document_title: Vatican City

question_text: when did vatican city become a sovereign state

question_tokens: when did vatican city become a sovereign state

text: Vatican City

text: Name

text: The name Vatican city was first used in the Lateran Treaty, signed on 11 February 1929, which established the modern city-state. The name is taken from Vatican Hill, the geographic location of the state. "Vatican" is derived from the name of an Etruscan settlement,  Vatica or Vaticum meaning garden, located in the general area the Romans called vaticanus ager, "Vatican territory".[citation needed]

text: The official Italian name of the city is Città del Vaticano or, more formally, Stato della Città del Vaticano, meaning "Vatican City State". Although the Holy See (which is distinct from the Vatican City) and the Catholic Church use Ecclesiastical Latin in official documents, the Vatican City officially uses Italian. The Latin name is Status Civitatis Vaticanæ;[13][14] this is used in official documents by not just the Holy See, but in most official Church and Papal documents.

text: History

text: Early history

text:
This article is part a series on theVatican City

History[show]
Duchy of Rome 533–751
Donation of Pepin 750s
Papal States      754–1870
Annates
Congregation for Borders
Fundamental Statute for the Secular Government of the States of the Church
Capture of Rome   1870
"Prisoner in the Vatican" 1870–1929
Lateran Treaty    1929
Vatican City      1929–present
2010 Vatican sex scandal
History of the Catholic Church since 1962
History of the Papacy
Roman Historical Institutes
Savoyard Era
Vatileaks scandal
Vatican Historical Museum
Vatican City during World War II

Law[show]
Acta Apostolicae Sedis
Fundamental Law of Vatican City State
Capital punishment in Vatican City
Crime in Vatican City
Lateran Treaty
Legal status of the Holy See
Temporal power of the papacy
Tribunal of Vatican City State
(Alperin v. Vatican Bank)
(Doe v. Holy See)
LGBT rights in Vatican City
Pontifical Swiss Guard
Corps of Firefighters of the Vatican City State
Corps of Gendarmerie of Vatican City

Politics and government[show]
Archives
Association of Vatican Lay Workers
Pontifical Commission for Vatican City State
President
Pontifical Commission
Secretariat for Communications
Holy See Press Office
L'Osservatore Romano (Vatican City newspaper)
L'Osservatore della Domenica
List of newspapers in Vatican City
Vatican Radio lawsuit
Vatican Information Service
.va (Vatican City internet sites)
Vatican Publishing House
Vatican Radio
Vatican Television Center
Secretariat of State
Cardinal Secretary of State
Fabric of Saint Peter
Foreign relations of the Holy See
List of diplomatic missions of the Holy See
Holy See–Israel relations
Holy See–Italy relations
Holy See–Palestine relations
Papal apocrisiarius
Governorate of Vatican City
Governor of Vatican City
Military of Vatican City
Noble Guard
College of Cardinals
Vical General

Culture[show]
Vatican Museums
Vatican Library
Music of Vatican City
Sistine Chapel Choir
Languages of Vatican City
Women in Vatican City
Vatican Christmas Tree
Vatican City football team
Vatican Cricket Team
Papal Concert to Commemorate the Shoah
Postage stamps and postal history of Vatican City
Public holidays in Vatican City
Pontifical Academy of Sciences
Pontifical Academy of Social Sciences
The Story of the Vatican, 1941 documentary

Symbols[show]
Flag
List of Papal Flags
Anthem
Coats of arms of the Holy See and Vatican City
00120 (Vatican postcode)
Papal tiara
Papal coronation

Buildings/Geography[show]
Apostolic Nunciature
Apostolic Palace
Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore
Borgia Apartments
Bramante Staircase
Domus Sanctae Marthae
Fountains of St. Peter's Square
Gardens of Vatican City
Geography of Vatican City
Gregorian Tower
Mater Ecclesiae (monastery)
Monument to the Royal Stuarts
Palace of the Holy Office
Palazzi Pontifici
Papal Apartments
Saint Peter's Basilica
Saint Peter's Square
Saint Peter's tomb
Lateran Basilica
Lateran Palace
Leonine City
Niccoline Chapel
Old St. Peter's Basilica
Papal tombs
Papal tombs in Old St. Peter's Basilica
Paul VI Audience Hall
Tomb of the Julii
Torre San Giovanni
Scala Regia
Via della Conciliazione
Vatican Climate Forest
Vatican Heliport
Vatican Hill
Vatican Necropolis
Papal Concert to Commemorate the Shoah
Postage stamps and postal history of Vatican City
Public holidays in Vatican City
Vatican Secret Archives
St. Peter's Baldachin
Sala Regia
San Pellegrino in Vaticano
Sant'Anna dei Palafrenieri
Santa Maria della Pietà in Camposanto dei Teutonici
Vatican Advanced Technology Telescope
Vatican Observatory
Vatican Pharmacy
Bibliotheca Palatina
Cappella Giulia
Cappella Paolina
Cardinal Secretary of State
Casina Pio IV
Circus of Nero
Redemptoris Mater Chapel
Saints Martin and Sebastian of the Swiss
Santo Stefano degli Abissini
Santo Stefano degli Ungheresi
Teutonic Cemetery
Cortile del Belvedere
Passetto di Borgo
Porta San Pellegrino

Vatican Museums[show]
Vatican Museums
Gallery of Maps
Gallery of Sistine Chapel ceiling
Collection of Modern Religious Art
Raphael Rooms
Redemptoris Mater Chapel
Restoration of the Sistine Chapel frescoes
Sistine Chapel
Sistine Chapel ceiling
The Last Judgment by Michelangelo

Economy[show]
Institute for the Works of Religion
Telephone numbers in Vatican City
Tourism in Vatican City
Transport in Vatican City
Rail transport in Vatican City
Secretariat for the Economy
Administration of the Patrimony of the Apostolic See
Prefecture for the Economic Affairs of the Holy See
Vatican euro coins
Vatican lira
Properties of the Holy See

Papacy[show]
Pope
Popemobile
Catholic Church
Latin Church
Holy See
Diocese of Rome
Roman Curia
Universi Dominici Gregis
Papal conclave (Papal elections)
Papal household
Papal Gentleman
Prefecture of the Pontifical Household

Outline
Index
 Vatican City portal
 Catholicism portalvte

text: The name "Vatican" was already in use in the time of the Roman Republic for a marshy area on the west bank of the Tiber across from the city of Rome. Under the Roman Empire, many villas were constructed there, after Agrippina the Elder (14 BC – 18 October AD 33) drained the area and laid out her gardens in the early 1st century AD. In AD 40, her son, Emperor Caligula (31 August AD 12–24 January AD 41; r. 37–41) built in her gardens a circus for charioteers (AD 40) that was later completed by Nero, the Circus Gaii et Neronis,[15] usually called, simply, the Circus of Nero.[16]

text: Even before the arrival of Christianity, it is supposed that this originally uninhabited part of Rome (the ager vaticanus) had long been considered sacred, or at least not available for habitation.[citation needed] A shrine dedicated to the Phrygian goddess Cybele and her consort Attis remained active long after the Constantinian Basilica of St. Peter was built nearby.[17]

text: The particularly low quality of Vatican water, even after the reclamation of the area, was commented on by the poet Martial (40 – between 102 and 104 AD).[18] Tacitus wrote, that in AD 69, the Year of the Four Emperors, when the northern army that brought Vitellius to power arrived in Rome, "a large proportion camped in the unhealthy districts of the Vatican, which resulted in many deaths among the common soldiery; and the Tiber being close by, the inability of the Gauls and Germans to bear the heat and the consequent greed with which they drank from the stream weakened their bodies, which were already an easy prey to disease".[19]

text: The Vatican Obelisk was originally taken by Caligula from Heliopolis in Egypt to decorate the spina of his circus and is thus its last visible remnant.[20] This area became the site of martyrdom of many Christians after the Great Fire of Rome in AD 64. Ancient tradition holds that it was in this circus that Saint Peter was crucified upside-down.[21]

text: Opposite the circus was a cemetery separated by the Via Cornelia. Funeral monuments and mausoleums and small tombs as well as altars to pagan gods of all kinds of polytheistic religions were constructed lasting until before the construction of the Constantinian Basilica of St. Peter's in the first half of the 4th century. Remains of this ancient necropolis were brought to light sporadically during renovations by various popes throughout the centuries, increasing in frequency during the Renaissance until it was systematically excavated by orders of Pope Pius XII from 1939 to 1941. The Constantinian basilica was built in 326 over what was believed to be the tomb of Saint Peter, buried in that cemetery.[22]

text: From then on, the area became more populated in connection with activity at the basilica. A palace was constructed nearby as early as the 5th century during the pontificate of Pope Symmachus (reigned 498–514).[23]

text: Papal States

text: Popes gradually came to have a secular role as governors of regions near Rome. They ruled the Papal States, which covered a large portion of the Italian peninsula, for more than a thousand years until the mid-19th century, when all the territory belonging to the papacy was seized by the newly created Kingdom of Italy.

text: For most of this time the popes did not live at the Vatican. The Lateran Palace, on the opposite side of Rome was their habitual residence for about a thousand years. From 1309 to 1377, they lived at Avignon in France. On their return to Rome they chose to live at the Vatican. They moved to the Quirinal Palace in 1583, after work on it was completed under Pope Paul V (1605–1621), but on the capture of Rome in 1870 retired to the Vatican, and what had been their residence became that of the King of Italy.

text: Italian unification

text: In 1870, the Pope's holdings were left in an uncertain situation when Rome itself was annexed by the Piedmont-led forces which had united the rest of Italy, after a nominal resistance by the papal forces. Between 1861 and 1929 the status of the Pope was referred to as the "Roman Question".

