2× Platinum[5]
MC: Gold[22]

O.N.I.F.C.

"Remember You"
(featuring The Weeknd)
63
15
13
—
—
—
—
—
—
186

RIAA: Platinum[5]

"We Own It (Fast & Furious)"
(with 2 Chainz)
2013
16
4
3
6
14
5
21
6
3
6

RIAA: Platinum[62]
ARIA: Platinum[59]
BPI: Silver[56]

Fast & Furious 6 (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)

"We Dem Boyz"
2014
43
10
4
—
—
—
—
—
—
—

RIAA: Platinum[5]

Blacc Hollywood

"You and Your Friends"
(featuring Snoop Dogg and Ty Dolla Sign)
82
21
18
—
—
—
—
—
—
—

RIAA: Gold[5]

"Shell Shocked"
(with Juicy J and Ty Dolla Sign, featuring Kill the Noise and Madsonik)
84
26
17
96
—
—
—
—
—
—

RIAA: Gold[5]

Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Soundtrack

"Go Hard or Go Home"
(with Iggy Azalea)
2015
86
29
21
60
65
47
—
—
55
119

Furious 7: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack

"See You Again"
(featuring Charlie Puth)
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

RIAA: 9× Platinum[5]
ARIA: 5× Platinum[63]
BPI: 2× Platinum[56]
BVMI: Platinum[64]
IFPI SWI: 2× Platinum[65]
MC: 3× Platinum[66]
RMNZ: 3× Platinum[67]

"Burn Slow"
(featuring Swae Lee)
83
28
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—

Non-album singles

"King of Everything"
—
—[C]
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—

"Bake Sale"
(featuring Travi$ Scott)
2016
56
18
9
—
71
—
—
—
—
—

RIAA: Gold[5]

Khalifa

"All Night"
(with Juicy J)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—

TGOD Mafia Presents: Rude Awakening

"Pull Up"
(featuring Lil Uzi Vert)
—[D]
49
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—

RIAA: Gold[5]

non-album single

"Sucker for Pain"
(with Lil Wayne, Imagine Dragons, Logic, and Ty Dolla Sign featuring X Ambassadors)
15
[68]
3
1
7
19
8
84
[69]
5
[70]
16
11

RIAA: 2× Platinum[5]
ARIA: Platinum[71]
BPI: Silver[56]
BVMI: Platinum[57]
RMNZ: Gold[72]

Suicide Squad: The Album

"Gang Up"[73]
(with Young Thug, PnB Rock and 2 Chainz)
2017
—[E]
—[F]
—
—
—
—
—
—
72
—

The Fate of the Furious: The Album

"Something New"
(featuring Ty Dolla Sign)
92
37
—
—
94
—
—
—
—
—

TBA

"—" denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that territory.

text: As featured artist[edit]

text:
List of singles as featured artist, with selected chart positions and certifications, showing year released and album name

Title
Year
Peak chart positions
Certifications
Album

US
[2]
US
R&B
[43]
US
Rap
[44]
AUS
[6]
CAN
[3]
GER
[45]
IRL
[46]
NZ
[7]
SWI
[8]
UK
[4]

"Lowridin'"[74]
(Far East Movement featuring Wiz Khalifa and Bionik)
2007
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—

Animal

"Best Night of My Life"
(Jamie Foxx featuring Wiz Khalifa)
2011
—[G]
12
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—

Best Night of My Life

"Till I'm Gone"
(Tinie Tempah featuring Wiz Khalifa)
90
49
22
—
—
—
32
—
69
24

Disc-Overy

"Oh My"
(DJ Drama featuring Fabolous, Roscoe Dash and Wiz Khalifa)
95
18
12
—
—
—
—
—
—
—

Third Power

"5 O'Clock"
(T-Pain featuring Lily Allen and Wiz Khalifa)
10
9
—
29
15
91
—
27
47
6

ARIA: Gold[55]
MC: Platinum[75]

Revolver

"Getting Paid"[76]
(Trae featuring Wiz Khalifa)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—

Street King

"I'm On"[77]
(Trae featuring Wiz Khalifa, Lupe Fiasco, Big Boi, Wale and MDMA)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—

"Till I Die"
(Chris Brown featuring Big Sean and Wiz Khalifa)
2012
—[H]
12
14
—
—
—
—
—
—
—

Fortune

"Payphone"
(Maroon 5 featuring Wiz Khalifa)
2
—
—
2
1
4
2
2
4
1

RIAA: 5× Platinum[78]
ARIA: 5× Platinum[59]
BPI: Platinum[56]
BVMI: Gold[79]
IFPI SWI: Platinum[60]
RMNZ: 2× Platinum[80]

Overexposed

"Jet Life"
(Currensy featuring Big K.R.I.T. and Wiz Khalifa)
—
76
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—

The Stoned Immaculate

"Celebration"
(Game featuring Chris Brown, Tyga, Wiz Khalifa and Lil Wayne)
81
24
19
—
—
—
—
—
—
—

Jesus Piece

"Don't Make Em Like You"
(Ne-Yo featuring Wiz Khalifa)
—
47
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—

R.E.D.

"Hate Bein' Sober"
(Chief Keef featuring 50 Cent and Wiz Khalifa)
2013
—[I]
37
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—

Finally Rich

"Molly"
(Tyga featuring Cedric Gervais, Wiz Khalifa and Mally Mall)
66
22
16
—
—
—
—
—
—
—

RIAA: Gold[5]

Hotel California

"NBA"
(Joe Budden featuring Wiz Khalifa and French Montana)
—
—[J]
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—

No Love Lost

"Beat It"
(Sean Kingston featuring Chris Brown and Wiz Khalifa)
52
23
—
40
—
—
63
25
—
—

Back 2 Life

"Reason to Hate"
(DJ Felli Fel featuring Ne-Yo, Tyga and Wiz Khalifa)
—
—[K]
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—

Non-album singles

"Fighter Jet"[81]
(Caligula featuring Wiz Khalifa)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—

"Drop Bands on It"[82]
(Mally Mall featuring Wiz Khalifa, Tyga and Fresh)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—

"Irie"[83]
(Ty Dolla Sign featuring Wiz Khalifa)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—

Beach House 2

"23"
(Mike Will Made It featuring Miley Cyrus, Wiz Khalifa and Juicy J)
11
4
2
39
26
—
—
22
—
85

Non-album single

"Legends in the Making (Ashtray, Pt. 2)"[84]
(Smoke DZA featuring Wiz Khalifa and Currensy)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—

Dream.ZONE.Achieve

"Think About It"
(Naughty Boy featuring Wiz Khalifa and Ella Eyre)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
78

Hotel Cabana

"Feelin' Myself"
(will.i.am featuring Miley Cyrus, French Montana, Wiz Khalifa and DJ Mustard)
96
26
15
34
—
55
3
16
—
2

BPI: Gold[56]

#willpower

"Talkin' Bout"
(Juicy J featuring Chris Brown and Wiz Khalifa)
2014
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—

Stay Trippy

"Or Nah"
(Ty Dolla Sign featuring Wiz Khalifa and DJ Mustard)
48
12
—
—
78
—
—
—
—
—

RIAA: 2x Platinum[5]

Beach House EP

"Party Girls"
(Ludacris featuring Wiz Khalifa, Jeremih and Cashmere Cat)
—[L]
36
25
—
—
—
—
—
—
—

Non-album singles

"She Said"
(Tuki Carter featuring Wiz Khalifa)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—

"Bigroom Blitz"
(Scooter featuring Wiz Khalifa)
—
—
—
—
—
43
—
—
—
—

The Fifth Chapter

"For Everybody"
(Juicy J featuring R. City and Wiz Khalifa)
2015
—
50
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—

Non-album single

"Hello, Hello"
(Huang Zitao featuring Wiz Khalifa)
2016
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—

The Road

"Kush Ups"
(Snoop Dogg featuring Wiz Khalifa)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—

Cool Aid

"Fuck Apologies"
(JoJo featuring Wiz Khalifa)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
104

Mad Love

"Influence"
(Tove Lo featuring Wiz Khalifa)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—

Lady Wood

"—" denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that territory.

text: Promotional singles[edit]

text:
List of promotional singles, with selected chart positions, showing year released and album name

Title
Year
Peak chart positions
Album

US
[2]
CAN
[3]

"Double Vision" (Remix)[85]
(3OH!3 featuring Wiz Khalifa)
2010
—
—
Non-album singles

"Choppa Choppa Down" (Remix)[86]
(French Montana featuring Rick Ross and Wiz Khalifa)
2011
—
—

"Bright Lights Bigger City" (Remix)[87]
(Cee Lo Green featuring Wiz Khalifa)
—
—

"Sleazy Remix 2.0: Get Sleazier"
(Kesha featuring Lil Wayne, Wiz Khalifa, T.I. and André 3000)
37
46

"Adorn" (Remix)[88]
(Miguel featuring Wiz Khalifa)
2012
—
—
Kaleidoscope Dream

"U.O.E.N.O." (Remix)[89]
(Rocko featuring Future and Wiz Khalifa)
2013
—
—
Non-album single

"Bugatti" (Remix)[90]
(Ace Hood featuring Wiz Khalifa, T.I., Meek Mill, French Montana, 2 Chainz, Future, DJ Khaled and Birdman)
—
—
Trials & Tribulations

"Like Whaaat" (Remix)[91]
(Problem featuring Wiz Khalifa, Tyga, Chris Brown and Master P)
—
—
Non-album singles

"Dirty Work"
(Akon featuring Wiz Khalifa)
—
—

"What You 'Bout"[92]
(Iamsu! featuring Wiz Khalifa and Berner)
2014
—
—
Sincerely Yours

"Uma Thurman" (Boys of Zummer Remix)
(Fall Out Boy featuring Wiz Khalifa)
2015
—
—
Non-album single

"420"[93]
(Lil Debbie featuring Wiz Khalifa)
—
—
Home Grown

"No Social Media"
(featuring Snoop Dogg)
—
—
Non-album single

"—" denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that territory.

text: Other charted songs[edit]

text:
List of songs, with selected chart positions and certifications, showing year released and album name

Title
Year
Peak chart positions
Certifications
Album

US
[2]
US
R&B
[43]
US
Rap
[44]
AUS
[94]
CAN
[3]
FRA
[15]
UK
R&B

"Black and Purple"
(Mullyman featuring Wale and Wiz Khalifa)
2010
—
98
—
—
—
—
—

WiRemix5

"When I'm Gone"
2011
57
—
—
—
88
—
—

RIAA: Platinum[5]

Rolling Papers

"Taylor Gang"
(featuring Chevy Woods)
—[M]
—[N]
—
—
—
—
—

"Fly Solo"
—[O]
—
—
—
—
—
—

"Yoko"
(Berner featuring Big K.R.I.T. and Wiz Khalifa)
—
—[P]
—
—
—
—
—

The White Album

"High"
(Big Sean featuring Wiz Khalifa and Chiddy Bang)
98
—
—
—
—
—
—

Finally Famous

"Smokin' On"
(with Snoop Dogg, featuring Juicy J)
—[Q]
—
—
—
—
—
—

Mac & Devin Go to High School

"Paperbond"
2012
—[R]
39
—
—
—
172
—

O.N.I.F.C.

