document_title: Buffalo Bills

question_text: who does buffalo bills play in the playoffs

question_tokens: who does buffalo bills play in the playoffs

text: Buffalo Bills

text: History[edit]

text: The Bills began competitive play in 1960 as a charter member of the American Football League led by head coach Buster Ramsey and joined the NFL as part of the AFL–NFL merger in 1970.[9] The Bills won two consecutive American Football League titles in 1964 and 1965, but the club has yet to win a league championship since.

text: Once the AFL–NFL merger took effect, the Bills became the second NFL team to represent the city; they followed the Buffalo All-Americans, a charter member of the league. Buffalo had been left out of the league since the All-Americans (by that point renamed the Bisons) folded in 1929; the Bills were no less than the third professional non-NFL team to compete in the city before the merger, following the Indians/Tigers of the early 1940s and an earlier team named the Bills, originally the Bisons, in the late 1940s in the All-America Football Conference (AAFC).

text: In 1947 a contest was held to rename the Bisons, which was owned by James Breuil of the Frontier Oil Company. The winning entry suggested Bills, reflecting on the famous western frontiersman, Buffalo Bill Cody. Carrying the "frontier" theme further, the winning contestant offered the team was being supported by Frontier Oil and was "opening a new frontier in sports in Western New York." When Buffalo joined the new American Football League in 1960, the name of the city's earlier pro football entry was adopted.[10]

text: After being pushed to the brink of failure in the mid-1980s, the collapse of the United States Football League and a series of high draft picks allowed the Bills to rebuild into a perennial contender in the late 1980s through the mid-1990s, a period in which the team won four consecutive AFC Championships; the team nevertheless lost all four subsequent Super Bowls, records in both categories that still stand.

text: The rise of the division rival New England Patriots under Tom Brady, along with numerous failed attempts at rebuilding in the 2000s and 2010s, prevented the Bills from reaching the playoffs in seventeen consecutive seasons between 2000 and 2016, a 17-year drought that was the longest active playoff drought in all major professional sports at the time it was broken when the Bills secured a wild-card berth on December 31, 2017. On October 8, 2014, Buffalo Sabres owners Terry and Kim Pegula received unanimous approval to acquire the Bills during the NFL owners' meetings, becoming the second ownership group of the team after team founder Ralph Wilson.[6]

text: Logos and uniforms[edit]

text: The Bills' uniforms in its first two seasons were based on those of the Detroit Lions at the time.[11][12]

text: The team's original colors were Honolulu blue, silver and white, and the helmets were silver with no striping. There was no logo on the helmet, which displayed the players' numbers on each side.

text: In 1962, the standing red bison was designated as the logo and took its place on a white helmet.[11] In 1962, the team's colors also changed to red, white, and blue. The team switched to blue jerseys with red and white "LSU" stripes on the shoulders. the helmets were white with a red center stripe.[11] The jerseys again saw a change in 1964 when the shoulder stripes were replaced by a distinctive stripe pattern on the sleeves consisting of four stripes, two thicker inner stripes and two thinner outer stripes all bordered by red piping. By 1965, red and blue center stripes were put on the helmets.[13]

text: The Bills introduced blue pants worn with the white jerseys in 1973, the last year of the standing buffalo helmet. The blue pants remained through 1985.[14] The face mask on the helmet was blue from 1974 through 1986 before changing to white.

text: The standing bison logo was replaced by a blue charging one with a red slanting stripe streaming from its horn. The newer emblem, which is still the primary one used by the franchise, was designed by aerospace designer Stevens Wright in 1974.[15][16]

text: In 1984, the helmet's shell color was changed from white to red, primarily to help Bills quarterback Joe Ferguson distinguish them more readily from three of their division rivals at that time, the Baltimore Colts, the Miami Dolphins, and the New England Patriots, who all also wore white helmets at that point. Ferguson said "Everyone we played had white helmets at that time. Our new head coach Kay Stephenson just wanted to get more of a contrast on the field that may help spot a receiver down the field."[17] (The Patriots now use a silver helmet, the Colts have since been realigned to the AFC South, and the New York Jets, who switched to green helmets after the 1977 season, have since switched back to white helmets.)

text: In 2002, under the direction of general manager Tom Donahoe, the Bills' uniforms went through radical changes. A darker shade of blue was introduced as the main jersey color, and nickel gray was introduced as an accent color. Both the blue and white jerseys featured red side panels. The white jerseys included a dark blue shoulder yoke and royal blue numbers. The helmet remained primarily red with one navy blue, two nickel, two royal blue, two white stripes, and white face mask. A new logo, a stylized "B" consisting of two bullets and a more detailed buffalo head on top, was proposed and had been released (it can be seen on a few baseball caps that were released for sale), but fan backlash led to the team retaining the running bison logo. The helmet logo adopted in 1974—a charging royal blue bison, with a red streak, white horn and eyeball—remained unchanged.

text: In 2005, the Bills revived the standing bison helmet and uniform of the mid-1960s as a throwback uniform.

text: The Bills usually wore the all-blue combination at home and the all-white combination on the road when not wearing the throwback uniforms. They stopped wearing blue-on-white after 2006, while the white-on-blue was not worn after 2007.

text: For the 2011 season, the Bills unveiled a new uniform design, an updated rendition of the 1975–83 design. This change includes a return to the white helmets with "charging buffalo" logo, and a return to royal blue instead of navy.[4][18]

text: Buffalo sporadically wore white at home in the 1980s, but stopped doing so before their Super Bowl years. On November 6, 2011, against the New York Jets, the Bills wore white at home for the first time since 1986. Since 2011, the Bills have worn white for a home game either with their primary uniform or a throwback set.

text: The Bills' uniform received minor alterations as part of the league's new uniform contract with Nike. The new Nike uniform was unveiled on April 3, 2012.[19]

text: On November 12, 2015, the Bills and the New York Jets became the first two teams to participate in the NFL's Color Rush uniform initiative, with Buffalo wearing an all-red combination for the first time in team history.[20]

text: A notable use of the Bills' uniforms outside of football was in the 2018 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships, when the United States men's national junior ice hockey team wore Bills-inspired uniforms in their outdoor game against Team Canada on December 29, 2017.[21]

text: Rivalries[edit]

text: The Bills have rivalries with their three AFC East opponents, and also have had occasional or historical rivalries with other teams such as the Baltimore/Indianapolis Colts (a former divisional rival), Kansas City Chiefs, Houston Oilers/Tennessee Titans, Cleveland Browns, and Dallas Cowboys.[22] They also play an annual preseason game against the Detroit Lions.

text: Divisional Rivalries[edit]

text: Miami Dolphins[edit]

text: This is often considered Buffalo's most famous rivalry. Though the Bills and Dolphins both originated in the American Football League, the Dolphins did not start playing until 1966 as an expansion team while the Bills were one of the original eight teams. The rivalry first gained prominence when the Dolphins won every match-up against the Bills in the 1970s for an NFL-record 20 straight wins against a single opponent. Fortunes changed in the following decades with the rise of Jim Kelly as Buffalo's franchise quarterback, and though Kelly and Dolphins quarterback Dan Marino shared a competitive rivalry in the 1980s and 1990s, the Bills became dominant in the 1990s. Things have since cooled down after the retirements of Kelly and Marino and the rise of the Belichick/Brady-led Patriots, but Miami remains a fierce rival of the Bills, coming in second place in a recent poll of Buffalo's primary rival.[23] Miami leads the overall series 60-47-1 as of 2017, but Buffalo has the advantage in the playoffs at 3-1.[24]

text: New England Patriots[edit]

text: The rivalry with the New England Patriots first started when both teams were original franchises in the American Football League prior to the NFL-AFL merger. After the rise of head coach Bill Belichick and quarterback Tom Brady in New England, the Patriots have dominated the AFC East, including the Bills. The Bills-Patriots rivalry in particular has become lopsided as the Patriots are 29-5 against the Bills since Belichick became head coach. This has led many fans and players in the 2000s and beyond to replace the Dolphins with the Patriots as Buffalo's most hated rival.[23][25] Overall, the Patriots lead the series 72-43-1 as of 2017.[26]

text: The rivalry is also notable as numerous players, including Drew Bledsoe, Doug Flutie, Lawyer Milloy, Brandon Spikes, Scott Chandler and Stephon Gilmore have played for both teams at some point in their careers.

text: New York Jets[edit]

text: The Bills and Jets both represent the state of New York, though the Jets actually play their games in East Rutherford, New Jersey. The series started as the Bills and Jets were both original teams in the AFL. Though the rivalry represents the differences between New York City and Upstate New York, it is not as intense as the Bills' rivalries with the Dolphins and Patriots, and the teams' fanbases either have begrudging respect or low-key annoyance for each other when not playing one another. Often times the rivalry has become characterized by ugly games and shared mediocrity, but it briefly heated up when former Jets head coach Rex Ryan became head coach of the Bills for two seasons. Buffalo leads the series 61-54 as of 2017, including a playoff win in 1981.[27]

text: Other rivalries[edit]

text: Kansas City Chiefs[edit]

text: The Bills and Chiefs were also original teams in the AFL and have had a long history against each other, despite never being in the same division. This rivalry heated up recently as the Bills and Chiefs met in consecutive years from 2008 to 2015, and again in 2017.[28] The teams have played three playoff games against each other, including the AFL Championship game that determined the AFL's (later AFC) representative in the first Super Bowl, with Kansas City winning and going on to face the Green Bay Packers in the Super Bowl. Buffalo currently leads the series 26-21-1.[29]

text: Tennessee Titans[edit]

text: The Tennessee Titans, formerly the Houston Oilers, were another fellow rival from the AFL, sharing extended history with the Bills as well. The Oilers were a divisional rival before the NFL-AFL merger as part of the AFL East Division. Matchups were intense in the 1990s with quarterback Warren Moon leading the Oilers against Jim Kelly's Bills.[30] Memorable playoff moments between the teams include The Comeback, in which the Frank Reich-led Bills overcame a 35-3 deficit to stun the Oilers 41-38 in 1992,[30] and the Music City Miracle, in which the now-Titans scored on a near-last-minute kickoff return with a controversial lateral pass to stun the Bills 22-16 in 1999.[31] The Music City Miracle was notable for being Buffalo's last playoff appearance until 2017.[32] The Titans currently lead the series 28-17[33]

text: Cleveland Browns[edit]

text: Though the two teams are in different divisions and did not start playing each other until after 1972, match-ups between the Bills and the Cleveland Browns occasionally get heated up due to the proximity and similarity between the cities of Buffalo and Cleveland. Like the Bills-Jets rivalry, the Bills and Browns often share bad luck and have had their share of ugly games. However, there have been other occasions when both teams have been competitive such as in the 1980s and most recently in 2007 and 2014.[34] The rivalry also gained heat when former Bills safety Donte Whitner was with the Browns.[35] The Browns currently lead the series 12-9, including a playoff win in 1990, though the Bills have outscored the Browns in the series.[36]

text: The Browns shared a rivalry with the Bills' predecessors in the All-America Football Conference, playing them twice in the AAFC playoffs before becoming one of three AAFC teams to join the NFL. The Bills were not selected to join the NFL and folded with the rest of the AAFC, leaving Buffalo without professional football until the current Bills were formed in 1959.[34]

text: Dallas Cowboys[edit]

text: The Bills briefly developed a rivalry with the Dallas Cowboys as the two teams met in consecutive years in the Super Bowl in the 1990s.

