document_title: List of highest-grossing Indian films

question_text: highest box office bollywood movies of all time

text: List of highest-grossing Indian films

text: Global gross figures

text: The following list shows India's top 15 highest-grossing films, which include films from all the Indian languages. The figures are not adjusted for inflation.

text:
*
Denotes films still running in theaters

text:
Rank
Movie
Year
Director
Studio(s)/producers
Language
Worldwide gross

1
Dangal
2016
Nitesh Tiwari
Aamir Khan Productions
UTV Motion Pictures
Walt Disney Studios
Hindi
₹2,024.76 crore (US$320 million)[n 1]

2
Baahubali 2: The Conclusion
2017
S. S. Rajamouli
Arka Media Works

Telugu
Tamil

₹1,725 crore (US$267 million)[11]

3
PK
2014
Rajkumar Hirani
Vinod Chopra Films
Rajkumar Hirani Films
Hindi
₹792 crore[12][13] (US$130 million)

4
Baahubali: The Beginning
2015
S. S. Rajamouli
Arka Media Works
Telugu
Tamil
₹650 crore (US$100 million)[14]

5
Bajrangi Bhaijaan
2015
Kabir Khan
Salman Khan Films
Kabir Khan Films
Hindi
₹626 crore (US$98 million)[12][13]

6
Dhoom 3
2013
Vijay Krishna Acharya
Yash Raj Films
Hindi
₹585 crore[15] (US$100 million)[16]

7
Sultan
2016
Ali Abbas Zafar
Yash Raj Films
Hindi
₹584 crore (US$91 million)[17]

8
Kabali
2016
Pa. Ranjith
V Creations
Tamil
₹477 crore (US$74 million)[18]–₹499 crore (US$78 million)[19]
[note 1]

9
Prem Ratan Dhan Payo
2015
Sooraj R. Barjatya
Fox Star Studios
Rajshri Productions
Hindi
₹432 crore (US$67 million)[25]

10
Chennai Express
2013
Rohit Shetty
Red Chillies
Hindi
₹423 crore[26] (US$72 million)[16]

11
3 Idiots
2009
Rajkumar Hirani
Vinod Chopra Films
Hindi
₹395 crore[27] (US$82 million)[28]

12
Dilwale
2015
Rohit Shetty
Red Chillies
Rohit Shetty Productions
Hindi
₹394 crore (US$61 million)[26]

13
Bajirao Mastani
2015
Sanjay Leela Bhansali
SLB Films
Hindi
₹358 crore (US$56 million)[26]

14
Kick
2014
Sajid Nadiadwala
Nadiadwala Grandson
Hindi
₹352 crore[26] (US$58 million)

15
Happy New Year
2014
Farah Khan
Red Chillies
Hindi
₹345 crore[26] (US$57 million)

text: Notes:

text: Jump up ^ Box office gross values of ₹6–6.75 billion were reported for Kabali in the first 13 days by several organisations including Financial Express and Indian Express,[20][21] which were more than double the estimates made by other sources.[22] International Business Times (IBT) and Firstpost criticized these estimates as inflated, explaining the discrepancy as due in part to the addition of "pre-release business" figures, such as music and satellite rights sales of ₹2 billion,[23] being factored into the box office sales totals.[22] Firstpost wrote, "More conservative estimates put Kabali’s collections at around Rs [3 billion] from worldwide ticket sales."[23] IBT's analysts estimated the film's worldwide gross total of its first 13 days at around ₹3.5 billion (US$55 million).[24] Figures released in December 2016 by Financial Express indicated an estimated domestic gross of ₹215 crore and an international gross of ₹262 crore, which total ₹477 crore.[18] A figure of USD$77 million released by Forbes in May 2017 converted to approximately ₹493–499 crore.[19]

tag: ol

text: Highest-grossing films by language

text: Bengali cinema was the center of Indian cinema in the 1930s,[29] and accounted for a quarter of India's film output in the 1950s.[30] Cinema in South India accounted for nearly half of India's cinema halls in the 1940s.[2] In 2009, South India accounted for 75% of film revenues in India.[31] As of 2014, Bollywood (Hindi cinema) represents 43% of Indian net box office revenue, while Tamil and Telugu cinema represent 36%, and the rest of the regional cinema constitutes 21%.[5]

text: Bengali

text: Bengali Cinema portal

text: The Bengali language film industry is centered in the Tollygunge neighborhood of the city of Kolkata, West Bengal and has been known by the nickname Tollywood, a portmanteau of the words Tollygunge and Hollywood, since 1932.

text:
Rank
Movie
Year
Director
Studio(s)
Worldwide gross
Source

1
Chander Pahar
2013
Kamaleswar Mukherjee
Shree Venkatesh Films
₹20 crore (US$3.1 million)
[32][33]

2
Boss 2: Back to Rule
2017
Baba Yadav
Jeetz Fireworks
Walzen Media Works
Jaaz Multimedia
₹12 crore (US$1.9 million)

3
Champ
2017
Raj Chakraborty
Dev Entertainment Ventures
Geetsangeet Productions
SVF Entertainment
₹10 crore (US$1.6 million)

4
Paglu
2011
Rajiv Kumar Biswas
Surinder Films
₹9.92 crore (US$1.5 million)
[34]

5
Saathi
2002
Haranath Chakraborty
Shree Venkatesh Films
₹9.78 crore (US$1.5 million)
[35]

6
Rangbaaz
2013
Raja Chanda
Surinder Films
₹9 crore (US$1.4 million)
[36]

7
Praktan
2016
Shiboprosad Mukherjee, Nandita Roy
Windows
₹8.5 crore (US$1.3 million)
[37]

8
Awara
2012
Rabi Kinagi
Shree Venkatesh Films
₹8.46 crore (US$1.3 million)
[38]

9
Khoka 420
2013
Rajiv Kumar Biswas
Eskay Movies
₹8 crore (US$1.2 million)
[36]

10
Posto
2017
Shiboprosad Mukherjee, Nandita Roy
Windows
₹8 crore (US$1.2 million)
[39][40][41]

text: Bhojpuri

text: The Bhojpuri cinema produces films in the Bhojpuri language. It caters to an audience from eastern Uttar Pradesh, western Bihar and Nepal.

text:
Rank
Movie
Year
Director
Studio(s)
Worldwide gross
Source

1
Sasura Bada Paisawala
2004
Ajay Sinha
Balaji Cinevision Pvt Ltd
₹9 crore (US$1.4 million)
[42]

text: Gujarati

text: The Gujarati cinema produces films in Gujarati language and is primarily focused on the audience in Gujarat and Maharashtra. The film industry is sometimes referred to as Dhollywood or Gollywood.

text:
Rank
Movie
Year
Director
Studio(s)
Worldwide gross
Source

1
Chhello Divas
2015
Krishnadev Yagnik
Belvedere Films
₹17 crore (US$2.7 million)
[43]

2
Gujjubhai the Great
2015
Ishaan Randeria
Siddharth Randeria Productions
₹15 crore (US$2.3 million)
[44]

3
Desh Re Joya Dada Pardesh Joya
1998
Govindbhai Patel
GN films
₹10 crore (US$1.6 million)
[45]

4
Bey Yaar
2014
Abhishek Jain
CineMan productions
₹8.5 crore (US$1.3 million)
[46]

5
Karsandas Pay & Use
2017
Krishnadev Yagnik
Belvedere Films
₹4 crore (US$620,000)
[47]

text: Hindi

text: The Hindi language film industry, based in Mumbai, India, is frequently known as Bollywood.[48] Bollywood is the largest film producer in India and one of the largest centres of film production in the world.[49][50][51]

text:
Rank
Movie
Year
Director
Studio(s)
Worldwide gross
Source

1
Dangal
2016
Nitesh Tiwari
Aamir Khan Productions
UTV Motion Pictures
Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures
₹2,024.76 crore (US$320 million)
[n 1]

2
PK
2014
Rajkumar Hirani
Vinod Chopra Films
Rajkumar Hirani Films
₹792 crore (US$120 million)
[12][13]

3
Bajrangi Bhaijaan
2015
Kabir Khan
Salman Khan Films
Kabir Khan Films
₹626 crore (US$98 million)
[12]

4
Dhoom 3
2013
Vijay Krishna Acharya
Yash Raj Films
₹585 crore (US$91 million)
[15]

5
Sultan
2016
Ali Abbas Zafar
Yash Raj Films
₹584.15 crore (US$91 million)
[17]

6
Prem Ratan Dhan Payo
2015
Sooraj Barjatya
Fox Star Studios
Rajshri Productions
₹432 crore (US$67 million)
[25][52]

7
Chennai Express
2013
Rohit Shetty
Red Chillies Entertainment
₹423 crore (US$66 million)
[53]

8
3 Idiots
2009
Rajkumar Hirani
Vinod Chopra Films
₹395 crore (US$62 million)
[27]

9
Dilwale
2015
Rohit Shetty
Red Chillies Entertainment
Rohit Shetty Productions
₹394 crore (US$61 million)
[54]

10
Bajirao Mastani
2015
Sanjay Leela Bhansali
SLB Films
₹358 crore (US$56 million)
[26]

text: Kannada

text: Bengaluru is the center for the Kannada cinema, films produced in the Kannada language. It is sometimes known by the nickname "Sandalwood".

text:
Rank
Movie
Year
Director
Studio(s)
Worldwide gross
Source

1
Raajakumara
2017
Santhosh Ananddram
Hombale Productions
₹75 crore (US$12 million)
[55]

2
Mungaru Male
2006
Yogaraj Bhat
E. K. Entertainers
₹50 crore (US$7.8 million)
[56][57]

Kirik Party
2016
Rishab Shetty
Paramvah Studios
₹50 crore (US$7.8 million)
[58]

Mr. and Mrs. Ramachari
2014
Santhosh Ananddram
Jayanna Combines
₹50 crore (US$7.8 million)
[59]

5
Doddmane Hudga
2016
Duniya Soori
Ajay Pictures
₹40 crore (US$6.2 million)
[60]

Krantiveera Sangolli Rayanna
2012
Naganna
Sri Sangolli Rayanna Cine Combines
₹40 crore (US$6.2 million)
[61]

Uppi 2
2015
Upendra
Upendra Productions
₹40 crore (US$6.2 million)
[62]

8
Kotigobba 2
2016
K. S. Ravikumar
Rambabu Productions
₹35 crore (US$5.5 million)–₹38 crore (US$5.9 million)
[63]

9
Dandupalya
2012
Srinivas Raju
Apple Blossom Creations
₹35 crore (US$5.5 million)
[64][65]

Shivalinga
2016
P. Vasu
Jayanna Films
₹35 crore (US$5.5 million)
[63]

text: Malayalam

text: Malayalam cinema is a part of Indian cinema based in Kerala dedicated to the production of motion pictures in the Malayalam language. It is sometimes known by the nickname "Mollywood" by certain media outlets. These are the top 10 highest grossing Malayalam films.

text:
Rank
Movie
Year
Director
Studio(s)
Worldwide gross
Source

1
Pulimurugan
2016
Vysakh
Mulakuppadam Films
₹152 crore (US$24 million)
[66][67]

2
Drishyam
2013
Jeethu Joseph
Aashirvad Cinemas
₹75 crore (US$12 million)
[68][69]

3
Oppam
2016
Priyadarshan
Aashirvad Cinemas
₹65 crore (US$10 million)
[70]

4
Premam
2015
Alphonse Puthren
Anwar Rasheed Entertainments
₹60 crore (US$9.4 million)
[71]

5
Two Countries
2015
Shafi
Rejaputhra Visual Media
₹55 crore (US$8.6 million)
[72]

6
Ennu Ninte Moideen
2015
R. S. Vimal
Newton Movies
₹50 crore (US$7.8 million)
[73]

Ezra
2017
Jay K
AVA Productions, E4 Entertainment
₹50 crore (US$7.8 million)
[74]

The Great Father
2017
Haneef Adeni
August Cinema
₹50 crore (US$7.8 million)
[75]

Munthirivallikal Thalirkkumbol
2017
Jibu Jacob
Weekend Blockbusters
₹50 crore (US$7.8 million)
[76]

7
Bangalore Days
2014
Anjali Menon
Anwar Rasheed Entertainments, Weekend Blockbusters
₹49.5 crore (US$7.7 million)
[77]

text: Marathi

text: The Marathi cinema industry produces films in the Marathi language and is based in the state of Maharashtra, India. India's first full-length film, Raja Harishchandra, was released in 1913 in Marathi.[78] It is sometimes known by the nickname "M-town" by media.

text:
#+
Implies that the film is a bilingual and the gross collection figure includes the worldwide collection of the other simultaneously filmed version.

text:
Rank
Movie
Year
Director
Studio(s)
Worldwide gross
Source

1
Sairat
2016
Nagraj Manjule
Essel Vision Productions, Aatpat Production
₹110 crore (US$17 million)
[79][80]

2
Sachin: A Billion Dreams
2017
James Erskine
200 NotOut Productions
₹70.87 crore (US$11 million) #+
[81]

3
Natsamrat
2016
Mahesh Manjrekar
Fincraft Media & Entertainment & Great Maratha Entertainment
₹50 crore (US$7.8 million)
[82][83]

4
Katyar Kaljat Ghusali
2015
Subodh Bhave
Essel Vision Productions
₹40 crore (US$6.2 million)
[84]

Timepass 2
2015
Ravi Jadhav
Essel Vision Productions
₹40 crore (US$6.2 million)
[85]

Lai Bhaari
2014
Nishikant Kamath
Mumbai Film Company
₹40 crore (US$6.2 million)
[86]

