document_title: Isle of Man TT

question_text: who won the isle of man tt senior race

question_tokens: who won the isle of man tt senior race

text: Isle of Man TT

text: Early Isle of Man TT race history (1904–1910)[edit]

text: Gordon Bennett and Tourist Trophy car races[edit]

text: Motor racing began on the Isle of Man in 1904 with the Gordon Bennett Eliminating Trial, restricted to touring automobiles. As the Motor Car Act 1903 placed a speed restriction of 20 mph (32 km/h) on automobiles in the UK, Julian Orde, Secretary of the Automobile Car Club of Britain and Ireland approached the authorities in the Isle of Man for the permission to race automobiles on the island's public roads.[11] The Highways (Light Locomotive) Act 1904 gave permission in the Isle of Man for the 52.15-mile (83.93 km) Highroads Course for the 1904 Gordon Bennett Eliminating Trial which was won by Clifford Earl (Napier) in 7 hours 26.5 minutes for five laps (255.5 mi or 411.2 km) of the Highroads Course. The 1905 Gordon Bennett Trial was held on 30 May 1905 and was again won by Clifford Earl driving a Napier automobile in 6 hours and 6 minutes for six laps of the Highroads Course. This was followed in September 1905 with the first Isle of Man Tourist Trophy Race for racing automobiles, now known as the RAC Tourist Trophy and was won by John Napier (Arrol-Johnston) in 6 hours and 9 minutes at an average speed of 33.90 mph (54.56 km/h).[12]

text: International Motor-Cycle Cup Race (1905)[edit]

text: For the 1905 Gordon Bennett Eliminating Trial it was decided to run an eliminating trial for motorcycles the day after for a team to represent Great Britain in the International Motor-Cycle Cup Races. An accident at Ramsey Hairpin forced out one of the pre-race favourites and the inability of the motorcycle competitors to climb the steep Mountain Section of the course forced the organisers to use a 25-mile (40 km) section of the Gordon Bennett Trial course. This ran from Douglas south to Castletown and then north to Ballacraine along the primary A3 road and returned to the start at the Quarterbridge in Douglas via Crosby and Glen Vine along the current Snaefell Mountain Course in the reverse direction. The 1905 International Motor-Cycle Cup Race for five laps (125 mi or 201 km) was won by J.S. Campbell (Ariel) despite a fire during a pit stop[13] in 4 hours, 9 minutes and 36 seconds at an average race speed of 30.04 mph (48.34 km/h).[14]

text: Format of the races[edit]

text: The TT Races since the first race in 1907 have been in the format of time-trial. The races held on the Clypse Course during the period 1954–1959 were the more traditional full grid starts along with the 1924 Lightweight TT Race and Clubmen TT Races from 1948, which were also "mass-start" races. The current format is a "clutch start" and race competitors will be "started singly at 10-second intervals".[15]

text: Race procedure[edit]

text:
Start Preliminaries

First Signal – 45 minutes before the start with a warm-up of engines in the Race Paddock and assembly area.
Second Signal – 30 minutes before start.
Third Signal – 15 minutes before start, race competitors move to the start-line and form-up in qualification order.
Fourth Signal – 5 minutes before start, signal to clear the grid and race competitors move towards the exit-gate.

text: Eligibility[edit]

text: Entrants must be in possession of a valid National Entrants or FIM Sponsors Licence for Road Racing.

text: Race classes[edit]

text: Superbike TT[edit]

text: The 2015 specification for entries into the Superbike TT race are defined as:

text:
Any machine complying with the following specifications:

TT Superbike: (Machines complying with the 2015 FIM Superbike Championship specifications)

Over 750 cc up to 1000 cc 4 cylinders 4-stroke
Over 750 cc up to 1000 cc 3 cylinders 4-stroke
Over 850 cc up to 1200 cc 2 cylinders 4-stroke

text: Minimum Weight 165 kg (364 lb). Other machines admitted at the discretion of the Organisers[16]

text: Supersport TT[edit]

text: The 1911 Isle of Man TT was the first time the Junior TT race took place, open to 300 cc single-cylinder and 340 cc twin cylinder motorcycles, contested over five laps of the new 37.5-mile (60.4 km) Snaefell Mountain Course. The first event on the new course was the Junior TT Race contested by 35 entrants, won by Percy J. Evans riding a Humber motor-cycle at an average race speed of 41.45 mph (66.71 km/h). The 1912 event was the first to limit the Junior TT to only 350 cc machines and this engine capacity prevailed until 1994 when replaced by the 600 cc Supersport class.

text:
1911 For single cylinder motorcycles not exceeding 300 cc engine capacity and 340 cc twin cylinder motorcycles.
1912–1948 For motorcycles not exceeding 350 cc engine capacity.
1949–1953 FIM World Championship event for motorcycles not exceeding 350 cc engine capacity and held on the Snaefell mountain course.
1954–1959 FIM World Championship event for motorcycles not exceeding 350 cc engine capacity and held on the Clypse Course.
1960–1976 FIM World Championship event for motorcycles not exceeding 350 cc engine capacity and held on the Mountain Course.
1977–1993 for motorcycles not exceeding 350 cc engine capacity and held on the Mountain Course.
1994 onwards for motorcycles not exceeding 600 cc engine capacity and held on the Mountain Course.

text: The 2015 specifications for entries into the Supersport TT race are:

text: TT Supersport: (Machines complying with the 2015 FIM Supersport Championship specifications)

text:
Over 400 cc up to 600 cc 4 cylinders 4-stroke
Over 600 cc up to 675 cc 3 cylinders 4-stroke
Over 600 cc up to 750 cc 2 cylinders 4-stroke

text: Minimum Weight 161 kg[17]

text: Superstock TT[edit]

text: The 2015 specifications for entries for the Superstock TT, an event for production based motorcycles racing with treaded road tyres, are based on the FIM Superstock Championship specifications, as follows:

text:
Superstock TT: (Machines complying with the 2012 FIM Superstock Championship specifications)

Over 750 cc up to 1000 cc 4 cylinders 4-stroke
Over 750 cc up to 1000 cc 3 cylinders 4-stroke
Over 850 cc up to 1200 cc 2 cylinders 4-stroke

text: Minimum (Dry) Weight 170 kg[18]

text: Lightweight TT[edit]

text: The 1922 event was the first time the Lightweight TT race took place, won by a motorcycle-journalist Geoff S. Davison, riding a Levis at an average speed of 49.89 mph (80.29 km/h) for seven laps of the Snaefell Mountain Course. As with the Ultra-Lightweight TT Race, the event was dropped from the race schedule in 2004, but was reintroduced 2008–2009, held on the Billown short road circuit and then dropped again from the race schedule on cost grounds.

text:
1924–1948 For motorcycles not exceeding 250 cc engine capacity.
1949–1953 FIM World Championship event for motorcycles not exceeding 250 cc engine capacity, held on the Snaefell mountain course.
1954–1959 FIM World Championship event for motorcycles not exceeding 250 cc engine capacity, held on the Clypse Course.
1960–1976 FIM World Championship event for motorcycles not exceeding 250 cc engine capacity, held on the Mountain Course.
1977–2004 for motorcycles not exceeding 250 cc engine capacity, held on the Mountain Course.
2008–2009 for motorcycles not exceeding 250 cc engine capacity, held on the Billown Circuit.
2012– The event was re-introduced from the 2012 event for water-cooled four-stroke twin cylinder not exceeding a capacity of 650 cc and complying with the ACU Standing Regulations.[19]

text: The 2015 specifications for entries into the Lightweight TT race are:

text:
Machines must comply with general technical rules as per ACU Standing Regulations and 2015 IOM TT regulations.

Any four-stroke twin cylinder motorcycle originally sold for road use with a water-cooled engine of up to 650 cc engine capacity.
Eligible machines must be from models homologated[clarification needed] for road use 2006 or later.[20]

text: Sidecar TT[edit]

text: The 1923 TT was the first time the Sidecar TT race was run, over three laps (113 mi or 182 km) of the Mountain Course and was won by Freddie Dixon and passenger Walter Perry with a Douglas and special banking-sidecar at an average race speed of 53.15 mph (85.54 km/h). For the 1926 event the Sidecar and Ultra-Lightweight TT classes were dropped due to lack of entries.

text: The Sidecar race was re-introduced from the 1954 event for Sidecars not exceeding 500 cc engine capacity, run on the Clypse Course. A non-championship 750 cc class for sidecars was introduced at the 1968 event. For the 1976 event the race was held over two-legs. From 1975, the previous 500 cc and 750 cc classes for Sidecars were replaced by a 1000 cc engine capacity class.

text: The new FIM Formula 2 class for Sidecars was introduced for the 1990 Isle of Man TT.

text:
1954–1959 FIM World Championship Event for Side-Cars not exceeding 500 cc engine capacity. Race held on the Clypse Course.
1960–1976 FIM World Championship Event held on Mountain Course.
1968–1974 Non-Championship event for Sidecars not exceeding 750 cc.
1975–1989 Sidecars not exceeding 1000 cc engine capacity.
1990– FIM Formula 2 Sidecar race for two-stroke engines not exceeding 350 cc or four-stroke engines not exceeding 600 cc.

text: The 2015 specifications for entries into the Sidecar TT race are:

text:
Machines must comply with general technical rules as per ACU Standing Regulations and 2015 Isle of Man TT regulations.

Engine Types

501 – 600 cc, 4 stroke, 4 cylinder, Production based motorcycle engines.

text: Senior TT[edit]

text: For the 1911 Isle of Man TT, the first TT event using the Snaefell Mountain Course or Mountain Course, two separate races were introduced. The first event was a four lap Junior TT race and a separate Senior TT race for 500 cc single-cylinder and 585 cc twin-cylinder motorcycles, over five laps of the new 37.5-mile (60.4 km) Snaefell Mountain Course. The new technical challenges of the Mountain Course forced changes on entrants and motorcycle manufacturers alike. The American Indian motorcycle factory fitted a two-speed gearbox and chain-drive. This proved to be the winning combination when Oliver Godfrey won the 1911 Senior TT race riding an Indian at an average speed of 47.63 mph (76.65 km/h). Fitted with a six-speed belt drive[21] Charlie Collier riding a Matchless motorcycle finished second in the 1911 Senior TT race and was later disqualified for illegal refuelling. During an early morning practice session for the 1911 Isle of Man TT races, Victor Surridge died after crashing his Rudge motorcycle at Glen Helen, the first death of a competitor on the Snaefell Mountain Course and the first death in the Isle of Man of a person in an automotive accident.[22]

text:
1911 For single cylinder motorcycles not exceeding 500 cc engine capacity and 585 cc twin cylinder motorcycles.
1912–1939 For motorcycles not exceeding 500 cc engine capacity.
1947–1948 For motorcycles not exceeding 500 cc engine capacity and a ban on engine supercharging.
1949–1976 FIM World Championship event for motorcycles not exceeding 500 cc engine capacity.
1977–1984 for motorcycles not exceeding 500 cc engine capacity.
1985–2004 for motorcycles complying with ACU TT Formula 1 rules not exceeding 1,010 cc engine capacity.
2004 onwards for motorcycles complying with ACU/FIM Superbike rules not exceeding 1,000 cc engine capacity.

