document_title: Daredevil (season 3)

question_text: when is season 3 of daredevil on netflix

text: Daredevil (season 3)

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Toa Fraser and Alex Garcia Lopez directed episodes in the season.[1][2]

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Charlie Cox as Matt Murdock / Daredevil[3]
Deborah Ann Woll as Karen Page[3]
Elden Henson as Franklin "Foggy" Nelson[3]
Vincent D'Onofrio as Wilson Fisk / Kingpin[3]
Wilson Bethel[4]
Jay Ali as Rahul "Ray" Nadeem[5]

text: Notable guests[edit]

text:
Amy Rutberg as Marci Stahl[6]
Danny Johnson as Benjamin Donovan[7]
Annabella Sciorra as Rosalie Carbone[8]

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: At San Diego Comic-Con International 2016, Marvel and Netflix revealed the series had been renewed for a third season, with the expectation that Doug Petrie and Marco Ramirez would return as showrunners from the second season.[9] In October 2017, it was announced that Erik Oleson would replace Petrie and Ramirez as showrunner for the season.[3]

text: Writing[edit]

text: The ending of the miniseries The Defenders, which sees Matt Murdock waking up in a convent surrounded by nuns after being presumed dead, implied elements of the season would be inspired by the "Born Again" story arc.[10][11] Charlie Cox was excited to adapt "Born Again", calling it "an amazing story" and that the implications of the story on the season "would be very exciting". He cautioned, however, that it would not be a "page-for-page" adaptation, "because if you do [that], then you become a foregone conclusion. There may be elements from "Born Again", but I'm sure there will be elements that are unfamiliar and surprising and different in order for the show to be compelling to fans who know the comics very well."[12]

text: Casting[edit]

text: Cox, Woll, Henson, and D'Onofrio all return in the season, reprising their roles as Matt Murdock / Daredevil, Karen Page, Franklin "Foggy" Nelson, and Wilson Fisk / Kingpin, respectively.[3] In November 2017, Wilson Bethel was cast as a new series regular, an FBI agent,[4] and in January 2018, Joanne Whalley was revealed to have been cast as Maggie, a nun who cares deeply about Murdock's safety,[13] and was mentioned at the end of The Defenders.[10] Jay Ali was cast as Rahul "Ray" Nadeem, another FBI agent, by March.[5]

text: Amy Rutberg also reprises her role as Marci Stahl in the season,[6] as does Danny Johnson as Benjamin Donovan.[7] Annabella Sciorra appears in the season as Rosalie Carbone, following up on her character's previous appearance in the second season of Luke Cage.[8]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Filming for the season began on November 13, 2017, in New York City.[14] A week of filming for the season in March 2018 took place in the town of Windham, New York, with set photos revealing that the town was representing Fagan Corners, Vermont,[15] the hometown of Karen Page in the comics.[16] The production paid for the renovation of a local store to portray a diner for the series, and used the town's emergency helicopter pad. Additional filming locations for the week included nearby ski areas and a country club.[15]

text: Release[edit]

text: The third season of Daredevil is scheduled to be released in 2018 on the streaming service Netflix, worldwide,[9][3] in Ultra HD 4K.[17] Initially thought to be releasing in 2017,[9] Netflix COO Ted Sarandos stated in July 2016 that the season would not debut until 2018 at the earliest, after The Defenders released on August 18, 2017.[18][19] Cox was hopeful the season would debut in 2018,[12] and in October 2017, Marvel revealed the season was indeed expected to release in 2018.[3]


document_title: Iron Man 2

question_text: who plays howard stark in iron man 2

question_tokens: who plays howard stark in iron man 2

root

text: Iron Man 2

text: Plot[edit]

text: In Russia, the media covers Tony Stark's disclosure of his identity as Iron Man. Ivan Vanko, whose father Anton Vanko has just died, sees this and begins building a miniature arc reactor similar to Stark's. Six months later,[N 2] Stark is a superstar and uses his Iron Man suit for peaceful means, resisting government pressure to sell his designs. He reinstitutes the Stark Expo to continue his father Howard's legacy.

tag: p

text: The palladium core in the arc reactor that keeps Stark alive and powers the armor is slowly poisoning him, and he cannot find a substitute. Growing increasingly reckless and despondent about his impending death, and choosing not to tell anyone about his condition, Stark appoints his personal assistant Pepper Potts CEO of Stark Industries, and hires Stark employee Natalie Rushman to replace her as his personal assistant. Stark competes in the Monaco Historic Grand Prix, where he is attacked in the middle of the race by Vanko, who wields electrified whips. Stark dons his Mark V armor and defeats Vanko, but the suit is severely damaged. Vanko explains his intention was to prove to the world that Iron Man is not invincible. Impressed by Vanko's performance, Stark's rival, Justin Hammer, fakes Vanko's death while breaking him out of prison and asks him to build a line of armored suits to upstage Stark. During what he believes is his final birthday party, Stark gets drunk while wearing the Mark IV suit. Disgusted, U.S. Air Force Lieutenant Colonel James Rhodes dons Stark's Mark II prototype armor and tries to restrain him. The fight ends in a stalemate, so Rhodes confiscates the Mark II for the U.S. Air Force.

text: Nick Fury, director of S.H.I.E.L.D., approaches Stark, revealing "Rushman" to be Agent Natasha Romanoff and that Howard Stark was a S.H.I.E.L.D. founder whom Fury knew personally. Fury explains that Vanko's father jointly invented the arc reactor with Stark, but when Anton tried to sell it for profit, Stark had him deported. The Soviets sent Anton to the gulag. Fury gives Stark some of his father's old material; a hidden message in the diorama of the 1974 Stark Expo proves to be a diagram of the structure of a new element. With the aid of his computer J.A.R.V.I.S., Stark synthesizes it. When he learns Vanko is still alive, he places the new element in his arc reactor and ends his palladium dependency.

text: At the Expo, Hammer unveils Vanko's armored drones, led by Rhodes in a heavily weaponized version of the Mark II armor. Stark arrives in the Mark VI armor to warn Rhodes, but Vanko remotely takes control of both the drones and Rhodes' armor and attacks Iron Man. Hammer is arrested while Romanoff and Stark's bodyguard Happy Hogan go after Vanko at Hammer's factory. Vanko escapes, but Romanoff returns control of the Mark II armor to Rhodes. Stark and Rhodes together defeat Vanko and his drones. Vanko seemingly commits suicide by blowing up his suit.

text: At a debriefing, Fury informs Stark that because of Stark's difficult personality, S.H.I.E.L.D. intends to use him only as a consultant. Stark and Rhodes receive medals for their heroism.

text: In a post-credits scene, S.H.I.E.L.D. agent Phil Coulson reports the discovery of a large hammer at the bottom of a crater in a desert in New Mexico.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Robert Downey Jr. as Tony Stark / Iron Man:
A billionaire who escaped captivity in Afghanistan with a suit of armor he created, he now struggles to keep his technology out of the government's hands. Downey and Favreau, who had been handed a script and worked from it on the first movie, conceived of the film's story themselves.[9] On Stark being a hero, Downey said "It's kind of heroic, but really kind of on his own behalf. So I think there's probably a bit of an imposter complex and no sooner has he said, 'I am Iron Man –' that he's now really wondering what that means. If you have all this cushion like he does and the public is on your side and you have immense wealth and power, I think he's way too insulated to be okay."[10] Downey put on 20 pounds of muscle to reprise the role.[11] Six-year-old Davin Ransom portrays Tony Stark as a child.[12]

Gwyneth Paltrow as Pepper Potts:
Stark's closest friend, budding love interest, and business partner; Pepper is promoted to CEO of Stark Industries.[13] On her character's promotion, Paltrow opined "When we start Iron Man 2 Pepper and Tony are very much in the same vibe... as the movie progresses, Pepper is given more responsibility and she's promoted and it's nice to see her sort of grow up in that way. I think it really suits her, the job fits her really well."[14] Paltrow expressed excitement about working with Johansson.[15]

Don Cheadle as James "Rhodey" Rhodes:
An officer in the U.S. Air Force and Tony Stark's close personal friend who later operates the War Machine armor. Cheadle replaces Terrence Howard from the first film.[16] Cheadle only had a few hours to accept the role and did not even know what storyline Rhodes would undergo.[17] He commented that he is a comic book fan, but had not previously participated in comics-themed films due to the scarcity of black superheroes.[18] Cheadle said he thought Iron Man was a robot before the first film came out.[13] On how he approached his character, Cheadle stated "I go, what's the common denominator here? And the common denominator was really his friendship with Tony, and that's what we really tried to track in this one. How is their friendship impacted once Tony comes out and owns 'I am Iron Man'?".[19] Cheadle said his suit was 50 pounds (23 kg) of metal, and that he could not touch his face while wearing it.[20]

Scarlett Johansson as Natalie Rushman / Natasha Romanoff:
An undercover spy for S.H.I.E.L.D. posing as Stark's new assistant. Johansson dyed her hair red before she landed the part, hoping that it would help convince Favreau that she was right for the role.[21] On why she chose the role, Johansson said, "the Black Widow character resonated with me... [She] is a superhero, but she’s also human. She’s small, but she’s strong... She is dark and has faced death so many times that she has a deep perspective on the value of life... It’s hard not to admire her."[22] She stated that she had "a bit of a freak-out moment" when she first saw the cat-suit.[23] When asked about fighting in the costume, Johansson responded "a big part of me is like 'can I move in this? Can I run in it? Can I like throw myself over things with this?' And I think just the prep, you just have to put in the hours. That's what I realized is that just putting in the hours and doing the training and repetition and basically just befriending the stunt team and spending all day, every day, just over and over and over and over until you sell it."[23]

Sam Rockwell as Justin Hammer:
A rival weapons manufacturer. Sam Rockwell was considered for the role of Tony Stark in the first film, and he accepted the role of Hammer without reading the script.[24] He had never heard of the character before he was contacted about the part, and was unaware Hammer is an old Englishman in the comics.[25] Rockwell said, "I worked with Jon Favreau on this film called Made. And Justin Theroux, who wrote the script, is an old friend of mine, they sort of cooked up this idea and pitched it to Kevin Feige. What they did, they were maybe going to do one villain like they did with Jeff Bridges, but then they decided to split the villains. And really Mickey [Rourke] is the main [villain], but I come to his aid."[26] Rockwell described his character as "plucky comic relief, but he's got a little bit of an edge".[27]

Mickey Rourke as Ivan Vanko:
A Russian physicist and ex-convict who builds his own arc reactor-based weapon to exact vengeance on the Stark family.[28] The character is an amalgam of Whiplash and Crimson Dynamo. Rourke visited Butyrka prison to research the role,[29] and he suggested half of the character's dialogue be in Russian.[30] He also suggested the addition of tattoos, gold teeth and a fondness for a pet cockatoo, paying for the teeth and bird with his own money.[31] Rourke explained that he did not want to play a "one-dimensional bad guy", and wanted to challenge the audience to see something redeemable in him.[13] Not knowing anything about computers, Rourke described pretending to be tech-savvy as the hardest part of the role.[32]

