document_title: World population

question_text: what percentage of the world population is north america

text: World population

text: Population by region[edit]

text: Six of the Earth's seven continents are permanently inhabited on a large scale. Asia is the most populous continent, with its 4.54 billion inhabitants accounting for 60% of the world population. The world's two most populated countries, China and India, together constitute about 36% of the world's population. Africa is the second most populated continent, with around 1.28 billion people, or 16% of the world's population. Europe's 742 million people make up 10% of the world's population as of 2018, while the Latin American and Caribbean regions are home to around 651 million (9%). Northern America, primarily consisting of the United States and Canada, has a population of around 363 million (5%), and Oceania, the least-populated region, has about 41 million inhabitants (0.5%).[9] Though it is not permanently inhabited by any fixed population, Antarctica has a small, fluctuating international population based mainly in polar science stations. This population tends to rise in the summer months and decrease significantly in winter, as visiting researchers return to their home countries.[10]

text: Population by continent[edit]

text:
Population by continent (2016 estimates)

Continent

Density(inhabitants/km2)

Population(millions)

Most populous country

Most populous city (metropolitan area)

Asia

96.4

4,436

1,382,300,000[note 1] -  China

35,676,000/13,634,685 -  Greater Tokyo Area/Tokyo Metropolis

Africa

36.7

1,216

0186,987,000 -  Nigeria

21,000,000 -  Lagos

Europe

72.9

738

0145,939,000 -  Russia;approx. 112 million in Europe)

15,029,231 -  Istanbul[11]

North America[note 2]

22.9

579

0324,991,600 -  United States

23,723,696/8,537,673 -  New York Metropolitan Area/New York City

South America

22.8

422

0209,567,000 -  Brazil

27,640,577/11,316,149 -  Metro Area/São Paulo City

Oceania

4.5

39.9

0024,458,800 -  Australia

5,005,400 -  Sydney

Antarctica

0.0003(varies)

0.004 in summer(non-permanent, varies)[10]

N/A[note 3]

1,200 (non-permanent, varies) - McMurdo Station

text: History[edit]

text: Estimates of world population by their nature are an aspect of modernity, possible only since the Age of Discovery. Early estimates for the population of the world[12] date to the 17th century: William Petty in 1682 estimated world population at  320 million (modern estimates ranging close to twice this number); by the late 18th century, estimates ranged close to one billion (consistent with modern estimates).[13] More refined estimates, broken down by continents, were published in the first half of the 19th century, at 600 to 1000 million in the early 1800s and at 800 to 1000 million in the 1840s.[14]

text: Antiquity and Middle Ages[edit]

text: Estimates of the population of the world at the time agriculture emerged in around 10,000 BC have ranged between 1 million and 15 million.[15][16]  Even earlier, genetic evidence suggests humans may have gone through a population bottleneck of between 1,000 and 10,000 people about 70,000 BC, according to the Toba catastrophe theory. By contrast, it is estimated that around 50–60 million people lived in the combined eastern and western Roman Empire in the 4th century AD.[17]

text: The Plague of Justinian, which first emerged during the reign of the Roman emperor Justinian, caused Europe's population to drop by around 50% between the 6th and 8th centuries AD.[18] The population of Europe was more than 70 million in 1340.[19] The Black Death pandemic of the 14th century may have reduced the world's population from an estimated 450 million in 1340 to between 350 and 375 million in 1400;[20] it took 200 years for population figures to recover.[21] The population of China decreased from 123 million in 1200 to 65 million in 1393,[22] presumably due to a combination of Mongol invasions, famine, and plague.[23]

text: Starting in AD 2, the Han Dynasty of ancient China kept consistent family registers in order to properly assess the poll taxes and labor service duties of each household.[24] In that year, the population of Western Han was recorded as 57,671,400 individuals in 12,366,470 households, decreasing to 47,566,772 individuals in 9,348,227 households by AD 146, towards the End of the Han Dynasty.[24] At the founding of the Ming Dynasty in 1368, China's population was reported to be close to 60 million; toward the end of the dynasty in 1644, it may have approached 150 million.[25] England's population reached an estimated 5.6 million in 1650, up from an estimated 2.6 million in 1500.[26] New crops that were brought to Asia and Europe from the Americas by Portuguese and Spanish colonists in the 16th century are believed to have contributed to population growth.[27][28][29] Since their introduction to Africa by Portuguese traders in the 16th century,[30] maize and cassava have similarly replaced traditional African crops as the most important staple food crops grown on the continent.[31]

text: The pre-Columbian North American population probably numbered somewhere between 2 million and 18 million.[32] Encounters between European explorers and populations in the rest of the world often introduced local epidemics of extraordinary virulence.[33] According to the most extreme scholarly claims, as many as 90% of the Native American population of the New World died due to Old World diseases such as smallpox, measles and influenza.[34] Over the centuries, the Europeans had developed high degrees of immunity to these diseases, while the indigenous peoples had no such immunity.[35]

text: Modern era[edit]

text: During the European Agricultural and Industrial Revolutions, the life expectancy of children increased dramatically.[38] The percentage of the children born in London who died before the age of five decreased from 74.5% in 1730–1749 to 31.8% in 1810–1829.[39][40] Between 1700 and 1900, Europe’s population increased from about 100 million to over 400 million.[41] Altogether, the areas populated by people of European descent comprised 36% of the world's population in 1900.[42]

text: Population growth in the West became more rapid after the introduction of vaccination and other improvements in medicine and sanitation.[43] Improved material conditions led to the population of Britain increasing from 10 million to 40 million in the 19th century.[44] The population of the United Kingdom reached 60 million in 2006.[45] The United States saw its population grow from around 5.3 million in 1800 to 106 million in 1920, exceeding 307 million in 2010.[46]

text: The first half of the 20th century in Imperial Russia and the Soviet Union was marked by a succession of major wars, famines and other disasters which caused large-scale population losses (approximately 60 million excess deaths).[47][48] After the collapse of the Soviet Union, Russia's population declined significantly – from 150 million in 1991 to 143 million in 2012[49] – but by 2013 this decline appeared to have halted.[50]

text: Many countries in the developing world have experienced extremely rapid population growth since the early 20th century, due to economic development and improvements in public health. China's population rose from approximately 430 million in 1850 to 580 million in 1953,[51] and now stands at over 1.3 billion. The population of the Indian subcontinent, which was about 125 million in 1750, increased to 389 million in 1941;[52] today, India, Pakistan and Bangladesh are collectively home to about 1.63 billion people.[53] Java had about 5 million inhabitants in 1815; its present-day successor, Indonesia, now has a population of over 140 million.[54] In just one hundred years, the population of Brazil decupled (x10), from about 17 million in 1900, or about 1% of the world population in that year, to about 176 million in 2000, or almost 3% of the global population in the very early 21st century. Mexico's population grew from 13.6 million in 1900 to about 112 million in 2010.[55][56] Between the 1920s and 2000s, Kenya's population grew from 2.9 million to 37 million.[57]

text: Milestones by the billions[edit]

text:
World population milestones in billions

Population

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

Year

1804
1927
1960
1974
1987
1999
2011
2024
2042

Years elapsed

––
123
33
14
13
12
12
13
18

text: It is estimated that the world population reached one billion for the first time in 1804. It was another 123 years before it reached two billion in 1927, but it took only 33 years to reach three billion in 1960.[58] Thereafter, the global population reached four billion in 1974, five billion in 1987, six billion in 1999 and, according to the United States Census Bureau, seven billion in March 2012.[59] The United Nations, however, estimated that the world population reached seven billion in October 2011.[60][61][62]

text: According to current projections, the global population will reach eight billion by 2024, and will likely reach around nine billion by 2042. Alternative scenarios for 2050 range from a low of 7.4 billion to a high of more than 10.6 billion.[63] Projected figures vary depending on underlying statistical assumptions and the variables used in projection calculations, especially the fertility variable. Long-range predictions to 2150 range from a population decline to 3.2 billion in the "low scenario", to "high scenarios" of 24.8 billion.[63] One extreme scenario predicted a massive increase to 256 billion by 2150, assuming the global fertility rate remained at its 1995 level of 3.04 children per woman; however, by 2010 the global fertility rate had declined to 2.52.[64][65]

text: There is no estimation for the exact day or month the world's population surpassed one or two billion. The points at which it reached three and four billion were not officially noted, but the International Database of the United States Census Bureau placed them in July 1959 and April 1974 respectively. The United Nations did determine, and commemorate, the "Day of 5 Billion" on July 11, 1987, and the "Day of 6 Billion" on October 12, 1999. The Population Division of the United Nations declared the "Day of 7 Billion" to be October 31, 2011.[66]

text: Global demographics[edit]

text: 80+   77.5+   75+   72.5+   70+   67.5+   65+     60+   55+   50+   45+   40+   less than 40

text: As of 2012, the global sex ratio is approximately 1.01 males to 1 female. The greater number of men is possibly due to the significant sex imbalances evident in the Indian and Chinese populations.[68][69] Approximately 26.3% of the global population is aged under 15, while 65.9% is aged 15–64 and 7.9% is aged 65 or over.[68] The median age of the world's population was estimated to be 29.7 years in 2014,[70] and is expected to rise to 37.9 years by 2050.[71]

