document_title: Cairn Terrier

question_text: what breed of dog is toto from the wizard of oz

text: Cairn Terrier

text: History[edit]

text: Cairns originated in the Highlands of Scotland and the Isle of Skye,[4] initially grouped in the "Skye Terrier" class alongside the Scottish and West Highland White terriers. In the early 1900s, the three breeds began to be bred separately.

text: The Kennel Club of the United Kingdom gave the Cairn Terrier a separate register in 1912; the first year of recognition, 134 were registered and it was in that year that the breed was also given Championship status.[5]

text: Description[edit]

text: The Cairn Terrier has a harsh weather-resistant outer coat that can be black, cream, wheaten, red, sandy, gray, or brindled in any of these colors. Pure black, black and tan, and white are not permitted by many kennel clubs. While registration of white Cairns was once permitted, after 1917, the American Kennel Club required them to be registered as West Highland White Terriers. A notable characteristic of Cairns is that brindled Cairns frequently change colour throughout their lifetimes. It is not uncommon for a brindled Cairn to become progressively more black or silver as it ages. The Cairn is double-coated, with a soft, dense undercoat and a harsh outer coat. A well-groomed Cairn has a rough-and-ready appearance, free of artifice or exaggeration. The Cairn Terrier was registered into the American Kennel Club in 1903.

text: Cairn terriers tend to look similar to a Norwich Terrier, but with some differences (for example the shaggy fur). Their outer layer of fur is shaggy, but they have a soft, downy undercoat. Their ideal weight is also 4.5-7.3 kg (10-16 lb), and the height 9–13 in (23–33 cm).

text: Grooming[edit]

text: Cairn terriers shed very little, but should always be hand stripped. Using scissors or shears can ruin the dog's rugged outer coat after one grooming. Hand stripping involves pulling the old dead hair out by the roots. If done incorrectly, this can cause discomfort to the dog, causing it to shy away from future hand stripping. Removing the dead hair in this manner allows new growth to come in. This new growth helps protect the dog from water and dirt.

text: Cairn terrier ancestors are from Scotland, where the wire coat repels water and keeps the dog dry even in rainy or damp climates. Keeping the Cairn terrier coat in its original state will prevent possible skin irritations. As dead hair is removed by stripping the coat, new growth comes in and the skin and coat remain healthy. Clipper-cutting a Cairn might destroy the protective wire coat unique to this breed.

text: It is wise to have a pet examined to rule out heritable skin diseases if a Cairn is obtained from unknown sources (i.e. pet stores, rescues, or puppy mills).[citation needed]

text: Health[edit]

text: These dogs are generally healthy and live on average about 12 to 17 years.[6][7]

text: Survey[edit]

text: Breeders, owners, and veterinarians have identified several health problems that are significant for Cairns. Some of these diseases are hereditary, while others occur as a result of nonspecific factors (i.e. infections, toxins, injuries, or advanced age). Currently, the Cairn Terrier Club of America, along with the Institute for Genetic Disease Control in Animals, maintains an open registry for Cairn terriers in hopes of reducing the occurrence of hereditary diseases within the breed. Breeders voluntarily submit their dogs' test results for research purposes, as well as for use by individuals who seek to make sound breeding decisions.

text: Some of the more common hereditary health problems found in the Cairn are:[8][9]

text:
Bronchoesophageal fistula
Cataracts
Corneal dystrophy
Craniomandibular osteopathy (lion jaw)
Diabetes mellitus
Entropion
Hip dysplasia
Hypothyroidism
Krabbe disease (globoid cell leukodystrophy)
Legg-Calvé-Perthes syndrome
Lens luxation
Luxating patella
Ocular melanosis
Portosystemic shunt
Progressive retinal atrophy
Soft tissue sarcoma
Von Willebrand disease

text: Living conditions[edit]

text: Cairn terriers exist happily in an apartment if sufficiently exercised.[citation needed] They are very active indoors and suffice even without a yard.[citation needed] Daily walks help keep Cairn terriers happy and healthy. Fenced-in yards are strongly recommended for safety and well being as well as being kept on leash when not in the yard.

text: Cairn terriers are particularly easily trained; ethical breeders strongly suggest obedience school or some other type of training to direct Cairn terrier's focus on the owner as the one in command if they are going to be used for hunting. If allowed to take control of the household, behavior problems may develop that can only be resolved by hiring a professional dog trainer. Many breeders only sell puppies to dedicated dog owners who agree to basic obedience school.

text: Exercise[edit]

text: Cairns are active dogs, thus need a daily walk. Play takes care of a lot of their exercise needs; however, as with all breeds, play will not fulfill their primal instinct to walk. Dogs which do not get to go on daily walks are more likely to display behavior problems. They also enjoy a good romp in a safe open area off leash, such as a large fenced yard.

text: According to Temple Grandin in her book Animals Make Us Human, dogs need 45 minutes to one hour per day of playing and seeking. After fulfilling this, dogs become balanced and well-mannered. Obedience school is often a good start to creating interactive play using words or commands for a dog to perform specific actions on cue. Teaching a Cairn terrier tricks is also a clever way to direct their active energy into acceptable controlled dog games.

text: Famous Cairns[edit]

text: Terry, the dog that played Toto in the 1939 screen adaptation of The Wizard of Oz, was a brindle Cairn terrier. Due to the identification of the State of Kansas with the original story The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, a resident of Wichita has begun a drive to make the Cairn terrier the official dog of Kansas.[10] Terry also had a role in the Shirley Temple film Bright Eyes, and 12 other films.

text: In media[edit]

text:
In I Love Lucy, Little Ricky had a Cairn terrier named Fred.
J. Edgar Hoover notably bred Cairn terriers and gifted them to high ranking government officials during his career.
UK TV presenter Paul O'Grady often features a Cairn terrier called Olga on his primetime chat show; dark in colour, Olga is a rescue dog.
Also in the UK, Pauline Fowler actress Wendy Richard in the BBC TV show EastEnders had a Cairn she fondly named Betty. Betty made an appearance as Toto on BBC's "Strictly Come Dancing" (series 10) after Vincent Simone and his celebrity partner Dani Harmer danced a waltz to "Over the Rainbow" from The Wizard of Oz.
George Lopez's family dog on the ABC TV series George Lopez, is a Cairn terrier named Mr. Needles, named by the son, Max, for the extremely high number of shots that the incredibly sick former stray received from the veterinarian.
Portrait of a Lady, Nicole Kidman, Cairn Terrier throughout movie [11]
Australian television soap series Neighbours had a Cairn terrier named Audrey which belonged to the character Libby Kennedy.[12]
The character of Romulus, owned by Ray Milland's character, Steven Tolliver, in Cecil B. De Mille's epic Reap the Wild Wind (1942) was a Cairn terrier.
A few years later, in The Uninvited (1944), the Ray Milland character also had a Cairn terrier.
Thimble the dog was a brindle Cairn terrier played by Danvers. Thimble appeared once in episode five, season five of the British television drama Upstairs, Downstairs.
A wheaten Cairn Terrier named Kobe was featured in Dunston Checks In, Lost And Found, and the opening scenes of Twister.
In USA Network's Mr. Robot, Rami Malek's character Elliot Alderson has a Cairn terrier named Flipper.[13]
In the film Kingsman: The Secret Service, the character Harry Hart owned a Cairn terrier named Mr. Pickle. In the sequel Kingsman: The Golden Circle, Eggsy uses a similar Cairn terrier puppy to trigger Hart's memories after he suffered amnesia.

text: In books[edit]

text:
In the Maximum Ride book series, Total, the talking dog, is a Cairn terrier.
In the first edition of L. Frank Baum's book The Wonderful Wizard of Oz (1899), though Baum did not specify in the text what breed Toto was, illustrator W. W. Denslow drew him as a Cairn Terrier.
In Donald Barthelme’s short story "Chablis," the narrator says that his baby wants, according to his wife, a "Cairn Terrier."[14]


document_title: Limbs of the horse

question_text: where is the cannon bone located on a horse

root

text: Limbs of the horse

text: Limb anatomy[edit]

text: Horses are odd-toed ungulates, or members of the order Perissodactyla. This order also includes the extant species of rhinos and tapirs, and many extinct families and species. Members of this order walk on either one toe (like horses) or three toes (like rhinos and tapirs).[1] This is in contrast to even-toed ungulates, members of the order Artiodactyla, which walk on cloven hooves, or two toes. This order includes many species associated with livestock, such as sheep, goats, pigs, cows and camels, as well as species of giraffes, antelopes and deer.[2]

tag: p

text: Equine hooves and legs have evolved over millions of years to the form in which they are found today. The original ancestors of horses had shorter legs, terminating in five-toed feet. Over millennia, a single hard hoof evolved from the middle toe, while the other toes gradually disappeared into the tiny vestigial remnants that are found today on the lower leg bones. Prairie-dwelling equine species developed hooves and longer legs that were both sturdy and light weight to help them evade predators and cover longer distances in search of food. Forest-dwelling species retained shorter legs and three toes, which helped them on softer ground. Approximately 35 million years ago, a global drop in temperature created a major habitat change, leading to the transition of many forests to grasslands. This led to a die-out among forest-dwelling equine species, eventually leaving the long-legged, one-toed Equus of today, which includes the horse, as the sole surviving genus of the Equidae family.[3]

text: Legs[edit]

text: Each forelimb of the horse runs from the scapula or shoulder blade to the navicular bone. In between are the humerus (arm), radius (forearm), elbow joint, ulna (elbow), carpus (knee) bones and joint, large metacarpal (cannon), small metacarpal (splint), sesamoid, fetlock joint, first phalanx (long pastern), pastern joint, second phalanx (short pastern), coffin joint, outwardly evidenced by the coronary band, and the third phalanx (coffin or pedal) bones. Each hind limb of the horse runs from the pelvis to the navicular bone. After the pelvis come the femur (thigh), patella, stifle joint, tibia, fibula, tarsal (hock) bone and joint, large metatarsal (cannon) and small metatarsal (splint) bones. Below these, the arrangement of sesamoid and phalanx bones and joints is the same as in the forelimbs.[4][5] When the horse is moving, the distal interphalangeal joint (coffin joint) has the highest amount of stresses applied to it of any joint in the body, and it can be significantly affected by trimming and shoeing techniques.[6] Although having a small range of movement, the proximal interphalangeal joint (pastern joint) is also influential to the movement of the horse, and can change the way that various shoeing techniques affect tendons and ligaments in the legs.[7] Due to the horse's development as a cursorial animal (one whose main form of defense is running), its bones evolved to facilitate speed in a forward direction over hard ground, without the need for grasping, lifting or swinging. The ulna shrank in size and its top portion became the point of the elbow, while the bottom fused with the radius above the radiocarpal (knee) joint, which corresponds to the wrist in humans. A similar change occurred in the fibula bone of the hind limbs. These changes were first seen in the genus Merychippus, approximately 17 million years ago.[8][9]