text: Italy made no attempt to interfere with the Holy See within the Vatican walls. However, it confiscated church property in many places. In 1871 the Quirinal Palace was confiscated by the king of Italy and became the royal palace. Thereafter the popes resided undisturbed within the Vatican walls, and certain papal prerogatives were recognized by the Law of Guarantees, including the right to send and receive ambassadors. But the Popes did not recognise the Italian king's right to rule in Rome, and they refused to leave the Vatican compound until the dispute was resolved in 1929; Pope Pius IX (1846–1878), the last ruler of the Papal States, was referred to as a "prisoner in the Vatican". Forced to give up secular power, the popes focused on spiritual issues.[24]

text: Lateran treaties

text: This situation was resolved on 11 February 1929, when the Lateran Treaty between the Holy See and the Kingdom of Italy was signed by Prime Minister and Head of Government Benito Mussolini on behalf of King Victor Emmanuel III and by Cardinal Secretary of State Pietro Gasparri for Pope Pius XI.[12][10][25] The treaty, which became effective on 7 June 1929, established the independent state of Vatican City and reaffirmed the special status of Catholicism in Italy.[26]

text: World War II

text: The Holy See, which ruled Vatican City, pursued a policy of neutrality during World War II, under the leadership of Pope Pius XII. Although German troops occupied the city of Rome after the September 1943 Armistice of Cassibile, and the Allies from 1944, they respected Vatican City as neutral territory.[27] One of the main diplomatic priorities of the bishop of Rome was to prevent the bombing of the city; so sensitive was the pontiff that he protested even the British air dropping of pamphlets over Rome, claiming that the few landing within the city-state violated the Vatican's neutrality.[28] The British policy, as expressed in the minutes of a Cabinet meeting, was: "that we should on no account molest the Vatican City, but that our action as regards the rest of Rome would depend upon how far the Italian government observed the rules of war".[28]

text: After the American entry into the war, the US opposed such a bombing, fearful of offending Catholic members of its military forces, but said that "they could not stop the British from bombing Rome if the British so decided". The British uncompromisingly said "they would bomb Rome whenever the needs of the war demanded".[29] In December 1942, the British envoy suggested to the Holy See that Rome be declared an "open city", a suggestion that the Holy See took more seriously than was probably meant by the British, who did not want Rome to be an open city, but Mussolini rejected the suggestion when the Holy See put it to him. In connection with the Allied invasion of Sicily, 500 American aircraft bombed Rome on 19 July 1943, aiming particularly at the railway hub. Some 1,500 people were killed; Pius XII himself, who had been described in the previous month as "worried sick" about the possible bombing, went to the scene of the tragedy. Another raid took place on 13 August 1943, after Mussolini had been ousted from power.[30] On the following day, the new government declared Rome an open city, after consulting the Holy See on the wording of the declaration, but the British had decided that they would never recognize Rome as an open city.[31]

text: Post-war history

text: Pius XII had refrained from creating cardinals during the war. By the end of World War II, there were several prominent vacancies: Cardinal Secretary of State, Camerlengo, Chancellor, and Prefect for the Congregation for the Religious among them.[32] Pius XII created 32 cardinals in early 1946, having announced his intentions to do so in his preceding Christmas message.

text: The Pontifical Military Corps, except for the Swiss Guard, was disbanded by will of Paul VI, as expressed in a letter of 14 September 1970.[33] The Gendarmerie Corps was transformed into a civilian police and security force.

text: In 1984, a new concordat between the Holy See and Italy modified certain provisions of the earlier treaty, including the position of Catholicism as the Italian state religion, a position given to it by a statute of the Kingdom of Sardinia of 1848.[26]

text: Construction in 1995 of a new guest house, Domus Sanctae Marthae, adjacent to St Peter's Basilica was criticised by Italian environmental groups, backed by Italian politicians. They claimed the new building would block views of the Basilica from nearby Italian apartments.[34] For a short while the plans strained the relations between the Vatican and the Italian government. The head of the Vatican's Department of Technical Services robustly rejected challenges to the Vatican State's right to build within its borders.[34]

text: Geography

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The name "Vatican" predates Christianity and comes from the Latin Mons Vaticanus, meaning Vatican Mount.[35] The territory of Vatican City is part of the Mons Vaticanus, and of the adjacent former Vatican Fields. It is in this territory that St. Peter's Basilica, the Apostolic Palace, the Sistine Chapel, and museums were built, along with various other buildings. The area was part of the Roman rione of Borgo until 1929. Being separated from the city, on the west bank of the river Tiber, the area was an outcrop of the city that was protected by being included within the walls of Leo IV (847–855), and later expanded by the current fortification walls, built under Paul III (1534–1549), Pius IV (1559–1565) and Urban VIII (1623–1644).

text: When the Lateran Treaty of 1929 that gave the state its form was being prepared, the boundaries of the proposed territory were influenced by the fact that much of it was all but enclosed by this loop. For some tracts of the frontier, there was no wall, but the line of certain buildings supplied part of the boundary, and for a small part of the frontier a modern wall was constructed.

text: The territory includes St. Peter's Square, distinguished from the territory of Italy only by a white line along the limit of the square, where it touches Piazza Pio XII. St. Peter's Square is reached through the Via della Conciliazione which runs from close to the Tiber to St. Peter's. This grand approach was constructed by Benito Mussolini after the conclusion of the Lateran Treaty.

text: According to the Lateran Treaty, certain properties of the Holy See that are located in Italian territory, most notably the Papal Palace of Castel Gandolfo and the major basilicas, enjoy extraterritorial status similar to that of foreign embassies.[36][37] These properties, scattered all over Rome and Italy, house essential offices and institutions necessary to the character and mission of the Holy See.[37]

text: Castel Gandolfo and the named basilicas are patrolled internally by police agents of Vatican City State and not by Italian police. According to the Lateran Treaty (Art. 3) St. Peter's Square, up to but not including the steps leading to the basilica, is normally patrolled by the Italian police.[36]

text: There are no passport controls for visitors entering Vatican City from the surrounding Italian territory. There is free public access to Saint Peter's Square and Basilica and, on the occasion of papal general audiences, to the hall in which they are held. For these audiences and for major ceremonies in Saint Peter's Basilica and Square, tickets free of charge must be obtained beforehand. The Vatican Museums, incorporating the Sistine Chapel, usually charge an entrance fee. There is no general public access to the gardens, but guided tours for small groups can be arranged to the gardens and excavations under the basilica. Other places are open to only those individuals who have business to transact there.

text: Climate

text: Vatican City's climate is the same as Rome's: a temperate, Mediterranean climate Csa with mild, rainy winters from October to mid-May and hot, dry summers from May to September. Some minor local features, principally mists and dews, are caused by the anomalous bulk of St Peter's Basilica, the elevation, the fountains and the size of the large paved square.

text:
hideClimate data for Vatican City

Month

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Year

Record high °C (°F)

19.8 (67.6)

21.2 (70.2)

26.6 (79.9)

27.2 (81)

33.0 (91.4)

37.8 (100)

39.4 (102.9)

40.6 (105.1)

38.4 (101.1)

30.0 (86)

25.0 (77)

20.2 (68.4)

40.6 (105.1)

Average high °C (°F)

11.9 (53.4)

13.0 (55.4)

15.2 (59.4)

17.7 (63.9)

22.8 (73)

26.9 (80.4)

30.3 (86.5)

30.6 (87.1)

26.5 (79.7)

21.4 (70.5)

15.9 (60.6)

12.6 (54.7)

20.4 (68.7)

Daily mean °C (°F)

7.5 (45.5)

8.2 (46.8)

10.2 (50.4)

12.6 (54.7)

17.2 (63)

21.1 (70)

24.1 (75.4)

24.5 (76.1)

20.8 (69.4)

16.4 (61.5)

11.4 (52.5)

8.4 (47.1)

15.2 (59.4)

Average low °C (°F)

3.1 (37.6)

3.5 (38.3)

5.2 (41.4)

7.5 (45.5)

11.6 (52.9)

15.3 (59.5)

18.0 (64.4)

18.3 (64.9)

15.2 (59.4)

11.3 (52.3)

6.9 (44.4)

4.2 (39.6)

10.0 (50)

Record low °C (°F)

−11.0 (12.2)

−4.4 (24.1)

−5.6 (21.9)

0.0 (32)

3.8 (38.8)

7.8 (46)

10.6 (51.1)

10.0 (50)

5.6 (42.1)

0.8 (33.4)

−5.2 (22.6)

−4.8 (23.4)

−11 (12.2)

Average precipitation mm (inches)

67 (2.64)

73 (2.87)

58 (2.28)

81 (3.19)

53 (2.09)

34 (1.34)

19 (0.75)

37 (1.46)

73 (2.87)

113 (4.45)

115 (4.53)

81 (3.19)

804 (31.65)

Average precipitation days (≥ 1 mm)

7.0

7.6

7.6

9.2

6.2

4.3

2.1

3.3

6.2

8.2

9.7

8.0

79.4

Mean monthly sunshine hours

120.9

132.8

167.4

201.0

263.5

285.0

331.7

297.6

237.0

195.3

129.0

111.6

2,472.8

Source: Servizio Meteorologico,[38] data of sunshine hours[39]

text: In July 2007, the Vatican accepted a proposal by two firms based respectively in San Francisco and Budapest,[40] whereby it would become the first carbon neutral state by offsetting its carbon dioxide emissions with the creation of a Vatican Climate Forest in Hungary,[41] as a purely symbolic gesture[42] to encourage Catholics to do more to safeguard the planet.[43] Nothing came of the project.[44][45]

text: On 26 November 2008, the Vatican itself put into effect a plan announced in May 2007 to cover the roof of the Paul VI Audience Hall with solar panels.[46][47]

text: Gardens

text: Within the territory of Vatican City are the Vatican Gardens (Italian: Giardini Vaticani),[48] which account for more than half of this territory. The gardens, established during the Renaissance and Baroque era, are decorated with fountains and sculptures.

text: The gardens cover approximately 23 hectares (57 acres) which is most of the Vatican Hill. The highest point is 60 metres (200 ft) above mean sea level. Stone walls bound the area in the North, South and West.

text: The gardens date back to medieval times when orchards and vineyards extended to the north of the Papal Apostolic Palace.[49] In 1279 Pope Nicholas III (Giovanni Gaetano Orsini, 1277–1280) moved his residence back to the Vatican from the Lateran Palace and enclosed this area with walls.[50] He planted an orchard (pomerium), a lawn (pratellum) and a garden (viridarium).[50]

text: Governance

text:
Vatican City
This article is part of a series on thepolitics and government ofVatican City
Sovereign[show]
Pope (list)
Francis

LawConstitution[show]
Law of Vatican City
Fundamental Law
Lateran Treaty

Executive[show]
Governorate
President: Giuseppe Bertello
Secretariat of State
Secretary: Pietro Parolin

Legislature[show]
Pontifical Commission
President: Giuseppe Bertello

Judiciary[show]
Court of Cassation
President: Dominique Mamberti
Court of Appeals
President: Pio Vito Pinto
Tribunale
President: G.  di Sanguinetto

Elections[show]
Conclave
Recent conclaves
201320051978 (Oct)

See also[show]
Foreign relations
Financial Information Authority
Military
Corps of Gendarmerie