"Bluffin'"
(featuring Berner)
—
47
—
—
—
—
—

"Let It Go"
(featuring Akon)
87
25
21
—
91
—
—

"The Bluff"
(featuring Cam'ron)
—[S]
—
—
—
—
—
—

"It's Nothin"
(featuring 2 Chainz)
—[T]
34
—
—
—
—
—

"Initiation"
(featuring LoLa Monroe)
—
—[U]
—
—
—
—
—

"Up in It"
—
—[V]
—
—
—
—
—

"The Plan"
(featuring Juicy J)
—
—[W]
—
—
—
—
—

"Medicated"
(featuring Chevy Woods and Juicy J)
—
44
—
—
—
—
—

RIAA: Gold[5]

"Bout Me"
(featuring Problem and Iamsu!)
—
—[X]
—
—
—
—
—

"I'm Still"
(DJ Khaled featuring Chris Brown, Wale, Wiz Khalifa and Ace Hood)
2013
—
—[Y]
—
—
—
—
—

Suffering from Success

"True Colors"
(featuring Nicki Minaj)
2014
—
—[Z]
—
—
93
—
29

Blacc Hollywood

"Hope"
(featuring Ty Dolla Sign)
—
—[AA]
—
—
—
—
—

"Ass Drop"
—[AB]
35
—
—
—
—
—

RIAA: Gold[5]

"Raw"
—
—[AC]
—
—
—
—
—

"Stayin Out All Night" (Boys of Zummer Remix)
(featuring Fall Out Boy)
2015
—
—
—
93
—
—
—

Non-album single

"iSay"
(featuring Juicy J)
2016
—
—[AD]
—
—
—
—
—

Khalifa

"—" denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that territory.

text: Guest appearances[edit]

text:
List of non-single guest appearances with other performing artists, showing year released and album name

Title
Year
Other artist(s)
Album

"What It Used to Be"[95]
2006
Nicolay
Here

"How We Ride"[96]
2009
Boaz
The Audiobiography

"Glass House"[97]
2010
Big K.R.I.T., Currensy
K.R.I.T. Wuz Here

"I'm on It"[98]
French Montana, Nipsey Hussle, Big Sean
Mac & Cheese 2

"Super High" (Sativa Remix)[99]
Rick Ross, Ne-Yo, Currensy
none

"Scaling the Building"[100]
Ski Beatz, Currensy
24 Hour Karate School

"Look in the Mirror" (Remix)[101]
Yo Gotti, Wale, J. Cole
none

"In My Car (Puff Bus)"[102]
J-Green, Juicy J
Solo Tape

"I Know"[103]
Diddy – Dirty Money, Chris Brown, Sevyn
Last Train to Paris

"Retrosuperfuture"[104]
Rick Ross
Ashes to Ashes

"Black and Purple"[105]
Mullyman, Wale
WiRemix5

"Taylor Made"[106]
2011
Game
Purp & Patron

"Purp & Yellow" (Skeetox Remix)[106]
Game, Snoop Dogg

"Keep Floatin'"[107]
Mac Miller
Best Day Ever

"Bomb"[108]
Chris Brown
F.A.M.E.

"This Weed Iz Mine"[109]
Snoop Dogg
Doggumentary

"Racks" (Remix)[110]
YC, Young Jeezy, Cyhi the Prynce, Bun B, B.o.B, Yo Gotti, Wale, Cory Gunz,
Ace Hood, Trae tha Truth, Nelly, Twista, Big Sean, Cory Mo, Waka Flocka Flame
none

"Can You Feel It"[111]
Sublime with Rome
Yours Truly

"High"[112]
Big Sean, Chiddy Bang
Finally Famous

"Yoko"[113]
Berner, Big K.R.I.T., Chris Brown
The White Album

"Standin' on a Corner"[114]
Game, B.o.B
Hoodmorning (notypo): Candy Coronas

"Scanners"[115]
Neako
The Number 23

"Stoners Night (Part II)"[116]
Juicy J
Blue Dream & Lean

"Do It Again"[117]
Terrace Martin, Kendrick Lamar
Locke High 2

"Smoke with Me"[117]
Terrace Martin, Problem, James Fauntleroy

"Go Girl"[118]
2012
Yo Gotti, Big K.R.I.T., Big Sean, Wale
Live from the Kitchen

"Flatline"[119]
Masspike Miles
Say Hello to Forever

"No Squares"[120]
Currensy
The Stoned Immaculate

"Vice"[121]
Chevy Woods, Juicy J
Gang Land

"Shine"[122]
Chevy Woods, LoLa Monroe

"M'Fer"[123]
Chevy Woods

"Homerun"[124]

"I Be Puttin' On"[125]
Wale, French Montana, Roscoe Dash
Self Made Vol. 2

"Co-Pilot"[126]
Prodigy
H.N.I.C. 3

"I'm So Blessed"[127]
DJ Khaled, Big Sean, Ace Hood, T-Pain
Kiss the Ring

"No Limit"[128]
Planet VI, Ariez Onasis
The American Nightmare

"All I Know"[129]
Big Sean
Detroit

"Gettin' After That Money"[130]
Boaz
Bases Loaded

"Pledge of Allegiance"[131]
DJ Drama, Planet VI, B.o.B
Quality Street Music

"The Plug"[132]
Berner
Urban Farmer

"Like Mine"[132]
Berner, LoLa Monroe

"Forever a G"[133]
Xzibit
Napalm

"Enjoy the Night"[133]
Xzibit, David Banner, Brevi

"I Go Hard"[134]
Ghostface Killah, Boy Jones
The Man with the Iron Fists soundtrack

"Like the Pack"[135]
Tuki Carter
Atlantafornication

"Pimpin' Ain't"[136]

"Holdup Rollup"[136]
Tuki Carter, Chevy Woods

"Say I"[137]
E-40, Too Short
History: Function Music

"Drank and Smoke"[138]
Gudda Gudda
Guddaville 3

"Know Betta"[139]
Juicy J
none

"Bandz a Make Her Dance" (Remix)[140]
Juicy J, B.o.B, Lola Monroe, French Montana

"Goin' Up"[141]
Iamsu!
Suzy 6 Speed

"Ain't No Change"[142]
Compton Menace
Menace 2 Society Vol. 2

"Fuck Shit"

"Die Young" (Remix)[143]
Kesha, Juicy J, Becky G
Warrior

"Medicine Man (Drug Free)"[144]
Fashawn
Moet: Champagne & Styrofoam Cups

"Hate Bein' Sober"[145]
Chief Keef, 50 Cent
Finally Rich

"In the Night"[146]
The Madden Brothers, Detail
Before — Volume One

"Paradise"[147]
Berner
none

"In the Stars"[148]
2013
Juicy J

"Still Got That Work"[149]
Project Pat
Cheez N Dope

"Everything Is Good"[150]
Juelz Santana
God Will'n

"Playin'"[151]
YG, Young Jeezy
Just Re'd Up 2

"Choosin'"[152]
Currensy, Rick Ross
New Jet City

"Molly Girl" (Remix)[153]
Lil Durk
none

"Nothin' on Ya"[154]
Gucci Mane
Trap God 2 and Trap House III

"Ain't No Changing Me" (Remix)[155]
Compton Menace, Game
none

"Ballin'"[156]
Fat Joe, Teyana Taylor

"M.O.E."[157]
Tyga
Hotel California

"Paradise"[158]
Cassie
RockaByeBaby

"Only One"[159]
Big K.R.I.T., Smoke DZA
K.R.I.T. (King Remembered In Time)

"Burn Slow"[160]
Los, Mickey Shiloh
Becoming King

"Weak"[161]
Los, Cassie

"She Said"[162]
Tuki Carter
none

"The Rockers"[163]
Action Bronson
Saaab Stories

"Gone"[164]
Kelly Rowland
Talk a Good Game

"Rotation"[165]
Wale, 2 Chainz
The Gifted

"Kush Do" (Remix)[166]
Rockie Fresh
none

"Bout Mine"[167]
Problem
The Separation

"Like Whaaat" (Remix)[168]
Problem, Chris Brown, Tyga, Master P
none

"See Me"[169]
Tech N9ne, B.o.B.
Something Else

"Mind of a Stoner"[170]
Machine Gun Kelly
Black Flag

"I Bet"[171]
Ty Dolla Sign
Beach House 2

"Satellites" (Remix)[172]
Kevin Gates
Stranger Than Fiction

"Shootin'"[173]
Juicy J
none

"I'm Laughin'"[174]
Cory Gunz
Datz WTF I'm Talkin Bout

"Bands on It"[175]
Mally Mall, Tyga, Fresh
none

"Smoke a Nigga"[176]
Juicy J
Stay Trippy

"Talkin' Bout"[176]
Juicy J, Chris Brown

"One Thousand"[176]
Juicy J

"Motivation"[177]
Terrace Martin, Brevi
3ChordFold

"Dimes"[178]
Vali
none

"Chiefin'"[179]
Project Pat
Cheez N Dope 2

"Miley"[180]
DJ Holiday, Waka Flocka Flame
none

"My Chick Better"[181]
Nelly, Fabolous
M.O.

"Rider"[182]
Chief Keef
none

"Like Me"[183]
Grafh
Pain Killers: Reloaded

"1 Up"[184]
Trae tha Truth, Lil Boss, Jadakiss
I Am King

"I'm Still"[185]
DJ Khaled, Ace Hood, Chris Brown, Wale
Suffering from Success

"Cash in a Rubberband"[186]
DJ Bay Bay, Juicy J, Project Pat
Bay Bay Day 2013

"KD35"[187]
Chevy Woods
Gang Land 2

"More Champagne"[188]
DJ Whoo Kid, ASAP Ferg, Problem
The N-Word Bond Project

"Advice"[189]
Berner
Drugstore Cowboy

"Night & Day"[189]
Berner, Problem

"Bounce It" (Remix)[190]
Juicy J, Trey Songz
none

"La La La"[191]
Dorrough

"The Vapors" (Remix)[192]
Jhené Aiko

"Whippin' a Brick"[193]
Mike Will Made It, Migos
#MikeWillBeenTrill

"All for You"[194]
2014
French Montana, Lana Del Rey, Snoop Dogg, Machine Gun Kelly
Coke Boys 4

"High as Hell"[195]
B.o.B
none

"Hydroponic"[196]
Kurupt, B-Real
Wake & Bake Vol. 1

"My Momma"[197]
Future
Honest

"Deep"[198]
DJ Mustard, Rick Ross, TeeFlii
10 Summers

"Burnin"[199]
Twista, Berner
Dark Horse

"All Day"
John Cena
WWE 2K15 soundtrack

"Breaks"

"Let's Get It"
Cash Out, Ty Dolla $ign
Let's Get It

"Touch The Sky"
Cam'ron, Smoke DZA
1st of the Month Vol. 5

"Nights Like this"
2015
OG Maco
none

"Backflip" (Remix)
Casey Veggies, Iamsu!, ASAP Ferg

"Somebody Else" (Remix)
Rico Love, Usher

"Whole Thang"
Juicy J
Blue Dream and Lean 2

"Livin Right"
Lil Wayne
Free Weezy Album

"Scrape It"
Juicy J, Project pat
100% Juice

"Do It for the Gang"
Krept and Konan
The Long Way Home

"Im Out Here"
O.T. Genasis
R&B Rhythm Bricks

"Material Things"
Lyrica Anderson
Hello

"All or Nothing
Puff Daddy, French Montana
MMM

"Counterfeit"
Chris Brown, Rihanna, Kelly Rowland
Before the Party

"So High"
Jadakiss
Top 5 Dead or Alive

"Sitting Pretty"
Ty Dolla $ign
Free TC

"Oh Na Na"
2016
Snoop Dogg
Coolaid

"Forgive Me Father"
DJ Khaled, Meghan Trainor, Wale
Major Key

"Way Hii"
A$AP Mob, A$AP Rocky, BJ The Chicago Kid, Buddy
Cozy Tapes Vol. 1: Friends