Samuel L. Jackson as Nick Fury:
Director of S.H.I.E.L.D.; Jackson signed a nine-film contract to play the character.[33] On the subject of his character not seeing any action in the film, Jackson said "We still haven't moved Nick Fury into the bad-ass zone. He's still just kind of a talker."[34]

tag: ul

text: The director, Jon Favreau, reprises his role as Happy Hogan,[35] Tony Stark's bodyguard and chauffeur, while Clark Gregg and Leslie Bibb reprise their roles as S.H.I.E.L.D. Agent Phil Coulson[36] and reporter Christine Everhart,[37] respectively. John Slattery appears as Tony's father Howard Stark[38] and Garry Shandling appears as United States Senator Stern, who wants Stark to give Iron Man's armor to the government.[39] Favreau stated that Shandling's character was named after radio personality Howard Stern.[40] Paul Bettany again voices Stark's computer, J.A.R.V.I.S.[41] Olivia Munn has a small role as Chess Roberts, a reporter covering the Stark expo,[42][43] Kate Mara portrays a U.S. Marshal who summons Tony to the government hearing,[44] and Stan Lee appears as himself (but is mistaken for Larry King).[45]

text: Additionally, news anchor Christiane Amanpour[46] and political commentator Bill O'Reilly[47] play themselves in newscasts. Adam Goldstein appears as himself and the film is dedicated to his memory.[48] Further cameos include Tesla Motors CEO Elon Musk and Oracle Corporation CEO Larry Ellison.[49] Favreau's son Max appears as a child wearing an Iron Man mask who Stark saves from a drone. This was retroactively made the introduction of a young Peter Parker to the MCU, as confirmed in June 2017 by eventual Spider-Man actor Tom Holland, Feige and Spider-Man: Homecoming director Jon Watts.[50][51]

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: Jon Favreau said it was originally his intent to create a film trilogy for Iron Man,[52] with Obadiah Stane (Jeff Bridges) becoming Iron Monger during the sequels. After a meeting between Favreau and various comic book writers, including Mark Millar, Stane became the main villain in Iron Man. Millar argued the Mandarin, whom Favreau originally intended to fill that role, was too fantastical.[53] Favreau concurred, deciding, "I look at Mandarin more like how in Star Wars you had the Emperor, but Darth Vader is the guy you want to see fight. Then you work your way to the time when lightning bolts are shooting out of the fingers and all that stuff could happen. But you can't have what happened in Return of the Jedi happen in A New Hope. You just can't do it."[54] Favreau also discussed in interviews how the films' version of Mandarin "allows us to incorporate the whole pantheon of villains". He mentioned that S.H.I.E.L.D. will continue to have a major role.[55]

text: During development, Favreau said the film would explore Stark's alcoholism, but it would not be "the 'Demon in a Bottle' version".[55] While promoting the first film, Downey stated that Stark would probably develop a drinking problem as he is unable to cope with his age, the effects of revealing he is Iron Man, and Pepper getting a boyfriend.[56] Downey later clarified that the film was not a strict adaptation of the "Demon in a Bottle" storyline from the comic book series, but was instead about the "interim space" between the origin and the "Demon" story arc.[57] Shane Black gave some advice on the script, and suggested to Favreau and Downey that they model Stark on J. Robert Oppenheimer, who became depressed with being "the destroyer of worlds" after working on the Manhattan Project.[56]

text: Pre-production[edit]

text: Immediately following Iron Man's release, Marvel Studios announced that they were developing a sequel, with an intended release date of April 30, 2010.[58] In July 2008, after several months of negotiating, Favreau officially signed on to direct.[59] That same month Justin Theroux signed to write the script, which would be based on a story written by Favreau and Downey.[60] Theroux co-wrote Tropic Thunder, which Downey had starred in, and Downey recommended him to Marvel.[61] Genndy Tartakovsky storyboarded the film,[62] and Adi Granov returned to supervise the designs for Iron Man's armor.[55]

text: In October 2008, Marvel Studios came to an agreement to film Iron Man 2, as well as their next three films, at Raleigh Studios in Manhattan Beach, California.[63] A few days later, Don Cheadle was hired to replace Terrence Howard.[16] On being replaced, Howard stated, "There was no explanation, apparently the contracts that we write and sign aren't worth the paper that they're printed on sometimes. Promises aren't kept, and good faith negotiations aren't always held up."[64] Entertainment Weekly stated Favreau did not enjoy working with Howard, often re-shooting and cutting his scenes; Howard's publicist said he had a good experience playing the part, while Marvel chose not to comment. As Favreau and Theroux chose to reduce the role, Marvel came to Howard to discuss lowering his salary – Howard was the first actor hired in Iron Man and was paid the largest salary. The publication stated they were unsure whether Howard's representatives left the project first or if Marvel chose to stop negotiating.[65] Theroux denied the part of the report which claimed the size of the role had fluctuated.[61] In November 2013, Howard stated that, going into the film, the studio offered him far less than was in his three-picture contract, claiming they told him the second will be successful, "with or without you," and, without mentioning him by name, said Downey "took the money that was supposed to go to me and pushed me out."[66]

text: In January 2009, Rourke and Rockwell entered negotiations to play a pair of villains.[67] A few days later, Rockwell confirmed he would take the role, and that his character would be Justin Hammer.[24] Paul Bettany confirmed that he would be returning to voice J.A.R.V.I.S.[41] Marvel entered into early talks with Emily Blunt to play the Black Widow,[68] though she was unable to take the role due to a previous commitment to star in Gulliver's Travels.[69] Samuel L. Jackson confirmed that he had been in discussions to reprise the role of Nick Fury from the first film's post-credits scene, but that contract disputes were making a deal difficult. Jackson claimed that "There was a huge kind of negotiation that broke down. I don't know. Maybe I won't be Nick Fury."[70]

text: In February, Jackson and Marvel came to terms, and he was signed to play the character in up to nine films.[33] Downey and Rourke discussed his part during a roundtable discussion with David Ansen at the 2009 Golden Globes, and Rourke met with Favreau and Theroux to discuss the role. Rourke almost dropped out due to Marvel's initial salary offer of $250,000, but the studio raised the offer, and in March Rourke signed on.[71] Later that same day Scarlett Johansson signed on to play the Black Widow. Her deal included options for multiple films, including potentially The Avengers.[72] In April, Garry Shandling,[39] Clark Gregg,[36] and Kate Mara[36] joined the cast.

text: Filming[edit]

text:
"This is one of the richest men in the world, so we can't buy our practicals from Home Depot. Everything had to be intelligent technology, and it had to look classic enough to have some shelf life – we didn't want it to look embarrassingly dated 10 years from now."

Matthew Libatique, the film's cinematographer[73]

tag: div

text: Principal photography began April 6, 2009,[74] at the Pasadena Masonic Temple,[75] with the working title Rasputin.[76] The bulk of the production took place at Raleigh Studios,[73] though other locations were also used. Scenes were filmed at Edwards Air Force Base from May 11 through May 13. The location had also been used for Iron Man, and Favreau stated that he felt the "real military assets make the movie more authentic and the topography and the beauty of the desert and flightline open the movie up".[77] The Historic Grand Prix of Monaco action sequence was shot in the parking lot of Downey Studios, with sets constructed in May[78] and filming lasting through June.[79] Permission to film in Monaco prior to the 2009 Monaco Grand Prix had initially been awarded, but was later retracted by Bernie Ecclestone. The filmmakers shipped one Rolls-Royce Phantom there, and filmed a track sequence in which race cars were later digitally added. Tanner Foust took on the role of driving Stark's racing car.[80] Also in June, it was reported that John Slattery had joined the film's cast as Howard Stark.[38] Olivia Munn was also cast, in an unspecified role.[81]

text: A massive green screen was constructed at the Sepulveda Dam to film a portion of the Stark Expo exterior, with the rest either shot at an area high school or added digitally. To construct the green screen, hundreds of shipping containers were stacked, covered in plywood and plaster, and then painted green.[73] For the conclusion of that climactic scene, which the crew dubbed the "Japanese Garden" scene, a set was built inside Sony Studios in Los Angeles.[73] Filming lasted 71 days, and the film's production officially wrapped on July 18, 2009.[74] A post-credits scene depicting the discovery of a large hammer was filmed on the set of Thor, and some of it was reused in the film.[48] Jon Favreau revealed that the scene was filmed with anamorphic lenses to match Thor,[48] and was directed by Kenneth Branagh, the director of Thor.[82]

text: Post-production[edit]

text: In January 2010, IMAX Corporation, Marvel, and Paramount announced that the film would receive a limited release on digital IMAX screens.[83] It was not shot with IMAX cameras, so it was converted into the format using the IMAX DMR technology.[62][83] The film underwent reshoots in February.[84] Olivia Munn's original role was cut, but she was given a new role during the reshoots.[43]

text: Janek Sirrs was the film's visual effects supervisor,[85] and Industrial Light & Magic again did the majority of the effects, as it did on the first film.[86] ILM's visual effects supervisor on the film, Ben Snow, said their work on the film was "harder" than their work on the first, stating that Favreau asked more of them this time around. Snow described the process of digitally creating the suits:

text: On the first Iron Man, we tried to use the Legacy [Studios, Stan Winston's effects company] and Stan Winston suits as much as we could. For the second one, Jon [Favreau] was confident we could create the CG suits, and the action dictated using them. So, Legacy created what we called the "football suits" from the torso up with a chest plate and helmet. We'd usually put in some arm pieces, but not the whole arm. In the house fight sequence, where Robert Downey Jr. staggers around tipsy, we used some of the practical suit and extended it digitally. Same thing in the Randy's Donuts scene. But in the rest of the film, we used the CG suit entirely. And Double Negative did an all-digital suit for the Monaco chase.[86]

text: ILM created 527 shots for the film, using programs such as Maya.[87] Perception worked on over 125 shots for the film.[88] They crafted gadgets, such as Tony Stark's transparent LG smartphone,[89] and created the backdrops for the Stark Expo as well as the computer screen interfaces on the touch-screen coffee table and the holographic lab environment.[88] In total, 11 visual effect studios worked on the film.[85]

text: Music[edit]

text: A soundtrack album featuring AC/DC was released by Columbia Records on April 19, 2010,[90] in at least three different versions: basic, special and deluxe. The basic edition includes the CD; the special edition contains a 15-track CD, a 32-page booklet and a DVD featuring interviews, behind-the-scenes footage, and music videos; and the deluxe includes a reproduction of one of Iron Man's first comic book appearances. Only 2 songs on the soundtrack actually appear in the movie. Although not included on the soundtrack album the film includes songs by The Average White Band, The Clash, Queen, Daft Punk, 2Pac and Beastie Boys.[91]

text: The film score was released commercially as Iron Man 2: Original Motion Picture Score on July 20, 2010, featuring 25 tracks. John Debney composed the score with Tom Morello.[92]

text: Release[edit]

text: Iron Man 2 premiered at the El Capitan Theatre in Los Angeles, California on April 26, 2010,[93] and was released in 6,764 theaters (48 IMAX) across 54 countries between April 28 and May 7,[94][6][95] before going into general release in the United States on May 7, 2010.[94] In the United States, it opened at 4,380 theaters, 181 of which were IMAX.[96] The international release date of the film was moved forward to increase interest ahead of the 2010 FIFA World Cup association football tournament.[97]

