document_title: Not Too Young To Run

question_text: when was the not too young to run bill passed

text: Not Too Young To Run

text: History of Not Too Young To Run bill[edit]

text: The Age Reduction Bill popularly known as Not Too Young To Run bill is a constitutional amendment movement led by young Nigerians. The bill was conceived by a civil society group known as YIAGA Africa in May 2016. The group is headed by Samson Itodo, a human right activist and good governance campaigner who is the Executive Director of YIAGA Africa. The bill was sponsored in Nigeria's House of Representatives by Tony Nwulu and in the Nigeria's Senate by AbdulAziz Nyako. The bill seeks alteration in sections 65, 106, 131, 177 of the Constitution of Nigeria, which is reduce the age of running for elective positions for House of Assembly and House of Representatives from 30 year old to 25 year old, Senate and Governorship from 35 year old to 30 year old and office of the president from 40 to 30 and independent candidature in Nigeria.[14]

text: Advocacies[edit]

text: On April 20, 2018, the campaigners of the bill met with Nigeria's Vice President Yemi Osinbajo to advocate for the Presidency to assent the bill.

text: Passage of Not Too Young To Run bill at Nigeria Parliaments[edit]

text: The bill was first read at Nigeria's House of Representatives and was passed with votes of (86-10) in Senate on July 26, 2017 and 261-23 in House of Representatives on July 27, 2017.[15] The bill passed first and second reading in Nigeria's Parliament and was presented to Committee on Constitutional Review. For any constitutional amendments to become a law in Nigeria, the amendments needed to be presented to all the House of Assemblies of 36 states of federation and not less than 24 states are expected to vote Yes to the amendments. It was reported by 33 house of assemblies in Nigeria voted Yes, except Zamfara, Lagos and Kano. The bill was rejected by Taraba State of Assembly initially, but, was reversed after the group made a press release inaugurating the Taraba House of Assembly into the Hall of Shame.[16][17] On February 16, 2018, the conveners gave the Nigeria Parliaments and their president 30days ultimatum to conclude the processes of passage and signing of the bill into law.[18]

text: Assent of Not Too Young To Run bill by Nigeria's President[edit]

text: In April, 2018, the Nigeria's Senate resolved to transmit the Not Too Young To Run bill to the President of Nigeria.[19] On May 21, 2018, 55 youth-led organizations gave President Buhari an 8day ultimatum to assent on the bill.[20][21] On  29 May 2018, Nigeria's President Buhari announced in his 'democracy day' national address that he planned to sign the bill into law. He subsequently signed the bill on the 31st of May 2018.[22] On May 31, 2018, Muhammadu Buhari signed the Not Too Young To Run bill into law.[23][24][25][26]

text: Political Controversy[edit]

text: There was a controversy that the Not Too Young To Run bill was removed from the constitutional review report during the Nigeria's constitutional review meeting.[27]


document_title: P.S. I Love You (film)

question_text: ps i love you who wrote the letters

question_tokens: ps i love you who wrote the letters

root

text: P.S. I Love You (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: Holly and Gerry are a married couple who live on the Lower East Side of Manhattan. They are deeply in love, but they fight occasionally. By winter that year, Gerry suddenly dies of a brain tumor, and Holly realizes how much he means to her as well as how insignificant their arguments were.

tag: p

text: Deeply distraught, Holly withdraws from her family and friends out of grief until they descend upon her on her 30th birthday. They are determined to prod the young widow to face the future and explore what her life choices should be. As they rally around Holly and help organize her apartment, a cake is delivered, and with it is a message from Gerry. It proves to be the first of several meaningful messages — all ending with "I Love You" — which he had arranged to have delivered to her after his death.

text: As the seasons pass, each new message fills her with encouragement and sends her on a new adventure. Holly's mother believes that Gerry's letters are keeping Holly tied to the past. But they are, in fact, pushing her into the future. With Gerry's words as her guide, Holly slowly embarks on a journey of rediscovery.

text: Gerry arranged for Holly and her friends Denise and Sharon to travel to his homeland of Ireland. They arrive at their destination, a house in the beautiful Irish countryside where they find letters from Gerry for Sharon & Denise, one asking Denise to take Holly to his favorite pub. While there, they meet William, a singer who strongly reminds Holly of her deceased husband. He asks her to stay to see him after his last song ("Galway Girl"), which he dedicates to her. Upon hearing it, she is overcome with emotion and walks out, because it was the song Gerry sang to her shortly after they first met.

text: During the vacation, while on a fishing trip, they lose the boat's oars, leaving the three women stranded in the middle of a lake. During their wait for help, Sharon announces that she is pregnant and Denise reveals she is getting married. This news causes Holly to relapse emotionally and again withdraw into herself. They are eventually rescued by William, whom Sharon and Denise invite to stay the night because of the pouring rain.

text: Unable to deny their feelings for each other, they kiss, and William and Holly become intimate. They begin a conversation about her deceased husband and Holly asks William to drive her to visit her in-laws. Upon Holly revealing their names, William realizes she is the widow of his childhood best friend. Revealing this to Holly causes her to panic, but William calms her down and starts to tell stories about his and Gerry's childhood. The next day, Holly visits Gerry's parents and while there, she also receives a letter from Gerry reminding her of their first meeting.

text: Arriving home, Holly again withdraws from family and friends. As she continues to become more and more lost, she is inspired by Gerry after finding one of his suspender clips next to one of her shoes and realizes she has a flair for designing women's shoes; she enrolls in a class that teaches how to actually make the shoes she has designed. A new found self-confidence allows her to emerge from her solitude and embrace her friends' happiness.

text: While on a walk with her mother, she learns that her mother was the one whom Gerry asked to deliver his letters after his death and receives the last letter. As the film ends with Holly taking her mother on a trip to Ireland, we see that Holly has opened herself up to the journey beginning with the next chapter of her life, and wherever it takes her she has the hope of falling in love again.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Hilary Swank – Holly Reilly-Kennedy
Gerard Butler – Gerry Kennedy
Lisa Kudrow – Denise Hennessey
Gina Gershon – Sharon McCarthy
James Marsters – John McCarthy
Harry Connick, Jr. – Daniel Connelly
Jeffrey Dean Morgan – William Gallagher
Nellie McKay – Ciara Reilly, Holly's sister
Kathy Bates – Patricia Reilly, Holly and Ciara's mother
Anne Kent – Rose Kennedy, Gerry's mother
Brian McGrath – Martin Kennedy, Gerry's father

tag: ul

text: Production[edit]

text: In A Conversation with Cecilia Ahern, a bonus feature on the DVD release of the film, the author of the original novel discusses the Americanization of her story — which was set in Ireland — for the screen and her satisfaction with the plot changes which screenwriter/director Richard LaGravenese had to make in order to fit the book into the screen.

text: The film was shot on locations in New York City and County Wicklow, Ireland.[1]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

tag: table

text:
P.S. I Love You

Soundtrack album by Various Artists

Released
December 3, 2007[2]

Genre
Pop

Length
56:44

Label
Atlantic

text: The soundtrack for the film was released on December 3, 2007.

text:
"Love You Till the End" – The Pogues
"Same Mistake" – James Blunt
"More Time" – Needtobreathe
"Carousel" – Laura Izibor
"Fortress" – Hope
"Last Train Home" – Ryan Star
"Rewind" – Paolo Nutini
"My Sweet Song" – Toby Lightman
"No Other Love" – Chuck Prophet
"Everything We Had" – The Academy Is...
"In the Beginning" – The Stills
"If I Ever Leave This World Alive" – Flogging Molly
"P.S. I Love You" – Nellie McKay
"Kisses and Cake" – John Powell
"Trouble" – performed by Greg Dulli and Kerry Brown

tag: ol

text: The film also includes "Fairytale of New York" performed by The Pogues, "Got Me Like Oh" by Gia Farrell, "No Other Love" by Chuck Prophet, "Mustang Sally" performed by Gerard Butler and "Galway Girl" written and originally released by Steve Earle, performed by Gerard Butler, Nancy Davis, and Jeffrey Dean Morgan. Camera Obscura's "Lloyd, I'm Ready to Be Heartbroken" also plays in the opening credits. None of songs are included on the official soundtrack.

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: The film received negative reviews from critics, with most of the criticism being focused on Hilary Swank's performance. Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes gives a score of 24% based on 99 reviews.[3] At Metacritic the film received a weighted average score of 39%, based on 24 reviews.[4]

text: Manohla Dargis of The New York Times said the film "looks squeaky clean and utterly straight and very much removed from the shadow worlds in which Ms. Swank has done her best work. Yet as directed by Richard LaGravenese ... it has a curious morbid quality ... [It] won't win any awards; it isn't the sort of work that flatters a critic's taste. It's preposterous in big and small matters ... and there are several cringe-worthy set pieces, some involving Mr. Butler and a guitar. The film is not a beautiful object or a memorable cultural one, and yet it charms, however awkwardly. Ms. Swank's ardent sincerity and naked emotionalism dovetail nicely with Mr. LaGravenese's melodramatic excesses."[5]

text: David Wiegand of the San Francisco Chronicle said, "This is a movie that will leave you stunned and stupefied from beginning to end, if you don't head for the exits first. The only good things in it are Lisa Kudrow and Swank's wardrobe. The plot is unbelievable, although a competent script could have fixed that. The direction is flabby and uninspired, the casting is wrongheaded, and the performances run the gamut from uninteresting to insufferable ... the film wants terribly to be Ghost without a potter's wheel, but it just succeeds at being terrible."[6]

text: John Anderson of Variety opined, "The question of love after death has been asked frequently enough in the movies, but seldom with the high ick factor found in P.S. I Love You ... this post-life comedy will have the sentimentally challenged weeping openly, while clutching desperately to the pants-legs of boyfriends and husbands who are trying to flee up the aisle. Richard LaGravenese's trip into Lifetime territory may define the guilty pleasure of the genre ... As an exercise in chick-flickery, P.S. I Love You wants to possess the soulfulness of harsh reality and the lilt of romantic fantasy at the same time. In this case, at least, it simply can't be done."[7]

text: Stephen Whitty of The Oregonian said, "On a week when many people just want a good reason to put down their packages and smile for a couple of hours, P.S. I Love You arrives – signed, sealed and delivered just on time."[8]

text: Irish reviewers were particularly critical of Butler's Irish accent.[9][10][11] Butler later jokingly apologized for his poor effort at an Irish accent.[12]

text: Box office[edit]

text: The film opened on 2,454 screens in North America and earned $6,481,221 and ranked #6 on its opening weekend. It eventually grossed $53,695,808 at the North American box office and $91,370,273 in the rest of the world for a total worldwide box office of $156,835,339.[13]

text: Accolades[edit]

text: Hilary Swank won the 2008 People's Choice Irish Film and Television Award for Best International Actress.

text: Cultural influence[edit]

text: Dialogue between Connick's and Swank's characters inspired Reba McEntire's 2011 single "Somebody's Chelsea".[14]


document_title: k-anonymity

question_text: a measure using algorithms to publically protect patient identifiable information is

text: k-anonymity

text: Methods for k-anonymization[edit]

text: In the context of k-anonymization problems, a database is a table with n rows and m columns. Each row of the table represents a record relating to a specific member of a population and the entries in the various rows need not be unique. The values in the various columns are the values of attributes associated with the members of the population. The following table is a nonanonymized database consisting of the patient records of some fictitious hospital in Kochi.

text:
Name
Age
Gender
State of domicile
Religion
Disease

Ramsha
29
Female
Tamil Nadu
Hindu
Cancer

Yadu
24
Female
Kerala
Hindu
Viral infection

Salima
28
Female
Tamil Nadu
Muslim
TB

Sunny
27
Male
Karnataka
Parsi
No illness

Joan
24
Female
Kerala
Christian
Heart-related

Bahuksana
23
Male
Karnataka
Buddhist
TB

Rambha
19
Male
Kerala
Hindu
Cancer

Kishor
29
Male
Karnataka
Hindu
Heart-related

Johnson
17
Male
Kerala
Christian
Heart-related

John
19
Male
Kerala
Christian
Viral infection

text: There are 6 attributes and 10 records in this data. There are two common methods for achieving k-anonymity for some value of k.

text:
Suppression: In this method, certain values of the attributes are replaced by an asterisk '*'. All or some values of a column may be replaced by '*'. In the anonymized table below, we have replaced all the values in the 'Name' attribute and all the values in the 'Religion' attribute with a '*'.
Generalization: In this method, individual values of attributes are replaced by with a broader category. For example, the value '19' of the attribute 'Age' may be replaced by ' ≤ 20', the value '23' by '20 < Age ≤ 30' , etc.

text: The next table shows the anonymized database.