text: The 2015 specifications for entries into the Senior TT race are:

text:
TT Superbike: (Machines complying with the 2015 FIM Superbike Championship specifications)[23]

Over 750 cc up to 1000 cc 4 cylinders 4-stroke
Over 750 cc up to 1000 cc 3 cylinders 4-stroke
Over 850 cc up to 1200 cc 2 cylinders 4-stroke

text:
Supersport Junior TT (without limitation of tyre choice)

TT Superstock (without limitation of tyre choice)
Other machines admitted at the discretion of the Organisers.

text: TT Zero[edit]

text: Starting from the 2010 races, the TT Zero event over one lap (37.73 mi or 60.72 km) of the Snaefell Mountain Course replaced the TTXGP. The TT Zero event as an officially sanctioned TT race is for racing motorcycles where "The technical concept is for motorcycles (two wheeled) to be powered without the use of carbon based fuels and have zero toxic/noxious emissions".[24] The Isle of Man Government offered a prize of £10,000 for the first entrant to exceed the prestigious 100 mph (160 km/h) (22 minutes and 38.388 seconds) average speed around the Mountain Course. This was achieved by Michael Rutter of team MotoCzysz in the 2012 race,[25] and has been exceeded every year since.

text: Discontinued race classes[edit]

text: Ultra-Lightweight TT[edit]

text: 1924 was the first time the Ultra-Lightweight TT race took place for motorcycles not exceeding 175 cc engine capacity. It was won by Jack Porter, riding a New Imperial motorcycle at an average speed of 51.21 mph (82.41 km/h) over three laps of the Snaefell mountain course. The Ultra-Lightweight class was re-introduced in 1951 for motorcycles not exceeding 125 cc until discontinued in 1974, and then re-introduced for 1989, again for two-stroke 125 cc motorcycles, until dropped again due to lack of entries after 2004. The event was reintroduced 2008–2009 held on the four-mile Billown Circuit and then dropped from the race schedule on cost grounds for the 2010 races.

text:
1924–1925 For motorcycles not exceeding 175 cc engine capacity.
1951–1953 FIM World Championship event for motorcycles not exceeding 125 cc engine capacity, held on the Snaefell mountain course.
1954–1959 FIM World Championship event for motorcycles not exceeding 125 cc engine capacity, held on the Clypse Course.
1960–1974 FIM World Championship event for motorcycles not exceeding 125 cc engine capacity, held on the Mountain Course.
1989–2004 for motorcycles not exceeding 125 cc engine capacity, held on the Mountain Course.
2008–2009 for motorcycles not exceeding 125 cc engine capacity, held on the Billown Circuit.

text: 50 cc race 1962–1968, an additional World Championship event for Ultra-Lightweight motorcycles not exceeding 50 cc engine capacity, held on the Mountain Course.

text: Clubman TT and Production TT[edit]

text: The Clubman races with Lightweight, Junior and Senior classes were held for production motorcycles from 1947 until 1956.[26] A Senior 1000 cc class provided an opportunity for Vincent motorcycles.[27] The riders were little-known, but as the stars were barred from entering the class, it provided a stepping-stone for future-stars but resulted in less spectator-interest. The series became dominated by one model – the BSA Gold Star,[28][29][30] and with little competition from other manufacturers, was discontinued. When previewing the impending re-introduction of a specification-controlled, roadster-based class in March 1967, David Dixon wrote: "lack of inter-make rivalry probably put the final nail in the coffin".[28]

text: Writing in UK monthly magazine Motor Cyclist Illustrated, racing journalist Ray Knight, who had achieved a lap speed of nearly 88 mph on a Triumph Tiger 100 roadster-based racing motorcycle in the Manx Grand Prix,[31][32][33] commented in early 1965 that the ACU had refused a request from manufacturers to run a production TT race, which he thought was a missed opportunity, particularly considering the dwindling support for the 500 cc race.[34]

text: A Production TT for roadster-based motorcycles having classes for maximum engine capacities of 250 cc, 500 cc and 750 cc was introduced from 1967 until 1976 when the class was discontinued.

text: The Production TT was reintroduced for the 1984 races in three classes, reduced to two classes on safety grounds for the 1990 races. For the 2005 races the Superstock class replaced the previous 1000 cc & 600 cc Production TT classes that had been part of the race schedule since 1989.

text: Practice sessions[edit]

text: At the TT races there is usually one week of practice and one week of racing. Historically there was an early morning practice session from 05:00–07:30 am but this was discontinued from the 2004 races. During an early morning practice at the 1927 Isle of Man TT, Archie Birkin, brother of Tim Birkin of the Bentley Boys, was killed at Rhencullen. From 1928 practice sessions for the Isle of Man TT Races and Manx Grand Prix were held on closed roads. Evening practice sessions were introduced for the 1937 Isle of Man TT and continue to this day. The Thursday afternoon practice session from 13:45–17:00, introduced in the late 1950s, was discontinued from the Centenary races in 2007.

text: A schedule for practice sessions is announced each year well in advance. For the 2016 races a provisional schedule was announced by mid-July 2015,[35] and changes in the schedule were highlighted.[36]

text: But for example, the 2015 event began with a Saturday evening untimed practice session from 18:00–21:30, with the public roads that comprise the Snaefell Mountain Course closed. The section of the primary A18 Snaefell Mountain Road from Ramsey Hairpin to Creg-ny-Baa was to close at 16:45 for the practice periods (from 17:00 hours from the Bungalow), 1 hour and 15 minutes before the rest of the course.[37]

text: The first practice session in 2015 was to provide four controlled laps for newcomers, two for new Solo competitors and two for new Sidecar competitors. Competitors would be escorted for one lap of the Mountain Course by the Travelling Marshals at a steady pace and accompanied by experienced Isle of Man TT and/or Manx Grand Prix competitors.

text: The schedule for the first Saturday untimed session in 2015 was:

text: Practice week sessions[edit]

text: The main practice and timed practice sessions are usually held on Monday-Friday of the next week. The public roads forming the Mountain Course were to be closed in 2015 between 18:00 – 21:30 for the Solo and Sidecar classes. Some would-be racers need to qualify for races by achieving satisfactory practice times during these sessions.

text: Schedule for the five-day timed session Monday-Friday of practice week in 2015:

text: Race week practice sessions[edit]

text: Further scheduled timed practice sessions after the race periods for the 2015 Isle of Man TT Races:

text: Saturday 6 June:

text: Mad Sunday, 7 June: No practice sessions were scheduled during "Mad Sunday", a day when many fans ride the TT course themselves. An exception to this non-scheduling was in 2013 when there was racing on the afternoon of Mad Sunday. In 2013, Inspector Derek Flint said: "Even though the benefits of the mountain being one way are in place for the entire two weeks these days, Mad Sunday is traditionally a time for that little bit of extra exuberance, which creates us problems when people run out of skill, then run out of road". Police are out in force, and in 2013 large numbers of fans were expected to ride due to very favourable weather forecasts.[38]

text: Monday 8 June:

text: Wednesday 10 June:

text: Practice TT Zero[edit]

text: Schedule for the TT Zero Challenge timed sessions in 2015 was:

text: Friday 5 June 20:30 – 20:50

text: Saturday 6 June 17:45 – 18:30

text: Monday 8 June 16:00 – 16:30

text: In the event of inclement weather either delaying or leading to the cancellation of one or more timed practice sessions, a reserve morning session could be held with the public roads closed 06:00 – 07:30 on the Mountain Course. Further untimed practice sessions are held during race week after the racing has been completed for selected race classes.

text: Race schedule[edit]

text: In 2015 there were four scheduled race days:

text: Saturday 6 June:

text: Monday 8 June:

text: Wednesday 10 June:

text: Friday 12 June:

text: The section of the primary A18 Snaefell Mountain Road from Ramsey Hairpin (Barrule Park, Ramsey) to Creg-ny-Baa was to close for the race periods 45 minutes before the rest of the course (30 minutes from the Bungalow).[39]

text: TT course official vehicles[edit]

text: After the completion of a practice or race period, an official course vehicle displaying the notice Roads Open proceeds around the Mountain Course, passing each point opening the roads including side-access junctions to public use. On the Snaefell mountain road section from Ramsey to Douglas, the official vehicle displays the notice Roads Open One Way.

text: Crossing places during practice and races[edit]

text: The 1982 Road Racing Act (Isle of Man) and the supplementary TT Road Races Orders allow vehicles and pedestrians to cross the Snaefell Mountain Course at certain points between scheduled race periods under the supervision of a police officer. Several permanent pedestrian overbridges have been erected. These points include:

text: In Douglas[edit]

text:
A2 St Ninian's Crossroads with the A22 Ballaquayle Road and the A22 Ballanard Road
A2 junction at Bray Hill with the Tromode Road and Stoney Road
A1 Peel Road between Braddan Bridge (Jubilee Oak) and the Quarterbridge
A2 Governor's Road, Onchan, the A2 Glencrutchery Road and Victoria Road at Governor's Bridge
A2 Glencrutchery Road between Second & Third Avenues and Victoria Road
A18 Bemahague Road at Bedstead Corner, Onchan

text:
Pedestrian overbridge at Glencrutchery Road, Douglas, close to start/finish and TT Grandstand

Pedestrian overbridge at Bedstead Corner, Douglas, with Hailwood Avenue junction to right

text: Elsewhere[edit]

text:
A1 Douglas to Peel road with the A23 Eyreton Road and the B36 Old Church Road, Crosby
A3 Castletown to Ramsey road junction with B10 Sartfield Road and the Ballaleigh Road at Barregarrow Crossroads, Michael
A3 junction with A10 Station Road and C37 Ballaugh Glen Road at Ballaugh Bridge
A3 junction with A14 Sandygate Road and A14 Tholt-y-Will Glen Road at Sulby Crossroads
A2 Albert Square and Princes Road, Ramsey at the junction with A18 Snaefell Mountain Road, close to May Hill

text:
Pedestrian overbridge before School House Corner, western approach to Ramsey town

Pedestrian overbridge exiting Ramsey town centre, looking south-east towards May Hill

Pedestrian overbridge at The Bungalow, on Snaefell mountain

text: TT Course access road[edit]

text: The TT Access Road runs parallel to a section of the A1 Peel Road, which is part of the Snaefell Mountain Course, and operates during practice and race periods to enable vehicles to pass from inside of the race course to the outside. It runs along a section of former railway line on the historic Douglas to Peel route, from the junction of the A5 New Castletown Road at the Quarter Bridge, passing under the course at Braddan Bridge, to an exit at Braddan School Road in Douglas outskirts, near the former Braddan Railway Halt and the A23/Ballafletcher Road junction. The access road is a narrow, single-track width with passing places and is restricted to cars and light vans below a weight limit of 3,500 kilograms (3.4 long tons; 3.9 short tons). When used for vehicular traffic, pedestrian access is prohibited, but at other times it is part of a system of nature-trails.[40][41]

text: Description[edit]

text: The Oxford Companion to World Sports and Games notes:

text: The oldest motor-cycle racing circuit still in use is the Snaefell Mountain Course over which the Isle of Man Tourist Trophy races are run. Starting at the town of Douglas on the south-east coast, the course takes a wide sweep to the west and north to enter the town of Ramsey on the north-east coast and thence return to the starting point, each lap measuring 37 3⁄4 miles (60.7 km) and taking in over 200 bends while climbing from sea level to an altitude of over 1,300 ft (396 m). This circuit is the epitome of the natural road course, all the roads used being ordinary public highways closed for the racing and practice sessions.[42]

text: During race week, the TT races create a carnival atmosphere with picnicking spectators flanking vantage points on the circuit similar to other community festivals in another form of cycle racing – the Tour de Yorkshire and Le Tour de France.