Other countries
Atlas
vte

text: The politics of Vatican City takes place in an absolute elective monarchy, in which the head of the Roman Catholic Church takes power. The Pope exercises principal legislative, executive, and judicial power over the State of Vatican City (an entity distinct from the Holy See), which is a rare case of a non-hereditary monarchy.[51]

text: Vatican City is one of the few widely recognized independent states that has not become a member of the United Nations.[52] The Holy See, which is distinct from Vatican City State, has permanent observer status with all the rights of a full member except for a vote in the UN General Assembly.

text: Political system

text: The government of Vatican City has a unique structure. The pope is the sovereign of the state. Legislative authority is vested in the Pontifical Commission for Vatican City State, a body of cardinals appointed by the pope for five-year periods. Executive power is in the hands of the President of that commission, assisted by the general secretary and deputy general secretary. The state's foreign relations are entrusted to the Holy See's Secretariat of State and diplomatic service. Nevertheless, the pope has absolute power in the executive, legislative and judicial branches over Vatican City. He is currently the only absolute monarch in Europe.

text: There are specific departments that deal with health, security, telecommunications, etc.[53]

text: The Cardinal Camerlengo presides over the Apostolic Camera to which is entrusted the administration of the property and protection of other papal temporal powers and rights of the Holy See during the period of the empty throne or Sede Vacante (papal vacancy). Those of the Vatican State remain under the control of the Pontifical Commission for the State of Vatican City. Acting with three other cardinals chosen by lot every three days, one from each order of cardinals (cardinal bishop, cardinal priest, and cardinal deacon), he in a sense performs during that period the functions of head of state of Vatican City.[citation needed] All the decisions these four cardinals take must be approved by the College of Cardinals as a whole.

text: The nobility that was closely associated with the Holy See at the time of the Papal States continued to be associated with the Papal Court after the loss of these territories, generally with merely nominal duties (see Papal Master of the Horse, Prefecture of the Pontifical Household, Hereditary officers of the Roman Curia, Black Nobility). They also formed the ceremonial Noble Guard. In the first decades of the existence of the Vatican City State, executive functions were entrusted to some of them, including that of delegate for the State of Vatican City (now denominated president of the Commission for Vatican City). But with the motu proprio Pontificalis Domus of 28 March 1968,[54] Pope Paul VI abolished the honorary positions that had continued to exist until then, such as Quartermaster general and Master of the Horse.[55]

text: Vatican City State, created in 1929 by the Lateran Pacts, provides the Holy See with a temporal jurisdiction and independence within a small territory. It is distinct from the Holy See. The state can thus be deemed a significant but not essential instrument of the Holy See. The Holy See itself has existed continuously as a juridical entity since Roman Imperial times and has been internationally recognized as a powerful and independent sovereign entity since Late Antiquity to the present, without interruption even at times when it was deprived of territory (e.g. 1870 to 1929). The Holy See has the oldest active continuous diplomatic service in the world, dating back to at least AD 325 with its legation to the Council of Nicea.[56]

text: Head of state and government

text: The Pope is ex officio head of state[57] of Vatican City since the 1860s,[58] functions dependent on his primordial function as bishop of the diocese of Rome. The term "Holy See" refers not to the Vatican state but to the Pope's spiritual and pastoral governance, largely exercised through the Roman Curia.[59] His official title with regard to Vatican City is Sovereign of the State of the Vatican City.

text: Pope Francis, born Jorge Mario Bergoglio in Buenos Aires, Argentina, was elected on 13 March 2013. His principal subordinate government official for Vatican City as well as the country's head of government is the President of the Pontifical Commission for Vatican City State, who since 1952 exercises the functions previously belonging to the Governor of Vatican City. Since 2001, the president of the Pontifical Commission for Vatican City State also has the title of president of the Governorate of the State of Vatican City. The current president is Italian Cardinal Giuseppe Bertello, who was appointed on 1 October 2011.

text: Administration

text: Legislative functions are delegated to the unicameral Pontifical Commission for Vatican City State, led by the President of the Pontifical Commission for Vatican City State. Its seven members are cardinals appointed by the Pope for terms of five years. Acts of the commission must be approved by the Pope, through the Holy See's Secretariat of State, and before taking effect must be published in a special appendix of the Acta Apostolicae Sedis. Most of the content of this appendix consists of routine executive decrees, such as approval for a new set of postage stamps.

text: Executive authority is delegated to the Governorate of Vatican City. The Governorate consists of the President of the Pontifical Commission—using the title "President of the Governorate of Vatican City"—a general secretary, and a Vice general secretary, each appointed by the Pope for five-year terms. Important actions of the Governorate must be confirmed by the Pontifical Commission and by the Pope through the Secretariat of State.

text: The Governorate oversees the central governmental functions through several departments and offices. The directors and officials of these offices are appointed by the Pope for five-year terms. These organs concentrate on material questions concerning the state's territory, including local security, records, transportation, and finances. The Governorate oversees a modern security and police corps, the Corpo della Gendarmeria dello Stato della Città del Vaticano.

text: Judicial functions are delegated to a supreme court, an appellate court, a tribunal (Tribunal of Vatican City State), and a trial judge. At the Vatican's request, sentences imposed can be served in Italy (see the section on crime, below).

text: The international postal country code prefix is SCV, and the only postal code is 00120 – altogether SCV-00120.[60]

text: Defense and security

text: As the Vatican City is an enclave within Italy, its military defence is provided by the Italian armed forces. However, there is no formal defence treaty with Italy, as the Vatican City is a neutral state. Vatican City has no armed forces of its own, although the Swiss Guard is a military corps of the Holy See responsible for the personal security of the Pope, and resident in the state. Soldiers of the Swiss Guard are entitled to hold Vatican City State passports and nationality. Swiss mercenaries were historically recruited by Popes as part of an army for the Papal States, and the Pontifical Swiss Guard was founded by Pope Julius II on 22 January 1506 as the pope's personal bodyguard and continues to fulfill that function. It is listed in the Annuario Pontificio under "Holy See", not under "State of Vatican City". At the end of 2005, the Guard had 134 members. Recruitment is arranged by a special agreement between the Holy See and Switzerland. All recruits must be Catholic, unmarried males with Swiss citizenship who have completed their basic training with the Swiss Armed Forces with certificates of good conduct, be between the ages of 19 and 30, and be at least 174 cm (5 ft 9 in) in height. Members are equipped with small arms and the traditional halberd (also called the Swiss voulge), and trained in bodyguarding tactics. The Palatine Guard and the Noble Guard, the last armed forces of the Vatican City State, were disbanded by Pope Paul VI in 1970.[33] As Vatican City has listed every building in its territory on the International Register of Cultural Property under Special Protection, the Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict theoretically renders it immune to armed attack.[61]

text: Civil defence is the responsibility of the Corps of Firefighters of the Vatican City State, the national fire brigade. Dating its origins to the early nineteenth century, the Corps in its present form was established in 1941. It is responsible for fire fighting, as well as a range of civil defence scenarios including flood, natural disaster, and mass casualty management. The Corps is governmentally supervised through the Directorate for Security Services and Civil Defence, which is also responsible for the Gendarmerie (see below).

text: The Gendarmerie Corps (Corpo della Gendarmeria) is the gendarmerie, or police and security force, of Vatican City and the extraterritorial properties of the Holy See.[62] The corps is responsible for security, public order, border control, traffic control, criminal investigation, and other general police duties in Vatican City including providing security for the Pope outside of Vatican City. The corps has 130 personnel and is a part of the Directorate for Security Services and Civil Defence (which also includes the Vatican Fire Brigade), an organ of the Governorate of Vatican City.[63][64]

text: Foreign relations

text: Vatican City State is a recognized national territory under international law, but it is the Holy See that conducts diplomatic relations on its behalf, in addition to the Holy See's own diplomacy, entering into international agreements in its regard. Vatican City thus has no diplomatic service of its own.

text: Because of space limitations, Vatican City is one of the few countries in the world that is unable to host embassies. Foreign embassies to the Holy See are located in the city of Rome; only during the Second World War were the staff of some embassies accredited to the Holy See given what hospitality was possible within the narrow confines of Vatican City—embassies such as that of the United Kingdom while Rome was held by the Axis Powers and Germany's when the Allies controlled Rome.

text: The size of Vatican City is thus unrelated to the large global reach exercised by the Holy See as an entity quite distinct from the state.[65]

text: However, Vatican City State itself participates in some international organizations whose functions relate to the state as a geographical entity, distinct from the non-territorial legal persona of the Holy See. These organizations are much less numerous than those in which the Holy See participates either as a member or with observer status. They include the following eight, in each of which Vatican City State holds membership:[66][67]

text:
European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations (CEPT)
European Telecommunications Satellite Organization (Eutelsat IGO)
International Grains Council (IGC)
International Institute of Administrative Sciences (IIAS)
International Telecommunication Union (ITU)
International Telecommunications Satellite Organization (ITSO)
Interpol[68]
Universal Postal Union (UPU)

text: It also participates in:[66]

text:
World Medical Association
World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)

text: Economy

text: The Vatican City State budget includes the Vatican Museums and post office and is supported financially by the sale of stamps, coins, medals and tourist mementos; by fees for admission to museums; and by publications sales.[h] The incomes and living standards of lay workers are comparable to those of counterparts who work in the city of Rome.[69] Other industries include printing, the production of mosaics, and the manufacture of staff uniforms. There is a Vatican Pharmacy.

text: The Institute for Works of Religion (IOR, Istituto per le Opere di Religione), also known as the Vatican Bank, is a financial agency situated in the Vatican that conducts worldwide financial activities. It has multilingual ATMs with instructions in Latin, possibly the only ATM in the world with this feature.[70]

text: Vatican City issues its own coins and stamps. It has used the euro as its currency since 1 January 1999, owing to a special agreement with the European Union (council decision 1999/98). Euro coins and notes were introduced on 1 January 2002—the Vatican does not issue euro banknotes. Issuance of euro-denominated coins is strictly limited by treaty, though somewhat more than usual is allowed in a year in which there is a change in the papacy.[71] Because of their rarity, Vatican euro coins are highly sought by collectors.[72] Until the adoption of the Euro, Vatican coinage and stamps were denominated in their own Vatican lira currency, which was on par with the Italian lira.