text: Playoffs[edit]

text:
1963 AFL Eastern Division Playoff: Boston Patriots 26, Buffalo Bills 8
1964 AFL Championship: Buffalo Bills 20, San Diego Chargers 7
1965 AFL Championship: Buffalo Bills 23, San Diego Chargers 0
1966 AFL Championship: Kansas City Chiefs 31, Buffalo Bills 7
1974 Divisional Playoffs: Pittsburgh Steelers 32, Buffalo Bills 14
1980 Divisional Playoffs: San Diego Chargers 20, Buffalo Bills 14
1981 Wild Card Game: Buffalo Bills 31, New York Jets 27
1981 Divisional Playoffs: Cincinnati Bengals 28, Buffalo Bills 21
1988 Divisional Playoffs: Buffalo Bills 17, Houston Oilers 10
1988 AFC Championship: Cincinnati Bengals 21, Buffalo Bills 10
1989 Divisional Playoffs: Cleveland Browns 34, Buffalo Bills 30
1990 Divisional Playoffs: Buffalo Bills 44, Miami Dolphins 34
1990 AFC Championship: Buffalo Bills 51, Los Angeles Raiders 3
Super Bowl XXV: New York Giants 20, Buffalo Bills 19
1991 Divisional Playoffs: Buffalo Bills 37, Kansas City Chiefs 14
AFC Championship: Buffalo Bills 10, Denver Broncos 7
Super Bowl XXVI: Washington Redskins 37, Buffalo Bills 24
1992 AFC Wild Card Game: Buffalo Bills 41, Houston Oilers 38 OT
1992 AFC Divisional Playoffs: Buffalo Bills 24, 1992 Pittsburgh Steelers 3
1992 AFC Championship: Buffalo Bills 29, Miami Dolphins 10
Super Bowl XXVII: Dallas Cowboys 52, Buffalo Bills 17
1993 Divisional Playoffs: Buffalo Bills 29, Los Angeles Raiders 23
AFC Championship: Buffalo Bills 30, Kansas City Chiefs 13
Super Bowl XXVIII: Dallas Cowboys 30, Buffalo Bills 13
1995 Wild Card Game: Buffalo Bills 37, Miami Dolphins 22
1995 Divisional Playoffs: Pittsburgh Steelers 40, Buffalo Bills 21
1996 Wild Card Game: Jacksonville Jaguars 30, Buffalo Bills 27
1998 Wild Card Game: Miami Dolphins 24, Buffalo Bills 17
1999 Wild Card Game: Tennessee Titans 22, Buffalo Bills 16
2017 Wild Card Game: Jacksonville Jaguars 10, Buffalo Bills 3
Playoff record: 14 wins, 16 losses[37]

text: Players[edit]

text: Retired numbers[edit]

text:
Buffalo Bills retired numbers

No.
Player
Position
Tenure
Notes

12
Jim Kelly
QB
1986–96[38]
Previously worn by Joe Ferguson, QB, 1973–84; and Daryle Lamonica, QB, 1963–66

78
Bruce Smith
DE
1985–99[39]
Previously worn by Tom Day, DE, 1961–68; Dave Foley, OT, 1972–77; Gene Grabosky, OT, 1960; and Scott Hutchinson, DE, 1978–80, 1983

text: The Buffalo Bills have retired two numbers in franchise history: No. 12 for Jim Kelly and No. 78 for Bruce Smith. Despite the fact that the Bills have only retired two jersey numbers in franchise history, the team has other numbers no longer issued to any player or in reduced circulation.[38][39]

text:
32 O. J. Simpson, RB, 1969–77
34 Thurman Thomas, RB, 1988–99; previously worn by Cookie Gilchrist, RB, 1962–64

text:
44 Elbert Dubenion, WR, 1960–68
66 Billy Shaw, OG, 1961–69
83 Andre Reed, WR, 1985–99 (Lee Evans III wore #83 by special permission)

text: Since the earliest days of the team, the number 31 was not supposed to be issued to any other player. The Bills had stationery and various other team merchandise showing a running player wearing that number, and it was not supposed to represent any specific person, but the 'spirit of the team.' In the first three decades of the team's existence, the number 31 was only seen once: in 1969, when reserve running back Preston Ridlehuber damaged his number 36 jersey during a game, equipment manager Tony Marchitte gave him the number 31 jersey to wear while repairing the number 36. The number 31 was not issued again until 1990 when first round draft choice James (J.D.) Williams wore it for his first two seasons.

text: Number 15 was historically only issued sparingly after the retirement of Jack Kemp,[38] but is apparently now in general circulation; Brandon Tate currently wears the number.

text: Number 1 has also only rarely been used, for reasons never explained. Kicker Mike Hollis, who played one season for the Bills in 2002, was the most recent to wear the number.

text: Ralph C. Wilson Jr. Distinguished Service Award Recipients[edit]

text:
1986 – Ben Williams
1987 – Joe DeLamielleure
1988 – Steve Freeman
1989 – Jerry Butler
1990 – Tim Vogler
1991 – Joe Ferguson
1992 – Ken Jones
1993 – Booker Edgerson
1994 – George "Butch" Byrd
1995 – Tony Greene
1996 – Frank Lewis
1997 – Steven Paganelli

1996 – Roland Hooks
1997 – Jim Ritcher, Charley Ferguson
1998 – Stew Barber, Ed Rutkowski
1999 – Fred Smerlas, Reggie McKenzie
2000 – Darryl Talley, Ernie Warlick
2001 – Steve Tasker, Kent Hull
2002 – Don Beebe
2003 – Thurman Thomas
2004 – Paul Maguire
2005 – Frank Reich
2006 – Phil Hansen
2007 – Lou Piccone, Denny Lynch

2008 – Mark Kelso
2009 – Andre Reed
2010 – Ruben Brown
2011 – Scott Norwood[40]

text: Buffalo Bills Wall of Fame[edit]

text:
Buffalo Bills Wall of Fame

Inducted
No.
Name
Position
Tenure

1980
32
O. J. Simpson
RB
1969–1977

1984
15
Jack Kemp
QB
1962–1969

1985
—
Pat McGroder
Contributor
GM
1961–1983
1983

1987
70
Tom Sestak
DT
1962–1968

1988
66
Billy Shaw
OG
1961–1969

1989
—
Ralph C. Wilson Jr.
Owner
1959–2014

1992
12
The 12th Man
Fans
1960–present

1993
44
Elbert Dubenion
WR
1960–1968

1994
58
Mike Stratton
LB
1962–1972

1995
12
Joe Ferguson
QB
1973–1984

1996
—
Marv Levy
HC
GM
1986–1997
2006–2007

1997
68
Joe DeLamielleure
OG
1973–1979
1985

1998
20
Robert James
CB
1969–1974

1999
—
Edward Abramoski
Trainer
1960–1996

2000
61
Bob Kalsu
G
1968

26
George Saimes
S
1963–1969

2001
12
Jim Kelly
QB
1986–1996

76
Fred Smerlas
DT
1979–1989

2002
67
Kent Hull
C
1986–1996

2003
56
Darryl Talley
LB
1983–1994

2004
51
Jim Ritcher
C/G
1980–1993

2005
34
Thurman Thomas
RB
1988–1999

2006
83
Andre Reed
WR
1985–1999

2007
89
Steve Tasker
WR
1986–1997

2008
78
Bruce Smith
DE
1985–1999

2010
24
Booker Edgerson
DB
1962–1969

2011
90
Phil Hansen
DE
1991–2001

2012
—
Bill Polian
GM
1984–1992

2014
—
Van Miller
Broadcaster
1960–1971
1977–2003

2015
—
Lou Saban
Coach
1962–1965
1972–1976

2017
34
Cookie Gilchrist
RB
1962–1964

text: Pro Football Hall Of Fame[edit]

text:
Buffalo Bills Hall of Famers

Players

No.
Name
Position
Tenure
Inducted

32
O. J. Simpson
RB
1969–1977
1985

66
Billy Shaw
OG
1961–1969
1999

12
Jim Kelly
QB
1986–1996
2002

80
James Lofton
WR
1989–1992
2003

68
Joe DeLamielleure
OG
1973–1979
1985
2003

34
Thurman Thomas
RB
1988–1999
2007

78
Bruce Smith
DE
1985–1999
2009

83
Andre Reed
WR
1985–1999
2014[41]

81
Terrell Owens
WR
2009
2018

Coaches and Executives

Name
Position
Tenure
Inducted

Marv Levy
HC
GM
1986–1997
2006–2007
2001

Ralph Wilson
Owner
1959–2014
2009

Bill Polian
GM
1984–1992
2015

text: All-time first round draft picks[edit]

text: Recent Pro Bowl selections[edit]

text: CSVA Sports Film and Video Hall of Famers[edit]

text: Henry Kunttu (2013)[42]

text: Coaches of note[edit]

text: Head coaches[edit]

text: Current staff[edit]

text:
Buffalo Bills staff

v
t
e

Front Office

Owner/CEO – Terry Pegula
Owner – Kim Pegula
President – Russ Brandon
General Manager – Brandon Beane
Assistant General Manager – Joe Schoen
Vice President of Player Personnel – Vacant
College Scouting Director – Terrance Gray
Senior VP of Football Administration – Jim Overdorf
Assistant Director of College Scouting – Lake Dawson
Director of Pro Personnel – Malik Boyd

Head Coach –

Head Coach – Sean McDermott

Offensive Coaches

Offensive Coordinator – Brian Daboll
Quarterbacks – David Culley
Running Backs – Kelly Skipper
Wide Receivers – Terry Robiskie
Tight Ends – Rob Boras
Offensive Line/Run Game Coordinator – Juan Castillo
Assistant Offensive Line – Andrew Dees
Offensive Assistant – Chad Hall
Offensive Assistant – Shea Tierney
Offensive Assistant – William Vlachos
Offensive Assistant/Defense Special Projects – Marc Lubick

Defensive Coaches

Defensive Coordinator – Leslie Frazier
Defensive Line – Bill Teerlinck
Assistant Defensive Line – Aaron Whitecotton
Linebackers – Bob Babich
Defensive Backs – John Butler
Safeties – Bobby Babich
Defensive Assistant – Jim Salgado
Defensive Quality Control – John Egorugwu

Special Teams Coaches

Special Teams – Danny Crossman
Assistant Special Teams – Matt Smiley

Strength and Conditioning

Head Strength and Conditioning – Eric Ciano
Assistant Strength and Conditioning – Hal Luther
Assistant Strength and Conditioning – Jason Oszvart
Assistant Strength and Conditioning – Mark Loecher
Assistant Strength and Conditioning - Will Greenberg

→ Coaching Staff
→ Management
→ More NFL staffs

AFC East
BUF
MIA
NE
NYJ
North
BAL
CIN
CLE
PIT
South
HOU
IND
JAX
TEN
West
DEN
KC
LAC
OAK