"Attention"[200]
2017
PnB Rock
GTTM: Goin Thru the Motions

"No Lies"
Ugly God
The Booty Tape

text: Music videos[edit]

text: As lead artist[edit]

text:
List of music videos as lead artist, with directors, showing year released

Title
Year
Director(s)

"Youngin' on His Grind"
2007
Bunchluv[201]

"Say Yeah"
2008
Ara Soudjian[202]

"This Plane"
2009
Bunch[203]

"Black and Yellow"
2010
Bill Paladino[204][205][206]

"In the Cut"

"Mezmorized"

"Roll Up"
2011
Jake Davis[207][208]

"On My Level"
(featuring Too Short)

"No Sleep"
Colin Tilley[209]

"Taylor Gang"
Bill Paladino[210]

"Black and Yellow" (Remix)
(featuring Snoop Dogg, Juicy J and T-Pain)
Motion Family[211]

"Young, Wild & Free"
(with Snoop Dogg, featuring Bruno Mars)
Dylan Brown[212]

"Dessert"
Bill Paladino[213][214][215][216]

"California"

"Work Hard, Play Hard"
2012

"It's Nothin'"
(featuring 2 Chainz)

"STU"
Greg Neiser[217][218]

"Tweak Is Heavy"

"Remember You"
(featuring The Weeknd)
Ryan Hope[219]

"The Bluff"
(featuring Cam'ron)
Bill Paladino[220]

"100 Bottles"
2013
Greg Neiser[221]

"Let It Go"
(featuring Akon)
Ryan Hope[222]

"Bout Me"
(featuring Problem and Iamsu!)
Frank Paladino[223][224]

"Paperbond"

"Old Chanel"
(featuring Smoke DZA)
Slick Jackson[225]

"The Plan"
(featuring Juicy J)
Frank Paladino, Alex Di Marco[226]

"OG Bobby Johnson Remix"
(featuring Chevy Woods)
2014
David Camarena

"We Dem Boyz"
Ethan Lader[227]

"MAAN! Weedmix"
David Camarena

"KK"
(featuring Project Pat and Juicy J)
Frank Paladino

"Promises"
Gerard Victor

"Stayin Out All Night"
Director X[228]

"You and Your Friends"
Kurt Nishimura[229]

text: As featured artist[edit]

text:
List of music videos as featured performer, with directors, showing year released

Title
Year
Director(s)

"Oh My"
(DJ Drama featuring Fabolous, Roscoe Dash and Wiz Khalifa)
2011
Derek Pike[230]

"Choppa Choppa Down" (Remix)
(French Montana featuring Rick Ross and Wiz Khalifa)
Morocco Vaughn[231]

"Bright Lights Bigger City" (Remix)
(Cee Lo Green featuring Wiz Khalifa)
Kai Regan[232]

"Till I'm Gone"
(Tinie Tempah featuring Wiz Khalifa)
Dori Oskowitz[233]

"Yoko"
(Berner featuring Chris Brown, Big K.R.I.T. and Wiz Khalifa)
Tha Razor, Godfrey Tabarez[234]

"5 O'Clock"
(T-Pain featuring Lily Allen and Wiz Khalifa)
T-Pain, Erik White[235]

"Do It Again"
(Terrace Martin featuring Kendrick Lamar and Wiz Khalifa)
Fredo Tovar, Scott Fleishman[236]

"I'm On"
(Trae featuring Wiz Khalifa, Lupe Fiasco, Wale, Big Boi and MDMA)
2012
Philly Fly Boy[237]

"Payphone"
(Maroon 5 featuring Wiz Khalifa)
Samuel Bayer[238]

"Till I Die"
(Chris Brown featuring Big Sean and Wiz Khalifa)
Chris Brown[239]

"Celebration"
(Game featuring Chris Brown, Tyga, Wiz Khalifa and Lil Wayne)
Matt Alonzo[240]

"Jet Life"
(Currensy featuring Big K.R.I.T. and Wiz Khalifa)
Alex Nazari[241]

"Say I"
(E-40 and Too Short featuring Wiz Khalifa)
Ben Griffin[242]

"Everything Is Good"
(Juelz Santana featuring Wiz Khalifa and Bucksy Luciano)
2013
Propa TV[243]

"M'fer"
(Chevy Woods featuring Wiz Khalifa)
Edge Media[244]

"NBA"
(Joe Budden featuring French Montana and Wiz Khalifa)
Eif Rivera[239]

"Nothin' on Ya"
(Gucci Mane featuring Wiz Khalifa)
Gabriel Hart[245]

"Molly"
(Tyga featuring Wiz Khalifa, Mally Mall and Cedric Gervais)
Colin Tilley[239]

"Paradise"
(Cassie featuring Wiz Khalifa)
Alex Nazari[246]

"Beat It"
(Sean Kingston featuring Wiz Khalifa and Chris Brown)
Colin Tilley[239]

"Paradise"
(Berner featuring Wiz Khalifa)
Tha Razor[239]

"Goin' Up"
(Iamsu! featuring Wiz Khalifa)
Kreayshawn[247]

"Ballin'"
(Fat Joe featuring Teyana Taylor and Wiz Khalifa)
Eif Rivera[239]

"Flatline"
(Masspike Miles featuring Wiz Khalifa)
J.R. Saint[248]

"Ain't No Changing Me"
(Compton Menace featuring Wiz Khalifa)
Tha Razor[249]

"Reason to Hate"
(DJ Felli Fel featuring Ne-Yo, Tyga and Wiz Khalifa)
Matt Alonzo, Kai Henry[250]

"Fighter Jet"
(Caligula featuring Wiz Khalifa)
Brazil[239]

"Drop Bands on It"
(Mally Mall featuring Wiz Khalifa, Tyga and Fresh)
Mike Ho[239]

"Dimes"
(Vali featuring Wiz Khalifa)
Paul Coy Allen[239]

"23"
(Mike Will Made It featuring Miley Cyrus, Juicy J and Wiz Khalifa)
Hannah Lux Davis[239]

"Gettin' After That Money"
(Boaz featuring Wiz Khalifa)
Matt Meehan[251]

"Think About It"
(Naughty Boy featuring Wiz Khalifa and Ella Eyre)
Lance Drake[239]

"More Champagne"
(DJ Whoo Kid featuring ASAP Ferg, Wiz Khalifa and Problem)
Dan the Man[188]

"Feelin' Myself"
(will.i.am featuring French Montana, Miley Cyrus, Wiz Khalifa and DJ Mustard)
Michael Jurkovac, Pasha Shapiro[239]

"Talkin' Bout"
(Juicy J featuring Chris Brown and Wiz Khalifa)
2014
Benny Boom[239]

"Bigroom Blitz"
(Scooter featuring Wiz Khalifa)
Paul Gerwien[252]

"Hello, Hello"
(ZTAO featuring Wiz Khalifa)
2016
Ethan Lader

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ "Say Yeah" did not enter the Billboard Hot 100, but peaked at number 11 on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart, which acts as an extension to the Hot 100.[50]
Jump up ^ "Say Yeah" did not enter the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, but peaked at number 12 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, which acts as an extension to the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart.[51]
Jump up ^ "King of Everything" did not enter the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, but peaked at number two on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, which acts as an extension to the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart.[51]
Jump up ^ "Pull Up" did not enter the Billboard Hot 100, but peaked at number 20 on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart, which acts as an extension to the Hot 100.[50]
Jump up ^ "Gang Up" did not enter the Billboard Hot 100, but peaked at number 16 on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart, which acts as an extension to the Hot 100.[50]
Jump up ^ "Gang Up" did not enter the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, but peaked at number four on the Bubbling Under R&B/Hip-Hop Singles chart.[51]
Jump up ^ "Best Night of My Life" did not enter the Billboard Hot 100, but peaked at number eight on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart, which acts as an extension to the Hot 100.[50]
Jump up ^ "Till I Die" did not enter the Billboard Hot 100, but peaked at number one on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart, which acts as an extension to the Hot 100.[50]
Jump up ^ "Hate Bein' Sober" did not enter the Billboard Hot 100, but peaked at number nine on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart, which acts as an extension to the Hot 100.[50]
Jump up ^ "NBA" did not enter the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, but peaked at number six on the Bubbling Under R&B/Hip-Hop Singles chart, which acts as an extension to the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart.[51]
Jump up ^ "Reason to Hate" did not enter the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, but peaked at number eight on the Bubbling Under R&B/Hip-Hop Singles chart, which acts as an extension to the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart.[51]
Jump up ^ "Party Girls" did not enter the Billboard Hot 100, but peaked at number 13 on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart, which acts as an extension to the Hot 100.[50]
Jump up ^ "Taylor Gang" did not enter the Billboard Hot 100, but peaked at number 22 on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart, which acts as an extension to the Hot 100.[50]
Jump up ^ "Taylor Gang" did not enter the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, but peaked at number 18 on the Bubbling Under R&B/Hip-Hop Singles chart, which acts as an extension to the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart.[51]
Jump up ^ "Fly Solo" did not enter the Billboard Hot 100, but peaked at number 24 on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart, which acts as an extension to the Hot 100.[50]
Jump up ^ "Yoko" did not enter the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, but peaked at number three on the Bubbling Under R&B/Hip-Hop Singles chart, which acts as an extension to the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart.[51]
Jump up ^ "Smokin' On" did not enter the Billboard Hot 100, but peaked at number 17 on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart, which acts as an extension to the Hot 100.[50]
Jump up ^ "Paperbond" did not enter the Billboard Hot 100, but peaked at number 22 on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart, which acts as an extension to the Hot 100.[50]
Jump up ^ "The Bluff" did not enter the Billboard Hot 100, but peaked at number five on the Bubbling Under R&B/Hip-Hop Singles chart, which acts as an extension to the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart.[51]
Jump up ^ "It's Nothin" did not enter the Billboard Hot 100, but peaked at number seven on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart, which acts as an extension to the Hot 100.[50]
Jump up ^ "Initiation" did not enter the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, but peaked at number three on the Bubbling Under R&B/Hip-Hop Singles chart, which acts as an extension to the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart.[51]
Jump up ^ "Up in It" did not enter the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, but peaked at number nine on the Bubbling Under R&B/Hip-Hop Singles chart, which acts as an extension to the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart.[51]
Jump up ^ "The Plan" did not enter the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, but peaked at number four on the Bubbling Under R&B/Hip-Hop Singles chart, which acts as an extension to the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart.[51]
Jump up ^ "Bout Me" did not enter the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, but peaked at number two on the Bubbling Under R&B/Hip-Hop Singles chart, which acts as an extension to the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart.[51]
Jump up ^ "I'm Still" did not enter the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, but peaked at number four on the Bubbling Under R&B/Hip-Hop Singles chart, which acts as an extension to the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart.[51]
Jump up ^ "True Colors" did not enter the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, but peaked at number nine on the Bubbling Under R&B/Hip-Hop Singles chart, which acts as an extension to the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart.[51]
Jump up ^ "Hope" did not enter the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, but peaked at number four on the Bubbling Under R&B/Hip-Hop Singles chart, which acts as an extension to the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart.[51]
Jump up ^ "Ass Drop" did not enter the Billboard Hot 100, but peaked at number 6 on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart, which acts as an extension to the Hot 100.[50]
Jump up ^ "Raw" did not enter the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, but peaked at number nine on the Bubbling Under R&B/Hip-Hop Singles chart, which acts as an extension to the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart.[51]
Jump up ^ "iSay" did not enter the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, but peaked at number two on the Bubbling Under R&B/Hip-Hop Singles chart, which acts as an extension to the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart.[51]

