document_title: Geography of Russia

question_text: the russian realm is largely dominated by what climate zone

text: Geography of Russia

text: Global position and boundaries[edit]

text: Located in the north, west and east latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere, most of Russia is much closer to the North Pole than to the equator. Individual country comparisons are of little value in gauging Russia's enormous size and diversity. The country's 17.09 million square kilometers include one-eighth of the Earth's inhabited land area. Its European portion, which occupies a substantial part of continental Europe, is home to most of Russia's industrial activity and is where, roughly between the Dnieper River and the Ural Mountains, the Russian Empire took shape. Russia includes the entire northern portion of Asia.

text: From west to east, the country stretches from Kaliningrad (the exclave separated by the 1990 secession of Lithuania from the then-Soviet Union) to Ratmanov Island (one of the Diomede Islands) in the Bering Strait. This distance spanning about 6,800 kilometres (4,200 mi), to Nome, Alaska. From north to south, the country ranges from the northern tip of the Russian Arctic islands at Franz Josef Land to the southern tip of the Republic of Dagestan on the Caspian Sea, spanning about 4,500 kilometres (2,800 mi) of extremely varied, often inhospitable terrain.

text: Extending for 57,792 kilometres (35,910 mi), the Russian border is the world's longest. Along the 20,139-kilometer land frontier, Russia has boundaries with 14 countries: Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland (via the Kaliningrad Oblast), Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, the People's Republic of China and North Korea.

text: Approximately two-thirds of the frontier is bounded by seawater. Virtually all of the lengthy northern coast is well above the Arctic Circle; except for the port of Murmansk—which receives currents that are somewhat warmer than would be expected at that latitude, due to the effects of the Gulf Stream—that coast is locked in ice much of the year. Thirteen seas and parts of three oceans—the Arctic, Atlantic, and Pacific—wash Russian shores.

text: Russia shares a maritime boundary with the United States and with Japan.

text: Administrative and territorial divisions[edit]

text: With a few changes of status, most of the Soviet-era administrative and territorial divisions of the Russian Republic were retained in constituting the Russian Federation. As of 2014, there are eighty-five administrative territorial divisions (called federal subjects): twenty-two republics, nine krais (territories), forty-six oblasts (provinces), one autonomous oblast, four autonomous okrugs, and three cities with federal status, namely the cities of Moscow, Saint Petersburg, and Sevastopol.

text: The republics include a wide variety of peoples, including northern Europeans, Tatars, Caucasus peoples, and indigenous Siberians. The largest federal subjects are in Siberia. Located in east-central Siberia, the Sakha Republic (Yakutia) is the largest federal subject in the country (and the largest country subdivision in the world), twice the size of Alaska. Second in size is Krasnoyarsk Krai, located west of Sakha in Siberia. Kaliningrad Oblast, which is a noncontiguous constituent entity of Russia, is the smallest oblast. The Republic of Ingushetia is both the smallest republic and the smallest federal subject of Russia except for the three federal cities. The two most populous federal subjects, Moscow Oblast (with Moscow) and Krasnodar Krai, are in European Russia.

text: Topography and drainage[edit]

text: Geographers traditionally divide the vast territory of Russia into five natural zones: the tundra zone; the taiga, or forest, zone; the steppe, or plains, zone; the arid zone; and the mountain zone. Most of Russia consists of two plains (the East European Plain and the West Siberian Plain), two lowlands (the North Siberian and the Kolyma, in far northeastern Siberia), two plateaus (the Central Siberian Plateau and the Lena Plateau to its east), and a series of mountainous areas mainly concentrated in the extreme northeast or extending intermittently along the southern border.

text: Ecoregions[edit]

text:
desert
     tundra
     alpine tundra
     taiga
     forest
     temperate broadleaf forest
     temperate steppe
     steppe

text: East European plain[edit]

text: The East European Plain encompasses most of European Russia. The West Siberian Plain, which is the world's largest, extends east from the Urals to the Yenisei River. Because the terrain and vegetation are relatively uniform in each of the natural zones, Russia presents an illusion of uniformity. Nevertheless, Russian territory contains all the major vegetation zones of the world except a tropical rain forest.

text: Icecaps[edit]

text: The Russian Arctic stretches for close to 7,000 kilometres (4,300 mi) west to east, from Karelia and the Kola Peninsula to Nenetsia, the Gulf of Ob, the Taymyr Peninsula and the Chukchi Peninsula (Kolyma, Anadyr River, Cape Dezhnev). Russian islands and archipelagos in the Arctic Sea include Novaya Zemlya, Severnaya Zemlya, and the New Siberian Islands.

text: About 57 percent of Russia is tundra—a treeless, marshy plain. The tundra is Russia's northernmost zone, stretching from the Finnish border in the west to the Bering Strait in the east, then running south along the Pacific coast to the northern Kamchatka Peninsula. The zone is known for its herds of wild reindeer, for so-called white nights (dusk at midnight, dawn shortly thereafter) in summer, and for days of total darkness in winter. The long, harsh winters and lack of sunshine allow only mosses, lichens, and dwarf willows and shrubs to sprout low above the barren permafrost. Although several powerful Siberian rivers traverse this zone as they flow northward to the Arctic Ocean, partial and intermittent thawing hamper drainage of the numerous lakes, ponds, and swamps of the tundra. Frost weathering is the most important physical process here, gradually shaping a landscape that was severely modified by glaciation in the last ice age. Less than one percent of Russia's population lives in this zone. The fishing and port industries of the northwestern Kola Peninsula and the huge oil and gas fields of northwestern Siberia are the largest employers in the tundra. With a population of 180,000, the industrial frontier city of Norilsk is second in population to Murmansk among Russia's settlements above the Arctic Circle. From here you can also see the auroras (northern lights).