NFC East
DAL
NYG
PHI
WAS
North
CHI
DET
GB
MIN
South
ATL
CAR
NO
TB
West
ARI
LAR
SF
SEA

text: Current roster[edit]

text:
Buffalo Bills roster

view
talk
edit

Quarterbacks

10 AJ McCarron
 2 Nathan Peterman

Running backs

39 Travaris Cadet
42 Patrick DiMarco FB
36 Aaron Green
-- Chris Ivory
26 Taiwan Jones
25 LeSean McCoy
45 Marcus Murphy

Wide receivers

13 Kelvin Benjamin
19 Quan Bray
-- Kaelin Clay
16 Malachi Dupre
18 Andre Holmes
11 Zay Jones
89 Brandon Reilly
-- Rod Streater

Tight ends

85 Charles Clay
80 Jason Croom
88 Khari Lee
84 Nick O'Leary
82 Logan Thomas
89 Keith Towbridge

Offensive linemen

-- Russell Bodine C
73 Dion Dawkins T
62 Vladimir Ducasse G
72 Ryan Groy G
64 Richie Incognito G
61 Josh James T
68 Conor McDermott T
76 John Miller G
79 Jordan Mills T
-- Marshall Newhouse T
60 Adam Redmond C
74 De'Ondre Wesley T
70 Eric Wood C

Defensive linemen

75 Cap Capi DE
94 Rickey Hatley DT
55 Jerry Hughes DE
90 Shaq Lawson DE
97 Marquavius Lewis DE
-- Star Lotulelei DT
-- Trent Murphy DE
-- Owa Odighizuwa DE
92 Adolphus Washington DT
95 Kyle Williams DT
54 Eddie Yarbrough DE

Linebackers

57 Lorenzo Alexander OLB
50 Ramon Humber OLB
44 Deon Lacey OLB
58 Matt Milano OLB
-- Julian Stanford OLB
40 Tanner Vallejo MLB
53 Xavier Woodson-Luster MLB

Defensive backs

-- Rafael Bush FS
41 Breon Borders CB
-- Vontae Davis CB
-- Phillip Gaines CB
23 Micah Hyde SS
31 Dean Marlowe FS
-- Kelcie McCray SS
-- L. J. McCray FS
30 Lafayette Pitts CB
21 Jordan Poyer FS
27 Tre'Davious White CB

Special teams

 7 Cory Carter P
69 Reid Ferguson LS
 4 Steven Hauschka K
 6 Colton Schmidt P

Reserve lists

Currently vacant

Rookies in italics
Roster updated March 29, 2018
Depth chart • Transactions
69 Active, Inactive
→ AFC rosters → NFC rosters

AFC East
BUF
MIA
NE
NYJ
North
BAL
CIN
CLE
PIT
South
HOU
IND
JAX
TEN
West
DEN
KC
LAC
OAK

NFC East
DAL
NYG
PHI
WAS
North
CHI
DET
GB
MIN
South
ATL
CAR
NO
TB
West
ARI
LAR
SF
SEA

text: Radio and television[edit]

text: The Buffalo Bills Radio Network is flagshipped at WGR, AM 550 in Buffalo. John Murphy is the team's current play-by-play announcer; he was a color commentator alongside, and eventually succeeded, longtime voice Van Miller after Miller's retirement at the end of the 2003 NFL season. Mark Kelso serves as the color analyst. The Bills radio network has approximately seventeen affiliates in upstate New York and one affiliate, CJCL 590AM (The Fan) in Toronto. As of early 2012, it is composed mostly of WGR, Entercom's sister stations WCMF (96.5 FM) and WROC-AM 950 in Rochester, and a fleet of independent AM and FM stations across upstate New York from Jamestown east to Albany. Previous flagship Citadel Broadcasting was purchased by Cumulus Media, who in turn ceased carrying Bills games at the end of the 2011 season, leaving the network without affiliates in Syracuse, Binghamton, and Erie. (The Syracuse affiliations were later picked up by Galaxy Communications.) Buffalo is one of ten teams contracted with Compass Media Networks to syndicate selected games nationwide.

text: During the preseason, most games are televised on Buffalo's ABC affiliate, WKBW-TV channel 7, with several other affiliates in western New York. These games are simulcast on sister stations WTVH in Syracuse, WICU in Erie, WHAM-TV in Rochester, and for a period, CITY-TV in Toronto. CBS analyst and former Bills special teams player Steve Tasker does color commentary on these games; the play-by-play position is rotated between his CBS partner Andrew Catalon and Rob Stone. WHAM-TV sports anchor Mike Catalana is the sideline reporter. Since 2008, preseason games have been broadcast in high definition.

text: Beginning in the 2016 season, as per a new rights deal which covers rights to the team as well as its sister NHL franchise, the Buffalo Sabres, most team-related programming, including studio programming and the coach's show, was re-located to MSG Western New York—a joint venture of MSG and the team ownership. Preseason games will continue to air in simulcast on WKBW.[43]

text: In the event regular season games are broadcast by ESPN, WKBW-TV will also hold the broadcast rights to that contest, with the station having won back the rights to cable games after WBBZ-TV held the rights for 2012 and 2013.[44]

text: Training camp sites[edit]

text:
1960–1962 Roycroft Inn, East Aurora, New York
1963–1967 Camelot Hotel, Blasdell, New York
1968–1980 Niagara University, Lewiston, New York
1981–1999 State University of New York at Fredonia, Fredonia, New York
2000–present, St. John Fisher College, Pittsford, New York

text: Mascots, cheerleaders and marching band[edit]

text: The Bills' official mascot is Billy Buffalo, an eight-foot tall, anthropomorphic blue American bison who wears the jersey "number" BB.

text: The Bills currently do not have cheerleaders. The Bills operated a cheerleading squad named the Buffalo Jills from 1967 to 1985; from 1986 to 2013, the Jills operated as an independent organization sponsored by various companies, most recently by Citadel Broadcasting. The Jills suspended operations prior to the 2014 season due to legal actions.[46] The Bills and Jills are currently involved in a legal battle, in which the Jills allege they were employees, not independent contractors, and are seeking back pay.[47] Complicating matters is that Citadel's buyer, Cumulus Media, declared bankruptcy and sought to discharge its remaining Bills-related debts in January 2018.[48]

text: The Bills are one of six teams in the NFL to designate an official marching band or drumline (the others being the Baltimore Ravens, Washington Redskins, New York Jets, Carolina Panthers and Seattle Seahawks). Since the last game of the 2013 season, this position has been served by the Stampede Drumline, known outside of Buffalo as Downbeat Percussion.[49][50] The Bills have also used the full marching bands from Attica High School, the University of Pittsburgh and Syracuse University at home games in recent years.

text: The Bills have several theme songs associated with them. One is a variation of the Isley Brothers hit "Shout", recorded by Scott Kemper,[51] which served as the Bills' official promotional song from 1987 through 1990s. It was officially replaced circa 2000 with "The Power of the Bills", although "Shout" remains in use. The Bills' unofficial fight song, "Go Bills", was penned by Bills head coach Marv Levy in the mid-1990s on a friendly wager with his players that he will write the song if the team won a particular game.[52]

text: Supporters[edit]

text: The Bills Backers are the official fan organization of the Buffalo Bills. It has over 200 chapters across North America, Europe and Oceania.[53] Also notable is the Bills Mafia, a collection of Bills fans organized via Twitter beginning in 2010;[54] the phrase "Bills Mafia" had by 2017 grown to unofficially represent the broad community surrounding and encompassing the team as a whole, and players who join the Bills often speak of joining the Bills Mafia. Outsiders often treat the Bills' fan base in derogatory terms, especially since the 2010s, in part because of negative press coverage of select fans' wilder antics.[55] Bills fans have been noted as much for their boisterous behavior as they have for their generosity; after the Bills received help in breaking their 17-year playoff drought on a last-minute Cincinnati Bengals victory, Bills fans crowdfunded the charities of Bengals players Andy Dalton and Tyler Boyd with tens of thousands of dollars as a gesture of thanks.[56][57]

text: The Bills are one of the favorite teams of ESPN announcer Chris Berman, who picked the Bills to reach the Super Bowl nearly every year in the 1990s. Berman often uses the catchphrase "No one circles the wagons like the Buffalo Bills!" Berman gave the induction speech for Bills owner Ralph Wilson when Wilson was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 2009.

text: The Bills were also the favorite team of late NBC political commentator Tim Russert, a South Buffalo native, who often referred to the Bills on his Sunday morning talk show, Meet the Press. (His son, Luke, is also a notable fan of the team.) CNN's Wolf Blitzer, also a Buffalo native, has proclaimed he is also a fan,[58] as has CBS Evening News lead anchor and Tonawanda native Jeff Glor.[59]

text: ESPN anchor Kevin Connors is also a noted Bills fan, dating to his time attending Ithaca College. Actor Nick Bakay, a Buffalo native, is also a well-known Bills fan; he has discussed the team in segments of NFL Top 10. Character actor William Fichtner, raised in Cheektowaga, is a fan,[60] and did a commercial for the team in 2014.[61] In 2015, Fichtner also narrated the ESPN 30 for 30 documentary on the Bills four Super Bowl appearances, "Four Falls of Buffalo". Former Olympic swimmer Summer Sanders has professed her fandom of the team.

text: Bills fans are particularly well known for their wearing of Zubaz zebra-printed sportswear; so much is the association between Bills fans and Zubaz that when a revival of the company opened their first brick-and-mortar storefront, it chose Western New York as its first location.[62]

text: In popular culture[edit]

text: Buffalo's rivalry with the Miami Dolphins is referenced on Steve Martin's 1979 album Comedy Is Not Pretty! on the track "How To Meet A Girl." On the track, Martin simulates chatter about football at a party, and one "partier" expresses disbelief that Buffalo could beat Miami – at the time of the album's release, the Dolphins had won 18 straight games over the Bills.

text: In the 1996 X-Files episode "Musings of a Cigarette Smoking Man", the titular character, a member of a shadowy government cabal, states that the Buffalo Bills will not win a Super Bowl while he lives.

text: The Buffalo Bills were featured on the direct-to-TV movie Second String, and in the Vincent Gallo drama Buffalo 66.

text: Actor Dean Cain was briefly a member of the Bills. Because of this, references to the Bills have appeared in the television series Lois & Clark: The New Adventures of Superman, in which Cain played the title character. In the first episode of season four, titled "Lord of the Flys", Clark picks up a blue Buffalo Bills hat with the Charging Buffalo emblem in the center and uses it to help disguise himself. In a later episode, he lets it be known the Metropolis Mammoths are playing the Bills.

text: In an April 2011 episode of the television series 30 Rock, titled "100", Alec Baldwin's character Jack Donaghy discovers that, in an alternate future, he would not only be wealthier and more successful, but he would also be the owner of a "New York football team." He later is disappointed to learn the team is not the New York Giants or New York Jets, but the Buffalo Bills.

text: The Bills are the team that eventually unseats the Orlando Breakers, the fictional NFL team that serves as the focus of the sitcom Coach in later seasons, in the playoffs.

text: In a March 2014 episode of the television series Family Guy entitled "3 Acts of God", Peter Griffin—along with his family and friends—attends a game between the Buffalo Bills and New England Patriots at Gillette Stadium in Foxborough, Massachusetts, which the Bills win. The episode also features Bills players Mario Williams and C. J. Spiller guest starring as themselves.[63]

text: Several former Buffalo Bills players have earned a name in politics after their playing careers had ended, almost always as members of the Republican Party. The most famous of these was quarterback Jack Kemp, who was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives from Western New York in 1971—two years after his playing career ended and remained there for nearly two decades, serving as the Republican Party nominee for Vice President of the United States under Bob Dole in 1996. Kemp's backup, Ed Rutkowski, served as county executive of Erie County from 1979 to 1987. Former tight end Jay Riemersma, defensive tackle Fred Smerlas and defensive end Phil Hansen have all run for Congress, though all three either lost or withdrew from their respective races. Quarterback Jim Kelly and running back Thurman Thomas have also both been mentioned as potential candidates for political office, although both have declined all requests to date.


document_title: Asbestos

question_text: sbestos is commonly found in buildings and structures built before what year

question_tokens: sbestos is commonly found in buildings and structures built before what year

root

text: Asbestos

text: Etymology[edit]

text: Asbestos derives from the ancient Greek ἄσβεστος, meaning unquenchable or inextinguishable.[1][8][9] The word is pronounced /æsˈbɛstəs/, /æzˈbɛstəs/ or /æzˈbɛstɒs/.

tag: p

text: Types and associated fibers[edit]

text: Six mineral types are defined by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) as "asbestos" including those belonging to the serpentine class and those belonging to the amphibole class. All six asbestos mineral types are known to be human carcinogens.[10][11] The visible fibers are themselves each composed of millions of microscopic "fibrils" that can be released by abrasion and other processes.[2]

text:
Chrysotile asbestos

Asbestos fibers

Asbestos

Asbestos

Blue asbestos (crocidolite). The ruler is 1 cm.

