document_title: BCS National Championship Game

question_text: who won the last 4 bcs national championships

text: BCS National Championship Game

text: History[edit]

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (November 2010)

text: The first BCS Championship Game was played at the conclusion of the 1998 college football season in accordance with an agreement by the Big Ten Conference, the Pac-10 Conference, and the Rose Bowl Game to join the "Bowl Alliance" system. The expanded format was called the Bowl Championship Series.

text: The Bowl Alliance and its predecessor, the Bowl Coalition, featured championship games in the 1992–1997 seasons. However, these could not always ensure a matchup between the top two ranked teams because of the lack of participation by the Big Ten and Pac-10.

text: The BCS National Championship Game was initially rotated among the four participating bowl games: the Rose Bowl, Orange Bowl, Fiesta Bowl, and Sugar Bowl. However, beginning with the 2006 season, the BCS National Championship Game was added as a separate contest, played after New Year's Day. The game rotated its location among the Fiesta, Sugar, Orange, and Rose venues.

text: Game results[edit]

text:
For Bowl Coalition championship game results from 1992–1994, see: Bowl Coalition
For Bowl Alliance championship game results from 1995–1997, see: Bowl Alliance

text:
Season
Date
Winner
Loser
Bowl Game
Site
MVP

1998
January 4, 1999
1 Tennessee
SEC Champs
23
2 Florida State
ACC Co-Champs
16
1999 Fiesta Bowl
Sun Devil Stadium
Tempe, Arizona
Peerless Price
Dwayne Goodrich

1999
January 4, 2000
1 Florida State
ACC Champs
46
2 Virginia Tech
Big East Champs
29
2000 Sugar Bowl
Louisiana Superdome
New Orleans
Peter Warrick

2000
January 3, 2001
1 Oklahoma
Big 12 Champs
13
2 Florida State
ACC Champs
2
2001 Orange Bowl
Pro Player Stadium
Miami
Torrance Marshall

2001
January 3, 2002
1 Miami (FL)
Big East Champs
37
2 Nebraska
At-large
14
2002 Rose Bowl
Rose Bowl
Pasadena, California
Ken Dorsey
Andre Johnson

2002
January 3, 2003
2 Ohio State
Big Ten Co-Champs
31
1 Miami (FL)
Big East Champs
24
2003 Fiesta Bowl
Sun Devil Stadium
Tempe, Arizona
Craig Krenzel
Mike Doss

2003
January 4, 2004
2 LSU
SEC Champs
21
1 Oklahoma
At-large
14
2004 Sugar Bowl
Louisiana Superdome
New Orleans
Justin Vincent

2004
January 4, 2005
1 USC†
Pac-10 Champs
55
2 Oklahoma
Big 12 Champs
19
2005 Orange Bowl
Pro Player Stadium
Miami Gardens, Florida
Matt Leinart

2005
January 4, 2006
2 Texas
Big 12 Champs
41
1 USC
Pac-10 Champs
38
2006 Rose Bowl
Rose Bowl Stadium
Pasadena, California
Vince Young (offense)
Michael Huff (defense)

2006
January 8, 2007
2 Florida
SEC Champs
41
1 Ohio State
Big Ten Champs
14
2007 BCS National Championship Game
University of Phoenix Stadium
Glendale, Arizona
Chris Leak (offense)
Derrick Harvey (defense)

2007
January 7, 2008
2 LSU
SEC Champs
38
1 Ohio State
Big Ten Champs
24
2008 BCS National Championship Game
Louisiana Superdome
New Orleans
Matt Flynn (offense)
Ricky Jean-Francois (defense)

2008
January 8, 2009
2 Florida
SEC Champs
24
1 Oklahoma
Big 12 Champs
14
2009 BCS National Championship Game
Dolphin Stadium
Miami Gardens, Florida
Tim Tebow (offense)
Carlos Dunlap (defense)

2009
January 7, 2010
1 Alabama
SEC Champs
37
2 Texas
Big 12 Champs
21
2010 BCS National Championship Game
Rose Bowl
Pasadena, California
Mark Ingram (offense)
Marcell Dareus (defense)

2010
January 10, 2011
1 Auburn
SEC Champs
22
2 Oregon
Pac-10 Champs
19
2011 BCS National Championship Game
University of Phoenix Stadium
Glendale, Arizona
Michael Dyer (offense)
Nick Fairley (defense)

2011
January 9, 2012
2 Alabama
At-large
21
1 LSU
SEC Champs
0
2012 BCS National Championship Game
Mercedes-Benz Superdome
New Orleans, Louisiana
AJ McCarron (offense)
Courtney Upshaw (defense)

2012
January 7, 2013
2 Alabama
SEC Champs
42
1 Notre Dame
Independent
14
2013 BCS National Championship Game
Sun Life Stadium
Miami Gardens, Florida
Eddie Lacy (offense)
C.J. Mosley (defense)

2013
January 6, 2014
1 Florida State
ACC Champs
34
2 Auburn
SEC Champs
31
2014 BCS National Championship Game
Rose Bowl
Pasadena, California
Jameis Winston (offense)
P.J. Williams (defense)

text: Records by team[edit]

text:
Team
Appearances
Wins
Losses
Win Pct
Title Season(s)

Florida State
4
2
2
.500
1999, 2013

Oklahoma
4
1
3
.250
2000

Alabama
3
3
0
1.000
2009, 2011, 2012

LSU
3
2
1
.667
2003, 2007

Ohio State
3
1
2
.333
2002

Florida
2
2
0
1.000
2006, 2008

Auburn
2
1
1
.500
2010

Miami (FL)
2
1
1
.500
2001

Texas
2
1
1
.500
2005

USC
2
1†
1
.500
2004

Tennessee
1
1
0
1.000
1998

Nebraska
1
0
1
.000
-

Notre Dame
1
0
1
.000
-

Oregon
1
0
1
.000
-

Virginia Tech
1
0
1
.000
-

text: Records by conference[edit]

text:
Conference
Wins
Losses
Winning Teams
Losing Teams

SEC
9***
2**
Alabama (3), Florida (2), LSU (2), Tennessee, Auburn
Auburn, LSU

Big 12
2
5
Oklahoma, Texas
Oklahoma (3), Nebraska*, Texas

ACC
2
2
Florida State (2)
Florida State (2)

Big East
1
2
Miami (FL)*
Miami (FL)*, Virginia Tech*

Big Ten
1
2
Ohio State
Ohio State (2)

Pac-12
1†
2
USC†
Oregon, USC

Independent
0
1
None
Notre Dame

text: Note: Conference affiliations are contemporaneous with the game, which may differ from the current alignment.

text: * The American Athletic Conference was known as the Big East during the 1991–2012 seasons. Because of a split between the non-FBS schools and FBS schools, the conference adopted its present name for the 2013 season.

text: * Miami (FL) and Virginia Tech moved to the ACC in 2004.

text: * Nebraska moved to the Big Ten in 2011.

text: ** LSU's loss in the 2012 BCS Championship Game was to fellow SEC member Alabama.

text: *** Alabama's win in the 2012 BCS Championship Game was over fellow SEC member LSU.

text: † USC vacated its win in the 2005 Orange Bowl.

text: Game records[edit]

text:
Team
Performance vs. Opponent
Year

Most Points
55, USC vs. Oklahoma
2005

Fewest points allowed
0, Alabama vs. LSU
2011

Most Points Combined
79, Texas vs. USC
2006

First downs
30, Texas vs. USC
2006

Rushing yards
289, Texas (36 att.) vs. USC
2006

Passing yards
374, Oregon vs. Auburn
2011

Total yards
556, Texas (289 rush, 267 pass) vs. USC
2006

Total plays
85, Auburn vs. Oregon
2011

Largest comeback
18, Florida State vs. Auburn
2014

Individual
Performance, Team vs. Opponent
Year

Total offense
467, Vince Young, Texas (267 pass, 200 rush) vs. USC
2006

Rushing yards
200, Vince Young (QB), Texas (19 att.) vs. USC
2006

Rushing TDs
3, Vince Young (QB), Texas vs. USC
2006

Passing yards
363, Darron Thomas, Oregon vs. Auburn (28-41-2, 2 TD)
2011

Passing TDs
5, Matt Leinart, USC vs. Oklahoma
2005

Receptions
11, Kellen Winslow Jr., Miami vs. Ohio State (122 yards, 1 TD)
2003

Receiving yards (tie)
199, Peerless Price, Tennessee vs. Florida State (4 rec., 1 TD)
1999

Receiving yards (tie)
199, Andre Johnson, Miami vs. Nebraska (7 rec., 2 TD)
2002

Receiving TDs
3, Steve Smith, USC vs. Oklahoma
2005

Field goals
5, Jeremy Shelley, Alabama vs. LSU
2012

Tackles
18, James Laurinaitis, Ohio State vs. LSU
2008

Sacks
3, Derrick Harvey, Florida vs. Ohio State
2007

Interceptions
2, Sean Taylor, Miami vs. Ohio State
2003

Long Plays
Performance, Team vs. Opponent
Year

Touchdown run
65, Chris "Beanie" Wells, Ohio State vs. LSU
2008

Touchdown pass
79, Tee Martin to Peerless Price, Tennessee vs. Florida State
1999