text:
Name
Age
Gender
State of domicile
Religion
Disease

*
20 < Age ≤ 30
Female
Tamil Nadu
*
Cancer

*
20 < Age ≤ 30
Female
Kerala
*
Viral infection

*
20 < Age ≤ 30
Female
Tamil Nadu
*
TB

*
20 < Age ≤ 30
Male
Karnataka
*
No illness

*
20 < Age ≤ 30
Female
Kerala
*
Heart-related

*
20 < Age ≤ 30
Male
Karnataka
*
TB

*
Age ≤ 20
Male
Kerala
*
Cancer

*
20 < Age ≤ 30
Male
Karnataka
*
Heart-related

*
Age ≤ 20
Male
Kerala
*
Heart-related

*
Age ≤ 20
Male
Kerala
*
Viral infection

text: This data has 2-anonymity with respect to the attributes 'Age', 'Gender' and 'State of domicile' since for any combination of these attributes found in any row of the table there are always at least 2 rows with those exact attributes. The attributes available to an adversary are called "quasi-identifiers". Each "quasi-identifier" tuple occurs in at least k records for a dataset with k-anonymity.[6]

text: Meyerson and Williams (2004) demonstrated that optimal k-anonymity is an NP-hard problem, however heuristic methods such as k-Optimize as given by Bayardo and Agrawal (2005) often yields effective results.[7][8] A practical approximation algorithm that enables solving the k-anonymization problem with an approximation guarantee of O(log k) was presented by Kenig and Tassa.[9]

text: Caveats[edit]

text: Because k-anonymization does not include any randomization, attackers can still make inferences about data sets that may harm individuals. For example, if the 19-year-old John from Kerala is known to be in the database above, then it can be reliably said that he has either cancer, a heart-related disease, or a viral infection.

text:
K-anonymization is not a good method to anonymize high-dimensional datasets.[10] For example, researchers showed that, given 4 points, the unicity of mobile phone datasets (

E

4

{\displaystyle {\mathcal {E}}_{4}}

, k-anonymity when

k
=
1

{\displaystyle k=1}

) can be as high as 95%.[11]

text: It has also been shown that k-anonymity can skew the results of a data set if it disproportionately suppresses and generalizes data points with unrepresentative characteristics.[12] The suppression and generalization algorithms used to k-anonymize datasets can be altered, however, so that they do not have such a skewing effect.[13]


document_title: List of prime numbers

question_text: what is the smallest 4 digit prime number

question_tokens: what is the smallest 4 digit prime number

text: List of prime numbers

text: The first 1000 prime numbers[edit]

text: The following table lists the first 1000 primes, with 20 columns of consecutive primes in each of the 50 rows.[1]

text:
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20

1–20
2
3
5
7
11
13
17
19
23
29
31
37
41
43
47
53
59
61
67
71

21–40
73
79
83
89
97
101
103
107
109
113
127
131
137
139
149
151
157
163
167
173

41–60
179
181
191
193
197
199
211
223
227
229
233
239
241
251
257
263
269
271
277
281

61–80
283
293
307
311
313
317
331
337
347
349
353
359
367
373
379
383
389
397
401
409

81–100
419
421
431
433
439
443
449
457
461
463
467
479
487
491
499
503
509
521
523
541

101–120
547
557
563
569
571
577
587
593
599
601
607
613
617
619
631
641
643
647
653
659

121–140
661
673
677
683
691
701
709
719
727
733
739
743
751
757
761
769
773
787
797
809

141–160
811
821
823
827
829
839
853
857
859
863
877
881
883
887
907
911
919
929
937
941

161–180
947
953
967
971
977
983
991
997
1009
1013
1019
1021
1031
1033
1039
1049
1051
1061
1063
1069

181–200
1087
1091
1093
1097
1103
1109
1117
1123
1129
1151
1153
1163
1171
1181
1187
1193
1201
1213
1217
1223

201–220
1229
1231
1237
1249
1259
1277
1279
1283
1289
1291
1297
1301
1303
1307
1319
1321
1327
1361
1367
1373

221–240
1381
1399
1409
1423
1427
1429
1433
1439
1447
1451
1453
1459
1471
1481
1483
1487
1489
1493
1499
1511

241–260
1523
1531
1543
1549
1553
1559
1567
1571
1579
1583
1597
1601
1607
1609
1613
1619
1621
1627
1637
1657

261–280
1663
1667
1669
1693
1697
1699
1709
1721
1723
1733
1741
1747
1753
1759
1777
1783
1787
1789
1801
1811

281–300
1823
1831
1847
1861
1867
1871
1873
1877
1879
1889
1901
1907
1913
1931
1933
1949
1951
1973
1979
1987

301–320
1993
1997
1999
2003
2011
2017
2027
2029
2039
2053
2063
2069
2081
2083
2087
2089
2099
2111
2113
2129

321–340
2131
2137
2141
2143
2153
2161
2179
2203
2207
2213
2221
2237
2239
2243
2251
2267
2269
2273
2281
2287

341–360
2293
2297
2309
2311
2333
2339
2341
2347
2351
2357
2371
2377
2381
2383
2389
2393
2399
2411
2417
2423

361–380
2437
2441
2447
2459
2467
2473
2477
2503
2521
2531
2539
2543
2549
2551
2557
2579
2591
2593
2609
2617

381–400
2621
2633
2647
2657
2659
2663
2671
2677
2683
2687
2689
2693
2699
2707
2711
2713
2719
2729
2731
2741

401–420
2749
2753
2767
2777
2789
2791
2797
2801
2803
2819
2833
2837
2843
2851
2857
2861
2879
2887
2897
2903

421–440
2909
2917
2927
2939
2953
2957
2963
2969
2971
2999
3001
3011
3019
3023
3037
3041
3049
3061
3067
3079

441–460
3083
3089
3109
3119
3121
3137
3163
3167
3169
3181
3187
3191
3203
3209
3217
3221
3229
3251
3253
3257

461–480
3259
3271
3299
3301
3307
3313
3319
3323
3329
3331
3343
3347
3359
3361
3371
3373
3389
3391
3407
3413

481–500
3433
3449
3457
3461
3463
3467
3469
3491
3499
3511
3517
3527
3529
3533
3539
3541
3547
3557
3559
3571

501–520
3581
3583
3593
3607
3613
3617
3623
3631
3637
3643
3659
3671
3673
3677
3691
3697
3701
3709
3719
3727

521–540
3733
3739
3761
3767
3769
3779
3793
3797
3803
3821
3823
3833
3847
3851
3853
3863
3877
3881
3889
3907

541–560
3911
3917
3919
3923
3929
3931
3943
3947
3967
3989
4001
4003
4007
4013
4019
4021
4027
4049
4051
4057

561–580
4073
4079
4091
4093
4099
4111
4127
4129
4133
4139
4153
4157
4159
4177
4201
4211
4217
4219
4229
4231

581–600
4241
4243
4253
4259
4261
4271
4273
4283
4289
4297
4327
4337
4339
4349
4357
4363
4373
4391
4397
4409

601–620
4421
4423
4441
4447
4451
4457
4463
4481
4483
4493
4507
4513
4517
4519
4523
4547
4549
4561
4567
4583

621–640
4591
4597
4603
4621
4637
4639
4643
4649
4651
4657
4663
4673
4679
4691
4703
4721
4723
4729
4733
4751

641–660
4759
4783
4787
4789
4793
4799
4801
4813
4817
4831
4861
4871
4877
4889
4903
4909
4919
4931
4933
4937

661–680
4943
4951
4957
4967
4969
4973
4987
4993
4999
5003
5009
5011
5021
5023
5039
5051
5059
5077
5081
5087

681–700
5099
5101
5107
5113
5119
5147
5153
5167
5171
5179
5189
5197
5209
5227
5231
5233
5237
5261
5273
5279

701–720
5281
5297
5303
5309
5323
5333
5347
5351
5381
5387
5393
5399
5407
5413
5417
5419
5431
5437
5441
5443

721–740
5449
5471
5477
5479
5483
5501
5503
5507
5519
5521
5527
5531
5557
5563
5569
5573
5581
5591
5623
5639

741–760
5641
5647
5651
5653
5657
5659
5669
5683
5689
5693
5701
5711
5717
5737
5741
5743
5749
5779
5783
5791

761–780
5801
5807
5813
5821
5827
5839
5843
5849
5851
5857
5861
5867
5869
5879
5881
5897
5903
5923
5927
5939

781–800
5953
5981
5987
6007
6011
6029
6037
6043
6047
6053
6067
6073
6079
6089
6091
6101
6113
6121
6131
6133

801–820
6143
6151
6163
6173
6197
6199
6203
6211
6217
6221
6229
6247
6257
6263
6269
6271
6277
6287
6299
6301

821–840
6311
6317
6323
6329
6337
6343
6353
6359
6361
6367
6373
6379
6389
6397
6421
6427
6449
6451
6469
6473

841–860
6481
6491
6521
6529
6547
6551
6553
6563
6569
6571
6577
6581
6599
6607
6619
6637
6653
6659
6661
6673

861–880
6679
6689
6691
6701
6703
6709
6719
6733
6737
6761
6763
6779
6781
6791
6793
6803
6823
6827
6829
6833

881–900
6841
6857
6863
6869
6871
6883
6899
6907
6911
6917
6947
6949
6959
6961
6967
6971
6977
6983
6991
6997

901–920
7001
7013
7019
7027
7039
7043
7057
7069
7079
7103
7109
7121
7127
7129
7151
7159
7177
7187
7193
7207

921–940
7211
7213
7219
7229
7237
7243
7247
7253
7283
7297
7307
7309
7321
7331
7333
7349
7351
7369
7393
7411

941–960
7417
7433
7451
7457
7459
7477
7481
7487
7489
7499
7507
7517
7523
7529
7537
7541
7547
7549
7559
7561

961–980
7573
7577
7583
7589
7591
7603
7607
7621
7639
7643
7649
7669
7673
7681
7687
7691
7699
7703
7717
7723

981–1000
7727
7741
7753
7757
7759
7789
7793
7817
7823
7829
7841
7853
7867
7873
7877
7879
7883
7901
7907
7919

text: (sequence A000040 in the OEIS).

text: The Goldbach conjecture verification project reports that it has computed all primes below 4×1018.[2] That means 95,676,260,903,887,607 primes[3] (nearly 1017), but they were not stored. There are known formulae to evaluate the prime-counting function (the number of primes below a given value) faster than computing the primes. This has been used to compute that there are 1,925,320,391,606,803,968,923 primes (roughly 2×1021) below 1023. A different computation found that there are 18,435,599,767,349,200,867,866 primes (roughly 2×1022) below 1024, if the Riemann hypothesis is true.[4]

text: Lists of primes by type[edit]

text: Below are listed the first prime numbers of many named forms and types. More details are in the article for the name. n is a natural number (including 0) in the definitions.

text: Additive primes[edit]

text: Primes such that the sum of digits with 10 as the base is a prime.

text: 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 23, 29, 41, 43, 47, 61, 67, 83, 89, 101, 113, 131 ( A046704)

text: Annihilating primes[edit]

text: Let d(p) be the shadow of the sequence f(n) = seq1−1(n) (that gives the number of sequences without repetitions that can be obtained from n distinct objects), i.e. the count of sequence entries f(0), f(1), f(2), ...., f(h - 1) divisible by an integer h. If d(p) = 0, then p is an annihilating prime.[5]

text: 3, 7, 11, 17, 47, 53, 61, 67, 73, 79, 89, 101, 139, 151, 157, 191, 199 ( A072456)

text: Bell primes[edit]

text: Primes that are the number of partitions of a set with n members.

text: 2, 5, 877, 27644437, 35742549198872617291353508656626642567, 359334085968622831041960188598043661065388726959079837. The next term has 6,539 digits. ( A051131)

text: Carol primes[edit]

text: Of the form (2n−1)2 − 2.

text: 7, 47, 223, 3967, 16127, 1046527, 16769023, 1073676287, 68718952447, 274876858367, 4398042316799, 1125899839733759, 18014398241046527, 1298074214633706835075030044377087 ( A091516)

text: Centered decagonal primes[edit]

text: Of the form 5(n2 + n) + 1.

text: 11, 31, 61, 101, 151, 211, 281, 661, 911, 1051, 1201, 1361, 1531, 1901, 2311, 2531, 3001, 3251, 3511, 4651, 5281, 6301, 6661, 7411, 9461, 9901, 12251, 13781, 14851, 15401, 18301, 18911, 19531, 20161, 22111, 24151, 24851, 25561, 27011, 27751 ( A090562)

text: Centered heptagonal primes[edit]

text: Of the form (7n2 − 7n + 2) / 2.

text: 43, 71, 197, 463, 547, 953, 1471, 1933, 2647, 2843, 3697, 4663, 5741, 8233, 9283, 10781, 11173, 12391, 14561, 18397, 20483, 29303, 29947, 34651, 37493, 41203, 46691, 50821, 54251, 56897, 57793, 65213, 68111, 72073, 76147, 84631, 89041 ( A144974)

text: Centered square primes[edit]

text: Of the form n2 + (n+1)2.

