document_title: Home run

question_text: who hit a homerun in the all star game

question_tokens: who hit a homerun in the all star game

text: Home run

text: Types of home runs[edit]

text: Out of the park[edit]

text: In modern times a home run is most often scored when the ball is hit over the outfield wall between the foul poles (in fair territory) before it touches the ground (in flight), and without being caught or deflected back onto the field by a fielder. A batted ball is also a home run if it touches either foul pole or its attached screen before touching the ground, as the foul poles are by definition in fair territory. Additionally, many major-league ballparks have ground rules stating that a batted ball in flight that strikes a specified location or fixed object is a home run; this usually applies to objects that are beyond the outfield wall but are located such that it may be difficult for an umpire to judge.

text: A batted ball that goes over the outfield wall after touching the ground is not a home run, but an automatic double for the batter (often colloquially called a "ground rule double").

text: A fielder is allowed to reach over the wall to attempt to catch the ball as long as his feet are on or over the field during the attempt, and if the fielder successfully catches the ball while it is in flight the batter is out, even if the ball had already passed the vertical plane of the wall. However, since the fielder is not part of the field, a ball that bounces off a fielder (including his glove) and over the wall without touching the ground is still a home run. A fielder may not deliberately throw his glove, cap, or any other equipment or apparel to stop or deflect a fair ball, and an umpire may award a home run to the batter if a fielder does so on a ball that, in the umpire's judgment, would have otherwise been a home run (this is rare in modern professional baseball).[3]

text: A home run accomplished in any of the above manners is an automatic home run. The ball is dead, even if it rebounds back onto the field (e.g., from striking a foul pole), and the batter and any preceding runners cannot be put out at any time while running the bases. However, if one or more runners fail to touch a base or one runner passes another before reaching home plate, that runner or runners can be called out on appeal, though in the case of not touching a base a runner can go back and touch it if doing so won't cause them to be passed by another preceding runner and they have not yet touched the next base (or home plate in the case of missing third base). This stipulation is in Approved Ruling (2) of Rule 7.10(b).[3]

text: Inside-the-park home run[edit]

text: An inside-the-park home run occurs when a batter hits the ball into play and is able to circle the bases before the fielders can put him out. Unlike with an outside-the-park home run, the batter-runner and all preceding runners are liable to be put out by the defensive team at any time while running the bases. This can only happen if the ball does not leave the ballfield.

text: In the early days of baseball, outfields were relatively much more spacious, reducing the likelihood of an over-the-fence home run, while increasing the likelihood of an inside-the-park home run, as a ball getting past an outfielder had more distance that it could roll before a fielder could track it down.

text: Modern outfields are much less spacious and more uniformly designed than in the game's early days, therefore inside-the-park home runs are now a rarity. They usually occur when a fast runner hits the ball deep into the outfield and the ball bounces in an unexpected direction away from the nearest outfielder (e.g., off a divot in the grass or off the outfield wall), or an outfielder misjudges the flight of the ball in a way that he cannot quickly recover from the mistake (e.g., by diving and missing). The speed of the runner is crucial as even triples are relatively rare in most modern ballparks.

text: If any defensive play on an inside-the-park home run is labeled an error by the official scorer, a home run is not scored; instead, it is scored as a single, double, or triple, and the batter-runner and any applicable preceding runners are said to have taken all additional bases on error. All runs scored on such a play, however, still count.

text: An example of an unexpected bounce occurred during the 2007 Major League Baseball All-Star Game at AT&T Park in San Francisco on July 10, 2007. Ichiro Suzuki of the American League team hit a fly ball that caromed off the right-center field wall in the opposite direction from where National League right fielder Ken Griffey, Jr. was expecting it to go. By the time the ball was relayed, Ichiro had already crossed the plate standing up. This was the first inside-the-park home run in All-Star Game history, and led to Suzuki being named the game's Most Valuable Player.

text: Number of runs batted in[edit]

text: Home runs are often characterized by the number of runners on base at the time. A home run hit with the bases empty is seldom called a "one-run homer", but rather a solo home run, solo homer, or "solo shot". With one runner on base, two runs are scored (the baserunner and the batter) and thus the home run is often called a two-run homer or two-run shot. Similarly, a home runs with two runners on base is a three-run homer or three-run shot.

text: The term "four-run homer" is seldom used; instead, it is nearly always called a "grand slam". Hitting a grand slam is the best possible result for the batter's turn at bat and the worst possible result for the pitcher and his team.

text: Grand slam[edit]

text: A grand slam occurs when the bases are "loaded" (that is, there are base runners standing at first, second, and third base) and the batter hits a home run. According to The Dickson Baseball Dictionary, the term originated in the card game of contract bridge. An inside-the-park grand slam is a grand slam that is also an inside-the-park home run, a home run without the ball leaving the field, and it is very rare, due to the relative rarity of loading the bases along with the significant rarity (nowadays) of inside-the-park home runs.

text: On July 25, 1956, Roberto Clemente became the only MLB player to have ever scored a walk-off inside-the-park grand slam in a 9–8 Pittsburgh Pirates win over the Chicago Cubs, at Forbes Field.

text: On April 23, 1999, Fernando Tatís made history by hitting two grand slams in one inning, both against Chan Ho Park of the Los Angeles Dodgers. With this feat, Tatís also set a Major League record with 8 RBI in one inning.

text: On July 29, 2003 against the Texas Rangers, Bill Mueller of the Boston Red Sox became the only player in major league history to hit two grand slams in one game from opposite sides of the plate. In fact, he hit three home runs in that game, and his two grand slams were in consecutive at-bats.

text: On August 25, 2011 the New York Yankees became the first team to hit three grand slams in one game vs the Oakland A's. The Yankees eventually went on to win the game 22–9, after trailing 7–1.

text: Specific situation home runs[edit]

text: These types of home runs are characterized by the specific game situation in which they occur, and can theoretically occur on either an outside-the-park or inside-the-park home run.

text: Walk-off home run[edit]

text: A walk-off home run is a home run hit by the home team in the bottom of the ninth inning, any extra inning, or other scheduled final inning, which gives the home team the lead and thereby ends the game. The term is attributed to Hall of Fame relief pitcher Dennis Eckersley,[4] so named because after the run is scored, the losing team has to "walk off" the field.

text: Two World Series have ended via the "walk-off" home run. The first was the 1960 World Series when Bill Mazeroski of the Pittsburgh Pirates hit a 9th inning solo home run in the 7th game of the series off New York Yankees pitcher Ralph Terry to give the Pirates the World Championship. The second time was the 1993 World Series when Joe Carter of the Toronto Blue Jays hit a 9th inning 3-run home run off Philadelphia Phillies pitcher Mitch Williams in Game 6 of the series, to help the Toronto Blue Jays capture their second World Series Championship in a row.

text: Such a home run can also be called a "sudden death" or "sudden victory" home run. That usage has lessened as "walk-off home run" has gained favor. Along with Mazeroski's 1960 shot, the most famous walk-off or sudden-death homer would probably be the "Shot Heard 'Round the World" hit by Bobby Thomson to win the 1951 National League pennant for the New York Giants, along with many other game-ending home runs that famously ended some of the most important and suspenseful baseball games.

text: A walk-off home run over the fence is an exception to baseball's one-run rule. Normally if the home team is tied or behind in the ninth or extra innings the game ends as soon as the home team scores enough runs to achieve a lead. If the home team has two outs in the inning, and the game is tied, the game will officially end either the moment the batter successfully reaches 1st base or the moment the runner touches home plate—whichever happens last. However, this is superseded by the "ground rule", which provides automatic doubles (when a ball-in-play hits the ground first then leaves the playing field) and home runs (when a ball-in-play leaves the playing field without ever touching the ground). In the latter case, all base runners including the batter are allowed to cross the plate.

text: Lead-off home run[edit]

text:
A lead-off home run is a home run hit by the first batter of a team, the leadoff hitter of the first inning of the game. In MLB, Rickey Henderson holds the record with 81 lead-off home runs.[5]
[6] Craig Biggio holds the National League record with 53, third overall to Henderson, and Soriano with 54.[7]

text: In 1996, Brady Anderson set a Major League record by hitting a lead-off home run in four consecutive games.

text: Back-to-back[edit]

text:
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text: When two consecutive batters each hit a home run, this is described as back-to-back home runs. It is still considered back-to-back even if both batters hit their home runs off different pitchers. A third batter hitting a home run is commonly referred to as back-to-back-to-back.

text: Four home runs in a row by consecutive batters has only occurred eight times in the history of Major League Baseball. Following convention, this is called back-to-back-to-back-to-back. The most recent occurrence was on July 27, 2017, when the Washington Nationals hit four in a row against the Milwaukee Brewers in Nationals Park as Brian Goodwin, Wilmer Difo, Bryce Harper and Ryan Zimmerman homered off pitcher Michael Blazek.[8] Blazek became the fourth pitcher to surrender back-to-back-to-back-to-back home runs, following Paul Foytack on July 31, 1963, Chase Wright on April 22, 2007, and Dave Bush.

