document_title: The Graham Norton Show

question_text: what channel is the graham norton show on in america

text: The Graham Norton Show

text: Programming[edit]

text: BBC Two[edit]

text: The show mirrors So and V with strong adult humour along with Graham's monologue at the beginning of the show and often a musical guest to play out over the credits. Although the rude objects in "Graham's drawer" did not survive, the phone calls and hidden camera surprises have. These surprises are sometimes based around the guests, such as Sarah Beeny's dating website, a TARDIS on the South Bank when David Tennant appeared and a wine-tasting group drinking Gérard Depardieu's wine whilst he was on the show. Some of the surprises, such as the wine-tasting, have been arranged through ideas submitted by viewers, stating where they will be when the show is recorded.[citation needed]

text: At the end of the show, after any band or artist performance, an extra 5 minute section of the show was recorded, known as the "Cooldown". This section was seen in an extended weekend repeat, called Graham Norton Uncut, and was also made available as a downloadable podcast. As well as showing the "Cooldown", it also included previously unseen parts from the original episode. This section often involved the audience, such as guessing an audience member's partner and playing mass charades.[citation needed]

text: After Graham's short monologue, he always introduced two guests. If there was a third guest, they were usually introduced later in the show. If the two guests are connected in some way (for example, Dustin Hoffman and his wife), they were the only ones introduced at the start. If musical guests were involved in the show, one of several things happened. Some performers, such as Enrique Iglesias, were on stage from the very beginning. Others, such as Gareth Gates came on stage about 5 to 7 minutes before their performance for a short interview. Also, some musical guests only performed during the end credits and participated in the Cooldown section of the programme. However, all bands performed during the credits and were interviewed in the Cooldown segment.[citation needed]

text: BBC One[edit]

text: Once the show moved to BBC One, it moved to Monday nights, and the guest list increased to three or occasionally four people, with an accompanying reduction in Norton's signature pieces. A typical show consisted of one big celebrity name, a comedian sitting in the aforementioned comedy chair and a well-known musical personality who would all be introduced after the monologue. Sometimes three guests are introduced at the top of the show with the musical guest brought in about 10 to 15 minutes before the end of the show.

text: Unlike the BBC Two show, the BBC One show does not end with the musical performance, but with a new audience participation segment called That's All We've Got Time For, where audience members sit in the famous red chair and begin to tell a humorous story. Graham and his guests listen to the stories and if Graham gets bored, he – or occasionally a guest – pulls the lever and the chair falls backwards, dumping the speaker from it.[2] The red chair segment was inspired by comedian Ronnie Corbett's longwinded armchair monologues.[3]

text: After the end of Friday Night with Jonathan Ross, it was announced that The Graham Norton Show would be taking over the coveted Friday night slot.[4] The show premiered on 22 October 2010.

text: Series[edit]

text: The first series began at 10pm on 22 February 2007 on BBC Two and was originally slated to end on 24 May 2007 after 13 episodes. However, the series proved such a hit that it was extended for an additional six episodes. A 12-week second series began on 11 October 2007, and culminated with a Boxing Day special and New Year's compilation from previous episodes.

text: The show made its North American premiere on BBC America on 2 June 2007, one week after what was supposed to be the final episode of Series 1 (before its extension).

text: Series 2 premiered on BBC America on 20 October 2007. Unlike the previous series, each episode premiered in the United States only 9 days after the initial UK broadcast. However, the final three episodes were broadcast in reverse order (with Episode 12 being shown on BBC America a few days earlier than on BBC Two. The same thing occurred in Series 4 with the Christmas special airing on BBC America 10 days before the BBC Two broadcast.

text: Series 3 began its run on 17 April 2008. For series 3, the "Cooldown" segment had been dropped, and the show was just the full uncut 45-minute version of the show. The show was originally recorded in studio 2 at The London Studios, but moved to studio 1, due to the slot of The Paul O'Grady Show and the high audience numbers.

text: The show continued to be broadcast in a 30-minute version on Thursdays at 10pm with Graham Norton Uncut, the uncut version shown on Sundays at around 11pm in a 45-minute version. However, BBC Two in Wales sometimes broadcast the Thursday edition later than the rest of the BBC Two regions, usually after Newsnight at 11.20pm because they would usually have local programmes in the 10pm slot. BBC Two Northern Ireland did the same, and during series three, they broadcast Thursday's show on Friday nights at 10pm on BBC Two Northern Ireland because of local programming on Thursdays.

text: Series 4 began its run on 3 October 2008 at 10pm on BBC Two (however, both BBC Two Wales and BBC Two Northern Ireland broadcast the show at a later time due to their regional programming). The Sunday uncut editions have been kept, with the first uncut edition broadcast on BBC Two late on Sunday night.

text: Since its sixth series, The Graham Norton Show has aired on BBC One. As of 2017, there have been 21 series of the show.

text: In late January 2017 it was confirmed that Graham Norton had signed a new three-year deal with the BBC which, along with his BBC Radio 2 show, Eurovision commentary duties and other projects for the BBC, will also keep The Graham Norton Show on BBC One until at least 2020. Graham said:

text:
“
We’ve just done a deal for another three years, which, right now, feels like a long time.
”

text: The Graham Norton Show had been produced from the ITV Studios on London's Southbank since it began in 2007. Graham had used the London Studios since 1998 for his first talk show on Channel 4, "So Graham Norton". The show produced its final episode from The London Studios on Thursday 15 February 2018 which aired on BBC One on Friday 16 February 2018. At the end of the final show, a photograph was taken of all the crew on the sofa along with Graham, and a caption reading "Love, thanks and goodbye to The London Studios".[5] The production of the show moves to Studio TC1 at BBC Television Centre in West London, operated by BBC Studioworks. The first edition to be recorded at Television Centre was on Thursday 5 April 2018, which aired on BBC One on Friday 6 April 2018.[6][7]

text: Broadcast[edit]

text: Across Scandinavia, The Graham Norton Show is shown frequently on cable and satellite channels BBC Brit, formerly known as BBC Entertainment. Episodes are usually shown a week after their original UK airing on BBC One, while re-runs from past seasons are shown overnight or during the day.

text: In Latin America, Poland and several countries in continental Europe, The Graham Norton Show is aired on satellite channel BBC Entertainment. Episodes are usually shown a week after their original UK airing on BBC One, while re-runs from past seasons are shown over-night or during daytime.

text: In the United States, the show started airing on Saturday nights in June 2007. Starting 11 April 2013, cable/satellite network BBC America aired new episodes on Thursdays.[8] From 2014 to 2015, it then aired every Saturday night on BBC America, normally eight days after the BBC.[1]. In November 2015, The Weinstein Company bought the series rights in the United States and took a break while negotiating a new contract with BBC America.[9] On 18 January 2016, BBC America aired the 2015 New Year's Eve episode.[10] On 21 January 2016, the network announced that the programme would be returning on Monday, 25 January 2016, with new episodes now airing three days after the BBC airing.[11] In 2017, the series moved back to its original Saturday time slot. In 2018, the show moved to a Friday night time slot, which airs new episodes a week after the BBC airing.

text: In Canada, cable channel BBC Canada broadcasts the show Friday nights.

text: In Ireland, the show is broadcast on TV3 and its sister channel 3e one day after the BBC broadcast on Saturdays. In January 2015, UTV Ireland aired the show every Sunday night. TV3 Group continued to air "Best of" Specials recorded prior to 2015. This arrangement changed in January 2017 when the TV3 Group bought UTV Ireland and changed it to "be3". TV3 then moved The Graham Norton Show back to their main channel, where it airs every Saturday, 24 hours after UK transmission, usually at around 10.pm.