text: 5, 13, 41, 61, 113, 181, 313, 421, 613, 761, 1013, 1201, 1301, 1741, 1861, 2113, 2381, 2521, 3121, 3613, 4513, 5101, 7321, 8581, 9661, 9941, 10513, 12641, 13613, 14281, 14621, 15313, 16381, 19013, 19801, 20201, 21013, 21841, 23981, 24421, 26681 ( A027862)

text: Centered triangular primes[edit]

text: Of the form (3n2 + 3n + 2) / 2.

text: 19, 31, 109, 199, 409, 571, 631, 829, 1489, 1999, 2341, 2971, 3529, 4621, 4789, 7039, 7669, 8779, 9721, 10459, 10711, 13681, 14851, 16069, 16381, 17659, 20011, 20359, 23251, 25939, 27541, 29191, 29611, 31321, 34429, 36739, 40099, 40591, 42589 ( A125602)

text: Chen primes[edit]

text: Where p is prime and p+2 is either a prime or semiprime.

text: 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 47, 53, 59, 67, 71, 83, 89, 101, 107, 109, 113, 127, 131, 137, 139, 149, 157, 167, 179, 181, 191, 197, 199, 211, 227, 233, 239, 251, 257, 263, 269, 281, 293, 307, 311, 317, 337, 347, 353, 359, 379, 389, 401, 409 ( A109611)

text: Circular primes[edit]

text: A circular prime number is a number that remains prime on any cyclic rotation of its digits (in base 10).

text: 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 31, 37, 71, 73, 79, 97, 113, 131, 197, 199, 311, 337, 373, 719, 733, 919, 971, 991, 1193, 1931, 3119, 3779, 7793, 7937, 9311, 9377, 11939, 19391, 19937, 37199, 39119, 71993, 91193, 93719, 93911, 99371, 193939, 199933, 319993, 331999, 391939, 393919, 919393, 933199, 939193, 939391, 993319, 999331 ( A068652)

text: Some sources only list the smallest prime in each cycle, for example, listing 13, but omitting 31 (OEIS really calls this sequence circular primes, but not the above sequence):

text: 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 37, 79, 113, 197, 199, 337, 1193, 3779, 11939, 19937, 193939, 199933, 1111111111111111111, 11111111111111111111111 ( A016114)

text: All repunit primes are circular.

text: Class 1+ primes[edit]

text: Of the form 2u3v − 1 for some integers u,v ≥ 0.

text: 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 17, 23, 31, 47, 53, 71, 107, 127, 191, 383, 431, 647, 863, 971, 1151, 2591, 4373, 6143, 6911, 8191, 8747, 13121, 15551, 23327, 27647, 62207, 73727, 131071, 139967, 165887 ( A005105)

text: Cousin primes[edit]

text: Where (p, p+4) are both prime.

text: (3, 7), (7, 11), (13, 17), (19, 23), (37, 41), (43, 47), (67, 71), (79, 83), (97, 101), (103, 107), (109, 113), (127, 131), (163, 167), (193, 197), (223, 227), (229, 233), (277, 281) ( A023200,  A046132)

text: Cuban primes[edit]

text:
Of the form

x

3

−

y

3

x
−
y

,

{\displaystyle {\tfrac {x^{3}-y^{3}}{x-y}},}

 x = y+1.

text: 7, 19, 37, 61, 127, 271, 331, 397, 547, 631, 919, 1657, 1801, 1951, 2269, 2437, 2791, 3169, 3571, 4219, 4447, 5167, 5419, 6211, 7057, 7351, 8269, 9241, 10267, 11719, 12097, 13267, 13669, 16651, 19441, 19927, 22447, 23497, 24571, 25117, 26227, 27361, 33391, 35317 ( A002407)

text:
Of the form

x

3

−

y

3

x
−
y

,

{\displaystyle {\tfrac {x^{3}-y^{3}}{x-y}},}

 x = y+2.

text: 13, 109, 193, 433, 769, 1201, 1453, 2029, 3469, 3889, 4801, 10093, 12289, 13873, 18253, 20173, 21169, 22189, 28813, 37633, 43201, 47629, 60493, 63949, 65713, 69313, 73009, 76801, 84673, 106033, 108301, 112909, 115249 ( A002648)

text: Cullen primes[edit]

text: Of the form n×2n + 1.

text: 3, 393050634124102232869567034555427371542904833 ( A050920)

text: Dihedral primes[edit]

text: Primes that remain prime when read upside down or mirrored in a seven-segment display.

text: 2, 5, 11, 101, 181, 1181, 1811, 18181, 108881, 110881, 118081, 120121, 121021, 121151, 150151, 151051, 151121, 180181, 180811, 181081 ( A134996)

text: Double factorial primes[edit]

text: Of the form n!! + 1. Values of n:

text: 0, 1, 2, 518, 33416, 37310, 52608 ( A080778)

text: Note that n = 0 and n = 1 produce the same prime, namely 2.

text: Of the form n!! − 1. Values of n:

text: 3, 4, 6, 8, 16, 26, 64, 82, 90, 118, 194, 214, 728, 842, 888, 2328, 3326, 6404, 8670, 9682, 27056, 44318 ( A007749)

text: Double Mersenne primes[edit]

text: A subset of Mersenne primes of the form 22p−1 − 1 for prime p.

text: 7, 127, 2147483647, 170141183460469231731687303715884105727 (primes in  A077586)

text: As of June 2017, these are the only known double Mersenne primes, and number theorists think these are probably the only double Mersenne primes.

text: Eisenstein primes without imaginary part[edit]

text: Eisenstein integers that are irreducible and real numbers (primes of the form 3n − 1).

text: 2, 5, 11, 17, 23, 29, 41, 47, 53, 59, 71, 83, 89, 101, 107, 113, 131, 137, 149, 167, 173, 179, 191, 197, 227, 233, 239, 251, 257, 263, 269, 281, 293, 311, 317, 347, 353, 359, 383, 389, 401 ( A003627)

text: Emirps[edit]

text: Primes that become a different prime when their decimal digits are reversed. The name "emirp" is obtained by reversing the word "prime".

text: 13, 17, 31, 37, 71, 73, 79, 97, 107, 113, 149, 157, 167, 179, 199, 311, 337, 347, 359, 389, 701, 709, 733, 739, 743, 751, 761, 769, 907, 937, 941, 953, 967, 971, 983, 991 ( A006567)

text: Euclid primes[edit]

text: Of the form pn# + 1 (a subset of primorial primes).

text: 3, 7, 31, 211, 2311, 200560490131 ( A018239[6])

text: Euler irregular primes[edit]

text:
A prime

p

{\displaystyle p}

 that divides Euler number

E

2
n

{\displaystyle E_{2n}}

 for some

0
≤
2
n
≤
p
−
3

{\displaystyle 0\leq 2n\leq p-3}

.

text: 19, 31, 43, 47, 61, 67, 71, 79, 101, 137, 139, 149, 193, 223, 241, 251, 263, 277, 307, 311, 349, 353, 359, 373, 379, 419, 433, 461, 463, 491, 509, 541, 563, 571, 577, 587 ( A120337)

text: Euler (p, p−3) irregular primes[edit]

text:
Primes

p

{\displaystyle p}

 such that

(
p
,
p
−
3
)

{\displaystyle (p,p-3)}

 is an Euler irregular pair.

text: 149, 241, 2946901 ( A198245)

text: Even primes[edit]

text: Of the form 2n.

text: The only even prime is 2. It is therefore sometimes called "the oddest prime" as a pun on the non-mathematical meaning of "odd".[7]

text: Factorial primes[edit]

text: Of the form n! − 1 or n! + 1.

text: 2, 3, 5, 7, 23, 719, 5039, 39916801, 479001599, 87178291199, 10888869450418352160768000001, 265252859812191058636308479999999, 263130836933693530167218012159999999, 8683317618811886495518194401279999999 ( A088054)

text: Fermat primes[edit]

text: Of the form 22n + 1.

text: 3, 5, 17, 257, 65537 ( A019434)

text: As of April 2017[update] these are the only known Fermat primes, and conjecturally the only Fermat primes.

text: Fibonacci primes[edit]

text: Primes in the Fibonacci sequence F0 = 0, F1 = 1, Fn = Fn−1 + Fn−2.

text: 2, 3, 5, 13, 89, 233, 1597, 28657, 514229, 433494437, 2971215073, 99194853094755497, 1066340417491710595814572169, 19134702400093278081449423917 ( A005478)

text: Fortunate primes[edit]

text: Fortunate numbers that are prime (it has been conjectured they all are).

text: 3, 5, 7, 13, 17, 19, 23, 37, 47, 59, 61, 67, 71, 79, 89, 101, 103, 107, 109, 127, 151, 157, 163, 167, 191, 197, 199, 223, 229, 233, 239, 271, 277, 283, 293, 307, 311, 313, 331, 353, 373, 379, 383, 397 ( A046066)

text: Gaussian primes[edit]

text: Prime elements of the Gaussian integers (primes of the form 4n + 3).

text: 3, 7, 11, 19, 23, 31, 43, 47, 59, 67, 71, 79, 83, 103, 107, 127, 131, 139, 151, 163, 167, 179, 191, 199, 211, 223, 227, 239, 251, 263, 271, 283, 307, 311, 331, 347, 359, 367, 379, 383, 419, 431, 439, 443, 463, 467, 479, 487, 491, 499, 503 ( A002145)

text: Generalized Fermat primes[edit]

text: Of the form a2n + 1 for fixed integer a.

text: a = 2: 3, 5, 17, 257, 65537 ( A019434)

text: a = 4: 5, 17, 257, 65537

text: a = 6: 7, 37, 1297

text: a = 8: (does not exist)

text: a = 10: 11, 101

text: a = 12: 13

text: a = 14: 197

text: a = 16: 17, 257, 65537

text: a = 18: 19

text: a = 20: 401, 160001

text: a = 22: 23

text: a = 24: 577, 331777

text: As of April 2017[update] these are the only known generalized Fermat primes for a ≤ 24.

text: Generalized repunit primes[edit]

text: Of the form (an − 1) / (a − 1) for fixed integer a.

text: a = 2: 3, 7, 31, 127, 8191, 131071, 524287, 2147483647, 2305843009213693951, 618970019642690137449562111, 162259276829213363391578010288127 ( A000668)

text: a = 3: 13, 1093, 797161, 3754733257489862401973357979128773, 6957596529882152968992225251835887181478451547013 ( A076481)

text: a = 4: 5 (the only prime for a = 4)

text: a = 5: 31, 19531, 12207031, 305175781, 177635683940025046467781066894531, 14693679385278593849609206715278070972733319459651094018859396328480215743184089660644531 ( A086122)

text: a = 6: 7, 43, 55987, 7369130657357778596659, 3546245297457217493590449191748546458005595187661976371 ( A165210)

text: a = 7: 2801, 16148168401, 85053461164796801949539541639542805770666392330682673302530819774105141531698707146930307290253537320447270457

text: a = 8: 73 (the only prime for a = 8)

text: a = 9: (does not exist)

text: a = 10: 11, 1111111111111111111, 11111111111111111111111 ( A004022)

text: a = 11: 50544702849929377, 6115909044841454629, 1051153199500053598403188407217590190707671147285551702341089650185945215953

text: a = 12: 13, 157, 22621, 29043636306420266077, 43570062353753446053455610056679740005056966111842089407838902783209959981593077811330507328327968191581

text: Genocchi primes[edit]

text: The only positive prime Genocchi number is 17.[8] If negative primes are allowed, then the only other one is -3.

text: Gilda's primes[edit]

text: Gilda's numbers that are prime. A number n is a Gilda's number, if when a Fibonacci sequence is formed with the first term equal to the absolute value of the successive differences between consecutive digits of n and the second term equal to the sum of the decimal digits of n, n itself appears as a term in this Fibonacci sequence.[9]

text: 29, 683, 997, 2207, 30571351 ( A046850; another entry  A135995 is erroneous)

text: Good primes[edit]

text: Primes pn for which pn2 > pn−i pn+i for all 1 ≤ i ≤ n−1, where pn is the nth prime.

text: 5, 11, 17, 29, 37, 41, 53, 59, 67, 71, 97, 101, 127, 149, 179, 191, 223, 227, 251, 257, 269, 307 ( A028388)

text: Happy primes[edit]

text: Happy numbers that are prime.

text: 7, 13, 19, 23, 31, 79, 97, 103, 109, 139, 167, 193, 239, 263, 293, 313, 331, 367, 379, 383, 397, 409, 487, 563, 617, 653, 673, 683, 709, 739, 761, 863, 881, 907, 937, 1009, 1033, 1039, 1093 ( A035497)

text: Harmonic primes[edit]

text: Primes p for which there are no solutions to Hk ≡ 0 (mod p) and Hk ≡ −ωp (mod p) for 1 ≤ k ≤ p−2, where Hk denotes the k-th harmonic number and ωp denotes the Wolstenholme quotient.[10]

text: 5, 13, 17, 23, 41, 67, 73, 79, 107, 113, 139, 149, 157, 179, 191, 193, 223, 239, 241, 251, 263, 277, 281, 293, 307, 311, 317, 331, 337, 349 ( A092101)

text: Higgs primes for squares[edit]

text: Primes p for which p−1 divides the square of the product of all earlier terms.

