document_title: Laura Ingalls Wilder

question_text: when did laura ingalls wilder move to missouri

root

text: Laura Ingalls Wilder

text: Birth and ancestry[edit]

text: Laura Ingalls was born on February 7, 1867, 7 miles (11 km) north of the village of Pepin in the Big Woods region of Wisconsin,[2] to Charles Phillip Ingalls and Caroline Lake (née Quiner) Ingalls. She was the second of five children, following Mary Amelia.[3][4][5][6] Their three younger siblings were Caroline Celestia, Charles Frederick (who died in infancy), and Grace Pearl. Wilder's birth site is commemorated by a replica log cabin, the Little House Wayside.[7] Life there formed the basis for her first book, Little House in the Big Woods (1932).[2] Wilder was a descendant of the Delano family, an ancestral family of U.S. President Franklin Delano Roosevelt.[8] A progenitor of the Delano family emigrated to the Plymouth Colony in the early 1620s; another family ancestor, Edmund Rice, emigrated in 1638 to the Massachusetts Bay Colony.[9] One paternal ancestor, Edmund Ingalls, was born on June 27, 1586, in Skirbeck, Lincolnshire, England, and emigrated to America, where he died in Lynn, Massachusetts, on September 16, 1648.[8]

text: Family on the move[edit]

text: Wilder moved with her family from Wisconsin in the year 1869, when she was two years old. They stopped in Rothville, Missouri, and settled in Kansas, in Indian country near what is now Independence. Her younger sister Carrie (1870–1946) was born there in August 1870, not long before they moved again. According to Wilder in later years, her father had been told that the location would soon be open to white settlers but that was incorrect; their homestead was actually on the Osage Indian reservation and they had no legal right to occupy it. They had just begun to farm when they heard rumors that the settlers would be evicted, and they departed in spring of 1871. Although Laura portrayed the leave and that of other settlers as prompted by rumors of eviction in both her novel and in her Pioneer Girl memoirs, in the memoirs she also noted that her parents needed to recover their Wisconsin land because the buyer had not paid the entire mortgage. Several Kansas neighbors apparently were allowed to buy the land they had settled on so the rumors may have been untrue.[10]

text: From Kansas, the Ingalls family returned to Wisconsin, where they lived for the next three years. Those experiences formed the basis for the novels Little House in the Big Woods (1932) and Little House on the Prairie (1935). The fictional chronology of Wilder's books in this regard does not match fact: Wilder was two to four years old in Kansas and four to seven in Wisconsin; in the novels she is four to five in Wisconsin (Big Woods) and six to seven in Kansas (Prairie). According to a letter from her daughter, Rose Wilder Lane, to biographer William Anderson, the publisher had Wilder change her age in Prairie because it seemed unrealistic for a three-year-old to have memories so specific about her story of life in Kansas.[11] To be consistent with her already established chronology, Wilder portrayed herself six to seven years old in Prairie and seven to nine years old in On the Banks of Plum Creek (1937), the third volume of her fictionalized history, which takes place around 1874.

text: On the Banks of Plum Creek shows the family moving from Kansas to an area near Walnut Grove, Minnesota and settling in a dugout "on the banks of Plum Creek".[12] They really moved there from Wisconsin when Wilder was about seven years old, after briefly living with the family of Laura's Uncle Peter Ingalls, first in their house in the Big Woods of Wisconsin and then on rented land near Lake City, Minnesota. In Walnut Grove Laura's family first lived in a dugout on a preemption claim; after wintering in the dugout they moved into a new house built on the same land. Two summers of ruined crops led the Ingalls to move to Iowa. On the way they stayed again with Laura's Uncle Peter Ingalls, this time on his own farm near South Troy, Minnesota. Wilder's younger and only brother, Charles Frederick Ingalls ("Freddie"), was born there on November 1, 1875, and died nine months later on August 27, 1876. In Burr Oak, Iowa the Ingalls family helped run a hotel. Wilder's youngest sibling, Grace, was born there on May 23, 1877.

text: The family moved from Burr Oak back to Walnut Grove, where Wilder's father served as the town butcher and justice of the peace. He accepted a railroad job in the spring of 1879, which took him to eastern Dakota Territory, where they joined him that fall. Wilder did not write about 1876–1877, when they lived near Burr Oak, but skipped directly to Dakota Territory, portrayed in By the Shores of Silver Lake (1939). Thus the fictional timeline caught up with her real life.

text: De Smet[edit]

text: Wilder's father filed for a formal homestead over the winter of 1879–1880. De Smet, South Dakota became her parents' and sister Mary Ingalls' home for the remainder of their lives. After spending the mild winter of 1879–1880 in the surveyor's house, they watched the town of De Smet rise up from the prairie in 1880. The following winter, 1880–1881, one of the most severe on record in the Dakotas, was later described by Wilder in her novel, The Long Winter (1940). Once the family was settled in De Smet, Wilder attended school, worked several part-time jobs, and made friends. Among them was bachelor homesteader, Almanzo Wilder. This time in her life is documented in the books Little Town on the Prairie (1941) and These Happy Golden Years (1943).

text: Young teacher[edit]

text: On December 10, 1882, two months before her 16th birthday, Wilder accepted her first teaching position.[13] She taught three terms in one-room schools when she was not attending school in De Smet. (In Little Town on the Prairie she receives her first teaching certificate on December 24, 1882, but that was an enhancement for dramatic effect.[citation needed]) Her original "Third Grade" teaching certificate can be seen on page 25 of William Anderson's book Laura's Album (1998).[14] She later admitted she did not particularly enjoy teaching but felt the responsibility from a young age to help her family financially, and wage-earning opportunities for women were limited. Between 1883 and 1885, she taught three terms of school, worked for the local dressmaker, and attended high school, although she did not graduate.

text: Wilder's teaching career and studies ended when she married Almanzo Wilder, whom she called "Manly",[15] on August 25, 1885. As he had a sister named Laura, his nickname for Wilder became "Bess", from her middle name, Elizabeth.[15] Wilder was 18 and he was 28. He had achieved a degree of prosperity on his homestead claim, and their prospects seemed bright. She joined him in a new home, north of De Smet.[citation needed]

text: Children[edit]

text: On December 5, 1886, Wilder gave birth to her daughter Rose Wilder. In 1889, Wilder gave birth to a son who died at 12 days of age before being named. He was buried at De Smet, Kingsbury County, in South Dakota.[16][17] On the grave marker, he is remembered as "Baby Son of A. J. Wilder".[citation needed]

text: Early marriage[edit]

text: Their first few years of marriage for the Wilders were frequently difficult. Complications from a life-threatening bout of diphtheria left Wilder's husband partially paralyzed. While he eventually regained nearly full use of his legs, he needed a cane to walk for the remainder of his life. This setback, among many others, began a series of disastrous events that included the death of their newborn son; the destruction of their barn along with its hay and grain by a mysterious fire;[18] the total loss of their home from a fire accidentally set by their daughter;[19] and several years of severe drought that left them in debt, physically ill, and unable to earn a living from their 320 acres (129.5 hectares) of prairie land. These trials were documented in Wilder's book The First Four Years (published in 1971). Around 1890, the couple left De Smet and spent about a year resting at the home of Wilder's husband's parents on their Spring Valley, Minnesota farm before moving briefly to Westville, Florida, in search of a climate to improve Wilder's husband's health. They found, however, that the dry plains they were used to were very different from the humidity they encountered in Florida. The weather, along with feeling out of place among the locals, encouraged their return to De Smet in 1892, where they purchased a small home.[citation needed]

text: Move to Mansfield, Missouri[edit]

text: In 1894, the Wilder family moved to Mansfield, Missouri, and used their savings to make the down payment on an undeveloped property just outside town. They named the place Rocky Ridge Farm[20] and moved into a ramshackle log cabin. At first, Wilder and her husband earned income only from wagon loads of fire wood they would sell in town for 50 cents. Financial security came slowly. Apple trees they planted did not bear fruit for seven years. Wilder's parents-in-law visited around that time and gave them the deed to the house they had been renting in Mansfield, which was the economic boost Wilder's family needed. They then added to the property outside town, and eventually accrued nearly 200 acres (80.9 hectares). Around 1910, they sold the house in town, moved back to the farm, and completed the farmhouse with the proceeds. What began as about 40 acres (16.2 hectares) of thickly wooded, stone-covered hillside with a windowless log cabin became in 20 years a relatively prosperous poultry, dairy, and fruit farm, and a 10-room farmhouse.[citation needed]

text: Wilder and her husband had learned from cultivating wheat as their sole crop in De Smet. They diversified Rocky Ridge Farm with poultry, a dairy farm, and a large apple orchard. Wilder became active in various clubs and was an advocate for several regional farm associations. She was recognized as an authority in poultry farming and rural living, which led to invitations to speak to groups around the region.[citation needed]

text: Writing career[edit]

text: An invitation to submit an article to the Missouri Ruralist in 1911 led to Wilder's permanent position as a columnist and editor with that publication, which she held until the mid-1920s. She also took a paid position with the local Farm Loan Association, dispensing small loans to local farmers.

text: Wilder's column in the Ruralist, "As a Farm Woman Thinks", introduced her to a loyal audience of rural Ozarkians, who enjoyed her regular columns. Her topics ranged from home and family, including her 1915 trip to San Francisco, California, to visit her daughter and the Pan-Pacific exhibition, to World War I and other world events, and to the fascinating world travels of her daughter as well as Wilder's own thoughts on the increasing options offered to women during this era. While the couple was never wealthy until the "Little House" books began to achieve popularity, the farming operation and Wilder's income from writing and the Farm Loan Association provided them with a stable living.

text: "[By] 1924", according to the Professor John E. Miller, "[a]fter more than a decade of writing for farm papers, Wilder had become a disciplined writer, able to produce thoughtful, readable prose for a general audience." At this time, her now-married daughter, Rose Wilder Lane, helped her publish two articles describing the interior of the farmhouse, in Country Gentleman magazine.[21]

text: It was also around this time that Lane began intensively encouraging Wilder to improve her writing skills with a view toward greater success as a writer than Lane had already achieved.[22] The Wilders, according to Miller, had come to "[depend] on annual income subsidies from their increasingly famous and successful daughter." They both had concluded that the solution for improving their retirement income was for Wilder to become a successful writer, herself. However, the "project never proceeded very far."[23]

text: In 1928, Lane hired out the construction of an English-style stone cottage for her parents on property adjacent to the farmhouse they had personally built and still inhabited. She remodeled and took it over.[24]

text: Little House books[edit]

text: The Stock Market Crash of 1929 wiped the Wilders out; their daughter's investments were devastated as well. They still owned the 200 acre (81 hectare) farm, but they had invested most of their savings with their daughter Rose Wilder Lane's broker. In 1930, Wilder requested Lane's opinion about an autobiographical manuscript Wilder had written about her pioneering childhood. The Great Depression, coupled with the deaths of Wilder's mother in 1924 and her older sister in 1928, seem to have prompted her to preserve her memories in a life story called Pioneer Girl. Wilder also hoped that her writing would generate some additional income. The original title of the first of the books was When Grandma Was a Little Girl. On the advice of Lane's publisher, Wilder greatly expanded the story. As a result of Lane's publishing connections as a successful writer and after editing by Lane, Harper & Brothers published Wilder's book in 1932 as Little House in the Big Woods. After its success, Wilder continued writing. The close and often rocky collaboration between her and Lane continued, in person until 1935 when Lane permanently left Rocky Ridge Farm, and afterward by correspondence.

