document_title: Automated teller machine

question_text: when was the first atm installed in uk

question_tokens: when was the first atm installed in uk

text: Automated teller machine

text: History[edit]

text: The idea of out-of-hours cash distribution developed from bankers' needs in Asia (Japan), Europe (Sweden and the United Kingdom) and North America (the United States).[11][12][13] Little is known of the Japanese device other than it was called "Computer Loan Machine" and supplied cash as a three-month loan at 5% p.a. after inserting a credit card. The device was operational in 1966.[14][15]

text: Adrian Ashfield invented the basic idea of a card combining the key and user's identity in February 1962. This was granted UK Patent 959,713 for "Access Controller" in June 1964 and assigned to W. S. Atkins & Partners who employed Ashfield. He was paid ten shillings for this, the standard sum for all patents. It was originally intended to dispense petrol but the patent covered all uses.

text: In the US patent record, Luther George Simjian has been credited with developing a "prior art device". Specifically his 132nd patent (US3079603), which was first filed on 30 June 1960 (and granted 26 February 1963). The roll-out of this machine, called Bankograph, was delayed by a couple of years, due in part to Simjian's Reflectone Electronics Inc. being acquired by Universal Match Corporation.[16] An experimental Bankograph was installed in New York City in 1961 by the City Bank of New York, but removed after six months due to the lack of customer acceptance. The Bankograph was an automated envelope deposit machine (accepting coins, cash and cheques) and did not have cash dispensing features.[17][18]

text: It is widely accepted that the first cash machine was put into use by Barclays Bank in its Enfield Town branch in North London, United Kingdom, on 27 June 1967.[19] This machine was inaugurated by English comedy actor Reg Varney.[20] This instance of the invention is credited to the engineering team led by John Shepherd-Barron of printing firm De La Rue,[21] who was awarded an OBE in the 2005 New Year Honours.[22][23] Transactions were initiated by inserting paper cheques issued by a teller or cashier, marked with carbon-14 for machine readability and security, which in a later model were matched with a six-digit personal identification number (PIN).[21][24] Shepherd-Barron stated; "It struck me there must be a way I could get my own money, anywhere in the world or the UK. I hit upon the idea of a chocolate bar dispenser, but replacing chocolate with cash."[21]

text: The Barclays–De La Rue machine (called De La Rue Automatic Cash System or DACS)[25] beat the Swedish saving banks' and a company called Metior's machine (a device called Bankomat) by a mere nine days and Westminster Bank's–Smith Industries–Chubb system (called Chubb MD2) by a month.[26] The online version of the Swedish machine is listed to have been operational on 6 May 1968, while claiming to be the first online ATM in the world (ahead of a similar claim by IBM and Lloyds Bank in 1971).[27] The collaboration of a small start-up called Speytec and Midland Bank developed a fourth machine which was marketed after 1969 in Europe and the US by the Burroughs Corporation. The patent for this device (GB1329964) was filed in September 1969 (and granted in 1973) by John David Edwards, Leonard Perkins, John Henry Donald, Peter Lee Chappell, Sean Benjamin Newcombe & Malcom David Roe.

text: Both the DACS and MD2 accepted only a single-use token or voucher which was retained by the machine, while the Speytec worked with a card with a magnetic stripe at the back. They used principles including Carbon-14 and low-coercivity magnetism in order to make fraud more difficult.

text: The idea of a PIN stored on the card was developed by a group of engineers working at Smiths Group on the Chubb MD2 in 1965 and which has been credited to James Goodfellow[28] (patent GB1197183 filed on 2 May 1966 with Anthony Davies). The essence of this system was that it enabled the verification of the customer with the debited account without human intervention. This patent is also the earliest instance of a complete "currency dispenser system" in the patent record. This patent was filed on 5 March 1968 in the US (US 3543904) and granted on 1 December 1970. It had a profound influence on the industry as a whole. Not only did future entrants into the cash dispenser market such as NCR Corporation and IBM licence Goodfellow's PIN system, but a number of later patents reference this patent as "Prior Art Device".[29]

text: Propagation[edit]

text: Devices designed by British (i.e. Chubb, De La Rue) and Swedish (i.e. Asea Meteor) quickly spread out. For example, given its link with Barclays, Bank of Scotland deployed a DACS in 1968 under the 'Scotcash' brand. Customers were given personal code numbers to activate the machines, similar to the modern PIN. They were also supplied with £10 vouchers. These were fed into the machine, and the corresponding amount debited from the customer's account.

text: A Chubb-made ATM appeared in Sydney in 1969. This was the first ATM installed in Australia. The machine only dispensed $25 at a time and the bank card itself would be mailed to the user after the bank had processed the withdrawal.

text: Asea Metior's Bankomat was the first ATM installed in Spain on January 9, 1969 in downtown Madrid by Banesto. This device dispensed 1,000 peseta bills (1 to 5 max). Each user had to introduce a security personal key using a combination of the ten numeric buttons.[30] In March of the same year an ad with the instructions to use the Bancomat was published in the same newspaper.[31]

text: Docutel in the United States (1969)[edit]

text: After looking firsthand at the experiences in Europe, in 1968 the ATM was pioneered in the U.S. by Donald Wetzel, who was a department head at a company called Docutel.[23] Docutel was a subsidiary of Recognition Equipment Inc of Dallas, Texas, which was producing optical scanning equipment and had instructed Docutel to explore automated baggage handling and automated gasoline pumps.[32] In 1969, a venture capital consortium purchased Docutel with the aim of bringing its ATM to market without delay. By 1974, Docutel had acquired 70 percent of the U.S. market; but as a result of the early 1970s worldwide recession and its reliance on a single product line, Docutel lost its independence and was forced to merge with the U.S. subsidiary of Olivetti.

text: Wetzel was recognised by the United States Patent Office as having invented the ATM in the form of U.S. Patent # 3,761,682; the application had been filed in October 1971 and the patent was granted in 1973. However, the U.S. patent record cites at least three previous applications from Docutel, all relevant to the development of the ATM and where Wetzel does not figure, namely US Patent # 3,662,343, U.S. Patent # 3651976 and U.S. Patent # 3,68,569. These patents are all credited to Kenneth S. Goldstein, MR Karecki, TR Barnes, GR Chastian and John D. White.

text: On September 2, 1969, Chemical Bank installed the first ATM in the U.S. at its branch in Rockville Centre, New York. The first ATMs were designed to dispense a fixed amount of cash when a user inserted a specially coded card.[33] A Chemical Bank advertisement boasted "On Sept. 2 our bank will open at 9:00 and never close again."[34] Chemical's ATM, initially known as a Docuteller was designed by Donald Wetzel and his company Docutel. Chemical executives were initially hesitant about the electronic banking transition given the high cost of the early machines. Additionally, executives were concerned that customers would resist having machines handling their money.[35] In 1995, the Smithsonian National Museum of American History recognised Docutel and Wetzel as the inventors of the networked ATM.[36]

text: Continued improvements[edit]

text: The first modern ATM was an IBM 2984 and came into use at Lloyds Bank, High Street, Brentwood, Essex, UK in December 1972. The IBM 2984 was designed at the request of Lloyds Bank. The 2984 Cash Issuing Terminal was the first true ATM, similar in function to today's machines and named by Lloyds Bank: Cashpoint. Cashpoint is still a registered trademark of Lloyds Banking Group in the UK, but is often used as a generic trademark to refer to ATMs of all UK banks. All were online and issued a variable amount which was immediately deducted from the account. A small number of 2984s were supplied to a U.S. bank. A couple of well known historical models of ATMs include the IBM 3614, IBM 3624 and 473x series, Diebold 10xx and TABS 9000 series, NCR 1780 and earlier NCR 770 series.

text: The first switching system to enable shared automated teller machines between banks went into production operation on February 3, 1979 in Denver, Colorado, in an effort by Colorado National Bank of Denver and Kranzley and Company of Cherry Hill, New Jersey.[37]

text: The newest ATM at Royal Bank of Scotland allows customers to withdraw cash up to £100 without a card by inputting a six-digit code requested through their smartphones.[38]

text: Location[edit]

text: ATMs can be placed at any location but are most often placed near or inside banks, shopping centers/malls, airports, railway stations, metro stations, grocery stores, petrol/gas stations, restaurants, and other locations. ATMs are also found on cruise ships and on some US Navy ships, where sailors can draw out their pay.[39]

text: ATMs may be on- and off-premises. On-premises ATMs are typically more advanced, multi-function machines that complement a bank branch's capabilities, and are thus more expensive. Off-premises machines are deployed by financial institutions and Independent Sales Organisations (ISOs) where there is a simple need for cash, so they are generally cheaper single function devices.

text: In the US, Canada and some Gulf countries, banks may have drive-thru lanes providing access to ATMs using an automobile.

text: In recent times, countries like India and some countries in Africa are installing ATMs in rural areas, which are solar powered.[40]

text: Financial networks[edit]

text: Most ATMs are connected to interbank networks, enabling people to withdraw and deposit money from machines not belonging to the bank where they have their accounts or in the countries where their accounts are held (enabling cash withdrawals in local currency). Some examples of interbank networks include NYCE, PULSE, PLUS, Cirrus, AFFN, Interac, Interswitch, STAR, LINK, MegaLink and BancNet.

text: ATMs rely on authorization of a financial transaction by the card issuer or other authorizing institution on a communications network. This is often performed through an ISO 8583 messaging system.

text: Many banks charge ATM usage fees. In some cases, these fees are charged solely to users who are not customers of the bank where the ATM is installed; in other cases, they apply to all users.

text: In order to allow a more diverse range of devices to attach to their networks, some interbank networks have passed rules expanding the definition of an ATM to be a terminal that either has the vault within its footprint or utilises the vault or cash drawer within the merchant establishment, which allows for the use of a scrip cash dispenser.

text: ATMs typically connect directly to their host or ATM Controller on either ADSL or dial-up modem over a telephone line or directly on a leased line. Leased lines are preferable to plain old telephone service (POTS) lines because they require less time to establish a connection. Less-trafficked machines will usually rely on a dial-up modem on a POTS line rather than using a leased line, since a leased line may be comparatively more expensive to operate compared to a POTS line. That dilemma may be solved as high-speed Internet VPN connections become more ubiquitous. Common lower-level layer communication protocols used by ATMs to communicate back to the bank include SNA over SDLC, TC500 over Async, X.25, and TCP/IP over Ethernet.

text: In addition to methods employed for transaction security and secrecy, all communications traffic between the ATM and the Transaction Processor may also be encrypted using methods such as SSL.[41]

text: Global use[edit]

text: There are no hard international or government-compiled numbers totaling the complete number of ATMs in use worldwide. Estimates developed by ATMIA place the number of ATMs currently in use at 3 million units, or approximately 1 ATM per 3000 people in the world.[42][43]

text: To simplify the analysis of ATM usage around the world, financial institutions generally divide the world into seven regions, due to the penetration rates, usage statistics, and features deployed. Four regions (USA, Canada, Europe, and Japan) have high numbers of ATMs per million people.[44][45] Despite the large number of ATMs, there is additional demand for machines in the Asia/Pacific area as well as in Latin America.[46][47] Macau may have the highest density of ATMs at 254 ATMs per 100,000 adults.[48] ATMs have yet to reach high numbers in the Near East and Africa.[49]

text: The world's highest ATM is located at the Khunjerab Pass in Pakistan. Installed at an elevation of 15,397 feet by the National Bank of Pakistan, it is designed to work in temperatures of up to -40 degree Celsius.[50]

text: Hardware[edit]

text: An ATM is typically made up of the following devices:

text:
CPU (to control the user interface and transaction devices)
Magnetic or chip card reader (to identify the customer)
PIN pad EEP4 (similar in layout to a touch tone or calculator keypad), manufactured as part of a secure enclosure
Secure cryptoprocessor, generally within a secure enclosure
Display (used by the customer for performing the transaction)
Function key buttons (usually close to the display) or a touchscreen (used to select the various aspects of the transaction)
Record printer (to provide the customer with a record of the transaction)
Vault (to store the parts of the machinery requiring restricted access)
Housing (for aesthetics and to attach signage to)
Sensors and indicators

text: Due to heavier computing demands and the falling price of personal computer–like architectures, ATMs have moved away from custom hardware architectures using microcontrollers or application-specific integrated circuits and have adopted the hardware architecture of a personal computer, such as USB connections for peripherals, Ethernet and IP communications, and use personal computer operating systems.