text: 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 43, 47, 53, 59, 61, 67, 71, 79, 101, 107, 127, 131, 139, 149, 151, 157, 173, 181, 191, 197, 199, 211, 223, 229, 263, 269, 277, 283, 311, 317, 331, 347, 349 ( A007459)

text: Highly cototient primes[edit]

text: Primes that are a cototient more often than any integer below it except 1.

text: 2, 23, 47, 59, 83, 89, 113, 167, 269, 389, 419, 509, 659, 839, 1049, 1259, 1889 ( A105440)

text: Irregular primes[edit]

text: Odd primes p that divide the class number of the p-th cyclotomic field.

text: 37, 59, 67, 101, 103, 131, 149, 157, 233, 257, 263, 271, 283, 293, 307, 311, 347, 353, 379, 389, 401, 409, 421, 433, 461, 463, 467, 491, 523, 541, 547, 557, 577, 587, 593, 607, 613 ( A000928)

text: (p, p−5) irregular primes[edit]

text: Primes p such that (p, p−5) is an irregular pair.[11]

text: (p, p−9) irregular primes[edit]

text: Primes p such that (p, p−9) is an irregular pair.[11]

text: 67, 877 ( A212557)

text: Isolated primes[edit]

text: Primes p such that neither p−2 nor p+2 is prime.

text: 2, 23, 37, 47, 53, 67, 79, 83, 89, 97, 113, 127, 131, 157, 163, 167, 173, 211, 223, 233, 251, 257, 263, 277, 293, 307, 317, 331, 337, 353, 359, 367, 373, 379, 383, 389, 397, 401, 409, 439, 443, 449, 457, 467, 479, 487, 491, 499, 503, 509, 541, 547, 557, 563, 577, 587, 593, 607, 613, 631, 647, 653, 673, 677, 683, 691, 701, 709, 719, 727, 733, 739, 743, 751, 757, 761, 769, 773, 787, 797, 839, 853, 863, 877, 887, 907, 911, 919, 929, 937, 941, 947, 953, 967, 971, 977, 983, 991, 997 ( A007510)

text: Kynea primes[edit]

text: Of the form (2n + 1)2 − 2.

text: 2, 7, 23, 79, 1087, 66047, 263167, 16785407, 1073807359, 17180131327, 68720001023, 4398050705407, 70368760954879, 18014398777917439, 18446744082299486207 ( A091514)

text: Left-truncatable primes[edit]

text: Primes that remain prime when the leading decimal digit is successively removed.

text: 2, 3, 5, 7, 13, 17, 23, 37, 43, 47, 53, 67, 73, 83, 97, 113, 137, 167, 173, 197, 223, 283, 313, 317, 337, 347, 353, 367, 373, 383, 397, 443, 467, 523, 547, 613, 617, 643, 647, 653, 673, 683 ( A024785)

text: Leyland primes[edit]

text: Of the form xy + yx, with 1 < x ≤ y.

text: 17, 593, 32993, 2097593, 8589935681, 59604644783353249, 523347633027360537213687137, 43143988327398957279342419750374600193 ( A094133)

text: Long primes[edit]

text:
Primes p for which, in a given base b,

b

p
−
1

−
1

p

{\displaystyle {\frac {b^{p-1}-1}{p}}}

 gives a cyclic number. They are also called full reptend primes. Primes p for base 10:

text: 7, 17, 19, 23, 29, 47, 59, 61, 97, 109, 113, 131, 149, 167, 179, 181, 193, 223, 229, 233, 257, 263, 269, 313, 337, 367, 379, 383, 389, 419, 433, 461, 487, 491, 499, 503, 509, 541, 571, 577, 593 ( A001913)

text: Lucas primes[edit]

text: Primes in the Lucas number sequence L0 = 2, L1 = 1, Ln = Ln−1 + Ln−2.

text: 2,[12] 3, 7, 11, 29, 47, 199, 521, 2207, 3571, 9349, 3010349, 54018521, 370248451, 6643838879, 119218851371, 5600748293801, 688846502588399, 32361122672259149 ( A005479)

text: Lucky primes[edit]

text: Lucky numbers that are prime.

text: 3, 7, 13, 31, 37, 43, 67, 73, 79, 127, 151, 163, 193, 211, 223, 241, 283, 307, 331, 349, 367, 409, 421, 433, 463, 487, 541, 577, 601, 613, 619, 631, 643, 673, 727, 739, 769, 787, 823, 883, 937, 991, 997 ( A031157)

text: Markov primes[edit]

text: Primes p for which there exist integers x and y such that x2 + y2 + p2 = 3xyp.

text: 2, 5, 13, 29, 89, 233, 433, 1597, 2897, 5741, 7561, 28657, 33461, 43261, 96557, 426389, 514229, 1686049, 2922509, 3276509, 94418953, 321534781, 433494437, 780291637, 1405695061, 2971215073, 19577194573, 25209506681 (primes in  A002559)

text: Mersenne primes[edit]

text: Of the form 2n − 1.

text: 3, 7, 31, 127, 8191, 131071, 524287, 2147483647, 2305843009213693951, 618970019642690137449562111, 162259276829213363391578010288127, 170141183460469231731687303715884105727 ( A000668)

text: As of 2018[update], there are 50 known Mersenne primes. The 13th, 14th, and 50th have respectively 157, 183, and 23,249,425 digits.

text: Mersenne prime exponents[edit]

text: Primes p such that 2p − 1 is prime.

text: 2, 3, 5, 7, 13, 17, 19, 31, 61, 89, 107, 127, 521, 607, 1279, 2203, 2281, 3217, 4253, 4423, 9689, 9941, 11213, 19937, 21701, 23209, 44497, 86243, 110503, 132049, 216091, 756839, 859433, 1257787, 1398269, 2976221, 3021377, 6972593, 13466917, 20996011, 24036583, 25964951, 30402457, 32582657, 37156667 ( A000043)

text:
As of January 2018[update] five more are known to be in the sequence, but it is not known whether they are the next:
42643801, 43112609, 57885161, 74207281, 77232917

text: Mills primes[edit]

text: Of the form ⌊θ3n⌋, where θ is Mills' constant. This form is prime for all positive integers n.

text: 2, 11, 1361, 2521008887, 16022236204009818131831320183 ( A051254)

text: Minimal primes[edit]

text: Primes for which there is no shorter sub-sequence of the decimal digits that form a prime. There are exactly 26 minimal primes:

text: 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 19, 41, 61, 89, 409, 449, 499, 881, 991, 6469, 6949, 9001, 9049, 9649, 9949, 60649, 666649, 946669, 60000049, 66000049, 66600049 ( A071062)

text: Motzkin primes[edit]

text: Primes that are the number of different ways of drawing non-intersecting chords on a circle between n points.

text: 2, 127, 15511, 953467954114363 ( A092832)

text: Newman-Shanks-Williams primes[edit]

text: Newman–Shanks–Williams numbers that are prime.

text: 7, 41, 239, 9369319, 63018038201, 489133282872437279, 19175002942688032928599 ( A088165)

text: Non-generous primes[edit]

text: Primes p for which the least positive primitive root is not a primitive root of p2.

text: 2, 40487, 6692367337 ( A055578)

text: Odd primes[edit]

text: Of the form 2n + 1.

text: 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43, 47, 53, 59, 61, 67, 71, 73, 79, 83, 89, 97, 101, 103, 107, 109, 113, 127, 131, 137, 139, 149, 151, 157, 163, 167, 173, 179, 181, 191, 193, 197, 199... ( A065091)

text: All prime numbers except 2 are odd.

text: Padovan primes[edit]

text: Primes in the Padovan sequence P(0) = P(1) = P(2) = 1, P(n) = P(n−2) + P(n−3).

text: 2, 3, 5, 7, 37, 151, 3329, 23833, 13091204281, 3093215881333057, 1363005552434666078217421284621279933627102780881053358473 ( A100891)

text: Palindromic primes[edit]

text: Primes that remain the same when their decimal digits are read backwards.

text: 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 101, 131, 151, 181, 191, 313, 353, 373, 383, 727, 757, 787, 797, 919, 929, 10301, 10501, 10601, 11311, 11411, 12421, 12721, 12821, 13331, 13831, 13931, 14341, 14741 ( A002385)

text: Palindromic wing primes[edit]

text:
Primes of the form

a

(

10

m

−
1

)

9

±
b
×

10

m
−
1

2

{\displaystyle {\frac {a{\big (}10^{m}-1{\big )}}{9}}\pm b\times 10^{\frac {m-1}{2}}}

 with

0
≤
a
±
b
<
10

{\displaystyle 0\leq a\pm b<10}

.[13] This means all digits except the middle digit are equal.

text: 101, 131, 151, 181, 191, 313, 353, 373, 383, 727, 757, 787, 797, 919, 929, 11311, 11411, 33533, 77377, 77477, 77977, 1114111, 1117111, 3331333, 3337333, 7772777, 7774777, 7778777, 111181111, 111191111, 777767777, 77777677777, 99999199999 ( A077798)

text: Partition primes[edit]

text: Partition function values that are prime.

text: 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 101, 17977, 10619863, 6620830889, 80630964769, 228204732751, 1171432692373, 1398341745571, 10963707205259, 15285151248481, 10657331232548839, 790738119649411319, 18987964267331664557 ( A049575)

text: Pell primes[edit]

text: Primes in the Pell number sequence P0 = 0, P1 = 1, Pn = 2Pn−1 + Pn−2.

text: 2, 5, 29, 5741, 33461, 44560482149, 1746860020068409, 68480406462161287469, 13558774610046711780701, 4125636888562548868221559797461449 ( A086383)

text: Permutable primes[edit]

text: Any permutation of the decimal digits is a prime.

text: 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 31, 37, 71, 73, 79, 97, 113, 131, 199, 311, 337, 373, 733, 919, 991, 1111111111111111111, 11111111111111111111111 ( A003459)

text: It seems likely that all further permutable primes are repunits, i.e. contain only the digit 1.

text: Perrin primes[edit]

text: Primes in the Perrin number sequence P(0) = 3, P(1) = 0, P(2) = 2, P(n) = P(n−2) + P(n−3).

text: 2, 3, 5, 7, 17, 29, 277, 367, 853, 14197, 43721, 1442968193, 792606555396977, 187278659180417234321, 66241160488780141071579864797 ( A074788)

text: Pierpont primes[edit]

text: Of the form 2u3v + 1 for some integers u,v ≥ 0.

text: These are also class 1- primes.

text: 2, 3, 5, 7, 13, 17, 19, 37, 73, 97, 109, 163, 193, 257, 433, 487, 577, 769, 1153, 1297, 1459, 2593, 2917, 3457, 3889, 10369, 12289, 17497, 18433, 39367, 52489, 65537, 139969, 147457 ( A005109)

text: Pillai primes[edit]

text: Primes p for which there exist n > 0 such that p divides n!+ 1 and n does not divide p−1.

text: 23, 29, 59, 61, 67, 71, 79, 83, 109, 137, 139, 149, 193, 227, 233, 239, 251, 257, 269, 271, 277, 293, 307, 311, 317, 359, 379, 383, 389, 397, 401, 419, 431, 449, 461, 463, 467, 479, 499 ( A063980)

text: Primes of the form n4 + 1[edit]

text: Of the form n4 + 1.[14][15]

text: 2, 17, 257, 1297, 65537, 160001, 331777, 614657, 1336337, 4477457, 5308417, 8503057, 9834497, 29986577, 40960001, 45212177, 59969537, 65610001, 126247697, 193877777, 303595777, 384160001, 406586897, 562448657, 655360001 ( A037896)

text: Primeval primes[edit]

text: Primes for which there are more prime permutations of some or all the decimal digits than for any smaller number.

text: 2, 13, 37, 107, 113, 137, 1013, 1237, 1367, 10079 ( A119535)

text: Primorial primes[edit]

text: Of the form pn# ± 1.

text: 3, 5, 7, 29, 31, 211, 2309, 2311, 30029, 200560490131, 304250263527209, 23768741896345550770650537601358309 (union of  A057705 and  A018239[6])

text: Proth primes[edit]

text: Of the form k×2n + 1, with odd k and k < 2n.

text: 3, 5, 13, 17, 41, 97, 113, 193, 241, 257, 353, 449, 577, 641, 673, 769, 929, 1153, 1217, 1409, 1601, 2113, 2689, 2753, 3137, 3329, 3457, 4481, 4993, 6529, 7297, 7681, 7937, 9473, 9601, 9857 ( A080076)

text: Pythagorean primes[edit]

text: Of the form 4n + 1.