text: In Australia, the series is broadcast on Network Ten on Friday nights, airing one week after original broadcast in the UK.[12][13] Additionally, for Pay TV viewers (Foxtel and Austar), it airs on UKTV at 9.30pm Mondays, with repeats on Tuesdays and Saturdays. It previously aired on ABC2 on Thursday nights from 2007 to 2012. In New Zealand, the show was originally broadcast on UKTV. Since the start of Series 11 on 4 May 2012, the show has been broadcast on TV3 on Friday nights.

text: In India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bhutan and Maldives The Graham Norton Show airs Saturday nights on Comedy Central, a week after the BBC broadcast.

text: Episodes[edit]

text: All ratings are taken from BARB.

text:
Series
Episodes
Originally aired

First aired
Last aired
Network

1
19
22 February 2007 (2007-02-22)
5 July 2007 (2007-07-05)
BBC Two

2
12
11 October 2007 (2007-10-11)
26 December 2007 (2007-12-26)

3
12
17 April 2008 (2008-04-17)
3 July 2008 (2008-07-03)

4
14
2 October 2008 (2008-10-02)
30 December 2008 (2008-12-30)

5
12
5 March 2009 (2009-03-05)
28 May 2009 (2009-05-28)

6
13
5 October 2009 (2009-10-05)
31 December 2009 (2009-12-31)
BBC One

7
12
12 April 2010 (2010-04-12)
28 June 2010 (2010-06-28)

8
20
22 October 2010 (2010-10-22)
11 March 2011 (2011-03-11)

9
13
15 April 2011 (2011-04-15)
8 July 2011 (2011-07-08)

10
21
21 October 2011 (2011-10-21)
16 March 2012 (2012-03-16)

11
13
13 April 2012 (2012-04-13)
6 July 2012 (2012-07-06)

12
20
19 October 2012 (2012-10-19)
22 March 2013 (2013-03-22)

13
14
5 April 2013 (2013-04-05)
5 July 2013 (2013-07-05)

14
20
11 October 2013 (2013-10-11)
28 February 2014 (2014-02-28)

15
13
4 April 2014 (2014-04-04)
27 June 2014 (2014-06-27)

16
24
26 September 2014 (2014-09-26)
20 March 2015 (2015-03-20)

17
13
10 April 2015 (2015-04-10)
3 July 2015 (2015-07-03)

18
20
25 September 2015 (2015-09-25)
19 February 2016 (2016-02-19)

19
15
25 March 2016 (2016-03-25)
1 July 2016 (2016-07-01)

20
22
30 September 2016 (2016-09-30)
3 March 2017 (2017-03-03)

21
13
7 April 2017 (2017-04-07)
30 June 2017 (2017-06-30)

22
21
29 September 2017 (2017-09-29)
23 February 2018 (2018-02-23)

23
13[14]
6 April 2018 (2018-04-06)
TBA


document_title: Mimi Lockhart

question_text: who is mimi's baby's father on days of our lives

question_tokens: who is mimi 's baby 's father on days of our lives

root

text: Mimi Lockhart

text: Storylines

text: Childhood

text: Mimi grew up in an abusive household. Her father, David, attacked Mimi and Bonnie on a number of occasions forcing her older brother, Patrick, to split at an early age. Mimi looked after her younger brother Connor until he too moved away at a young age.

tag: p

text: High school

text: Mimi was Belle Black's best friend since kindergarten. Mimi grew jealous of Belle's new friendship with Chloe Lane and began working with Jan Spears to cast Chloe as a social outcast. Jan preyed on Mimi's insecurities and used her to torment Chloe, including taking nude pictures of Chloe in the shower. Mimi developed a crush on Shawn-Douglas Brady but he was interested in Belle. Shawn agreed to take both Belle and Mimi to the dance after Mimi got down on bended knee to beg Shawn to take her. Jan's hatred for Chloe intensified and Jan used Mimi to sneak the photos of Chloe into the slide projector to humiliate Chloe and advertise their website operagirl.net. The prank almost landed Mimi in jail; instead she was forced to spend her senior year at Salem High cleaning bathrooms.

text: Despite Mimi's involvement in the pranks, her friends noticed her odd behavior that included staying away from her friends and roaming the streets at night. Chloe was the first to discover that Mimi and her family were homeless. Her father had been laid off, and was out of town searching for work. Mimi's friends rallied together and built a Habitat for Humanity house for the Lockhart family.

text: During the summer of 2001, Mimi joined her classmates on a trip to Puerto Rico to study the environment. She and Belle became close again, but she became even closer to geeky Kevin Lambert and the two nearly had sex on the island. With her newfound self-esteem, Mimi became determined to do the right thing and make up with Chloe. In fact, Chloe and Mimi joined forces toward to help Belle and Shawn get back together. She accomplished that task, along with high school graduation, and spent the summer with Kevin; they broke up at the end of the summer so he could go away to college.

text: College and young adult

text: Mimi started the following year at Salem University with Belle. Mimi eventually got together with Rex DiMera but feared he might be the Salem Stalker. Rex suffered from massive headaches and mood swings. At one point, Rex accidentally killed Dr. Rolf, Rex's "creator."  After this ordeal, the couple landed on solid groupd until Mimi found out she was pregnant. Mimi's insecurities returned and she convinced herself she had a good thing with Rex and it would be ruined with a baby. Mimi made the heartbreaking decision to have an abortion without telling Rex. Due to a resulting infection, Mimi was rendered sterile.

text: Jan returned to Salem and Mimi learned that she had been keeping Shawn hostage at her country home. Before Mimi could expose Jan, Jan blackmailed her about the abortion. Jan tripped and hit her head on a rock while arguing with Mimi and ended up in serious condition in the hospital. Mimi confessed to all her sins and was sentenced to jail. Rex and Patrick managed to get their hands on a video clearing Mimi's name just in time, and Mimi was released. Mimi's guilt over her lies to Rex mounted but her mother, Bonnie convinced her to keep quiet and hold on to her man.

text: Rex overheard an argument between Belle and Mimi and learned that Mimi had aborted his child without ever telling him that she was pregnant. He left her, and Salem. Mimi blamed Belle for ruining her life and grew closer with her new roommate and high school crush, Shawn. After the birth of Belle's daughter, Claire, Mimi attempted to mend fences with Belle. After months of escalating romance, Shawn proposed to Mimi on New Year's Eve and they married in March 2006.

text: Mimi did everything she could to keep Shawn and Belle apart because she feared they would fall in love again. Mimi and Shawn went thru the "in vitro" process and Mimi became pregnant in May 2006, just two months after the couple wed. In early June, Mimi and Belle were out shopping when she started having cramps. Lexie Carver told Shawn, Belle and Phillip that Mimi had miscarried. Mimi was truly devastated and Shawn stuck by her. They decided to ask a surrogate to carry their child but a mix-up in the lab caused Mimi's egg to be fertilized with Philip's sperm and Belle's egg with Shawn's sperm; the Gloved Hand was responsible for this mix-up as part of his crusade to ruin the lives of the people in Salem. Mimi knew that Shawn was the father of Belle's baby and told no one. When the truth was finally revealed, Shawn left Mimi and they got a divorce. She and Philip signed away their rights to their baby to the surrogate, Lauren.