tag: ol


document_title: Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade

question_text: what was the german plane in indiana jones#

question_tokens: what was the german plane in indiana jones #

root

text: Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade

text: Plot[edit]

text: In 1912, thirteen-year-old Indiana Jones is horseback riding with his Boy Scout troop at Arches National Park in Utah. While scouting caves, Indy discovers a group of grave robbers who have found a golden crucifix belonging to Coronado and steals it from them, hoping to donate it to a museum. The men give chase through a passing circus train, leaving Indy with a bloody cut across his chin from a bullwhip and a new phobia of snakes. Indy escapes, but the local sheriff makes him return the cross to the robbers. Impressed with Indy's bravery, the leader of the robbers gives Indy his fedora, and encourages him to not give up.

tag: p

text: In 1938, Indy recovers the cross off the coast of Portugal and donates it to Marcus Brody's museum. Later, Indy is introduced to Walter Donovan, who informs him that Indy's father, Henry Jones Sr., has vanished while searching for the Holy Grail, using an incomplete inscription as his guide. Indy then receives Henry's Grail diary via mail from Venice. Realizing that he would not have sent the diary unless he was in trouble, Indy and Marcus travel to Venice, where they meet Henry's Austrian colleague, Dr. Elsa Schneider. Beneath the library where Henry was last seen, Indy and Elsa discover the tomb of a First Crusade knight, which also contains a complete version of the inscription that Henry had used, this one revealing the location of the Grail. They flee, however, when the catacombs are set aflame by the Brotherhood of the Cruciform Sword, a secret society that protects the Grail from evildoers. Indy and Elsa capture one of the Brotherhood, Kazim, and Indy tells him that his goal is only to find his father and that he has no interest in finding the Grail. Kazim tells him that Henry is being held in Castle Brunwald on the Austrian-German border. Marcus later reveals a map drawn by Henry of the route to the Grail, which begins in Alexandretta. Indy removes the pages containing the map from the diary, gives it to Marcus for safekeeping and sends Marcus to İskenderun, the city built on the ruins of Alexandretta to rendezvous with their old friend Sallah, and he and Elsa head to Castle Brunwald.

text: At Castle Brunwald, Indy rescues Henry, but learns that Elsa and Donovan are actually working with the Nazis, and are using him to find the Grail for them. Meanwhile, Marcus is captured in Hatay, while waiting with Sallah for the Joneses. The Joneses escape from Castle Brunwald. Henry tells Indy that to reach the Grail, one must face three booby traps and his diary contains the clues to guide them through the challenges safely. They recover the diary from Elsa at a book burning rally in Berlin. They then board a Zeppelin to leave Germany, but the Nazis soon discover the Joneses are aboard and they escape in a parasite biplane. They crash while engaging in a dogfight with Luftwaffe fighters.

text: The two meet up with Sallah in Hatay, where they learn of Marcus's abduction. The Nazis are already moving toward the Grail's location, using the map possessed by Marcus. In exchange for a Rolls-Royce, the Sultan of Hatay has given the Nazis full access to his equipment for the expedition, including a large tank. Indy, Henry, and Sallah find the Nazi expedition, which is ambushed by the Brotherhood. During the battle, Henry is captured by SS Colonel Ernst Vogel while attempting to rescue Marcus from the tank; Kazim and his comrades are killed. The younger Jones pursues the tank on horseback and, with the aid of Sallah, saves Henry and Marcus. He is then caught up in a fight with Vogel, and barely escapes before the tank goes over a cliff, crushing Vogel to death.

text: Indy, Henry, Marcus, and Sallah catch up with the surviving Nazis, led by Donovan and Elsa, who have found the temple where the Grail is kept but are unable to pass through the three protective booby traps. Donovan mortally wounds Henry in order to force Indy to risk his life in the traps to find the Grail and use its healing power to save Henry. Using the information in the diary and followed by Donovan and Elsa, Indy safely overcomes the traps and reaches the Grail's chamber, which is guarded by a knight. He has been kept alive for seven hundred years by the power of the Grail, which is hidden among dozens of false Grails; only the true Grail brings life, while a false one claims it. Elsa purposefully selects the most princely grail, a golden chalice studded with emeralds, for Donovan, who ages into dust after drinking from it, because the one Elsa chose was a false one. Indy selects the true Grail, a simple wooden cup, which the knight warns cannot be taken beyond the temple's entrance. Indy fills the Grail with holy water and takes it to Henry, which heals him instantly. Elsa, disregarding the knight's warning, then takes the Grail and attempts to leave with it. The temple begins to collapse and Elsa falls to her death trying to recover the Grail. Indy nearly suffers the same fate but Henry persuades him to let it go. The Joneses, Marcus, and Sallah escape the temple and ride off into the sunset.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Harrison Ford as Indiana Jones: The archaeologist adventurer who seeks to rescue his father and find the Holy Grail. Ford said he loved the idea of introducing Indiana's father because it allowed him to explore another side to Indiana's personality: "These are men who have never made any accommodation to each other. Indy behaves differently in his father's presence. Who else would dare call Indy 'junior'?"[3]

River Phoenix as the teenage Jones. Phoenix had portrayed the son of Ford's character in The Mosquito Coast (1986). Ford recommended Phoenix for the part; he said that of the young actors working at the time, Phoenix looked the most like him when he was around that age.[4]

Sean Connery as Professor Henry Jones: Indiana's father, a professor of Medieval literature who cared more about looking for the Grail than raising his son. Spielberg had Connery in mind when he suggested introducing Indiana's father, though he did not tell Lucas at first. Consequently, Lucas wrote the role as "a crazy, eccentric" professor resembling Laurence Olivier, whose relationship with Indiana is "strict schoolmaster and student rather than a father and son".[5] Spielberg had been a fan of Connery's work as James Bond and felt that no one else could perform the role as well.[6] Spielberg biographer Joseph McBride wrote, "Connery was already the father of Indiana Jones since the series had sprung from the desire of Lucas and Spielberg to rival (and outdo) Connery's James Bond movies."[7] Connery initially turned the role down as he is only twelve years older than Ford, but he relented. Connery—a student of history—began to reshape the character, and revisions were made to the script to address his concerns. "I wanted to play Henry Jones as a kind of Sir Richard [Francis] Burton," Connery commented. "I was bound to have fun with the role of a gruff, Victorian Scottish father."[6] Connery believed Henry should be a match for his son, telling Spielberg that "whatever Indy'd done my character has done and my character has done it better".[4] Connery signed to the film on March 25, 1988.[5] He improvised the line, "She talks in her sleep", which was left in because it made everyone laugh;[8] in Boam's scripts, Henry telling Indiana that he slept with Elsa occurs later.[5]

Alex Hyde-White as Young Henry Jones, Sr.

Alison Doody as Dr. Elsa Schneider: An Austrian art professor who is in league with the Nazis. She seduces the Joneses to trick them. Doody was 21 when she auditioned and was one of the first actresses who met for the part.[5]
Denholm Elliott as Dr. Marcus Brody: Indiana's bumbling English colleague. Elliott returned after Spielberg sought to recapture the tone of Raiders of the Lost Ark (1981), following the actor's absence in the darker Temple of Doom (1984).[4]
John Rhys-Davies as Sallah: A friend of Indiana and a professional excavator living in Cairo. Like Elliott's, Rhys-Davies' return was an attempt to recapture the spirit of Raiders of the Lost Ark.[4]
Julian Glover as Walter Donovan: An American businessman who sends the Joneses on their quest for the Holy Grail. Donovan works for the Nazis and desires immortality. Glover previously appeared as General Veers in Lucas's The Empire Strikes Back. He originally auditioned for the role of Vogel. Glover, who is English, adopted an American accent for the film,[9] but was dissatisfied with the result.[4]
Michael Byrne as Colonel Vogel: A brutal SS colonel. Byrne and Ford had previously starred in Force 10 from Navarone (1978), in which they also respectively played a German and an American.[10]
Kevork Malikyan as Kazim: The leader of the Brotherhood of the Cruciform Sword, an organization that protects the Holy Grail. Malikyan had impressed Spielberg with his performance in Midnight Express (1978) and would have auditioned for the role of Sallah in Raiders of the Lost Ark had a traffic jam not delayed his meeting with the director.[10]
Robert Eddison as the Grail Knight: The guardian of the Grail who drank from the cup of Christ during the Crusades and is immortal as long as he stays within the temple. Eddison was a stage and television veteran only appearing once before in film (a supporting role in Peter Ustinov's 1948 comedy Vice Versa). Glover recalled Eddison was excited and nervous for his film debut, often asking if he had performed correctly.[11] Laurence Olivier was originally considered to play the Grail Knight,[12] but he was too ill and died the same year in which the film was released.

