document_title: Abolitionism in the United States

question_text: who started the first antislavery movement in what would become the united states

question_tokens: who started the first antislavery movement in what would become the united states

text: Abolitionism in the United States

text: Calls for abolition[edit]

text: The first Americans who made a public protest against slavery were the Mennonites of Germantown, Pennsylvania. Soon after, in April 1688, Quakers in the same town wrote a two-page condemnation of the practice and sent it to the governing bodies of their Quaker church, the Society of Friends. The Quaker establishment never took action. The 1688 Germantown Quaker Petition Against Slavery was an unusually early, clear and forceful argument against slavery and initiated the spirit that finally led to the end of slavery in the Society of Friends (1776) and in the state of Pennsylvania (1780). The Quaker Quarterly Meeting of Chester, Pennsylvania, made its first protest in 1711. Within a few decades the entire slave trade was under attack, being opposed by such leaders as William Burling, Benjamin Lay, Ralph Sandiford, William Southby, and John Woolman.[2]

text: Slavery was banned in the Province of Georgia soon after its founding in 1733. The colony's founder, James Edward Oglethorpe, fended off repeated attempts by South Carolina merchants and land speculators to introduce slavery to the colony. In 1739, he wrote to the Georgia Trustees urging them to hold firm: "If we allow slaves we act against the very principles by which we associated together, which was to relieve the distresses. Whereas, now we should occasion the misery of thousands in Africa, by setting men upon using arts to buy and bring into perpetual slavery the poor people who now live there free." The struggle between Georgia and South Carolina led to the first debates in Parliament over the issue of slavery, occurring between 1740 and 1742.[3]

text: The Society for the Relief of Free Negroes Unlawfully Held in Bondage was the first American abolition society, formed 14 April 1775, in Philadelphia, primarily by Quakers. The society suspended operations during the American Revolutionary War and was reorganized in 1784, with Benjamin Franklin as its first president.[4] Rhode Island Quakers, associated with Moses Brown, were among the first in America to free slaves. Benjamin Rush was another leader, as were many Quakers. John Woolman gave up most of his business in 1756 to devote himself to campaigning against slavery along with other Quakers.[5] One of the first articles advocating the emancipation of slaves and the abolition of slavery was written by Thomas Paine. Titled "African Slavery in America", it appeared on 8 March 1775 in the Postscript to the Pennsylvania Journal and Weekly Advertiser.[6]

text: Abolition in the North[edit]

text: Beginning with Vermont in 1777, most states north of the Ohio River and the Mason–Dixon line abolished slavery. These states enacted the first abolition laws in the entire New World.[7] Slavery in Massachusetts was abolished by the judiciary. The constitution[clarification needed] adopted in 1780 declared all men to have rights, making slavery unenforceable.

text: Emancipation in many free states was gradual. Enslaved people often remained slaves, but their children were born free. Transition arrangements were made, partially to prevent abuses.[clarification needed] New York and Pennsylvania still listed a few slaves in 1840 census returns, and a dozen black slaves were held in New Jersey in 1860 as "perpetual apprentices".[8][9]

text: At the United States Constitutional Convention of 1787, delegates debated over slavery, finally agreeing to allow states to permit the international trade for at least 20 years. By that time, all the states had passed individual laws abolishing or severely limiting the international buying or selling of slaves.[10] Through the Northwest Ordinance of 1787, the Congress of the Confederation prohibited slavery in the territories northwest of the Ohio River. The importation of slaves into the United States was officially banned on January 1, 1808.[11] No action was taken on the nation's internal domestic slave trade.

text: The principal organized bodies to advocate this reform were the Pennsylvania Abolition Society, led by Benjamin Franklin,[12][better source needed] and the New York Manumission Society. The latter was headed by powerful politicians: John Jay, Alexander Hamilton, later Federalists, and Aaron Burr, later the Democratic-Republican vice-president of the United States.[13][14]

text: In 1799 New York state abolished slavery. The existing slaves became indentured servants. That status was finally ended in 1827 and all the indentured obtained full freedom.[15]

text: In 1806, President Thomas Jefferson denounced the international slave trade and called for a law to make it a crime. He told Congress in his 1806 annual message, such a law was needed to "withdraw the citizens of the United States from all further participation in those violations of human rights ... which the morality, the reputation, and the best of our country have long been eager to proscribe."[16] Congress in 1807 outlawed the international slave trade, effective January 1, 1808. The result was a reduction of more than 90 percent in the volume of the slave trade from Africa to the U.S. About 1,000 slaves continued to be illegally brought into the United States annually.[17]

text: Freed by Southern owners[edit]

text: After 1776, Quaker and Moravian advocates helped persuade numerous slaveholders in the Upper South to free their slaves. Manumissions increased for nearly two decades. Many individual acts by slaveholders freed thousands of slaves. Slaveholders freed slaves in such numbers that the percentage of free Negroes in the Upper South increased from 1 to 10 percent, with most of that increase in Virginia, Maryland and Delaware. By 1810 three-quarters of blacks in Delaware were free. The most notable of men offering freedom was Robert Carter III of Virginia, who freed more than 450 people by "Deed of Gift", filed in 1791. This number was more slaves than any single American had freed before or after.[18] Often slaveholders came to their decisions by their own struggles in the Revolution; their wills and deeds frequently cited language about the equality of men supporting decision to set slaves free. The era's changing economy also encouraged slaveholders to release slaves. Planters were shifting from labor-intensive tobacco to mixed-crop cultivation and needed fewer slaves.[19]

text: Together with African Americans freed before the Revolution, the newly free black families began to thrive[citation needed][ambiguous]. By 1860, 91.7 percent of the blacks in Delaware were free, and 49.7 percent of the blacks in Maryland were free. Such early free families often formed the core of artisans, professionals, preachers and teachers in future generations.[19]

text: Western territories[edit]

text: During Congressional debate in 1820 on the proposed Tallmadge Amendment, which sought to limit slavery in Missouri as it became a state, Rufus King declared that "laws or compacts imposing any such condition [slavery] upon any human being are absolutely void, because contrary to the law of nature, which is the law of God, by which he makes his ways known to man, and is paramount to all human control." The amendment failed and Missouri became a slave state. According to historian David Brion Davis, this may have been the first time in the world that a political leader openly attacked slavery's perceived legality in such a radical manner.

text: Beginning in the 1830s, the U.S. Postmaster General refused to allow the mails to carry abolition pamphlets to the South.[20] Northern teachers suspected of abolitionism were expelled from the South, and abolitionist literature was banned. Southerners rejected the denials of Republicans that they were abolitionists. They pointed to John Brown's attempt in 1859 to start a slave uprising as proof that multiple Northern conspiracies were afoot to ignite slave rebellions. Although some abolitionists did call for slave revolts, no evidence of any other Brown-like conspiracy has been discovered.[21] The North felt threatened as well, for as Eric Foner concludes, "Northerners came to view slavery as the very antithesis of the good society, as well as a threat to their own fundamental values and interests".[22] The famous, "fiery" Abolitionist, Abby Kelley Foster, from Massachusetts, was considered an "ultra" abolitionist who believed in full civil rights for all black people. She held to the views that the freed slaves would colonize Liberia. Parts of the anti-slavery movement became known as "Abby Kellyism". She recruited Susan B Anthony and Lucy Stone to the movement. Effingham Capron, a cotton and textile scion, who attended the Quaker meeting where Abby Kelley Foster and her family were members, became a prominent abolitionist at the local, state and national levels.[23] The local anti-slavery society at Uxbridge had more than one quarter of the town's population as members.[23]

text: Colonization and the founding of Liberia[edit]

text: In the early 19th century, a variety of organizations were established that advocated relocation of black people from the United States to places where they would enjoy greater freedom; some endorsed colonization, while others advocated emigration. During the 1820s and 1830s the American Colonization Society (A.C.S.) was the primary vehicle for proposals to "return" black Americans to freedom in Africa, regardless of whether they were native-born in the United States. It had broad support nationwide among white people, including prominent leaders such as Abraham Lincoln,[24] Henry Clay and James Monroe, who considered this preferable to emancipation. Clay said that due to

text: unconquerable prejudice resulting from their color, they [the blacks] never could amalgamate with the free whites of this country. It was desirable, therefore, as it respected them, and the residue of the population of the country, to drain them off.[25]

text: Many African Americans opposed colonization, and simply wanted to be given the rights of free citizens in the United States. One notable opponent of such plans was the wealthy free black abolitionist James Forten of Philadelphia.

text: After attempts to plant small settlements on the coast of west Africa, the A.C.S. established the colony of Liberia in 1821–22. Over the next four decades, it assisted thousands of former slaves and free black people to move there from the United States. The disease environment they encountered was extreme, and most migrants died fairly quickly. Enough survived to declare independence in 1847. American support for colonization waned gradually through the 1840s and 1850s, largely because of the efforts of abolitionists to promote emancipation of slaves and the granting of United States citizenship. The Americo-Liberians established an elite who ruled Liberia continuously until the military coup of 1980.[26]

text: Immigration[edit]

text: Immigration of free Africans back to their continent of origin was thought of since the Revolutionary war. After Haiti became independent, the nation tried to recruit African Americans to migrate there after it re-established trade relations with the United States. The Haitian Union was a group formed to promote relations between the countries.[27] In West Africa, the Back-to-Africa movement and actions of president James Monroe led to the founding of Liberia, a settlement for freed Africans to live upon. After riots against blacks in Cincinnati, its black community sponsored founding of the Wilberforce Colony, an initially successful settlement of African-American immigrants to Canada. The colony was one of the first such independent political entities. It lasted for a number of decades and provided a destination for about 200 black families emigrating from a number of locations in the United States.[27]

text: Religion and morality[edit]

text: The Second Great Awakening of the 1820s and 1830s in religion inspired groups that undertook many types of social reform. For some that included the immediate abolition of slavery as they considered it sinful to hold slaves as well as to tolerate slavery. "Abolitionist" had several meanings at the time. The followers of William Lloyd Garrison, including Wendell Phillips and Frederick Douglass, demanded the "immediate abolition of slavery", hence the name. A more pragmatic group of abolitionists, such as Theodore Weld and Arthur Tappan, wanted immediate action, but were willing to support a program of gradual emancipation, with a long intermediate stage.

text: "Antislavery men", such as John Quincy Adams, did not call slavery a sin. They called it an evil feature of society as a whole. They did what they could to limit slavery and end it where possible, but were not part of any abolitionist group. For example, in 1841, John Quincy Adams represented the Amistad African slaves in the Supreme Court of the United States and argued that they should be set free.[28] In the last years before the war, "antislavery" could refer to the Northern majority, such as Abraham Lincoln, who opposed expansion of slavery or its influence, as by the Kansas–Nebraska Act or the Fugitive Slave Act. Many Southerners called all these abolitionists, without distinguishing them from the Garrisonians.

text: Historian James Stewart (1976) explains the abolitionists' deep beliefs: "All people were equal in God's sight; the souls of black folks were as valuable as those of whites; for one of God's children to enslave another was a violation of the Higher Law, even if it was sanctioned by the Constitution."[29]

text: Slave owners were angry over the attacks on what some Southerners (including the politician John C. Calhoun[30]) referred to as their peculiar institution of slavery. Starting in the 1830s, Southerners developed a vehement and growing ideological defense of slavery.[31] Slave owners claimed that slavery was a positive good for masters and slaves alike, and that it was explicitly sanctioned by God. Biblical arguments were made in defense of slavery by religious leaders such as the Rev. Fred A. Ross and political leaders such as Jefferson Davis.[32] Southern biblical interpretations contradicted those of the abolitionists; a popular one was that the curse on Noah's son Ham and his descendants in Africa was a justification for enslavement of blacks.

text: Garrison and immediate emancipation[edit]

text: A radical shift came in the 1830s, led by William Lloyd Garrison, who demanded "immediate emancipation, gradually achieved." That is, he demanded that slave-owners repent immediately, and set up a system of emancipation. Theodore Weld, an evangelical minister, and Robert Purvis, a free African American, joined Garrison in 1833 to form the American Anti-Slavery Society (Faragher 381). The following year Weld encouraged a group of students at Lane Theological Seminary to form an anti-slavery society. After the president, Lyman Beecher, tried to suppress the group, the students moved to Oberlin College.