text: Mimi moved back home to the Lockhart House with Bonnie and Conner. Mimi briefly worked at Chez Rouge but left after a fight Shawn's girlfriend at the time, Willow Stark. Mimi then got a job working for Max at his garage. She and Max grew close as they looked for a seemingly missing Philip. Victor's goons held them prisoner in a church basement where they shared their first kiss and also discovered a skeleton. Mimi and Max began to date, much to Abby's dismay. Mimi got in the way oh Phillip's search for Claire after Shawn and Belle took her into hiding. Max rescued Mimi and they two helped Shawn and Belle flee to Canada.

text: The skeleton that they was revealed to be David Lockhart, Mimi's father. Max comforted Mimi through this mystery but it was Bonnie who was able to give Mimi the answers she was looking for. Bonnie explained that Mimi killed her father but suppressed the memories because David used to abuse the family. Instead of letting her daughter take the blame, Bonnie went to jail. With her mother and older brother both in jail, Mimi left to live with her younger brother, Connor, in Arizona.


document_title: Qualification types in the United Kingdom

question_text: what is the level of bachelor's degree in uk

question_tokens: what is the level of bachelor 's degree in uk

text: Qualification levels[edit]

text: Qualifications are grouped together into different levels. Each level corresponds to a particular qualification’s degree of difficulty. However, qualifications within any one level can cover a huge range of subjects and take different amounts of time to complete, often expressed in terms of credits.

text: In England, Northern Ireland and Wales, the levels are contained within the Regulated Qualifications Framework (RQF), which superseded the Qualifications and Credit Framework from 1 October 2015. There are nine levels of difficulty in the framework, from entry level (which is sub-divided into 3) to level 8.[4]

text: Higher education qualifications are contained in the Framework for Higher Education Qualifications (FHEQ). The FHEQ corresponds with levels 4 to 8 of the RQF. Scotland has its own education system and its own twelve level system, the Scottish Credit and Qualifications Framework. These can also be equated with the European Qualifications Framework.[5]

text: The Business and Technology Education Council (BTEC)[edit]

text: The Business and Technology Education Council (BTEC) is a provider (existing as part of Pearson Education Ltd) of secondary school leaving qualifications and Further education qualifications in England, Wales and Northern Ireland. Whilst the T in BTEC it has been mistakenly understood to stand for Technician, according to the DFE (2016) it actually stands for Technology. [1]

text: BTEC qualifications, especially Level 3, are accepted by many universities (excluding Cambridge and Oxford unless combined with more qualifications) when assessing the suitability of applicants for admission, and many such universities base their conditional admissions offers on a student's predicted BTEC grades.

text: A General National Vocational Qualification, or GNVQ[edit]

text: A General National Vocational Qualification, or GNVQ, is a certificate of vocational education in the United Kingdom. The last GNVQs were awarded in 2007.

text: The qualifications relate to occupational areas in general, rather than any specific job. They could be taken in a wide range of subjects. There are different levels of GNVQ, namely the Intermediate level (equivalent to four General Certificates of Secondary Education) and Advanced level (equivalent to two Advanced-level General Certificates of Education).

text: GNVQs were available to people of all ages. Many schools and colleges offered these courses and they could be studied alongside GCSEs or A levels. The GNVQ generally involved a lot of coursework (6-8 large assignments), which allowed holders to show their skills when applying for jobs.

text:
RQF/CQFW level
FHEQ level
SCQF level
EQF level
Example qualification

8
8
12
8
Doctoral degree

7
7
11
7
Master's degree

6
6
10
6
Bachelor's degree with honours

9
Non-honours bachelor's degree

5
5
8
5
Higher National Diploma

4
4
7
Higher National Certificate

3
N/A
6
4
A-level

2
N/A
5
3
GCSE (grades A*–C)

1
N/A
4
2
GCSE (grades D-G)

Entry
E3
N/A
3
1
Skills for Life

E2
N/A
2
N/A

E1
N/A
1
N/A

tag: table

text: AS and A levels/Highers and Advanced Highers[edit]

text: AS level and A (Advanced) level qualifications focus on traditional study skills. They normally take two years to complete full-time in school or college, and can be taken part-time. AS and A levels are available in a wide range of academic and applied (work-related) subjects, and are often used as entry into higher education.

text: In Scotland, students usually take Highers and Advanced Highers.

text: AS and A levels are at level 3 on the RQF.

text: Bachelor's degrees[edit]

text: A bachelor's degree is a course of higher education academic study leading to a qualification such as a bachelor of arts (BA) or bachelor of science (BSc). They are sometimes known as 'undergraduate' or 'first' degrees.

text: A bachelor's degree is designed to give learners a thorough understanding of a subject, and usually takes three years to complete full-time in England, Wales and Northern Ireland; in Scotland 'ordinary' bachelor's degrees normally take three years while bachelor's degrees with honours take four years.

text: Bachelor's degrees are at level 6 on the FHEQ in England, Wales and Northern Ireland; Scottish ordinary bachelor's degrees are at level 9 of the SCQF and honours bachelor's degrees at level 10. All UK bachelor's degrees are first cycle (end of cycle) qualifications in the Bologna Process.

text: Some awards titled bachelor's for historical reasons are actually master's-level degrees, similarly the Scottish MA is actually a bachelor's degree that has retained its historical title.

text: Diplomas (for 14- to 19-year-olds)[edit]

text: The 14–19 Diploma was a qualification for 14- to 19-year-olds, offering a more practical, hands-on way of gaining the essential skills employers and universities look for. The 14–19 Diplomas were at levels 1 to 3 on the NQF. From September 2008, Diplomas in five subject areas were made available in selected schools and colleges around the country. Further subjects were added every year until 2011 when there were 17 subjects available. Diploma courses were cancelled from September 30, 2013 onwards by the coalition government due to issues surrounding its popularity and how the qualifications were "viewed by employers and universities".[6][7]

text: Entry level qualifications[edit]

text: Entry level qualifications are known as 'certificates' or 'awards', and are designed for learners who are not yet ready to take qualifications at level 1 on the RQF.

text: They may be appropriate for learners who do not have traditional qualifications, or who have been away from learning for a long time. They are available in a wide variety of subjects, and at the three different sub-levels of the RQF's entry level.

text: Foundation Degrees[edit]

text: Foundation Degrees are higher education qualifications that combine academic study with workplace learning. They have been designed jointly by universities, colleges and employers, and are available in a range of work-related subjects. They are broadly equivalent to the first two years of a bachelor's degree.

text: Foundation Degrees are at level 5 on the FHEQ; they are not offered in Scotland.

text: GCSEs/National 5s[edit]

text: GCSEs (General Certificate of Secondary Education) are the main qualification taken by 14- to 16-year-olds (adults can take them as well) in England and Wales. They are available in a wide range of academic and applied (work-related) subjects, and also as a ‘short-course’ option (equivalent to half a full GCSE).

text: GCSEs are at levels 1 and 2 on the RQF, depending on the grade achieved.

text: The Scottish equivalent of GCSE is the National 5 qualification.

text: HNCs and HNDs[edit]

text: HNCs (Higher National Certificates) and HNDs (Higher National Diplomas) are work-related higher education qualifications.

text: HNCs can take one year to complete full-time. HNDs take two years full-time (both can also be studied part-time). They are highly valued by employers, and can also count towards membership of professional bodies and other employer organisations.

text: HNCs and HNDs are at level 5 on the NQF.

text: International Baccalaureate[edit]

text: The International Baccalaureate (IB) Diploma Programme is an internationally recognised qualification for students aged 16 to 19. It is based around detailed academic study of a wide range of subjects. The student is required to take at least one language, a science, maths, english, and a humanity. The sixth option can be used to pursue an arts subject (drama, music, art, etc.) or another language, or science, or humanity. The IB also encompasses a Core of Theory of Knowledge (ToK), CAS (Creativity, Action, Service), and the Extended Essay (EE). This all leads to a single qualification.