text: The collaboration worked both ways: two of Lane's most successful novels, Let the Hurricane Roar (1932) and Free Land (1938), were written at the same time as the "Little House" series and basically retold Ingalls and Wilder family tales in an adult format.[25]

text: Authorship controversy[edit]

text: Some, including Wilder Lane's biographer Professor William Holtz, have alleged that Rose Wilder Lane was Wilder's ghostwriter.[26] Some others, such as Timothy Abreu of Gush Publishing, argue that Wilder was an "untutored genius",[citation needed] relying on her daughter mainly for some early encouragement and Lane's connections with publishers and literary agents. Still others contend that Lane took each of Wilder's unpolished rough drafts in hand and completely, but silently, transformed them into the series of books known today.[citation needed] The existing evidence that includes ongoing correspondence between the women about the books' development, Lane's extensive diaries, and Wilder's handwritten manuscripts with edit notations shows an ongoing collaboration between the two women.

text: Miller, using this record, describes varying levels of involvement by Lane. Little House in the Big Woods (1932) and These Happy Golden Years (1943), he notes, received the least editing. "The first pages ... and other large sections of [Big Woods]", he observes, "stand largely intact, indicating ... from the start ...[Laura's] talent for narrative description."[27] Some volumes saw heavier participation by Lane,[28] while The First Four Years (1971) appears to be exclusively a Wilder work.[29] Concludes Miller, "In the end, the lasting literary legacy remains that of the mother more than that of the daughter ... Lane possessed style; Wilder had substance."[25]

text: The controversy over authorship is often tied to the movement to read the Little House series through an ideological lens. Lane emerged in the 1930s as an avowed conservative polemicist and critic of the Franklin D. Roosevelt administration and his New Deal programs. According to a 2012 article in the New Yorker, "When Roosevelt was elected, she noted in her diary, 'America has a dictator.' She prayed for his assassination, and considered doing the job herself."[30] Whatever Lane's politics, "attacks on [Wilder's] authorship seem aimed at infusing her books with ideological passions they just don’t have."[31]

text: Enduring appeal[edit]

text: The original Little House books, written for elementary school-age children, became an enduring, eight-volume record of pioneering life late in the 19th century based on the Ingalls family's experiences on the American frontier. The First Four Years, about the early days of the Wilder marriage, was discovered by her literary executor Roger MacBride after Lane's 1968 death and published in 1971, unedited by Lane or MacBride. It is now marketed as the ninth volume.[29]

text: Since the publication of Little House in the Big Woods (1932), the books have been continuously in print and have been translated into 40 other languages. Wilder's first — and smallest — royalty check from Harper, in 1932, was for $500, equivalent to $8,780 in 2016. By the mid-1930s the royalties from the Little House books brought a steady and increasingly substantial income to the Wilders for the first time in their 50 years of marriage. The collaboration also brought the two writers at Rocky Ridge Farm the money they needed to recoup the loss of their investments in the stock market. Various honors, huge amounts of fan mail, and other accolades were bestowed on Wilder.[citation needed]

text: Autobiography: Pioneer Girl[edit]

text: In 1929–1930, already in her early 60s, Wilder began writing her autobiography, titled Pioneer Girl. At the time, it was rejected by publishers and was never released. At her daughter's urging, Wilder rewrote most of her stories for children. The result was the Little House series of books. In 2014, the South Dakota State Historical Society published an annotated version of Wilder's autobiography, titled Pioneer Girl: The Annotated Autobiography.[32][33]

text: Pioneer Girl includes stories that Wilder felt were inappropriate for children: e.g., a man accidentally immolating himself while drunk, and an incident of extreme violence of a local shopkeeper against his wife, which ended with the man's setting their house on fire. She also describes previously unknown sides of her father's character. According to its publisher, "Wilder's fiction, her autobiography, and her real childhood are all distinct things, but they are closely intertwined." The book's aim was to explore the differences, including incidents with conflicting or non-existing accounts in one or another of the sources.[34]

text: Later life and death[edit]

text: Upon her daughter's departure from Rocky Ridge Farm, Wilder and her husband moved back into the farmhouse they had built, which had most recently been occupied by friends.[24] From 1935 on, Wilder and her husband were alone at Rocky Ridge Farm. Most of the surrounding area (including the property with the stone cottage Lane had built for them) were sold, but they still kept some farm animals, and tended their flower beds and vegetable gardens. Almost daily, carloads of fans stopped by, eager to meet "Laura" of the Little House books.

text: The Wilders lived independently and without financial worries until the death of Wilder's husband at the farm, in 1949, aged 92. Wilder remained on the farm. For the next eight years, she lived alone, looked after by a circle of neighbors and friends. She continued an active correspondence with her editors, fans, and friends during these years.

text: In autumn 1956, the 89-year-old Wilder was severely ill from undiagnosed diabetes and cardiac issues. She was hospitalized by her daughter, who had arrived for Thanksgiving. Wilder was able to return home on the day after Christmas. However, her health declined after her release from the hospital, and she died in her sleep, at home, on February 10, 1957, three days after her 90th birthday.[35] Wilder was buried beside her husband at Mansfield Cemetery in Mansfield, Missouri. Their daughter, Rose Wilder Lane, was buried next to them upon her death in 1968.[citation needed]

text: Estate[edit]

text: Following Wilder's death, possession of Rocky Ridge Farmhouse passed to the farmer who had earlier bought the property under a life lease arrangement.[36] The local population put together a non-profit corporation to purchase the house and its grounds, for use as a museum. After some wariness at the notion of seeing the house rather than the books be a shrine to Wilder, Lane came to believe that making a museum of it would draw long-lasting attention to the books. She donated the money needed to purchase the house and make it a museum, agreed to make significant contributions each year for its upkeep, and gave many of her parents' belongings.[37]

text: In compliance with Wilder's will, her daughter inherited ownership of the Little House literary estate with the stipulation that it be only for her lifetime, with all rights reverting to the Mansfield library after Lane's death. Following Lane's death in 1968, her will beneficiary, Roger MacBride, gained control of the books' copyrights. MacBride was to Lane an informally adopted grandson, as well as her business agent and lawyer. All of his actions carried her apparent approval; at Lane's request, the copyrights to each of Wilder's "Little House" books, as well as those of Lane's own literary works, had been renewed in MacBride's name when the original copyrights expired, during the decade between Wilder's death and Lane's death.[citation needed]

text: Controversy arose following MacBride's death in 1995, when the Laura Ingalls Wilder Branch of the Wright County Library in Mansfield — the library founded in part by Wilder — decided it was worth trying to recover the rights. The ensuing court case was settled in an undisclosed manner, but MacBride's heirs retained the rights to Wilder's books. From the settlement, the library received enough to start work on a new building.[citation needed]

text: The popularity of the Little House book series has grown over the years following Wilder's death, spawning a multimillion-dollar franchise of mass merchandising.[citation needed] Results of the franchise have included additional spinoff book series[citation needed] — some written by MacBride and his daughter, Abigail MacBride Allen — and the long-running television series, starring Melissa Gilbert as Wilder and Michael Landon as her father.

text: Works[edit]

text: Because she died in 1957, the works of Wilder are now public domain in countries where the term of copyright lasts 50 years after the death of the author, or less; generally this does not include works first published posthumously. Works first published before 1923 or where copyright was not renewed, primarily her newspaper columns, are also public domain in the United States.[citation needed]

text: Little House books[edit]

text: The eight "original" Little House books, were published by Harper & Brothers with illustrations by Helen Sewell (the first three) or by Sewell and Mildred Boyle.

text:
Little House in the Big Woods (1932) — named to the inaugural Lewis Carroll Shelf Award list in 1958
Farmer Boy (1933) — about Almanzo Wilder growing up in New York
Little House on the Prairie (1935)
On the Banks of Plum Creek (1937)[a]
By the Shores of Silver Lake (1939)[a]
The Long Winter (1940)[a]
Little Town on the Prairie (1941)[a]
These Happy Golden Years (1943)[a]

text: Other works[edit]

text:
On the Way Home (1962, published posthumously) — diary of the Wilders' move from De Smet, South Dakota to Mansfield, Missouri, edited and supplemented by Rose Wilder Lane[38]
The First Four Years (1971, published posthumously by Harper & Row), illustrated by Garth Williams
West from Home (1974, published posthumously), ed. Roger Lea MacBride — Wilder's letters to her husband while visiting their daughter in San Francisco[39]
Little House in the Ozarks: The Rediscovered Writings (1991)[40] LCCN 91-10820 — collection of pre-1932 articles[41]
The Road Back Home, part three (the only part previously unpublished) of A Little House Traveler: Writings from Laura Ingalls Wilder's Journeys Across America (2006, Harper) LCCN 2005-14975) — Wilder's record of a 1931 trip with her husband to De Smet, South Dakota, and the Black Hills
A Little House Sampler (1988 or 1989, U. of Nebraska), with Rose Wilder Lane, ed. William Anderson, OCLC 16578355[42]
Writings to Young Women — Volume One: On Wisdom and Virtues, Volume Two: On Life As a Pioneer Woman, Volume Three: As Told By Her Family, Friends, and Neighbors[citation needed]
A Little House Reader: A Collection of Writings (1998, Harper), ed. William Anderson[42]
Laura Ingalls Wilder & Rose Wilder Lane, 1937–1939 (1992, Herbert Hoover Presidential Library), ed. Timothy Walch — selections from letters exchanged by Wilder and her daughter, with family photographs, OCLC 31440538
Laura's Album: A Remembrance Scrapbook of Laura Ingalls Wilder (1998, Harper), ed. William Anderson, OCLC 865396917
Pioneer Girl: The Annotated Autobiography (South Dakota Historical Society Press, 2014)[32]
Before the Prairie Books: The Writings of Laura Ingalls Wilder 1911–1916: The Small Farm[citation needed]
Before the Prairie Books: The Writings of Laura Ingalls Wilder 1917–1918: the War Years[citation needed]
Before the Prairie Books: The Writings of Laura Ingalls Wilder 1919–1920: The Farm Home[citation needed]
Before the Prairie Books: The Writings of Laura Ingalls Wilder 1921–1924, A Farm Woman[citation needed]
Laura Ingalls Wilder's Most Inspiring Writings[citation needed]
Laura Ingalls Wilder: A Pioneer Girl's World View: Selected Newspaper Columns (Little House Prairie Series)[citation needed]
The Selected Letters of Laura Ingalls Wilder, edited by William Anderson [43]
Laura Ingalls Wilder Farm Journalist: Writings from the Ozarks, edited by Stephen W. Hines[44]

text: Legacy[edit]

text: Documentary[edit]

text: Little House on the Prairie: The Legacy of Laura Ingalls Wilder (February, 2015) is a one-hour documentary film that looks at the life of Wilder. Wilder's story as a writer, wife, and mother is explored through interviews with scholars and historians, archival photography, paintings by frontier artists, and dramatic reenactments.