text: Vatican City State, which employs nearly 2,000 people, had a surplus of 6.7 million euros in 2007 but ran a deficit in 2008 of over 15 million euros.[73]

text: In 2012, the U.S. State Department's International Narcotics Control Strategy Report listed Vatican City for the first time among the nations of concern for money-laundering, placing it in the middle category, which includes countries such as Ireland, but not among the most vulnerable countries, which include the United States itself, Germany, Italy and Russia.[74]

text: On 24 February 2014 the Vatican announced it was establishing a secretariat for the economy, to be responsible for all economic, financial and administrative activities of the Holy See and the Vatican City State, headed by Cardinal George Pell. This followed the charging of two senior clerics including a monsignor with money laundering offenses. Pope Francis also appointed an auditor-general authorized to carry out random audits of any agency at any time, and engaged a US financial services company to review the Vatican's 19,000 accounts to ensure compliance with international money laundering practices. The pontiff also ordered that the Administration of the Patrimony of the Apostolic See would be the Vatican's central bank, with responsibilities similar to other central banks around the world.[75]

text: Demographics

text: Population and languages

text: Almost all of Vatican City's more than 450[76] citizens either live inside the Vatican's walls or serve in the Holy See's diplomatic service in embassies (called "nunciature"; a papal ambassador is a "nuncio") around the world. The Vatican citizenry consists almost entirely of two groups: clergy, most of whom work in the service of the Holy See, and a very few as officials of the state; and the Swiss Guard. Most of the 2,400 lay workers who comprise the majority of the Vatican workforce reside outside the Vatican and are citizens of Italy, while a few are citizens of other nations. As a result, all of the City's actual citizens are Catholic as are all the places of worship.

text: Vatican City has no formally enacted official language, but, unlike the Holy See which most often uses Latin for the authoritative version of its official documents, Vatican City uses only Italian in its legislation and official communications.[77] Italian is also the everyday language used by most of those who work in the state. In the Swiss Guard, Swiss German is the language used for giving commands, but the individual guards take their oath of loyalty in their own languages: German, French, Romansh or Italian. Vatican City's official website languages are Italian, English, French, German, and Spanish. (This site should not be confused with that of the Holy See, which uses all these languages, along with Portuguese, with Latin since 9 May 2008 and Chinese since 18 March 2009.)

text: Citizenship

text: Unlike citizenship of other states, which is based either on jus sanguinis (birth from a citizen, even outside the state's territory) or on jus soli (birth within the territory of the state), citizenship of Vatican City is granted jus officii, namely on the grounds of appointment to work in a certain capacity in the service of the Holy See. It usually ceases upon cessation of the appointment. Citizenship is extended also to the spouse, parents and descendants of a citizen, provided they are living with the person who is a citizen.[78][79] The Holy See, not being a country, issues only diplomatic and service passports, whereas Vatican City issues normal passports for its citizens.

text: Anyone who loses Vatican citizenship and does not possess other citizenship automatically becomes an Italian citizen as provided in the Lateran Treaty.[36]

text: As of 31 December 2011, other than the pope, there were 594 persons possessing Vatican citizenship, of which:[80]

text: 72% were clergy, including:

text:
71 cardinals residing in Rome,
307 titular bishops and other clergy serving as papal diplomats,
51 other members of the clergy.

text: 28% were laity, including:

text:
1 religious sister,
109 members of the Pontifical Swiss Guard
55 other lay persons.

text: The persons authorized to reside in the Vatican City maintaining their original citizenship were 238, of the aforementioned numbers.

text: The persons residing in buildings outside of the Vatican City in buildings exempt from expropriation and taxation were 3,500 on the above-mentioned date.

text: On 22 February 2011, Pope Benedict XVI promulgated a new "Law concerning citizenship, residency and access" to Vatican City, which became effective on 1 March. It replaced the 1929 "Law concerning citizenship and residence".[81][82] There are 16 articles in the new law, whereas the old law had 33 articles.[81] It updated the old law by incorporating changes made after 1929, such as the 1940 granting of Vatican City citizenship, durante munere, to the members of the Holy See's diplomatic service.[83] It also created a new category, that of official Vatican "residents", i.e., people living in Vatican City; these are not necessarily Vatican citizens.[81]

text: On 1 March 2011, only 220 of the over 800 people living in Vatican City were citizens. There was a total of 572 Vatican citizens, of whom 352 were not residents, mainly apostolic nuncios and diplomatic staff.[81]

text: As of  2013[update], there were about 30 female citizens.[84]

text: Wine consumption

text: More wine is drunk per person in the Vatican City than in any other country in the world, according to statistics released by the California Wine Institute. The figures show that residents of the Vatican consume 74 litres of wine on average – roughly equivalent to 105 bottles over the course of a year. That amount is around double the amount drunk by the average person in France or Italy as a whole, and triple the quantity consumed in the UK.[85]

text: Culture

text: Vatican City is home to some of the most famous art in the world. St. Peter's Basilica, whose successive architects include Bramante, Michelangelo, Giacomo della Porta, Maderno and Bernini, is a renowned work of Renaissance architecture. The Sistine Chapel is famous for its frescos, which include works by Perugino, Domenico Ghirlandaio and Botticelli as well as the ceiling and Last Judgment by Michelangelo. Artists who decorated the interiors of the Vatican include Raphael and Fra Angelico.

text: The Vatican Apostolic Library and the collections of the Vatican Museums are of the highest historical, scientific and cultural importance. In 1984, the Vatican was added by UNESCO to the List of World Heritage Sites; it is the only one to consist of an entire state.[86] Furthermore, it is the only site to date registered with the UNESCO as a centre containing monuments in the "International Register of Cultural Property under Special Protection" according to the 1954 Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict.[86]

text: Sport

text: There is a football championship, called the Vatican City Championship, with eight teams, including, for example, the Swiss Guard's FC Guardia and police and museum guard teams.[88]

text: Infrastructure

text: Transport

text: Vatican City has a reasonably well-developed transport network considering its size (consisting mostly of a piazza and walkways). A state that is 1.05 kilometres (0.65 miles) long and 0.85 kilometres (0.53 miles) wide,[89] it has a small transportation system with no airports or highways. The only aviation facility in Vatican City is the Vatican City Heliport. Vatican City is one of the few independent countries without an airport, and is served by the airports that serve the city of Rome, Leonardo da Vinci-Fiumicino Airport, and to a lesser extent Ciampino Airport.[90]

text: There is a standard gauge railway, mainly used to transport freight, connected to Italy's network at Rome's Saint Peter's station by an 852-metre-long (932 yd) spur, 300 metres (330 yd) of which is within Vatican territory.[90] Pope John XXIII was the first Pope to make use of the railway; Pope John Paul II rarely used it.[90]

text: The closest metro station is Ottaviano – San Pietro – Musei Vaticani.[91]

text: Communications

text: The City is served by an independent, modern telephone system named the Vatican Telephone Service,[92] and a postal system that started operating on 13 February 1929. On 1 August, the state started to release its own postal stamps, under the authority of the Philatelic and Numismatic Office of the Vatican City State.[93] The City's postal service is sometimes said to be "the best in the world",[94] and faster than the postal service in Rome.[94]

text: The Vatican also controls its own Internet TLD, which is registered as (.va). Broadband service is widely provided within Vatican City. Vatican City has also been given a radio ITU prefix, HV, and this is sometimes used by amateur radio operators.

text: Vatican Radio, which was organized by Guglielmo Marconi, broadcasts on short-wave, medium-wave and FM frequencies and on the Internet.[95] Its main transmission antennae are located in Italian territory, and exceed Italian environmental protection levels of emission. For this reason, the Vatican Radio has been sued. Television services are provided through another entity, the Vatican Television Center.[96]

text: L'Osservatore Romano is the multilingual semi-official newspaper of the Holy See. It is published by a private corporation under the direction of Roman Catholic laymen, but reports on official information. However, the official texts of documents are in the Acta Apostolicae Sedis, the official gazette of the Holy See, which has an appendix for documents of the Vatican City State.

text: Vatican Radio, the Vatican Television Center, and L'Osservatore Romano are organs not of the Vatican State but of the Holy See, and are listed as such in the Annuario Pontificio, which places them in the section "Institutions linked with the Holy See", ahead of the sections on the Holy See's diplomatic service abroad and the Diplomatic corps accredited to the Holy See, after which is placed the section on the State of Vatican City.

text: Recycling

text: In 2008, the Vatican began an "ecological island" for renewable waste and has continued the initiative throughout the papacy of Francis.

text: Crime

text: Crime in Vatican City consists largely of purse snatching, pickpocketing and shoplifting by outsiders.[97] The tourist foot-traffic in St. Peter's Square is one of the main locations for pickpockets in Vatican City.[98] If crimes are committed in Saint Peter's Square, the perpetrators may be arrested and tried by the Italian authorities, since that area is normally patrolled by Italian police.[99]

text: Under the terms of article 22 of the Lateran Treaty,[100] Italy will, at the request of the Holy See, punish individuals for crimes committed within Vatican City and will itself proceed against the person who committed the offense, if that person takes refuge in Italian territory. Persons accused of crimes recognized as such both in Italy and in Vatican City that are committed in Italian territory will be handed over to the Italian authorities if they take refuge in Vatican City or in buildings that enjoy immunity under the treaty.[100][101]

text: Vatican City has no prison system, apart from a few detention cells for pre-trial detention.[102] People convicted of committing crimes in the Vatican serve terms in Italian prisons (Polizia Penitenziaria), with costs covered by the Vatican.[103]


question_text: where was pirates of the carribean 5 filmed

root

text: Plot[edit]

text: Henry Turner, the twelve-year-old son of Will Turner, boards his cursed father’s ship, the Flying Dutchman, informing his father that the mythical Trident of Poseidon will be able to break his curse, and of his intent to recruit Captain Jack Sparrow to help. Will, however, believes that the trident can't be found and orders Henry to leave, telling his son to let him go and that he loves him and gives Henry his necklace. Will and the Dutchman then disappear under the sea but Henry still vows to find Jack Sparrow and the Trident.

tag: p

text: Nine years later, Henry is a sailor in the British Royal Navy, but is locked up for attempting mutiny when his ship sails for the supernatural Devil’s Triangle. The ship comes across a shipwreck, the Silent Mary, and are attacked by its ghostly crew led by Captain Salazar. Salazar and his crew kill everyone aboard except Henry. Salazar, seeing a wanted poster of Jack, allows Henry to live so he can deliver a message to Jack that he is coming for him before leaving.