text: Safety[edit]

text: Between 1907 and 2017 there have been 255 rider competitor fatalities during official practices or races on the Snaefell Mountain Course (this number includes the riders killed during the Manx Grand Prix, and Clubman TT race series of the late 1940s/1950s).[43][44] In 2016, 5 riders died on the course during official practices or races, bringing the total number of fatalities to 252.[45][46][8][47] There were six fatalities among competitors in the 1970 Isle of Man TT, making it the deadliest year in the history of the event.[48][49][50]

text: Total overall race winners[edit]

text:
Rider
Wins

Joey Dunlop
26

John McGuinness
23

Dave Molyneux
17

Ian Hutchinson
16

Michael Dunlop
15

Mike Hailwood
14

Bruce Anstey
12

Steve Hislop, Phillip McCallen
11

Giacomo Agostini, Robert Fisher, Ian Lougher, Stanley Woods
10

Mick Boddice, David Jefferies, Siegfried Schauzu
9

Jim Moodie, Chas Mortimer, Phil Read, Charlie Williams
8

Mick Grant, Tony Rutter
7

Geoff Duke, Jimmie Guthrie, Jim Redman, John Surtees
6

Alec Bennett, Nick Crowe, Robert Dunlop, Brian Reid, Michael Rutter, Carlo Ubbiali
5

Ben Birchall, Klaus Enders, Freddie Frith, Wal Handley, Trevor Ireson, Dave Leach, Ray Pickrell, Tarquinio Provini, Bill Smith, Jock Taylor, John Williams
4

Adrian Archibald, Ray Amm, Simon Beck, Graeme Crosby, Max Deubel, Harold Daniell, Carl Fogarty, Alex George, Tom Herron, Alan Jackson, Ryan Farquhar, Tony Jefferies, Klaus Klaffenböck, Dave Leech, Rob McElnea, Bob McIntyre, Phil Mellor, Dave Morris, Chris Palmer, Walter Schneider, Ian Simpson, Darren Carguillo, Rolf Steinhausen, Luigi Taveri, Barry Woodland
3

Fergus Anderson, Hugh Anderson, Manliff Barrington, Artie Bell, Geoff Bell, Lowry Burton, Kel Carruthers, Charlie Collier, Steve Cull, Howard R Davies, Freddie Dixon, Charlie Dodson, Cameron Donald, Iain Duffus, Marc Flynn, Dick Greasley, Shaun Harris, John Hartle, Fritz Hillebrand, Gary Hocking, John Holden, Tim Hunt, Bill Ivy, Gary Johnson, Alistair King, Con Law, Eddie Laycock, Ivan Lintin, Bill Lomas, Graeme McGregor, Brian Morrison, Trevor Nation, Gary Padgett, Cecil Sandford, Dave Saville, Tom Sheard, Edwin Twemlow, Nigel Piercy, Steve Plater, Jock Porter, Malcolm Uphill, Eric Williams, Paul Williams
2

Steve Abbott, Dario Ambrosini, Frank A Applebee, Ivor Arber, Reg Armstrong, Georg Auerbacher, Mark Baldwin, W.H. Bashall, Ian Bell, Dieter Braun, Eric Briggs, Norman Brown, Ralph Bryans, Jimmy Buchan, Trevor Burgess, Roger Burnett, Florian Camathias, Maurice Cann, Phil Carpenter, Shannon Carpenter, Phil Carter, Harold Clark, Rod Coleman, Harry A Collier, Syd Crabtree, Dave Croxford, J.D. Daniels, Leo Davenport, G.S. Davison, Steve Day, Tommy de la Hay, Ernst Degner, Eddie Dow, P.J. Evans, Helmut Fath, Jack Findlay, Rem Fowler, Sid Gleave, Oliver Godfrey, Les Graham, Stuart Graham, Werner Haas, Conrad Harrison, Dean Harrison, Ron Haslam, R.J. Hazlehurst, F.G. Hicks, James Hillier, Mac Hobson, Bill Hodgson, Robert Holden, Rupert Hollaus, Colin Hopper, Clive Horton, Eric Housley, Dennis Ireland, Mitsuo Itoh, Brian Jackson, Nick Jefferies, C. W. Johnston, Ken Kavanagh, Bob Keeler, Neil Kelly, Ewald Kluge, Ray Knight, David Lashmar, Monty V. Lockwood, Frank Longman, Heinz Luthringshauser, Jack Marshall, Keith Martin, Hugh Mason, Cromie McCandless, Bill McVeigh, Georg Meier, Ted Mellors, Mark Miller, Derek Minter, George O'Dell, Eric Oliver, Mat Oxley, Les Parker, Denis Parkinson, Graham Penny, A. Phillips, Derek Powell, Cliff Pritchard, Cyril Pullin, Brian Purslow, Richard Quayle, Johnny Rea, Tim Reeves, Harry Reed, Tommy Robb, Brett Richmond, Tony Rogers, Nigel Rollason, Dave Roper, Fritz Scheidegger, Martyn Sharpe, Dave Simmonds, Bill Simpson, Jimmie Simpson, Barry Smith, Omobono Tenni, Steve Tonkin, G.H. Tucker, Kenneth Twemlow, Henry Tyrell-Smith, Chris Vincent, Terry Vinicombe, Graham Walker, Frank Whiteway, Cyril Williams, Peter Williams, Stan Wood, T.L. Wood
1

text: FIM Championship Rounds (1949–1976)[edit]

text: The Isle of Man TT was part of the FIM Motor-Cycle Grand Prix World Championship (now MotoGP) between 1949 and 1976. During this period the Isle of Man TT Races counted as the United Kingdom round including the Sidecar TT, 50 cc Ultra-Lightweight TT, 125 cc Lightweight TT, 250 cc Lightweight TT, 350 cc Junior TT and 500 cc Senior TT races counted towards the FIM Motor-Cycle Grand Prix World Championship. After the 1972 races, multiple world champion and dominant motorcycle racer of his time Giacomo Agostini announced he would never race again at the Isle of Man, declaring it too dangerous for international competition and that it was outrageous that such a race should never be part of a scenario where riders were forced to do such a race; at this point the Isle of Man TT was not suited to the growing professionalism and business aspects of Grand Prix motorcycle racing. More and more riders joined his boycott, and by 1976 the race was stricken from the championship and replaced by the British Grand Prix.

text:
Year
50 cc (Ultra-Lightweight TT)
125 cc (Lightweight TT)
250 cc (Lightweight TT)
350 cc (Junior TT)
500 cc (Senior TT)
Report

Rider
Manufacturer
Rider
Manufacturer
Rider
Manufacturer
Rider
Manufacturer
Rider
Manufacturer

1976

 Tom Herron
Yamaha
 Chas Mortimer
Yamaha
 Tom Herron
Yamaha
Report

1975

 Chas Mortimer
Yamaha
 Charlie Williams
Yamaha
 Mick Grant
Kawasaki
Report

1974

 Charlie Williams
Yamaha
 Tony Rutter
Yamaha
 Phil Carpenter
Yamaha
Report

1973

 Tommy Robb
Yamaha
 Charlie Williams
Yamaha
 Tony Rutter
Yamaha
 Jack Findlay
Suzuki
Report

1972

 Chas Mortimer
Yamaha
 Phil Read
Yamaha
 Giacomo Agostini
MV Agusta
 Giacomo Agostini
MV Agusta
Report

1971

 Chas Mortimer
Yamaha
 Phil Read
Yamaha
 Tony Jefferies
Yamsel
 Giacomo Agostini
MV Agusta
Report

1970

 Dieter Braun
Suzuki
 Kel Carruthers
Yamaha
 Giacomo Agostini
MV Agusta
 Giacomo Agostini
MV Agusta
Report

1969

 Dave Simmonds
Kawasaki
 Kel Carruthers
Benelli
 Giacomo Agostini
MV Agusta
 Giacomo Agostini
MV Agusta
Report

1968
 Barry Smith
Derbi
 Phil Read
Yamaha
 Bill Ivy
Yamaha
 Giacomo Agostini
MV Agusta
 Giacomo Agostini
MV Agusta
Report

1967
 Stuart Graham
Suzuki
 Phil Read
Yamaha
 Mike Hailwood
Honda
 Mike Hailwood
Honda
 Mike Hailwood
Honda
Report

1966
 Ralph Bryans
Honda
 Bill Ivy
Yamaha
 Mike Hailwood
Honda
 Giacomo Agostini
MV Agusta
 Mike Hailwood
Honda
Report

1965
 Luigi Taveri
Honda
 Phil Read
Yamaha
 Jim Redman
Honda
 Jim Redman
Honda
 Mike Hailwood
MV Agusta
Report

1964
 Hugh Anderson
Suzuki
 Luigi Taveri
Honda
 Jim Redman
Honda
 Jim Redman
Honda
 Mike Hailwood
MV Agusta
Report

1963
 Mitsuo Itoh
Suzuki
 Hugh Anderson
Suzuki
 Jim Redman
Honda
 Jim Redman
Honda
 Mike Hailwood
MV Agusta
Report

1962
 Ernst Degner
Suzuki
 Luigi Taveri
Honda
 Derek Minter
Honda
 Mike Hailwood
MV Agusta
 Gary Hocking
MV Agusta
Report

1961

 Mike Hailwood
Honda
 Mike Hailwood
Honda
 Phil Read
Norton
 Mike Hailwood
Norton
Report

1960

 Carlo Ubbiali
MV Agusta
 Gary Hocking
MV Agusta
 John Hartle
MV Agusta
 John Surtees
MV Agusta
Report

1959

 Tarquinio Provini
MV Agusta
 Tarquinio Provini
MV Agusta
 John Surtees
MV Agusta
 John Surtees
MV Agusta
Report

1958

 Carlo Ubbiali
MV Agusta
 Tarquinio Provini
MV Agusta
 John Surtees
MV Agusta
 John Surtees
MV Agusta
Report

1957

 Tarquinio Provini
Mondial
 Cecil Sandford
Mondial
 Bob McIntyre
Gilera
 Bob McIntyre
Gilera
Report

1956

 Carlo Ubbiali
MV Agusta
 Carlo Ubbiali
MV Agusta
 Ken Kavanagh
Moto Guzzi
 John Surtees
MV Agusta
Report

1955

 Carlo Ubbiali
MV Agusta
 Bill Lomas
Moto Guzzi
 Bill Lomas
Moto Guzzi
 Geoff Duke
Gilera
Report

1954

 Rupert Hollaus
NSU
 Werner Haas
NSU
 Rod Coleman
AJS
 Ray Amm
Norton
Report

1953

 Leslie Graham
MV Agusta
 Fergus Anderson
Moto Guzzi
 Ray Amm
Norton
 Ray Amm
Norton
Report

