document_title: Jason

question_text: who wrote the story of jason and the argonauts

root

text: Jason

text: Early years

text: Family

text: Jason's father is invariably Aeson, but there is great variation as to his mother's name. According to various authors, she could be:

tag: p

text:
Alcimede, daughter of Phylacus[1][2][3]
Polymede,[4][5] or Polymele,[6][7] or Polypheme,[8] a daughter of Autolycus
Amphinome[9]
Theognete, daughter of Laodicus[8]
Rhoeo[6]
Arne or Scarphe[10]

tag: ul

text: Jason was also said to have had a younger brother Promachus[9] and a sister Hippolyte, who married Acastus[11] (see Astydameia).

text: Persecution by Pelias

text: Pelias (Aeson's half-brother) was power-hungry and sought to gain dominion over all of Thessaly. Pelias was the progeny of a union between their shared mother, Tyro ("high born Tyro"), the daughter of Salmoneus, and the sea god Poseidon. In a bitter feud, he overthrew Aeson (the rightful king), killing all the descendants of Aeson that he could. He spared his half-brother for unknown reasons. Aeson's wife Alcimede I had a newborn son named Jason whom she saved from Pelias by having female attendants cluster around the infant and cry as if he were still-born. Fearing that Pelias would eventually notice and kill her son, Alcimede sent him away to be reared by the centaur Chiron,[12]; she claimed that she had been having an affair with him all along. Pelias, fearing that his ill-gotten kingship might be challenged, consulted an oracle, who warned him to beware of a man wearing only one sandal.

text: Many years later, Pelias was holding games in honor of Poseidon when the grown Jason arrived in Iolcus, having lost one of his sandals in the river Anauros ("wintry Anauros") while helping an old woman (actually the Goddess Hera in disguise) to cross[12]. She blessed him for she knew, as goddesses do, what Pelias had planned. When Jason entered Iolcus (present-day city of Volos), he was announced as a man wearing only one sandal. Jason, aware that he was the rightful king, so informed Pelias. Pelias replied, "To take my throne, which you shall, you must go on a quest to find the Golden Fleece." Jason readily accepted this condition.

text: The Quest for the Golden Fleece

text: Jason assembled for his crew, a number of heroes, known as the Argonauts after their ship, the Argo.[12] The group of heroes included the Boreads (sons of Boreas, the North Wind) who could fly, Heracles, Philoctetes, Peleus, Telamon, Orpheus, Castor and Pollux, Atalanta, Meleager and Euphemus.

text: The Isle of Lemnos

text: The isle of Lemnos is situated off the Western coast of Asia Minor (modern day Turkey). The island was inhabited by a race of women who had killed their husbands. The women had neglected their worship of Aphrodite, and as a punishment the goddess made the women so foul in stench that their husbands could not bear to be near them. The men then took concubines from the Thracian mainland opposite, and the spurned women, angry at Aphrodite, killed all the male inhabitants while they slept. The king, Thoas, was saved by Hypsipyle, his daughter, who put him out to sea sealed in a chest from which he was later rescued. The women of Lemnos lived for a while without men, with Hypsipyle as their queen.

text: During the visit of the Argonauts the women mingled with the men creating a new "race" called Minyae. Jason fathered twins with the queen. Heracles pressured them to leave as he was disgusted by the antics of the Argonauts. He had not taken part, which is truly unusual considering the numerous affairs he had with other women. [note 1]

text: Cyzicus

text: After Lemnos the Argonauts landed among the Doliones, whose king Cyzicus treated them graciously. He told them about the land beyond Bear Mountain, but forgot to mention what lived there. What lived in the land beyond Bear Mountain were the Gegeines which are a tribe of Earthborn giants with six arms and wore leather loincloths. While most of the crew went into the forest to search for supplies, the Gegeines saw that few Argonauts were guarding the ship and raided it. Heracles was among those guarding the ship at the time and managed to kill most them before Jason and the others returned. Once some of the other Gegeines were killed, Jason and the Argonauts set sail.

text: Sometime after their fight with the Gegeines, they sent some men to find food and water. Among these men was Heracles' servant Hylas who was gathering water while Heracles was out finding some wood to carve a new oar to replace the one that broke. The nymphs of the stream where Hylas was collecting were attracted to his good looks, and pulled him into the stream. Heracles returned to his Labors, but Hylas was lost forever. Others say that Heracles went to Colchis with the Argonauts, got the Golden Girdle of the Amazons and slew the Stymphalian Birds at that time.[citation needed]

text: The Argonauts departed, losing their bearings and landing again at the same spot that night. In the darkness, the Doliones took them for enemies and they started fighting each other. The Argonauts killed many of the Doliones, among them the king Cyzicus. Cyzicus' wife killed herself. The Argonauts realized their horrible mistake when dawn came and held a funeral for him.

text: Phineas and the harpies

text: Soon Jason reached the court of Phineus of Salmydessus in Thrace. Zeus had sent the harpies to steal the food put out for Phineas each day. Jason took pity on the emaciated king and killed the Harpies when they returned; in other versions, Calais and Zetes chase the harpies away. In return for this favor, Phineas revealed to Jason the location of Colchis and how to pass the Symplegades, or The Clashing Rocks, and then they parted.

text: The Symplegades

text: The only way to reach Colchis was to sail through the Symplegades (Clashing Rocks), huge rock cliffs that came together and crushed anything that traveled between them. Phineas told Jason to release a dove when they approached these islands, and if the dove made it through, to row with all their might. If the dove was crushed, he was doomed to fail. Jason released the dove as advised, which made it through, losing only a few tail feathers. Seeing this, they rowed strongly and made it through with minor damage at the extreme stern of the ship. From that time on, the clashing rocks were forever joined leaving free passage for others to pass.

text: The arrival in Colchis

text: Jason arrived in Colchis (modern Black Sea coast of Georgia) to claim the fleece as his own. It was owned by King Aeetes of Colchis. The fleece was given to him by Phrixus. Aeetes promised to give it to Jason only if he could perform three certain tasks. Presented with the tasks, Jason became discouraged and fell into depression. However, Hera had persuaded Aphrodite to convince her son Eros to make Aeetes' daughter, Medea, fall in love with Jason. As a result, Medea aided Jason in his tasks. First, Jason had to plow a field with fire-breathing oxen, the Khalkotauroi, that he had to yoke himself. Medea provided an ointment that protected him from the oxen's flames. Then, Jason sowed the teeth of a dragon into a field. The teeth sprouted into an army of warriors (spartoi). Medea had previously warned Jason of this and told him how to defeat this foe. Before they attacked him, he threw a rock into the crowd. Unable to discover where the rock had come from, the soldiers attacked and defeated one another. His last task was to overcome the sleepless dragon which guarded the Golden Fleece. Jason sprayed the dragon with a potion, given by Medea, distilled from herbs. The dragon fell asleep, and Jason was able to seize the Golden Fleece.[13] He then sailed away with Medea. Medea distracted her father, who chased them as they fled, by killing her brother Apsyrtus and throwing pieces of his body into the sea; Aeetes stopped to gather them. In another version, Medea lured Apsyrtus into a trap. Jason killed him, chopped off his fingers and toes, and buried the corpse. In any case, Jason and Medea escaped.

text: The return journey

text: On the way back to Iolcus, Medea prophesied to Euphemus, the Argo's helmsman, that one day he would rule Cyrene. This came true through Battus, a descendant of Euphemus. Zeus, as punishment for the slaughter of Medea's own brother, sent a series of storms at the Argo and blew it off course. The Argo then spoke and said that they should seek purification with Circe, a nymph living on the island of Aeaea. After being cleansed, they continued their journey home.

text: Sirens

text: Chiron had told Jason that without the aid of Orpheus, the Argonauts would never be able to pass the Sirens—the same Sirens encountered by Odysseus in Homer's epic poem the Odyssey. The Sirens lived on three small, rocky islands called Sirenum scopuli and sang beautiful songs that enticed sailors to come to them, which resulted in the crashing of their ship into the islands. When Orpheus heard their voices, he drew his lyre and played music that was more beautiful and louder, drowning out the Sirens' bewitching songs.

text: Talos

text: The Argo then came to the island of Crete, guarded by the bronze man, Talos. As the ship approached, Talos hurled huge stones at the ship, keeping it at bay. Talos had one blood vessel which went from his neck to his ankle, bound shut by only one bronze nail (as in metal casting by the lost wax method). Medea cast a spell on Talos to calm him; she removed the bronze nail and Talos bled to death. The Argo was then able to sail on.

text: Jason returns

text: It should be noted that Thomas Bulfinch has an antecedent to the interaction of Medea and the daughters of Pelias. Jason, celebrating his return with the Golden Fleece, noted that his father was too aged and infirm to participate in the celebrations. He had seen and been served by Medea's magical powers. He asked Medea to take some years from his life and add them to the life of his father. She did so, but at no such cost to Jason's life. Medea withdrew the blood from Aesons body and infused it with certain herbs; putting it back into his veins, returning vigor to him.[14] Pelias' daughters saw this and wanted the same service for their father.

text: Medea, using her sorcery, claimed to Pelias' daughters that she could make their father smooth and vigorous as a child by chopping him up into pieces and boiling the pieces in a cauldron of water and magical herbs. She demonstrated this remarkable feat with the oldest ram in the flock, which leapt out of the cauldron as a lamb. The girls, rather naively, sliced and diced their father and put him in the cauldron. Medea did not add the magical herbs, and Pelias was dead.[15] Pelias' son, Acastus, drove Jason and Medea into exile for the murder, and the couple settled in Corinth.

text: Treachery of Jason

text: In Corinth, Jason became engaged to marry Creusa (sometimes referred to as Glauce), a daughter of the King of Corinth, to strengthen his political ties. When Medea confronted Jason about the engagement and cited all the help she had given him, he retorted that it was not she that he should thank, but Aphrodite who made Medea fall in love with him. Infuriated with Jason for breaking his vow that he would be hers forever, Medea took her revenge by presenting to Creusa a cursed dress, as a wedding gift, that stuck to her body and burned her to death as soon as she put it on. Creusa's father, Creon, burned to death with his daughter as he tried to save her. Then Medea killed the two boys that she bore to Jason, fearing that they would be murdered or enslaved as a result of their mother's actions. When Jason came to know of this, Medea was already gone; she fled to Athens in a chariot of dragons sent by her grandfather, the sun-god Helios.[15]

text: Later Jason and Peleus, father of the hero Achilles, attacked and defeated Acastus, reclaiming the throne of Iolcus for himself once more. Jason's son, Thessalus, then became king.