tag: ul

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: Lucas and Spielberg had intended to make a trilogy of Indiana Jones films since Lucas had first pitched Raiders of the Lost Ark to Spielberg in 1977.[13] After the mixed critical and public reaction to Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom, Spielberg decided to complete the trilogy to fulfill his promise to Lucas and "to apologize for the second one".[14] The pair had the intention of revitalizing the series by evoking the spirit and tone of Raiders of the Lost Ark.[4] Throughout the film's development and pre-production, Spielberg admitted he was "consciously regressing" in making the film.[7] Due to his commitment to the film, the director had to drop out of directing Big and Rain Man.[13]

text: Lucas initially suggested making the film "a haunted mansion movie", for which Romancing the Stone writer Diane Thomas wrote a script. Spielberg rejected the idea because of the similarity to Poltergeist, which he had co-written and produced.[7] Lucas first introduced the Holy Grail in an idea for the film's prologue, which was to be set in Scotland. He intended the Grail to have a pagan basis, with the rest of the film revolving around a separate Christian artifact in Africa. Spielberg did not care for the Grail idea, which he found too esoteric,[3] even after Lucas suggested giving it healing powers and the ability to grant immortality. In September 1984, Lucas completed an eight-page treatment titled Indiana Jones and the Monkey King, which he soon followed with an 11-page outline. The story saw Indiana battling a ghost in Scotland before finding the Fountain of Youth in Africa.[5]

text: Chris Columbus—who had written the Spielberg-produced Gremlins, The Goonies, and Young Sherlock Holmes—was hired to write the script. His first draft, dated May 3, 1985, changed the main plot device to a Garden of Immortal Peaches. It begins in 1937, with Indiana battling the murderous ghost of Baron Seamus Seagrove III in Scotland. Indiana travels to Mozambique to aid Dr. Clare Clarke (a Katharine Hepburn type according to Lucas), who has found a 200-year-old pygmy. The pygmy is kidnapped by the Nazis during a boat chase, and Indiana, Clare and Scraggy Brier—an old friend of Indiana—travel up the Zambezi river to rescue him. Indiana is killed in the climactic battle but is resurrected by the Monkey King. Other characters include a cannibalistic African tribe; Nazi Sergeant Gutterbuhg, who has a mechanical arm; Betsy, a stowaway student who is suicidally in love with Indiana; and a pirate leader named Kezure (described as a Toshiro Mifune type), who dies eating a peach because he is not pure of heart.[5]

text: Columbus's second draft, dated August 6, 1985, removed Betsy and featured Dash—an expatriate bar owner for whom the Nazis work—and the Monkey King as villains. The Monkey King forces Indiana and Dash to play chess with real people and disintegrates each person who is captured. Indiana subsequently battles the undead, destroys the Monkey King's rod, and marries Clare.[5] Location scouting commenced in Africa but Spielberg and Lucas abandoned Monkey King because of its negative depiction of African natives,[15] and because the script was too unrealistic.[5] Spielberg acknowledged that it made him "... feel very old, too old to direct it."[3] Columbus's script was leaked onto the Internet in 1997, and many believed it was an early draft for the fourth film because it was mistakenly dated to 1995.[16]

text: Unsatisfied, Spielberg suggested introducing Indiana's father, Henry Jones, Sr. Lucas was dubious, believing the Grail should be the story's focus, but Spielberg convinced him that the father–son relationship would serve as a great metaphor in Indiana's search for the artifact.[7] Spielberg hired Menno Meyjes, who had worked on Spielberg's The Color Purple and Empire of the Sun, to begin a new script on January 1, 1986. Meyjes completed his script ten months later. It depicted Indiana searching for his father in Montségur, where he meets a nun named Chantal. Indiana travels to Venice, takes the Orient Express to Istanbul, and continues by train to Petra, where he meets Sallah and reunites with his father. Together they find the grail. At the climax, a Nazi villain touches the Grail and explodes; when Henry touches it, he ascends a stairway to Heaven. Chantal chooses to stay on Earth because of her love for Indiana. In a revised draft dated two months later, Indiana finds his father in Krak des Chevaliers, the Nazi leader is a woman named Greta von Grimm, and Indiana battles a demon at the Grail site, which he defeats with a dagger inscribed with "God is King". The prologue in both drafts has Indiana in Mexico battling for possession of Montezuma's death mask with a man who owns gorillas as pets.[5]

text: Spielberg suggested Innerspace writer Jeffrey Boam perform the next rewrite. Boam spent two weeks reworking the story with Lucas, which yielded a treatment that is largely similar to the final film.[5] Boam told Lucas that Indiana should find his father in the middle of the story. "Given the fact that it's the third film in the series, you couldn't just end with them obtaining the object. That's how the first two films ended," he said, "So I thought, let them lose the Grail, and let the father–son relationship be the main point. It's an archaeological search for Indy's own identity and coming to accept his father is more what it's about [than the quest for the Grail]."[7] Boam said he felt there was not enough character development in the previous films.[3] In Boam's first draft, dated September 1987, the film is set in 1939. The prologue has adult Indiana retrieving an Aztec relic for a museum curator in Mexico and features the circus train. Henry and Elsa (who is described as having dark hair) were searching for the Grail on behalf of the Chandler Foundation, before Henry went missing. The character of Kazim is here named Kemal, and is an agent of the Republic of Hatay, which seeks the grail for its own. Kemal shoots Henry and dies drinking from the wrong chalice. The Grail Knight battles Indiana on horseback, while Vogel is crushed by a boulder when stealing the Grail.[5]

text: Boam's February 23, 1988 rewrite utilized many of Connery's comic suggestions. It included the prologue that was eventually filmed; Lucas had to convince Spielberg to show Indiana as a boy because of the mixed response to Empire of the Sun, which was about a young boy.[3] Spielberg—who was later awarded the Distinguished Eagle Scout Award—had the idea of making Indiana a Boy Scout.[13] Indiana's mother, named Margaret in this version, dismisses Indiana when he returns home with the Cross of Coronado, while his father is on a long distance call. Walter Chandler of the Chandler Foundation features, but is not the main villain; he plunges to his death in the tank. Elsa introduces Indiana and Brody to a large Venetian family that knows Henry. Leni Riefenstahl appears at the Nazi rally in Berlin. Vogel is beheaded by the traps guarding the Grail. Kemal tries to blow up the Grail Temple during a comic fight in which gunpowder is repeatedly lit and extinguished. Elsa shoots Henry, then dies drinking from the wrong Grail, and Indiana rescues his father from falling into the chasm while grasping for the Grail. Boam's revision on March 1 showed Henry causing the seagulls to strike the plane, and has Henry saving Indiana at the end.[5][17]

text: Between an undated "Amblin" revision and a rewrite by Tom Stoppard (under the pen name Barry Watson) dated May 8, 1988,[5] further changes were made. Stoppard polished most of the dialogue,[8][18] and created the "Panama Hat" character to link the prologue's segments featuring the young and adult Indianas. The Venetian family is cut. Kemal is renamed Kazim and now wants to protect the grail rather than find it. Chandler is renamed Donovan. The scene of Brody being captured is added. Vogel now dies in the tank, while Donovan shoots Henry and then drinks from the false grail, and Elsa falls into the chasm. The Grail trials are expanded to include the stone-stepping and leap of faith.[5][19]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Principal photography began on May 16, 1988, in the Tabernas Desert in Spain's Almería province. Spielberg originally had planned the chase to be a short sequence shot over two days, but he drew up storyboards to make the scene an action-packed centerpiece.[4] Thinking he would not surpass the truck chase from Raiders of the Lost Ark (because the truck was much faster than the tank), he felt this sequence should be more story-based and needed to show Indiana and Henry helping each other. He later said he had more fun storyboarding the sequence than filming it.[20] The second unit had begun filming two weeks before.[11] After approximately ten days, the production moved to Bellas Artes to film the scenes set in the Sultan of Hatay's palace. Cabo de Gata-Níjar Natural Park was used for the road, tunnel and beach sequence in which birds strike the plane. The shoot's Spanish portion wrapped on June 2, 1988, in Guadix, Granada, with filming of Brody's capture at İskenderun train station.[11] The filmmakers built a mosque near the station for atmosphere, rather than adding it as a visual effect.[20]

text: Filming for the castle interiors took place in the United Kingdom from June 5 to 10, 1988, at Elstree Studios in Borehamwood, England. On June 16 Lawrence Hall, London, was used for the airport interiors. Filming returned to Elstree the next day to capture the motorcycle escape, continuing at the studio for interior scenes until July 18. One day was spent at North Weald Airfield on June 29 to film Indiana leaving for Venice.[11] Ford and Connery acted much of the Zeppelin table conversation without trousers on because of the overheated set.[21] Spielberg, Marshall and Kennedy interrupted the shoot to make a plea to the Parliament of the United Kingdom to support the economically "depressed" British studios. July 20–22 was spent filming the temple interiors. The temple set, which took six weeks to build, was supported on 80 feet of hydraulics and ten gimbals for use during the earthquake scene. Resetting between takes took twenty minutes while the hydraulics were put to their starting positions and the cracks filled with plaster. The shot of the Grail falling to the temple floor—causing the first crack to appear—was attempted on the full-size set, but proved too difficult. Instead, crews built a separate floor section that incorporated a pre-scored crack sealed with plaster. It took several takes to throw the Grail from six feet onto the right part of the crack.[20] July 25–26 was spent on night shoots at Stowe School, Stowe, Buckinghamshire, for the Nazi rally.[11]

text: Filming resumed two days later at Elstree, where Spielberg swiftly filmed the library, Portuguese freighter, and catacombs sequences.[11] The steamship fight in the prologue's 1938 portion was filmed in three days on a sixty-by-forty-feet deck built on gimbals at Elstree. A dozen dump tanks—each holding three hundred imperial gallons (360 U.S. gallons; 3000 lb.) of water—were used in the scene.[20] Henry's house was filmed at Mill Hill, London. Indiana and Kazim's fight in Venice in front of a ship's propeller was filmed in a water tank at Elstree. Spielberg used a long focus lens to make it appear the actors were closer to the propeller than they really were.[11] Two days later, on August 4, another portion of the boat chase using Hacker Craft sport boats, was filmed at Tilbury Docks in Essex.[11] The shot of the boats passing between two ships was achieved by first cabling the ships off so they would be safe. The ships were moved together while the boats passed between, close enough that one of the boats scraped the sides of the ships. An empty speedboat containing dummies was launched from a floating platform between the ships amid fire and smoke that helped obscure the platform. The stunt was performed twice because the boat landed too short of the camera in the first attempt.[20] The following day, filming in England wrapped at the Royal Masonic School in Rickmansworth, which doubled for Indiana's college (as it had in Raiders of the Lost Ark).[11]

text: Shooting in Venice took place on August 8.[11] For scenes such as Indiana and Brody greeting Elsa, shots of the boat chase, and Kazim telling Indiana where his father is,[20] Robert Watts gained control of the Grand Canal from 7 am to 1 pm, sealing off tourists for as long as possible. Cinematographer Douglas Slocombe positioned the camera to ensure no satellite dishes would be visible.[11] San Barnaba di Venezia served as the library's exterior.[4] The next day, filming moved to the ancient city of Petra, Jordan, where Al Khazneh (The Treasury) stood in for the temple housing the Grail. The cast and crew became guests of King Hussein and Queen Noor. The Treasury had previously appeared in Sinbad and the Eye of the Tiger. The main cast completed their scenes that week, after 63 days of filming.[11]

text: The second unit filmed part of the prologue's 1912 segment from August 29 to September 3. The main unit began two days later with the circus train sequence at Alamosa, Colorado, on the Cumbres and Toltec Scenic Railroad. They filmed at Pagosa Springs on September 7, and then at Cortez on September 10. From September 14 to 16, filming of Indiana falling into the train carriages took place in Los Angeles. The production then moved to Utah's Arches National Park to shoot more of the opening. A house in Antonito, Colorado was used for the Jones family home.[22] The production had intended to film at Mesa Verde National Park, but Native American representatives had religious objections to its use.[20] When Spielberg and editor Michael Kahn viewed a rough cut of the film in late 1988, they felt it suffered from a lack of action. The motorcycle chase was shot during post-production at Mount Tamalpais and Fairfax near Skywalker Ranch. The closing shot of Indiana, Henry, Sallah and Brody riding into the sunset was filmed in Texas in early 1989.[11][9]

text: Design[edit]

text: Mechanical effects supervisor George Gibbs said the film was the most difficult one of his career.[20] He visited a museum to negotiate renting a small French World War I tank, but decided he wanted to make one.[11] The tank was based on the Tank Mark VIII, which was 36 feet (11 m) long and weighed 28 short tons (25 t). Gibbs built the tank over the framework of a 28-short-ton (25 t) excavator and added 7-short-ton (6.4 t) tracks that were driven by two automatic hydraulic pumps, each connected to a Range Rover V8 engine. Gibbs built the tank from steel rather than aluminum or fiberglass because it would allow the realistically suspensionless vehicle to endure the rocky surfaces. Unlike its historical counterpart, which had only the two side guns, the tank had a turret gun added as well. It took four months to build and was transported to Almería on a Short Belfast plane and then a low loader truck.[20]