Blue asbestos, teased to show the fibrous nature of the mineral

tag: ul

text: Serpentine[edit]

text: Serpentine class fibers are curly. Chrysotile is the only member of the serpentine class.

text: Chrysotile[edit]

text: Chrysotile, CAS No. 12001-29-5, is obtained from serpentinite rocks which are common throughout the world. Its idealized chemical formula is Mg3(Si2O5)(OH)4.[12] Chrysotile appears under the microscope as a white fiber.

text: Chrysotile has been used more than any other type and accounts for about 95% of the asbestos found in buildings in America.[13] Chrysotile is more flexible than amphibole types of asbestos, and can be spun and woven into fabric. The most common use was corrugated asbestos cement roofing primarily for outbuildings, warehouses and garages. It may also be found in sheets or panels used for ceilings and sometimes for walls and floors. Chrysotile has been a component in joint compound and some plasters. Numerous other items have been made containing chrysotile including brake linings, fire barriers in fuseboxes, pipe insulation, floor tiles, residential shingles, and gaskets for high temperature equipment.[citation needed]

text: Amphibole[edit]

text: Amphibole class fibers are needle-like. Amosite, crocidolite, tremolite, anthophyllite and actinolite are members of the amphibole class.

text: Amosite[edit]

text: Amosite, CAS No. 12172-73-5, often referred to as brown asbestos, is a trade name for the amphiboles belonging to the cummingtonite-grunerite solid solution series, commonly from South Africa, named as a partial acronym for "Asbestos Mines of South Africa". One formula given for amosite is Fe7Si8O22(OH)2. Amosite is seen under a microscope as a grey-white vitreous fiber. It is found most frequently as a fire retardant in thermal insulation products, asbestos insulating board and ceiling tiles.[13]

text: Crocidolite[edit]

text: Crocidolite, CAS No. 12001-28-4, is the fibrous form of the amphibole riebeckite, found primarily in southern Africa, but also in Australia and Bolivia. One formula given for crocidolite is Na2Fe2+3Fe3+2Si8O22(OH)2. Crocidolite is seen under a microscope as a blue fiber.

text: Crocidolite commonly occurs as soft friable fibers. Asbestiform amphibole may also occur as soft friable fibers but some varieties such as amosite are commonly straighter. All forms of asbestos are fibrillar in that they are composed of fibers with breadths less than 1 micrometer in bundles of very great widths. Asbestos with particularly fine fibers is also referred to as "amianthus".

text: Other materials[edit]

text: Other regulated asbestos minerals, such as tremolite asbestos, CAS No. 77536-68-6, Ca2Mg5Si8O22(OH)2; actinolite asbestos, CAS No. 77536-66-4, Ca2(Mg, Fe)5(Si8O22)(OH)2; and anthophyllite asbestos, CAS No. 77536-67-5, (Mg, Fe)7Si8O22(OH)2; are less commonly used industrially but can still be found in a variety of construction materials and insulation materials and have been used in a few consumer products.

text: Other natural asbestiform minerals, such as richterite, Na(CaNa)(Mg, Fe++)5(Si8O22)(OH)2, and winchite, (CaNa)Mg4(Al, Fe3+)(Si8O22)(OH)2, though not regulated, are said by some to be no less harmful than tremolite, amosite, or crocidolite.[14] They are termed "asbestiform" rather than asbestos. Although the U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has not included them in the asbestos standard, NIOSH and the American Thoracic Society have recommended them for inclusion as regulated materials because they may also be hazardous to health.[14]

text: Production[edit]

text: In 2009, about 9% of world's asbestos production was mined in Canada.[15] In late 2011, Canada's remaining two asbestos mines, both located in the Province of Quebec, halted operations.[16] In September 2012, the government in the Province of Quebec halted asbestos mining.[17]

text: In 2015, 2 million tonnes of asbestos were mined worldwide. The Russian Federation was the largest producer with about 55% world share followed by China (20%), Brazil (15.6%), and Kazakhstan (10.8%).[18]

text: History of use[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

tag: table

text: Early uses[edit]

text: Asbestos use dates back at least 4,500 years, when the inhabitants of the Lake Juojärvi region in East Finland strengthened earthenware pots and cooking utensils with the asbestos mineral anthophyllite (see Asbestos-ceramic).[19] One of the first descriptions of a material that may have been asbestos is in Theophrastus, On Stones, from around 300 BC, although this identification has been questioned.[20] In both modern and ancient Greek, the usual name for the material known in English as "asbestos" is amiantos ("undefiled", "pure"), which was adapted into the French amiante and Portuguese amianto. In modern Greek, the word ἀσβεστος or ασβέστης stands consistently and solely for lime.

text: The term asbestos is traceable to Roman naturalist Pliny the Elder's manuscript Natural History, and his use of the term asbestinon, meaning "unquenchable".[1][8][19] While Pliny or his nephew Pliny the Younger is popularly credited with recognising the detrimental effects of asbestos on human beings,[21] examination of the primary sources reveals no support for either claim.[22]

text: Wealthy Persians amazed guests by cleaning a cloth by exposing it to fire. For example, according to Tabari, one of the curious items belonging to Khosrow II Parviz, the great Sassanian king (r. 531–579), was a napkin (Persian: منديل) that he cleaned simply by throwing it into fire. Such cloth is believed to have been made of asbestos imported over the Hindu Kush.[23] According to Biruni in his book, Gems, any cloths made of asbestos (Persian: آذرشست, āzarshost) were called shostakeh (Persian: شستكه).[24] Some Persians believed the fiber was the fur of an animal, called the samandar (Persian: سمندر), which lived in fire and died when exposed to water,[25][26] which was where the former belief that the salamander could tolerate fire originated.[27]

text: Charlemagne, the first Holy Roman Emperor (800–814), is said to have had a tablecloth made of asbestos.[28]

text: Marco Polo recounts having been shown, in a place he calls Ghinghin talas, "a good vein from which the cloth which we call of salamander, which cannot be burnt if it is thrown into the fire, is made ..."[29]

text: Some archaeologists believe that ancients made shrouds of asbestos, wherein they burned the bodies of their kings, in order to preserve only their ashes, and prevent them being mixed with those of wood or other combustible materials commonly used in funeral pyres.[30][31] Others assert that the ancients used asbestos to make perpetual wicks for sepulchral or other lamps.[25] A famous example is the golden lamp asbestos lychnis, which the sculptor Callimachus made for the Erechtheion.[32] In more recent centuries, asbestos was indeed used for this purpose. Although asbestos causes skin to itch upon contact, ancient literature indicates that it was prescribed for diseases of the skin, and particularly for the itch. It is possible that they used the term asbestos for soapstone, because the two terms have often been confused throughout history.[30][page needed]

text: Industrial era[edit]

text: The large scale asbestos industry began in the mid-19th century. Early attempts at producing asbestos paper and cloth in Italy began in the 1850s, but were unsuccessful in creating a market for such products. Canadian samples of asbestos were displayed in London in 1862, and the first companies were formed in England and Scotland to exploit this resource. Asbestos was first used in the manufacture of yarn, and German industrialist Louis Wertheim adopted this process in his factories in Germany. [33] In 1871, the Patent Asbestos Manufacturing Company was established in Glasgow, and within the following decades, the Clydebank area became a centre for the nascent industry.[34]

text: Industrial scale mining began in the Thetford hills, Quebec from the 1870s. Sir William Edmond Logan was the first to notice the large deposits of chrysotile in the hills in his capacity as head of Geological Survey of Canada. Samples of the minerals from here were displayed in London, and excited much interest.[33] With the opening up of the Quebec Central Railway in 1876, mining entrepreneurs, such as Andrew Stuart Johnson established the asbestos industry in the province.[35] The 50 ton output of the mines in 1878 rose to over 10,000 tons in the 1890s with the adoption of machine technologies and expanded production.[33][36] For a long time, the world's largest asbestos mine was the Jeffrey mine in the town of Asbestos, Quebec.[37]

text: Asbestos production began in the Urals of the Russian Empire in the 1880s, and in the Alpine regions of Northern Italy with the formation in Turin of the Italo-English Pure Asbestos Company in 1876, although this was soon swamped by the greater production levels from the Canadian mines. Mining also took off in South Africa from 1893 under the aegis of the British businessman Francis Oates, the Director of the De Beers company.[38] It was in South Africa that the production of amosite began in 1910. The U.S. asbestos industry had an early start in 1858, when fibrous anthophyllite was mined for use as asbestos insulation by the Johns Company, a predecessor to the current Johns Manville, at a quarry at Ward's Hill on Staten Island, New York.[39] US production began in earnest in 1899, with the discovery of large deposits in the Belvidere Mountain.