text: Marketing[edit]

text: At the 2009 San Diego Comic Con, a five-minute trailer for the movie was shown. Actors portraying Stark Industries recruiters handed out business cards with an invitation to apply.[98] A website for Stark Industries went online, with an attached graphic of a "napkin memo" from Stark to Potts announcing that Stark Industries no longer made weapons. Another section featured an online application.[99] It was confirmed that the first theatrical trailer would premiere in front of Sherlock Holmes (another Robert Downey, Jr. film). This trailer was released online on December 16, 2009. A new trailer was shown by Robert Downey, Jr. on Jimmy Kimmel Live! on March 7 after the Academy Awards.[100] Promotional partners included Symantec, Dr Pepper, Burger King, 7 Eleven, Audi, LG Electronics[101] and Hershey.[102]

text: Author Alexander C. Irvine adapted the script into a novel, also titled Iron Man 2, that was released in April 2010.[103] Prior to the film release, Marvel Comics released a four issue miniseries comic book titled Iron Man vs Whiplash, which introduced the film's version of Whiplash into the Marvel Universe.[104] A three issue prequel miniseries titled Iron Man 2: Public Identity was released in April.[105][106][107]

text: An Iron Man 2 video game was released by Sega on May 4, 2010 in North America,[108] written by The Invincible Iron Man scribe Matt Fraction.[109] The Wii version was developed by High Voltage Software and all console versions were published by Sega,[110] while Gameloft published the mobile game.[111] The game's Comic-Con trailer showed that the Crimson Dynamo was set to appear as a villain. Cheadle and Jackson voice their respective characters in the games.[112] The trailer revealed that A.I.M, Roxxon Energy Corporation, and Ultimo (depicted as a man named Kearson DeWitt in a large armor) are enemies in the game as well as reveal that the wearer of the Crimson Dynamo armor is General Valentin Shatalov.[113] The game received generally unfavorable reviews, with a Metacritic score of 41% for both the PS3[114] and Xbox 360[115] versions.

text: Home media[edit]

text: On September 28, 2010, the film was released on DVD and Blu-ray Disc.[116] The film was also collected in a 10-disc box set titled "Marvel Cinematic Universe: Phase One – Avengers Assembled" which includes all of the Phase One films in the Marvel Cinematic Universe.[117] It was released on April 2, 2013.[118][119]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Iron Man 2 earned $312.4 million in the United States and Canada, as well as $311.5 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $623.9 million.[6] Since the film was included in a predetermined legacy distribution deal that was signed before the Walt Disney Company purchased Marvel, Paramount Pictures distributed the film and collected 8% of the box office, while the remaining portion went to Disney.[5][120]

text: Iron Man 2 earned $51 million on its opening day in the United States and Canada (including $7.5 million from Thursday previews),[121] for a total weekend gross of $128 million, which was the fifth-highest opening weekend ever, at the time, behind The Dark Knight, Spider-Man 3, The Twilight Saga: New Moon and Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest. It also had the highest opening for a 2010 movie.[96] The film yielded an average of $29,252 per theater.[121] IMAX contributed $9.8 million, which was the highest opening weekend for a 2D IMAX film, surpassing Star Trek's previous record of $8.5 million.[96] Iron Man 2 was the third-highest-grossing film of 2010 in the United States and Canada, behind Toy Story 3 and Alice in Wonderland.[122]

text: Iron Man 2 launched in six European markets with number-one openings on Wednesday, April 28, 2010, for a total $2.2 million.[123] It earned $100.2 million its first five days from 53 foreign markets for a strong average of $14,814 per site.[6] IMAX Corporation reported grosses of $2.25 million. This surpassed the previous record-holder for an IMAX 2D release, 2009's Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen ($2.1 million).[95] It was the seventh-highest-grossing film of 2010 internationally, behind Toy Story 3, Alice in Wonderland, Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1, Inception, Shrek Forever After, and The Twilight Saga: Eclipse.[124]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 73% approval rating with an average rating of 6.5/10 based on 278 reviews. The website's consensus reads, "It isn't quite the breath of fresh air that Iron Man was, but this sequel comes close with solid performances and an action-packed plot."[125] Metacritic gave the film 57/100 based on a normalized rating of 40 reviews.[126]

text: Brian Lowry of Variety stated, "Iron Man 2 isn't as much fun as its predecessor, but by the time the smoke clears, it'll do".[47] Anthony Lane of The New Yorker said, "To find a comic-book hero who doesn't agonize over his supergifts, and would defend his constitutional right to get a kick out of them, is frankly a relief".[127] David Edelstein of New York Magazine wrote, "It doesn't come close to the emotional heft of those two rare 2s that outclassed their ones: Superman II and Spider-Man 2. But Iron Man 2 hums along quite nicely".[128] Roger Ebert gave it 3 stars out of 4, stating that "Iron Man 2 is a polished, high-octane sequel, not as good as the original but building once again on a quirky performance by Robert Downey Jr".[129] Frank Lovece of Film Journal International, a one-time Marvel Comics writer, said that, "In a refreshing and unexpected turn, the sequel to Iron Man doesn't find a changed man. Inside the metal, imperfect humanity grows even more so, as thought-provoking questions of identity meet techno-fantasy made flesh."[130]

text: Conversely, Kirk Honeycutt of The Hollywood Reporter stated, "Everything fun and terrific about Iron Man, a mere two years ago, has vanished with its sequel. In its place, Iron Man 2 has substituted noise, confusion, multiple villains, irrelevant stunts and misguided story lines."[131]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Year
Award
Category
Winner/Nominee
Result
Ref.

2010
Hollywood Film Award
Visual Effects of the Year
Iron Man 2
Won
[132]

Satellite Awards
Best Sound (Mixing & Editing)
Iron Man 2
Nominated
[133]

Best Visual Effects
Iron Man 2
Nominated

Teen Choice Awards
Choice Movie: Sci-Fi
Iron Man 2
Nominated
[134]

Choice Movie Actor: Sci-Fi
Robert Downey Jr.
Nominated

Choice Movie Actress: Sci-Fi
Gwyneth Paltrow
Nominated

Choice Movie Actress: Sci-Fi
Scarlett Johansson
Nominated

Choice Movie: Villain
Mickey Rourke
Nominated

Choice Movie: Dance
Robert Downey Jr.
Nominated

Choice Movie: Fight
Don Cheadle and Robert Downey Jr. (Iron Man & War Machine vs The Hammer Drones)
Nominated

2011
People's Choice Awards
Favorite Action Movie
Iron Man 2
Won
[135]

Favorite Movie
Iron Man 2
Nominated

Favorite Movie Actor
Robert Downey Jr.
Nominated

Favorite Action Star
Robert Downey Jr.
Nominated

Favorite On-Screen Team
Robert Downey, Jr. and Don Cheadle
Nominated

Academy Awards
Best Visual Effects
Iron Man 2
Nominated
[136]

Saturn Awards
Best Science Fiction Film
Iron Man 2
Nominated
[137]

Best Actor
Robert Downey Jr.
Nominated

Best Supporting Actress
Scarlett Johansson
Nominated

Best Special Effects
Iron Man 2
Nominated

tag: table

text: Sequel[edit]

text: After the release of Iron Man 2, The Walt Disney Studios agreed to pay Paramount at least $115 million for the worldwide distribution rights to Iron Man 3 and The Avengers.[138] Disney, Marvel and Paramount announced a May 3, 2013 release date for Iron Man 3.[139] Shane Black directed Iron Man 3,[140] from a screenplay by Drew Pearce.[141] Downey, Paltrow, Cheadle, and Faveru reprised their roles, while Ben Kingsley[142] played Trevor Slattery,[143] Guy Pearce played Aldrich Killian,[144] and Rebecca Hall[145] played Maya Hansen.[146]


document_title: FedEx Cup

question_text: how much do you win for fed ex cup

question_tokens: how much do you win for fed ex cup

text: FedEx Cup

text: Rule changes[edit]

text: The PGA Tour adjusted the rules around the FedExCup in each of the two years after its introduction in 2007. Each set of changes was introduced to address issues that arose the previous year, particularly with the playoffs portion of the FedExCup:

text:
In February 2008, the changes were designed to allow more golfers a chance to improve their positions on the points list as the playoffs progress. The changes involve a tightening of the playoff reset points and awarding more points to playoff participants. This is effectively a penalty on those players who skip a playoff event.[1]
In November 2008, the changes were designed to help ensure that the championship would not be won until every golfer who qualified finished playing the final playoff event. This resulted from the fact that Vijay Singh had accumulated enough points through the first three playoff events in 2008 to guarantee that he would win the Cup without finishing the final event.[2]
In 2013, FedExCup points began to determine the 125 golfers who would retain their PGA Tour playing privileges (popularly known as "tour cards") for the following season.[3] Previously, this was determined by position on the tour's money list at the end of the year.

text: Format[edit]

text: Qualifying for the playoffs[edit]

text: The season structure changed beginning in the fall of 2013,[3] but the qualifying criteria have not changed since 2009.

text: Through the first part of the season, the "regular season" from October through August, PGA Tour players earn points in each event they play. The number of points for winning each tournament varies from 250 to 600, depending on the quality of the field for each event, with the typical tournament awarding 500. Fewer points are awarded to other players who finish each tournament, based on their final position.

text: The goal is to be among the top 125 points leaders following the final event of the regular season. Only those players who are regular full-time members of the PGA Tour earn points. A non-member who joins the PGA Tour in mid-season is eligible to earn points in the first event he plays after officially joining the Tour.

text: At the end of the regular season, the top 125 players participate in the playoffs.  The number of points awarded for winning each playoff event is 2000, which is four times the amount awarded for a typical regular season tournament.  Points won in playoff events are added to those for the regular season, and the fields are reduced as the playoffs proceed. Since 2013 the top 125 on the FedExCup points list also retain their tour cards for the following season.[3]

text: After the third playoff event, the top 30 players advance to the final event. Accumulated points are reset, so the #1 player has 2000 points, the #2 player has 1800 points, down to the #30 player who is given 168 points.  This ensures that any of the 30 players has a chance to win the FedExCup, but the top players have the best chance, with the top five players assured of winning the FedExCup by winning the Tour Championship, which is held at East Lake Golf Club each year.

text: Playoff events[edit]

text:
Event

Players

Cut

The Northern Trust

Top 125 points leaders(after the Wyndham Championship)

36-hole cut to top 70 players plus ties

Dell Technologies Championship

Top 100 points leaders(after The Northern Trust)

BMW Championship

Top 70 points leaders(after the Dell Technologies Championship)

None

Tour Championship

Top 30 points leaders(after the BMW Championship)

text: Once the 125 playoff qualifiers are set, no alternates are allowed.  Any player among the final 125 (then 100, then 70) can skip a playoff event prior to the Tour Championship, but if he does, he risks his standing on the points list, which could result in being eliminated from the playoffs.

text: For the Tour Championship, only the top 30 points leaders after the BMW Championship are eligible. If for any reason, a player among the top 30 does not compete in the Tour Championship, he will not be replaced.