text: As a result of breaking his vow to love Medea forever, Jason lost his favor with Hera and died lonely and unhappy. He was asleep under the stern of the rotting Argo when it fell on him, killing him instantly.

text: In literature

text: Though some of the episodes of Jason's story draw on ancient material, the definitive telling, on which this account relies, is that of Apollonius of Rhodes in his epic poem Argonautica, written in Alexandria in the late 3rd century BC.

text: Another Argonautica was written by Gaius Valerius Flaccus in the late 1st century AD, eight books in length. The poem ends abruptly with the request of Medea to accompany Jason on his homeward voyage. It is unclear if part of the epic poem has been lost, or if it was never finished. A third version is the Argonautica Orphica, which emphasizes the role of Orpheus in the story.

text: Jason is briefly mentioned in Dante's Divine Comedy in the poem Inferno. He appears in the Canto XVIII. In it, he is seen by Dante and his guide Virgil being punished in Hell's Eighth Circle (Bolgia 1) by being driven to march through the circle for all eternity while being whipped by devils. He is included among the panderers and seducers (possibly for his seduction and subsequent abandoning of Medea).

text: The story of Medea's revenge on Jason is told with devastating effect by Euripides in his tragedy Medea.

text: The mythical geography of the voyage of the Argonauts has been connected to specific geographic locations by Livio Stecchini[16] but his theories have not been widely adopted.

text: Popular culture

text: Jason appeared in the Hercules episode "Hercules and the Argonauts" voiced by William Shatner. He is shown to have been a student of Philoctetes and takes his advice to let Hercules travel with him.

text: In The Heroes of Olympus story "The Lost Hero," there was a reference to the mythical Jason when Jason Grace and his friends encounter Medea.

text: Notes

text: Jump up ^ Note: In "Hercules, My Shipmate" Robert Graves claims that Heracles fathered more children than anyone else of the crew.


document_title: Lethal Weapon (TV series)

question_text: how many episodes in lethal weapon series 3

text: Lethal Weapon (TV series)

text: Synopsis[edit]

text: Roger Murtaugh, an aging detective with a wife and three children, is partnered with Martin Riggs, a younger, somewhat unstable detective whose wife and unborn child were recently murdered. While Riggs' devil-may-care methods of collaring criminals puts his and Murtaugh's lives in danger on a regular basis, the two are able to develop a respect and friendship.

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Damon Wayans as Roger Murtaugh, a senior Los Angeles Police Department Detective who returns to the force after recovering from a heart attack and is partnered with Texas transfer Martin Riggs. He is married with three children (two teenagers and a toddler). He is a native of Inglewood, California, and currently resides in Sherman Oaks.  He carries a Heckler & Koch USP as his duty weapon, in early episodes, and later switches to a Glock. In "Family Ties", Murtaugh is promoted to Captain after Avery decides to step down in order to run for office. He was originally played by Danny Glover in the film series.
Clayne Crawford as Martin Riggs (seasons 1–2), a Navy SEAL-turned-police officer from El Paso, Texas.  He moves to Los Angeles after the death of his wife and unborn child, transferring from the El Paso County Sheriff's Office to the LAPD's Robbery-Homicide Division. Riggs lives in a trailer on the beach, drives a 1977 Ford F-350, and his weapon of choice is the Beretta 92F, very similar to his movie counterpart. He was originally played by Mel Gibson in the film series.
Seann William Scott as Wesley Cole (season 3), a war veteran and father who moves to Los Angeles to be closer to his child. The character shares the same surname as Lorna Cole, Riggs' love interest played by Rene Russo in the film series.[3]
Jordana Brewster as Dr. Maureen Cahill, the police department's psychologist who treats Det. Riggs (and occasionally Det. Murtaugh). Although sometimes she is referred to as a psychiatrist and prescribes drugs (for example in "Better Living Through Chemistry"). The character is based on Dr. Stephanie Woods played by Mary Ellen Trainor in the film series.
Keesha Sharp as Trish Murtaugh, Det. Murtaugh's loving wife and mother of his three children who works as a defense attorney. In the season one episode "As Good As It Getz", Trish quits her job after being passed over for managing partner at her law firm. She was originally played by Darlene Love in the film series.
Kevin Rahm as Captain Brooks Avery, the Commanding Officer of Robbery-Homicide Division. Before his promotion, Capt. Avery was partners with Det. Murtaugh. In "Lawmen", it is revealed that years ago he and a Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department deputy (Malcolm-Jamal Warner) planted evidence to convict a murderer after previous evidence was excluded from trial; he was prepared to resign over the incident when it came to light, but Murtaugh convinced him to stay because if his impropriety was revealed it would mean that all of Avery's cases (many of which he worked with Murtaugh) would be reviewed if not overturned entirely. The character is based on Captain Ed Murphy played by Steve Kahan in the film series.
Johnathan Fernandez as Bernard Scorsese, a medical examiner, forensic scientist and aspiring screenwriter who works alongside Dets. Murtaugh and Riggs.
Michelle Mitchenor as Detective Sonya Bailey, a fellow detective with Robbery-Homicide Division. She is partnered with Det. Alex Cruz during the first season and Det. Zach Bowman during the second season.
Chandler Kinney as Riana Murtaugh, Det. Murtaugh's teenage daughter. The character is based on Rianne Murtaugh, played by Traci Wolfe in the film series.
Dante Brown as Roger "RJ" Murtaugh Jr., Det. Murtaugh's teenage son. He graduated from high school at the end of season 1 and briefly attended college before dropping out during season 2. The character is based on Nick Murtaugh, played by Damon Hines in the film series.

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Thomas Lennon as Leo Getz, a comedic ambulance-chasing lawyer who once worked in the District Attorney's office before being fired. He befriends Murtaugh (and to a lesser extent, Riggs) after he witnesses a client's murder, and is put under their protection. His friendship with the duo is strengthened in the second-season episode "Let it Ride" where he works with them again and Murtaugh assures Leo that they don't have to be on a case to be friends. Getz is partially inspired by the character of the same name played by Joe Pesci in the film series.
Hilarie Burton as Karen Palmer (seasons 1–2), a DEA agent who sometimes works with Riggs and Murtaugh on drug trafficking cases, and is also Riggs' love interest. The two break up early in season 2.
Floriana Lima as Miranda Riggs (née Delgado) (seasons 1–2), Det. Riggs' late wife, who is seen in flashbacks. Originally from the Los Angeles area, she moved to Texas when she married Riggs, and after her death, he moved to LA and joined the LAPD. The character is based on Victoria Riggs from the film series, although she was never seen as she had already died before the events of the first film.
Richard Cabral as Detective Alejandro "Alex" Cruz (season 1), formerly an undercover officer with the LAPD's Gang Division who once worked at the Robbery-Homicide Division.
Tony Plana as Ronnie Delgado (seasons 1–2), the Los Angeles City Attorney and Det. Riggs' father-in-law. He is stabbed in prison in the Season 2 episode "Diggin' Up Dirt", and dies in the hospital.
Andrew Patrick Ralston as Jim McNeile, a dentist and neighbor of the Murtaughs.
Michelle Hurd as Gina Santos (season 2), a police big shot who arrives to take control of the division as chief, superseding the authority of Captain Avery. She and Murtaugh had previously partnered as detectives on a stakeout.
Andrew Creer as Detective Zach Bowman (season 2), a young detective who starts working at the precinct. He is soon partnered with Bailey. Leo Getz condescendingly calls them "The B-team", which the naïve Bowman thinks is because their last names both start with "B".
Kristen Gutoskie as Molly Hendricks (season 2), Riggs' childhood friend and the ex-wife of his old best friend Jake, who has been in and out of prison. Riggs and Molly have a brief relationship that Riggs ends when he sees his work is putting Molly and her son in danger. They later are able to reconcile.
Rex Linn as Nathan Riggs (season 2), Martin Riggs' abusive father.
Chase Mangum as Young Martin Riggs (season 2)
Sophia Woodward as Young Molly Hendricks (season 2)
Duncan Joiner as Ben (season 2), Molly's son via her ex-husband Jake.
Peter Coventry Smith as Garrett Riggs (season 2), Riggs' half-brother.
Maggie Lawson as Natalie Flynn (season 3)

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Series overview[edit]

text: SeasonEpisodesOriginally airedAverage U.S. viewers(millions)First airedLast aired118September 21, 2016 (2016-09-21)March 15, 2017 (2017-03-15)6.54222September 26, 2017 (2017-09-26)May 8, 2018 (2018-05-08)4.11313September 25, 2018 (2018-09-25)TBATBA

tag: table

text: Season 1 (2016–17)[edit]