1952

 Cecil Sandford
MV Agusta
 Fergus Anderson
Moto Guzzi
 Geoff Duke
Norton
 Reg Armstrong
Norton
Report

1951

 Cromie McCandless
Mondial
 Tommy Wood
Moto Guzzi
 Geoff Duke
Norton
 Geoff Duke
Norton
Report

1950

 Dario Ambrosini
Benelli
 Artie Bell
Norton
 Geoff Duke
Norton
Report

1949

 Manliff Barrington
Moto Guzzi
 Freddie Frith
Velocette
 Harold Daniell
Norton
Report

text: Current lap records[edit]

text:
Category
Rider(s)
Machine
Tyres
Year
Time
Average speed
Source[51]

mph
km/h

Outright (all categories)
Michael Dunlop
BMW S1000RR
Dunlop
2016
16:53.929
133.962
215.591
[1][2]

Superbike TT
Michael Dunlop
BMW S1000RR
Dunlop
2016
16:58.254
133.393
214.675
[52][53]

Supersport TT
Michael Dunlop
Honda CBR600RR
Dunlop
2013
17:35.659
128.666
207.068

Lightweight TT
James Hillier
Kawasaki ER650
Metzeler
2015
18:43.955
120.848
194.486
[citation needed]

Ultra-Lightweight TT
Chris Palmer
Honda RS125

2004
20:20.87
110.52
177.86

Senior TT
Michael Dunlop
BMW S1000RR
Dunlop
2016
16:53.929
133.962
215.591
[1][2]

Superstock TT
Ian Hutchinson
BMW S1000RR
Metzeler
2016
17:00.510
133.098
214.200
[54][55]

TT Zero
John McGuinness
Mugen Shinden
Dunlop
2015
18:58.743
119.279
191.961
[citation needed]

Sidecar TT
Ben Birchall and
Tom Birchall
LCR Honda 600cc Sidecar
Avon
2017
19:19.746
117.119
188.485
[56][57]

text: Current race records[edit]

text:
Category
Rider(s)
Machine
Tyres
Year
Race time
Average speed

mph
km/h

Superbike TT (6 laps)
Michael Dunlop
BMW S1000RR
Dunlop
2016
01:44:14.259
130.306
209.707[52][53]

Supersport TT (4 laps)
Ian Hutchinson
Yamaha YZF-R6
Metzeler
2016
01:11:36.808
126.445
203.494[58][59]

Lightweight TT (4 laps)
Ivan Lintin
Kawasaki ER650
Metzeler
2016
01:16:26.681
118.454
190.633[60]

Lightweight TT (3 laps)
Ivan Lintin
Kawasaki ER650
Metzeler
2015
57:06.070
118.936
191.409[61]

Senior TT (6 laps)
Michael Dunlop
BMW S1000RR
Dunlop
2016
01:43:56.129
130.685
210.317[1][2]

Senior TT (4 laps)
John McGuinness
Honda CBR1000RR
Dunlop
2015
01:09:23.903
130.481
209.989

Superstock TT (4 laps)
Ian Hutchinson
BMW S1000RR
Metzeler
2016
01:09:47.543
129.745
208.804[54][55]

TT Zero (1 lap)
John McGuinness
Mugen Shinden
Dunlop
2015
18:58.743
119.279
191.961

Sidecar TT (3 laps)
Ben Birchall and
Tom Birchall
LCR Sidecar
Avon
2015
58:24.971
116.259
187.101

text: Race awards[edit]

text: Race winner trophies[edit]

text:
Race
Trophy
Rider(s)
Machine
Tyres
Year
Average speed

mph
km/h

Senior TT
Senior Tourist Trophy1
Michael Dunlop
BMW S1000RR
Dunlop
2016
130.685
210.317[1][2]

TT Superbike
TT Superbike Trophy
Michael Dunlop
BMW S1000RR
Dunlop
2016
130.306
209.707[52][53]

TT Superstock
John Hartle Trophy
Ian Hutchinson
BMW S1000RR
Metzeler
2016
129.745
208.804[54][55]

TT Supersport Race 1
Junior Tourist Trophy
Ian Hutchinson
Yamaha YZF-R6
Metzeler
2016
126.445
203.494[58][59]

TT Supersport Race 2
Classic TT Trophy
Ian Hutchinson
Yamaha YZF-R6
Metzeler
2016
125.905
202.624[62]

TT Lightweight
Lightweight TT Trophy
Ivan Lintin
Kawasaki ER650
Metzeler
2016
118.454
190.633[60]

TT Sidecar Race 1
Fred W. Dixon Trophy
John Holden and
Andrew Winkle
LCR Suzuki 600 cc
Avon
2016
114.282
183.919[63][64]

TT Sidecar Race 2
Sidecar TT Trophy
Ben Birchall and
Tom Birchall
LCR Honda 600 cc
Avon
2016
115.658
186.134[65]

text: ^1 Marquis de Mouzilly St Mars Trophy.

text: Fastest lap awards[edit]

text:
Race
Trophy
Rider(s)
Machine
Year
Average speed
Time

mph
km/h

Overall
Jimmy Simpson Trophy
Michael Dunlop
BMW S1000RR
2016
133.962
215.591
16:53.929[1][2]

Senior TT
Norman Brown Trophy
Michael Dunlop
BMW S1000RR
2016
133.962
215.591
16:53.929[1][2]

TT Superbike
John Williams Trophy
Michael Dunlop
BMW S1000RR
2016
133.393
214.675
16:58.254[52][53]

TT Superstock
Don Ryder Trophy
Ian Hutchinson
BMW S1000RR
2016
133.098
214.200
17:00.510[54][55]

TT Supersport Race
Formula 2 TT Trophy
Ian Hutchinson
Yamaha YZF-R6
2016
128.259
206.413
17:39.013[66]

TT Sidecar Race
Jock Taylor Trophy
Ben Birchall and
Tom Birchall
LCR Honda 600 Sidecar
2016
116.798
187.968
19:22.928[63][64]

text: Special awards[edit]

text:
Award
Trophy
Rider(s)
Machine
Year

TT Solo Championship
Joey Dunlop Trophy
Ian Hutchinson
BMW S1000RR
Yamaha YZF-R6
2016[1]

TT Privateer's Champion
TT Privateer's Champion
Daniel Hegarty
Kawasaki Ninja ZX-10R
Kawasaki Ninja ZX-6R
2016[1]

Overall Sidecar Championship
RAC Sidecar Trophy
John Holden and
Andrew Winkle
LCR Suzuki 600 cc
2016[67]

Sidecar Passenger Championship
Craig Trophy
Andrew Winkle
LCR Suzuki 600 cc
2016[67]

Supersport Championship
TT Supporters' Club Trophy
Ian Hutchinson
Yamaha YZF-R6
2016

Sidecar Chassis Championship
Fred Hanks Trophy
John Holden and
Andrew Winkle
LCR Suzuki 600 cc
2016[67]

Newcomers Sidecar Driver Championship
Peter Chapman Trophy
Lionel Mansuy
Windle 600 cc
2015

Newcomers Sidecar Passenger Championship
Dave Wells Trophy
Matty Ramsden
LCR 600 cc
2015

British competitor
British manufacturer
Joe Craig Trophy
Guy Martin
Triumph 675 cc
2015

Irish (North or South) solo competitor
Martin Finnegan Trophy
Michael Dunlop
BMW S1000RR
2016[1][2]

Isle of Man solo competitor
Gavin Lee Trophy
Conor Cummins
Honda CBR1000RR
2016[2]

text: Other Special awards[edit]

text: Fastest Newcomer – The Vernon Cooper Trophy

text:
Rider(s)
Machine
Year
Average speed
Time

mph
km/h

Derek McGee
Honda 1000 cc
2015
121.928
196.224
18:33.999

text: Most Meritorious Female – The Susan Jeness Trophy is awarded yearly by the Executive Committee of the TT Supporters' Club, in recognition of the "most meritorious performance by a female competitor" during the previous TT meeting.[68]

text:
Rider(s)
Race Category
Year

Jenny Tinmouth
solo rider
2010

Jenny Tinmouth
solo rider
2011

Debbie Baron
as driver, Ireson Kawasaki Sidecar 600 cc
2012

Estelle Leblond
as driver, Sidecar 600 cc
2013

Estelle Leblond
as driver, Sidecar 600 cc
2014

(undecided)

2015


document_title: List of Twenty20 cricket records

question_text: who has the highest individual score in t20 cricket

root

text: List of Twenty20 cricket records

text: Listing criteria[edit]

text: In general the top five are listed in each category (except when there is a tie for the last place among the five, when all the tied record holders are noted). Currently active players are indicated with a . Teams playing at home are indicated by , where appropriate.

tag: p

text: Team records[edit]

text: Highest innings totals[edit]

text:
Rank
Score
Team
Opponent
Venue
Date

1

263/5 (20 overs)
Royal Challengers Bangalore
Pune Warriors India
Bangalore
23 April 2013

263/3 (20 overs)
 Australia
 Sri Lanka
Kandy
6 September 2016

3

260/6 (20 overs)
 Sri Lanka
 Kenya
Johannesburg
14 September 2007

260/4 (20 overs)
Yorkshire
Northants
Headingley
17 August 2017

260/5 (20 overs)
 India
 Sri Lanka
Indore
22 December 2017

Source: ESPNcricinfo (updated 1 March 2018).

tag: table

text: Lowest innings totals[edit]

text: Completed innings only.

text:
Rank
Score
Team
Opponent
Venue
Date

1
30 (11.4 overs)
Tripura
Jharkhand
Dhanbad
20 September 2009

2
39 (10.3 overs)
 Netherlands
 Sri Lanka
Chittagong
24 March 2014

3

44 (14.4 overs)
Boland
North West
Potchefstroom
16 November 2014

44 (12.5 overs)
Leeward Islands
Trinidad and Tobago
North Sound
11 January 2012

44 (12.1 overs)
Assam
Delhi
Vadodara
6 January 2016

44 (10.4 overs)
Khulna Titans
Rangpur Riders
Mirpur
10 November 2016

Source: ESPNcricinfo (updated 1 March 2018).

text: Highest victory margin (by runs)[edit]

text:
Rank

Winner

Margin

Target

Opponent

Venue

Date

1
 Sri Lanka
172 runs
261
 Kenya
Johannesburg
14 September 2007

2
Trinidad and Tobago
167 runs
212
Leeward Islands
North Sound
11 January 2012

3
Prime Bank
159 runs
205
Mohammedan
Sylhet
26 December 2013

4
Northerns
158 runs
228
Southerns
Harare
19 March 2008

5
Mumbai Indians
146 runs
213
Delhi Daredevils
New Delhi
6 May 2017

Source: ESPNcricinfo (updated 16 May 2016).

text: Highest match aggregate[edit]

text:
Rank

Score

Teams

Venue

Date

1

497/7 (40 overs)

Otago (249–3) v Central Districts (248–4)

New Plymouth, Taranaki

21 December 2016

2
489/10 (40 overs)

 West Indies (245–6) v  India (244–4)

Lauderhill, Florida

27 August 2016

3

488/11 (38.5 overs)