text: The tank broke down twice. The distributor's rotor arm broke and a replacement had to be sourced from Madrid. Then two of the device's valves used to cool the oil exploded, due to solder melting and mixing with the oil. It was very hot in the tank, despite the installation of ten fans, and the lack of suspension meant the driver was unable to stop shaking during filming breaks.[20] The tank only moved at 10 to 12 miles per hour (16 to 19 km/h), which Vic Armstrong said made it difficult to film Indiana riding a horse against the tank while making it appear faster.[11] A smaller section of the tank's top made from aluminum and which used rubber tracks was used for close-ups. It was built from a searchlight trailer, weighed eight tons, and was towed by a four-wheel drive truck. It had safety nets on each end to prevent injury to those falling off.[20] A quarter-scale model by Gibbs was driven over a 50-foot (15 m) cliff on location; Industrial Light & Magic created further shots of the tank's destruction with models and miniatures.[23]

text: Michael Lantieri, mechanical effects supervisor for the 1912 scenes, noted the difficulty in shooting the train sequence. "You can't just stop a train," he said, "If it misses its mark, it takes blocks and blocks to stop it and back up." Lantieri hid handles for the actors and stuntmen to grab onto when leaping from carriage to carriage. The carriage interiors shot at Universal Studios Hollywood were built on tubes that inflated and deflated to create a rocking motion.[20] For the close-up of the rhinoceros that strikes at (and misses) Indiana, a foam and fiberglass animatronic was made in London. When Spielberg decided he wanted it to move, the prop was sent to John Carl Buechler in Los Angeles, who resculpted it over three days to blink, snarl, snort and wiggle its ears. The giraffes were also created in London. Because steam locomotives are very loud, Lantieri's crew would respond to first assistant director David Tomblin's radioed directions by making the giraffes nod or shake their heads to his questions, which amused the crew.[23] For the villains' cars, Lantieri selected a 1914 Ford Model T, a 1919 Ford Model T truck and a 1916 Saxon Model 14, fitting each with a Ford Pinto V6 engine. Sacks of dust were hung under the cars to create a dustier environment.[20]

text: Spielberg used doves for the seagulls that Henry scares into striking the German plane because the real gulls used in the first take did not fly.[4] In December 1988, Lucasfilm ordered 1,000 disease-free gray rats for the catacombs scenes from the company that supplied the snakes and bugs for the previous films. Within five months, 5,000 rats had been bred for the sequence;[4] 1,000 mechanical rats stood in for those that were set on fire. Several thousand snakes of five breeds—including a boa constrictor—were used for the train scene, in addition to rubber ones onto which Phoenix could fall. The snakes would slither from their crates, requiring the crew to dig through sawdust after filming to find and return them. Two lions were used, which became nervous because of the rocking motion and flickering lights.[20]

text: Costume designer Anthony Powell found it a challenge to create Connery's costume because the script required the character to wear the same clothes throughout. Powell thought about his own grandfather and incorporated tweed suits and fishing hats. Powell felt it necessary for Henry to wear glasses, but did not want to hide Connery's eyes, so chose rimless ones. He could not find any suitable, so he had them specially made. The Nazi costumes were genuine and were found in Eastern Europe by Powell's co-designer Joanna Johnston, to whom he gave research pictures and drawings for reference.[11] The motorcycles used in the chase from the castle were a mixed bag: the scout model with sidecar in which Indy and Henry escape was an original Dnepr, complete with machine gun pintle on the sidecar, while the pursuing vehicles were more modern machines dressed up with equipment and logos to make them resemble German army models. Gibbs used Swiss Pilatus P-2 army training planes standing in for Messerschmitt Bf-109s. He built a device based on an internal combustion engine to simulate gunfire, which was safer and less expensive than firing blanks.[23] Baking soda was applied to Connery to create Henry's bullet wound. Vinegar was applied to create the foaming effect as the water from the Grail washes it away.[23] At least one reproduction Kubelwagen was used during filming despite the film being set two years prior to manufacture of said vehicles.[citation needed]

text: Effects[edit]

text: Industrial Light & Magic (ILM) built an eight-foot foam model of the Zeppelin to complement shots of Ford and Connery climbing into the biplane. A biplane model with a two-foot wingspan was used for the shot of the biplane detaching. Stop motion animation was used for the shot of the German fighter's wings breaking off as it crashes through the tunnel. The tunnel was a 210 feet model that occupied 14 of ILM's parking spaces for two months. It was built in eight-foot sections, with hinges allowing each section to be opened to film through. Ford and Connery were filmed against bluescreen; the sequence required their car to have a dirty windscreen, but to make the integration easier this was removed and later composited into the shot. Dust and shadows were animated onto shots of the plane miniature to make it appear as if it disturbed rocks and dirt before it exploded. Several hundred tim-birds were used in the background shots of the seagulls striking the other plane; for the closer shots, ILM dropped feather-coated crosses onto the camera. These only looked convincing because the scene's quick cuts merely required shapes that suggested gulls.[23] ILM's Wes Takahashi supervised the film's effects sequences.[24]

text: Spielberg devised the three trials that guard the Grail.[3] For the first, the blades under which Indiana ducks like a penitent man were a mix of practical and miniature blades created by Gibbs and ILM. For the second trial, in which Indiana spells "Iehova" on stable stepping stones, it was intended to have a tarantula crawl up Indiana after he mistakenly steps on "J". This was filmed and deemed unsatisfactory, so ILM filmed a stuntman hanging through a hole that appears in the floor, 30 feet above a cavern. As this was dark, it did not matter that the matte painting and models were rushed late in production. The third trial, the leap of faith that Indiana makes over an apparently impassable ravine after discovering a bridge hidden by forced perspective, was created with a model bridge and painted backgrounds. This was cheaper than building a full-size set. A puppet of Ford was used to create a shadow on the 9-foot-tall (2.7 m) by 13-foot-wide (4.0 m) model because Ford had filmed the scene against bluescreen, which did not incorporate the shaft of light from the entrance.[23]

text: Spielberg wanted Donovan's death shown in one shot, so it would not look like an actor having makeup applied between takes. Inflatable pads were applied to Julian Glover's forehead and cheeks that made his eyes seem to recede during the character's initial decomposition, as well as a mechanical wig that grew his hair. The shot of Donovan's death was created over three months by morphing together three puppets of Donovan in separate stages of decay, a technique ILM mastered on Willow (1988).[21] A fourth puppet was used for the decaying clothes, because the puppet's torso mechanics had been exposed. Complications arose because Alison Doody's double had not been filmed for the scene's latter two elements, so the background and hair from the first shot had to be used throughout, with the other faces mapped over it. Donovan's skeleton was hung on wires like a marionette; it required several takes to film it crashing against the wall because not all the pieces released upon impact.[23]

text: Ben Burtt designed the sound effects. He recorded chickens for the sounds of the rats,[11] and digitally manipulated the noise made by a Styrofoam cup for the castle fire. He rode in a biplane to record the sounds for the dogfight sequence, and visited the demolition of a wind turbine for the plane crashes.[23] Burtt wanted an echoing gunshot for Donovan wounding Henry, so he fired a .357 Magnum in Skywalker Ranch's underground car park, just as Lucas drove in.[11] A rubber balloon was used for the earthquake tremors at the temple.[25] The film was released in selected theaters in the 70 mm Full-Field Sound format, which allowed sounds to not only move from side to side, but also from the theater's front to its rear.[23]

text: Matte paintings of the Austrian castle and German airport were based on real buildings; the Austrian castle was a small West German castle that was made to look larger. Rain was created by filming granulated Borax soap against black at high speed. It was only lightly double exposed into the shots so it would not resemble snow. The lightning was animated. The airport used was at San Francisco's Treasure Island, which already had appropriate art deco architecture. ILM added a control tower, Nazi banners, vintage automobiles and a sign stating "Berlin Flughafen". The establishing shot of the Hatayan city at dusk was created by filming silhouetted cutouts that were backlit and obscured by smoke. Matte paintings were used for the sky and to give the appearance of fill light in the shadows and rim light on the edges of the buildings.[23]

text: Themes[edit]

text: A son's relationship with his estranged father is a common theme in Spielberg's films, including E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial and Hook.[7]

text: The film's exploration of fathers and sons coupled with its use of religious imagery is comparable to two other 1989 films, Star Trek V: The Final Frontier and Field of Dreams. Writing for The New York Times, Caryn James felt the combination in these films reflected New Age concerns, where the worship of God was equated to searching for fathers. James felt that neither Indiana or his father is preoccupied with finding the Grail or defeating the evil Nazis, but that, rather, both seek professional respect for one another in their boys' own adventure. James contrasted the temple's biblically epic destruction with the more effective and quiet conversation between the Joneses at the film's end. James noted that Indiana's mother does not appear in the prologue, being portrayed as already having died before the film's events began.[26]

text: Cultural references[edit]

text: The 1912 prologue refers to events in the lives of Indiana's creators. When Indiana cracks the bullwhip to defend himself against a lion, he accidentally lashes and scars his chin. Ford gained this scar in a car accident as a young man.[4] Indiana taking his nickname from his pet Alaskan Malamute is a reference to the character being named after Lucas's dog.[21] The train carriage Indiana enters is named "Doctor Fantasy's Magic Caboose", which was the name producer Frank Marshall used when performing magic tricks. Spielberg suggested the idea, Marshall came up with the false-bottomed box through which Indiana escapes,[27] and production designer Elliott Scott suggested the trick be done in a single, uninterrupted shot.[20] Spielberg intended the shot of Henry with his umbrella—after he causes the bird strike on the German plane—to evoke Ryan's Daughter.[21]

text: Release[edit]

text: Marketing[edit]

text: The film's teaser trailer debuted in November 1988 with Scrooged and The Naked Gun.[28] Rob MacGregor wrote the tie-in novelization that was released in June 1989;[29] it sold enough copies to be included on the New York Times Best Seller list.[30] MacGregor went on to write the first six Indiana Jones prequel novels during the 1990s. Following the film's release, Ford donated Indiana's fedora and jacket to the Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of American History.[31]

text: No toys were made to promote the film; Indiana Jones "never happened on the toy level", said Larry Carlat, senior editor of the journal Children's Business. Rather, Lucasfilm promoted Indiana as a lifestyle symbol, selling tie-in fedoras, shirts, jackets and watches.[32] Two video games based on the film were released by LucasArts in 1989: Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade: The Graphic Adventure and Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade: The Action Game. A third game was produced by Taito and released in 1991 for the Nintendo Entertainment System. Ryder Windham wrote another novelization, released in April 2008 by Scholastic, to coincide with the release of Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull. Hasbro released toys based on The Last Crusade in July 2008.[33]

text: Box office[edit]