Kickoff return
100, Levante Whitfield, Florida State vs. Auburn (TD)
2014

Punt return
71, DeJuan Groce, Nebraska vs. Miami (TD)
2002

Interception return
54, Dwayne Goodrich, Tennessee vs. Florida State (TD)
1999

Punt
63, A.J. Trapasso, Ohio State vs. LSU
2008

Field goal
46, David Pino, Texas vs. USC
2006

Pass
81, Darron Thomas to Jeff Maehl, Oregon vs. Auburn
2011

text: Heisman Trophy winners in BCS title games[edit]

text:
Season
Player
School
Result
Stats
Notes

2000
Chris Weinke
Florida State
L
51-25-2 274, 0 TD; 4-7 rush

2001
Eric Crouch
Nebraska
L
15-5-1 62, 0 TD; 22-114 rush

2003
Jason White
Oklahoma
L
37-13-2, 102, 0 TD; 7-(-46) rush

2004
Matt Leinart
USC
W
35-18-0 332, 5 TD; 2-(-11) rush
Win later vacated

2005
Reggie Bush
USC
L
13-82 1 TD; 6-95, 0 TD rec
Heisman later vacated

2006
Troy Smith
Ohio State
L
14-4-1, 35, 0 TD; 10-(-29) rush

2008
Sam Bradford
Oklahoma
L
41-26-2, 256, 2 TD; 2-(-18) rush

2009
Mark Ingram
Alabama
W
22-116, 2 TD

2010
Cam Newton
Auburn
W
34-20-1, 265, 2 TD; 22-64 rush

2013
Jameis Winston
Florida State
W
35-20-0, 237, 2 TD; 11-26 rush

text: Criticisms and controversy[edit]

text: Critics of the BCS National Championship argued against the internal validity of a so-called national championship being awarded to the winner of a single postseason game. Critics lamented that the participants were selected based upon polls, computer rankings, popularity and human biases, and not by on-field competition, as in other major sports and all other levels of college football, which employed tournament-format championships. Often, the BCS system led to controversies in which multiple teams finished the season with identical records, and voters distinguished the worthiness of their participation in the BCS National Championship with no set of formal criteria or standards. The end of the 2010 season was one of the best examples of this. Without any objective criteria for evaluation of the teams, the BCS forced voters to impose their own standards and tiebreakers. Critics noted that the system inherently fostered selection bias, and therefore lacked both internal validity and external validity.[2]

text: Controversies surrounding teams' inclusion in the BCS National Championship Game were numerous. In 2001, Oregon, ranked second in the AP poll, was bypassed in favor of Nebraska despite Nebraska's 62-36 blowout to Colorado in its final regular season game. In 2003, USC was not included in the championship game, but beat Michigan in the Rose Bowl and ended up No. 1 in the final AP poll. The following season, undefeated Auburn, Boise State, and Utah teams were left out of the national title game (the Orange Bowl). In 2008, the University of Utah was excluded from the BCS championship for a second time despite being the only undefeated FBS team and finished second in the final AP poll behind Florida. In 2009, five schools finished the regular season undefeated: Alabama, Texas, Cincinnati, TCU, and Boise State; however, the BCS formula selected traditional powers Alabama and Texas to participate in the BCS National Championship Game.

text: In 2010, three teams, Oregon, Auburn, and TCU, all finished the year with undefeated records. While TCU statistically led the other two teams in all three major phases of the game[3] (1st in defense, 14th in offense [4] and 13th in special teams [5]) the teams from the two automatic qualifying conferences, Oregon (Pac-12) and Auburn (SEC), were selected over the Horned Frogs for the 2011 national title game. Many voters cited TCU's membership in the non-automatic qualifying Mountain West Conference, perceived as having weaker teams, as one significant reason for their exclusion, despite TCU's undefeated regular-season records in both 2010 and the previous year.[6] Adding to the controversy were comments made by the president of Ohio State University, Gordon Gee, who said that teams which played "the little sisters of the poor" instead of the "murderer's row" of teams in the automatic qualifier conferences did not deserve any national title game consideration. Gee retracted his statement and apologized after TCU defeated Wisconsin in the 2011 Rose Bowl (the Badgers had convincingly defeated Ohio State during the regular season).

text: Many critics of the Bowl Championship Series favored a tournament with eight to sixteen teams, similar to those administered by the NCAA for its Football Championship Subdivision (FCS), Division II, and Division III football championships. Others favored adopting the incremental step of adding a single post-bowl championship game between the winners of two BCS games among the top four ranked teams in the BCS standings, a so-called "plus one" option. On June 24, 2009, the BCS presidential oversight committee rejected the Mountain West Conference's proposed eight-team playoff plan.[7]

text: In 2009, the NCAA ruled that former USC running back Reggie Bush was retroactively ineligible for the 2004 BCS National Championship, the 2005 Orange Bowl vs. Oklahoma, for receiving various illegal benefits. In May 2011, the NCAA rejected all appeals of USC's penalties, which included Bush's ineligibility and a two-year bowl ban. On June 6, 2011, USC became the first school to lose a Bowl Championship Series national title due to NCAA sanctions when the BCS presidential oversight committee stripped the school of its 2004 title. As a result, there is no 2004 BCS champion, although USC retained its 2004 AP national title. Additionally, the BCS also nullified USC's participation in the 2006 Rose Bowl. (See attributions 1 and 2.)[citation needed]

text: Future[edit]

text: During 2012, the BCS actively considered changes to the format for the 2014 football season, to either to extend the season by one game by establishing a four-school semifinal round or by selecting the participants in the national championship game after the season's bowl games were completed.[8] On June 26, 2012, the BCS presidential oversight committee approved a four-school playoff format, in which the participants are determined by a selection committee. The semifinals are played as existing bowl games on or around New Year's Eve and New Year's Day. The championship game is played approximately a week later at a neutral site selected through a competitive bidding process. [9] The new format, known as the College Football Playoff is to be in effect from the 2014 college football season through the 2025 season.

text: Media coverage[edit]

text: Television[edit]

text: From 1999 through 2005, ABC broadcast eight BCS National Championship Games pursuant to broadcasting rights negotiated with the BCS and the Rose Bowl, whose rights were offered separately. Beginning with the 2006 season, FOX obtained the BCS package, consisting of the Orange Bowl, Fiesta Bowl, Sugar Bowl, and the BCS National Championship Games hosted by these bowls, with ABC retaining the rights to the Rose Bowl and BCS National Championship Games hosted by the Rose Bowl.

text: On November 18, 2008, the BCS announced that ESPN had won the television rights to the BCS National Championship Game, as well as the other four BCS bowls, for 2011–2014.[10]

text:
Year
Network(s)
Bowl
Play-by-play announcer
Color analyst(s)
Sideline reporter(s)
Studio host(s)
Studio analyst(s)
TV Rating[11]

1999
ABC
Fiesta Bowl
Keith Jackson
Bob Griese
Lynn Swann
John Saunders
Todd Blackledge
17.2

2000
ABC
Sugar Bowl
Brent Musburger
Gary Danielson
Lynn Swann and Jack Arute
John Saunders
Terry Bowden
17.5

2001
ABC
Orange Bowl
Brad Nessler
Bob Griese
Lynn Swann and Jack Arute
John Saunders
Terry Bowden
17.8

2002
ABC
Rose Bowl
Keith Jackson
Tim Brant
Lynn Swann and Todd Harris
John Saunders
Terry Bowden
13.9

2003
ABC
Fiesta Bowl
Keith Jackson
Dan Fouts
Lynn Swann and Todd Harris
John Saunders
Terry Bowden
17.2

2004
ABC
Sugar Bowl
Brent Musburger
Gary Danielson
Lynn Swann and Jack Arute
John Saunders
Terry Bowden and Craig James
14.5

2005
ABC
Orange Bowl
Brad Nessler
Bob Griese
Lynn Swann and Todd Harris
John Saunders
Craig James and Aaron Taylor
13.7

2006
ABC
Rose Bowl
Keith Jackson
Dan Fouts
Todd Harris and Holly Rowe
John Saunders
Craig James and Aaron Taylor
21.7

2007
FOX
2007 BCS National Championship Game
Thom Brennaman
Barry Alvarez and Charles Davis
Chris Myers
Chris Rose
Emmitt Smith, Eddie George and Jimmy Johnson
17.4

2008
FOX
2008 BCS National Championship Game
Thom Brennaman
Charles Davis
Chris Myers
Chris Rose
Eddie George, Urban Meyer and Jimmy Johnson
17.4

2009
FOX
2009 BCS National Championship Game
Thom Brennaman
Charles Davis
Chris Myers
Chris Rose
Eddie George, Barry Switzer and Jimmy Johnson
15.8

2010
ABC
2010 BCS National Championship Game
Brent Musburger
Kirk Herbstreit
Lisa Salters and Tom Rinaldi
Chris Fowler and Rece Davis
Lee Corso, Desmond Howard, Pete Carroll, Lou Holtz and Mark May
17.2

2011
ESPN
ESPN 3D
2011 BCS National Championship Game
Brent Musburger
Kirk Herbstreit
Erin Andrews and Tom Rinaldi
Chris Fowler
Desmond Howard, Urban Meyer and Nick Saban
16.1

2012
ESPN
2012 BCS National Championship Game
Brent Musburger
Kirk Herbstreit
Erin Andrews and Tom Rinaldi
Chris Fowler
Lee Corso, Gene Chizik and Chip Kelly
14.0

2013
ESPN
2013 BCS National Championship Game
Brent Musburger
Kirk Herbstreit
Heather Cox and Tom Rinaldi
Chris Fowler
Urban Meyer and Desmond Howard
17.5

2014
ESPN
2014 BCS National Championship Game
Brent Musburger
Kirk Herbstreit
Heather Cox and Tom Rinaldi
Chris Fowler
Lee Corso, Nick Saban and Desmond Howard
15.7 [1]

text: Spanish[edit]

text: As part of ESPN's contract with the BCS, ESPN Deportes provided the first Spanish-language U.S. telecast of the BCS National Championship Game in 2012.

text: Radio[edit]

text: From 1999 to 2014, the BCS National Championship Game was broadcast on ESPN Radio.