text: Due to its students' anti-slavery position, Oberlin soon became one of the most liberal colleges and accepted African-American students. Along with Garrison, Northcutt and Collins were proponents of immediate abolition. Abby Kelley Foster became an "ultra abolitionist" and a follower of William Lloyd Garrison. She led Susan B. Anthony as well as Elizabeth Cady Stanton into the anti-slavery cause.

text: After 1840, "abolition" usually referred to positions similar to Garrison's. It was largely an ideological movement led by about 3,000 people, including free blacks and free people of color, many of whom, such as Frederick Douglass in New England, and Robert Purvis and James Forten in Philadelphia, played prominent leadership roles. Douglass became legally free during a two-year stay in England, as British supporters raised funds to purchase his freedom from his American owner Thomas Auld, and also helped fund his abolitionist newspapers in the United States.[33] Abolitionism had a strong religious base including Quakers, and people converted by the revivalist fervor of the Second Great Awakening, led by Charles Finney in the North, in the 1830s. Belief in abolition contributed to the breaking away of some small denominations, such as the Free Methodist Church.

text: Evangelical abolitionists founded some colleges, most notably Bates College in Maine and Oberlin College in Ohio. The movement attracted such figures as Yale president Noah Porter and Harvard president Thomas Hill.[citation needed]

text: In the North, most opponents of slavery supported other modernizing reform movements such as the temperance movement, public schooling, and prison- and asylum-building. They were split on the issue of women's activism and their political role, and this contributed to a major rift in the Society. In 1839, brothers Arthur Tappan and Lewis Tappan left the Society and formed the American and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society, which did not admit women. Other members of the Society, including Charles Turner Torrey, Amos Phelps, Henry Stanton, and Alanson St. Clair, in addition to disagreeing with Garrison on the women's issue, urged taking a much more activist approach to abolitionism and consequently challenged Garrison's leadership at the Society's annual meeting in January 1839. When the challenge was beaten back,[34] they left and founded the New Organization, which adopted a more activist approach to freeing slaves. Soon after, in 1840, they formed the Liberty Party, which had as its sole platform the abolition of slavery.[35] By the end of 1840, Garrison himself announced the formation of a third new organization, the Friends of Universal Reform, with sponsors and founding members including prominent reformers Maria Chapman, Abby Kelley Foster, Oliver Johnson, and Bronson Alcott (father of Louisa May Alcott).

text: Abolitionists such as William Lloyd Garrison repeatedly condemned slavery for contradicting the principles of freedom and equality on which the country was founded. In 1854, Garrison wrote:

text: I am a believer in that portion of the Declaration of American Independence in which it is set forth, as among self-evident truths, "that all men are created equal; that they are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights; that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness." Hence, I am an abolitionist. Hence, I cannot but regard oppression in every form – and most of all, that which turns a man into a thing – with indignation and abhorrence. Not to cherish these feelings would be recreancy to principle. They who desire me to be dumb on the subject of slavery, unless I will open my mouth in its defense, ask me to give the lie to my professions, to degrade my manhood, and to stain my soul. I will not be a liar, a poltroon, or a hypocrite, to accommodate any party, to gratify any sect, to escape any odium or peril, to save any interest, to preserve any institution, or to promote any object. Convince me that one man may rightfully make another man his slave, and I will no longer subscribe to the Declaration of Independence. Convince me that liberty is not the inalienable birthright of every human being, of whatever complexion or clime, and I will give that instrument to the consuming fire. I do not know how to espouse freedom and slavery together.[36]

text: Black abolitionist rhetoric[edit]

text: Historians and scholars have largely overlooked the work of black abolitionists, instead, focusing much of their scholarship on a few black abolitionists, such as Frederick Douglass.[37] Black abolitionists, though, played an undeniably large role in shaping the movement. Although it is impossible to generalize an entire rhetorical movement, black abolitionists can largely be characterized by the obstacles that they faced and the ways in which these obstacles informed their rhetoric. Black abolitionists had the distinct problem of having to confront an often hostile American public, while still acknowledging their nationality and struggle.[38] As a result, many black abolitionists "intentionally adopted aspects of British, New England, and Midwestern cultures."[38] Furthermore, much of abolitionist rhetoric, and black abolitionist rhetoric in particular, were influenced by the Puritan preaching heritage.[39]

text: Blackface in America[edit]

text: During the stage performance of the controversial Uncle Tom's Cabin, white actor G. C. Germon put on blackface to represent an African-American male. The play left the white audience pitying the character, Tom, rather than seeing him as an equal. Earlier during this play, an actor breaks into a song with lyrics stereotyping mischievous, black children. This play encapsulates the controversy between anti-slavery activists and those pro slavery in the United States.[40]

text: Uncle Tom's Cabin[edit]

text: The most influential abolitionist tract was Uncle Tom's Cabin (1852), the best-selling novel and play by Harriet Beecher Stowe. Outraged by the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 (which made the escape narrative part of everyday news), Stowe emphasized the horrors that abolitionists had long claimed about slavery. Her depiction of the evil slave owner Simon Legree, a transplanted Yankee who kills the Christ-like Uncle Tom, outraged the North, helped sway British public opinion against the South and inflamed Southern slave owners who tried to refute it by showing some slave owners were humanitarian.[41] It inspired numerous anti-Tom novels, several written and published by women.

text: American Catholics[edit]

text: Irish Catholics in America seldom challenged the role of slavery in society as it was protected at that time by the U.S. Constitution. They viewed the abolitionists as anti-Catholic and anti-Irish. Irish Catholics were generally well received by Democrats in the South.[42]

text: In contrast, most Irish Nationalists and Fenians supported the abolition of slavery. Daniel O'Connell, the Catholic leader of the Irish in Ireland, supported abolition in the United States. He organized a petition in Ireland with 60,000 signatures urging the Irish of the United States to support abolition. John O'Mahony, a founder of the Irish Republican Brotherhood was an abolitionist and served as colonel in the 69th Infantry Regiment during the Civil War.[43]

text: The Irish Catholics in America were recent immigrants; most were poor and very few owned slaves. They had to compete with free blacks for unskilled labor jobs. They saw abolitionism as the militant wing of evangelical anti-Catholic Protestantism.[44]

text: The Catholic Church in America had long ties[citation needed] in slaveholding Maryland and Louisiana. Despite a firm stand for the spiritual equality of black people, and the resounding condemnation of slavery by Pope Gregory XVI in his bull In supremo apostolatus issued in 1839, the American church continued in deeds, if not in public discourse, to avoid confrontation with slave-holding interests. In 1861, the Archbishop of New York wrote to Secretary of War Cameron: "That the Church is opposed to slavery ... Her doctrine on that subject is, that it is a crime to reduce men naturally free to a condition of servitude and bondage, as slaves." No American bishop supported extra-political abolition or interference with states' rights before the Civil War.

text: German immigrants[edit]

text: The secular Germans of the Forty-Eighter immigration were largely anti-slavery. Prominent Forty-Eighters included Carl Schurz and Friedrich Hecker. German Lutherans seldom took a position on slavery, but German Methodists were anti-slavery.

text: Abolitionist women[edit]

text: William Lloyd Garrison's abolitionist newsletter the Liberator noted in 1847, "... the Anti-Slavery cause cannot stop to estimate where the greatest indebtedness lies, but whenever the account is made up there can be no doubt that the efforts and sacrifices of the WOMEN, who helped it, will hold a most honorable and conspicuous position."[45] As the Liberator states, women played a crucial role as leaders in the anti-slavery movement.

text: Angelina and Sarah Grimké were the first female antislavery agents, and played a variety of roles in the abolitionist movement. Though born in the South, the Grimké sisters became disillusioned with slavery and moved North to get away from it. Perhaps because of their birthplace, the Grimké sisters' critiques carried particular weight and specificity. Angelina Grimké spoke of her thrill at seeing white men do manual labor of any kind.[46] Their perspectives as native southerners as well as women, brought a new important point of view to the abolitionist movement. In 1836, they moved to New York and began work for the Anti-Slavery Society, where they met and were impressed by William Lloyd Garrison.[47] The sisters wrote many pamphlets (Angelina's "Appeal to the Christian Women of the South" was the only appeal directly to southern women to defy slavery laws) and played leadership roles at the first Anti-Slavery Convention of American Women in 1837.[48] The Grimkés later made a notable speaking tour around the north, which culminated in Angelina's February 1838 address to a Committee of the Legislature of Massachusetts.

text: Lucretia Mott was active in the abolitionist movement. Though well known for her women's rights advocacy, Mott also played an important role in the abolitionist movement. During four decades, she delivered sermons about abolitionism, women's rights, and a host of other issues. Mott acknowledged her Quaker beliefs' determinative role in affecting her abolitionist sentiment. She spoke of the "duty (that) was impressed upon me at the time I consecrated myself to that Gospel which anoints 'to preach deliverance to the captive, to set at liberty them that are bruised ..."[49] Mott's advocacy took a variety of forms: she worked with the Free Produce Society to boycott slave-made goods, volunteered with the Philadelphia Female Anti-Slavery Convention of American Women, and helped slaves escape to free territory.[50]

text: Abby Kelley Foster, with a strong Quaker heritage, helped lead Susan B. Anthony and Lucy Stone into the abolition movement. Kelley influenced future suffragists such as Susan B. Anthony and Lucy Stone by encouraging them to take on a role in political activism. She helped organize and was a key speaker at the first National Women's Rights Convention in Worcester, Massachusetts in 1850. (The Seneca Falls Convention, held in 1848, was not national).[51] She was an "ultra" abolitionist who believed in immediate and complete civil rights for all slaves. Since 1841, however, she had resigned from the Quakers over disputes about not allowing anti-slavery speakers in meeting houses (including the Uxbridge monthly meeting where she had attended with her family), and the group disowned her.[52][53][54] Abby Kelley became a leading speaker and the leading fundraiser for the American Anti-slavery Society. Radical abolitionism became known as "Abby Kelleyism."[55][56]

text: Other luminaries such as Lydia Maria Child, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony, Harriet Tubman, and Sojourner Truth all played important roles in abolitionism. But even beyond these well-known women, abolitionism maintained impressive support from white middle-class and some black women. It was these women who performed many of the logistical, day-to-day tasks that made the movement successful. They raised money, wrote and distributed propaganda pieces, drafted and signed petitions, and lobbied the legislatures. Though abolitionism sowed the seeds of the women's rights movement, most women became involved in abolitionism because of a gendered religious worldview, and the idea that they had feminine, moral responsibilities.[57] For example, in the winter of 1831–1832, three women's petitions were written to the Virginia legislature, advocating emancipation of the state's slave population. The only precedent for such action was Catharine Beecher's organization of a petition protesting the Cherokee removal.[58] The Virginia petitions, while the first of their kind, were by no means the last. Similar backing increased leading up to the Civil War.

text: Even as women played crucial roles in abolitionism, the movement simultaneously helped stimulate women's-rights efforts. A full 10 years before the Seneca Falls Convention, the Grimkés were travelling and lecturing about their experiences with slavery. As Gerda Lerner says, the Grimkés understood their actions' great impact. "In working for the liberation of the slave," Lerner writes, "Sarah and Angelina Grimké found the key to their own liberation. And the consciousness of the significance of their actions was clearly before them. 'We Abolition Women are turning the world upside down.'"[59]

text: Women gained important experiences in public speaking and organizing that stood them in good stead going forward. The Grimké sisters' public speaking played a critical part in legitimizing women's place in the public sphere. Some Christian women created cent societies to benefit abolition movements, where many women in a church would each pledge to donate one cent a week to help abolitionist causes.[60]

text: The July 1848 Seneca Falls Convention grew out of a partnership between Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton that blossomed while the two worked, at first, on abolitionist issues. Indeed, the two met at the World's Anti-Slavery Convention in the summer of 1840.[61] Mott brought oratorical skills and an impressive reputation as an abolitionist to the nascent women's rights movement.