text: The anatomy of the forelegs begin at the scapula. This is the shoulder in which provides the ease of movement as it is connected to various bones surrounding it such as the cervical vertebra (a section of the spine). The next bone is the humerus which leads onto the radius below. The radius is then connected to the bones of the knee. The carpus is located at front of the knee and the pisiform is the back of the knee. Below the knee is the cannon bone which is also known as the 3rd metacarpal. 55 million years ago when the Eohippus existed, the cannon bone used to be the 3rd toe of the foot. It's fusion took place in order to increase height and power of the limb. Behind the cannon bone are the splint bones. The splint bones are also known as the 2nd and 4th metacarpal and fused 25 - 35 million years ago during the time of the Miohippus. They provide extra strength and support of the cannon bone and used to be the 2nd and 4th toes of the foot. Below the cannon bone is the fetlock joint in which lays a structure if many bones. Firstly are the sesamoid bones that act as part of the system that allows the leg to drop as pressure is applied and spring back up as pressure is released. Below this is the proximal phalanx also known as the long pastern which is followed by the middle phalanx (short pastern). Below these bones are the navicular bone and the distal phalanx. the distal phalanx can be known as the coffin bone or the pedal bone. Below the navicular bone is the navicular bursa. There are three main muscle groups of the forelimb. The triceps muscle straightens the elbow and foreleg, running from the elbow to the bottom of the shoulder blade. The muscles which extend the lower leg are called extensor muscles, while the flexion of the lower leg joints is achieved through movement of the flexor muscles. There are five main muscles and muscle groups in the hind legs. The vastus muscle flexes the hind leg and runs from stifle to hip, while the gluteal muscles, the large muscles in the hip, extend the femur. Forward motion and flexion of the hind legs is achieved through the movement of the quadriceps group of muscles on the front of the femur, while the muscles at the back of the hindquarters, called the hamstring group, provide forward motion of the body and rearward extension of the hind limbs. Extension of the hock is achieved by the Achilles tendon, located above the hock.[10]

text: There are two apparatus in the limbs of the horse - the suspensory apparatus and the stay apparatus. The fetlock joint is supported by group of lower leg ligaments, tendons and bones known as the suspensory apparatus.[11] This apparatus carries much of the weight of the horse, both when standing and while moving, and prevents the fetlock joint from hyperextending, especially when the joint is bearing weight. During movement, the apparatus stores and releases energy in the manner of a spring: stretching while the joint is extended and contracting (and thus releasing energy) when the joint flexes.[12] This provides a rebound effect, assisting the foot in leaving the ground.[11] This ability to use stored energy makes horses' gaits more efficient than other large animals, including cattle.[13] The suspensory apparatus consists of the suspensory ligament, the check ligament, the deep digital flexor tendon, the superficial flexor tendon, the common digital extensor tendon and the sesamoid bones.[11]

text: Horses use a group of ligaments, tendons and muscles known as the stay apparatus to "lock" major joints in the limbs, allowing them to remain standing while relaxed or asleep. The lower part of the stay apparatus consists of the suspensory apparatus, which is the same in both sets of limbs, while the upper portion differs between the fore and hind limbs. The upper portion of the stay apparatus in the forelimbs includes the major attachment, extensor and flexor muscles and tendons. The same portion in the hind limbs consists of the major muscles, ligaments and tendons, as well as the reciprocal joints of the hock and stifle.[14]

text: Hoof[edit]

text: The hoof of the horse contains over a dozen different structures, including bones, cartilage, tendons and tissues. The coffin or pedal bone is the major hoof bone, supporting the majority of the weight. Under the coffin bone is the navicular bone, itself cushioned by the navicular bursa, a fluid-filled sac. The digital cushion is a blood vessel-filled structure located in the middle of the hoof, which assists with blood flow throughout the leg. At the top of the hoof wall is the corium, tissue which continually produces the horn of the outer hoof shell, which is in turn protected by the periople, a thin outer layer which prevents the interior structures from drying out. The wall is connected to the coffin bone by sensitive laminae, a flexible layer which helps to suspend and protect the coffin bone. The main tendon in the hoof is the deep digital flexor tendon, which connects to the bottom of the coffin bone. The impact zone on the bottom of the hoof includes the sole, which has an outer, insensitive layer and a sensitive inner layer, and the frog, which lies between the heels and assists in shock absorption and blood flow. The final structures are the lateral cartilages, connected to the upper coffin bone, which act as the flexible heels, allowing hoof expansion. These structures allow the hoof to perform many functions. It acts as a support and traction point, shock absorber and system for pumping blood back through the lower limb.[15]

text: Movement[edit]

text: A sequence of movements in which a horse takes a step with all four legs is called a stride. During each step, with each leg, a horse completes four movements: the swing phase, the grounding or impact, the support period and the thrust. While the horse uses muscles throughout its body to move, the legs perform the functions of absorbing impact, bearing weight, and providing thrust.[16] Good movement is sound, symmetrical, straight, free and coordinated, all of which depend on many factors, including conformation, soundness, care and training of the horse, and terrain and footing. The proportions and length of the bones and muscles in the legs can significantly impact the way an individual horse moves. The angles of certain bones, especially in the hind leg, shoulders, and pasterns, also affect movement.[17]

text: The forelegs carry the majority of the weight, usually around 60 percent, with exact percentages depending on speed and gait. Movement adds concussive force to weight, increasing the likelihood that a poorly built leg will buckle under the strain.[18][19] At different points in the gallop, all weight is resting on one front hoof, then all on one rear hoof.[19][20] In the sport of dressage, horses are encouraged to shift their weight more to their hindquarters, which enables lightness of the forehand and increased collection.[21] While the forelimbs carry the weight the hind limbs provide propulsion, due to the angle between the stifle and hock. This angle allows the hind legs to flex as weight is applied during the stride, then release as a spring to create forward or upward movement. The propulsion is then transmitted to the forehand through the structures of the back, where the forehand then acts to control speed, balance and turning.[22] The range of motion and propulsion power in horses varies significantly, based on the placement of muscle attachment to bone. The muscles are attached to bone relatively high in the body, which results in small differences in attachment making large differences in movement. A change of .5 inches (1.3 cm) in muscle attachment can affect range of motion by 3.5 inches (8.9 cm) and propulsion power by 20 percent.[23]

text: "Form to function" is a term used in the equestrian world to mean that the "correct" form or structure of a horse is determined by the function for which it will be used. The legs of a horse used for cutting, in which quick starts, stops and turns are required, will be shorter and more thickly built than those of a Thoroughbred racehorse, where forward speed is most important. However, despite the differences in bone structure needed for various uses, correct conformation of the leg remains relatively similar.[19]

text: Structural defects[edit]

text: The ideal horse has legs which are straight, correctly set and symmetrical. Correct angles of major bones, clean, well-developed joints and tendons, and well-shaped, properly-proportioned hooves are also necessary for ideal conformation.[24] "No legs, no horse"[19] and "no hoof, no horse"[25] are common sayings in the equine world. Individual horses may have structural defects, some of which lead to poor movement or lameness. Although certain defects and blemishes may not directly cause lameness, they can often put stress on other parts of the body, which can then cause lameness or injuries.[24] Poor conformation and structural defects do not always cause lameness, however, as was shown by the champion racehorse Seabiscuit, who was considered undersized and knobby-kneed for a Thoroughbred.[18]

text: Common defects of the forelegs include base-wide and base-narrow, where the legs are farther apart or closer together on the ground then they are when they originate in the chest; toeing-in and toeing-out, where the hooves point inwards or outwards; knee deviations to the front (buck knees), rear (calf knees), inside (knock knees) or outside (bowleg); short or long pasterns; and many problems with the feet. Common defects of the hind limbs include the same base-wide and base-narrow stances and problems with the feet as the fore limbs, as well as multiple issues with the angle formed by the hock joint being too angled (sickle-hocked), too straight (straight behind) or having an inward deviation (cow-hocked).[18] Feral horses are seldom found with serious conformation problems in the leg, as foals with these defects are generally easy prey for predators. Foals raised by humans have a better chance for survival, as there are therapeutic treatments that can improve even major conformation problems. However, some of these conformation problems can be transmitted to offspring, and so these horses are a poor choice for breeding stock.[19]

text: Lameness and injuries[edit]

text: Lameness in horses is movement at an abnormal gait due to pain in any part of the body. It is frequently caused by pain to the shoulders, hips, legs or feet. Lameness can also be caused by abnormalities in the digestive, circulatory and nervous systems. While horses with poor conformation and congenital conditions are more likely to develop lameness, trauma, infection and acquired abnormalities are also causes. The largest cause of poor performance in equine athletes is lameness caused by abnormalities in the muscular or skeletal systems. The majority of lameness is found in the forelimbs, with at least 95 percent of these cases stemming from problems in the structures from the knee down. Lameness in the hind limbs is caused by problems in the hock and/or stifle 80 percent of the time.[26]

text: There are numerous issues that can occur with horses' legs that may not necessarily cause lameness. Stocking up is an issue that occurs in horses that are held in stalls for multiple days after periods of activity. Fluid collects in the lower legs, producing swelling and often stiffness. Although it does not usually cause lameness or other problems, prolonged periods of stocking up can lead to other skin issues. Older horses and horse with heavy muscling are more prone to this condition.[27] A shoe boil is an injury that occurs when there is trauma to the bursal sac of the elbow, causing inflammation and swelling. Multiple occurrences can cause a cosmetic sore and scar tissue, called a capped elbow, or infections. Shoe boils generally occur when a horse hits its elbow with a hoof or shoe when lying down.[28] Windpuffs, or swelling to the back of the fetlock caused by inflammation of the sheaths of the deep digital flexor tendon, appear most often in the rear legs. Soft and fluid-filled, the swelling may initially be accompanied by heat and pain, but can remain long after the initial injury has healed without accompanying lameness. Repeated injuries to the tendon sheath, often caused by excessive training or work on hard surfaces, can cause larger problems and lameness.[29]

text: Leg injuries that are not immediately fatal still may be life-threatening because a horse's weight must be distributed evenly on all four legs to prevent circulatory problems, laminitis, and other infections. If a horse loses the use of one leg temporarily, there is the risk that other legs will break down during the recovery period because they are carrying an abnormal weight load. While horses periodically lie down for brief periods of time, a horse cannot remain lying in the equivalent of a human's "bed rest" because of the risk of developing sores, internal damage, and congestion.[30]