text: Taiga[edit]

text: Taiga - the most extensive natural area of Russia - stretches from the western borders of Russia to the Pacific. It occupies the territory of the Eastern Europe and West Siberian plains to the north of 56 ° -58 ° N and most of the territory east of Yenisei River taiga forests reach the southern borders of Russia in Siberia taiga only accounts for over 60% of Russia. In the north-south direction the eastern taiga is divided (east of the Yenisei River), with a continental climate, and west, with a milder climate, in general, the climate zone is moist, moderately warm (cool in the north) in the summer and harsh winter, there is a steady snow cover in the winter. In the latitudinal direction the taiga is divided into three subzones - northern, middle and southern taiga. In the western taiga dense spruce and fir forests on wetlands alternate with pine forests, shrubs and meadows on the lighter soils. Such vegetation is typical of the eastern taiga, but it plays an important role not fir and larch. Coniferous forest, however, does not form a continuous array and sparse areas of birch, alder, willow (mainly in river valleys), the wetlands - marshes. Within the taiga are widespread fur-bearing animals - sable, marten, ermine, moose, brown bear, wolverine, wolf, and muskrat.[4]

text: In the taiga is dominated by podzolic and cryogenic taiga soils, characterized by clearly defined horizontal structure (only in the southern taiga there are sod-podzolic soil). Formed in a leaching regime, poor humus om. Groundwater is normally found in the forest close to the surface, washing calcium from the upper layers, resulting in the top layer of soil of the taiga discolored and oxidized. Few areas of the taiga, suitable for farming, are located mainly in the European part of Russia. Large areas are occupied by sphagnum marshes (here is dominated by podzolic-boggy soil). To enrich the soil for agricultural purposes should be making lime and other fertilizer.

text: Russian Taiga has the world's largest reserves of coniferous wood, but from year to year - as a result of intensive logging - they decrease. Development of hunting, farming (mainly in river valleys).

text: Mixed and deciduous forests[edit]

text: The mixed and deciduous forest belt is triangular, widest along the western border and narrower towards the Ural Mountains. The main trees are Oak and Spruce, but many other growths of vegetation such as ash, aspen, birch, hornbeam, maple, and pine reside there. Separating the taiga from the wooded steppe is a narrow belt of birch and aspen woodland located east of the Urals as far as the Altay Mountains. Much of the forested zone has been cleared for agriculture, especially in European Russia. Wildlife is more scarce as a result of this, but the roe deer, wolf, fox, and squirrel are very common.

text: Steppe[edit]

text: The steppe has long been depicted as the typical Russian landscape. It is a broad band of treeless, grassy plains, interrupted by mountain ranges, extending from Hungary across Ukraine, southern Russia, and Kazakhstan before ending in Manchuria. Most of the Soviet Union's steppe zone was located in the Ukrainian and Kazakh republics; the much smaller Russian steppe is located mainly between those nations, extending southward between the Black and Caspian Seas before blending into the increasingly desiccated territory of the Republic of Kalmykia. In a country of extremes, the steppe zone provides the most favorable conditions for human settlement and agriculture because of its moderate temperatures and normally adequate levels of sunshine and moisture. Even here, however, agricultural yields are sometimes adversely affected by unpredictable levels of precipitation and occasional catastrophic droughts. The soil is very dry.

text: Topography[edit]

text: Russia's mountain ranges are located principally along its continental dip (the Ural Mountains), along the southwestern border (the Caucasus), along the border with Mongolia (the eastern and western Sayan Mountains and the western extremity of the Altay Mountains), and in eastern Siberia (a complex system of ranges in the northeastern corner of the country and forming the spine of the Kamchatka Peninsula, and lesser mountains extending along the Sea of Okhotsk and the Sea of Japan). Russia has nine major mountain ranges. In general, the eastern half of the country is much more mountainous than the western half, the interior of which is dominated by low plains. The traditional dividing line between the east and the west is the Yenisei River valley. In delineating the western edge of the Central Siberian Plateau from the West Siberian Plain, the Yenisey runs from near the Mongolian border northward into the Arctic Ocean west of the Taymyr Peninsula.

text: Ural Mountains[edit]

text:
The Ural Mountains form the natural boundary between Europe and Asia; the range extends about 2,100 kilometres (1,300 mi) from the Arctic Ocean to the northern border of Kazakhstan. Several low passes provide major transportation routes through the Urals eastward from Europe. The highest
peak, Mount Narodnaya, is 1,894 metres (6,214 ft). The Urals also contain valuable deposits of minerals.

text: West Siberian plain[edit]

text: To the east of the Urals is the West Siberian Plain, stretching about 6 kilometers from west to east and about 670 kilometers from north to south. With more than half its territory below 200 meters in elevation, the plain contains some of the world's largest swamps and floodplains. Most of the plain's population lives in the drier section south of 77 north latitude.

text: Central Siberian plateau[edit]

text: The region directly east of the  West Siberian Plain is the Central Siberian Plateau, which extends eastward from the Yenisei River valley to the Lena River valley. The region is divided into several plateaus, with elevations ranging between 320 and 740 meters; the highest elevation is about 1,800 meters, in the northern Putoran Mountains. The plain is bounded on the south by the Baikal Mountains system and on the north by the North Siberian Lowland, an extension of the West Siberian Plain extending into the Taymyr Peninsula on the Arctic Ocean.

text: Sayan and Stanovoy Mountains[edit]

text: In the mountain system west of Lake Baikal in south-central Siberia, the highest elevations are 3,300 meters in the Western Sayan, 3,200 meters in the Eastern Sayan, and 4,500 meters at Belukha Mountain in the Altay Mountains. The Eastern Sayan reach nearly to the southern shore of Lake Baikal; at the lake, there is an elevation difference of more than 4,500 meters between the nearest mountain, 2,840 meters high, and the deepest part of the lake, which is 1,700 meters below sea level. The mountain systems east of Lake Baikal are lower, forming a complex of minor ranges and valleys that reaches from the lake to the Pacific coast. The maximum height of the Stanovoy Range, which runs west to east from northern Lake Baikal to the Sea of Okhotsk, is 2,550 meters. To the south of that range is southeastern Siberia, whose mountains reach 800 meters. Across the Strait of Tartary from that region is Sakhalin Island, Russia's largest island, where the highest elevation is about 1,700 meters. The small Moneron Island, the site of the shootdown of Korean Air Lines Flight 007, is found to its west.

text: Caucasus Mountains[edit]

text: Truly alpine terrain appears in the southern mountain ranges. Between the Black and Caspian seas, the Caucasus Mountains rise to impressive heights, forming a boundary between Europe and Asia. One of the peaks, Mount Elbrus, is the highest point in Europe, at 5,642 meters. The geological structure of the Caucasus extends to the northwest as the Crimean and Carpathian Mountains and southeastward into Central Asia as the Tian Shan and Pamirs. The Caucasus Mountains create an imposing natural barrier between Russia and its neighbors to the southwest, Georgia and Azerbaijan.