text: The film was released in North America on May 24, 1989, in 2,327 theaters, earning $29,355,021 in its opening weekend.[34] This was the third-highest opening weekend of 1989, behind Ghostbusters II and Batman.[35] Its opening day gross of $11,181,429 was the first time a film had made over $10 million on its first day. It broke the record for the best six-day performance, with almost $47 million, added another record with $77 million after twelve days, and $100 million in nineteen days. It grossed $195.7 million by the end of the year and $475 million worldwide by March 1990.[11] In France, the film broke a record by selling a million admissions within two and a half weeks.[31]

text: The film eventually grossed $197,171,806 in North America and $277 million internationally, for a worldwide total of $474,171,806.[34] At the time of its release, the film was the 11th highest-grossing film of all time.[34] Despite competition from Batman, The Last Crusade became the highest-grossing film worldwide in 1989.[36] In North America, Batman took top position.[35] Behind Kingdom of the Crystal Skull and Raiders, The Last Crusade is the third-highest grossing Indiana Jones film in North America, though it is also behind Temple of Doom when adjusting for inflation.[37] Box Office Mojo estimates that the film sold over 49 million tickets in North America.[38]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: The film opened to mostly positive reviews. It was panned by Andrew Sarris in The New York Observer, David Denby in New York magazine, Stanley Kauffmann in The New Republic and Georgia Brown in The Village Voice.[11] Jonathan Rosenbaum of the Chicago Reader called the film "soulless".[39] The Washington Post reviewed the film twice; Hal Hinson's review on the day of the film's release was negative, describing it as "nearly all chases and dull exposition". Although he praised Ford and Connery, he felt the film's exploration of Indiana's character took away his mystery and that Spielberg should not have tried to mature his storytelling.[40] Two days later, Desson Thomson published a positive review praising the film's adventure and action, as well as the father–son relationship's thematic depth.[41] Joseph McBride of Variety observed the "Cartoonlike Nazi villains of Raiders have been replaced by more genuinely frightening Nazis led by Julian Glover and Michael Byrne," and found the moment where Indiana meets Hitler "chilling".[42] In his biography of Spielberg, McBride added the film was less "racist" than its predecessors.[7]

text: Peter Travers of Rolling Stone said the film was "the wildest and wittiest Indy of them all". Richard Corliss of Time and David Ansen of Newsweek praised it, as did Vincent Canby of The New York Times.[11] "Though it seems to have the manner of some magically reconstituted B-movie of an earlier era, The Last Crusade is an endearing original," Canby wrote, deeming the revelation Indiana had a father he was not proud of to be a "comic surprise". Canby believed that while the film did not match the previous two in its pacing, it still had "hilariously off-the-wall sequences" such as the circus train chase. He also said that Spielberg was maturing by focusing on the father–son relationship,[43] a call echoed by McBride in Variety.[42] Roger Ebert praised the scene depicting Indiana as a Boy Scout with the Cross of Coronado; he compared it to the "style of illustration that appeared in the boys' adventure magazines of the 1940s", saying that Spielberg "must have been paging through his old issues of Boys' Life magazine... the feeling that you can stumble over astounding adventures just by going on a hike with your Scout troop. Spielberg lights the scene in the strong, basic colors of old pulp magazines."[44] The Hollywood Reporter felt Connery and Ford deserved Academy Award nominations.[11]

text: The film was evaluated positively after its release. Internet reviewer James Berardinelli wrote that while the film did not reach the heights of Raiders of the Lost Ark, it "[avoided] the lows of The Temple of Doom. A fitting end to the original trilogy, Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade captures some of the sense of fun that infused the first movie while using the addition of Sean Connery to up the comedic ante and provide a father/son dynamic."[45] Neil Smith of the BBC praised the action, but said the drama and comedy between the Joneses was more memorable. He noted, "The emphasis on the Jones boys means Julian Glover's venal villain and Alison Doody's treacherous beauty are sidelined, while the climax [becomes] one booby-trapped tomb too many."[46] Based on 55 reviews listed by Rotten Tomatoes, 88% of critics praised the film, giving it an average score of 8/10.[47] Metacritic calculated an average rating of 65/100, based on 14 reviews.[48]

text: Influence[edit]

text: The film won the Academy Award for Best Sound Editing; it also received nominations for Best Original Score and Best Sound (Ben Burtt, Gary Summers, Shawn Murphy and Tony Dawe), but lost to The Little Mermaid and Glory respectively.[49] Sean Connery received a Golden Globe Award nomination for Best Supporting Actor.[50] Connery and the visual and sound effects teams were also nominated at the 43rd British Academy Film Awards.[51] The film won the 1990 Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation,[52] and was nominated for Best Motion Picture Drama at the Young Artist Awards.[53] John Williams' score won a BMI Award, and was nominated for a Grammy Award.[54]

text: The prologue depicting Indiana in his youth inspired Lucas to create The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles television series, which featured Sean Patrick Flanery as the young adult Indiana and Corey Carrier as the 8- to 10-year-old Indiana.[9] The 13-year-old incarnation played by Phoenix in the film was the focus of a Young Indiana Jones series of young adult novels that began in 1990;[55] by the ninth novel, the series had become a tie-in to the television show.[56] German author Wolfgang Hohlbein revisited the 1912 prologue in one of his novels, in which Indiana encounters the lead grave robber—whom Hohlbein christens Jake—in 1943.[57] The film's ending begins the 1995 comic series Indiana Jones and the Spear of Destiny, which moves forward to depict Indiana and his father searching for the Holy Lance in Ireland in 1945.[58] Spielberg intended to have Connery cameo as Henry in Kingdom of the Crystal Skull (2008), but Connery turned it down as he had retired.[59]

text: Petra's use for the movie's climactic scenes greatly contributed to its popularity as an international tourist destination. Before the film's release, only a few thousand visitors per year made the trip; since then it has grown to almost a million annually.[60] Shops and hotels near the site play up the connection, and it is mentioned prominently in itineraries of locations used in the film series.[61] Jordan's tourism board mentions the connection on its website.[62] In 2012 the satirical news site The Pan-Arabia Enquirer ran a mock story claiming that the board had officially renamed Petra "That Place from Indiana Jones" to reflect how the world more commonly refers to it.[63]


document_title: Appointment and confirmation to the Supreme Court of the United States

question_text: who votes for confirmation of supreme court justices

text: Nomination[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

tag: table

text: Article Two of the United States Constitution requires the President of the United States to nominate Supreme Court Justices and, with Senate confirmation, requires Justices to be appointed. This was for the division of power between the President and Senate by the founders, who wrote:

text: he shall nominate, and by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, shall appoint ... Judges of the supreme Court...

text: Upon the election of a new President, incoming White House staff prepare profiles of possible candidates for the Supreme Court, considering not only judges but also politicians and other individuals whom they consider appropriate for the role. Besides considering national figures whose views are well-known, they consider others who are less recognized. They go through published rulings, articles, speeches, and other background material to get an idea of candidates' values and views on constitutional issues. Age, health, race, gender, education, and likelihood of confirmation are also factored into considerations. Once a Supreme Court vacancy opens, the President discusses the candidates with advisors. Senators also call the President with suggestions. In turn, the White House lobbies key senators for their votes. After a first choice is decided, the candidate is contacted and called on by the President to serve on the highest court. Staffers send a vetting form for the candidate to fill out. They visit the candidate to go over tax records and payments to domestic help. A formal FBI background check is conducted. Candidates whom the President has never met are interviewed by White House officials before being sent to the White House to be interviewed in person by the President. After making a final decision, the President calls the candidate, who is told to prepare a statement for an appearance in front of the national press for the President's formal announcement. The nominee then meets with senators and prepares for confirmation hearings.

text: Most Presidents nominate individuals who broadly share their ideological views.[4] In many cases, however, a Justice's decisions may be contrary to what the nominating President anticipated. A famous instance was Chief Justice Earl Warren; President Dwight D. Eisenhower expected him to be a conservative judge, but his decisions are arguably among the most liberal in the Court's history. Eisenhower later called the appointment "the biggest damn fool mistake I ever made".[5]  Another Justice whose decisions ran contrary to what was believed to be his ideology was David Souter, who was nominated to the high court in 1990 by President George H. W. Bush.  Many pundits and politicians at the time expected Souter to be a conservative; however, after becoming a Justice, his opinions generally fell on the liberal side of the political spectrum.

text: Because the Constitution does not set any qualifications for service as a Justice, the President may nominate any individual to serve on the Court. However, that person must receive the confirmation of the Senate.

text: Confirmation[edit]

text: In modern times, the confirmation process has attracted considerable attention from special-interest groups, many of which lobby senators to confirm or to reject a nominee, depending on whether the nominee's track record aligns with the group's views.[citation needed] The Senate Judiciary Committee conducts hearings, questioning nominees to determine their suitability. By convention, nominees avoid revealing too much about their views on potential cases that may come before the Court.[citation needed] At the close of confirmation hearings, the Committee votes on whether the nomination should go to the full Senate with a positive, negative or neutral report.[6]

text: The Committee's practice of personally interviewing nominees is relatively recent, beginning with Harlan Fiske Stone in 1925. Some western senators were concerned with his links to Wall Street and expressed their opposition when Stone was nominated. Stone proposed what was then the novelty of appearing before the Judiciary Committee to answer questions; his testimony helped secure a confirmation vote with very little opposition. The second nominee to appear before the Committee was Felix Frankfurter, who only addressed (at the Committee's request) what he considered to be slanderous allegations against him.[7] The modern practice of the Committee questioning nominees on their judicial views began with the nomination of John Marshall Harlan II in 1955; the nomination came shortly after the Court handed down the landmark Brown v. Board of Education decision, and several Southern senators attempted to block Harlan's confirmation, hence the decision to testify.[8][9]

text: Once the Committee reports out the nomination, the whole Senate considers it. A simple majority vote is required to confirm or to reject a nominee. Prior to 2017, a successful filibuster threat could add the requirement of a supermajority of 60 needed in favor of cloture, which would allow debate to end and force a final vote on confirmation. Rejections are relatively uncommon; the Senate has explicitly rejected twelve Supreme Court nominees in its history. The most recent rejection of a nominee by vote of the full Senate came in 1987, when the Senate refused to confirm Robert Bork.

text: Not everyone nominated by the President has received a floor vote in the Senate. Prior to 2017 a nominee could be filibustered once debate on the nomination had begun in the full Senate. A filibuster indefinitely prolongs the debate, preventing a final vote on the nominee. President Lyndon Johnson's nomination of sitting Associate Justice Abe Fortas to succeed Earl Warren as Chief Justice in 1968 was the first successful filibuster of a Supreme Court nominee. It included both Republican and Democratic senators concerned with Fortas's ethics. President Donald Trump's nomination of Neil Gorsuch to the seat left vacant by Antonin Scalia's death was the second. Unlike the Fortas filibuster, however, only Democratic Senators voted against cloture on the Gorsuch nomination, citing his perceived conservative judicial philosophy, and the Republican leadership's prior refusal to take up Obama's nomination of Merrick Garland to fill the vacancy.[10][11][12] The Republican majority then changed the rules[13] to eliminate the filibuster for Supreme Court nominations.[14]

text: Not every Supreme Court nominee has received a floor vote in the Senate. A president may withdraw a nomination before an actual confirmation vote occurs, typically because it is clear that the Senate will reject the nominee; this occurred most recently with the nomination of Harriet Miers in 2006 before Committee hearings had begun, citing concerns about Senate requests during her confirmation process for access to internal Executive Branch documents resulting from her position as White House Counsel. In 1987, President Ronald Reagan withdrew the nomination of Douglas H. Ginsburg because of news reports containing marijuana use allegations.