text: Abolitionism brought together active women and enabled them to make political and personal connections while honing communication and organizational skills. Even Sojourner Truth, commonly associated with abolitionism, delivered her first documented public speech at the 1850 National Women's Rights Convention in Worcester. There, she argued for women's reform activism.[62]

text: Progress of abolition in the United States[edit]

text: To 1804[edit]

text: Although there were several groups that opposed slavery (such as the Society for the Relief of Free Negroes Unlawfully Held in Bondage), at the time of the founding of the Republic, there were few states which prohibited slavery outright. The Constitution had several provisions which accommodated slavery, although none used the word. Passed unanimously by the Congress of the Confederation in 1787, the Northwest Ordinance forbade slavery in the Northwest Territory, a vast area which had previously belonged to individual states in which slavery was legal.

text: American abolitionism began very early, well before the United States was founded as a nation. An early law passed by Roger Williams and Samuel Gorton because it contradicted their Protestant beliefs abolished slavery (but not temporary indentured servitude) in Rhode Island in 1652; however, it floundered within 50 years,[63] and Rhode Island became involved in the slave trade in 1700.[64] Samuel Sewall, a prominent Bostonian and one of the judges at the Salem Witch Trials, wrote The Selling of Joseph[65] in protest of the widening practice of outright slavery as opposed to indentured servitude in the colonies. This is the earliest-recorded anti-slavery tract published in the future United States.

text: In 1777, Vermont, not yet a state, became the first jurisdiction in North America to prohibit slavery: slaves were not directly freed, but masters were required to remove slaves from Vermont. The first state to begin a gradual abolition of slavery was Pennsylvania, in 1780. All importation of slaves was prohibited, but none freed at first; only the slaves of masters who failed to register them with the state, along with the "future children" of enslaved mothers. Those enslaved in Pennsylvania before the 1780 law went into effect were not freed until 1847.[66]

text: In the 18th century, Thomas Jefferson and some of his contemporaries had plans to abolish slavery. Despite the fact that Jefferson was a lifelong slaveholder, he had included strong anti-slavery language in the original draft of the Declaration of Independence, but other delegates removed it.[67] Benjamin Franklin, also a slaveholder for most of his life, was a leading member of the Pennsylvania Society for the Abolition of Slavery, the first recognized organization for abolitionists in the United States.[68] Massachusetts took a much more radical position. Its Supreme Court ruled in 1783, that a black man was, indeed, a man and therefore free under the state's constitution.

text: States with a greater economic interest in slaves, such as New York and New Jersey, passed gradual emancipation laws. While some of these laws were gradual, these states enacted the first abolition laws in the entire "New World".[7]

text: All of the other states north of Maryland began gradual abolition of slavery between 1781 and 1804, based on the Pennsylvania model. By 1804, all the northern states passed laws to abolish it. Some slaves continued in servitude for two more decades, but most were freed. In addition, individual slaveholders, particularly in the upper South, freed slaves, sometimes in their wills. Many noted they had been moved by the revolutionary ideals of the equality of men. The number of free blacks as a proportion of the black population increased from less than 1 percent to nearly 10 percent from 1790 to 1810 in the upper South as a result of these actions.

text: South after 1804[edit]

text: The institution remained solid in the South, and that region's customs and social beliefs evolved into a strident defense of slavery in response to the rise of a stronger anti-slavery stance in the North. In 1835 alone, abolitionists mailed over a million pieces of anti-slavery literature to the South.

text: In 1820, Thomas Jefferson privately supported the Missouri Compromise, believing it would help to end slavery,[67][69] but his views on slavery were complicated, and possibly contradictory.[70] His will freed only a small fraction of Monticello plantation.[71]

text: President Jefferson signed the Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves on March 2, 1807. It took effect in 1808, the earliest allowed under the Constitution. Afterwards, in 1820, the Act to Protect the Commerce of the United States and Punish the Crime of Piracy was passed, This law made importing slaves into the United States a death penalty offense. The Confederate States of America continued this prohibition with the sentence of death, and prohibited the import of slaves in its Constitution. The CSA also established Congressional control over interstate aspects of slavery.

text: Immediate abolition[edit]

text: Abolitionists included those who joined the American Anti-Slavery Society or its auxiliary groups in the 1830s and 1840s as the movement fragmented.[72] The fragmented anti-slavery movement included groups such as the Liberty Party; the American and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society; the American Missionary Association; and the Church Anti-Slavery Society. Historians traditionally distinguish between moderate antislavery reformers or gradualists, who concentrated on stopping the spread of slavery, and radical abolitionists or immediatists, whose demands for unconditional emancipation often merged with a concern for black civil rights. However, James Stewart advocates a more nuanced understanding of the relationship of abolition and antislavery prior to the Civil War:

text: While instructive, the distinction [between antislavery and abolition] can also be misleading, especially in assessing abolitionism's political impact. For one thing, slaveholders never bothered with such fine points. Many immediate abolitionists showed no less concern than did other white Northerners about the fate of the nation's "precious legacies of freedom." Immediatism became most difficult to distinguish from broader anti-Southern opinions once ordinary citizens began articulating these intertwining beliefs.[73]

text: Anti-slavery advocates were outraged by the murder of Elijah Parish Lovejoy, a white man and editor of an abolitionist newspaper on 7 November 1837, by a pro-slavery mob in Illinois. Nearly all Northern politicians rejected the extreme positions of the abolitionists; Abraham Lincoln, for example. Indeed, many Northern leaders including Lincoln, Stephen Douglas (the Democratic nominee in 1860), John C. Fremont (the Republican nominee in 1856), and Ulysses S. Grant married into slave-owning Southern families without any moral qualms.

text: Antislavery as a principle was far more than just the wish to limit the extent of slavery. Most Northerners recognized that slavery existed in the South and the Constitution did not allow the federal government to intervene there. Most Northerners favored a policy of gradual and compensated emancipation. After 1849, abolitionists rejected this and demanded that slavery end immediately and everywhere. John Brown was the only abolitionist known to have actually planned a violent insurrection, though David Walker promoted the idea. The abolitionist movement was strengthened by the activities of free African-Americans, especially in the black church, who argued that the old Biblical justifications for slavery contradicted the New Testament.

text: African-American activists and their writings were rarely heard outside the black community. However, they were tremendously influential to some sympathetic white people, most prominently the first white activist to reach prominence, William Lloyd Garrison, who was its most effective propagandist. Garrison's efforts to recruit eloquent spokesmen led to the discovery of ex-slave Frederick Douglass, who eventually became a prominent activist in his own right. Eventually, Douglass would publish his own, widely distributed abolitionist newspaper, the North Star.

text: In the early 1850s, the American abolitionist movement split into two camps over the issue of the United States Constitution. This issue arose in the late 1840s after the publication of The Unconstitutionality of Slavery by Lysander Spooner. The Garrisonians, led by Garrison and Wendell Phillips, publicly burned copies of the Constitution, called it a pact with slavery, and demanded its abolition and replacement. Another camp, led by Lysander Spooner, Gerrit Smith, and eventually Douglass, considered the Constitution to be an anti-slavery document. Using an argument based upon Natural Law and a form of social contract theory, they said that slavery existed outside the Constitution's scope of legitimate authority and therefore should be abolished.

text: Another split in the abolitionist movement was along class lines. The artisan republicanism of Robert Dale Owen and Frances Wright stood in stark contrast to the politics of prominent elite abolitionists such as industrialist Arthur Tappan and his evangelist brother Lewis. While the former pair opposed slavery on a basis of solidarity of "wage slaves" with "chattel slaves", the Whiggish Tappans strongly rejected this view, opposing the characterization of Northern workers as "slaves" in any sense. (Lott, 129–30)

text: Many American abolitionists took an active role in opposing slavery by supporting the Underground Railroad.[74] This was made illegal by the federal Fugitive Slave Law of 1850. Nevertheless, participants like Harriet Tubman, Henry Highland Garnet, Alexander Crummell, Amos Noë Freeman and others continued with their work. Abolitionists were particularly active in Ohio, where some worked directly in the Underground Railroad. Since the state shared a border with slave states, it was a popular place for slaves escaping across the Ohio River and up its tributaries, where they sought shelter among supporters who would help them move north to freedom. Two significant events in the struggle to destroy slavery were the Oberlin-Wellington Rescue and John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry. In the South, members of the abolitionist movement or other people opposing slavery were often targets of lynch mob violence before the American Civil War.[75]

text: Numerous known abolitionists lived, worked, and worshipped in downtown Brooklyn, from Henry Ward Beecher, who auctioned slaves into freedom from the pulpit of Plymouth Church, to Nathan Egelston, a leader of the African and Foreign Antislavery Society, who also preached at Bridge Street AME and lived on Duffield Street. His fellow Duffield Street residents, Thomas and Harriet Truesdell were leading members of the Abolitionist movement. Mr. Truesdell was a founding member of the Providence Anti-slavery Society before moving to Brooklyn in 1851. Harriet Truesdell was also very active in the movement, organizing an antislavery convention in Pennsylvania Hall in Philadelphia. The Tuesdell's lived at 227 Duffield Street. Another prominent Brooklyn-based abolitionist was Rev. Joshua Leavitt, trained as a lawyer at Yale who stopped practicing law in order to attend Yale Divinity School, and subsequently edited the abolitionist newspaper The Emancipator and campaigned against slavery, as well as advocating other social reforms. In 1841, Leavitt published his The Financial Power of Slavery, which argued that the South was draining the national economy due to its reliance on slavery.

text: The end[edit]

text: In the 1850s, slavery remained legal in the 15 states of the American South. While it was fading away in the cities and border states, it remained strong in plantation areas that grew cash crops such as cotton, sugar, rice, tobacco or hemp. By the 1860 United States Census, the slave population in the United States had grown to four million.[76] American abolitionism was based in the North, and white Southerners alleged it fostered slave rebellion.

text: The white abolitionist movement in the North was led by social reformers, especially William Lloyd Garrison, founder of the American Anti-Slavery Society, and writers such as John Greenleaf Whittier and Harriet Beecher Stowe. Black activists included former slaves such as Frederick Douglass, and free blacks such as the brothers Charles Henry Langston and John Mercer Langston, who helped found the Ohio Anti-Slavery Society.[77] Some abolitionists said that slavery was criminal and a sin; they also criticized slave owners of using black women as concubines and taking sexual advantage of them.[78]

text: Compromise of 1850[edit]

text: The Compromise of 1850 attempted to resolve issues surrounding slavery caused by the War with Mexico and the admission to the Union of the slave Republic of Texas. The Compromise of 1850 was proposed by "The Great Compromiser," Henry Clay and was passed by Senator Stephen A. Douglas. Through the compromise, California was admitted as a free state after its state convention unanimously opposed slavery there, Texas was financially compensated for the loss of its territories, the slave trade (not slavery) was abolished in the District of Columbia, and the Fugitive Slave Law was passed as a concession to the South. Abolitionists were outraged because the new law required Northerners to help in the capture and return of runaway slaves.[79]

text: Republican Party[edit]

text: In 1854, Congress passed the Kansas–Nebraska Act, which opened those territories to slavery if the local residents voted that way. The antislavery gains made in previous compromises were reversed. A firestorm of outrage brought together former Whigs, Know-Nothings, and former Free Soil Democrats to form a new party in 1854–56, the Republican Party. It included a program of rapid modernization involving the government promotion of industry, railroads, banks, free homesteads, and colleges, all to the annoyance of the South. The new party denounced the Slave Power – that is the political power of the slave owners who supposedly controlled the national government for their own benefit and to the disadvantage of the ordinary white man.[80]

text: The Republican Party wanted to achieve the gradual extinction of slavery by market forces, because its members believed that free labor was superior to slave labor. Southern leaders said the Republican policy of blocking the expansion of slavery into the West made them second-class citizens, and challenged their autonomy. With the 1860 presidential victory of Abraham Lincoln, seven Deep South states whose economy was based on cotton and slavery decided to secede and form a new nation. The American Civil War broke out in April 1861 with the firing on Fort Sumter in South Carolina. When Lincoln called for troops to suppress the rebellion, four more slave states seceded.