text: Northeast Siberia and Kamchatka[edit]

text: Northeastern Siberia, north of the Stanovoy Range, is an extremely mountainous region. The long Kamchatka Peninsula, which juts southward into the Sea of Okhotsk, includes many volcanic peaks, some of which are still active. The highest is the 4,750-meter Klyuchevskaya Sopka, the highest point in the Russian Far East. The volcanic chain continues from the southern tip of Kamchatka southward through the Kuril Islands chain and into Japan. Kamchatka also is one of Russia's two centers of seismic activity (the other is the Caucasus). In 1995, a major earthquake largely destroyed the oil-processing town of Neftegorsk. Also located in this region is the very large Beyenchime-Salaatin crater.

text: Drainage[edit]

text: Russia is a water-rich country, divided into twenty watershed districts. The earliest settlements in the country sprang up along the rivers, where most of the urban population continues to live. The Volga, Europe's longest river, is by far Russia's most important commercial waterway. Four of the country's thirteen largest cities are located on its banks: Nizhny Novgorod, Samara, Kazan, and Volgograd. The Kama River, which flows west from the southern Urals to join the Volga in the Republic of Tatarstan, is a second key European water system whose banks are densely populated.

text: Russia has thousands of rivers and inland bodies of water, providing it with one of the world's largest surface-water resources. However, most of Russia's rivers and streams belong to the Arctic drainage basin, which lies mainly in Siberia but also includes part of European Russia. Altogether, 84 percent of Russia's surface water is located east of the Urals in rivers flowing through sparsely populated territory and into the Arctic and Pacific oceans. In contrast, areas with the highest concentrations of population, and therefore the highest demand for water supplies, tend to have the warmest climates and highest rates of evaporation. As a result, densely populated areas such as the Don and Kuban River basins north of the Caucasus have barely adequate (or in some cases inadequate) water resources.

text: Forty of Russia's rivers longer than 1,000 kilometers are east of the Urals, including the three major rivers that drain Siberia as they flow northward to the Arctic Ocean: the Irtysh-Ob system (totaling 5,380 kilometers), the Yenisei (4,000 kilometers), and the Lena (3,630 kilometers). The basins of those river systems cover about eight million square kilometers, discharging nearly 50,000 cubic meters of water per second into the Arctic Ocean. The northward flow of these rivers means that source areas thaw before the areas downstream, creating vast swamps such as the 48,000-square-kilometer Vasyugan Swamp in the center of the West Siberian Plain. The same is true of other river systems, including the Pechora and the Northern Dvina in Europe and the Kolyma and the Indigirka in Siberia. Approximately 10 percent of Russian territory is classified as swampland.

text: A number of other rivers drain Siberia from eastern mountain ranges into the Pacific Ocean. The Amur River and its main tributary, the Ussuri, form a long stretch of the winding boundary between Russia and China. The Amur system drains most of southeastern Siberia. Three basins drain European Russia. The Dnieper, which flows mainly through Belarus and Ukraine, has its headwaters in the hills west of Moscow. The 1,860-kilometer |Don originates in the Central Russian Upland south of Moscow and then flows into the Sea of Azov and the Black Sea at Rostov-on-Don. The Volga is the third and by far the largest of the European systems, rising in the Valdai Hills west of Moscow and meandering southeastward for 3,510 kilometers before emptying into the Caspian Sea. Altogether, the Volga system drains about 1.4 million square kilometers. Linked by several canals, European Russia's rivers long have been a vital transportation system; the Volga system still carries two-thirds of Russia's inland water traffic.

text: Russia's inland bodies of water are chiefly a legacy of extensive glaciation. In European Russia, the largest lakes are Ladoga and Onega northeast of Saint Petersburg, Lake Peipus on the Estonian border, and the Rybinsk Reservoir north of Moscow. Smaller man-made reservoirs, 160 to 320 kilometers long, are on the Don, the Kama, and the Volga rivers. Many large reservoirs also have been constructed on the Siberian rivers; the Bratsk Reservoir northwest of Lake Baikal is one of the world's largest.

text: The most prominent of Russia's bodies of fresh water is Lake Baikal, the world's deepest and most capacious freshwater lake. Lake Baikal alone holds 85% of the freshwater resources of the lakes in Russia and 20% of the world's total. It extends 632 kilometers in length and 59 kilometers across at its widest point. Its maximum depth is 1,713 meters. Numerous smaller lakes dot the northern regions of the European and Siberian plains. The largest of these are lakes Belozero, Topozero, Vygozero, and Ilmen in the European northwest and Lake Chany in southwestern Siberia.

text: Climate[edit]

text: Russia has a largely continental climate because of its sheer size and compact configuration. Most of its land is more than 400 kilometers (250 mi) from the sea, and the centre is 3,840 kilometers (2,386 mi) from the sea. In addition, Russia's mountain ranges, predominantly to the south and the east, block moderating temperatures from the Indian and Pacific Oceans, but European Russian and northern Siberia lack such topographic protection from the Arctic and North Atlantic Oceans.

text: Because only small parts of Russia are south of 50° north latitude and more than half of the country is north of 60° north latitude, extensive regions experience six months of snow cover over subsoil that is permanently frozen to depths as far as several hundred meters. The average yearly temperature of nearly all of Siberia is below freezing, and the average for most of European Russia is between 5 and 0 °C (41 and 32 °F). Most of Russia has only two seasons, summer and winter, with very short intervals of moderation between them. Transportation routes, including entire railroad lines, are redirected in winter to traverse rock-solid waterways and lakes. Some areas constitute important exceptions to this description, however: the moderate maritime climate of Kaliningrad Oblast on the Baltic Sea is similar to that of the American Northwest; the Russian Far East, under the influence of the Pacific Ocean, has a monsoonal climate that reverses the direction of wind in summer and winter, sharply differentiating temperatures; and a narrow, subtropical band of territory provides Russia's most popular summer resort area on the Black Sea.

text: In winter, an intense high-pressure system causes winds to blow from the south and the southwest in all but the Pacific region of the Russian landmass; in summer, a low-pressure system brings winds from the north and the northwest to most of the landmass. Russia is the coldest country of the world (average annual temperature is −5.5 °C (22.1 °F)). That meteorological combination reduces the wintertime temperature difference between north and south. Thus, average January temperatures are −6 °C (21 °F) in Saint Petersburg, −27 °C (−17 °F) in the West Siberian Plain, and −43 °C (−45 °F) at Yakutsk (in east-central Siberia, at approximately the same latitude as Saint Petersburg), while the winter average on the Mongolian border, whose latitude is some 10° farther south, is barely warmer. Summer temperatures are more affected by latitude, however; the Arctic islands average 4 °C (39.2 °F), and the southernmost regions average 20 °C (68 °F). Russia's potential for temperature extremes is typified by the national record low of −68 °C (−90 °F), recorded at Verkhoyansk in north-central Siberia and the record high of 45 °C (113.0 °F), recorded at several southern stations (Utta).