text: 5, 13, 17, 29, 37, 41, 53, 61, 73, 89, 97, 101, 109, 113, 137, 149, 157, 173, 181, 193, 197, 229, 233, 241, 257, 269, 277, 281, 293, 313, 317, 337, 349, 353, 373, 389, 397, 401, 409, 421, 433, 449 ( A002144)

text: Prime quadruplets[edit]

text: Where (p, p+2, p+6, p+8) are all prime.

text: (5, 7, 11, 13), (11, 13, 17, 19), (101, 103, 107, 109), (191, 193, 197, 199), (821, 823, 827, 829), (1481, 1483, 1487, 1489), (1871, 1873, 1877, 1879), (2081, 2083, 2087, 2089), (3251, 3253, 3257, 3259), (3461, 3463, 3467, 3469), (5651, 5653, 5657, 5659), (9431, 9433, 9437, 9439) ( A007530,  A136720,  A136721,  A090258)

text: Primes of binary quadratic form[edit]

text: Of the form x2 + xy + 2y2, with non-negative integers x and y.

text: 2, 11, 23, 37, 43, 53, 71, 79, 107, 109, 127, 137, 149, 151, 163, 193, 197, 211, 233, 239, 263, 281, 317, 331, 337, 373, 389, 401, 421, 431, 443, 463, 487, 491, 499, 541, 547, 557, 569, 599, 613, 617, 641, 653, 659, 673, 683, 739, 743, 751, 757, 809, 821 ( A106856)

text: Quartan primes[edit]

text: Of the form x4 + y4, where x,y > 0.

text: 2, 17, 97, 257, 337, 641, 881 ( A002645)

text: Ramanujan primes[edit]

text: Integers Rn that are the smallest to give at least n primes from x/2 to x for all x ≥ Rn (all such integers are primes).

text: 2, 11, 17, 29, 41, 47, 59, 67, 71, 97, 101, 107, 127, 149, 151, 167, 179, 181, 227, 229, 233, 239, 241, 263, 269, 281, 307, 311, 347, 349, 367, 373, 401, 409, 419, 431, 433, 439, 461, 487, 491 ( A104272)

text: Regular primes[edit]

text: Primes p that do not divide the class number of the p-th cyclotomic field.

text: 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 41, 43, 47, 53, 61, 71, 73, 79, 83, 89, 97, 107, 109, 113, 127, 137, 139, 151, 163, 167, 173, 179, 181, 191, 193, 197, 199, 211, 223, 227, 229, 239, 241, 251, 269, 277, 281 ( A007703)

text: Repunit primes[edit]

text: Primes containing only the decimal digit 1.

text: 11, 1111111111111111111, 11111111111111111111111 ( A004022)

text: The next have 317 and 1,031 digits.

text: Primes in residue classes[edit]

text: Of the form an + d for fixed integers a and d. Also called primes congruent to d modulo a.

text: Three cases have their own entry: 2n+1 are the odd primes, 4n+1 are Pythagorean primes, 4n+3 are the integer Gaussian primes.

text:
2n+1: 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43, 47, 53 ( A065091)
4n+1: 5, 13, 17, 29, 37, 41, 53, 61, 73, 89, 97, 101, 109, 113, 137 ( A002144)
4n+3: 3, 7, 11, 19, 23, 31, 43, 47, 59, 67, 71, 79, 83, 103, 107 ( A002145)
6n+1: 7, 13, 19, 31, 37, 43, 61, 67, 73, 79, 97, 103, 109, 127, 139 ( A002476)
6n+5: 5, 11, 17, 23, 29, 41, 47, 53, 59, 71, 83, 89, 101, 107, 113 ( A007528)
8n+1: 17, 41, 73, 89, 97, 113, 137, 193, 233, 241, 257, 281, 313, 337, 353 ( A007519)
8n+3: 3, 11, 19, 43, 59, 67, 83, 107, 131, 139, 163, 179, 211, 227, 251 ( A007520)
8n+5: 5, 13, 29, 37, 53, 61, 101, 109, 149, 157, 173, 181, 197, 229, 269 ( A007521)
8n+7: 7, 23, 31, 47, 71, 79, 103, 127, 151, 167, 191, 199, 223, 239, 263 ( A007522)
10n+1: 11, 31, 41, 61, 71, 101, 131, 151, 181, 191, 211, 241, 251, 271, 281 ( A030430)
10n+3: 3, 13, 23, 43, 53, 73, 83, 103, 113, 163, 173, 193, 223, 233, 263 ( A030431)
10n+7: 7, 17, 37, 47, 67, 97, 107, 127, 137, 157, 167, 197, 227, 257, 277 ( A030432)
10n+9: 19, 29, 59, 79, 89, 109, 139, 149, 179, 199, 229, 239, 269, 349, 359 ( A030433)
12n+1: 13, 37, 61, 73, 97, 109, 157, 181, 193, 229, 241, 277, 313, 337, 349 ( A068228)
12n+5: 5, 17, 29, 41, 53, 89, 101, 113, 137, 149, 173, 197, 233, 257, 269 ( A040117)
12n+7: 7, 19, 31, 43, 67, 79, 103, 127, 139, 151, 163, 199, 211, 223, 271 ( A068229)
12n+11: 11, 23, 47, 59, 71, 83, 107, 131, 167, 179, 191, 227, 239, 251, 263 ( A068231)
...

text: 10n+d (d = 1, 3, 7, 9) are primes ending in the decimal digit d.

text: Right-truncatable primes[edit]

text: Primes that remain prime when the last decimal digit is successively removed.

text: 2, 3, 5, 7, 23, 29, 31, 37, 53, 59, 71, 73, 79, 233, 239, 293, 311, 313, 317, 373, 379, 593, 599, 719, 733, 739, 797, 2333, 2339, 2393, 2399, 2939, 3119, 3137, 3733, 3739, 3793, 3797 ( A024770)

text: Safe primes[edit]

text: Where p and (p−1) / 2 are both prime.

text: 5, 7, 11, 23, 47, 59, 83, 107, 167, 179, 227, 263, 347, 359, 383, 467, 479, 503, 563, 587, 719, 839, 863, 887, 983, 1019, 1187, 1283, 1307, 1319, 1367, 1439, 1487, 1523, 1619, 1823, 1907 ( A005385)

text: Self primes in base 10[edit]

text: Primes that cannot be generated by any integer added to the sum of its decimal digits.

text: 3, 5, 7, 31, 53, 97, 211, 233, 277, 367, 389, 457, 479, 547, 569, 613, 659, 727, 839, 883, 929, 1021, 1087, 1109, 1223, 1289, 1447, 1559, 1627, 1693, 1783, 1873 ( A006378)

text: Sexy primes[edit]

text: Where (p, p+6) are both prime.

text: (5, 11), (7, 13), (11, 17), (13, 19), (17, 23), (23, 29), (31, 37), (37, 43), (41, 47), (47, 53), (53, 59), (61, 67), (67, 73), (73, 79), (83, 89), (97, 103), (101, 107), (103, 109), (107, 113), (131, 137), (151, 157), (157, 163), (167, 173), (173, 179), (191, 197), (193, 199) ( A023201,  A046117)

text: Smarandache primes[edit]

text: Primes that are the concatenation of the first n number written in decimal.

text: As of April 2017[update], no Smarandache primes are known, and if exist, the smallest one must be with n > 200000.

text: Smarandache–Wellin primes[edit]

text: Primes that are the concatenation of the first n primes written in decimal.

text: 2, 23, 2357 ( A069151)

text: The fourth Smarandache-Wellin prime is the 355-digit concatenation of the first 128 primes that end with 719.

text: Solinas primes[edit]

text: Of the form 2a ± 2b ± 1, where 0 < b < a.

text: 3, 5, 7, 11, 13 ( A165255)

text: Sophie Germain primes[edit]

text: Where p and 2p+1 are both prime.

text: 2, 3, 5, 11, 23, 29, 41, 53, 83, 89, 113, 131, 173, 179, 191, 233, 239, 251, 281, 293, 359, 419, 431, 443, 491, 509, 593, 641, 653, 659, 683, 719, 743, 761, 809, 911, 953 ( A005384)

text: Star primes[edit]

text: Of the form 6n(n − 1) + 1.

text: 13, 37, 73, 181, 337, 433, 541, 661, 937, 1093, 2053, 2281, 2521, 3037, 3313, 5581, 5953, 6337, 6733, 7561, 7993, 8893, 10333, 10837, 11353, 12421, 12973, 13537, 15913, 18481 ( A083577)

text: Stern primes[edit]

text: Primes that are not the sum of a smaller prime and twice the square of a nonzero integer.

text: 2, 3, 17, 137, 227, 977, 1187, 1493 ( A042978)

text: As of 2011[update], these are the only known Stern primes, and possibly the only existing.

text: Super-primes[edit]

text: Primes with a prime index in the sequence of prime numbers (the 2nd, 3rd, 5th, ... prime).

text: 3, 5, 11, 17, 31, 41, 59, 67, 83, 109, 127, 157, 179, 191, 211, 241, 277, 283, 331, 353, 367, 401, 431, 461, 509, 547, 563, 587, 599, 617, 709, 739, 773, 797, 859, 877, 919, 967, 991 ( A006450)

text: Supersingular primes[edit]

text: There are exactly fifteen supersingular primes:

text: 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 41, 47, 59, 71 ( A002267)

text: Swinging primes[edit]

text:
Primes of the form

n
≀
±
1

{\displaystyle n\wr \pm 1}

, where

n
≀

{\displaystyle n\wr }

 denotes the swinging factorial, which is defined in terms of the double swinging factorial as[16]

n
≀
=
(
n
−
1
)
≀
≀
n
≀
≀

{\displaystyle n\wr =(n-1)\wr \wr n\wr \wr }

 and

n
≀
≀
=

{

1

n
⩽
0

(
n
−
2
)
≀
≀

n

[

n odd

]

(
4

/

n

)

[

n even

]

n
>
0

{\displaystyle n\wr \wr ={\begin{cases}1\qquad \qquad \qquad \qquad \qquad \qquad \quad \ n\leqslant 0\\(n-2)\wr \wr n^{{\big [}{\text{n odd}}{\big ]}}(4/n)^{{\big [}{\text{n even}}{\big ]}}\quad n>0\end{cases}}}

text: 2, 3, 5, 7, 19, 29, 31, 71, 139, 251, 631, 3433, 12011 ( A163074)

text: Thabit primes[edit]

text: Of the form 3×2n − 1.

text: 2, 5, 11, 23, 47, 191, 383, 6143, 786431, 51539607551, 824633720831, 26388279066623, 108086391056891903, 55340232221128654847, 226673591177742970257407 ( A007505)

text: The primes of the form 3×2n + 1 are related.

text: 7, 13, 97, 193, 769, 12289, 786433, 3221225473, 206158430209, 6597069766657 ( A039687)

text: Prime triplets[edit]

text: Where (p, p+2, p+6) or (p, p+4, p+6) are all prime.

text: (5, 7, 11), (7, 11, 13), (11, 13, 17), (13, 17, 19), (17, 19, 23), (37, 41, 43), (41, 43, 47), (67, 71, 73), (97, 101, 103), (101, 103, 107), (103, 107, 109), (107, 109, 113), (191, 193, 197), (193, 197, 199), (223, 227, 229), (227, 229, 233), (277, 281, 283), (307, 311, 313), (311, 313, 317), (347, 349, 353) ( A007529,  A098414,  A098415)

text: Twin primes[edit]

text: Where (p, p+2) are both prime.

text: (3, 5), (5, 7), (11, 13), (17, 19), (29, 31), (41, 43), (59, 61), (71, 73), (101, 103), (107, 109), (137, 139), (149, 151), (179, 181), (191, 193), (197, 199), (227, 229), (239, 241), (269, 271), (281, 283), (311, 313), (347, 349), (419, 421), (431, 433), (461, 463) ( A001359,  A006512)

text: Two-sided primes[edit]

text: Primes that are both left-truncatable and right-truncatable. There are exactly fifteen two-sided primes:

text: 2, 3, 5, 7, 23, 37, 53, 73, 313, 317, 373, 797, 3137, 3797, 739397 ( A020994)

text: Ulam primes[edit]

text: Ulam numbers that are prime.

text: 2, 3, 11, 13, 47, 53, 97, 131, 197, 241, 409, 431, 607, 673, 739, 751, 983, 991, 1103, 1433, 1489, 1531, 1553, 1709, 1721, 2371, 2393, 2447, 2633, 2789, 2833, 2897 ( A068820)

text: Unique primes[edit]

text: The list of primes p for which the period length of the decimal expansion of 1/p is unique (no other prime gives the same period).

text: 3, 11, 37, 101, 9091, 9901, 333667, 909091, 99990001, 999999000001, 9999999900000001, 909090909090909091, 1111111111111111111, 11111111111111111111111, 900900900900990990990991 ( A040017)

text: Wagstaff primes[edit]

text: Of the form (2n+1) / 3.