text: Business owners often lease ATMs from service providers. However, based on the economies of scale, the price of equipment has dropped to the point where many business owners are simply paying for ATMs using a credit card.

text: New ADA voice and text-to-speech guidelines imposed in 2010, but required by March 2012[51] have forced many ATM owners to either upgrade non-compliant machines or dispose them if they are not upgradable, and purchase new compliant equipment. This has created an avenue for hackers and thieves to obtain ATM hardware at junkyards from improperly disposed decommissioned machines.[52]

text: The vault of an ATM is within the footprint of the device itself and is where items of value are kept. Scrip cash dispensers do not incorporate a vault.

text: Mechanisms found inside the vault may include:

text:
Dispensing mechanism (to provide cash or other items of value)
Deposit mechanism including a cheque processing module and bulk note acceptor (to allow the customer to make deposits)
Security sensors (magnetic, thermal, seismic, gas)
Locks (to ensure controlled access to the contents of the vault)
Journaling systems; many are electronic (a sealed flash memory device based on in-house standards) or a solid-state device (an actual printer) which accrues all records of activity including access timestamps, number of notes dispensed, etc. This is considered sensitive data and is secured in similar fashion to the cash as it is a similar liability.

text: ATM vaults are supplied by manufacturers in several grades. Factors influencing vault grade selection include cost, weight, regulatory requirements, ATM type, operator risk avoidance practices and internal volume requirements.[53] Industry standard vault configurations include Underwriters Laboratories UL-291 "Business Hours" and Level 1 Safes,[54] RAL TL-30 derivatives,[55] and CEN EN 1143-1 - CEN III and CEN IV.[56][57]

text: ATM manufacturers recommend that a vault be attached to the floor to prevent theft,[58] though there is a record of a theft conducted by tunnelling into an ATM floor.[59]

text: Software[edit]

text: With the migration to commodity Personal Computer hardware, standard commercial "off-the-shelf" operating systems and programming environments can be used inside of ATMs. Typical platforms previously used in ATM development include RMX or OS/2.

text: Today, the vast majority of ATMs worldwide use a Microsoft Windows operating system, primarily Windows XP Professional or Windows XP Embedded.[citation needed][needs update] In early 2014, 95% of ATMs were running Windows XP.[60] A small number of deployments may still be running older versions of the Windows OS, such as Windows NT, Windows CE, or Windows 2000.

text: There is a computer industry security view that general public desktop operating systems(os) have greater risks as operating systems for cash dispensing machines than other types of operating systems like (secure) real-time operating systems (RTOS). RISKS Digest has many articles about ATM operating system vulnerabilities.[61]

text: Linux is also finding some reception in the ATM marketplace. An example of this is Banrisul, the largest bank in the south of Brazil, which has replaced the MS-DOS operating systems in its ATMs with Linux. Banco do Brasil is also migrating ATMs to Linux. Indian-based Vortex Engineering is manufacturing ATMs which operate only with Linux. Common application layer transaction protocols, such as Diebold 91x (911 or 912) and NCR NDC or NDC+ provide emulation of older generations of hardware on newer platforms with incremental extensions made over time to address new capabilities, although companies like NCR continuously improve these protocols issuing newer versions (e.g. NCR's AANDC v3.x.y, where x.y are subversions). Most major ATM manufacturers provide software packages that implement these protocols. Newer protocols such as IFX have yet to find wide acceptance by transaction processors.[62]

text: With the move to a more standardised software base, financial institutions have been increasingly interested in the ability to pick and choose the application programs that drive their equipment. WOSA/XFS, now known as CEN XFS (or simply XFS), provides a common API for accessing and manipulating the various devices of an ATM. J/XFS is a Java implementation of the CEN XFS API.

text: While the perceived benefit of XFS is similar to the Java's "Write once, run anywhere" mantra, often different ATM hardware vendors have different interpretations of the XFS standard. The result of these differences in interpretation means that ATM applications typically use a middleware to even out the differences among various platforms.

text: With the onset of Windows operating systems and XFS on ATMs, the software applications have the ability to become more intelligent. This has created a new breed of ATM applications commonly referred to as programmable applications. These types of applications allows for an entirely new host of applications in which the ATM terminal can do more than only communicate with the ATM switch. It is now empowered to connected to other content servers and video banking systems.

text: Notable ATM software that operates on XFS platforms include Triton PRISM, Diebold Agilis EmPower, NCR APTRA Edge, Absolute Systems AbsoluteINTERACT, KAL Kalignite Software Platform, Phoenix Interactive VISTAatm, Wincor Nixdorf ProTopas, Euronet EFTS and Intertech inter-ATM.

text: With the move of ATMs to industry-standard computing environments, concern has risen about the integrity of the ATM's software stack.[63]

text: Security[edit]

text: Security, as it relates to ATMs, has several dimensions. ATMs also provide a practical demonstration of a number of security systems and concepts operating together and how various security concerns are addressed.

text: Physical[edit]

text: Early ATM security focused on making the terminals invulnerable to physical attack; they were effectively safes with dispenser mechanisms. A number of attacks resulted, with thieves attempting to steal entire machines by ram-raiding.[64] Since the late 1990s, criminal groups operating in Japan improved ram-raiding by stealing and using a truck loaded with heavy construction machinery to effectively demolish or uproot an entire ATM and any housing to steal its cash.

text: Another attack method, plofkraak, is to seal all openings of the ATM with silicone and fill the vault with a combustible gas or to place an explosive inside, attached, or near the machine. This gas or explosive is ignited and the vault is opened or distorted by the force of the resulting explosion and the criminals can break in.[65] This type of theft has occurred in the Netherlands, Belgium, France, Denmark, Germany and Australia.[66][67] These types of attacks can be prevented by a number of gas explosion prevention devices also known as gas suppression system. These systems use explosive gas detection sensor to detect explosive gas and to neutralise it by releasing a special explosion suppression chemical which changes the composition of the explosive gas and renders it ineffective.

text: Several attacks in the UK (at least one of which was successful) have involved digging a concealed tunnel under the ATM and cutting through the reinforced base to remove the money.[59]

text: Modern ATM physical security, per other modern money-handling security, concentrates on denying the use of the money inside the machine to a thief, by using different types of Intelligent Banknote Neutralisation Systems.

text: A common method is to simply rob the staff filling the machine with money. To avoid this, the schedule for filling them is kept secret, varying and random. The money is often kept in cassettes, which will dye the money if incorrectly opened.

text: Transactional secrecy and integrity[edit]

text: The security of ATM transactions relies mostly on the integrity of the secure cryptoprocessor: the ATM often uses general commodity components that sometimes are not considered to be "trusted systems".

text: Encryption of personal information, required by law in many jurisdictions, is used to prevent fraud. Sensitive data in ATM transactions are usually encrypted with DES, but transaction processors now usually require the use of Triple DES.[68] Remote Key Loading techniques may be used to ensure the secrecy of the initialisation of the encryption keys in the ATM. Message Authentication Code (MAC) or Partial MAC may also be used to ensure messages have not been tampered with while in transit between the ATM and the financial network.

text: Customer identity integrity[edit]

text: There have also been a number of incidents of fraud by Man-in-the-middle attacks, where criminals have attached fake keypads or card readers to existing machines. These have then been used to record customers' PINs and bank card information in order to gain unauthorised access to their accounts. Various ATM manufacturers have put in place countermeasures to protect the equipment they manufacture from these threats.[69][70]

text: Alternative methods to verify cardholder identities have been tested and deployed in some countries, such as finger and palm vein patterns,[71] iris, and facial recognition technologies. Cheaper mass-produced equipment has been developed and is being installed in machines globally that detect the presence of foreign objects on the front of ATMs, current tests have shown 99% detection success for all types of skimming devices.[72]

text: Device operation integrity[edit]

text: Openings on the customer side of ATMs are often covered by mechanical shutters to prevent tampering with the mechanisms when they are not in use. Alarm sensors are placed inside ATMs and their servicing areas to alert their operators when doors have been opened by unauthorised personnel.

text: To protect against hackers, ATMs have a built-in firewall. Once the firewall has detected malicious attempts to break into the machine remotely, the firewall locks down the machine.

text: Rules are usually set by the government or ATM operating body that dictate what happens when integrity systems fail. Depending on the jurisdiction, a bank may or may not be liable when an attempt is made to dispense a customer's money from an ATM and the money either gets outside of the ATM's vault, or was exposed in a non-secure fashion, or they are unable to determine the state of the money after a failed transaction.[73] Customers often commented that it is difficult to recover money lost in this way, but this is often complicated by the policies regarding suspicious activities typical of the criminal element.[74]

text: Customer security[edit]

text: In some countries, multiple security cameras and security guards are a common feature.[75] In the United States, The New York State Comptroller's Office has advised the New York State Department of Banking to have more thorough safety inspections of ATMs in high crime areas.[76]

text: Consultants of ATM operators assert that the issue of customer security should have more focus by the banking industry;[77] it has been suggested that efforts are now more concentrated on the preventive measure of deterrent legislation than on the problem of ongoing forced withdrawals.[78]

text: At least as far back as July 30, 1986, consultants of the industry have advised for the adoption of an emergency PIN system for ATMs, where the user is able to send a silent alarm in response to a threat.[79] Legislative efforts to require an emergency PIN system have appeared in Illinois,[80] Kansas[81] and Georgia,[82] but none have succeeded yet. In January 2009, Senate Bill 1355 was proposed in the Illinois Senate that revisits the issue of the reverse emergency PIN system.[83] The bill is again supported by the police and denied by the banking lobby.[84]

text: In 1998, three towns outside Cleveland, Ohio, in response to an ATM crime wave, adopted legislation requiring that an emergency telephone number switch be installed at all outdoor ATMs within their jurisdiction. In the wake of a homicide in Sharon Hill, Pennsylvania, the city council passed an ATM security bill as well.

text: In China and elsewhere, many efforts to promote security have been made. On-premises ATMs are often located inside the bank's lobby, which may be accessible 24 hours a day. These lobbies have extensive security camera coverage, a courtesy telephone for consulting with the bank staff, and a security guard on the premises. Bank lobbies that are not guarded 24 hours a day may also have secure doors that can only be opened from outside by swiping the bank card against a wall-mounted scanner, allowing the bank to identify which card enters the building. Most ATMs will also display on-screen safety warnings and may also be fitted with convex mirrors above the display allowing the user to see what is happening behind them.

text: As of 2013, the only claim available about the extent of ATM-connected homicides is that they range from 500 to 1,000 per year in the US, covering only cases where the victim had an ATM card and the card was used by the killer after the known time of death.[85]

text: Jackpotting[edit]

text: The term jackpotting is used to describe one method criminals utilize to steal money from an ATM. The thieves gain physical access through a small hole drilled in the machine. They disconnect the existing hard drive and connect an external drive using an industrial endoscope. They then depress an internal button that reboots the device so that it is now under the control of the external drive. They can then have the ATM dispense all of its cash.[86]

text: Uses[edit]

text: ATMs were originally developed as cash dispensers, and have evolved to provide many other bank-related functions:

text:
Paying routine bills, fees, and taxes (utilities, phone bills, social security, legal fees, income taxes, etc.)
Printing or ordering bank statements
Updating passbooks
Cash advances
Cheque Processing Module
Paying (in full or partially) the credit balance on a card linked to a specific current account.
Transferring money between linked accounts (such as transferring between accounts)
Deposit currency recognition, acceptance, and recycling[87][88]

text: In some countries, especially those which benefit from a fully integrated cross-bank network (e.g.: Multibanco in Portugal), ATMs include many functions that are not directly related to the management of one's own bank account, such as:

text:
Loading monetary value into stored value cards
Adding pre-paid cell phone / mobile phone credit.
Purchasing

Concert tickets
Gold[89]
Lottery tickets
Movie tickets
Postage stamps.
Train tickets
Shopping mall gift certificates.