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ "Introduction to the Perissodactyla". University of California Museum of Paleontology. Retrieved 2013-01-15.
Jump up ^ "Introduction to the Artiodactyla". University of California Museum of Paleontology. Retrieved 2013-01-15.
Jump up ^ "On Your Toes". American Museum of Natural History. Retrieved 2013-09-14.
Jump up ^ Harris, p. 226
Jump up ^ Giffin and Gore, pp. 262-263
Jump up ^ Denoix, J. M. (1999). "Functional Anatomy of the Equine Interphalangeal Joints" (PDF). AAEP Proceedings. 45.
Jump up ^ Lawson, Sian E. M.; Chateau, Henry; Pourcelot, Philippe; Denoix, Jean-Marie; Crevier-Denoix, Nathalie (May 2007). "Effect of toe and heel elevation on calculated tendon strains in the horse and the influence of the proximal interphalangeal joint". Journal of Anatomy. 210 (5): 583–591. PMC 2375746 . PMID 17451533. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2007.00714.x.
Jump up ^ Rooney, James R. (1998). The Lame Horse. The Russell Meerdink Company Ltd. pp. 9–10. ISBN 0929346556.
Jump up ^ Hunt, Kathleen. "Horse Evolution" (PDF). Carnegie Mellon University. p. 7. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-08-05. Retrieved 2013-09-15.
Jump up ^ Harris, pp. 228-229
^ Jump up to: a b c Harris, pp. 251-253
Jump up ^ Ferraro, Gregory L.; Stover, Susan M.; Whitcomb, Mary Beth. "Suspensory Ligament Injuries in Horses" (PDF). University of California - Davis. pp. 6–7. Retrieved 2013-09-16.
Jump up ^ Larson, Erica (July 16, 2012). "Horses' Physiologic Responses to Exercise". The Horse.
Jump up ^ Harris, p. 253
Jump up ^ Harris, pp. 254-256
Jump up ^ Harris, pp. 256-258
Jump up ^ Harris, pp. 260-264
^ Jump up to: a b c Oke, Stacey (October 1, 2010). "Horse Conformation Conundrums". The Horse. Retrieved 2012-11-16.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Sellnow, Les (July 1, 1999). "Leg Conformation". The Horse. Retrieved 2012-11-16.
Jump up ^ Hansen, D. Karen; Schafer, Stephen R. (2007). "Horse Gaits" (Powerpoint). University of Nevada, Reno. Retrieved 2013-09-17.
Jump up ^ "Half Halt" (PDF). United States Dressage Federation. Retrieved 2013-09-17.
Jump up ^ Clayton, Hilary (October 2007). "Components of Collection" (PDF). Dressage Today.
Jump up ^ "Movement and Conformational Unsoundness" (PDF). Middle California Region - United States Pony Clubs. p. 1. Retrieved 2013-09-15.
^ Jump up to: a b Harris, pp. 265-266
Jump up ^ "No Hoof, No Horse". The Horse. May 13, 2009. Retrieved 2012-11-16.
Jump up ^ Oke, Stacey (2012). "Lameness in Horses" (PDF). Blood Horse Publications. Retrieved 2012-11-16.
Jump up ^ King, Marcia (July 1, 2007). "All Stocked Up". The Horse. Retrieved 2013-02-20.
Jump up ^ Loving, Nancy S. "Shoe Boils". HorseChannel. Retrieved 2013-02-20.
Jump up ^ Smith Thomas, Heather (March 1, 2009). "Windpuffs in Horses". The Horse. Retrieved 2013-05-31.
Jump up ^ Grady, Denise (23 May 2006). "State of the Art to Save Barbaro". The New York Times. Retrieved 2013-01-12.

tag: ol


document_title: The Skin of the Wolf

question_text: where does skin of the wolf take place

question_tokens: where does skin of the wolf take place

text: The Skin of the Wolf

text: Plot[edit]

text: The film opens with an unspecified year but appears to be in the 1920s. Although based on the rifle Martinón uses, a German Karabiner 98k, its no earlier than 1935. The local towns people do not appear to have all the modern comforts of the era with exception of electricity. The main character Martinon is a huntsman who lives a life of solitude completely without modern day comforts high on a mountain top in an abandoned town. Martinon's life is that of "hard-living". The terrain near Martinon's home is rocky with steep hills, which are surrounded by a dense forest filled with wild life. Martinon's daily routine consists of maintaining the land in front of his house, tending to his goats and hunting for wolves so that he can trade their skins. All this is done through the harsh bitter cold mountain weather. Martinon's physical appearance, tall muscular with shaggy hair and a busy beard, intimidates those he encounters. Occasionally, Martinon will make the two day journey down the mountain to the local town to sell the wolf skins he harvested.

text: During a visit to the local town, inside a bar Martinon is attempting to sell some newly caught wolf skins to the mayor, who haggles him over the price and authenticity of the skins. Afterwards, Martinon discusses the exchange with the bar owner Severino. Severino suggests to Martinon that he should consider marriage and starting a family to pass on his property as his legacy. Martinon considers the suggestion but points out that the conditions of his life in the mountains are no place for children or a wife. On his way out of town Martinon has sex with a local woman, Pascuala, and considers her to be a suitable wife. Martinon makes a deal with Pascuala's father, Ubaldo. Pascuala leaves town with Martinon as his wife. Pascuala adapts to her new home life with ease, but begins showing signs of an unknown illness through consistent coughing. Pascuala also tells Martinon that she is pregnant. Martinon shows no verbal or facial expressions on how he feels about the pregnancy, but begins to create a baby crib. Pascuala's illness worsens, resulting with a difficult pregnancy. Bedridden Pasculua gives birth to a stillborn baby boy, while Martinon is tending to the goats. Visibly saddened and frustrasted because of the deaths of his wife and son, Martinon breaks the baby crib he created. While attempting to bury their bodies, Martinon burst into a fit of anger and begins knocking  down the headstones on the older surrounding graves of the graveyard. Martinon brings the bodies of his wife and the baby boy to Ubaldo, and accuses him of knowing that Pasculua was sick and  pregnant with someone else's child upon joining him. Ubaldo concedes to the accusations, stating that he was afraid that Pascuala's reputation would  be ruined. He'd hoped that once Pascuala had her baby, people would believe that Martinon was the father, since they were living together. Martinon berates Ubaldo for not being a good father and demands his money back. Ulbaldo begs Martinon for time to collect the money. Martinon gives him until the next spring to pay. When Martinon goes back to Ubaldo to collect his money, rifle in hand, Ubaldo instead of money offers his youngest daughter, Adela, to Martinon. He says Adela will join him, provided that he marry her. Martinon accepts Adela and the next day they are taken to a chapel by the family to be wed. After the wedding, Ubaldo apologizes to Adela for the impromptu marriage. He pleads with Adela not to run away, but instead to attempt to adapt to the situation, because should she run away, Martinon would look for her and come after Ubaldo. He then gives Adela a red cloth, later revealed to contain herbs, telling her to use it should her situation become unbearable. Adela leaves with Martinon on the journey back to the top of the mountain. The walk is strenuous for Adela, causing Martinon to stop repeatedly to give her water. Adela does not adapt to her new home life. Though Adela does not verbally express it, she appears lonely and bored. Adela also finds sex with Martinon painfully unpleasant.  One day Martinon informs Adela that he will be gone for trading for four days. Martinon warns Adela to be careful of the wild life in the forest, should she venture outside the abandoned town. While alone for four days, Adela inspects the ruined buildings of the abandoned town and the near by cemetery, where she notices two open graves. Upon Martinon's return, Adela asks for whom they were meant. Martinon replies that "they're not graves, just holes". This response upsets Adela and she begins to walk away when Martinon tells her that Pascuala's death was her fathers fault because Ubaldo traded Pascuala knowing she was sick and pregnant. Martinon also tells Adela that Ubaldo did the same trade with her. Adela calls Martinon a liar and walks away. Later Martinon observes Adela starring tearfully out into the distance. While looking at herself in the mirror Adela realizes she is pregnant . Though Martinon shows no verbal or facial reaction, he prepares a baby crib and makes breakfast for Adela in the mornings. Martinon also begins to reduce any strenuous activities for Adela. One day while cleaning a wolf skin, Adela becomes frustrated, and resolves to poison Martinon's food with the herbs her father gave her. Martinon unknowingly eats the poisoned foods and soon becomes sick, vomiting daily. Adela appears pleased with herself and decides to run away while Martinon is out hunting. While running down the mountain Adela steps on one of the traps set by Martinon, preventing her from properly running and walking. When Martinon returns home to find Adela gone he immediately searches the ruined buildings of the town. The next morning he follows Adela's tracks and discovers her passed out hiding under some fallen trees. Martinon takes Adela home to nurse her back to good health. While wrapping the unconscious Adela's frost bitten feet Martinon observes Adela having a miscarriage. Adela becomes strong enough to walk around the house. Adela sorrowfully tells Martinon that she lost the baby. Martinon is quiet, as he is already aware. Martinon tells Adela that, once she fully recovers, she can return to her family. Adela asks why and Martinon tells her that "the days are shorter". Adela shows a mix of happiness and remorsefulness  while standing outside alone, and she eventually leaves. Martinon is left alone in his home. He soon discovers Adela's hidden canister of poisonous herbs. Martinon stands outside silently crying to himself while starring out to the distance. The film ends with Martinon in bed looking up at the ceiling alone in his house, as he lays there ill and prepares to die.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Mario Casas as Martinón
Irene Escolar as Adela
Ruth Díaz as Pascuala
Kandido Uranga as Severino
Josean Bengoetxea as Marcial
Armando Aguirre as Ubaldo (voice)
Ainhoa Sánchez as Nora
Patricia Cid as Marina
Francisco Domínguez as Don Bernardo
Alfonso Giménez as Ayudante Alcalde
Laura Cuellar as Fátima
Gustavo Sánchez as Herrero

tag: ul

text: Production[edit]

text: The film is writer/director Samu Fuentes' debut feature.[1]

text: Reception[edit]

text: On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 50% based on 6 reviews, with an average rating of 5/10.[3]


document_title: Historia de un Amor

question_text: who wrote the song historia de un amor

question_tokens: who wrote the song historia de un amor

text: Historia de un Amor

text: "Historia de un Amor" (Spanish for "a love story") is a song about a man's old love written by Panamanian songwriter Carlos Eleta Almarán.[1] It was written after the death of his brother's wife. It is also part of the soundtrack of a 1956 Mexican movie of the same name starring Libertad Lamarque. The song tells of a man's suffering after his love has disappeared.