text:
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateProd.codeU.S. viewers(millions)11"Pilot"McGStory by : Matt Miller & Shane Black Teleplay by : Matt MillerSeptember 21, 2016 (2016-09-21)T15.101387.93[4]
A slightly unhinged widower and former Navy SEAL lands a job as a police officer in Los Angeles where he is partnered with a veteran detective who is trying to maintain a low stress level in his life.
22"Surf N Turf"McGMatt MillerSeptember 28, 2016 (2016-09-28)T13.201027.23[5]
Murtaugh and Riggs are sent to deal with a noise complaint at a party. And when they arrive there are shots fired. They chase the shooter only he was killed. They go back to the Captain who is with an ATF agent who tells them the weapon that was used is strictly for military use, which means someone got their hands on some and are trying to sell it. Riggs upon looking over what happened doesn't think the one who was killed is the target. They think it's someone else, a woman. They track her down and learn she's from Russia and pregnant. She tells them that a few months ago she got involved with a guy and she caught him trying to unload the guns and when he saw her, he tried to kill her that's why she ran. And evidently, the shooter was there to sell the gun when he saw her and told probably the guy she was there, who told him to take care of her. They put her in protective custody while they try to find out were the guns came from. Murtaugh finally learns about Riggs and his wife.
33"Best Buds"Steve BoyumGene HongOctober 5, 2016 (2016-10-05)T13.201036.62[6]
Riggs and Murtaugh follow a violent case involving a drug cartel, theft, two killings and, unfortunately, Murtaugh's old T.O., Ned Brower. As the case unfolds, it turns out that Ned is more involved than just driving the cash, which leaves Murtaugh with an inevitably dangerous decision to make. Looking for back-up, the duo turns to Cruz for help. In the midst of all the chaos, Riggs continues to depend on outside vices, rather than face the reality of Miranda's death, while Murtaugh and Trish struggle to find alone time.  Miranda Riggs appears as a vision to Riggs early in the episode and at the very end he remembers walking up to her parents home with her for the first time.
44"There Goes the Neighborhood"Jason EnslerAdele LimOctober 12, 2016 (2016-10-12)T13.201046.84[7]
A string of burglaries hits close to home for Murtaugh when one occurs in his own neighborhood, and it gets just as personal for Riggs when another break-in ends in a casualty. Meanwhile, Roger Junior connects with an old friend who might be twisted up in some criminal action of his own.
55"Spilt Milk"Larry TengSeamus Kevin FaheyOctober 19, 2016 (2016-10-19)T13.201056.66[8]
Murtaugh delves deep into the psyche of a former navy seal who is wanted for criminal activity, and draws parallels between him and his partner, Riggs, who also served in the military. Riggs' connection to the suspect threatens to interfere with the case, but it also forces him to open up to Murtaugh.
66"Ties That Bind"Antonio NegretErik MountainNovember 9, 2016 (2016-11-09)T13.201067.02[9]
When Riggs and Murtaugh investigate a high-profile case surrounding the murder of a young model, they uncover a vicious secret behind the locked mansion gates of one of LA's wealthiest families. Riggs gets a jolt from his past when he discovers that an old friend of his wife has ties to the case. Back at home, Murtaugh is shocked to hear that his daughter is sending provocative photos to her new boyfriend.
77"Fashion Police"Rob SeidenglanzKyle WarrenNovember 16, 2016 (2016-11-16)T13.201076.60[10]
As Riggs and Murtaugh examine the murder of one of L.A.'s fashion expeditors, they follow a trail of evidence that leads them to an ongoing and exceptionally dangerous underground investigation led by the DEA agent Karen Palmer (Hilarie Burton). In the meantime, Trish and the kids are off visiting colleges, leaving Murtaugh to a "bender" of his own, while Riggs has trouble sleeping through the night due to his all-too-real dreams of Miranda.
88"Can I Get a Witness?"Jason EnslerAmanda GreenNovember 30, 2016 (2016-11-30)T13.201086.43[11]
When a million dollar casino heist takes a deadly turn, Riggs befriends the only credible witness, an eight-year-old boy, and takes him into his care. On the flip side, Murtaugh pulls some dangerous stunts in an attempt to prove to everyone that he can be a motorcycle guy. Meanwhile, Riggs contemplates what to do with the money he received from selling his home in Texas.
99"Jingle Bell Glock"Steve BoyumJoe SmithDecember 7, 2016 (2016-12-07)T13.201106.26[12]
The whole precinct's holiday celebrations are cut short when they're called to examine a ruthless homicide linked to Eddie Flores (Raul Casso), the deranged nephew of a notable drug lord who has a previous history with Riggs. The holiday season weighs heavily on Riggs, who flashes back to past Christmas with his former wife, Miranda. Murtaugh is also a little preoccupied with his neighbor's obnoxious holiday decorations.
1010"Homebodies"Michael FieldsAlex TaubJanuary 4, 2017 (2017-01-04)T13.201116.30[13]
Riggs and Murtaugh end up in the middle of a turf war as they investigate the murder of a millennial "designer drug" dealer.
1111"Lawmen"Sylvain WhiteAndy CallahanJanuary 11, 2017 (2017-01-11)T13.201096.48[14]
Riggs and Murtaugh are pitted against the LA Sheriff’s department.
1212"Brotherly Love"Uta BriesewitzStacy A. LittlejohnJanuary 18, 2017 (2017-01-18)T13.201126.29[15]
Riggs and Murtaugh get involved with a notorious auto theft ring after a car containing a large amount of cocaine is stolen from the impound lot.
1313"The Seal is Broken"Nathan HopeAdele Lim & Gene HongJanuary 25, 2017 (2017-01-25)T13.201136.28[16]
Riggs and Murtaugh investigate a series of violent crimes targeting members of the same church; the anniversary of Miranda's death weighs on Riggs; Trish and Roger butt heads with R.J.
1414"The Murtaugh File"Matt BarberSeamus Kevin FaheyFebruary 8, 2017 (2017-02-08)T13.201146.25[17]
A car crash reveals that Cahill is the target of a murderous stalker; Riggs finds Murtaugh's file in Cahill's office and becomes obsessed with finding out about his past; Roger and Trish discover their daughter has a fake ID.
1515"As Good As It Getz"Nick CopusRob WrightFebruary 15, 2017 (2017-02-15)T13.201156.37[18]
Riggs and Murtaugh are forced to work with DEA agent Karen Palmer again, to protect Leo Getz, an ambulance-chasing attorney who was linked to the Cartel. As the three delve further into the case, they begin to realize that Leo may not be the only one with a target on his back. In the meantime, Riggs begins to view Agent Palmer in a new light while Murtaugh is left worried after Trish makes a spontaneous decision.
1616"Unnecessary Roughness"Bethany RooneyLaura Putney & Margaret EasleyFebruary 22, 2017 (2017-02-22)T13.201166.26[19]
A murder involving a high school football phenomenon draws Riggs and Murtaugh into the lucrative - and corrupt - world of college recruiting. Meanwhile, Murtaugh considers a big change in his professional life, and Riggs contemplates an even bigger shift in his personal life, as he spends more time with DEA Agent Karen Palmer.
1717"A Problem Like Maria"Rob BaileyAlex TaubMarch 8, 2017 (2017-03-08)T13.201175.93[20]
Riggs and Murtaugh team up again with DEA Agent Karen Palmer, and together they gain inside knowledge of dangerous new cartel operations. As Riggs' attachment to Palmer deepens, so do his impulsive actions, further worrying Captain Avery and Delgado. In the meantime, Trish explores the potential of an amazing new career opportunity.
1818"Commencement"Steve BoyumMatt Miller & Kyle WarrenMarch 15, 2017 (2017-03-15)T13.201186.02[21]
After making a startling discovery that pertains to Miranda's death, Riggs heads to Mexico and the cartel in search of answers. Worried about Riggs, Murtaugh is seen driving into the night to Mexico.

text: Season 2 (2017–18)[edit]