text: Western explorer John C. Frémont ran as the first Republican nominee for president in 1856, using the political slogan: "Free soil, free silver, free men, Frémont and victory!" Although he lost, the party showed a strong base. It dominated in Yankee areas of New England, New York and the northern Midwest, and had a strong presence in the rest of the North. It had almost no support in the South, where it was roundly denounced in 1856–60 as a divisive force that threatened civil war.[81]

text: Without using the term "containment", the new Party in the mid-1850s proposed a system of containing slavery, once it gained control of the national government. Historian James Oakes explains the strategy:

text: The federal government would surround the south with free states, free territories, and free waters, building what they called a "cordon of freedom" around slavery, hemming it in until the system's own internal weaknesses forced the slave states one by one to abandon slavery.[82]

text: Abolitionists demanded immediate emancipation not a slow-acting containment. They rejected the new party, and in turn its leaders reassured voters they were not abolitionists.

text: John Brown[edit]

text: Historian Frederick Blue called John Brown "the most controversial of all 19th-century Americans."[83] When Brown was hanged after his attempt to start a slave rebellion in 1859, church bells rang, minute guns were fired, large memorial meetings took place throughout the North, and famous writers such as Emerson and Henry David Thoreau joined many Northerners in praising Brown.[84] Whereas Garrison was a pacifist, Brown resorted to violence. Historians agree he played a major role in starting the war. Some historians regard Brown as a crazed lunatic, while David S. Reynolds hails him as the man who "killed slavery, sparked the civil war, and seeded civil rights." For Ken Chowder he is "the father of American terrorism."[85]

text: His famous raid in October 1859, involved a band of 22 men who seized the federal Harpers Ferry Armory at Harper's Ferry, West Virginia (then part of Virginia), knowing it contained tens of thousands of weapons. Brown believed the South was on the verge of a gigantic slave uprising and that one spark would set it off. Brown's supporters George Luther Stearns, Franklin B. Sanborn, Thomas Wentworth Higginson, Theodore Parker, Samuel Gridley Howe and Gerrit Smith were all abolitionist members of the Secret Six who provided financial backing for Brown's raid. Brown's raid, says historian David Potter, "was meant to be of vast magnitude and to produce a revolutionary slave uprising throughout the South." The raid did not go as expected. Not a single slave revolted. Lt. Colonel Robert E. Lee of the U.S. Army was dispatched to put down the raid, and Brown was quickly captured. Brown was tried for treason against Virginia and hanged. At his trial, Brown exuded a remarkable zeal and single-mindedness that played directly to Southerners' worst fears. Few individuals did more to cause secession than John Brown, because Southerners believed he was right about an impending slave revolt. Shortly before his execution, Brown prophesied, "the crimes of this guilty land will never be purged away; but with blood."[86]

text: American Civil War[edit]

text: From the beginning of the American Civil War, Union leaders identified slavery as the social and economic foundation of the Confederacy, and from 1862 were determined to end that support system. Meanwhile, pro-Union forces gained control of the Border States and began the process of emancipation in Maryland, Missouri and West Virginia. Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation on 1 January 1863. The passage of the Thirteenth Amendment (ratified in December 1865) abolished slavery in the United States, officially freeing more than 50,000 people still enslaved in Kentucky and Delaware.[88][89][90]

text: In 1863, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, which freed slaves held in the Confederate States as contraband. Border states, except Delaware, began their own emancipation programs. Thousands of slaves escaped to freedom behind Union Army lines, and in 1863 many men started serving as the United States Colored Troops. The 13th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution took effect in December 1865 and ended slavery throughout the United States. It also abolished slavery among the Indian tribes.


document_title: Grammy Award for Best Rock Song

question_text: who won 2017 grammy award for best rock song

root

text: Grammy Award for Best Rock Song

text: Recipients[edit]

text:
Year
Songwriter(s)
Title
Artist(s)[I]
Nominees
(Performer(s) in parenthesis)[II]
Ref.

1992
Sting
The Soul Cages !"The Soul Cages"
Sting

Bryan Adams, Robert Lange – "Can't Stop This Thing We Started" (Bryan Adams)
Eric Avery, Perry Farrell – "Been Caught Stealing" (Jane's Addiction)
Kirk Hammett, James Hetfield, Lars Ulrich – "Enter Sandman" (Metallica)
Tom Petty – "Learning to Fly" (Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers)
Chris DeGarmo – "Silent Lucidity" (Queensrÿche)

[4]

1993
Clapton, EricEric Clapton
Jim Gordon
Layla !"Layla" (Unplugged version)
Clapton, EricEric Clapton

Peter Gabriel – "Digging in the Dirt" (Peter Gabriel)
Kurt Cobain – "Smells Like Teen Spirit" (Nirvana)
Eddie Vedder, Jeff Ament – "Jeremy" (Pearl Jam)
Bruce Springsteen – "Human Touch" (Bruce Springsteen)

[5]

1994
Pirner, DaveDave Pirner
Runaway Train !"Runaway Train"
Soul Asylum

Steven Tyler, Joe Perry, Taylor Rhodes – "Cryin'" (Aerosmith)
Tyler, Perry, Mark Hudson – "Livin' on the Edge" (Aerosmith)
Lenny Kravitz, Craig Ross – "Are You Gonna Go My Way" (Lenny Kravitz)
Jim Steinman – "I'd Do Anything for Love (But I Won't Do That)" (Meat Loaf)

[6]

1995
Springsteen, BruceBruce Springsteen
Streets of Philadelphia !"Streets of Philadelphia"
Springsteen, BruceBruce Springsteen

Melissa Etheridge – "Come to My Window" (Melissa Etheridge)
Etheridge – "I'm the Only One" (Melissa Etheridge)
Kurt Cobain – "All Apologies" (Nirvana)
Chris Cornell – "Black Hole Sun" (Soundgarden)

[7]

1996
Morissette, AlanisAlanis Morissette
Glen Ballard
You Oughta Know !"You Oughta Know"
Morissette, AlanisAlanis Morissette

Bob Dylan – "Dignity" (Bob Dylan)
Trent Reznor – "Hurt" (Nine Inch Nails)
Bono – "Hold Me, Thrill Me, Kiss Me, Kill Me" (U2)
Neil Young – "Downtown" (Neil Young)

[8]

1997
Chapman, TracyTracy Chapman
Give Me One Reason !"Give Me One Reason"
Chapman, TracyTracy Chapman

Dave Matthews Band – "Too Much" (Dave Matthews Band)
Garbage – "Stupid Girl" (Garbage)
John Hiatt – "Cry Love" (John Hiatt)
Noel Gallagher – "Wonderwall" (Oasis)
Jakob Dylan – "6th Avenue Heartache" (The Wallflowers)

[9]

1998
Dylan, JakobJakob Dylan
One Headlight !"One Headlight"
The Wallflowers

Fiona Apple – "Criminal" (Fiona Apple)
Meredith Brooks, Shelly Peiken) – "Bitch" (Meredith Brooks)
Dave Matthews – "Crash into Me" (Dave Matthews Band)
Jakob Dylan – "The Difference" (The Wallflowers)

[10]

1999
Morissette, AlanisAlanis Morissette
Uninvited !"Uninvited"
Morissette, AlanisAlanis Morissette

John Hiatt – "Have a Little Faith in Me" (John Hiatt)
Billy Corgan, Eric Erlandson, Courtney Love – "Celebrity Skin" (Hole)
Dan Wilson – "Closing Time" (Semisonic)
Richard Ashcroft, Mick Jagger, Keith Richards – "Bitter Sweet Symphony" (The Verve)

[11]

2000
Red Hot Chili Peppers
Scar Tissue !"Scar Tissue"
Red Hot Chili Peppers

Melissa Etheridge, John Shanks – "Angels Would Fall" (Melissa Etheridge)
Garbage – "Special" (Garbage)
Tom Petty – "Room at the Top" (Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers)
Bruce Springsteen – "The Promise" (Bruce Springsteen)

[12]

2001
Stapp, ScottScott Stapp
Mark Tremonti
With Arms Wide Open !"With Arms Wide Open"
Creed

Brad Arnold, Todd Harrell, Matt Roberts – "Kryptonite" (3 Doors Down)
Lenny Kravitz – "Again" (Lenny Kravitz)
Rob Thomas – "Bent" (Matchbox Twenty)
Flea, John Frusciante, Anthony Kiedis, Chad Smith – "Californication" (Red Hot Chili Peppers)

[13]

2002
Train
Drops of Jupiter !"Drops of Jupiter (Tell Me)"
Train

Marti Frederiksen, Steven Tyler – "Jaded" (Aerosmith)
Guy Berryman, Jonny Buckland, Will Champion, Chris Martin – "Yellow" (Coldplay)
U2 – "Elevation" (U2)
U2 – "Walk On" (U2)

[14]

2003
Springsteen, BruceBruce Springsteen
The Rising !"The Rising"
Springsteen, BruceBruce Springsteen

Brad Arnold, Todd Harrell, Chris Henderson, Matt Roberts – "When I'm Gone" (3 Doors Down)
Foo Fighters – "All My Life" (Foo Fighters)
Sully Erna – "I Stand Alone" (Godsmack)
Chad Kroeger – "Hero" (Chad Kroeger featuring Josey Scott)

[15]

2004
White, JackJack White
Seven Nation Army !"Seven Nation Army"
The White Stripes

David Hodges, Amy Lee, Ben Moody – "Bring Me to Life" (Evanescence)
Chad Kroeger, Mike Kroeger, Ryan Peake, Ryan Vikedal – "Someday" (Nickelback)
Jorge Calderón, Warren Zevon – "Disorder in the House" (Bruce Springsteen & Warren Zevon)
Charlie Colin, Patrick Monahan, Jimmy Stafford, Scott Underwood – "Calling All Angels" (Train)

[16]

2005
U2
Vertigo !"Vertigo"
U2

Billie Joe Armstrong, Mike Dirnt, Tré Cool – "American Idiot" (Green Day)
Brandon Flowers, Dave Keuning, Mark Stoermer, Ronnie Vannucci Jr. – "Somebody Told Me" (The Killers)
Isaac Brock, Dann Gallucci, Eric Judy, Benjamin Weikel – "Float On" (Modest Mouse)
Duff, Dave Kushner, Slash, Matt Sorum, Scott Weiland – "Fall to Pieces" (Velvet Revolver)

[17]

2006
U2
City of Blinding Lights !"City of Blinding Lights"
U2

Guy Berryman, Jonny Buckland, Will Champion, Chris Martin – "Speed of Sound" (Coldplay)
Foo Fighters – "Best of You" (Foo Fighters)
Bruce Springsteen – "Devils & Dust" (Bruce Springsteen)
Rivers Cuomo – "Beverly Hills" (Weezer)

[18]

2007
Red Hot Chili Peppers
Dani California !"Dani California"
Red Hot Chili Peppers

Bob Dylan – "Someday Baby" (Bob Dylan)
Brandon Flowers, Dave Keuning, Mark Stoermer, Ronnie Vannucci Jr. – "When You Were Young" (The Killers)
Nathan Connolly, Gary Lightbody, Jonny Quinn, Tom Simpson – "Chasing Cars" (Snow Patrol)
Neil Young – "Lookin' for a Leader" (Neil Young)

[19]

2008
Springsteen, BruceBruce Springsteen
Radio Nowhere !"Radio Nowhere"
Springsteen, BruceBruce Springsteen

Chris Daughtry, Gregg Wattenberg, Mark Wilkerson, Brett Young – "It's Not Over" (Daughtry)
Dave Grohl, Taylor Hawkins, Nate Mendel, Chris Shiflett – "The Pretender" (Foo Fighters)
Jack White – "Icky Thump" (The White Stripes)
Lucinda Williams – "Come On" (Lucinda Williams)

[20]

2009
Springsteen, BruceBruce Springsteen
Girls in Their Summer Clothes !"Girls in Their Summer Clothes"
Springsteen, BruceBruce Springsteen