7
Timepass
2014
Ravi Jadhav
Zee Talkies
₹33 crore (US$5.1 million)
[87]

8
Duniyadari
2013
Sanjay Jadhav
Dreaming 24/7 Productions
₹32 crore (US$5.0 million)
[88]

9
Me Shivajiraje Bhosale Boltoy
2009
Santosh Manjrekar
Everest Entertainment
₹25.5 crore (US$4.0 million)
[89]

10
Ventilator
2016
Rajesh Mapuskar
Purple Pebble Pictures
₹25 crore (US$3.9 million)
[90]

text: Punjabi

text: Punjabi cinema, producing films in the Punjabi language, is primarily based in the state of Punjab.

text:
Rank
Movie
Year
Director
Studio(s)
Worldwide gross
Source

1
Chaar Sahibzaade
2014
Harry Baweja
Baweja Movies
₹70 crore (US$11 million)
[91]

2
Sardaar Ji
2015
Rohit Jugraj Chauhan
White Hill Production
₹50 crore (US$7.8 million)
[92]

3
Ambarsariya
2016
Mandeep Kumar
Tips Industries Limited
₹21.22 crore (US$3.3 million)
[93][94]

4
Punjab 1984
2014
Anurag Singh
White Hill Production
₹21 crore (US$3.3 million)
[95]

5
Jatt & Juliet 2
2013
Anurag Singh
White Hill Production
₹20 crore (US$3.1 million)
[96]

6
Sardaar Ji 2
2016
Rohit Jugraj Chauhan
White Hill Production
₹19 crore (US$3.0 million)
[97]

7
Angrej
2015
Simerjit Singh
Dara Productions
₹12.45 crore (US$1.9 million)
[98]

8
Chaar Sahibzaade: Rise of Banda Singh Bahadur
2016
Harry Baweja
Baweja Movies
₹12 crore (US$1.9 million)
[99][100][101]

text: Tamil

text: Tamil cinema, the Tamil language film industry is based in the Kodambakkam neighbourhood of Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India. It is sometimes colloquially known as "Kollywood", a portmanteau of Kodambakkam and Hollywood. Worldwide gross figures (including dubbed versions) are given below.

text:
Rank
Movie
Year
Director
Studio
Worldwide gross
Source

1
Baahubali 2: The Conclusion
2017
S. S. Rajamouli
Arka Media Works
₹1,725 crore (US$270 million) #+
[11]

2
Baahubali: The Beginning
2015
S. S. Rajamouli
Arka Media Works
₹650 crore (US$100 million) #+
[14]

3
Kabali
2016
Pa. Ranjith
V Creations
₹477 crore (US$74 million)[18]–₹499 crore (US$78 million)[19]
[18][19]

4
Enthiran
2010
S. Shankar
Sun Pictures
₹289 crore (US$45 million)
[102]

5
I
2015
S. Shankar
Aascar Films Pvt.Ltd
₹240 crore (US$37 million)
[103]

6
Vishwaroopam
2013
Kamal Haasan
Raaj Kamal Films International
₹220 crore (US$34 million) #+
[104]

7
Dasavathaaram
2008
K. S. Ravikumar
Aascar Films Pvt.Ltd
₹200 crore (US$31 million)
[105][106]

8
Vivegam
2017
Siva
Sathya Jyothi Films
₹160 crore (US$25 million)
[107]

9
Theri
2016
Atlee
V. Creations
₹156.23 crore (US$24 million)
[108]

10
Lingaa
2014
K. S. Ravikumar
Eros International
₹154 crore (US$24 million)
[109]

text: Telugu

text: Telugu cinema, also known by its nickname "Tollywood" is a part of Indian cinema producing films in the Telugu language, in the states of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana and is centered in the Hyderabad neighbourhood of Film Nagar.[110]

text:
Rank
Title
Year
Director
Studio(s)
Worldwide gross
Ref(s)

1
Baahubali 2: The Conclusion
2017
S. S. Rajamouli
Arka Media Works
₹1,725 crore (US$270 million) #+
[11]

2
Baahubali: The Beginning
2015
S. S. Rajamouli
Arka Media Works
₹650 crore (US$100 million) #+
[14]

3
Srimanthudu
2015
Koratala Siva
G. Mahesh Babu Entertainment Pvt. Ltd
Mythri Movie Makers
₹200 crore (US$31 million)
[111][112][113]

4
Khaidi No. 150
2017
V. V. Vinayak
Konidela Production Company
₹164 crore (US$26 million)
[114][115]

5
Gabbar Singh
2012
Harish Shankar
Parameswara Art Productions
₹150 crore (US$23 million)
[116]

Magadheera
2009
S. S. Rajamouli
Geetha Arts
₹150 crore (US$23 million)
[117]

Spyder
2017
A. R. Murugadoss
NVR Cinema
₹150 crore (US$23 million)
[118]

8
Janatha Garage
2016
Koratala Siva
Mythri Movie Makers
₹135 crore (US$21 million)
[119]

9
Attarintiki Daredi
2013
Trivikram Srinivas
Sri Venkateswara Cine Chitra
₹131 crore (US$20 million)[120]–₹187 crore (US$29 million)[121]
[120][121]

10
Jai Lava Kusa
2017
K. S. Ravindra
N.T.R. Arts
₹129 crore (US$20 million)
[122]

text: Highest-grossing films by year

text: This section may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. The specific problem is: For verifiability, references need to support the claim that each film was the highest-grossing film of the indicated year, not just that the film grossed NNN rupees, since the gross value doesn't tell us whether or not that amount was actually the highest that year. Please help improve this section if you can. (January 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
Year
Title
Director
Studio(s)
Worldwide gross
Language
Source

1940
Zindagi
P. C. Barua
New Theatres
0181 ! ₹55 lakh (equivalent to ₹181 crore or US$27 million in 2016)
Hindi/Urdu
[n 3]

1941
Khazanchi
Moti B. Gidwani
Pancholi Art Pictures
0235 ! ₹70 lakh (equivalent to ₹235 crore or US$35 million in 2016)
Hindi/Urdu
Punjabi
[n 5]

1942
Basant
Amiya Chakrabarty
Bombay Talkies
0235 ! ₹80 lakh (equivalent to ₹235 crore or US$35 million in 2016)
Hindi/Urdu
[n 6]

1943
Kismet
Gyan Mukherjee
Bombay Talkies
0269 ! ₹1 crore (equivalent to ₹269 crore or US$40 million in 2016)
Hindi/Urdu
[n 8]

1944
Rattan
M. Sadiq
Gemini Pictures
0275 ! ₹1 crore (equivalent to ₹275 crore or US$41 million in 2016)
Hindi/Urdu
[n 10]

1945
Zeenat
Shaukat Hussain Rizvi
Eastern Pictures
0188 ! ₹70 lakh (equivalent to ₹188 crore or US$28 million in 2016)
Hindi/Urdu
[n 11]

1946
Anmol Ghadi
Mehboob Khan
Mehboob Productions
0249 ! ₹1 crore (equivalent to ₹249 crore or US$37 million in 2016)
Hindi/Urdu
[n 13]

1947
Jugnu
Shaukat Hussain Rizvi
Shaukat Art Productions
0363 ! ₹50 lakh (equivalent to ₹363 crore or US$54 million in 2016)
Hindi/Urdu
[n 15]

1948
Shaheed
Ramesh Saigal
Filmistan
0336 ! ₹75 lakh (equivalent to ₹336 crore or US$50 million in 2016)
Hindi
[n 17]

1949
Barsaat
Raj Kapoor
R. K. Films
0269 ! ₹2 crore (equivalent to ₹269 crore or US$40 million in 2016)
Hindi
[n 19]

1950
Samadhi
Ramesh Saigal
N/A
0188 ! ₹1.35 crore (equivalent to ₹188 crore or US$28 million in 2016)
Hindi
[n 20]

1951
Awaara
Raj Kapoor
R. K. Films
0739 ! ₹5.75 crore (equivalent to ₹739 crore or US$110 million in 2016)
Hindi
[n 23]

1952
Aan
Mehboob Khan
Mehboob Productions
0356 ! ₹2.8 crore (equivalent to ₹356 crore or US$53 million in 2016)
Hindi
[n 24]

1953
Anarkali
Nandlal Jaswantlal
Filmistan
0296 ! ₹2.35 crore (equivalent to ₹296 crore or US$44 million in 2016)
Hindi/Urdu
[n 25]

1954
Nagin
Nandlal Jaswantlal
Filmistan
0363 ! ₹2.9 crore (equivalent to ₹363 crore or US$54 million in 2016)
Hindi
[n 26]

1955
Shree 420
Raj Kapoor
R. K. Films
0618 ! ₹4.94 crore (equivalent to ₹618 crore or US$92 million in 2016)
Hindi
[n 28]

1956
Jagte Raho
Sombhu Mitra
Amit Maitra
R. K. Films
0477 ! ₹4.44 crore (equivalent to ₹477 crore or US$71 million in 2016)
Hindi
Bengali
[n 31]

1957
Mother India
Mehboob Khan
Mehboob Productions
0961 ! ₹8 crore (equivalent to ₹961 crore or US$143 million in 2016)
Hindi
[n 32]

1958
Madhumati
Bimal Roy
Bimal Roy Productions
0470 ! ₹4 crore (equivalent to ₹470 crore or US$70 million in 2016)
Hindi
[n 33]

1959
Char Dil Char Rahen
Khwaja Ahmad Abbas
Naya Sansar
0591 ! ₹5.27 crore (equivalent to ₹591 crore or US$88 million in 2016)
Hindi
[n 35]

1960
Mughal-e-Azam
K. Asif
Sterling Investment Corporation
1256 ! ₹11 crore (equivalent to ₹1,256 crore or US$187 million in 2016)
Hindi/Urdu
[n 36]

1961
Gunga Jumna
Nitin Bose
Citizen Films
1250 ! ₹11.27 crore (equivalent to ₹1,250 crore or US$186 million in 2016)
Hindi
Bhojpuri
[n 39]

1962
Bees Saal Baad
Biren Nag
Geetanjali Pictures
0179 ! ₹3 crore (equivalent to ₹179 crore or US$28 million in 2016)
Hindi
[162]

1963
Mere Mehboob
H. S. Rawail
Rahul Theatre
0665 ! ₹6 crore (equivalent to ₹665 crore or US$99 million in 2016)
Hindi/Urdu
[n 40]

1964
Sangam
Raj Kapoor
Mehboob Studio
0410 ! ₹8 crore (equivalent to ₹410 crore or US$64 million in 2016)
Hindi
[164]

1965
Waqt
Yash Chopra
Yash Raj Films
0280 ! ₹6 crore (equivalent to ₹280 crore or US$44 million in 2016)
Hindi
[165]

1966
Phool Aur Patthar
O. P. Ralhan
Ralhan Productions
0847 ! ₹17.17 crore (equivalent to ₹847 crore or US$128 million in 2016)
Hindi
[n 43]

1967
Hamraaz
B. R. Chopra
United Producers
0759 ! ₹13.33 crore (equivalent to ₹759 crore or US$113 million in 2016)
Hindi
[n 46]

1968
Ankhen
Ramanand Sagar
Sagar Art International
0235 ! ₹6.5 crore (equivalent to ₹235 crore or US$37 million in 2016)
Hindi
[168]

1969
Aradhana
Shakti Samanta
United Producers
0805 ! ₹17.85 crore (equivalent to ₹805 crore or US$121 million in 2016)
Hindi
[n 50]

1970
Johny Mera Naam
Vijay Anand
Mehboob Studios
0276 ! ₹8 crore (equivalent to ₹276 crore or US$43 million in 2016)
Hindi
[170]

1971
Haathi Mere Saathi
M. A. Thirumugam
Devar Films
0611 ! ₹16.35 crore (equivalent to ₹611 crore or US$92 million in 2016)
Hindi
[n 54]

1972
Seeta Aur Geeta
Ramesh Sippy
Sippy Films
0692 ! ₹19.53 crore (equivalent to ₹692 crore or US$103 million in 2016)
Hindi
[n 58]

1973
Bobby
Raj Kapoor
R. K. Films
1155 ! ₹30.24 crore (equivalent to ₹1,155 crore or US$172 million in 2016)
Hindi
[n 63]

1974
Roti Kapda Aur Makaan
Manoj Kumar
Filmistan
0304 ! ₹10.5 crore (equivalent to ₹220 crore or US$34 million in 2016)
Hindi
[178]

1975
Sholay
Ramesh Sippy
United Producers
1068 ! ₹30 crore (equivalent to ₹1,068 crore or US$159 million in 2016)
Hindi
[n 65]

1976
Barood
Pramod Chakravorty
Jugnu Enterprises
0591 ! ₹19.32 crore (equivalent to ₹591 crore or US$88 million in 2016)
Hindi
[n 70]

1977
Amar Akbar Anthony
Manmohan Desai
Hirawat Jain & Co.
0304 ! ₹15.5 crore (equivalent to ₹304 crore or US$47 million in 2016)
Hindi
[181]

1978
Muqaddar Ka Sikandar
Prakash Mehra
Prakash Mehra Productions
0447 ! ₹26.89 crore (equivalent to ₹447 crore or US$69 million in 2016)
Hindi
[n 74]

1979
Suhaag
Manmohan Desai
Sharma Cine Associates
0180 ! ₹10 crore (equivalent to ₹180 crore or US$28 million in 2016)
Hindi
[183]

1980
Qurbani
Feroz Khan
F.K. International
0296 ! ₹12 crore (equivalent to ₹296 crore or US$44 million in 2016)
Hindi
[n 76]

1981
Kranti
Manoj Kumar
V.I.P. Films
0286 ! ₹20 crore (equivalent to ₹286 crore or US$45 million in 2016)
Hindi
[185]

1982
Disco Dancer
Babbar Subhash
B. Subhash Movie Unit
1240 ! ₹100.74 crore (equivalent to ₹1,176 crore or US$188 million in 2016)
Hindi
[n 77]