text: On August 14, 2008, the Chicago White Sox defeated the Kansas City Royals 9-2. In this game, Jim Thome, Paul Konerko, Alexei Ramírez, and Juan Uribe hit back-to-back-to-back-to-back home runs in that order. Thome, Konerko, and Ramirez blasted their homers off of Joel Peralta, while Uribe did it off of Rob Tejeda. The next batter, veteran backstop Toby Hall, tried aimlessly to hit the ball as far as possible, but his effort resulted in a strike out.

text: On April 22, 2007 the Boston Red Sox were trailing the New York Yankees 3–0 when Manny Ramirez, J. D. Drew, Mike Lowell and Jason Varitek hit back-to-back-to-back-to-back home runs to put them up 4–3. They eventually went on to win the game 7–6 after a three-run home run by Mike Lowell in the bottom of the 7th inning. On September 18, 2006 trailing 9–5 to the San Diego Padres in the 9th inning, Jeff Kent, J. D. Drew, Russell Martin, and Marlon Anderson of the Los Angeles Dodgers hit back-to-back-to-back-to-back home runs to tie the game. After giving up a run in the top of the 10th, the Dodgers won the game in the bottom of the 10th, on a walk-off two run home run by Nomar Garciaparra. J. D. Drew has been part of two different sets of back-to-back-to-back-to-back home runs. In both occurrences, his homer was the second of the four.

text: On September 30, 1997, in the sixth inning of Game One of the American League Division Series between the New York Yankees and Cleveland Indians, Tim Raines, Derek Jeter and Paul O'Neill hit back-to-back-to-back home runs for the Yankees. Raines' home run tied the game. New York went on to win 8–6. This was the first occurrence of three home runs in a row ever in postseason play. The Boston Red Sox repeated the feat in Game Four of the 2007 American League Championship Series, also against the Indians.

text: Twice in MLB history have two brothers hit back-to-back home runs. On April 23, 2013, brothers Melvin Upton, Jr. (formerly B.J. Upton) and Justin Upton hit back-to-back home runs.[9] The first time was on September 15, 1938, when Lloyd Waner and Paul Waner performed the feat.[10]

text: Simple back-to-back home runs are a relatively frequent occurrence. If a pitcher gives up a homer, he might have his concentration broken and might alter his normal approach in an attempt to "make up for it" by striking out the next batter with some fastballs. Sometimes the next batter will be expecting that and will capitalize on it. A notable back-to-back home run of that type in World Series play involved "Babe Ruth's called shot" in 1932, which was accompanied by various Ruthian theatrics, yet the pitcher, Charlie Root, was allowed to stay in the game. He delivered just one more pitch, which Lou Gehrig drilled out of the park for a back-to-back shot, after which Root was removed from the game.

text: In Game 3 of the 1976 NLCS, George Foster and Johnny Bench hit back-to-back homers in the last of the ninth off Ron Reed to tie the game. The Series-winning run was scored later in the inning.

text: Another notable pair of back-to-back home runs occurred on September 14, 1990, when Ken Griffey, Sr. and Ken Griffey, Jr. hit back-to-back home runs, off Kirk McCaskill, the only father-and-son duo to do so in Major League history.

text: On May 2, 2002, Bret Boone and Mike Cameron of the Seattle Mariners hit back-to-back home runs off of starter Jon Rauch in the first inning of a game against the Chicago White Sox. The Mariners batted around in the inning, and Boone and Cameron came up to bat against reliever Jim Parque with two outs, again hitting back-to-back home runs and becoming the only pair of teammates to hit back-to-back home runs twice in the same inning.[11]

text: On June 19, 2012, José Bautista and Colby Rasmus hit back-to-back home runs and back-to-back-to-back home runs with Edwin Encarnación for a lead change in each instance.[clarification needed]

text: On July 23, 2017 Whit Merrifield, Jorge Bonifacio, and Eric Hosmer of the Kansas City Royals hit back to back to back home runs in the fourth inning against the Chicago White Sox. The Royals went on to win the game 5-4.

text: On June 20, 2018 George Springer, Alex Bregman, and José Altuve of the Houston Astros hit back to back to back home runs in the sixth inning against the Tampa Bay Rays. The Astros went on to win the game 5-1.

text: On April 3, 2018, the St. Louis Cardinals began the game against the Milwaukee Brewers with back-to-back homers from Dexter Fowler and Tommy Pham.  Then in the bottom of the ninth, with two outs and the Cardinals leading 4-3, Christian Yelich homered to tie the game; and Ryan Braun hit the next pitch for a walk-off homer.  This is the only major league game to begin and end with back-to-back homers.

text: Consecutive home runs by one batter[edit]

text: The record for consecutive home runs by a batter under any circumstances is four. Of the sixteen players (through 2012) who have hit four in one game, six have hit them consecutively. Twenty-eight other batters have hit four consecutive across two games.

text: Bases on balls do not count as at-bats, and Ted Williams holds the record for consecutive home runs across the most games, four in four games played, during September 17–22, 1957, for the Red Sox.[12] Williams hit a pinch-hit homer on the 17th; walked as a pinch-hitter on the 18th; there was no game on the 19th; hit another pinch-homer on the 20th; homered and then was lifted for a pinch-runner after at least one walk, on the 21st; and homered after at least one walk on the 22nd. All in all, he had four walks interspersed among his four homers.

text: In World Series play, Reggie Jackson hit a record three in one Series game, the final game (Game 6) in 1977. But those three were a part of a much more impressive feat. He walked on four pitches in the second inning of game 6. Then he hit his three home runs on the first pitch of his next three at bats, off of three different pitchers (4th inning- Hooten, 5th inning- Sosa, 8th inning- Hough). He had also hit one in his last at bat of the previous game, giving him four home runs on four consecutive swings. (His home run in game 5 was also hit on the first pitch, although this did not add to any significant streak.) The four in a row set the record for consecutive homers across two Series games.

text: In Game 3 of the World Series in 2011, Albert Pujols hit three home runs to tie the record with Babe Ruth and Reggie Jackson. The St. Louis Cardinals went on to win the World Series in Game 7 at Busch Stadium.  In Game 1 of the World Series in 2012, Pablo Sandoval of the San Francisco Giants hit three home runs on his first three at-bats of the Series, also tying the record with Pujols, Jackson, and Ruth.

text: Nomar Garciaparra holds the record for consecutive home runs in the shortest time in terms of innings: three homers in two innings, on July 23, 2002, for the Boston Red Sox.

text: Home run cycle[edit]

text: An offshoot of hitting for the cycle, a "home run cycle" is where a player hits a solo, 2-run, 3-run, and grand slam all in one game. This is an extremely rare feat, as it requires the batter to not only hit four home runs in a game (which itself has only occurred 18 times in the Major Leagues[13]), but also to hit those home runs with the specific number of runners already on base. Although it is a rare accomplishment, it is largely dependent on circumstances outside the player's control, such as his preceding teammates' ability to get on base, as well as the order in which he comes to bat in any particular inning.

text: Another variant of the home run cycle would be the "natural home run cycle", which would require a batter to hit a solo, 2-run, 3-run, and grand slam in that order.

text: Though multiple home run cycles have been recorded in collegiate baseball,[14][15] the only home run cycle in a professional baseball game belongs to Tyrone Horne, who stroked four long balls for the minor league, Double-A Arkansas Travelers in a game against the San Antonio Missions on July 27, 1998.[16]

text: A major league player has come close to hitting for the home run cycle several times. Recent examples include:

text:
April 2, 1997, Tino Martinez of the New York Yankees, was a grand slam away from accomplishing this feat against his former team, the Seattle Mariners. He hit a 3-run home run in the first inning, a 2-run home run in the third inning and a solo shot in the fifth inning; all off starting pitcher Scott Sanders.[17]
April 26, 2005 Alex Rodriguez of the New York Yankees hit 3 home runs off Los Angeles Angels pitcher Bartolo Colón. Rodriguez hit a 3-run home run, 2-run home run, and a grand slam in the first, third, and fourth innings, respectively.[18]
May 16, 2008 Jayson Werth of the Philadelphia Phillies hit 3 home runs off Toronto Blue Jays pitchers David Purcey and Jesse Litsch. Werth hit a 3-run home run, a grand slam, and a solo home run in the second, third, and fifth innings, respectively.[19]
June 26, 2009, Andre Ethier of Los Angeles Dodgers hit a three-run home run off Jason Vargas in the second, a two-run home run off Roy Corcoran in the sixth, and a solo home run off Miguel Batista in the eighth inning in a game against Seattle Mariners.[20]
July 7, 2009, Paul Konerko of the Chicago White Sox hit a solo home run in the second inning off Cleveland Indians pitcher Jeremy Sowers, a grand slam in the sixth inning off reliever Chris Perez, and a two-run home run in the seventh inning off reliever Winston Abreu.[21]
August 1, 2009, Andrew McCutchen of the Pittsburgh Pirates hit a solo home run in the first inning, a two run home run in the fourth inning, and a three run home run in the sixth inning of a game against the Washington Nationals.[22]
September 17, 2010, Shin-Soo Choo of the Cleveland Indians, hit three home runs against the Kansas City Royals. Choo hit a 2-run homer in the fourth inning, a Grand Slam in the sixth inning and a solo home run in the eighth inning.[23]
June 21, 2015, J.D. Martinez of the Detroit Tigers, hit three home runs against the New York Yankees. Martinez hit a 2-run homer in the first inning, a solo home run in the fifth inning and a 3-run homer in the sixth inning[24]
August 21, 2015, Yoenis Céspedes of the New York Mets, hit three home runs against the Colorado Rockies: a grand slam in the second inning, a solo home run in the fourth inning, and a two-run home run in the sixth inning.[25]
August 29, 2015, Edwin Encarnación of the Toronto Blue Jays hit three home runs against the Detroit Tigers: a 3-run home run in the first inning, a 2-run home run in the sixth inning, and a grand slam in the seventh inning.[26]
September 26, 2015, Jarrett Parker of the San Francisco Giants hit three home runs against the Oakland Athletics: a solo home run in the second inning, a 2-run home run in the seventh inning, and a grand slam in the eighth inning.[27]
June 6, 2017, Scooter Gennett of the Cincinnati Reds hit four home runs against the St. Louis Cardinals: a grand slam in the third inning, a 2-run home run in the fourth inning, a solo home run in the sixth inning, and a 2-run home run in the eighth inning. He had an opportunity for a 3-run home run in the 1st inning, which resulted in a RBI single.[28]