text: Playoff rewards[edit]

text: The player with the most points after the Tour Championship wins the FedExCup itself and $10 million of a $35 million bonus fund. The runner-up gets $3 million, 3rd place $2 million, 4th place $1.5 million, 5th place $1 million, and so on down to $32,000 for 126th through 150th place. Beginning with the 2013 season, non-exempt players who finish 126th-150th in the FedExCup are given conditional PGA Tour status, but can attempt to improve their priority rankings through the Web.com Tour Finals. Previously, conditional status was earned through the money list.

text: In 2007, the money was placed into their tax-deferred retirement accounts, not given in cash. Players under 45 are not able to access any 2007 FedExCup bonuses (as opposed to prize money earned in the tournaments themselves) until turning 45. They can invest their bonus in any manner they choose, and once they turn 45, can choose to defer payment until they turn 60 or play in fewer than 15 PGA Tour events in a season. Once a player chooses to take payments from his fund, he will receive monthly checks for five years.[4][5]

text: Because of possible legislation affecting deferred retirement plans, in the wake of business stories that speculated that Tiger Woods could amass a $1 billion retirement fund if he won the FedExCup six more times, the PGA Tour announced a change to the payout system effective in 2008. The top 10 finishers now receive the bulk of their FedExCup bonuses in cash up front; for example, the 2008 FedExCup champion received $9 million up front and $1 million in his tax-deferred retirement account. FedExCup bonuses to finishers below the top 10 are still paid solely into the players' retirement accounts.[6]

text: The winner of the FedExCup also receives a five-year exemption on the PGA Tour. This mirrors the exemption for the Leading Money Winner title (PGA Tour Exemption Category 8), but it may not have any practical implications. Players have almost never relied on the Leading Money Winner exemption, as they are usually exempt by other means. With the exception of the Tour Championship, which awards a 3-year PGA Tour exemption, winners of FedExCup playoff events receive only the standard 2-year exemption.

text: Beginning 2008, any player among the Final Top 30 FedExCup Points Leaders after the Tour Championship, if not exempt by other means, is placed in PGA Tour Exemption Category 18, which is just above the category for the Top 125 Official Money List leaders.

text: Through 2012, remaining FedExCup qualifiers for the next year will come from the PGA Tour's Official Money List. This particular list will be finalized after the PGA Tour Fall Series, a group of official PGA Tour events that follow the Tour Championship.

text: Also through 2012, the top 125 players on the money list will be fully exempt for the following year, with other golfers either eligible through other exemptions or needing to qualify by other means (e.g. "Qualifying school"). Starting in 2013, the players retaining their cards will be the top 125 on the FedExCup points list, with the next 75 on the points list having to enter the Web.com Tour Finals for a chance to retain their cards, unless otherwise exempt.[3]

text: Winners[edit]

text:
Year
Player
Country
Points
Margin
Events
Wins
Top 5s
Pre-Cup ranking
Pre-Cup points
Pre-Cup events

2018
Justin Rose
 England
2,260
41
4
0
3
4
1,991
14

2017
Justin Thomas
 United States
3,000
660
4
1
2
2
2,689
21

2016
Rory McIlroy
 Northern Ireland
3,120
740
4
2
2
36
973
14

2015
Jordan Spieth
 United States
3,800
1,493
4
1
1
1
4,169
21

2014
Billy Horschel
 United States
4,750
1,650
4
2
3
69
722
23

2013
Henrik Stenson
 Sweden
4,750
2,007
4
2
2
9
1,426
14

2012
Brandt Snedeker
 United States
4,100
1,273
4
1
2
19
1,194
18

2011
Bill Haas
 United States
2,760
15
4
1
1
15
1,273
22

2010
Jim Furyk
 United States
2,980
252
3
1
1
3
1,691
18

2009
Tiger Woods (2)
 United States
4,000
1,080
4
1
3
1
3,341
13

2008
Vijay Singh
 Fiji
125,101
551
4
2
2
7
15,034
19

2007
Tiger Woods
 United States
123,033
12,578
3
2
3
1
30,574
13

text: Individual tournament winners[edit]

text:
Year

The Northern Trust

Dell Technologies Championship

BMW Championship

Tour Championship

2018
 Bryson DeChambeau (1)
 Bryson DeChambeau (2)
 Keegan Bradley
 Tiger Woods (4)

2017
 Dustin Johnson (4)
 Justin Thomas
 Marc Leishman
 Xander Schauffele

2016
 Patrick Reed
 Rory McIlroy (3)
 Dustin Johnson (3)
 Rory McIlroy (4)

2015
 Jason Day (1)
 Rickie Fowler
 Jason Day (2)
 Jordan Spieth

2014
 Hunter Mahan
 Chris Kirk
 Billy Horschel (1)
 Billy Horschel (2)

2013
 Adam Scott
 Henrik Stenson (1)
 Zach Johnson
 Henrik Stenson (2)

2012
 Nick Watney
 Rory McIlroy (1)
 Rory McIlroy (2)
 Brandt Snedeker

2011
 Dustin Johnson (2)
 Webb Simpson
 Justin Rose
 Bill Haas

2010
 Matt Kuchar
 Charley Hoffman
 Dustin Johnson (1)
 Jim Furyk

2009
 Heath Slocum
 Steve Stricker (2)
 Tiger Woods (3)
 Phil Mickelson (2)

2008
 Vijay Singh (1)
 Vijay Singh (2)
 Camilo Villegas (1)
 Camilo Villegas (2)

2007
 Steve Stricker (1)
 Phil Mickelson (1)
 Tiger Woods (1)
 Tiger Woods (2)

text: By country[edit]

text:
Country

The NorthernTrust

Dell TechnologiesChampionship

BMWChampionship

TourChampionship

Total

 United States

9

8

6

9

32

 Australia

2

0

2

0

4

 Northern Ireland

0

2

1

1

4

 Colombia

0

0

1

1

2

 Fiji

1

1

0

0

2

 Sweden

0

1

0

1

2

 England

0

0

1

0

1

text: Career FedExCup bonus money leaders[edit]

text:
Players who have $5 million or more in total FedExCup bonus money (2007–2018) Amounts won (US$ thousands) each year and in total are shown, with  1st place ,  2nd place , and  3rd place  yearly finishes highlighted

Player
Total
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018

 Tiger Woods
28,275
10,000
110
10,000
133
32
2,000
3,000

3,000

 Rory McIlroy
15,900

140

3,000
125
2,000
250
10,000
110
275

 Jim Furyk
15,247
300
1,000
1,500
10,000
140
250
270
1,500
180
75

32

 Jordan Spieth
14,665

700
250
10,000
550
3,000
165

 Justin Rose
14,507.5
245
70
75
247.5
1,000
800
500
300
600
120
550
10,000

 Henrik Stenson
13,758
136

32

70
10,000
115
3,000
140
155
110

 Brandt Snedeker
12,298
225
145
150
138
600
10,000
290
75
210
250
80
135

 Billy Horschel
11,645

32
245
10,000
110
125
133
1,000

 Bill Haas
11,474.5
32
80
134
165
10,000
155
205
242.5
190
129
142

 Vijay Singh
11,272
500
10,000
75
110
185
150
32
75
70
75

 Justin Thomas
11,145

155
290
10,000
700

 Dustin Johnson
10,557

32
270
1,000
1,500
600
280
175
700
3,000
1,500
1,500

 Steve Stricker
8,682
3,000
270
2,000
700
235
225
2,000
70

80
70
32

 Phil Mickelson
8,610
2,000
700
3,000
280
250
1,000
550
110
110
245
145
220

 Matt Kuchar
6,530
75
70
135
3,000
800
235
800
600
230
235
270
80

 Luke Donald
5,480
165
70
175
2,000
2,000
550
185
75
80
110
70

 Jason Day
5,187

75
127
600
290
75
240
500
2,000
800
235
245


document_title: Repo! The Genetic Opera

question_text: who plays the repo man in repo the genetic opera

text: Repo! The Genetic Opera

text: Plot[edit]

text: By the year 2056, an epidemic of organ failures has devastated the planet. The megacorporation GeneCo provides organ transplants on a payment plan. Clients who default on payments are hunted down by Repo Men: skilled assassins contracted by GeneCo to repossess organs, usually killing the clients in the process. The CEO of GeneCo, Rottissimo "Rotti" Largo (as listed in a newspaper article about his kids), discovers he is terminally ill. Rotti's three children, Luigi Largo, Pavi Largo, and Amber Sweet (Carmela Largo), who changed her name to help her become a popular singer, bicker over who will inherit GeneCo. Rotti believes none of his children are worthy heirs, as they consistently embarrass him with their robust attitudes, and instead plans to pass on his fortune to Shilo, the daughter of his ex-fiance Marni.

text: Meanwhile, 17-year-old Shilo Wallace longs to explore the outside world. She is constantly reminded by her overprotective father Nathan that she has inherited a rare blood disease from her deceased mother Marni which requires her to stay indoors. She secretly visits her mother's tomb and runs into GraveRobber, who is digging up bodies to drain Zydrate, a euphoric and extremely addictive pain-killer made by GeneCo that is secreted from dead bodies. He sells it on the street to keep up with his GeneCo payments. After losing consciousness, Shilo wakes up to find herself at home with Nathan. Nathan prepares for work, not as the doctor he has led Shilo to believe he is, but as the head Repo Man for GeneCo. Nathan believes he killed Marni with a treatment he created for her illness. In truth, Rotti poisoned Marni's medicine behind Nathan's back as revenge for Marni leaving him. Rotti blackmails Nathan, agreeing to keep him out of jail and with his then-newborn daughter Shilo if he performs surgical repossessions for the company.

text: Rotti lures Shilo to the GeneCo 1st Annual post-plague Italian Renaissance Fair with the promise of a cure for her blood disease. There she finds the Largo brothers arguing about their father's will, while their sister harasses Blind Mag, GeneCo's opera singer and celebrity spokesperson. Mag uses surgically enhanced eyes but works for Rotti indefinitely as a result, having been tricked into signing her contract in blood pre-surgery. After introducing her to Mag, Rotti stations his Genterns to guard Shilo. He then announces that Mag will soon give the last GeneCo-sponsored performance of her career. GraveRobber helps Shilo escape the fairgrounds. As they hurry through the city, GraveRobber encounters several of his customers including the surgery addict Amber, who has skipped the fair she was supposed to speak at, once again publicly embarrassing her father. Under the stupor of the drug, she explains that she will be replacing Blind Mag after her eyes are repossessed following the opera. After GeneCops arrive, GraveRobber and Shilo part ways and she quickly returns to her room before Nathan notices she was gone.

text: Rotti hires Nathan to repossess Mag's eyes but Nathan refuses, citing Mag's close relationship to Marni. He quits his repo job mid-surgery, telling Rotti, "I cannot do this job. Find someone else." This angers Rotti and he vows to have Nathan taken out. Mag arrives at Shilo's house and reveals she is Shilo's godmother. Mag states she was unaware Shilo was even alive, Nathan having told her she died with her mother. She cautions Shilo to not make the same mistakes she did. Nathan arrives home and forces Mag out after she scolds him for lying to her about Shilo's death. Meanwhile, back at GeneCo, Rotti writes down his will, ready to make Shilo his sole beneficiary with his signature.