text: In Saint Martin, a young astronomer and horologist named Carina Smyth is sentenced to death for alleged witchcraft, but escapes custody. She briefly crosses paths with Jack, who with his crew tries to steal a bank vault, but accidentally drags the entire bank with them and loses the fortune before crashing the building at the town's exit and escaping. Jack’s crew ends up abandoning him, even Gibbs, who has lost faith in Jack. Depressed, Jack forsakes his magic compass to pay for a drink, subsequently freeing Salazar’s crew from their imprisonment within the Devil’s Triangle. Carina learns Henry is looking for the Trident’s location and offers to help him using a diary left by her unknown father. Carina and Jack are both captured and face execution, but are saved by Henry and Jack’s crew, setting sail on the Dying Gull.

text: Carina deciphers that the stars will lead to an island where the Trident is hidden. Salazar destroys Captain Barbossa’s fleet, but Barbossa manages to talk his way out of being killed by offering to help him find Jack, to which Salazar agrees. He tells Barbossa that long ago he worked for the Spanish Navy hunting down pirates. However, a young Jack tricked him into sailing into the Devil’s Triangle, cursing his crew. Salazar pursues the Dying Gull, forcing Jack, Henry, and Carina to flee to an island while fighting off Salazar's cursed sharks, discovering that Salazar’s crew cannot go on land. After saving Jack from a forced marriage, Barbossa allies himself with Jack and provides him his compass, obtained from the sea witch Shansa. He uses the Sword of Triton to restore the miniaturized Black Pearl, trapped in a bottle by Blackbeard, to its original size but betrays Jack and takes the Pearl for himself once more.

text: During the voyage, Jack and Barbossa realize Carina is the latter’s long-lost daughter. Barbossa had left her at an orphanage with his diary so she could live a better life. Approaching the Trident’s island, the Pearl evades a British Navy warship, which is destroyed by the Silent Mary before the Pearl runs aground on the island. Jack, Barbossa, and Carina use the island's magic to open a path to the Trident’s spot on the ocean floor, parting the ocean. Salazar captures Henry and possesses his body, chasing Jack and the others across the ocean floor and seizes the Trident, freeing Henry. Henry shatters the Trident, breaking all curses upon the sea and restoring Salazar’s crew to life.

text: However, the divided sea begins to collapse in on itself. The Pearl drops its anchor to lift them to safety, but Salazar, not satisfied with being human, follows Jack, still hell-bent on killing him. Carina realizes that Barbossa is her father when she spots a tattoo on his arm identical to the diary’s cover. Barbossa sacrifices himself to kill Salazar, allowing the others to escape alive. Some time later, Henry and Carina reach Port Royal, where Will appears, free from the Dutchman. His wife, Elizabeth, appears moments later and the Turner family reunites. Jack watches from the Pearl, sailing away into the horizon.

text: In a post-credits scene, Will and Elizabeth sleep in their bedroom but the resurrected Davy Jones appears. Will wakes up, assuming it was a nightmare, but a small puddle filled with barnacles under the bed reveals that Jones has returned as Jones is heard walking away.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Johnny Depp as Captain Jack Sparrow:[11] The eccentric but noble pirate captain of the Black Pearl on the hunt for the Trident of Poseidon, which bestows control over the seas. In the film, according to director Joachim Rønning, Jack has "lost his mojo; he can't even be on the water". Rønning stated that Sparrow's role in the film mirrors his role in the original: "it was important to go back to the same dynamic that the first film had where Jack is not the main character. I wanted a story about real people, real characters – and then Jack Sparrow comes in and crashes the party every now and then",[12] and called Depp "a comedic genius, he has a comedic timing that I've never seen in anyone".[13] The film goes into the backstory of Sparrow, with the young Sparrow portrayed by Anthony De La Torre,[14] whose face was replaced by a CGI replica of Depp as he looked in 21 Jump Street and What's Eating Gilbert Grape.[15] Co-director Rønning believed de-aging Depp was tricky in terms of "trying to give him a backstory and still honour the mythology of the franchise".[16]
Javier Bardem as Captain Armando Salazar: A powerful and maniacal undead pirate hunter of the Spanish Navy who was trapped in the Devil's Triangle. After escaping, he seeks the Trident of Poseidon to wipe out all piracy and exact revenge on his old enemy, Captain Jack Sparrow.[1] Bardem set out to imbue the character with "a rage based on dented pride", comparing the character to "a wounded bull", owing to his spectacular fall from grace, going from a high ranking commander of a Spanish fleet to being betrayed and trapped in hell by Sparrow, who Bardem says is the reason for Salazar "holding that revenge in his body for eternity".[17] It took three hours a day to apply the make-up to Bardem's face, with Bardem referring to the process as having "cold chicken breasts" glued to his face.[18]
Geoffrey Rush as Captain Hector Barbossa:[19] The one-legged pirate captain of the Queen Anne's Revenge, former captain of the Black Pearl, and Captain Jack's former rival-turned-ally. In the film, Barbossa has become extremely wealthy since the previous film, with Rush referring to him as a "corporate pirate", having amassed a fleet of ships under his command and encrusted his peg-leg with jewels.[20]
Brenton Thwaites as Henry Turner:[21][1] The son of Will Turner and Elizabeth Swann-Turner, who tries to reconnect with his father. He struggles to break a curse that is preventing him from doing so.[22] The directors were keen to draft a new protagonist relationship, different to the two relationships explored in On Stranger Tides, with Henry and Carina, stating that "in the middle of a big action scene, you need to be able to lean on the characters and find the heart of that story, and channel the characters' vulnerability". Rønning noted that identity is a major theme in the film and to Henry and Carina's story arc: "they are on a similar quest and find common ground in looking for who they are".[13] Lewis McGowan portrays a young Henry.[23]
Kaya Scodelario as Carina Smyth (née Barbossa):[1] A headstrong, altruistic astronomer. Scodelario explained the character's motivation and role saying, "she is an academic, she's fighting for the right to study at university because women couldn't at that time. So she's on her own journey—looking for the trident of Poseidon—and she has a diary with clues."[24] She discussed the difference between Carina and Elizabeth Swann, believing that she was not just a carbon copy of that character.[25] For the directors, it was important to "modernise it with Henry and Carina, Kaya, especially brought that with her. She's a modern woman."[12] Scodelario worked with Nathanson to ensure the character was unique to the series and prevent her from being a "Mary Sue archetype", saying that "she's got her flaws…that's such an important thing to include when building a character, especially female characters, who often fall into two camps; they are either pretty and perfectly put together or completely insane. Carina has definitely got a little bit of both."[17]
Kevin McNally as Joshamee Gibbs:[1] Captain Jack's loyal friend and First Mate.
Golshifteh Farahani as Shansa:[1] a sea-witch and ally of Captain Barbossa.
David Wenham as Lieutenant John Scarfield: the second antagonist of the film and a British Royal Navy officer, who commands the HMS Essex.[26]
Stephen Graham as Scrum:[1] a member of Jack Sparrow's crew and former member of Blackbeard's crew.
Martin Klebba as Marty:[27] A member of Jack Sparrow's crew.
Giles New and Angus Barnett as Murtogg and Mullroy: Former Royal Marines turned pirates, who serve as Barbossa's right-hand men on board the Queen Anne's Revenge.[27]
Orlando Bloom as Captain William "Will" Turner Jr.: a blacksmith-turned-pirate, who was transformed into the Captain of the Flying Dutchman at the end of At World's End. Speaking about his possible return to the franchise, Bloom stated that he would love to portray a character outside of his usual role types as a good-looking hero: "Of course, I'm Davy Jones now, so I'm down the bottom of the ocean. It might be kind of fun to do something where I'm rumbling 'round the bottom of the ocean, because I won't look anything like me. [Gestures to his face] Get all gnarly."[28]

tag: ul

text: Additionally, Keira Knightley briefly appears at the end and reprises her role in the film series as Elizabeth Swann,[29] Will Turner's wife, and Henry's mother. Adam Brown, Danny Kirrane, and Delroy Atkinson appear as members of Jack's crew. In the prison scene, Paul McCartney appears briefly as Jack's paternal uncle, Uncle Jack.[30][27][30][30][31][32] Alexander Scheer plays a young Captain Edward Teague in a flashback sequence, while Keith Richards' likeness (as Jack's father) was also used.[33] A silhouette of Davy Jones, one of the series' former villains, was seen in the post-credits scene, but no actor was credited for this appearance. Pablo and Chiquita reprised their role as Jack the Monkey.

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: Shortly before the release of On Stranger Tides in 2011, the cast and crew of the fourth film were told to set aside time in the near future, as Walt Disney Pictures intended to shoot a fifth and sixth film back-to-back (like the first two sequels).[34] However, it was later stated that only a fifth film was in the works. On January 11, 2013, Jeff Nathanson signed on to write the script for the film.[35] Rob Marshall, the director of the last film, was believed for return to direct,[36] but he declined after he chose to direct Into the Woods[37] (2014) and The Thin Man[38] (both projects for Disney and starring Johnny Depp). After Marshall passed on the project, many directors were rumored to direct the film, like Tim Burton, Sam Raimi, Shawn Levy, Chris Weitz, Alfonso Cuarón and Gore Verbinski (who directed the first three films).[39] On May 9, 2013, it was reported that Fredrik Bond, Rupert Sanders, and the Norwegian film duo Joachim Rønning and Espen Sandberg were considered to direct the fifth film.[40] Finally, on May 29, 2013, Rønning and Sandberg were selected to direct.[41] This decision was based both on their Academy Award-nominated high sea film Kon-Tiki, as well as their ability to work with a limited budget.[42] Geoffrey Rush argued that the pair brought "a kind of Euro sensibility to traditional Hollywood franchise thinking".[43] While Orlando Bloom believed that they'd "recaptured the simplicity and charm", calling the film "fantastic, really entertaining".[44] On August 22, 2013, Rønning and Sandberg revealed that the title of the fifth film would be Dead Men Tell No Tales.[45] They also confirmed that they were working on the film, speaking highly of Jeff Nathanson's "funny and touching" script and that they are inspired by the first film, The Curse of the Black Pearl,[6] stating that the original is "scary, it's funny, and most of all it's a comedy, but with great heart, and that structure and the dynamics between the characters was something I really wanted to try and reinvent". On the pair's decision to direct the film, Rønning believed that "it was all there in this script already, and for me, it was just a matter of adding scenes that carry the tradition of Gore Verbinski, bring the emotional core and big action set pieces", with Charlie Chaplin and Buster Keaton also being in the director's mind when crafting the tone of the film.[13] The pair also wanted to include two things new to the series: "it needs to have heart; I really believe this to be the most emotional Pirates yet", argued Rønning, as well as exploring the roots of Jack Sparrow.[46] Kaya Scodelario felt that the film "will have much more of the feel of the first film, the producers want to take it back to the beginning again. They wanted it to have this epic journey, and for it to make sense, and for it to tie things up, and also lead to new storylines."[7]