text: The IB Diploma Programme is at level 3 on the RQF.

text: Key Skills qualifications[edit]

text: Key Skills qualifications were designed to develop the skills that are commonly needed in education and training, work and life in general. They have been replaced by "Functional Skills" in England, "Essential Skills" in Northern Ireland and "Essential Skills Wales" in Wales.[8]

text: Postgraduate qualifications[edit]

text: Postgraduate qualifications are higher education qualifications at levels 7 or 8 of the FHEQ/levels 11 or 12 of the SCQF which require that learners have already completed a bachelor's degree. Most postgraduate qualifications will include taught and research elements, and are defined as either 'taught' or 'research' qualifications depending on which of these predominates. While all UK universities have taught degree awarding powers and can award taught postgraduate degrees, only bodies with research degree awarding powers may award research degrees.

text: Generally, they fall into three categories:

text:
Short courses at FHEQ level 7/SCQF level 11 (master's degree level) leading to Postgraduate Certificates and Postgraduate Diplomas, which are taught qualifications;
Master's degrees (FHEQ level 7/SCQF level 11), which may be defined as either taught or research degrees;
Doctoral degrees (FHEQ level 8/SCQF level 12), which are all research degrees.

tag: ul

text: In addition to these, primary qualifications in medicine (Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery), dentistry (Bachelor of Dental Surgery) and veterinary science (Bachelor of Veterinary Science), and integrated master's degrees (e.g. Master of Engineering, Master of Physics, etc.) are undergraduate-entry courses that lead to postgraduate-level degrees (FHEQ level 7/SCQF level 11). The Scottish MA and the Oxbridge MA are not postgraduate qualifications.

text: In addition to postgraduate qualifications, the UK has graduate qualifications. These are short courses. (up to one year) at FHEQ level 6/SCQF level 10 or 11 (bachelor's degree level) that require students to have already gained a first degree, leading to Graduate Certificates and Graduate Diplomas.

text: Skills for Life qualifications[edit]

text: Skills for Life (sometimes referred to as Basic Skills qualifications) are designed to help learners develop their reading, writing, maths and ICT skills. There is also a Skills for Life qualification in English for Speakers of Other Languages (ESOL).

text: They are available for those learners who are over 16 years of age, have left compulsory full-time education and do not have an up-to-date English or maths qualification at level 2 (such as a GCSE) on the NQF. In some cases, schools can also offer the qualifications for 14- to 16-year-olds.

text: Skills for Life qualifications are available at entry level on the RQF.

text: Vocational qualifications[edit]

text: Vocational qualifications are designed to give learners the skills and knowledge to do a particular job, work in a particular industry, or acquire more general skills to do a variety of jobs.

text: They are offered by a variety of awarding bodies such as City and Guilds, Edexcel, OCR, NCFE and ABC Awards.

text: They are available at various levels on the RQF, and in a variety of different sizes.

text: A range of vocational qualifications include the competence-based National Vocational Qualifications (NVQs) that can be taken at work, college, or as part of an Apprenticeship. They are based on national standards for various occupations, and cover the practical, work-related tasks designed to help learners do a job effectively. NVQs are at levels 1 to 7 on the RQF.


document_title: History of Chinese Australians

question_text: when did the chinese first arrive in australia

text: History of Chinese Australians

text: Earliest Chinese contact with Australia: pre-1848[edit]

text: Some historians have theorised that Northern Indigenous Australians may even have had dealings with Chinese traders or come across Chinese goods particularly through trepanging. Sir Joseph Banks was of the opinion that any British colony in Australia could be populated by 'useful inhabitants from China'.[1] The first official undisputed link between China and Australia comes from the very beginning of the colony of New South Wales. The First Fleet ships, Scarborough, Charlotte and Lady Penrhyn, after dropping off their convict load, sailed for Canton to buy tea and other goods to sell on their return to England.[2] The Bigge Report attributed the high level of tea drinking to 'the existence of an intercourse with China from the foundation of the Colony …' Many British East India Company ships used Australia as a port of call on their trips to and from buying tea from China. That the ships carrying such cargo had Chinese crew members is likely and that some of the crew and possibly passengers embarked at the port of Sydney is probable. Certainly by 1818, Mak Sai Ying (also known as John Shying) had arrived and after a period of farming became, in 1829, the publican of The Lion in Parramatta. John Macarthur, a prominent pastoralist, employed three Chinese people on his properties in the 1820s and records may well have neglected others.[3] Another way ethnic Chinese made it to Australia was from the new British possessions of Malaysia and Singapore.

text: Indentured labour: 1848 to 1853[edit]

text: Individuals such as Macarthur’s employees were part of the varied mix that was early Sydney Town. It was the increasing demand for labour after convict transportation ceased in the 1840s that led to much larger numbers of Chinese men arriving as indentured labourers, to work as shepherds and irrigation experts for private landowners and the Australian Agricultural Company. These workers seemingly all came from Fujian Province via the port then known as Amoy (now Xiamen) and some may have been brought involuntarily, as kidnapping or the 'sale of pigs', as it was called, was common. Indentured labourers had been successful in other areas as an alternative to the slave trade and many ships and crews who had previous experience in the Atlantic slave trade came to transport indentured Chinese labourers and then later Chinese miners.

text: The Anglo-Chinese unequal treaties signed after the First (1839–1842) and Second Opium Wars (1856–1860) also had their effect on Chinese in Australia and facilitated the practice of indentured labour. The British were conscious of not jeopardising the stipulation that British subjects be allowed to reside in the newly opened treaty ports in China. They made this stipulation reciprocal. So to avoid antagonizing the ruling Qing dynasty the British government didn't allow the Australian colonies to completely exclude Chinese peoples.

text: Between 1848 and 1853, over 3,000 Chinese workers on contracts arrived via the Port of Sydney for employment in the NSW countryside. Resistance to this cheap labour occurred as soon as it arrived, and, like such protests later in the century, was heavily mixed with racism. Little is known of the habits of such men or their relations with other NSW residents except for those that appear in the records of the courts and mental asylums. Some stayed for the term of their contracts and then left for home, but there is evidence that others spent the rest of their lives in NSW. A Gulgong resident who died at age 105 in 1911 had been in NSW since 1841 while in 1871 the Keeper of Lunacy still required the Amoy dialect from his interpreters.

text: Gold Rush: 1851 to 1854[edit]

text: In the 1850s and 1860s they saw the largest pre-federation migration of Chinese to Australia, with numbers peaking around the 40,000 mark. These numbers were only reached again after the abolition of the White Australia policy in 1973. Gold was found at several places in Australia in 1851 but significant Chinese migration to join the diggers only began late in 1853.

text: Most of the people who were lured to Australia by the gold rush were from the Guangdong province. The Californian Gold Rush had been called 'gold mountain' by the Chinese of Guangdong. The Australian rush was called 'new gold mountain' and it was seen as a closer and possibly richer alternative to America. The conditions these men were leaving included overpopulation, the declining power of the Qing Dynasty, the devastation of the Taiping Rebellion, the local Canton Hakka-Punti clan wars and the detrimental effects the opium trade was having on society.