Donating to charities[90]

text: Increasingly, banks are seeking to use the ATM as a sales device to deliver pre approved loans and targeted advertising using products such as ITM (the Intelligent Teller Machine) from Aptra Relate from NCR.[91] ATMs can also act as an advertising channel for other companies.[92]*

text: However, several different ATM technologies have not yet reached worldwide acceptance, such as:

text:
Videoconferencing with human tellers, known as video tellers[93]
Biometrics, where authorization of transactions is based on the scanning of a customer's fingerprint, iris, face, etc.[94][95][96]
Cheque/cash Acceptance, where the machine accepts and recognises cheques and/or currency without using envelopes[97] Expected to grow in importance in the US through Check 21 legislation.
Bar code scanning[98]
On-demand printing of "items of value" (such as movie tickets, traveler's cheques, etc.)
Dispensing additional media (such as phone cards)
Co-ordination of ATMs with mobile phones[99]
Integration with non-banking equipment[100][101]
Games and promotional features[102]
CRM through the ATM

text: Videoconferencing teller machines are currently referred to as Interactive Teller Machines. Benton Smith, in the Idaho Business Review writes "The software that allows interactive teller machines to function was created by a Salt Lake City-based company called uGenius, a producer of video banking software. NCR, a leading manufacturer of ATMs, acquired uGenius in 2013 and married its own ATM hardware with uGenius' video software." [103]

text: Reliability[edit]

text: Before an ATM is placed in a public place, it typically has undergone extensive testing with both test money and the backend computer systems that allow it to perform transactions. Banking customers also have come to expect high reliability in their ATMs,[104] which provides incentives to ATM providers to minimise machine and network failures. Financial consequences of incorrect machine operation also provide high degrees of incentive to minimise malfunctions.[105]

text: ATMs and the supporting electronic financial networks are generally very reliable, with industry benchmarks typically producing 98.25% customer availability for ATMs[106] and up to 99.999% availability for host systems that manage the networks of ATMs. If ATM networks do go out of service, customers could be left without the ability to make transactions until the beginning of their bank's next time of opening hours.

text: This said, not all errors are to the detriment of customers; there have been cases of machines giving out money without debiting the account, or giving out higher value notes as a result of incorrect denomination of banknote being loaded in the money cassettes.[107] The result of receiving too much money may be influenced by the card holder agreement in place between the customer and the bank.[108][109]

text: Errors that can occur may be mechanical (such as card transport mechanisms; keypads; hard disk failures; envelope deposit mechanisms); software (such as operating system; device driver; application); communications; or purely down to operator error.

text: To aid in reliability, some ATMs print each transaction to a roll-paper journal that is stored inside the ATM, which allows its users and the related financial institutions to settle things based on the records in the journal in case there is a dispute. In some cases, transactions are posted to an electronic journal to remove the cost of supplying journal paper to the ATM and for more convenient searching of data.

text: Improper money checking can cause the possibility of a customer receiving counterfeit banknotes from an ATM. While bank personnel are generally trained better at spotting and removing counterfeit cash,[110][111] the resulting ATM money supplies used by banks provide no guarantee for proper banknotes, as the Federal Criminal Police Office of Germany has confirmed that there are regularly incidents of false banknotes having been dispensed through ATMs.[112] Some ATMs may be stocked and wholly owned by outside companies, which can further complicate this problem. Bill validation technology can be used by ATM providers to help ensure the authenticity of the cash before it is stocked in the machine; those with cash recycling capabilities include this capability.[113]

text: In India, whenever a transaction fails at an ATM machine due to network or technical issue and if the amount does not get dispensed in spite of account being debited then the banks are supposed to return back the debited amount to the customer within 7 working days from the day of receipt of complaint. Banks are also liable to pay the late fees in case of delay in repayment of funds post 7 days.[114]

text: Fraud[edit]

text: As with any device containing objects of value, ATMs and the systems they depend on to function are the targets of fraud. Fraud against ATMs and people's attempts to use them takes several forms.

text: The first known instance of a fake ATM was installed at a shopping mall in Manchester, Connecticut in 1993. By modifying the inner workings of a Fujitsu model 7020 ATM, a criminal gang known as the Bucklands Boys stole information from cards inserted into the machine by customers.[115]

text: WAVY-TV reported an incident in Virginia Beach in September 2006 where a hacker, who had probably obtained a factory-default administrator password for a filling station's white-label ATM, caused the unit to assume it was loaded with US$5 bills instead of $20s, enabling himself—and many subsequent customers—to walk away with four times the money withdrawn from their accounts.[116] This type of scam was featured on the TV series The Real Hustle.

text: ATM behaviour can change during what is called "stand-in" time, where the bank's cash dispensing network is unable to access databases that contain account information (possibly for database maintenance). In order to give customers access to cash, customers may be allowed to withdraw cash up to a certain amount that may be less than their usual daily withdrawal limit, but may still exceed the amount of available money in their accounts, which could result in fraud if the customers intentionally withdraw more money than what they had in their accounts.[117]

text: Card fraud[edit]

text: In an attempt to prevent criminals from shoulder surfing the customer's personal identification number (PIN), some banks draw privacy areas on the floor.

text: For a low-tech form of fraud, the easiest is to simply steal a customer's card along with its PIN. A later variant of this approach is to trap the card inside of the ATM's card reader with a device often referred to as a Lebanese loop. When the customer gets frustrated by not getting the card back and walks away from the machine, the criminal is able to remove the card and withdraw cash from the customer's account, using the card and its PIN.

text: This type of fraud has spread globally. Although somewhat replaced in terms of volume by skimming incidents, a re-emergence of card trapping has been noticed in regions such as Europe, where EMV chip and PIN cards have increased in circulation.[118]

text: Another simple form of fraud involves attempting to get the customer's bank to issue a new card and its PIN and stealing them from their mail.[119]

text: By contrast, a newer high-tech method of operating, sometimes called card skimming or card cloning, involves the installation of a magnetic card reader over the real ATM's card slot and the use of a wireless surveillance camera or a modified digital camera or a false PIN keypad to observe the user's PIN. Card data is then cloned into a duplicate card and the criminal attempts a standard cash withdrawal. The availability of low-cost commodity wireless cameras, keypads, card readers, and card writers has made it a relatively simple form of fraud, with comparatively low risk to the fraudsters.[120]

text: In an attempt to stop these practices, countermeasures against card cloning have been developed by the banking industry, in particular by the use of smart cards which cannot easily be copied or spoofed by unauthenticated devices, and by attempting to make the outside of their ATMs tamper evident. Older chip-card security systems include the French Carte Bleue, Visa Cash, Mondex, Blue from American Express[121] and EMV '96 or EMV 3.11. The most actively developed form of smart card security in the industry today is known as EMV 2000 or EMV 4.x.

text: EMV is widely used in the UK (Chip and PIN) and other parts of Europe, but when it is not available in a specific area, ATMs must fall back to using the easy–to–copy magnetic stripe to perform transactions. This fallback behaviour can be exploited.[122] However, the fallback option has been removed on the ATMs of some UK banks, meaning if the chip is not read, the transaction will be declined.

text: Card cloning and skimming can be detected by the implementation of magnetic card reader heads and firmware that can read a signature embedded in all magnetic stripes during the card production process. This signature, known as a "MagnePrint" or "BluPrint", can be used in conjunction with common two-factor authentication schemes used in ATM, debit/retail point-of-sale and prepaid card applications.

text: The concept and various methods of copying the contents of an ATM card's magnetic stripe onto a duplicate card to access other people's financial information was well known in the hacking communities by late 1990.[123]

text: In 1996, Andrew Stone, a computer security consultant from Hampshire in the UK, was convicted of stealing more than £1 million by pointing high-definition video cameras at ATMs from a considerable distance and recording the card numbers, expiry dates, etc. from the embossed detail on the ATM cards along with video footage of the PINs being entered. After getting all the information from the videotapes, he was able to produce clone cards which not only allowed him to withdraw the full daily limit for each account, but also allowed him to sidestep withdrawal limits by using multiple copied cards. In court, it was shown that he could withdraw as much as £10,000 per hour by using this method. Stone was sentenced to five years and six months in prison.[124]

text: Related devices[edit]

text: A talking ATM is a type of ATM that provides audible instructions so that people who cannot read a screen can independently use the machine, therefore effectively eliminating the need for assistance from an external, potentially malevolent source. All audible information is delivered privately through a standard headphone jack on the face of the machine. Alternatively, some banks such as the Nordea and Swedbank use a built-in external speaker which may be invoked by pressing the talk button on the keypad.[125] Information is delivered to the customer either through pre-recorded sound files or via text-to-speech speech synthesis.

text: A postal interactive kiosk may share many components of an ATM (including a vault), but it only dispenses items related to postage.[126][127]

text: A scrip cash dispenser may have many components in common with an ATM, but it lacks the ability to dispense physical cash and consequently requires no vault. Instead, the customer requests a withdrawal transaction from the machine, which prints a receipt. The customer then takes this receipt to a nearby sales clerk, who then exchanges it for cash from the till.[128]

text: A teller assist unit (TAU) is distinct in that it is designed to be operated solely by trained personnel and not by the general public, does integrate directly into interbank networks, and usually is controlled by a computer that is not directly integrated into the overall construction of the unit.

text: A Web ATM is an online interface for ATM card banking that uses a smart card reader. All the usual ATM functions are available, except for withdrawing cash. Most banks in Taiwan provide these online services.[129][130]


document_title: History of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

question_text: when did st vincent and the grenadines became independent

root

text: Early European contacts[edit]

text: Columbus and the Spanish conquistadors largely ignored St. Vincent and the smaller Grenadine islands nearby, but focused instead on the pursuit of gold and silver in Central and South America. They did embark on slaving expeditions in and around St. Vincent following royal sanction in 1511, driving the Carib inhabitants to the rugged interior, but the Spanish made no attempt to settle the island.[2] Carib Indians aggressively prevented European settlement on St. Vincent until the 18th century. African slaves, whether shipwrecked or escaped from St. Lucia or Grenada and seeking refuge in St. Vincent, intermarried with the Caribs and became known as "black Caribs". Now those of mixed African-Carib ancestry are known as Garifuna. Established date is around 1511, over 400 years later.