text: Historic sites and museums[edit]

text:
Laura Ingalls Wilder Home and Museum, Mansfield, Missouri
Laura Ingalls Wilder Museum, Pepin, Wisconsin[45]
Laura Ingalls Wilder Museum, Walnut Grove, Minnesota[46]
Laura Ingalls Wilder Pageant and Museum, De Smet, South Dakota
Laura Ingalls Wilder Park and Museum, Burr Oak, Iowa[47]
Little House on the Prairie Museum, Independence, Kansas[48]
Wilder Homestead, Malone, NY[49]

text: Portrayals on screen and stage[edit]

text: Multiple adaptations of Wilder's Little House on the Prairie book series have been produced for screen and stage. In them, the following actresses have portrayed Wilder:

text:
Melissa Gilbert in the television series Little House on the Prairie and its movie sequels (1974–1984)
Kazuko Sugiyama (voice) in Laura, The Prairie Girl Japanese anime series (1975–1976)
Meredith Monroe, Tess Harper (elder version), Alandra Bingham (younger version, part 1), Michelle Bevan (younger version, part 2) in Part 1 and Part 2 of the Beyond the Prairie: The True Story of Laura Ingalls Wilder television films (2000 and 2002)
Kyle Chavarria in the TV miniseries Little House on the Prairie (2005)
Kara Lindsay in the Little House on the Prairie book musical (2008–2010)

text: Wilder Medal[edit]

text: Wilder was five times a runner-up for the annual Newbery Medal, the premier American Library Association (ALA) book award for children's literature.[a] In 1954, the ALA inaugurated a lifetime achievement award for children's writers and illustrators, named for Wilder, and first awarded to her. The Laura Ingalls Wilder Medal recognizes a living author or illustrator whose books, published in the United States, have made "a substantial and lasting contribution to literature for children". As of 2013, it has been conferred 19 times, biennially starting in 2001.[51]

text: Other[edit]

text:
Google Doodle commemorated her 148th birthday in 2015.[52]
Hall of Famous Missourians at the Missouri State Capitol — a bronze bust depicting Wilder is on permanent display in the rotunda. She was inducted in 1993.
Missouri Walk of Fame — Wilder was honored on the Walk in 2006.[citation needed]
Wilder crater on planet Venus was named after Laura Ingalls Wilder.


document_title: The Brave (TV series)

question_text: who stars in the new tv series the brave

text: The Brave (TV series)

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Anne Heche as Deputy Director of the Defense Intelligence Agency Patricia Campbell[4]
Mike Vogel as Captain Adam Dalton, a former Delta force operator, communications director for the team[5]
Demetrius Grosse as CPO Ezekiel "Preach" Carter, a former U.S. Navy SEAL[6]
Natacha Karam as Sergeant Jasmine "Jaz" Khan, the team's sniper[7]
Noah Mills as Sergeant Joseph J. "McG" McGuire, the team's combat medic[8]
Hadi Tabbal as Agent Amir Al-Raisani, intelligence director and newest of the team[7]
Sofia Pernas as Hannah Archer, a former operative turned analyst at the DIA[9]
Tate Ellington as Noah Morgenthau, an analyst at the DIA[7]

tag: ul

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

1
"Pilot"
Brad Anderson
Dean Georgaris
September 25, 2017 (2017-09-25)
5.96[10]

When Dr. Kimberly Wells, an opthamologist with Doctors Without Borders, is kidnapped by ISIS in Northern Syria, it is up to DIA Special Ops Capt. Adam Dalton and his team of misfits to find the terrorists responsible and bring her home safely.

2
"Moscow Rules"[11]
TBA
TBA
October 2, 2017 (2017-10-02)
TBD

3
"The Greater Good"[12]
TBA
TBA
October 9, 2017 (2017-10-09)
TBD

4
"Break Out"[13]
TBA
TBA
October 16, 2017 (2017-10-16)
TBD

tag: table


document_title: Meet Me in St. Louis

question_text: who played john truitt in meet me in st louis

text: Meet Me in St. Louis

text: Plot[edit]

text: The backdrop for Meet Me in St. Louis is St. Louis, Missouri in the year leading up to the 1904 World's Fair.

tag: p

text: It is summer 1903. The Smith family leads a comfortable upper-middle class life. Alonzo Smith (Leon Ames) and his wife Anna (Mary Astor) have four daughters: Rose (Lucille Bremer), Esther (Judy Garland), Agnes (Joan Carroll), and Tootie (Margaret O'Brien); and a son, Lon Jr. (Henry H. Daniels, Jr.). Esther, the second eldest daughter, is in love with the boy next door, John Truett (Tom Drake), although he does not notice her at first. Rose is expecting a phone call in which she hopes to be proposed to by Warren Sheffield (Robert Sully).

text: Esther finally gets to meet John properly when he is a guest at the Smiths' house party, although her chances of romancing him don't go to plan when, after all the guests are gone and he is helping her turn off the gas lamps throughout the house, he tells her she uses the same perfume as his grandmother and that she has "a mighty strong grip for a girl".

text: Esther hopes to meet John again the following Friday on a trolley ride from the city to the construction site of the World Fair. Esther is sad when the trolley sets off without any sign of him, but cheers up when she sees him running to catch the trolley mid journey.

text: On Halloween, Tootie returns home injured, claiming that John Truett attacked her. Without bothering to investigate, Esther confronts John, physically attacking him and scolding him for being a "bully". When Esther returns home, Tootie confesses that what really happened was that John was trying to protect Tootie and Agnes from the police after a dangerous prank they pulled went wrong. Upon learning the truth, Esther immediately dashes to John's house next door to apologize, and they share their first kiss.

text: Mr. Smith announces to the family that he is to be sent to New York City on business and eventually they will all move. The family is devastated and upset at the news of the move, especially Rose and Esther whose romances, friendships, and educational plans are threatened. Esther is also aghast because they will miss the World's Fair.

text: An elegant ball takes place on Christmas Eve. Esther is devastated when John cannot take her as his date, due to his leaving his tuxedo at the tailor's and being unable to get it back. But she is relieved when her grandfather (Harry Davenport) offers to take her instead. At the ball, Esther fills up a visiting girl's (Lucille Ballard, played by June Lockhart) dance card with losers because she thinks Lucille is a rival of Rose's. But when Lucille turns out to be interested in Lon, Esther switches her dance card with Lucille's and instead dances herself with the clumsy and awkward partners. After being rescued by Grandpa, she is overwhelmed when John unexpectedly turns up after somehow managing to obtain a tuxedo, and the pair dance together for the rest of the evening. Later on, John proposes to Esther and she accepts.

text: Esther returns home to an upset Tootie. She is soothed by the poignant "Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas". Tootie, however, becomes more upset at the prospect of the family's move and runs downstairs, out into the cold to destroy the snowmen they have made. Mr. Smith sees his daughter's upsetting outburst from an upstairs window.

text: Mr. Smith later announces that the family will not leave St. Louis after all when he realizes how much the move will affect his family. Warren boldly declares his love for Rose, stating that they will marry at the first possible opportunity.

text: On or after April 30, 1904, the family take two horse drawn buggies to the World's Fair. The film ends that night with the entire family (including boyfriends-to-turn-into-presumed-husbands and Lon's new love interest) overlooking the Grand Lagoon at the center of the World's Fair just as thousands of lights illuminate the grand pavilions.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Judy Garland as Esther Smith
Margaret O'Brien as "Tootie" Smith
Mary Astor as Mrs. Anna Smith
Leon Ames as Mr. Alonzo Smith
Lucille Bremer as Rose Smith
Tom Drake as John Truett
Marjorie Main as Katie the maid
Harry Davenport as Grandpa
Henry H. Daniels Jr. as Alonzo "Lon" Smith Jr.
Joan Carroll as Agnes Smith
June Lockhart as Lucille Ballard
Robert Sully as Warren Sheffield
Hugh Marlowe as Colonel Darly
Chill Wills as Mr. Neely the iceman

text: Music[edit]

text: The musical score for the film was adapted by Roger Edens, who also served as an uncredited associate producer. Georgie Stoll conducted the orchestrations of Conrad Salinger. Some of the songs in the film are from around the time of the St Louis Exposition. Others were written for the movie.

text:
"Meet Me in St. Louis, Louis" Kerry Mills and Andrew B. Sterling, 1904
"The Boy Next Door", Hugh Martin and Ralph Blane, 1944, performed by Judy Garland.
"Skip to My Lou", Traditional, with section sung to the tunes of "Kingdom Coming" and "Yankee Doodle" arranged by Hugh Martin and Ralph Blane, 1944
"I Was Drunk Last Night," performed by Margaret O'Brien.
"Under the Bamboo Tree," Words and music by Robert Cole and The Johnson Bros., 1902, performed by Judy Garland and Margaret O'Brien.
"Over the Banister," 19th-century melody adapted by Conrad Salinger, lyrics from the 1888 poem "Over the Banisters" by Ella Wheeler Wilcox, adapted by Roger Edens (1944), performed by Judy Garland.
"The Trolley Song", Hugh Martin and Ralph Blane, 1944, performed by Chorus and Judy Garland.
"You and I," Nacio Herb Brown and Arthur Freed, sung by Arthur Freed and D. Markas, dubbing for Leon Ames and Mary Astor.
"Goodbye, My Lady Love", (Instrumental), Joseph E. Howard, 1904.
"Little Brown Jug", (Instrumental), Joseph Winner, 1869.
"Down at the Old Bull and Bush," (Instrumental), Harry von Tilzer, 1903.
"Home! Sweet Home!", (Instrumental), Henry Bishop, 1823/1852.
"Auld Lang Syne", (Instrumental)
"The First Noel", (Instrumental)
"Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas", Hugh Martin and Ralph Blane, 1944, performed by Judy Garland. The lyrics for "Have Yourself A Merry Little Christmas" were originally different. The lyricist, Hugh Martin, wrote opening lyrics which were deemed too depressing by Judy Garland, Tom Drake, and Vincente Minnelli (They were: "Have yourself a merry little Christmas / It may be your last/ Next year we may all be living in the past"), so Martin changed the lyrics.

text: Deleted song[edit]

text: Judy Garland pre-recording of "Boys and Girls Like You and Me" for this film survives today, but the film footage has been lost.[7]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Upon its 1944 release, Meet Me in St. Louis was a massive critical and commercial success. During its initial theatrical release, it earned a then-massive $5,016,000 in the US and Canada and $1,550,000 elsewhere resulting in a profit of $2,359,000.[2]

text: Time called it "one of the year's prettiest pictures"; "Technicolor has seldom been more affectionately used than in its registrations of the sober mahoganies and tender muslins and benign gaslights of the period. Now & then, too, the film gets well beyond the charm of mere tableau for short flights in the empyrean of genuine domestic poetry. These triumphs are creditable mainly to the intensity and grace of Margaret O'Brien and to the ability of director Minnelli & Co. to get the best out of her."[8] O'Brien drew further praise from Time; " [her] song and her cakewalk done in a nightgown at a grown-up party, are entrancing acts. Her self-terrified Halloween adventures richly set against firelight, dark streets, and the rusty confabulations of fallen leaves, bring this section of the film very near the first-rate." The film is a New York Times Critics' Pick: after seeing it at the Astor Theatre, Bosley Crowther called it "a warm and beguiling picturization based on Sally Benson's memoirs of her folks."[9] Crowther concludes: "As a comparable screen companion to Life With Father, we would confidently predict that Meet Me in St. Louis has a future that is equally bright. In the words of one of the gentlemen, it is a ginger-peachy show." Writing in The New Yorker, Wolcott Gibbs praised the film as "extremely attractive" and called the dialogue "funny in a sense rather rare in the movies," although he thought it was too long.[10]

text: In 2005, Richard Schickel included the film on Time.com's ALL-TIME 100 best films, saying "It had wonderful songs [and] a sweetly unneurotic performance by Judy Garland....Despite its nostalgic charm, Minnelli infused the piece with a dreamy, occasionally surreal, darkness and it remains, for some of us, the greatest of American movie musicals."[11]

text: Arthur Freed: "Meet Me in St. Louis is my personal favourite. I got along wonderfully with Judy, but the only time we were ever on the outs was when we did this film. She didn't want to do the picture. Even her mother came to me about it. We bumped into some trouble with some opinions – Eddie Mannix, the studio manager, thought the Halloween sequence was wrong, but it was left in. There was a song that Rodgers and Hammerstein had written, called Boys and Girls Like You and Me, that Judy did wonderfully, but it slowed up the picture and it was cut out. After the preview of the completed film, Judy came over to me and said, "Arthur remind me not to tell you what kind of pictures to make. " [It] was the biggest grosser Metro had up to that time, except for Gone With the Wind."[12]

text: The film currently holds a 100% "Fresh" rating on the review aggregate website Rotten Tomatoes, based on 30 critical reviews with an average score of 8.7/10.[13]

text: Accolades[edit]

text: The film was nominated for four Academy Awards: Best Writing, Adapted Screenplay, Best Cinematography, Color, Best Music, Scoring of a Musical Picture, and Best Music, Song (Ralph Blane and Hugh Martin for "The Trolley Song"). Margaret O'Brien received an Academy Juvenile Award for her work that year, in which she appeared in several movies along with Meet Me in St. Louis.