text: However, after Disney's The Lone Ranger lost the studio $190 million in 2013—a film also starring Depp in a similarly eccentric role—Disney questioned the bankability of Depp and thus the franchise, so the film was reconsidered and not actually green-lit as of early 2014.[47] Another problem, along with the lack of success Depp experienced outside of the Pirates franchise were script problems, as Walt Disney Studios chairman Alan Horn stated: "We haven't seen a screenplay yet that I've been able to sign off on. There are a lot of variables that affect the final outcome once it leaves the studio lot, so we are very careful."[48] Due to these problems, the film's production was delayed, and it moved from a 2015 release aspired by Disney in 2013[35] to a likely release in 2016.[49] Producer Jerry Bruckheimer revealed that script as well as budget issues were behind the delay, and that Jeff Nathanson was at work on a second attempt based on a well-received outline, stating: "It's all a factor. We want a script that everyone's signed off on and a budget that everyone's signed off on."[42] After the script was accepted and the film was finally officially green-lit by Disney in July 2014, the release date moved to July 7, 2017.[50]

text: Many of the crew members for the film were new to the franchise, replacing members that had served on the previous four films. Apart from directors Rønning and Sandberg and writer Nathanson, a new director of photography, Paul Cameron replaced Dariusz Wolski, production designer Nigel Phelps, visual effects supervisor Gary Brozenich, special effects supervisor Dan Oliver, supervising stunt coordinator R. A. Rondell, stunt coordinators Thomas Robinson Harper and Kyle Gardiner, makeup and hair designer Peter Swords King, executive producers Joe Caracciolo Jr. and Brigham Taylor replacing Mike Stenson, film editors Joel Cox, Gary D. Roach and Roger Barton and composer Geoff Zanelli taking over from composer of the primary themes for the series, Hans Zimmer. Costume designer Penny Rose returned after providing the costumes for all four previous films, along with executive producer Chad Oman.[1][51][52]

text: Speaking to IGN while promoting The Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies, Orlando Bloom indicated that the film might serve as a soft reboot for the franchise, saying: "Basically, they want to reboot the whole franchise, I think, and do something with me and the relationship with my son."[28]

text: Writing[edit]

text: By 2011, shortly before the release of On Stranger Tides, Terry Rossio was writing a script for a fifth film without his partner Ted Elliott.[53] Rossio's draft was ultimately rejected. "My version of Dead Men Tell No Tales was set aside because it featured a female villain," recalled Rossio, "and Johnny Depp was worried that would be redundant to Dark Shadows, which also featured a female villain."[54] In January 2013, Disney hired Jeff Nathanson to work on a script.[35] That September, producer Bruckheimer said, "We have an outline everyone loves but the script is not done," explaining that the release would be postponed beyond summer 2015.[42]

text: On April 13, 2014, Depp said Bruckheimer and Disney had invited him in to collaborate with the writer Jeff Nathanson, noting:

text: Everyone involved wants the script to be right and perfect. So we have gone on to do other things [in the meantime]. We are still going to do the film together. I enjoy them immensely. They are super talented. They have a great sense of humor. I think they have a really fun approach to what we are going to do with the next Pirates. Very happily and proudly, I have welcomed taking part in the story and working directly with the screenwriter [Jeff Nathanson]—he and I. It's working out really well that way. So I have high hopes for that Pirates 5 because if that's really the last one, which it probably is, I feel that we owe it to the audience who went and saw the films so many times. We'll do it right and end it on a high note.[55]

text: Casting[edit]

text: Speaking at the On Stranger Tides press launch in Cannes, Depp said he would play the role for as long as it is popular with the public.[56] In August 2012 news surfaced that Johnny Depp signed on officially for the fifth film, earning A$90 million to reprise his role.[11] As with the fourth film, Depp was also involved in scripting and planning Dead Men Tell No Tales.[55] Geoffrey Rush had commented on returning as Hector Barbossa in the fifth installment, saying "If they keep shapeshifting this character, absolutely" as well as implying he may return as the villain.[57] He also said that Barbossa's megalomania "could explode in horrific ways".[58] In December 2014, Rush confirmed his return for the fifth installment, where Barbossa and Jack were "at the heart of it and there's a whole new set of story lines".[19] In late 2011, about four years after choosing not to return for the fourth installment, Orlando Bloom stated that he would like to return for the fifth film if he was offered.[59] On May 11, 2011, Naomie Harris expressed her desire to return as Tia Dalma if they called her.[60] Several weeks after Disney officially green-lit the film, Bloom stated that there were "discussions" about his return to the franchise in September 2014.[61] Bloom further commented in December 2014, that while he was not sure whether he would return, there were talks. He also indicated that Disney could do a soft reboot with the franchise and focus on Will Turner and his son.[28] After months of speculation and after filming wrapped up, Bloom's participation was confirmed at Disney D23 on August 15, 2015.[62]

text: On December 2, 2013, it was reported that Christoph Waltz was in talks to appear as the film's main antagonist,[63] but he finally declined. Australian actor Brenton Thwaites entered talks for the role of Henry in late November 2014,[64] after Disney chose him over Taron Egerton, George MacKay, Mitchell Hope, Ansel Elgort and Sam Keeley.[65] In mid-January 2015, he stated that he was to travel to Australia for the film in February, disclosing that his role was indeed that of Will Turner's son, struggling to break a curse to meet his father.[22] The shortlist of actresses for the female lead consisted of Gabriella Wilde, Kaya Scodelario, Alexandra Dowling, Jenna Thiam and Lucy Boynton. On January 24, Jerry Bruckheimer announced via Twitter that Scodelario had won the role.[66] In July, her character was revealed to be called Carina.[67] In earlier drafts of the script the name Carina Smyth appeared as Barbossa's daughter and was a love interest of Sparrow's and was an astronomer accused of being a witch.[68] Scodelario confirmed that the character was an astronomer and that "she's a totally different character" to Keira Knightley's Elizabeth Swann, and also confirmed that Smyth will be Henry's love interest instead of Jack's.[25][69] By October 2014, Javier Bardem, husband of Penélope Cruz (who portrayed Angelica in the fourth installment), was in early talks to appear as the antagonist of the film.[70] His role was eventually confirmed to be that of Armando Salazar, who in early scripts was referred as Captain John Brand.[1] However, during an interview with Collider in 2012, Penélope Cruz stated that she would most likely not reprise her role as Angelica Teach.[71] Kevin McNally confirmed his return as Joshamee Gibbs via Twitter in late January.[72] Shortly after on location pre-production opened in Australia, Disney issued a casting call to local agents for actors from all age- and experience levels to apply for roles and as extras in the upcoming film, with casting also open in the US.[73] Adam Brown, Delroy Atkinson, Danny Kirrane were revealed as cast members shortly before filming.[30] Martin Klebba confirmed his return as Marty via Twitter days before filming began.[74] On February 17, 2015, Stephen Graham revealed that he will reprise his role as Scrum.[75] On September 24, 2015, a YouTube video was uploaded stating that Giles New and Angus Barnett would reprise their roles as Murtogg and Mullroy.[76] Director Joachim Rønning's two children appear in the film as extras.[77] Also, Keith Richards expressed interest in reprising his role as Captain Teague.[78] Additionally, Greg Ellis expressed interest in reprising his role as Theodore Groves, despite his character's apparent death in the previous film, saying the possibility that Groves survived.[79] Apart from this declaration, reports that a deceased Navy officer will star in the film, had sparked many rumors regarding the possibility of the return of James Norrington (portrayed again by Jack Davenport), who died in the third film.[80]

text: Both Lee Arenberg and Mackenzie Crook commented on the possibility of returning as Pintel and Ragetti. Arenberg confirmed in several interviews that, despite wanting to return to the fourth film,[81] he hoped to reprise his role as Pintel.[82] In an interview on November 7, 2014, Crook confirmed that he had received a call of availability from Disney for the film, although stated that he was uncertain about whether he wanted to reprise his role.[83] Crook declined to reprise his role ultimately, in order to focus on his television series Detectorists.[84] He said he felt "pangs of nostalgia" when the cast and crew filmed the film without him.[85] Furthermore, shortly before filming started, Arenberg announced on Twitter that he would not reprise his role as well, despite having been interested in doing so.[86] In early 2017, there were rumors that Keira Knightley was back to the franchise for a cameo scene despite Knightley saying in 2011 that she wasn't coming back to any future films. On April 18, 2017, the international trailer was released, confirming Knightley's participation.[87]

text: Filming[edit]

text: On January 15, 2014, directors Joachim Rønning and Espen Sandberg confirmed that shooting would take place in Puerto Rico and New Orleans[88] and Bruckheimer had previously mentioned that there might be a sequence in Louisiana.[89] However, a spokesman for the Australian Arts Minister George Brandis confirmed that the fifth installment was set to shoot exclusively in Australia after the government agreed to repurpose $20 million of tax incentives originally intended for the remake of 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea, thus edging out Mexico and South Africa as filming locations.[90] According to Australian film industry sources, on location pre-production started in late September 2014 and its cost is around $250 million.[91] This was officially confirmed by Disney and the Queensland Arts Minister on October 2, 2014, stating that filming will take place exclusively in Queensland, Australia, being the largest production to ever shoot in the country. Village Roadshow Studios and Port Douglas were officially confirmed as filming locations.[92] On January 1, 2015, The Rainbow Gypsy, a 15-year-old replica of an 1897 Scottish bawley, sailed into the Gold Coast to start the extensive refit, which will include a new bowsprit and reconfigured decks and cabins in order to become the Dying Gull, a single-masted ghost ship. Its captain and owner Kit Woodward was a rigger on the film.[93]

text: Filming commenced on February 17, 2015.[1] Ship scenes were filmed in front of a giant outdoor greenscreen in Helensvale,[94] while a film set in the form of a village was built in Maudsland.[95] Given the greenscreens were so tall they blocked sunlight, containers with inflatable bluescreens mounted on top were added to the set to allow for light to creep in.[96] While an initial draft of the script featured six ships, the end product had 11 vessels, meaning that to cut costs, most of them were not full sets, but partial constructs later enhanced by computer graphics, at times built atop an hydraulic rig to mimic the movement of seafaring while still on land. The camera crew also made extensive use of drones to capture immersive views on sea without resorting to aerial footage or cranes.[15][97]