text: Rotti phones Shilo and invites her to the Opera, delivering her mother's burial dress for her to wear. Nathan finds the GeneCops searching his basement. They try to arrest Nathan, but he quickly dispatches them and heads to the opera looking for Shilo. At the opera, Amber takes the stage for her premiere, but her performance is ruined when her transplanted face falls off. Mag takes to the stage and sings her final song. She deviates from the song's grand finale, denouncing the Largo family and gouging out her eyes in a final act of defiance. Rotti cuts the cords suspending Mag, dropping and impaling her on a fence. Rotti assures everyone that Mag's death is part of the performance and convinces the audience to stay seated.

text: Shilo sees a Repo Man arrive and attacks him with a shovel before realizing the Repo Man is her father. Onstage, Rotti reveals that Shilo does not have a blood disease but that Nathan has been making her ill with the "medicine" he insists that she take. Unable to deal with the loss of Marni, Nathan explains he was trying to keep Shilo safe from the world. Approaching death's door, Rotti tells Shilo that she will inherit GeneCo if she kills her father. When she refuses, Rotti uses the last of his strength to shoot Nathan. Rotti then dies from his terminal illness and Nathan dies with one last farewell to Shilo. Shilo then leaves, deciding that her father's murderous tendencies do not dictate her future and that she is "free at last" to live her own life. Since she didn't kill her father, though, Rotti has not signed his will and GeneCo does not belong to her.

text: In the epilogue, GraveRobber claims that Shilo fled, leaving GeneCo with no legal heir. A mid-credits scene reveals that Amber became GeneCo's new CEO and promised to change the repossession policy.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Alexa Vega as Shilo Wallace, a 17-year-old girl confined to her room due to the alleged blood disorder she inherited from her mother. She is the film's primary protagonist, who dreams of exploring the world outside of her bedroom, which she considers her prison. While she initially strives to obey her father's rules, later in the story, she becomes more and more assertive, attempting to earn her independence. Prior to the story she has often snuck out of her room at night to collect bugs, and shots of her room shows she has an impressive collection.
Paul Sorvino as Rotti Largo, the primary antagonist; the ailing GeneCo founder and president, looking for a worthy heir. He is a powerful and driven man, having built his GeneCo empire from the ground up, and believes that material wealth is the only real driving force in the world. Aloof and controlling, Rotti regards people as tools and harbors resentment that while he was able to cure the globe, he can't prevent his own death. He sees his own children, Luigi, Pavi, and Amber, as "vultures" and "ingrates", and is bitter towards Nathan for "stealing" Marni from him. He is the one who arranged for Marni to be poisoned, in rage.
Anthony Stewart Head as Nathan Wallace, Shilo's father and a widower, having lost his wife Marni, a death which he (wrongly) blames himself for. He doubles as the head Repo Man to repay Rotti for "fixing" the circumstances of Marni's death with the police. He often laments his late night duties, but a sadistic second personality tends to seize him, leaving him a vicious killing machine as opposed to the kind-hearted, torn father. He is a very skilled assassin, being able to dispatch teams of GeneCops, using only his scalpel, on multiple occasions to save Shilo, and performing brutal organ repossessions with such ease that he can carry out a phone conversation with Shilo at the same time.
Sarah Brightman as Blind Mag, Shilo's godmother and Marni's best friend. She was born blind, but was given the ability to see by GeneCo at the price of having to sing for and publicize GeneCo permanently. After seeing Shilo at a GeneCo event (having been previously unaware she was alive) Mag reaches out to her, anxious for Shilo to not make the same mistakes Mag has made herself. She is marked for repossession and is set to deliver her final performance for the company.
Paris Hilton as Amber Sweet, Rotti's only daughter. Luigi and Pavi's younger sister; she is addicted to both surgery and Zydrate, which she obtains illegally from GraveRobber, in exchange for sex. She changed her name from "Carmela Largo" to "Amber Sweet", as she "needed a stage name".
Bill Moseley as Luigi Largo, Rotti's eldest son and Pavi and Amber's homicidal, older brother. He usually wears an ascot, wields a knife at all times, and is willing to stab at the slightest provocation.
Nivek Ogre as Pavi Largo, Rotti's middle child. Womanizing, narcissistic, vacuous, and effeminate, he wears the skinned face of a woman as a mask over his own, which is heavily scarred. Due to the way his face is attached, he is able to change faces on a whim. He has an Italian accent (to conceal his speech impediment, according to Zdunich) and is almost always surrounded by women, usually Genterns, the employees of GeneCo, who usually give Pavi his face surgeries.
Terrance Zdunich as GraveRobber, a Zydrate peddler who obtains the insoluble chemical from corpses and has connections to Amber, both sexually and as a dealer. He also seems to be Shilo's first and only friend and explains Zydrate and Mag's debt with GeneCo to her. Mysterious and charismatic, he acts as the narrator of the post-apocalyptic world.
Sarah Power as Marni Wallace, Nathan's deceased wife and Shilo's mother; she was Rotti's girlfriend until she left him for Nathan. A jealous Rotti poisoned her and framed Nathan for the crime.

Nancy Long provided Marni's singing voice for "Chase the Morning".

text: Joan Jett makes a cameo appearance during the song "Seventeen" playing the guitar. Dean Armstrong, later seen in Saw 3D, appears as the victim during "Thankless Job". Co-writer Darren Smith appears during "We Started This Op'ra Shit" as the GeneCo band leader. Frequent Bousman collaborator J. LaRose appears during "Zydrate Support Network" as a GeneCo spokesman.

text: Musical numbers[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: A 7-track demo CD dubbed the "Pre-Surgery Sampler", was released on July 24, 2008. A 22-track soundtrack was released on September 30. Songs do not appear in the same sequence on the CD as they do in the film. On February 20, 2009, an extended edition of the soundtrack was released online. The "Deluxe Edition" contains 38 tracks; and the song, "Zydrate Anatomy", was re-cut and used in its film version for this edition. Melora Creager of Rasputina plays cello on the soundtrack.

text: In the film, the following songs are performed:

text:
"Genetic Repo Man" - GraveRobber
"Things You See in a Graveyard" - Rotti
"21st Century Cure" - GraveRobber, Shilo
"Shilo Wakes" - Nathan, Shilo
"Infected" - Shilo
"Legal Assassin" - Nathan, Ghostly chorus
"Lungs and Livers" - GeneCo Chorus
"Mark It Up" - Genterns, Amber, Luigi, Pavi
"Tao of Mag" - Mag
"Things You See in a Graveyard (Reprise)" - Rotti
"Limo Ride" - Rotti and Shilo
"Thankless Job" - Nathan
"Tao of Mag (Reprise)" - Mag
"No Organs? No Problemo!" - GeneCo chorus
"Largo's Little Helpers" - Child chorus
"Genterns" - Genterns, Pavi
"Luigi, Pavi, Amber Harass Mag" - Luigi, Mag, Amber, Pavi, Rotti
"Seeing You Stirs Memories" - Rotti
"Seeing You Stirs Memories (Reprise)" - Rotti, Mag
"My, What Big Scissors You Have" - Shilo
"Inopportune Telephone Call" - Nathan, Shilo
"GraveRobber and Shilo Escape" - GraveRobber, Shilo
"Zydrate Support Network" - Rotti, Reporter
"Zydrate Anatomy" - GraveRobber, Shilo, Amber, Zydrate addicts
"Disposal Crew" - Disposal crew
"Who Ordered Pizza?" - Luigi, Pavi, Nathan, Rotti, Amber
"Night Surgeon" - Nathan, Rotti, Henchgirls, Luigi, Pavi, Genterns
"Chase the Morning" - Mag, Shilo, Marni
"Everyone's a Composer" - Mag, Nathan, Shilo
"Come Back!" - Nathan and Shilo
"What Chance Has a 17 Year Old Girl" - Nathan, Shilo
"Seventeen" - Shilo
"Happiness is Not a Warm Scalpel" - Amber, Rotti
"Gold" - Rotti
"Nathan Discovers Rotti's Plan" - Nathan, Shilo
"Tonight We Are Betrayed" - Nathan
"At the Opera Tonight" - Shilo, Mag, Nathan, Amber, GraveRobber, Rotti, Luigi, Pavi
"Bloodbath!" - GraveRobber
"We Started This Op'ra Shit!" - Bandleader, Luigi, Pavi, Rotti, GeneCo chorus
"Interrogation Room Challenge" - Rotti
"Blame Not My Cheeks" - Amber, GeneCo chorus
"Chromaggia" - Mag
"Pièce De Résistance" - Rotti
"Let the Monster Rise" - Nathan, Shilo
"Sawman's Lament" - Rotti, Luigi, Pavi, Shilo, Nathan
"The Man Who Made You Sick" - Rotti, Shilo, Nathan
"Cut the Ties" - Rotti, Luigi, Shilo, Pavi
"Shilo Turns Against Rotti" - Shilo, Rotti, Nathan
"I Didn't Know I'd Love You So Much" - Shilo, Nathan
"Genetic Emancipation" - Shilo
"Epitaph" - GraveRobber, Zydrate addicts
"VUK-R" - Katie Fitzgerald (end credits)
"Repo Man" - Ogre (end credits)
"Aching Hour" - Sarah Brightman (end credits)

tag: ol

text: Bits and pieces of some of these songs were used in the film. Most of the songs' scenes were cut entirely (*).

text:
"Crucifixus" - Mag, Ghostly chorus (used as the screen closes in to GeneCo; instrumental version used in film)
"Bravi!"* - Mag, Pavi, Luigi, Rotti, Amber (end credits, a commercial that would have been used before "Mark It Up"; heard briefly between "Infected" and Nathan's Story)
"Tao of Mag" - Mag (a commercial starring Mag that promotes the Genetic Opera; heard briefly between "Mark It Up" and Rotti's Story)
"Can't Get It Up if the Girl's Breathing?"* - Amber, GraveRobber (Amber telling GraveRobber that there are other ways to pay for Zydrate; would have succeeded "Housecall") (also a deleted scene on the Blu-ray release)
"Come Up and Try My New Parts"* - Amber (Amber seduces GraveRobber to get out of paying for Zydrate; succeeds "Can't Get It Up"; the scene is available on the Blu-ray)
"GraveRobber and Shilo Escape" - GraveRobber, Shilo, Amber (GraveRobber and Shilo escape from the Italian festival; alternate version used in film, Amber not included) (also a deleted scene on the Blu-ray release)
"Buon Giorno"* - Rotti, Pavi, Luigi, Genterns (Genetic Opera greeting; would have come after "We Started This Op'ra Shit!"; the scene is available on the Blu-ray)
"Rotti's Chapel Sermon"* - Rotti (the scene was reedited to make up "Interrogation Room Challenge"; succeeds "Buon Giorno")
"Needle Through a Bug"* - GraveRobber, Shilo (deleted scene where Shilo must pass another of Rotti's tests; succeeded "Rotti's Chapel Sermon"; the scene is available on the Blu-ray) and plays in its entirely during credits
"Aching Hour"* - Blind Mag (Mag sings about her imminent death during the Renaissance festival; plays in its entirely during credits)

text: Includes songs only heard as instrumentals and not parts of any deleted songs: (* = instrumental)

text:
"Depraved Heart Murder at Sanitarium Square"* (First song heard in the film)
"The Prognosis"* (Heard right after "Crucifixus")
"Nathan's Story"* (Heard right after "Infected")
"Rotti's Story"* (Heard right after "Tao of Mag")
"A Ventriloquist's Mess"* (Heard right after "Thankless Job")
"Blind Mag's Story"* (Heard right after "Seeing Your Stirs Memories")
"Before the Escape"* (Heard right after "Inopportune Telephone Call")
"Worthy Heirs?"* (Heard right after "Zydrate Support Network")
"A Dump Truck Home"* (Heard right after "Disposal Crew")
"The Visitor"* (Heard right after "Night Surgeon")
"Pre-Happiness"* (Heard right after "Seventeen")
"Not Your Parents' Opera"* (Heard right after "Bloodbath!")
"Mag's Fall"* (Heard right after "Chromaggia")
"A Ten Second Opera"* (Heard right after "Let the Monster Rise")

text: Production[edit]