text: In 1994, the film has been deemed "culturally significant" by the Library of Congress and selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry.

text: The American Film Institute ranked the film 10th on AFI's Greatest Movie Musicals; two songs from the film made AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs ("The Trolley Song" at #26 and "Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas" at #76).

text: Gerald Kaufman wrote a study of the film, with the same title, which was published by the British Film Institute in 1994.

text: Adaptations[edit]

text:
Meet Me in St. Louis was remade in 1959 for television, starring Jane Powell, Jeanne Crain, Patty Duke, Walter Pidgeon, Ed Wynn, Tab Hunter and Myrna Loy. It was directed by George Schaefer from the original Brecher and Finklehoffe screenplay.
Meet Me in St. Louis was remade again for television in 1966. This was a non-musical version starring Shelley Fabares, Celeste Holm, Larry Merrill, Judy Land, Reta Shaw, Tammy Locke and Morgan Brittany. It was directed by Alan D. Courtney from a script written by Sally Benson herself. This was to be a pilot for a TV series, but no network picked it up. It was later included as a special feature on the 2 disc DVD set released in 2004.
A Broadway musical based on the film was produced in 1989, with additional songs.

text: The late-19th century vintage carousel in this movie could be found at Bob-Lo Amusement Park in Amherstburg, Ontario until the park closed in September 1993. It was dismantled and sold to private collectors.

text: Movie references[edit]

text:
The Family Stone (2005) shows two partial scenes from the movie; one where Esther and John dance, and another where Esther sings "Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas" to Tootie.
Deck the Halls (2006) shows Steve (Matthew Broderick) watching the scene where Esther sings "Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas" to Tootie and she bashes the snowmen. Steve is depressed that his family left him and watching this scene in the film makes him only more upset.
Sex and the City (2008) shows Carrie's (Sarah Jessica Parker) assistant, Louise from St. Louis, give her a DVD of the film as a Christmas gift, and later shows Carrie watching a bit of "The Trolley Song".


document_title: National Lampoon's Vacation

question_text: who plays the aunt in national lampoon's vacation

question_tokens: who plays the aunt in national lampoon 's vacation

text: National Lampoon's Vacation

text: Plot[edit]

text: Clark Griswold, wanting to spend more time with his wife Ellen and children Rusty and Audrey, decides to lead the family on a cross-country expedition from the Chicago suburbs to the southern California amusement park Walley World, billed as "America's Favorite Family Fun Park." Ellen wants to fly, but Clark insists on driving, so he can bond with his family. He has ordered a new car in preparation for the trip, but the dealer claims that it will not be ready for six weeks. Clark is forced to accept a Wagon Queen Family Truckster, an ugly, out-sized station wagon, as the car he brought to trade in has already been hauled away and crushed.

text: During the family's travels, they run into numerous mishaps, such as being tagged by vandals in a rundown area of St. Louis, while Clark is tantalized numerous times by a beautiful young woman driving a flashy red 1983 Ferrari. They stop in Coolidge, Kansas to visit Ellen's cousin Catherine and her husband Eddie, who foist cranky Aunt Edna and her mean dog Dinky on the Griswolds, asking them to drop her off at her son Norman's home in Phoenix. After stopping at a decrepit and dirty campground in Colorado for the night, Clark forgets to untie Dinky's leash from the bumper before driving off the next morning, killing the dog. A state trooper pulls the Griswolds over and angrily lectures Clark over animal cruelty but accepts Clark's apology; Edna learns of her dog's death and becomes more irate with Clark. Exiting Colorado, Ellen loses her bag which had her credit cards, forcing Clark to have to cash a check for future spending.

text: While Ellen and Clark argue during a drive between Utah and Arizona, they crash and become stranded in the desert. After setting off alone in the desert to look for help, Clark eventually reunites with his family, who have been rescued and taken to a local mechanic. The mechanic extorts the remainder of Clark's cash only to make the car barely operational. Frustrated, they stop at the Grand Canyon; when Clark cannot convince a hotel clerk to cash a personal check because HIS credit card was reported stolen, he takes cash from the cash register behind the clerk's back and leaves the check. Leaving, they find that Aunt Edna has died in her sleep. They tie the deceased to the roof of the car, wrapped in a tarpaulin. When they reach Norman's home, they discover he is out of town and leave Edna's body at the back door. Having enough of the road-trip and of the mishaps they encountered, Ellen and the children want to go back home, but Clark has become obsessed in reaching Walley World and they continue on. After an argument with Ellen, Clark eventually meets the Ferrari-driving blonde beauty at a hotel and goes skinny-dipping with her in its pool, but they are discovered by the family before anything untowards can transpire. Ellen forgives Clark, and the couple goes skinny-dipping as well.

text: Despite the family's misfortunes, they finally arrive the next day, only to find that the park is closed for the next two weeks for repairs. Finally slipping into madness and realizing that all his efforts have been for nothing, Clark buys a realistic-looking BB gun and demands that park security guard Russ Lasky take them through Walley World; Ellen and the kids follow, attempting to placate Clark. Eventually, an LAPD SWAT team arrives, along with park owner Roy Walley. Roy understands Clark's impassioned longing to achieve the perfect vacation, bringing back memories of his own family's vacation headaches. He decides not to file criminal charges against the Griswolds and lets the family – and the SWAT team – enjoy the park as his guests.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Chevy Chase as Clark W. Griswold
Beverly D'Angelo as Ellen Griswold
Imogene Coca as Aunt Edna
Anthony Michael Hall as Russell "Rusty" Griswold
Dana Barron as Audrey Griswold
Randy Quaid as Cousin Eddie
Miriam Flynn as Ellen's cousin Catherine
Christie Brinkley as the Girl in Red Ferrari
John Candy as Russ Lasky
Eddie Bracken as Roy Walley
Brian Doyle-Murray as Kamp Komfort clerk
James Keach as Motorcycle cop
Eugene Levy as Ed the car salesman
Frank McRae as Grover
Jane Krakowski as Cousin Vicki
John P. Navin Jr. as Cousin Dale

text: Production[edit]

text: During the Chicago Blizzard of 1979, writer John Hughes began developing a short story entitled "Vacation '58" for an issue of the National Lampoon. While the story ended up being bumped from the initial vacation-themed issue, it was eventually published in September 1979 and subsequently optioned by Warner Bros.[4] "When I brought it to Hollywood, the first guy I brought it to was Jeff Katzenberg who was at Paramount," recalled producer Matty Simmons, who worked as a publisher at the National Lampoon. "He said it would never make a movie, it was too episodic, too consequential. I said, 'Yeah, it's a road trip. It's supposed to be episodic. You go from town to town, place to place.' But he didn’t like it, so then my agent brought it to Warner Brothers, and I met with them. Most of them said the same thing, but there was one executive over there—a guy named Mark Canton—who really pulled for it and it got made."[5] Upon Simmons' agreement with Warner Bros., Hughes was assigned the task of adapting his original story into a screenplay.[6]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Parts of the film were shot in Monument Valley, Utah, Flagstaff, Sedona, and the Grand Canyon in Arizona, Arcadia and Magic Mountain in California, and St. Louis, Missouri.[7]

text: Walley World[edit]

text: In Hughes' original short story, the theme park was Disneyland. To avoid legal troubles, all of the names associated with Disneyland were altered to sound-alikes. For instance, the park became Walley World, itself a good-natured parody of the Anaheim location, and the mascot, Marty Moose, is reminiscent of Walt Disney's own Mickey Mouse.[4] Similarly, Roy Walley's appearance bears similarities to that of Disney and his name is similar to that of his brother Roy Disney.[citation needed].

text: In the film, the Walley World theme park is represented by Santa Anita Park in Arcadia, California and Six Flags Magic Mountain in Valencia, California. Santa Anita Park's large parking lot and blue-tinged fascia served as the exterior of Walley World, while all park interior scenes were shot at Magic Mountain.[8] The two roller coasters seen in the film are The New Revolution, which can be recognized by the vertical loop, and Colossus, the double-track wooden roller coaster.

text: The movie's popularity gave rise to an ongoing cultural running gag of using the name "Wally World" (spelled as "Wally" without an "e") as a nickname for real-life retailer Walmart. [9]

text: Wagon Queen Family Truckster[edit]

text: The Wagon Queen Family Truckster station wagon was created specifically for the film. It is based on a 1979 Ford LTD Country Squire station wagon.[10] The car was designed by George Barris, and it lampooned American cars of the late 1970s. The Truckster features a pale avocado metallic green paint scheme; extensive imitation wood-paneling decals; eight headlights (the second pair was taken from another Crown Victoria/Country Squire and mounted upside-down below the stock pair); a grille area largely covered by bodywork with only two small openings close to the bumper; an oddly-placed fuel filler door; and an airbag made from a trashcan liner.[11]

text: In the 2015 film Vacation (a sequel to the original), the Wagon Queen Family Truckster reappears at the bed-and-breakfast garage of Clark and Ellen Griswold. The Truckster used in this later film is the creation of Lisa and Steve Griswold, a real-life family living in Atlanta, who created the replica wagon to take family trips with their two daughters. In July 2014, the real-life Griswolds drove across the United States, visiting the locations seen in the original film, and ended their journey on the 31st anniversary of the film at Walley World (Six Flags Magic Mountain), so they could ride the Colossus before Six Flags' planned closure of the roller coaster.[12]

text: Music[edit]

text: The musical score for National Lampoon's Vacation was composed by Ralph Burns, featuring original songs by Lindsey Buckingham. A soundtrack album was released in 1983 by Warner Bros. Records.[13] While the album did not chart, Buckingham's single "Holiday Road" reached number 82 on the Billboard Hot 100.

text:
"Holiday Road" – Lindsey Buckingham
"Mister Blue" – The Fleetwoods
"Blitzkrieg Bop" – Ramones
"Deep River Blues" – Ralph Burns
"Summer Hearts" – Nicolette Larson
"Little Boy Sweet" – June Pointer
"The Trip (Theme from Vacation)" – Ralph Burns
"He's So Dull" – Vanity 6
"Christie's Song" – Ralph Burns
"Dancin' Across the USA" – Lindsey Buckingham

tag: ol

text: Release[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: National Lampoon's Vacation opened theatrically in 1,175 venues on July 29, 1983 and earned $8,333,358 in its opening weekend, ranking number one at the domestic box office.[14] The film grossed $61,399,552.[2]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: The film received positive reviews from critics. On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds a 93% rating based on 43 reviews. The site's consensus reads, "Blessed by a brilliantly befuddled star turn from Chevy Chase, National Lampoon's Vacation is one of the more consistent – and thoroughly quotable – screwball comedies of the 1980s."[15] Metacritic reports a 60 out of 100 rating based on six critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[16] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "C+" on an A+ to F scale; the company's founder said in 2016, "I loved it ... I couldn't figure out for anything why people didn't love that more".[17]

text: Janet Maslin of The New York Times gave the film a positive review, saying, "National Lampoon's Vacation, which is more controlled than other Lampoon movies have been, is careful not to stray too far from its target. The result is a confident humor and throwaway style that helps sustain the laughs – of which there are quite a few."[18] Entertainment magazine Variety called the film "an enjoyable trip through familiar comedy landscapes" and praised "director Harold Ramis for populating the film with a host of well-known comedic performers in passing parts."[19] Conversely, Richard Rayner of Time Out magazine said, "The visual gags come thick and fast, and are about as subtly signposted as the exit markers on a freeway. An exercise in the comedy of humiliation which is the stuff of shamefaced giggles."[20] In August 2015 was listed as the best film in the Vacation film series by Daniel Cohen.[21]

text: Home media[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: National Lampoon's Vacation was first released on VHS, Betamax, Laserdisc, and CED in late 1983. It was later released again on VHS in 1986, 1991, 1995 and 1999. It was first released on DVD in 1997. The DVD was presented in an open-matte full screen presentation. Its only feature was the film's theatrical trailer. A 20th anniversary DVD was released in 2003. It included an anamorphic widescreen transfer. Its bonus features included an audio commentary with director Harold Ramis, producer Matty Simmons, and stars Chevy Chase, Anthony Michael Hall, Dana Barron, and Randy Quaid. It also included an introduction with Chase, Simmons, and Quaid, a family truckster interactive featurette gallery, and the film's theatrical trailer. A Blu-ray was released in 2013. It included the same features from the 20th Anniversary DVD and included the A&E documentary: Inside Story: National Lampoon's Vacation.