text: History[edit]

text: In the early days of the game, when the ball was less lively and the ballparks generally had very large outfields, most home runs were of the inside-the-park variety. The first home run ever hit in the National League was by Ross Barnes of the Chicago White Stockings (now known as the Chicago Cubs), in 1876. The home "run" was literally descriptive. Home runs over the fence were rare, and only in ballparks where a fence was fairly close. Hitters were discouraged from trying to hit home runs, with the conventional wisdom being that if they tried to do so they would simply fly out. This was a serious concern in the 19th century, because in baseball's early days a ball caught after one bounce was still an out. The emphasis was on place-hitting and what is now called "manufacturing runs" or "small ball".

text: The home run's place in baseball changed dramatically when the live-ball era began after World War I. First, the materials and manufacturing processes improved significantly, making the now-mass-produced, cork-centered ball somewhat more lively. Batters such as Babe Ruth and Rogers Hornsby took full advantage of rules changes that were instituted during the 1920s, particularly prohibition of the spitball, and the requirement that balls be replaced when worn or dirty. These changes resulted in the baseball being easier to see and hit, and easier to hit out of the park. Meanwhile, as the game's popularity boomed, more outfield seating was built, shrinking the size of the outfield and increasing the chances of a long fly ball resulting in a home run. The teams with the sluggers, typified by the New York Yankees, became the championship teams, and other teams had to change their focus from the "inside game" to the "power game" in order to keep up.

text: Before 1931, a ball that bounced over an outfield fence during a major league game was considered a home run. The rule was changed to require the ball to clear the fence on the fly, and balls that reached the seats on a bounce became ground rule doubles in most parks. A carryover of the old rule is that if a player deflects a ball over the outfield fence without it touching the ground, it is a home run.

text: Also, until approximately that time, the ball had to not only go over the fence in fair territory, but to land in the bleachers in fair territory or to still be visibly fair when disappearing behind a wall. The rule stipulated "fair when last seen" by the umpires. Photos from that era in ballparks, such as the Polo Grounds and Yankee Stadium, show ropes strung from the foul poles to the back of the bleachers, or a second "foul pole" at the back of the bleachers, in a straight line with the foul line, as a visual aid for the umpire. Ballparks still use a visual aid much like the ropes; a net or screen attached to the foul poles on the fair side has replaced ropes. As with American football, where a touchdown once required a literal "touch down" of the ball in the end zone but now only requires the "breaking of the [vertical] plane" of the goal line, in baseball the ball need only "break the plane" of the fence in fair territory (unless the ball is caught by a player who is in play, in which case the batter is called out).

text: Babe Ruth's 60th home run in 1927 was somewhat controversial, because it landed barely in fair territory in the stands down the right field line. Ruth lost a number of home runs in his career due to the when-last-seen rule. Bill Jenkinson, in The Year Babe Ruth Hit 104 Home Runs, estimates that Ruth lost at least 50 and as many as 78 in his career due to this rule.

text: Further, the rules once stipulated that an over-the-fence home run in a sudden-victory situation would only count for as many bases as was necessary to "force" the winning run home. For example, if a team trailed by two runs with the bases loaded, and the batter hit a fair ball over the fence, it only counted as a triple, because the runner immediately ahead of him had technically already scored the game-winning run. That rule was changed in the 1920s as home runs became increasingly frequent and popular. Babe Ruth's career total of 714 would have been one higher had that rule not been in effect in the early part of his career.

text: Records[edit]

text: Major League Baseball keeps running totals of all-time home runs by team, including teams no longer active (prior to 1900) as well as by individual players. Gary Sheffield hit the 250,000th home run in MLB history with a grand slam on September 8, 2008.[29] Sheffield had hit MLB's 249,999th home run against Gio González in his previous at-bat.

text: The all-time, verified professional baseball record for career home runs for one player, excluding the U. S. Negro Leagues during the era of segregation, is held by Sadaharu Oh. Oh spent his entire career playing for the Yomiuri Giants in Japan's Nippon Professional Baseball, later managing the Giants, the Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks and the 2006 World Baseball Classic Japanese team. Oh holds the all-time home run world record, having hit 868 home runs in his career.

text: In Major League Baseball, the career record is 762, held by Barry Bonds, who broke Hank Aaron's record on August 7, 2007, when he hit his 756th home run at AT&T Park off pitcher Mike Bacsik.[30] Only eight other major league players have hit as many as 600: Hank Aaron (755), Babe Ruth (714),[30] Alex Rodriguez (696), Willie Mays (660), [30] Albert Pujols (633), [30] Ken Griffey, Jr. (630), and Jim Thome (612), Sammy Sosa (609).

text: The single season record is 73, set by Barry Bonds in 2001.[30]  Other notable single season records were achieved by Babe Ruth who hit 60 in 1927, Roger Maris, with 61 home runs in 1961, and Mark McGwire, who hit 70 in 1998.[30]

text: Negro League slugger Josh Gibson's Baseball Hall of Fame plaque says he hit "almost 800" home runs in his career. The Guinness Book of World Records lists Gibson's lifetime home run total at 800. Ken Burns' award-winning series, Baseball, states that his actual total may have been as high as 950. Gibson's true total is not known, in part due to inconsistent record keeping in the Negro Leagues. The 1993 edition of the MacMillan Baseball Encyclopedia attempted to compile a set of Negro League records, and subsequent work has expanded on that effort. Those records demonstrate that Gibson and Ruth were of comparable power. The 1993 book had Gibson hitting 146 home runs in the 501 "official" Negro League games they were able to account for in his 17-year career, about 1 homer every 3.4 games. Babe Ruth, in 22 seasons (several of them in the dead-ball era), hit 714 in 2503 games, or 1 homer every 3.5 games. The large gap in the numbers for Gibson reflect the fact that Negro League clubs played relatively far fewer league games and many more "barnstorming" or exhibition games during the course of a season, than did the major league clubs of that era.

text: Other legendary home run hitters include Jimmie Foxx, Mel Ott, Ted Williams, Mickey Mantle (who on September 10, 1960, mythically hit "the longest home run ever" at an estimated distance of 643 feet (196 m), although this was measured after the ball stopped rolling[31]), Reggie Jackson, Harmon Killebrew, Ernie Banks, Mike Schmidt, Dave Kingman, Sammy Sosa[30] (who hit 60 or more home runs in a season 3 times), Ken Griffey, Jr. and Eddie Mathews.   In 1987, Joey Meyer of the Denver Zephyrs hit the longest verifiable home run in professional baseball history.[32][33]  The home run was measured at a distance of 582 feet (177 m) and was hit inside Denver's Mile High Stadium.[32][33]  Major League Baseball's longest verifiable home run distance is about 575 feet (175 m), by Babe Ruth, to straightaway center field at Tiger Stadium (then called Navin Field and before the double-deck), which landed nearly across the intersection of Trumbull and Cherry.[citation needed]

text: The location of where Hank Aaron's record 755th home run landed has been monumented in Milwaukee.[34] The spot sits outside Miller Park, where the Milwaukee Brewers currently play. Similarly, the point where Aaron's 715th homer landed, upon breaking Ruth's career record in 1974, is marked in the Turner Field parking lot. A red-painted seat in Fenway Park marks the landing place of the 502-ft home run Ted Williams hit in 1946, the longest measured homer in Fenway's history; a red stadium seat mounted on the wall of the Mall of America in Bloomington, Minnesota, marks the landing spot of Harmon Killebrew's record 520-foot shot in old Metropolitan Stadium.