text:
Year
Network
Play-by-play announcer
Color analyst(s)
Sideline Reporter

1999
ESPN Radio
Ron Franklin
Mike Gottfried
Adrian Karsten

2000
ESPN Radio
Ron Franklin
Mike Gottfried
Adrian Karsten

2001
ESPN Radio
Ron Franklin
Mike Gottfried
Adrian Karsten

2002
ESPN Radio
Ron Franklin
Mike Gottfried
Adrian Karsten

2003
ESPN Radio
Ron Franklin
Mike Gottfried
Adrian Karsten

2004
ESPN Radio
Ron Franklin
Mike Gottfried
Adrian Karsten

2005
ESPN Radio
Ron Franklin
Mike Gottfried
Erin Andrews

2006
ESPN Radio
Ron Franklin
Bob Davie
Dave Ryan

2007
ESPN Radio
Brent Musburger
Bob Davie and Todd Blackledge
Lisa Salters

2008
ESPN Radio
Brent Musburger
Kirk Herbstreit
Lisa Salters

2009
ESPN Radio
Brent Musburger
Kirk Herbstreit
Lisa Salters

2010
ESPN Radio
Mike Tirico
Jon Gruden and Todd Blackledge
Wendi Nix

2011
ESPN Radio
Mike Tirico
Jon Gruden
Joe Schad

2012
ESPN Radio
Mike Tirico
Todd Blackledge
Holly Rowe

2013
ESPN Radio
Mike Tirico
Todd Blackledge
Holly Rowe and Joe Schad

2014
ESPN Radio
Mike Tirico
Todd Blackledge
Holly Rowe and Joe Schad

text: Related national championship selections[edit]

text: During the BCS era, there was no NCAA Division I FBS playoff, and the BCS National Championship Game was just one of several national championship selection processes in existence.

text: The American Football Coaches Association (AFCA) participated in a weekly Coaches' Poll published by USA Today; for its final poll of the season, the AFCA was contractually bound to select the BCS National Champion as its No. 1 team.[12] Thus, the winner of the game was awarded the AFCA National Championship Trophy in a postgame ceremony.

text: The BCS National Champion was also automatically awarded the National Football Foundation's MacArthur Trophy.[13]

text: The Associated Press and the Football Writers Association of America were independent of the BCS system; their national championship trophies could have been awarded to a school other than the BCS National Championship Game winner.


document_title: List of English animal nouns

question_text: what is the opposite gender of billy goat

root

text: List of English animal nouns

text: This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

tag: table

text: The following is a list of English animal nouns, (the common names of kinds of animals). This list includes the common names used for the animal in general; names for the male animal and the female animal where such names exist; the name used for the young or juveniles of the animal; the common name given for the sound the animal makes, if any; the group noun where applicable; and the name of both the natural shelter and (if applicable) an artificial shelter for the animals.

tag: p

text:
Animal name
Male
Female
Young
Sound
Collective
Natural shelter
Artificial shelter

alligator; crocodile
bull
cow
hatchling, nestling

bask, congregation
river
pool

alpaca
bull
cow
cria
bray
herd

corral

ant
drone
queen; worker
larva; antling

army, colony, nest, swarm, state, bike
ant hill
insectarium, terrarium, formicarium

antelope
buck
doe
calf, fawn

herd

ape
bull
female
baby, infant
gibber, scream
troop, shrewdness
grove
cage

armadillo

pup

ass; donkey; burro
jack, jackass
jenny, jennet
colt; foal
bray
pace, drove, herd, coffle

barn, corral

baboon
bull
female
baby, infant
howl
troop, flange
grove
cage

badger
boar
sow
kit, cob

cete, company, colony

bat
male
female
bitten

colony, cloud
cave
cage

bear
boar, he-bear
sow, she-bear
cub
growl
sleuth, sloth, slought
den
den

beaver

kit, kitten

family, colony, lodge
dam
pen

bee
drone
queen; worker
larva
buzz, hum
swarm, cluster, grist
hive
hive

beetle

larva
drone

terrarium

buffalo
bull
cow
calf

herd, gang, obstinacy

corral

butterfly

larva; pupa; caterpillar; chrysalis

swarm, flutter; army (caterpillars)

camel
bull
cow
calf, colt
grunt
herd, flock, train, caravan

corral

carabao, water buffalo
bull
cow
calf

herd

corral

caribou
bull, stag, hart
doe
calf, fawn
bellow
herd

cat
tom, tomcat
pussy, queen
kitten
meow,meu; purr; caterwaul
clowder, clutter, pounce, glorying; kindle (kittens); litter (kittens); destruction (wild cats)
den
home

cattle
bull
cow
bull calf; heifer
low, moo, bellow
herd, drove, drift, mob; flink (cows), kine (cows)

barn, corral

cheetah

cub

coalition
den
den

chimpanzee

baby, infant
scream
band, troop
grove
cage

chinchilla
buck
doe
pup

colony
nest
cage

cicada

nymph
buzz
colony
nest

clam

larva, littleneck

bed

pool

cockroach

nymph

intrusion
nest

cod

codling, hake, sprag, sprat

school, lap

aquarium; pond; tank

coyote
dog
bitch
cub, pup, puppy, whelp
howl
pack, rout
den
den

crab

cast

cricket

larva
chirp

nest

crow; raven

nestling
caw
congress, murder, unkindness, flock
nest
bird house

deer
buck, stag
doe
fawn

herd, mob, leash

dinosaur

hatchling

herd (plant-eaters); pack (flesh-eaters)

dog
dog
bitch
pup, puppy, whelp
bark; growl; howl; yelp; whine; arf, bow wow, woof
pack, gang; litter (pups)
den
dog house, kennel

dolphin, porpoise
bull
cow
calf

pod, school, herd, gam
sanctuary
aquarium; tank

duck
drake
duck
duckling
quack
flush, sord
pond, nest
corral

eel

elver, leptocephalus

bed, swarm, bind, draft, school, fry, wisp

aquarium; pond; tank

elephant
bull
cow
calf
trumpet
herd, parade
savannah
enclosure

elk
bull
cow
calf
bellow
gang, herd

ferret
hob
jill
kit

business, fesynes

fish

spawn; egg; larva; fry; fingerling

shoal, school; catch, haul
sanctuary
aquarium; pond; tank

fly

grub, maggot
buzz
business, cloud, swarm, grist
nest

fox
renard, reynard, dog fox, tod
vixen
cub, pup, puppy, whelp
howl, yelp
skulk, leash, brace, troop, earth
den
den

frog; toad

tadpole, polliwog
croak; ribbit
chorus, army, knot
nest
terrarium

gerbil
buck
doe
pup

horde
nest
cage

giraffe
bull
doe
calf, pup

herd, corps, troop, tower
savannah
enclosure

gnat

larva
buzz
cloud, swarm, horde, plague
nest

gnu, wildebeest
bull
cow
calf
bellow
herd

goat
billy goat
nanny goat
kid
bleat
flock, trip, herd, tribe

barn, corral

goldfish

fry, fingerling

troubling
sanctuary
aquarium; pond; tank

gorilla
bull
female
infant
grunt, scream
band
grove
cage

grasshopper

nymph

cloud, swarm
nest

guinea pig
boar
sow
pup

group
nest
cage

hamster
buck
doe
pup

horde
nest
cage

hare
buck
doe
leveret

down, husk
burrow, warren
hutch

hedgehog
boar
sow
piglet

array
nest
pen

herring

fry, fingerling

army
sanctuary
aquarium; pond; tank

hippopotamus
bull
cow
calf
bellow
herd, bloat
river
pen

hornet

larva
buzz
swarm, cloud
nest

horse
stallion, stud
mare, dam
foal; colt (male); filly (female)
neigh; snort; whinny
herd, string, set, stud, remuda, harras, rag; team (harnessed); string (race horses); rage (colts); rake (colts)
range
stable, paddock, corral

hound
dog
bitch
pup, puppy, whelp
bark; howl, bay
pack, cry, sute, mute
den
dog house, kennel

hyena

cub, pup, whelp
laugh
pack, clan, cackle
den
den

impala
ram
ewe

corral

insect

larva
buzz
swarm, cloud, horde, plague
nest
insectarium, terrarium

jackal

bitch
pup
howl
pack
den

jellyfish

planula, polyp, ephyra

squad

aquarium

kangaroo, wallaby
jack, buck, boomer
jill, doe, flyer, roo
joey

mob, troop

koala
buck
doe
joey

leopard
leopard
leopardess
cub
growl
leap, prowl
den
den

lion
lion
lioness
cub
roar; growl
pride
den
den

lizard

lounge
nest

llama

cria

herd

corral

locust

larva
buzz
swarm, cloud, horde, plague, host
nest

louse

nit, nymph

colony, infestation

mallard
drake
duck
duckling
quack
flush, sord
nest

mammoth
bull
cow

herd, tusk

manatee
bull
cow

pod

aquarium; pond

marten

richness

mink
boar
sow
kit, cub

den

minnow

fry, fingerling

shoal, school, steam, swarm

mole

pup

company, labour
nest
cage

monkey

infant
chatter, gibber, howl, scream
troop, barrel, cartload, tribe
grove
cage

moose
bull
cow
calf
bellow
herd

mosquito

wriggler, nymph, tumbler

scourge, swarm, cloud, horde

mouse; rat
buck
doe
pinkie, pup, kitten
squeak
horde, colony, swarm, mischief
nest
cage

mule
john
molly
foal
bray
span, barren, pack, rake, team (harnessed)

barn, corral

muskrat

kit

cage

otter
dog
bitch
pup, whelp

family, lodge, bevy, romp, raft

ox
bullock, steer
cow
calf, stot
low, bellow
drove, herd; yoke (harnessed), team (harnessed)

barn, corral

oyster

spat, set seed

bed, cast

pool

panda
boar
sow
cub

cupboard
den
den

pig, hog, swine; wild pig
boar
sow
piglet, shoat, farrow
grunt, squeal
herd, sounder, drove, drift, trip; litter (piglets)
sty
sty/pigsty, pen/pigpen

platypus

puggle

colony

porcupine

prickle

cage

prairie dog
boar
sow
pup

coterie, town

pug
dog
bitch
puppy
bark
grumble
den
dog house

rabbit
buck
doe
bunny

husk, colony
burrow, warren
hutch

raccoon
boar
sow
kit, cub

nursery, gaze

reindeer
buck
doe
fawn

herd

rhinoceros
bull
cow
calf

crash, herd

salmon

smolt

school, run, bind

aquarium; pond; tank

sardine

fry

family, shoal, school
sanctuary
aquarium; pond; tank

scorpion

bed, nest
nest

seal, sea lion
bull
cow
pup
bark
herd, pod, harem, rookery, trip
den
den

serval

kitten

den
den

shark
bull
female
cub, pup

shiver, shoal, school

aquarium; tank

sheep
ram
ewe
lamb, lambkin, cosset
baa, bleat
flock, herd, drove, drift, trip, hurtle, hirsel