text: According to the World Health Organization, the global average life expectancy is 70.5 years as of 2012, with women living an average of 73 years and men approximately 68 years.[67] In 2010, the global fertility rate was estimated at 2.52 children per woman.[65] In June 2012, British researchers calculated the total weight of Earth's human population as approximately 287 million tonnes, with the average person weighing around 62 kilograms (137 lb).[72]

text: The CIA estimated nominal 2013 gross world product at US$74.31 trillion, giving an annual global per capita figure of around US$10,500.[73] Around 1.29 billion people (18.4% of the world population) live in extreme poverty, subsisting on less than US$1.25 per day;[74] approximately 870 million people (12.25%) are undernourished.[75] 83% of the world's over-15s are considered literate.[68] In June 2014, there were around 3.03 billion global Internet users, constituting 42.3% of the world population.[76]

text: The Han Chinese are the world's largest single ethnic group, constituting over 19% of the global population in 2011.[77] The world's most-spoken first languages are Mandarin Chinese (spoken by 12.44% of the world's population), Spanish (4.85%), English (4.83%), Arabic (3.25%) and Hindustani (2.68%).[68] The world's largest religion is Christianity, whose adherents account for 31% of the global population; Islam is the second-largest religion, accounting for 24.1%, and Hinduism the third, accounting for 13.78%.[68] In 2005, around 16% of the global population were reported to be non-religious.[78]

text: Largest populations by country[edit]

text:
10 most populous countries

Rank
Country / Territory
Population
Date
% of worldpopulation
Source

1
 China[note 4]
1,392,950,000
July 15, 2018
18.2%
[79]

2
 India
1,334,350,000
July 15, 2018
17.5%
[80]

3
 United States
327,482,000
July 15, 2018
4.29%
[81]

4
 Indonesia
265,015,300
July 1, 2018
3.47%
[82]

5
 Pakistan
212,247,000
July 15, 2018
2.78%
[83]

6
 Brazil
209,316,000
July 15, 2018
2.74%
[84]

7
 Nigeria
188,500,000
October 31, 2016
2.47%
[85]

8
 Bangladesh
164,844,000
July 15, 2018
2.16%
[86]

9
 Russia[note 5]
146,877,088
January 1, 2018
1.92%
[87]

10
 Japan
126,490,000
May 1, 2018
1.66%
[88]

text: Approximately 4.3 billion people live in these ten countries, representing around 58% of the world's population as of March 2016. Approximately 3.7 billion people, or half of the world population, live in the six most populous countries.[89]

text: Most densely populated countries[edit]

text: The tables below list the world's most densely populated countries, both in absolute terms and in comparison to their total populations.

text:
10 most densely populated countries (with population above 5 million)

Rank
Country
Population
Area (km2)
Density (Pop. per km2)

1
 Singapore
5,612,300
710
7,905

2
 Bangladesh
164,840,000

143,998

1,145

3
 Taiwan
23,572,415
36,193
651

4
 Lebanon
6,093,509
10,452
583

5
 South Korea
51,635,256
99,538
519

6
 Rwanda
12,001,136
26,338
456

7
 Netherlands
17,240,000

41,526

415

8
 Haiti
11,112,945
27,065
411

9
 India
1,334,350,000

3,287,240

406

10
 Israel
8,880,000

22,072

402

text:
Countries ranking highly in both total population (more than 20 million people) and population density (more than 250 people per square kilometer):

Rank
Country
Population
Area (km2)
Density (Pop. per km2)
Notes

1
 India
1,334,350,000

3,287,240

406
Growing population

2
 Pakistan
212,250,000

803,940

264
Rapidly growing population

3
 Bangladesh
164,840,000

143,998

1,145
Rapidly growing population

4
 Japan
126,490,000
377,873
335
Declining population[90]

5
 Philippines
106,170,000

300,000

354
Growing population

6
 Vietnam
94,660,000
331,689
285
Growing population

7
 United Kingdom
66,040,229
243,610
271
Slowly growing population

8
 South Korea
51,446,201
99,538
517
Slowly growing population

9
 Taiwan
23,572,415
36,193
651
Steady population

10
 Sri Lanka
21,444,000
65,610
327
Growing population

text: Fluctuation[edit]

text: Population size fluctuates at differing rates in differing regions. Nonetheless, population growth is the long-standing trend on all inhabited continents, as well as in most individual states. During the 20th century, the global population saw its greatest increase in known history, rising from about 1.6 billion in 1900 to over 6 billion in 2000. A number of factors contributed to this increase, including the lessening of the mortality rate in many countries by improved sanitation and medical advances, and a massive increase in agricultural productivity attributed to the Green Revolution.[91][92][93]

text: In 2000, the United Nations estimated that the world's population was growing at an annual rate of 1.14% (equivalent to around 75 million people),[94] down from a peak of 88 million per year in 1989. By 2000, there were approximately ten times as many people on Earth as there had been in 1700. Globally, the population growth rate has been steadily declining from its peak of 2.19% in 1963, but growth remains high in Latin America, the Middle East, and Sub-Saharan Africa.[95]

text: 7–8 children   6–7 children      5–6 children   4–5 children      3–4 children   2–3 children      1–2 children   0–1 children

text: During the 2010s, Japan and some countries in Europe began to encounter negative population growth (i.e. a net decrease in population over time), due to sub-replacement fertility rates.[90]

text: In 2006, the United Nations stated that the rate of population growth was visibly diminishing due to the ongoing global demographic transition. If this trend continues, the rate of growth may diminish to zero by 2050, concurrent with a world population plateau of 9.2 billion.[96] However, this is only one of many estimates published by the UN; in 2009, UN population projections for 2050 ranged between around 8 billion and 10.5 billion.[97] An alternative scenario is given by the statistician Jorgen Randers, who argues that traditional projections insufficiently take into account the downward impact of global urbanization on fertility. Randers' "most likely scenario" reveals a peak in the world population in the early 2040s at about 8.1 billion people, followed by decline.[98] Adrian Raftery, a University of Washington professor of statistics and of sociology, states that "there’s a 70 percent probability the world population will not stabilize this century. Population, which had sort of fallen off the world’s agenda, remains a very important issue."[99]

text:
Estimated world population figures, 10,000 BC–AD 2000

Estimated world population figures, 10,000 BC–AD 2000 (in log y scale)

World population figures, 1950–2000

Estimated global growth rates, 1950–2050

Estimated and projected populations of the world and its continents (except Antarctica) from 1950 to 2100. The shaded regions correspond to the range of projections by the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs.

text: Population growth by region[edit]

text: The table below shows historical and predicted regional population figures in millions.[100][101][102] The availability of historical population figures varies by region.

text:
World historical and predicted populations (in millions)[103][104][105]

Region
1500
1600
1700
1750
1800
1850
1900
1950
1999
2008
2010
2012
2050
2150

World

585
660
710
791
978
1,262
1,650
2,521
6,008
6,707
6,896
7,052
9,725
9,746

Africa

86
114
106
106
107
111
133
221
783
973
1,022
1,052
2,478
2,308

Asia

282
350
411
502
635
809
947
1,402
3,700
4,054
4,164
4,250
5,267
5,561

Europe

168
170
178
190
203
276
408
547
675
732
738
740
734
517

Latin America[Note 1]

40
20
10
16
24
38
74
167
508
577
590
603
784
912

North America[Note 1]

6
3
2
2
7
26
82
172
312
337
345
351
433
398

Oceania

3
3
3
2
2
2
6
13
30
34
37
38
57
51

text:
World historical and predicted populations by percentage distribution[103][104]

Region
1500
1600
1700
1750
1800
1850
1900
1950
1999
2008
2010
2012
2050
2150

Africa

14.7
17.3
14.9
13.4
10.9
8.8
8.1
8.8
13.0
14.5
14.8
15.2
25.48
23.7

Asia

48.2
53.0
57.9
63.5
64.9
64.1
57.4
55.6
61.6
60.4
60.4
60.3
54.16
57.1

Europe

28.7
25.8
25.1
20.6
20.8
21.9
24.7
21.7
11.2
10.9
10.7
10.5
7.55
5.3

Latin America[Note 1]

6.8
3.0
1.4
2.0
2.5
3.0
4.5
6.6
8.5
8.6
8.6
8.6
8.06
9.4

North America[Note 1]

1.0
0.5
0.3
0.3
0.7
2.1
5.0
6.8
5.2
5.0
5.0
5.0
4.45
4.1

Oceania

0.5
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.4
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.59
0.5

text: Past population[edit]

text: The following table gives estimates, in millions, of population in the past. The data for 1750 to 1900 are from the UN report "The World at Six Billion"[106] whereas the data from 1950 to 2015 are from a UN data sheet.[8]

text:
Year

World

Africa

Asia

Europe

Latin America & Carib.[Note 1]

North America[Note 1]

Oceania

Notes

70,000 BC

< 0.015

0

0

[107]

10,000 BC

4

[108]

8000 BC

5

6500 BC

5

5000 BC

5

4000 BC

7

3000 BC

14

2000 BC

27

1000 BC

50

7

33

9

[citation needed]