text: The Senate may also fail to act on the nomination, which expires at the end of the session. For example, President Dwight Eisenhower's first nomination of John Marshall Harlan II in November 1954 was not acted on by the Senate; Eisenhower re-nominated Harlan in January 1955, and Harlan was confirmed two months later. Most recently, the Senate failed to act on President Barack Obama's nomination of Merrick Garland in March 2016 to fill the vacancy left by the death of Antonin Scalia; the nomination expired in January 2017, and the vacancy was later filled by President Donald J. Trump's appointment of Neil Gorsuch.[15]

text: Before 1981 the approval process of Justices was usually rapid. From the Truman through Nixon administrations, Justices were typically approved within one month. From the Reagan administration to the present, however, the process has taken much longer. According to the Congressional Research Service, the average number of days from nomination to final Senate vote since 1975 is 67 days (2.2 months), while the median is 71 days (or 2.3 months).[16][17] Some believe this is because Congress sees Justices as playing a more political role than in the past.[18] The perceived politicization of the process has drawn criticism. For example, columnist George F. Will termed the defeat of Robert Bork's nomination "unjust" and, more generally, that the nomination process does "not delve deeply into the nominee's jurisprudential thinking."[19] Supreme Court nominations have caused media speculation about whether the judge leans to the left, middle, or right.[20] One indication of the politicized selection process is how much time each nominee spends being questioned under the glare of media coverage; before 1925, nominees were never questioned;[21] after 1955, every nominee has been required to appear before the Senate Judiciary Committee and answer questions; and the hours spent being grilled have lengthened from single digits (before 1980) to double digits today.[22]

text: Following is a table of the approximate number of hours that media sources estimate were spent on the questioning of Supreme Court nominees since 1925:

text:
Year

Nominee

# Hours

# Questions for the Record[23]

1925

Harlan Fiske Stone

7000500000000000000♠5

5000000000000000000♠0

1938

Felix Frankfurter

–

5000000000000000000♠0

1955

John Marshall Harlan II

–

5000000000000000000♠0

1957

William J. Brennan, Jr.

7000300000000000000♠3

5000000000000000000♠0

1967

Thurgood Marshall

7000700000000000000♠7

5000000000000000000♠0

1971

William H. Rehnquist

7000700000000000000♠7

5000000000000000000♠0

1975

John Paul Stevens

7000600000000000000♠6

7000500000000000000♠5

1981

Sandra Day O'Connor

7001120000000000000♠12

7000800000000000000♠8

1987

Robert Bork (not confirmed)

7001300000000000000♠30

7001150000000000000♠15

1987

Anthony Kennedy

7001110000000000000♠11

7001470000000000000♠47

1990

David H. Souter

7001200000000000000♠20

7000400000000000000♠4

1991

Clarence Thomas

7001250000000000000♠25

7001180000000000000♠18

1993

Ruth Bader Ginsburg

7001200000000000000♠20

7001200000000000000♠20

1994

Stephen G. Breyer

7001200000000000000♠20

7000500000000000000♠5

2005

John G. Roberts, Jr.

7001200000000000000♠20

7002231000000000000♠231

2017

Neil Gorsuch

7001200000000000000♠20

7002324000000000000♠324

Sources: The New York Times (2005, 2009), MSNBC (2005), [7][8][22]Sen. Judiciary Committee (2018) [24]

text: Once the Senate confirms the nomination by an affirmative vote, the Secretary of the Senate attests to a resolution of confirmation and transmits it to the White House.[25]  The President then prepares and signs a commission, and causes the Seal of the United States Department of Justice to be affixed to the document before the new Justice can take office.[26] The date of commission determines a Justice's seniority.[27] A ceremony is held in which the Justice must take the Constitutional Oath, which is used for every federal and state officeholder below the President, and the Judicial Oath used for federal judges before entering into the execution of their office.

text: Recess appointments[edit]

text: Article II, Section 2 of the U.S. Constitution provides that:

text: The President shall have Power to fill up all Vacancies that may happen during the Recess of the Senate, by granting Commissions which shall expire at the End of their next Session.

text: Thus, when the Senate is in recess, the President may make a temporary appointment to any office requiring Senate approval, including filling vacancies on the Supreme Court, without the Senate's advice and consent. Such a recess appointee to the Supreme Court holds office only until the end of the next Senate session (always less than two years). To continue to serve thereafter and be compensated for his or her service, the nominee must be formally nominated by the President and confirmed by the Senate. Of the ten Justices who have received recess appointments - two Chief Justices and eight Associate Justices - only Chief Justice John Rutledge was not subsequently confirmed for a regular appointment. No president since Dwight Eisenhower (who made three such appointments) has made a recess appointment to the Supreme Court and the practice has become highly controversial even when applied to lower federal courts. During the 110th Congress, the Democratic leadership of the Senate specifically blocked Republican President George W. Bush from making any recess appointments with the use of pro forma sessions.

text:
In 1960 the Senate passed a resolution stating that it was the sense of the Senate that recess appointments to the Supreme Court should not be made except under unusual circumstances.[28] Being a resolution, it has no legally binding effect, but was intended as an expression of the position of the Senate and as a guide to executive actions. The resolution passed by a vote of 48 to 37, mainly along party lines.[28]
[29]

text: Following is a list of recess appointments that have been made to the Supreme Court:[30]

text:
Justice
Appointed by
Date ofAppointment
Date ofNomination
Date ofSenate action
Senateaction

Thomas Johnson
Washington
August 5, 1791
October 31, 1791
November 7, 1791
Confirmed

John Rutledge(as Chief Justice)
Washington
July 1, 1795
December 10, 1795
December 15, 1795
Rejected

Bushrod Washington
J. Adams
September 29, 1798
December 19, 1798
December 20, 1798
Confirmed

Henry Brockholst Livingston
Jefferson
November 10, 1806
December 15, 1806
December 17, 1806
Confirmed

Smith Thompson
Monroe
September 1, 1823
December 5, 1823
December 9, 1823
Confirmed

John McKinley
Van Buren
April 22, 1837
September 18, 1837
September 25, 1837
Confirmed

Levi Woodbury
Polk
September 20, 1845
December 23, 1845
January 3, 1846
Confirmed

Benjamin Robbins Curtis
Fillmore
September 22, 1851
December 11, 1851
December 20, 1851
Confirmed

David Davis
Lincoln
October 17, 1862
December 1, 1862
December 8, 1862
Confirmed

Earl Warren(as Chief Justice)
Eisenhower
October 2, 1953
March 1, 1954
March 1, 1954
Confirmed

William J. Brennan, Jr.
Eisenhower
October 15, 1956
January 14, 1957
March 19, 1957
Confirmed

Potter Stewart
Eisenhower
October 14, 1958
January 17, 1959
December 5, 1959
Confirmed

text: Tenure and vacancies[edit]

text: The ability of a president to appoint new justices depends on the occurrence of a vacancy on the Court.  In practice, such vacancies normally occur as the result of an incumbent justices' death, resignation, or retirement.

text: The Constitution provides that justices "shall hold their offices during good behavior", which is understood to mean that confirmed justices may serve for the remainder of their lives, until death.  Justices may also resign or retire from their offices, and any of these circumstances results in a vacancy which must be filled.  Because justices have indefinite tenure, the timing of future vacancies is unpredictable.  Sometimes vacancies arise in quick succession: in September 1971, associate justices Hugo Black and John Marshall Harlan II both retired, producing two vacancies which were filled in January 1972 by Lewis Powell and William Rehnquist, respectively.  On the other hand, sometimes several years pass between consecutive vacancies.  In August 1994, Harry Blackmun's retirement created a vacancy which was filled by Stephen Breyer.  No further vacancy would occur on the Court until September 2005 when Rehnquist, since promoted to chief justice, died.  This vacancy was filled by current chief justice John Roberts.

text: Less commonly, though with historical precedent, vacancies may occur as a result of Congress changing the size of the Court.  Because the Constitution does not specify the Court's size, it was left to Congress to determine the matter through law, and a small number of statutes have legally changed the size of the Court throughout its history.  Changing the Court's size can have the effect of changing the seats on the Court; a newly created seat brings with it a vacancy which must be filled by an initial officeholder.  The original Judiciary Act of 1789 called for six justices, vacancies promptly filled by the appointments of George Washington, resulting in the Court's first complete composition.  An 1801 act called for the Court to be reduced to five justices upon its next vacancy, but was swiftly obviated by an 1802 act which restored the Court's legal size to six before any such vacancy occurred.  In 1807, the Court's size was increased to seven, creating one new vacancy filled by Thomas Todd.  Again in 1837, the Court's size was increased to nine, the two new vacancies being filled by John Catron and John McKinley.  An 1863 act increased the Court's size to ten, the vacancy being filled by Stephen Johnson Field.  Although an 1866 act provided that the Court's size would be thinned from ten to seven through attrition (and which did result in the elimination of two seats while in effect), a final 1869 act[31] interrupted the plan set forth in 1866: the Court's size shall be nine, the legally prescribed full strength which has stood ever since.  Consequently, one final seat was created and filled by Joseph Bradley.

text: President Franklin D. Roosevelt attempted to expand the Court in 1937, seeking to appoint an additional justice for each incumbent justice who reached the age of 70 years and 6 months and refused retirement; under Roosevelt's proposal, such appointments would continue until the Court reached a maximum size of 15 justices. Ostensibly, the proposal was made to ease the burdens of the docket on the elderly justices, but Roosevelt's actual purpose was to pack the Court with justices who would support New Deal policies and legislation.[32] This plan, usually called the "Court-packing Plan", failed in Congress and proved a political disaster for Roosevelt.[33] The balance of the Court shifted with the retirement of Willis Van Devanter and the confirmation of Hugo Black in August 1937. By the end of 1941, Roosevelt had appointed seven Supreme Court justices and elevated Harlan Fiske Stone to chief justice.[34]

text: It is constitutionally possible for a justice to be removed from office through Congressional impeachment by the House and conviction by the Senate, another possible situation creating a vacancy.  Only one justice—Samuel Chase, late 1804-early 1805—has ever been impeached; however, Chase was acquitted by the Senate, and thus not removed from office.  Removal of a justice through an impeachment process has therefore never taken place.  Less substantial efforts towards impeachment of a sitting justice, not reaching a House vote, have occurred more recently: William O. Douglas was twice the subject of hearings, first in 1953 and again in 1970.  No mechanism presently exists for removing a justice who is permanently incapacitated by illness or injury, both unable to resign and unable to resume service.[35]

text: Despite the unpredictability of vacancies, most presidents have successfully appointed at least one justice. The four exceptions are William Henry Harrison, Zachary Taylor, Andrew Johnson, and Jimmy Carter. Harrison died a month after taking office, though his successor John Tyler made an appointment during that presidential term. Taylor likewise died early in his term, although his successor Millard Fillmore also made a Supreme Court nomination before the end of that term. Johnson was denied the opportunity to appoint a justice by the 1866 act which reduced the Court's size, mentioned above.  Jimmy Carter is the only president who completed one full term in office without making a nomination to the Court during his presidency.