Guy Berryman, Jonny Buckland, Will Champion, Chris Martin – "Violet Hill" (Coldplay)
Ben Gibbard, Nick Harmer, Jason McGerr, Chris Walla– "I Will Possess Your Heart" (Death Cab for Cutie)
Kings of Leon – "Sex on Fire" (Kings of Leon)
Radiohead – "House of Cards" (Radiohead)

[21]

2010
Kings of Leon
Use Somebody !"Use Somebody"
Kings of Leon

Billie Joe Armstrong, Mike Dirnt, Tré Cool – "21 Guns" (Green Day)
Matt Cameron, Stone Gossard, Mike McCready, Eddie Vedder – "The Fixer" (Pearl Jam)
Bruce Springsteen – "Working on a Dream" (Bruce Springsteen)
Bono, Adam Clayton, The Edge, Larry Mullen, Jr. – "I'll Go Crazy If I Don't Go Crazy Tonight" (U2)

[22]

2011
Young, NeilNeil Young
Angry World !"Angry World"
Neil Young

Dan Auerbach, Patrick Carney – "Tighten Up" (The Black Keys)
Caleb Followill, Jared Followill, Matthew Followill, Nathan Followill – "Radioactive" (Kings of Leon)
Ted Dwane, Ben Lovett, Marcus Mumford, "Country" Winston Marshall – "Little Lion Man" (Mumford & Sons)
Matthew Bellamy – "Resistance" (Muse)

[23]

2012
Foo Fighters
"Walk"
Foo Fighters

Guy Berryman, Jonny Buckland, Will Champion, Chris Martin – "Every Teardrop Is a Waterfall" (Coldplay)
Ted Dwane, Ben Lovett, Marcus Mumford & Country Winston – "The Cave" (Mumford & Sons)
Colin Meloy – "Down by the Water" (The Decemberists)
Colin Greenwood, Jonny Greenwood, Ed O'Brien, Phil Selway & Thom Yorke – "Lotus Flower" (Radiohead)

2013
The Black Keys
Brian Burton
"Lonely Boy"
The Black Keys

Matthew Bellamy – "Madness" (Muse)
Ted Dwane, Ben Lovett, Winston Marshall, & Marcus Mumford – "I Will Wait" (Mumford & Sons)
Bruce Springsteen – "We Take Care of Our Own" (Bruce Springsteen)
Jack White – "Freedom at 21" (Jack White)

2014
Dave Grohl
Paul McCartney
Krist Novoselic
Pat Smear
"Cut Me Some Slack"
Paul McCartney, Dave Grohl, Krist Novoselic & Pat Smear

Matthew Bellamy – "Panic Station" (Muse)
Geezer Butler, Tony Iommi & Ozzy Osbourne – "God Is Dead?" (Black Sabbath)
Gary Clark, Jr. – "Ain't Messin 'Round" (Gary Clark, Jr.)
Mick Jagger & Keith Richards – "Doom and Gloom" (The Rolling Stones)

2015
Hayley Williams
Taylor York
"Ain't It Fun"
Paramore

Ryan Adams – "Gimme Something Good" (Ryan Adams)
Dan Auerbach, Brian Burton & Patrick Carney – "Fever" (The Black Keys)
Beck Hansen – "Blue Moon" (Beck)
Jack White – "Lazaretto" (Jack White)

[24]

2016
Alabama Shakes
"Don't Wanna Fight"
Alabama Shakes

Dave Bassett & Elle King – "Ex's & Oh's" (Elle King)
Iain Archer & James Bay – "Hold Back the River" (James Bay)
Richard Meyer, Ryan Meyer & Johnny Stevens – "Lydia" (Highly Suspect)
John Hill, Tom Hull & Florence Welch – "What Kind of Man" (Florence + the Machine)

[23]

2017
David Bowie
"Blackstar"
David Bowie

Radiohead – "Burn the Witch" (Radiohead)
James Hetfield & Lars Ulrich – "Hardwired" (Metallica)
Tyler Joseph – "Heathens" (Twenty One Pilots)
Richard Meyer, Ryan Meyer & Johnny Stevens – "My Name Is Human" (Highly Suspect)

[23]

2018
TBA
"TBA"
TBA

James Hetfield & Lars Ulrich – "Atlas, Rise!" (Metallica)
Kristine Flaherty & Justin Daly – "Blood In the Cut" (K.Flay)
Nothing More – "Go to War" (Nothing More)
Dave Grohl, Taylor Hawkins, Nate Mendel, Pat Smear & Chris Shiflett – "Run" (Foo Fighters)
Avenged Sevenfold – "The Stage" (Avenged Sevenfold)

[25]

tag: table

text:
^[I] The performing artist is only listed but does not receive the award.
^[II] Showing the name of the songwriter(s), the nominated song and in parentheses the performer's name(s).

tag: ul


document_title: Grammy Award for Best Country Song

question_text: who won the grammy for best country song

text: Grammy Award for Best Country Song

text:
Year
Songwriter(s)
Title
Artist(s)
Nominees
(Performer(s) in parentheses)
Ref.

2018
Mike Henderson & Chris Stapleton
"Broken Halos"
Chris Stapleton

Taylor Swift for "Better Man" (Little Big Town)
Zach Crowell, Sam Hunt, Shane McAnally & Josh Osborne for "Body Like a Back Road" (Sam Hunt)
Jess Carson, Cameron Duddy, Shane McAnally, Josh Osborne & Mark Wystrach for "Drinkin' Problem" (Midland)
Jack Ingram, Miranda Lambert & Jon Randall for "Tin Man" (Miranda Lambert)

[1]

2017
Lori McKenna
"Humble and Kind"
Tim McGraw

Clint Langenberg, Hillary Lindsey & Steven Lee Olsen for "Blue Ain't Your Color" (Keith Urban)
Sean Douglas, Thomas Rhett & Joe Spargur for "Die a Happy Man" (Thomas Rhett)
Michael James Ryan Busbee & Maren Morris for "My Church" (Maren Morris)
Miranda Lambert, Shane McAnally & Josh Osborne for "Vice" (Miranda Lambert)

[2]

2016
Hillary Lindsey, Lori McKenna & Liz Rose
"Girl Crush"
Little Big Town

Hayes Carll for "Chances Are" (Lee Ann Womack)
Barry Dean, Luke Laird & Jonathan Singleton for "Diamond Rings and Old Barstools" (Tim McGraw)
Brandy Clark & Mark Stephen Jones for "Hold My Hand" (Brandy Clark)
Chris Stapleton for "Traveller" (Chris Stapleton)

[3]

2015
Glen Campbell & Julian Raymond
I'm Not Gonna Miss You !"I'm Not Gonna Miss You"
Glen Campbell

Rodney Clawson, Luke Laird & Shane McAnally for "American Kids" (Kenny Chesney)
Nicolle Galyon, Natalie Hemby & Miranda Lambert for "Automatic" (Miranda Lambert)
Eric Church & Luke Laird for "Give Me Back My Hometown" (Eric Church)
Tom Douglas, Jaren Johnston & Jeffrey Steele for "Meanwhile Back at Mama's" (Tim McGraw featuring Faith Hill)

[3]

2014
Shane McAnally, Kacey Musgraves & Josh Osborne
Merry Go 'Round !"Merry Go 'Round"
Kacey Musgraves

Taylor Swift for "Begin Again" (Taylor Swift)
Jessi Alexander, Connie Harrington & Jimmy Yeary for "I Drive Your Truck" (Lee Brice)
Brandy Clark, Shane McAnally & Kacey Musgraves for "Mama's Broken Heart" (Miranda Lambert)
Jessi Alexander, Connie Harrington & Deric Ruttan for "Mine Would Be You" (Blake Shelton)

[4]

2013
Josh Kear & Chris Tompkins
Blown Away !"Blown Away"
Carrie Underwood

Philip Coleman & Ronnie Dunn for "Cost of Livin' " (Ronnie Dunn)
Will Hoge & Eric Paslay for "Even If It Breaks Your Heart" (Eli Young Band)
Jay Knowles & Adam Wright for "So You Don't Have to Love Me Anymore" (Alan Jackson)
Eric Church, Jeff Hyde & Ryan Tyndell for "Springsteen" (Eric Church)

2012
Taylor Swift
Mean !"Mean"
Taylor Swift

Jim Collins & David Lee Murphy for "Are You Gonna Kiss Me Or Not" (Thompson Square)
Dave Barnes for "God Gave Me You" (Blake Shelton)
Casey Beathard, Monty Criswell & Ed Hill for "Just Fishin'" (Trace Adkins)
Vince Gill, Amy Grant, Will Owsley & Dillan O'Brian for "Threaten Me with Heaven" (Vince Gill)
Matraca Berg & Deana Carter for "You and Tequila" (Kenny Chesney featuring Grace Potter)

2011
Dave Haywood, Josh Kear, Charles Kelley & Hillary Scott
Need You Now !"Need You Now"
Lady Antebellum

Casey Beathard, Dean Dillon & Jessie Jo Dillon for "The Breath You Take" (George Strait)
Zac Brown for "Free" (Zac Brown Band)
Tom Douglas & Allen Shamblin for "The House That Built Me" (Miranda Lambert)
Rivers Rutherford, Annie Tate & Sam Tate for "I'd Love to Be Your Last" (Gretchen Wilson)
Kimberly Perry for "If I Die Young" (The Band Perry)

2010
Liz Rose & Taylor Swift
White Horse !"White Horse"
Taylor Swift

Casey Beathard & Tim James for "All I Ask For Anymore" (Trace Adkins)
Jamey Johnson & James T. Slater for "High Cost of Living" (Jamey Johnson)
Tom Douglas, Dave Haywood, Charles Kelley & Hillary Scott for "I Run to You" (Lady Antebellum)
Bobby Braddock & Troy Jones for "People Are Crazy" (Billy Currington)

text:
Year
Songwriter(s)
Title
Artist(s)
Nominees
(Performer(s) in parentheses)
Ref.

2009
Jennifer Nettles
Stay !"Stay"
Sugarland

Ashley Gorley & Bob Regan for "Dig Two Graves" (Randy Travis)
Rodney Clawson, Monty Criswell & Wade Kirby for "I Saw God Today" (George Strait)
Jamey Johnson, Lee Thomas Miller & James Otto for "In Color" (Jamey Johnson)
Ashley Gorley & Lee Thomas Miller for "You're Gonna Miss This" (Trace Adkins)

2008
Chris Tompkins & Josh Kear
Before He Cheats !"Before He Cheats"
Carrie Underwood

Bill Anderson, Buddy Cannon & Jamey Johnson for "Give It Away" (George Strait)
Tony Lane & David Lee for "I Need You" (Tim McGraw featuring Faith Hill)
Tim McGraw, Brad Warren & Brett Warren for "If You're Reading This" (Tim McGraw)
Brett Beavers, Dierks Bentley & Steve Bogard for "Long Trip Alone" (Dierks Bentley)

2007
Hillary Lindsey, Brett James & Gordie Sampson
Jesus, Take the Wheel !"Jesus, Take the Wheel"
Carrie Underwood

Brett Beavers, Dierks Bentley & Steve Bogard for "Every Mile a Memory" (Dierks Bentley)
Matraca Berg & Jim Collins for "I Don't Feel Like Loving You Today" (Gretchen Wilson)
Melanie Castleman & Robert Lee Castleman for "Like Red on a Rose" (Alan Jackson)
Steve Robson & Jeffrey Steele for "What Hurts the Most" (Rascal Flatts)

2006
Bobby Boyd, Jeff Hanna & Marcus Hummon
Bless the Broken Road !"Bless the Broken Road"
Rascal Flatts

Brad Paisley for "Alcohol" (Brad Paisley)
Vicky McGehee, John Rich & Gretchen Wilson for "All Jacked Up" (Gretchen Wilson)
Keb Mo', Martie Maguire, Natalie Maines & Emily Robison for "I Hope" (Dixie Chicks)
Odie Blackmon for "I May Hate Myself in the Morning" (Lee Ann Womack)