text:
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateProd.codeU.S. viewers(millions)191"El Gringo Loco"Steve BoyumMatt Miller & Kyle WarrenSeptember 26, 2017 (2017-09-26)T13.207014.37[22]
Murtaugh intercepts Riggs just as he is preparing to shoot and kill Tito Flores, the drug lord responsible for Miranda's death. He convinces Riggs to bring Tito back to the U.S. alive, in the trunk of Murtaugh's car. When they prepare to turn Tito over to U.S. authorities, however, they open the trunk and discover Tito has been shot in the head and killed.
202"Dancing in September"Rob BaileyAlex TaubOctober 3, 2017 (2017-10-03)T13.207024.10[23]
Riggs and Murtaugh respond to the death of a plastic surgeon, drawing them into a case involving an illegal drug ring run out of a wellness clinic. The case has Riggs reconnecting with Agent Karen Palmer, who has been given desk work at the DEA ever since she leaked the Tito Flores file to Riggs. Karen, blind-sided by her greed to get out of the desk work, hijacks the investigation by interfering with Riggs job only to realize that she is not as efficient as she thinks she is. Begrudgingly, she blames Riggs for it. Riggs, knowing her ego, says he is sorry even though he knows that it was not his fault.  Elsewhere, RJ is packing for college and seems reluctant to live on campus, until he learns that his dorm building is co-ed, which then has dad and mom concerned.
213"Born to Run"Nathan HopeStacy A. LittlejohnOctober 10, 2017 (2017-10-10)T13.207033.89[24]
Riggs and Murtaugh, along with young detective Zach Bowman (Andrew Creer), investigate when the bodyguard of famous pop singer Shaye (Joanna Levesque) is murdered. The detectives uncover a secret relationship between Shaye and the bodyguard, along with an even bigger secret in Shaye's past. Meanwhile, Riggs and Palmer struggle to find normalcy in their relationship.
224"Flight Risk"Omar MadhaSeamus Kevin FaheyOctober 17, 2017 (2017-10-17)T13.207043.79[25]
A lifelong con man (Adrian Pasdar) robs the passengers on a private plane at gunpoint while it is airborne, then leaps out with a parachute, taking a victim with him. Riggs and Murtaugh learn that the con man is dying and wanted one last haul to help his daughter after he's gone, but one stolen item (a briefcase full of uncut diamonds) has attracted a group of violent criminals. Meanwhile, Santos questions Avery's ability to lead, given his top detectives' penchant for danger.
235"Let it Ride"Eric LaneuvilleRob WrightNovember 7, 2017 (2017-11-07)T13.207054.06[26]
Riggs and Murtaugh investigate a death that occurs moments before the victim's bet wins a horse race. The victim is Howard, a friend of Leo Getz. While it appears that Howard had a stroke, Getz is convinced it's murder, which Scorcese later proves to be true. Meanwhile, the city tows Riggs' trailer off the beach, bringing back painful childhood memories of being evicted.
246"Gold Rush"Steve BoyumTerence Paul WinterNovember 14, 2017 (2017-11-14)T13.207063.84[27]
Riggs helps his childhood friend Jake (Linds Edwards) get paroled from prison, but it soon becomes apparent that Jake is up to no good again. Noticing that Riggs gives Jake a lot of leeway, Murtaugh asks his partner if he owes his old pal a favor. Elsewhere, Murtaugh tries to find out which of his family members left a marijuana joint in a package of cookies, while Bailey gives Bowman a hard time just because he rejected her after she accidentally sent him a sext.
257"Birdwatching"Salli Richardson-WhitfieldElizabeth Davis BeallNovember 21, 2017 (2017-11-21)T13.207073.86[28]
Riggs and Murtaugh work on the case of a dead surfer who just came into town from San Diego the day before. Bailey and Bowman help, and Bailey wonders why Bowman is treated like a hero in the beach town. Meanwhile, Murtaugh becomes suspicious of Trish's relationship with her charity ball co-chair "Scott", until he learns it is ex-NBA star Scottie Pippen. Also, Riggs deals with recurring nightmares.
268"Fork-Getta-Bout-It"Matt BarberMichael C. Martin & Joe SmithNovember 28, 2017 (2017-11-28)T13.207084.89[29]
Riggs and Murtaugh investigate a murder involving a couple and a New York mobster, Frank Truno. Scorsese reveals a movie script he has been writing, after he found out that the case revolves around the mafia. However, Murtaugh dislikes the way Scorsese accurately portrays him as one of the characters. Meanwhile, Riggs is taken aback when his childhood friend Molly (Kristen Gutoskie) suggests that they could have been romantically involved.
279"Fools Rush In"Eric LaneuvilleKyle Warren & Eileen JonesDecember 5, 2017 (2017-12-05)T13.207094.50[30]
Jonah (Derek Richardson), a man with schizophrenia who believes that Elvis Presley is alive and controlling Hollywood's traffic, is running away from Riggs and Murtaugh after being suspected of murder. However, when he proves his theory, Riggs and Murtaugh must stop an organized heist conducted by men dressing as Presley. At the same time, Murtaugh tries to get his daughter into at an esteemed pre-school and Riggs gets scared when his relationship with Molly becomes romantic.
2810"Wreck the Halls"Steve BoyumKatie VarneyDecember 12, 2017 (2017-12-12)T13.207104.08[31]
Murtaugh is ready for his family holiday in Hawaii until Diego, a young man he once helped, is murdered. Riggs and Murtaugh confront Grant Davenport (Martin Donovan), the president of an American upper class club where Diego was employed, who has ties to the Aryan fraternity. However, their confrontation causes the fraternity to ambush both of them. Murtaugh manages to subdue his attackers, but Riggs is only able to escape because of his father's assistance.
2911"Funny Money"Nathan HopeAlex TaubJanuary 2, 2018 (2018-01-02)T13.207114.55[32]
Riggs and Murtaugh take on a counterfeiting ring and are joined on the case by veteran Secret Service Agent Peterson (Ernie Hudson). A group of three teenagers inadvertently get involved when they witness a shooting and run off with the phony cash and plates. One of the teenagers named Ty (Nathan Davis Jr.) strikes a chord with Riggs after revealing he's homeless. Meanwhile, Riggs brings home a dog for Ben and Molly. Molly later finds the dog dead with its neck snapped. Sensing it's a message from his father, Riggs goes to confront him in prison. Also, Roger and Trish learn that RJ has been cutting classes at college.
3012"Diggin' Up Dirt"Maja VrviloSeamus Kevin Fahey & Joe SmithJanuary 9, 2018 (2018-01-09)T13.207124.26[33]
Shortly after Gene Nakahara (C.S. Lee) meets with Trish and an uninvited Leo Getz to announce he is running against Councilman Sean O'Brien (Michael Reilly Burke) for Mayor of Los Angeles, Gene is killed when his car blows up. Riggs and Murtaugh learn of a private investigator named Serrano (Tim Kang) who works as a "fixer" for high-profile people and investigate that angle, while Trish and Leo work behind the scenes to reveal skeletons in O'Brien's closet. Riggs also learns that his late wife Miranda once visited Serrano to get info on Riggs' father.
3113"Better Living Through Chemistry"Rob BaileyZev BorowJanuary 16, 2018 (2018-01-16)T13.207135.03[34]
Dr. Cahill begins to question her abilities when two patients of hers die in separate incidents, until it is learned that they were briefly roommates in the same psych facility. Riggs and Murtaugh uncover corruption in the facility related to the medications both patients were taking. At the same time, Santos (Michelle Hurd) learns that Riggs had an anger incident caught on tape in which he destroyed the deputy mayor's car, and requests that Cahill sign an affidavit confirming that Riggs is still fit for duty. Elsewhere, Trish and Roger see that RJ has become depressed and withdrawn after dropping out of college, and decide to take their son to a therapist.
3214"Double Shot of Baileys"John BehringStacy A. LittlejohnJanuary 23, 2018 (2018-01-23)T13.207144.55[35]
Detective Bailey's younger sister Jess (Alisha Wainwright) inadvertently gets caught up with a drug mob when she and her boyfriend use her waitress position at a high-end night club to steal a man's wallet. After the boyfriend is killed over the wallet's contents, Bailey walks a thin line between her obligation to the law and protecting her sister. Elsewhere, Murtaugh helps Riana spy on her boyfriend, whom she accuses of cheating, while Riggs loses his truck after a night of heavy drinking.
3315"An Inconvenient Ruth"Larry TengKyle WarrenFebruary 6, 2018 (2018-02-06)T13.207154.35[36]
A elderly drifter named Ruthie (Swoosie Kurtz) is present at a jewelry store robbery, and becomes a key witness in the case. In the process, she and Riggs, who has recently vowed to stay sober, bond over their alcoholism. Meanwhile Murtaugh, fresh off being called "grandpa" at the playground while with his toddler, starts acting like Riggs and takes dangerous risks to prove he's not getting old. This gets him on Trish's bad side.
3416"Ruthless"Silver TreeCarlos JacottFebruary 27, 2018 (2018-02-27)T13.207164.13[37]
Riggs and Murtaugh track a group of criminals who stole numerous guns during a shoot-up at a police buy-back event. They locate and capture the group's leader, Booker (Sheaun McKinney), only to learn that he's working undercover for ATF. Avery learns from Booker's boss that Booker is a bit of a loose cannon, much like Riggs. Meanwhile, Riggs learns a little more about Ruthie's past and family situation, as Roger and Trish continue to fight at home.
3517"The Odd Couple"Larry TengElizabeth Davis Beall & Eileen JonesMarch 6, 2018 (2018-03-06)T13.207174.00[38]
With Riggs trying to get Murtaugh to make up with Trish and get out of his trailer, the two only make things worse when they ruin a public building implosion for Trish's latest project. An angry Trish tells the two that her client, grocery store magnate Henry Butler (Michael McGrady), now wants to bail on the project. Riggs convinces Butler to stay in town by inviting him to dinner. Riggs and Murtaugh discover that Butler is the man behind the murder, and Trish eventually also learns that her client is dirty. This leads to a wild adventure when Riggs and Murtagh board Butler's private jet as he's trying to flee. Later on, Riggs confesses that he wants more out of their relationship, but Molly insists that Riggs must first resolve the issues with his father.
3618"Frankie Comes to Hollywood"John BehringDavid FuryApril 10, 2018 (2018-04-10)T13.207184.14[39]
About 16 years ago, Frankie Kelso (Jude Ciccolella), a contract killer, decided to show mercy on Murtaugh after the latter tried to arrest him at the scene of a hit. In the present, Murtaugh notices Kelso's signature at the scene of another killing. He captures Kelso, but the latter is able to get the upper hand and take Murtaugh hostage. Kelso insists that he is retired and that someone framed him for the recent crime. Riggs recognizes the name of one of Kelso's mob connections as someone who spent time in prison with his father, Nathan (Rex Linn). Riggs then reluctantly contacts his father to get the information he needs to save Murtaugh. However, his action caused the mobs to declare war on Riggs' father by attacking him in prison.
3719"Leo Getz Hitched"Nick CopusRob WrightApril 17, 2018 (2018-04-17)T13.207193.59[40]
Leo is getting married to Nina (Shakira Barrera), an ex-con, but she bails on the day of the wedding. Riggs and Murtaugh find her with a group of criminals trying to unload a bag of cocaine that "fell into" her purse at a high-stakes poker game run by a known mobster. At the same time, Riggs learns that Molly met with her ex-husband Jake, who is still a fugitive, and that Jake was at the same poker game. When Riggs catches up with Jake, the latter reveals he is planning to rob the safe at the poker game with two other conspirators. Elsewhere, Murtaugh is distraught over finding a positive pregnancy test in the trash can outside his home.
3820"Jesse's Girl"Clayne CrawfordSeamus Kevin Fahey & Joe SmithApril 24, 2018 (2018-04-24)T13.207204.28[41]
A break-in at a mansion turns deadly, and Roger and Trish are surprised to learn that Riana may be involved. It turns out that Phoebe, the sister of Riana's new boyfriend Jesse (Daniel DiVenere), is in possession of stolen diamonds from the heist and has become a target. Meanwhile, Riggs tries to be a good father figure for Ben, as he recalls the things he and Molly discussed in their teen years.
3921"Family Ties"Nick CopusAlex TaubMay 1, 2018 (2018-05-01)T13.207213.09[42]
With Avery away at a conference, Murtaugh is appointed interim captain. His first case involves the kidnapping of Lisa Conlon, wife of a pharmaceutical magnate. Riggs is forced to get his father involved when its revealed that the Aryan Fraternity of Texas (AFT) is behind the crime. In the process, Riggs learns that he has a 19-year-old half-brother, Garrett (Peter Coventry Smith), who is assisting the AFT. In exchange for his help, Riggs' father is let out of prison early. His comments to Riggs suggests that he plotted the whole kidnapping to get an early release. Meanwhile, Commissioner Debra tells Murtaugh that he is being promoted to full-time captain, as Avery will not be returning.
4022"One Day More"Steve BoyumMatt Miller & Katie VarneyMay 8, 2018 (2018-05-08)T13.207223.15[43]
While Murtaugh visits Riggs, the latter's trailer is shot up by two men on motorcycles. The investigation leads back to Grant Davenport where Riggs and Murtaugh discover that Riggs' father is the former's bodyguard. Later on, a suspect tells Riggs that Murtaugh was the target of the shootout and Trish's senior partner in her workplace has been laundering money for the AFT. Riggs' father immediately kidnaps Trish. Riggs and Murtaugh release Riggs' half-brother, Garrett, to exchange him for Trish. During the exchange, Murtaugh manages to save Trish, Riggs kills his father and Garrett escapes. Afterwards, during a celebration party, Riggs tells Trish that he is moving back to Texas with Molly and Ben. However, during a visit to his wife's grave, Garrett shows up and shoots Riggs in the chest.