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (July 2016)

text: Development[edit]

text: In 1996, Darren Smith had a friend who was going through bankruptcy and whose possessions were going into foreclosure. Inspired by this, Smith came up with the idea of a future where not only one's property, but also one's body parts, could be repossessed. Smith and Terrance Zdunich collaborated ideas and plot lines to create "The Necromerchant's Debt".[3] The first version of Repo! was The Necromerchant's Debt, which told the story of a Graverobber in debt to a Repo Organ Man. It was first performed at the John Raitt theater in 2002. After being such a success, creators Smith and Zdunich expanded on the universe to create all of the storylines that became Repo! The Genetic Opera later in 2002. Many changes were made, gradually, to the characters and music throughout the show's various incarnations through 2005. For example, Rotti, in the earliest performances, was not the father to Luigi, Pavi, and Amber. Instead, he was a younger brother to Luigi and Pavi,[4] while Amber was Luigi's daughter.[5] Lyrics were adjusted to new arcs, and some songs were dropped altogether, for example, "But This Is Opera!", which was cut out in an effort to change the direction of Blind Mag's character. After years of being performed as a stage play, Repo! was adapted into a 10-minute short film directed and financed by Darren Lynn Bousman to pitch the idea to film studios. The film starred Shawnee Smith as Amber Sweet (then named "Heather Sweet"), Michael Rooker as the Repo Man, Kristen Fairlie as Shilo, Terrance Zdunich as GraveRobber, and J. Larose as Pavi.

text: Filming[edit]

text: Once Repo! was picked up by Lionsgate, principal photography began on September 2007 in Canada.[6] The film was scheduled to be released on April 25, 2008, but was pushed back to November 7. X Japan member Yoshiki Hayashi produced the soundtrack, along with composing one extra track for the film. He also serves as one of the film's producers.[7] Paul Masse was the cast's vocal coach for the film's soundtrack.

text: Release[edit]

text: Promotion[edit]

text: Due to Lionsgate's lack of promotion, director Bousman and creator Zdunich did much of their own promotion. To coincide with the film's release, Bousman, Smith, and Zdunich, as well as various cast members, did a Repo! Road Tour version of the film. The tour was set up for one-night screenings of the film in seven different cities across the United States. Principal cast and crew also did extensive Q&A sessions following each screening. Because of strong ticket sales, a second and third touring session were added, in addition to a British tour across four locations. A Repo! Road Show was announced on January 28 in 10 cities. This show was similar to the Repo! Road Tour, except it was almost completely fan-run.[8]

text: Theatrical release[edit]

text: The film received a limited release in the United States and Canada on November 7, 2008.[9] It had a further limited Canadian release, playing in Toronto from November 21–27, 2008. It was released in the Czech Republic on November 20, this was followed by a theatrical release in Spain on January 2, 2009.[10] In December 2008, several more US theatrical screenings were announced running between January 13–24, 2009 in several cities[11] The Repo! Road Tour made its 4th and final leg (thus far) in Europe from March 7–12, 2009. After initial theatrical release and DVD sales, fan support has caused Repo! The Genetic Opera to be played in select theaters for the duration of 2009 and well into 2014, some with "shadow casts" in which a group of actors and performers re-enact the film in front of the big screen while the film is playing on stage,[12] much like the followers of The Rocky Horror Picture Show. It was re-released in a special screening at the 2010 San Diego Comic-Con International.[13]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: The film received generally mixed to negative reviews from critics. Critics polled on the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes gave the film a score of 32% "Rotten", with the site's consensus saying, "Bombastic and intentionally gross, Repo! The Genetic Opera has a unique style but lacks the wit and substance to be involving." The film has a 32 out of 100 rating on Metacritic, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews".[14] Kyle Smith of The New York Post concluded, "There probably aren't enough futuristic Goth rock musicals, but Repo! The Genetic Opera is weak on a couple of things a musical needs: music and lyrics."[15] Nathan Lee for The New York Times declared the film "feels destined to please a campy coterie of fans and no one else" and criticized the music saying "A few catchy melodies, some clever lyrics or even a sense that the score wasn’t just one long, unmodulated track might have energized this singularly inert tale..."[16] Tasha Robinson for The A.V. Club said " One of the main issues with Repo! The Genetic Opera is that nearly every aspect of it goes on too long. The songs are generally overextended, which is a particular problem given that most of them are also atonal and dull, either chanted or seemingly assembled from a series of clunky, ill-fitting, barely rhyming lines. " and ultimately "...I spent the vast majority of the film either bored or squirming with discomfort over the cheap gore, the arrhythmic songs, and the phenomenally bombastic performances..."[17]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Repo! grossed $53,684 in its opening weekend, a $6,711 average per theater. The film's full eleven-theater release earned $146,750 in the United States, and an additional $41,376 internationally, for a total of $188,126 worldwide.[2]

text: Accolades[edit]

text: Hilton's performance won her the Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Supporting Actress at the 29th Golden Raspberry Awards. At the same ceremony, Hilton was also awarded Worst Actress for her role in The Hottie and the Nottie. The songs "Chase the Morning", "Chromaggia", and "Zydrate Anatomy" were shortlisted for the Academy Award for Best Original Song, although none were nominated.[18]

text: Home media[edit]

text: The film was released January 20, 2009 on DVD and Blu-ray in the United States.[19] In Canada, the DVD was released on January 20, 2009 and the Blu-ray was released February 10, 2009. It was released on DVD and Blu-ray in the United Kingdom on March 9, 2009. It was released in Ireland on March 6, 2009. The DVD was released in Germany on April 14.[10] The US DVD release contains two audio commentaries (one by Bousman and actors Vega, Moseley, and Ogre; the other by Bousman, creators Darren Smith and Terrance Zdunich, and music producer Joseph Bishara), two featurettes (From Stage to Screen and Legal Assassin - A Repo Man), and the theatrical trailer. The Blu-ray contains all DVD features including a select-scene audio commentary by the director and Paris Hilton, an additional two featurettes (Zydrate Anatomy - Amber Sweet: Addicted to the Knife and Chase the Morning - Blind Mag: The Voice of GeneCo), a video sing-along with bouncing heart, four deleted scenes (Needle Through a Bug, Buon Giorno, Extended Version of Shilo and GraveRobber Escape, and Come Up and Try My New Parts), and the theatrical trailer.

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text: The Original Motion Picture Soundtrack was released September 30, 2008 and only available through Amazon and iTunes. A deluxe version of the soundtrack was released on February 17, 2009. All the tracks from the previous release remain on the deluxe edition in the same order, with the new tracks placed in between some tracks, including score tracks. The only track that appears on both albums that differs is Zydrate Anatomy, where it is slightly longer on the deluxe edition.

text: Possible sequel[edit]

text: In regards to the possibility of a sequel, Vega has been quoted as saying: "From the very, very beginning, we always talked about a prequel or a sequel to this film. And it's hard, because as of right now, we all want to do it, but, you know, it didn't really do as we hoped. We didn't really have a lot of support. But we're hoping that the fans will come back, and it will be an underground cult classic that will grow, and that will eventually spark us to do another."[20] Bousman also indicated interest, stating; "I would love to follow up Repo and finish the story, because it was conceived as a three-part movie. But this movie is all about support from the internet, and support from fans. This is not a movie where you'll see billboards or bus stop ads or trailers on TV." It was additionally expected that Hilton would return in her role as Amber Sweet.[21] However, in a video posted on YouTube, it was revealed that they "no longer control the answer to the question [of a future sequel]" since they no longer have ownership of the franchise, thus driving Bousman and Zdunich to make The Devil's Carnival.[22]


document_title: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe

question_text: when was the lion the witch and the wardrobe filmed

text: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe

text: Plot summary[edit]

text: In 1940, four siblings – Peter, Susan, Edmund, and Lucy Pevensie – are among many children evacuated from London during World War II to escape the Blitz. They are sent to the countryside to live with professor Digory Kirke. Exploring the professor's house, Lucy finds a wardrobe which doubles as a magic portal to a forest in a land called Narnia. At a lamppost oddly located in the forest, she meets Tumnus, a faun, who invites her to tea in his home. There the faun confesses that he invited her not out of hospitality, but with the intention of betraying her to the White Witch. The witch has ruled Narnia for years, using magic to keep it frozen in a perpetual winter. She has ordered all Narnians to turn in any humans ("Sons of Adam" or "Daughters of Eve") they come across. But now that he has come to know and like a human, Tumnus repents his original intention and escorts Lucy back to the lamppost.

text: Lucy returns through the wardrobe and finds that only a few seconds have passed in normal time during her absence. Her siblings do not believe her story about another world inside the wardrobe, which is now found to have a solid back panel.

text: During a game of hide-and-seek on some days later, Lucy again passes into Narnia. This time her brother Edmund chances to follow her. He meets Jadis, who calls herself Queen of Narnia. When she learns that he is human and has two sisters and a brother, she places an enchantment on him. She urges him to bring his siblings to her castle, promising in return to make him her heir. When Lucy and Edmund return together through the wardrobe, Edmund realizes that the queen he met and the witch Lucy describes are one and the same. He denies to the others that he has been in Narnia at all. Peter and Susan are puzzled by Lucy's insistence, and consult the Professor, who surprises them by taking Lucy's side in the debate of Narnia's existence.

text: Soon afterward, all four children enter Narnia together after hiding in the wardrobe to avoid the professor's dour housekeeper, Mrs. Macready. Remembering the winter cold ahead, they take coats from the wardrobe before exploring. Lucy guides them to Tumnus's cave, but they find it ransacked, with a notice from Jadis (the White Witch) proclaiming his arrest for harbouring humans.

text: A talking beaver intercepts them, proves himself a friend, and hides the children in his den. There, he and Mrs. Beaver tell them of a prophecy that Jadis's power will fail when two Sons of Adam and two Daughters of Eve fill the four thrones at Cair Paravel. Aslan, the great lion and the rightful King, has been absent for many years but is now "on the move again" in Narnia.