text: Instant replay[edit]

text: Replays "to get the call right" have been used extremely sporadically in the past, but the use of instant replay to determine "boundary calls"—home runs and foul balls—was not officially allowed until 2008.

text: In a game on May 31, 1999, involving the St. Louis Cardinals and Florida Marlins, a hit by Cliff Floyd of the Marlins was initially ruled a double, then a home run, then was changed back to a double when umpire Frank Pulli decided to review video of the play. The Marlins protested that video replay was not allowed, but while the National League office agreed that replay was not to be used in future games, it declined the protest on the grounds it was a judgment call, and the play stood.[35][36]

text: In November 2007, the general managers of Major League Baseball voted in favor of implementing instant replay reviews on boundary home run calls.[37] The proposal limited the use of instant replay to determining whether a boundary/home run call is:

text:
A fair (home run) or foul ball
A live ball (ball hit fence and rebounded onto the field), ground rule double (ball hit fence before leaving the field), or home run (ball hit some object beyond the fence while in flight)
Spectator interference or home run (spectator touched ball after it broke the plane of the fence).

text: On August 28, 2008, instant replay review became available in MLB for reviewing calls in accordance with the above proposal. It was first utilized on September 3, 2008 in a game between the New York Yankees and the Tampa Bay Rays at Tropicana Field.[38] Alex Rodriguez of the Yankees hit what appeared to be a home run, but the ball hit a catwalk behind the foul pole. It was at first called a home run, until Tampa Bay manager Joe Maddon argued the call, and the umpires decided to review the play. After 2 minutes and 15 seconds, the umpires came back and ruled it a home run.

text: About two weeks later, on September 19, also at Tropicana Field, a boundary call was overturned for the first time. In this case, Carlos Peña of the Rays was given a ground rule double in a game against the Minnesota Twins after an umpire believed a fan reached into the field of play to catch a fly ball in right field. The umpires reviewed the play, determined the fan did not reach over the fence, and reversed the call, awarding Peña a home run.

text: Aside from the two aforementioned reviews at Tampa Bay, replay was used four more times in the 2008 MLB regular season: twice at Houston, once at Seattle, and once at San Francisco. The San Francisco incident is perhaps the most unusual. Bengie Molina, the Giants' catcher, hit what was first called a single. Molina then was replaced in the game by Emmanuel Burriss, a pinch-runner, before the umpires re-evaluated the call and ruled it a home run. In this instance though, Molina was not allowed to return to the game to complete the run, as he had already been replaced. Molina was credited with the home run, and two RBIs, but not for the run scored which went to Burriss instead.

text: On October 31, 2009, in the fourth inning of Game 3 of the World Series, Alex Rodriguez hit a long fly ball that appeared to hit a camera protruding over the wall and into the field of play in deep left field.  The ball ricocheted off the camera and re-entered the field, initially ruled a double.  However, after the umpires consulted with each other after watching the instant replay, the hit was ruled a home run, marking the first time an instant replay home run was hit in a playoff game.[39]


document_title: List of Britain's Got Talent finalists

question_text: who won the last britain's got talent

question_tokens: who won the last britain 's got talent

root

text: List of Britain's Got Talent finalists

text: Britain's Got Talent is a British talent reality television series that first aired in 2007. As of 31 May 2016, there have been ten completed series. The show has been spun off around the world under the Got Talent franchise. The competition is open to people of all ages who possess a talent. After the initial rounds of auditions, successful contestants are narrowed down by the judges.

tag: p

text: In the first series, 24 contestants made it into the three semi-finals, and in subsequent series this has been increased to 40 (45 in series 6-10) contestants across five live shows. The act which receives the most public votes in each semi-final goes through to the final, with the second finalist being decided by the judges from the second and third most popular contestants. In series 6, a "wildcard" element was introduced. This is where judges pick an eliminated act from the semi-finals, and that act is sent through to the final. In series 6, the wildcard act selected was The Mend. In series 7, the wildcard was Steve Hewlett and in series 8,al Jon Clegg. Series 9 featured a second wildcard, voted for by the public from the five acts who lost the judges' vote in the semi-finals.[1] The judges' wildcard was Boyband and the public's wildcard was Jessie-Jane McParland.

text: In the final, each of the finalists perform again, but this time the result is determined purely from the public vote, with the winner receiving £250,000 (£100,000 in series 1–5, £500,000 in series 6) and the chance to perform their act at the Royal Variety Performance.

text: Opera singer Paul Potts won the first series of the competition in 2007, street dancer George Sampson won the second series in 2008, dance troupe Diversity won the third series in 2009, gymnast troupe Spelbound won the fourth series in 2010, singer Jai McDowall won the fifth series in 2011, dancing dog act Ashleigh and Pudsey won the sixth series in 2012, shadow theatre group, Attraction won the seventh series in 2013, classical singers Collabro won the eighth series in 2014, and musical canine freestyle act Jules O'Dwyer & Matisse won the ninth series in 2015. Magician Richard Jones won the tenth series in 2016. Pianist Tokio Myers won the eleventh series in 2017.

text: Contestants[edit]

text: For more details on each of the contestants, see the relevant series article.

text:
Name
Series
Act
Finished
Ref

2 Grand
3
Singing duo
10 !10th

100 Voices of Gospel
10
Gospel choir
08 !8th
[2][3]

Alex Magala
10
Sword-swallower
09 !9th
[2][3]

Aquabatique
6
Synchronised swimmers
10 !10th

Arisxandra
7
Singer
08 !8th

Asanda
7
Singer
11 !11th

Ashleigh and Pudsey
6
Dancing dog act
01 !1st

Attraction
7
Shadow theatre group
01 !1st

The Addict Initiative
8
Dance troupe
10 !10th

Balance Unity
10
Dancer
10 !10th
[2][3]

Bar Wizards, TheThe Bar Wizards
1
Juggling
Finalist

Bars & Melody
8
Singing/rapping duo
03 !3rd

Beau Dermott
10
Musical theatre singer
05 !5th
[2][3]

Boogie Storm
10
Dance troupe
03 !3rd
[2][3]

Boyband
9
Dance troupe
12th
[4]

Boyle, SusanSusan Boyle
3
Singer
02 !2nd

Burling, PaulPaul Burling
4
Impressionist
05 !5th

Calum Scott
9
Singer
06 !6th
[5]

Jack Carroll
7
Stand-up comedian
02 !2nd

Daliso Chaponda
11
Stand-up comedian
03 !3rd
[6]

Cheeky Monkeys
2
Child dance duo
Finalist

Jon Clegg
8
Impressionist
07 !7th

Côr Glanethwy
9
Welsh choir
03 !3rd
[5]

Collabro
8
Classical singers
01 !1st

Collings, MichaelMichael Collings
5
Singer/guitarist
05 !5th
[7][8]

Connected[A]
4
Child singers
08 !8th

Craig Ball
10
Impressionist singer
06 !6th
[2][3]

Cursons, BessieBessie Cursons
1
Musical theatre performer
Finalist

Cutler, JaneyJaney Cutler
4
Singer
09 !9th

Danny Posthill
9
Impressionist
07 !7th
[5]

Darcy Oake
8
Magician
05 !5th

Davis, AidanAidan Davis
3
Streetdancer
05 !5th

Diversity
3
Streetdance troupe
01 !1st

DNA
11
Mentalists
11 !11th
[6]

Matt Edwards
11
Comedy magician
04 !4th
[6]

Entity Allstars
9
Dance troupe
11 !11th
[5]

Escala
2
String quartet
Finalist

Flawless
3
Streetdance troupe
08 !8th

Francine Lewis
7
Impressionist
10 !10th

Gabz
7
Singer/rapper
07 !7th

Gaffney, KieranKieran Gaffney
4
Drummer
03 !3rd

Gbegbaje, PaulPaul Gbegbaje
5
Pianist
06 !6th
[7][9]

Gibson, LesLes Gibson
5
Impressionist
09 !9th
[7][10]

Gogonea, RazyRazy Gogonea
5
Breakdancer/Body-Popping
04 !4th
[7][8]

Hall, StevenSteven Hall
5
Comedy dancer
07 !7th
[7][11]

Hewlett, SteveSteve Hewlett
7
Ventriloquist
04 !4th

Isaac Waddington
9
Pianist
05 !5th
[5]

Sarah Ikumu
11
Singer
07 !7th
[6]

Hobley, JamesJames Hobley
5
Dancer
08 !8th
[7][10]

Jamie Raven
9
Magician
02 !2nd
[5]

Jafargholi, ShaheenShaheen Jafargholi
3
Child Singer
07 !7th

Jasmine Elcock
10
Singer
04 !4th
[2][3]

Jessie-Jane McParland
9
Martial artist
08 !8th
[5]

Jonathan and Charlotte
6
Opera duo
02 !2nd

Johnston, AndrewAndrew Johnston
2
Child Soprano
03 !3rd

Kai and Natalia
6
Ballroom dancers
11 !11th

Kate and Gin
2
Musical canine freestyle
Finalist

Lucy & Trip Hazard
10
Dancing dog
07 !7th
[2][3]