1983
Coolie
Manmohan Desai
Aasia Films
0213 ! ₹18 crore (equivalent to ₹213 crore or US$33 million in 2016)
Hindi
[188]

1984
Jagir
Pramod Chakravorty
Pramod Films
0181 ! ₹15.79 crore (equivalent to ₹181 crore or US$27 million in 2016)
Hindi
[n 81]

1985
Ram Teri Ganga Maili
Raj Kapoor
R. K. Films
0197 ! ₹19 crore (equivalent to ₹197 crore or US$31 million in 2016)
Hindi
[190]

1986
Karma
Subhash Ghai
Mukta Arts
0133 ! ₹14 crore (equivalent to ₹133 crore or US$21 million in 2016)
Hindi
[191]

1987
Hukumat
Anil Sharma
N/A
0096 ! ₹11 crore (equivalent to ₹96 crore or US$15 million in 2016)
Hindi
[192]

1988
Tezaab
N. Chandra
N/A
0128 ! ₹16 crore (equivalent to ₹128 crore or US$20 million in 2016)
Hindi
[193]

1989
Maine Pyar Kiya
Sooraj Barjatya
Rajshri Productions
0222 ! ₹28 crore (equivalent to ₹222 crore or US$33 million in 2016)
Hindi
[n 82]

1990
Dil
Indra Kumar
Maruti International
0128 ! ₹18 crore (equivalent to ₹128 crore or US$19 million in 2016)
Hindi
[n 83]

1991
Saajan
Lawrence D'Souza
Eros Entertainment
0109 ! ₹18 crore (equivalent to ₹109 crore or US$17 million in 2016)
Hindi
[196]

1992
Beta
Indra Kumar
Maruti International
0127 ! ₹23.5 crore (equivalent to ₹127 crore or US$20 million in 2016)
Hindi
[197]

1993
Aankhen
David Dhawan
Chiragdeep International
0128 ! ₹25.25 crore (equivalent to ₹128 crore or US$20 million in 2016)
Hindi
[198]

1994
Hum Aapke Hain Koun..!
Sooraj Barjatya
Rajshri Productions
0756 ! ₹135 crore (equivalent to ₹756 crore or US$120 million in 2016)
Hindi
[n 84]

1995
Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge
Aditya Chopra
Yash Raj Films
0528 ! ₹123.18 crore (equivalent to ₹528 crore or US$82 million in 2016)
Hindi
[n 85]

1996
Raja Hindustani
Dharmesh Darshan
Cineyug
0390 ! ₹76.34 crore (equivalent to ₹390 crore or US$58 million in 2016)
Hindi
[205][201]

1997
Dil To Pagal Hai
Yash Chopra
Yash Raj Films
0257 ! ₹71.87 crore (equivalent to ₹257 crore or US$40 million in 2016)
Hindi
[206]

1998
Kuch Kuch Hota Hai
Karan Johar
Dharma Productions
0337 ! ₹106.74 crore (equivalent to ₹337 crore or US$52 million in 2016)
Hindi
[207]

1999
Hum Saath Saath Hain
Sooraj Barjatya
Rajshri Productions
0246 ! ₹81.71 crore (equivalent to ₹246 crore or US$38 million in 2016)
Hindi
[208]

2000
Mohabbatein
Aditya Chopra
Yash Raj Films
0260 ! ₹90.01 crore (equivalent to ₹260 crore or US$41 million in 2016)
Hindi
[209]

2001
Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham
Karan Johar
Dharma Productions
0378 ! ₹135.53 crore (equivalent to ₹378 crore or US$59 million in 2016)
Hindi
[210]

2002
Devdas
Sanjay Leela Bhansali
Red Chillies Entertainment
0267 ! ₹99.87 crore (equivalent to ₹267 crore or US$42 million in 2016)
Hindi
[211]

2003
Kal Ho Naa Ho
Nikhil Advani
Dharma Productions
0222 ! ₹86.09 crore (equivalent to ₹222 crore or US$35 million in 2016)
Hindi
[212]

2004
Veer-Zaara
Yash Chopra
Yash Raj Films
0242 ! ₹97.64 crore (equivalent to ₹242 crore or US$38 million in 2016)
Hindi
[213]

2005
No Entry
Anees Bazmee
SK Film Entertainment
0176 ! ₹74.14 crore (equivalent to ₹176 crore or US$28 million in 2016)
Hindi
[214]

2006
Dhoom 2
Sanjay Gadhvi
Yash Raj Films
0340 ! ₹151.39 crore (equivalent to ₹340 crore or US$53 million in 2016)
Hindi
[215]

2007
Om Shanti Om
Farah Khan
Red Chillies Entertainment
0317 ! ₹149.87 crore (equivalent to ₹317 crore or US$49 million in 2016)
Hindi
[216]

2008
Ghajini
A. R. Murugadoss
Geetha Arts
0390 ! ₹200 crore (equivalent to ₹390 crore or US$61 million in 2016)
Hindi
[217][218]

2009
3 Idiots
Rajkumar Hirani
Vinod Chopra Films
0688 ! ₹390.9 crore (equivalent to ₹688 crore or US$110 million in 2016)
Hindi
[219]

2010
Enthiran
S. Shankar
Sun Pictures
0454 ! ₹289 crore (equivalent to ₹454 crore or US$71 million in 2016)
Tamil
[102]
[better source needed]

2011
Bodyguard
Siddique
Reel Life Productions
0338 ! ₹234.39 crore (equivalent to ₹338 crore or US$53 million in 2016)
Hindi
[220]

2012
Ek Tha Tiger
Kabir Khan
Yash Raj Films
0422 ! ₹320 crore (equivalent to ₹422 crore or US$66 million in 2016)
Hindi
[221]

2013
Dhoom 3
Vijay Krishna Acharya
Yash Raj Films
0696 ! ₹585 crore (equivalent to ₹696 crore or US$110 million in 2016)
Hindi
[222]

2014
PK
Rajkumar Hirani
Vinod Chopra Films
0886 ! ₹792 crore (equivalent to ₹886 crore or US$140 million in 2016)
Hindi
[223]

2015
Baahubali: The Beginning
S. S. Rajamouli
Arka Media Works
0687 ! ₹650 crore (equivalent to ₹687 crore or US$110 million in 2016)
Telugu
Tamil
[14]

2016
Dangal
Nitesh Tiwari
Aamir Khan Productions
UTV Motion Pictures
Walt Disney Studios
1979 ! ₹2,024.76 crore (US$320 million)
Hindi
[n 1]

2017
Baahubali 2: The Conclusion
S. S. Rajamouli
Arka Media Works
1905 ! ₹1,725 crore (US$270 million)
Telugu
Tamil
[11]

text: This section may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. The specific problem is: Needs unique column for Source, as references are bleeding into currency parens. US Currency parentheticals need to be re-thought. Also, it's unclear why we're using US dollars when the rest of the article is in Indian rupees. Please help improve this section if you can. (November 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The Krrish film series is the first franchise to gross over ₹100 crores. Baahubali is the only franchise to collect over ₹ 2,000 crores at the box office and the only franchise where its films have grossed more than ₹ 500 crores worldwide.

text:
Highest-grossing franchises and film series[§]
(The films in each franchise can be viewed by selecting "show".)

Rank
Series
Total worldwide box office (in crores)
No. of films
Average of films (in crores)
Highest-grossing film (gross in INR(₹) crores)

1
[show]Baahubali
₹2,375
2
₹1,188
Baahubali 2: The Conclusion (₹1,725)

1
The Conclusion (2017)
₹1,725

2
The Beginning (2015)
₹650

2
[show]Dhoom
₹807.5
3
₹269
Dhoom 3 (₹585[224])

1
Dhoom 3 (2013)
₹585

2
Dhoom 2 (2006)
₹150

3
Dhoom (2004)
₹72.5

3
[show]Krrish
₹511
3
₹170
Krrish 3 (₹291[225])

1
Krrish 3 (2013)
₹291

2
Krrish (2006)
₹117

3
Koi... Mil Gaya (2003)
₹103

4
[show]Housefull
₹500
3
₹167
Housefull 3 (₹195[226])

1
Housefull 3 (2016)
₹195

2
Housefull 2 (2012)
₹186

3
Housefull (2010)
₹119

5
[show]Dabangg
₹464
2
₹232
Dabangg 2 (₹249[227])

1
Dabangg 2 (2012)
₹249

2
Dabangg (2010)
₹215

6
[show]Singham (Hindi)
₹355
2
₹178
Singham Returns (₹215[228])

1
Singham Returns (2014)
₹215

2
Singham (2011)
₹140

7
[show]Golmaal
₹337.9
3
₹113
Golmaal 3 (₹160[229])

1
Golmaal 3 (2010)
₹160

2
Golmaal Returns (2008)
₹108

3
Fun Unlimited (2006)
₹69.9

8
[show]Don
₹321
2
₹161
Don 2 (₹215[230])

1
Don 2 (2011)
₹215

2
Don (2006)
₹106

9
[show]Dulhania
₹310.34
2
₹155
Badrinath Ki Dulhania (₹200.34[231])

1
Badrinath Ki Dulhania (2017)
₹200.34

2
Humpty Sharma Ki Dulhania (2014)
₹110

10
[show]Singam (Tamil)
₹300
3
₹100
Singam II (₹125[232])

1
Singam II (2013)
₹125

2
Si3 (2017)
₹110

3
Singam (2010)
₹65

11
[show]Tanu Weds Manu
₹299
2
₹150
Tanu Weds Manu: Returns (₹243[233])

1
Returns (2015)
₹243

2
Tanu Weds Manu (2011)
₹56

12
[show]Race
₹268
2
₹134
Race 2 (₹162[234])

1
Race 2 (2013)
₹162

2
Race (2008)
₹106

13
[show]Welcome
₹256
2
₹128
Welcome Back (₹136[235])

1
Welcome Back (2015)
₹136

2
Welcome (2007)
₹120

14
[show]Gabbar Singh
₹250
2
₹125
Gabbar Singh (₹150[116])

1
Gabbar Singh (2012)
₹150

2
Sardaar Gabbar Singh (2016)
₹100

15
[show]Jolly LLB
₹234.3
2
₹117
Jolly LLB 2 (₹197.3[236])

1
Jolly LLB 2 (2017)
₹197.3

2
Jolly LLB (2013)
₹37

16
[show]Judwaa
₹218.67
2
₹109
Judwaa 2 (₹191.24[237])

1
Judwaa 2 (2017)
₹195.28

2
Judwaa (1997)
₹23.39

17
[show]Raaz
₹210.6
4
₹53
Raaz 3 (₹97[238])

1
Raaz 3 (2012)
₹97

2
Reboot (2016)
₹42.1

3
Raaz (2002)
₹37

4
The Mystery Continues (2009)
₹34.5

18
[show]ABCD
₹206
2
₹103
ABCD 2 (₹130[239])

1
ABCD 2 (2015)
₹130

2
Any Body Can Dance (2013)
₹76

19
[show]Muni
₹203.7
3
₹68
Kanchana 2 (₹120[240])

1
Kanchana 2 (2015)
₹120

2
Muni 2: Kanchana (2011)
₹68.7

3
Muni (2007)
₹15

20
[show]Baby
₹199.1
2
₹100
Baby (₹143[241])

1
Baby (2015)
₹143

2
Naam Shabana (2017)
₹56.1

21
[show]Masti
₹187.8
3
₹63
Grand Masti (₹142[242])

1
Grand Masti (2013)
₹142

2
Masti (2004)
₹26.8

3
Great Grand Masti (2016)
₹19

22
[show]Once Upon a Time in Mumbaai
₹186.2
2
₹93
Once Upon a Time in Mumbaai (₹94.5[243])

1
Once Upon a Time in Mumbaai (2010)
₹94.5

2
Once Upon ay Time in Mumbai Dobaara! (2013)
₹91.7

23
[show]Dhamaal
₹159.3
2
₹80
Dhamaal (₹88.8[244])

1
Dhamaal (2007)
₹88.8

2
Double Dhamaal (2011)
₹70.5

24
[show]Kahaani
₹158.8
2
₹79
Kahaani (₹104[245][246])

1
Kahaani (2012)
₹104

2
2: Durga Rani Singh (2016)
₹54.8

25
[show]Munna Bhai
₹150.4
2
₹75
Lage Raho Munna Bhai (₹120[247])

1
Lage Raho Munna Bhai (2006)
₹120

2
Munna Bhai M.B.B.S. (2003)
₹30.4


document_title: Ariel (Disney)

question_text: who was ariel the little mermaid based on

root

text: Ariel (Disney)

text: Development[edit]

text:
"I heard Part of Your World, Jodi Benson singing that, and it just captivated me. I have to do that. And I went and told those guys, 'I really wanna do Ariel.' And they said, 'Well, I don’t know. This is supposed to be a pretty girl. Can you do that?' I said, 'Look, I have to do Ariel. I mean, I can feel it in my heart.'"[6]