text: 3, 11, 43, 683, 2731, 43691, 174763, 2796203, 715827883, 2932031007403, 768614336404564651, 201487636602438195784363, 845100400152152934331135470251, 56713727820156410577229101238628035243 ( A000979)

text: Values of n:

text: 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 31, 43, 61, 79, 101, 127, 167, 191, 199, 313, 347, 701, 1709, 2617, 3539, 5807, 10501, 10691, 11279, 12391, 14479, 42737, 83339, 95369, 117239, 127031, 138937, 141079, 267017, 269987, 374321 ( A000978)

text: Wall-Sun-Sun primes[edit]

text:
A prime p > 5, if p2 divides the Fibonacci number

F

p
−

(

p
5

)

{\displaystyle F_{p-\left({\frac {p}{5}}\right)}}

, where the Legendre symbol

(

p
5

)

{\displaystyle \left({\frac {p}{5}}\right)}

 is defined as

text: As of 2015[update], no Wall-Sun-Sun primes are known.

text: Wedderburn-Etherington primes[edit]

text: Wedderburn-Etherington numbers that are prime.

text: 2, 3, 11, 23, 983, 2179, 24631, 3626149, 253450711, 596572387 ( A136402)

text: Weakly prime numbers[edit]

text: Primes that having any one of their (base 10) digits changed to any other value will always result in a composite number.

text: 294001, 505447, 584141, 604171, 971767, 1062599, 1282529, 1524181, 2017963, 2474431, 2690201, 3085553, 3326489, 4393139 ( A050249)

text: Wieferich primes[edit]

text: Primes p such that ap − 1 ≡ 1 (mod p2) for fixed integer a > 1.

text:
2p − 1 ≡ 1 (mod p2): 1093, 3511 ( A001220)
3p − 1 ≡ 1 (mod p2): 11, 1006003 ( A014127)[17][18][19]
4p − 1 ≡ 1 (mod p2): 1093, 3511
5p − 1 ≡ 1 (mod p2): 2, 20771, 40487, 53471161, 1645333507, 6692367337, 188748146801 ( A123692)
6p − 1 ≡ 1 (mod p2): 66161, 534851, 3152573 ( A212583)
7p − 1 ≡ 1 (mod p2): 5, 491531 ( A123693)
8p − 1 ≡ 1 (mod p2): 3, 1093, 3511
9p − 1 ≡ 1 (mod p2): 2, 11, 1006003
10p − 1 ≡ 1 (mod p2): 3, 487, 56598313 ( A045616)
11p − 1 ≡ 1 (mod p2): 71[20]
12p − 1 ≡ 1 (mod p2): 2693, 123653 ( A111027)
13p − 1 ≡ 1 (mod p2): 2, 863, 1747591 ( A128667)[20]
14p − 1 ≡ 1 (mod p2): 29, 353, 7596952219 ( A234810)
15p − 1 ≡ 1 (mod p2): 29131, 119327070011 ( A242741)
16p − 1 ≡ 1 (mod p2): 1093, 3511
17p − 1 ≡ 1 (mod p2): 2, 3, 46021, 48947 ( A128668)[20]
18p − 1 ≡ 1 (mod p2): 5, 7, 37, 331, 33923, 1284043 ( A244260)
19p − 1 ≡ 1 (mod p2): 3, 7, 13, 43, 137, 63061489 ( A090968)[20]
20p − 1 ≡ 1 (mod p2): 281, 46457, 9377747, 122959073 ( A242982)
21p − 1 ≡ 1 (mod p2): 2
22p − 1 ≡ 1 (mod p2): 13, 673, 1595813, 492366587, 9809862296159 ( A298951)
23p − 1 ≡ 1 (mod p2): 13, 2481757, 13703077, 15546404183, 2549536629329 ( A128669)
24p − 1 ≡ 1 (mod p2): 5, 25633
25p − 1 ≡ 1 (mod p2): 2, 20771, 40487, 53471161, 1645333507, 6692367337, 188748146801

text: As of 2015[update], these are all known Wieferich primes with a ≤ 25.

text: Wilson primes[edit]

text: Primes p for which p2 divides (p−1)! + 1.

text: 5, 13, 563 ( A007540)

text: As of 2015[update], these are the only known Wilson primes.

text: Wolstenholme primes[edit]

text:
Primes p for which the binomial coefficient

(

2
p
−
1

p
−
1

)

≡
1

(
mod

p

4

)

.

{\displaystyle {{2p-1} \choose {p-1}}\equiv 1{\pmod {p^{4}}}.}

text: 16843, 2124679 ( A088164)

text: As of 2015[update], these are the only known Wolstenholme primes.

text: Woodall primes[edit]

text: Of the form n×2n − 1.

text: 7, 23, 383, 32212254719, 2833419889721787128217599, 195845982777569926302400511, 4776913109852041418248056622882488319 ( A050918)


document_title: Solar eclipse of August 21, 2017

question_text: when is there going to be an solar eclipse

question_tokens: when is there going to be an solar eclipse

text: Solar eclipse of August 21, 2017

text: Visibility[edit]

text: The total eclipse had a magnitude of 1.0306 and was visible within a narrow corridor 70 miles (110 km) wide, crossing fourteen of the contiguous United States: Oregon, Idaho, Montana, Wyoming, Nebraska, Kansas, Iowa, Missouri, Illinois, Kentucky, Tennessee, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina.[6][7] It was first seen from land in the U.S. shortly after 10:15 a.m. PDT (17:15 UTC) at Oregon's Pacific coast, and then it progressed eastward through Salem, Oregon; Idaho Falls, Idaho; Casper, Wyoming; Lincoln, Nebraska; Kansas City, Missouri; St. Louis, Missouri; Hopkinsville, Kentucky; Nashville, Tennessee; Columbia, South Carolina about 2:41 p.m.;[8] and finally Charleston, South Carolina. A partial eclipse was seen for a greater time period, beginning shortly after 9:00 a.m. PDT along the Pacific Coast of Oregon. Weather forecasts predicted clear skies in Western U.S. and some Eastern states, but clouds in the Midwest and East Coast.[9]

text: The longest ground duration of totality was 2 minutes 41.6 seconds at about 37°35′0″N 89°7′0″W / 37.58333°N 89.11667°W / 37.58333; -89.11667 in Giant City State Park, just south of Carbondale, Illinois, and the greatest extent (width) was at 36°58′0″N 87°40′18″W / 36.96667°N 87.67167°W / 36.96667; -87.67167 near the village of Cerulean, Kentucky, located in between Hopkinsville and Princeton.[10] This was the first total solar eclipse visible from the Southeastern United States since the solar eclipse of March 7, 1970. Two NASA WB-57F flew above the clouds, prolonging the observation time spent in the umbra.[11] A partial solar eclipse was seen from the much broader path of the Moon's penumbra, including all of North America, particularly areas just south of the totality pass, where the eclipse lasted about 3–5 hours, northern South America, Western Europe, and some of Africa and north-east Asia.

text: Other eclipses over the United States[edit]

text: This was the first total solar eclipse visible from the United States since that of July 11, 1991[12]—which was seen only from part of Hawaii[13]—and the first visible from the contiguous United States since 1979.[14] An eclipse of comparable length (up to 3 minutes, 8 seconds, with the longest eclipse being 6 minutes and 54 seconds) occurred over the contiguous United States on March 7, 1970 along the southern portions of the Eastern Seaboard, from Florida to Virginia.[15]

text: The path of totality of the solar eclipse of February 26, 1979 crossed only the states of Washington, Oregon, Idaho, Montana, and North Dakota. Many enthusiasts traveled to the Pacific Northwest to view the eclipse, since it would be the last chance to view such an eclipse in the contiguous United States for almost four decades.[16][17]

text: Some American scientists and interested amateurs who wanted to experience a total eclipse participated in a four-day Atlantic Ocean cruise to view the solar eclipse of July 10, 1972 as it passed near Nova Scotia. (This is referenced in the Carly Simon hit song "You're So Vain" in the lyric, "Then you flew your Lear Jet up to Nova Scotia to see the total eclipse of the Sun.") Organizers of the cruise advertised in astronomical journals and in planetarium announcements, emphasizing the rarity of the event.[18]

text: The August 2017 eclipse was the first with a path of totality crossing the Pacific and Atlantic coasts of the U.S. since 1918. Also, its path of totality made landfall exclusively within the United States, making it the first such eclipse since the country's declaration of independence in 1776. Prior to this, the path of totality of the eclipse of June 13, 1257, was the last to make landfall exclusively on lands currently part of the United States.[19]

text: The path of the 2017 eclipse crosses with the path of the upcoming total solar eclipse of April 8, 2024, with the intersection of the two paths being in southern Illinois in Makanda Township at Cedar Lake, just south of Carbondale. An area of about 9,000 square miles, including the cities of Makanda, Carbondale, Cape Girardeau, Missouri, and Paducah, Kentucky, will thus experience two total solar eclipses within a span of less than seven years.[citation needed] The cities of Benton, Carbondale, Chester, Harrisburg, Marion, and Metropolis in Illinois; Cape Girardeau, Farmington, and Perryville in Missouri, as well as Paducah, Kentucky, will also be in the path of the 2024 eclipse, thereby earning the distinction of witnessing two total solar eclipses in seven years.

text: The solar eclipse of August 12, 2045 will have a very similar path of totality over the U.S. to the 2017 eclipse: about 400 km (250 mi) to the southwest, also crossing the Pacific and Atlantic coasts of the country; however, totality will be more than twice as long.[20]

text: Total eclipse viewing events[edit]

text: Oregon[edit]

text:
Corvallis – The Corvallis campus of Oregon State University hosted "OSU150 Space Grant Festival: A Total Eclipse Experience", a weekend-long celebration of the eclipse. A watch party was also hosted on campus the day of the eclipse.[21]
Keizer – The Salem-Keizer Volcanoes, a Class A baseball team, played a morning game against the visiting Hillsboro Hops that featured the first ever "eclipse delay" in baseball history.[22]
Huntington – Historic Farewell Bend State Recreation Area hosted the RASC: Yukon Centre (Yukon Astronomical Society) and the RASC: Okanagan Centre. Solar viewing and presentations on the eclipse were given along with a dark-sky presentation
Madras – The city sponsored a four-day Solarfest at two locations.[23]
Prineville – Symbiosis Gathering hosted a global eclipse gathering[24] dubbed Oregon Eclipse.[25]
Rickreall – The Polk County Fairgrounds organized a series of events and an eclipse gathering.[26]
Salem – The Oregon Museum of Science and Industry hosted an event at the Oregon State Fairgrounds.[27]

text: Idaho[edit]

text:
Craters of the Moon – The National Monument and Preserve hosted NASA presentations, evening star parties hosted by the Idaho Falls Astronomical Society, high altitude balloon launches by the USC Astronautical Engineering department and NASA, and presentations by the New Mexico Chapter of the Charlie Bates Solar Astronomy Project.[28]
Idaho Falls – Free entertainment and educational seminars and an eclipse-watching event at the Museum of Idaho (an official NASA viewing site) and elsewhere, and a free eclipse-watching event at Melaleuca Field.[29][30]
Rexburg – Brigham Young University Idaho offered a series of eclipse-related educational events.[31]
Weiser – The city sponsored a five-day festival prior to the eclipse.[32]

text: Wyoming[edit]

text:
Casper – The Astronomical League, an alliance of amateur astronomy clubs, held its annual Astrocon conference,[33] and there were other public events, called Wyoming Eclipse Festival 2017.[34]
Fort Laramie – Fort Laramie held an eclipse viewing event, which included a Special "Great American Eclipse" Program.[35]

text: Nebraska[edit]

text:
Alliance – Entertainment and educational seminars were offered.[36] ABC News reported live from Carhenge during totality.[37]
Auburn – Nemaha County Hospital hosted an eclipse viewing event, including sharing safety tips from Lifetime Vision Center.[38]
Grand Island – Stuhr Museum hosted an eclipse viewing event, including the launch of a NASA eclipse observing balloon.[39]
Beatrice – Homestead National Monument of America – Events were held with representatives from NASA on Saturday, Sunday and the day of the eclipse.[40][41]
Lincoln – At Haymarket Park, the Lincoln Saltdogs, an independent baseball team in the American Association, defeated the Gary SouthShore RailCats 8-5 in a special eclipse game, with 6,956 in attendance. The game was paused for 26 minutes in the middle of the third inning to observe the eclipse. The Saltdogs players wore special eclipse-themed uniforms that were auctioned off after the game.[42][41]

text: Missouri[edit]