document_title: List of Pakistan national cricket captains

question_text: who was the first captain of pakistan cricket team

text: Men's cricket

text: Test cricket captains

text: This is a list of cricketers who have captained the Pakistani cricket team for at least one Test match.

text:
Number
Name
Year
Opposition
Location
Played
Won
Lost
Drawn

1
Abdul Hafeez Kardar

1952/3
India
India
5
1
2
2

1954
England
England
4
1
1
2

1954/5
India
Pakistan
5
0
0
5

1955/6
New Zealand
Pakistan
3
2
0
1

1956/7
Australia
Pakistan
1
1
0
0

1957/8
West Indies
West Indies
5
1
3
1

Total
23
6
6
11

2
Fazal Mahmood

1958/9
West Indies
Pakistan
3
2
1
0

1959/60
Australia
Pakistan
2
0
1
1

1960/1
India
India
5
0
0
5

Total
10
2
2
6

3
Imtiaz Ahmed
1959/60♠
Australia
Pakistan
1
0
1
0

1961/2
England
Pakistan
3
0
1
2

Total
4
0
2
2

4
Javed Burki
1962
England
England
5
0
4
1

5
Hanif Mohammad
1964/5
Australia
Pakistan
1
0
0
1

1964/5
Australia
Australia
1
0
0
1

1964/5
New Zealand
New Zealand
3
0
0
3

1964/5
New Zealand
Pakistan
3
2
0
1

1967
England
England
3
0
2
1

Total
11
2
2
7

6
Saeed Ahmed
1968/9
England
Pakistan
3
0
0
3

7
Intikhab Alam
1969/70
New Zealand
Pakistan
3
0
1
2

1971
England
England
3
0
1
2

1972/3
Australia
Australia
3
0
3
0

1972/3
New Zealand
New Zealand
3
1
0
2

1974
England
England
3
0
0
3

1974/5
West Indies
Pakistan
2
0
0
2

Total
17
1
5
11

8
Majid Khan
1972/3
England
Pakistan
3
0
0
3

9
Mushtaq Mohammad
1976/7
New Zealand
Pakistan
3
2
0
1

1976/7
Australia
Australia
3
1
1
1

1976/7
West Indies
West Indies
5
1
2
2

1978/9
India
Pakistan
3
2
0
1

1978/9
New Zealand
New Zealand
3
1
0
2

1978/9
Australia
Australia
2
1
1
0

Total
19
8
4
7

10
Wasim Bari
1977/8
England
Pakistan
3
0
0
3

1978
England
England
3
0
2
1

Total
6
0
2
4

11
Asif Iqbal
1979/80
India
India
6
0
2
4

12
Javed Miandad

1979/80
Australia
Pakistan
3
1
0
2

1980/1
West Indies
Pakistan
4
0
1
3

1981/2
Australia
Australia
3
1
2
0

1981/2
Sri Lanka
Pakistan
3
2
0
1

1984/5
New Zealand
New Zealand
3
0
2
1

1985/6
Sri Lanka
Pakistan
3
2
0
1

1987/8
England
Pakistan
3
1
0
2

1988/9
Australia
Pakistan
3
1
0
2

1990/1
New Zealand
Pakistan
3
3
0
0

1992
England
England
5
2
1
2

1992/3
New Zealand
New Zealand
1
1
0
0

Total
34
14
6
14

13
Imran Khan

1982
England
England
3
1
2
0

1982/3
Australia
Pakistan
3
3
0
0

1982/3
India
Pakistan
6
3
0
3

1983/4♠
Australia
Australia
2
0
1
1

1985/6
Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka
3
1
1
1

1986/7
West Indies
Pakistan
3
1
1
1

1986/7
India
India
5
1
0
4

1987
England
England
5
1
0
4

1987/8
West Indies
West Indies
3
1
1
1

1988/9
New Zealand
New Zealand
2
0
0
2

1989/90
India
Pakistan
4
0
0
4

1989/90
Australia
Australia
3
0
1
2

1990/1
West Indies
Pakistan
3
1
1
1

1991/2
Sri Lanka
Pakistan
3
1
0
2

Total
48
14
8
26

14
Zaheer Abbas
1983/4
India
India
3
0
0
3

1983/4
Australia
Australia
3
0
1
2

1983/4
England
Pakistan
3
1
0
2

1984/5
India
Pakistan
2
0
0
2

1984/5
New Zealand
Pakistan
3
2
0
1

Total
14
3
1
10

15
Wasim Akram

1992/3
West Indies
West Indies
3
0
2
1

1993/4
Zimbabwe
Pakistan
2
1
0
1

1995/6
Australia
Australia
3
1
2
0

1995/6
New Zealand
New Zealand
1
1
0
0

1996
England
England
3
2
0
1

1996/7
Zimbabwe
Pakistan
2
1
0
1

1997/8
West Indies
Pakistan
3
3
0
0

1998/9
India
India
2
1
1
0

1998/91
India
India
1
1
0
0

1998/91
Sri Lanka
Pakistan
1
0
0
1

1998/92
Sri Lanka
Bangladesh
1
1
0
0

1999/2000
Australia
Australia
3
0
3
0

Total
25
12
8
5

16
Waqar Younis

1993/4♠
Zimbabwe
Pakistan
1
1
0
0

2001
England
England
2
1
1
0

2001/21
Bangladesh
Pakistan
1
1
0
0

2001/2
Bangladesh
Bangladesh
2
2
0
0

2001/2
West Indies
Sharjah
2
2
0
0

2001/22
Sri Lanka
Pakistan
1
0
1
0

2002
New Zealand
Pakistan
1
1
0
0

2002/3
Australia
Sri Lanka
1
0
1
0

2002/3
Australia
Sharjah
2
0
2
0

2002/3
Zimbabwe
Zimbabwe
2
2
0
0

2002/3
South Africa
South Africa
2
0
2
0

Total
17
10
7
0

17
Saleem Malik
1993/4
New Zealand
New Zealand
3
2
1
0

1994
Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka
2
2
0
0

1994/5
Australia
Pakistan
3
1
0
2

1994/5
South Africa
South Africa
1
0
1
0

1994/5
Zimbabwe
Zimbabwe
3
2
1
0

Total
12
7
3
2

18
Rameez Raja
1995/6
Sri Lanka
Pakistan
3
1
2
0

1996/7
Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka
2
0
0
2

Total
5
1
2
2

19
Saeed Anwar
1996/7
New Zealand
Pakistan
2
1
1
0

1997/8
South Africa
Pakistan
3
0
1
2

1999/2000
Sri Lanka
Pakistan
2
0
2
0

Total
7
1
4
2

20
Aamer Sohail
1997/8
South Africa
South Africa
2
1
0
1

1998/9
Australia
Pakistan
3
0
1
2

1998/9
Zimbabwe
Zimbabwe
1
0
1
0

Total
6
1
2
3

21
Rashid Latif
1997/8♠
South Africa
South Africa
1
0
1
0

1997/8
Zimbabwe
Zimbabwe
2
1
0
1

2003/4
Bangladesh
Pakistan
3
3
0
0

Total
6
4
1
1

22
Moin Khan
1997/8♠
Zimbabwe
Zimbabwe
1
0
0
1

1999/2000♠
Sri Lanka
Pakistan
1
1
0
0

1999/2000
West Indies
West Indies
3
0
1
2

2000
Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka
3
2
0
1

2000/1
England
Pakistan
3
0
1
2

2000/1
New Zealand
New Zealand
2
1
0
1

Total
13
4
2
7

23
Inzamam-ul-Haq

2000/1♠
New Zealand
New Zealand
1
0
1
0

2003/4♠
South Africa
Pakistan
1
0
0
1

2003/4
New Zealand
New Zealand
2
1
0
1

2003/4
India
Pakistan
3
1
2
0

2004/5
Sri Lanka
Pakistan
2
1
1
0

2004/5♠
Australia
Australia
1
0
1
0

2004/5
India
India
3
1
1
1

2004/5
West Indies
West Indies
1
1
0
0

2005/6
England
Pakistan
3
2
0
1

2005/6
India
Pakistan
2
0
0
2

2005/6
Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka
2
1
0
1

2006
England
England
4
0
33
1

2006/7
West Indies
Pakistan
3
2
0
1

2006/7
South Africa
South Africa
3
1
2
0

Total
31
11
113
9

24
Mohammad Yousuf

2003/4
South Africa
Pakistan
1
1
0
0

2004/5
Australia
Australia
2
0
2
0

2009/10
New Zealand
New Zealand
3
1
1
1

2009/10
Australia
Australia
3
0
3
0

Total
9
2
6
1

25
Younus Khan

2004/5♠
West Indies
West Indies
1
0
1
0

2005/6♠
India
Pakistan
1
1
0
0

2007/8♠
India
India
2
0
0
2

2008/9
Sri Lanka
Pakistan
2
0
0
2

2009
Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka
3
0
2
1

Total
9
1
3
5

26
Shoaib Malik

2007/8
South Africa
Pakistan
2
0
1
1

2007/8
India
India
1
0
1
0

Total
3
0
2
1

27
Shahid Afridi

2009/10
Australia
England
1
0
1
0

Total
1
0
1
0

28
Salman Butt
2009/10
Australia
England
2
1
1
0

2009/10
England
England
3
1
2
0

Total
5
2
3
0

30
Misbah-ul-Haq

2011/12
South Africa
Dubai
2
0
0
2

2011/12
New Zealand
New Zealand
2
1
0
1

2011/12
West Indies
West Indies
2
1
1
0

2011/12
Zimbabwe
Zimbabwe
1
1
0
0

2011/12
Sri Lanka
United Arab Emirates
3
1
0
2

2011/12
Bangladesh
Bangladesh
2
2
0
0

2012/13
England
United Arab Emirates
3
3
0
0

2012/13
Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka
2
0
0
2

2012/13
South Africa
South Africa
3
0
3
0

2013/14
Zimbabwe
Zimbabwe
2
1
1
0

2013/14
South Africa
United Arab Emirates
2
1
1
0

2013/14
Sri Lanka
United Arab Emirates
3
1
1
1

2014
Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka
2
0
2
0

2014
Australia
United Arab Emirates
2
2
0
0

2014
New Zealand
United Arab Emirates
3
1
1
1

2015
Bangladesh
Bangladesh
2
1
0
1

2015
Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka
3
2
1
0

2015
England
United Arab Emirates
3
2
0
1

2016
England
England
4
2
2
0

2016
West Indies
United Arab Emirates
3
2
1
0

2016
New Zealand
New Zealand
1
0
1
0

2016/17
Australia
Australia
3
0
3
0

2017
West Indies
West Indies
3
2
1
0

Total
56
26
19
11

27
Azhar Ali
2016
New Zealand
New Zealand
1
0
1
0

Total
1
0
1
0

Grand total
407
130
1193
158

text: Notes:

text:
1 Asian Test Championship
2 Final of the Asian Test Championship
3 Includes one forfeited match.