text: International broadcast[edit]

text: In United Kingdom, ITV started airing the series beginning on March 3, 2017.[44] Its viewing figures remained consistent with around 2.5 million tuning in each week. Series 2 started January 12, 2018. In Australia, the Nine Network[45] premiered the series on January 29, 2017.[46] In the Philippines, it premiered on June 10, 2017 on ABS-CBN[47] and ended on September 9, 2017. Only 14 episodes were aired. In Hong Kong, the TVB Pearl premiered the series with switchable dual-language in original English and local Cantonese version on October 11, 2017. In India, Zee Café premiered the first season on 29 September 2016.[48] In Brazil, it has appeared since September 22, 2017 on the Warner Channel Brasil and on the open TV on Rede Globo

text: Production[edit]

text: The series was ordered on May 10, 2016 and premiered on Fox on September 21, 2016.[1] On October 12, 2016, Fox picked up the series for a full season of 18 episodes.[49] On February 22, 2017, Fox renewed the series for a 22-episode second season, which premiered on September 26, 2017.[50][51][52] On May 13, 2018, the series was renewed for a 13-episode third season, with Seann William Scott replacing Clayne Crawford as the series' lead, playing a new character.[2][53]

text: Casting[edit]

text: On February 12, 2016, Damon Wayans was cast as Roger Murtaugh.[54] On February 19, 2016, Golden Brooks was cast as Trish Murtaugh.[55] On March 3, 2016, Jordana Brewster was cast as Dr. Maureen Cahill.[56] On March 7, 2016, Kevin Rahm was cast as Captain Avery.[57] On March 10, 2016, Clayne Crawford was cast as Martin Riggs.[58] On March 15, 2016, Chandler Kinney was cast as Riana Murtaugh.[59] On March 17, 2016, it was announced that Keesha Sharp would take over the role of Trish Murtaugh from Brooks.[60][61] Also on March 17, Johnathan Fernandez was cast as Scorsese.[61][62] When the pilot was picked up to series, Johnathan Fernandez was made a series regular. Though showrunner Matt Miller has expressed interest in making Leo Getz (Thomas Lennon) a series regular at some point, the character is confirmed to be making frequent guest appearances throughout season two.

text: In May 2018, it was reported that Crawford had been dismissed from the show for on-set behavioral issues, and that the producers were looking to replace him for a potential third season.[63][64] On May 13, 2018, Seann William Scott was cast as the new co-lead ahead of a third season renewal and will be playing a new character named Wesley Cole.[2][65]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: Lethal Weapon has received mixed to positive reviews from critics. Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reported a 65% approval rating, with an average rating of 5.35/10 based on 40 reviews. The consensus says, "Lethal Weapon's overly polished production values and tired narrative are somewhat overcome by solid chemistry between its two leads."[66] On Metacritic, the first season has a weighted average of 56 out of 100 based on 24 reviews, indicating "mixed or average reviews."[67]

text: Ratings[edit]

text:
Season
Timeslot (ET)

Episodes

First aired

Last aired
TV season
Rank
Avg. viewers(millions)
18–49 rating(average)

Date

Viewers(millions)

Date

Viewers(millions)

1
Wednesday 8:00 pm

18

September 21, 2016 (2016-09-21)

7.93[4]

March 15, 2017 (2017-03-15)

6.02[21]
2016–17
35
8.63
2.2/8[68]

2
Tuesday 8:00 pm

22

September 26, 2017 (2017-09-26)

4.37[22]

May 8, 2018 (2018-05-08)

3.15[43]
2017–18
90
5.38
1.3[69]

3
Tuesday 9:00 pm

13[53]

September 25, 2018 (2018-09-25)

TBA

TBA (TBA)

TBA
2018–19
TBD
TBD
TBD

text: Season 1 (2016–17)[edit]

text:
No.

Title

Air date
Rating/share(18–49)
Viewers(millions)
DVR(18–49)
DVR viewers(millions)
Total(18–49)
Total viewers(millions)

1

"Pilot"

September 21, 2016
2.2/8
7.93[4]
1.0
3.16
3.2
11.09[70]

2

"Surf N Turf"

September 28, 2016
2.0/8
7.23[5]
0.8
2.68
2.8
9.91[71]

3

"Best Buds"

October 5, 2016
1.7/6
6.62[6]
0.9
2.62
2.6
9.24[72]

4

"There Goes the Neighborhood"

October 12, 2016
1.9/7
6.84[7]
0.9
N/A
2.8[73]
N/A

5

"Spilt Milk"

October 19, 2016
1.7/6
6.66[8]
0.9
2.81
2.6
9.47[74]

6

"Ties That Bind"

November 9, 2016
1.8/6
7.02[9]
0.8
2.62
2.6
9.64[75]

7

"Fashion Police"

November 16, 2016
1.7/6
6.60[10]
0.8
2.64
2.5
9.25[76]

8

"Can I Get a Witness?"

November 30, 2016
1.6/6
6.43[11]
0.8
2.75
2.4
9.17[77]

9

"Jingle Bell Glock"

December 7, 2016
1.4/5
6.26[12]
0.8
2.75
2.2
9.00[78]

10

"Homebodies"

January 4, 2017
1.5/5
6.30[13]
0.8
2.82
2.3
9.03[79]

11

"Lawmen"

January 11, 2017
1.4/5
6.48[14]
0.7
2.40
2.1
8.88[80]

12

"Brotherly Love"

January 18, 2017
1.4/5
6.29[15]
0.8
2.54
2.2
8.83[81]

13

"The Seal is Broken"

January 25, 2017
1.4/5
6.28[16]
0.8
2.70
2.2
8.98[82]

14

"The Murtaugh File"

February 8, 2017
1.3/5
6.25[17]
N/A
2.44
N/A
8.69[83]

15

"As Good As It Getz"

February 15, 2017
1.4/5
6.37[18]
0.7
2.52
2.1
8.89[84]

16

"Unnecessary Roughness"

February 22, 2017
1.4/5
6.26[19]
0.7
2.57
2.1
8.83[85]

17

"A Problem Like Maria"

March 8, 2017
1.2/5
5.93[20]
0.7
2.36
1.9
8.28[86]

18

"Commencement"

March 15, 2017
1.3/5
6.02[21]
0.7
2.55
2.0
8.57[87]

text: Season 2 (2017–18)[edit]

text:
No.

Title

Air date
Rating/share(18–49)
Viewers(millions)
DVR(18–49)
DVR viewers(millions)
Total(18–49)
Total viewers(millions)

1

"El Gringo Loco"

September 26, 2017
1.2/5
4.37[22]
N/A
2.75
N/A
7.12[88]

2

"Dancing in September"

October 3, 2017
1.1/4
4.10[23]
N/A
2.66
N/A
6.76[89]

3

"Born to Run"

October 10, 2017
1.0/4
3.89[24]
N/A
2.59
N/A
6.48[90]

4

"Flight Risk"

October 17, 2017
0.9/4
3.79[25]
N/A
2.63
N/A
6.42[91]

5

"Let it Ride"

November 7, 2017
1.0/4
4.06[26]
0.7
2.76
1.7
6.81[92]

6

"Gold Rush"

November 14, 2017
1.0/4
3.84[27]
N/A
2.54
N/A
6.40[93]

7

"Birdwatching"

November 21, 2017
1.0/4
3.86[28]
0.6
2.53
1.6
6.39[94]

8

"Fork-Getta-Bout-It"

November 28, 2017
1.0/4
4.89[29]
0.7
2.44
1.7
7.34[95]

9

"Fools Rush In"

December 5, 2017
1.0/4
4.50[30]
0.7
2.45
1.7
6.95[96]

10

"Wreck the Halls"

December 12, 2017
1.0/4
4.08[31]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

11

"Funny Money"

January 2, 2018
1.1/4
4.55[32]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

12

"Diggin' Up Dirt"

January 9, 2018
1.0/4
4.26[33]
0.7
2.70
1.7
6.95[97]

13

"Better Living Through Chemistry"

January 16, 2018
1.2/4
5.03[34]
N/A
2.47
N/A
7.50[98]

14

"Double Shot of Baileys"

January 23, 2018
1.2/4
4.55[35]
0.6
2.67
1.8
7.22[99]

15

"An Inconvenient Ruth"

February 6, 2018
1.1/4
4.35[36]
0.7
2.80
1.8
7.15[100]

16

"Ruthless"

February 27, 2018
1.0/4
4.13[37]
0.6
2.68
1.6
6.81[101]

17

"The Odd Couple"

March 6, 2018
0.9/4
4.00[38]
0.6
2.48
1.5
6.48[102]

18

"Frankie Comes to Town"

April 10, 2018
0.9/4
4.14[39]
0.6
2.36
1.5
6.50[103]

19

"Leo Getz Hitched"

April 17, 2018
0.8/3
3.59[40]
0.6
2.44
1.4
6.02[104]

20

"Jesse's Girl"

April 24, 2018
0.9/4
4.28[41]
0.6
2.10
1.5
6.38[105]

21

"Family Ties"

May 1, 2018
0.7/3
3.09[42]
0.6
2.42
1.3
5.50[106]

22

"One Day More"

May 8, 2018
0.8/4
3.15[43]
0.5
2.34
1.3
5.49[107]

text: Home media[edit]

text:
DVD & Blu-ray

Title

Release date

Additional

Region 1/A[108]

Region 2/B[109]

Region 4/B[110]

The Complete First Season

September 19, 2017

September 25, 2017

September 20, 2017

showFeatures

Set Details:

4-disc DVD (all regions)
3-disc DVD (all regions)
791 minutes
1.78:1 aspect ratio
Audio:
English: Dolby Digital 5.1 (DVD)
English: DTS-HD Master Audio 5.1 (Blu-ray)
German: Dolby Digital 5.1 (Blu-ray)
French: Dolby Digital 2.0 (Blu-ray)
Spanish: Dolby Digital 2.0 (Blu-ray)
Subtitles:
English SDH (see additional subtitle options as they vary on different regions)
Special features:

Extended Pilot (Uncensored)
All-New Featurette: "Reloading Lethal Weapon"
Deleted Scenes
Gag Reel
Rating:

BBFC: 15
ACB: MA15+

The Complete Second Season

September 18, 2018

October 1, 2018

TBA

showFeatures

Set Details

1.78:1 aspect ratio
Audio:
TBA
Subtitles:
TBA
Special features:

TBA
Ratings:

TBA


document_title: Qadam Qadam Badaye Ja

question_text: who wrote the patriotic song qadam qadam bhadaye ja

text: Qadam Qadam Badaye Ja

text:
"Qadam Qadam Badhaye Ja"
March by Ram Singh ThakurWritten
1942Text
by Pt. Vanshidhar ShuklaLanguage
Devanagari, Hindi

text: "Qadam Qadam Badhaye Ja" (Hindi: क़दम क़दम बढ़ाये जा) was the regimental quick march of the Subhas Chandra Bose's Indian National Army.  Written by Pt. Vanshidhar Shukla and composed by  Ram Singh Thakuri, it was banned in India after World War II as "seditious", which was subsequently lifted in August 1947. The song has since become a patriotic song in India, and has been re-interpreted by various Indian musicians including C. Ramachandra and A.R. Rahman. The song  is currently the regimental quickmarch of the Indian Army.[1][2]

text: Lyrics[edit]

text:
Devnagari script

Romanised Hindi

Translation (Approximate)