2005
Tim Nichols & Craig Wiseman
Live Like You Were Dying !"Live Like You Were Dying"
Tim McGraw

Rodney Crowell & Vince Gill for "It's Hard to Kiss The Lips at Night That Chew Your Ass Out All Day Long" (Notorious Cherry Bombs)
Loretta Lynn for "Miss Being Mrs." (Loretta Lynn)
Loretta Lynn & Allen Shamblin for "Portland Oregon" (Loretta Lynn & Jack White)
John Rich & Gretchen Wilson for "Redneck Woman" (Gretchen Wilson)

2004
Jim "Moose" Brown & Don Rollins
It's Five O'Clock Somewhere !"It's Five O'Clock Somewhere"
Alan Jackson & Jimmy Buffett

Scotty Emerick & Toby Keith for "Beer for My Horses" (Willie Nelson & Toby Keith)
Brad Paisley for "Celebrity" (Brad Paisley)
Robert John "Mutt" Lange & Shania Twain for "Forever And For Always" (Shania Twain)
Pat Green, David Neuhauser & Justin Pollard for "Wave on Wave" (Pat Green)

2003
Alan Jackson
Where Were You (When the World Stopped Turning) !"Where Were You (When the World Stopped Turning)"
Alan Jackson

Kelley Lovelace & Lee Thomas Miller for "The Impossible" (Joe Nichols)
Darrell Scott for "Long Time Gone" (Dixie Chicks)
Matt Serletic & Bernie Taupin for "Mendocino County Line" (Willie Nelson & Lee Ann Womack)
Radney Foster & Pat Green for "Three Days" (Pat Green)

2002
Robert Lee Castleman
The Lucky One !"The Lucky One"
Alison Krauss & Union Station

Gary Baker, Richie McDonald & Frank Myers for "I'm Already There" (Lonestar)
Steven Dale Jones & Bobby Tomberlin for "One More Day" (Diamond Rio)
Lisa Drew, Jamie O'Neal & Shaye Smith for "There Is No Arizona" (Jamie O'Neal)
Roxie Dean, Jamie O'Neal & Sonny Tillis for "When I Think About Angels" (Jamie O'Neal)

2001
Mark D. Sanders & Tia Sillers
I Hope You Dance !"I Hope You Dance"
Lee Ann Womack

Stephanie Bentley & Holly Lamar for "Breathe" (Faith Hill)
Vince Gill for "Feels Like Love" (Vince Gill)
Don Cook & David Malloy for "One Voice" (Billy Gilman)
Michael Dulaney & Keith Follese for "The Way You Love Me" (Faith Hill)

2000
Robert John "Mutt" Lange & Shania Twain
Come On Over !"Come On Over"
Shania Twain

Marv Green, Chris Lindsey and Aimee Mayo for "Amazed" (Lonestar)
Mike Curtis & Billy Yates for "Choices" (George Jones)
Marcus Hummon & Martie Seidel for "Ready to Run" (Dixie Chicks)
Bill Anderson & Steve Wariner for "Two Teardrops" (Steve Wariner)

text:
Year
Songwriter(s)
Title
Artist(s)
Nominees
(Performer(s) in parentheses)
Ref.

1999
Robert John "Mutt" Lange & Shania Twain
You're Still the One !"You're Still the One"
Shania Twain

Billy Kirsh & Steve Wariner for "Holes in the Floor of Heaven" (Steve Wariner)
Vince Gill & Troy Seals for "If You Ever Have Forever in Mind" (Vince Gill)
Beth Nielsen Chapman, Robin Lerner & Annie Roboff for "This Kiss" (Faith Hill)
Bob Dylan for "To Make You Feel My Love" (Garth Brooks)

1998
Bob Carlisle & Randy Thomas
Butterfly Kisses !"Butterfly Kisses"
Bob Carlisle, Jeff Carson & the Raybon Brothers

Pam Tillis for "All the Good Ones Are Gone" (Pam Tillis)
Deana Carter & Rhonda Hart for "Did I Shave My Legs For This?" (Deana Carter)
Bobby Wood, John Peppard & Garth Brooks for "In Another's Eyes" (Garth Brooks & Trisha Yearwood)
Stephony Smith for "It's Your Love" (Tim McGraw & Faith Hill)

1997
Bill Mack
Blue !"Blue"
LeAnn Rimes

Angelo Petraglia, Larry Gottlieb & Kim Richey for "Believe Me Baby (I Lied)" (Trisha Yearwood)
Vince Gill for "High Lonesome Sound" (Vince Gill featuring Alison Krauss & Union Station)
Junior Brown for "My Wife Thinks You're Dead" (Junior Brown)
Matraca Berg & Gary Harrison for "Strawberry Wine" (Deana Carter)

1996
Vince Gill
Go Rest High on That Mountain !"Go Rest High on That Mountain"
Vince Gill

Robert John "Mutt" Lange & Shania Twain for "Any Man Of Mine" (Shania Twain)
Bob McDill for "Gone Country" (Alan Jackson)
Maribeth Derry, Steve Diamond & Jennifer Kimball for "I Can Love You Like That" (John Michael Montgomery)
Gretchen Peters for "You Don't Even Know Who I Am" (Patty Loveless)

1995
Gary Baker & Frank J. Myers
"I Swear"
John Michael Montgomery

Burton Banks Collins & Karen Taylor-Good for "How Can I Help You Say Goodbye" (Patty Loveless)
Gretchen Peters for "Independence Day" (Martina McBride)
Mary Chapin Carpenter for "Shut Up and Kiss Me" (Mary Chapin Carpenter)
Vince Gill & Michael Omartian for "When Love Finds You" (Vince Gill)

1994
Lucinda Williams
"Passionate Kisses"
Mary Chapin Carpenter

Kostas & James House for "Ain't That Lonely Yet" (Dwight Yoakam)
Alan Jackson & Jim McBride for "Chattahoochee" (Alan Jackson)
Sandy Knox & Billy Stretch for "Does He Love You" (Reba McEntire & Linda Davis)
Mary Chapin Carpenter for "The Hard Way" (Mary Chapin Carpenter)

1993
Vince Gill & John Barlow Jarvis
"I Still Believe in You"
Vince Gill

Don Von Tress for "Achy Breaky Heart" (Billy Ray Cyrus)
Richard Leigh & Layng Martine Jr. for "The Greatest Man I Never Knew" (Reba McEntire)
Mary Chapin Carpenter & Don Schlitz for "I Feel Lucky" (Mary Chapin Carpenter)
Dave Loggins for "She Is His Only Need" (Wynonna Judd)

1992
John Barlow Jarvis, Naomi Judd & Paul Overstreet
"Love Can Build a Bridge"
The Judds

Alan Jackson, Roger Murrah & Keith Stegall for "Don't Rock the Jukebox" (Alan Jackson)
Mary Chapin Carpenter for "Down at the Twist and Shout" (Mary Chapin Carpenter)
Dolly Parton for "Eagle When She Flies" (Dolly Parton)
Travis Tritt for "Here's a Quarter (Call Someone Who Cares)" (Travis Tritt)

1991
Don Henry & Jon Vezner
"Where've You Been"
Kathy Mattea

K.T. Oslin, Rory Michael Bourke & Charlie Black for "Come Next Monday" (K.T. Oslin)
Tony Arata for "The Dance" (Garth Brooks)
DeWayne Blackwell & Earl Bud Lee for "Friends in Low Places" (Garth Brooks)
Vince Gill & Tim DuBois for "When I Call Your Name" (Vince Gill)

1990
Rodney Crowell
"After All This Time"
Rodney Crowell

Clint Black & Hayden Nicholas for "A Better Man" (Clint Black)
k.d. lang & Ben Mink for "Luck in My Eyes" (k.d. lang)
John Hiatt for "She Don't Love Nobody" (The Desert Rose Band)
Hank Williams for "There's a Tear in My Beer" (Hank Williams & Hank Williams Jr.)

text:
Year
Songwriter(s)
Title
Artist(s)
Nominees
(Performer(s) in parentheses)
Ref.

1989
K. T. Oslin
"Hold Me"
K. T. Oslin

Vern Gosdin & Max D. Barnes for "Chiseled in Stone" (Vern Gosdin)
Rodney Crowell for "I Couldn't Leave You If I Tried" (Rodney Crowell)
Lyle Lovett for "She's No Lady" (Lyle Lovett)
Homer Joy for "Streets of Bakersfield" (Dwight Yoakam with Buck Owens)

1988
Paul Overstreet & Don Schlitz
"Forever and Ever, Amen"
Randy Travis

Sanger D. Shafer & Lyndia J. Shafer for "All My Ex's Live in Texas" (George Strait)
K. T. Oslin for "80's Ladies" (K. T. Oslin)
Todd Cerney, Mary Ann Kennedy, Pat Bunch & Pam Rose for "I'll Still Be Loving You" (Restless Heart)
Betsy Cook & Linda Thompson for "Telling Me Lies" (Dolly Parton, Linda Ronstadt & Emmylou Harris)

1987
Jamie O'Hara
"Grandpa (Tell Me 'Bout the Good Ol' Days)"
The Judds

Holly Dunn for "Daddy's Hands" (Holly Dunn)
Steve Earle for "Guitar Town" (Steve Earle)
Dwight Yoakam for "Guitars, Cadillacs" (Dwight Yoakam)
Kendal Franceschi & Quentin Powers for "Whoever's in New England" (Reba McEntire)

1986
Jimmy Webb
"Highwayman"
The Highwaymen

Bob McDill for "Baby's Got Her Blue Jeans On" (Mel McDaniel)
Guy Clark for "Desperados Waiting for a Train" (The Highwaymen)
Dave Loggins, Lisa Silver & Don Schlitz for "40 Hour Week (For a Livin')" (Alabama)
Rosanne Cash & Rodney Crowell for "I Don't Know Why You Don't Want Me" (Rosanne Cash)
Mike Reid, Troy Seals & Fred Parris for "Lost in the Fifties Tonight (In the Still of the Night)" (Ronnie Milsap)
Kent Robbins for "Love Is Alive" (The Judds)

1985
Steve Goodman
"City of New Orleans"
Willie Nelson

Hank Williams Jr. for "All My Rowdy Friends Are Coming Over Tonight" (Hank Williams Jr.)
J. D. Souther for "Faithless Love" (Glen Campbell)
Lee Greenwood for "God Bless the U.S.A." (Lee Greenwood)
Kenny O'Dell for "Mama He's Crazy" (The Judds)

1984
Mike Reid
"Stranger in My House"
Ronnie Milsap

Deborah Allen, Rory Bourke & Rafe Van Hoy for "Baby I Lied" (Deborah Allen)
Kerry Chater & Austin Roberts for "I.O.U." (Lee Greenwood)
Randy Owen for "Lady Down on Love" (Alabama)
Tommy Rocco, Charlie Black & Rory Bourke for "A Little Good News" (Anne Murray)

1983
Wayne Carson, Johnny Christopher & Mark James
"Always on My Mind"
Willie Nelson

Dewayne Blackwell for "I'm Gonna Hire a Wino to Decorate Our Home" (David Frizzell)
Kye Fleming & Dennis Morgan for "Nobody" (Sylvia)
Don Goodman, Pam Rose & Mary Ann Kennedy for "Ring on Her Finger, Time on Her Hands" (Lee Greenwood)
Tim DuBois for "She Got the Goldmine (I Got the Shaft)" (Jerry Reed)

1982
Dolly Parton
"9 to 5"
Dolly Parton

Dallas Frazier for "Elvira" (The Oak Ridge Boys)
Kye Fleming & Dennis Morgan for "I Was Country When Country Wasn't Cool" (Barbara Mandrell)
Ed Penney & Jerry Gillespie for "Somebody's Knockin'" (Terri Gibbs)
Larry Collins & Sandy Pinkard for "You're the Reason God Made Oklahoma" (David Frizzell & Shelly West)

1981
Willie Nelson
"On the Road Again"
Willie Nelson

David Malloy, Eddie Rabbitt & Even Stevens for "Drivin' My Life Away" (Eddie Rabbitt)
Bobby Braddock & Curly Putman for "He Stopped Loving Her Today" (George Jones)
Roger Cook & Sam Hogin for "I Believe in You" (Don Williams)
Bob Morrison, Wanda Mallette & Patti Ryan for "Lookin' for Love" (Johnny Lee)