text: Men's One Day International captains

text: This is a list of cricketers who have captained the Pakistani cricket team for at least one One Day International. The table of results is complete to the end of the Micromax Asia Cup. Pakistan's most successful One Day captain in terms of number of won matches is Imran Khan, who retired after lifting the 1992 cricket World Cup.

text:
Pakistani One Day International captains[1]

N0.
Name
Year
Played
Won
Tied
Lost
NR
Win %

1
Intikhab Alam
1972/3-1974
3
2
0
1
0
67.33%

2
Asif Iqbal
1975–1979
6
2
0
4
0
33.33%

3
Majid Khan
1975
2
1
0
1
0
50%

4
Mushtaq Mohammad
1976/7-1978/1979
4
2
0
2
0
50%

5
Wasim Bari
1977/8-1978
5
1
0
4
0
20%

6
Javed Miandad
1980/1-1992/3
62
26
1
33
2
44.16%

7
Zaheer Abbas
1981/2-1984/5
13
7
0
5
1
58.23%

8
Imran Khan
1982-1991/2
139
75
1
59
4
55.92%

9
Sarfraz Nawaz
1983/4
1
0
0
1
0
0%

10
Abdul Qadir
1987/8-1988/9
5
1
0
4
0
20%

11
Saleem Malik
1992-1994/5
34
21
2
11
0
64.70%

12
Rameez Raja
1992–1997
22
7
0
13
2
35.00%

13
Wasim Akram
1992/3-1999/2000
109
66
2
41
0
61.46%

14
Waqar Younis
1993/4-2002/3
62
37
0
23
2
60.61%

15
Moin Khan
1994/5-2000/1
34
20
0
14
0
58.82%

16
Saeed Anwar
1994/5-1999/2000
11
5
0
6
0
45.45%

17
Aamer Sohail
1995/6-1998/9
22
9
0
12
1
42.85%

18
Rashid Latif
1997/8-2003
25
13
0
12
0
52.00%

19
Inzamam-ul-Haq
2002/3-2007
87
51
0
33
3
60.71%

20
Mohammad Yousuf
2003/4, 2004/5, 2009/10
8
2
0
6
0
25.00%

21
Younis Khan
2005-2009
21
8
0
13
0
38.09%

22
Abdul Razzaq
2006
1
0
0
1
0
0%

23
Shoaib Malik
2007–2009
36
24
0
12
0
66.66%

24
Misbah-ul-Haq
2008-2015
87
45
2
39
1
51.72%

25
Shahid Afridi
2009–2014
38
19
0
18
1
51.35%

26
Azhar Ali
2015-2017
29
12
0
16
1

27
Sarfraz Ahmed
2015, 2017-present
9
7
0
2
0
77.78%

28
Mohammad Hafeez
2017
2
1
0
1
0
50.00%

Grand total
851
451
8
374
18

text: Men's Twenty20 International captains

text: This is a list of cricketers who have captained the Pakistani national cricket team for at least one Twenty20 International (T20I).[2] Shahid Afridi was named as the T20I captain in September 2014 replacing Mohammad Hafeez and Sarfraz Ahmed has now been assigned to lead team Pakistan immediately after his supercharged performances in ICC Cricket World Cup 2015.[3]

text:
Pakistani Twenty20 International captains[2]

Number
Name
Year
Played
Won
Lost
Tied
No result
 %

1
Inzamam-ul-Haq
2006-2006
1
1
0
0
0
100.00

2
Younis Khan
2007–2009
8
5
3
0
0
62.50

3
Shoaib Malik
2007–2010
17
12
4
1
0
73.52

4
Misbah-ul-Haq
2011–2012
8
6
2
0
0
75.00

5
Shahid Afridi
2009–2011,2014-2016
43
19
23
1
0
45.34

6
Mohammad Hafeez
2012–2014
29
17
11
1
0
60.34

7
Sarfraz Ahmed
2016-present
7
6
1
0
0
85.71

Grand total
100
62
36
3
0
62.00

text: Under-19 Captains

text: captained the Pakistani Under-19 cricket team for at least one under-19 Test match. The table of results is complete to the second Test against Sri Lanka in 2004/5. A cricketer who has a symbol of ♠ next to a Test match series describes their role as captain and their participation in at least one game for the team. The rules of the Under-19 cricket describes no youth, captains the side for more than one year.

text:
Pakistani Under-19 Test cricket captains

Number
Name
Year
Opposition
Location
Played
Won
Lost
Drawn

1
Javed Qureshi
1978/9
India
India
5
0
0
5

2
Rameez Raja
1980/1
Australia
Pakistan
3
2
0
1

3
Saleem Malik
1981/2
Australia
Australia
3
1
0
2

4
Basit Ali
1988/9
India
Pakistan
4
0
1
3

5
Moin Khan
1989/90
India
India
4
0
1
3

1990
England
England
3
0
1
2

Total
7
0
2
5

6
Aaley Haider
1991/2
England
Pakistan
2
1
1
0

7
Mohammad Afzal
1991/2♠
England
Pakistan
1
0
0
1

8
Qayyum-ul-Hasan
1993/4
New Zealand
New Zealand
3
0
0
3

9
Maisam Hasnain
1994/5
New Zealand
Pakistan
3
0
0
3

10
Naved-ul-Hasan
1995/6
West Indies
Pakistan
3
0
2
1

11
Mohammad Wasim
1996/7
West Indies
West Indies
3
0
0
3

12
Shadab Kabir
1996/7
England
Pakistan
2
0
1
1

13
Ahmer Saeed
1996/7♠
England
Pakistan
1
0
0
1

1996/7
South Africa
South Africa
3
2
0
1

1996/7
Australia
Pakistan
3
1
1
1

Total
7
3
1
3

14
Bazid Khan
1997/8
Australia
Australia
3
0
0
3

1998
England
England
3
1
2
0

Total
6
1
2
3

15
Hasan Raza
1999
South Africa
Pakistan
3
1
0
2

16
Khalid Latif
2003
Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka
2
0
0
2

17
Jahangir Mirza
2005
Sri Lanka
Pakistan
2
0
0
2

18
Mohammad Ibrahim
2006
India
Pakistan
2
0
2
0

19
Imad Wasim
2007
Pakistan
England
2
1
1
0

2007
Bangladesh
Pakistan
1
0
0
1

Total
3
1
1
1

Grand total
62
10
13
41

text: Youth One Day International captains

text: This is a list of cricketers who have captained the Pakistani Under-19 cricket team for at least one Under-19 One Day International. The table of results is complete to the Indian Under-19 tour of Pakistan in 2006/7.

text:
Pakistani Under-19 One Day International captains

Number
Name
Year
Played
Won
Tied
Lost
No result

1
Zahoor Elahi
2011/8
9
6
0
3
0

2
Ghulam Pasha
1989/90
2
0
0
2
0

3
Moin Khan
1989/90-1990
4
2
0
2
0

4
Aaley Haider
1991/2
3
3
0
0
0

5
Qayyum-ul-Hasan
1993/4
3
2
0
1
0

6
Maisam Hasnain
1994/5
3
1
0
2
0

7
Naved-ul-Hasan
1995/6
3
2
0
1
0

8
Mohammad Wasim
1996/7
3
1
0
2
0

9
Ahmer Saeed
1996/7
6
2
1
3
0

10
Bazid Khan
1997/8-1998
12
4
0
7
1

11
Hasan Raza
1998/9-1999/2000
8
7
0
1
0

12
Salman Butt
2001/2
9
7
0
2
0

13
Junaid Zia
2001/2
2
1
0
1
0

14
Khalid Latif
2003-2003/4
16
12
0
4
0

15
Jahangir Mirza
2004/5
3
1
0
2
0

16
Sarfraz Ahmed
2005/6
15
11
0
5
0

17
Riaz Kail
2006/7
3
0
0
3
0

18
Imad Wasim
2006
1
0
0
1
0

18
Ahmed Shehzad
2007
5
2
0
3
0

19
Azeem Ghumman
2009/10
16
11
0
4
1

20
Babar Azam
2012
21
13
1
7
0

21
Sami Aslam
2013/14
19
15
0
3
1

Grand total
197
123
2
68
4

text: Women's cricket

text: Test cricket captains

text: This is a list of cricketers who have captained the Pakistani women's cricket team for at least one women's Test match. The table of results is complete to the Test as of June 2005.

text:
Pakistani women's Test cricket captains

Number
Name
Year
Opposition
Location
Played
Won
Lost
Drawn

1
Shaiza Khan
1997/8
Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka
1
0
1
0

2000
Ireland
Ireland
1
0
1
0

2003/4
West Indies
Pakistan
1
0
0
1

Grand total
3
0
2
1

text: Women's One Day International captains

text: This is a list of cricketers who have captained the Pakistani women's cricket team for at least one women's one-day international. The table of results is complete as of present(2017). Pakistan have only ever competed in one World Cup, that of 1997/8, when they finished bottom of their qualifying group.

text:
Pakistani women's One Day International captains

Number
Name
Year
Played
Won
Tied
Lost
No result

1
Shaiza Khan
1997–2004
39
7
0
32
0

2
Sadia Butt
2003
1
1
0
0
0

3
Sana Javed
2005–06
4
0
0
4
0

4
Urooj Mumtaz
2006–2009
26
4
0
21
1

5
Sana Mir
2009–present
36
17
0
18
1

6
Bismah Maroof
2013
2
2
0
0
0

Grand total
108
31
0
75
2


document_title: Scott Schwartz

question_text: who stuck their tongue to the pole in the christmas story

text: Scott Schwartz

text: Life and career[edit]

text: Schwartz co-starred opposite Richard Pryor and Jackie Gleason in 1982's The Toy directed by Richard Donner. In 1982, Schwartz filmed Kidco directed by Ronald F. Maxwell. In 1983, he featured in the Christmas film A Christmas Story as Flick, who got his tongue stuck to a frozen flagpole. In 1985, Schwartz co-starred with Liza Minnelli, Corey Haim and Jeffrey DeMunn in the television film A Time to Live.

text: Schwartz grew up in Bridgewater Township, New Jersey and attended Eisenhower Junior High School.[2] He attended high school in 1982/3 and 1985/6 at Bridgewater-Raritan High School West in Bridgewater, with future professional basketball player Eric Murdock. He moved on to attend the Professional Children's School from 1983 to 1985.

text: Since 1987, he has managed a sports and movie memorabilia collectibles store, Baseball Cards - Movie Collectibles Etc. with his father Dan Schwartz in Westlake Village, California. Schwartz' father was Elvis Presley's US Army company clerk in Germany from 1958 to 1960.[citation needed]

text: In the 1990s, Schwartz worked in the adult film industry in minor, non-sexual roles, and behind the scenes in numerous administrative roles. Schwartz would eventually star in adult films in sexual roles.[3] After appearing in more than a dozen films in a non-sexual capacity, he quit in 2000.

text: Since 2006, Schwartz has pursued his acting career, and helped create a line of celebrity-based trading cards for Donruss Trading cards, now known as Panini called "Americana". He has also obtained celebrity autographs for companies such as: Upper Deck, Razor, Leaf & In The Game.[citation needed] In 2008, Schwartz began writing for the sports card magazine Beckett, and was featured on the cover of the September 2008 issue of Sports Card Monthly alongside Darren McFadden and Josh Hamilton.[citation needed]

text: In the wake of his former castmate Corey Haim's death in March 2010, Schwartz sold Haim's personal belongings on Ebay at the behest of the Haim family.[4]

text: Filmography[edit]

text:
The Toy (1982)
A Christmas Story (1983)
Kidco (1984)
A Time to Live (1985)
Raiders of the Living Dead (1986)
Fear a.k.a. Honor Betrayed (1988)
Beauty and the Beast: Part II (1990)
Scotty's X-Rated Adventure (1996)
Skin Walker (2004)
Alien 3000 a.k.a. Unseen Evil 2 (2004)
Community College (2008)
The Coffin (2008)

text: Television[edit]

text:
The Bongos: "Numbers with Wings" (RCA Music Video, MTV 1983)
Young People's Specials (1 episode, 1984)
ABC Afterschool Special - "That Funny Fat Kid", "Summer Switch" (2 episodes, 1984)
A Time to Live (1985)
21 Jump Street (1 episode, #8, 1987)
Rags to Riches (1 episode, 1987)
TV 101 (1 episode, 1988)


document_title: List of people considered father or mother of a scientific field

question_text: who is known as the father of modern microbiology

text: Natural sciences[edit]

text: Biology[edit]

text:
Field
Person/s
considered "father" or "mother"
Rationale

Bacteriology
Robert Koch / Ferdinand Cohn[4] / Louis Pasteur
First to produce precise, correct descriptions of bacteria.