500 BC

100

14

66

16

AD 1

200

23

141

28

1000

400

70

269

50

8

1

2

1500

458

86

243

84

39

3

3

1600

580

114

339

111

10

3

3

1700

682

106

436

125

10

2

3

1750

791

106

502

163

16

2

2

1800

1,000

107

656

203

24

7

3

1850

1,262

111

809

276

38

26

2

1900

1,650

133

947

408

74

82

6

1950

2,525

229

1,394

549

169

172

12.7

[109]

1955

2,758

254

1,534

577

193

187

14.2

1960

3,018

285

1,687

606

221

204

15.8

1965

3,322

322

1,875

635

254

219

17.5

1970

3,682

366

2,120

657

288

231

19.7

1975

4,061

416

2,378

677

326

242

21.5

1980

4,440

478

2,626

694

365

254

23.0

1985

4,853

550

2,897

708

406

267

24.9

1990

5,310

632

3,202

721

447

281

27.0

1995

5,735

720

3,475

728

487

296

29.1

2000

6,127

814

3,714

726

527

314

31.1

2005

6,520

920

3,945

729

564

329

33.4

2010

6,930

1,044

4,170

735

600

344

36.4

2015

7,349

1,186

4,393

738

634

358

39.3

text: Using the above figures, the change in population from 2010 to 2015 was:

text:
World: +420 million
Africa: +142 million
Asia: +223 million
Europe: +3 million
Latin America and Caribbean: +35 million
Northern America: +14 million
Oceania: +2.9 million

text: ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Northern America comprises the northern-most countries and territories of North America: Canada, the United States, Greenland, Bermuda, and St. Pierre and Miquelon. Latin America comprises Mexico, Central America, the Caribbean, and South America.

tag: ol

text: Projections[edit]

text: Long-term global population growth is difficult to predict. The United Nations and the US Census Bureau both give different estimates – according to the UN, the world population reached seven billion in late 2011,[100] while the USCB asserted that this occurred in March 2012.[111] The UN has issued multiple projections of future world population, based on different assumptions. From 2000 to 2005, the UN consistently revised these projections downward, until the 2006 revision, issued on March 14, 2007, revised the 2050 mid-range estimate upwards by 273 million.

text: Average global birth rates are declining fast, but vary greatly between developed countries (where birth rates are often at or below replacement levels) and developing countries (where birth rates typically remain high). Different ethnicities also display varying birth rates. Death rates can change rapidly due to disease epidemics, wars and other mass catastrophes, or advances in medicine.

text: 2012 United projections show a continued increase in population in the near future with a steady decline in population growth rate; the global population is expected to reach between 8.3 and 10.9 billion by 2050.[112][113] 2003 UN Population Division population projections for the year 2150 range between 3.2 and 24.8 billion.[64] One of many independent mathematical models supports the lower estimate,[114] while a 2014 estimate forecasts between 9.3 and 12.6 billion in 2100, and continued growth thereafter.[115][116] Some analysts have questioned the sustainability of further world population growth, highlighting the growing pressures on the environment, global food supplies, and energy resources.[117][118][119]

text:
UN (medium variant – 2012 revision) and US Census Bureau (June 2015) estimates[120][121]

Year

UN est.(millions)

Difference

USCB est.(millions)

Difference

2005

6,514

–

6,473

–

2010

6,916

402

6,866

393

2015

7,324

408

7,256

390

2020

7,717

393

7,643

380

2025

8,083

366

8,007

363

2030

8,425

342

8,341

334

2035

8,743

318

8,646

306

2040

9,039

296

8,926

280

2045

9,308

269

9,180

254

2050

9,551

243

9,408

228

text:
UN 2012 estimates and medium variant projections (in millions)[120]

Year

World

Asia

Africa

Europe

Latin America/Caribbean

Northern America

Oceania

2010

6,916

4,165 (60.2%)

1,031 (14.9%)

740 (10.7%)

596 (8.6%)

347 (5.0%)

37 (0.5%)

2015

7,324

4,385 (59.9%)

1,166 (15.9%)

743 (10.1%)

630 (8.6%)

361 (4.9%)

39 (0.5%)

2020

7,717

4,582 (59.4%)

1,312 (17.0%)

744 (9.6%)

662 (8.6%)

376 (4.9%)

42 (0.5%)

2025

8,083

4,749 (58.8%)

1,468 (18.2%)

741 (9.2%)

691 (8.5%)

390 (4.8%)

45 (0.6%)

2030

8,425

4,887 (58.0%)

1,634 (19.4%)

736 (8.7%)

717 (8.5%)

403 (4.8%)

47 (0.6%)

2035

8,743

4,997 (57.2%)

1,812 (20.7%)

730 (8.3%)

739 (8.5%)

415 (4.8%)

50 (0.6%)

2040

9,039

5,080 (56.2%)

1,999 (22.1%)

724 (8.0%)

757 (8.4%)

426 (4.8%)

52 (0.6%)

2045

9,308

5,136 (55.2%)

2,194 (23.6%)

717 (7.7%)

771 (8.3%)

436 (4.7%)

55 (0.6%)

2050

9,551

5,164 (54.1%)

2,393 (25.1%)

709 (7.4%)

782 (8.2%)

446 (4.7%)

57 (0.6%)

2055

9,766

5,168 (52.9%)

2,595 (26.6%)

700 (7.2%)

788 (8.1%)

456 (4.7%)

59 (0.6%)

2060

9,957

5,152 (51.7%)

2,797 (28.1%)

691 (6.9%)

791 (7.9%)

465 (4.7%)

61 (0.6%)

2065

10,127

5,120 (50.6%)

2,998 (29.6%)

681 (6.7%)

791 (7.8%)

474 (4.7%)

63 (0.6%)

2070

10,277

5,075 (49.4%)

3,195 (31.1%)

673 (6.5%)

788 (7.6%)

482 (4.7%)

64 (0.6%)

2075

10,409

5,019 (48.2%)

3,387 (32.5%)

665 (6.4%)

783 (7.5%)

490 (4.7%)

66 (0.6%)

2080

10,524

4,957 (47.1%)

3,570 (33.9%)

659 (6.3%)

776 (7.4%)

496 (4.7%)

67 (0.6%)

2085

10,626

4,894 (46.1%)

3,742 (35.2%)

653 (6.1%)

767 (7.2%)

502 (4.7%)

68 (0.6%)

2090

10,717

4,833 (45.1%)

3,903 (36.4%)

649 (6.1%)

757 (7.1%)

506 (4.7%)

69 (0.6%)

2095

10,794

4,773 (44.2%)

4,051 (37.6%)

644 (6.0%)

747 (6.9%)

510 (4.7%)

69 (0.6%)

2100

10,854

4,712 (43.4%)

4,185 (38.6%)

639 (5.9%)

736 (6.8%)

513 (4.7%)

70 (0.6%)

text: Mathematical approximations[edit]

text: In 1975, Sebastian von Hoerner proposed a formula for population growth which represented hyperbolic growth with an infinite population in 2025.[122] The hyperbolic growth of the world population observed until the 1970s was later correlated to a non-linear second order positive feedback between demographic growth and technological development. This feedback can be described as follows: technological advance → increase in the carrying capacity of land for people → demographic growth → more people → more potential inventors → acceleration of technological advance → accelerating growth of the carrying capacity → faster population growth → accelerating growth of the number of potential inventors → faster technological advance → hence, the faster growth of the Earth's carrying capacity for people, and so on.[123] The transition from hyperbolic growth to slower rates of growth is related to the demographic transition.

text: According to the Russian demographer Sergey Kapitsa,[124] the world population grew between 67,000 BC and 1965 according to the following formula:

text: where

text:
N is current population
T is the current year
C = (1.86±0.01)·1011
T0 = 2007±1

τ

{\displaystyle \tau }

 = 42±1

text: Years for world population to double[edit]

text: According to linear interpolation and extrapolation of UNDESA population estimates, the world population has doubled, or will double, in the years listed in the tables below (with two different starting points). During the 2nd millennium, each doubling took roughly half as long as the previous doubling, fitting the hyperbolic growth model mentioned above. However, after 2024, it is unlikely that there will be another doubling of the global population in the 21st century.[125]

text:
Starting at 500 million

Population(in billions)

0.5
1
2
4
8

Year

1500
1804
1927
1974
2024

Years elapsed

304
123
47
50

text:
Starting at 375 million

Population(in billions)