क़दम क़दम बढ़ाये जा
ख़ुशी के गीत गाये जा
ये ज़िंदगी है क़ौम की
तू क़ौम पे लुटाये जा

तू शेर-ए-हिन्द आगे बढ़
मरने से तू कभी न डर
उड़ा के दुश्मनों का सर
जोश-ए-वतन बढ़ाये जा

क़दम क़दम बढ़ाये जा
ख़ुशी के गीत गाये जा
ये ज़िंदगी है क़ौम की
तू क़ौम पे लुटाये जा

हिम्मत तेरी बढ़ती रहे
ख़ुदा तेरी सुनता रहे
जो सामने तेरे खड़े
तू ख़ाक़ में मिलाये जा

क़दम क़दम बढ़ाये जा
ख़ुशी के गीत गाये जा
ये ज़िंदगी है क़ौम की
तू क़ौम पे लुटाये जा

चलो दिल्ली पुकार के
क़ौमी-निशाँ संभाल के
लाल क़िले पे गाड़ के
लहराये जा लहराये जा

क़दम क़दम बढ़ाये जा
ख़ुशी के गीत गाये जा
ये ज़िंदगी है क़ौम की
तू क़ौम पे लुटाये जा

Qadam Qadam baṛāye jā
khushi kē gīt gāē jā
yē zīndagi hai qâum kī
tū qâum pē lūtāē jā

tū shēr-ē-hind āgē baṛ
marnē sē tū kabhī nā daṛ
Ūṛākē dushmanō kā  saṛ
jōsh-ē-vatan baṛāē jā

Qadam Qadam baṛāye jā
khushi kē gīt gāē jā
yē zīndagi hai qâum kī
tū qâum pē lūtāē jā

himmat tēri baṛtī rahē
khuda tērī suntā rahē
jō sāmnē tērē khaṛē
tū khāq mē milāē jā

Qadam Qadam baṛāye jā
khushi kē gīt gāē jā
yē zndagi hai qâum kī
tū qâum pē lūtāē jā

Chalō Dillī pūkār kē
qâumi-nishāñ sam.bhāl kē
Lāl qilē pē gāṛ kē
lehrāē jā lehrāē jā

Qadam qadam baṛāye jā
khushi kē geet gāē jā
yē zindagi hai qâum kī
tū qâum pē lūtāē jā

Keep stepping forward
Singing songs of happiness
This life belongs to our Nation
Keep laying it down for her

March forward You the Tiger of India
never ever be afraid to die
By Blowing away the enemy's head
Raise the spirits of your nation

Keep stepping forward
Singing songs of happiness
This life belongs to our Nation
Keep laying it down for her

Let your courage be ever increasing
May The Lord always hear you
As for those who stand in your way
Keep trampling them to dust and ashes

Keep stepping forward
Singing songs of happiness
This life belongs to our Nation
Keep laying it down for her

Let "Towards Delhi" be your war-cry
And hold the Nation's banner high
Plant it on the Red Fort
And wave it high, wave it high

Keep stepping forward
Singing songs of happiness
This life belongs to our Nation
Keep laying it down for her


document_title: Mary and the Witch's Flower

question_text: when does mary and the witch's flower come out

question_tokens: when does mary and the witch 's flower come out

text: Mary and the Witch's Flower

text: Plot[edit]

text: This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (October 2017)

text: Voice cast[edit]

text:
Character
Japanese Voice actor
English Voice actor[6]

Mary
Hana Sugisaki
Ruby Barnhill

Peter
Ryunosuke Kamiki
Louis Ashbourne Serkis

Madame Mumblechook
Yūki Amami
Kate Winslet

Doctor Dee
Fumiyo Kohinata
Jim Broadbent

Red Headed Witch
Hikari Mitsushima
Teresa Gallagher

Flanagan
Jiro Sato
Ewen Bremner

Zebedee
Kenichi Endō
Rasmus Hardiker

Banks
Eriko Watanabe
Morwenna Banks

Charlotte
Shinobu Otake
Lynda Baron

text: Release[edit]

text: Mary and the Witch's Flower was released theatrically in Japan on July 8, 2017 by distributor Toho, airing on 458 screens across Japan.[7] Altitude Film Sales announced at the Berlin International Film Festival that it had acquired the worldwide rights to the film, and would release the film within the UK.[8] Madman Entertainment announced that it had secured the rights to the film within Australia and New Zealand,[9] and would premiere the film theatrically at Madman Anime Festival in Melbourne on November 5, 2017.[10] GKIDS later announced that it would distribute the film within North America, with a limited opening premiere scheduled for January 18, 2018, before a wide release on January 19, 2018.[11][12]

text: The English dub of Mary and the Witch's Flower (starring Ruby Barnhill, Kate Winslet, Jim Broadbent) was directed by Hiromasa Yonebayashi and produced by Geoffrey Wexler. The English dub was recorded in September 2017 in London, and had its premiere in Los Angeles on October 23, 2017.

text: Reception[edit]

text: The film opened at second place, grossing ¥428 million during its opening weekend in Japan; this was an increase compared to Yonebayashi's previous film, When Marnie Was There (2014), which had grossed ¥378.86 million in its first weekend.[13]

text: Music[edit]

text: Composer Muramatsu Takatsugu, who also scored Yonebayashi's last film When Marnie Was There, is in charge of the soundtrack for Mary and the Witch's Flower. Joshua Messick, one of the world's leading performers of the hammered dulcimer, a percussion and string instrument, participated in the score recording. [14] [15]


document_title: Calcutta Cup

question_text: when was the last time scotland won the calcutta cup

text: Calcutta Cup

text: The Calcutta Club[edit]

text: On Christmas Day 1872, a game of rugby, between 20 players representing England on one side and 20 representing Scotland on the other, was played in Calcutta.

text: The match was such a success that it was repeated a week later. These lovers of rugby wanted to form a club in the area and the aforementioned matches were the agents which led to the formation of the Calcutta Football Club in January 1873.

text: The Calcutta Club joined the Rugby Football Union in 1874. Despite the Indian climate not being entirely suitable for playing rugby, the club prospered during that first year. However, when the free bar had to be discontinued, the membership took an appreciable drop. Other sports, such as tennis and polo, which were considered to be more suited to the local climate, were making inroads into the numbers of gentlemen available. The members decided to disband but keen to perpetuate the name of the club, they withdrew the club's funds from the bank, which were in Silver Rupees, had them melted down and made into a cup which they presented to the RFU in 1878, with the provision that it should be competed for annually.

text: The cup[edit]

text: The cup is of Indian workmanship, approximately 18 inches (45 cm) high, the body is finely engraved with three king cobras forming the handles. The domed lid is surmounted by an elephant which is, it is said, copied from the Viceroy's own stock. The inscription on the Cup's wooden base reads: THE CALCUTTA CUP.

text: The base has attached to it additional plates which record the date of each match played with the name of the winning country and the names of the two captains. There is an anomaly in the recording of the winning country on the base of the Cup. It was first played for in 1879, but the plinth shows records extending back to the first international in 1871.

text: The original trophy is in a very fragile state following many years of poor treatment and is not in a strong enough condition to attend functions or go on tours. When won by England the original Calcutta Cup is put on public display in the Museum of Rugby in Twickenham, where it slowly turns around in a purpose built showcase. Both nations have full size replicas of the Cup. Whilst the original was handmade by Indian craftsmen, the replicas were made using modern technology.

text: In 1988 the cup was damaged by the antics of some drunken players, including England number eight Dean Richards and Scotland flanker John Jeffrey who played football with the Calcutta Cup along Princes Street in Edinburgh. Jeffrey received a six-month ban from the SRU, whilst Richards was given a one-match sentence from England.[1]

text: The competition[edit]

text: Despite the initial request of the Calcutta Club that the trophy be used as rugby's answer to football's FA Cup, the RFU refused to turn the Calcutta Cup into a knock-out competition for English club sides. They believed that "competitiveness" ran against the amateur ethos and instead decided that a game should be played each year between England and Scotland and whoever wins should keep it for that year. The first Calcutta Cup match was played at Raeburn Place, Edinburgh, on 10 March 1879 and ended in a draw; Scotland scored a drop goal and England a goal. The following year on 28 February 1880 England became the first winners of the Calcutta Cup when they defeated Scotland by 2 goals & 3 tries to 1 goal in Manchester. Matches have continued on an annual basis ever since except for two interruptions due to the World Wars between 1915–1919 and 1940–1946.

text: As of 2018, 125 Calcutta Cup matches have taken place. Currently, this game is the annual match between the two nations in the Six Nations Championship. The ground alternates between Murrayfield Stadium in Edinburgh (on even years) and Twickenham Stadium in London (on odd years).

text: In 2004, the two countries' rugby governing bodies, the Rugby Football Union (England) and the Scottish Rugby Union, were considering a plan to add a second Calcutta Cup fixture each year, outside the Six Nations. The second fixture would be hosted by the away nation in the Six Nations fixture of the same year. Under that plan, one nation would have to win both matches to take the Cup off its current holder. Due to a largely unfavourable reaction, the proposal soon disappeared from view.

text: Results[edit]

text: Since 1879, the Calcutta Cup has been played 125 times.