corral

skunk
boar

kit, kitten

surfeit

cage

snail

rout, walk

terrarium

snake

hatchling, nestling
hiss
bed, knot
nest, pit
terrarium

spider

spiderling

cluster, clutter
web, cobweb
terrarium

squirrel
buck
doe
pup, kit

dray, colony, scurry

termite
drone
queen; worker
larva, nymph

colony, swarm
hill
terrarium

tiger
tiger
tigress
cub
growl; roar
ambush, streak
den
den

trout

fingerling

hover
sanctuary
aquarium; pond; tank

turtle; tortoise

hatchling

bale, dole, dule

terrarium; pond; tank

walrus
bull
cow
calf, cub
howl
herd, pod, huddle
sanctuary

wasp
drone
queen; worker
larva
buzz
swarm, colony
nest

weasel
buck, hob, jack, dog
bitch, doe, jill
kit

gang, pack
den
cage

whale
bull
cow
calf
sing
pod, gam, herd
sanctuary
aquarium; tank; pool

wolf
he-wolf, dog
she-wolf, bitch
cub, pup, puppy, whelp
howl
pack, rout, route
den
den

wombat
jack
jill
joey

mob

woodchuck
he-chuck
she-chuck
kit, cob

colony
hole

worm

bunch, clat, clew, bed

terrarium

yak
bull
cow
calf
bellow
herd; team (harnessed)

barn, pen

yellowjacket
drone
queen
larva
buzz
cloud, swarm, colony

zebra
stallion
mare
foal, colt (male)
neigh
herd, zeal, cohorts, crossing
savannah
enclosure


document_title: Assembly of God Church School

question_text: the assembly of god church school kolkata website

text: Assembly of God Church School

text:
Assembly of God Church School
असेंब्ली ऑफ गोद चर्च स्कूलMotto
My Utmost For His HighestType
PrivateEstablished
1964Address
125/1, Park Street, 18, Royd Street, Kolkata, West Bengal, IndiaCampus
UrbanWebsite
agcschools.edu.in

text: Assembly of God Church School was established in 1964, located in Kolkata, India.[1]


document_title: The Santa Clause 2

question_text: who plays the plastic santa claus in santa clause 2

text: The Santa Clause 2

text: Plot[edit]

text: Eight years have elapsed since Scott Calvin took on the mantle of Santa Claus and became subject to The Santa Clause. Now he is at the top of his game at the North Pole and could not be happier, at least until Head Elf Bernard and Curtis, the Keeper of the Handbook of Christmas break the news that there is another clause – the "Mrs. Clause".

text: Santa/Scott is now pressed to get married before the next Christmas Eve, or the clause will be broken and Christmas will fade away. At the same time, Abby the Elf delivers news that is more distressing: Santa's own son Charlie is on the naughty list, for acts including vandalizing the walls of the school gymnasium with spray paint, until he is caught by Principal Carol Newman. Scott must return to his home to search for a wife and set things right with Charlie. He brings this up when visited by the Council of Legendary Figures consisting of Mother Nature, Father Time, Cupid, the Easter Bunny, the Tooth Fairy, and the Sandman.

text: To cover for Santa's prolonged absence, Curtis helps Santa create a life-size toy replica of Santa, much to Bernard's horror. However, this replacement can't find any grace or slack in his plastic heart for minor infractions by children the world over, having followed the Handbook too strictly. Toy Santa takes control of the North Pole with an army of life-size toy soldiers. He thinks that everyone is naughty, and he plans to give the entire world lumps of coal.

text: Because of the impending end of his contract, Scott undergoes a "de-Santafication process" that gradually turns him back into Scott Calvin. He has a limited amount of magic to help him. Scott attempts to reconcile with Charlie, who keeps vandalizing his school to get attention. He and Charlie both face the ire of Principal Newman when Charlie defaces the lockers.

text: Charlie confesses to Scott how hard it is for him that Scott is never around like other fathers, and reveals the stress he is under to conceal the secret that his father is Santa. Scott vows to try harder as a dad, and he and Charlie reconcile.

text: After a few failed dates, Scott finds himself falling for Carol, the school principal. He accompanies her in a sleigh to the faculty Christmas party, which turns out to be dull. Using a little of his Christmas magic, Scott enlivens the party by presenting everyone with their childhood dream gifts. He makes a special presentation to Carol, and, with his last remnant of magic, wins her over and they kiss passionately. However, she balks when he attempts to explain he is Santa, believing that Scott is mocking her childhood, until Charlie manages to convince her by showing her his magic snow globe.

text: Curtis flies in to deliver the news about the Toy Santa's coal binge. However, Scott has used up the last of his magic wooing Carol, and reindeer Comet has eaten too many chocolate bars, making him too bloated to fly. With a little help from the Tooth Fairy, Scott and Curtis return to the North Pole. Toy Santa wastes no time in subduing Scott, but Charlie and a now-believing Carol spring him free by summoning the Tooth Fairy to fly them there. Scott goes after the Toy Santa, who has already left with the sleigh, riding Chet, a reindeer-in-training, and they both crash back into the village. With an army of elves, Carol, Bernard, Charlie and Curtis lead a snowball war to overthrow the toy soldiers. Toy Santa is reduced to his normal six-inch height, Scott marries Carol in a ceremony presided over by Mother Nature herself, Scott transforms back to Santa, and Christmas proceeds as it always has. Scott and Carol have a three-month honeymoon to go on the next day. In addition, Scott and Charlie reveal the truth to Lucy, Charlie's younger half-sister (the daughter of Laura and Neil) about Scott being Santa Claus and she can't tell anyone about his secret, but that it's more of a gift than a burden.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Tim Allen as Scott Calvin / Santa Claus and Toy Santa
Eric Lloyd as Charlie Calvin
Elizabeth Mitchell as Principal Carol Newman
Wendy Crewson as Laura Miller
Judge Reinhold as Dr. Neal Miller
Liliana Mumy as Lucy Miller
David Krumholtz as Bernard the Elf
Spencer Breslin as Curtis the Elf
Danielle Woodman as Abby the Elf
Aisha Tyler as Mother Nature
Peter Boyle as Father Time
Jay Thomas as Easter Bunny
Kevin Pollak as Cupid
Art LaFleur as Tooth Fairy
Michael Dorn as Sandman

tag: ul

text: Production[edit]

text: A teaser trailer for this film originally referred to it as Santa Clause 2: The Escape Clause, scheduled for release in November 2001. The subtitle would later become the subtitle of the following sequel in 2006.[2]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 55% based on 113 reviews, with an average rating of 5.5/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Though it's harmless as family entertainment and has moments of charm, The Santa Clause 2 is also predictable and forgettable."[3] On Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating to reviews, the film has a weighted average score of 48 out of 100, based on 26 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[4] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A" on an A+ to F scale.[5]

text: The Santa Clause 2 was nominated for Saturn Award for Best Fantasy Film.[citation needed]

text: Box office[edit]

text: The Santa Clause 2 grossed $139.2 million in the United States and Canada, and $33.6 million in other territories, for a total of $172.8 million, against a production budget of $65 million.[1] It was the fifth-highest-grossing holiday movie.[6][7][8]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text: Original Release Date: November 1, 2002

text:
1. Everybody Loves Christmas – Eddie Money
2. Santa Claus Lane – Hilary Duff
3. Santa's Got A Brand New Bag – SHeDAISY
4. Jingle Bells – Brian Setzer
5. Run Rudolph Run – Chuck Berry
6. 'Zat You, Santa Claus? – Louis Armstrong
7. Santa Claus Is Comin' to Town – Smokey Robinson & the Miracles
8. Blue Holiday – The Shirelles
9. Unwritten Christmas – Unwritten Law & Sum 41
10. I'm Gonna Lasso Santa Claus – Brenda Lee
11. Santa Claus Is Coming to Town – Steve Tyrell
12. Grandma Got Run Over by a Reindeer – Elmo & Patsy

text: Home media[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The film was released on DVD and VHS on November 18, 2003. It was re-released as 3-Movie Collection DVD set in 2007 and first released as a 3-Movie Collection Blu-ray set on October 16, 2012.


document_title: Chickenpox

question_text: why is chicken pox more common in spring

text: Chickenpox

text: Signs and symptoms[edit]

text: The early (prodromal) symptoms in adolescents and adults are nausea, loss of appetite, aching muscles, and headache. This is followed by the characteristic rash or oral sores, malaise, and a low-grade fever that signal the presence of the disease. Oral manifestations of the disease (enanthem) not uncommonly may precede the external rash (exanthem). In children the illness is not usually preceded by prodromal symptoms, and the first sign is the rash or the spots in the oral cavity. The rash begins as small red dots on the face, scalp, torso, upper arms and legs; progressing over 10–12 hours to small bumps, blisters and pustules; followed by umbilication and the formation of scabs.[15][16]

text: At the blister stage, intense itching is usually present. Blisters may also occur on the palms, soles, and genital area. Commonly, visible evidence of the disease develops in the oral cavity and tonsil areas in the form of small ulcers which can be painful or itchy or both; this enanthem (internal rash) can precede the exanthem (external rash) by 1 to 3 days or can be concurrent. These symptoms of chickenpox appear 10 to 21 days after exposure to a contagious person. Adults may have a more widespread rash and longer fever, and they are more likely to experience complications, such as varicella pneumonia.[15]

text: Because watery nasal discharge containing live virus usually precedes both exanthem (external rash) and enanthem (oral ulcers) by 1 to 2 days, the infected person actually becomes contagious one to two days before recognition of the disease. Contagiousness persists until all vesicular lesions have become dry crusts (scabs), which usually entails four or five days, by which time nasal shedding of live virus ceases.[17] The condition usually resolves by itself within a couple of weeks.[18] The rash may, however, last for up to one month.[medical citation needed]

text: Chickenpox is rarely fatal, although it is generally more severe in adult men than in women or children. Non-immune pregnant women and those with a suppressed immune system are at highest risk of serious complications. Arterial ischemic stroke (AIS) associated with chickenpox in the previous year accounts for nearly one third of childhood AIS.[19] The most common late complication of chickenpox is shingles (herpes zoster), caused by reactivation of the varicella zoster virus decades after the initial, often childhood, chickenpox infection.