text: The average voyage from Canton to Melbourne took about 3 months. It became a profitable exercise for the ship masters. The more Chinese passengers they could fit on board the more money they could make from the fare of passage. These fares were often paid through a system of debt to clan leaders and/or to the ship masters themselves. However, some Chinese were able to pay their own way. These were often the wealthier city born men who were coming to Australia to be merchants or work in an industry other than gold mining. The majority of travelers seems to have been the indentured peasant men. From 1853 to 1855 thousands of Chinese disembarked in Melbourne.

text: It is important to note that very, very few Chinese women came to Australia in this period. In 1861 Australia had at least 38,000 Chinese in the country with the vast majority of those being men, estimations of Australia's population of that time mean that one out of every nine men were Chinese.[4] On the goldfields in Bendigo in 1861 there were 5367 Chinese men and only one woman.

text: Immigration Restriction Act & The Walk from Robe[edit]

text: The large influx of Chinese to the colony caused great alarm among the politicians and the miners in Victoria. There was a lot of agitation amongst the miners at this time to begin with. The Red Ribbon Rebellion and the Eureka Stockade were in 1853 and 1854 respectively and the arrival of so many Chinese added to the tension. Chinese men were seen as yet another problem by both miners and government. Some in parliament argued that it was a security risk to have so many Chinese in the colony who were '...fanatically loyal to a despotic foreign emperor who could order them to rise up at any moment..' This was a great example of the ignorance of the times as the origins of these men in Southern China were hotbeds of anti-Qing revolt and sentiment and judging by the work translating tombstones in Australian cemeteries by Dr Kok Hu Jin, some of the Chinese who came to Australia were followers of Hong Xiuquan and the Heavenly Kingdom.[5] The belief the Chinese men were a security risk may not have been very accurate yet it fuelled Victorian policy nonetheless.

text: The Royal Commission after the Eureka stockade also looked into the Chinese situation as another one of the miner's grievances. In 1855 the Victorian parliament passed the Immigration Restriction Act in an effort to restrict Chinese immigration.[6] This forced Chinese arrivals in Victorian ports to pay a £10 head tax. It also mandated that there could only be a certain number of Chinese travellers per tonnage of shipping. This put a dent in the ship masters coffers. Cost of passage was already high. This Act did appear to limit the numbers of Chinese arriving in Victorian ports. Official Victorian records show over 10,000 Chinese arriving in Victoria between 1853 and 1855 but only a few hundred in the next two years. However, numbers of Chinese on the Victorian goldfields continued to swell through overland routes. To avoid this Act, many ships travelled to South Australia. Between 1855 and 1857 thousands of Chinese landed in the Port of Adelaide and the port town of Robe, South Australia. In fact thanks to these migrants the town of Robe's population doubled overnight and it developed into the main port of call for Chinese arriving in Australia. It was then a long overland route to the Victorian goldfields.

text: It is unknown exactly how many Chinese made it to the goldfields in this way but estimates are usually in the thousands. Parties of Chinese men would often pay for local guides to take them to the goldfields. Sometimes, these guides would abandon the Chinese in the bush in order to return to Robe and get the money from another group and do the same thing. However, as more and more Chinese undertook this journey it became an easier more organized exercise and chances for these sort of hustles diminished. Along the way Chinese sojourners established wells and paths through the bush. Many Chinese marks and developments can still be found along this route today.

text: Experience on the Goldfields[edit]

text: After finally arriving on the goldfields the hardships the Chinese faced continued. There was a lot of anti-Chinese sentiment amongst the European miners. In July 1854 in the Bendigo Advertiser it was reported that William Denovan called for an uprising for the purpose of 'the driving of the Chinese population off the Bendigo goldfield'.[7] A riot was averted by the local police commissioner. However, This sort of sentiment was widespread throughout the Australian gold rushes. In 1857 this sentiment caused the Buckland Riot and in 1860-1861 the Lambing Flat riots, which are both sad chapters of Australian history. There was also unrest around Ararat when a party of Chinese men were the first to discover gold there and kept the find quiet.

text: In answer to these problems the parliament of Victoria installed Chinese protectors in 1855. It was the task of these officers to organize the Chinese and liaise between them and local authorities. It was a system of segregation but one in which the subject of the segregation, the Chinese, were often appreciative of.[8] The first three protectorates were in Ballarat, Bendigo and Beechworth. Places without these protectors and an organized hierarchy were the places where anti-Chinese sentiment boiled over into riots and violence in Bucklands and Lambing Flats. So in this sense the policy could be regarded as a success. However, the Chinese resented the extra ₤1 per annum residency tax this system required. It seemed to the Chinese just like a continuation of the mining licenses policy.

text: Around most of the goldfields of Victoria the Chinese were organized into these camps. The camps were the forerunners to later Chinatowns in many places. In the Bendigo protectorate there were seven different camps for the Chinese in the area and six in Ballarat.[9] The organization of these camps was often done around clan, or dialect differences where this was applicable. While most of the men were from the Guangdong province, several different dialects of the Chinese language were present on the goldfields.

text: These camps were their own little communities. The parties of men who left China did so as organized groups, with specific roles spelled out, including barber, scribe, herbalist, etc. Once they arrived on the goldfields, they were able to take up these roles. There is evidence that the Chinese even used their own currency in these places. To the Europeans these were notorious and exotic places. At the same time in China, opium addiction was rampant, some of the men brought this addiction with them to the goldfields. Two of the most common finds by modern fossickers in the area of Chinese camps are Chinese coins and Opium pipes. However, the records of local health groups and hospitals show only low numbers of Chinese were ever treated for their opium addictions.

text: Amongst the defining moments on the goldfields, the Red Ribbon Rebellion, the Eureka Stockade, the Chinese in Bendigo had what could be described as a defining moment for the Chinese in Australia. In 1857 over 3,000 Chinese men met on the site of what is now Bendigo's Rosalind Park. This meeting was to contest and denounce the many discriminatory laws the Victorian government had enacted. A petition was sent to Melbourne with around 5,000 names on it. It has later been found that some of those names are actually fake names or joke names.

text: After the Gold rushes in Victoria, some Chinese moved into the other colonies to follow gold rushes there. New South Wales and Queensland hadn't followed Victoria in establishing Chinese related legislation. This could be seen as a cause for the Lambing Flats Riots and then later the same problems were found on the Palmer River goldfields in the late 1870s where Chinese miners vastly outnumbered Europeans.[10]

text: Chinese Burials on the goldfields[edit]

text: As soon as the Chinese started arriving in Australia, they started dying here. Many wanted their remains to be sent back to China for spiritual and traditional reasons. Many families went to great lengths to see this achieved. Others however, were buried in Australia. Cemeteries around the country contain Chinese graves. To accommodate the Chinese funeral rituals that involve burning cemeteries around Australia allowed the construction of chimneys. These chimneys can still be found in cemeteries around the country today. Often the people in charge of the cemeteries were devout Christians, people who had an aversion to what they saw as pagan rituals. This meant that no such chimneys were built until the 1860s after several grass fires had burnt through Australian cemeteries.

text: The Chinese section of the White Hills cemetery in Bendigo is possibly the most important example remaining in Australia of Chinese graves in their original state. Many other cemeteries have been redeveloped and the heritage and cultural diversity of their Chinese sections has been lost.

text: From miners to artisans: 1877 to 1901[edit]

text: After the Victorian and NSW gold rushes of the 1850s and 1860s the numbers of Chinese in those colonies declined significantly. Colonies of Australia occurred in 1873 in the far north of Queensland at the Palmer River, after the discovery of gold there was another rush and by 1877 there were 20,000 Chinese there. The conditions and problems there were both similar to those in Victoria but also conditions were more extreme. The Chinese and European miners also had to deal with attacks from hostile Australian Aboriginal tribes.[11] After the ending of this Queensland rush, people either returned to China or dispersed. Many Chinese stayed in Queensland and worked hard to establish much of the northern banana trade.