tag: p

text: French colony[edit]

text: The first Europeans to occupy St. Vincent were the French. However, following a series of wars and peace treaties, the islands were eventually ceded to the British. While the English were the first to lay claim to St. Vincent in 1627, the French centered on the island of Martinique would be the first European settlers on the island when they established their first colony at Barrouallie on the Leeward side of St. Vincent in 1719.[3] The French settlers cultivated coffee, tobacco, indigo, corn, and sugar on plantations worked by African slaves.

text: St. Vincent was ceded to Britain by the Treaty of Paris (1763), after which friction between the British and the Caribs led to the First Carib War. The island was restored to French rule in 1779 and regained by the British under the Treaty of Versailles (1783). Between 1795 and 1796, with French support from Martinique, the Black Caribs, led by their chief, Joseph Chatoyer, fought a series of battles against the British. Their uprising was eventually put down, however, resulting in almost 5,000 Black Caribs being exiled to the tiny island of Baliceaux off the coast of Bequia. Conflict between the British and the black Caribs continued until 1796, when General Abercrombie crushed a revolt fomented by the French radical Victor Hugues. The British deported more than 5,000 black Caribs to Roatán, an island off the coast of Honduras.

text: Like the French before them, the British also used African slaves to work plantations of sugar, coffee, indigo, tobacco, cotton and cocoa until full emancipation in 1838. The economy then went into a period of decline with many landowners abandoning their estates and leaving the land to be cultivated by liberated slaves. Life was made even harder following two eruptions of the La Soufriere volcano in 1812 and 1902 when much of the island was destroyed and many people were killed. In 1979 it erupted again, this time with no fatalities. In the same year, St Vincent and The Grenadines gained full independence from Britain, while remaining a member of the Commonwealth of Nations.

text: British colony[edit]

text: From 1763 until independence, St. Vincent passed through various stages of colonial status under the British. A representative assembly was authorized in 1776. Decades after the success of the Haitian Revolution, the British abolished slavery in 1834. The resulting labour shortages on the plantations attracted Portuguese immigrants in the 1840s and East Indians in the 1860s as laborers. Conditions remained harsh for both former slaves and immigrant agricultural workers, as depressed world sugar prices kept the economy stagnant until the turn of the 20th century.

text: A Crown Colony government was installed in 1877, a Legislative Council created in 1925, and universal adult suffrage granted in 1951. During this period, the British made several unsuccessful attempts to affiliate St. Vincent with other Windward Islands in order to govern the region through a unified administration. The most notable was the West Indies Federation, which collapsed in 1962.

text: Self-rule and independence[edit]

text: St. Vincent was granted associate statehood status on October 27, 1969, giving it complete control over its internal affairs. Following a referendum in 1979, St. Vincent and the Grenadines became the last of the Windward Islands to gain independence. It celebrates independence on 27 October 1979.

text: Natural disasters have plagued the country throughout the 20th century. In 1902, Soufrière volcano erupted, killing 2,000 people. Much farmland was damaged, and the economy deteriorated. In April 1979, La Soufrière erupted again. Although no one was killed, thousands had to be evacuated, and there was extensive agricultural damage.

text: The island also suffers from hurricanes. On September 11, 1898, six hours of a terrible hurricane devastated Barrouallie, which was almost completely destroyed. More recently, in 1980 and 1987, hurricanes devastated banana and coconut plantations; 1998 and 1999 also saw very active hurricane seasons, with Hurricane Lenny in 1999 causing extensive damage to the west coast of the island.


document_title: National Football League Defensive Player of the Year Award

question_text: who won defensive player of the year nfl 2016

text: Associated Press[edit]

text: The AP NFL Defensive Player of the Year Award is given by the Associated Press to the league's most outstanding defensive player at the end of every NFL season since 1971.

text: Awardees[edit]

text:
Year
Player name
NFL team
Position

1971
Page, AlanAlan Page
Minnesota Vikings
Defensive tackle

1972
Greene, JoeJoe Greene
Pittsburgh Steelers
Defensive tackle

1973
Anderson, DickDick Anderson
Miami Dolphins
Safety

1974
Greene, JoeJoe Greene (2)
Pittsburgh Steelers (2)
Defensive tackle

1975
Blount, MelMel Blount
Pittsburgh Steelers (3)
Cornerback

1976
Lambert, JackJack Lambert
Pittsburgh Steelers (4)
Linebacker

1977
Martin, HarveyHarvey Martin
Dallas Cowboys
Defensive end

1978
Gradishar, RandyRandy Gradishar
Denver Broncos
Linebacker

1979
Selmon, Lee RoyLee Roy Selmon
Tampa Bay Buccaneers
Defensive end

1980
Hayes, LesterLester Hayes
Oakland Raiders
Cornerback

1981
Taylor, LawrenceLawrence Taylor-R
New York Giants
Linebacker

1982
Taylor, LawrenceLawrence Taylor (2)
New York Giants (2)
Linebacker

1983
Betters, DougDoug Betters
Miami Dolphins (2)
Defensive end

1984
Easley, KennyKenny Easley
Seattle Seahawks
Safety

1985
Singletary, MikeMike Singletary
Chicago Bears
Linebacker

1986
Taylor, LawrenceLawrence Taylor (3)
New York Giants (3)
Linebacker

1987
White, ReggieReggie White
Philadelphia Eagles
Defensive end

1988
Singletary, MikeMike Singletary (2)
Chicago Bears (2)
Linebacker

1989
Millard, KeithKeith Millard
Minnesota Vikings (2)
Defensive tackle

1990
Smith, BruceBruce Smith
Buffalo Bills
Defensive end

1991
Swilling, PatPat Swilling
New Orleans Saints
Linebacker

1992
Kennedy, CortezCortez Kennedy
Seattle Seahawks (2)
Defensive tackle

1993
Woodson, RodRod Woodson
Pittsburgh Steelers (5)
Cornerback

1994
Sanders, DeionDeion Sanders
San Francisco 49ers
Cornerback

1995
Paup, BryceBryce Paup
Buffalo Bills (2)
Linebacker

1996
Smith, BruceBruce Smith (2)
Buffalo Bills (3)
Defensive end

1997
Stubblefield, DanaDana Stubblefield
San Francisco 49ers (2)
Defensive tackle

1998
White, ReggieReggie White (2)
Green Bay Packers
Defensive end

1999
Sapp, WarrenWarren Sapp
Tampa Bay Buccaneers (2)
Defensive tackle

2000
Lewis, RayRay Lewis
Baltimore Ravens
Linebacker

2001
Strahan, MichaelMichael Strahan
New York Giants (4)
Defensive end

2002
Brooks, DerrickDerrick Brooks
Tampa Bay Buccaneers (3)
Linebacker

2003
Lewis, RayRay Lewis[1] (2)
Baltimore Ravens (2)
Linebacker

2004
Reed, EdEd Reed[2]
Baltimore Ravens (3)
Safety

2005
Urlacher, BrianBrian Urlacher[3]
Chicago Bears (3)
Linebacker

2006
Taylor, JasonJason Taylor[4]
Miami Dolphins (3)
Defensive end

2007
Sanders, BobBob Sanders[5]
Indianapolis Colts
Safety

2008
Harrison, JamesJames Harrison[6]
Pittsburgh Steelers (6)
Linebacker

2009
Woodson, CharlesCharles Woodson[7]
Green Bay Packers (2)
Cornerback

2010
Polamalu, TroyTroy Polamalu
Pittsburgh Steelers (7)
Safety

2011
Suggs, TerrellTerrell Suggs
Baltimore Ravens (4)
Linebacker

2012
Watt, J. J.J. J. Watt
Houston Texans
Defensive end

2013
Kuechly, LukeLuke Kuechly
Carolina Panthers
Linebacker

2014
Watt, J. J.J. J. Watt (2)
Houston Texans (2)
Defensive end

2015
Watt, J. J.J. J. Watt (3)
Houston Texans (3)
Defensive end

2016
Mack, KhalilKhalil Mack
Oakland Raiders (2)
Defensive end

tag: table

text: Pro Football Writers of America[edit]

text: The Professional Football Writers of America (PFWA) is made up of sportswriters who cover the NFL and the 32 teams on a daily basis.

text: From 1969 to 1991, the Pro Football Writers Association NFL Defensive Player of the Year was presented by Pro Football Weekly only. PFW and the Professional Football Writers of America combined their awards in 1992. In 2013, the award was presented by PFWA alone.

text: Pro Football Writers of America Defensive Player of the Year winners[edit]

text:
Season
Player
Team
Position
College

1969
Bobby Bell
Kansas City Chiefs
Outside linebacker
Minnesota

1970
Dick Butkus
Chicago Bears
Middle linebacker
Illinois

1971
Alan Page
Minnesota Vikings
Defensive tackle
Notre Dame

1972
Joe Greene
Pittsburgh Steelers
Defensive tackle
North Texas State

1973
Alan Page
Minnesota Vikings
Defensive Tackle
Notre Dame

1974
Joe Greene
Pittsburgh Steelers
Defensive tackle
North Texas Stats

1975
Jack Ham
Pittsburgh Steelers
Outside Linebacker
Penn State

1976
Jack Lambert
Pittsburgh Steelers
Middle Linebacker
Kent State

1977
Harvey Martin
Dallas Cowboys
Defensive End
North Texas Stats

1978
Randy Gradishar
Denver Broncos
Inside Linebacker
Ohio State

1979
Lee Roy Selmon
Tampa Bay Buccaneers
Defensive end
Oklahoma

1980
Lester Hayes
Oakland Raiders
Cornerback
Texas A&M

1981
Joe Klecko
New York Jets
Defensive end
Temple

1982
Dan Hampton
Chicago Bears
Defensive tackle
Arkansas

1983
Bob Baumhauer
Miami Dolphins
Defensive tackle
Alabama

1984
Kenny Easley
Seattle Seahawks
Safety
UCLA

1985
No Award

1986
Lawrence Taylor
New York Giants
Outside Linebacker
North Carolina

1987
Reggie White
Philadelphia Eagles
Defensive End
Tennessee

1988
Mike Singletary
Chicago Bears
Middle linebacker
Baylor

1989
Keith Millard
Minnesota Vikings
Defensive tackle
Washington State

1990
Bruce Smith
Buffalo Bills
Defensive End
Virginia Tech

1991
Reggie White
Philadelphia Eagles
Defensive End
Tennessee

1992
Cortez Kennedy
Seattle Seahawks
Defensive Tackle
Miami

1993
Bruce Smith
Buffalo Bills
Defensive End
Virginia Tech

1994
Deion Sanders
San Francisco 49ers
Cornerback
Florida State

1995
Bryce Paup
Buffalo Bills
Outside Linebacker
Northern Iowa

1996
Bruce Smith
Buffalo Bills
Defensive End
Virginia Tech

1997
Dana Stubblefield
San Francisco 49ers
Defensive tackle
Kansas

1998
Reggie White
Green Bay Packers
Defensive end
Tennessee

1999
Warren Sapp
Tampa Bay Buccaneers
Defensive Tackle
Miami

2000
Ray Lewis
Baltimore Ravens
Middle Linebacker
Miami

2001
Michael Strahan
New York Giants
Defensive End
Texas Southern

2002
Derrick Brooks
Tampa Bay Buccaneers
Outside linebacker
Florida St

2003
Ray Lewis
Baltimore Ravens
Middle Linebacker
Miami

2004
Ed Reed
Baltimore Ravens
Safety
Miami, FL

2005
Brian Urlacher
Chicago Bears
Middle linebacker
New Mexico

2006
Jason Taylor
Miami Dolphins
Defensive End
Akron

2007
Bob Sanders
Indianapolis Colts
Safety
Iowa

2008
James Harrison
Pittsburgh Steelers
Outside Linebacker
Kent State

2009
Charles Woodson
Green Bay Packers
Cornerback
Michigan

2010
Troy Polamalu
Pittsburgh Steelers
Safety
USC

2011
Terrell Suggs
Baltimore Ravens
Outside linebacker
Arizona State

2012
J. J. Watt
Houston Texans
Defensive End
Wisconsin

2013
Robert Quinn
St. Louis Rams
Defensive End
North Carolina

2014
J. J. Watt
Houston Texans
Defensive End
Wisconsin

2015
J. J. Watt
Houston Texans
Defensive End
Wisconsin

2016
Khalil Mack
Oakland Raiders
Defensive End
Buffalo

2017
Calais Campbell
Jacksonville Jaguars
Defensive End
Miami

text: Newspaper Enterprise Association[edit]