text:
The back of a 30-year-old male after five days of the rash

A 3-year-old girl with a chickenpox rash on her torso

Lower leg of a child with chickenpox

A child with chickenpox

A child with chickenpox on her face.

text: Pregnancy and neonates[edit]

text:
During pregnancy the dangers to the fetus associated with a primary VZV infection are greater in the first six months. In the third trimester, the mother is more likely to have severe symptoms.[20]
For pregnant women, antibodies produced as a result of immunization or previous infection are transferred via the placenta to the fetus.[21]
Varicella infection in pregnant women could lead to spread via the placenta and infection of the fetus. If infection occurs during the first 28 weeks of gestation, this can lead to fetal varicella syndrome (also known as congenital varicella syndrome).[22] Effects on the fetus can range in severity from underdeveloped toes and fingers to severe anal and bladder malformation. Possible problems include:

text:
Damage to brain: encephalitis,[23] microcephaly, hydrocephaly,[24] aplasia of brain
Damage to the eye: optic stalk, optic cup, and lens vesicles, microphthalmia, cataracts, chorioretinitis, optic atrophy
Other neurological disorder: damage to cervical and lumbosacral spinal cord, motor/sensory deficits, absent deep tendon reflexes, anisocoria/Horner's syndrome
Damage to body: hypoplasia of upper/lower extremities, anal and bladder sphincter dysfunction
Skin disorders: (cicatricial) skin lesions, hypopigmentation

text: Infection late in gestation or immediately following birth is referred to as "neonatal varicella".[25] Maternal infection is associated with premature delivery. The risk of the baby developing the disease is greatest following exposure to infection in the period 7 days before delivery and up to 8 days following the birth. The baby may also be exposed to the virus via infectious siblings or other contacts, but this is of less concern if the mother is immune. Newborns who develop symptoms are at a high risk of pneumonia and other serious complications of the disease.[26]

text: Pathophysiology[edit]

text: Exposure to VZV in a healthy child initiates the production of host immunoglobulin G (IgG), immunoglobulin M (IgM), and immunoglobulin A (IgA) antibodies; IgG antibodies persist for life and confer immunity. Cell-mediated immune responses are also important in limiting the scope and the duration of primary varicella infection. After primary infection, VZV is hypothesized to spread from mucosal and epidermal lesions to local sensory nerves. VZV then remains latent in the dorsal ganglion cells of the sensory nerves. Reactivation of VZV results in the clinically distinct syndrome of herpes zoster (i.e., shingles), postherpetic neuralgia,[27] and sometimes Ramsay Hunt syndrome type II.[28] Varicella zoster can affect the arteries in the neck and head, producing stroke, either during childhood, or after a latency period of many years.[29]

text: Shingles[edit]

text:
After a chickenpox infection, the virus remains dormant in the body's nerve tissues. The immune system keeps the virus at bay, but later in life, usually in an adult, it can be reactivated and cause a different form of the viral infection called shingles (also known as herpes zoster).[30]
The United States Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) suggests that every adult over the age of 50 years get the herpes zoster vaccine.[31]

text: Shingles affects one in five adults infected with chickenpox as children, especially those who are immune-suppressed, particularly from cancer, HIV, or other conditions. Stress can bring on shingles as well, although scientists are still researching the connection.[32] Shingles are most commonly found in adults over the age of 60 who were diagnosed with chickenpox when they were under the age of 1.[33]

text: Diagnosis[edit]

text: The diagnosis of chickenpox is primarily based on the signs and symptoms, with typical early symptoms followed by a characteristic rash. Confirmation of the diagnosis is by examination of the fluid within the vesicles of the rash, or by testing blood for evidence of an acute immunologic response.

text: Vesicular fluid can be examined with a Tzanck smear, or by testing for direct fluorescent antibody. The fluid can also be "cultured", whereby attempts are made to grow the virus from a fluid sample. Blood tests can be used to identify a response to acute infection (IgM) or previous infection and subsequent immunity (IgG).[34]

text: Prenatal diagnosis of fetal varicella infection can be performed using ultrasound, though a delay of 5 weeks following primary maternal infection is advised. A PCR (DNA) test of the mother's amniotic fluid can also be performed, though the risk of spontaneous abortion due to the amniocentesis procedure is higher than the risk of the baby's developing fetal varicella syndrome.[26]

text: Prevention[edit]

text: Hygiene measures[edit]

text: The spread of chickenpox can be prevented by isolating affected individuals. Contagion is by exposure to respiratory droplets, or direct contact with lesions, within a period lasting from three days before the onset of the rash, to four days after the onset of the rash.[35] The chickenpox virus is susceptible to disinfectants, notably chlorine bleach (i.e., sodium hypochlorite). Like all enveloped viruses, it is sensitive to desiccation, heat and detergents.

text: Vaccine[edit]

text: The varicella vaccine is recommended in many countries.[10] Some countries require the varicella vaccination or an exemption before entering elementary school. A second dose is recommended five years after the initial immunization.[36] A vaccinated person is likely to have a milder case of chickenpox if they become infected.[37] Immunization within three days following household contact reduces infection rates and severity in children.[11]

text: It is part of the routine immunization schedule in the US.[38] Some European countries include it as part of universal vaccinations in children,[39] but not all countries provide the vaccine due to its cost.[10] In the UK as of 2014, the vaccine is only recommended in people who are particularly vulnerable to chickenpox.[40] In populations that have not been immunized or if immunity is questionable, a clinician may order an enzyme immunoassay. An immunoassay measures the levels of antibodies against the virus that give immunity to a person. If the levels of antibodies are low (low titer) or questionable, reimmunization may be done.[41]

text: Treatment[edit]

text: Treatment mainly consists of easing the symptoms. As a protective measure, people are usually required to stay at home while they are infectious to avoid spreading the disease to others. Cutting the nails short or wearing gloves may prevent scratching and minimize the risk of secondary infections.

text: Although there have been no formal clinical studies evaluating the effectiveness of topical application of calamine lotion (a topical barrier preparation containing zinc oxide, and one of the most commonly used interventions), it has an excellent safety profile.[42] It is important to maintain good hygiene and daily cleaning of skin with warm water to avoid secondary bacterial infection.[43] Scratching may also increase the risk of secondary infection.[44]

text: Paracetamol (acetaminophen) but not aspirin may be used to reduce fever. Aspirin use by someone with chickenpox may cause the serious, sometimes fatal disease of the liver and brain, Reye syndrome. People at risk of developing severe complications who have had significant exposure to the virus may be given intra-muscular varicella zoster immune globulin (VZIG), a preparation containing high titres of antibodies to varicella zoster virus, to ward off the disease.[45][46]

text: Antivirals are sometimes used.[47][48]

text: Children[edit]

text: If aciclovir by mouth is started within 24 hours of rash onset, it decreases symptoms by one day but has no effect on complication rates.[49][50] Use of acyclovir therefore is not currently recommended for individuals with normal immune function. Children younger than 12 years old and older than one month are not meant to receive antiviral drugs unless they have another medical condition which puts them at risk of developing complications.[51]

text: Treatment of chickenpox in children is aimed at symptoms while the immune system deals with the virus. With children younger than 12 years, cutting nails and keeping them clean is an important part of treatment as they are more likely to scratch their blisters more deeply than adults.[52]

text: Aspirin is highly contraindicated in children younger than 16 years, as it has been related to Reye syndrome.[53]

text: Adults[edit]

text: Infection in otherwise healthy adults tends to be more severe.[54] Treatment with antiviral drugs (e.g. acyclovir or valacyclovir) is generally advised, as long as it is started within 24–48 hours from rash onset.[51] Remedies to ease the symptoms of chickenpox in adults are basically the same as those used for children. Adults are more often prescribed antiviral medication, as it is effective in reducing the severity of the condition and the likelihood of developing complications. Antiviral medicines do not kill the virus but stop it from multiplying. Adults are advised to increase water intake to reduce dehydration and to relieve headaches. Painkillers such as paracetamol (acetaminophen) are recommended, as they are effective in relieving itching and other symptoms such as fever or pains. Antihistamines relieve itching and may be used in cases where the itching prevents sleep, because they also act as a sedative. As with children, antiviral medication is considered more useful for those adults who are more prone to develop complications. These include pregnant women or people who have a weakened immune system.[55]

text: Sorivudine, a nucleoside analogue, has been reported to be effective in the treatment of primary varicella in healthy adults (case reports only), but large-scale clinical trials are still needed to demonstrate its efficacy.[56]

text: Prognosis[edit]

text: The duration of the visible blistering caused by varicella zoster virus varies in children usually from 4 to 7 days, and the appearance of new blisters begins to subside after the fifth day. Chickenpox infection is milder in young children, and symptomatic treatment, with sodium bicarbonate baths or antihistamine medication may ease itching.  Paracetamol (acetaminophen) is widely used to reduce fever. Aspirin, or products containing aspirin, should not be given to children with chickenpox, as it can cause Reye's Syndrome.[57]

text: In adults, the disease is more severe,[58] though the incidence is much less common. Infection in adults is associated with greater morbidity and mortality due to pneumonia (either direct viral pneumonia or secondary bacterial pneumonia),[59] bronchitis (either viral bronchitis or secondary bacterial bronchitis),[59] hepatitis,[60] and encephalitis.[61] In particular, up to 10% of pregnant women with chickenpox develop pneumonia, the severity of which increases with onset later in gestation. In England and Wales, 75% of deaths due to chickenpox are in adults.[26] Inflammation of the brain, or encephalitis, can occur in immunocompromised individuals, although the risk is higher with herpes zoster.[62] Necrotizing fasciitis is also a rare complication.[63]