text: Covers[edit]

text:
"Historia de un Amor"

Single by Il Divo

from the album Amor & Pasión

Released
November, 2015

Recorded
2015, México

Genre
Classical crossover

Label
Sony Music, Syco Music and Columbia Records.

Songwriter(s)
Carlos Eleta Almarán, Panamanian

Producer(s)
Julio Reyes Copello

tag: table

text: This song has been sung or played by many artists: Dalida, Irvys Juarez, Mietta, Guadalupe Pineda, Eydie Gormé & Trio Los Panchos, Los Paraguayos, Julio Jaramillo, Nicola Di Bari, Abbe Lane, Julio Iglesias, Angélica María, Nana Mouskouri, George Dalaras, Hrysoula Stefanaki, Perez Prado, Laura Fygi, Iva Zanicchi, Dizzy Reece, Pedro Infante, Ana Gabriel, Luis Miguel, Luz Casal, Yasar, Cesaria Evora, Lili Boniche, Los Tres Ases, Dany Brillant, Eartha Kitt, Krystyna Janda, Stanisława Celińska, Sargis Maghakyan Sr., Zaz (singer), Il Volo, Felipe Pirela, Miri Mesika,[2] Diego El Cigala and Il Divo among others. The song was recorded as a tango by Héctor Varela and his orchestra along with singer Rodolfo Lesica. The song was featured several times in the Columbian telenovela "La Hija del Mariachi", performed by Carolina Ramirez. In the film "Visage" by Tsai Ming-liang, Lebanese singer Mohammed Jamal recorded the song in the 1980s in Arabic under the title You and dancing and me (إنت والرقص وأنا).[3]

text: It has also been covered in Chinese, with the lyrics written by Chen Die-Yi 陳蝶衣 (Oct 17, 1907 in Wujin, Jiangsu to Oct 14, 2007 in Hong Kong). The song title in Chinese is 我的心裡没有他 (literally: Inside my heart, there is no him/her).

text: Il Divo, along with Colombian producer Julio Reyes Copello, recorded the song for the album Amor & Pasión from Il Divo (2015).[4]


document_title: List of most popular websites

question_text: what is the most visited website in the us

text: List of most popular websites

text: Ranking measures

text: Alexa ranks websites based on a combined measure of page views and unique site users, and creates a list of most popular websites based on this ranking time-averaged over three-month periods. Only the site's highest-level domain is recorded, aggregating any subdomains.[1]

text: SimilarWeb ranks websites based on a panel of millions of Internet users, International/U.S. internet service providers, direct measurement of web traffic from data from thousands of websites and web crawlers scanning public websites.[2]

text: List of websites

text: Changes in ranking are since December 28, 2016.

text:
Site
Domain
Alexa top 50 global sites
(As of May 16, 2018[update])[3]
SimilarWeb top 50 sites
(As of March 2018)[4]
Type

Principal country

Google
google.com
1 ()
1 ()
Internet services and products
 U.S.

YouTube
youtube.com
2 ()
3 ()
Video sharing
 U.S.

Facebook
facebook.com
3 ()
2 ()
Social network
 U.S.

Baidu
baidu.com
4 ()
4 (11)
Search engine
 China

Wikipedia
wikipedia.org
5 ()
5 ()
Encyclopedia
 U.S.

Reddit
reddit.com
6 (13)
37 (6)
Social news and entertainment
 U.S.

Yahoo!
yahoo.com
7 (1)
7 (3)
Portal and media
 U.S.

Tencent QQ
qq.com
8 (1)
11 (27)
Portal
 China

Taobao
taobao.com
9 (3)
35 (16)
Online shopping
 China

Google India
google.co.in
10 (3)
6 (4)
Search engine
 India

Amazon
amazon.com
11 (3)
23 (12)
E-commerce and cloud computing
 U.S.

Tmall
tmall.com
12 (10)
51 (31)
Online shopping
 China

Twitter
twitter.com
13 (1)
10 (4)
Social network
 U.S.

Sohu
sohu.com
14 (3)
84 (120)
Portal
 China

Instagram
instagram.com
15 ()
20 (2)
Photo sharing and social media
 U.S.

VK
vk.com
16 (3)
21 (9)
Social network
 Russia

Windows Live
live.com
17 (6)
19 (12)
Software plus services
 U.S.

Jingdong Mall
jd.com
18 (1)
69
E-commerce
 China

Sina Corp
sina.com.cn
19 (1)
122 (12)
Portal and instant messaging
 China

Sina Weibo
weibo.com
20 (4)
97 (1)
Social network
 China

Yandex
yandex.ru
21 (9)
16 (2)
Internet services and products
 Russia

Haosou
360.cn
22 (4)
124 (39)
Internet security and search engine
 China

Google Japan
google.co.jp
23 ()
25 (2)
Search engine
 Japan

Google UK
google.co.uk
24 (3)
15 (7)
Search engine
 UK

Tmall
list.tmall.com
25
N/A[notes 1]
Online shopping
 China

Google Russia
google.ru
26 (2)
27 (5)
Search engine
 Russia

Google Brazil
google.com.br
27 (2)
12 (3)
Search engine
 Brazil

Netflix
netflix.com
28 (15)
33 (9)
Streaming TV and movies
 U.S.

Google Germany
google.de
29 (9)
22 (3)
Search engine
 Germany

Google Hong Kong
google.com.hk
30 (16)
123 (15)
Search engine
 Hong Kong

Pornhub
pornhub.com
31 (20)
14 (16)
Pornography
 Canada

Twitch
twitch.tv
32 (40)
88 (16)
Streaming primarily on video games
 U.S.

Google France
google.fr
33 (8)
28 (11)
Search engine
 France

LinkedIn
linkedin.com
34 (13)
48 (4)
Employment-oriented Social network
 U.S.

Yahoo! Japan
yahoo.co.jp
35 (12)
34 (7)
Portal
 Japan

t.co
t.co
36 ()
105 (27)
URL shortening for links on Twitter
 U.S.

CSDN
csdn.net
37 (42)
?
Technology news and Internet forum
 China

Microsoft
microsoft.com
38 (1)
68 (16)
Software and technology
 U.S.

Bing
bing.com
39 (7)
45 (9)
Search engine
 U.S.

Microsoft Office
office.com
40 (18)
48 (6)
Online office suite
 U.S.

eBay
ebay.com
41 (10)
44 (12)
Online auctions and shopping
 U.S.

Alipay
alipay.com
42 (38)
155
Payment system
 China

XVideos
xvideos.com
43 (74)
8 (15)
Pornography
 France

Google Italy
google.it
44 (10)
30 (1)
Search engine
 Italy

Google Canada
google.ca
45 (3)
36 (11)
Search engine
 Canada

Mail.ru
mail.ru
46 (8)
32 (16)
Portal
 Russia

Odnoklassniki
ok.ru
47 (2)
41 (15)
Social Networking
 Russia

Google Spain
google.es
48 (10)
38 (1)
Search engine
 Spain

Tmall
pages.tmall.com
49
?
Online shopping
 China

MSN
msn.com
50 (17)
33 (1)
Portal
 U.S.

Google Turkey
google.com.tr
59 (6)
26 (5)
Search engine
 Turkey

Google Australia
google.com.au
63 (3)
49 (4)
Search Engine
 Australia

WhatsApp
whatsapp.com
68 (19)
42 (1)
Instant messaging
 U.S.

Spotify
spotify.com
69
98
Music streaming
 U.S

Google Poland
google.pl
72 (12)
40 (5)
Search engine
 Poland

Google Indonesia
google.co.id
75 (6)
17 (31)
Search engine
 Indonesia

xHamster
xhamster.com
76 (4)
39 (8)
Pornography
 U.S.

Google Argentina
google.com.ar
81 (20)
48 (1)
Search engine
 Argentina

XNXX
xnxx.com
91 (177)
9 (30)
Pornography
 France

Google Thailand
google.co.th
96 (1)
50 (12)
Search engine
 Thailand

Naver
Naver.com
116 (63)
49 (12)
Portal
 Korea

Sogou
sogou.com
208
13
Search engine
 China

Samsung
samsung.com
379 (31)
43 (27)
Technology products
 Korea

AccuWeather
accuweather.com
396 (16)
53 (10)
Weather forecasting
 U.S.

Google URL Shortener
goo.gl
714
47
URL shortening service
 U.S.