— Glen Keane, Ariel's supervising animator

tag: table

text: Ariel was based on the title character of Hans Christian Andersen's "The Little Mermaid", but co-director and writer Ron Clements felt that the mermaid in the original story was too tragic and rewrote the character, resulting in Ariel.[7]

tag: p

text: Jodi Benson, who was predominantly a stage actress, was chosen to voice Ariel because the directors felt "it was really important to have the same person doing the singing and speaking voice".[7] Clements stated that Benson's voice had a unique "sweetness" and "youthfulness".[8] When recording the vocals for "Part of Your World", Benson asked that the lights in the studio be dimmed, to create the feeling of being deep under the sea.[6][9] "Part of Your World", which was referred to by songwriter Howard Ashman as the "I Want" song,[7] was originally going to be cut from the final film, owing to Jeffrey Katzenberg's belief that it slowed the story down,[6][7] but Ashman and Keane fought to keep it in.[7][10]

text: Ariel's original design was developed by animator Glen Keane. Her appearance was based on a number of inspirational sources, including Glen Kleane's wife,[11] actress Alyssa Milano (who was 16 at the time in addition to hosting the making of the special on Disney Channel,[12]) and model-comedian Sherri Stoner, who provided live-action references for the animators during the development of the film.[7][9] The movement of Ariel's hair underwater was based on footage of astronaut Sally Ride while she was in space.[12] Extra reference was given by filming Stoner swimming in a pool, which also helped guide Ariel's aquatic movement.[13]

text: A challenge in animating Ariel for the 1989 film was the color required to show Ariel in the changing environments, both under the sea and on land, for which the animators required thirty-two color models, not including costume changes. The bluish-green color of Ariel's fin was a hue specially mixed by the Disney paint lab; the color was named "Ariel" after the character. The choice of red as Ariel's hair color was the subject of dispute between the filmmakers and studio executives who wanted the character to have blonde hair. It was noted that red hair contrasted better with Ariel's green tail, red was easier to darken than yellow, and Disney's live-action branch Touchstone Pictures had recently released Splash that had a blonde mermaid; Ariel's red hair was ultimately kept.[7]

text: In an interview, Jodi Benson stated that for Ariel's Beginning, the writers revised the script multiple times to make sure Ariel retained her relevance in a more modern context. Benson complained to them that they wrote Ariel out of character and suggested they bring her back to her roots.[14]

text: Characteristics[edit]

text: Ariel is the youngest of King Triton and Queen Athena's seven daughters.[4] She is often seen in the company of Flounder, her best friend, and Sebastian, her father's advisor who is often assigned to keep an eye on her. In the television series and first film, Ariel has a fascination with the human world and often goes off to find human artifacts that she displays in a secret grotto.[3][15] Ariel is often rebellious, wandering off on her own to explore her surroundings, and frequently disobeys the orders of her father or Sebastian, causing conflict between the characters. In The Little Mermaid, she is depicted as being willing to do anything to be with Prince Eric, even giving up her voice to become human.[3] Clements described her as a typical teenager, prone to errors of judgment.[12] She also is incredibly curious, and her curiosity often leads her into dangerous situations.

text: Ariel is kind and caring to others no matter what their circumstances, as depicted in the television series. In an early episode, Ariel helps an orphaned merboy who had fallen in with a bad crowd.[16] In another episode, Ariel befriends a supposed bad luck creature and protects it from Ursula and other merfolk who wish it harm.[17] Ariel appears as an adult in Return to the Sea and gives birth to a daughter named Melody, becoming the first, and currently, only, Disney princess to become a mother. Ariel is protective of her daughter, as Triton was of Ariel in the first film. After Morgana threatens Ariel and King Triton, Prince Eric and Ariel build a wall around the palace to protect Melody from Morgana and other terrors of the ocean. Although it protected her, it could not protect her curiosity.[5] Ariel's Beginning depicts her personality as it was in the original film after Jodi Benson had advocated returning the character to her roots.[14] Ariel is once again rebellious, and after her father decrees music to be banned in Atlantica she runs away with Sebastian and his band.

text: Appearances[edit]

text: The Little Mermaid[edit]

text: Ariel first appears in The Little Mermaid (1989), in which she is shown as being adventurous and curious about the world of humans, a fascination which angers both her father King Triton and his court composer Sebastian, as merfolk are not allowed to make contact with the human world. She and Flounder go in search of human objects, which they take to a seagull named Scuttle for appraisal. Ariel falls in love with a human prince named Prince Eric after saving him from drowning, and visits the sea witch, Ursula, who agrees to turn her into a human in exchange for her voice. Ariel must make Prince Eric fall in love with her and romantically kiss her within three days, lest she belong to Ursula forever.

text: Unknown to Ariel, this agreement is part of Ursula's bigger plan to trap Ariel's father, King Triton and steal his magical trident. After being transformed, she is soon found by Eric and is taken back to his castle. Ariel almost manages to obtain the "kiss of true love", but is stopped by Ursula's underhanded tactics. On the third day, Ursula transforms herself into a human, calling herself "Vanessa" and using Ariel's voice, and bewitches Eric to make him marry her. After learning from Scuttle that the woman is Ursula in disguise, Ariel disrupts the wedding and regains her voice but the sun sets as Ariel and Prince Eric are about to kiss, transforming Ariel back into a mermaid. After transforming herself back into her true witch form, Ursula takes Ariel back into the ocean, where she is met by King Triton and Sebastian.

text: Triton trades himself for Ariel, enabling Ursula to steal his crown and enabling her to claim his trident, a fascination which angers Ariel, who will not allow Ursula to destroy merfolk and humans. In the battle that follows, Ariel is trapped at the bottom of a whirlpool. Before Ursula can destroy her, Eric kills Ursula by ramming a derelict ship's splintered prow through her. After Ursula dies, her spell is broken, and King Triton and the merfolk are transformed back to normal merpeople. At the end of the film, after King Triton uses his magical trident to transform her into a human, Ariel leaves the sea to live in the human world, and she and Eric marry and live happily ever after.[3]

text: Television series[edit]

text: A prequel television series that originally aired from 1992 to 1994, depicts Ariel's life as a mermaid under the sea with Sebastian, Flounder, and her father. Ariel appears in all 31 episodes of the series, which is set an unspecified time before the first film. The series follows Ariel's adventures with her friends and family and sometimes has Ariel foiling the attempts of enemies that are intent on harming her or the kingdom of Atlantica.

text: Ariel's relationships with various characters from the film are highlighted and expanded, such as the love and occasional conflict between Ariel and her father, how Ariel met Flounder and Scuttle, the relationships between Ariel and her sisters, and Ariel's early fear and avoidance of Ursula the sea witch. Other recurring new characters are also introduced, such as merboy Urchin and mermaid Gabriella that become Ariel's friends, as well as the Evil Manta, Lobster Mobster and Da Shrimp, who are Ariel's enemies. Ariel's mother is absent from the series, having already died prior to the events of the series, though she is occasionally mentioned in vague terms. In one episode Ariel comes across Hans Christian Andersen, author of "The Little Mermaid". In the fictionalized encounter she saves Andersen's life, inspiring him to write the story.[18]

text: Some episodes of the series are musical and feature original songs performed by the characters. A soundtrack containing some of these songs was released in 1992 under the title "Splash Hits".[19]

text: The Little Mermaid II: Return to the Sea[edit]

text: In The Little Mermaid II: Return to the Sea (2000), Ariel, now the new queen of Prince Eric's kingdom has given birth to a daughter named Melody. When Melody's safety is threatened by Ursula's sister Morgana after using her as a hostage to get King Triton's Trident, Ariel and her husband Eric decide they must keep Melody away from the sea. So they build a large wall to separate it from the castle.

text: But Melody's love of the sea proves too strong and she visits Morgana, who turns her into a mermaid temporarily. King Triton uses his trident to transform Ariel back into her own mermaid form to find and rescue Melody. Morgana tricks Melody into taking part in a plot to steal her grandfather King Triton's trident. Together with Tip the Penguin and Dash the Walrus she goes to Atlantica and succeeds in acquiring the trident. Ariel arrives as they return with it to Morgana, and tries to persuade Melody to give back the trident. Morgana captures Ariel, tightly wrapping her tentacle around Ariel's mouth and body. She then seals Melody behind a block wall. Tip and Dash rescue Melody and Ariel manages to free themselves. Morgana then uses the trident's magic to force everyone to bow before her.

text: Melody manages to grab the trident and returns it to King Triton, who then punishes Morgana by sending her to the bottom of the ocean frozen in a block of ice. Triton returns Ariel to human form, the wall separating Eric's castle from the sea is torn down, and contact between humans and merfolk is restored.[5]

text: The Little Mermaid: Ariel's Beginning[edit]

text: The prologue of The Little Mermaid: Ariel's Beginning (2008) shows Ariel as a young mermaid, living happily with her father, King Triton, her mother, Queen Athena, and her six older sisters. As Ariel and her family relax in a lagoon, a pirate ship approaches and everyone flees except Athena, who returns to recover a music box Triton had given her and is killed when the ship crushes her. Afterwards, a devastated King Triton bans all music from Atlantica and throws the music box deep into the ocean. Ariel and her sisters grow up forgetting music and living under their father's strict rules, enforced by Marina del Rey, their governess.

text: Ariel meets Flounder and follows him to a secret underground club where Sebastian and his band play music. There she sings the song "I Remember", which reminds her of her distant past surrounded by love and music, and of her mother. Ariel introduces her sisters to the club, but eventually they are caught thanks to Marina, who had followed them. Sebastian and his band are imprisoned and the club is closed under Triton's orders. After arguing with Triton, Ariel breaks the band out of prison and escapes with them.

text: With Sebastian's assistance, Ariel finds her mother's music box, and they decide to return it to Triton. On their way back to Atlantica, they encounter Marina, and a struggle ensues in which Ariel is knocked unconscious, witnessed by Triton. Ariel makes a full recovery, and a remorseful Triton allows music back into Atlantica.[4]

text: In other media[edit]

text: Tie-in music albums[edit]

text: In addition to the film's official soundtrack, two original music albums were released by Walt Disney Records for the franchise: Sebastian from The Little Mermaid (1990) and The Little Mermaid: Songs from the Sea (1992). The former is a cover album mainly focusing on Samuel E. Wright as Sebastian, with Ariel providing supporting vocals, while the latter is a concept album of original songs that depict a day in Ariel's life under the sea. Ariel also appears in Songs and Story: Ariel's Christmas Under the Sea, a Christmas-themed mini-album with a read-along story and two original songs.[20] Jodi Benson performs in-character as Ariel in all these albums.

text: Printed media[edit]

text: Ariel appears in a number of printed media that have been released as part of the franchise.

text: A series of twelve prequel novels were published in 1994 by Disney Press, following young Ariel's adventures living under the sea with her sisters and father. The titles are: Green-Eyed Pearl and Nefazia Visits the Palace by Suzanne Weyn; Reflections of Arsulu and The Same Old Song by Marilyn Kaye; Arista's New Boyfriend and Ariel the Spy by M. J. Carr; King Triton, Beware!, The Haunted Palace and The Boyfriend Mix-Up by Katherine Applegate; The Practical-Joke War by Stephanie St. Pierre; The Dolphins of Coral Cove by K. S. Rodriguez; and Alana's Secret Friend by Jess Christopher.[21] The novels mostly focus on the domestic setting of Ariel and her sisters living together.

text: In 1992 Disney Comics released a four-issue The Little Mermaid Limited Series comic book series.[22] In 1994 Marvel Comics released its own title, Disney's The Little Mermaid, which ran for twelve issues.[23] All these comics are prequels to the film, and feature Ariel a mermaid living under the sea having adventures with Flounder and Sebastian, and thwarting villains that wish to take over or destroy Atlantica.

text: Disney Princess[edit]

text: In 2000, Ariel became an official member of the newly launched Disney Princess line, an umbrella franchise that includes various Disney princesses under its banner. Ariel is one of the original 8 characters that were included at the franchise's launch. The franchise is directed at young girls and covers a wide variety of merchandise, including but not limited to magazines, music albums, toys, video games, clothes, and stationery.[24]

text: This franchise includes illustrated novels starring the various princesses, two of which are about Ariel: The Birthday Surprise and The Shimmering Star Necklace. Both novels are written by Gail Herman, and contain original stories about Ariel's life as a human and Eric's wife, but still maintaining close relationships with her father and sisters under the sea.[25][26] The franchise also includes illustrated short stories about Ariel's life as a human, such as Ariel and the Aquamarine Jewel,[27] Ariel's Dolphin Adventure,[28] and Ariel's Royal Wedding.[29] Ariel also appears as a supporting character in one volume of the Japanese manga Kilala Princess, where she is seen in her pre-movie mermaid form.

text: Jodi Benson provides Ariel's voice for her appearances in the Disney Princess music albums, DVDs, and video games. The first original song released for this franchise is "If You Can Dream", which featured Cinderella, Aurora, Ariel, Belle, Pocahontas, Jasmine and Mulan singing together. Other original songs that feature Ariel are "I Just Love Getting Dressed for Tea", "Manners and Etiquette", "The Princess Dance" and "Happy Birthday, Princess" from Disney Princess Tea Party (2005); "Christmas Is Coming!", "Christmas in the Ocean", "Ariel's Christmas Island" and "The Twelve Days of Christmas" from Disney Princess Christmas Album (2009);[30] and "Ariel's Sing-Along Sea Song: the Crab Song" from Disney Princess Party (2010).[31] Ariel also appears in the franchise video games Disney Princess: Enchanted Journey (2007), Disney Princess: Magical Jewels (2007) and Disney Princess: My Fairytale Adventure (2012).

text: Broadway musical[edit]

text: Ariel appears in the Broadway adaptation of the 1989 film, which ran at the Lunt-Fontanne Theatre with previews from November 3, 2007, leading to opening night on January 10, 2008. This original production closed on August 30, 2009, but other US and international productions have followed since. The character of Ariel for the stage adaptation was originated by Sierra Boggess, with the role also portrayed later by actresses Chelsea Morgan Stock and Michelle Lookadoo. Jodi Benson, the original voice actress for Ariel, attended the musical's opening night.[32]

text: In order to portray the characters underwater, the actors wore Heelys wheeled footwear, which simulate the gliding action of swimming creatures.[33] The actors playing Ariel and the other merfolk had wire-frame tails attached to their hips. Subsequent productions feature different designs for Ariel and the merfolk; the Dutch and Japanese productions use wirework and aerial stunts to create the illusion of underwater swimming.[34]

text: The stage musical follows the basic structure of the film, but there are some differences between the two. In this version, Ursula is Triton's sister and Ariel's aunt. In a new subplot, Grimsby holds a contest inviting all the princesses in the land for a singing competition for Eric to choose his bride; Ariel cannot sing, but she dances for Eric, and he chooses her. Ariel also has a more active role in the final battle, where she is the one who defeats Ursula by destroying her Nautilus shell that contains her power.