 New Zealand (243-6)  v  Australia (245-5)

Auckland

16 February 2018

4
469/10 (40 overs)
Chennai Super Kings (246–5)  v Rajasthan Royals (223–5)
Chennai
3 April 2010

5
467/13 (39.2 overs)
 South Africa (231/7)  v  West Indies (236/6)
Johannesburg
11 January 2015

Source: ESPNcricinfo (Updated 1 March 2018)

text: Individual records[edit]

text: Individual records (batting)[edit]

text: Highest individual score[edit]

text:
Rank

Runs

Player

Team

Opponents

Venue

Date

1
175*
Chris Gayle
Royal Challengers Bangalore
Pune Warriors India
Bangalore
23 April 2013

2
172
Aaron Finch
Australia
Zimbabwe
Harare Sports Club
3 July 2018

3
162*
Hamilton Masakadza
Mountaineers
Eagles
Bulawayo
11 February 2016

4
161
Adam Lyth
Yorkshire Vikings
Northants Steelbacks
Headingley
17 August 2017

5
158*
Brendon McCullum

Kolkata Knight Riders
Royal Challengers Bangalore
Bangalore
18 April 2008

Birmingham Bears
Derbyshire
Edgbaston
3 July 2015

Source: ESPNcricinfo (updated 3 July 2018).

text: Most career runs[edit]

text:
Rank

Runs

Innings)

Player

National Team

Period

1
11068
316
Chris Gayle
 West Indies
2005–present

2
8848
317
Brendon McCullum
 New Zealand
2005–present

3
7932
366
Kieron Pollard
 West Indies
2006–present

4
7668
242
David Warner
 Australia
2007–present

5
7575
279
Shoaib Malik
 Pakistan
2005–present

Source: ESPNcricinfo.com, last updated 1 March 2018

text: Most centuries in a career[edit]

text: Chris Gayle is the clear leader in the list of the most career centuries in T20s with 21; no other player has scored more than seven.[1]

text: Fastest 100[edit]

text:
Rank

Balls

Player

Team

Opposition

Venue

Date

1
30
Chris Gayle
Royal Challengers Bangalore
Pune Warriors India
Bangalore
23 April 2013

2
32
Rishabh Pant
Delhi
Himachal Pradesh
Delhi
14 January 2018

3
34
Andrew Symonds
Kent
Middlesex
Maidstone
2 July 2004

4

35

Louis van der Westhuizen
 Namibia
 Kenya
Windhoek
7 November 2011

David Miller
 South Africa
 Bangladesh
Potchefstroom
29 October 2017

Rohit Sharma
 India
 Sri Lanka
Indore
22 December 2017

Source: ESPNcricinfo.com, last updated 1 March 2018

text: Fastest 50[edit]

text:
Rank

Balls

Player

Team

Opposition

Venue

Date

1
12
Yuvraj Singh
 India
 England
Durban
19 September 2007

12
Chris Gayle
Melbourne Renegades
Adelaide Strikers
Docklands Stadium
18 January 2016

3
13
Marcus Trescothick
Somerset
Hampshire
Taunton
9 July 2010

4

14
Colin Munro
 New Zealand
 Sri Lanka
Auckland
10 January 2016

14
Gerard Brophy
Yorkshire
Derbyshire
Derby
10 July 2006

14
Imran Nazir
Sialkot Stallions
Lahore Eagles
Lahore
26 April 2005

14
Kieran Noema-Barnett
Central Districts
Otago
Invercargill
12 December 2010

14
Kieron Pollard
Trinidad and Tobago
Leeward Islands
North Sound
11 January 2012

14
Farhaan Behardien
Titans
Warriors
East London
11 December 2016

14
KL Rahul
Kings XI Punjab
Delhi Daredevils
Punjab Cricket Association Stadium
8 April 2018

Source: ESPNcricinfo.com, last updated 1 March 2018

text: Highest career strike rate[edit]

text: Qualification: 1,000 balls.

text:
Rank
Strike Rate
Balls faced
Player
National Team
Period

1
167.12
1,463
Colin de Grandhomme
 New Zealand
2007–present

2
166.09
2,315
Andre Russell
 West Indies
2010–present

3
165.31
1,084
Rishabh Pant
 India
2015–present

5
157.14
2,009
Luke Ronchi
 New Zealand
2006–present

5
156.98
2,834
Glenn Maxwell
 Australia
2010–present

Source: ESPNcricinfo.com, last updated: 6 June 2018

text: Highest career average[edit]

text: Qualification: 50 innings.

text:
Rank
Average
Innings
Player
National Team
Period

1
40.99
229
Virat Kohli
 India
2007–present

2
40.61
328
Chris Gayle
 West Indies
2005–present

3
39.60
161
Shaun Marsh
 Australia
2006–present

4
39.29
82
Babar Azam
 Pakistan
2015–present

5
38.42
264
MS Dhoni
 India
2006–present

Source: ESPNcricinfo.com, Last updated: 6 June 2018

text: Most career sixes[edit]

text:
Rank

Sixes

Player

National Team

Period

1
819
Chris Gayle
 West Indies
2005–present

2
512
Kieron Pollard
 West Indies
2006–present

3
430
Brendon McCullum
 New Zealand
2005–present

5
359
Dwayne Smith
 West Indies
2006–present

4
320
Shane Watson
 Australia
2007–present

Source: Cricinfo.com, Last updated: 1 March 2018

text: Most sixes in an innings[edit]

text:
Rank

Sixes

Player

Team

Opponent

Venue

Date

1
18
Chris Gayle
Rangpur Riders
Dhaka Dynamites
Dhaka
12 December 2017

2
17
Chris Gayle
Royal Challengers Bangalore
Pune Warriors India
Bangalore
23 April 2013

3
16
Graham Napier
Essex
Sussex
Chelmsford
24 June 2008

16
Dasun Shanaka
Sinhalese
Saracens
Colombo
12 January 2016

5
15
Chris Gayle
Somerset
Kent
Taunton
31 May 2015

Source: Cricinfo.com, Last updated: 1 March 2018

text: Individual records (bowling)[edit]

text: Best figures in a match[edit]

text:
Rank

Bowling

Player

Team

Opponent

Venue

Date

1
6/5
Arul Suppiah
Somerset
Glamorgan
Cardiff
5 July 2011

2
6/6
Shakib Al Hasan
Barbados Tridents
Trinidad and Tobago Red Steel
Bridgetown
3 August 2013

3
6/7
Lasith Malinga
Melbourne Stars
Perth Scorchers
Perth
12 December 2012

4
6/8
Ajantha Mendis
 Sri Lanka
 Zimbabwe
Hambantota
18 September 2012

5
6/9
Phaphama Fojela
Border
Easterns
East London
14 December 2014

Source: ESPNcricinfo, last updated 1 March 2018

text: Most career wickets[edit]

text:
Rank

Wickets

Matches

Player

National Team

Period

1
427
391
Dwayne Bravo
 West Indies
2006–present

2
348
256
Lasith Malinga
 Sri Lanka
2004–present

3
334
287
Sunil Narine
 West Indies
2011–present

4
309
273
Shakib Al Hasan
 Bangladesh
2006–present

5
301
275
Shahid Afridi
 Pakistan
2006–present

Source:ESPNcricinfo , last updated 6 June 2018

text: Individual records (wicket keeping)[edit]

text: Most dismissals in career[edit]

text: Only dismissals and innings played as wicketkeeper counted, some of the players have also taken catches as fielders.

text:
Rank

Dismissals

Innings

Player

National Team

Period

Catches

Stumpings

1
209
206
Kamran Akmal
 Pakistan
2005–present
117
92

2
205
264
Mahendra Singh Dhoni
 India
2006–present
135
70

3
195
197
Kumar Sangakkara
 Sri Lanka
2004–present
136
59

4
171
196
Dinesh Karthik
 India
2006–present
123
48

5
152
167
Denesh Ramdin
 West Indies
2006–present
108
44

Source:ESPNcricinfo.com, last updated 1 March 2018

text: Individual records (other)[edit]

text: Most matches played[edit]

text:
Rank

Matches

Player

National Team

Period

1
406
Kieron Pollard
 West Indies
2006–present

2
375
Dwayne Bravo
 West Indies
2006–present

3
323
Chris Gayle
 West Indies
2005–present

4
322
Brendan McCullum
 New Zealand
2005–present

5
311
Dwayne Smith
 West Indies
2006–present

Source: ESPNcricinfo.com, last updated 1 March 2018

text: Partnership records[edit]

text: Record wicket partnerships[edit]

text:
Partnership

Runs

Players

Team

Opponent

Venue

Date

1st wicket
223
 Aaron Finch &   Darcy Short
Australia
Zimbabwe
Harare Sports Club
3 July 2018

2nd wicket
229
 AB de Villiers &  Virat Kohli
Royal Challengers Bangalore
Gujarat Lions
Bengaluru
14 May 2016

3rd wicket
162
 Abdul Razzaq &  Nasir Jamshed
Lahore Lions
Quetta Bears
Lahore
26 May 2009

4th wicket
202*
 Manpreet Juneja &  Abdulahad Malek
Gujarat
Kerala
Indore
30 March 2013

5th wicket
150
 Hashim Amla &  Dwayne Bravo
Trinbago Knight Riders
Barbados Tridents
Port of Spain
1 Jul 2016

6th wicket
126*
 Calum MacLeod &  John Hastings
Durham
Northamptonshire
Chester-le-Street
25 July 2014

7th wicket
107*
 Lasith Abeyratne &  Roshan Anurudda
Colombo Cricket Club
Chilaw Marians Cricket Club
Colombo
12 January 2016

8th wicket
120
 Azhar Mahmood &  Isuru Udana
Wayamba United
Uva Next
Colombo
28 August 2012

9th wicket
69
 Corey Anderson &  Josh Davey
Somerset
Surrey
The Oval

9 Jul 2017

10th wicket
63
 Grant Elliott &  Zulfiqar Babar
Quetta Gladiators
Peshawar Zalmi
Sharjah
14 February 2016

Source: Cricinfo.com, last updated 3 July 2018

text: Note: An asterisk (*) signifies an unbroken partnership (i.e. neither of the batsmen were dismissed before either the end of the allotted overs or they reached the required score).

tag: ul


document_title: I'm Your Captain (Closer to Home)

question_text: who sang i'm getting closer to my home

question_tokens: who sang i 'm getting closer to my home

text: I'm Your Captain (Closer to Home)

text: Writing and recording[edit]

text: The song is composed in the compound binary form that was most popular, and used for several well-known songs, in the late 1960s and early 1970s.[2] The first movement opens with an electric guitar riff from Farner, which aspiring young guitarists of the time learned to imitate.[3] This soon changes into a strummed acoustic guitar paired with a distinctive lead bass line from Mel Schacher, set against a steady drumbeat from Don Brewer accompanied with occasional wah wah guitar flourishes. The chord changes go from D to G to G6/C.[3]

text: The story ostensibly deals with a ship's captain on a troubled voyage and facing a mutiny from his crew. Farner's vocal of the pleading lyric begins:

text: The music has a bass break and then drops down to half time before resuming at its normal tempo. The protagonist's plight becomes worse, with the captain's pleas continuing while the unhappy crew members are approaching the point of murder.