text: Varicella can be lethal to adults with impaired immunity. The number of people in this high-risk group has increased, due to the HIV epidemic and the increased use of immunosuppressive therapies.[64] Varicella is a particular problem in hospitals, when there are patients with immune systems weakened by drugs (e.g., high-dose steroids) or HIV.[65]

text: Secondary bacterial infection of skin lesions, manifesting as impetigo, cellulitis, and erysipelas, is the most common complication in healthy children. Disseminated primary varicella infection usually seen in the immunocompromised may have high morbidity. Ninety percent of cases of varicella pneumonia occur in the adult population. Rarer complications of disseminated chickenpox include myocarditis, hepatitis, and glomerulonephritis.[66]

text: Hemorrhagic complications are more common in the immunocompromised or immunosuppressed populations, although healthy children and adults have been affected. Five major clinical syndromes have been described: febrile purpura, malignant chickenpox with purpura, postinfectious purpura, purpura fulminans, and anaphylactoid purpura. These syndromes have variable courses, with febrile purpura being the most benign of the syndromes and having an uncomplicated outcome. In contrast, malignant chickenpox with purpura is a grave clinical condition that has a mortality rate of greater than 70%. The cause of these hemorrhagic chickenpox syndromes is not known.[66]

text: Epidemiology[edit]

text: Primary varicella occurs in all countries worldwide. In 2013 the disease resulted in 7,000 deaths – down from 8,900 in 1990.[13]

text: In temperate countries, chickenpox is primarily a disease of children, with most cases occurring during the winter and spring, most likely due to school contact. It is one of the classic diseases of childhood, with the highest prevalence in the 4–10-year-old age group. Like rubella, it is uncommon in preschool children. Varicella is highly communicable, with an infection rate of 90% in close contacts. In temperate countries, most people become infected before adulthood, and 10% of young adults remain susceptible.

text: In the tropics, chickenpox often occurs in older people and may cause more serious disease.[67] In adults, the pock marks are darker and the scars more prominent than in children.[68]

text: In the United States, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) does not require state health departments to report infections of chickenpox, and only 31 states currently volunteer this information.[69] However, in a 2013 study conducted by the social media disease surveillance tool called Sickweather, anecdotal reports of chickenpox infections on Facebook and Twitter were used to measure and rank states with the most infections per capita, with Maryland, Tennessee and Illinois in the top three.[70]

text: Etymology[edit]

text: Why the term was used is not clear but it may be due to it being a relatively mild disease.[14] It has been said to be derived from chickpeas, based on resemblance of the vesicles to chickpeas,[14][71][72] or to come from the rash resembling chicken pecks.[72] Other suggestions include the designation chicken for a child (i.e., literally 'child pox'), a corruption of itching-pox,[71][73] or the idea that the disease may have originated in chickens.[74] Samuel Johnson explained the designation as "from its being of no very great danger".[75]

text: Society and culture[edit]

text: Because chickenpox is usually more severe in adults than it is in children, some parents deliberately expose their children to the virus, sometimes by taking them to "chickenpox parties". Doctors counter that children are safer getting the vaccine, which is a weakened form of the virus, rather than getting the disease, which can be fatal.[76]

text: Other animals[edit]

text: Humans are the only known species that the disease affects naturally.[7] However, chickenpox has been caused in other animals, such as primates, including chimpanzees[77] and gorillas.[78]


document_title: Indian Ocean

question_text: what is the deepest point in the indian ocean

text: Indian Ocean

text: Geography[edit]

text: The borders of the Indian Ocean, as delineated by the International Hydrographic Organization in 1953 included the Southern Ocean but not the marginal seas along the northern rim, but in 2000 the IHO delimited the Southern Ocean separately, which removed waters south of 60°S from the Indian Ocean, but included the northern marginal seas.[4] Meridionally, the Indian Ocean is delimited from the Atlantic Ocean by the 20° east meridian, running south from Cape Agulhas, and from the Pacific Ocean by the meridian of 146°55'E, running south from the southernmost point of Tasmania. The northernmost extent of the Indian Ocean is approximately 30° north in the Persian Gulf.

text: The Indian Ocean covers 70,560,000 km2 (27,240,000 sq mi), including the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf but excluding the Southern Ocean, or 19.5% of the world's oceans; its volume is 264,000,000 km3 (63,000,000 cu mi) or 19.8% of the world's oceans' volume; it has an average depth of 3,741 m (12,274 ft) and a maximum depth of 7,906 m (25,938 ft).[5]

text: The ocean's continental shelves are narrow, averaging 200 kilometres (120 mi) in width. An exception is found off Australia's western coast, where the shelf width exceeds 1,000 kilometres (620 mi). The average depth of the ocean is 3,890 m (12,762 ft). Its deepest point is Diamantina Deep in Diamantina Trench, at 8,047 m (26,401 ft) deep; Sunda Trench has a depth of 7,258–7,725 m (23,812–25,344 ft). North of 50° south latitude, 86% of the main basin is covered by pelagic sediments, of which more than half is globigerina ooze. The remaining 14% is layered with terrigenous sediments. Glacial outwash dominates the extreme southern latitudes.

text: The major choke points include Bab el Mandeb, Strait of Hormuz, the Lombok Strait, the Strait of Malacca and the Palk Strait. Seas include the Gulf of Aden, Andaman Sea, Arabian Sea, Bay of Bengal, Great Australian Bight, Laccadive Sea, Gulf of Mannar, Mozambique Channel, Gulf of Oman, Persian Gulf, Red Sea and other tributary water bodies. The Indian Ocean is artificially connected to the Mediterranean Sea through the Suez Canal, which is accessible via the Red Sea. All of the Indian Ocean is in the Eastern Hemisphere and the centre of the Eastern Hemisphere is in this ocean.

text: Marginal seas[edit]

text: Marginal seas, gulfs, bays and straits of the Indian Ocean include:

text:
Andaman Sea
Arabian Sea
Bay of Bengal
Great Australian Bight
Gulf of Mannar
Gulf of Aden
Gulf of Aqaba
Gulf of Tadjoura
Gulf of Bahrain
Gulf of Carpentaria
Gulf of Kutch
Gulf of Khambat
Gulf of Oman
Indonesian Seaway (including the Malacca, Sunda and Torres Straits)
Laccadive Sea
Mozambique Channel
Palk Strait connecting Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal
Persian Gulf
Red Sea
Sea of Zanj
Strait of Bab-el-Mandeb connecting Arabian Sea
Strait of Hormuz connecting Persian Gulf

text: Climate[edit]

text: The climate north of the equator is affected by a monsoon climate. Strong north-east winds blow from October until April; from May until October south and west winds prevail. In the Arabian Sea the violent Monsoon brings rain to the Indian subcontinent. In the southern hemisphere, the winds are generally milder, but summer storms near Mauritius can be severe. When the monsoon winds change, cyclones sometimes strike the shores of the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal.

text: The Indian Ocean is the warmest ocean in the world. Long-term ocean temperature records show a rapid, continuous warming in the Indian Ocean, at about 0.7–1.2 °C (1.3–2.2 °F) during 1901–2012.[6] Indian Ocean warming is the largest among the tropical oceans, and about 3 times faster than the warming observed in the Pacific. Research indicates that human induced greenhouse warming, and changes in the frequency and magnitude of El Niño events are a trigger to this strong warming in the Indian Ocean.[6]

text: Oceanography[edit]

text: Among the few large rivers flowing into the Indian Ocean are the Zambezi, Shatt al-Arab, Indus, Godavari, Krishna, Narmada, Ganges, Brahmaputra, Jubba and Irrawaddy. The ocean's currents are mainly controlled by the monsoon. Two large gyres, one in the northern hemisphere flowing clockwise and one south of the equator moving anticlockwise (including the Agulhas Current and Agulhas Return Current), constitute the dominant flow pattern. During the winter monsoon, however, currents in the north are reversed.

text: Deep water circulation is controlled primarily by inflows from the Atlantic Ocean, the Red Sea, and Antarctic currents. North of 20° south latitude the minimum surface temperature is 22 °C (72 °F), exceeding 28 °C (82 °F) to the east. Southward of 40° south latitude, temperatures drop quickly.

text: Precipitation and evaporation leads to salinity variation in all oceans, and in the Indian Ocean salinity variations are driven by: (1) river inflow mainly from the Bay of Bengal, (2) fresher water from the Indonesian Throughflow; and (3) saltier water from the Red Sea and Persian Gulf.[7] Surface water salinity ranges from 32 to 37 parts per 1000, the highest occurring in the Arabian Sea and in a belt between southern Africa and south-western Australia. Pack ice and icebergs are found throughout the year south of about 65° south latitude. The average northern limit of icebergs is 45° south latitude.

text: Geology[edit]

text: As the youngest of the major oceans,[8] the Indian Ocean has active spreading ridges that are part of the worldwide system of mid-ocean ridges. In the Indian Ocean these spreading ridges meet at the Rodrigues Triple Point with the Central Indian Ridge, including the Carlsberg Ridge, separating the African Plate from the Indian Plate; the Southwest Indian Ridge separating the African Plate form the Antarctic Plate; and the Southeast Indian Ridge separating the Australian Plate from the Antarctic Plate.The Central Ridge runs north on the in-between across of the Arabian Peninsula and Africa into the Mediterranean Sea.

text: A series of ridges and seamount chains produced by hotspots pass over the Indian Ocean. The Réunion hotspot (active 70–40 million years ago) connects Réunion and the Mascarene Plateau to the Chagos-Laccadive Ridge and the Deccan Traps in north-western India; the Kerguelen hotspot (100–35 million years ago) connects the Kerguelen Islands and Kerguelen Plateau to the Ninety East Ridge and the Rajmahal Traps in north-eastern India; the Marion hotspot (100–70 million years ago) possibly connects Prince Edward Islands to the Eighty Five East Ridge.[9] It should be noted that these hotspot tracks have been broken by the still active spreading ridges mentioned above.