0.375
0.75
1.5
3
6

Year

1171
1715
1881
1960
1999

Years elapsed

544
166
79
39

text: Overpopulation[edit]

text: Predictions of scarcity[edit]

text: In his 1798 work An Essay on the Principle of Population, the British scholar Thomas Malthus incorrectly predicted that continued population growth would exhaust the global food supply by the mid-19th century. Malthus wrote the essay to refute what he considered the unattainable utopian ideas of William Godwin and Marquis de Condorcet, as presented in Political Justice and The Future Progress of the Human Mind. In 1968, Paul R. Ehrlich reprised Malthus' argument in The Population Bomb, predicting that mass global famine would occur in the 1970s and 1980s.[127]

text: The predictions of Ehrlich and other neo-Malthusians were vigorously challenged by a number of economists, notably Julian Lincoln Simon, and advances in agriculture, collectively known as the Green Revolution, forestalled any potential global famine in the late 20th century. Between 1950 and 1984, as the Green Revolution transformed agriculture around the world, grain production increased by over 250%.[128] The world population has grown by over four billion since the beginning of the Green Revolution, but food production has so far kept pace with population growth. Most scholars believe that, without the Revolution, there would be greater levels of famine and malnutrition than the UN presently documents.[129] However, neo-Malthusians point out that fossil fuels provided the energy for the Green Revolution, in the form of natural gas-derived fertilizers, oil-derived pesticides, and hydrocarbon-fueled irrigation, and that many crops have become so genetically uniform that a crop failure in any one country could potentially have global repercussions.[130]

text: In 2004, a meta-analysis of 70 quantitative studies estimating a sustainable limit to the world population generated a meta-estimate of 7.7 billion people.[131]

text: In May 2008, the price of grain was pushed up severely by the increased cultivation of biofuels, the increase of world oil prices to over $140 per barrel ($880/m3),[132] global population growth,[133] the effects of climate change,[134] the loss of agricultural land to residential and industrial development,[135][136] and growing consumer demand in the population centres of China and India.[137][138] Food riots subsequently occurred in some countries.[139][140] However, oil prices then fell sharply. Resource demands are expected to ease as population growth declines, but it is unclear whether mass food wastage and rising living standards in developing countries will once again create resource shortages.[141][142]

text: David Pimentel, professor of ecology and agriculture at Cornell University, estimates that the sustainable agricultural carrying capacity for the United States is about 200 million people; its population as of 2015 is over 300 million.[143] In 2009, the UK government's chief scientific advisor, Professor John Beddington, warned that growing populations, falling energy reserves and food shortages would create a "perfect storm" of shortages of food, water, and energy by 2030.[126][144] According to a 2009 report by the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO), the world will have to produce 70% more food by 2050 to feed a projected extra 2.3 billion people.[145]

text: The observed figures for 2007 showed an actual increase in absolute numbers of undernourished people in the world, with 923 million undernourished in 2007, versus 832 million in 1995.[146] The 2009 FAO estimates showed an even more dramatic increase, to 1.02 billion.[147]

text: Environmental impacts[edit]

text:
A number of scientists have argued that the current global population expansion and accompanying increase in resource consumption threatens the world's ecosystem.[148][149]
The InterAcademy Panel Statement on Population Growth, which was ratified by 58 member national academies in 1994, states that "unprecedented" population growth aggravates many environmental problems, including rising levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide, global warming, and pollution.[150] Indeed, some analysts claim that overpopulation's most serious impact is its effect on the environment.[118]
The situation has continued to worsen, as at the time of the 1994 IAP statement, the world population stood at 5.5 billion and lower-bound scenarios predicted a peak of 7.8 billion by 2050, a number that current estimates state will be reached in the late 2020s.

text: Scientists contend that human overpopulation, continued human population growth and overconsumption, particularly by the wealthy, are the primary drivers of mass species extinction.[151][152][153][154] By 2050 population growth, along with profligate consumption, could result in oceans containing more plastic than fish by weight.[153] In November 2017, a statement by 15,364 scientists from 184 countries asserted that rapid human population growth is the "primary driver behind many ecological and even societal threats."[155]

text: A July 2017 study published in Environmental Research Letters argued that the most significant way individuals could mitigate their own carbon footprint is to have fewer children, followed by living without a vehicle, forgoing air travel and adopting a plant-based diet.[156]

text: Population control[edit]

text: Human population control is the practice of intervening to alter the rate of population growth. Historically, human population control has been implemented by limiting a region's birth rate, by voluntary contraception or by government mandate. It has been undertaken as a response to factors including high or increasing levels of poverty, environmental concerns, and religious reasons. The use of abortion in some population control strategies has caused controversy,[157] with religious organizations such as the Roman Catholic Church explicitly opposing any intervention in the human reproductive process.[158]

text: The University of Nebraska publication Green Illusions argues that population control to alleviate environmental pressures need not be coercive. It states that "Women who are educated, economically engaged, and in control of their own bodies can enjoy the freedom of bearing children at their own pace, which happens to be a rate that is appropriate for the aggregate ecological endowment of our planet."[159] The book Fatal Misconception by Matthew Connelly similarly points to the importance of supporting the rights of women in bringing population levels down over time.[160]


document_title: University of Alabama traditions

question_text: where did the alabama crimson tide come from

root

text: University of Alabama traditions

text: Football[edit]

text: Beginnings of football at Alabama[edit]

text: According to a November 25, 1926 article in The Crimson White, football was first introduced at the University of Alabama in 1892 by W.G. Little of Livingston, Alabama, who had been a student at Andover, Massachusetts and "went to the University for the game."

tag: p

text: Alabama's first football game was played in Birmingham on Friday afternoon, November 11, 1892, at the old Lakeview Park. Alabama defeated a team composed mostly of high schoolers 56-0. That Saturday, November 12, Alabama played the Birmingham Athletic Club, losing 5-4 when Ross, of B.A.C., kicked a 65-yard field goal. This field goal was a collegiate record at the time.

text: In 1896 the University's board of trustees passed a rule forbidding athletic teams from traveling off-campus. The following season only one game was played and in 1898 football was abandoned at Alabama. Student opposition to the ruling forced trustees to lift the travel ban and football was resumed in 1899. The 1918 season was cancelled on account of World War I but the game was resumed the following year.

text: Alabama first gained national recognition for football in 1922 when it defeated the University of Pennsylvania 9-7 in Philadelphia. The following season Wallace Wade became head coach and in 1925 led the Crimson Tide to its first undefeated and untied season and its first trip to Pasadena, California with a Rose Bowl invitation. On January 1, 1926 in the Rose Bowl, Alabama came from behind to upset the University of Washington 20-19.

text: The Crimson Tide[edit]

text: Early newspaper accounts of the University's football squad simply referred to them as the "varsity" or the "Crimson White". The first nickname popular with the media was the "Thin Red Line", which was used until 1906. Hugh Roberts, former sports editor of the Birmingham Age-Herald, is credited with coining the phrase "Crimson Tide" in an article describing the 1907 Iron Bowl played in Birmingham with Auburn a heavy favorite to win. The game was played in a sea of red mud which stained the Alabama white jerseys crimson.

text: The Elephant[edit]

text: There are two stories, perhaps both true, about how Alabama's football squad became associated with the elephant, both dating to the coaching tenure of Wallace Wade (1923–1930).

text: The earliest account attributes the Rosenberger's Birmingham Trunk Company for the elephant association. Owner J. D. Rosenberger, whose son was a student at the University, outfitted the undefeated 1926 team with "good luck" luggage tags for the trip to the 1927 Rose Bowl. The company's trademark, displayed on the tags, was a red elephant standing on a trunk. When the football team arrived in Pasadena, the reporters greeting them, including syndicated columnist Grantland Rice, associated their large size with the elephants on their luggage.[1] When the 1930 team returned to the Rose Bowl, the company furnished leather suitcases, paid for by the Alumni Association, to each team member.[2]

text: Another story dates to 1930. Following the October 4 game against Ole Miss, Atlanta Journal sports writer and Hall of Fame former Georgia Tech back Everett Strupper wrote:[3]

text: "At the end of the quarter, the earth started to tremble, there was a distant rumble that continued to grow. Some excited fan in the stands bellowed, 'Hold your horses, the elephants are coming,' and out stamped this Alabama varsity. It was the first time that I had seen it and the size of the entire eleven nearly knocked me cold, men that I had seen play last year looking like they had nearly doubled in size."

text: Yet, despite the unofficial status as the Crimson Tide's mascot, the elephant was very much part of the school's football traditions by the 1940s. It was in that decade that a live elephant mascot named "Alamite" was a regular sight on game days in Tuscaloosa. For several years it was traditional for the pachyderm to lead the homecoming parade and Alamite would also bear that year's queen onto the field prior to the game.[4]

text: Sports writers continued to refer to Alabama as the "Red Elephants" afterward, referring to their crimson jerseys. The 1930 team shut out eight of ten opponents, allowing a total of only 13 points all season. The "Red Elephants" rolled up 217 points that season, including a 24-0 victory over Washington State in the Rose Bowl.

text: Despite these early associations of the elephant to the University of Alabama, the university did not officially accept the elephant as university mascot until 1979.[5]

text: Alabama's elephant mascot is known as "Big Al".

text: The Million Dollar Band[edit]

text: The Million Dollar Band, the University of Alabama's marching band, was founded in 1913 with 14 members under the direction of Dr. Gustav Wittig. In 1917, the band became a military band and was led by students until 1927.