text: The use of asbestos became increasingly widespread towards the end of the 19th century, when its diverse applications included fire retardant coatings, concrete, bricks, pipes and fireplace cement, heat, fire, and acid resistant gaskets, pipe insulation, ceiling insulation, fireproof drywall, flooring, roofing, lawn furniture, and drywall joint compound. In 2011 it was reported that over 50% of UK houses still contained asbestos, despite a ban on asbestos products some years earlier.[40]

text: In Japan, particularly after World War II, asbestos was used in the manufacture of ammonium sulfate for purposes of rice production, sprayed upon the ceilings, iron skeletons, and walls of railroad cars and buildings (during the 1960s), and used for energy efficiency reasons as well. Production of asbestos in Japan peaked in 1974 and went through ups and downs until about 1990, when production began to drop dramatically.[41]

text: Discovery of toxicity[edit]

text: In 1899, Dr. Montague Murray noted the negative health effects of asbestos.[42] The first documented death related to asbestos was in 1906.[43]

text: In the early 1900s researchers began to notice a large number of early deaths and lung problems in asbestos-mining towns. The first such study was conducted by Dr. H. Montague Murray at the Charing Cross Hospital, London, in 1900, in which a postmortem investigation of a young man who had died from pulmonary fibrosis after having worked for 14 years in an asbestos textile factory, discovered asbestos traces in the victim's lungs. Adelaide Anderson, the Inspector of Factories in Britain, included asbestos in a list of harmful industrial substances in 1902. Similar investigations were conducted in France and Italy, in 1906 and 1908, respectively.[44]

text: The first diagnosis of asbestosis was made in the UK in 1924.[43][45][46] Nellie Kershaw was employed at Turner Brothers Asbestos in Manchester, England from 1917, spinning raw asbestos fibre into yarn.[46][47] Her death in 1924 led to a formal inquest. Pathologist Dr William Edmund Cooke testified that his examination of the lungs indicated old scarring indicative of a previous, healed, tuberculosis infection, and extensive fibrosis, in which were visible "particles of mineral matter ... of various shapes, but the large majority have sharp angles."[45] Having compared these particles with samples of asbestos dust provided by Dr S.A. Henry, His Majesty's Medical Inspector of Factories, Cooke concluded that they "originated from asbestos and were, beyond a reasonable doubt, the primary cause of the fibrosis of the lungs and therefore of death".[46][48]

text: As a result of Cooke's paper, parliament commissioned an inquiry into the effects of asbestos dust by Dr E. R. A. Merewether, Medical Inspector of Factories, and C. W. Price, a factory inspector and pioneer of dust monitoring and control.[2] Their subsequent report, Occurrence of Pulmonary Fibrosis & Other Pulmonary Affections in Asbestos Workers, was presented to parliament on 24 March 1930.[49] It concluded that the development of asbestosis was irrefutably linked to the prolonged inhalation of asbestos dust, and included the first health study of asbestos workers, which found that 66% of those employed for 20 years or more suffered from asbestosis.[2] The report led to the publication of the first Asbestos Industry Regulations in 1931, which came into effect on 1 March 1932.[50] These regulated ventilation and made asbestosis an excusable work-related disease.[12] The term mesothelioma was first used in medical literature in 1931; its association with asbestos was first noted sometime in the 1940s. Similar legislation followed in the U.S. about ten years later.

text: Approximately 100,000 people in the United States have died, or are terminally ill, from asbestos exposure related to ship building. In the Hampton Roads area, a shipbuilding center, mesothelioma occurrence is seven times the national rate.[51] Thousands of tons of asbestos were used in World War II ships to insulate piping, boilers, steam engines, and steam turbines. There were approximately 4.3 million shipyard workers in the United States during WWII; for every 1,000 workers about 14 died of mesothelioma and an unknown number died from asbestosis.[52]

text: The United States government and asbestos industry have been criticized for not acting quickly enough to inform the public of dangers, and to reduce public exposure. In the late 1970s, court documents proved that asbestos industry officials knew of asbestos dangers since the 1930s and had concealed them from the public.[52]

text: In Australia, asbestos was widely used in construction and other industries between 1946 and 1980. From the 1970s there was increasing concern about the dangers of asbestos, and its use was phased out. Mining ceased in 1983. The use of asbestos was phased out in 1989 and banned entirely in December 2003. The dangers of asbestos are now well known in Australia and there is help and support for sufferers from asbestosis or mesothelioma.[53]

text: Usage by industry and product type[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Serpentine group[edit]

text: Serpentine minerals have a sheet or layered structure. Chrysotile is the only asbestos mineral in the serpentine group. In the United States, chrysotile has been the most commonly used type of asbestos. According to the U.S. EPA Asbestos Building Inspectors Manual, chrysotile accounts for approximately 95% of asbestos found in buildings in the United States.[citation needed] Chrysotile is often present in a wide variety of products and materials, including:

text:
Chlor Alkali diaphragm membranes used to make chlorine (currently in the USA) [54]
Drywall and joint compound (including texture coats)
Plaster
Gas mask filters pre-1960s and gas mask filters from the USSR
Vinyl floor tiles, sheeting, adhesives
Roofing tars, felts, siding, and shingles[55]
"Transite" panels, siding, countertops, and pipes
Popcorn ceilings, also known as acoustic ceilings
Fireproofing

text:
Caulk
Industrial and marine gaskets
Brake pads and shoes
Stage curtains
Fire blankets
Interior fire doors
Fireproof clothing for firefighters
Thermal pipe insulation
Filters for removing fine particulates from chemicals, liquids and wine
Dental cast linings
HVAC flexible duct connectors
Drilling fluid additives

text: In the European Union and Australia it has been banned as a potential health hazard[56] and is not used at all. Japan is moving in the same direction, but at a slower pace.

text: Amphibole group[edit]

text: Amphiboles including amosite (brown asbestos) and crocidolite (blue asbestos) were formerly used in many products until the early 1980s.[citation needed] Tremolite asbestos constituted a contaminant of many if not all naturally occurring chrysotile deposits. The use of all types of asbestos in the amphibole group was banned in much of the Western world by the mid-1980s, and in Japan by 1995.[citation needed] Some products that included amphibole types of asbestos included the following:

text:
Low density insulating board (often referred to as AIB or asbestos insulating board) and ceiling tiles;
Asbestos-cement pipe (made until the early 1990s by at least one manufacturer);
Asbestos-cement sheets and pipes for construction, casing for water and electrical/telecommunication services;
Thermal and chemical insulation (e.g., fire rated doors, limpet spray, lagging and gaskets).

text: Cigarette manufacturer Lorillard (Kent's filtered cigarette) used crocidolite asbestos in its "Micronite" filter from 1952 to 1956.[57]

text: While mostly chrysotile asbestos fibers were once used in automobile brake pads, shoes, and clutch discs, contaminants of amphiboles were present. Since approximately the mid-1990s, brake pads, new or replacement, have been manufactured instead with linings made of ceramic, carbon, metallic and aramid fiber (Twaron or Kevlar—the same material used in bulletproof vests).

text: Artificial Christmas snow, known as flocking, was previously made with asbestos.[58] It was used as an effect in films including The Wizard of Oz and department store window displays and it was marketed for use in private homes under brand names that included "Pure White", "Snow Drift" and "White Magic".[59]

text: Construction[edit]

text: Developed countries[edit]

text: The use of asbestos in new construction projects has been banned for health and safety reasons in many developed countries or regions, including the European Union, Australia, Hong Kong, Japan, and New Zealand. A notable exception is the United States, where asbestos continues to be used in construction such as cement asbestos pipes. The 5th Circuit Court prevented the EPA from banning asbestos in 1991 because EPA research showed the ban would cost between $450 and 800 million while only saving around 200 lives in a 13-year timeframe, and that the EPA did not provide adequate evidence for the safety of alternative products.[60] Until the mid-1980s, small amounts of white asbestos were used in the manufacture of Artex, a decorative stipple finish,[61] however, some of the lesser-known suppliers of Artex were still adding white asbestos until 1999.[62]

text: Prior to the ban, asbestos was widely used in the construction industry in thousands of materials. Some are judged to be more dangerous than others due to the amount of asbestos and the material's friable nature. Sprayed coatings, pipe insulation and Asbestos Insulating Board (AIB) are thought to be the most dangerous due to their high content of asbestos and friable nature. Many older buildings built before the late 1990s contain asbestos. In the United States, there is a minimum standard for asbestos surveys as described by ASTM Standard E 2356–04. In the UK the Health and Safety Executive have issued guidance called HSG264 describing how surveys should be completed although other methods can be used if they can demonstrate they have met the regulations by other means.[63] The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency includes some but not all asbestos-contaminated facilities on the Superfund National Priorities list (NPL). Renovation and demolition of asbestos-contaminated buildings is subject to EPA NESHAP and OSHA Regulations. Asbestos is not a material covered under CERCLA's innocent purchaser defense. In the UK, the removal and disposal of asbestos and of substances containing it are covered by the Control of Asbestos Regulations 2006.[64]

text: U.S. asbestos consumption hit a peak of 804,000 tons in 1973; world asbestos demand peaked around 1977, with 25 countries producing nearly 4.8 million metric tons annually.[65]

text: In older buildings (e.g. those built prior to 1999 in the UK, before white asbestos was banned), asbestos may still be present in some areas. Being aware of asbestos locations reduces the risk of disturbing asbestos.[66]

text: Removal of asbestos building components can also remove the fire protection they provide, therefore fire protection substitutes are required for proper fire protection that the asbestos originally provided.[66][67]

text: Outside Europe and North America[edit]

text: Some countries, such as India, Indonesia, China, Russia and Brazil, have continued widespread use of asbestos. The most common is corrugated asbestos-cement sheets or "A/C sheets" for roofing and for side walls. Millions of homes, factories, schools or sheds and shelters continue to use asbestos. Cutting these sheets to size and drilling holes to receive 'J' bolts to help secure the sheets to roof framing is done on-site. There has been no significant change in production and use of A/C sheets in developing countries following the widespread restrictions in developed nations[citation needed]. "The largest exporter of asbestos is Russia, which exported 100 million metric tonnes of asbestos.This asbestos is shipped to the nations that still use this cheap and effective building material. China is the number one importer of asbestos, using over five-hundred seventy metric tonnes of the dangerous substance in 2013 alone. China is not the only country that uses asbestos, Russia, Canada, Brazil and India all use asbestos."[68]

text: 11 September 2001 attacks[edit]

text: As New York City's World Trade Center collapsed following the September 11 attacks, Lower Manhattan was blanketed in a mixture of building debris and combustible materials. This complex mixture gave rise to the concern that thousands of residents and workers in the area would be exposed to known hazards in the air and in the dust, such as asbestos, lead, glass fibers, and pulverized concrete.[69] More than 1,000 tons of asbestos are thought to have been released into the air following the buildings' destruction.[70] Inhalation of a mixture of asbestos and other toxicants is thought to be linked to the unusually high death rate from cancer of emergency service workers since the disaster.[70] Thousands more are now thought to be at risk of developing cancer due to this exposure with those who have died so far being only the 'tip of the iceberg'.[70] Some commentators have criticised authorities for using asbestos in the buildings' construction.

text: In May 2002, after numerous cleanup, dust collection, and air monitoring activities were conducted outdoors by EPA, other federal agencies, New York City and the state of New York, New York City formally requested federal assistance to clean and/or test residences in the vicinity of the World Trade Center site for airborne asbestos.[69]

text: Asbestos contaminants in other products[edit]

text: Vermiculite[edit]

text: Vermiculite is a hydrated laminar magnesium-aluminum-iron silicate which resembles mica. It can be used for many industrial applications and has been used as insulation. Some deposits of vermiculite have been found to be contaminated with small amounts of asbestos.[71]

text: One vermiculite mine operated by W. R. Grace and Company in Libby, Montana exposed workers and community residents to danger by mining vermiculite contaminated with asbestos, typically richterite, winchite, actinolite or tremolite.[72] Vermiculite contaminated with asbestos from the Libby mine was used as insulation in residential and commercial buildings through Canada and the United States. W. R. Grace and Company's loose-fill vermiculite was marketed as Zonolite but was also used in sprayed-on products such as Monokote.