text: Marine life[edit]

text: Among the tropical oceans, the western Indian Ocean hosts one of the largest concentration of phytoplankton blooms in summer, due to the strong monsoon winds. The monsoonal wind forcing leads to a strong coastal and open ocean upwelling, which introduces nutrients into the upper zones where sufficient light is available for photosynthesis and phytoplankton production. These phytoplankton blooms support the marine ecosystem, as the base of the marine food web, and eventually the larger fish species. The Indian Ocean accounts for the second largest share of the most economically valuable tuna catch.[10] Its fish are of great and growing importance to the bordering countries for domestic consumption and export. Fishing fleets from Russia, Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan also exploit the Indian Ocean, mainly for shrimp and tuna.[11]

text: Research indicates that increasing ocean temperatures are taking a toll on the marine ecosystem. A study on the phytoplankton changes in the Indian Ocean indicates a decline of up to 20% in the marine phytoplankton in the Indian Ocean, during the past six decades.[12] The tuna catch rates have also declined abruptly during the past half century, mostly due to increased industrial fisheries, with the ocean warming adding further stress to the fish species.[12]

text: Endangered marine species include the dugong, seals, turtles, and whales.[11]

text: An Indian Ocean garbage patch was discovered in 2010 covering at least 5 million square kilometres (1.9 million square miles). Riding the southern Indian Ocean Gyre, this vortex of plastic garbage constantly circulates the ocean from Australia to Africa, down the Mozambique Channel, and back to Australia in a period of six years, except for debris that get indefinitely stuck in the centre of the gyre.

text: In 2016, UK researchers from Southampton University identified six new animal species at hydrothermal vents beneath the Indian Ocean. These new species were a "Hoff" crab, a "giant peltospirid" snail, a whelk-like snail, a limpet, a scaleworm and a polychaete worm.[13]

text: History[edit]

text: First settlements[edit]

text: The history of the Indian Ocean is marked by maritime trade; cultural and commercial exchange probably date back at least seven thousand years.[14] During this period, independent, short-distance oversea communications along its littoral margins have evolved into an all-embracing network. The début of this network was not the achievement of a centralised or advanced civilisation but of local and regional exchange in the Persian Gulf, the Red Sea, and Arabian Sea. Sherds of Ubaid (2500–500 BCE) pottery have been found in the western Gulf at Dilmun, present-day Bahrain; traces of exchange between this trading centre and Mesopotamia. Sumerian traded grain, pottery, and bitumen (used for reed boats) for copper, stone, timber, tin, dates, onions, and pearls.[15] Coast-bound vessels transported goods between the Harappa civilisation (2600–1900 BCE) in India (modern-day Pakistan and Gujarat in India) and the Persian Gulf and Egypt.[14]

text: Periplus of the Erythraean Sea, an Alexandrian guide to the world beyond the Red Sea — including Africa and India — from the first century CE, not only gives insights into trade in the region but also shows that Roman and Greek sailors had already gained knowledge about the monsoon winds.[14] The contemporaneous settlement of Madagascar by Indonesian sailors shows that the littoral margins of the Indian Ocean were being both well-populated and regularly traversed at least by this time. Albeit the monsoon must have been common knowledge in the Indian Ocean for centuries.[14]

text: The world's earliest civilizations in Mesopotamia (beginning with Sumer), ancient Egypt, and the Indian subcontinent (beginning with the Indus Valley civilization), which began along the valleys of the Tigris-Euphrates, Nile and Indus rivers respectively, all developed around the Indian Ocean. Civilizations soon arose in Persia (beginning with Elam) and later in Southeast Asia (beginning with Funan).

text: During Egypt's first dynasty (c. 3000 BCE), sailors were sent out onto its waters, journeying to Punt, thought to be part of present-day Somalia. Returning ships brought gold and myrrh. The earliest known maritime trade between Mesopotamia and the Indus Valley (c. 2500 BC) was conducted along the Indian Ocean. Phoenicians of the late 3rd millennium BCE may have entered the area, but no settlements resulted.

text: The Indian Ocean's relatively calmer waters opened the areas bordering it to trade earlier than the Atlantic or Pacific oceans. The powerful monsoons also meant ships could easily sail west early in the season, then wait a few months and return eastwards. This allowed ancient Indonesian peoples to cross the Indian Ocean to settle in Madagascar around 1 CE.[16]

text: Era of discovery[edit]

text: In the 2nd or 1st century BCE, Eudoxus of Cyzicus was the first Greek to cross the Indian Ocean. The probably fictitious sailor Hippalus is said to have discovered the direct route from Arabia to India around this time.[17] During the 1st and 2nd centuries AD intensive trade relations developed between Roman Egypt and the Tamil kingdoms of the Cheras, Cholas and Pandyas in Southern India. Like the Indonesian peoples above, the western sailors used the monsoon to cross the ocean. The unknown author of the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea describes this route, as well as the commodities that were traded along various commercial ports on the coasts of the Horn of Africa and India circa 1 CE. Among these trading settlements were Mosylon and Opone on the Red Sea littoral.

text: Unlike the Pacific Ocean where the civilization of the Polynesians reached most of the far flung islands and atolls and populated them, almost all the islands, archipelagos and atolls of the Indian Ocean were uninhabited until colonial times. Although there were numerous ancient civilizations in the coastal states of Asia and parts of Africa, the Maldives were the only island group in the Central Indian Ocean region where an ancient civilization flourished.[18] Maldivian ships used the Indian Monsoon Current to travel to the nearby coasts.[19]

text: From 1405 to 1433 Admiral Zheng He led large fleets of the Ming Dynasty on several treasure voyages through the Indian Ocean, ultimately reaching the coastal countries of East Africa.[20]

text: In 1497 Portuguese navigator Vasco da Gama rounded the Cape of Good Hope and became the first European to sail to India and later the Far East. The European ships, armed with heavy cannon, quickly dominated trade. Portugal achieved pre-eminence by setting up forts at the important straits and ports. Their hegemony along the coasts of Africa and Asia lasted until the mid 17th century. Later, the Portuguese were challenged by other European powers. The Dutch East India Company (1602–1798) sought control of trade with the East across the Indian Ocean. France and Britain established trade companies for the area. From 1565 Spain established a major trading operation with the Manila Galleons in the Philippines and the Pacific. Spanish trading ships purposely avoided the Indian Ocean, following the Treaty of Tordesillas with Portugal. By 1815, Britain became the principal power in the Indian Ocean.

text: Industrial era[edit]

text: The opening of the Suez Canal in 1869 revived European interest in the East, but no nation was successful in establishing trade dominance. Since World War II the United Kingdom was forced to withdraw from the area, to be replaced by India, the USSR, and the United States. The last two tried to establish hegemony[citation needed] by negotiating for naval base sites. Developing countries bordering the ocean, however, seek to have it made a "zone of peace"[citation needed] so that they may use its shipping lanes freely. The United Kingdom and United States maintain a military base on Diego Garcia atoll in the middle of the Indian Ocean.

text: Contemporary era[edit]

text: On 26 December 2004 the countries surrounding the Indian Ocean were hit by a tsunami caused by the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake. The waves resulted in more than 226,000 deaths and over 1 million people were left homeless.

text: In the late 2000s the ocean evolved into a hub of pirate activity. By 2013, attacks off the Horn region's coast had steadily declined due to active private security and international navy patrols, especially by the Indian Navy.[21]

text: Malaysian Airlines Flight 370, a Boeing 777 airliner with 239 persons on board, disappeared on 8 March 2014 and is alleged to have crashed into the southeastern Indian Ocean about 2,000km from the coast of southwest Western Australia. Despite an extensive search, the whereabouts of the remains of the aircraft are unknown.

text: Trade[edit]

text: The sea lanes in the Indian Ocean are considered among the most strategically important in the world with more than 80 percent of the world’s seaborne trade in oil transits through Indian Ocean and its vital choke points, with 40 percent passing through the Strait of Hormuz, 35 percent through the Strait of Malacca and 8 percent through the Bab el-Mandab Strait.[22]

text: The Indian Ocean provides major sea routes connecting the Middle East, Africa, and East Asia with Europe and the Americas. It carries a particularly heavy traffic of petroleum and petroleum products from the oil fields of the Persian Gulf and Indonesia. Large reserves of hydrocarbons are being tapped in the offshore areas of Saudi Arabia, Iran, India, and Western Australia. An estimated 40% of the world's offshore oil production comes from the Indian Ocean.[11] Beach sands rich in heavy minerals, and offshore placer deposits are actively exploited by bordering countries, particularly India, Pakistan, South Africa, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, and Thailand.

text: Major ports and harbours[edit]

text: The Port of Singapore is the busiest port in the Indian Ocean, located in the Strait of Malacca where it meets the Pacific. Mumbai, Trivandrum, Chennai, Kolkata, Kochi, Mormugao Port, Mundra, Panambur, Hazira, Port Blair, Alang, Visakhapatnam, Paradip, Ennore, Tuticorin and Nagapattinam are the other major ports in India. South Asian ports include Chittagong in Bangladesh, Colombo, Hambantota and Galle in Sri Lanka, and ports of Karachi, Sindh province and Gwadar, Balochistan province in Pakistan. Aden is a major port in Yemen and controls ships entering the Red Sea. Major African ports on the shores of the Indian Ocean include: Mombasa (Kenya), Dar es Salaam, Zanzibar (Tanzania), Durban, East London, Richard's Bay (South Africa), Beira (Mozambique), and Port Louis (Mauritius). Zanzibar is especially famous for its spice export. Other major ports in the Indian Ocean include Muscat (Oman), Yangon (Burma), Jakarta, Medan (Indonesia), Fremantle (port servicing Perth, Australia) and Dubai (UAE).

text: Chinese companies have made investments in several Indian Ocean ports, including Gwadar, Hambantota, Colombo and Sonadia. This has sparked a debate about the strategic implications of these investments.[23]

text: Bordering countries and territories[edit]

text: Small islands dot the continental rims. Island nations within the ocean are Madagascar (the world's fourth largest island), Bahrain, Comoros, Maldives, Mauritius, Seychelles and Sri Lanka. The archipelago of Indonesia and the island nation of East Timor border the ocean on the east.