text:
Year
Date
Winner
Result
Stadium
Place

1879
10 March
draw
3–3
Raeburn Place
Edinburgh

1880
28 February
 England
9–3
Whalley Range
Manchester

1881
19 March
draw
4–4
Raeburn Place
Edinburgh

1882
4 March
 Scotland
0–2
Whalley Range
Manchester

1883
3 March
 England
1–2
Raeburn Place
Edinburgh

1884
1 March
 England
3–1
Rectory Field
Blackheath

1885
Not played

1886
13 March
draw
0–0
Raeburn Place
Edinburgh

1887
5 March
draw
1–1
Whalley Range
Manchester

1888
Not played

1889
Not played

1890
1 March
 England
0–6
Raeburn Place
Edinburgh

1891
7 March
 Scotland
3–9
Athletic Ground
Richmond

1892
5 March
 England
0–5
Raeburn Place
Edinburgh

1893
4 March
 Scotland
0–8
Headingley
Leeds

1894
17 March
 Scotland
6–0
Raeburn Place
Edinburgh

1895
9 March
 Scotland
3–6
Athletic Ground
Richmond

1896
14 March
 Scotland
11–0
Hampden Park
Glasgow

1897
13 March
 England
12–3
Fallowfield
Manchester

1898
12 March
draw
3–3
Powderhall
Edinburgh

1899
11 March
 Scotland
0–5
Rectory Field
Blackheath

1900
10 March
draw
0–0
Inverleith
Edinburgh

1901
9 March
 Scotland
3–18
Rectory Field
Blackheath

1902
15 March
 England
3–6
Inverleith
Edinburgh

1903
21 March
 Scotland
6–10
Athletic Ground
Richmond

1904
19 March
 Scotland
6–3
Inverleith
Edinburgh

1905
18 March
 Scotland
0–8
Athletic Ground
Richmond

1906
17 March
 England
3–9
Inverleith
Edinburgh

1907
16 March
 Scotland
3–8
Rectory Field
Blackheath

1908
21 March
 Scotland
16–10
Inverleith
Edinburgh

1909
20 March
 Scotland
8–18
Athletic Ground
Richmond

1910
19 March
 England
5–14
Inverleith
Edinburgh

1911
18 March
 England
13–8
Twickenham
London

1912
16 March
 Scotland
8–3
Inverleith
Edinburgh

1913
15 March
 England
3–0
Twickenham
London

1914
21 March
 England
15–16
Inverleith
Edinburgh

1915
Not held due to World War I

1916

1917

1918

1919

1920
20 March
 England
13–4
Twickenham
London

1921
19 March
 England
0–18
Inverleith
Edinburgh

1922
18 March
 England
11–5
Twickenham
London

1923
17 March
 England
6–8
Inverleith
Edinburgh

1924
15 March
 England
19–0
Twickenham
London

1925
21 March
 Scotland
14–11
Murrayfield
Edinburgh

1926
20 March
 Scotland
9–17
Twickenham
London

1927
19 March
 Scotland
21–13
Murrayfield
Edinburgh

1928
17 March
 England
6–0
Twickenham
London

1929
16 March
 Scotland
12–6
Murrayfield
Edinburgh

1930
15 March
draw
0–0
Twickenham
London

1931
21 March
 Scotland
28–19
Murrayfield
Edinburgh

1932
19 March
 England
16–3
Twickenham
London

1933
18 March
 Scotland
3–0
Murrayfield
Edinburgh

1934
17 March
 England
6–3
Twickenham
London

1935
16 March
 Scotland
10–7
Murrayfield
Edinburgh

1936
21 March
 England
9–8
Twickenham
London

1937
20 March
 England
3–6
Murrayfield
Edinburgh

1938
19 March
 Scotland
16–21
Twickenham
London

1939
18 March
 England
6–9
Murrayfield
Edinburgh

1940
Not held due to World War II

1941

1942

1943

1944

1945

1946

1947
15 March
 England
24–5
Twickenham
London

1948
20 March
 Scotland
6–3
Murrayfield
Edinburgh

1949
19 March
 England
19–3
Twickenham
London

1950
18 March
 Scotland
13–11
Murrayfield
Edinburgh

1951
17 March
 England
5–3
Twickenham
London

1952
15 March
 England
3–19
Murrayfield
Edinburgh

1953
21 March
 England
26–8
Twickenham
London

1954
20 March
 England
3–13
Murrayfield
Edinburgh

1955
19 March
 England
9–6
Twickenham
London

1956
17 March
 England
6–11
Murrayfield
Edinburgh

1957
16 March
 England
16–3
Twickenham
London

1958
15 March
draw
3–3
Murrayfield
Edinburgh

1959
21 March
draw
3–3
Twickenham
London

1960
19 March
 England
12–21
Murrayfield
Edinburgh

1961
18 March
 England
6–0
Twickenham
London

1962
17 March
draw
3–3
Murrayfield
Edinburgh

1963
16 March
 England
10–8
Twickenham
London

1964
21 March
 Scotland
15–6
Murrayfield
Edinburgh

1965
20 March
draw
3–3
Twickenham
London

1966
19 March
 Scotland
6–3
Murrayfield
Edinburgh

1967
18 March
 England
27–14
Twickenham
London

1968
16 March
 England
6–8
Murrayfield
Edinburgh

1969
15 March
 England
8–3
Twickenham
London

1970
21 March
 Scotland
14–5
Murrayfield
Edinburgh

1971
20 March
 Scotland
15–16
Twickenham
London

1972
18 March
 Scotland
23–9
Murrayfield
Edinburgh

1973
17 March
 England
20–13
Twickenham
London

1974
2 February
 Scotland
16–14
Murrayfield
Edinburgh

1975
15 March
 England
7–6
Twickenham
London

1976
21 February
 Scotland
22–12
Murrayfield
Edinburgh

1977
15 January
 England
26–6
Twickenham
London

1978
4 March
 England
0–15
Murrayfield
Edinburgh

1979
3 February
draw
7–7
Twickenham
London

1980
15 March
 England
18–30
Murrayfield
Edinburgh

1981
21 February
 England
23–17
Twickenham
London

1982
16 January
draw
9–9
Murrayfield
Edinburgh

1983
5 March
 Scotland
12–22
Twickenham
London

1984
4 February
 Scotland
18–6
Murrayfield
Edinburgh

1985
16 March
 England
10–7
Twickenham
London

1986
15 February
 Scotland
33–6
Murrayfield
Edinburgh

1987
4 April
 England
21–12
Twickenham
London

1988
5 March
 England
6–9
Murrayfield
Edinburgh

1989
4 February
Draw
12–12
Twickenham
London

1990
17 March
 Scotland
13–7
Murrayfield
Edinburgh

1991
16 February
 England
21–12
Twickenham
London

1992
18 January
 England
7–25
Murrayfield
Edinburgh

1993
6 March
 England
26–12
Twickenham
London

1994
5 February
 England
14–15
Murrayfield
Edinburgh

1995
18 March
 England
24–12
Twickenham
London

1996
2 March
 England
9–18
Murrayfield
Edinburgh

1997
1 February
 England
41–13
Twickenham
London

1998
22 March
 England
20–34
Murrayfield
Edinburgh

1999
20 February
 England
24–21
Twickenham
London

2000
2 April
 Scotland
19–13
Murrayfield
Edinburgh

2001
3 March
 England
43–3
Twickenham
London

2002
2 February
 England
3–29
Murrayfield
Edinburgh

2003
22 March
 England
40–9
Twickenham
London

2004
21 February
 England
13–35
Murrayfield
Edinburgh

2005
19 March
 England
43–22
Twickenham
London

2006
25 February
 Scotland
18–12
Murrayfield
Edinburgh

2007
3 February
 England
42–20
Twickenham
London

2008
8 March
 Scotland
15–9
Murrayfield
Edinburgh

2009
21 March
 England
26–12
Twickenham
London

2010
13 March
draw
15–15
Murrayfield
Edinburgh

2011
13 March
 England
22–17
Twickenham
London

2012
4 February
 England
6–13
Murrayfield
Edinburgh

2013
2 February
 England
38–18
Twickenham
London

2014
8 February
 England
0–20
Murrayfield
Edinburgh

2015
14 March
 England
25–13
Twickenham
London

2016
6 February
 England
9–15[2]
Murrayfield
Edinburgh

2017
11 March
 England
61–21[3]
Twickenham
London

2018
24 February
 Scotland
25–13[4]
Murrayfield
Edinburgh

2019
16 March

Twickenham
London

text: Records[edit]

text:
Team
Wins

 England
74

 Scotland
40

text: The cup has been tied 14 times.

text: The current record number of points scored by a player in a Calcutta Cup game was set by Jonny Wilkinson in 2007 when he scored 27 points (1 try, 2 conversions, 5 penalties, 1 drop goal). The previous record of 24 points was held by Rob Andrew.


document_title: Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution

question_text: what u.s. president established the precedent of not seeking more than two terms in office

text: Text[edit]

text: Section 1. No person shall be elected to the office of the President more than twice, and no person who has held the office of President, or acted as President, for more than two years of a term to which some other person was elected President shall be elected to the office of the President more than once. But this article shall not apply to any person holding the office of President when this article was proposed by the Congress, and shall not prevent any person who may be holding the office of President, or acting as President, during the term within which this article becomes operative from holding the office of President or acting as President during the remainder of such term.

text: Section 2. This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by the legislatures of three-fourths of the several states within seven years from the date of its submission to the states by the Congress.

text: History[edit]

text: Although the Twenty-second Amendment was clearly a reaction to Franklin D. Roosevelt's service as President for an unprecedented four terms, the notion of presidential term limits has long-standing roots in American politics. The Constitutional Convention of 1787 considered the issue extensively, although it ultimately declined to restrict the amount of time a person could serve as president. But following George Washington's decision to retire after his second elected term, numerous public figures subsequently argued he had established a "two-term tradition" that served as a vital check against any one person, or the presidency as a whole, accumulating too much power.[1]

text: In his Farewell Address, written near the end of his second term, Washington both reveals he considered not standing for reelection in 1792,[Note 1] and that his decision not to seek a third term in 1796 was due to age, not intention to set precedent. Eleven years later, Thomas Jefferson further contributed to the convention of a voluntary two-term limit when he wrote in 1807, "if some termination to the services of the chief Magistrate be not fixed by the Constitution, or supplied by practice, his office, nominally four years, will in fact become for life."[2] Three of the next four presidents after Jefferson—James Madison, James Monroe, and Andrew Jackson—served two terms, and each one adhered to the two-term principle.

text: In spite of the strong two-term tradition, a few presidents prior to Franklin Roosevelt did attempt to secure a third term. Ulysses S. Grant, after having served as president from 1869 to 1877, sought nomination for another term at the 1880 Republican National Convention, but narrowly lost to James Garfield, who would go on to win the 1880 election. Given the Republican Party's dominance during that period, had Grant been nominated, he might well have won a third term.