text: In addition to the songs in the film, Ariel has new songs by Alan Menken and lyrics by Glenn Slater. "The World Above" is Ariel's introductory song, where she expresses her admiration and curiosity with the human world, "Beyond My Wildest Dreams" is performed after Ariel has become human and given up her voice, and is used to express her thoughts about the human world and Eric, and "If Only (quartet)" is a quartet between Ariel, Eric, King Triton and Sebastian where all four express longing and sadness for their current situation: Ariel saddened that she only has one day left to get Eric to kiss her, Eric's confusion of falling for Ariel despite longing for the mysterious girl who saved his life, King Triton's regret at driving Ariel away, and Sebastian for his inability to help Ariel achieve her dreams.

text: Disney Parks[edit]

text: Ariel makes regular appearances in the Walt Disney Parks and Resorts, having a special location called Ariel's Grotto at most of them. Ariel's Grotto was torn down at Walt Disney World's Magic Kingdom owing to the Fantasyland expansion.[35] "The Little Mermaid" mini-land can be found in the Magic Kingdom's New Fantasyland. It includes a replica of Prince Eric's Castle, a dark ride called Ariel's Undersea Adventure, a market called "Prince Eric's Village Market", and Ariel's meeting grotto.[36] She has a major role in Mickey's PhilharMagic and stars in her own live stage shows at Disney's Hollywood Studios and Tokyo DisneySea. A dark ride based on the movie was designed for Disneyland Paris but never built. A re-designed version of the attraction, called Ariel's Undersea Adventure, was built as part of the major expansion for Disney California Adventure Park.[35][37] She also has her own hotel at the Disney's Art of Animation Resort. There is a land in Tokyo DisneySea titled "Mermaid Lagoon". It features many rides and attractions themed around the Little Mermaid. A clone of the dark ride found in Disney California Adventure Park and Magic Kingdom was to be a part of Fantasyland in Hong Kong Disneyland but was never built. A clone of the dark ride was also supposed to be in Tokyo DisneySea but was canceled due to budget reasons.[38] A Little Mermaid dark ride is or was planned in every Disney resort worldwide.

text: Video games and television[edit]

text: Not long after the film was released, late Muppet creator Jim Henson proposed a live-action show based on the film, titled Little Mermaid's Island. Ariel was to be portrayed by Marietta DePrima, and she would interact with various puppet characters created by Jim Henson's Creature Shop. Two episodes of this series were filmed but not aired due to complications after Henson's death.[39]

text: Ariel appears in various video games based on the films, including the two adaptations of the first film (one for NES and Game Boy, known as The Little Mermaid, and one for Sega consoles called Ariel the Little Mermaid) and the popular Kingdom Hearts series. In the first Kingdom Hearts, Ariel's story has an unrelated plot to that of the movie.[40] Ariel also makes an appearance in the sequel, Kingdom Hearts II, where its storyline loosely follows the plotline of the 1989 film.[41] They're also was an appearance card in the video game Mickey's Memory Challenge on 1993. Other video games based on the character include a pinball adaption of the second movie and three children's titles for personal computers: Ariel's Story Studio, The Little Mermaid Activity Center and Disney's The Little Mermaid Print Studio. In addition, Ariel appears in multiple games within the Disney Princess line of games, including Disney Princess: Enchanted Journey and Disney Princess: My Fairytale Adventure.

text: In 2001, Ariel appeared occasionally in the animated television series Disney's House of Mouse as one of Mickey's guests at the nightclub. She is seen in both her mermaid and human forms.

text: On November 24, 2013, Ariel made a brief appearance in a TV special Sofia the First: The Floating Palace, which is part of the computer-animated television series Sofia the First. In the special, Sofia is trying to help her mermaid friend, Oona, whose underwater kingdom is under threat. Sofia wishes for help, and the magical amulet of Avalor summons Ariel in her mermaid form, who gives Sofia advice on what to do. Ariel performs the song "The Love We Share" with Sofia.

text: Once Upon a Time[edit]

text:
Ariel

Once Upon a Time character

First appearance
"Ariel" (3.06)

Last appearance
"A Wondrous Place" (6.15)

Created by
Edward Kitsis & Adam Horowitz

Portrayed by
Joanna García Swisher

Information

Aliases
Little Mermaid

Species
Mermaid

Gender
Female

Significant other(s)
Prince Eric

Centric episodes

Season Three
"Ariel"

text: A live-action version of Ariel appeared in the ABC television series Once Upon a Time, where she was played by JoAnna Garcia.[42][43] Showrunners Edward Kitsis and Adam Horowitz had wanted to introduce the character for a while but saved her for season three when the show's setting temporarily moved to the fictional Neverland, a land with mermaids.[44] Ariel's highly anticipated appearance was announced with a teaser trailer at the show's panel at the San Diego Comic-con on July 20, 2013, during the hiatus between the second and third seasons.[44][45][46] The showrunners provided their own "spin" on the character of Ariel for the show, but maintained her spirit as someone "who wants to see the world and who wants to experience things outside of what they know".[47] In portraying the role, García had to film scenes swimming in the cold ocean water of Vancouver with her legs bound, which was additionally challenging since it was her first role after giving birth.[48] Ariel's main arc took place over several episodes of the 2013-2014 third season, and she later appeared in one episode each of the fourth and sixth seasons.

text: Ariel first appears in the sixth episode of season three, "Ariel". In the Enchanted Forest flashbacks of the episode, Ariel meets Snow White (Ginnifer Goodwin) by saving her from drowning. Snow and Ariel become friends, during which Snow advises Ariel to pursue her love interest Prince Eric (Gil McKinney), whom she'd rescued from drowning earlier. Ursula, the sea goddess, has given merfolk the ability to gain legs once a year; Ariel uses this gift to turn human and attend Prince Eric's ball with Snow. At the ball, Ariel and Eric dance, with Eric commenting that Ariel seems familiar to him. Eric invites Ariel to join him on an expedition around the world that is leaving the following morning. As Ariel contemplates her dilemma she is approached by the Evil Queen Regina (Lana Parrilla), who has disguised herself as Ursula and pretends to want to help her. Regina's true agenda is to capture Snow, but Ariel thwarts Regina's plan and manages to escape with Snow. As an act of revenge, Regina takes Ariel's voice so she cannot call out to Eric before he leaves on his voyage.

text: Years later Regina calls to Ariel for help. Regina is trapped on Neverland and needs Ariel to use her merfolk ability to travel between realms and collect something from Storybrooke. In return, Regina restores Ariel's voice and gives her a bracelet that can give her legs for 24 hours and tells her that Prince Eric is in Storybrooke. In the following episode, "Dark Hollow", Ariel travels to Storybrooke to meet Belle (Emilie de Ravin), and they work together to find Pandora's box. Ariel manages to bring the box back to Regina in Neverland, and in return, Regina casts a spell on the bracelet so Ariel can use it to gain legs whenever and for however long she wishes. At the beginning of the tenth episode of the season, "The New Neverland", Ariel and Eric are reunited in Storybrooke.

text: In the seventeenth episode, "The Jolly Roger", Ariel has been separated from Eric again due to the events of "The New Neverland". In the Enchanted Forest, she learns that Eric has been kidnapped by Blackbeard the pirate, and teams up with Hook to help save him. Faced with an ultimatum, Hook chooses the Jolly Roger over information on Eric's whereabouts; Ariel is angered at Hook but leaves to find Eric on her own. In Storybrooke a year later, Zelena (Rebecca Mader) disguises herself as Ariel, pretending that she's still searching for Eric in order to torment Hook with his guilt. It is later revealed that Ariel successfully found Eric on her own and they have been living happily together.

text: Ariel returns briefly in season four episode "Poor Unfortunate Soul". She rescues Captain Hook from drowning when he falls off the Jolly Roger after altercation with the sea witch Ursula (Merrin Dungey). Queen Elsa of Arendelle cast a spell to shrink the Jolly Roger into a bottle in order to punish its previous owner, Blackbeard; Ariel was unknowingly trapped in the spell as well. Although Ariel is still mildly angry with Hook after their last encounter, she is grateful for his freeing her from the ship's spell. Ariel then helps bring Ursula's father, King Poseidon (Ernie Hudson), to Storybrooke so that the father-daughter pair can reconcile. Ariel also appears in season 6 episode "A Wondrous Place". Flashbacks depict Ariel's travels to Agrabah in search of Prince Eric; although she is unsuccessful, she meets and befriends Princess Jasmine (Karen David). In the episode's present time, Ariel reunites with Jasmine and helps her defeat the sorcerer Jafar (Oded Fehr).

text: Reception for the role has been received positively, with Amy Ratcliffe of IGN saying "The mermaid was endearing, and Garcia couldn't have done a better job with her. She had terrific chemistry with everyone, too".[49]

text: Concert[edit]

text: In 2016 a stripped-down concert version of The Little Mermaid was staged at the Hollywood Bowl, featuring the songs from the film and four songs from the Broadway musical. Sara Bareilles performed the role of Ariel for the first two nights of the concert (June 4 and 5), while Jodi Benson, the original voice actress for Ariel, reprised her role for the June 6 performance.[50]

text: Ralph Breaks the Internet: Wreck-It Ralph 2[edit]

text: Ariel, alongside other Disney Princesses, is set to cameo in the film, as was announced at the 2017 D23 Expo.[citation needed]

text: Reception and legacy[edit]

text: Ariel has received a mixed reception from critics. Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times praised the character, writing that "Ariel is a fully realized female character who thinks and acts independently, even rebelliously, instead of hanging around passively while the fates decide her destiny".[51] James Bernardelli of Reelviews wrote that Ariel can be viewed as a template for future Disney heroes and heroines. He also praised Jodi Benson's vocal performance for the character.[52] In an article for Empire, Levi Buchanan stated that Ariel is "powerful and self-reliant".[53] Janet Maslin of The New York Times complimented Ariel, stating that "teenagers will appreciate the story's rebellious heroine" and went on to praise Ariel's wit.[54] Josh Tyler of Cinema Blend wrote favorably about Ariel although he believed that the character was eroticized, stating, "The scene where Ursula rips out her throat and gives her extremely naked parts below the waist is almost titillating, though I'm sure to little kids it seems entirely innocent".[55] Similarly, reviewer John Puccio said that "Ariel is perhaps the sexiest-looking animated character the Disney artists have ever drawn".[56] In his review of Ariel's Beginning, James Plath of DVD Town wrote, "For little girls, Ariel is one of the most beloved of Disney princesses, and she holds a warm place in the hearts of parents as well".[57] Rory Aronsky of Film Threat praised Jodi Benson's vocal performance in Ariel's Beginning, writing that "Benson adds more to the appeal of Ariel for older fans, and younger girls just learning about her, as well as generations not born yet who will undoubtedly become attached to her, ensuring the continued existence of the franchise".[58]

text: In their review of The Little Mermaid, the staff of TV Guide wrote that Ariel resembled "a big-haired, denatured Barbie doll, despite her hourglass figure and skimpy seashell brassiere".[59] Tamara Weston of Time wrote that while Ariel is less passive and more strong-willed than her predecessors, she still "gives up her voice to be with a man" who comes to her rescue at the film's climax.[60] Hal Hinson of The Washington Post wrote that it would be difficult for children to relate to Ariel's "feelings of disenchantment and longing for another world" and that she "doesn't have much personality". However, Hinson also wrote a positive statement about Ariel, saying it was "refreshing ... to see a heroine who has some sense of what she wants and the resources to go after it".[61] Nell Minow of Common Sense Media had a mixed view of Ariel, praising her for being "adventuresome, rebellious, and brave" but also criticizing that she "gives up everything – her family, her home, her voice – for love, even though her trust in the sea witch puts everyone she loves in danger".[62] Daphne Lee of The Star called Ariel "annoying" and went on to state that Ariel "is a silly girl who gives up her voice and her family for a man she knows next to nothing about".[63]

text: Despite her mixed critical reception, Ariel remains popular with audiences and is considered one of Disney's most iconic animated characters, with her specific color combination of red hair, lavender seashells and green tail making her distinctly identifiable.[8] A poll in the Internet Movie Database showed Ariel to be the second most alluring animated character after Jessica Rabbit.[64] In August 2011, Jodi Benson was honored with a Disney Legend for her work as Ariel and her other projects at Disney.[65]

text: A bi-annual convention called ArielCon is dedicated to the character.[66] Ariel is an official "ambassador" for the "Keep Our Oceans Clean" campaign by Environmental Defense, The National Maritime Sanctuary, and The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.[67][68] From 2007 onwards, Disney launched an advertising campaign called Disney Dreams Portraits featuring celebrities dressed up as various Disney characters and photographed Annie Leibovitz; Julianne Moore was photographed as Ariel for this campaign.[69] "Hipster Ariel" has become a popular internet meme, utilizing a screenshot of Ariel with photoshopped glasses accompanied by a humorous caption.[70][71] Ariel's distinct appearance makes her the subject of "look-alike" events and competitions.[72] In the reality TV show and dancing competition Dancing With the Stars, Candace Cameron Bure, Peta Murgatroyd, and Marla Maples dressed up as Ariel in their performances in seasons 18, 20, and 22 respectively.