text: Edmund steals away to Jadis's castle, which is filled with statues of Narnian victims she has turned to stone. Jadis is furious when Edmund appears alone and angrier still to learn that Aslan may have returned. She takes him on her sledge to catch the others or to reach Aslan's court before them.

text: Meanwhile, Mr Beaver realises that Edmund has betrayed them, and they set off at once to seek Aslan at the Stone Table. As they travel, the Witch's spell over Narnia begins to break: Father Christmas (who has not been seen in Narnia for a hundred years) arrives with magical presents: a sword for Peter, a horn and a bow with arrows for Susan, a knife and a bottle of healing cordial for Lucy. The snow melts, and winter ends. Aslan welcomes the children and the Beavers to his camp near the Stone Table. Upon hearing Edmund's situation, he orders a rescue party of loyal Narnians.

text: After much hardship at the hands of the Witch and her sledge driver, Edmund is rescued from their camp and reunited with his siblings. Jadis approaches in truce to parley with Aslan. She insists that, according to "deep magic from the dawn of time", she holds the right to kill Edmund following his treason. Aslan bargains with her privately and she renounces her claim.

text: That evening, Aslan secretly returns to the Stone Table, shadowed by Susan and Lucy. Upon noticing them, Aslan welcomes their company but warns them not to interfere with what is about to happen. He has traded his own life to the witch for Edmund's, and the girls watch as Jadis oversees his shaming before her underlings. She orders Aslan tied to the Stone Table, shaved and muzzled; and she administers the killing blow herself.

text: Confident now of victory, the Witch leads her army away to battle. Susan and Lucy remain weeping over Aslan's abandoned body. They un-muzzle him and see mice gnaw away his bonds. The Stone Table breaks and Aslan is restored to life. He tells Lucy and Susan that Jadis was unaware of the "deeper magic from before the dawn of time" that will resurrect an innocent killed in place of a traitor.

text: Aslan carries Lucy and Susan on his back as he hurries to Jadis's castle. He breathes upon the stone statues in the courtyard, restoring them to life.

text: Meanwhile, Peter and Edmund lead the Narnians against Jadis, and Edmund is seriously wounded. Aslan arrives with the former statues as reinforcements. The Narnians rout Jadis's supporters, and Aslan kills Jadis. Aslan breathes life into those Jadis has turned to stone on the battlefield, and Lucy uses her magic cordial to revive the wounded, starting with Edmund. The Pevensie children are crowned kings and queens of Narnia at Cair Paravel. Soon afterward, Aslan slips away and disappears.

text: Fifteen years later, the four rulers chase a wish-granting white stag through the forest whereupon they rediscover the lamppost. They soon find their way not through branches but coats. They come back through the wardrobe in the Professor's house and are suddenly children again, dressed in their old clothes. Almost no time has passed in the real world, despite their many years in Narnia.

text: The four children consult the Professor. He forgives them the absence of the four coats they stole, and hints that theirs would prove not to be the first adventure in Narnia, nor by any means the last.

text: Character list[edit]

text: The Pevensie Siblings

text: Raised in London, evacuated to the Dorset countryside, and reaching adulthood in Narnia, they are the four main characters. In one chapter, Father Christmas arrives to endow those present (three Pevensies and two beavers) with a feast, weapons, and magical items. After the restoration of Narnia, a Tetrarchy is established with the four siblings as the rulers.

text:
Lucy Pevensie is the youngest Pevensie child and, in some respects, the primary protagonist of the story. She is the first to discover the land of Narnia when she finds her way through the magical wardrobe in the Professor's house. When Lucy tells her three siblings, they don't believe her: Peter and Susan think she is just playing a game while Edmund persistently ridicules her about it. She is later crowned Queen Lucy the Valiant.
Edmund Pevensie is the second-youngest of the Pevensie children. He has a bad relationship with his siblings. Edmund is known to be a liar, and often harasses children younger than him. He often singles out Lucy as his favourite target. In Narnia he meets the White Witch, who plies him with enchanted Turkish delight, drink, and smooth talk. Lured by the White Witch's promise of power and an unlimited supply of the magical treats, Edmund betrays his siblings. He eventually regrets his actions and repents. After he helps Aslan and the good denizens of Narnia defeat the White Witch, he is crowned and named King Edmund the Just. He has no endowments, because of his betrayal.
Susan Pevensie is the second-oldest of Pevensie children. She does not believe in Narnia until she actually goes there. Along with Lucy, she accompanies Aslan on the journey to his apparent self-sacrifice and secretly witnesses the horrific event. Tending to his carcass, she removes a muzzle from him to restore his dignity and oversees a horde of mice who gnaw away his bonds. She then shares the joy of his resurrection and the endeavor to bring reinforcements to a critical battle. She is crowned Queen of Narnia alongside Lucy and pronounced Queen Susan the Gentle.
Peter Pevensie is the eldest of the Pevensie siblings. He judiciously settles disputes between his younger brother and sisters, often rebuking Edmund for his attitude. At first, Peter disbelieves Lucy's stories about Narnia, but changes his mind when he sees it for himself. He is hailed as a hero for the slaying of Maugrim and for his command in the battle to overthrow the White Witch. He is eventually crowned High King of Narnia and dubbed King Peter the Magnificent.

text: At the Country Home

text: The house that shelters the Pevensie children is run by a Professor, staffed by servants, and frequently toured by historians.

text:
The Professor is a kindly old gentleman who takes the Pevensie children in when they are evacuated from London. He is the first to believe that Lucy did indeed visit a land called Narnia. He tries to convince the others logically that she didn't make it up. The book hints that he knows more of Narnia than he lets on. He is identified in The Voyage of the Dawn Treader as Professor Kirke, and appears as a young boy, Digory Kirke, a main character in the prequel, in which he witnesses Aslan's creation of Narnia. Although never explicitly stated, there are minor parallels between himself and Aslan on the smaller scale of the house in Dorset; in that he is rarely seen, can be sought for impartial wisdom, provides a sense of stability, and sometimes cannot be found.
Mrs. Macready is the housekeeper for the Professor and takes it upon herself to guide the tour groups. Although never explicitly stated, there are minor parallels between herself and the White Witch, albeit on the smaller scale; for example, she effectively rules the country house in the absence of the Professor (terrifyingly so in the imagination of a young girl torn from her home and mother). The Pevensies certainly see her as an antagonist and dub her "The Macready". She is stated to be not very fond of children, imposes strict rules on their behavior, and disturbs their peace with the tours.

text: Narnians

text: The magical land of Narnia is populated by talking animals, mythological species, and sentient flora.

text:
Aslan, a lion, is the rightful King of Narnia and other magic countries. He sacrifices himself to save Edmund, but is resurrected in time to aid the denizens of Narnia and the Pevensie children against the White Witch and her minions. As the "son of the Emperor beyond the sea" (an allusion to the Father, the first person of the Holy Trinity in Christianity) Aslan is the all powerful creator of Narnia. He is the deity that links all created worlds together and is thus all knowing, all present, and all powerful.
The White Witch is the land's self-proclaimed queen and the primary antagonist of the story. She tyrannizes Narnia through her magically imposed rule. Her spell on Narnia has made winter persist for a hundred years with no end in sight. When provoked, she turns creatures to stone with her wand. She fears the fulfillment of a prophecy that "two sons of Adam and two daughters of Eve" (meaning humans; two male, two female) will claim the right to rule and supplant her. She is usually referred to simply as "the White Witch" but her actual name, "Jadis," appears in one proclamation in this book.[5] Lewis later wrote a prequel to include her back-story and account for her presence in the Narnian world.
Tumnus, a faun, is the first individual Lucy meets in Narnia. Tumnus befriends Lucy, despite the White Witch's standing order to turn in any human found in Narnia. He initially plans to obey the order but, after getting to like Lucy, he cannot bear to alert the Witch's forces. He instead escorts her back towards the safety of her own country. His good deed is later given away by Edmund who innocently tells the White Witch that Lucy mentioned meeting a faun. The witch orders Tumnus arrested and turns him to stone, but he is later restored to life by Aslan.
Mr. and Mrs. Beaver, two beavers, are friends of Tumnus. They play host to Peter, Susan, and Lucy and lead them to Aslan.
A Dwarf serves the White Witch. He's never named in the book but called Ginabrik in the film, where he has a more significant role.
Maugrim (Fenris Ulf in most American editions) the wolf is the chief of the White Witch's secret police. She sends him to hunt down the Pevensie children. He tries to kill Susan who flees and sees to the safety of others. She sounds her horn. Peter answers the call and slays Maugrim.
Giant Rumblebuffin is a character who is turned to stone by the White Witch. Aslan restores him to life by breathing on him. Although slightly dim-witted, he is very kind. His significant contribution is to break down the gate of the Witch's castle to let the rescued Narnians out, and also to crush some of her army.

text: Writing[edit]

text: Lewis described the origin of The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe in an essay titled "It All Began with a Picture":[6]

text: The Lion all began with a picture of a Faun carrying an umbrella and parcels in a snowy wood. This picture had been in my mind since I was about sixteen. Then one day, when I was about forty, I said to myself: 'Let's try to make a story about it.'

text: Shortly before the Second World War many children were evacuated from London to the English countryside to escape bomber attacks on London by Nazi Germany. On 2 September 1939 three school girls, Margaret, Mary and Katherine,[7][8] came to live at The Kilns in Risinghurst, Lewis's home three miles east of Oxford city centre. Lewis later suggested that the experience gave him a new appreciation of children and in late September[9] he began a children's story on an odd sheet that has survived as part of another manuscript:

text: This book is about four children whose names were Ann, Martin, Rose and Peter. But it is most about Peter who was the youngest. They all had to go away from London suddenly because of Air Raids, and because Father, who was in the Army, had gone off to the War and Mother was doing some kind of war work. They were sent to stay with a kind of relation of Mother's who was a very old professor who lived all by himself in the country.[10]

text: The plot element of entering a new world through the back of a wardrobe had certainly entered Lewis's mind by 1946, when he used it to describe his first encounter with really good poetry:

text: I did not in the least feel that I was getting in more quantity or better quality a pleasure I had already known. It was more as if a cupboard which one had hitherto valued as a place for hanging coats proved one day, when you opened the door, to lead to the garden of the Hesperides ...[11]

text: How much more of the story Lewis then wrote is uncertain. Roger Lancelyn Green thinks that he might even have completed it. In September 1947 Lewis wrote in a letter about stories for children: "I have tried one myself but it was, by the unanimous verdict of my friends, so bad that I destroyed it."[12]

text: In August 1948, during a visit by an American writer, Chad Walsh, Lewis talked vaguely about completing a children's book he had begun "in the tradition of E. Nesbit".[13] After this conversation not much happened until the beginning of the next year. Then everything changed. In his essay "It All Began With a Picture" Lewis continues: "At first I had very little idea how the story would go. But then suddenly Aslan came bounding into it. I think I had been having a good many dreams of lions about that time. Apart from that, I don't know where the Lion came from or why he came. But once he was there, he pulled the whole story together, and soon he pulled the six other Narnian stories in after him."[14]

text: The major ideas of the book echo lines Lewis had written fourteen years earlier in his alliterative poem The Planets:

text:
... Of wrath ended
And woes mended, of winter passed
And guilt forgiven, and good fortune
Jove is master; and of jocund revel,
Laughter of ladies. The lion-hearted
... are Jove's children.[15]

text: On 10 March 1949 Roger Lancelyn Green dined with Lewis at Magdalen College. After the meal Lewis read two chapters from his new children's story to Green. Lewis asked Green's opinion of the tale and Green said that he thought it was good. The manuscript of The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe was complete by the end of March 1949. Lucy Barfield received it by the end of May.[16] When on 16 October 1950 Geoffrey Bles in London published the first edition, three new "chronicles", Prince Caspian, The Voyage of the Dawn Treader and The Horse and His Boy, had also been completed.