text: At the 4½-minute mark the song switches to the second movement, which begins with the sounds of waves and gulls. The captain's voice is tinged with a sense of hopeless longing, perhaps even indicating that it is his ghost now singing:

text: Again the bass line carries the music, with now a flute line accompanying it. Soon the strings from the orchestra, make their entrance, featuring violins, violas, cellos, and basses. The second movement starts at a fairly slow tempo, before speeding up somewhat into its repeats.[2][4] The significant chord progression in this part is from C to B♭add9.[5] The movement's single lyric repeats over and over as a mantra, in the style of Van Morrison. Around the 7-minute mark a full orchestra appears to accompany the band to the gradually fading conclusion.

text: Unusually for him, Farner wrote the lyric of the song first, with the words coming to him in the middle of the night after saying prayers for inspiration to write something meaningful.[6][4] The chord changes to "I'm Your Captain" came to him the following morning between sips of coffee, and the following day he took it to the band.[6] They immediately liked it and began jamming on it and working out their parts at a local union hall in their hometown of Flint, Michigan where they usually did their rehearsals.[4]

text: But after a while they had no ending for the second movement. Inspired by groups like The Moody Blues,[4] they came upon the idea of using an orchestra, and hired Tommy Baker, an arranger and trumpet player who was working on the Cleveland television series Upbeat.[6] He suggested they extend the ending so that his orchestral score would have space to develop in,[6] so the band extended the jam on it.[4] Producer Terry Knight brought in the Cleveland Orchestra to record it.[7] The band members never heard the full version until Knight played it for them back in Flint.[8] Farner nearly cried when he heard it, and Brewer has said of their reactions, "We were just like, 'Wow!'" and "Oh my God, it was magnificent."[6][4]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Released as a single with the title "Closer to Home", it was modestly successful in early fall 1970, reaching number 22 on the U.S. pop singles chart as the group's first top 40 hit single.[9] It was far more successful on progressive rock radio stations, such as those in New York, where its length and epic feel[10][11] were an asset and where it became a mainstay that appealed to a broad spectrum of rock fans outside Grand Funk's immediate listener base.[12][13] Its airplay helped the album reach the Top 10 of the U.S. albums chart within a month of its release.[14]

text: Decades later, "I'm Your Captain" remains a staple of many classic rock radio stations.[8] It is considered to be the standout track on the Closer to Home album,[7] and considered by both Farner and others to be his best work as a songwriter.[15][16] And with its melodic strengths and dramatic feel it is often considered one of the best rock songs of all time.[3] In 1988, the listeners of legendary New York rock station WNEW-FM ranked it the 71st best song of all time,[17] while twenty years later in 2008, New York classic rock station Q104.3's listeners ranked it the 112th best song of all time[18] and by 2015 listeners of the same station had voted it up to being the 9th best of all time.[19]

text: Grand Funk Railroad were consistently despised by the rock critic establishment,[20] and "I'm Your Captain" got some of the same treatment.[7] In the 1979 Rolling Stone Record Guide, critic Dave Marsh relented only slightly by writing, "Wretched was the word to describe Grand Funk's music. Although the group occasionally achieve an interesting song—'I'm Your Captain' was about the best of the early ones ..."[20]

text: Themes and interpretations[edit]

text: Over the years many interpretations have been posed by listeners of "I'm Your Captain", including the literal one of mutiny on a voyage, but also ones involving drug addiction and ones by those who see resonance in Homer's Odyssey and themes of returning home, such as college students returning from a long semester.[21] Authors have seen the song as an "epic of paranoia and disease"[22] and as a tale of a man who had lost control of his life in a fashion strong enough to invoke childhood nightmares.[13] It has been used as the subtitle for a chapter of a novel dealing with war and addictions.[23] Comparisons have been made to Walt Whitman's poem "O Captain! My Captain!" in its use of the rank to mean Abraham Lincoln.[24]

text: Farner himself does not explicitly state what the song is about, and indeed prefers that listeners be able to use their own imaginations when listening to songs in general.[3] Nor did the other band members have any real idea of what Farner was getting at; Brewer has said, "I think it can mean a lot of different things to a lot of people."[4] But the most common interpretations and resonances of "I'm Your Captain" revolve around the Vietnam War. The VH1 program Behind the Music said the song "became a subtle anti-war anthem".[14] Lee Andresen, author of Battle Notes: Music of the Vietnam War, sees it as portraying President Richard Nixon as "captain" of the United States, losing popular support for continuing the war.[24] Fellow Flint native Michael Moore remembers hearing it on the radio the day he went to his draft board (where he would file as a conscientious objector),[25] and hoping the I'm getting closer to my home refrains would never end, as he felt America was his home and not Vietnam.[14]

text: The song also found a following among American personnel in Vietnam, in part because the band's working-class Flint origins were similar to those of many Americans serving in the war.[14] It resonated with them as they tried to stay alive while waiting for the time when they could get closer to home,[15][26] and then when they were finally returning from the war.[27] It remains quite popular among Vietnam veterans and Farner has played it at several veterans' benefits.[15] Farner visited and performed at The Wall in November 2007, on the 25th anniversary of the memorial's dedication.[28][29] He later said, "The gig was a great spiritual and emotional experience. The 'Nam vets I had the privilege to speak to were so gracious and personal with me, as if we were relatives getting back together after a long time apart. As you could imagine, it was really hard for me to sing 'I'm Your Captain' because there was a softball stuck in my throat and I couldn't swallow it!"[27] In 2010, Farner sang the song accompanying himself on acoustic guitar at the Vietnam Veterans of America's National Leadership Conference, where he received the organization's President's Award for Excellence in the Arts.[30]

text: Later appearances[edit]

text: The song has been included on many Grand Funk live albums and compilations since it first appeared, including 1971's Mark, Don and Mel: 1969–71, 1975's Caught in the Act, 1991's Capitol Collectors Series, 1997's Bosnia, Thirty Years of Funk: 1969–1999, 2002's Classic Masters, a bonus track on the 2002 CD reissue of 1971's E Pluribus Funk, the archival Live: The 1971 Tour, and 2006's Greatest Hits.

text: The song has been a staple of Farner concert performances in the decades since its recording, with the younger generation of concert-goers still knowing all the words.[3] It received standing ovations when Farner played it as part of the third edition of Ringo Starr & His All-Starr Band in 1995,[31] and a similar reaction greeted it during the 1996 reunion tour of Grand Funk Railroad.[32] When the Grand Funk variant without Farner tours, the singing on the song is taken by lead vocalist Max Carl.[33]

text: The song has been recorded by the German power metal band Helloween as a track on their 1995 CD single "Sole Survivor". An unusual 'performance' of it was an improvised one with altered lyrics by an American Airlines pilot over a plane's PA system while awaiting permission to leave the gate, with drew much applause from passengers.[34]

text: American radio personality Mark Thompson said in 1999 that the song "will be played for the rest of time."[14] Producer Terry Knight said in 2003 of the song, "I'm humbled by my part in that piece of history. 'Closer to Home' will never die, it'll be around forever."[8] Farner said in 2007, "It’s just one of those songs. It fit. Everything about it worked for that time and it still works today."[3]

text: The song is featured in the 2015 biopic Straight Outta Compton during the first scene with producer Jerry Heller. There is a Grand Funk poster on the wall behind him.[35] However it is not included in the Straight Outta Compton: Music from the Motion Picture soundtrack album.


document_title: Family farm

question_text: what percent of all farms in the us are small family farms

text: Family farm

text: Definitions[edit]

text: An "informal discussion of the concepts and definitions" in a working paper published by Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations in 2014 reviewed English, Spanish and French definitions of the concept of "family farm". Definitions referred to one or more of labor, management, size, provision of family livelihood, residence, family ties and generational aspects, community and social networks, subsistence orientation, patrimony, land ownership and family investment.[7] The disparity of definitions reflects national and geographical differences in cultures, rural land tenure, and rural economies, as well as the different purposes for which definitions are coined.

text: The 2012 United States Census of Agriculture defines a family farm as "any farm where the majority of the business is owned by the operator and individuals related to the operator, including relatives who do not live in the operator’s household"; it defines a farm as "any place from which $1,000 or more of agricultural products were produced and sold, or normally would have been sold, during a given year."[8]

text: The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations defines a "family farm" as one that relies primarily on family members for labour and management.[9]

text: In some usages, "family farm" implies that the farm remains within the ownership of a family over a number of generations.[10]

text: Being special-purpose definitions, the definitions found in laws or regulations may differ substantially from commonly understood meanings of "family farm". For example, In the United States, under federal Farm Ownership loan regulations, the definition of a "family farm" does not specify the nature of farm ownership, and management of the farm is either by the borrower, or by members operating the farm when a loan is made to a corporation, co-operative or other entity. The complete definition can be found in the US Code of Federal Regulations 7 CFR 1943.4.

text: History[edit]

text: In the Roman Republic, latifundia, great landed estates, specialised in agriculture destined for export, producing grain, olive oil, or wine, corresponding largely to modern industrialized agriculture but depending on slave labour instead of mechanization, developed after the Second Punic War and increasingly replaced the former system of family-owned small or intermediate farms in the Roman Empire period. The basis of the latifundia in Spain and Sicily was the ager publicus that fell to the dispensation of the state through Rome's policy of war in the 1st century BC and the 1st century AD.

text: In the collapse of the Western Roman Empire, the largely self-sufficient villa-system of the latifundia remained among the few political-cultural centres of a fragmented Europe. These latifundia had been of great importance economically, until the long-distance shipping of wine and oil, grain and garum disintegrated, but extensive lands controlled in a single pair of hands still constituted power: it can be argued that the latifundia formed part of the economic basis of the European social feudal system, taking the form of Manorialism, the essential element of feudal society,[11] and the organizing principle of rural economy in medieval Europe.[12] Manorialism was characterised by the vesting of legal and economic power in a Lord of the Manor, supported economically from his own direct landholding in a manor (sometimes called a fief), and from the obligatory contributions of a legally subject part of the peasant population under the jurisdiction of himself and his manorial court. Manorialism died slowly and piecemeal, along with its most vivid feature in the landscape, the open field system. It outlasted serfdom as it outlasted feudalism: "primarily an economic organization, it could maintain a warrior, but it could equally well maintain a capitalist landlord. It could be self-sufficient, yield produce for the market, or it could yield a money rent."[13] The last feudal dues in France were abolished at the French Revolution. In parts of eastern Germany, the Rittergut manors of Junkers remained until World War II.[14] The common law of the leasehold estate relation evolved in medieval England. That law still retains many archaic terms and principles pertinent to a feudal social order. Under the tenant system, a farm may be worked by the same family over many generations, but what is inherited is not the farm's estate itself but the lease on the estate. In much of Europe, serfdom was abolished only in the modern period, in Western Europe after the French Revolution, in Russia as late as in 1861.