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek[5]

Biogeography
Alfred Russel Wallace
"...Often described as the Father of Biogeography, Wallace shows the impact of human activity on the natural world."[6]

Biology[n 1]
Aristotle
[7]

Ecology
Carl Linnaeus / Ernst Haeckel / Eugenius Warming[8]
Linnaeus founded an early branch of ecology that he called The Economy of Nature (1772), Haeckel coined the term "ecology" (German: Oekologie, Ökologie) (1866), Warming authored the first book on plant ecology. Plantesamfund (1895).

Entomology
Jan Swammerdam
[9]

Johan Christian Fabricius[10]
Fabricius described and published information on over 10,000 insects and refined Linnaeus's system of classification.

William Kirby
[11]

Ethology
Nikolaas Tinbergen
Karl von Frisch
Konrad Lorenz
The modern discipline of ethology is generally considered to have begun during the 1930s with the work of Nikolaas Tinbergen, Konrad Lorenz and Karl von Frisch, joint awardees of the 1973 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.[12]

Evolution
Natural selection

Charles Darwin[13][14][15]
On the Origin of Species (1859).

Genetics
Gregor Mendel
For his study of the inheritance of traits in pea plants, which forms the basis for Mendelian inheritance.[16]

William Bateson
Proponent of Mendelism.[17]

Ichthyology
Peter Artedi
"Far greater than either of these… was he who has been justly called the Father of Ichthyology, Petrus (Peter) Artedi (1705–35)."[18]

Lichenology
Erik Acharius
"Erik Acharius, the father of lichenology..."[19]

Microbiology
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek[20]
The first to microscopically observe micro-organisms in water and the first to see bacteria.

Molecular biology
Linus Pauling
[21]

Molecular biophysics
Gopalasamudram Narayana Iyer Ramachandran[22]
Founded the [world's first?] molecular biophysics unit (1970).

Paleontology
Leonardo da Vinci
George Cuvier
[23]

Parasitology
Francesco Redi
The founder of experimental biology and the first person to challenge the theory of spontaneous generation by demonstrating that maggots come from eggs of flies.[24]

Protozoology
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek[5]
First to produce precise, correct descriptions of protozoa.

Taxonomy
Carl Linnaeus[25]
Devised the system of naming living organisms that became universally accepted in the scientific world.

Virology
Dmitry Ivanovsky
Martinus Beijerinck
The first men to discover viruses (1892).

text: Chemistry[edit]

text:
Field
Person/s
considered "father" or "mother"
Rationale

Atomic theory (early)
Democritus[26]
Founder of atomism in cosmology.

Atomic theory (modern)
Father Roger Boscovich[27]
First coherent description of atomic theory.

John Dalton[28]
First scientific description of the atom as a building block for more complex structures.

Chemical thermodynamics (modern)
Gilbert Lewis / Willard Gibbs / Merle Randall / Edward Guggenheim[29]
Thermodynamics and the Free Energy of Chemical Substances (1923) and Modern Thermodynamics by the Methods of Willard Gibbs (1933), which made a major contribution to the use of thermodynamics in chemistry.

Chemistry (early)
Jabir ("Geber") ibn Hayyan (died 815)[30][31][32][33]
Introduced the experimental method to Islamic alchemy.

Chemistry (modern)
Antoine Lavoisier[34]
Elements of Chemistry (1787)

Robert Boyle[34]
The Sceptical Chymist (1661)

Jöns Berzelius[35][36]
Development of chemical nomenclature (1800s)

John Dalton[34]
Revival of atomic theory (1803)

Green chemistry
Paul Anastas[37]
Design and manufacture of chemicals that are non-hazardous and environmentally benign.

Nuclear chemistry
Otto Hahn[38]

Applied Radiochemistry (1936)
First person to split an atomic nucleus (nuclear fission, 1938)
Nobel Prize in Chemistry for this discovery (1944)

Periodic table
Dmitri Mendeleev[39]
Arranged the sixty-six elements known at the time in order of atomic weight by periodic intervals (1869).

Physical chemistry
Mikhail Lomonosov
The first to read lectures in physical chemistry and coin the term (1752).

Jacobus van 't Hoff
Jacobus van 't Hoff is considered to be one of the founders of the discipline of physical chemistry. His work helped found the discipline as it is today.[40][41][42]

Svante Arrhenius[43]
Devised much of the theoretical foundation for physical chemistry. On the Equilibrium of Heterogeneous Substances (1876), Thermodynamik chemischer Vorgange (1882).

Wilhelm Ostwald
"Wilhelm Ostwald is considered one of the founders of the discipline of physical chemistry..."[44]

Hermann von Helmholtz
[citation needed]

text: Earth sciences[edit]

text:
Field
Person/s
considered "father" or "mother"
Rationale

Geochemistry (modern)
Victor Goldschmidt
For developing the Goldschmidt classification of elements.

Early Geodesy (mathematical geography)
Eratosthenes[45][46]
Eratosthenes was first to write the word 'Geography' (from Geo- and -graphy, literally "writing about the Earth") [47]

Modern Geodesy
Al-Biruni[48][49]

Geology (modern)

Father Nicholas Steno[50]
James Hutton[51]

For setting down most of the principles of modern geology.
For formulating uniformitarianism and the Plutonic theory.

Limnology (modern)
G. Evelyn Hutchinson
[52]

Mineralogy
Georgius Agricola
[53]

Meteorology
Naval oceanography (modern)

Matthew Fontaine Maury
[54]

Plate tectonics
Alfred Wegener
[citation needed]

Acoustical oceanography
Leonid Brekhovskikh
[55]

Stratigraphy
Father Nicholas Steno
[50]

Speleology
Édouard-Alfred Martel
Began the first systematic exploration of cave systems and promoted speleology as a field separate from geology.

text: Medicine and physiology[edit]

text:
Field
Person/s
considered "father" or "mother"
Rationale

Anatomy (modern)
Marcello Malpighi

Audiology
Raymond Carhart

"…the Father of Audiology himself, Raymond Carhart at Northwestern University…"[56]
"Carhart notch: A decrease in the bone-conduction hearing at the 2000 Hz region of patients with otosclerosis first reported by and therefore named after the father of audiology, Raymond Carhart."[57]

Biophysics
Hermann von Helmholtz

Biomechanics
Christian Wilhelm Braune
First to describe the methodology of human gait walking.

Bioelectromagnetics
Luigi Galvani
First to discover animal electricity through a series of experiments.

Cognitive therapy
Aaron T. Beck

"In developing ways to do this, Beck became the father of cognitive therapy, one of the most important developments in psychotherapy in the last 50 years."[58]
The Prospect of Immortality (1962)

Cryonics
Robert Ettinger
[59]

Dentistry (modern)
Pierre Fauchard
[60]

Electrophysiology
Emil du Bois-Reymond
The discoverer of nerve action potential.

Emergency medicine

Peter Safar[61][62]
Frank Pantridge

Safar pioneered CPR, intensive-care units and developed standards for EMT, ambulance design and equipment.
Pantridge: [63]

Epidemiology (modern)
John Snow

Fitness
Jack LaLanne
[64]

Gynaecology
J. Marion Sims
[65][66]

Histology
Marcello Malpighi

Human anatomy (modern)
Vesalius[67]
De humani corporis fabrica (1543)

Medical genetics
Victor McKusick[68]
Mendelian Inheritance in Man

Medicine (early)

Imhotep[69]
Charaka[70]
Hippocrates[71][72]

None.
Wrote the Charaka Samhitā and founded the Ayurveda system of medicine.
Prescribed professional practices for physicians through the Hippocratic Oath.

Medicine (modern)

Sir William Osler

Neurosurgery
Harvey Cushing[73]
Developed techniques that considerably reduced the risks involved with brain surgery in the early 20th Century.[73]

Neuroscience
Santiago Ramón y Cajal
Comprehensive work on structure of the brain.

Nursing (modern)
Florence Nightingale
See Nursing#History.

Nutrition (modern)

Justus von Liebig
Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier

"Justus Von Liebig, the 'father of modern nutrition', developed the perfect infant food. It consisted of [...]"[74]
"In addition to being known as the Father of Modern Chemistry, Lavoisier is also considered the Father of Modern Nutrition, as the first to discover the metabolism that occurs inside the human body..."[75]

Organ transplantation
Thomas Starzl[76]
Performed the first human liver transplant and established the clinical utility of anti-rejection drugs including ciclosporin. Developed major advances in organ preservation, procurement and transplantation.

Orthopedic surgery (modern)
Hugh Owen Thomas[77]
He stressed the importance of rest in treatment and was responsible for many landmark contributions to orthopaedic surgery. He was especially celebrated for his design and use of splints; the famous Thomas knee splint was still in wide use at the end of World War II.

Pathology (modern)
Rudolf Virchow
Founded modern Pathology and Social Medicine and published Die Cellularpathologie in ihrer Begründung auf physiologische und pathologische Gewebelehre which is regarded as the basis of modern medical science.

Psychology (experimental)
Wilhelm Wundt[78]
Founded the first laboratory for psychological research.

Pediatrics
Muhammad ibn Zakarīya Rāzi ("Rhazes")[79]
Wrote The Diseases of Children, the first book to deal with pediatrics as an independent field.

Physiology
Claude Bernard[80]
An Introduction to the Study of Experimental Medicine (1865)

Physical culture
Bernarr Macfadden
"It delighted the heart of our old friend Bernarr Macfadden, 'the Father of Physical Culture,' when we told him how much athletic activity and good sportsmanship had to do with the rehabilitation of boys."[81]

Plastic surgery

Sushruta[82][83]
Harold Gillies

Wrote the Sushruta Samhita.

Psychoanalysis
Sigmund Freud
[84]

Psychophysics
Gustav Fechner[85]
Elements of Psychophysics (1860)

Space medicine
Hubertus Strughold
"After Wernher von Braun, he was the top Nazi scientist employed by the American government, and he was subsequently hailed by NASA as the 'father of space medicine'"[86]

Surgery (early)
Sushruta[82][83]
Wrote the Sushruta Samhita.