text: Filming moved to Doug Jennings Park on The Spit from March 30 to June 15, 2015 for water bound scenes.[98] However, due to extreme sea sickness among the cast and crew due to "big swells" at The Spit, filming moved to Raby Bay for calmer waters.[99][100] Scenes were shot at Byron Bay on June 1. Locals made up more than 75 percent of the 850-plus crew then working on the film.[101] After much speculation about whether Orlando Bloom would return, Bloom arrived at the Gold Coast in late May to reprise his role as Will Turner.[102][103] Scenes featuring a skeleton of a sperm whale that had been constructed were shot at Hastings Point from June 21 to 23.[104]

text: A number of issues and controversies set back the film during its production. The biosecurity laws in Australia posed problems regarding the capuchin monkeys that portray Hector Barbossa's pet monkey Jack, as the animals are regarded as a category 1 pest and require strict requirements and a 30-day quarantine.[105] Further controversy surrounding the use of the monkeys erupted from animal rights activist groups, who urged the Federal Environment Minister Greg Hunt to reject the application to fly two capuchin monkeys from California to Australia, arguing that the trip would "harm the monkeys' health, that movie performances are unnatural for wild creatures and that the appearance of monkeys in films encourages the illegal wildlife trade".[106] One of the monkeys caused further disruption when it wandered off set at Movie World and bit a make up artist on another production on the ear.[107] Crew and cast members were forced to cover the camera lenses on all mobile phones with duct tape to prevent the film from being pirated before its release. To prevent fans from interfering with the production, secret filming locations used the production name of "Herschel" to hide the fact it was the fifth Pirates of the Caribbean film.[108] Following the attempt of an armed man trying to bypass security, the already tight security was increased.[109]

text: On March 10, 2015, Depp was injured off set and had to be flown back to the United States for surgery.[110] Due to his absence, filming stalled completely and 200 crew members were forced to stand down for two weeks as they had done all they had been able to without Depp.[111] Filming was set to resume "on or about April 20"[112] and Depp returned to set on April 21.[113] In June, Kaya Scodelario was injured on set along with a stuntman.[114]

text: Most of the cast and crew had finished on the July 8, 2015, and a wrap party was held on July 11.[115] Filming then moved to the Whitsundays for the final shots to be filmed.[67][116] On July 21, 2015, Joachim Rønning announced via Instagram that filming has wrapped after a 95-day shoot.[117] After nearly a year in post production, reshoots and additional photography was conducted in Vancouver, Canada from March 24 to April 13, 2016 under the production title "Herschel Additional Photography".[118]

text: The entire film was filmed in IMAX for an expanded 1.9:1 aspect ratio, giving IMAX screenings of the film 26% more picture on the screen.[119]

text: Music[edit]

text: For the first time in the series since Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl (which he co-wrote with Klaus Badelt), Hans Zimmer is not composing the music for the film. Instead, one of his protégés, Geoff Zanelli, who worked on all previous four installments in the franchise, is the main composer for the film.[120] Zanelli said of taking over from Zimmer as composer for the series, "What Hans did for the Pirates movies redefined the sound of the entire genre, it has been very fulfilling to work alongside him and [producer] Jerry [Bruckheimer] on the past four films. Dead Men Tell No Tales enlarges the Pirates universe with many new, unique elements, and I'm building a distinctive sound for this film that springboards off of many years of collaborating in the Pirates world."[52] The film's soundtrack was released on May 26, 2017.[121]

text: Post-production[edit]

text: Work on the film concluded on April 19, 2017.[122] Eight companies handled the film's 2,000 visual effects shots, with 150 of them consisting only of computer graphics. The primary vendor was Moving Picture Company, from which hails the film's overall effects supervisor Gary Brozenich.[96] Among MPC's work was Salazar's pirates, whose on-set footage filmed against a blue screen was mostly replaced by CGI given all have missing parts of their body as well as floating hair and clothing, with Brozenich stating that was kept of the original actors was "their run, gait and faces." To provide reference for the floating parts, that was meant to resemble a perpetual drowning state, a stuntman in full costume and wig dove into a swimming pool, and was filmed underwater by both a GoPro and a Canon 5D doing various actions.”[15] Atomic Fiction handled the scenes of St. Martin, turning the few blocks of buildings built on set onto more than 600 CG buildings surrounded by a jungle environment environment combining references from both the Caribbean and Thailand, and enhancing through CGI both the guillotine on which Jack Sparrow is nearly executed and the bank from the heist scene, that was meant to look as if it was dragging through the ground instead of driving on top of it.[123] Along with sea footage filmed in both the Australian sets and Key West, Florida, there was extensive usage of water simulations, with the artists basing on the Beaufort scale to ensure the sea and wind was realistic.[96]

text: Release[edit]

text: Dead Men Tell No Tales had its world premiere at the Shanghai Disney Resort on May 11, 2017.[2] In several countries, the film was released as Pirates of the Caribbean: Salazar's Revenge, including English-speaking countries.[124] It was released at cinemas in Italy[125] and Norway[126] on May 24. The film was released in the United States, Canada, and China on May 26.[127] It is the first Hollywood feature to be released in the United States for the new panorama-like ScreenX format; it will play in two locations in the U.S.—CGV Buena Park and CGV Cinemas—both in Los Angeles, California. Additionally, it will play in 81 screens at select theaters in Korea, China, Thailand, Vietnam, Turkey and Indonesia. The film will also play in 4D on 373 4DX screens worldwide.[128] It is Disney's third wide release of the year following Beauty and the Beast and Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2.[129]

text: Marketing[edit]

text: A robust marketing effort helped promote Dead Men Tell No Tales.[130] The film was first showcased at the Disney D23 Expo 2015 where Depp appeared in costume as Jack Sparrow and the film's logo was revealed with Orlando Bloom confirmed to be starring in the film.[131][132] Elizabeth Rudnick has been self-confirmed to novelize the film, as well as describing the film as bringing back "sensibility" plus bringing back Jack Sparrow in "all of his swaggering glory".[133] Another book is set to be released by Disney, a tie-in prequel expanding the backstory of the character of Carina Smyth, titled Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales – The Brightest Star in the North.[134] The film was also showcased at the Walt Disney Content Showcase in Africa in 2016 where concept art, story details and on set images were previewed.[135] The first teaser trailer was released on October 2, 2016, during Fear the Walking Dead and showcased Armando Salazar hunting for Jack Sparrow who doesn't appear in the trailer except only his image on a wanted poster.[136] On January 27, 2017, Disney uploaded an eight-second motion poster to their official Instagram account for the release of a TV spot of the film during Super Bowl LI.[137] Disney then released a 30-second television teaser at Super Bowl LI, with an extended version released online set to Johnny Cash's "Ain't No Grave". The trailer was considered to be the "big" trailer of the event and was the most viewed trailer of all the films advertised at the halftime show. A new teaser poster was also released with the trailer. Both teasers received a highly positive reaction from audiences.[138][139] The official trailer was released on March 2, 2017. Another trailer was released on March 25, 2017.[140] The first 30-second TV spot was released on March 31, 2017. On April 21, at Disney Parks and on the four Disney cruise ships, Disney previewed a sneak peek of the film.[141] With the release of Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 on April 28, 2017 in the UK, Disney premiered a 5-minute extended sequence of the film in front of the Marvel film.[142][143]

text: Home media[edit]

text: Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales was released on digital download by Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment on September 19, 2017, and on Blu-ray, Ultra HD Blu-ray and DVD on October 3, 2017.[144] In its first week to sale were the top home media release. The Blu-ray version accounted for 78% of the sales. Meanwhile, the home video release of the new "Pirates" sequel helped bring previous films in the franchise back into the Blu-ray top 25, with 2011's On Stranger Tides at No. 12, 2007's At World's End at No. 19, and 2006's Dead Man's Chest at No. 20. The original film, 2003's Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl, landed at No. 23.[145]

text: Hacking incident[edit]

text: In May 2017, the film was allegedly stolen by a group of piracy hackers, who demanded a large sum of money from Disney in order for them not to distribute the unreleased film. The company refused to do so and worked with the FBI in order to get the identity of the group.[146] Also Disney CEO, Bob Iger reported that hackers did not steal their movie.[147]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales grossed $172.5 million in the United States and Canada and $622 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $794.2 million, against a production budget of $230 million.[4]

text: The film had a worldwide opening of $271.4 million from 55 markets, with $24 million coming from 1,088 IMAX screens.[148] The film's six-day opening gross pushed the franchise gross past the $4 billion mark.[149] Despite being the lowest-grossing film of the series in the US by nearly $70 million, the film became the highest-grossing entry of the Pirates franchise internationally when going by modern foreign-exchange rates, passing On Stranger Tides, which grossed $593.4 million at current rates.[150] Despite weak US totals, Deadline.com noted the film should turn a net profit of around $280 million after factoring together all expenses and revenues.[151]

text: North America[edit]

text: In April 2017, early projections had the film grossing $115 million over its four-day Memorial Day opening weekend.[152] In early May, projections were adjusted to $90–100 million, which was again lowered down to $80–85 million, with a chance of hitting $100 million, by the week of its release.[153] It was released in 4,276 theaters, of which over 3,100 were 3D, including 400 IMAX locations, over 500 Premium Large Format locations, 170 D-Box locations, 10 4D auditoriums and three venues featuring the ScreenX three-screen format.[154] It opened Friday, May 26, 2017, and earned $23.4 million on its opening day, including $5.5 million it made from Thursday night previews. Its opening day was the lowest of the franchise.[155] In total, it grossed $63 million over three days, and $78.5 million over four (Friday–Monday), finishing first at the box office ahead of Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 and fellow newcomer Baywatch.[156][157] On a three-day basis, the film did 31% less than On Stranger Tides did over its first three days in 2011, after adjusting for inflation, and on a four-day basis, it was down 34% from At World's End and overall is the second-smallest debut of the franchise after the first film.[158] Despite the film registering the highest test score in the series' history,[159] the opening came in well below initial expectations, which was attributed to various reasons, such as Johnny Depp's diminishing returns and his depreciating public image amid his personal problems, the wave of negative reviews from critics (mainly on Rotten Tomatoes), franchise fatigue and the problem of Memorial Day weekend failing to attract considerable moviegoers in the past years. However, although the film's opening was below predictions, it wasn't considered a fatal failure and was better than Disney had for its last few Memorial Day releases (Prince of Persia: The Sands of Time, Tomorrowland and Alice Through the Looking Glass).[160][161][162] Studio executives said they were pleased with the movie's opening, both in the US and abroad.[149] Its opening further helped Disney push past $1 billion in the US to record the second-fastest time a studio has reached the mark in the US, second only to Disney's own record from 2016 when the studio surpassed $1 billion in early May.[163]