text: In 1999 the EPA began cleanup efforts in Libby and now the area is a Superfund cleanup area.[73] The EPA has determined that harmful asbestos is released from the mine as well as through other activities that disturb soil in the area.[74]

text: Talc[edit]

text: Talc can sometimes be contaminated with asbestos due to the proximity of asbestos ore (usually tremolite) in underground talc deposits.[75] By 1973, US federal law required all talc products to be asbestos-free,[76] and today there is strict quality control in the production of talc products, separating cosmetic-grade talc (e.g. talcum powder) from industrial-grade talc (often used in friction products) has largely eliminated this issue for consumers.[77]

text: In 2000, tests in a certified asbestos-testing laboratory found the tremolite form of amphibole asbestos used to be found in three out of eight popular brands of children's crayons that were made partly from talc: Crayola, Prang, and RoseArt.[78] In Crayola crayons, the tests found asbestos levels around 0.05% in Carnation Pink and 2.86% in Orchid; in Prang crayons, the range was from 0.3% in Periwinkle to 0.54% in Yellow; in Rose Art crayons, it was from 0.03% in Brown to 1.20% in Orange. Overall, 32 different types of crayons from these brands used to contain more than trace amounts of asbestos, and eight others contained trace amounts. The Art and Creative Materials Institute, a trade association which tested the safety of crayons on behalf of the makers, initially insisted the test results must have been incorrect, although they later said they do not test for asbestos.[78] In May 2000, Crayola said tests by Richard Lee, a materials analyst whose testimony on behalf of the asbestos industry has been accepted in lawsuits over 250 times, found its crayons tested negative for asbestos.[79] In spite of that, in June 2000 Binney & Smith, the maker of Crayola, and the other makers agreed to stop using talc in their products, and changed their product formulations in the United States.[79]

text: The mining company, R T Vanderbilt Co of Gouverneur, New York, which supplied the talc to the crayon makers, states that "to the best of our knowledge and belief" there is no asbestos in its talc.[80] However media reports claim that the United States Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) had found asbestos in four talc samples tested in 2000.[78] The Assistant Secretary for Mine Safety and Health subsequently wrote to the news reporter, stating that "In fact, the abbreviation ND (non detect) in the laboratory report – indicates no asbestos fibers actually were found in the samples",[81] and multiple studies by both mineral studies laboratories[82][83][84][85][86][87][88][89][90] and biological cell studies[91][92][93] do not report asbestos. These findings have been rejected by other health reports and studies which advocate a "same as" asbestos risk.[94][95]

text: Health impact[edit]

text: All types of asbestos fibers are known to cause serious health hazards in humans.[96][97][98] Amosite and crocidolite are considered the most hazardous asbestos fiber types;[citation needed] however, chrysotile asbestos has also produced tumors in animals and is a recognized cause of asbestosis and malignant mesothelioma in humans,[99] and mesothelioma has been observed in people who were occupationally exposed to chrysotile, family members of the occupationally exposed, and residents who lived close to asbestos factories and mines.[100]

text: During the 1980s and again in the 1990s it was suggested at times that the process of making asbestos cement could "neutralize" the asbestos, either via chemical processes or by causing cement to attach to the fibers and changing their physical size; subsequent studies showed that this was untrue, and that decades-old asbestos cement, when broken, releases asbestos fibers identical to those found in nature, with no detectable alteration.[101]

text: Exposure to asbestos in the form of fibers is always considered dangerous. Working with, or exposure to, material that is friable, or materials or works that could cause release of loose asbestos fibers, is considered high risk. In general, people who become ill from inhaling asbestos have been regularly exposed in a job where they worked directly with the material.

text: The most common diseases associated with chronic exposure to asbestos are asbestosis and mesothelioma.[102]

text: Substitutes for asbestos in construction[edit]

text: Fiberglass insulation was invented in 1938 and is now the most commonly used type of insulation material. The safety of this material has also been called into question due to similarities in material structure.[103] However, the International Agency for Research on Cancer removed fiberglass from its list of possible human carcinogens in 2001[104] and a scientific review article from 2011 claimed epidemiology data was inconsistent and concluded that the IARC's decision to downgrade the carcinogenic potential of fiberglass was valid (however, this study was funded by sponsored research contract from the North American Insulation Manufacturer’s Association).[105]

text: In 1978, a highly texturized fiberglass fabric was invented by Bal Dixit, called Zetex. This fabric is lighter than asbestos, but offers the same bulk, thickness, hand, feel, and abrasion resistance as asbestos. The fiberglass was texturized to eliminate some of the problems that arise with fiberglass, such as poor abrasion resistance and poor seam strength.[106]

text: In Europe, mineral wool and glass wool are the main insulators in houses.

text: Many companies that produced asbestos-cement products that were reinforced with asbestos fibers have developed products incorporating organic fibers. One such product was known as "Eternit" and another "Everite" now use "Nutec" fibers which consist of organic fibers, portland cement and silica. Cement-bonded wood fiber is another substitute. Stone fibers are used in gaskets and friction materials.

text: Another potential fiber is polybenzimidazole or PBI fiber. Polybenzimidazole fiber is a synthetic fiber with a high melting point of 760 °C (1,400 °F) that also does not ignite. Because of its exceptional thermal and chemical stability, it is often used by fire departments and space agencies.

text: Recycling and disposal[edit]

text: Asbestos alternatives for industrial use include sleeves, rope, tape, fabric, textiles and insulation batt materials made from fiberglass and silica.

text: In most developed countries, asbestos is typically disposed of as hazardous waste in landfill sites.

text: The demolition of buildings containing large amounts of asbestos based materials pose particular problems for builders and property developers – such buildings often have to be deconstructed piece by piece, or the asbestos has to be painstakingly removed before the structure can be razed by mechanical or explosive means. One such example is the Red Road Flats in Glasgow, Scotland which used huge amounts of asbestos cement board for wall panelling – here British health and safety regulations stipulate that asbestos material has to be removed to a landfill site via an approved route at certain times of the day in specially adapted vehicles.

text: Asbestos can be recycled by transforming it into harmless silicate glass. A process of thermal decomposition at 1000–1250 °C produces a mixture of non-hazardous silicate phases, and at temperatures above 1250 °C it produces silicate glass.[107] Microwave thermal treatment can be used in an industrial manufacturing process to transform asbestos and asbestos-containing waste into porcelain stoneware tiles, porous single-fired wall tiles, and ceramic bricks.[108]

text: The combination of oxalic acid with ultrasound fully degrades chrysotile asbestos fibers.[109]


document_title: Schoolhouse Rock!

question_text: who wrote conjunction junction what's your function

question_tokens: who wrote conjunction junction what 's your function

text: Schoolhouse Rock!

text: History[edit]

text: Original series[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Schoolhouse Rock! began as a commercial advertising venture by David McCall, half of the Madison Avenue advertising agency McCaffrey & McCall. The idea came to McCall when he noticed one of his sons, who was having trouble in school remembering the multiplication tables, knew all the lyrics to then-current rock songs.[1] McCall called upon copywriter George Newall, also a jazz pianist, to see if he knew of anyone who was up to the task. They eventually enlisted composer and jazz bebop legend Bob Dorough who solely composed all the "Multiplication Rock" tunes. Soon Dave Frishberg, Lynn Ahrens and others came on board to create the various Schoolhouse Rock! numbers. Performers included not only Dorough and Ahrens, but also included the distinctive voices of such jazz singers as Jack Sheldon, Blossom Dearie, and Grady Tate, pop singer Essra Mohawk, the doo-wop group The Tokens, and others.

text: The first song recorded was "Three Is a Magic Number", written by Dorough, and a children's record was compiled and released. Tom Yohe listened to the first song, and began to doodle pictures to go with the lyrics. He told McCall that the songs would make good animation.

text: When a print workbook version fell through, McCall's company decided to produce their own animated versions of the songs, which they then sold to ABC (which was already the advertising company's biggest account)[citation needed] based on a demo animation of the original "Three Is A Magic Number" for its Saturday morning lineup. Newall and Yohe, along with agency account executive Radford Stone pitched their idea to Michael Eisner, then vice-president of ABC's children's programming division. Eisner brought longtime Warner Bros. cartoonist/director Chuck Jones to the meeting to also listen to the presentation.

text: The network's children's programming division had producers of its regular 30- and 60-minute programs cut three minutes out of each of their shows, and sold General Foods on the idea of sponsoring the segments.[citation needed]

text: The series stayed on the air for 12 years. Later sponsors of the Schoolhouse Rock! segments also included Nabisco, Kenner Toys, Kellogg's, and McDonald's.[citation needed] During the early 1970s, Schoolhouse Rock was one of several short-form animated educational shorts that aired on ABC's children's lineup; others included Time for Timer and The Bod Squad. Of the three, Schoolhouse Rock was the longest-running.

text: The original lineup, consisting of thirty-seven episodes, was recorded and produced between 1972 and 1979. George Newall and Tom Yohe were the executive producers and creative directors of every episode, along with Bob Dorough as musical director. The first season of Schoolhouse Rock, "Multiplication Rock", debuted in 1973 and included all of the multiplication tables from two through twelve, with one episode devoted to powers of 10 (My Hero Zero) instead of multiples of ten. This original series was followed in short order by a new series, run from 1973 to 1975, entitled "Grammar Rock", which included nouns, verbs, adjectives, and other parts of speech (such as conjunctions, explained in "Conjunction Junction"). For this second season, the show added the services of Jack Sheldon, a member of The Merv Griffin Show house band, as well as Lynn Ahrens; both of them contributed to the series through the rest of its run.

text: To coincide with the upcoming United States bicentennial, a third series, titled "America Rock", airing in 1975 and 1976, had episodes covering the structure of the United States government (such as "I'm Just a Bill") along with important moments in American history (examples include "The Preamble" and "Mother Necessity").

text: A fourth series, titled "Science Rock", followed in 1978 and 1979, and included a broad range of science-related topics such as Do the Circulation, The Body Machine (a play on The Body Electric), The Energy Blues, Electricity, E-Lec-Tri-City, and Interplanet Janet (which is about the solar system).

text: A fifth follow-up series, titled "Computer Rock", featuring the characters Scooter Computer and Mr. Chips (the only episodes in the series to feature any recurring characters), premiered in the early 1980s and comprised just four segments about home computer technology, then just emerging onto the scene. As the references and depictions became quickly outdated, due to the rapid advance of technology, these segments stopped airing after 1985 and have not seen reruns in the 1990s revival.

text: After leaving the airwaves in 1985, the original team reunited to produce two more Grammar Rock segments ("Busy Prepositions" and "The Tale of Mr. Morton") for television in 1993 with J. J. Sedelmaier Productions, Inc. of White Plains, NY.[citation needed] This was followed in 1995 by a new series, "Money Rock", which discussed topics related to money management on both the personal and governmental scale. The first cartoon (also a J. J. Sedelmaier Production, Inc. production) was "Dollars & Sense". Episodes from the new series aired in rotation with the original segments from 1994 to 1996.

text: The Walt Disney Company acquired Schoolhouse Rock in 1996 along with its acquisition of ABC owner Capital Cities/ABC Inc.; Schoolhouse Rock was one of only two children's shows (The Bugs Bunny and Tweety Show being the other) to continue airing (albeit in reruns) after the transition to One Saturday Morning. The series as a whole (after 27 years, shortly before the show's 30th anniversary) ceased airing on television in 2000, with newer episodes being released directly to home video. However, the series occasionally was seen airing reruns on Toon Disney's Big Movie Show block in 2004, but soon got removed from the schedule sometime later. As a result, the series officially came to an end on television and has not seen anymore reruns since.

text: 21st century[edit]

text: Starting in 2002, the team once again reunited to produce a new song "I'm Gonna Send Your Vote to College", written by George Newall and performed by Bob Dorough and Jack Sheldon for the release of the 30th Anniversary DVD. For the new song, Tom Yohe Jr. took over as lead designer for his father, Tom Yohe Sr., who had died in 2000.[2] Another contemporary song, called "Presidential Minute", also written by George Newall which explained the process of electing the President of the United States in greater detail, was included on the 2008 DVD Schoolhouse Rock! Election Collection, which centered on songs relating to American history and government.

text: As the theory of climate change was put forth, a new series entitled "Earth Rock"[3] was created by the original production team, premiered in 2009, and featured eleven environmentally-themed songs.

text: On January 6, 2013, George Newall and Bob Dorough appeared at the Kennedy Center in Washington, D.C. as part of their ongoing series of free concerts on the Millennium Stage. It was deemed the largest attendance to date of the venue. Dorough played five songs, accompanying himself on the piano: "Three Is a Magic Number", "Figure Eight", "Conjunction Junction", "Preamble" and "I'm Just a Bill". (Dorough had only performed lead vocals on the original version of "Three Is a Magic Number".) He also performed "Interjections!" accompanied by DC-area kids' band Rocknoceros. Rocknoceros also performed "Electricity, Electricity", "Unpack Your Adjectives", "Energy Blues", and "Fireworks".