text: Beginning in 1966, the Newspaper Enterprise Association (NEA) annually awarded the George S. Halas Trophy to the NFL's outstanding defensive player (Newspaper Enterprise Association Defensive Player of the Year Award). (The George S. Halas Trophy should not be confused with the Pro Football Writers Association's George S. Halas Courage Award or the National Football League's George Halas Trophy that is awarded to the NFC champion.) The winner was released via the NEA news service and also appeared in the World Almanac, which was an NEA publication. The award ran though 1996. It was considered one of the major awards and as included in the NFL Record and Fact Book and its winners still appear in the NFL's Official Encyclopedia, Total Football II. In his book, A Thinking Man's Guide to Pro Football, sportwriter Paul Zimmerman touted the NEA for its All-Pro team and its awards, since they involved polling the players, rather than being a sportswriter's poll like the AP, UPI, and the PFWA.

text: Newspaper Enterprise Association DPOY winners[edit]

text:
Winners are awarded George S. Halas Trophy
1966— Larry Wilson, S, St. Louis Cardinals
1967— Deacon Jones, DE, Los Angeles Rams
1968— Deacon Jones, DE, Los Angeles Rams
1969— Dick Butkus, MLB, Chicago Bears
1970— Dick Butkus, MLB, Chicago Bears
1971— Carl Eller, DE, Minnesota Vikings
1972— Joe Greene, DT, Pittsburgh Steelers
1973— Alan Page, DT, Minnesota Vikings
1974— Joe Greene, DT, Pittsburgh Steelers
1975— Curley Culp, DT, Houston Oilers
1976— Jerry Sherk, DT, Cleveland Browns
1977— Harvey Martin, DE, Dallas Cowboys
1978— Randy Gradishar, ILB, Denver Broncos
1979— Lee Roy Selmon, DE, Tampa Bay Buccaneers
1980— Lester Hayes, CB, Oakland Raiders
1981— Joe Klecko, DE, New York Jets
1982— Mark Gastineau, DE, New York Jets
1983— Jack Lambert, MLB, Pittsburgh Steelers
1984— Mike Haynes, CB, Los Angeles Raiders
1985— Howie Long, DE, Los Angeles Raiders/ Andre Tippett, OLB, New England Patriots (tie)
1986— Lawrence Taylor, OLB, New York Giants
1987— Reggie White, DE, Philadelphia Eagles
1988— Mike Singletary, MLB, Chicago Bears
1989— Tim Harris, OLB, Green Bay Packers
1990— Bruce Smith, DE, Buffalo Bills
1991— Pat Swilling, OLB, New Orleans Saints
1992— Junior Seau, LB, San Diego Chargers
1993— Bruce Smith, DE, Buffalo Bills
1994— Deion Sanders, CB, San Francisco 49ers
1995— Bryce Paup, OLB, Buffalo Bills
1996— Kevin Greene, OLB, Carolina Panthers
1997— Dana Stubblefield, DT, San Francisco 49ers

text: Notes[edit]

text: The Newspaper Enterprise Association also awarded the Bert Bell Memorial Trophy to the Rookie of the Year and the Jim Thorpe Award to the NFL MVP. The driving force behind these awards was Murray Olderman who began the NEA All-pro team in 1954 and added more awards, including the Third Down Trophy that symbolized each team's MVP.

text: United Press International[edit]

text:
UPI AFL-AFC Player of the Year
UPI NFC Player of the Year

tag: ul

text: NFC Defensive Player of the Year Winners[edit]

text:
Season Player
Team
Position

1975 Jack Youngblood
Los Angeles Rams
Defensive End

1976 Wally Chambers
Chicago Bears
Defensive Tackle

1977 Harvey Martin
Dallas Cowboys
Defensive Tackle

1978 Randy White
Dallas Cowboys
Defensive Tackle

1979 Lee Roy Selmon
Tampa Bay Buccaneers
Defensive End

1980 Nolan Cromwell
Los Angeles Rams
Safety

1981 Fred Dean
San Francisco 49ers
Defensive End

1982 No Award

1983 Lawrence Taylor
New York Giants
Linebacker

1984 Mike Singletary
Chicago Bears
Linebacker

1985 Mike Singletary
Chicago Bears
Linebacker

1986 Lawrence Taylor
New York Giants
Linebacker

1987 Reggie White
Philadelphia Eagles
Defensive End

1988 Mike Singletary
Chicago Bears
Linebacker

1989 Keith Millard
Minnesota Vikings
Defensive Tackle

1990 Charles Haley
San Francisco 49ers
Linebacker

1991 Reggie White
Philadelphia Eagles
Defensive End

1992 Chris Doleman
Minnesota Vikings
Defensive End

1993 Eric Allen
Philadelphia Eagles
Cornerback

1994 Charles Haley
Dallas Cowboys
Defensive End

1995 Reggie White
Green Bay Packers
Defensive End

1996 Kevin Greene
Carolina Panthers
Linebacker

text: AFC Player of the Year winners[edit]

text:
Season
Player
Team
Position

1975
Mel Blount
Pittsburgh Steelers
Cornerback

1976
Jack Lambert
Pittsburgh Steelers
Linebacker

1977
Lyle Alzado
Denver Broncos
Defensive End

1978
Randy Gradishar
Denver Broncos
Linebacker

1979
Jack Lambert
Pittsburgh Steelers
Linbebacker

1980
Lester Hayes
Oakland Raiders
Cornerback

1981
Joe Klecko
New York Jets
Defensive End

1982
No Award

1983
Rod Martin
Los Angeles Raiders
Linebacker

1984
Mark Gastineau
New York Jets
Defensive End

1985
Andre Tippett
New England Patriots
Linebacker

1986
Rulon Jones
Denver Broncos
Defensive End

1987
Bruce Smith
Buffalo Bills
Defensive End

1988 (tie)
Bruce Smith
Buffalo Bills
Defensive End

Cornelius Bennett
Buffalo Bills
Linebacker

1989
Michael Dean Perry
Cleveland Browns
Nose Tackle

1990
Bruce Smith
Buffalo Bills
Defensive End

1991
Cornelius Bennett
Buffalo Bills
Linebacker

1992
Junior Seau
San Diego Chargers
Linebacker

1993
Rod Woodson
Pittsburgh Steelers
Cornerback

1994
Greg Lloyd
Pittsburgh Steelers
Linebacker

1995
Bryce Paup
Buffalo Bills
Linebacker

1996
Bruce Smith
Buffalo Bills
Defensive End

text: Football Digest[edit]

text:
1992 - Junior Seau, MLB, San Diego Chargers
1993 - Deion Sanders, CB, Atlanta Falcons
1994 - Charles Haley, DE, Dallas Cowboys
1995 - Merton Hanks, S, San Francisco 49ers
1996 - Bruce Smith, DE, Buffalo Bills
1997 - Dana Stubblefield, DT, San Francisco 49ers
1998 - Junior Seau, MLB, San Diego Chargers
1999 - Warren Sapp, DT, Tampa Bay Buccaneers
2000 - Ray Lewis, MLB, Baltimore Ravens
2001 - Brian Urlacher, MLB, Chicago Bears
2002 - Derrick Brooks, OLB, Tampa Bay Buccaneers
2003 - Ray Lewis, ILB, Baltimore Ravens
2004 - Ed Reed, S, Baltimore Ravens

text: Sporting News[edit]

text:
2008 - Albert Haynesworth, DT, Tennessee Titans
2009 - Charles Woodson, CB, Green Bay Packers
2010 - Clay Matthews, LB, Green Bay Packers
2011 - Jared Allen, DE, Minnesota Vikings
2012 - J. J. Watt, DE, Houston Texans
2013 - Luke Kuechly, LB, Carolina Panthers
2014 - J. J. Watt, DE, Houston Texans
2015 - J. J. Watt, DE, Houston Texans
2016 - Khalil Mack, DE, Oakland Raiders

text: Sports Illustrated[edit]

text:
2008 - DeMarcus Ware, OLB, Dallas Cowboys
2009 - Darrelle Revis, CB, New York Jets
2010 - Julius Peppers, DE, Chicago Bears
2011 - Justin Smith, DE, San Francisco 49ers
2012 - J. J. Watt, DE, Houston Texans
2013 - Robert Quinn, DE, St. Louis Rams
2014 - J. J. Watt, DE, Houston Texans

text: Pro Football Focus[edit]

text:
2011 - Justin Smith, DE, San Francisco 49ers
2012 - J. J. Watt, DE, Houston Texans
2013 - J. J. Watt, DE, Houston Texans
2014 - J. J. Watt, DE, Houston Texans
2015 - Aaron Donald, DT, St. Louis Rams
2016 - Aaron Donald, DT, Los Angeles Rams
2017 - Aaron Donald, DT, Los Angeles Rams

text: Kansas City Committee of 101[edit]

text: Began in 1969, the "101" is 101 of the top NFL sportwriters who have been voting on awards, such as the Defensive Player of each Conference since 1969.