document_title: Roman dictator

question_text: who was responsible for appointing a roman dictator in times of crisis

text: Roman dictator

text: Origin[edit]

text: With the abolition of the Roman monarchy in 509 BC, the imperium, or executive power, of the king was divided between two annually-elected magistrates, known as praetors. In time they would come to be known as consuls, although probably not until the creation of a third, junior praetor in 367 BC.[4] Neither consul was superior to the other, and the decisions of one could be appealed to the other (provocatio). Their insignia were the toga praetexta and the sella curulis, and each was attended by an escort of twelve lictors, each of whom bore the fasces, a bundle of rods topped by an axe; but by custom the lictors had to remove the axes from their fasces within the pomerium, the sacred boundary of Rome, to signify that the people, and not the consuls, were sovereign.[5]

text: After several years,[i] the fear of impending war with both the Sabines and the Latin League, combined with widespread suspicion that one or both of the consuls favoured the restoration of the monarchy, led to the call for a praetor maximus, or dictator ("one who gives orders"), akin to the supreme magistrate of other Latin towns.[7][2] According to most authorities, the first dictator was Titus Lartius, who appointed Spurius Cassius his magister equitum.[7][ii]

text: Although there are indications that the term praetor maximus may have been used in the earliest period,[iii] the official title of the dictator throughout the history of the Republic was magister populi, or "master of the infantry". His lieutenant, the magister equitum, was the "master of the horse" (that is, of the cavalry[iv]). However, the use of dictator to refer to the magister populi seems to have been widespread from a very early period.[2][11]

text: Nomination[edit]

text: The appointment of a dictator involved three steps: first, the Senate would issue a decree known as a senatus consultum, authorizing one of the consuls to nominate a dictator. Technically, a senatus consultum was advisory, and did not have the force of law, but in practice it was nearly always followed.[v] Either consul could nominate a dictator. If both consuls were available, the dictator was chosen by agreement; if they could not agree, the consuls would draw lots for the responsibility.[13] Finally, the Comitia Curiata would be called upon to confer imperium on the dictator through the passage of a law known as a lex curiata de imperio.[1][2][11]

text: A dictator could be nominated for different reasons, or causa. The three most common were rei gerundae causa, "for the matter to be done", used in the case of dictators appointed to hold a military command against a specific enemy; comitiorum habendorum causa, for holding the comitia, or elections, when the consuls were unable to do so; and clavi figendi causa, an important religious rite involving the driving of a nail into the wall of the Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus, as a protection against pestilence.[vi][2][11] Other reasons included seditionis sedandae causa ("to quell sedition"); ferarium constituendarum causa (to establish a religious holiday in response to a dreadful portent[vii]); ludorum faciendorum causa (to hold the Ludi Romani, or "Roman Games", an ancient religious festival); quaestionibus exercendis, (to investigate certain actions);[16] and in one extraordinary case, senatus legendi causa, to fill up the ranks of the Senate after the Battle of Cannae.[17][18] These reasons could be combined (seditionis sedandae et rei gerundae causa), but are not always recorded or clearly stated in ancient authorities, and must instead be inferred.[19]

text: In the earlier period it was customary to nominate someone whom the consul considered the best available military commander; often this was a former consul, but this was never required. However, from 360 BC onward, the dictators were usually consulares.[2][viii] Normally there was only one dictator at a time, although a new dictator could be appointed following the resignation of another.[ix] A dictator could be compelled to resign his office without accomplishing his task or serving out his term if there were found to be a fault in the auspices under which he had been nominated.[22][23]

text: Insignia[edit]

text: Like other curule magistrates, the dictator was entitled to the toga praetexta and the sella curulis. He received a ceremonial bodyguard that was unique in Roman tradition: "[t]wenty-four lictors indicated his quasi-regal power, which, however, was rather a concentration of the consular authority than a limited revival of the kingship."[2][x]

text: In a notable exception to the Roman reluctance to reconstitute the symbols of the kings, the lictors of the dictator never removed the axes from their fasces, even within the pomerium. Symbolizing their power over life and death, the axes of a dictator's lictors set him apart from all other magistrates.[1] In an extraordinary sign of deference, the lictors of other magistrates could not bear fasces at all when appearing before the dictator.[24]

text: As the kings had been accustomed to appear on horseback, this right was forbidden to the dictator, unless he first received permission from the comitia.[25][26][11]

text: Powers and limitations[edit]

text: In addition to holding a military command and carrying out the actions decreed by the Senate, a dictator could summon the Senate or convene one of the legislative assemblies of the Roman people. The full extent of the dictatorial power was considerable, but not unlimited. It was circumscribed by the conditions of a dictator's appointment, as well as by the evolving traditions of Roman law, and to a considerable degree depended on the dictator's ability to work together with other magistrates. The precise limitations of this power were not sharply defined, but subject to debate, contention, and speculation throughout Roman history.[27]

text: In the pursuit of his causa, the dictator's authority was nearly absolute. However, as a rule he could not exceed the mandate for which he was appointed; a dictator nominated to hold the comitia could not then take up a military command against the wishes of the Senate.[xi][xii] Some dictators appointed to a military command also performed other duties, such as holding the comitia, or driving a nail into the wall of the Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus; but presumably they did so with the Senate's consent.[30][31]

text: The imperium of the other magistrates was not vacated by the nomination of a dictator. They continued to perform the duties of their office, although subject to the dictator's authority, and continued in office until the expiration of their year, by which time the dictator had typically resigned.[2][24] It is uncertain whether a dictator's imperium could extend beyond that of the consul by whom he was nominated; Mommsen believed that his imperium would cease together with that of the nominating magistrate, but others have suggested that it could continue beyond the end of the civil year; and in fact there are several examples in which a dictator appears to have entered a new year without any consuls at all, although some scholars doubt the authenticity of these dictator years.[32][33][11]

text: Initially a dictator's power was not subject to either provocatio, the right to appeal from the decision of a magistrate, or intercessio, the veto of the tribunes of the plebs.[34][35][1][2][24] However, the lex Valeria, establishing the right of appeal, was not abrogated by the appointment of a dictator, and by 300 BC even the dictator was subject to provocatio, at least within the city of Rome.[36][2][24] There is also evidence that the power of the plebeian tribunes was not vitiated by the dictator's commands, and 210 BC, the tribunes threatened to prevent elections held by the dictator, Quintus Fulvius Flaccus, unless he agreed to withdraw his name from the list of candidates for the consulship.[37][38][24][xiii]

text: A dictator was expected to resign his office upon the successful completion of the task for which he was appointed, or at the expiration of six months.[1][2] These sharp limitations were intended to prevent the dictatorship from too closely resembling the absolute power of the Roman kings.[2] But the six month limitation may have been dispensed with when the Senate deemed it expedient; no consuls are known for the years 333, 324, 309, and 301, and it is reported that the dictator and magister equitum continued in office without any consuls.[33]

text: Most authorities hold that a dictator could not be held to account for his actions after resigning his office, the prosecution of Marcus Furius Camillus for misappropriating the spoils of Veii being exceptional, as perhaps was that of Lucius Manlius Capitolinus in 362,[xiv] which was dropped only because his son, Titus,[xv] threatened the life of the tribune who had undertaken the prosecution.[40][1] However, some scholars suggest that the dictator was only immune from prosecution during his term of office, and could theoretically be called to answer charges of corruption.[24]

text: Magister equitum[edit]

text: The dictator's lieutenant was the magister equitum, or "master of the horse". He would be nominated by the dictator immediately upon his own appointment, and unless the senatus consultum specified the name of the person to be appointed, the dictator was free to choose whomever he wished.[1][2] It was customary for the dictator to nominate a magister equitum even if he were appointed for a non-military reason. Before the time of Caesar, the only dictator who refused to nominate a magister equitum was Marcus Fabius Buteo in 216 BC, and he strenuously objected to his own nomination, because there was already a dictator in the field.[17]

text: Like the dictator, the magister equitum was a curule magistrate, entitled to the toga praetexta and the sella curulis. His imperium was equivalent to that of a praetor (in the later use of the term), in that he was accompanied by six lictors, half the number accorded to the consuls. But like the dictator, he could summon the Senate, and probably also the popular assemblies. His authority was not subject to recall, although if the dictator were compelled to resign due to a fault in the auspices, the magister equitum was also expected to resign, and when the dictator laid down his imperium, so would the magister equitum.[27]

text: In theory, the magister equitum was commander of the cavalry, but he was not limited to that role. The dictator and magister equitum did not always take the field together; in some instances the magister equitum was assigned the defense of the city while the dictator took an army into the field, while on other occasions the dictator remained at Rome to see to some important duty, and entrusted the magister equitum with an army in the field.[2] The magister equitum was necessarily subordinate to the dictator, although this did not always prevent the two from disagreeing.[27][xvi]

text: Decline and disappearance[edit]

text: During the first two centuries of the Republic, the dictatorship served as an expedient means by which a powerful magistracy could be created quickly in order to deal with extraordinary situations.[11] Created for military emergencies, the office could also be used to suppress sedition and prevent the growing number of plebeians from obtaining greater political power.[11] In the Conflict of the Orders, the dictator could generally be counted upon to support the patrician aristocracy, since he was always a patrician, and was nominated by consuls who were exclusively patrician. After the lex Licinia Sextia gave plebeians the right to hold one of the annual consulships, a series of dictators were appointed in order to hold elections, with the apparent goal of electing two patrician consuls, in violation of the Licinian law.[41][xvii]

text: After the Second Samnite War, the dictatorship was relegated almost exclusively to domestic activities. No dictator was nominated during the Third Samnite War, and the six-month limitation on its powers made the dictatorship impractical for campaigns beyond the Italian peninsula.[2][27] In 249 BC, Aulus Atilius Calatinus became the only dictator to lead an army outside Italy, when he invaded Sicily, and he was the only dictator to hold a military command during the First Punic War.[42] The last dictators to lead an army in the field were Quintus Fabius Maximus Verrucosus in 217, and Marcus Junius Pera the following year, during the early stages of the Second Punic War.[43] All of the other dictators appointed during that conflict remained at Rome in order to hold the comitia;[xviii] the last dictator named in the traditional manner was Gaius Servilius Geminus, in 202 BC.[46][47][xix]

text: The dictatorship revived[edit]

text: For the next century, Rome's ordinary magistrates and promagistrates successfully carried on all Roman campaigns, without the need for a dictator, and the office fell into abeyance. Then, in 82 BC, the dictatorship was suddenly revived by Sulla. Sulla, already a successful general, had previously marched on Rome and taken the city from his political opponents six years earlier; but after he permitted the election of magistrates for 87, and departed to campaign in the east, his enemies returned. In 83 he turned his attention to regaining Rome, and after defeating his opponents decisively the next year, the Senate and the people named him dictator legibus faciendis et rei publicae constituendae, giving Sulla the power to rewrite the Roman constitution, without any time limit.[49][xx]

text: Sulla's reforms of the constitution doubled the size of the Senate from 300 to 600, filling its ranks with his supporters. He then placed severe limits on the tribunician power, limiting the veto and forbidding ex-tribunes from holding higher magistracies. Although he resigned the dictatorship in 81, and held the consulship in 80, before returning to private life, Sulla's actions had weakened the Roman state and set a precedent for the concentration of power without effective limitation.[49]

text: The dictatorial power was then granted to Caesar in 49 BC, when he returned to Rome from his campaigns in Gaul, and put the forces of Pompeius ("Pompey the Great") to flight. He resigned the dictatorship after only eleven days, having held the comitia at which he himself was elected consul for the following year. Late in 48, Caesar was named dictator rei gerundae causa with a term of one year, and granted the tribunician power for an indefinite period. He saw to the impeachment of two tribunes who had tried to obstruct him, and having been granted censorial powers, he filled the depleted numbers of the Senate with his supporters, raising the number of senators to 900. In 47, he was named dictator for a term of ten years. Shortly before his assassination in BC 44, Caesar was named dictator perpetuo rei publicae constituendae, and given the power to appoint magistrates at will.[50][51][52]

text: Abolition[edit]

text: Caesar's murder came at the hands of conspirators who presented themselves as saviours of the Republic. In order to maintain popular support, Caesar's followers took great care to show their own commitment to preserving the Roman state. The month after the assassination, Mark Antony, who had been Caesar's magister equitum in BC 47, proposed a series of laws, confirming Caesar's actions, but allowing appeals and formally abolishing the dictatorship. These were passed, as the leges Antoniae.[53]

text: In 23 BC, when Caesar's nephew and heir Augustus had attained full control of the state, the Senate offered to appoint him dictator, but he declined, while at the same time accepting proconsular imperium and the tribunician power for life. Thus, Augustus preserved the appearance of respecting Republican forms, even as he arrogated most of the powers of the Roman state.[54] Following his example, none of the emperors who succeeded him ever adopted the title of dictator. When Constantine chose to revive the ancient concept of the infantry commander, he pointedly gave the office the name of magister peditum, "master of the foot", rather than magister populi, the official style of a dictator.[55]

text: List of Roman dictators[edit]


document_title: List of Wimbledon gentlemen's singles champions

question_text: who has won the most men's singles titles at wimbledon in the open era

question_tokens: who has won the most men 's singles titles at wimbledon in the open era

text: History[edit]

text: The Wimbledon Championships are played in the last week of June and the first week of July, and has been chronologically the third of the four Grand Slam tournaments of the tennis season since 1987.[2] The event was not held from 1915 to 1918 because of World War I and again from 1940 to 1945 because of World War II.[4]

text: The Gentlemen's Singles' rules have undergone several changes since the first edition. From 1878 until 1921, the event started with a knockout phase, the All Comers' Singles, whose winner then faced the defending champion in a challenge round. The All Comers' winner was automatically awarded the title six times (1879, 1887, 1891, 1895, 1907, 1908) in the absence of the previous year's champion. The challenge round system was abolished with the 1922 edition.[5] Since the first championships, all matches have been played at the best-of-five sets. Between 1877 and 1883, the winner of the next game at five games – all took the set in every match except the All Comers' final, and the challenge round, which were won with six games and a two games advantage. All sets were decided in this advantage format from 1884 to 1970.[5] The lingering death best of 12 points tie-break was introduced in 1971 for the first four sets, played at eight games all until 1978 and at six games all since 1979.[5][6][7]

text: Since 1949, the Gentlemen's Singles champion has received a miniature replica of the event's trophy, a silver-gilt cup created in 1887 with the engraved inscription: "The All England Lawn Tennis Club Single Handed Champion of the World".[8] New singles champions are traditionally elected honorary members of the AELTC by the club's committee.[c][9] In 2014, the Gentlemen's Singles winner received prize money of £1,760,000.[10]

text: In the Amateur Era, William Renshaw (1881–1886, 1889) holds the record for most titles in the Gentlemen's Singles, with seven victories. Renshaw's wins, however, came within the challenge round format, and he won the event only twice after going through a complete draw. Renshaw also holds the record for most consecutive titles with six from (1881 to 1886). The record for most consecutive and most wins post challenge round during the Amateur Era is Fred Perry (1934–1936).[4]

text: In the Open Era, since the inclusion of professional tennis players in 1968, Roger Federer (2003–2007, 2009, 2012, 2017) holds the record for most victories in the Gentlemen's Singles Final with eight. Björn Borg (1976–1980) and Roger Federer (2003–2007) co-hold the record for most consecutive victories with five.[4]

text: This event was won without losing a single set in the entire tournament during the Open Era twice, in 1976 by Björn Borg and in 2017 by Roger Federer.