Lucy Kay
8
Opera singer
02 !2nd

Kelly, SamSam Kelly
6
Singer/guitarist
09 !9th

Kombat Breakers
1
Dance troupe
Finalist

Lettice Rowbotham
8
Violinist
08 !8th

Loveable Rogues
6
Acoustic vocal group
04 !4th

Luminites
7
Vocal group
05 !5th

McDowall, JaiJai McDowall
5
Singer
01 !1st
[7][11]

Jules O'Dwyer & Matisse
9
Musical canine freestyle
01 !1st
[5]

Jordan O'Keefe
7
Singer/guitarist
06 !6th

Liam McNally
4
Child Soprano
10 !10th

Martyn, JeanJean Martyn
5
Organist
10 !10th
[7][12]

Mead, TobiasTobias Mead
4
Dancer
06 !6th

Mend, TheThe Mend
6
Boy band
07 !7th

Mel & Jamie
10
Singers
12 !12th
[2][3]

MerseyGirls
11
Dancers
09 !9th
[6]

Missing People Choir
11
Choir
08 !8th
[6]

Andrew Muir
2
Singer
Finalist

Tokio Myers
11
Pianist
01 !1st
[6]

The Neales
9
Vocal group
09 !9th
[5]

Nemesis
2
Dance troupe
Finalist

New Bounce
5
Child Singers
03 !3rd
[7][12]

Nu Sxool
6
Dance troupe
08 !8th

Old Men Grooving
9
Dance troupe
04 !4th
[5]

Only Boys Aloud
6
Male choir
03 !3rd

Paddy & Nico
8
Salsa dancers
09 !9th

Richard and Adam
7
Opera duo
03 !3rd

O'Shaughnessy, RyanRyan O'Shaughnessy
6
Singer-songwriter/guitarist
05 !5th

Jack Pack
8
Singing group
04 !4th

Parke, RonanRonan Parke
5
Child Singer
02 !2nd
[7][9]

The Pensionalities
11
Singers
05 !5th
[6]

Potts, PaulPaul Potts
1
Opera Singer
01 !1st

Rainford, MollyMolly Rainford
6
Singer
06 !6th

Richard Jones
10
Close-up magician
01 !1st
[2][3][13]

Sampson, GeorgeGeorge Sampson
2
Streetdancer
01 !1st

Scott, DamonDamon Scott
1
Puppeteer
Finalist

Pre Skool
7
Dance troupe
09 !9th

Shannon & Peter
10
Contemporary dancers
11 !11th
[2][3]

Signature
2
Bhanghra dancers
02 !2nd

Issy Simpson
11
Child magician
02 !2nd
[6]

James Smith
8
Singer
06 !6th

Smith, FarylFaryl Smith
2
Classical Singer
Finalist

Smith, JulianJulian Smith
3
Saxophonist
03 !3rd

Smith, ShaunShaun Smith
3
Child Singer
09 !9th

Spelbound
4
Gymnastic troupe
01 !1st

Stavros Flatley
3
Comedy dance duo
04 !4th

Steel, HollieHollie Steel
3
Child singer/dancer
06 !6th

Stone, ChristopherChristopher Stone
4
Singer
07 !7th

Strike
2
Martial arts demo
Finalist

Talbot, ConnieConnie Talbot
1
Child Singer
Finalist

Kyle Tomlinson
11
Singer
06 !6th
[6]

UDI
9
Electronic light dance troupe
10 !10th
[5]

Woodward, WayneWayne Woodward
10
Swing singer
02 !2nd
[2][3]

Ned Woodman
11
Child Stand-up comedian
10 !10th
[6]

Yanis Marshall, Arnaud & Mehdi
8
Dance troupe
11 !11th

Tina and Chandi
4
Dancing Dog act
04 !4th

Twist and Pulse
4
Dance duo
02 !2nd

tag: table

text: Jump up ^ Connected split up shortly after the competition. Brothers Harry and Max Mondryk, along with friend Matt Fitzgerald, reformed as ReConnected. The remaining members, Myles and Connor Ryan, came together under the name Myles and Connor and have signed a recording contract.

tag: ol


document_title: United States Armed Forces oath of enlistment

question_text: person who is enlisted in a branch of the armed force

text: Description[edit]

text: Upon enlisting in the United States Armed Forces, each person enlisting in an armed force (whether a soldier, sailor, coast guardsman, airman, or Marine) takes an oath of enlistment required by federal statute in 10 U.S.C. § 502. That section provides the text of the oath and sets out who may administer the oath:

text: § 502. Enlistment oath: who may administer

text:
(a) Enlistment Oath.— Each person enlisting in an armed force shall take the following oath:
"I, (state name of enlistee), do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will support and defend the Constitution of the United States against all enemies, foreign and domestic; that I will bear true faith and allegiance to the same; and that I will obey the orders of the President of the United States and the orders of the officers appointed over me, according to regulations and the Uniform Code of Military Justice. So help me God."

text: (b) Who May Administer.— The oath may be taken before the President, the Vice-President, the Secretary of Defense, any commissioned officer, or any other person designated under regulations prescribed by the Secretary of Defense.

text: Army Regulation 601-210, Active and Reserve Components Enlistment Program provides that:

text: A commissioned officer of any service will administer the Oath of Enlistment in DD Form 4 orally, in English, to each application. Make a suitable arrangement to ensure that the oath is administered in a dignified manner and in proper surroundings. display the U.S. flag prominently near the officer giving the oath. The words "So help me God" may be omitted for persons who desire to affirm rather than to swear to the oath.[1]

text: There is no duration defined in the Oath itself. The term of service for each enlisted person is written on the DD Form 4 series, the contract which specifies the enlistment period, which for a first-time enlistee is typically four or six years, which can be a combination of active duty and time spent in a reserve component, although enlisted reservists are subject to activation until the end of the eight-year initial military obligation.

text: Officers do not take the same oath as enlisted personnel, instead taking a similar United States Uniformed Services Oath of Office.

text: Navy personnel will reenlist using form NAVPERS 1070/601 (Rev.9-99) printed from Navy Standard Integrated Personnel System (NSIPS).


document_title: Jericho

question_text: what is the meaning of the word jericho in the bible

question_tokens: what is the meaning of the word jericho in the bible

text: Jericho

text: Etymology[edit]

text: Jericho's name in Hebrew, Yeriẖo, is generally thought to derive from the Canaanite word Reaẖ ("fragrant"), but other theories hold that it originates in the Canaanite word for "moon" (Yareaẖ) or the name of the lunar deity Yarikh for whom the city was an early centre of worship.[18]

text: Jericho's Arabic name, ʼArīḥā, means "fragrant" and also has its roots in Canaanite Reaẖ.[19][20][21][22]

text: History and archaeology[edit]

text: History of excavations[edit]

text: The first excavations of the site were made by Charles Warren in 1868. Ernst Sellin and Carl Watzinger excavated Tell es-Sultan and Tulul Abu el-'Alayiq between 1907–1909 and in 1911, and John Garstang excavated between 1930 and 1936. Extensive investigations using more modern techniques were made by Kathleen Kenyon between 1952 and 1958. Lorenzo Nigro and Nicolò Marchetti conducted excavations in 1997–2000. Since 2009 the Italian-Palestinian archaeological project of excavation and restoration was resumed by Rome "La Sapienza" University and Palestinian MOTA-DACH under the direction of Lorenzo Nigro and Hamdan Taha, and Jehad Yasine since 2015 (www.lasapienzatojericho.it). The Italian-Palestinian Expedition carried out 13 seasons in 20 years (1997–2017), with some major discoveries, like Tower A1 in the Middle Bronze Age southern Lower Town and Palace G on the eastern flanks of the Spring Hill overlooking the Spring of 'Ain es-Sultan dating from Early Bronze III.

text: Stone Age: Tell es-Sultan and its spring[edit]

text: The earliest settlement was located at the present-day Tell es-Sultan (or Sultan's Hill), a couple of kilometers from the current city. In both Arabic and Hebrew, tell means "mound" - consecutive layers of habitation built up a mound over time, as is common for ancient settlements in the Middle East and Anatolia. Jericho is the type site for the Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (PPNA) and Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (PPNB) periods.

text: Natufian hunter-gatherers, c. 10,000 BC[edit]

text: Epipaleolithic construction at the site appears to predate the invention of agriculture, with the construction of Natufian culture structures beginning earlier than 9000 BC, the very beginning of the Holocene epoch in geologic history.[8]

text: Jericho has evidence of settlement dating back to 10,000 BC. During the Younger Dryas period of cold and drought, permanent habitation of any one location was impossible. However, the Ein es-Sultan spring at what would become Jericho was a popular camping ground for Natufian hunter-gatherer groups, who left a scattering of crescent-shaped microlith tools behind them.[23] Around 9600 BC, the droughts and cold of the Younger Dryas stadial had come to an end, making it possible for Natufian groups to extend the duration of their stay, eventually leading to year-round habitation and permanent settlement.