text: KC Committee of 101 Defensive Player of the Year Award winners[edit]

text:
NFC Defensive Player of the Year
1969— Carl Eller, Minnesota Vikings
1970— Alan Page, Minnesota Vikings
1971— Alan Page, Minnesota Vikings
1972— Chris Hanburger, Washington Redskins
1973— Lee Roy Jordan, Dallas Cowboys
1974— Alan Page, Minnesota Vikings
1975— Jack Youngblood, Los Angeles Rams
1976— Jack Youngblood, Los Angeles Rams
1977— Harvey Martin, Dallas Cowboys
1978— Randy White, Dallas Cowboys
1979— Lee Roy Selmon, Tampa Bay Buccaneers
1980— Nolan Cromwell, Los Angeles Rams
1981— Fred Dean, San Francisco 49ers
1982— No award due to players strike
1983— Dave Butz, Washington Redskins
1984— Lawrence Taylor, New York Giants
1985— Mike Singletary, Chicago Bears
1986 —Lawrence Taylor, New York Giants
1987— Reggie White, Philadelphia Eagles
1988— Mike Singletary, Chicago Bears
1989— Keith Millard, Minnesota Vikings
1990— Charles Haley, San Francisco 49ers
1991— Pat Swilling, New Orleans Saints
1992— Wilber Marshall, Washington Redskins
1993— Deion Sanders, Atlanta Falcons
1994— Deion Sanders, San Francisco 49ers
1995— Reggie White, Green Bay Packers
1996— Kevin Greene, Carolina Panthers
1997— Dana Stubblefield, San Francisco 49ers
1998— Reggie White, Green Bay Packers
1999— Warren Sapp, Tampa Bay Buccaneers
2000— La'Roi Glover, New Orleans Saints
2001— Michael Strahan, New York Giants
2002— Derrick Brooks, Tampa Bay Buccaneers
2003— Michael Strahan, New York Giants
2004— Julius Peppers, Carolina Panthers
2005— Brian Urlacher, Chicago Bears
2006— Brian Urlacher, Chicago Bears
2007— Patrick Kerney, Seattle Seahawks
2008— DeMarcus Ware, Dallas Cowboys
2009— Charles Woodson, Green Bay Packers
2010— Clay Matthews, Green Bay Packers
2011— Jared Allen, Minnesota Vikings
2012— Aldon Smith, San Francisco 49ers
2013— Luke Kuechly, Carolina Panthers
2014— Richard Sherman, Seattle Seahawks
2015— Aaron Donald, St. Louis Rams
2016— Landon Collins, New York Giants
2017— Aaron Donald, Los Angeles Rams

AFC Defensive Player of the Year
1969— Bobby Bell, Kansas City Chiefs
1970— Mike Curtis, Baltimore Colts
1971— Willie Lanier, Kansas City Chiefs
1972— Joe Greene, Pittsburgh Steelers
1973— Dick Anderson, Miami Dolphins
1974— Joe Greene, Pittsburgh Steelers
1975— Mel Blount, Pittsburgh Steelers
1976— Jack Lambert, Pittsburgh Steelers
1977— Lyle Alzado, Denver Broncos
1978— Randy Gradishar, Denver Broncos
1979— Mike Reinfeldt, Houston Oilers
1980— Lester Hayes, Oakland Raiders
1981— Joe Klecko, New York Jets
1982— No award due to players strike
1983— Doug Betters, Miami Dolphins
1984— Kenny Easley, Seattle Seahawks
1985— Andre Tippett, New England Patriots
1986— Deron Cherry, Kansas City Chiefs
1987— Bruce Smith, Buffalo Bills
1988— Cornelius Bennett, Buffalo Bills
1989— Michael Dean Perry, Cleveland Browns
1990— Bruce Smith, Buffalo Bills
1991— Derrick Thomas, Kansas City Chiefs
1992— Cortez Kennedy, Seattle Seahawks
1993— Rod Woodson, Pittsburgh Steelers
1994— Greg Lloyd, Pittsburgh Steelers
1995— Bryce Paup, Buffalo Bills
1996— Bruce Smith, Buffalo Bills
1997— Carnell Lake, Pittsburgh Steelers
1998— Junior Seau, San Diego Chargers
1999— Jevon Kearse, Tennessee Titans
2000— Ray Lewis, Baltimore Ravens
2001— Ray Lewis, Baltimore Ravens
2002— Jason Taylor, Miami Dolphins
2003— Ray Lewis, Baltimore Ravens
2004— Ed Reed, Baltimore Ravens
2005— Dwight Freeney, Indianapolis Colts
2006— Jason Taylor, Miami Dolphins
2007— Bob Sanders, Indianapolis Colts
2008— James Harrison, Pittsburgh Steelers
2009— Darrelle Revis, New York Jets
2010— Troy Polamalu, Pittsburgh Steelers
2011— Terrell Suggs, Baltimore Ravens
2012— J. J. Watt, Houston Texans
2013— Robert Mathis, Indianapolis Colts
2014— J. J. Watt, Houston Texans
2015— J. J. Watt, Houston Texans
2016— Khalil Mack, Oakland Raiders
2017— Calais Campbell, Jacksonville Jaguars


document_title: Back to the Future

question_text: names of characters in back to the future

text: Back to the Future

text: Plot[edit]

text: Teenager Marty McFly is an aspiring musician dating his girlfriend Jennifer Parker in Hill Valley, California. His nerdy father George is bullied by his supervisor, Biff Tannen, while his mother Lorraine is an overweight, depressed alcoholic. Lorraine is dissatisfied with Marty's relationship with Jennifer, and recalls at the dinner table one night how she met George when her father hit him with a car.

text: On October 26, 1985, Marty meets his scientist friend, Dr. Emmett Brown, in a shopping mall parking lot in the early morning hours. Doc unveils a time machine built from a modified DeLorean and powered by plutonium stolen from Libyan terrorists. Doc demonstrates the time navigation system by punching in the date November 5, 1955: the day he invented time travel. A moment later, the Libyans arrive and shoot Doc. Marty escapes in the DeLorean, but inadvertently activates the time machine, and arrives in 1955 without enough plutonium to return.

text: There, Marty encounters the teenaged George, who is bullied by his classmate Biff. After Marty saves George from an oncoming car and is knocked unconscious, he awakens to find himself tended to by an infatuated Lorraine. Marty leaves and tracks down Doc's younger self to help him return to 1985. With no plutonium, Doc explains that the only power source capable of generating the necessary 1.21 gigawatts of electricity for the time machine is a bolt of lightning. Marty shows Doc a flyer from the future that recounts a lightning strike at the town's courthouse the coming Saturday night. Doc instructs Marty to not leave his house or interact with anyone, as he could inadvertently change the course of history and alter the future; because of this, Doc refuses to heed warnings from Marty about his death in 1985. Marty realizes that he has prevented his parents from meeting and Doc warns Marty that he will be erased from existence if he does not find a way to introduce George to Lorraine. Doc formulates a plan to harness the power of the lightning while Marty sets about introducing his parents, but he antagonizes Biff and his gang in the process.

text: When Lorraine asks Marty to the upcoming school dance, Marty concocts a plan for George to "rescue" her from his feigned inappropriate advances. The plan goes awry when a drunken Biff attempts to force himself on Lorraine. George arrives to rescue her from Marty, but finds Biff instead. George knocks out Biff and Lorraine follows George to the dance floor, where they kiss and fall in love while Marty plays music with the band. Satisfied that he has secured his future existence, Marty leaves to meet Doc.

text: As the storm arrives, Marty returns to the clock tower and the lightning strikes on cue, sending Marty back to October 1985. He finds that Doc is not dead, as he had listened to Marty's warnings and worn a bullet-proof vest. Doc takes Marty home, then departs to 2015.

text: Marty awakens the next morning to find his family changed: George is a self-confident, successful author, Lorraine is physically fit and happy, his brother David is a successful businessman, his sister Linda works in a boutique and has many "boyfriends" and Biff is now an obsequious auto valet. As Marty reunites with Jennifer, the DeLorean appears with Doc, dressed in a futuristic outfit, insisting they accompany him to 2015 to fix a problem with their future children. The trio gets inside the DeLorean and disappear into the future.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Michael J. Fox as Marty McFly
Christopher Lloyd as Dr. Emmett "Doc" Brown
Lea Thompson as Lorraine Baines-McFly
Crispin Glover as George McFly
Thomas F. Wilson as Biff Tannen
Claudia Wells as Jennifer Parker
James Tolkan as Mr. Strickland
Marc McClure as Dave McFly
Wendie Jo Sperber as Linda McFly

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: Writer and producer Bob Gale conceived the idea after he visited his parents in St. Louis, Missouri after the release of Used Cars. Searching their basement, Gale found his father's high school yearbook and discovered he was president of his graduating class. Gale thought about the president of his own graduating class, who was someone he had nothing to do with.[9] Gale wondered whether he would have been friends with his father if they went to high school together. When he returned to California, he told Robert Zemeckis his new concept.[10] Zemeckis subsequently thought of a mother claiming she never kissed a boy at school when, in fact, she was highly promiscuous.[11] The two took the project to Columbia Pictures, and made a development deal for a script in September 1980.[10]

text: Zemeckis and Gale said that they had set the story in 1955 because a 17-year-old traveling to meet his parents at the same age arithmetically required the script to travel to that decade. The era also marked the rise of teenagers as an important cultural element, the birth of rock n' roll, and suburb expansion, which would flavor the story.[12] In an early script, the time machine was designed as a refrigerator, and its user needed to use the power of an atomic explosion at the Nevada Test Site to return home. Zemeckis was "concerned that kids would accidentally lock themselves in refrigerators", and found that it would be more convenient if the time machine were mobile. The DeLorean DMC-12 was chosen because its design made the gag about the family of farmers mistaking it for a flying saucer believable.[13] Zemeckis and Gale found it difficult to create a believable friendship between Marty and Brown before they created the giant guitar amplifier, and only resolved his Oedipal relationship with his mother when they wrote the line "It's like I'm kissing my brother." Biff Tannen was named after studio executive Ned Tanen, who behaved aggressively toward Zemeckis and Gale during a script meeting for I Wanna Hold Your Hand.[11]

text: The first draft of Back to the Future was finished in February 1981 and presented to Columbia, who put the film in turnaround. "They thought it was a really nice, cute, warm film, but not sexual enough," Gale said. "They suggested that we take it to Disney, but we decided to see if any other of the major studios wanted a piece of us."[10] Every major film studio rejected the script for the next four years, while Back to the Future went through two more drafts. During the early 1980s, popular teen comedies (such as Fast Times at Ridgemont High and Porky's) were risqué and adult-aimed, so the script was commonly rejected for being too light.[11] Gale and Zemeckis finally decided to pitch Back to the Future to Disney. "They told us that a mother falling in love with her son was not appropriate for a family film under the Disney banner," Gale said.[10]

text: The two were tempted to ally themselves with Steven Spielberg, who produced Used Cars and I Wanna Hold Your Hand, which were both box office bombs. Zemeckis and Gale initially had shown the screenplay to Spielberg, who had "loved" it.[14] Spielberg, however, was absent from the project during development because Zemeckis felt if he produced another flop under him, he would never be able to make another film.[14] Gale said "we were afraid that we would get the reputation that we were two guys who could only get a job because we were pals with Steven Spielberg."[15] Zemeckis chose to direct Romancing the Stone instead, which was a box office success. Now a high-profile director, Zemeckis reapproached Spielberg with the concept.[11] Agreeing to produce Back to the Future, Spielberg set the project up at his production company, Amblin Entertainment, with Kathleen Kennedy and Frank Marshall joining Spielberg as executive producers on the film.[16][17]

text: The script remained under Columbia's shelf until legal issues forced them to withdraw. The studio was set to begin shooting a comedic send-up of Double Indemnity entitled Big Trouble. Columbia's legal department determined that the film's plot was too similar to Double Indemnity and they needed the permission of Universal Pictures, owners of the earlier film, if the film was ever to begin shooting. With Big Trouble already set to go, desperate Columbia executives phoned Universal's Frank Price to get the necessary paperwork. Price was a former Columbia executive who had been quite fond of the script for Back to the Future during his tenure there. As a result, Universal agreed to trade the Double Indemnity license in exchange for the rights to Back to the Future. Thus, the film finally had a home at Universal.[18]