text: The Million Dollar Band is the largest performing organization on campus, with around 400 members. The September 1992 issue of Southern Living selected the Million Dollar Band as one of the top ten most outstanding bands in the South. In 2003 it became the twenty-second band to be honored with the Sudler Trophy, given by the Sousa Foundation to recognize "collegiate marching bands of particular excellence that have made outstanding contributions to the American way of life." Additionally, the Million Dollar Band has been nationally televised more than any other college marching band in the country.[citation needed]

text: Naming of the Million Dollar Band[edit]

text: There are two stories to the naming of the Million Dollar Band. The main one is from a time when Alabama's football wasn't doing so well. They were playing Georgia Tech and the coach of Georgia Tech stated, "Your football team isn't worth a nickel, but you have a million dollar band." And so the name stuck.

text: In the second story, W. C. "Champ" Pickens bestowed the name "Million Dollar Band" after the 1922 football game against Georgia Tech. Though accounts vary, it is reported that in order for the band to attend the game they had to solicit funds from local businesses. They were able to collect enough funds to ride in a tourist sleeper to the game. After the game, which Alabama lost 33-7, an Atlanta sportswriter commented to Pickens, "You don't have much of a team; what do you have at Alabama?" Pickens replied, "A Million Dollar Band."

text: Directors of the Million Dollar Band[edit]

text:
1913–1917: Gustav Wittig
1917–1927: Student-led
1927–1934: Captain H. H. Turner
1935–1968: Colonel Carleton K. Butler
1969–1970: Earl Dunn
1971–1983: James Ferguson
1984–2002: Kathryn B. Scott
2003 – present: Kenneth Ozzello

tag: ul

text: School songs[edit]

text: Alma Mater[edit]

text: Like many college alma mater songs written around the turn of the 20th century, the Alabama Alma Mater is set to the tune of "Annie Lisle", a ballad written in the 1850s. The words are usually credited as, "Helen Vickers, 1908", although it is not clear whether that was when it was written or if that was her graduating class.

text: "Yea Alabama"[edit]

text: Following Alabama's 1926 Rose Bowl victory over Washington, a contest was held by The Rammer-Jammer, a student newspaper, for the composition of a fight song. Several entries were submitted to a panel overseen by the Music Department, and the winning entry, "Yea Alabama",[6] was adopted. The composer, Ethelred Lundy (Epp) Sykes, a student in the School of Engineering, was the editor of The Rammer-Jammer,[7] and played piano in a jazz ensemble, The Capstone Five. He won the University's Pan-Hellenic Cup in 1926 for overall achievement, both academically, athletically, and in student affairs. The song achieved considerable popularity during the 20s and 30s. Sykes went on to become a Brigadier General in the U.S Air Force, and donated the copyright and future royalties to the University in 1947. The Million Dollar Band plays only the chorus at football games such as after touchdowns and field goals.

text: A Dixieland jazz version of the song appeared on the 1950 Percy Faith album Football Songs (later re-released as Touchdown!) and was played extensively across the state in the 1960s and 1970s as the music bed of radio commercials for sporting goods stores. It was also used as the theme music for The Bear Bryant Show.

text: The last words of the song, "Roll Tide!", have become the standard cheer, greeting, and farewell among Alabama fans.[8]

text: The fight song, as played today, has been shortened to begin with the words "Yea Alabama";[6] however, the original version had a verse that went at the beginning. The original version did not have "Roll Tide, Roll Tide!" at the end, but was added as a chant immediately following the last line of the song.

text: Amusingly, the song refers to several "traditional" opponents, but two of them are no longer part of Alabama's opponent roster. Georgia Tech ("Yellow Jackets") left the SEC in the early 1960s, and has only infrequently filled one of the non-conference game slots, and The University of the South Tigers (also called Sewanee) withdrew from the SEC in 1940, de-emphasized athletics, and no longer competes at the Division I level. Georgia ("Bulldogs"), like Alabama, is a member of the SEC, but the Crimson Tide and Bulldogs are in different divisions and play each other only once every six years, unless the schools meet in the SEC Championship Game.

text: Rammer Jammer Cheer[edit]

text: The "Rammer Jammer Cheer"[9] is a traditional cheer. The lyrics originate from The Rammer-Jammer, a student magazine in the 1920s,[10] and the yellowhammer, Alabama's state bird. The term "yellowhammer" was originally used to describe Confederate soldiers from Alabama who wore bright yellow cloth on their uniforms; when the soldiers marched into the city of Hopkinsville, Kentucky, supporters of the Confederacy cheered them with the chant "yellowhammer, yellowhammer." During and after the American Civil War, the term continued to be used and Alabama became known as the "Yellowhammer State."[11]

text: The cadence of the cheer was adapted from the Ole Miss cheer "Hotty Toddy" after then Ole Miss marching band director Dr. James Ferguson was appointed director of the Million Dollar Band. The cheer was long referred to as "Ole Miss", and today the drum major's signal is still the motioning of one arm in a full circle (an 'O').[12]

text: The cheer was a pregame ritual until the early 2000s, chanting "We're gonna' beat the hell out of you!", but this was considered unsportsmanlike and banned. The university also briefly forbade the Million Dollar Band from playing it after games, because of its taunting nature.[13] The move was met with a significant amount of criticism. In a vote at Homecoming 2005, the question was posed to students of whether the cheer should be banned. 98% of students voted in favor of keeping the cheer.[14] Before the university's attempt to remove the cheer, it was played before kickoff and at the end of the game. The cheer is now only played in the closing minutes when victory is certain, and is traditionally chanted twice. On at least one occasion (during Alabama's victory over Auburn in the 2008 Iron Bowl, Alabama's first in the series since 2001), it was repeated an additional four times to signify the breaking of the 6-game losing streak to Auburn. After Alabama's victory over the Florida Gators in the 2009 SEC Championship Game, as well as after Alabama's victory over the Texas Longhorns in the 2010 Citi BCS National Championship Game, the cheer was played nine times. Depending on what team Alabama is playing, the Million Dollar Band and fans will call out to the opposing team by chanting the team's mascot with the exception being Auburn University; they do not refer to them as the Tigers, just as Auburn.

text: In other instances, the nickname of the opposing team is substituted; for instance, a victory over the University of Tennessee would change the opening lyrics to "Hey Vols!"[9] (short for Volunteers, the nickname/mascot for the University of Tennessee) Also, when the cheer was played before kickoff, fans would replace the lyrics "We just" with "We're gonna." The cheer is no longer played before kickoff; however, there are a few special occasions where the cheer is played before a football game. One such instance occurs when Alabama plays Tennessee in Knoxville. The night before the football game, the Alabama Alumni Association hosts a riverboat cruise in which Alabama alumni from all around reunite for a night. During the two trips the riverboat cruise takes over the course of the night, the Million Dollar Band members that are a part of the cruises' pep band will play the Rammer Jammer cheer [9]in the direction of other boats on the river flying a Volunteers' flag.

text: Author Warren St. John titled his 2004 bestseller about obsessive sports fans Rammer Jammer Yellow Hammer[15] after the cheer. The cheer was most noted during the years of Coach Paul "Bear" Bryant and his head cheerleader Mickey Grigsby.


document_title: National Negro Congress

question_text: who was at the helm of the national negro congress that convened in chicago in 1936

text: National Negro Congress

text: History[edit]

text: The foundation of the National Negro Congress was a response to the historical oppression African Americans faced in the United States, in particular in the workforce. Given that black workers have been historically marginalized by being exploited from the time when they were slaved, the National Negro Congress advocated for black liberation through the many sectors of the African-American life.The NNC, as Gellman demonstrates, launched a broad and multifaceted assault on racism and economic exploitation. Forging alliances with organized labor, the Communist Party, and even mainstream civil rights groups, the NNC not only drew on the talents and resources of a cross section of organizations but also established a blueprint, Gellman contends, for subsequent generations of black activists.[2] Though the NNC coordinated activities with an array of groups, it forgedParticipants included intellectuals from Howard University, civic and civil rights leaders, labor leaders and religious groups. White participation was not excluded. Black workers affiliated with the National Negro Congress advocated for integration into the larger and better funded unions such as the CIO. Although the CIO supported the foundation of the National Negro Congress to fight for civil rights and against racism, the communist aspect of the Congress deprived both organizations from having strong ties to each other: “During the late 1930s and 1940s, despite the efforts of the National Negro Congress and others, reactionary forces operating in the interest of capital increased their attacks on the CIO. The most backward anti-Communist propaganda was directed at the CIO. This was made more complex by organized labor's positive relationship with Franklin D. Roosevelt and its support of his policy concerning World War II.”[3]

text: There developed a division between those who supported communism, including its fight on behalf of African Americans, and those who only supported civil rights. With the loss of support from the CIO and AFL, African Americans were excluded from major unions. With the emergence of the National Negro Congress, the African-American community found refuge with activists identifying as communist. especially those who identify themselves as communist. Even with having a safe space to discuss about class struggle, Black workers did not have any radical union that took a stand against capital within the race framework. In spite of not having the support of AFL-CIO, they relied upon the militancy and communist-led organization of the NNC. Aside from challenging the concept of racism, members of the National Negro Congress advocated against the fascism abroad and the new deal in the United States.