text: The long, cold winter has a profound impact on almost every aspect of life in Russia. It affects where and how long people live and work, what kinds of crops are grown, and where they are grown (no part of the country has a year-round growing season). The length and severity of the winter, together with the sharp fluctuations in the mean summer and winter temperatures, impose special requirements on many branches of the economy. In regions of permafrost, buildings must be constructed on pilings, machinery must be made of specially tempered steel, and transportation systems must be engineered to perform reliably in extremely low and extremely high temperatures. In addition, during extended periods of darkness and cold, there are increased demands for energy, health care, and textiles.

text: Because Russia has little exposure to ocean influences, most of the country receives low to moderate amounts of precipitation. The highest precipitation falls in the northwest, with amounts decreasing from northwest to southeast across European Russia. The wettest areas are the small, lush subtropical region adjacent to the Caucasus and along the Pacific coast: Sochi receives 1,500 millimetres (60 in) per year and the Kuril Islands typically around 1,000 to 1,500 millimetres (40 to 60 in) - much of which is snow. Along the Baltic coast, average annual precipitation is 600 millimeters (20 in), and in Moscow it is 525 millimeters (20 in). An average of only 20 millimeters (0.8 in) falls along the Russian–Kazakh border, and as little as 15 millimeters (0.6 in) may fall along Siberia's Arctic coastline. Average annual days of snow cover, a critical factor for agriculture, depends on both latitude and altitude. Cover varies from forty to 200 days in European Russia, and from 120 to 250 days in Siberia.

text: Area and boundaries[edit]

text: Area (excluding Crimea):

text:
Total: 17,098,242 km²
Land: 17,021,900 km²
Water: 79,400 km²

text: Area - comparative: Slightly larger than twice size of Brazil

text: Land boundaries:

text: Total (excluding Crimea): 19,917 km

text: Kaliningrad forms the westernmost part of Russia, having no land connection to the rest of the country. It is bounded by Poland, Lithuania, and the Baltic Sea.

text: Crimea, a peninsula on the Black Sea, is claimed and de facto administered by the Russian Federation since Russia annexed it in March 2014. It is recognized as a territory of Ukraine by most of the international community.

text: Border countries:

text:
Table of countries with a land border with Russia (listed anti-clockwise around Russia).[5]

Country

Length (km)

Norway
195.8

Finland
1,271.8

Estonia
138

Latvia
270.5

Lithuania
266

Poland
204.1

Belarus
1,239

Ukraine
1,925.8

Georgia
875.5

Azerbaijan
372.6

Kazakhstan
7,512.8

Mongolia
3485

China
4,209.3

North Korea
17

Japan
water

US
water

text:
If Abkhazia and South Ossetia are counted as sovereign states:[6]

Country

Length (km)

Abkhazia
255.4

South Ossetia
70

remaining border with Georgia
365

text: Coastline excluding Crimea: 37,653 km (23,396 mi)

text: Maritime claims:

text:
Russian continental shelf: 200 m depth or to the depth of exploitation
Exclusive economic zone: 200 nmi (370.4 km; 230.2 mi)
Territorial sea: 12 nmi (22.2 km; 13.8 mi)

text: Elevation extremes:

text:
Lowest point: Caspian Sea: −28 m
Highest point: Mount Elbrus: 5,642 m

text: Natural resources and land use[edit]

text: Russia holds the greatest reserves of mineral resources than any country in the world. Though they are abundant, they are in remote areas with extreme climates, making them expensive to mine. The country is the most abundant in mineral fuels. It may hold as much as half of the world's coal reserves and even larger reserves of petroleum. Deposits of coal are scattered throughout the region, but the largest are located in central and eastern Siberia. The most developed fields lie in western Siberia, in the northeastern European region, in the area around Moscow, and in the Urals. The major petroleum deposits are located in western Siberia and in the Volga-Urals. Smaller deposits are found throughout the country. Natural gas, a resource of which Russia holds around forty percent of the world's reserves, can be found along Siberia's Arctic coast, in the North Caucasus, and in northwestern Russia. Major iron-ore deposits are located south of Moscow, near the Ukrainian border in the Kursk Magnetic Anomaly; this area contains vast deposits of iron ore that have caused a deviation in the Earth's magnetic field. There are smaller deposits in other parts of the country. The Ural mountains hold small deposits of manganese. Nickel, tungsten, cobalt, molybdenum and other iron alloying elements occur in adequate quantities.

text: Russia also contains most of the nonferrous metals. Aluminium ores are scarce and are found primarily in the Ural region, northwestern European Russia, and south central Siberia. Copper is more abundant and major reserves are located in the Urals, the Norilsk area near the mouth of the Yenisey in eastern Siberia, and the Kola Peninsula. Another vast deposit located east of Lake Baikal only became exploited when the Baikal-Amur Mainline (BAM) railroad was finished in 1989.

text: The North Caucasus, far eastern Russia, and the western edge of the Kuznetsk Basin in southern Siberia contain an abundance of lead and zinc ores. These are commonly found along with copper, gold, silver, and a large amount of other rare metals. The country has one of the largest gold reserves in the world; mostly in Siberia and the Urals. Mercury deposits can be found in the central and southern Urals and in south central Siberia.

text: Raw materials are abundant as well, including potassium and magnesium salt deposits in the Kama River region of the western Urals. Russia also contains one of the world's largest deposits of apatite found in the central Kola Peninsula. Rock salt is located in the southwestern Urals and the southwest of Lake Baikal. Surface deposits of salt are found in salt lakes along the lower Volga Valley. Sulfur can be found in the Urals and the middle Volga Valley.

text: Eight percent of the land is used for arable farming, four percent—for permanent pastures, forty-six percent of the land is forests and woodland, and forty-two percent is used for other purposes.

text: Natural hazards[edit]

text: Volcanic activity in the Kuril Islands and volcanoes and earthquakes on the Kamchatka peninsula are other natural hazards.