text: In the 1880s there was also a rise in anti-Chinese sentiment in the cities of Melbourne and Sydney. Earlier discontent had been curtailed by the segregationist policies in the rural protectorates and poorly reported in the urban publications. However, as more and more Chinese began moving from the country towns into the cities there was an equal rise in anti-Chinese sentiment. This resulted in another round of restrictive Acts in NSW in 1881 and 1888. It also contributed to a rising drive for Federation of Australia. One of the most compelling arguments for federation amongst the public and politicians of the time was that a united immigration policy would secure the borders of all the Australian colonies. The Chinese 'pest' or 'menace' was the root of these immigration fears.

text: Mining remained one of the biggest industries for Chinese in Australia but it was becoming more of a risky endeavor as the alluvial fields petered out. Chinese in the country towns either established themselves in other industries there or moved to the cities. Many of those opened stores and became merchants and hawkers. In 1890 in NSW alone there were nearly 800 shops owned and run by the Chinese. Fishing and fish curing industries were operating in Melbourne and north and south of Sydney in the 1850s, 1860s and 1870s. This provided Chinese people throughout New South Wales and Victoria with valuable seafood. By the 1890s Chinese people in Australia were represented in a wide variety of occupations including scrub cutters, interpreters, cooks, tobacco farmers, launderers, market gardeners, cabinet-makers, storekeepers and drapers, though by this time the Chinese operated fishing industry seems to have disappeared. In this period Sydney and Melbourne's proportion of the Chinese residents of Australia had steadily increased. One prominent Chinese Australian at this time was Mei Quong Tart, who ran a popular tea house in the Queen Victoria Building in Sydney. In Melbourne Lowe Kong Meng and Louis Ah Mouy were two prominent merchants.

text: During this period, furniture making became one of the largest industries for Chinese in Melbourne. At the height of this industry in Melbourne there were 175 firms, producing and selling Chinese made furniture.[12] However, the Chinese success in this industry didn't last. Furniture makers of European descent petitioned the government, saying Chinese furniture makers were hurting their livelihoods. The governments of Victoria and New South Wales passed the Factories and Shops Act that targeted Chinese working in that industry. At the same time Victoria had a massive economic downturn in the 1890s. Because of the combination of these issues, soon after the turn of the century, there were no more Chinese employed in this industry.

text: Implementation of the White Australia Policy: 1901 to 1911[edit]

text: By the time of Australian Federation, there were around 29,000 ethnic Chinese in Australia:[13] Chinese people in the capital cities of Sydney and Melbourne, were a significant group, running numerous stores, an import trade, societies and several Chinese language newspapers. There were also many Chinese still working in the north of Queensland in the banana trade. Tin mining in Tasmania was also a venture that lured Chinese workers to the state. They were also part of an international community involved in political events in China such as sending delegates to a Peking Parliament or making donations at times of natural disaster. There were many Chinese Australians who supported the Xinhai Revolution and Sun Yat-sen. The passing of the Immigration Restriction Act of 1901, however, froze the Chinese communities of the late 19th century into a slow decline. Thanks to Australian Chinese newspapers like the Tung Wah Times and the Chinese Times which were distributed to Chinese communities all over Australia and thanks to the many clan societies, the Chinese Australians were a rather united group. In spite of the geographical distances. This can be seen by the colourful debates that went on within the community over the future of China. Some in Australia and notably the Tung Wah Times believed China should keep a monarchy and they supported reform. Others believed China needed a republic and they supported Sun Yat-sen. Chinese regalia travelled around the country to be used by communities for Chinese new year and local events. In May 1901, to celebrate the sitting of the first federal parliament, Chinese people paraded two dragons through the streets.

text: Continued discrimination, both legal and social, reduced the occupational range of Chinese people until market gardening, always a major occupation, became far and away the representative role of 'John Chinaman'. It was as gardeners that most pre-1901 now granted status as 'domiciles' under the 1901Act, visited their villages and established families throughout the first 30 years or so of the 20th century, relying on the minority of merchants to assist them to negotiate with the Immigration Restriction Act bureaucracy. Only the rise of a new generation of Australian-born Chinese people, combined with new migrants that the merchants and others sponsored, both legally and illegally, prevented the Chinese populations in Australia from disappearing entirely.

text: War, refugees and the Republic era: 1912 to 1949[edit]

text: The fall of the Qing dynasty was met with mixed emotions by Chinese Australians. Some of the older Chinese born men were supporters of the reform movement and in Sydney Chinese conservatives got together for a dragon flag parade in support of the old regime.[12] Others, however, supported Sun Yat-sen. Some Chinese Australians even returned to China to fight for the KMT both before the Xinhai Revolution and afterwards during the Northern Expedition. The KMT had quite a following in Australia. There were many KMT branches around Australia. During the Second Sino-Japanese War the Darwin branch of the KMT was a valuable source of information for Chinese Australians.[14] Chinese Australians also showed the support for the republic with monetary donations. In 1913 Chinese Australians, Chinese New Zealanders and others in the Chinese diaspora in the Pacific, donated ₤36,000 to China. A letter of thank you to the Chinese Australians from the Finance Minister of the Republic is on display at the Golden Dragon Museum.

text: World War One presented Chinese Australians with many unique challenges. It is by the outbreak of the war in 1914 it is estimated that there were less than 1000 Chinese Australian men of fighting age.[15] Of these only about 198 men of Chinese ancestry managed to enlist in the AIF. One of these was the famous and decorated sniper Billy Sing. These men manage to enlist in spite of the policy that only those with significant European heritage were allowed to serve. There was actually an instance of institutional hypocrisy, on the one hand some Chinese were told they couldn't enlist but then were made to explain why they didn't enlist later to Billy Hughes' Exemption Courts.

text: During the inter-war period, Australian-born people of Chinese background began to predominate over Chinese-born people for the first time. Numbers increased rapidly again when refugees began to enter Australia as the result of Japan's war in China and the Pacific. Some were Chinese crew members who refused to return to Japanese-held areas and others were residents of the many Pacific islands evacuated in the face of the Japanese advance. Still others included those with Australian birth who were able to leave Hong Kong and the villages on the approach of the Japanese. At the same time the anti-Japanese War helped inspire the development of organisations focused on China rather than the districts and villages of people's origin only, and aimed at making Australia aware of the danger of Japan and the need to assist China. A few of these organisations, such as the Chinese Youth League, survive to this day.

text: Cafes to Citizens: 1949 to 1973[edit]

text: In the post-war period, assimilation became the dominant policy and this led to some extension of rights with gradual changes to citizenship laws. At the same time cafes began to replace market gardens as the major source of employment and avenue for bringing in new migrants, both legal and illegal. These changes, combined with the increased number of Australian-born Chinese, the final return of the last of the domiciles who still wished to do so and the arrival of Chinese background students under the Colombo Plan from various parts of Asia, brought about the end of the dominance of south China in the link between China and Australia that had existed for nearly 100 years.

text: Re-migration and multiculturalism: 1973 to present[edit]

text: The final end of the White Australia Policy saw new arrivals from the Chinese diaspora and for the first time significant numbers from non-Cantonese speaking parts of China. The first wave of arrivals were ethnic Chinese refugees from Vietnam and Cambodia during the 1970s; this was followed by economic migrants from Hong Kong in the 1980s and 1990s, whose families often settled in Sydney while the breadwinner returned to Hong Kong to continue earning an income – a significant reversal of the traditional migration pattern.