1980
Debbie Hupp & Bob Morrison
"You Decorated My Life"
Kenny Rogers

Larry Gatlin for "All the Gold in California" (Larry Gatlin & the Gatlin Brothers)
Johnny Mullins for "Blue Kentucky Girl" (Emmylou Harris)
Milton Brown, Steve Dorff & Snuff Garrett for "Every Which Way But Loose" (Eddie Rabbitt)
David Bellamy for "If I Said You Had a Beautiful Body Would You Hold It Against Me" (The Bellamy Brothers)

text:
Year
Songwriter(s)
Title
Artist(s)
Nominees
(Performer(s) in parentheses)

1979
Don Schlitz
"The Gambler"
Kenny Rogers

Jan Dyer & Jeffrey Tweel for "Every Time Two Fools Collide" (Kenny Rogers & Dottie West)
Archie Jordan & Naomi Martin for "Let's Take the Long Way Around the World" (Ronnie Milsap)
Ed Bruce & Patsy Bruce for "Mamas Don't Let Your Babies Grow Up to Be Cowboys" (Willie Nelson & Waylon Jennings)
David Allen Coe for "Take This Job and Shove It" (Johnny Paycheck)

1978
Richard Leigh
"Don't It Make My Brown Eyes Blue"
Crystal Gayle

Glenn Frey & Don Henley for "Desperado" (Johnny Rodriguez)
Archie Jordan & Hal David for "It Was Almost Like a Song" (Ronnie Milsap)
Roger Bowling & Hal Bynum for "Lucille" (Kenny Rogers)
Bobby Emmons & Chips Moman for "Luckenbach, Texas" (Waylon Jennings)

1977
Larry Gatlin
"Broken Lady"
Larry Gatlin

Bob McDill & Dickey Lee for "The Door is Always Open" (Dave & Sugar)
Paul Craft for "Dropkick Me Jesus" (Bobby Bare)
Charlie Rich & Billy Sherrill for "Everytime You Touch Me I Get High (Charlie Rich)
Paul Craft for "Hank Williams You Wrote My Life" (Moe Bandy)

1976
Chips Moman & Larry Butler
"(Hey Won't You Play) Another Somebody Done Somebody Wrong Song"
B. J. Thomas

Vivian Keith & Ben Peters for "Before the Next Teardrop Falls" (Freddy Fender)
Fred Rose for "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain" (Willie Nelson)
Jessi Colter for "I'm Not Lisa" (Jessi Colter)
John Martin Sommers for "Thank God I'm a Country Boy" (John Denver)

1975
Norro Wilson & Billy Sherrill
"A Very Special Love Song"
Charlie Rich

Anita Pointer & Bonnie Pointer for "Fairytale" (The Pointer Sisters)
Ray Pennington for "I'm a Ramblin' Man" (Waylon Jennings)
Merle Haggard for "If We Make it Through December" (Merle Haggard)
Janice Torre & Fred Spielman for "Paper Roses" (Marie Osmond)

1974
Kenny O'Dell
"Behind Closed Doors"
Charlie Rich

Billy Davis & Dottie West for "Country Sunshine" (Dottie West)
Rory Bourke, Billy Sherrill & Norro Wilson for "The Most Beautiful Girl" (Charlie Rich)
Tom T. Hall for "Old Dogs, Children, and Watermelon Wine" (Tom T. Hall)
Kris Kristofferson for "Why Me" (Kris Kristofferson)

1973
Ben Peters
"Kiss an Angel Good Mornin'"
Charley Pride

Alex Harvey & Larry Collins for "Delta Dawn" (Tanya Tucker)
Donna Fargo for "Funny Face" (Donna Fargo)
Donna Fargo for "The Happiest Girl in the Whole USA" (Donna Fargo)
Gary S. Paxton for "Woman (Sensuous Woman)" (Don Gibson)

1972
Kris Kristofferson
"Help Me Make It Through the Night"
Sammi Smith

Freddie Hart for "Easy Loving" (Freddie Hart)
Kris Kristofferson for "For the Good Times" (Ray Price)
Kris Kristofferson & Fred Foster for "Me and Bobby McGee" (Gordon Lightfoot)
Joe South for "(I Never Promised You a) Rose Garden" (Lynn Anderson)

1971
Marty Robbins
"My Woman, My Woman, My Wife"
Marty Robbins

Merle Haggard for "The Fightin' Side of Me" (Merle Haggard)
Conway Twitty for "Hello Darlin'" (Conway Twitty)
Glenn Martin & Dave Kirby for "Is Anybody Goin' to San Antone" (Charley Pride)
Bill Rice for "Wonder Could I Live There Anymore" (Charley Pride)

1970
Shel Silverstein
"A Boy Named Sue"
Johnny Cash

Dallas Frazier & A. L. Owens for "All I Have To Offer You is Me" (Charley Pride)
Billy Sherrill & Tammy Wynette for "Stand by Your Man" (Tammy Wynette)
Don Sumner for "The Things That Matter" (Van Trevor)
Marty Robbins for "You Gave Me a Mountain" (Marty Robbins)

text:
Year
Songwriter(s)
Title
Artist(s)
Nominees
(Performer(s) in parentheses)

1969
Bobby Russell
"Little Green Apples"
Roger Miller

Curly Putman & Bobby Braddock for "D-I-V-O-R-C-E" (Tammy Wynette)
Tom T. Hall for "Harper Valley PTA" (Jeannie C. Riley)
Bobby Russell for "Honey" (Bobby Goldsboro)
Glenn Tubb & Jack Moran for "Skip a Rope" (Henson Cargill)

1968
John Hartford
"Gentle on My Mind"
Glen Campbell

John D. Loudermilk for "Break My Mind" (George Hamilton IV)
Bill Anderson for "The Cold Hard Facts of Life" (Porter Wagoner)
Don Robertson, John Crutchfield & Doris Clement for "Does My Ring Hurt Your Finger" (Charley Pride)
Dale Noe for "It's Such a Pretty World Today" (Wynn Stewart)

1967
Billy Sherrill & Glenn Sutton
"Almost Persuaded"
David Houston

Hank Cochran for "Don't Touch Me" (Jeannie Seely)
Roger Miller for "Husbands and Wives" (Roger Miller)
Tompall Glaser & Harlan Howard for "The Streets of Baltimore" (Bobby Bare)
Dallas Frazier for "There Goes My Everything (Jack Greene)

1966
Roger Miller
"King of the Road"
Roger Miller

Ted Harris for "Crystal Chandelier" (Charley Pride)
Lew DeWitt for "Flowers on the Wall" (The Statler Brothers)
Neal Merritt for "May the Bird of Paradise Fly Up Your Nose" (Little Jimmy Dickens)
Carl Belew, B. J. Moore, Eddie Busch for "What's He Doing in My World" (Eddy Arnold)

1965
Roger Miller
"Dang Me"
Roger Miller

Dottie West & Bill West for "Here Comes My Baby" (Dottie West)
Bill Anderson for "Once a Day" (Connie Smith)
Betty Sue Perry for "Wine, Women, and Song" (Loretta Lynn)
Sonny James & Bob Tubert for "You're the Only World I Know" (Sonny James)


document_title: Eddie and the Cruisers

question_text: who played eddie in eddie and the cruisers

text: Eddie and the Cruisers

text: Plot[edit]

text: A television reporter named Maggie Foley (Ellen Barkin) investigates the mysterious disappearance of legendary rock star Eddie Wilson (Michael Paré). Flashbacks dramatize Eddie's life and the rise and fall of his rock and roll band, Eddie and the Cruisers.

tag: p

text: The band gets its start at a Somers Point, New Jersey club called Tony Mart's. Not adept at writing lyrics, Eddie hires Frank Ridgeway (Tom Berenger) aka "Wordman" to be the band's keyboard player and lyricist, over the protests of band manager Doc Robbins (Joe Pantoliano) and bassist Sal Amato (Matthew Laurance). Rounding out the Cruisers are saxophonist Wendell Newton (Michael "Tunes" Antunes), background singer and Eddie's girlfriend Joann Carlino (Helen Schneider), and drummer Kenny Hopkins (David Wilson).

text: The band's first album, Tender Years, became a major hit album. But recording their next album, A Season in Hell, turns out to be a nightmare. Inspired by the bleak, fatalistic poetry of Arthur Rimbaud, Eddie pushes his bandmates beyond their limits, musically and personally. Eddie wants to be great, but bassist Sal replies, "We ain't great. We're just some guys from Jersey." Eddie makes this clear that if the band cannot be great, there is no reason to ever play music again. A Season in Hell is ultimately rejected by Satin Records on the grounds that it is "dark and strange". In the early morning hours, Eddie's car crashes through the railing and over the Stainton Memorial Causeway. Eddie vanishes without a trace, his body never found.

text: Almost 20 years later, Satin re-releases the band's first album, which charts even higher than it did originally. A television documentary is soon in the works, exploring the mystery of the band's second album, which had disappeared from the vaults of Satin Records the day after Eddie's disappearance. All of the original Cruisers are set to participate in it except Eddie and Wendell Newton, who had died of an overdose in August 1963 at age 37. The others are now living ordinary lives: Sal Amato fronts a Cruisers tribute band. Ridgeway is a high school English teacher in Vineland. Doc works as a radio disc jockey in Asbury Park. Joann is a stage choreographer in Wildwood, and Hopkins works in an Atlantic City casino.

text: During the documentary interviews, the band expresses a desire to relive the past, even though many of their memories are humiliating. For example, during a concert at Benton College, where Frank was once a student, Eddie ridicules Frank repeatedly by referring to him as "Toby Tyler". The other Cruisers members share similar stories.

text: Joann is able to complete the one piece of the puzzle that Frank could not: revealing what happened to the band's second album. After storming from the studio, Eddie brought her to the Palace of Depression, a makeshift castle made of garbage and junk that he visited often as a child. She reveals it was in fact she who took the master tapes for the album from Satin Records, hiding them in the Palace of Depression, where she felt they belonged.

text: Frank and Joann go back to the Palace of Depression to retrieve the master tapes. A mystery man driving a blue '57 Chevy Bel Air convertible identical to Eddie's arrives at the house and calls to Joann. But before she can reach the car, Frank unmasks the impostor, revealing him to be Doc, who was after the master tapes all these years. Moved by his story, Frank and Joann give him the master tapes. Doc drives off into the night vowing that the Cruisers will finally conquer the world this time.

text: In a surprise reveal at the ending, a bearded, much older looking Eddie is shown alive, watching the ending credits of Foley's documentary tribute to him and the band roll through the window of an appliance store. He smiles serenely, proud to know that his work is finally being heard, and then disappears into the night.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Tom Berenger as Frank Ridgeway
Michael Paré as Eddie Wilson
Joe Pantoliano as Doc Robbins
Matthew Laurance as Sal Amato
Helen Schneider as Joann Carlino
David Wilson as Kenny Hopkins
Michael "Tunes" Antunes as Wendell Newton
Ellen Barkin as Maggie Foley
Joanne Collins as Regina Lewis

text: Cast notes[edit]

text: Only two cast members, Michael "Tunes" Antunes, the tenor saxophone player for John Cafferty & The Beaver Brown Band, and backup singer Helen Schneider were professional musicians in the fictional band.