text: The election of Franklin D. Roosevelt resulted in a huge economic, political and social reform over the succeeding years. With the implementation of the New Deal, many African Americans in the North believed they had elected a new leader whose ideas were seemed radical. However most of these programs did not have any say or input of the African-American community. Therefore, most of the struggles that were faced for being black in the United States were neglected: “On a whim, Davis attended President Franklin Delano Roosevelt’s first National Recovery Administration hearing and noticed, in disbelief, that no one represented the interests of African-Americans. He contacted his friend Robert C. Weaver, another Harvard University graduate, and formed the two-man Joint Committee on National Recovery in 1933, challenging Roosevelt’s New Deal programs. The two were determined to become the first full-time lobbyists for civil-rights in American history. They traveled the back roads of the deep and dangerous - for a black man - South investigating lynchings, voting rights violations of black Americans, and the squalid working conditions of black agricultural, textile and factory workers”[4]

text: Because of extensive disenfranchisement of African Americans in the South, the powerful Southern Block in Congress represented only their white constituents. The black community from different sectors of the community began to form their own institution to address issues that pertain within the black experience. The National Negro Congress consisted mainly of Blacks, but not exclusively.

text: In the course of discussions at the Joint Committee on National Recovery's (JCNR) conference in May 1935 on the economic status of African Americans under the New Deal, John P. Davis and Communist Party activist James W. Ford expressed the need to consolidate the strength of disparate organizations dedicated to fighting racial discrimination. The JCNR conference concluded by forming a committee of sixty prominent activists charged with organizing a National Negro Congress the following year.

text: In February 1936, the first national meeting of the Congress was held in Chicago. It was a confluence of civic, civil rights, labor, and religious groups from across the nation; over 800 delegates representing 551 organizations and over 3 million constituents attended. A. Philip Randolph was elected President and John P. Davis was elected National Secretary. In keeping with their Popular Front orientation, the Communists in attendance did not attempt to hide their affiliation but consciously deferred to non-Communist delegates.

text: Race Integration and Communism[edit]

text: The foundation of the National Negro Congress is therefore a result and a product of resistance used by the oppressed to confront the national government. Self-determination was a concept that was used as agency for protection against racism as explained in the purpose during the first National Negro Congress in February 1936: “The magnitude, complexity, and danger of the Negro’s present condition demands the mobilization of overwhelming mass pressure and force, which can only be achieve through the agency of a National Negro Congress .”[5] Analyzing the current conditions of their experience in the United States allowed African Americans to realize the failings of government institutions. The main leader, A. Philip Randolph, was instrumental in gathering not only socialists and communists but was able to organize massive popular participation by African Americans. By struggling against not only racism but capitalism, the leadership under Randolph was able to forge relationships with white workers and intellectuals. Bridging race gaps among black and white workers, the notion of segregation was often challenged. Issues such as class was a way for ethnic groups to bridge some differences; what was at stake was the root of the economic and political turmoil they were placed in: capital and capitalism.

text: But in order to cultivate change within the workforce, A. Philip Randolph had to cultivate change through the regulations of the National Negro Congress: “As part of its attempt to bring blacks into the labor movement, the Congress became a leading force for ending the racial restrictions on membership in many unions. In 1934, A. Philip Randolph had urged delegates at the American Federation of Labor convention to order ‘the elimination of the color clause and pledge from the constitution and rituals of all trade and industrial unions’ and the expulsion of all unions which maintained ‘said color bar.’”[6]

text: Race relations among workers[edit]

text: The communists believed that working cooperatively could help black and white workers ease racial tensions, rather than competing against each other. among the workers would ease and if unification were to ever happen, it would be accomplished through the struggle of black and white workers. In addition to the racial division that existed among larger, powerful union was the wage black workers were earning in contrast to the white workers. For example, in the book the National Negro Congress: A Reassessment by Lawrence S. Wittner, the author explains the miserable conditions suffered by African-Americans workers and their generally low wages.

text: “Blacks had a crucial position in the emerging struggle, as well as a vital stake in it. In 1936, there were perhaps as many as 85,000 Negro steelworkers- 20 per cent of the laborers and 6 per cents of the operators in the industry. Restricted to the worst jobs, with intense heat and noxious gages, they also encountered a wide network of racially discriminatory differential – averaged $3.60 per day.”[7]

text: Through the commodification of black workers, industry and unions treated them as bodies that produce profit. The exclusion of black workers from white-dominated unions was used to dehumanize black workers. The National Negro Congress validated the struggle and existence of Black Americans in the United States. Noticing that the National Negro Congress was drifting into left-wing sectionalism, Randolph reinforced the tradition of prioritizing the black community first above organizations and ideologies: “sensing the drift of the Congress toward left-wing sectarianism, A. Philip Randolph fought back in behalf of its traditional aims of racial integrity and black unity… He rejected Congress affiliation with both major parties, the Communist Party, the Socialist Party and with the Soviet Union: none, he noted, placed the interests of Negroes first”.[8] The interests of numerous radical parties were not founded in the principles of race. As a matter of fact, they only saw class struggle as a problem for Americans. The negligence of race further deprived many African-Americans from amplifying their voice about their experience in the labor-work force. It was something that can be seen as divisive because generally black workers who belonged, if not lower than a poor working class man, to the working class that is considered diversified among its members. Moreover, Randolph believed that if the National Negro Congress were to ever be in the dependency of radical and revolutionary party, it should never be subjugated or controlled by the party for their own advantage: “Appealing to the Congress, he asked for a leadership that would be ‘free from intimidation, manipulation or subordination… a leadership which is uncontrolled and responsible to no one but the Negro people.”[9] With no tying to any political affiliation, Randolph wanted the National Negro Congress to be free from any biased decision regarding the African-American struggle. By being independent from any political party, he is creating space of grassroots organizing. The interest of the people should come from the people themselves and that is what is Randolph is imploring. The very act of defiance is resisting. Although he advocated for the integration of black workers to the AFL-CIO, Randolph wanted the National Negro Congress to be a separate entity; a space where black workers from the AFL-CIO can use for their affirmation of their struggle as a black working class.

text: Despite lingering suspicion of Communist involvement, NNC delegates were able to agree on a broad program emphasizing the rights of African Americans to fair employment and housing, union membership and educational opportunities, an end to police brutality and lynching, bringing black laborers together in unions such as the Congress of Industrial Organizations, and international and interracial solidarity against fascism. Over the next few years, local NNC chapters in Harlem, Chicago, and elsewhere became locus points for broad-based community activism against racial discrimination.

text: Merger[edit]

text: Around 1946, the NNC merged with the International Labor Defense (ILD) and National Federation for Constitutional Liberties (NFCL) to form the Civil Rights Congress (CRC) (1946–1956).


document_title: Golden Nugget Lake Charles

question_text: when was the golden nugget in lake charles built

text: Golden Nugget Lake Charles

text: History[edit]

text: Pinnacle Entertainment announced plans in 2006 to build Sugarcane Bay, a $350-million casino resort, next to its L'Auberge du Lac casino in Lake Charles.[5] The plan was canceled in 2010,[6] and Pinnacle returned the gaming license to the state.[7]

text: In February 2011, the license was awarded to Creative Casinos LLC, the company of former Pinnacle chairman Dan Lee, for a $400-million casino named Mojito Pointe to be built on the Sugarcane Bay site.[8]

text: Ameristar Casinos purchased Creative Casinos in June 2012 for $32.5 million, after Lee had difficulty financing construction.[9] The project was renamed as Ameristar Lake Charles.[9]

text: In December 2012, Pinnacle agreed to acquire Ameristar.[10] In order to obtain approval for the merger from FTC antitrust regulators, Pinnacle agreed to the sale of two of the combined company's properties, including Ameristar Lake Charles.[11] A sale agreement was reached with Landry's, Inc., parent company of the Golden Nugget casinos, who agreed to pay the costs expended on the project's development to date.[11]

text: Landry's owner Tilman J. Fertitta announced improvements and upgrades to the property, investing more than $600 million in the project, one of the most expensive construction endeavors in the United States at the time. In December 2013, construction topped out on the 25-story accommodations tower.[12] Located just two hours from Houston, Fertitta had long desired a casino-resort near the headquarters of Landry's, Inc.[13]

text: The casino opened to the public on December 7, 2014.[14]

text: Facilities[edit]

text: Gaming[edit]

text: The casino floor at Golden Nugget Lake Charles features a 6-table poker room, 1,600 slot machines, 60 table games and high-limit gaming.[15]

text: Dining[edit]

text: Golden Nugget Lake Charles offers more than a dozen restaurants and bars, including a number of Landry’s-owned restaurants – Landry’s Seafood, Vic & Anthony’s Steakhouse, Saltgrass Steak House, Cadillac Bar & Grill, Grotto Ristorante, Lillie’s Asian Cuisine, Claim Jumper Grill, The Buffet and others. The resort is also home to Louisiana’s first Blue Martini, a Florida-based cocktail lounge.[16][17]

text: Golf[edit]

text: The 242-acre resort is also home to a new 18-hole championship golf course, with driving range, club house, pro shop and dining room.[18]


document_title: Growing Pains

question_text: where did the seavers live on growing pains

text: Growing Pains

text: Premise[edit]

text: The Seaver family resides at 15 Robin Hood Lane in Huntington, Long Island, New York.[2]

text: Dr. Jason Seaver (portrayed by Alan Thicke), a psychiatrist, works from home because his wife, Maggie (Joanna Kerns), has gone back to work as a reporter. Jason has to take care of the kids: ladies man Mike (Kirk Cameron), bookish honors student Carol (Tracey Gold), and rambunctious Ben (Jeremy Miller). A fourth child, Chrissy Seaver (twins Kelsey and Kirsten Dohring; Ashley Johnson), is born in October 1988. In the middle of season four (1988–89), she was first played in her infant stage by an uncredited set of twin sisters. Then, by season five (1989–90), she was played in her toddler stage by alternating twins Kristen and Kelsey Dohering. In seasons six and seven (1990–92), Chrissy's age was advanced to six years old. By the seventh and final season, homeless teen Luke Brower (Leonardo DiCaprio) is brought into the Seaver family to live with them nearly until the end of season seven.