text: Pre-Pottery Neolithic, c. 9500 BC[edit]

text: Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (PPNA)[edit]

text: The first permanent settlement on the site of Jericho developed near the Ein es-Sultan spring between 9,500 and 9000 BC.[24][25] As the world warmed up, a new culture based on agriculture and sedentary dwelling emerged, which archaeologists have termed "Pre-Pottery Neolithic A" (abbreviated as PPNA). PPNA villages are characterized by small circular dwellings, burial of the dead under the floor of buildings, reliance on hunting wild game, the cultivation of wild or domestic cereals, and no use of pottery yet. At Jericho, circular dwellings were built of clay and straw bricks left to dry in the sun, which were plastered together with a mud mortar. Each house measured about 5 metres (16 ft) across, and was roofed with mud-smeared brush. Hearths were located within and outside the homes.[26]

text: By about 9400 BC, the town had grown to more than 70 modest dwellings.[citation needed]

text: The Pre-Pottery Neolithic A phase at Tell es-Sultan (c. 8350–7370 BC)[dubious – discuss] is sometimes called Sultanian. The site is a 40,000 square metres (430,000 sq ft) settlement surrounded by a massive stone wall over 3.6 metres (12 ft) high and 1.8 metres (5 ft 11 in) wide at the base (see Wall of Jericho), inside of which stood a stone tower (see Tower of Jericho), over 8.5 metres (28 ft) high, containing an internal staircase with 22 stone steps[20][27] and placed in the centre of the west side of the tell.[28] This tower and the even older ones excavated at Tell Qaramel in Syria[10][11] are the oldest ever to be discovered. The wall may have served as a defence against flood-water, with the tower used for ceremonial purposes.[29] The wall and tower were built during the Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (PPNA) period around 8000 BCE.[30][31] For the tower, carbon dates published in 1981 and 1983 indicate that it was built around 8300 BC and stayed in use until c. 7800 BC.[28] The wall and tower would have taken a hundred men more than a hundred days to construct,[29] thus suggesting some kind of social organization. The town contained round mud-brick houses, yet no street planning.[32] The identity and number of the inhabitants of Jericho during the PPNA period is still under debate, with estimates going as high as 2,000–3,000, and as low as 200–300.[13][29] It is known that this population had domesticated emmer wheat, barley and pulses and hunted wild animals.

text: Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (PPNB)[edit]

text: Pre-Pottery Neolithic B, 7220 to 5850 BC (but carbon-14-dates are few and early). Expanded range of domesticated plants. Possible domestication of sheep. Apparent cult involving the preservation of human skulls, with facial features reconstructed from plaster and eyes set with shells in some cases.

text: After a few centuries, the first settlement was abandoned. After the PPNA settlement phase, there was a settlement hiatus of several centuries, then the PPNB settlement was founded on the eroded surface of the tell. This second settlement, established in 6800 BC, perhaps represents the work of an invading people who absorbed the original inhabitants into their dominant culture. Artifacts dating from this period include ten plastered human skulls, painted so as to reconstitute the individuals' features.[20] These represent either teraphim or the first example of portraiture in art history,[dubious – discuss] and it is thought that they were kept in people's homes while the bodies were buried.[8][33]

text: The architecture consisted of rectilinear buildings made of mudbricks on stone foundations. The mudbricks were loaf-shaped with deep thumb prints to facilitate bounding. No building has been excavated in its entirety. Normally, several rooms cluster around a central courtyard. There is one big room (6.5 m × 4 m (21.33 ft × 13.12 ft) and 7 m × 3 m (22.97 ft × 9.84 ft)) with internal divisions, the rest are small, presumably used for storage. The rooms have red or pinkish terrazzo-floors made of lime. Some impressions of mats made of reeds or rushes have been preserved. The courtyards have clay floors.

text: Kathleen Kenyon interpreted one building as a shrine. It contained a niche in the wall. A chipped pillar of volcanic stone that was found nearby might have fitted into this niche.

text: The dead were buried under the floors or in the rubble fill of abandoned buildings. There are several collective burials. Not all the skeletons are completely articulated, which may point to a time of exposure before burial. A skull cache contained seven skulls. The jaws were removed and the faces covered with plaster; cowries were used as eyes. A total of ten skulls were found. Modelled skulls were found in Tell Ramad and Beisamoun as well.

text: Other finds included flints, such as arrowheads (tanged or side-notched), finely denticulated sickle-blades, burins, scrapers, a few tranchet axes, obsidian, and green obsidian from an unknown source. There were also querns, hammerstones, and a few ground-stone axes made of greenstone. Other items discovered included dishes and bowls carved from soft limestone, spindle whorls made of stone and possible loom weights, spatulae and drills, stylised anthropomorphic plaster figures, almost life-size, anthropomorphic and theriomorphic clay figurines, as well as shell and malachite beads.

text: In the late 4th millennium BC, Jericho was occupied during Neolithic 2[dubious – discuss] and the general character of the remains on the site link it culturally with Neolithic 2 (or PPNB) sites in the West Syrian and Middle Euphrates groups. This link is established by the presence of rectilinear mud-brick buildings and plaster floors that are characteristic of the age.

text: Bronze Age[edit]

text: A succession of settlements followed from 4500 BC onward, the largest constructed in 2600 BC.[20]

text: Jericho was continually occupied into the Middle Bronze Age; it was destroyed in the Late Bronze, after which it no longer served as an urban centre. The city was surrounded by extensive defensive walls strengthened with rectangular towers, and possessed an extensive cemetery with vertical shaft-tombs and underground burial chambers; the elaborate funeral offerings in some of these may reflect the emergence of local kings.[34]

text: During the Middle Bronze Age, Jericho was a small prominent city of the Canaan region, reaching its greatest Bronze Age extent in the period from 1700 to 1550 BC. It seems to have reflected the greater urbanization in the area at that time, and has been linked to the rise of the Maryannu, a class of chariot-using aristocrats linked to the rise of the Mitannite state to the north. Kathleen Kenyon reported "the Middle Bronze Age is perhaps the most prosperous in the whole history of Kna'an. ... The defenses ... belong to a fairly advanced date in that period" and there was "a massive stone revetment ... part of a complex system" of defenses (pp. 213–218).[35] Bronze Age Jericho fell in the 16th century at the end of the Middle Bronze Age, the calibrated carbon remains from its City-IV destruction layer dating to 1617–1530 BC. Notably this carbon dating c. 1573 BC confirmed the accuracy of the stratigraphical dating c. 1550 by Kenyon.

text: There was evidence of a small settlement in the Late Bronze Age (c. 1400s BC) on the site, but erosion and destruction from previous excavations have erased significant parts of this layer.[36][37]

text: Iron Age[edit]

text: Tell es-Sultan remained unoccupied from the end of the 15th to the 10th–9th centuries BC, when the city was rebuilt.[38][37][39] Of this new city not much more remains than a four-room house on the eastern slope.[40] By the 7th century, Jericho had become an extensive town, but this settlement was destroyed in the Babylonian conquest of Judah in the late 6th century.[38]

text: Persian and Early Hellenistic periods[edit]

text: After the destruction of the Judahite city by the Babylonians in the late 6th century,[38] whatever was rebuilt in the Persian period as part of the Restoration after the Babylonian captivity, left only very few remains.[40] The tell was abandoned as a place of settlement not long after this period.[40] During the Persian through Hellenistic periods, there is little in terms of occupation attested throughout the region.[38]

text: Jericho went from being an administrative centre of Yehud Medinata ("the Province of Judah") under Persian rule to serving as the private estate of Alexander the Great between 336 and 323 BC after his conquest of the region.[citation needed] In the middle of the 2nd century BC Jericho was under Hellenistic rule of the Seleucid Empire, when the Syrian General Bacchides built a number of forts to strengthen the defences of the area around Jericho against the revolt by the Macabees.[41] One of these forts, built at the entrance to Wadi Qelt, was later refortified by Herod the Great, who named it Kypros after his mother.[42]

text: Hasmonean and Herodian periods[edit]

text: After the abandonment of the Tell es-Sultan location, the new Jericho of the Late Hellenistic or Hasmonean and Early Roman or Herodian periods, was established as a garden city in the vicinity of the royal estate at Tulul Abu el-'Alayiq and expanded greatly thanks to the intensive exploitation of the springs of the area.[40] The new site consists of a group of low mounds on both banks of Wadi Qelt.[38] The Hasmoneans were a dynasty descending from a priestly group (kohanim) from the tribe of Levi, who ruled over Judea following the success of the Maccabean Revolt until Roman influence over the region brought Herod to claim the Hasmonean throne.[43]

text: The rock-cut tombs of a Herodian- and Hasmonean-era cemetery lie in the lowest part of the cliffs between Nuseib al-Aweishireh and Jabal Quruntul in Jericho and were used between 100 BC and 68 CE.[42]

text: Herodian period[edit]