text: Illustrations[edit]

text: Lewis's publisher, Geoffrey Bles, allowed him to choose the illustrator for the novel and the Narnia series. Lewis chose Pauline Baynes, possibly based on J. R. R. Tolkien’s recommendation. Baynes had greatly impressed Tolkien with her illustrations for his Farmer Giles of Ham (1949). However, Baynes claimed that Lewis learned about her work after going into a bookshop and asking for a recommendation for an illustrator who was skilled at portraying both humans and animals. In December 1949, Bles showed Lewis the first drawings for the novel, and Lewis sent Baynes a note congratulating her, particularly on the level of detail. Lewis’s appreciation of the illustrations is evident in a letter he wrote to Baynes after The Last Battle won the Carnegie Medal for best children’s book of 1956: "is it not rather 'our' medal? I’m sure the illustrations were taken into account as well as the text".[17]

text: The British edition of the novel had 43 illustrations; American editions generally had fewer. The popular United States paperback edition published by Collier between 1970 and 1994, which sold many millions, had only 17 illustrations, many of them severely cropped from the originals, giving many readers in that country a very different experience when reading the novel. All the illustrations were restored for the 1994 worldwide HarperCollins edition, although these lacked the clarity of early printings.[18]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Lewis very much enjoyed writing The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe and embarked on the sequel Prince Caspian soon after finishing the first novel. He completed the sequel by end of 1949, less than a year after finishing the initial book. The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe had few readers during 1949 and was not published until late in 1950, so his initial enthusiasm did not stem from favourable reception by the public.[19]

text: While Lewis is known today on the strength of the Narnia stories as a highly successful children’s writer, the initial critical response was muted. At the time it was fashionable for children's stories to be realistic; fantasy and fairy tales were seen as indulgent, appropriate only for very young readers and potentially harmful to older children, even hindering their ability to relate to everyday life. Some reviewers considered the tale overtly moralistic or the Christian elements over-stated — attempts to indoctrinate children. Others were concerned that the many violent incidents might frighten children.[20]

text: Lewis's publisher, Geoffrey Bles, feared that the Narnia tales would not sell, and might damage Lewis’ reputation and affect sales of his other books. Nevertheless, the novel and its successors were highly popular with young readers, and Lewis's publisher was soon eager to release further Narnia stories.[21]

text: In the United States a 2004 study found that The Lion was a common read-aloud book for seventh-graders in schools in San Diego County, California.[22] In 2005 it was included on TIME's unranked list of the 100 best English-language novels published since 1923.[23] Based on a 2007 online poll, the U.S. National Education Association named it one of "Teachers' Top 100 Books for Children".[24] In 2012 it was ranked number five among all-time children's novels in a survey published by School Library Journal, a monthly with primarily U.S. audience.[25]

text: A 2012 survey by the University of Worcester determined that it was the second most common book that UK adults had read as children, after Alice's Adventures in Wonderland. (Adults, perhaps limited to parents, ranked Alice and The Lion fifth and sixth as books the next generation should read, or their children should read during their lifetimes.)[26]

text: TIME magazine included the novel in its "All-TIME 100 Novels" (best English-language novels from 1923 to 2005).[23] In 2003, the novel was listed at number 9 on the BBC's survey The Big Read.[27] It has also been published in 47 foreign languages.[28]

text: Allusions[edit]

text: Lewis wrote that "The Narnian books are not as much allegory as supposal. Suppose there were a Narnian world and it, like ours, needed redemption. What kind of incarnation and Passion might Christ be supposed to undergo there?"[29]

text: The main story is an allegory of Christ's crucifixion:[30][31] Aslan sacrifices himself for Edmund, a traitor who may deserve death, in the same way that Christians believe Jesus sacrificed himself for sinners. Aslan is killed on the Stone Table, symbolizing Mosaic Law, which breaks when he is resurrected, symbolizing the replacement of the strict justice of Old Testament law with redeeming grace and forgiveness granted on the basis of substitutional atonement, according to Christian theology.[32] As with the Christian Passion, it is women (Susan and Lucy) who tend Aslan's body after he dies and are the first to see him after his resurrection. The significance of the death contains elements of both the ransom theory of atonement and the satisfaction theory: Aslan suffers Edmund's penalty (satisfaction), and buys him back from the White Witch, who was entitled to him by reason of his treachery (ransom). In Christian belief, Christ is associated with the Biblical "Lion of Judah" of Revelation 5:5.

text: Professor Kirke is based on W.T. Kirkpatrick, who tutored a 16-year-old Lewis. "Kirk," as he was sometimes called, taught the young Lewis much about thinking and communicating clearly, skills that would be invaluable to him later.[33]

text: Narnia is caught in endless winter that has lasted a century when the children first enter. Norse tradition mythologises a "great winter," known as the Fimbulwinter, said to precede Ragnarök. The trapping of Edmund by the White Witch is reminiscent of the seduction and imprisonment of Kay by The Snow Queen in Hans Christian Andersen's novella of that name.[34]

text: The dwarves and giants are found in Norse mythology; fauns, centaurs, minotaurs and dryads derive from Greek mythology. Father Christmas, of course, was part of popular English folklore.

text: There are several parallels between the White Witch and the immortal white queen, Ayesha, of H. Rider Haggard's She, a novel greatly admired by C.S. Lewis.[35]

text: The Story of the Amulet written by Edith Nesbit also contains scenes that can be considered precursors to sequences presenting Jadis, particularly in The Magician's Nephew.[36] Nesbit's short story The Aunt and Amabel includes the motif of a girl entering a wardrobe to gain access to a magical place.[37]

text: The freeing of Aslan's body from the stone table by field mice is reminiscent of Aesop's fable of "The Lion and the Mouse." In the fable, a lion catches a mouse, but the mouse persuades the lion to release him, promising that the favor would be rewarded. Later in the story, he gnaws through the lion's bonds after he has been captured by hunters. It is also reminiscent of a scene from Edgar Allan Poe's story "The Pit and the Pendulum," in which a prisoner is freed when rats gnaw through his bonds.[38] In a later book, "Prince Caspian," we learn that as reward for their actions, mice gained the same intelligence and speech as other Narnian animals.[39]

text: Differences between editions[edit]

text: Due to labor union rules,[40] the text of The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe was reset for the publication of the first American edition of by Macmillan US in 1950.[1] Lewis took that opportunity to make the following changes to the original British edition published by Geoffrey Bles[3] earlier that same year:

text:
In chapter one of the American edition, the animals that Edmund and Susan express interest in are snakes and foxes rather than the foxes and rabbits of the British edition.[40][41]
In chapter six of the American edition, the name of the White Witch's chief of police is changed to "Fenris Ulf" from "Maugrim" in the British.[42][43][44]
In chapter thirteen of the American edition, "the trunk of the World Ash Tree" takes the place of "the fire-stones of the Secret Hill".[45]

text: When HarperCollins took over publication of the series in 1994, they began using the original British edition for all subsequent English editions worldwide.[46] The current US edition published by Scholastic has 36,135 words.[47]

text: Adaptations[edit]

text: Television[edit]

text: The story has been adapted three times for television. The first adaptation was a ten-part serial produced by ABC Weekend Television for ITV and broadcast in 1967. In 1979, an animated TV-movie,[48] directed by Peanuts director Bill Meléndez, was broadcast and won the first Emmy Award for Outstanding Animated Program. A third television adaptation was produced in 1988 by the BBC using a combination of live actors, animatronic puppets and animation. Only this last one was the first of a series of 3 Narnia adaptations. The programme was nominated for an Emmy and won a BAFTA. It was followed by three further Narnia adaptations.

text: Theatre[edit]

text: Stage adaptations include a 1984 version staged at London's Westminster Theatre, produced by Vanessa Ford Productions. The play, adapted by Glyn Robbins, was directed by Richard Williams and designed by Marty Flood.[49] Jules Tasca, Ted Drachman, and Thomas Tierney collaborated on a musical adaptation published in 1986.[50]

text: In 1997, Trumpets Inc., a Filipino Christian theatre and musical production company, produced a musical rendition that Douglas Gresham, Lewis's stepson (and co-producer of the Walden Media film adaptations), has openly declared that he feels is the closest to Lewis's intention.[51][52][53] It starred among others popular young Filipino singer Sam Concepcion as Edmund Pevensie.[54] The book and lyrics were written by Jaime del Mundo and Luna Inocian, while music was composed by Lito Villareal.

text: In 1998, the Royal Shakespeare Company did an adaptation by Adrian Mitchell, for which the acting edition has been published.[55] The Stratford Festival in Canada mounted a new production of Mitchell's work in June 2016. [2] [3]

text: In 2003, there was an Australian commercial stage production which toured the country by Malcolm C. Cooke Productions, using both life-size puppets and human actors. It was directed by notable film director Nadia Tass, and starred Amanda Muggleton, Dennis Olsen, Meaghan Davies and Yolande Brown.[56][57]

text: In 2011, a two-actor stage adaptation by Le Clanché du Rand opened Off-Broadway in New York City at St. Luke's Theatre. The production was directed by Julia Beardsley O'Brien and starred Erin Layton and Andrew Fortman.[58] As of 2014, the production is currently running with a replacement cast of Abigail Taylor-Sansom and Rockford Sansom.[59]

text: Audio[edit]

text: Multiple audio editions have been released, both straightforward readings and dramatizations.

text: In 1981, Michael Hordern read abridged versions of the classic tale (and the others in the series). In 2000, an unabridged audio book was released, narrated by Michael York. (All the books were released in audio form, read by different actors.)

text: In 1988, BBC Radio 4 mounted a full dramatization. In 1998, Focus on the Family Radio Theatre also adapted this story. Both the original BBC version and the Focus on the Family version have been broadcast on BBC radio. Both are the first in a series of adaptations of all seven of the Narnia books. The BBC series uses the title Tales of Narnia, while the Focus on the Family version uses the more familiar Chronicles moniker. The Focus on the Family version is also longer, with a full orchestra score, narration, a larger cast of actors, and introductions by Douglas Gresham, C.S. Lewis' stepson.

text: Film[edit]

text: In 2005, the story was adapted for a theatrical film, co-produced by Walt Disney and Walden Media. It has so far been followed by two more films: The Chronicles of Narnia: Prince Caspian and The Chronicles of Narnia: The Voyage of the Dawn Treader. The latter was co-produced by Twentieth-Century Fox and Walden Media.