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Multiplication Rock[edit]

text:
Episode title
Subject
Music by
Lyrics by
Performed by
Animation & design
First aired

My Hero, Zero
Powers of 10
Bob Dorough
Bob Dorough
Bob Dorough
Focus Design/Tom Yohe
January 13, 1973

Elementary, My Dear
Multiplication by 2
Bob Dorough
Bob Dorough
Bob Dorough
Phil Kimmelman & Associates/Jack Sidebotham
January 27, 1973

Three Is a Magic Number
Multiplication by 3
Bob Dorough
Bob Dorough
Bob Dorough
Focus Design/Tom Yohe
January 6, 1973

The Four-Legged Zoo
Multiplication by 4
Bob Dorough
Bob Dorough
Bob Dorough with kids chorus
Phil Kimmelman & Associates/Bob Eggers
February 10, 1973

Ready or Not, Here I Come
Multiplication by 5
Bob Dorough
Bob Dorough
Bob Dorough
Phil Kimmelman & Associates/Tom Yohe
February 17, 1973

I Got Six
Multiplication by 6
Bob Dorough
Bob Dorough
Grady Tate
Phil Kimmelman & Associates/Tom Yohe
February 24, 1973

Lucky Seven Sampson
Multiplication by 7
Bob Dorough
Bob Dorough
Bob Dorough
Phil Kimmelman & Associates/Rowland B. Wilson
February 17, 1973

Figure Eight
Multiplication by 8
Bob Dorough
Bob Dorough
Blossom Dearie
Phil Kimmelman & Associates/Tom Yohe
February 24, 1973

Naughty Number Nine
Multiplication by 9
Bob Dorough
Bob Dorough
Grady Tate
Phil Kimmelman & Associates/Tom Yohe
March 17, 1973

The Good Eleven
Multiplication by 11
Bob Dorough
Bob Dorough
Bob Dorough
Focus Design/Jack Sidebotham
March 24, 1973

Little Twelvetoes
Multiplication by 12, base 12
Bob Dorough
Bob Dorough
Bob Dorough
Phil Kimmelman & Associates/Rowland B. Wilson
March 31, 1973

text: No shows were produced featuring the numbers 1 or 10 explicitly, though "My Hero Zero" and "The Good Eleven" do include those numbers. "Little Twelvetoes" introduced the subject of how math arranged on base 12 rather than on base 10 would work, as well as covering multiplication by 12.

text: In 1973, Capitol Records released a soundtrack album of Multiplication Rock (SJA-11174), featuring all 11 songs. Two tracks, "My Hero, Zero" and "Three Is a Magic Number" had been edited for TV to keep each video within three minutes. This LP features both songs in their full, uncut forms. Also, the album version of "The Four-Legged Zoo" has an ending slightly different from the television version. Released in conjunction with the album was a single (Capitol 3693) with the two Grady Tate–sung tracks ("Naughty Number Nine" b/w "I Got Six").

text: Grammar Rock[edit]

text:
Episode title
Subject
Music by
Lyrics by
Performed by
First aired

A Noun Is A Person, Place Or Thing
noun
Lynn Ahrens
Lynn Ahrens
Lynn Ahrens
September 15, 1973

Verb: That's What's Happenin'
verb
Bob Dorough
Bob Dorough
Zachary Sanders
September 22, 1973

Conjunction Junction
conjunction
Bob Dorough
Bob Dorough
Jack Sheldon, Terry Morel and Mary Sue Berry
November 17, 1973

Interjections!
interjection
Lynn Ahrens
Lynn Ahrens
Essra Mohawk
February 23, 1974

Unpack Your Adjectives
adjective
George R. Newall
George R. Newall
Blossom Dearie
March 2, 1974

Lolly, Lolly, Lolly, Get Your Adverbs Here
adverb
Bob Dorough
Bob Dorough
Bob Dorough
April 13, 1974

Rufus Xavier Sarsaparilla
pronoun
Bob Dorough
Kathy Mandary
Jack Sheldon
April 27, 1976

Busy Prepositions
preposition
Bob Dorough
Bob Dorough
Jack Sheldon and Bob Dorough
September 11, 1993

The Tale of Mr. Morton
subject and predicate
Lynn Ahrens
Lynn Ahrens
Jack Sheldon
September 11, 1993

text: This segment introduces Jack Sheldon and Lynn Ahrens as series regulars. "Conjunction Junction" and "A Noun Is A Person, Place, Or Thing" were Sheldon and Ahrens' debuts on Schoolhouse Rock! respectively.

text: "Busy Prepositions" (aka "Busy P's") and "The Tale of Mr. Morton" were produced for Schoolhouse Rock!'s return to ABC in 1993 with J.J. Sedelmaier Productions, Inc. producing the animation.

text: America Rock[edit]

text:
Episode title
Subject
Music by
Lyrics by
Performed by
First aired

No More Kings
American independence
Lynn Ahrens
Lynn Ahrens
Lynn Ahrens & Bob Dorough
September 20, 1975

The Shot Heard Round the World
American Revolutionary War
Bob Dorough
Bob Dorough
Bob Dorough
October 18, 1975

The Preamble
United States Constitution
Lynn Ahrens
Lynn Ahrens
Lynn Ahrens
November 1, 1975

Sufferin' 'til Suffrage
Women's suffrage
Bob Dorough
Tom Yohe
Essra Mohawk
February 21, 1976

I'm Just a Bill
Legislative process
Dave Frishberg
Dave Frishberg
Jack Sheldon
March 27, 1976

The Great American Melting Pot
Immigration in America
Lynn Ahrens
Lynn Ahrens
Lori Lieberman
May 1, 1976

Elbow Room
Westward Expansion
Lynn Ahrens
Lynn Ahrens
Sue Manchester
May 22, 1976

Fireworks
Declaration of Independence
Lynn Ahrens
Lynn Ahrens
Grady Tate
July 3, 1976

Mother Necessity
Invention
Bob Dorough
Bob Dorough
Bob Dorough, Blossom Dearie, Essra Mohawk, and Jack Sheldon
July 10, 1976

Three Ring Government
Branches of government
Lynn Ahrens
Lynn Ahrens
Lynn Ahrens
March 13, 1979

I'm Gonna Send Your Vote to College
Electoral College
George R. Newall and Bob Dorough
George R. Newall and Bob Dorough
Jack Sheldon and Bob Dorough
August 27, 2002

Presidential Minute (The Campaign Trail)
Voting For President
George R. Newall
George R. Newall and Tom Yohe, Jr.
Jack Sheldon
August 27, 2002

text: "I'm Gonna Send Your Vote to College" and "Presidential Minute" were produced for DVD.

text: Science Rock[edit]

text:
Episode title
Subject
Music by
Lyrics by
Performed by
First aired

Victim of Gravity
Gravity
Lynn Ahrens
Lynn Ahrens
The Tokens
September 16, 1978

Interplanet Janet
The solar system
Lynn Ahrens
Lynn Ahrens
Lynn Ahrens
November 18, 1978

The Body Machine
Nutrition and digestion
Lynn Ahrens
Lynn Ahrens
Bob Dorough and Jack Sheldon
January 6, 1979

Do the Circulation
Circulatory system
Lynn Ahrens
Lynn Ahrens
Joshie Armstead, Mary Sue Berry, and Maeretha Stewart
March 10, 1979

The Energy Blues
Energy conservation
George Newall
George Newall
Jack Sheldon
March 27, 1979

Them Not-So-Dry Bones
Skeletal system
George Newall
George Newall
Jack Sheldon
May 5, 1979

Electricity, Electricity
Electricity
Bob Dorough
Bob Dorough
Zachary Sanders
May 19, 1979

Telegraph Line
Nervous system
Lynn Ahrens
Lynn Ahrens
Jamie Aff and Christine Lagner
June 30, 1979

The Greatest Show on Earth (The Weather Show)
Weather
Lynn Ahrens
Lynn Ahrens
Bob Kaliban
July 14, 1979 [4]

text: Sometime after its initial airing, The Greatest Show on Earth, also known as The Weather Show, was pulled from broadcast rotation because the Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus objected to its use of their trademark slogan (which was in the questioned title) and filed a lawsuit against the network for copyright infringement.[4] As a result, the 1995 VHS of the program (and subsequent VHS reissues) deleted the song. However, it was included in the 1987 Schoolhouse Rock VHS release, and in 2002 it was included on the bonus disk of the 30th Anniversary DVD (see below).

text: Money Rock[edit]

text:
Episode title
Subject
Music by
Lyrics by
Performed by
First aired[4]

Dollars and Sense
Interest and loans
Dave Frishberg
Dave Frishberg
Val Hawk and Bob Dorough
September 10, 1994

Tax Man Max
Taxes
Stephen Flaherty
Lynn Ahrens
Patrick Quinn
June 26, 1995

Where the Money Goes
Family bills and expenses
Rich Mendoza
Rich Mendoza
Jack Sheldon
July 13, 1995

$7.50 Once a Week
Budget
Mark Chapalonis
Dave Frishberg
Dave Frishberg
October 23, 1995

Tyrannosaurus Debt
Budget deficit and United States national debt
Tom Yohe
Tom Yohe
Bob Dorough and Bob Kaliban
January 21, 1996

This for That
Barter and the history of currency
George R. Newall
George R. Newall
Bob Dorough
May 6, 1996

Walkin' on Wall Street
Stock exchange
Dave Frishberg
Dave Frishberg
Dave Frishberg
September 12, 1996

The Check's in the Mail
Using checks
Bob Dorough
Bob Dorough
Luther Rix and Bob Dorough
November 22, 1996

text: Earth Rock[edit]

text:
Episode title
Subject
Music by
Lyrics by
Performed by
First aired

Report from the North Pole
Climate change
Bob Dorough
George R. Newall
Bob Dorough, Jack Sheldon, Bob Kaliban and Barry Carl
March 31, 2009 (2009-03-31)

The Little Things We Do
Energy conservation
Lynn Ahrens
Lynn Ahrens
Lynn Ahrens, Jack Sheldon, Bob Dorough, Bob Kaliban, Val Hawk, Vicki Doney and Nancy Reed