text: Herod had to lease back the royal estate at Jericho from Cleopatra, after Mark Antony had given it to her as a gift. After their joint suicide in 30 BC, Octavian assumed control of the Roman Empire and granted Herod absolute rule over Jericho, as part of the new Herodian domain. Herod's rule oversaw the construction of a hippodrome-theatre (Tell es-Samrat) to entertain his guests and new aqueducts to irrigate the area below the cliffs and reach his winter palaces built at the site of Tulul Abu el-Alaiq (also written 'Alayiq).[42] In 2008 the Israel Exploration Society published an illustrated volume of Herod's third Jericho palace.[44]

text: The dramatic murder of Aristobulus III in a swimming pool at the winter palaces near Jericho, as described by the Roman Jewish historian Josephus, took place during a banquet organized by Herod's Hasmonean mother-in-law. After the construction of the palaces, the city had functioned not only as an agricultural center and as a crossroad, but also as a winter resort for Jerusalem's aristocracy.[45]

text: Herod was succeeded in Judea by his son, Herod Archelaus, who built a village in his name not far to the north, Archelaïs (modern Khirbet al-Beiyudat), to house workers for his date plantation.[citation needed]

text: First-century Jericho is described in Strabo's Geography as follows:

text: Jericho is a plain surrounded by a kind of mountainous country, which in a way, slopes toward it like a theatre. Here is the Phoenicon, which is mixed also with all kinds of cultivated and fruitful trees, though it consists mostly of palm trees. It is 100 stadia in length and is everywhere watered with streams. Here also are the Palace and the Balsam Park.[42]

text: In the New Testament[edit]

text: The Christian Gospels state that Jesus of Nazareth passed through Jericho where he healed one (Mark 10:46, Luke 18:35) or two (Matthew 20:29) blind beggars, and inspired a local chief tax-collector named Zacchaeus to repent of his dishonest practices (Luke 19:1–10). The road between Jerusalem and Jericho is the setting for the Parable of the Good Samaritan.[46]

text: John Wesley, in his New Testament Notes on this section of Luke's Gospel, claimed that "about twelve thousand priests and Levites dwelt there, who all attended the service of the temple".[47]

text: Smith's Bible Names Dictionary suggests that on the arrival of Jesus and his entourage, "Jericho was once more 'a city of palms' when our Lord visited it. Here he restored sight to the blind (Matthew 20:30; Mark 10:46; Luke 18:35). Here the descendant of Rahab did not disdain the hospitality of Zaccaeus the publican. Finally, between Jerusalem and Jericho was laid the scene of his story of the good Samaritan."[48]

text: Roman province[edit]

text: After the fall of Jerusalem to Vespasian's armies in the Great Revolt of Judea in 70 AD, Jericho declined rapidly, and by 100 AD it was but a small Roman garrison town.[49] A fort was built there in 130 and played a role in putting down the Bar Kochba revolt in 133.

text: Byzantine period[edit]

text: Accounts of Jericho by a Christian pilgrim are given in 333. Shortly thereafter the built-up area of the town was abandoned and a Byzantine Jericho, Ericha, was built 1600 metres (1 mi) to the east, on which the modern town is centered.[49] Christianity took hold in the city during the Byzantine era and the area was heavily populated. A number of monasteries and churches were built, including St George of Koziba in 340 AD and a domed church dedicated to Saint Eliseus.[45] At least two synagogues were also built in the 6th century AD.[42] The monasteries were abandoned after the Persian invasion of 614.[20]

text: The Jericho Synagogue in the Royal Maccabean winter palace at Jericho dates from 70–50 BC.

text: A synagogue dating to the late 6th or early 7th century AD was discovered in Jericho in 1936, and was named Shalom Al Yisrael Synagogue, or "peace unto Israel", after the central Hebrew motto in its mosaic floor. It was controlled by Israel after the Six Day War, but after the handover to Palestinian Authority control per the Oslo Accords, it has been a source of conflict. On the night of 12 October 2000, the synagogue was vandalized by Palestinians who burned holy books and relics and damaged the mosaic.[50][51]

text: The Na'aran synagogue, another Byzantine era construction, was discovered on the northern outskirts of Jericho in 1918. While less is known of it than Shalom Al Yisrael, it has a larger mosaic and is in similar condition.[52]

text: Early Muslim period[edit]

text: Jericho, by then named "Ariha" in Arabic variation, became part of Jund Filastin ("Military District of Palestine"), part of the larger province of Bilad al-Sham. The Arab Muslim historian Musa b. 'Uqba (d. 758) recorded that caliph Umar ibn al-Khattab exiled the Jews and Christians of Khaybar to Jericho (and Tayma).[53]

text: By 659, that district had come under the control of Mu'awiya, founder of the Umayyad dynasty. That year, an earthquake destroyed Jericho.[54] A decade later, the pilgrim Arculf visited Jericho and found it in ruins, all its "miserable Canaanite" inhabitants now dispersed in shanty towns around the Dead Sea shore.[55]

text: A palatial complex long attributed to the tenth Umayyad caliph, Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik (r. 724–743) and thus known as Hisham's Palace, is located at Khirbet al-Mafjar, about 1.5 kilometres (1 mi) north of Tell es-Sultan. This "desert castle" or qasr was more likely built by Caliph Walid ibn Yazid (r. 743–744), who was assassinated before he could complete the construction.[56] The remains of two mosques, a courtyard, mosaics, and other items can still be seen in situ today. The unfinished structure was largely destroyed in an earthquake in 747.

text: Umayyad rule ended in 750 and was followed by the Arab caliphates of the Abbasid and Fatimid dynasties. Irrigated agriculture was developed under Islamic rule, reaffirming Jericho's reputation as a fertile "City of the Palms".[57] Al-Maqdisi, the Arab geographer, wrote in 985 that "the water of Jericho is held to be the highest and best in all Islam. Bananas are plentiful, also dates and flowers of fragrant odor".[58] Jericho is also referred to by him as one of the principal cities of Jund Filastin.[59]

text: The city flourished until 1071 with the invasion of the Seljuk Turks, followed by the upheavals of the Crusades.[citation needed]

text: Crusader period[edit]

text: In 1179, the Crusaders rebuilt the Monastery of St. George of Koziba, at its original site 10 kilometres (6 mi) from the center of town. They also built another two churches and a monastery dedicated to John the Baptist, and are credited with introducing sugarcane production to the city.[60] The site of Tawahin es-Sukkar (lit. "sugar mills") holds remains of a Crusader sugar production facility. In 1187, the Crusaders were evicted by the Ayyubid forces of Saladin after their victory in the Battle of Hattin, and the town slowly went into decline.[20]

text: Ayyubid and Mamluk periods[edit]

text: In 1226, Arab geographer Yaqut al-Hamawi said of Jericho, "it has many palm trees, also sugarcane in quantities, and bananas. The best of all the sugar in the Ghaur land is made here." In the 14th century, Abu al-Fida writes there are sulfur mines in Jericho, "the only ones in Palestine".[61]

text: Ottoman period[edit]

text: In the late years of Ottoman rule, Jericho formed part of the waqf and imerat of Jerusalem. The villagers processed indigo as one source of revenue, using a cauldron specifically for this purpose that was loaned to them by the Ottoman authorities in Jerusalem.[62] For most of the Ottoman period, Jericho was a small village of farmers susceptible to attacks by Bedouins. The French traveler Laurent d'Arvieux described the city in 1659 as "now desolate, and consists only of about fifty poor houses, in bad condition ... The plain around is extremely fertile; the soil is middling fat; but it is watered by several rivulets, which flow into the Jordan. Notwithstanding these advantages only the gardens adjacent to the town are cultivated."[63] In the 19th century, European scholars, archaeologists and missionaries visited often.[20] At the time it was an oasis in a poor state, similar to other regions in the plains and deserts.[64] Edward Robinson (1838) reported 50 families, which were about 200 people,[65] Titus Tobler (1854) reported some 30 poor huts, whose residents paid a total of 3611 Kuruş in tax.[66] Abraham Samuel Hershberg also reported some 30 poor huts and 300 residents.[67] At that time, Jericho was the residence of the region's Turkish governor. The main water sources for the village were a spring called Ein al-Sultan in Arabic and Elisha Spring in Hebrew, and springs in Wadi Qelt.[64]

text: The first excavation at Tell es-Sultan was carried out in 1867, and the monasteries of St. George of Koziba and John the Baptist were refounded and completed in 1901 and 1904, respectively.[20]

text: British Mandate period[edit]

text: After the collapse of the Ottoman Empire at the end of World War I, Jericho came under the rule of the Mandatory Palestine. According to a census conducted in 1922 by the British Mandate authorities, Jericho had 1,029 inhabitants, consisting of 931 Muslims, 6 Jews and 92 Christians.[68] During World War II The British built fortresses in Jericho with the help of the Jewish company Solel Boneh, and bridges were rigged with explosives in preparation for a possible invasion by German allied forces.[69] Increasing in the 1931 census to 1693 inhabitants, in 347 houses.[70]

text: In 1927, an earthquake struck and affected Jericho and other cities. Around 300 people died.[71]

text: 1948 until today[edit]