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Alan Thicke as Dr. Jason Roland Seaver
Joanna Kerns as Margaret "Maggie" Katherine Malone Seaver
Kirk Cameron as Michael "Mike" Aaron Seaver
Tracey Gold as Carol Anne Seaver
Jeremy Miller as Benjamin "Ben" Hubert Horatio Humphrey Seaver
Ashley Johnson as Christine "Chrissy" Ellen Seaver (seasons 6–7)

Kelsey and Kristen Dohring as Christine Ellen "Chrissy" Seaver (toddler) (season 5, alternating)

Leonardo DiCaprio as Luke Brower (season 7)[3]

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Andrew Koenig as Richard Milhous "Boner" Stabone (seasons 1–4), Mike's friend; left to join the United States Marine Corps
Jamie Abbott as Stinky Sullivan (seasons 2–6), Ben's friend
K. C. Martel as Eddie (seasons 1–7), Mike's friend
Chelsea Noble as Kate MacDonald (seasons 5–7), Mike's girlfriend
Heather Langenkamp as Marie Lubbock (season 3; starred in spin-off Just the Ten of Us), Coach Graham Lubbock's daughter / Amy Boutilier (season 6), Mike's love interest
Gordon Jump as Ed Malone (seasons 1–7); Maggie's father
Lisa Capps as Debbie (seasons 2–4), Carol's friend
Rachael Jacobs as Shelley (seasons 2–4), Carol's friend
Julie McCullough as Julie Costello (seasons 4–5), Mike's former girlfriend
Sam Anderson as Principal Willis DeWitt (season 1–7), Mike's history teacher in season one and principal from season two onward
Betty McGuire as Kate Malone (seasons 1–7); Maggie's mother
Bill Kirchenbauer as Coach Graham Lubbock (seasons 2–5; starred in spin-off Just the Ten of Us), gym teacher
Jodi Peterson as Laura Lynn (seasons 4–6), Ben's girlfriend / love interest
Evan Arnold as Richie Flanscopper (seasons 2–4)
Jane Powell as Irma Seaver (seasons 1–3), Jason's mother
Harry Shearer as Francis X. Tedesco (season 7), principal of the learning annex where Mike teaches
Matthew Perry as Sandy (season 4), Carol's boyfriend

text: Opening sequences[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

tag: table

text: The season one main opening features various works of art and vintage photography depicting family life, closing with a shot of the cast.

text: The opening credits from seasons two through five features an opening shot of the cast in front of the Seaver house exterior. This is followed by a series of photos of each cast member from their childhood onward ending with a clip from the show. The credits closed with another shot of the cast in front of the Seaver house before they all run inside. Starting in the fourth season, several different versions of the opening sequence were filmed. Whoever was the last to go into the house would usually be the focus of that week's episode.[citation needed]

text: The opening used in seasons six and seven featured opening and shot of the mantle on the Seavers' fireplace panning over photos of the cast. The photos of the cast from childhood remained but instead of clips from the show, current still photos were used. Some versions of these credits end with another shot of the mantle while others close with a montage of group shots from the same family photo shoot which the current photos used in the rest of the credits come from.

text: Theme song[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The show's theme song is "As Long as We've Got Each Other", which was written and composed by John Bettis (lyrics) and Steve Dorff (music). It was performed by:

text:
B.J. Thomas (singing solo); season 1
B.J. Thomas & Jennifer Warnes; seasons 2, 3, 5, part of 7
B.J. Thomas & Dusty Springfield; season 4
Joe Chemay, Jim Haas, Jon Joyce and George Merrill (singing a capella); season 6, part of 7, series finale

text: There were nine versions of the theme song used; others included a Halloween-themed version not sung by Thomas or Warnes used in a two-part Halloween episode in 1990. A shorter version of the Thomas/Warnes version was used starting in season five.

text: There was also an a cappella version of the song which was used for all of season six, but this version was abandoned for most of season seven in favor of the reinstatement of Thomas' and Warnes' duet version, although the a cappella theme returned for three episodes as well as the series finale. A full-length version by Thomas and Springfield was released as a single in 1988.

text: A soundtrack was released in 1988 titled Steve Dorff and Friends: Growing Pains and Other Hit TV Themes. The soundtrack contains songs penned by Dorff from his television series theme songs and three tracks from Growing Pains:

text:
Theme Song "As Long As We Got Each Other" (B.J. Thomas and Dusty Springfield)
Aloha Episode – "Swept Away" by Christopher Cross
Graduation Day Episode – "This Is The Day" performed by B.J. Thomas

text: Production[edit]

text: Kirk Cameron was once an atheist,[4] but when he was 17, during the height of his career on Growing Pains, became a born-again Christian.[5][6][7] After converting to Christianity, he began to insist that story lines be stripped of anything he thought too adult or racy.[8][9]

text: According to rumors at the time, the biggest consequence of Cameron's conversion to Christianity was the firing of actress Julie McCullough who had landed the role of nanny Julie Costello in 1989. McCullough's character appeared in eight episodes of the show before she was fired at Cameron's insistence and replaced on the show by Cameron's real-life girlfriend, Chelsea Noble. Cameron objected to and was outraged at McCullough's having posed nude in Playboy, and accused the show's producers of promoting pornography. A decade later, Cameron apologized, attributing his behavior to his lack of maturity,[10][11] but did not reconcile with McCullough, who claims that Cameron refused to speak to her during a later encounter, and who remains critical of him, stating that she lost a lot from the public criticism she endured from the controversy. McCullough has criticized the evangelical television programming Cameron has produced, which she has viewed on one occasion, saying on her MySpace page:

text: He thinks if I read science books that I'm going to hell. [I would] rather laugh with the sinners than cry with the saints ... the sinners are much more fun. And a lot more interesting than some book-burner who is still having growing pains. I am at peace with God. Kirk thinks people like me are going to Hell, if I do then at least I'll go well informed and well read.[12]

text: Cameron, however, tells a different story:

text: "Contrary to popular gossip, I had nothing to do with the firing of Julie McCullough.... But don't take my word for it.. According to Dan Guntzelman, the head show-runner for Growing Pains: 'The truth is, Julie was let go because Mike being in a commmitted relationship was a dead end - he was, after all, an immature imp who was ill-equipped to deal with a grownup world on all levels. That's where the conflict and comedy came from. The maturity to have and maintain a lasting relationship fought against this... Julie was to play the part of Mike's first serious relationship - the first time he was swept up in something larger than himself, but she was never intended to be his mate for life, even the life of the series.'

text: "Producer Mike Sullivan confirms Dan's comments: 'It was a guest star role; she wasn't hired as a series regular. There was never any intention of the Mike character being married or in a permanent romantic relationship.'" [13]

text: In season four, the show's scripts called for the character Carol Seaver to be the brunt of fat jokes from her television brothers. Beginning in October 1988, Gold dieted from 133 pounds to about 110 pounds on a medically supervised 500-calorie-a-day diet, but still occasionally the scripts included fat jokes at her expense. In her autobiography, she says that between 1989 and 1991, she became increasingly obsessed with food and her weight and continued to slowly and steadily lose weight. In 1990, Gold began group therapy in an eating disorder program, but only learned more ways to lose weight. That season, her problem with weight loss was touched upon slightly on the television series, when Gold is seen looking at her body in a carnival mirror, and describes to another character the distorted image in her head. In 1991, she started starving herself more than ever and began vomiting, losing a massive amount of weight, to the point that she was admitted to a hospital in early 1992. Her lowest weight is estimated to have been near 80 pounds. She was suspended from the show for her skeletal appearance. Photos of Gold's emaciated body were plastered all over tabloid magazines, and she was one of the first celebrities ever to be formally outed for anorexia. The producers and wardrobe department for the show tried to hide her skeletal and gaunt appearance by dressing her in large and baggy sweaters and sweatshirts. She last appeared in the 1991 episode "Menage a Luke" after missing the two prior episodes where her problem is very obvious in some scenes, and did not return until the last two episodes of the series in the late spring of 1992, although she was not fully recovered.[citation needed]

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired
Nielsen ratings[14]

First aired
Last aired
Rank
Rating

1
22
September 24, 1985 (1985-09-24)
May 13, 1986 (1986-05-13)
17
19.5
(Tied with Knots Landing)