text: After the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989, the then Australian Prime Minister, Bob Hawke, allowed students from mainland China to settle in Australia permanently. Since then, immigrants from mainland China and Taiwan have arrived in increasing numbers. New institutions were established for these arrivals and old ones such as the Chinese Chamber of Commerce revived; Chinese language newspapers were once again published. The equality of citizenship laws and family reunion immigration after 1972 meant that an imbalance of the sexes, once a dominant feature of the Chinese communities in Australia, was not an issue in these later migrations.

text: Chinese newspapers are published in Australia and three shortwave and longwave radio channels broadcast in Mandarin and Cantonese. The Australian public broadcaster SBS also provides television and radio on weekends. Chinese Australian social websites like Xīn Zújì (新足迹, www.oursteps.com.au) and FREEOZ (www.freeoz.org) also blossomed. Several Chinese Australians have received the Order of Australia award and there are current representatives in both State and Federal parliaments. Chinese immigration has increased continuously from the 1990s and today the Chinese are the third largest group among immigrants. Since the mid-1990s, migration has become less permanent than it used to be, and goes in more than direction, a trend that pertains also to the Chinese. Students and academics are examples of this pattern. In 1990, Chinese settlers rarely returned permanently, but by 2002, the number of Hong Kong settlers leaving Australia for good equalled those arriving during that year.[16]

text: In 2005-6 China (not including Hong Kong or Macau) was the third major source of permanent migrants to Australia behind the United Kingdom and New Zealand but with more migrants than from India. Between 2000–01 and 2005–06, the number of skilled migrants coming to Australia from China more than tripled, from 3,800 to 12,500 people.[17]


document_title: List of Olympic Games host cities

question_text: where have the most olympic games been held

text: List of Olympic Games host cities

text: Olympic Games host cities[edit]

text:
City
Country
Continent
Summer (Olympiad)
Winter
Year
Opening Ceremony
Closing Ceremony

Athens
 Greece
Europe
S005I

1896
000000002018-04-06-0000April 6
000000002018-04-15-0000April 15

Paris
 France
Europe
S005II

1900
000000002018-05-14-0000May 14
000000002018-10-28-0000October 28

St. Louis[a]
 United States
North America
S005III

1904
000000002018-07-01-0000July 1
000000002018-11-23-0000November 23

London[c]
 United Kingdom
Europe
S005IV

1908
000000002018-04-27-0000April 27
000000002018-10-31-0000October 31

Stockholm
 Sweden
Europe
S005V

1912
000000002018-05-05-0000May 5
000000002018-07-22-0000July 22

Berlin
 Germany
Europe
S006VI

1916
Cancelled due to WWI[4]

Antwerp[d]
 Belgium
Europe
S007VII

1920
000000002018-04-20-0000April 20
000000002018-09-12-0000September 12[5]

Chamonix
 France
Europe

W001I
1924
000000002018-01-25-0000January 25
000000002018-02-04-0000February 4[6]

Paris
 France
Europe
S008VIII

000000002018-05-04-0000May 4
000000002018-07-27-0000July 27[7]

St. Moritz
  Switzerland
Europe

W002II
1928
000000002018-02-11-0000February 11
000000002018-02-19-0000February 19[8]

Amsterdam
 Netherlands
Europe
S009IX

000000002018-05-17-0000May 17
000000002018-08-12-0000August 12[9]

Lake Placid
 United States
North America

W003III
1932
000000002018-02-04-0000February 4
000000002018-02-15-0000February 15[10]

Los Angeles
 United States
North America
S010X

000000002018-07-30-0000July 30
000000002018-08-14-0000August 14[11]

Garmisch-Partenkirchen
 Nazi Germany
Europe

W004IV
1936
000000002018-02-06-0000February 6
000000002018-02-16-0000February 16[12]

Berlin
 Nazi Germany
Europe
S011XI

000000002018-08-01-0000August 1
000000002018-08-16-0000August 16[13]

Sapporo
Garmisch-Partenkirchen[e]
 Empire of Japan
 Nazi Germany
Asia
Europe

W005aV
1940
Cancelled due to WWII[4]

Tokyo
Helsinki[f]
 Empire of Japan
 Finland
Asia
Europe
S012XII

Cortina d'Ampezzo
 Italy
Europe

W005bV
1944

London
 United Kingdom
Europe
S013XIII

St. Moritz
  Switzerland
Europe

W005cV
1948
000000002018-01-30-0000January 30
000000002018-02-08-0000February 8

London
 United Kingdom
Europe
S014XIV

000000002018-07-29-0000July 29
000000002018-08-14-0000August 14

Oslo
 Norway
Europe

W006VI
1952
000000002018-02-14-0000February 14
000000002018-02-25-0000February 25

Helsinki
 Finland
Europe
S015XV

000000002018-07-19-0000July 19
000000002018-08-03-0000August 3

Cortina d'Ampezzo
 Italy
Europe

W007VII
1956
000000002018-01-26-0000January 26
000000002018-02-05-0000February 5

Melbourne
Stockholm[g]
 Australia
 Sweden
Oceania
Europe
S016XVI

000000002018-11-22-0000November 22
000000002018-06-10-0000June 10
000000002018-12-08-0000December 8
000000002018-06-17-0000June 17

Squaw Valley
 United States
North America

W008VIII
1960
000000002018-02-18-0000February 18
000000002018-02-28-0000February 28

Rome
 Italy
Europe
S017XVII

000000002018-08-25-0000August 25
000000002018-09-11-0000September 11

Innsbruck
 Austria
Europe

W009IX
1964
000000002018-01-29-0000January 29
000000002018-02-09-0000February 9

Tokyo
 Japan
Asia
S018XVIII

000000002018-10-10-0000October 10
000000002018-10-24-0000October 24

Grenoble
 France
Europe

W010X
1968
000000002018-02-06-0000February 6
000000002018-02-18-0000February 18

Mexico City
 Mexico
North America
S019XIX

000000002018-10-12-0000October 12
000000002018-10-27-0000October 27

Sapporo
 Japan
Asia

W011XI
1972
000000002018-02-03-0000February 3
000000002018-02-13-0000February 13

Munich
 West Germany
Europe
S020XX

000000002018-08-26-0000August 26
000000002018-09-11-0000September 11

Innsbruck
 Austria
Europe

W012XII
1976
000000002018-02-04-0000February 4
000000002018-02-15-0000February 15

Montreal
 Canada
North America
S021XXI

000000002018-07-17-0000July 17
000000002018-08-01-0000August 1

Lake Placid
 United States
North America

W013XIII
1980
000000002018-02-12-0000February 12
000000002018-02-24-0000February 24

Moscow
 Soviet Union
Europe[h]
S022XXII

000000002018-07-19-0000July 19
000000002018-08-03-0000August 3

Sarajevo
 Yugoslavia
Europe

W014XIV
1984
000000002018-02-07-0000February 7
000000002018-02-19-0000February 19

Los Angeles
 United States
North America
S023XXIII

000000002018-07-28-0000July 28
000000002018-08-12-0000August 12

Calgary
 Canada
North America

W015XV
1988
000000002018-02-13-0000February 13
000000002018-02-28-0000February 28

Seoul
 South Korea
Asia
S024XXIV

000000002018-09-17-0000September 17
000000002018-10-02-0000October 2

Albertville
 France
Europe

W016XVI
1992
000000002018-02-08-0000February 8
000000002018-02-23-0000February 23