text: Roger Federer is the only player in history, in both the Amateur and Open Era, to reach the Wimbledon Gentlemen's Singles Final eleven times. He has won on eight occasions and lost on three.

text: Champions[edit]

text:
Regular competition

All Comers' winner, Challenge round winner ‡

Defending champion, Challenge round winner †

All Comers' winner, no Challenge round ◊

text: Amateur era[edit]

text:
Year[d]
Country
Champion
Country
Runner-up
Score in the final[4]

1877
 BRI[e]
Gore, SpencerSpencer Gore
 BRI
Marshall, WilliamWilliam Marshall
6–1, 6–2, 6–4

1878
 BRI
Hadow, FrankFrank Hadow ‡
 BRI
Gore, SpencerSpencer Gore
7–5, 6–1, 9–7

1879
 BRI
Hartley, JohnJohn Hartley ◊
 BRI
St. Leger Goold, VereVere St. Leger Goold
6–2, 6–4, 6–2

1880
 BRI
Hartley, JohnJohn Hartley †
 BRI
Lawford, HerbertHerbert Lawford
6–3, 6–2, 2–6, 6–3

1881
 BRI
Renshaw, WilliamWilliam Renshaw ‡
 BRI
Hartley, JohnJohn Hartley
6–0, 6–1, 6–1

1882
 BRI
Renshaw, WilliamWilliam Renshaw †
 BRI
Renshaw, ErnestErnest Renshaw
6–1, 2–6, 4–6, 6–2, 6–2

1883
 BRI
Renshaw, WilliamWilliam Renshaw †
 BRI
Renshaw, ErnestErnest Renshaw
2–6, 6–3, 6–3, 4–6, 6–3

1884
 BRI
Renshaw, WilliamWilliam Renshaw †
 BRI
Lawford, HerbertHerbert Lawford
6–0, 6–4, 9–7

1885
 BRI
Renshaw, WilliamWilliam Renshaw †
 BRI
Lawford, HerbertHerbert Lawford
7–5, 6–2, 4–6, 7–5

1886
 BRI
Renshaw, WilliamWilliam Renshaw †
 BRI
Lawford, HerbertHerbert Lawford
6–0, 5–7, 6–3, 6–4

1887
 BRI
Lawford, HerbertHerbert Lawford ◊
 BRI
Renshaw, ErnestErnest Renshaw
1–6, 6–3, 3–6, 6–4, 6–4

1888
 BRI
Renshaw, ErnestErnest Renshaw ‡
 BRI
Lawford, HerbertHerbert Lawford
6–3, 7–5, 6–0

1889
 BRI
Renshaw, WilliamWilliam Renshaw ‡
 BRI
Renshaw, ErnestErnest Renshaw
6–4, 6–1, 3–6, 6–0

1890
 BRI
Hamilton, WilloughbyWilloughby Hamilton ‡
 BRI
Renshaw, WilliamWilliam Renshaw
6–8, 6–2, 3–6, 6–1, 6–1

1891
 BRI
Baddeley, WilfredWilfred Baddeley ◊
 BRI
Pim, JoshuaJoshua Pim
6–4, 1–6, 7–5, 6–0

1892
 BRI
Baddeley, WilfredWilfred Baddeley †
 BRI
Pim, JoshuaJoshua Pim
4–6, 6–3, 6–3, 6–2

1893
 BRI
Pim, JoshuaJoshua Pim ‡
 BRI
Baddeley, WilfredWilfred Baddeley
3–6, 6–1, 6–3, 6–2

1894
 BRI
Pim, JoshuaJoshua Pim †
 BRI
Baddeley, WilfredWilfred Baddeley
10–8, 6–2, 8–6

1895
 BRI
Baddeley, WilfredWilfred Baddeley ◊
 BRI
Eaves, WilberforceWilberforce Eaves
4–6, 2–6, 8–6, 6–2, 6–3

1896
 BRI
Mahony, HaroldHarold Mahony ‡
 BRI
Baddeley, WilfredWilfred Baddeley
6–2, 6–8, 5–7, 8–6, 6–3

1897
 BRI
Doherty, ReginaldReginald Doherty ‡
 BRI
Mahony, HaroldHarold Mahony
6–4, 6–4, 6–3

1898
 BRI
Doherty, ReginaldReginald Doherty †
 BRI
Doherty, LaurenceLaurence Doherty
6–3, 6–3, 2–6, 5–7, 6–1

1899
 BRI
Doherty, ReginaldReginald Doherty †
 BRI
Gore, ArthurArthur Gore
1–6, 4–6, 6–3, 6–3, 6–3

1900
 BRI
Doherty, ReginaldReginald Doherty †
 BRI
Smith, SydneySydney Smith
6–8, 6–3, 6–1, 6–2

1901
 BRI
Gore, ArthurArthur Gore ‡
 BRI
Doherty, ReginaldReginald Doherty
4–6, 7–5, 6–4, 6–4

1902
 BRI
Doherty, LaurenceLaurence Doherty ‡
 BRI
Gore, ArthurArthur Gore
6–4, 6–3, 3–6, 6–0

1903
 BRI
Doherty, LaurenceLaurence Doherty †
 BRI
Riseley, FrankFrank Riseley
7–5, 6–3, 6–0

1904
 BRI
Doherty, LaurenceLaurence Doherty †
 BRI
Riseley, FrankFrank Riseley
6–1, 7–5, 8–6

1905
 BRI
Doherty, LaurenceLaurence Doherty †
 AUS
Brookes, NormanNorman Brookes
8–6, 6–2, 6–4

1906
 BRI
Doherty, LaurenceLaurence Doherty †
 BRI
Riseley, FrankFrank Riseley
6–4, 4–6, 6–2, 6–3

1907
 AUS
Brookes, NormanNorman Brookes ◊
 BRI
Gore, ArthurArthur Gore
6–4, 6–2, 6–2

1908
 BRI
Gore, ArthurArthur Gore ◊
 BRI
Barrett, Herbert RoperHerbert Roper Barrett
6–3, 6–2, 4–6, 3–6, 6–4

1909
 BRI
Gore, ArthurArthur Gore †
 BRI
Ritchie, MajorMajor Ritchie
6–8, 1–6, 6–2, 6–2, 6–2

1910
 NZL
Wilding, AnthonyAnthony Wilding ‡
 BRI
Gore, ArthurArthur Gore
6–4, 7–5, 4–6, 6–2

1911
 NZL
Wilding, AnthonyAnthony Wilding †
 BRI
Barrett, Herbert RoperHerbert Roper Barrett
6–4, 4–6, 2–6, 6–2, retired[f]

1912
 NZL
Wilding, AnthonyAnthony Wilding †
 BRI
Gore, ArthurArthur Gore
6–4, 6–4, 4–6, 6–4

1913
 NZL
Wilding, AnthonyAnthony Wilding †
 USA
McLoughlin, MauriceMaurice McLoughlin
8–6, 6–3, 10–8

1914
 AUS
Brookes, NormanNorman Brookes ‡
 NZL
Wilding, AnthonyAnthony Wilding
6–4, 6–4, 7–5

1915
No competition (due to World War I)

1916

1917

1918

1919
 AUS
Patterson, GeraldGerald Patterson ‡
 AUS
Brookes, NormanNorman Brookes
6–3, 7–5, 6–2

1920
 USA
Tilden, BillBill Tilden ‡
 AUS
Patterson, GeraldGerald Patterson
2–6, 6–3, 6–2, 6–4

1921
 USA
Tilden, BillBill Tilden †
 SAF
Norton, BrianBrian Norton
4–6, 2–6, 6–1, 6–0, 7–5

1922
 AUS
Patterson, GeraldGerald Patterson
 BRI
Lycett, RandolphRandolph Lycett
6–3, 6–4, 6–2

1923
 USA
Johnston, BillBill Johnston
 USA
Hunter, FrancisFrancis Hunter
6–0, 6–3, 6–1

1924
 FRA
Borotra, JeanJean Borotra
 FRA
Lacoste, RenéRené Lacoste
6–1, 3–6, 6–1, 3–6, 6–4

1925
 FRA
Lacoste, RenéRené Lacoste
 FRA
Borotra, JeanJean Borotra
6–3, 6–3, 4–6, 8–6

1926
 FRA
Borotra, JeanJean Borotra
 USA
Kinsey, HowardHoward Kinsey
8–6, 6–1, 6–3

1927
 FRA
Cochet, HenriHenri Cochet
 FRA
Borotra, JeanJean Borotra
4–6, 4–6, 6–3, 6–4, 7–5

1928
 FRA
Lacoste, RenéRené Lacoste
 FRA
Cochet, HenriHenri Cochet
6–1, 4–6, 6–4, 6–2

1929
 FRA
Cochet, HenriHenri Cochet
 FRA
Borotra, JeanJean Borotra
6–4, 6–3, 6–4

1930
 USA
Tilden, BillBill Tilden
 USA
Allison, WilmerWilmer Allison
6–3, 9–7, 6–4

1931
 USA
Wood, SidneySidney Wood
 USA
Shields, FrankFrank Shields
walkover[h]

1932
 USA
Vines, EllsworthEllsworth Vines
 GBR
Austin, BunnyBunny Austin
6–4, 6–2, 6–0

1933
 AUS
Crawford, JackJack Crawford
 USA
Vines, EllsworthEllsworth Vines
4–6, 11–9, 6–2, 2–6, 6–4

1934
 GBR
Perry, FredFred Perry
 AUS
Crawford, JackJack Crawford
6–3, 6–0, 7–5

1935
 GBR
Perry, FredFred Perry
 GER
Cramm, Gottfried vonGottfried von Cramm
6–2, 6–4, 6–4

1936
 GBR
Perry, FredFred Perry
 GER
Cramm, Gottfried vonGottfried von Cramm
6–1, 6–1, 6–0

1937
 USA
Budge, DonDon Budge
 GER
Cramm, Gottfried vonGottfried von Cramm
6–3, 6–4, 6–2

1938
 USA
Budge, DonDon Budge
 GBR
Austin, BunnyBunny Austin
6–1, 6–0, 6–3

1939
 USA
Riggs, BobbyBobby Riggs
 USA
Cooke, ElwoodElwood Cooke
2–6, 8–6, 3–6, 6–3, 6–2

1940
No competition (due to World War II)

1941

1942

1943

1944

1945

1946
 FRA
Petra, YvonYvon Petra
 AUS
Brown, GeoffGeoff Brown
6–2, 6–4, 7–9, 5–7, 6–4

1947
 USA
Kramer, JackJack Kramer
 USA
Brown, TomTom Brown
6–1, 6–3, 6–2

1948
 USA
Falkenburg, BobBob Falkenburg
 AUS
Bromwich, JohnJohn Bromwich
7–5, 0–6, 6–2, 3–6, 7–5

1949
 USA
Schroeder, TedTed Schroeder
 TCH
Drobný, JaroslavJaroslav Drobný
3–6, 6–0, 6–3, 4–6, 6–4

1950
 USA
Patty, BudgeBudge Patty
 AUS
Sedgman, FrankFrank Sedgman
6–1, 8–10, 6–2, 6–3

1951
 USA
Savitt, DickDick Savitt
 AUS
McGregor, KenKen McGregor
6–4, 6–4, 6–4

1952
 AUS
Sedgman, FrankFrank Sedgman
 EGY
Drobný, JaroslavJaroslav Drobný
4–6, 6–2, 6–3, 6–2

1953
 USA
Seixas, VicVic Seixas
 DEN
Nielsen, KurtKurt Nielsen
9–7, 6–3, 6–4

1954
 EGY
Drobný, JaroslavJaroslav Drobný
 AUS
Rosewall, KenKen Rosewall
13–11, 4–6, 6–2, 9–7

1955
 USA
Trabert, TonyTony Trabert
 DEN
Nielsen, KurtKurt Nielsen
6–3, 7–5, 6–1

1956
 AUS
Hoad, LewLew Hoad
 AUS
Rosewall, KenKen Rosewall
6–2, 4–6, 7–5, 6–4

1957
 AUS
Hoad, LewLew Hoad
 AUS
Cooper, AshleyAshley Cooper
6–2, 6–1, 6–2

1958
 AUS
Cooper, AshleyAshley Cooper
 AUS
Fraser, NealeNeale Fraser
3–6, 6–3, 6–4, 13–11

1959
 USA[j]
Olmedo, AlexAlex Olmedo
 AUS
Laver, RodRod Laver
6–4, 6–3, 6–4

1960
 AUS
Fraser, NealeNeale Fraser
 AUS
Laver, RodRod Laver
6–4, 3–6, 9–7, 7–5

1961
 AUS
Laver, RodRod Laver
 USA
McKinley, ChuckChuck McKinley
6–3, 6–1, 6–4

1962
 AUS
Laver, RodRod Laver
 AUS
Mulligan, MartinMartin Mulligan
6–2, 6–2, 6–1

1963
 USA
McKinley, ChuckChuck McKinley
 AUS
Stolle, FredFred Stolle
9–7, 6–1, 6–4

1964
 AUS
Emerson, RoyRoy Emerson
 AUS
Stolle, FredFred Stolle
6–4, 12–10, 4–6, 6–3

1965
 AUS
Emerson, RoyRoy Emerson
 AUS
Stolle, FredFred Stolle
6–2, 6–4, 6–4

1966
 ESP
Santana, ManuelManuel Santana
 USA
Ralston, DennisDennis Ralston
6–4, 11–9, 6–4

1967
 AUS
Newcombe, JohnJohn Newcombe
 FRG
Bungert, WilhelmWilhelm Bungert
6–3, 6–1, 6–1

text: Open era[edit]

text:
Year[d]
Country
Champion
Country
Runner-up
Score in the final[4]