Shenma
sm.cn
17,213
18
Search engine
 China

Google Web Light
googleweblight.com
38,332 (2,104)
29 (40)
Search engine
 U.S.


document_title: Lawrence Makoare

question_text: who played uruk hai in lord of the rings

text: Lawrence Makoare

text: Career[edit]

text: Makoare was a road construction builder who drifted into acting after he accompanied a girlfriend to a drama class and was picked out by the teacher to perform because of his impressive height. He began his career performing as a stuntman.[2] Makoare is probably best known for his roles in The Lord of the Rings and The Hobbit film trilogies. In The Fellowship of the Ring he portrayed the Uruk-hai leader Lurtz, and in The Return of the King he portrayed the Witch-king of Angmar as well as Gothmog, the Orc commander at the Battle of the Pelennor Fields. In The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug he portrayed the Orc commander Bolg, son of Azog. Due to filming commitments on Marco Polo Makoare was unavailable during the pick-ups shooting of The Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies, in which Bolg is portrayed by John Tui instead.

text: Makoare is also popular among Xena: Warrior Princess fans, having played two memorable characters in the third season: a Barbarian leader in episode "The Quill Is Mightier..."; and Maecanus (a minion of Aphrodite) in episode "Fins, Femmes and Gems". In 2002 he portrayed Mr. Kil in the James Bond film Die Another Day. The director of The Dead Lands, Toa Fraser, was not enthusiastic about using Makoare as the warrior but was won over by the way he managed, after a few directing hints, to turn in a performance that made him weep.[3]

text: Personal life[edit]

text: Makoare has five children.[4]

text: Filmography[edit]

text:
Year
Title
Role
Notes

1994
Rapa Nui
Atta

1999
What Becomes of the Broken Hearted?
Grunt

Greenstone
Rameka
TV Series

2000
The Feathers of Peace
Pemako

The Price of Milk
Nephew

2001
Crooked Earth
Kahu Bastion

The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring
Lurtz

2002
The Maori Merchant of Venice
Pirihina o Morako
(The Prince of Morocco)

Die Another Day
Mr Kil

2003
The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King
Witch-King of Angmar / Gothmog

2007
The Ferryman
Snake

2012
L'oncle Charles
Ratu

Fundamental
J.T.

2013
The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug
Bolg

2014
Marco Polo
Za Bing
TV Series

The Dead Lands
The Warrior


document_title: The Lion King

question_text: who was the voice of mufasa in disney’s the lion king

question_tokens: who was the voice of mufasa in disney 's the lion king

text: The Lion King

text: Plot

text: In the Pride Lands of Africa, a lion rules over the animal kingdom from Pride Rock. King Mufasa's newborn son, Simba, is presented to the assembled animals by Rafiki, a mandrill who serves as shaman and advisor. Mufasa shows young Simba the Pride Lands and explains to him the responsibilities of kingship and the "circle of life" which connects all living things. Mufasa's younger brother, Scar, covets the throne and plots to eliminate Mufasa and Simba so he may become king. He tricks Simba and his best friend Nala—to whom Simba is betrothed—into exploring a forbidden elephants' graveyard, where they are attacked by three spotted hyenas who are in league with Scar. Mufasa is alerted to the danger by his majordomo, the hornbill Zazu, and rescues the cubs. Though angry with Simba, Mufasa forgives him and explains that the great kings of the past watch over them from the night sky, from which he will one day watch over Simba.

text: Scar sets a trap for his brother and nephew, luring Simba into a gorge and having the hyenas drive a large herd of wildebeest into a stampede that will trample him. He informs Mufasa of Simba's peril, knowing the king will rush to save his son. Mufasa saves Simba but ends up hanging perilously from the gorge's edge and is betrayed by Scar, who sends him falling to his death. Scar convinces Simba that the tragedy was Simba's own fault and advises him to flee the kingdom. He orders the hyenas to kill the cub, but Simba escapes. Scar tells the pride that both Mufasa and Simba were killed in the stampede and steps forward as the new king, allowing a large pack of hyenas to live in the Pride Lands.

text: Simba collapses in a desert and is rescued by Timon and Pumbaa, a meerkat and warthog who are fellow outcasts. Simba grows up in the jungle with his two new friends, living a carefree life under the motto "hakuna matata" ("no worries" in Swahili). Now a young adult, Simba rescues Timon and Pumbaa from a hungry lioness who turns out to be Nala. She and Simba reunite and fall in love, and she urges him to return home, telling him the Pride Lands have become a drought-stricken wasteland under Scar's reign. Feeling guilty over his father's death, Simba refuses and storms off. He encounters Rafiki, who tells him that Mufasa' spirit lives on in Simba. Simba is visited by the ghost of Mufasa in the night sky, who tells him he must take his rightful place as king. Realizing he can no longer run from his past, Simba decides to return home.

text: Aided by his friends, Simba sneaks past the hyenas at Pride Rock and confronts Scar. Scar taunts him over his role in Mufasa's death and backs him to the edge of the rock, where he reveals to Simba that he murdered Mufasa. Enraged, Simba pins Scar to the ground and forces him to reveal the truth to the rest of the pride. Timon, Pumbaa, Rafiki, Zazu, and the lionesses fend off the hyenas while Scar, attempting to escape, is cornered by Simba at the top of Pride Rock. Scar begs for mercy and attempts to blame the hyenas for his actions; Simba spares his life but orders him to leave the Pride Lands forever. Scar attacks his nephew, but Simba manages to toss him from the top of the rock. Scar survives the fall but is killed by the hyenas, who overheard him betray them to Simba. With his enemies gone, Simba takes over the kingship as the rains begin to fall, restoring life to the land.

text: Later, with Pride Rock restored to its former glory, Rafiki presents Simba and Nala's newborn cub to the assembled animals, continuing the circle of life.

text: Cast

text:
Matthew Broderick as Simba, son of Mufasa and Sarabi, who grows up to become King of the Pride Lands. Rock singer Joseph Williams provided adult Simba's singing voice. Mark Henn and Ruben A. Aquino respectively served as the supervising animators for young and adult Simba.[3]

Jonathan Taylor Thomas voiced young Simba, while Jason Weaver provided the cub's singing voice.[3]

Jeremy Irons as Scar, Mufasa's younger brother and Simba's uncle, who takes the throne. Andreas Deja served as the supervising animator for Scar.[3]
James Earl Jones as Mufasa, Simba's father, King of the Pride Lands as the film begins. Tony Fucile served as the supervising animator for Mufasa.[3]
Moira Kelly as Nala, Simba's best friend and later his wife. Sally Dworsky provided her singing voice. Aaron Blaise and Anthony de Rosa respectively served as the supervising animators for young and adult Nala.[3]

Niketa Calame provided the voice of young Nala while Laura Williams provided her singing voice.[3]

Nathan Lane as Timon, a wise-cracking and self-absorbed yet somewhat loyal meerkat who becomes one of Simba's best friends and adoptive parents. Michael Surrey served as his supervising animator.[3]
Ernie Sabella as Pumbaa, a naïve warthog who suffers from flatulence and is Timon's best friend and also becomes one of Simba's best friends and adoptive parents. Tony Bancroft served as his supervising animator.[3]
Robert Guillaume as Rafiki, a wise old mandrill (although, while counseling Simba, he jokes that "you are a baboon, and I am not") who serves as shaman of the Pride Lands and presents newborn cubs of the King and Queen to the animals of the Pride Lands. James Baxter served as the supervising animator for Rafiki.[3]
Rowan Atkinson as Zazu, a hornbill who serves as the king's majordomo (or "Mufasa's little stooge", as Shenzi calls him). Ellen Woodbury served as the supervising animator for Zazu.[3]
Madge Sinclair as Sarabi, Mufasa's mate, Simba's mother, and the leader of the lioness hunting party. Russ Edmonds served as the supervising animator for Sarabi.[3]
The three hyenas who serve Scar were animated by Alex Kupershmidt and David Burgess.[3]

Whoopi Goldberg as Shenzi, the sassy and short-tempered female leader of the trio.
Cheech Marin as Banzai, an aggressive and hot-headed hyena prone to complaining and acting on impulse.
Jim Cummings as Ed, a dim-witted hyena who does not talk, only communicating through laughter. Cummings also voiced a mole that talks with Zazu and made a guest appearance as Scar in certain lines of "Be Prepared" after Irons blew his voice.[4]

Zoe Leader as Sarafina, Nala's mother, who is shown briefly talking to Simba's mother, Sarabi.

text: Production

text: Development

text: The idea for The Lion King was conceived in late 1988 during a conversation between Jeffrey Katzenberg, Roy E. Disney and Peter Schneider on a plane to Europe to promote Oliver & Company. During the conversation, the topic of a story set in Africa came up, and Katzenberg immediately jumped at the idea.[5] The idea was then developed by Walt Disney Feature Animation's vice president for creative affairs Charlie Fink.[6] Katzenberg decided to add elements involving coming of age and death, and ideas from personal life experiences, such as some of his trials in his bumpy road in politics, saying about the film, "It is a little bit about myself."[7] In November of that year Thomas Disch (author of The Brave Little Toaster) wrote a treatment entitled King of the Kalahari,[8] and afterwards, Linda Woolverton spent a year writing drafts of the script, which was titled King of the Beasts and then King of the Jungle.[6] The original version of the film was very different from the final film. The plot was centered in a battle being between lions and baboons with Scar being the leader of the baboons, Rafiki being a cheetah,[7] and Timon and Pumbaa being Simba's childhood friends.[9] Simba would also not leave the kingdom but become a "lazy, slovenly, horrible character" due to manipulations from Scar, so Simba could be overthrown after coming of age. By 1990, producer Thomas Schumacher, who had just completed The Rescuers Down Under, decided to attach himself to the project "because lions are cool".[6] Schumacher likened the script for King of the Jungle to "an animated National Geographic special".[10]

text: Oliver & Company director George Scribner was the initial director of the film,[11] being later joined by Roger Allers, who was the lead story man on Beauty and the Beast in October 1991.[5] Allers brought with him Brenda Chapman, who would become the head of story.[6] Afterwards, several of the lead crew members, including Allers, Scribner, Hahn, Chapman, and production designer Chris Sanders, took a trip to Hell's Gate National Park in Kenya, in order to study and gain an appreciation of the environment for the film.[12] After six months of story development work Scribner decided to leave the project, as he clashed with Allers and the producers on their decision to turn the film into a musical, as Scribner's intention was of making a documentary-like film more focused on natural aspects.[5][13] Rob Minkoff replaced Scribner,[12] and producer Don Hahn joined the production as Schumacher became only an executive producer due to Disney promoting him to Vice President of Development for Feature Animation.[10] Hahn found the script unfocused and lacking a clear theme, and after establishing the main theme as "leaving childhood and facing up to the realities of the world", asked for a final retool. Allers, Minkoff, Chapman and Hahn then rewrote the story across two weeks of meetings with directors Kirk Wise and Gary Trousdale, who had just finished Beauty and the Beast.[12] The script also had its title changed from King of the Jungle to The Lion King, as the setting was not the jungle but the savannah.[5]