text: Antipodes[edit]

text: The antipodes of Russia lie in the South Pacific and South Atlantic near Antarctica. Only a small amount is antipodal to land. This includes the arctic islands of Franz Josef Land, Victoria, and North Novaya Zemlya (to Marie Byrd Land in Antarctica); Severnaya Zemlya (to the Ronne Ice Shelf and the Ellsworth Mountains behind it); the De Long Islands (to Coats Land, or just off shore); and Wrangel Island (to Queen Maud Land and its offshore Fimbul Ice Shelf).

text: In addition, northern Ellsworth Land and the base of the Antarctic Peninsula are largely antipodal to the Taymyr Peninsula, while Alexander Island is antipodal to eastern Taymyria south of the Khatanga Gulf. The free part of the Antarctic Peninsula is antipodal to the western Sakha Republic, from its northwestern coast southward, running east of the Lena River, with the northern end of the peninsula covering the towns of Vilyuysk and Kysyl-Syr and stopping about 300 km short of Yakutsk.

text: The antipodes of the South Orkney Islands are on the Aldan River on the other side of Yakutsk, between Ust-Maya and Eldikan, in southwestern Sakha. The southern two South Sandwich Islands are antipodal to the Pyagin Peninsula east of Magadan. Western South Georgia Island is antipodal to the northern tip of Sakhalin.

text: Peter I Island, claimed by Norway on the other side of the Peninsula, is opposite a spot 70 km SE of Norilsk.

text: The only inhabited lands antipodal to Russia are southern Patagonia, including Tierra del Fuego, which correspond to much of Buryatia, the western shore of Lake Baikal in Irkutsk Oblast, and southwestern Zabaykalsky Krai, down to the Mongolian border, with Ulan-Ude being antipodal to Puerto Natales, Chile. The sparsely inhabited West Falkland and neighboring islets are antipodal to eastern Zabaykalsky on the border with northern Inner Mongolia.


document_title: List of countries by energy consumption per capita

question_text: which country has the highest rate of per capita energy use

root

text: This is a list of countries by total energy consumption per capita.[2] This is not the consumption of end-users but all energy needed as input to produce fuel and electricity for end-users. It is known as Total Primary Energy Supply (TPES), a term used to indicate the sum of production and imports subtracting exports and storage changes (see also Worldwide energy supply). Numbers from 2013 and 2014 are from The World Bank - World Development Indicators[3]

tag: p

text: Methodology[edit]

text: The data is given in kilogrammes of oil equivalent per year, and gigajoules per year, and in watts, as average equivalent power.

text: 1 koe = 11.63 kWh or 1 kWh = 0.085984522785899 koe [4]

tag: ul

text:
2003
2013
2014

Country
Total energy consumption per capita per annum (kgoe/a)
The same value in GJ per capita per annum (1000 kgoe = 42 GJ)
The same value in W per capita (1 GJ/a = 31.7 W) (multiply by 8.766 to get kWh/year)
Total energy
consumption per
capita per annum (kgoe/a)

The same value in GJ
per capita per annum
(1000 kgoe = 42 GJ)

The same value in W
per capita (1 GJ/a =
31.7 W) (multiply by
8.766 to get kWh/year)

Total energy
consumption per
capita per annum (kgoe/a)