text: In contrast to the Roman system of latifundia and the derived system of manoralism, the Germanic peoples had a system based on heritable estates owned by individual families or clans. The Germanic term for "heritable estate, allodium" was *ōþalan (Old English ēþel), which incidentally was also used as a rune name; the gnomic verse on this term in the Anglo-Saxon rune poem reads:

text: In the inheritance system known as Salic patrimony (also gavelkind in its exceptional survival in medieval Kent) refers to this clan-based possession of real estate property, particularly in Germanic context. Terra salica could not be sold or otherwise disposed; it was not alienable. Much of Germanic Europe has a history of overlap or conflict between the feudal system of manoralism, where the estate is owned by noblemen and leased to the tenants or worked by serfs, and the Germanic system of free farmers working landed estates heritable within their clan or family. Historical prevalence of the Germanic system of independent estates or Höfe resulted in dispersed settlement (Streusiedlung) structure, as opposed to the village-centered settlements of manoralism.

text: In German-speaking Europe, farming estates are known as Hof; this German word notably has the meaning of both "farming estate" and "royal court", in origin referring to the building or hall at the center of any independent estate. The recharacterized compound Bauernhof was formed in the early modern period to designate family farming estates, while Meierhof designated a manorial estate, and the unmarked term Hof was increasingly used for the royal or noble court.[15] The estate as a whole is referred to by the collective Gehöft (15th century); the corresponding Slavic concept being Khutor. Höfeordnung is the German legal term for the inheritance laws regarding family farms, deriving from inheritance under medieval Saxon law. In England, the title of yeoman was applied to such land-owning commoners from the 15th century.

text: In the early modern and modern period, the dissolution of manoralism went parallel to the development of intensive farming parallel to the Industrial Revolution. Mechanization enabled the cultivation of much larger areas than what was typical for the traditional estates aimed at subsistence farming, resulting in the emergence of a smaller number of large farms, with the displaced population partly contributing to the new class of industrial wage-labourers and partly emigrating to the New World or the Russian Empire (following the 1861 emancipation of the serfs). The family farms established in Imperial Russia were again collectivized under the Soviet Union, but the emigration of European farmers displaced by the Industrial Revolution contributed to the emergence of a system of family estates in the Americas (Homestead Act 1862).

text: Thomas Jefferson's argument that a large number of family estates are a factor in ensuring the stability of democracy was repeatedly used in support of subsidies.[16]

text: Developed world[edit]

text: Perceptions of the family farm[edit]

text: In developed countries the family farm is viewed sentimentally, as a lifestyle to be preserved for tradition's sake, or as a birthright. It is in these nations very often a political rallying cry against change in agricultural policy, most commonly in France, Japan, and the United States, where rural lifestyles are often regarded as desirable. In these countries, strange bedfellows can often be found arguing for similar measures despite otherwise vast differences in political ideology. For example, Pat Buchanan and Ralph Nader, both candidates for the office of President of the United States, held rural rallies together and spoke for measures to preserve the so-called family farm. On other economic matters they were seen as generally opposed, but found common ground on this one.

text: The social roles of family farms are much changed today. Until recently, staying in line with traditional and conservative sociology, the heads of the household were usually the oldest man followed closely by his oldest sons. The wife generally took care of the housework, child rearing, and financial matters pertaining to the farm. However, agricultural activities have taken on many forms and change over time. Agronomy, horticulture, aquaculture, silviculture, and apiculture, along with traditional plants and animals, all make up aspects of today's family farm. Farm wives often need to find work away from the farm to supplement farm income and children sometimes have no interest in farming as their chosen field of work.

text: Bolder promoters argue that as agriculture has become more efficient with the application of modern management and new technologies in each generation, the idealized classic family farm is now simply obsolete, or more often, unable to compete without the economies of scale available to larger and more modern farms. Advocates argue that family farms in all nations need to be protected, as the basis of rural society and social stability.

text: Viability[edit]

text: According to the United States Department of Agriculture, ninety-eight percent of all farms in the U.S. are family farms. Two percent of farms are not family farms, and those two percent make up fourteen percent of total agricultural output in the United States, although half of them have total sales of less than $50,000 per year. Overall, ninety-one percent of farms in the United States are considered "small family farms" (with sales of less than $250,000 per year), and those farms produce twenty-seven percent of U.S. agricultural output.[17]

text: Depending on the type and size of independently owned operation, some limiting factors are:

text:
Economies of scale: Larger farms are able to bargain more competitively, purchase more competitively, profit from economic highs, and weather lows more readily through monetary inertia than smaller farms.
Cost of inputs: fertilizer and other agrichemicals can fluctuate dramatically from season to season, partially based on oil prices, a range of 25% to 200% is common over a few year period.
oil prices: Directly (for farm machinery) and somewhat less directly (long distance transport; production cost of agrichemicals), the cost of oil significantly impacts the year-to-year viability of all mechanized conventional farms.
commodity futures: the predicted price of commodity crops, hogs, grain, etc., can determine ahead of a season what seems economically viable to grow.
technology user agreements: a less publicly known factor, patented GE seed that is widely used for many crops, like cotton and soy, comes with restrictions on use, which can even include who the crop can be sold to.
wholesale infrastructure: A farmer growing larger quantities of a crop than can be sold directly to consumers has to meet a range of criteria for sale into the wholesale market, which include harvest timing and graded quality, and may also include variety, therefore, the market channel really determines most aspects of the farm decisionmaking.
availability of financing: Larger farms today often rely on lines of credit, typically from banks, to purchase the agrichemicals, and other supplies needed for each growing year. These lines are heavily affected by almost all of the other constraining factors.
government economic intervention: In some countries, notably the US and EU, government subsidies to farmers, intended to mitigate the impact on domestic farmers of economic and political activities in other areas of the economy, can be a significant source of farm income. Bailouts, when crises such as drought or the "mad cow disease" problems hit agricultural sectors, are also relied on. To some large degree, this situation is a result of the large-scale global markets farms have no alternative but to participate in.
government and industry regulation: A wide range of quotas, marketing boards and legislation governing agriculture impose complicated limits, and often require significant resources to navigate. For example, on the small farming end, in many jurisdictions, there are severe limits or prohibitions on the sale of livestock, dairy and eggs. These have arisen from pressures from all sides: food safety, environmental, industry marketing.
real estate prices: The growth of urban centers around the world, and the resulting urban sprawl have caused the price of centrally located farmland to skyrocket, while reducing the local infrastructure necessary to support farming, putting effectively intense pressure on many farmers to sell out.

text: Over the 20th century, the people of developed nations have collectively taken most of the steps down the path to this situation. Individual farmers opted for successive waves of new technology, happily "trading in their horses for a tractor", increasing their debt and their production capacity. This in turn required larger, more distant markets, and heavier and more complex financing. The public willingly purchased increasingly commoditized, processed, shipped and relatively inexpensive food. The availability of an increasingly diverse supply of fresh, uncured, unpreserved produce and meat in all seasons of the year (oranges in January, freshly killed steers in July, fresh pork rather than salted, smoked, or potassium-impregnated ham) opened an entirely new cuisine and an unprecedented healthy diet to millions of consumers who had never enjoyed such produce before. These abilities also brought to market an unprecedented variety of processed foods, such as corn syrup and bleached flour. For the family farm this new technology and increasingly complex marketing strategy has presented new and unprecedented challenges, and not all family farmers have been able to effectively cope with the changing market conditions.

text: Local food and the organic movement[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2007) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: In the last few decades there has been a resurgence of interest in organic and free range foods. A percentage of consumers have begun to question the viability of industrial agriculture practices and have turned to organic groceries that sell products produced on family farms including not only meat and produce but also such things as wheat germ breads and natural lye soaps (as opposed to bleached white breads and petroleum based detergent bars). Others buy these products direct from family farms. The "new family farm" provides an alternative market in some localities with an array of traditionally and naturally produced products.

text: Such "organic" and "free-range" farming is attainable where a significant number of affluent urban and suburban consumers willingly pay a premium for the ideals of "locally produced produce" and "humane treatment of animals". Sometimes, these farms are hobby or part-time ventures, or supported by wealth from other sources. Viable farms on a scale sufficient to support modern families at an income level commensurate with urban and suburban upper-middle-class families are often large scale operations, both in area and capital requirements. These farms, family owned and operated in a technologically and economically conventional manner, produce crops and animal products oriented to national and international markets, rather than to local markets. In assessing this complex economic situation, it is important to consider all sources of income available to these farms; for instance, the millions of dollars in farm subsidies which the United States government offers each year. As fuel prices rise, foods shipped to national and international markets are already rising in price.

text: United States[edit]

text: In 2012, the United States had 2,039,093 family farms (as defined by USDA), accounting for 96.7 percent of all farms and 89 percent of census farm area in the United States.[19]

text: Because of the predominance of family farms, the types of farming conducted on US family farms are essentially those of US agriculture overall. A USDA survey conducted in 2011 estimated that family farms account for 85 percent of US farm production and 85 percent of US gross farm income. Mid-size and larger family farms account for 60 percent of US farm production and dominate US production of cotton, cash grain and hogs. Small family farms account for 26 percent of US farm production overall, and higher percentages of production of poultry, beef cattle, some other livestock and hay.

text: Several kinds of US family farms are recognized in USDA farm typology:

text: Small family farms are defined as those with annual gross cash farm income (GCFI) of less than $350,000; in 2011, these accounted for 89.71 percent of all US farms. Because low net farm incomes tend to predominate on such farms, most farm families on small family farms are extremely dependent on off-farm income. Small family farms in which the principal operator was mostly employed off-farm accounted for 41.87 percent of all farms and 14.6 percent of total US farm area; median net farm income was $788. Retirement family farms were small farms accounting for 16.29 percent of all farms and 6.5 percent of total US farm area; median net farm income was $5,002.

text: The other small family farm categories are those in which farming occupies at least 50 percent of the principal operator’s working time. These are:

text: Low-sales small family farms (with GCFI less than $150,000); 26.10 percent of all US farms, 17.6 percent of total US farm area, median net farm income $3,579.

text: Moderate-sales small family farms (with GCFI of $150,000 to $349,999); 5.44 percent of all US farms, 13.4 percent of total US farm area, median net farm income $67,986.

text: Mid-size family farms (GCFI of $350,000 to $999,999); 5.66 percent of all US farms, 21.7 percent of total US farm area; median net farm income $154,538.

text: Large family farms (GCFI $1,000,000 to $4,999,999); 1.77 percent of all US farms, 14.1 percent of total US farm area; median net farm income $476,234.