text: Theodore Roosevelt succeeded to the presidency on September 14, 1901, following William McKinley's assassination (194 days into his second term), and was subsequently elected to a full term in 1904. While he declined to seek a third (second full) term in 1908, Roosevelt did seek one four years later, in the election of 1912, where he lost to Woodrow Wilson. Wilson himself sought nomination to a third term in 1920, at the Democratic National Convention;[3] he deliberately blocked the nomination of the former Secretary of the Treasury, his son-in-law William Gibbs McAdoo, the front-runner. Although seriously ill at the time, Wilson anticipated that the party would side with their sitting president were the convention deadlocked. Wilson was too unpopular even within his own party at the time, and James M. Cox was nominated. He would again contemplate running for a nonconsecutive third term in 1924, devising a strategy for his comeback, but again lacked any support and died at the beginning of the year.[4]

text: Franklin D. Roosevelt spent the months leading up to the 1940 Democratic National Convention refusing to state whether he would seek a third term. His Vice President, John Nance Garner, along with Postmaster General James Farley, announced their candidacies for the Democratic nomination. When the convention came, Roosevelt sent a message to the convention, saying he would run only if drafted, saying delegates were free to vote for whomever they pleased. The delegates issued 946 votes for Roosevelt, 72 for Farley, and 61 for Garner; they replaced Garner with Henry A. Wallace as the vice presidential nominee, and Farley resigned as postmaster general. In the 1940 general election, while Republican Wendell Willkie received six million more votes than the previous Republican candidate (Alfred Landon) had in 1936, Roosevelt still won decisively, taking 38 of 48 states. His supporters cited impending war as a reason for breaking with precedent, while Willkie had run against the principle of a third term. Roosevelt was the first president elected to a third term, and remains the only one to exceed eight years in office.

text: Four years later, in the election of 1944, Roosevelt defeated New York governor Thomas E. Dewey to win an unprecedented fourth term. While he effectively quelled rumors of his poor health during the campaign, Roosevelt's health was in reality deteriorating. On April 12, 1945, only 82 days after his fourth inauguration, he suffered a cerebral hemorrhage and died.

text: Near the end of the 1944 campaign, Thomas Dewey announced support of an amendment that would limit future presidents to two terms. According to Dewey, "four terms, or sixteen years (which is what Roosevelt would have served had he lived until 1949), is the most dangerous threat to our freedom ever proposed."[5] The Republican-controlled 80th Congress approved a Joint resolution "proposing an amendment to the Constitution relating to the terms of office of the president". in March 1947;[6] it was signed by Speaker of the House Joseph W. Martin and acting President pro tempore of the Senate William F. Knowland.[7] The ratification process for the 22nd Amendment was completed on February 27, 1951, 7003143900000000000♠3 years, 343 days after it was sent to the states. The new amendment's 2-term limit did not apply (due to the grandfather clause in Section 1) to the incumbent president, Harry S. Truman. He remained eligible for election to more than two terms.[6]

text: On November 22, 1963, President John F. Kennedy was assassinated while riding through Dealey Plaza in downtown Dallas, Texas. Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson, who was also in the motorcade, three cars back, was unhurt. Upon Kennedy's death, Johnson became the nation's 36th president, and served out the remaining 7002425000000000000♠1 year, 59 days of Kennedy's term. Under the terms of the 22nd Amendment, Johnson, who ran for and won a full four–year term in 1964 was eligible to run for another full term in 1968 (as he had served less than two years of Kennedy's term). He chose not to do so, announcing his intentions in a March 31, 1968, speech to the nation, saying, "I shall not seek, and I will not accept, the nomination of my party for another term as your president."[8] Had he done so and won, and served the full term (through January 20, 1973), the total length of his presidency would have been 7003334700000000000♠9 years, 59 days.

text: Proposal and ratification[edit]

text: Congress proposed the Twenty-second Amendment on March 21, 1947.[9] The proposed amendment was adopted on February 27, 1951.

text: The following states ratified the amendment:

text:
Maine (March 31, 1947)
Michigan (March 31, 1947)
Iowa (April 1, 1947)
Kansas (April 1, 1947)
New Hampshire (April 1, 1947)
Delaware (April 2, 1947)
Illinois (April 3, 1947)
Oregon (April 3, 1947)
Colorado (April 12, 1947)
California (April 15, 1947)
New Jersey (April 15, 1947)
Vermont (April 15, 1947)
Ohio (April 16, 1947)
Wisconsin (April 16, 1947)
Pennsylvania (April 29, 1947)
Connecticut (May 21, 1947)
Missouri (May 22, 1947)
Nebraska (May 23, 1947)
Virginia (January 28, 1948)
Mississippi (February 12, 1948)
New York (March 9, 1948)
South Dakota (January 21, 1949)
North Dakota (February 25, 1949)
Louisiana (May 17, 1950)
Montana (January 25, 1951)
Indiana (January 29, 1951)
Idaho (January 30, 1951)
New Mexico (February 12, 1951)
Wyoming (February 12, 1951)
Arkansas (February 15, 1951)
Georgia (February 17, 1951)
Tennessee (February 20, 1951)
Texas (February 22, 1951)
Nevada (February 26, 1951)
Utah (February 26, 1951)
Minnesota (February 27, 1951)
Ratification was completed on February 27, 1951. The amendment was subsequently ratified by the following states:
North Carolina (February 28, 1951)
South Carolina (March 13, 1951)
Maryland (March 14, 1951)
Florida (April 16, 1951)
Alabama (May 4, 1951)

tag: ol

text: In addition, the following states voted to reject the amendment:

text:
Oklahoma (June 1947)
Massachusetts (June 9, 1949)

text: The following states took no action to consider the amendment:

text:
Arizona
Kentucky
Rhode Island
Washington
West Virginia

text: (Neither Alaska nor Hawaii had yet been admitted as states at the time.)

text: Attempts at repeal[edit]

text: According to historian Glenn W. LaFantasie of Western Kentucky University (who was opposed to repealing the amendment), "ever since 1985, when Ronald Reagan was serving in his second term as president, there have been repeated attempts to repeal the Twenty-second Amendment to the Constitution, which limits each president to two terms."[10] In early 1989, during an exit interview with Tom Brokaw of NBC, President Reagan stated his intention to fight for the amendment's repeal.[11] However, after being diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease in 1994, his post-presidential ambitions had to be scrapped.

text: In addition, several congressmen, including Democrats Rep. Barney Frank, Rep. José E. Serrano,[12] Rep. Howard Berman, and Sen. Harry Reid,[13] and Republicans Rep. Guy Vander Jagt,[14] Rep. David Dreier[15] and Sen. Mitch McConnell[16] have introduced legislation to repeal the Twenty-second Amendment, but each resolution died before making it out of its respective committee. Other alterations have been proposed, including replacing the absolute two term limit with a limit of no more than two consecutive terms and giving Congress the power to grant an exemption to a current or former president by way of a supermajority vote in both houses.[citation needed]

text: On January 4, 2013, Rep. José E. Serrano again introduced a resolution proposing an Amendment to repeal the Twenty-second Amendment, as he had done every two years since 1997; he did not do so during the 114th Congress.[17][18]

text: Interaction with the Twelfth Amendment[edit]

text: There is a point of contention regarding the interpretation of the Twenty-second Amendment as it relates to the Twelfth Amendment, ratified in 1804, which provides that "no person constitutionally ineligible to the office of President shall be eligible to that of Vice President of the United States".

text: While it is clear that under the Twelfth Amendment the original constitutional qualifications of age, citizenship, and residency apply to both the President and Vice President, it is unclear whether a two-term president could later serve as Vice President. Some argue that the Twenty-second Amendment and Twelfth Amendment bar any two-term president from later serving as Vice President as well as from succeeding to the presidency from any point in the United States presidential line of succession.[19] Others contend that the Twelfth Amendment concerns qualification for service, while the Twenty-second Amendment concerns qualifications for election, and thus a former two-term president is still eligible to serve as vice president.[20][21] The practical applicability of this distinction has not been tested, as no former president has ever sought the vice presidency, although in 1980, former president Gerald Ford was mentioned as a possible running mate for Republican presidential nominee Ronald Reagan and there were some negotiations between the two camps. Nothing ever became of the idea,[22] and had Ford been selected, he would have still been eligible for election as President, as he had only served less than one full term in finishing out Richard Nixon's second term. During Hillary Clinton's 2016 candidacy, she jokingly said that she had considered naming Bill Clinton as her Vice President, but had been advised it would be unconstitutional.[23] Others contend that a "termed out" President would be eligible to ascend to the Presidency via Presidential succession rules given the text's explicit reference to election.[24]

text: The Constitution does not restrict the number of terms a person can serve as Vice President.[25]

text: Affected individuals[edit]

text: The amendment explicitly did not apply to the sitting president (Harry S. Truman) at the time it was proposed by Congress. Truman, who had served nearly all of Franklin D. Roosevelt's unexpired fourth term and who had been elected to a full term in 1948, was thus eligible to seek re-election in 1952. However, after poor performance in the 1952 New Hampshire primary, Truman chose not to seek his party's nomination. He theoretically also would have been eligible in later elections.

text: Since the amendment's ratification, Dwight D. Eisenhower, Richard M. Nixon, Ronald Reagan, Bill Clinton, George W. Bush, and Barack Obama have been elected president twice. The same party has won the presidency in three consecutive elections only once since World War II, when Republican George H. W. Bush won in 1988 after two terms as Vice President with Republican Ronald Reagan. In all other cases, the opposing party's candidate has won after two terms with a single party: Dwight D. Eisenhower (R) in 1952, John F. Kennedy (D) in 1960, Richard Nixon (R) in 1968, Jimmy Carter (D) in 1976, Bill Clinton (D) in 1992, George W. Bush (R) in 2000, Barack Obama (D) in 2008, and Donald Trump (R) in 2016. The only president who took office after the ratification of the Twenty-second Amendment and who could have served more than eight years was Lyndon B. Johnson.[26][27] He became President in 1963 when John F. Kennedy was assassinated, served the final 14 months (less than two years) of Kennedy's term, was elected president in 1964, and ran briefly for re-election in 1968 but chose to withdraw from the race. Gerald Ford became president on August 9, 1974, and served the final 29 months (more than two years) of Richard Nixon's unexpired term. Ford, who lost to Jimmy Carter in 1976, would have been eligible to be elected in his own right only once. Since Ford's death in 2006, the only former presidents who remain technically eligible to seek another term are Jimmy Carter and George H. W. Bush, who each served a single term decades ago; both are now nonagenarians and neither have announced any plans to ever run again.

text: Notes[edit]

text: Jump up ^ See George Washington's Farewell Address, ¶ 3. Washington considered not seeking re-election, but chose to run again on the basis of international crises and the advice of his counsel.