 Afghanistan[5]
90
3.78
119.8

 Albania
648.3
27.23
863.2
800.6
33.62
1065.9

 Algeria
1138.2
47.81
1515.5
1246.0
52.33
1658.9

 Angola
716.5
30.09
953.9
654.9
27.51
871.9

 Argentina
1846.8
77.57
2458.9
1894.6
79.57
2522.5

 Armenia
790.8
33.22
1052.9
969.3
40.71
1290.5

 Australia
5593.2
234.92
7446.8
5586.3
234.63
7437.7
5484.7

 Austria
4033.6
169.41
5370.3
3917.8
164.55
5216.2
3754.1

 Azerbaijan
1307.5
54.91
1740.8
1474.0
61.91
1962.5

 Bahrain
7753.7
325.65
10323.2
10171.7
427.21
13542.6

 Bangladesh
208.8
8.77
278.1
215.5
9.05
286.9

 Belarus
2922.0
122.73
3890.4
2881.5
121.02
3836.4

 Belgium
5585.6
234.59
7436.6
5039.0
211.64
6708.9
4810.3

 Benin
412.8
17.34
549.6
393.4
16.52
523.8

 Bolivia
737.4
30.97
981.7
785.5
32.99
1045.8

 Bosnia and Herzegovina
1703.4
71.54
2267.9
1688.0
70.89
2247.4

 Botswana
1127.8
47.37
1501.6
1098.4
46.13
1462.4

 Brazil
1362.5
57.23
1814.1
1437.8
60.39
1914.3

 Brunei Darussalam
8308.4
348.95
11061.9
7392.9
310.50
9842.9

 Bulgaria
2370.1
99.55
3155.6
2327.4
97.75
3098.7

 Cambodia
355.4
14.93
473.1
396.2
16.64
527.5

 Cameroon
362.7
15.23
482.9
330.7
13.89
440.3

 Canada
7379.6
309.94
9825.2
7202.2
302.49
9589.0
7247.2

 Chile
1806.7
75.88
2405.5
2201.2
92.45
2930.6
2186.6

 China
1806.8
75.88
2405.5
2226.3
93.50
2964.1

 Colombia
696.3
29.24
927.1
668.5
28.08
890.0

 Congo, Dem. Rep.
360.2
15.13
479.5
292.3
12.28
389.1

 Congo, Rep.
363.5
15.27
483.9
555.8
23.34
740.0

 Costa Rica
997.8
41.91
1328.5
1029.0
43.22
1370.0

 Cote d'Ivoire
484.9
20.37
645.6
605.3
25.42
805.9

 Croatia
1931.9
81.14
2572.2
1813.9
76.19
2415.1

 Cuba
975.3
40.96
1298.5
1030.9
43.30
1372.5

 Cyprus
2215.2
93.04
2949.3
1691.1
71.03
2251.5

 Czech Republic
4192.8
176.10
5582.3
3989.9
167.58
5312.2
3945.3

 Denmark
3470.4
145.76
4620.5
3107.1
130.50
4136.9
2903.7

 Dominican Republic
840.0
35.28
1118.4
731.3
30.72
973.7

 Ecuador
836.3
35.12
1113.5
979.8
41.15
1304.4

 Egypt
903.1
37.93
1202.4
885.0
37.17
1178.3

 El Salvador
676.9
28.43
901.2
693.4
29.12
923.3

 Eritrea
141.7
5.95
188.7

 Estonia
4154.5
174.49
5531.3
4623.3
194.18
6155.4
4599.7

 Ethiopia
400.3
16.81
532.9
507.0
21.29
675.0

 Finland
6787.2
285.06
9036.5
6074.7
255.14
8087.9
6266.9

 France
4030.5
169.28
5366.2
3839.9
161.27
5112.4
3641.1

 Gabon
1417.6
59.54
1887.4
1434.9
60.27
1910.4

 Georgia
700.3
29.41
3142.8
1032.1
43.35
1374.2

 Germany
4003.3
168.14
5329.9
3867.6
162.44
5149.4
3749.1

 Ghana
382.2
16.05
508.9
343.6
14.43
457.5

 Greece
2440.5
102.50
3249.3
2134.1
89.63
2841.3
2061.4

 Guatemala
712.8
29.94
949.0
767.6
32.24
1022

 Haiti
229.0
9.62
304.9
393.2
16.51
523.5

 Honduras
600.9
25.24
800.1
662.4
27.82
882

 Hong Kong
1951.3
81.96
2598.0
1938.4
81.41
2580.7

 Hungary
2566.7
107.80
3417.3
2280.4
95.78
3036.1
2292.3

 Iceland
16882.5
709.06
22477.4
18177.3
763.44
24201.2
17583.6

 India
565.6
23.76
753.1
606.1
25.45
806.9

 Indonesia
866.5
36.39
1153.7
850.2
35.71
1132

 Iran, Islamic Rep.
2816.8
118.30
3750.2
2960.4
124.34
3941.5

 Iraq
1180.3
49.57
1571.4
1466.6
61.6
1952.6

 Ireland
3217.7
135.14
4284.0
2840.2
119.29
3781.4
2766.6

 Israel
3005.4
126.23
4001.3
2970.8
124.77
3955.3
2849.5

 Italy
2814.6
118.21
3747.4
2579.5
108.34
3434.3
2405.5

 Jamaica
1130.2
47.47
1504.7
1083.6
45.51
1442.7

 Japan
3898.4
163.73
5190.3
3570.4
149.96
4753.7
3470.2

 Jordan
1191.4
50.04
1586.2
1071
44.98
1426

 Kazakhstan
4595.1
193.00
6118.0
4786.7
201.04
6373

 Kenya
482.9
20.28
642.9
491.7
20.65
654.7

 North Korea
761.2
31.97
1013.4
580.6
24.38
773

 South Korea
5059.9
212.52
6736.8
5253.5
220.65
6994.5
5262

 Kosovo[6]
1372.1
57.63
1826.9
1296.7
54.46
1726.4

 Kuwait
12204.3
512.58
16248.8
9757.4
409.81
12991.1

 Kyrgyzstan
535.6
22.50
713.2
690.4
29
919.2

 Latvia
1971.3
82.79
2624.6
2159.2
90.69
2874.8

 Lebanon
1526.1
64.10
2031.8
1337.2
56.16
1780.3

 Libya
3013.0
126.54
4011.5
2711.3
113.87
3609.8

 Lithuania
2107.0
88.49
2805.2
2356.6
98.98
3137.6

 Luxembourg
8342.5
350.39
11107.3
7310.3
307.03
9732.9
6812.2

 Macedonia
1402.3
58.90
1867.0
1349.5
56.68
1796.7

 Malaysia
2557.8
107.43
3405.5
3019.8
126.83
4020.6

 Malta
2012.9
84.54
2680.0
3019.8
126.83
4020.6

 Mexico
1570.3
65.95
2090.8
1545.8
64.92
2058
1510.1

 Moldova
730.7
30.69
972.8
862.7
36.23
1148.5

 Mongolia
1188.7
49.92
1582.6
1826.5
76.71
2431.7

 Montenegro
1303.5
54.75
1735.5
1651.3
69.35
2198.5

 Morocco
516.7
21.70
687.9
564.4
23.7
751.4

 Mozambique
436.0
18.31
580.5
407.4
17.11
542.4

 Myanmar
291.8
12.26
388.6
312.8
13.14
416.4

 Namibia
702.5
29.50
935.3
742.3
31.18
988.4

   Nepal
341.1
14.32
454.1
369.7
15.53
492.2

 Netherlands
5021.0
210.88
6685.0
4605.4
193.43
6131.7
4289.4

 New Zealand
4166.4
174.99
5547.2
4391.6
184.45
5846.9
4454.7

 Nicaragua
542.0
22.76
721.6
593.7
24.93
790.4

 Nigeria
713.6
29.97
950.1
773
32.47
1029.2

 Norway
6637.4
278.77
8837.0
6438.8
270.43
8572.6
5854

 Oman
7187.7
301.88
9569.7
6232.5
261.76
8297.9

 Pakistan
487.3
20.47
648.8
474.9
19.94
632.2

 Panama
1072.7
45.05
1428.2
1057.5
44.41
1407.9

 Paraguay
741.9
31.16
987.7
764.1
32.09
1017.4

 Peru
667.1
28.02
888.2
708.3
29.75
943.1

 Philippines
434.0
18.23
577.8
457.1
19.2
608.6

 Poland
2657.0
111.59
3537.5
2565.4
107.75
3415.6
2495.8

 Portugal
2213.1
92.95
2946.5
2082.8
87.48
2773.1
2028.1

 Qatar
12799.4
537.58
17041.2
19120.3
803.05
25456.8

 Romania
1632.2
68.55
2173.1
1592.1
66.87
2119.8

 Russia
4943.1
207.61
6581.2
5093.1
213.91
6780.9

 Saudi Arabia
6167.9
259.05
8212.0
6363.4
267.26
8472.2

 Senegal
272.0
11.42
362.1
261
10.96
347.5

 Serbia
2141.0
89.92
2850.5
2078.5
87.3
2767.3

 Singapore
6455.7
271.14
8595.2
4833.4
203
6435.2

 Slovakia
3280.5
137.78
4367.6
3178.3
133.49
4231.6
2846.9

 Slovenia
3520.2
147.85
4686.7
3323.2
139.58
4424.6
3272

 South Africa
2737.8
114.99
3645.1
2655.9
111.55
3536

 Spain
2772.7
116.45
3691.5
2503.8
105.16
3333.6
2449.8

 Sri Lanka
477.9
20.07
636.3
487.5