text: Executive Sidney Sheinberg made some suggestions to the script, changing Marty's mother's name from Meg to Lorraine (the name of his wife, actress Lorraine Gary), to change Brown's name from Professor Brown to Doc Brown and replace his pet chimpanzee with a dog.[11] Sheinberg also wanted the title changed to Spaceman from Pluto,[19] convinced no successful film ever had "future" in the title. He suggested Marty introduce himself as "Darth Vader from the planet Pluto" while dressed as an alien forcing his dad to ask out his mom (rather than "the planet Vulcan"), and that the farmer's son's comic book be titled Spaceman from Pluto rather than Space Zombies from Pluto. Appalled by the new title that Sheinberg wanted to impose, Zemeckis asked Spielberg for help. Spielberg subsequently dictated a memo back to Sheinberg, wherein Spielberg convinced him they thought his title was just a joke, thus embarrassing him into dropping the idea.[20] In addition, the original climax was deemed too expensive by Universal executives and was simplified by keeping the plot within Hill Valley and incorporating the clocktower sequence. Spielberg later used the omitted refrigerator and Nevada nuclear site elements in his film Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull.[21]

text: Casting[edit]

text: Michael J. Fox was the first choice to play Marty McFly, but he was committed to the show Family Ties.[22] Family Ties producer Gary David Goldberg felt that Fox was essential to the show's success. With co-star Meredith Baxter on maternity leave, he refused to allow Fox time off to work on a film. Back to the Future was originally scheduled for a May 1985 release and it was late 1984 when it was learned that Fox would be unable to star in the film.[11] Zemeckis' next two choices were C. Thomas Howell and Eric Stoltz. Stoltz impressed the producers enough with his earlier portrayal of Roy L. Dennis in Mask (which had yet to be released) that they selected him to play Marty McFly.[9] Because of the difficult casting process, the start date was pushed back twice.[23]

text: Four weeks into filming, Zemeckis determined Stoltz had been miscast. Although he and Spielberg realized re-shooting the film would add $3 million to the $14 million budget, they decided to recast. Spielberg explained Zemeckis felt Stoltz was not comedic enough and gave a "terrifically dramatic performance". Gale further explained they felt Stoltz was simply acting out the role, whereas Fox himself had a personality like Marty McFly. He felt Stoltz was uncomfortable riding a skateboard, whereas Fox was not. Stoltz confessed to director Peter Bogdanovich during a phone call, two weeks into the shoot, that he was unsure of Zemeckis and Gale's direction, and concurred that he was wrong for the role.[11]

text: Fox's schedule was opened up in January 1985 when Baxter returned to Family Ties following her pregnancy. The Back to the Future crew met with Goldberg again, who made a deal that Fox's main priority would be Family Ties, and if a scheduling conflict arose, "we win". Fox loved the script and was impressed by Zemeckis and Gale's sensitivity in releasing Stoltz, because they nevertheless "spoke very highly of him".[11] Per Welinder and Bob Schmelzer assisted on the skateboarding scenes.[24] Fox found his portrayal of Marty McFly to be very personal. "All I did in high school was skateboard, chase girls and play in bands. I even dreamed of becoming a rock star."[22]

text: Christopher Lloyd was cast as Doc Brown after the first choice, John Lithgow, became unavailable.[11] Having worked with Lloyd on The Adventures of Buckaroo Banzai (1984), producer Neil Canton suggested him for the part. Lloyd originally turned down the role, but changed his mind after reading the script and at the persistence of his wife. He improvised some of his scenes,[25] taking inspiration from Albert Einstein and conductor Leopold Stokowski.[26][27] Brown pronounces gigawatts as "jigawatts", which was the way a physicist said the word when he met with Zemeckis and Gale as they researched the script,[24][28] rather than with an initial hard "g", although both pronunciations are acceptable.[29][30] Doc Brown's notable hunch came about because at 6'1" Lloyd was considerably taller than Fox at 5'5", and they needed to look closer in height.[31]

text: Crispin Glover played George McFly. Zemeckis said Glover improvised much of George's nerdy mannerisms, such as his shaky hands. The director joked he was "endlessly throwing a net over Crispin because he was completely off about fifty percent of the time in his interpretation of the character".[11] Due to a contract disagreement, Glover was replaced by Jeffrey Weissman in Part II and Part III.[32]

text: Lea Thompson was cast as Lorraine McFly because she had acted opposite Stoltz in The Wild Life; the producers noticed her as they had watched the film while casting Stoltz.[33] Her prosthetic makeup for scenes at the beginning of the film, set in 1985, took three and a half hours to apply.[34]

text: Thomas F. Wilson was cast as Biff Tannen because the producers felt that the original choice, J. J. Cohen, wasn't physically imposing enough to bully Stoltz.[11] Cohen was recast as Skinhead, one of Biff's cohorts. Had Fox been cast from the beginning, Cohen probably would have won the part because he was sufficiently taller than Fox.[24]

text: Melora Hardin was originally cast in the role of Marty's girlfriend Jennifer, but was let go after Stoltz was dismissed, with the explanation that the actress was now too tall to be playing against Fox. Hardin was dismissed before she had a chance to shoot a single scene and was replaced with Claudia Wells.[35] Actress Jill Schoelen had also been considered to play Marty's girlfriend.[36]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Following Stoltz's departure, Fox's schedule during weekdays consisted of filming Family Ties during the day, and Back to the Future from 6:30 pm to 2:30 am. He averaged five hours of sleep each night. During Fridays, he shot from 10 pm to 6 or 7 am, and then moved on to film exterior scenes throughout the weekend, as only then was he available during daytime hours. Fox found it exhausting, but "it was my dream to be in the film and television business, although I didn't know I'd be in them simultaneously. It was just this weird ride and I got on."[38] Zemeckis concurred, dubbing Back to the Future "the film that would not wrap". He recalled that because they shot night after night, he was always "half asleep" and the "fattest, most out-of-shape and sick I ever was".[11]

text: The Hill Valley town square scenes were shot at Courthouse Square, located in the Universal Studios backlot (34°08′29″N 118°20′59″W / 34.141417°N 118.349771°W / 34.141417; -118.349771). Gale explained it would have been impossible to shoot on location "because no city is going to let a film crew remodel their town to look like it's in the 1950s." The filmmakers "decided to shoot all the 50s stuff first, and make the town look real beautiful and wonderful. Then we would just totally trash it down and make it all bleak and ugly for the 1980s scenes."[38] The interiors for Doc Brown's house were shot at the Robert R. Blacker House, while exteriors took place at Gamble House.[39] The exterior shots of the Twin Pines Mall, and later the Lone Pine Mall (from 1985) were shot at the Puente Hills Mall in City of Industry, California. The exterior shots and some interior scenes at Hill Valley High School were filmed at Whittier High School in Whittier, California. The Battle of the Bands tryout scene was filmed at the McCambridge Park Recreation Center in Burbank, and the "Enchantment Under the Sea" dance was filmed in the gymnasium at Hollywood United Methodist Church. The scenes outside of the Baines' house in 1955 were shot at Bushnell Avenue, South Pasadena, California.[40]

text: Filming wrapped after 100 days on April 20, 1985, and the film was delayed from May to August. But after a highly positive test screening ("I'd never seen a preview like that," said Frank Marshall, "the audience went up to the ceiling"), Sheinberg chose to move the release date to July 3. To make sure the film met this new date, two editors, Arthur Schmidt and Harry Keramidas, were assigned to the picture, while many sound editors worked 24-hour shifts on the film. Eight minutes were cut, including Marty watching his mom cheat during an exam, George getting stuck in a telephone booth before rescuing Lorraine, as well as much of Marty pretending to be Darth Vader. Zemeckis almost cut out the "Johnny B. Goode" sequence as he felt it did not advance the story, but the preview audience loved it, so it was kept. Industrial Light & Magic created the film's 32 effects shots, which did not satisfy Zemeckis and Gale until a week before the film's completion date.[11] The compositing involved for the film's time travel sequences, as well as for the lightning effects in the climactic clock tower scene, was handled by animation supervisor Wes Takahashi, who would also work on the subsequent two Back to the Future films with the rest of the ILM crew.[41]

text: Music[edit]

text: Alan Silvestri collaborated with Zemeckis on Romancing the Stone, but Spielberg disliked that film's score. Zemeckis advised Silvestri to make his compositions grand and epic, despite the film's small scale, to impress Spielberg. Silvestri began recording the score two weeks before the first preview. He also suggested Huey Lewis and the News create the theme song. Their first attempt was rejected by Universal, before they recorded "The Power of Love".[38] The studio loved the final song, but were disappointed it did not feature the film's title, so they had to send memos to radio stations to always mention its association with Back to the Future.[11] In the end, the track "Back in Time" was featured in the film, playing during the scene when Marty wakes up after his return to 1985 and also during the end credits.[38]

text: Although it appears that Fox is actually playing a guitar, music supervisor Bones Howe hired Hollywood guitar coach and musician Paul Hanson to teach Fox to simulate playing all the parts so it would look realistic, including playing behind his head. Fox lip-synched "Johnny B. Goode" to vocals by Mark Campbell (of Jack Mack and the Heart Attack fame), with the guitar solo played by Tim May.[42]

text: The original 1985 soundtrack album only included two tracks culled from Silvestri's compositions for the film, both Huey Lewis tracks, the songs played in the film by the fictional band Marvin Berry and The Starlighters (and Marty McFly), one of the vintage 1950s songs in the movie, and two pop songs that are only very briefly heard in the background of the film[citation needed]. On November 24, 2009, an authorized, limited-edition two-CD set of the entire score was released by Intrada Records.[43]

text: Release[edit]

text: Back to the Future opened on July 3, 1985, on 1,200 screens in North America. Zemeckis was concerned the film would flop because Fox had to film a Family Ties special in London and was unable to promote the film. Gale was also dissatisfied with Universal Pictures' tagline "Are you telling me my mother's got the hots for me?".

text: When the film was released on VHS in 1986, Universal added a "To be continued..." graphic at the end to increase awareness of production on Part II. This caption is omitted on the film's DVD release in 2002[27] and on subsequent Blu-ray and DVD releases.