text: After dropping by 73% on its second Friday, the worst Friday-to-Friday drop in the series, the film fell by a total of 65% in its second weekend, also the worst of the series, grossing $22.1 million.[164] As a result, it finished in third place, after newcomers Wonder Woman ($103.3 million) and Captain Underpants: The First Epic Movie ($23.9 million).[165] It made $10.7 million in its third weekend, $9 million in its fourth and $5.2 million in its fifth, respectively, finishing 4th, 6th and 7th at the box office.[166][167]

text: Outside North America[edit]

text: Internationally, where it is marketed as Salazar's Revenge in many countries, the film was released day-and-date with its North American debut in 54 markets (91% of its total marketplace, except Japan, where it debuted on July 1).[168] Preliminary reports had the film opening to $150–175 million, but possibly overperforming depending on major markets, most notably China.[154][169] While its Chinese run benefited from the Dragon Boat Festival—a lucrative moviegoing period—from May 28–30 as well as from International Children's Day (June 1),[170][171] the 2017 Manchester Arena bombing had a deteriorating effect on certain European markets, and eased moviegoing admissions across the continent over the film's opening weekend.[172] From Wednesday to Friday, it registered an opening of $208.8 million. Around $14 million of that came from IMAX screenings, the second-biggest international IMAX opening in May only after Captain America: Civil War.[148] Similar to its US plunge, it earned $73.8 million in its second weekend, thus, falling in second place behind Wonder Woman.[173]

text: It recorded the biggest opening day of the year in several markets including Germany ($3.6 million), Austria, France ($2.3 million), Finland, Sweden, Belgium, Thailand ($400,000), Indonesia, Malaysia and the Netherlands ($900,000, also the second-biggest Disney bow, behind Star Wars: The Force Awakens), while Russia opened with $4 million, the fifth-biggest ever.[172][174] In terms of opening, Russia posted the biggest opening of all time with $18.4 million ($18.6 million including previews) while South Korea ($11.5 million), France ($9.1 million), Germany ($8.3 million), Mexico ($6.9 million), the UK ($6.1 million), Brazil ($5.6 million), Italy ($5.5 million), Australia ($4.4 million), Spain ($4.4 million), Indonesia ($4 million), Taiwan ($3.6 million), India ($3 million) and Argentina ($3 million) recorded the top openings.[148][163][175][176]

text: In China, where the film had its global premiere, it earned $21.3 million on its opening day, the fourth-biggest Disney opening day in the country. It had an 87% marketshare and had already surpassed the entire earnings of Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End.[177] Earning a total of $67.9 million, it registered the third-highest three-day for any Disney title, only behind Captain America: Civil War and Avengers: Age of Ultron and a much higher opening than the U.S.[148] The film did extremely well in IMAX, earning $9 million from 401 screens from Friday to early Monday bookings. The robust opening has been attributed to the Dragon Boat Festival, as well as Depp's star power, the ubiquity of the franchise, the impact of the Shanghai Disneyland Park, which opened last year and good word of mouth—it has a score of 7.5/10 on reviews aggregator Douban, and 8.7/10 on top mobile ticketing platform Weying.[178][179]

text: The final market for the film to be released in was Japan (July 1), where it opened at Number 1, achieving the highest-grossing opening for a Western film of the year, earning $9.25 million over the July 1–2 weekend.[180] It remained at the number 1 spot at the box office for three weeks.[181]

text: The biggest earning markets so far are China ($172.3 million), followed by Japan ($55 million), Russia and the CIS ($40.7 million), where is the second-highest-grossing film ever, behind only Avatar, Germany ($31 million), France ($28.7 million) and U.K. ($25.1 million).[182] The film is the highest-grossing of the series internationally by modern-foreign exchange rates.[183]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 29% based on 230 reviews, with an average rating of 4.7/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales proves that neither a change in directors nor an undead Javier Bardem is enough to drain this sinking franchise's murky bilge."[184] On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 39 out of 100, based on 45 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews".[185] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A–" on an A+ to F scale.[186]

text: Mike Ryan of Uproxx criticized the convoluted plot and overabundance of characters, writing: "Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man Tell No Tales is practically incoherent. I’ve been trying to wrap my head around the 'plot,' but it's been futile. I've asked literally eight other people who saw this movie to answer a couple specific questions and no one has been able to do it."[187] Writing for Rolling Stone, Peter Travers called the film "bloated, boring, repetitive and draining" and gave it one star out of four, saying, "Abandon ship, audiences. Paying cash money to see Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales is the equivalent of walking the plank."[188] Ignatiy Vishnevetsky of The A.V. Club wrote that the film returns "to the basic formula of the first three Pirates films directed by Gore Verbinski, in which Johnny Depp’s louche and campy Jack Sparrow played second banana to an insipid love story…the two romantic leads […] succeed only in making the shortest movie in the series seem just as long as the rest."[189] A. O. Scott of The New York Times said of the film, "Its pleasures are so meager, its delight in its own inventions so forced and false, that it becomes almost the perfect opposite of entertainment."[190] Michael O'Sullivan of The Washington Post remarked that the film was "loud, overstimulating and hard to take in all in one sitting", comparing it to a "vacation that you’ll need a vacation from."[191] Mick LaSalle of San Francisco Chronicle found the film to be "a jumble of half-baked impulses", with the film's directors "trying to pump air and passion into a stinking corpse of a franchise."[192]

text: Richard Roeper of Chicago Sun-Times gave the film 3 out of 4 stars, saying: "Dead Men works well enough as a stand-alone, swashbuckling comedic spectacle, thanks to the terrific performances, some ingenious practical effects, impressive CGI and a steady diet of PG-13 dialogue peppered with not particularly sophisticated but (I have to admit) fairly funny sexual innuendo."[193] Pete Hammond of Deadline.com praised the film, calling it "the most entertaining installment," giving credit to Directors Rønning and Sandberg for creating a "rollicking good time". He praised the visual effects, particularly Salazar and his crew, arguing that it should be in line to receive an Academy Award for Visual Effects. He also gave high praise to Bardem for being able to create such a "fully dimensional villain" under the layers of make-up and CGI, as well as Depp for keeping the film and franchise going.[194] Leah Greenblatt of Entertainment Weekly gave the film a 'B', praising the fun nature of the film as well as its visuals, calling it "gorgeously detailed swashbuckling nonsense," but wished that the script had taken more risks instead of following the formula used in previous films.[195] Ashley Esqueda of CNET gave the film a positive review, arguing it brought the franchise back to what made its first two installments so fun, and praised Depp's performance as "delightful as ever."[196] Brian Truitt of USA Today gave the film 3 out of 4 stars, saying "What was once a past-its-prime franchise seems to have found new life."[197] Mark Hughes of Forbes opined "Dead Men Tell No Tales isn't as good as the first three films, but it's better than the fourth film", adding "it has mostly good performances, and a couple of great ones. It has fantastic visual effects, lots of humor that works, a lighthearted feel and sense of fun, and many terrific action set pieces to make your eyeballs pop out."[198]

text: Accolades[edit]

text: The film was nominated for six Teen Choice Awards: Sci-Fi/ Fantasy Movie, Sci-Fi/ Fantasy Actor, Sci-fi/ Fantasy Actress, Sci-Fi Fantasy villain and Sci-Fi Fantasy Liplock.[199]

text: Sequel[edit]

text: Shortly before the release of On Stranger Tides, it was reported that Disney was planning to shoot the fifth and the sixth films back-to-back,[200] although it was later revealed that only the fifth film was in development. On March 4, 2017, director Joachim Rønning stated that Dead Men was only the beginning of the final adventure, implying that it would not be the last film of the franchise and that a sixth film could be realized.[201] The post-credit scene of Dead Men shows Will Turner, Elizabeth Swann, and Davy Jones, implying that Will and Elizabeth will be main characters again and Davy Jones would be the main antagonist in a sixth film.[202] In September 2017, producer Jerry Bruckheimer indicated that another Pirates sequel is still possible if Dead Men Tell No Tales does well in its home release.[203] In October 2017, Kaya Scodelario said that she was contracted to return for a sixth film.[204] Shortly after, it was announced that Joachim Rønning is being eyed to direct the film.[205]


document_title: Long Island Iced Tea

question_text: what is the alcohol content in a long island iced tea

text: Long Island Iced Tea

text:
Long Island Iced Tea

IBA Official Cocktail

The Long Island Iced Tea was named for its resemblance to non-alcoholic Iced tea.

Type
Cocktail

Primary alcohol by volume

Gin
Tequila
Vodka
Rum
Triple sec

Served
On the rocks; poured over ice

Standard drinkware

Highball glass

IBA specified
ingredients

1.5 cl Tequila
1.5 cl Vodka
1.5 cl White rum
1.5 cl Triple sec
1.5 cl Gin
2.5 cl Lemon juice
3.0 cl Gomme Syrup
1 dash of Cola

Preparation
Add all ingredients into highball glass filled with ice. Stir gently. Garnish with lemon spiral. Serve with straw. [1]

 Long Island Iced Tea recipe at International Bartenders Association

tag: table

text: A Long Island Iced Tea is a type of alcoholic mixed drink typically made with vodka, tequila, light rum, triple sec, gin, and a splash of cola, which gives the drink the same amber hue as its namesake.[1] It is so named because of the resemblance to the color of iced tea. A popular version mixes equal parts vodka, gin, rum, triple sec, with 1½ parts sour mix and a splash of cola.

text: Most variants use equal parts of the main liquors, but include a smaller amount of triple sec (or other orange-flavored liqueur). Close variants often replace the sour mix with lemon juice, replace the cola with diet cola or actual iced tea, or add white crème de menthe. Most variants do not include any tea.

text: The drink has a much higher alcohol concentration (approximately 22 percent) than most highball drinks due to the relatively small amount of mixer. Long islands can be ordered "extra long", which further increases the alcohol to mixer ratio.

text: Origin[edit]

text: Robert "Rosebud" Butt claims to have invented the Long Island Iced Tea as an entry in a contest to create a new mixed drink with triple sec in 1972 while he worked at the Oak Beach Inn on Long Island, New York.[2][3]

text: A slightly different drink is claimed to have been invented in the 1920s during Prohibition in the United States, by an "Old Man Bishop" in a local community named Long Island in Kingsport, Tennessee.[4][5] The drink was then perfected by Ransom Bishop, Old Man Bishop's son. This drink included whiskey and maple syrup, and varied quantities of the five liquors, rather than the modern one with cola and five equal portions of the five liquors.