20.48
649.1

 Sudan
370.9
15.58
493.9
374.8
15.74
499

 Sweden
5468.2
229.67
7280.4
5131.5
215.52
6832.1
4811

  Switzerland
3348.8
140.65
4458.5
3304
138.77
4399
3074.8

 Syrian Arab Republic
1063.0
44.64
1415.2
668.1
28.06
889.6

 Tajikistan
335.5
14.09
446.7
302.7
12.71
403.1

 Tanzania
447.8
18.81
596.1
469.7
19.73
625.4

 Thailand
1698.9
71.35
2261.9
1987.6
83.48
2646.3

 Togo
446.1
18.74
593.9
462.6
19.43
615.9

 Trinidad and Tobago
15913.3
668.36
21187.0
14537.6
610.58
19355.3

 Tunisia
912.8
38.34
1215.3
956.5
40.17
1273.5

 Turkey
1445.1
60.69
1924.0
1528.2
64.18
2034.6
1540.5

 Turkmenistan
4225.9
177.49
5626.3
5011.6
210.49
6672.5

 Ukraine
2844.9
119.49
3787.7
2553.2
107.23
3399.3

 United Arab Emirates
8271.5
347.40
11012.6
7691
323.02
10239.8

 United Kingdom
3254.1
136.67
4332.5
2977.7
125.06
3964.5
2751.6

 United States
7164.5
300.91
9538.8
6915.8
290.47
9207.8
6917.4

 Uruguay
1240.9
52.12
1652.1
1350.5
56.72
1798.1

 Uzbekistan
1533.0
64.39
2041.1
1419.5
59.62
1889.9

 Venezuela
2668.6
112.08
3553.0
2271.2
95.39
3023.9

 Vietnam
681.4
28.62
907.2
667.6
28.04
888.9

 Yemen
297.9
12.51
396.6
323.7
13.6
431

 Zambia
627.8
26.37
835.9
631.5
26.52
840.7

 Zimbabwe
764.0
32.09
1017.2
757.5
31.82
1008.6

tag: table


document_title: Clash of the Titans (2010 film)

question_text: who played io in clash of the titans

question_tokens: who played io in clash of the titans

text: Clash of the Titans (2010 film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: In ancient times, after defeating their predecessors, the Titans, the gods divided the Universe among themselves. Zeus took the skies, Poseidon took the seas, and Hades was left with the Underworld upon being tricked by Zeus. The gods created the mortals, whose faith and prayers has fueled the gods' immortality. As time passed, however, mortals began to question and soon resist their creators, angering the Olympians.

text: A fisherman named Spyros finds a coffin adrift in the sea, discovering a baby, Perseus, and his mother, Danaë. Spyros and his wife, Marmara, raise Perseus as their own son, alongside their daughter, Tekla. One day, an adult Perseus and his family watch soldiers from the city of Argos destroying the statue of Zeus. Infuriated at this, the Gods unleash the Furies who attack the soldiers and destroy the family's fishing vessel, resulting in Perseus' family drowning. Only Perseus survives and is found by a group of the soldiers.

text: Perseus is brought before King Cepheus and Queen Cassiopeia, who are celebrating their campaign against the gods. Queen Cassiopeia compares her daughter Andromeda to the gods and boasts that she is more beautiful than Aphrodite. The revelry is cut short by the arrival of Hades, who has been given leave by Zeus to punish the mortals for their defiance. Hades threatens to unleash his monster, the Kraken, against Argos, unless Andromeda is offered as a sacrifice. Before leaving, he also reveals that Perseus is a demigod and the son of Zeus. Perseus meets Io, who confirms his origin. According to Io, a king of Argos named Acrisius defied the Gods and laid siege on Olympus. Zeus wanted to teach him a lesson, but did not want to kill the humans, instead, he decided to make an example out of Acrisius and disguised himself as the king, and then had sex with Queen Danae. When Acrisius realized this, he executed his wife and her son, while cursing Zeus. Zeus punished him further by changing him into the deformed creature Calibos, who became obsessed with killing Perseus, the son of Queen Danae and Zeus.

text: Perseus leads the King's Guard to the Stygian Witches, looking for a way to kill the Kraken. After being betrayed by the power-hungry Hades, Zeus gives Perseus a sword forged on Mount Olympus and a winged horse named Pegasus. Perseus refuses the sword, but the captain of the King's guard, Draco, keeps the sword for when Perseus needs it. However, Perseus likes Pegasus. Soon after, they are attacked by Calibos. Draco severs Calibos's hand and forces him to flee. The band gives chase but they are attacked by giant scorpions called Scorpiochs that spring from spilled drops of Calibos's blood. They are saved by a band of Djinn, non-human desert sorcerers led by Sheik Suleiman, who tame the remaining Scorpions. Also wishing for the gods' defeat, the Djinn lend their aid to Perseus and his band. As they continue to travel, Io aids and teaches Perseus and they begin to fall in love.

text: The group arrives at the lair of the Stygian Witches and learn that to kill the Kraken, they must obtain and use the head of Medusa, a gorgon who resides in a temple in the Underworld. Any living creature that looks on Medusa's eyes will turn into stone. Perseus, Io, Solon, Draco, and their remaining men heading into the Underworld. The men enter Medusa's temple lair while Io, being a woman and forbidden from entering, remains outside. Medusa kills most of the band, but Perseus finally manages to behead her by using his reflective shield to see her with his back turned. As he leaves the temple, Calibos appears behind Io and fatally stabs her. As Perseus and Calibos fight, Perseus accepts that he is a son of Zeus, picks up the Olympian sword, and stabs Calibos through the chest, which has restored him to his human form. With his last breath, Calibos urges Perseus not to become a god. As Io lies dying, she urges Perseus to leave her and save Andromeda and Argos. Perseus lovingly stays with her until her last breath instead of leaving immediately. Pegasus soon takes Perseus back to the city of Argos as the Kraken is released. The people of Argos seize and bind Andromeda to sacrifice her to the Kraken. Meanwhile, Hades reveals he does not require the faith or worship of mortals as Zeus does, as he has learned to survive on their fear. Hades then subdues the weakened Zeus.