1968
 AUS
Laver, RodRod Laver
 AUS
Roche, TonyTony Roche
6–3, 6–4, 6–2

1969
 AUS
Laver, RodRod Laver
 AUS
Newcombe, JohnJohn Newcombe
6–4, 5–7, 6–4, 6–4

1970
 AUS
Newcombe, JohnJohn Newcombe
 AUS
Rosewall, KenKen Rosewall
5–7, 6–3, 6–2, 3–6, 6–1

1971
 AUS
Newcombe, JohnJohn Newcombe
 USA
Smith, StanStan Smith
6–3, 5–7, 2–6, 6–4, 6–4

1972
 USA
Smith, StanStan Smith
 ROU
Năstase, IlieIlie Năstase
4–6, 6–3, 6–3, 4–6, 7–5

1973
 TCH
Kodeš, JanJan Kodeš
 URS
Metreveli, AlexAlex Metreveli
6–1, 9–8(7–5), 6–3

1974
 USA
Connors, JimmyJimmy Connors
 AUS
Rosewall, KenKen Rosewall
6–1, 6–1, 6–4

1975
 USA
Ashe, ArthurArthur Ashe
 USA
Connors, JimmyJimmy Connors
6–1, 6–1, 5–7, 6–4

1976
 SWE
Borg, BjörnBjörn Borg
 ROU
Năstase, IlieIlie Năstase
6–4, 6–2, 9–7

1977
 SWE
Borg, BjörnBjörn Borg
 USA
Connors, JimmyJimmy Connors
3–6, 6–2, 6–1, 5–7, 6–4

1978
 SWE
Borg, BjörnBjörn Borg
 USA
Connors, JimmyJimmy Connors
6–2, 6–2, 6–3

1979
 SWE
Borg, BjörnBjörn Borg
 USA
Tanner, RoscoeRoscoe Tanner
6–7(4–7), 6–1, 3–6, 6–3, 6–4

1980
 SWE
Borg, BjörnBjörn Borg
 USA
McEnroe, JohnJohn McEnroe
1–6, 7–5, 6–3, 6–7(16–18), 8–6

1981
 USA
McEnroe, JohnJohn McEnroe
 SWE
Borg, BjörnBjörn Borg
4–6, 7–6(7–1), 7–6(7–4), 6–4

1982
 USA
Connors, JimmyJimmy Connors
 USA
McEnroe, JohnJohn McEnroe
3–6, 6–3, 6–7(2–7), 7–6(7–5), 6–4

1983
 USA
McEnroe, JohnJohn McEnroe
 NZL
Lewis, ChrisChris Lewis
6–2, 6–2, 6–2

1984
 USA
McEnroe, JohnJohn McEnroe
 USA
Connors, JimmyJimmy Connors
6–1, 6–1, 6–2

1985
 FRG
Becker, BorisBoris Becker
 USA
Curren, KevinKevin Curren
6–3, 6–7(4–7), 7–6(7–3), 6–4

1986
 FRG
Becker, BorisBoris Becker
 TCH
Lendl, IvanIvan Lendl
6–4, 6–3, 7–5

1987
 AUS
Cash, PatPat Cash
 TCH
Lendl, IvanIvan Lendl
7–6(7–5), 6–2, 7–5

1988
 SWE
Edberg, StefanStefan Edberg
 FRG
Becker, BorisBoris Becker
4–6, 7–6(7–2), 6–4, 6–2

1989
 FRG
Becker, BorisBoris Becker
 SWE
Edberg, StefanStefan Edberg
6–0, 7–6(7–1), 6–4

1990
 SWE
Edberg, StefanStefan Edberg
 FRG
Becker, BorisBoris Becker
6–2, 6–2, 3–6, 3–6, 6–4

1991
 GER
Stich, MichaelMichael Stich
 GER
Becker, BorisBoris Becker
6–4, 7–6(7–4), 6–4

1992
 USA
Agassi, AndreAndre Agassi
 CRO
Ivanišević, GoranGoran Ivanišević
6–7(8–10), 6–4, 6–4, 1–6, 6–4

1993
 USA
Sampras, PetePete Sampras
 USA
Courier, JimJim Courier
7–6(7–3), 7–6(8–6), 3–6, 6–3

1994
 USA
Sampras, PetePete Sampras
 CRO
Ivanišević, GoranGoran Ivanišević
7–6(7–2), 7–6(7–5), 6–0

1995
 USA
Sampras, PetePete Sampras
 GER
Becker, BorisBoris Becker
6–7(5–7), 6–2, 6–4, 6–2

1996
 NED
Krajicek, RichardRichard Krajicek
 USA
Washington, MaliVaiMaliVai Washington
6–3, 6–4, 6–3

1997
 USA
Sampras, PetePete Sampras
 FRA
Pioline, CédricCédric Pioline
6–4, 6–2, 6–4

1998
 USA
Sampras, PetePete Sampras
 CRO
Ivanišević, GoranGoran Ivanišević
6–7(2–7), 7–6(11–9), 6–4, 3–6, 6–2

1999
 USA
Sampras, PetePete Sampras
 USA
Agassi, AndreAndre Agassi
6–3, 6–4, 7–5

2000
 USA
Sampras, PetePete Sampras
 AUS
Rafter, PatrickPatrick Rafter
6–7(10–12), 7–6(7–5), 6–4, 6–2

2001
 CRO
Ivanišević, GoranGoran Ivanišević
 AUS
Rafter, PatrickPatrick Rafter
6–3, 3–6, 6–3, 2–6, 9–7

2002
 AUS
Hewitt, LleytonLleyton Hewitt
 ARG
Nalbandian, DavidDavid Nalbandian
6–1, 6–3, 6–2

2003
  SUI
Federer, RogerRoger Federer
 AUS
Philippoussis, MarkMark Philippoussis
7–6(7–5), 6–2, 7–6(7–3)

2004
  SUI
Federer, RogerRoger Federer
 USA
Roddick, AndyAndy Roddick
4–6, 7–5, 7–6(7–3), 6–4

2005
  SUI
Federer, RogerRoger Federer
 USA
Roddick, AndyAndy Roddick
6–2, 7–6(7–2), 6–4

2006
  SUI
Federer, RogerRoger Federer
 ESP
Nadal, RafaelRafael Nadal
6–0, 7–6(7–5), 6–7(2–7), 6–3

2007
  SUI
Federer, RogerRoger Federer
 ESP
Nadal, RafaelRafael Nadal
7–6(9–7), 4–6, 7–6(7–3), 2–6, 6–2

2008
 ESP
Nadal, RafaelRafael Nadal
  SUI
Federer, RogerRoger Federer
6–4, 6–4, 6–7(5–7), 6–7(8–10), 9–7

2009
  SUI
Federer, RogerRoger Federer
 USA
Roddick, AndyAndy Roddick
5–7, 7–6(8–6), 7–6(7–5), 3–6, 16–14

2010
 ESP
Nadal, RafaelRafael Nadal
 CZE
Berdych, TomášTomáš Berdych
6–3, 7–5, 6–4

2011
 SRB
Djokovic, NovakNovak Djokovic
 ESP
Nadal, RafaelRafael Nadal
6–4, 6–1, 1–6, 6–3

2012
  SUI
Federer, RogerRoger Federer
 GBR
Murray, AndyAndy Murray
4–6, 7–5, 6–3, 6–4

2013
 GBR
Murray, AndyAndy Murray
 SRB
Djokovic, NovakNovak Djokovic
6–4, 7–5, 6–4

2014
 SRB
Djokovic, NovakNovak Djokovic
  SUI
Federer, RogerRoger Federer
6–7(7–9), 6–4, 7–6(7–4), 5–7, 6–4

2015
 SRB
Djokovic, NovakNovak Djokovic
  SUI
Federer, RogerRoger Federer
7–6(7–1), 6–7(10–12), 6–4, 6–3

2016
 GBR
Murray, AndyAndy Murray
 CAN
Raonic, MilosMilos Raonic
6–4, 7–6(7–3), 7–6(7–2)

2017
  SUI
Federer, RogerRoger Federer
 CRO
Čilić, MarinMarin Čilić
6–3, 6–1, 6–4

text: Statistics[edit]

text: Multiple Champions[edit]

text: Title defended in the challenge round

text:
Player
Open Era
Amateur Era
All-time
Years

 Federer, RogerRoger Federer (SUI)
8
0
8
2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2012, 2017

 Renshaw, WilliamWilliam Renshaw (BRI)
0
7
7
1881, 1882, 1883, 1884, 1885, 1886, 1889

 Sampras, PetePete Sampras (USA)
7
0
7
1993, 1994, 1995, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000

 Doherty, LaurenceLaurence Doherty (BRI)
0
5
5
1902, 1903, 1904, 1905, 1906

 Borg, BjörnBjörn Borg (SWE)
5
0
5
1976, 1977, 1978, 1979, 1980

 Doherty, ReginaldReginald Doherty (BRI)
0
4
4
1897, 1898, 1899, 1900

 Wilding, AnthonyAnthony Wilding (NZL)
0
4
4
1910, 1911, 1912, 1913

 Laver, RodRod Laver (AUS)
2
2
4
1961, 1962, 1968, 1969

 Baddeley, WilfredWilfred Baddeley (BRI)
0
3
3
1891, 1892, 1895

 Gore, ArthurArthur Gore (BRI)
0
3
3
1901, 1908, 1909

 Tilden, BillBill Tilden (USA)
0
3
3
1920, 1921, 1930

 Perry, FredFred Perry (GBR)
0
3
3
1934, 1935, 1936

 Newcombe, JohnJohn Newcombe (AUS)
2
1
3
1967, 1970, 1971

 McEnroe, JohnJohn McEnroe (USA)
3
0
3
1981, 1983, 1984

 Becker, BorisBoris Becker (GER)
3
0
3
1985, 1986, 1989

 Djokovic, NovakNovak Djokovic (SRB)
3
0
3
2011, 2014, 2015

 Hartley, JohnJohn Hartley (BRI)
0
2
2
1879, 1880

 Pim, JoshuaJoshua Pim (BRI)
0
2
2
1893, 1894

 Brookes, NormanNorman Brookes (AUS)
0
2
2
1907, 1914

 Patterson, GeraldGerald Patterson (AUS)
0
2
2
1919, 1922

 Borotra, JeanJean Borotra (FRA)
0
2
2
1924, 1926

 Lacoste, RenéRené Lacoste (FRA)
0
2
2
1925, 1928

 Cochet, HenriHenri Cochet (FRA)
0
2
2
1927, 1929

 Budge, DonDon Budge (USA)
0
2
2
1937, 1938

 Hoad, LewLew Hoad (AUS)
0
2
2
1956, 1957

 Emerson, RoyRoy Emerson (AUS)
0
2
2
1964, 1965

 Connors, JimmyJimmy Connors (USA)
2
0
2
1974, 1982

 Edberg, StefanStefan Edberg (SWE)
2
0
2
1988, 1990

 Nadal, RafaelRafael Nadal (ESP)
2
0
2
2008, 2010

 Murray, AndyAndy Murray (GBR)
2
0
2
2013, 2016

text: Champions by country[edit]

text:
Country
Amateur Era
Open Era
All-time
First title
Last title

 United Kingdom (UK)[e][k]
35
2
37
1877
2016

 United States (USA)
18
15
33
1920
2000

 Australia (AUS)
15
6
21
1907
2002

  Switzerland (SUI)
0
8
8
2003
2017

 France (FRA)
7
0
7
1924
1946

 Sweden (SWE)
0
7
7
1976
1990

 Germany (GER)[l]
0
4
4
1985
1991

 New Zealand (NZL)
4
0
4
1910
1913

 Serbia (SRB)
0
3
3
2011
2015

 Spain (ESP)
1
2
3
1966
2010

 Croatia (CRO)
0
1
1
2001
2001

 Czechoslovakia (TCH) ¤[m]
0
1
1
1973
1973

 Egypt (EGY)
1
0
1
1954
1954

 Netherlands (NED)
0
1
1
1996
1996

text: Former country ¤