text: Very large family farms (GCFI over $5,000,000); 0.18 percent of all US farms, 2.1 percent of total US farm area; median net farm income $1,910,454.[20]

text: Family farms include not only sole proprietorships and family partnerships, but also family corporations. Family-owned corporations account for 4.5 percent of all farms and 89 percent of corporate farms in the United States. About 98 percent of US family corporations owning farms are small, with no more than 10 shareholders; average net farm income of family corporate farms was $189,400 in 2012. (In contrast, 90 percent of US non-family corporations owning farms are small, having no more than 10 shareholders; average net cash farm income for US non-family corporate farms was $270,670 in 2012.)[19]

text: Canada[edit]

text: In Canada, the number of "family farms" cannot be inferred closely, because of the nature of census data, which do not distinguish family and non-family farm partnerships. In 2011, of Canada’s 205,730 farms, 55.4 percent were sole proprietorships, 24.5 percent were partnerships, 17.4 percent were family corporations, 2.4 percent were non-family corporations and 0.3 percent were other categories.[21] Because some but not all partnerships involve family members, these data suggest that family farms account for between about 72.8 and 97.3 percent of Canadian farms. The family farm percentage is likely to be near the high end of this range, for two reasons. The partners in a [Canadian] farm partnership are typically spouses, often forming the farm partnership for tax reasons.[22] Also, as in the US,[23] family farm succession planning can use a partnership as a means of apportioning family farm tenure among family members when a sole proprietor is ready to transfer some or all of ownership and operation of a farm to offspring. Conversion of a sole proprietorship family farm to a family corporation may also be influenced by legal and financial, e.g. tax, considerations. The Canadian Encyclopedia estimates that more than 90 percent of Canadian farms are family operations.[24] In 2006, of Canadian farms with more than one million dollars in annual gross farm receipts, about 62.5 percent were family corporations and 13.1 percent were non-family corporations.[25]

text: Europe[edit]

text: Analysis of data for 59,000 farms in the 12 member states of the European Community found that in 1989, about three-quarters of the farms were family farms, producing just over half of total agricultural output.[26]

text: As of 2010, there were approximately 139,900 family farms in Ireland, with an average size of 35.7 hectares per holding. (Nearly all farms in Ireland are family farms.)[27][28][29] In Ireland, average family farm income was 25,483 euros in 2012. Analysis by Teagasc (Ireland’s Agriculture and Food Development Authority) estimates that 37 percent of Irish farms are economically viable and an additional 30 percent are sustainable due to income from off-farm sources; 33 percent meet neither criterion and are considered economically vulnerable.[30]

text: Newly industrialized countries[edit]

text: In Brazil, there are about 4.37 million family farms. These account for 84.4 percent of farms, 24.3 percent of farmland area and 37.5 percent of the value of agricultural production.[6]

text: Developing countries[edit]

text: In sub-Saharan Africa, 80% of farms are family owned and worked.[31]

text: Sub-Saharan agriculture was mostly defined by slash-and-burn subsistence farming, historically spread by the Bantu expansion. Permanent farming estates were established during colonialism, in the 19th to 20th century. After decolonisation, white farmers in some African countries have tended to be attacked, killed or evicted, notably in South Africa and Zimbabwe.[32]

text: In southern Africa, "On peasant family farms ..., cash input costs are very low, non‐household labour is sourced largely from communal work groups through kinship ties, and support services needed to sustain production are minimal." On commercial family farms, "cash input costs are high, little non‐family labour is used and strong support services are necessary."[33]

text: International Year of Family Farming[edit]

text: At the 66th session of the United Nations General Assembly, 2014 was formally declared to be the "International Year of Family Farming" (IYFF).[34] The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations was invited to facilitate its implementation, in collaboration with Governments, International Development Agencies, farmers' organizations and other relevant organizations of the United Nations system as well as relevant non-governmental organizations.

text: The goal of the 2014 IYFF is to reposition family farming at the centre of agricultural, environmental and social policies in the national agendas by identifying gaps and opportunities to promote a shift towards a more equal and balanced development. The 2014 IYFF will promote broad discussion and cooperation at the national, regional and global levels to increase awareness and understanding of the challenges faced by smallholders and help identify efficient ways to support family farmers.


document_title: Paris (mythology)

question_text: who prophesied that paris would be the cause of the fall of troy

text: Paris (mythology)

text: Paris’s childhood

text: Paris was a child of Priam and Hecuba (see the list of King Priam's children). Just before his birth, his mother dreamed that she gave birth to a flaming torch. This dream was interpreted by the seer Aesacus as a foretelling of the downfall of Troy, and he declared that the child would be the ruin of his homeland. On the day of Paris's birth, it was further announced by Aesacus that the child born of a royal Trojan that day would have to be killed to spare the kingdom, being the child that would bring about the prophecy. Though Paris was indeed born before nightfall, he was spared by Priam; Hecuba, too, was unable to kill the child, despite the urging of the priestess of Apollo, one Herophile. Instead, Paris's father prevailed upon his chief herdsman, Agelaus, to remove the child and kill him. The herdsman, unable to use a weapon against the infant, left him exposed on Mount Ida, hoping he would perish there (cf. Oedipus); he was, however, suckled by a she-bear. Returning after nine days, Agelaus was astonished to find the child still alive and brought him home in a backpack (Greek pḗra, hence by folk etymology Paris’s name) to rear as his own. He returned to Priam bearing a dog's tongue as evidence of the deed's completion.[3]

text: Paris's noble birth was betrayed by his outstanding beauty and intelligence; while still a child, he routed a gang of cattle-thieves and restored the animals they had stolen to the herd, thereby earning the surname Alexander ("protector of men").[4] It was at this time that Oenone became Paris's first lover. She was a nymph from Mount Ida in Phrygia. Her father was Cebren, a river-god (other sources declare her to be the daughter of Oeneus). She was skilled in the arts of prophecy and medicine, which she had been taught by Rhea and Apollo, respectively. When Paris later left her for Helen, she told him that if he ever was wounded, he should come to her, for she could heal any injury, even the most serious wounds.

text: Paris's chief distraction at this time was to pit Agelaus's bulls against one another. One bull began to win these bouts consistently, and Paris began to set it against rival herdsmen's own prize bulls; it defeated them all. Finally, Paris offered a golden crown to any bull that could defeat his champion. Ares responded to this challenge by transforming himself into a bull and easily winning the contest. Paris gave the crown to Ares without hesitation; it was this apparent honesty in judgment that prompted the gods of Olympus to have Paris arbitrate the divine contest between Hera, Aphrodite, and Athena.

text: The Judgment of Paris

text: In celebration of the marriage of Peleus and Thetis, Lord Zeus, father of the Greek pantheon, hosted a banquet on Mount Olympus. Every deity and demi-god had been invited, except Eris, the goddess of strife (no one wanted a troublemaker at a wedding). For revenge, Eris threw the golden Apple of Discord inscribed with the word "Kallisti" – "For the fairest" – into the party, provoking a squabble among the attendant goddesses over for whom it had been meant.

text: The goddesses thought to be the most beautiful were Hera, Athena, and Aphrodite, and each one claimed the apple. They started a quarrel so they asked Zeus to choose one of them. Knowing that choosing any of them would bring him the hatred of the other two, Zeus did not want to take part in the decision. He thus appointed Paris to select the most beautiful.

text: Escorted by Hermes, the three goddesses bathed in the spring of Mount Ida and approached Paris as he herded his cattle. Having been given permission by Zeus to set any conditions he saw fit, Paris required that the goddesses undress before him.[5] (Alternatively, the goddesses themselves chose to disrobe to show all their beauty.) Still, Paris could not decide, as all three were ideally beautiful, so the goddesses attempted to bribe him to choose among them – Hera offered ownership of all of Europe and Asia; Athena offered skill in battle, wisdom and the abilities of the greatest warriors; and Aphrodite offered the love of the most beautiful woman on Earth, Helen of Sparta. Paris chose Aphrodite – and therefore, Helen.

text: Helen was already married to King Menelaus of Sparta (a fact Aphrodite neglected to mention), so Paris had to raid Menelaus's house to steal Helen from him (according to some accounts, she fell in love with Paris and left willingly). The Greeks' expedition to retrieve Helen from Paris in Troy is the mythological basis of the Trojan War. This triggered the war because Helen was famous for her beauty throughout Achaea (ancient Greece), and had many suitors of extraordinary ability. Therefore, following Odysseus's advice, her father Tyndareus made all suitors promise to defend Helen's marriage to the man he chose for her. When Paris took her to Troy, Menelaus invoked this oath. Helen's other suitors – who between them represented the lion's share of Achaea's strength, wealth and military prowess – were obligated to help bring her back. Thus, the whole of Greece moved against Troy in force. The Trojan War had begun.

text: Paris and the Trojan War

text: Homer's Iliad casts Paris as unskilled and cowardly. His brother Hector scolds and belittles him after he runs away from a duel with Menelaus that was to determine the end of the war,[6] though Paris readily admits his shortcomings in battle. His preference for bow and arrow emphasizes this, since he does not follow the code of honor shared by the other heroes.

text: Early in the epic, Paris and Menelaus duel in an attempt to end the war without further bloodshed. Menelaus easily defeats Paris, though Aphrodite spirits him away before Menelaus can finish the duel. Paris is returned to his bedchambers, where Aphrodite forces Helen to be with him.[7]

text: Paris's second attempt at combat is equally faced: rather than engage the Greek hero Diomedes in hand-to-hand combat, Paris wounds Diomedes with an arrow through the foot.

text: Later, after slaying Hector and other heroes, Achilles dies by an arrow. By some accounts, the archer is Paris with Apollo's help; by others it is Apollo disguised as Paris.

text: Later in the war, after Philoctetes mortally wounds Paris, Helen makes her way to Mount Ida where she begs Paris's first wife, the nymph Oenone, to heal him. Still bitter that Paris had spurned her for his birthright in the city and then forgotten her for Helen, Oenone refuses. Helen returns alone to Troy, where Paris dies later the same day. In another version, Paris himself, in great pain, visits Oenone to plead for healing but is refused and dies on the mountainside. When Oenone hears of his funeral, she runs to his funeral pyre and throws herself in its fire.[8]

text: After Paris's death, his brother Deiphobus married Helen and was then murdered by Menelaus in the sack of Troy.

text: Later treatments

text:
Jacques Offenbach, Henri Meilhac and Ludovic Halévy's 1864 operetta La Belle Hélène tells a droll version of the seduction of Helen by Paris, who is the lead male role.
The 1951 Swedish film Sköna Helena is an adapted version of Offenbach's operetta, starring Max Hansen and Eva Dahlbeck
In the 1956 film Helen of Troy, Paris, as the main character, is portrayed as a heroic character who at first worships peace and love but is later forced to take up arms against the treacherous Greeks.
In the 1961 film Trojan Horse, Paris is played by Warner Bentivegna.
In the 1962 film The Fury of Achilles, Paris is played by Roberto Risso.
The Judgment of Paris and its aftermath are the subject of Michael Tippett's 1962 opera King Priam.
In the 2003 TV miniseries Helen of Troy, the character Paris, played by actor Matthew Marsden, is killed by Agamemnon.
In the 2004 Hollywood film Troy, the character Paris was played by actor Orlando Bloom. He is not killed by Philoctetes in this version, but leaves the falling city of Troy together with Helen and survives. Paris is portrayed as an irresponsible prince who put his romance before his family and country.
In prose he appears as the main character in Rudolf Hagelstange's book Spielball der Götter (Game of Gods).
The song "The Third Temptation of Paris" by Alesana tells the story of Helen and Paris from the viewpoint of Paris.
The story was also made into a musical, Paris Prince of Troy, written by Jon English and David Mackay. Barry Humphries starred in the original performance as Sinon.
The song, Crimes of Paris by Elvis Costello on his album Blood & Chocolate asks the question, "Who'll pay for the Crimes of Paris, who's gonna pay for the Crimes of Paris?"
In Aaron Allston's Galatea in 2-D, a painting of Paris, brought to life, is used against a painting of Achilles brought to life.
In the 2018 TV miniseries Troy: Fall of a City, Paris will be portrayed by Louis Hunter.[9]