2
22
September 30, 1986 (1986-09-30)
May 19, 1987 (1987-05-19)
8
22.7

3
26
September 18, 1987 (1987-09-18)
May 4, 1988 (1988-05-04)
5
21.3

4
22
October 18, 1988 (1988-10-18)
May 3, 1989 (1989-05-03)
13
17.6
(Tied with L.A. Law)

5
26
September 20, 1989 (1989-09-20)
May 2, 1990 (1990-05-02)
21
15.4

6
24
September 19, 1990 (1990-09-19)
April 24, 1991 (1991-04-24)
27
14.3
(Tied with Baby Talk and Davis Rules)

7
24
September 18, 1991 (1991-09-18)
April 25, 1992 (1992-04-25)
N/A
N/A

8
2
November 5, 2000 (2000-11-05)
October 16, 2004 (2004-10-16)
N/A
N/A

text: Broadcast history[edit]

text:
Schedule
Time slot (ET)

1985–86
Tuesday at 8:30 PM

1986–87

1987–88
Friday at 8:00 PM (Episode 1)
Friday at 8:30 PM (Episode 2)
Tuesday at 9:00 PM (Episode 3)
Tuesday at 8:30 PM (Episodes 4-19)
Wednesday at 8:00 PM (Episodes 20-22, 25-26)
Wednesday at 8:30 PM (Episode 23)
Tuesday at 8:00 PM (Episode 24)

1988–89
Wednesday at 8:00 PM

1989–90

1990–91
Wednesday at 8:30 PM (Episodes 1-6, 8-24)
Wednesday at 8:00 PM (Episode 7)

1991–92
Wednesday at 8:30 PM (Episodes 1-2)
Saturday at 8:30 PM (Episodes 3-15)
Saturday at 9:30 PM (Episodes 16-22, 24)
Saturday at 9:00 PM (Episode 23)

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
Year
Association
Category
Nominee / episode
Result

1985
Young Artist Awards
Best Young Actor Starring in a New Television Series
Kirk Cameron
Won

1985
Best Young Actress Starring in a New Television Series
Tracey Gold
Nominated

1985
Best Young Supporting Actor in a New Television Series
Jeremy Miller
Won

1986
Primetime Emmy Awards
Outstanding Achievement in Music and Lyrics
"As Long As We Got Each Other"
Nominated

1986
Outstanding Lighting Direction (Electronic) for a Series
George Spiro Dibie (director of photography) / "My Brother, Myself"[citation needed]
Won

1986
Young Artist Awards
Exceptional Performance by a Young Actor Starring in a Television Comedy or Drama Series
Kirk Cameron
Won

1986
Exceptional Performance by a Young Actor in a Long Running Series Comedy or Drama
Jeremy Miller
Nominated

1986
Exceptional Performance by a Young Actress, Guest Starring in a Television, Comedy or Drama Series
April Lerman
Nominated

1987
Young Artist Awards
Best Young Superstar in Television
Kirk Cameron
Won

1987
Exceptional Performance by a Young Actor in a Television Comedy Series
Jeremy Miller
Won

1987
Best Young Actress Guest Starring in a Television Comedy Series
Candace Cameron / "The Long Goodbye"
Nominated

1987
Best Family Comedy Series
Growing Pains
Won

1988
Primetime Emmy Awards
Outstanding Achievement in Music and Lyrics
Song: "Swept Away" / episode: "Aloha"
Nominated

1988
Kids' Choice Awards
Favorite TV Actor
Kirk Cameron
Nominated

1988
Favorite TV Show
Growing Pains
Nominated

1988
Golden Globe Awards
Best Performance by an Actor in a TV-Series – Comedy/Musical
Alan Thicke
Nominated

1988
Best Performance by an Actor in a Supporting Role in a Series, Mini-Series or Motion Picture Made for TV
Kirk Cameron
Nominated

1989
Best Performance by an Actor in a Supporting Role in a Series, Mini-Series or Motion Picture Made for TV
Kirk Cameron
Nominated

1989
Kids' Choice Awards
Favorite TV Show
Growing Pains
Nominated

1989
Favorite TV Actor
Kirk Cameron
Nominated

1989
Favorite TV Actress
Tracey Gold
Nominated

1989
Young Artist Awards
Best Family Television Series
Growing Pains
Nominated

1990
Best Young Actor Starring in a Television Series
Jeremy Miller
Nominated

1990
Best Young Actor Guest Starring in a Television Series
Kenny Morrison
Nominated

1990
Kids' Choice Awards
Favorite TV Actor
Kirk Cameron
Won

1991
Primetime Emmy Awards
Outstanding Lighting Direction (Electronic) for a Comedy Series
George Spiro Dibie / "Happy Halloween"
Won

1991
Young Artist Awards
Exceptional Performance by a Young Actress Under Nine
Ashley Johnson
Nominated

1992
Best Young Actor Co-starring in a Television Series
Leonardo DiCaprio
Nominated

1992
Exceptional Performance by a Young Actress Under Ten
Ashley Johnson
Nominated

1993
Outstanding Actress Under Ten in a Television Series
Ashley Johnson
Nominated

text: Spin-off[edit]

text: Growing Pains spawned the spin-off series, Just the Ten of Us, which featured Coach Graham Lubbock, Mike and Carol's gym teacher, moving to California with his large family to teach at an all-boys Catholic school after he was fired from Thomas Dewey High School.

text: Reunion movies[edit]

text: In 2000, the cast reunited for The Growing Pains Movie, followed by Growing Pains: Return of the Seavers in 2004.

text: DVD Releases[edit]

text: Warner Home Video has released the entire series on DVD in Region 1.[15] Seasons 3–7 are manufacture-on-demand (MOD) releases, available exclusively through Warner's online store and Amazon.com.

text: On December 6, 2011, Warner Bros. released The Growing Pains Movie and Growing Pains: Return of the Seavers on DVD in Region 1 via their Warner Archive Collection. Similar to the subsequent season sets, these are manufacture-on-demand (MOD) releases, available exclusively through Warner's online store and amazon.com.

text:
DVD name
Ep #
Release dates

Region 1
Region 4

Season 1
22
February 7, 2006
June 5, 2007

Season 2
22
April 26, 2011
N/A

Season 3
26
May 21, 2013

Season 4
22
April 14, 2015

Season 5
26
July 14, 2015

Season 6
24
October 20, 2015

Season 7
24
January 26, 2016

text: Syndication[edit]

text: United States[edit]

text: ABC aired reruns of the show on its daytime schedule from July 1988 to August 1989. The show originally aired at 11:00 am (EST) until January 1989, when with the cancellation of Ryan's Hope and the expansion of Home to an hour (from 11:00am-noon), the reruns moved to 12:00 pm.

text: In the fall of 1989, the show was sold to local syndication, which continued until 1997. The show also aired on TBS for several years.

text: Reruns aired on the Disney Channel from September 1997 to September 2001. The cable rights for the show moved to sister network ABC Family, where it ran from 2001 to 2004. It has also aired on ION Television during the fall of 2006 into the spring of 2007.

text: Nick at Nite began airing Growing Pains on February 12, 2007, launching with a marathon from 9:00 pm ET-1:00 am ET. It was pulled from the line-up shortly after, and later moved to sister network The N/TeenNick, where it aired up until early 2010. TeenNick re-aired the series on Monday, September 13, 2010, in a 5:00 am hour block, and aired its final showings on December 27, 2010.

text: Growing Pains aired on Up TV from January 2015-July 2017. Antenna TV will start airing the series in December 2017.

text: Asia[edit]

text: This show was dubbed in Chinese by the Shanghai Television in the late 1980s with the title of Chéngzhǎng de Fánnǎo (成长的烦恼; literally "Growing vexation")

text: This show was dubbed in Chinese by Chinese Television System in the 1980s–1990s, and was given a Chinese title called Huānlè Jiātíng (歡樂家庭; Happy Family)

text: Growing Pains was dubbed in Japanese, and broadcast by the NHK of Japan in the title of "Yukai na Shiba Ke (愉快なシーバー家)" (Happy Seaver family) from 1997 to 2000

text: Europe[edit]

text: The show aired with the title of Unser lautes Heim on ProSieben from 1993.

text: Two books published in French exclusively about Growing Pains: Cyrille Rollet, PhD (EHESS, Paris),

text:
Physiologie d'un sitcom américain (voyage au cœur de Growing Pains), (volume 1) – Physiology of an American Sitcom (Journey to the Heart of Growing Pains)
Circulation culturelle d'un sitcom américain (volume 2) – The Cultural Circulation of an American Sitcom

text: Australasia[edit]

text:
Digital free-to-air channel 7TWO began airing reruns of Growing Pains in October 2010, and reached the final episode in June 2011, replacing it with Night Court. The Nine Network first aired the show back in the 1980s and 1990s.
The show aired on TVNZ's TV2 on Saturday afternoons in the late 1980s-early 1990s.

text: Turkey[edit]

text: The show aired in the beginning of the 1990s in Turkey's first private TV channel, Star TV.

text: Latin America[edit]

text: The show was previously aired on Nickelodeon's block, Nick at Nite from 2006 until 2009.