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: Martin Davidson has said that the inspiration for the film came from a desire to "get all my feelings about the music of the last 30 years of rock music into it."[2] He optioned P. F. Kluge's novel with his own money and at great financial risk.[3] He wrote the screenplay with Arlene Davidson and decided to use a Citizen Kane-style story structure. He remembered, "That was in my head: the search."[4]

text: Davidson made a deal with Time-Life, a company that was going into the movie-making business. However, it quickly left the business after making two films that were not financially successful. He was understandably upset and a couple of days later he went out to dinner and met a secretary who had worked on his first film.[3] He told her what had happened to his film, and she gave his script for Eddie and the Cruisers to her business partners. In a relatively short time, a deal was struck with Aurora and Davidson was given a $6 million budget.

text: Shooting[edit]

text: In order to get a credible looking and sounding band for the film, Davidson hired Kenny Vance, one of the original members of Jay and the Americans.[4] He showed Davidson his scrapbook, the places the band performed, the car they drove in, and how they transported their instruments. Vance also told Davidson stories about the band, some of which he incorporated into the script.[4] Tom Berenger has said that he did not try to learn piano for the film but did practice keyboards for hours in his trailer.[5] Matthew Laurance actually learned how to play the bass through rehearsals. Only Michael "Tunes" Antunes, the tenor saxophone player for John Cafferty and the Beaver Brown Band, and Helen Schneider were professional musicians in the cast.[6]

text: Michael Paré was discovered in a New York City restaurant working as a chef. He said of his role in the film that it was "a thrill I've never experienced. It's a really weird high. For a few moments, you feel like a king, a god. It's scary, a dangerous feeling. If you take it too seriously ..."[5]

text: Davidson had the actors who played in Eddie's band rehearse as if they were getting ready for a real concert. Pare remembers, "The first time we played together - as a band - was a college concert. An odd thing happened. At first, the extras simply did what they were told. Then, as the music heated up, so did the audience. They weren't play-acting anymore. The screaming, stomping and applause became spontaneous."[6] Davidson recalls, "One by one, kids began standing up in their seats, screaming and raising their hands in rhythmic applause. A few girls made a dash for the stage, tearing at Michael's shirt. We certainly hadn't told them to do that. But we kept the cameras rolling."[6] Additionally, New Jersey musician Southside Johnny was hired as a technical advisor for the film.[7]

text: Ellen Barkin, who has the small role of the television reporter, Maggie Foley, later said that she "hated" making the film:

text: That was what we liked to call a "pay the rent" job. It wasn't a script I liked, but I remember my agent at the time saying, "Look, you only have to work two weeks, and they're going to pay you a lot of money. We'll just say it was your first movie and they just didn't release it." I think people were all fucked up on drugs. I don't know. I was a little removed, because I wasn't on the movie the whole time, but it seemed like it was just a mess. Like, when I'd go, I'd think--I like to make a movie where I know who the boss is. I like a big boss. I like a real director. And it seemed like it was just, "Who's driving the ship here? What's going on?"[8]

text: According to Davidson, when he completed the film, three different studios wanted to distribute it, and he went with Embassy Pictures because they offered him the most money. However, they had no prior experience in distribution and were unable to properly release it in theaters. Davidson remembered, "And six months later, somebody said, 'Your picture is appearing on HBO this weekend,' and I didn't even know."[9]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text: Vance asked Davidson to describe his fictitious band and their music. Initially, Davidson said that the Cruisers sounded like Dion and the Belmonts, but when they meet Frank, they have elements of Jim Morrison and The Doors.[4] However, Davidson did not want to lose sight of the fact that the Cruisers were essentially a Jersey bar band, and he thought of Bruce Springsteen and the E Street Band. The filmmaker told Vance to find him someone that could produce music that contained elements of these three bands.[4] Davidson was getting close to rehearsals when Vance called him and said that he had found the band--John Cafferty & The Beaver Brown Band from Providence, Rhode Island.

text: Davidson met the band and realized that they closely resembled the band as described in the script, right down to a Cape Verdean saxophone player, whom he cast in the film.[10] Initially, Cafferty was only hired to write a few songs for the film, but he did such a good job of capturing the feeling of the 1960s and 1980s that Davidson asked him to score the entire film.[6]

text: After successful screenings on HBO in 1984, the album suddenly climbed the charts, going quadruple platinum. The studio re-released the soundtrack in the fall of 1984.[11] Nine months after the film was released in theaters, the main song in the film, "On the Dark Side," was the number one song in the country on Billboard's Mainstream, Rock, and Heatseeker charts;[12] and #7 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart.[13][14] Another single from the film, "Tender Years", peaked at #31 on the Billboard Hot 100.[15]

text: Reaction[edit]

text: Eddie and the Cruisers was originally intended to open during the summer, but a scheduling error resulted in a September release, when its target audience - teenagers - were back in school.[10] The film had its world premiere at Deauville.[16] Embassy Pictures threw a promotional party for the film at a West Hollywood dance club in September, 1983 where Cafferty and his band played.[2]

text: The film was a box office flop, receiving many negative to mixed reviews from critics(see below). The film was released in theaters on September 23, 1983 and grossed $1.4 million on its opening weekend. It would go on to make a paltry $4.7 million in North America.[17] The film was pulled from theaters after three weeks and all of the promotional ads pulled after one week.[10]

text: In the fall of 1984, the single "On the Dark Side" from the soundtrack album suddenly climbed the charts, as the film was rediscovered on cable television and home video, prompting the studio to briefly re-release the album.

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: Eddie and the Cruisers was not well received by critics. Roger Ebert gave the film two out of four stars and wrote, "the ending is so frustrating, so dumb, so unsatisfactory, that it gives a bad reputation to the whole movie."[18]

text: In her review for The New York Times, Janet Maslin wrote, "Some of the details ring uncannily true, like the slick oldies nightclub act that one of the Cruisers is still doing nearly 20 years after Eddie's supposed death. Other aspects of the film are inexplicably wrong. Eddie's music sounds good, but it also sounds a lot like Bruce Springsteen's, and it would not have been the rage in 1963." However, she did praise Paré's performance: "Mr. Paré makes a fine debut; he captures the manner of a hot-blooded young rocker with great conviction, and his lip-synching is almost perfect."[19]

text: Gary Arnold, in the Washington Post, wrote, "At any rate, it seemed to me that what Eddie and the Cruisers aspired to do was certainly worth doing. The problem is that it finally lacks the storytelling resources to tell enough of an intriguing story about a musical mystery man."[20]

text: Re-release[edit]

text: In 1984, Eddie and the Cruisers was discovered by additional audiences during its first pay cable run on HBO.[12] Embassy Pictures re-released the film for one week based on successful summer cable screenings and a popular radio single, but it once again failed to perform at the box office.[21] Looking back, Davidson said, "that picture should have been a theatrical success. There was an audience for it. People still watch it and still tell me about it."[12]

text: Davidson was offered the job of directing a sequel to the film, but he was not keen on the idea and wanted no participation.[12] The eventual project, which, unlike the first, had had no source novel from Kluge as its basis, was released as Eddie and the Cruisers II: Eddie Lives! in 1989.


document_title: The Real Housewives of Orange County

question_text: when do real housewives of orange county start

text: The Real Housewives of Orange County

text: Overview and casting[edit]

text: In April 2005, The Real Housewives was announced as one of six reality television series ordered by the American television channel Bravo;[1] before its premiere, it was renamed The Real Housewives of Orange County in January 2006.[2] One of its producers, Scott Dunlop, commented that it was originally planned to be set in a single gated community in Coto de Caza, California.[3] A press release issued by the network noted that the series was inspired by the scripted soap operas Desperate Housewives and Peyton Place, and would document the lives of upper-class women who "lead glamorous lives in a picturesque Southern California gated community where the average home has a $1.6 million price tag and residents include CEOs and retired professional athletes."[2]

text: Its original main housewives were Kimberly Bryant, Jo De La Rosa, Vicki Gunvalson, Jeana Keough and Lauri Waring (now Peterson). Bryant left after the first season, and was replaced by Tammy Knickerbocker beginning with the second season. De La Rosa exited the series after the second season; Tamra Judge (then Barney) joined the series in the third-season premiere, while Quinn Fry was introduced in the sixth episode. Knickerbocker and Fry left after the third season, while Gretchen Rossi was introduced in the fourth-season premiere. Peterson made her final appearance on the third episode of the fourth season, and was replaced by Lynne Curtin beginning with the fourth episode. Keough left the show after the sixth season; however, Keough was featured as a friend of the housewives in the seventh season and has made several guest appearances in later seasons. Curtin left after the fifth season; beginning with the sixth season Peggy Tanous and friend of the housewives Fernanda Rocha were introduced and only featured in the sixth season. Heather Dubrow and Lydia McLaughlin were respectively introduced in the seventh and eighth seasons, while Peterson appeared as a friend of the housewives in the eighth season.[4] Bellino, McLaughlin, Rossi and Peterson departed after the eighth season, and were replaced by starring housewives Shannon Beador and Lizzie Rovsek and friend of the housewives Danielle Gregorio in the ninth.[5] The tenth season saw Rovsek become a friend of the housewives,[6][7] the departure of Gregorio,[8] and the introduction of Meghan King Edmonds, alongside former housewives Keough, Knickerbocker and Curtin making guest appearances.[9][10]

text: In April 2016, Bravo announced that the series is renewed for an eleventh season.[11] On May 23, 2016, the network announced that all housewives from the previous season would return, with Kelly Dodd joining the cast, with former housewife Keough making a guest appearance. The eleventh season premiered on June 20, 2016.[12]

text: In April 2017, the series was officially renewed for its twelfth season.[13] Prior to, Dubrow announced her departure from the franchise, after five seasons.[14][15] In May 2017, it was announced that Dodd and McLaughlin, the latter of whom only appeared during the eighth season, would appear in the series' twelfth season.[16][17] In June 2017, it was announced Gunvalson, Beador, King Edmonds, Judge, would all return, alongside new housewife Peggy Sulahian, with former housewives Keough, Rossi, Tanous, and Rovsek making guest appearances. It premiered on July 10, 2017.[18][19][20]

text: Timeline of housewives[edit]

text:
Housewives
Seasons

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12

Kimberly Bryant
Main
Guest

Jo De La Rosa
Main
Guest

Vicki Gunvalson
Main

Jeana Keough
Main
Friend
Guest

Guest

Lauri Peterson
Main
Guest

Friend

Tammy Knickerbocker

Main
Guest

Guest

Tamra Judge

Main

Quinn Fry

Main

Guest

Gretchen Rossi

Main

Guest

Lynne Curtin

Main
Guest

Guest

Alexis Bellino

Main

Peggy Tanous

Main
Guest

Heather Dubrow

Main

Lydia McLaughlin

Main

Main

Shannon Beador

Main

Lizzie Rovsek

Main
Friend

Guest

Meghan King Edmonds

Guest
Main

Kelly Dodd

Main

Peggy Sulahian

Main

Friends of the housewives

Fernanda Rocha

Guest
Friend

Sarah Winchester

Guest
Friend

Danielle Gregorio

Friend

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired

First aired
Last aired

1
8
March 21, 2006 (2006-03-21)
May 9, 2006 (2006-05-09)

2
10
January 16, 2007 (2007-01-16)
March 20, 2007 (2007-03-20)

3
12
November 6, 2007 (2007-11-06)
January 29, 2008 (2008-01-29)

4
15
November 25, 2008 (2008-11-25)
June 11, 2009 (2009-06-11)

5
17
November 5, 2009 (2009-11-05)
March 11, 2010 (2010-03-11)

6
16
March 6, 2011 (2011-03-06)
June 20, 2011 (2011-06-20)

7
23
February 7, 2012 (2012-02-07)
July 24, 2012 (2012-07-24)

8
22
April 1, 2013 (2013-04-01)
September 1, 2013 (2013-09-01)

9
21
April 14, 2014 (2014-04-14)
September 8, 2014 (2014-09-08)

10
24
June 8, 2015 (2015-06-08)
November 12, 2015 (2015-11-12)

11
21
June 20, 2016 (2016-06-20)
November 21, 2016 (2016-11-21)

12
TBA
July 10, 2017 (2017-07-10)
TBA (TBA)

text: Spin-offs[edit]

text: Date My Ex: Jo & Slade became the first spin-off from The Real Housewives of Orange County; the dating game show documented De La Rosa as she began dating after moving to Los Angeles, where potential suitors were regularly surveyed by Smiley. It premiered on June 30, 2008 and ended on September 8, 2008 after broadcasting nine episodes during its first and only season.[21]

text: After becoming engaged to Judge in February 2013,[22] Barney was commissioned to star in the three-part spin-off special Tamra's OC Wedding.[23] It highlighted the preparations for their nuptials and was broadcast from September 2, 2013 until September 16, 2013.[23]