Barcelona
 Spain
Europe
S025XXV

000000002018-07-25-0000July 25
000000002018-08-09-0000August 9

Lillehammer
 Norway
Europe

W017XVII
1994
000000002018-02-12-0000February 12
000000002018-02-27-0000February 27

Atlanta
 United States
North America
S026XXVI

1996
000000002018-07-19-0000July 19
000000002018-08-04-0000August 4

Nagano
 Japan
Asia

W018XVIII
1998
000000002018-02-07-0000February 7
000000002018-02-22-0000February 22

Sydney
 Australia
Oceania
S027XXVII

2000
000000002018-09-15-0000September 15
000000002018-10-01-0000October 1

Salt Lake City
 United States
North America

W019XIX
2002
000000002018-02-08-0000February 8
000000002018-02-24-0000February 24

Athens
 Greece
Europe
S028XXVIII

2004
000000002018-08-13-0000August 13
000000002018-08-29-0000August 29

Torino
 Italy
Europe

W020XX
2006
000000002018-02-10-0000February 10
000000002018-02-26-0000February 26

Beijing[i]
 China
Asia
S029XXIX

2008
000000002018-08-08-0000August 8
000000002018-08-24-0000August 24

Vancouver
 Canada
North America

W021XXI
2010
000000002018-02-12-0000February 12
000000002018-02-28-0000February 28

London
 United Kingdom
Europe
S030XXX

2012
000000002018-07-27-0000July 27
000000002018-08-12-0000August 12

Sochi
 Russia
Europe[h]

W022XXII
2014
000000002018-02-07-0000February 7
000000002018-02-23-0000February 23

Rio de Janeiro
 Brazil
South America
S031XXXI

2016
000000002018-08-05-0000August 5
000000002018-08-21-0000August 21

Pyeongchang
 South Korea
Asia

W023XXIII
2018
000000002018-02-09-0000February 9
000000002018-02-25-0000February 25

Tokyo
 Japan
Asia
S032XXXII

2020
000000002018-07-24-0000July 24
000000002018-08-09-0000August 9

Beijing
 China
Asia

W024XXIV
2022
000000002018-02-04-0000February 4
000000002018-02-20-0000February 20

Paris
 France
Europe
S033XXXIII

2024
000000002018-07-26-0000July 26
000000002018-08-11-0000August 11

TBD
TBD

W025XXV
2026
(TBD)

Los Angeles
 United States
North America
S034XXXIV

2028
000000002018-07-21-0000July 21
000000002018-08-06-0000August 6

text: Host cities for multiple Summer and Winter Olympic Games[edit]

text:
List of cities that hosted multiple editions of the Olympic Games

City
Country
Continent
Summer Olympics
Winter Olympics
Total

London
 United Kingdom
Europe
3 (1908, 1948, 2012)
0
3

Paris
 France
Europe
3 (1900, 1924, 2024)
0

Los Angeles
 United States
North America
3 (1932, 1984, 2028)
0

Athens
 Greece
Europe
2 (1896, 2004)
0
2

Tokyo
 Japan
Asia
2 (1964, 2020)
0

Beijing
 China
Asia
1 (2008)
1 (2022)

St. Moritz
  Switzerland
Europe
0
2 (1928, 1948)

Innsbruck
 Austria
Europe
0
2 (1964, 1976)

Lake Placid
 United States
North America
0
2 (1932, 1980)

text: The 1906 Intercalated Games are not officially recognized by the IOC as an official Olympic Games.

text: Number of Olympic Games by country[edit]

text:
List of countries ranked by the number of times they hosted the Olympic Games

Rank
Country
Continent
Summer Olympics
Winter Olympics
Total

1
 United States
North America
5 (1904, 1932, 1984, 1996, 2028)
4 (1932, 1960, 1980, 2002)
9

2
 France
Europe
3 (1900, 1924, 2024)
3 (1924, 1968, 1992)
6

3
 Japan
Asia
2 (1940, 1964, 2020)
2 (1940, 1972, 1998)
4

4
 United Kingdom
Europe
3 (1908, 1944, 1948, 2012)
0
3

 Canada
North America
1 (1976)
2 (1988, 2010)

 Italy
Europe
1 (1960)
2 (1944, 1956, 2006)

 German Empire/ Nazi Germany/ West Germany/ Germany
Europe
2 (1916, 1936, 1972)
1 (1936, 1940)

8
 China
Asia
1 (2008)
1 (2022)
2

 South Korea
Asia
1 (1988)
1 (2018)

 Soviet Union/ Russia
Europe
1 (1980)
1 (2014)

 Greece
Europe
2 (1896, 2004)
0

 Australia
Oceania
2 (1956, 2000)
0

 Norway
Europe
0
2 (1952, 1994)

 Austria
Europe
0
2 (1964, 1976)

  Switzerland
Europe
0
2 (1928, 1940, 1948)

 Sweden
Europe
2 (1912, 1956 (equestrian events only))
0

17
 Brazil
South America
1 (2016)
0
1

 Spain
Europe
1 (1992)
0

 SFR Yugoslavia/ Bosnia and Herzegovina
Europe
0
1 (1984)

 Mexico
North America
1 (1968)
0

 Finland
Europe
1 (1940, 1952)
0

 Netherlands
Europe
1 (1928)
0

 Belgium
Europe
1 (1920)
0

text: Number of Olympic Games by continent[edit]

text:
Rank
Continent
Summer Olympics
Winter Olympics
Total

1
Europe
17 (1896, 1900, 1908, 1912, 1920, 1924, 1928, 1936, 1940, 1944, 1948, 1952, 1960, 1972, 1980, 1992, 2004, 2012, 2024)
14 (1924, 1928, 1936, 1940, 1944, 1948, 1952, 1956, 1964, 1968, 1976, 1984, 1992, 1994, 2006, 2014)
31

2
North America
7 (1904, 1932, 1968, 1976, 1984, 1996, 2028)
6 (1932, 1960, 1980, 1988, 2002, 2010)
13

3
Asia
4 (1940, 1964, 1988, 2008, 2020)
4 (1940, 1972, 1998, 2018, 2022)
8

4
Oceania
2 (1956, 2000)
0
2

5
South America
1 (2016)
0
1

6
Africa
0
0
0

text: Unsuccessful cities[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
Country
City
Bids

 United States
Detroit
7

 Hungary
Budapest
6

 Turkey
Istanbul
5

 Spain
Madrid
4

 Argentina
Buenos Aires
4

  Switzerland
Lausanne
4

 United States
Philadelphia
5

 United States
Chicago
4

 United States
Minneapolis
3

 Cuba
Havana
3

 Belgium
Brussels
3

 Azerbaijan
Baku
2

 Qatar
Doha
2

 Spain
Seville
2

 Yugoslavia
Belgrade
2

 Puerto Rico
San Juan
1

 Australia
Brisbane
1

 Slovakia
Poprad
1

 United States
Boston
1


document_title: Not All Who Wander Are Lost

question_text: where is the quote not all who wander are lost from

text: Not All Who Wander Are Lost

text: Not All Who Wander Are Lost may refer to:

text:
"Not all those who wander are lost", a line from the poem "All that is gold does not glitter", written by J. R. R. Tolkien for The Lord of the Rings
Not All Who Wander Are Lost (album), a 2001 album by Chris Thile
"Not All Who Wander Are Lost", a song on the 2007 album The Last Kind Words by American metal band Devildriver

text:
This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Not All Who Wander Are Lost.
If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.

text: Disambiguation pages

text: All article disambiguation pagesAll disambiguation pages