text: Heading roughly clockwise, the states and territories (in italics) with a coastline on the Indian Ocean (including the Red Sea and Persian Gulf) are:

text: Africa

text:
South Africa
 Mozambique
 Madagascar
 French Southern and Antarctic Lands (FRA)
 France (Mayotte and Réunion)
 Mauritius
 Comoros
 Tanzania
 Seychelles
 Kenya
 Somalia
 Djibouti
 Eritrea
 Sudan
 Egypt

text: Asia

text:
Egypt
 Israel
 Jordan
 Saudi Arabia
 Yemen
 Oman
 United Arab Emirates
 Qatar
 Bahrain
 Kuwait
 Iraq
 Iran
 Pakistan
 India
 Maldives
 British Indian Ocean Territory (UK)
 Sri Lanka
 Bangladesh
 Myanmar
 Thailand
 Malaysia
 Singapore
 Indonesia
 Cocos (Keeling) Islands (AUS)
 Christmas Island (AUS)
 Timor-Leste

text: Australasia

text:
Ashmore and Cartier Islands (AUS)
 Indonesia
 Australia

text: Southern Indian Ocean

text:
Heard Island and McDonald Islands (AUS)
 French Southern and Antarctic Lands (FRA)
 Prince Edward Islands (RSA)


document_title: Express trains in India

question_text: which is the fastest train in indian railway

text: Express trains in India

text: Non reserved travelling on Express trains[edit]

text: Indian railways run non-reserved train as have unreserved/general compartment on Express/Mail trains.

text: Indian railways run non reserved trains under the brand Jan Sadharan Express. These trains have all Unreserved/General coaches. A new series of Antyodaya Express is also proposed in rail budget 2016 - 2017 which will operate on peak routes having more rush. These trains will have all non reserved coaches.

text: The following Jan Sadharan Express run in India:

text:
13257/13258 - Rajendranagar Anand Vihar Jan Sadharan Express (Daily)
12597/12598 - Gorakhpur Mumbai Jan Sadharan Express (Weekly)
15101/15102 - Tirora - Mumbai (Weekly)
13257/13258 - Danapur - Anand Vihar (Delhi) (Daily)
15559/15560 - Darbhanga - Ahmedabad (Weekly)
15269/15270 - Muzaffarpur - Ahmedabad (Monthly- Twice)

tag: ol

text: The following trains are proposed under Antyodaya brand:[2]

text:
22877/22877 Howrah - Ernakulam Antyodaya Express
22841/22841 Santragachi - Chennai Central Antyodaya Express
22921/22922 Bandra Terminus - Gorakhpur Antyodaya Express
22895/22896 Bilaspur - Firozpur Antyodaya Express
15563/15564 Jaynagar - Udhna Antyodaya Express
22885/22886 Lokmanya Tilak Terminus - Tatanagar Antyodaya Express
15567/15568 Darbhanga - Jalandhar City Antyodaya Express
22631/22632 - Bikaner - Chennai Antyodaya Express
16355/16356 - Kochuveli - Mangaluru Jn Antyodaya Express

text: Apart from Antyodaya and Jan Sadharan trains, unreserved/general coaches are non reserved coaches on normal Express / Mail. The restriction on such coaches is for 24 hours journey. A new series of Deen Dayalu coaches has also been proposed in rail budget 2016 - 2017 for long distance trains. The Deen Dayalu coaches will be more comfortable than the old coaches

text: Competition[edit]

text: Like elsewhere, railways in India compete with air travel and road transport. The advantages of travelling by air between cities are the greater frequency of flights, and shorter travel time. Rail travel, with few exceptions (if any), offers lower cost.

text: Rail transport also faces competition from the use of roads improved under National Highways Development Project. People owning cars can, for short distances, benefit in terms of shorter travel time, given the lack of commute to and from a railway station at both ends of a journey. This is also balanced against the need to maintain one's vehicle and its security during such trips.

text: Tracks[edit]

text: Duronto, Shatabdi, and Rajdhani trains run on Indian broad-gauge which is 5 ft 6 in (1,676 mm). These tracks are multi-purpose supporting all passenger and freight traffic, and are not made exclusively for lighter load fast-express passenger trains. They run on tracks with classifications Group A, permitting speed up to 160 km/h, and Group B for speed up to 130 km/h. Lower speed limits apply when they are on tracks or railway switches, which have lower speed limits. The design of the railway switches, with a speed limit of 50–90 km/h, is the major bottleneck to higher speed.[3] Another constraint is the need to accommodate freight trains at the current top speed of 70 km/h.[4] These constraints to speed are consequences of sharing tracks with freight and lower speed suburban passenger trains. But currently, as of 2010, a separate freight corridor construction work is in progress with land acquisitions and other hurdles being slowly overcome.

text: Locomotives[edit]

text: Duronto, Shatabdi, and Rajdhani trains are hauled by powerful electric locomotives built by the Chittaranjan Locomotive Works, such as WAP-4, WAP-5, or WAP-7, each with an output of more than 5,000 hp.

text:
WAP-4 hauling Rajdhani Express

WAP-5 hauling Rajdhani Express

WAP-7 hauling Duronto Express

WCAM-2 hauling Rajdhani Express

WDP-4 loco hauling Rajdhani Express

WDP-3A loco hauling Trivandrum Rajdhani Express

text: Coaches[edit]

text: The coaches in these trains are of crash-worthy design from Alstom-LHB, built by Rail Coach Factory at Kapurthala.[5][6] These Alstom-LHB coaches can be pulled to a speed of 160 km/h without any modification.[7] New fast-express coaches are made partly or completely of stainless steel, primarily motivated by lower maintenance, and higher availability. Stainless steel construction also reduces empty weight, enabling more passengers per coach.[8] The bogies, design from Fiat, has 2 disk brakes per axle[7] essential for safe operations especially at the speed of fast-express trains.

text: Speed[edit]

text: The average speed of super-fast trains, range from 55 kilometres per hour (34 mph) to 112 kilometres per hour (70 mph). Of this, counting up and down trains separately, 23 trains have an average speed more than 80 km/h, whereas, 72 trains have an average speed between 70 and 80 km/h. The speed of express trains is calculated from the latest Indian Railways Time-Table.

text: Regular unbranded express trains on the same route are only slightly slower, since the same locomotives haul them.

text:
Fastest train in India: 12049/50: Jhansi Junction - H. Nizamuddin Gatimaan Express- maximum speed 160 km/h, average speed 112 km/h
Second-fastest train in India: 12002 New Delhi - Bhopal Habibganj Shatabdi Express - maximum speed 150 km/h, average speed 92 km/h
Third-fastest train in India:  09003/4 New Delhi - Bandra Rajdhani Express - maximum speed 150 km/h, average speed is between 95 and 100 km/h
Fourth-fastest train in India (tie): Delhi Metro's Airport Express Line- maximum speed 135 km/h, average speed is between 90 and 95 km/h
Fourth-fastest train in India (tie): 12259/60Sealdah - New Delhi Duronto Express - maximum speed 135 km/h, average speed is between 85 and 90 km/h
Fifth-fastest train in India: 12302 New Delhi - Howrah Rajdhani Express
Fastest Rajdhani: 09003/4 New Delhi - Bandra Rajdhani Express - 140 km/h
Fastest Shatabdi: 12001/02 New Delhi - Bhopal Habibganj Shatabdi Express - 150 km/h
Fastest Suvidha: 22355/56 Patna - Mumbai CST Suvidha Superfast Express - 110 km/h
Fastest Duronto: 12259/60 New Delhi - Sealdah Duronto Express - 135 km/h
Fastest Yuva: 12249/50 Howrah New Delhi Yuva Express - 130 km/h
Fastest Garib Rath: 12910 H. Nizamuddin – Bandra Garib Rath - 130 km/h
Fastest Jan Shatabdi: 12059 Kota - H. Nizamuddin Jan Shatabdi Express - 110 km/h
Fastest Sampark Kranti: 12908 Maharashtra Sampark Kranti Express - 110 km/h
Fastest Double Decker: 12932 Mumbai Central - Ahmedabad AC Double Decker Express - 130 km/h
Fastest Air-Conditioned Superfast: 22109 Mumbai LTT - H. Nizamuddin AC SF Express - 130 km/h
Fastest Superfast train: 12908 Maharashtra Sampark Kranti Express - 110 km/h
Fastest Passenger train: 56719 Nagercoil – Kanyakumari Passenger – 62 km/h
Fastest EMU/MEMU/DEMU train: 31213 Sealdah – Barrackpore EMU – 66 km/h
Fastest fully diesel hauled Shatabdi: Pune - Secunderabad - Pune Shatabdi Express - 130kmph maximum permissible speed, 72kmph average speed
Fastest Metro: Delhi Metro's Airport Express Line- 135 km/h

text: Gallery[edit]

text:
13351 Bokaro Express

18237 Chhattisgarh Express

A WAP 5 hauled Gatimaan express

Humsafar Express

Hyderabad - Jaipur Express

Mastyagandha Express

12113 Garib Rath Express

12510 Kaziranga Superfast Express (SBC-Guwahati)

12105 Vidarbha Superfast Express

12322 Mumbai Mail Superfast Express

12713 Sathavahana Express

(Vijayawada - Chennai) Jan Shatabdi Express

Howrah-Chennai Super fast Mail Express

12727 Godavari Express

18625 (Patna-Hatia) Express

Kacheguda - Madurai Express

Tirucchirapalli - Howrah Express

Deccan Queen Express

12701 Hussain Sagar Express

12794 Rayalaseema Express

18463 Prashanti Express

17036 Kagaznagar Express

Amaravati Express

15483 Mahananda Express

12864 Yesvantpur-Howrah Superfast Express

Visakhapatnam - Nanded Express

Visakhapatnam - Mumbai LTT Express

text: Stops[edit]

text: Frequent stops reduce the average running speed of a train greatly by preventing it from gaining higher speed. Duronto, Shatabdi, and Rajdhani express trains have very few stops. The distance between stops is as short as 2 km between New Bongaigaon-Bongaigaon on the Howrah-Dibrugarh Kamrup Express, and as long as 528 km between Vadodara-Kota on the Thiruvananthapuram Rajdhani Express.