text: In October 2010, in commemoration for the film's 25th anniversary, Back to the Future was digitally restored and remastered for a theatrical re-release in the US, the UK and Italy.[44] The release also coincided with Universal Pictures Home Entertainment's Blu-ray Disc releases of the trilogy.[45][46]

text: On October 21, 2015,[47] the futuristic date depicted in Part II, the entire trilogy was re-released theatrically for one day in celebration of the film's 30th anniversary.[48]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Back to the Future spent 11 weeks at number one.[11] Gale recalled "Our second weekend was higher than our first weekend, which is indicative of great word of mouth. National Lampoon's European Vacation came out in August and it kicked us out of number one for one week and then we were back to number one."[15] The film went on to gross $210.61 million in North America and $173.2 million in foreign countries, accumulating a worldwide total of $383.87 million.[4] Back to the Future had the fourth-highest opening weekend of 1985 and was the top-grossing film of the year.[49] Box Office Mojo estimates that the film sold over 59 million tickets in the US.[50]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: On review aggregator Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100, the film received an average score of 86/100, which indicates "universal acclaim", based on 12 reviews.[51] Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reported that 96% of critics gave the film a positive review, based on 77 reviews, certifying it "Fresh", with an average rating of 8.7 out of 10 and the consensus: "Inventive, funny, and breathlessly constructed, Back to the Future is a rousing time-travel adventure with an unforgettable spirit."[52]

text: Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times felt Back to the Future had similar themes to the films of Frank Capra, especially It's a Wonderful Life. Ebert commented "[Producer] Steven Spielberg is emulating the great authentic past of Classical Hollywood cinema, who specialized in matching the right director (Robert Zemeckis) with the right project."[53] He gave the film 3 1/2 out of 4 stars. Janet Maslin of The New York Times believed the film had a balanced storyline: "It's a cinematic inventing of humor and whimsical tall tales for a long time to come."[54] Christopher Null, who first saw the film as a teenager, called it "a quintessential 1980s flick that combines science fiction, action, comedy, and romance all into a perfect little package that kids and adults will both devour."[55] Dave Kehr of Chicago Reader felt Gale and Zemeckis wrote a script that perfectly balanced science fiction, seriousness and humor.[56] Variety praised the performances, arguing Fox and Lloyd imbued Marty and Doc Brown's friendship with a quality reminiscent of King Arthur and Merlin.[57] BBC News lauded the intricacies of the "outstandingly executed" script, remarking that "nobody says anything that doesn't become important to the plot later."[58] Back to the Future appeared on Gene Siskel's top ten film list of 1985.[59]

text: Accolades[edit]

text: At the 58th Academy Awards, Back to the Future won for Best Sound Effects Editing, while Zemeckis and Gale were nominated for Best Original Screenplay, "The Power of Love" was nominated for Best Original Song, and Bill Varney, B. Tennyson Sebastian II, Robert Thirlwell and William B. Kaplan were nominated for Best Sound Mixing.[60] The film won the Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation[61] and the Saturn Award for Best Science Fiction Film. Michael J. Fox and the visual effects designers won categories at the Saturn Awards. Zemeckis, composer Alan Silvestri, the costume design and supporting actors Christopher Lloyd, Lea Thompson, Crispin Glover and Thomas F. Wilson were also nominated.[62] The film was nominated for numerous BAFTAs at the 39th British Academy Film Awards, including Best Film, original screenplay, visual effects, production design and editing.[63] At the 43rd Golden Globe Awards, Back to the Future was nominated for Best Motion Picture (Musical or Comedy), original song (for "The Power of Love"), Best Actor in a Motion Picture Musical or Comedy (Fox) and Best Screenplay for Zemeckis and Gale.[64]

text: Legacy[edit]

text: President Ronald Reagan, a fan of the film, referred to the film in his 1986 State of the Union Address when he said, "Never has there been a more exciting time to be alive, a time of rousing wonder and heroic achievement. As they said in the film Back to the Future, 'Where we're going, we don't need roads'."[65] When he first saw the joke about him being president, he ordered the projectionist of the theater to stop the reel, roll it back, and run it again.[9]

text: The film ranked number 28 on Entertainment Weekly's list of the 50 Best High School Movies.[66] In 2008, Back to the Future was voted the 23rd greatest film ever made by readers of Empire.[67] It was also placed on a similar list by The New York Times, a list of 1000 movies.[68] In January 2010, Total Film included the film on its list of The 100 Greatest Movies of All Time.[69] In 2007, the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".[70] In 2006, the original screenplay for Back to the Future was selected by the Writers Guild of America as the 56th best screenplay of all time.[71]

text: In June 2008, the American Film Institute revealed the AFI's 10 Top 10 – the best ten films in ten classic American film genres – after polling more than 1,500 people from the creative community. Back to the Future was acknowledged as the 10th best film in the science fiction genre.[72]

text: A musical theater production, also called Back to the Future, is in development for a debut in London's West End theatre during the film's 30th anniversary in 2015. Zemeckis and Gale reunited to write the play, while Silvestri and Glen Ballard provide music.[73]

text: The scenes of Marty McFly skateboarding in the film occurred during the infancy of the skateboarding sub-culture and numerous skateboarders, as well as companies in the industry, pay tribute to the film for its influence in this regard. Examples can be seen in promotional material, in interviews in which professional skateboarders cite the film as an initiation into the action sport, and in the public's recognition of the film's influence.[74][75]

text: Back to the Future is also among Film4's 50 Films to See Before You Die, being ranked 10th.[76]

text: Sequels[edit]

text: Back to the Future's success led to two film sequels : Back to the Future Part II and Back to the Future Part III.

text: Part II was released on November 22, 1989, to similar financial and critical success as the original, finishing as the third highest-grossing film of the year worldwide.[77][78] The film continues directly from the ending of Back to the Future and follows Marty and Doc as they travel into the future of 2015, an alternative 1985, and 1955 where Marty must repair the future while avoiding his past self from the original film. Part II became notable for its 2015 setting and predictions of technology such as hoverboards.[79][80][81] Part III, released on May 25, 1990, continued the story, following Marty as he travels back to 1885 to rescue a time-stranded Doc.

text: Part III, however, was less financially successful than its predecessors despite being better received by critics than Part II.[82]


document_title: Abundance of elements in Earth's crust

question_text: what is the abundant element in earth's crust

question_tokens: what is the abundant element in earth 's crust

text: Abundance of elements in Earth's crust

text: The abundance of elements in Earth's crust is shown in tabulated form with the estimated crustal abundance for each chemical element shown as either percentage or parts per million (ppm) by mass (10,000 ppm = 1%).

text:
Abundance of chemical elements in Earth's crust, from various sources

Rank
Z, element & symbol
Abundance in crust (ppm) by source
Annual production

Darling[1]

Barbalace[2]

WebElements[3]

Israel Science and Technology[4]

Jefferson Lab[5]

(2016, tonnes)[6]

1

8

oxygen

O

466,000

474,000

460,000

467,100

461,000

2

14

silicon [A]

Si

277,200

277,100

270,000

276,900

282,000

7,200,000

3

13

aluminium

Al

81,300

82,000

82,000

80,700

82,300

57,600,000

4

26

iron

Fe

50,000

41,000

63,000

50,500

56,300

1,150,000,000

5

20

calcium

Ca

36,300

41,000

50,000

36,500

41,500

6

11

sodium

Na

28,300

23,000

23,000

27,500

23,600

255,000,000

7

12

magnesium

Mg

20,900

23,000

29,000

20,800

23,300

1,010,000

8

19

potassium

K

25,900

21,000

15,000

25,800

20,900

9

22

titanium

Ti

4,400

5,600

6,600

6,200

5,600

6,600,000

10

1

hydrogen

H

1,400

1,500

1,400

1,400

11

15

phosphorus

P

1,200

1,000

1,000

1,300

1,050

12

25

manganese

Mn

1,000

950

1,100

900

950

16,000,000

13

9

fluorine

F

800

950

540

290

585

14

56

barium

Ba

500

340

340

500

425

15

6

carbon

C

300

480

1,800

940

200

16

38

strontium

Sr

370

360

370

350,000

17

16

sulfur

S

500

260

420

520

350

69,300,000

18

40

zirconium

Zr

190

130

250

165

1,460,000

19

74

tungsten

W

160.6

1.1

1.25

86,400

20

23

vanadium

V

100

160

190

120

76,000

21

17

chlorine

Cl

500

130

170

450

145

22

24

chromium

Cr

100

100

140

350

102

26,000,000

23

37

rubidium

Rb

300

90

60

90

24

28

nickel

Ni

80

90

190

84

2,250,000

25

30

zinc

Zn

75

79

70

11,900,000

26

29

copper

Cu

100

50

68

60

19,400,000

27

58

cerium

Ce

68

60

66.5

28

60

neodymium

Nd

38

33

41.5

29

57

lanthanum

La

32

34

39

30

39

yttrium

Y

30

29

33

6,000

31

7

nitrogen

N

50

25

20

19

140,000,000

32

27

cobalt

Co

20

30

25

123,000

33

3

lithium

Li

20

17

20

35,000

34

41

niobium

Nb

20

17

20

64,000

35

31

gallium

Ga

18

19

19

36

21

scandium

Sc

16

26

22

37

82

lead

Pb

14

10

14

4,820,000

38

62

samarium

Sm

7.9

6

7.05

39

90

thorium

Th

12

6

9.6

40

59

praseodymium

Pr

9.5

8.7

9.2

41

5

boron

B

950

8.7

10

9,400,000

42

64

gadolinium

Gd

7.7

5.2

6.2

43

66

dysprosium

Dy

6

6.2

5.2

44

72

hafnium

Hf

5.3

3.3

3.0

45

68

erbium

Er

3.8

3.0

3.5

46

70

ytterbium

Yb

3.3

2.8

3.2

47

55

caesium

Cs

3

1.9

3

48

4

beryllium

Be

2.6

1.9

2.8

220

49

50

tin

Sn

0

2.2

2.2

2.3

280,000

50

63

europium

Eu

2.1

1.8

2.0

51

92

uranium

U

0

1.8

2.7

74,119

52

73

tantalum

Ta

2

1.7

2.0

1,100

53

32

germanium

Ge

1.8

1.4

1.5

155

54

42

molybdenum

Mo

1.5

1.1

1.2

227,000

55

33

arsenic

As

1.5

2.1

1.8

36,500

56

67

holmium

Ho

1.4

1.2

1.3

57

65

terbium

Tb

1.1

0.94

1.2

58

69

thulium

Tm

0.48

0.45

0.52

59

35

bromine

Br

0.37

3

2.4

391,000

60

81

thallium

Tl

0.6

0.530

0.850

10

61

71

lutetium[7]

Lu

0.5

62

51

antimony

Sb

0.2

0.2

0.2

130,000

63

53

iodine

I

0.14

0.490

0.450

31,600

64

48

cadmium

Cd

0.11

0.15

0.15

23,000

65

47

silver

Ag

0.070

0.080

0.075

27,000

66

80

mercury

Hg

0.05

0.067

0.085

4,500

67

34

selenium

Se

0.05

0.05

0.05

2,200

68

49

indium

In

0.049

0.160

0.250

655

69

83

bismuth

Bi

0.048

0.025

0.0085

10,200

70

52

tellurium

Te

0.005

0.001

0.001

2,200

71

78

platinum

Pt

0.003

0.0037

0.005

172

72

79

gold

Au

0.0011

0.0031

0.004

3,100

73

44

ruthenium

Ru

0.001

0.001

0.001

74

46

palladium

Pd

0.0006

0.0063

0.015

208

75

75

rhenium

Re

0.0004

0.0026

0.0007

47.2

76

77

iridium

Ir

0.0003

0.0004

0.001

77

45

rhodium

Rh

0.0002

0.0007

0.001

78

76

osmium

Os

0.0001

0.0018

0.0015

text: Jump up ^ 5,000 tonnes of annual silicon production is electronic grade

tag: ol


document_title: Next Generation Identification

question_text: when was the ngi system first used by the fbi

text: Next Generation Identification

text: Next Generation Identification (NGI) is a project of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). The project's goal is to expand the capabilities of the Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification System (IAFIS), which is currently used by law enforcement to identify subjects by their fingerprints and to look up their criminal history. The NGI system will be a more modular system (allowing easy expandability). It will also have more advanced lookup capabilities, incorporating palm print, iris, and facial identification. The FBI first used this system in February 2011.

text: The system was developed by Lockheed Martin[1] in partnership with Safran[2] and with a number of technology companies.

text: Organizations involved in the project[edit]

text:
Accenture
BAE Systems
createTank
Global Science & Technology (GST)
IBM
Ingersoll Consulting Information Solutions (ICIS)
Innovative Management & Technology Services (IMTS)
Lakota Software Solutions, Inc
Lockheed Martin
NTT Data
Platinum Solutions
National Center for State Courts (NCSC)