Surgery (modern)

Abu al-Qasim ("Abulcasis") al-Zahrawi[87]
Guy de Chauliac[88]
Ambroise Paré
John Hunter
Joseph Lister
William Stewart Halsted
See also Father of modern surgery

Kitab al-Tasrif (1000 AD).
Chirurgia magna
Leader in surgical techniques, especially the treatment of wounds.[89]
Experimental, scientific approach to surgery.[90][91]
Use of carbolic acid as an antiseptic.[92][93]
Introduction of residency system in the United States.[94]

Toxicology
Paracelsus
[95]

text: Physics and astronomy[edit]

text:
Field
Person/s
considered "father" or "mother"
Rationale

Acoustics
Ernst Chladni[96]
For important research in vibrating plates

Atomic bomb
Enrico Fermi
J. Robert Oppenheimer
Leslie Groves
Edward Teller
For their role in the Manhattan Project

Aerodynamics
Nikolai Zhukovsky
George Cayley[97]
Zhukovsky was the first to undertake the study of airflow, was the first engineer scientist to explain mathematically the origin of aerodynamic lift. Cayley Investigated theoretical aspects of flight and experimented with flight a century before the first airplane was built

Physical cosmology
Albert Einstein (founder)
Henrietta Leavitt (mother)[98]
Edwin Hubble (father)[98]

Leavitt discovered Cepheid variables, the "Standard Candle" by which Hubble later determined galactic distances. Einstein's general theory of relativity is usually recognized as the theoretic foundation of modern cosmology.

Classical mechanics
Isaac Newton (founder)[99]
Described laws of motion and law of gravity in Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica (1687)

Electricity
William Gilbert[100]
Michael Faraday[101]
Book: De Magnete (1600)
Discovered electromagnetic induction (1831)

Electrodynamics
André-Marie Ampère[102]
Book: Memoir on the Mathematical Theory of Electrodynamic Phenomena, Uniquely Deduced from Experience (1827)

Energetics
Willard Gibbs[103]
Publication: On the Equilibrium of Heterogeneous Substances (1876)

Experimental physics (founder)
Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen)[104][105]
For introducing experimental method into physics with his Book of Optics (1021)

Modern astronomy
Nicolaus Copernicus[106]
Developed the first explicit heliocentric model in De revolutionibus orbium coelestium (1543)

Nuclear physics
Ernest Rutherford[107]
Developed the Rutherford atom model (1909)

Nuclear science
Marie Curie
Pierre Curie[108]

Optics
Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen)[109]
Correctly explained vision and carried out the first experiments on light and optics in the Book of Optics (1021).

Physics (early)
Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen)[110]
Francis Bacon[111]
Alhazen developed rigorous experimental methods of controlled scientific testing to verify theoretical hypotheses and substantiate inductive conjectures.
Developed Baconian method in his Novum Organum (1620).

Physics (modern)
Galileo Galilei[112]
His development and extensive use of experimental physics, e.g. the telescope

Plasma physics
Irving Langmuir
Hannes Alfvén[113]
Langmuir first described ionised gas as plasma and observed fundamental plasma vibrations, Langmuir waves.
Alfvén pioneered the theoretical description of plasma by developing magnetohydrodynamics.

Quantum mechanics
Max Planck (founder)[114]
Werner Heisenberg
Stated that electromagnetic energy could be emitted only in quantized form

Relativity
Albert Einstein (founder)[115]
Pioneered special relativity (1905) and general relativity (1915)

Spaceflight (rocketry)
Robert Hutchings Goddard
Konstantin Tsiolkovsky
Hermann Oberth
Goddard launched the first liquid-fueled rocket.
Tsiolkovsky created the Tsiolkovsky rocket equation.

Thermodynamics
Sadi Carnot (founder)[116]
Publication: On the Motive Power of Fire and Machines Fitted to Develop that Power (1824)

text: Formal sciences[edit]

text: Mathematics[edit]

text:
Field
Person/s
considered "father" or "mother"
Rationale

Algebra
(see also The father of algebra)
Muhammad Al-Khwarizmi (Algorismi)[117] Brahmagupta[118]
Diophantus[119][120]
Full exposition of solving quadratic equations in his Al-Jabr and recognized algebra as an independent discipline.
First use of symbolism (syncopation) in his Arithmetica.

Algebraic topology
Henri Poincaré[121]
Published Analysis Situs in 1895,[122] introducing the concepts of homotopy and homology, which are now considered part of algebraic topology.

Analysis
Augustin-Louis Cauchy[123]
Karl Weierstrass[124]

Analytic geometry
René Descartes
Pierre de Fermat[125] (founders)
For their independent invention of the Cartesian Coordinate System

Calculus
Isaac Newton[126]
Gottfried Leibniz
See Leibniz and Newton calculus controversy.

Classical analysis
Madhava of Sangamagrama[127]
Developed Taylor series expansions of trigonometric functions

Computer science
George Boole
Alan Turing
Rózsa Péter[128][129]
Invented Boolean logic, which is the basis of modern digital computer logic
Provided an influential formalisation of the concept of the algorithm and computation with the Turing machine.
Considered the "founding mother of recursion theory", which provided the mathematical groundwork for computational theory.

Descriptive geometry
Gaspard Monge[130]
(founder)
Developed a graphical protocol that creates three-dimensional virtual space on a two-dimensional plane

Fractal geometry
Benoît B. Mandelbrot

Geometry
Euclid[131]
Euclid's Elements deduced the principles of Euclidean geometry from a set of axioms.

Graph theory
Leonhard Euler[132]
See Seven Bridges of Königsberg

Italian school of algebraic geometry
Corrado Segre[133]
Publications and students developing algebraic geometry

Modern algebra
Emmy Noether[134]
Provided the first general definitions of a commutative ring, and suggested that topology be studied algebraically.[135] Combined the structure theory of associative algebras and the representation theory of groups into a single arithmetic theory of modules and ideals in rings satisfying ascending chain conditions.[136]

Non-Euclidean geometry
János Bolyai,
Nikolai Lobachevsky[137](founders)
Independent development of hyperbolic geometry in which Euclid's fifth postulate is not true

Number theory
Pythagoras[138]

Probability
Gerolamo Cardano, Pierre de Fermat, Blaise Pascal, Christiaan Huygens[139] (founders)
Fermat and Pascal co-founded probability theory, about which Huygens wrote the first book

Projective geometry
Girard Desargues[140](founder)
By generalizing the use of vanishing points to include the case when these are infinitely far away

Tensor calculus
Gregorio Ricci-Curbastro[141]
(founder)
Book: The Absolute Differential Calculus

Trigonometry
Hipparchus[142][143]
Constructed the first trigonometric table.

Vector algebra,
vector calculus
Willard Gibbs[144]
Oliver Heaviside[145]
(founders)
For their development and use of vectors in algebra and calculus

text: Systems theory[edit]

text:
Field
Person/s
considered "father" or "mother"
Rationale

Chaos theory
Henri Poincaré[146]
Mary Cartwright[147][148]
Edward Lorenz[149]
Poincaré's work on the three-body problem was the first discovered example of a chaotic dynamical system. Cartwright made the first mathematical analysis of dynamical systems with chaos. Lorenz introduced strange attractor notation.

Cybernetics
Norbert Wiener[150]
Book Cybernetics: Or the Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine. 1948.

Dynamic programming
Richard E. Bellman

Fuzzy logic
Lotfi Asker Zadeh

Information theory
Claude Shannon[151]
Article: A Mathematical Theory of Communication (1948)

Optimal control
Arthur E. Bryson[152]
Book: Applied Optimal Control[153]

Robust control
George Zames[citation needed]
Small gain theorem and H infinity control.

Stability theory
Alexander Lyapunov[citation needed]
Lyapunov function

System dynamics
Jay Wright Forrester[154]
Book: Industrial dynamics (1961)

text: Social sciences[edit]

text:
Field
Person/s
considered "father" or "mother"
Rationale

Anthropology
Herodotus[155]
Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī[156][157]

Bibliometrics
Paul Otlet
The term bibliométrie was first used by Paul Otlet in 1934[158] and defined as "the measurement of all aspects related to the publication and reading of books and documents."[159]

Demography
Ibn Khaldun[160]
Muqaddimah (Prolegomena) (1377)

Egyptology
Father Athanasius Kircher[161]
Jean-François Champollion[citation needed]

First to identify the phoenetic importance of the hieroglyph, and he demonstrated Coptic as a vestige of early Egyptian, before the Rosetta stone's discovery.
Translated parts of the Rosetta Stone.

Historiography
Ibn Khaldun
Wrote several essential books

History
Herodotus (who also coined the term)

Indology
Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī[157]
Wrote the Indica

International law
Alberico Gentili
Francisco de Vitoria
Hugo Grotius
Influential contributions to the theory of international law, war and human rights

Linguistics (early)
Panini
Wrote the first descriptive grammar (of Sanskrit)

Linguistics (modern)
Ferdinand de Saussure
Noam Chomsky

Sociology
Ibn Khaldun[160][162]
Adam Ferguson[163]
Auguste Comte (who also coined the term)[164]
Marquis de Condorcet (founder)[165]
Wrote the first sociological book, the Muqaddimah (Prolegomena).
"Father of modern sociology"
Introduced the scientific method into sociology.

text: Economics[edit]

text:
Field
Person/s
considered "father" or "mother"
Rationale

Accounting and Bookkeeping
Luca Pacioli[166]
Establisher of accounting and the first person to publish a work on bookkeeping.[166]

Economics (early)
Ibn Khaldun[167]
Chanakya / Kautilya[168]
Publication: Muqaddimah (1370)
Publication: Arthashastra (400 BCE - 200 CE)

Economics (modern)

Richard Cantillon[169]
Anders Chydenius[170]
Adam Smith[171]

First specific treatise on economics.
The National Gain (1765), a pamphlet that included key ideas about free trade.[172]
The Wealth of Nations (1776).

Evolutionary economics
Ecological economics
Thermoeconomics
bioeconomics

Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen[173][174][175][176][177]
The Entropy Law and the Economic Process (1971)

Macroeconomics
John Maynard Keynes[178]
Author of The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money and groundbreaking economist, Keynes spearheaded a revolution in economic thinking. Prior to Keynes, the general consensus among economists was that the economy was self-fixing. During the Great Depression, when people began to realize that the economy would not fix itself, Keynes proposed that the government needed to intervene to combat excessive boom and bust. This idea was the largest influence in U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal.[179][180]

Mathematical economics
Daniel Bernoulli
Forerunner of the Tableau économique.[181]

Monetary economics

Nicole Oresme (c.1322-1382)[182]
Irving Fisher (1867-1947)
Milton Friedman (1912-2006)

Oresme's De Moneta.
"Irving Fisher [...] spent his career studying questions about money and the economy - how money affects interest rates, how money affects inflation, and the impact of money on overall economic activity. For this work, he is regarded as the father of monetary economics."[183]
"[...] no less an authority than the University of Chicago's Milton Friedman, the father of monetary economics, [...]"[184]

Microcredit
Muhammad Yunus[185]
Founded Grameen Bank

Personnel economics
Edward Lazear
Published the first paper in the field.

text: Schools of thought[edit]

text:
Field
Person/s
considered "father" or "mother"
Rationale

Austrian School
Carl Menger[186]

Communism
Karl Marx
Friedrich Engels
David Ricardo[187]

School of Salamanca
Francisco de Vitoria[188]
Highly influential teacher and lecturer on commercial morality

text: Theories[edit]

text:
Field
Person/s
considered "father" or "mother"
Rationale

Expectations theory
Thomas Cardinal Cajetan[189]
Recognised the effect of market expectations on the value of money

Modern portfolio theory
Harry Markowitz[190]

Social choice theory
Kenneth Arrow
Created the field with his 1951 book, Social Choice and Individual Values

text: Other fields[edit]

text:
Field
Person/s
considered "father" or "mother"
Rationale

Science (modern)
Galileo Galilei[191]
[192][193]
For systemic use of experimentation in science and contributions to scientific method, physics and observational astronomy

Family and consumer science
Ellen Swallow Richards
Founded the American Association of Home Economics, currently the American Association of Family & Consumer Sciences. "Bringing science into the home, Richards hoped to "...attain the best physical, mental, and moral development" for the family, which she believed was the basic unit of civilization."[194]