text: The Lion King was the first Disney animated feature to be an original story, rather than be based on an already existing work. The filmmakers have said that the story of The Lion King was inspired by the lives of Joseph and Moses, from the Bible, and William Shakespeare's Hamlet.[14] During the summer of 1992, the team was joined by screenwriter Irene Mecchi, with a second screenwriter, Jonathan Roberts, joining a few months later. Mecchi and Roberts took charge of the revision process, fixing unresolved emotional issues in the script and adding comic business for Pumbaa, Timon, and the hyenas.[3] Lyricist Tim Rice worked closely with the writing team, flying to California at least once a month because his songs needed to work in the narrative continuity. Rice's lyrics—which were reworked up to the production's end—were pinned to the storyboards during development.[12] Rewrites were frequent, with animator Andreas Deja saying that completed scenes would be delivered, only for the response to be that parts needed to be reanimated because of dialog changes.[6]

text: Casting

text: The voice actors were chosen for how they fit and could add to the characters—for instance, James Earl Jones was cast because the directors found his voice "powerful" and similar to a lion's roar.[15] Jones commented that during the years of production, Mufasa "became more and more of a dopey dad instead of [a] grand king".[16]

text: Nathan Lane originally auditioned for Zazu, and Ernie Sabella for one of the hyenas. Upon meeting each other at the recording studio, the actors, who at the time both co-starred in Guys and Dolls, were asked to record together as hyenas. The directors laughed at their performance and decided to cast them as Timon and Pumbaa.[15][17] For the hyenas, the original intention was to reunite Cheech & Chong, but while Cheech Marin accepted to play Banzai, Tommy Chong was unavailable. Thus his role was changed into a female hyena, Shenzi, who was voiced by Whoopi Goldberg.[9]

text: Matthew Broderick was cast as adult Simba early during production, and during the three years of voice acting only recorded with another actor once, and only discovered Moira Kelly voiced Nala at the premiere.[18] English actors Tim Curry and Malcolm McDowell were originally considered for the role of Scar,[19] however, Curry left the role due to Home Alone 2: Lost in New York, and it was ultimately won by English actor Jeremy Irons.[20] Irons had at first refused the role due to not being comfortable going from the dramatic performance as Claus von Bülow in Reversal of Fortune to a comedic role. But once he came in, Irons' performance even inspired the writers to incorporate more of his acting as von Bülow—adding one of that character's lines, "You have no idea"—and animator Andreas Deja to watch both Reversal of Fortune and Damage to pick up Irons's facial traits and tics.[16][21]

text: Animation

text:
"The Lion King was considered a little movie because we were going to take some risks. The pitch for the story was a lion cub gets framed for murder by his uncle set to the music of Elton John. People said, 'What? Good luck with that.' But for some reason, the people who ended up on the movie were highly passionate about it and motivated."

Don Hahn[17]

tag: div

text: The development of The Lion King coincided with that of Pocahontas, which most of the animators of Walt Disney Feature Animation decided to work on instead, believing it would be the more prestigious and successful of the two.[14] The story artists also did not have much faith in the project, with Chapman declaring she was reluctant to accept the job "because the story wasn't very good",[6] and writer Burny Mattinson saying to co-worker Joe Ranft "I don't know who is going to want to watch that one."[13][self-published source] Most of the leading animators either were doing their first major work supervising a character, or had much interest in animating an animal.[7] Thirteen of these supervising animators, both in California and in Florida, were responsible for establishing the personalities and setting the tone for the film's main characters. The animation leads for the main characters included Mark Henn on young Simba, Ruben A. Aquino on adult Simba, Andreas Deja on Scar, Aaron Blaise on young Nala, Anthony DeRosa on adult Nala, and Tony Fucile on Mufasa.[3] Nearly 20 minutes of the film, including the "I Just Can't Wait to Be King" sequence,[9] were animated at the Disney-MGM Studios facility. More than 600 artists, animators, and technicians contributed to The Lion King.[11] Weeks before the film was to be released, the 1994 Northridge earthquake shut down the studio and required the animators to finish their work from home.[22]

text: The character animators studied real-life animals for reference, as was done for the 1942 Disney film Bambi. Jim Fowler, renowned wildlife expert, visited the studios on several occasions with an assortment of lions and other savannah inhabitants to discuss behavior and help the animators give their drawings authenticity.[12] The animators also studied animal movements at the Miami MetroZoo under guidance from wildlife expert Ron Magill.[23] The Pride Lands are modeled on the Kenyan national park visited by the crew. Varied focal lengths and lenses were employed to differ from the habitual portrayal of Africa in documentaries—which employ telephoto lenses to shoot the wildlife from a distance. The epic feel drew inspiration from concept studies by artist Hans Bacher—which, following Scribner's request for realism, tried to depict effects such as lens flare—and the works of painters Charles Marion Russell, Frederic Remington and Maxfield Parrish.[12][24] Because the characters were not anthropomorphized, all the animators had to learn to draw four-legged animals, and the story and character development was done through use of longer shots following the characters.[9]

text: Computers helped the filmmakers present their vision in new ways. For the "wildebeest stampede" sequence, several distinct wildebeest characters were created in a 3D computer program, multiplied into hundreds, cel shaded to look like drawn animation, and given randomized paths down a mountainside to simulate the real, unpredictable movement of a herd.[25] Five specially trained animators and technicians spent more than two years creating the two-and-a-half-minute stampede.[3] The CAPS helped simulate camera movements such as tracking shots, and was employed in coloring, lighting, and particle effects.[9]

text: Music

text: Lyricist Tim Rice, who was working with composer Alan Menken on songs for Aladdin, was invited to write the songs, and accepted on the condition of finding a composing partner. As Menken was unavailable, the producers accepted Rice's suggestion of Elton John,[15] after Rice's invitation of ABBA fell through due to Benny Andersson being busy with the musical Kristina från Duvemåla.[7] John expressed an interest in writing "ultra-pop songs that kids would like; then adults can go and see those movies and get just as much pleasure out of them", mentioning a possible influence of The Jungle Book, where he felt the "music was so funny and appealed to kids and adults".[26]

text: John and Rice wrote five original songs for the film ("Circle of Life", "I Just Can't Wait to Be King", "Be Prepared", "Hakuna Matata" and "Can You Feel the Love Tonight"), with John's performance of "Can You Feel the Love Tonight" playing over the end credits.[27] The IMAX and DVD releases added another song, "The Morning Report", based on a song discarded during development that eventually featured in the live musical version of The Lion King.[28] The score was composed by Hans Zimmer, who was hired based on his work in two films in African settings, The Power of One and A World Apart,[12] and supplemented the score with traditional African music and choir elements arranged by Lebo M.[27] Zimmer's partners Mark Mancina and Jay Rifkin helped with arrangements and song production.[29]

text: The Lion King original motion picture soundtrack was released by Walt Disney Records on July 13, 1994. It was the fourth-best-selling album of the year on the Billboard 200 and the top-selling soundtrack.[30] It is the only soundtrack for an animated film to be certified Diamond (10× platinum) by the Recording Industry Association of America. Zimmer's complete instrumental score for the film was never originally given a full release, until the soundtrack's commemorative 20th anniversary re-release in 2014.[31] The Lion King also inspired the 1995 release Rhythm of the Pride Lands, with eight songs by Zimmer, Mancina, and Lebo M.[32]

text: The use of the song "The Lion Sleeps Tonight" in a scene with Timon and Pumbaa led to disputes between Disney and the family of South African Solomon Linda, who composed the song (originally titled "Mbube") in 1939. In July 2004, Linda's family filed suit, seeking $1.6 million in royalties from Disney. In February 2006, Linda's heirs reached a legal settlement with Abilene Music, who held the worldwide rights and had licensed the song to Disney for an undisclosed amount of money.[33]

text: Release

text: For The Lion King's first film trailer, Disney opted to feature a single scene, the entire opening sequence with the song "Circle of Life". Buena Vista Pictures Distribution president Dick Cook said the decision was made for such an approach because "we were all so taken by the beauty and majesty of this piece that we felt like it was probably one of the best four minutes of film that we've seen", and Don Hahn added that "Circle of Life" worked as a trailer as it "came off so strong, and so good, and ended with such a bang". The trailer was released in November 1993, accompanying The Three Musketeers in theaters, as only a third of The Lion King had been completed.[34][35] Audience reaction was enthusiastic, causing Hahn to have some initial concerns as he became afraid of not living up to the expectations raised by the preview.[34] Prior to the film's release, Disney did 11 test screenings.[36]

text: Upon release, The Lion King was accompanied by an extensive marketing campaign which included tie-ins with Burger King, Mattel, Kodak, Nestlé and Payless ShoeSource, and various merchandise,[37] accounting 186 licensed products.[38][39] In 1994, Disney earned approximately $1 billion with products based on the film,[40] with $214 million for Lion King toys during Christmas 1994 alone.[41]

text: Home media

text: The Lion King was first released on VHS and laserdisc in the United States on March 3, 1995, under Disney's "Masterpiece Collection" video series. The VHS tape contained a special preview for Walt Disney Pictures' then-upcoming animated film Pocahontas, in which the title character (voiced by Judy Kuhn) sings the musical number "Colors of the Wind".[42] In addition, Deluxe Editions of both formats were released. The VHS Deluxe Edition included the film, an exclusive lithograph of Rafiki and Simba (in some editions), a commemorative "Circle of Life" epigraph, six concept art lithographs, another tape with the half-hour TV show The Making of The Lion King, and a certificate of authenticity. The CAV laserdisc Deluxe Edition also contained the film, six concept art lithographs and The Making of The Lion King, and added storyboards, character design artwork, concept art, rough animation, and a directors' commentary that the VHS edition did not have, on a total of four double sided discs. The VHS tape quickly became the best-selling videotape of all time: 4.5 million tapes were sold on the first day[43] and ultimately sales totaled more than 30 million[44] before these home video versions went into moratorium in 1997.[45]