The Trash Can Band
Recycling
Lynn Ahrens
Lynn Ahrens
Lynn Ahrens, Luther Rix, Bob Dorough and Eric Weissberg

You Oughta Be Savin' Water
Water conservation
Sean Altman and Barry Carl
George R. Newall
Barry Carl, Sean Altman, Elliott Kerman

The Rainforest
Rainforests
Lynn Ahrens
Lynn Ahrens
Tituss Burgess

Save the Ocean
Oceans
Sean Altman
Sean Altman
Sean Altman, Inna Dukach, Jon Spurney, Patti Rothberg, Barry Carl and Eric Booker

Fat Cat Blue: The Clean Rivers Song
Marine Debris
Andy Brick
Andy Brick
Jack Sheldon, Bob Kaliban, Val Hawk, Vicki Doney and Nancy Reed

A Tiny Urban Zoo
Gardens
George Stiles
Anthony Drewe
Barrett Foa, Shoshana Bean, and George Stiles

Solar Power to the People
Solar energy
Lynn Ahrens
Lynn Ahrens
Lynn Ahrens, Val Hawk, Vicki Doney and Nancy Reed

Windy and the Windmills
Wind power
Bob Dorough
George R. Newall
Bob Dorough, Jack Sheldon, Val Hawk, Vicki Doney and Nancy Reed

Don't Be a Carbon Sasquatch
Carbon footprints
Bob Dorough
Bob Dorough
Bob Dorough

The 3 R's
Reduce, Reuse, Recycle
Bob Dorough
Jack Johnson
Mitchel Musso

text: 30th anniversary[edit]

text: To coincide with the 30th anniversary, Walt Disney released a VHS in 2002 featuring the Top 25 songs of the series. The countdown, which was succeeded by "I'm Gonna Send Your Vote to College", ran as follows, in reverse order:

text:
"Conjunction Junction"
"I'm Just A Bill"
"Lolly, Lolly, Lolly, Get Your Adverbs Here"
"Electricity, Electricity"
"Interjections!"
"The Preamble
"Three Is a Magic Number"
"Interplanet Janet"
"A Noun Is a Person, Place, or Thing"
"The Shot Heard 'Round The World
"My Hero, Zero"
"Figure Eight"
"No More Kings"
"Unpack Your Adjectives"
"Rufus Xavier Sarsaparilla"
"Ready Or Not, Here I Come"
"Elementary, My Dear"
"Dollars and Sense"
"The Great American Melting Pot"
"Mother Necessity"
"Naughty Number Nine"
"Telegraph Line"
"Them Not-So-Dry Bones"
"Verb: That's What Happening"
"Elbow Room"

tag: ol

text: Tie-ins[edit]

text: Several tie-ins were released in 1996:

text:
Schoolhouse Rock! Rocks, a tribute album featuring covers of Schoolhouse Rocks songs performed by alternative rock acts
Schoolhouse Rock! The Official Guide (ISBN 0-7868-8170-4), written by Tom Yohe and George Newall, and including synopses, lyrics, and production notes about each of the shorts created to date, except "The Weather Show," which was the subject of pending litigation and so could not be included. "The Weather Show" was shown with all the other Science Rock episodes in 1979.
The Schoolhouse Rock Songbook (Cherry Lane Music), containing sheet music for ten songs.
Schoolhouse Rock! Soundtrack The 4 CD release with bonus tracks on each CD was released on June 18, 1996 by Rhino Records.

text: The Best of Schoolhouse Rock (ISBN 1-56826-927-7) was released in 1998 jointly by American Broadcasting Companies, Inc. and Rhino Records.

text: In addition to the above, Rhino Records also released Schoolhouse Rocks the Vote!: A Benefit for Rock the Vote, a tribute album containing covers and original songs in the style of Schoolhouse Rock, all with an electoral theme. It was released on August 18, 1998.

text: Video releases[edit]

text: A 1987 production of the series for VHS tape featured Cloris Leachman opening the collection and some songs with child dancers and singers. Three songs (namely "Three Ring Government," "The Good Eleven," and "Little Twelve Toes") were not included on the videos.[2][5]

text: In 1995, ABC Video and Image Entertainment released two volumes of Schoolhouse Rock on LaserDisc, "Schoolhouse Rock Volume 1: America Rock and Grammar Rock" (ID3245CC), and "Schoolhouse Rock Volume 2: Multiplication Rock and Science Rock" (ID3383CC). For both volumes the first side was in the CLV Extended Play format and the second was in the frame-accessible CAV format, and both contained CX-encoded analog and digital audio soundtracks. The "Grammar Rock" volume included the 1993 shorts "Busy Prepositions" and "The Tale of Mr. Morton."

text: In 1994, ABC/King Features sold exclusive licensing rights for apparel to Coastal Concepts, Inc. of Vista California, the first company to produce School House Rock Apparel. Tom Yohe worked with contemporary artist Skya Nelson to create over 50 new designs and update the School House Rock image for a new market which sold $1.1 million in its first year and exploded selling over $12 million the next year. A variety of bands working with Rhino Records were furnished with newly minted School House Rock T-shirts for the music videos youth market. The licensing rights were expanded to include other manufacturers in 1996.

text: In 1995, ABC teamed with Paramount Home Video and re-released four segments of Schoolhouse Rock! on VHS with alternative covers and opening.

text: In 1997-1998 for the show's 25th anniversary, Walt Disney Home Video released five segments on VHS, along with "Money Rock" being released on 1998.

text: On August 27, 2002 Walt Disney Home Entertainment released a 2-disc DVD set to coincide with the 30th anniversary of the show. The set features 52 of the 64 episodes, including the lost "Scooter Computer and Mr. Chips" segments, with the exception of "Introduction". "The Weather Show" and "Presidential Minute" are found on the bonus disc, the former in modified form with the problematic lyric removed, and the latter viewable only upon completing the "Earn Your Diploma" Trivia Game. An abbreviated VHS, featuring the "top 46" episodes plus "I'm Gonna Send Your Vote to College," was released at the same time (see above).

text: In 2008, DVDs of individual Schoolhouse Rock series were released for classroom use.[6]

text: On September 23, 2008, the "Schoolhouse Rock-Election Collection" was released, including 14 songs about American history and the government and a "new to DVD" song.[7]

text: On March 31, 2009, Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment released "Schoolhouse Rock-Earth", including 11 newly written and animated songs as well as "Energy Blues".[3]

text:
DVD name
Ep #
Release date
Additional information

Schoolhouse Rock! Special 30th Anniversary Edition
52
August 27, 2002

All 46 original episodes
Audio Commentary
"I'm Gonna Send Your Vote to College" Making Of
"The Weather Show"
Top Ten Jukebox
Top 20 Countdown
"Earn Your Diploma" Trivia Game (plays "Presidential Minute" once you have earned your diploma)
Arrange-a-Song Puzzle
4 Music Videos by Contemporary Artists
Emmy Awards Featurette
"Three is a Magic Number" Nike Commercial
"I'm Gonna Send Your Vote to College" in DTS 5.1 Surround
Computer Rock segments

Schoolhouse Rock! Election Collection
14
September 23, 2008

10 America Rock songs, 1 Science Rock song, and 3 Money Rock songs
Bonus song: "Presidential Minute"
Map of the United States

Schoolhouse Rock! Earth
13
March 31, 2009

11 all-new songs about conservation
Bonus Song: "The Energy Blues"
Music video: "The Three Rs" by Mitchel Musso

text: Schoolhouse Rock Live![edit]

text: A musical theatre adaptation of the show, titled Schoolhouse Rock Live! premiered in 1996. It featured a collaboration between artists Scott Ferguson, Kyle Hall, George Keating, Lynn Ahrens, Bob Dorough, Dave Frishberg, and Kathy Mandry, utilizing some of the most famous songs of Newall and Yohe.[8]

text: A follow-up production entitled Schoolhouse Rock Live, Too, written by the same team as Schoolhouse Rock Live!, premiered in Chicago in 2000.


document_title: Don't throw the baby out with the bathwater

question_text: where did the term don't throw the baby out with the bathwater come from

question_tokens: where did the term do n 't throw the baby out with the bathwater come from

text: History[edit]

text: This idiom derives from a German proverb, das Kind mit dem Bade ausschütten. The earliest record of this phrase is in 1512, in Narrenbeschwörung (Appeal to Fools) by Thomas Murner; and this book includes a woodcut illustration showing a woman tossing a baby out with waste water. It is a common catchphrase in German, with examples of its use in work by Martin Luther, Johannes Kepler, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Otto von Bismarck, Thomas Mann, and Günter Grass.[6][7]

text: Thomas Carlyle adapted the concept in an 1849 essay on slavery:[7]

text: And if true, it is important for us, in reference to this Negro Question and some others. The Germans say, "you must empty-out the bathing-tub, but not the baby along with it." Fling-out your dirty water with all zeal, and set it careening down the kennels; but try if you can keep the little child![8]

text: Carlyle is urging his readers to join in the struggle to end slavery, but he also encourages them to be mindful of the need to try to avoid harming the slaves themselves in the process.[8]

text: Some claim the phrase originates from a time when the whole household shared the same bath water.[9] The head of household (Lord) would bathe first, followed by the men, then the Lady and the women, then the children, followed lastly by the baby. The water would be so black from dirt that a baby could be accidentally "tossed out with the bathwater".[9] Others state there is no historical evidence that there is any connection with the practice of several family members using the same bath water, the baby being bathed last.[10]

text: Alternative expressions[edit]

text: The meaning and intent of the English idiomatic expression is sometimes presented in different terms.

text:
Throw out the champagne with the cork[11]
Empty the baby out with the bath[12]

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ Cheng Lim Tan. (2002). Advanced English Idioms for Effective Communication, p. 52.
Jump up ^ "What Does "Throwing the Baby out with the Bath Water" Mean?". Wisegeek.com. Retrieved May 31, 2013.
Jump up ^ Jewell, Elizabeth, ed. (2006). The Pocket Oxford Dictionary and Thesaurus (2nd edition), p. 53.
Jump up ^ The World Book Dictionary,' Vol. 1, p. 146.
Jump up ^ Nichols, James. (1995). Assessment Case Studies: Common Issues in Implementation with Various Campus Approaches to Resolution, p. 16.
Jump up ^ Wilton, David. (2004). Word Myths: Debunking Linguistic Urban Legends, pp. 66-67.
^ Jump up to: a b Quinion, Michael (6 April 2013). "Don't throw the baby out with the bath water". Newsletter. World Wide Words. Retrieved 6 April 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Wilton, p. 67.
^ Jump up to: a b Pilkington, Karl; Marchant, Stephen; Gervais, Ricky (May–June 2005). "Explanation, throw the baby out with the bathwater" (Audio). XFM. Retrieved November 8, 2013.
Jump up ^ http://mentalfloss.com/article/55503/7-tall-tales-about-life-1500s-and-origins-phrases
Jump up ^ Shaw Bernard and Edwin Wilson. (1961). Shaw on Shakespeare: an Anthology of Bernard Shaw's Writings on Plays and Production of Shakespeare, p. xvii.
Jump up ^ Kirkpatrick, Betty. (1999). Clichés: Over 1500 Phrases Explored and Explained, pp. 180-181, citing George Bernard Shaw's "Parent's and Children" (1914).