text:
St. Louis – David Tipper hosted his Tipper & Friends 4321 electronic music event at Astral Valley Art Park featuring 5 days of music, art, and eclipse viewing.
Kansas City – A 5-mile (8 km) bicycle ride from downtown KCMO (where totality only lasted about 30 seconds) to Macken Park in North Kansas City (where totality lasted 1 minute 13 seconds) was organized by KC Pedal Party Club, a local Meetup group.[43]
Columbia – The Cosmo Park and the Gans Creek Park were open for the eclipse.[44] There was a watch party on campus for the students of the University of Missouri,[45] and the MU Health Care system released eye safety information.[46]
Lathrop – The city celebrated its 150th anniversary with an eclipse festival.[47]
Potosi  – Hora Eclipse, an Israeli folkdance camp coordinated with the eclipse, was held at YMCA Trout Lodge and Camp Lakewood, near the Mark Twain National Forest. More information at the event's website, especially its post-mortem page.
Parkville – TotalEclipseofthePark – August 20 educational program featuring NASA Glenn Research Center Hall of Famer Lynn Bondurant, '61, and August 21 watch party organized by Park University.[48]
St. Clair – An event organized by the St. Clair City Chamber of Commerce.[49]
St. Joseph – An event organized by Front Page Science was held at Rosecrans Memorial Airport.[50]

text: Illinois[edit]

text:
Carbondale – Southern Illinois University sponsored many eclipse related educational events, including the two day Crossroads Astronomy, Science and Technology Expo, and viewing at Saluki Stadium.[51] Amtrak ran a special train, the Eclipse Express, from Chicago to Carbondale.[52] NASA EDGE was there broadcasting live from Southern Illinois University Carbondale with a four-hour and thirty-minute show (11:45 a.m. – 4:15 p.m. EDT).[53]
Carterville – A three-day rock festival called Moonstock was headlined by Ozzy Osbourne, who performed during the eclipse.[54]
Goreville – View the eclipse with the University of Illinois Astronomy Department.[55]

text: Kansas[edit]

text: Atchison – Benedictine College hosted thousands in its football stadium. There were students from schools from Kansas, Missouri, Nebraska and Oklahoma attending, plus numerous other guests who heard from, amongst others, astronomers from the Vatican Observatory.[56]

text: Kentucky[edit]

text:
Bowling Green – Western Kentucky University hosted thousands of K-12 students in its football stadium.[57] At Bowling Green Ballpark, the Bowling Green Hot Rods, a Class A baseball team, played an eclipse game against the visiting West Michigan Whitecaps.[58]
Hopkinsville – A four-day eclipse festival was held at Jefferson Davis State Historic Site.[59]

text: Tennessee[edit]

text:
Athens – The City of Athens hosted "Total Eclipse of the Park" at Athens Regional Park, including entertainment, food, and vendors.[60]
Clarksville – Austin Peay State University presented several educational events, including an appearance by astronaut Rhea Seddon.[61]
Cookeville – Tennessee Technological University hosted a solar eclipse viewing party at Tucker Stadium. Cookeville hosted special events Saturday-Monday.[62]
McMinnville – celebrated the eclipse by hosting BLACKOUT 2017, an eclipse viewing event held in the city square. In addition to the viewing, a selection of food trucks and musical acts which features The Pink Floyd Appreciation Society band who performed Pink Floyd's The Dark Side of the Moon in its entirety prior to the totality event.[63]
Memphis – At AutoZone Park, the Memphis Redbirds, a Class AAA baseball team, played an eclipse game against the visiting New Orleans Baby Cakes.[58]
Nashville – offered many special events, including the Music City Eclipse Science & Technology Festival at the Adventure Science Center.[64] The Italian Lights Festival hosted the largest Eclipse Viewing Party in Nashville, a free NASA-Certified Eclipse Event held at the Bicentennial Mall.[65] Two astrophysicists from NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory emceed the countdown.[66]

text: North Carolina[edit]

text:
Bryson City – Planetarium shows were offered, as well as rides on the Great Smoky Mountains Railroad to an eclipse location.[67]
Cullowhee – The eclipse was visible in totality, and classes were cancelled for several hours during the first day of classes at Western Carolina University.[68]
Rosman – Pisgah Astronomical Research Institute (PARI) hosted a viewing event. The event at PARI has garnered international attention and the visitors included amateur astronomers.

text: Georgia[edit]

text:
Athens – Viewing at Sanford Stadium at the University of Georgia.[69]
Blairsville – Get off the Grid Festival[70] on three days preceding the eclipse.
Elberty County - Approximately 400 people gathered at the Georgia Guidestones.[71]

text: South Carolina[edit]

text:
Anderson - Viewing at the Green Pond Landing on Lake Hartwell with food trucks, astronomer, and music. Unfortunately clouds blocked the sun at the time of totality.
Charleston - The College of Charleston hosted NASA's "eclipse headquarters" broadcast as part of an afternoon eclipse viewing celebration on the green behind the campus library.[72]
Clemson – Viewing at Clemson University.[73]
Columbia – The South Carolina State Museum hosted four days of educational events, including an appearance by Apollo 16 astronaut Charles Duke.[74] At Spirit Communications Park, the Columbia Fireflies, a Class A baseball team, played an eclipse game against the visiting Rome Braves.[58]
Greenville – Viewing at Furman University. Events include streaming coverage from NASA, educational activities, and live music.[75] At Fluor Field, the Greenville Drive, a Class A baseball team, played an eclipse game against the visiting West Virginia Power.[58]
Sumter – Viewing at Dillon Park. Eclipse viewing glasses given away for free.[76]

text: Viewing from outside the United States[edit]

text: Canada[edit]

text: A partial eclipse was visible across the width of Canada, ranging from 89 percent in Victoria, British Columbia to 11 percent in Resolute, Nunavut.[77] In Toronto, viewing parties were held at the CNE and the Ontario Science Centre[78]

text: Mexico, Central America, Caribbean islands, South America[edit]

text: A partial eclipse was visible from Central America, Mexico, the Caribbean islands, and ships and aircraft in and above the adjacent oceans,[79] as well as the northern countries of South America such as Colombia, Venezuela, and several others.[citation needed]

text: Russia[edit]

text: A partial eclipse was visible only in the Chukchi Peninsula.[80] In Anadyr, the maximum obscuration was 27,82%.[81]

text: West Africa[edit]

text: In some locations in West Africa and western North Africa, a partial eclipse was seen just before and during sunset.[citation needed]

text: Europe[edit]

text: In northwestern Europe, the eclipse was only visible partially, in the evening or at sunset. Only those in Iceland, Ireland, Northern Ireland, Scotland and the Portuguese Azores archipelago saw the eclipse from beginning to end; in the rest of the UK, Norway, the Netherlands, Belgium, France, Spain, and Portugal, sunset occurred before the end of the eclipse. In Germany, the beginning of the eclipse was visible just at sunset only in the extreme northwest of the country. In all regions east of the orange line in the map, the eclipse was not visible.[82]

text: Media and scientific coverage[edit]

text: A large number of media outlets broadcast coverage of the eclipse, including television and internet outlets. NASA announced plans to offer streaming coverage through its NASA TV and NASA Edge outlets, using cameras stationed on the ground along the path of totality, along with cameras on high-altitude balloons, jets, and coverage from the International Space Station; NASA stated that "never before will a celestial event be viewed by so many and explored from so many vantage points—from space, from the air, and from the ground."[83] ABC, CBS, and NBC announced that they would respectively broadcast live television specials to cover the eclipse with correspondents stationed across the path of totality, along with CNN, Fox News Channel, Science, and The Weather Channel. The PBS series Nova presented streaming coverage on Facebook hosted by Miles O'Brien, and aired a special episode chronicling the event—"Eclipse Over America"—later in the day (which marked the fastest production turnaround time in Nova history).[84][85]

text: Other institutions and services also announced plans to stream their perspectives of the eclipse, including the Exploratorium in San Francisco, the Elephant Sanctuary of Hohenwald, Tennessee, the Slooh robotic telescope app, and The Virtual Telescope Project. The Eclipse Ballooning Project, a consortium of schools and colleges that sent 50 high-altitude balloons into the sky during the eclipse to conduct experiments, provided streams of footage and GPS tracking of its launches.[83][86] Contact with one balloon with $13,000 of scientific equipment, launched under the aegis of the LGF Museum of Natural History near Vale, Oregon, was lost at 20,000 feet (6,100 m) Given that the balloon was believed to have burst at 100,000 feet (30,000 m) it could have parachuted down anywhere from eastern Oregon to Caldwell, Idaho (most likely) to Sun Valley, Idaho; a $1,000 reward is offered for its recovery.[87]

text: The National Solar Observatory organized Citizen CATE volunteers to man 60 identical telescopes and instrumentation packages along the totality path to study changes in the corona over the duration of the eclipse.

text: In orbit, the satellites Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter, the International Space Station, the Solar Dynamics Observatory, the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer, Solar and Heliospheric Observatory, and Hinode gathered data from the eclipse.[88]

text: A viewing party was held at the White House, during which President Donald Trump appeared on the Truman Balcony with First Lady Melania Trump. With the sun partially eclipsed, President Trump looked briefly in the general direction of the sun before using solar viewing glasses.[89]

text: The rapper Joey Badass boasted of watching the solar eclipse without viewing glasses, considering that "our ancestors ain't have no fancy eyewear [and] they ain't all go blind". Unlike the US president, he did not wear viewing glasses during the entire eclipse. Later, he complained of vision problems and had to cancel his Cleveland, Chicago & Toronto shows on the Everybody Tour, due to "unforeseen circumstances".[90]

text: The eclipse generated reports of abnormal behavior in animal and plant life. Some farm animals including domestic chickens came out from under their coops and began grooming, usually an evening activity. Horses also displayed increased whinnying, running, and jumping after the event. Cicadas were reported to grow louder before going silent during totality. Various birds were also observed flying in unusually large formations. Flowers such as the Hibiscus closed their petals which typically happens at night, before opening again after the solar event.[91]

text: NASA reported over 90 million page views of the eclipse on its websites, making it the agency's biggest online event ever, beating the previous web traffic record about seven times over.[92]

text: Counterfeit eclipse glasses[edit]

text: In the months leading up to the eclipse, many counterfeit glasses were put up for sale. Effective eclipse glasses must not only block most visible light, but most UV and infrared light as well. For visible light, the user should only be able to see the Sun, sunglint reflected off shiny metal, halogen bulbs, the filament in unfrosted incandescent bulbs, and similarly intense sources. Determining whether the glasses effectively block enough UV and infrared light requires the use of spectrophotometer, which is a rather expensive piece of lab equipment.[5][93]

text: The eye's retina lacks pain receptors, and thus damage can occur without one's awareness.[94][95]

text: The American Astronomical Society (AAS) said products meeting the ISO 12312-2 standard avoid risk to one's eyes, and issued a list of reputable vendors of eclipse glasses. The organization warned against products claiming ISO certification or even citing the same number, but not tested by an accredited laboratory. Another problem was counterfeits of reputable vendors' products, some even claiming the company's name such as with American Paper Optics which published information detailing the differences between its glasses and counterfeits.[96][94]

text: Andrew Lund, the owner of a company which produces eclipse glasses, noted that not all counterfeit glasses were necessarily unsafe. He stated to Quartz that the counterfeits he tested blocked the majority of harmful light spectrum, concluding that "the IP is getting ripped off, but the good news is there are no long-term harmful effects."[93] As one example, the Springdale Library in metropolitan Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, accidentally passed out dozens of pairs of counterfeit eclipse glasses, but as of August 23 had not received any reports of eye damage.[97]

text: On July 27, 2017, Amazon required all eclipse viewing products sold on its website have a submission of origin and safety information, and proof of an accredited ISO certification. In mid-August 2017, Amazon recalled and pulled listings for eclipse viewing glasses that "may not comply with industry standards", and gave refunds to customers who had purchased them.[98][5]

text: Eye damage[edit]

text: Short-term damage includes solar keratitis, which is similar to sunburn of the cornea. Symptoms usually occur within twenty-four hours and include eye pain and light sensitivity.[99]

text: Long-term or permanent damage includes solar retinopathy, which occurs when the sun burns a hole in the retina, usually at the fovea (the focus of the retina). Symptoms can occur as long as several weeks after the incident, and can include loss of central vision and/or other vision, as well as eye pain and light sensitivity, afterimages, and changes in color vision.[100]

text: Depending on the severity of damage, vision problems can last for several months or be permanent.[99]

text: Dr. Avnish Deobhakta, an ophthalmologist in New York, states that, "“If you’re looking at the sun you’re actually focusing, intentionally, the light of the sun onto the spot [fovea] where you want the most precise vision.”[101]

text: Following a total eclipse in the United Kingdom in 1999, at least 14 cases of permanent damage were confirmed.[102]

text: One story of solar eclipse danger was illustrated by the case of Mr. Tomososki, who damaged his eyesight when viewing a 1962 eclipse, leaving him with a pea-sized blind spot for the rest of his life.[103] During the 2017 eclipse he warned the country to not make the mistake he did.[103] While some can recover, the danger of an eclipse comes in part because the excitement can override the instinct to not look at the sun.[104]

text: Video illustrations[edit]

text:
Play media

Umbra (black oval), penumbra (concentric shaded ovals), and path of totality (red).