text: Jericho was occupied by Transjordan during the 1948 Arab–Israeli War. The Jericho Conference, organized by King Abdullah and attended by over 2,000 Palestinian delegates in 1948 proclaimed "His Majesty Abdullah as King of all Palestine" and called for "the unification of Palestine and Transjordan as a step toward full Arab unity". In mid-1950, Jordan formally annexed the West Bank and Jericho residents, like other residents of West Bank localities became Jordanian citizens.[72]

text: Jericho was occupied by Israel during the Six-Day War of 1967 along with the rest of the West Bank. It was the first city handed over to Palestinian Authority control in accordance with the Oslo Accords.[73] The limited Palestinian self-rule of Jericho was agreed on in the Gaza–Jericho Agreement of 4 May 1994. Part of the agreement was a "Protocol on Economic Relations", signed on 29 April 1994.[74] The city is in an enclave of the Jordan Valley that is in Area A of the West Bank, while the surrounding area is designated as being in Area C under full Israeli military control. Four roadblocks encircle the enclave, restricting Jericho's Palestinian population's movement through the West Bank.[75]

text: In response to the 2001 Second Intifada and suicide bombings, Jericho was re-occupied by Israeli troops.[73] A 2-metre (6 ft 7 in) deep trench was built around a large part of the city to control Palestinian traffic to and from Jericho.[76]

text: On 14 March 2006, the Israel Defense Forces launched Operation Bringing Home the Goods, raiding a Jericho prison to capture the PFLP general secretary, Ahmad Sa'adat, and five other prisoners, all of whom had been charged with assassinating the Israeli tourist minister Rehavam Zeevi in 2001.[77]

text: After Hamas assaulted a neighborhood in Gaza mostly populated by the Fatah-aligned Hilles clan, in response to their attack that killed six Hamas members, the Hilles clan was relocated to Jericho on 4 August 2008.[78]

text: In 2009, Palestinian Authority Prime Minister Salam Fayyad and U.S. Assistant Secretary of State for International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs David Johnson inaugurated the Presidential Guard Training Center in Jericho, a $9.1 million training facility for Palestinian Authority security forces built with U.S. funding.[79]

text: The city's current mayor is Hassan Saleh, a former lawyer.

text: Geography and climate[edit]

text: Jericho is located 258 metres (846 ft) below sea level in an oasis in Wadi Qelt in the Jordan Valley, which makes it the lowest city in the world.[7][20][80] The nearby spring of Ein es-Sultan produces 3.8 m3 (1,000 gallons) of water per minute, irrigating some 10 square kilometres (2,500 acres) through multiple channels and feeding into the Jordan River, 10 kilometres (6 mi) away.[20][80] Annual rainfall is 204 mm (8.0 in), mostly concentrated in the winter months and into early spring.[81] The average temperature is 11 °C (52 °F) in January and 31 °C (88 °F) in July.

text: According to the Köppen climate classification, Jericho has a hot desert climate (BWh). Rich alluvial soil and abundant spring water have made Jericho an attractive place for settlement.[80]

text:
[hide]Climate data for Jericho

Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year

Average high °C (°F)
19.0
(66.2)
20.6
(69.1)
24.4
(75.9)
29.5
(85.1)
34.4
(93.9)
37.0
(98.6)
38.6
(101.5)
37.9
(100.2)
35.8
(96.4)
32.7
(90.9)
28.1
(82.6)
21.4
(70.5)
30.0
(86)

Daily mean °C (°F)
10.7
(51.3)
12.6
(54.7)
16.3
(61.3)
22.4
(72.3)
26.6
(79.9)
30.4
(86.7)
30.9
(87.6)
30.4
(86.7)
28.6
(83.5)
25.8
(78.4)
22.8
(73)
16.9
(62.4)
22.9
(73.2)

Average low °C (°F)
4.4
(39.9)
5.9
(42.6)
9.6
(49.3)
13.6
(56.5)
18.2
(64.8)
20.2
(68.4)
21.9
(71.4)
21.1
(70)
20.5
(68.9)
17.6
(63.7)
16.6
(61.9)
11.6
(52.9)
15.1
(59.2)

Average precipitation mm (inches)
59
(2.32)
44
(1.73)
20
(0.79)
4
(0.16)
1
(0.04)
0
(0)
0
(0)
1
(0.04)
2
(0.08)
3
(0.12)
5
(0.2)
65
(2.56)
204
(8.03)

Average relative humidity (%)
77
81
74
62
49
50
51
57
52
56
54
74
61

Mean monthly sunshine hours
189.1
186.5
244.9
288.0
362.7
393.0
418.5
396.8
336.0
294.5
249.0
207.7
3,566.7

Mean daily sunshine hours
6.1
6.6
7.9
9.6
11.7
13.1
13.5
12.8
11.2
9.5
8.3
6.7
9.8

Source: Arab Meteorology Book[81]

text: Demographics[edit]

text: In the first census carried out by the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS), in 1997, Jericho's population was 14,674. Palestinian refugees constituted a significant 43.6% of the residents or 6,393 people.[82] The gender make-up of the city was 51% male and 49% female. Jericho has a young population, with nearly half (49.2%) of the inhabitants being under the age of 20. People between the ages of 20 and 44 made up 36.2% of the population, 10.7% between the ages of 45 and 64, and 3.6% were over the age of 64.[83] In the 2007 census by the PCBS, Jericho had a population of 18,346.[3]

text: Demographics have varied widely depending on the dominant ethnic group and rule in the region over the past three thousand years. In a 1945 land and population survey by Sami Hadawi, 3,010 inhabitants is the figure given for Jericho, of which 94% (2840) were Arab and 6% (170) were Jews.[84] Today, the overwhelming majority of the population is Muslim.[85] The Christian community makes up around 1% of the population.[86] A large community of black Palestinians is present in Jericho.[85]

text: Economy[edit]

text: In 1994, Israel and the Palestinians signed an economic accord that enabled Palestinians in Jericho to open banks, collect taxes and engage in export and import in preparation for self-rule.[87]

text: Tourism[edit]

text: In 2010, Jericho, with its proximity to the Dead Sea, was declared the most popular destination among Palestinian tourists.[88]

text: In 1998, a $150 million casino-hotel was built in Jericho with the backing of Yasser Arafat.[89] The casino is now closed, though the hotel on the premises is open for guests.

text: Biblical and Christian tourism[edit]

text: Christian tourism is one of Jericho's primary sources of income. There are several major Christian pilgrimage sites in and around Jericho.

text:
Mount of Temptation, topped by a Greek Orthodox monastery with panoramic views of the region. A cable car runs up to the monastery.[4]
the Spring of Elisha, as the Ein es-Sultan spring is known to Jews and Christians
the Sycamore tree of Zacchaeus (two such trees are venerated at different locations as being related to the original tree mentioned in the Gospels)
the nearby traditional site of the baptism of Jesus at Qasr el-Yahud/Al-Maghtas on the Jordan River
the Monastery of Saint Gerasimos known as Deir Hajla; in the Jordan Valley near Jericho
the Saint George Monastery in Wadi Qelt above Jericho.

tag: ul

text: Archaeological tourism[edit]

text: The archaeological sites in and near Jericho have a high potential for attracting tourists. These are dealt with in detail in the History and archaeology paragraph:

text:
the Stone, Bronze and Iron Age cities at Tell es-Sultan
the Hasmonean and Herodian winter palaces at Tulul Abu el-'Alayiq
the Byzantine-period synagogues at Jericho (Shalom Al Yisrael Synagogue) and Na'aran
the Umayyad palace at Khirbet al-Mafjar known as Hisham's Palace
the Crusader sugar production facility at Tawahin es-Sukkar (lit. "sugar mills")
Nabi Musa, the Mamluk and Ottoman shrine dedicated to Moses ("Prophet Musa" to the Muslims)

text: Agriculture[edit]

text: Agriculture is another source of income, with banana groves ringing the city.[4]

text: The Jericho Agro-Industrial Park is a public-private enterprise being developed in the Jericho area. Agricultural processing companies are being offered financial concessions to lease plots of land in the park in a bid to boost Jericho's economy.[90]

text: Schools and religious institutions[edit]

text: In 1925, Christian friars opened a school for 100 pupils that became the Terra Santa School. The city has 22 state schools and a number of private schools.[86]

text: Health care[edit]

text: In April 2010, the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) held a groundbreaking ceremony for the renovation of the Jericho Governmental Hospital. USAID is providing $2.5 million in funding for this project.[91]

text: Sports[edit]

text: The sports team Hilal Areeha plays association football in the West Bank First Division. They play home games in the 15,000 spectator Jericho International Stadium.[92]

text: Twin towns – sister cities[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Jericho is twinned with:

text:
Campinas in São Paulo, Brazil
 Eger in Hungary(since 2013)[93]
 Alessandria in Alessandria, Piedmont, Italy (since 2004)
 Pisa in Pisa, Tuscany, Italy (since 2000)[94]
 Lærdal in Norway(since 1998)
 Iaşi in Romania
 Kragujevac in Serbia[95]
 Calipatria, California in the USA

text: Notable residents[edit]

text: Musa Alami