text: On October 7, 2003, the film was re-released on VHS and released on DVD for the first time, titled The Lion King: Platinum Edition, as part of Disney's Platinum Edition line of animated classic DVDs. The DVD release featured two versions of the film on the first disc, a remastered version created for the 2002 IMAX release and an edited version of the IMAX release purporting to be the original 1994 theatrical version.[46] A second disc, with bonus features, was also included in the DVD release. The film's soundtrack was provided both in its original Dolby 5.1 track and in a new Disney Enhanced Home Theater Mix, making this one of the first Disney DVDs so equipped.[47] By means of seamless branching, the film could be viewed either with or without a newly created scene – a short conversation in the film replaced with a complete song ("The Morning Report"). A Special Collector's Gift Set was also released, containing the DVD set, five exclusive lithographed character portraits (new sketches created and signed by the original character animators), and an introductory book entitled The Journey.[45] The Platinum Edition of The Lion King featured changes made to the film during its IMAX re-release, including re-drawn crocodiles in the "I Just Can't Wait to Be King" sequence as well as other alterations.[46] More than two million copies of the Platinum Edition DVD and VHS units were sold on the first day of release.[43] A DVD boxed set of the three The Lion King films (in two-disc Special Edition formats) was released on December 6, 2004. In January 2005, the film, along with the sequels, went back into moratorium.[48]

text: Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment released the Diamond Edition of The Lion King on October 4, 2011.[49] This marks the time that the film has been released in high-definition Blu-ray and on Blu-ray 3D.[49][50] The initial release was produced in three different packages: a two-disc version with Blu-ray and DVD; a four-disc version with Blu-ray, DVD, Blu-ray 3D, and digital copy; and an eight-disc box set that also includes the sequels The Lion King 2: Simba's Pride and The Lion King 1½.[49][50] A standalone single-disc DVD release also followed on November 15, 2011.[49] The Diamond Edition topped the Blu-ray charts with over 1.5 million copies sold.[51] The film sold 3.83 million Blu-ray units in total, leading to a $101.14 million income.[52]

text: The Lion King was once again released to home media as part of the Walt Disney Signature Collection;[53] first released on Digital HD on August 15, 2017 and on Blu-ray and DVD on August 29, 2017.[54]

text: Reception

text: Box office

text: The Lion King earned $422,783,777 in North America and an $545,700,000 in other territories for a worldwide total of $968,483,777.[2] It is currently the 35th highest-grossing film of all time,[55] the seventh highest-grossing animated film of all time worldwide and the third highest-grossing film of Walt Disney Animation Studios (behind Frozen and Zootopia).[56] The film was also the highest-grossing motion picture of 1994 worldwide.[57] After its initial run, having earned $763.4 million,[58] it ranked as the second-highest-grossing film of all time worldwide, behind Jurassic Park .[59] It held the record for the highest-grossing animated feature film (in North America, outside North America, and worldwide) until it was surpassed by the computer animated Finding Nemo (2003), Shrek 2 (2004), Ice Age: Dawn of the Dinosaurs (2009), and Toy Story 3 (2010) prior to the 2011 re-release. With the earnings of the 3D run, The Lion King surpassed all the aforementioned films but Toy Story 3 to rank as the second-highest-grossing animated film worldwide—later downgraded to sixth after Frozen (2013), Minions (2015), and Zootopia (2016)—and it remains the highest-grossing hand-drawn animated film.[60] It is also the biggest animated movie of the last 50 years in terms of estimated attendance.[61]

text: Original theatrical run

text: The Lion King had a limited release in North America on June 15, 1994, playing in only two theaters, El Capitan Theater in Los Angeles and Radio City Music Hall in New York City.[62] It still earned $1,586,753 across the weekend of June 17–19, standing at the tenth place of the box office ranking.[63] The average of $793,377 per theater stands as the largest ever achieved during a weekend.[64] The wide release followed on June 24, 1994, in 2,550 screens. The digital surround sound of the film led many of those theaters to implement Dolby Laboratories' newest sound systems.[65] The Lion King grossed $40.9 million – which at the time was the fourth biggest opening weekend earning ever and the highest sum for a Disney film  – to top the weekend box office.[11] It also earned a rare "A+" rating from CinemaScore.[66] By the end of its theatrical run, in spring 1995, it had earned $312,855,561,[2] being the second-highest-grossing 1994 film in North America behind Forrest Gump.[67] Outside North America, it earned $455.8 million during its initial run, for a worldwide total of $768.6 million.[58] Box Office Mojo estimates that the film sold over 74 million tickets in the US in its initial theatrical run.[68]

text: Re-releases

text: IMAX and large-format

text: The film was re-issued on December 25, 2002 for IMAX and large-format theaters. Don Hahn explained that eight years after The Lion King got its original release, "there was a whole new generation of kids who haven't really seen it, particularly on the big screen." Given the film had already been digitally archived during production, the restoration process was easier, while also providing many scenes with enhancements that covered up original deficiencies.[36][69] An enhanced sound mix was also provided to, as Hahn explained, "make the audience feel like they're in the middle of the movie."[36] On its first weekend, The Lion King made $2.7 million from 66 locations, a $27,664 per theater average. This run ended with $15,686,215 on May 30, 2003.[70]

text: 3D conversion

text: In 2011, The Lion King was converted to 3D for a two-week limited theatrical re-issue and subsequent 3D Blu-ray release.[49][71] The film opened at the number one spot on Friday, September 16, 2011 with $8.9 million[72] and finished the weekend with $30.2 million, ranking number one at the box office. This made The Lion King the first re-issue release to earn the number-one slot at the American weekend box office since the re-issue of Return of the Jedi in March 1997.[60] The film also achieved the fourth-highest September opening weekend of all time.[73] It held off very well on its second weekend, again earning first place at the box office with a 27 percent decline to $21.9 million.[74] Most box-office observers had expected the film to fall about 50 percent in its second weekend and were also expecting Moneyball to be at first place.[75]

text: After its initial box-office success, many theaters decided to continue to show the film for more than two weeks, even though its 3D Blu-ray release was scheduled for two-and-a-half weeks after its theatrical release.[74] In North America, the 3D re-release ended its run in theaters on January 12, 2012 with a gross $94,242,001. Outside North America, it earned $83,400,000.[76] The successful 3D re-release of The Lion King made Disney and Pixar plan 3D theatrical re-releases of Beauty and the Beast, Finding Nemo, Monsters, Inc., and The Little Mermaid during 2012 and 2013.[77] However, none of the re-releases of the first three films achieved the enormous success of The Lion King 3D and theatrical re-release of The Little Mermaid was ultimately cancelled.[78] In 2012, Ray Subers of Box Office Mojo wrote that the reason why the 3D version of The Lion King succeeded was because, "the notion of a 3D re-release was still fresh and exciting, and The Lion King (3D) felt timely given the movie's imminent Blu-ray release. Audiences have been hit with three 3D re-releases in the year since, meaning the novelty value has definitely worn off."[79]

text: Critical response

text: The Lion King was released to critical acclaim. On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds a rating of 91%, based on 113 reviews, with an average rating of 8.3 out of 10. It also ranked 56th on their "Top 100 Animation Movies".[80] The site's critical consensus reads, "Emotionally stirring, richly drawn, and beautifully animated, The Lion King stands tall within Disney's pantheon of classic family films."[81] On Metacritic, the film has a score of 83 out of 100, based on 14 critics, indicating "universal acclaim".[82] CinemaScore reported that audiences gave the film a rare "A+" grade.[83]

text: Roger Ebert gave it 3 1/2 out of 4-stars and called the film "a superbly drawn animated feature" and, in his print review wrote, "The saga of Simba, which in its deeply buried origins owes something to Greek tragedy and certainly to Hamlet, is a learning experience as well as an entertainment."[84] On the television program Siskel & Ebert, the film was praised but received a mixed reaction when compared to previous Disney films. Ebert and his partner Gene Siskel both gave the film a "Thumbs Up" but Siskel said that it was not as good as earlier films such as Beauty and the Beast and was "a good film, not a great one".[85] Hal Hinson of The Washington Post called it "an impressive, almost daunting achievement" and felt that the film was "spectacular in a manner that has nearly become commonplace with Disney's feature-length animations", but was less enthusiastic toward the end of his review saying, "Shakespearean in tone, epic in scope, it seems more appropriate for grown-ups than for kids. If truth be told, even for adults it is downright strange."[86]

text: Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly praised the film, writing that it "has the resonance to stand not just as a terrific cartoon but as an emotionally pungent movie".[87] Rolling Stone film critic Peter Travers praised the film and felt that it was "a hugely entertaining blend of music, fun and eye-popping thrills, though it doesn't lack for heart".[88] James Berardinelli from ReelViews praised the film saying, "With each new animated release, Disney seems to be expanding its already-broad horizons a little more. The Lion King is the most mature (in more than one sense) of these films, and there clearly has been a conscious effort to please adults as much as children. Happily, for those of us who generally stay far away from 'cartoons', they have succeeded."[89]

text: Some reviewers still had problems with the film's narrative. The staff of TV Guide wrote that while The Lion King was technically proficient and entertaining, it "offers a less memorable song score than did the previous hits, and a hasty, unsatisfying dramatic resolution."[90] The New Yorker's Terrence Rafferty considered that despite the good animation, the story felt like "manipulat[ing] our responses at will", as "Between traumas, the movie serves up soothingly banal musical numbers and silly, rambunctious comedy".[91]

text: Accolades

text: The Lion King received four Golden Globe and Academy Award nominations. The film would go on to win two Golden Globes; for Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy and Best Original Score,[92] as well as two Academy Awards, for Best Original Score (Hans Zimmer) and Best Original Song with "Can You Feel the Love Tonight" by Elton John and Tim Rice.[93] The songs "Circle of Life" and "Hakuna Matata" were also nominated.[93] "Can You Feel the Love Tonight" also won the Grammy Award for Best Male Vocal Performance.[94] The Lion King also won Annie Awards for Best Animated Feature, Best Achievement in Voice Acting (for Jeremy Irons) and Best Individual Achievement for Story Contribution in the Field of Animation.[95]

text: At the Saturn Awards, the film was nominated in two categories, Best Fantasy Film and Best Performance by a Younger Actor although it did not win in either category.[96] The film also received two nominations at the British Academy Film Awards, for Best Sound as well as the Anthony Asquith Award for Film Music although it lost in both categories to Speed and Backbeat respectively.[97] The film received two BMI Film & TV Awards for Film Music and Most Performed Song with "Can You Feel the Love Tonight."[98] At the 1995 MTV Movie Awards, the film received nominations for Best Villain and Best Song, though it lost in both categories.[99] The Lion King won the Kids' Choice Award for Favorite Movie at the 1995 Kids' Choice Awards.[100]

text: In 2008, The Lion King was ranked as the 319th greatest film ever made by Empire magazine,[101] and in June 2011, TIME named it one of "The 25 All-TIME Best Animated Films".[102] In June 2008, the American Film Institute listed The Lion King as the fourth best film in the animation genre in its AFI's 10 Top 10 list,[103] having previously put "Hakuna Matata" as 99th on its AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs ranking.[104]

text: In 2016, the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".