Play media

This video features several visualizations of the event.

text: Gallery[edit]

text: Totality

text:
Sequence starting at 9:06am, totality at 10:19am, and ending at 10:21am PDT, as seen from Corvallis, Oregon

Totality as seen from Columbia, Missouri

Totality as seen from Sweetwater, Tennessee

Totality as seen from Saint Paul, Clarendon County, South Carolina

Totality as seen from Simpsonville, South Carolina

text: Transition (Baily's beads and Diamond Ring)

text:
Diamond ring as seen from Corvallis, Oregon

Diamond ring as seen from Jay Em, Wyoming

Baily's beads before totality from far western Nebraska

Diamond ring (with large flare) as seen from Cullowhee, NC

Diamond ring as seen from Saint Paul, South Carolina

text: Partial

text:
Seattle, Washington

North Cascades National Park, Washington

San Francisco, California

Mira Mesa in San Diego, California

Far western Nebraska

White House, Tennessee

Maine at 2:41 p.m. EDT before maximum 68% coverage at 2:45 p.m.

Tree leaves projecting crescent shadows from Moon, Pennsylvania

Brooklyn, New York

Ellicott City, Maryland shortly before maximum eclipse (~80%)

Virginia Beach, Virginia

Simpsonville, South Carolina

text: Views outside of the US

text:
Tuxtla Gutiérrez (Chiapas), Mexico at 12:36 GMT-6.

Chihuahua, Mexico at 11:40 a.m.

Sunset from Zarautz, Basque Country Spain

Sunset, viewed from Coimbra, Portugal

text: Planning[edit]

text: Officials inside and near the path of totality planned – sometimes for years – for the sudden influx of people.[105] Smaller towns struggled to arrange viewing sites and logistics for what could have been a tourism boom or a disaster.[106]

text: In the American West, illegal camping was a major concern, including near cities like Jackson Hole, Wyoming.[4] Idaho's Office of Emergency Management said Idaho was a prime viewing state, and advised jurisdictions to prepare for service load increases; nearly every hotel and motel room, campground, and in some cases backyards for nearly 100 miles (160 km) north and south of the path of totality had been reserved several months, if not years, in advance.[107] The state anticipated up to 500,000 visitors to join its 1.6 million residents.[108]

text: Oregon deployed six National Guard aircraft and 150 soldiers because the influx of visitors coincided with the state's fire season.[109] Hospital staffing, and supplies of blood and anti–snake bite antidote, were augmented along the totality line.[110]

text: In Oregon, there were reports of hoteliers canceling existing reservations made at the regular market rate and increasing their rate, sometimes threefold or more, for guests staying to view the eclipse.[111] The Oregon Department of Justice (DOJ) investigated various complaints and reached settlements with affected customers of at least 10 hotels in the state.[112] These settlements included refunds to the customers and fines paid to the DOJ.[113]

text: Post-eclipse traffic problems[edit]

text: Although traffic to areas within the path of totality was somewhat spread out over the days prior to the eclipse,[114] there were widespread traffic problems across the United States after the event ended. Michael Zeiler, an eclipse cartographer, had estimated that between 1.85 million and 7.4 million people would travel to the path of the eclipse.[115]

text: In Oregon, an estimated one million people were expected to arrive that the Oregon National Guard was called in to help manage traffic in Madras along US 26 and US 97.[116] Madras Municipal Airport received more than 400 mostly personal planes that queued for hours while waiting to leave after the eclipse.[117]

text: Officials in Idaho, where the totality path crossed the center of the state, began planning for the eclipse a year in advance. The state Transportation Department suspended construction projects along Interstate 15, which traverses Eastern Idaho, from August 18–22 in order to have all lanes open;[118] their counterparts in neighboring Utah, where many were expected to travel the 220 miles (350 km) north via the highway from the Salt Lake City metropolitan area, did the same. On the morning of the eclipse, many drivers left before dawn, creating traffic volume along I-15 normally not seen until morning rush hour; northbound traffic on the interstate in Box Elder County north of Salt Lake City slowed to 10–15 miles per hour (16–24 km/h).[119] The Idaho State Police (ISP) stationed a patrol car along I-15 every 15 miles (24 km) between Shelley and the Utah border.[120]

text: After the eclipse, traffic more than doubled along I-15 southbound, with extensive traffic jams continuing for eight hours as viewers who had traveled north into the totality path from Utah returned there and to points south. The ISP tweeted a picture of bumper-to-bumper traffic stalled on the interstate just south of Idaho Falls. Motorists reported to local news outlets that it was taking them two hours to travel the 47 miles (76 km) from that city to Pocatello to the south, a journey that normally takes 45 minutes,[119] and another hour to reach Blackfoot, 30 miles (48 km) further south.[121]

text: In the rest of the state the impact was less severe. Traffic nearly doubled on US 93, and was up 55 percent on US 20.[122]

text: For some northbound travelers on I-15, the Montana Department of Transportation had failed to make similar plans to those in Idaho, scheduling a road construction project to begin on August 21 that narrowed a section of the highway to a single northbound lane near the exit to Clark Canyon Dam south of Dillon. Though that stretch of highway generally has a traffic count of less than 1000 vehicles per day, on the day of the eclipse there were over a thousand vehicles per hour at peak times. As a result, traffic backed up as far as Lima, creating a delay of at least an hour for travelers heading northward. Further, as construction had not yet begun, drivers observed cones set up but no workers present on the road. While the state traditionally halts construction projects during high traffic periods, a state official admitted "we ... probably made a bad mistake here in this regard."[114]

text: In Wyoming, estimates were that the population of the state, officially 585,000, may have doubled or even tripled, with traffic counts on August 21 showing 536,000 more cars than the five-year average for the third Monday in August; a 68 percent increase. One official offered an estimate of "two people in every car" to arrive at a one-million-visitor figure, and others noted that one million was a conservative estimate based on a one-day traffic count of limited portions of major highways. There were additional arrivals by aircraft, plus travelers who arrived early or stayed for additional days.[123] Two days before the eclipse, traffic increased 18 percent over a five-year average, with an additional 131,000 vehicles on the road.[124] Sunday saw an additional 217,000-vehicle increase.[123]

text: Following the eclipse, more than 500,000 vehicles traveled Wyoming roads, creating large traffic jams, particularly on southbound and eastbound highways.[125] Drivers reported that it took up to 10 hours to travel 160 miles (260 km) into northern Colorado.[123] There was one traffic fatality,[126] and another fatality related to an off-highway ATV accident, but in general there were far fewer incidents and traffic citations than authorities had anticipated.[127]

text: In Tennessee, the Knoxville News Sentinel described the traffic problems created by the eclipse as the worst ever seen in that part of the state. One backup along Interstate 75 reached 34 miles (55 km) in length, between Niota and the Interstate 40 interchange at Farragut. A spokesman for the state's Department of Transportation allowed that the traffic jams were the worst he had seen in six and a half years on the job, noting that accidents had aggravated the already heavy traffic flows, attributed the I-75 congestion to Knoxville-area residents heading for the totality path at Sweetwater and returning during what was the city's normal afternoon rush hour.[128]

text: Before the eclipse, state officials had described their traffic expectations as equivalent to that generated by the Bonnaroo Music Festival, the twice-a-season NASCAR Monster Energy Cup races at Bristol or the formerly-held Boomsday fireworks festival. "Maybe they should have considered a tsunami of traffic combining all three of those heavily attended events", the News Sentinel commented. The Tennessee Highway Patrol made sure that "[e]very trooper not on sick leave or military leave or pre-approved leave [wa]s working" the day of the eclipse; the state DOT made sure its full complement of emergency-aid HELP trucks were available as well. Alert signs on the highways also warned motorists not to pull over onto the shoulders to watch the eclipse as it could increase the risk of dangerous accidents and block the path of emergency vehicles.[128]

text: In North Carolina, the Department of Transportation added cameras, message boards and safety patrols in the counties where the total eclipse would take place, as well as stopping road work. The department warned that due to "unprecedented" traffic ordinary activities requiring driving might prove difficult, and advised people to act as if there were snow.[129]

text: Impact on solar power[edit]

text: An eclipse causes a reduction of solar power generation where the Moon shadow covers any solar panel, as do clouds.

text: The North American Electric Reliability Corporation predicted minor impacts,[130] and attempted to measure the impact of the 2017 eclipse.[131] In California, solar power was projected to decrease by 4–6,000 megawatts[132] at 70 MW/minute, and then ramp up by 90 MW/minute as the shadow passes. CAISO's typical ramp rate is 29 megawatts per minute.[133] Around 4 GW mainly in North Carolina and Georgia were expected to be 90 percent obscured.[132]

text: After the 2017 eclipse, grid operators in California reported having lost 3,000–3,500 megawatts of utility-scale solar power, which was made up for by hydropower and gas reliably and as expected,[134][135] mimicking the usual duck curve. Energy demand management was also used to mitigate the solar drop.[136]

text: NV Energy prepared for the solar eclipse months in advance and collaborated with 17 western states. When the eclipse began covering California with partial darkness, which reduced its usual amount of solar-generated electricity, NV Energy sent power there. Likewise, when Nevada received less sunlight, other west coast states supplied electricity to it. During the solar eclipse, the state of Nevada lost about 450 megawatts of electricity, the amount used by about a quarter million typical residences.[137]

text: The 2015 eclipse caused manageable solar power decreases in Europe;[138] in Germany, solar power dropped from 14 GW to 7 GW, of a 38 GW solar power capacity.[139]

text: Commemorative stamp[edit]

text: On June 20, 2017,[140] the United States Postal Service released the first application of thermochromic ink to postage stamps in its Total Eclipse of the Sun Forever stamp[141] to commemorate the solar eclipse of August 21, 2017. When pressed with a finger, body heat turns the black circle in the center of the stamp into an image of the full moon. The stamp image is a photo of the solar eclipse of March 29, 2006 seen in Jalu, Libya. The photo was taken by retired NASA astrophysicist Fred Espenak.[141]

text: Related eclipses[edit]

text: Astronomers Without Borders began collecting eclipse glasses for redistribution to Latin America for the total solar eclipse occurring on July 2, 2019 and to Asia for the annular eclipse on December 26, 2019.[142]

text: A partial lunar eclipse took place on August 7, 2017, in the same eclipse season. It was visible over Africa, Asia, Australia, and eastern Europe.

text: Solar eclipses 2015–2018[edit]

text: Each member in a semester series of solar eclipses repeats approximately every 177 days and 4 hours (a semester) at alternating nodes of the Moon's orbit.

text:
[show]Solar eclipse series sets from 2015–18

Descending node

Ascending node

Saros
Map
Saros
Map

120

Longyearbyen, Svalbard
March 20, 2015

Total
125
September 13, 2015

Partial

130

Balikpapan, Indonesia
March 9, 2016

Total
135

L'Étang-Salé, Réunion
September 1, 2016

Annular

140

Partial from Buenos Aires
February 26, 2017

Annular
145

Oregon
August 21, 2017

Total

150
February 15, 2018

Partial
155
August 11, 2018

Partial

Partial solar eclipses on July 13, 2018, and January 6, 2019, occur during the next semester series.

text: Saros series 145[edit]

text: This solar eclipse is a part of Saros cycle 145, repeating every 18 years, 11 days, 8 hours, containing 77 events. The series started with a partial solar eclipse on January 4, 1639, and reached a first annular eclipse on June 6, 1891. It was a hybrid event on June 17, 1909, and total eclipses from June 29, 1927, through September 9, 2648. The series ends at member 77 as a partial eclipse on April 17, 3009. The longest eclipse will occur on June 25, 2522, with a maximum duration of totality of 7 minutes, 12 seconds. [143]

text:
[show]Series members 16–26 occur between 1901 and 2100

16
17
18

June 17, 1909

June 29, 1927

July 9, 1945

19
20
21

July 20, 1963

July 31, 1981

August 11, 1999

22
23
24

August 21, 2017

September 2, 2035

September 12, 2053

25
26

September 23, 2071

October 4, 2089

text: Metonic series[edit]

text: The metonic series repeats eclipses every 19 years (6939.69 days), lasting about 5 cycles. Eclipses occur in nearly the same calendar date. In addition, the octon subseries repeats 1/5 of that or every 3.8 years (1387.94 days).

text:
[show]21 eclipse events, progressing from north to south between June 10, 1964, and August 21, 2036

June 10–11
March 27–29
January 15–16
November 3
August 21–22

117
119
121
123
125

June 10, 1964

March 28, 1968

January 16, 1972

November 3, 1975

August 22, 1979

127
129
131
133
135

June 11, 1983

March 29, 1987

January 15, 1991

November 3, 1994

August 22, 1998

137
139
141
143
145

June 10, 2002

March 29, 2006

January 15, 2010

November 3, 2013

August 21, 2017

147
149
151
153
155

June 10, 2021

March 29, 2025

January 14, 2029

November 3, 2032

August 21, 2036