text: Controversies

text: Certain elements of the film were considered to bear a resemblance to a 1960s Japanese anime television series, Jungle Emperor (known as Kimba the White Lion in the United States), with characters having similar analogues, and various individual scenes being similar in composition to the show. Matthew Broderick believed initially that he was, in fact, working on an American version of Kimba since he was familiar with the Japanese original.[105] However, The Lion King director, Roger Allers, claimed he was unfamiliar with the show:

text: The whole time I worked on The Lion King the name of that show never came up. At least I never heard it. I had never seen the show and really only became aware of it as Lion King was being completed, and someone showed me images of it. I worked with George Scribner and Linda Woolverton to develop the story in the early days but then left to help out on Aladdin. If one of them were familiar with Kimba they didn't say. Of course, it's possible... Many story ideas developed and changed along the way, always just to make our story stronger. I could certainly understand Kimba's creators feeling angry if they felt we had stolen ideas from them. If I had been inspired by Kimba I would certainly acknowledge my inspiration. All I can offer is my respect to those artists and say that their creation has its loyal admirers and its assured place in animation history.[106]

text: Co-director Rob Minkoff also stated that he was unfamiliar with it: "I know for a fact that [Kimba] has never been discussed as long as I've been on the project... In my experience, if Disney becomes aware of anything like that, they say you will not do it. People are claiming copyright infringement all the time." He also stated that whenever a story is based in Africa, it is "not unusual to have characters like a baboon, a bird or hyenas."[107] Yoshihiro Shimizu, of Tezuka Productions, which created Kimba the White Lion, has refuted rumors that the studio was paid hush money by Disney but explains that they rejected urges from within the industry to sue because, "we're a small, weak company. It wouldn't be worth it anyway ... Disney's lawyers are among the top twenty in the world!"[108]

text: Protests were raised against one scene where it appears as if the word "SEX" might have been embedded into the dust flying in the sky when Simba flops down,[109] which conservative activist Donald Wildmon asserted was a subliminal message intended to promote sexual promiscuity. One of the animators, Tom Sito, has stated that the letters spell "SFX" (a common abbreviation for "special effects"), not with an "E" instead of the "F", and were intended as an innocent "signature" created by the effects animation team.[110]

text: Hyena biologists protested against the animal's portrayal: one hyena researcher sued Disney studios for defamation of character,[111] and another—who had organized the animators' visit to the University of California's Field Station for Behavioural Research, where they would observe and sketch captive hyenas—[112] included boycotting The Lion King among the ways it would help preserve hyenas in the wild.[113] The hyenas have also been interpreted to represent an anti-immigrant allegory, where the hyenas would be black and Latino ethnic communities.[114][115][116][117] The film has also been criticised for advancing a fascist narrative in its portrayal of the lion kingdom and the circle of life where "only the strong and the beautiful triumph, and the powerless survive only by serving the strong."[118]

text: Legacy

text: Sequels and spin-offs

text: The first Lion King-related animated projects involved the characters of Timon and Pumbaa. First, the duo starred in the animated short "Stand by Me", featuring Timon singing the eponymous song, which was released in 1995 accompanying the theatrical release of Tom and Huck. The duo then received their own animated series, The Lion King's Timon and Pumbaa, which ran for three seasons and 85 episodes between 1995 and 1999. Ernie Sabella continued to voice Pumbaa, while Timon was voiced by Quinton Flynn and Kevin Schon in addition to Nathan Lane.[119]

text: Disney released two direct-to-video films related to The Lion King. The first was sequel The Lion King II: Simba's Pride, released in 1998 on VHS. The film centers around Simba and Nala's daughter, Kiara, who falls in love with Kovu, a male lion who was raised in a pride of Scar's followers, the Outsiders.[120] 2004 saw the release of another Lion King film on DVD, The Lion King 1½. It is a prequel in showing how Timon and Pumbaa met each other, and also a parallel in that it also depicts what the characters were retconned to have done during the events of the original movie.[121]

text: In June 2014, it was announced that a new TV series based on the film would be released called The Lion Guard, featuring Kion, the second-born cub of Simba and Nala. The Lion Guard is a sequel to The Lion King and takes place during the time-gap within The Lion King II: Simba's Pride.[122] It was first broadcast on Disney Channel as a television film titled The Lion Guard: Return of the Roar in November 2015 before airing as a series on Disney Junior in January 2016.[123][124]

text: CGI remake

text: In September 2016, following the critical and financial success of The Jungle Book, Walt Disney Pictures announced that they were developing a CGI remake of The Lion King by the same name, with Jon Favreau directing.[125] The following month, Jeff Nathanson was hired to write the script for the film.[126] Favreau originally planned shoot it back to back with the sequel to The Jungle Book.[125][127] However, it was reported in early 2017 that the latter film was put on hold in order for Favreau to instead focus mainly on The Lion King.[128] In February 2017, Favreau announced that Donald Glover had been cast as Simba and that James Earl Jones would be reprising the role of Mufasa.[129] The following month, it was reported that Beyoncé was Favreau's top choice to voice Nala, but she had not accepted the role yet due to a pregnancy.[130] In April 2017, Billy Eichner and Seth Rogen joined the film as Timon and Pumbaa, respectively.[131] Two months later, John Oliver was cast as Zazu.[132] At the end of July 2017, Beyoncé had reportedly entered final negotiations to play Nala and contribute the soundtrack as well.[133] The following month, Chiwetel Ejiofor entered talks to play Scar.[134] Later on, Alfre Woodard and John Kani joined the film as Sarabi and Rafiki, respectively.[135][136] On November 1, 2017, Beyoncé and Chiwetel Ejiofor were officially confirmed to voice Nala and Scar with Eric Andre, Florence Kasumba, Keegan-Michael Key, J.D. McCrary and Shahadi Wright Joseph joining the cast as the voices of Azizi, Shenzi and Kamari, young Simba and young Nala, respectively while Hans Zimmer would return to score the film's music.[137][138][139][140][141] On November 28, 2017, it was reported that Elton John had signed onto the project to rework his musical compositions from the original film.[142]

text: Production for the film began in May 2017.[143] It is scheduled for release on July 19, 2019.[144]

text: Video games

text: Along with the film release, three different video games based on The Lion King were released by Virgin Interactive in December 1994. The main title was developed by Westwood Studios, and published for PC and Amiga computers and the consoles SNES and Sega Mega Drive/Genesis. Dark Technologies created the Game Boy version, while Syrox Developments handled the Master System and Game Gear version.[145] The film and sequel Simba's Pride later inspired another game, Torus Games' The Lion King: Simba's Mighty Adventure (2000) for the Game Boy Color and PlayStation.[146] Timon and Pumbaa also appeared in Timon & Pumbaa's Jungle Games, a 1995 PC game collection of puzzle games by 7th Level, later ported to the SNES by Tiertex.[147]

text: The Square Enix series Kingdom Hearts features Simba as a recurring summon,[148][149] as well as a playable in the Lion King world, known as Pride Lands, in Kingdom Hearts II. There the plotline is loosely related to the later part of the original film, with all of the main characters except Zazu and Sarabi.[150] The Lion King also provides one of the worlds featured in the 2011 action-adventure game Disney Universe,[151] and Simba was featured in the Nintendo DS title Disney Friends (2008).[152]

text: Stage adaptations

text: Walt Disney Theatrical produced a musical stage adaptation of the same name, which premiered in Minneapolis, Minnesota in July 1997, and later opened on Broadway in October 1997 at the New Amsterdam Theatre. The Lion King musical was directed by Julie Taymor[153] and featured songs from both the movie and Rhythm of the Pride Lands, along with three new compositions by Elton John and Tim Rice. Mark Mancina did the musical arrangements and new orchestral tracks.[154] The musical became one of the most successful in Broadway history, winning six Tony Awards including Best Musical, and despite moving to the Minskoff Theatre in 2006, is still running to this day in New York, becoming the third longest-running show and highest grossing Broadway production in history. The show's financial success led to adaptations all over the world.[10][155][156]

text: The Lion King inspired two attractions retelling the story of the film at Walt Disney Parks and Resorts. The first, "The Legend of the Lion King", featured a recreation of the film through life-size puppets of its characters, and ran from 1994 to 2002 at Magic Kingdom in Walt Disney World.[157] Another that is still running is the live-action 30-minute musical revue of the movie, "Festival of the Lion King", which incorporates the musical numbers into gymnastic routines with live actors, along with animatronic puppets of Simba and Pumba and a costumed actor as Timon. The attraction opened in April 1998 at Disney World's Animal Kingdom,[158] and in September 2005 in Hong Kong Disneyland's Adventureland.[159] A similar version under the name "The Legend of the Lion King" was featured in Disneyland Paris from 2004 to 2009.[160][161]