text: Perseus arrives at Argos and exposes Medusa's head to the Kraken, which makes eye contact just before it is able to reach Andromeda. The Kraken gradually petrifies and crumbles. Prokopion, the insane leader of the Cult of Hades, attempts to kill Perseus, but Cepheus stops him and is stabbed, before both are killed when the Kraken's petrified hand falls on them. Hades appears, intending to kill Perseus, but Perseus, invoking Zeus, throws his sword at Hades, forcing him back to the Underworld. Perseus rescues Andromeda, who is now crowned as Queen of Argos. She asks Perseus to stay by her side as King, but he declines. Perseus also refuses another offer of godhood from Zeus, who then proclaims that if Perseus is to live as a human, he should not be alone, and subsequently revives Io, reuniting Perseus with his one and only true love.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Sam Worthington as Perseus
Liam Neeson as Zeus
Ralph Fiennes as Hades
Gemma Arterton as Io
Jason Flemyng as King Acrisius\Calibos
Alexa Davalos as Princess Andromeda
Mads Mikkelsen as Draco
Liam Cunningham as Solon
Nicholas Hoult as Eusebios
Hans Matheson as Ixas
Rory McCann as Belo
Luke Evans as Apollo
Danny Huston as Poseidon
Alexander Siddig as Hermes
Agyness Deyn as Aphrodite
Pete Postlethwaite as Spyros
Elizabeth McGovern as Marmara
Luke Treadaway as Prokopion
Polly Walker as Cassiopeia
Vincent Regan as Cepheus
Kaya Scodelario as Peshet
William Houston as Ammon
Ian Whyte as Sheikh Sulieman

text: Production[edit]

text: The Clash of the Titans remake project started in 2002 under producer Adam Schroeder and writers John Glenn and Travis Wright. They wanted to drop the "cheesy chessboard manipulation of characters" by the gods.[citation needed] In the Wright/Glenn version of Clash, various pantheons were mixed together. The main villain was the Sumerian Sea Goddess of Death and Destruction, Tiamat.[citation needed] Perseus was originally kidnapped by an avatar of an unidentified Chthonian Earth Goddess, who planned to have him married to Andromeda so as to develop better relations with humanity. The Earth Goddess and Perseus proceed to fall in love. Zeus prepared to engage in war with Tiamat; taking the aids of other gods (such as Thoth, Marduk, Yahweh and Osiris). A High Priest named Fantasos starts a Cult of Tiamat that quickly conquers the city. Andromeda was originally a promiscuous spoiled Princess who possessed various male sex slaves. Though the mixing of Mythologies and the Perseus-Earth Goddess romance was abandoned, the concept of a Goddess enraged at arrogant humans and demanding a sacrifice and the Cult of the Evil God (Changed from Tiamat to Hades) was retained into the final production.[8] Producer Basil Iwanyk revived the project in 2006 with a rewrite by Travis Beacham, a fan of the original, who intended the script to be "darker and more realistic".[9] Lawrence Kasdan and director Stephen Norrington signed on in 2007. Kasdan gave the script another rewrite from the Beacham version.[10] But Norrington was unsure about his direction for the project because he did not grow up with the original. Leterrier, who did, contacted Norrington through their shared agent about replacing him.[11] By June 2008 Leterrier joined the project and Warner Bros. greenlit the film.[12] Leterrier noted the original Clash of the Titans inspired the climax of his previous film The Incredible Hulk – a battle in a burnt-down courtroom with temple-like columns – and has compared modern superheroes to Greek mythology.[13][14]

text: Writers Phil Hay and Matt Manfredi took over the script during July 2008 and used Beacham's draft as a starting point. They focused on the mythology and telling the story through Leterrier's eyes. Hay and Manfredi had to rewrite the script in less than a year using a very active process.[15] Leterrier sought Ray Harryhausen's involvement,[11] and reunited with Hulk concept artist Aaron Sims, who had already been working on Clash of the Titans with Norrington.[16]

text: Louis Leterrier, during an interview, revealed that he is a big fan of Masami Kurumada's Saint Seiya manga (also known as Knights of the Zodiac) and its anime adaptation. He specifically cited the armor that the Gods wear in his film remake as a sign of homage and respect to Saint Seiya. Masami Kurumada, the author of Saint Seiya, was even asked to collaborate with the production team on poster designs.[17]

text: Sam Worthington took the role of Perseus because he wanted to make a Clash of the Titans for his nine-year-old nephew's generation. During filming the cast had a few laughs about the costumes, but he took it very seriously "so the audience doesn't have to."[18] Worthington also did not wear sandals while filming; he instead painted toes on his sports shoes so he could perform the stunts better.[19]

text: For the 2D to 3D conversion, Leterrier approached the studio early on about a 3D conversion, but it was expensive and very new technology.[20] After Avatar, the studio put pressure on Leterrier to convert the film. He was worried because of his previous concerns but was convinced after seeing the View-D conversion process.[21] Leterrier considered the 3D conversion to improve the viewing experience, and states that it should not be seen as a gimmick.[20]

text: In 2013 Leterrier said of the 3D conversion;

text: It was famously rushed and famously horrible. It was absolutely horrible, the 3D. Nothing was working, it was just a gimmick to steal money from the audience. I’m a good boy and I rolled with the punches and everything, but it’s not my movie.[22]

text: Filming locations[edit]

text: Filming began April 27, 2009, near London, at Shepperton Studios, and also at Pinewood Studios and at Longcross Studios, near Chertsey, in Surrey.[23] Filming also took place in Wales, the Canary Islands (Spain) (primarily at the World Heritage Site, Teide National Park in Tenerife), Maspalomas Dunes, Gran Canaria, and Timanfaya National Park in Lanzarote. Aerial photography was conducted in Iceland and Ethiopia.[2]

text: Filming of volcano scenes at the Harriet hole in Dinorwic Slate Quarry in Wales wrapped at the end of July.[24] This slate quarry has also been used for locations for Willow and Street Fighter.[25]

text: Homage[edit]

text: Bubo, Athena's mechanical owl in the original 1981 film, makes a cameo appearance in this remake and its sequel.

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text: Release[edit]

text: Clash of the Titans was originally set for standard release on March 26, 2010.[3][4] The Heat Vision Blog reported on January 27, 2010, that after a 3D conversion test of the film which Warner Bros. found to be a "roaring success", the film would be converted to 3D and would premiere on April 2, 2010. The national premiere in Spain took place on March 30 in Santa Cruz de Tenerife, the capital city of the Canary Islands.[5][6][26]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: Clash of the Titans has received generally negative reviews from critics, who criticized the film for its use of 3D, flat characters, and divergences from the original film and the myth. Review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reports that 28% of critics have given the film a positive review, based on 242 reviews with an average rating of 4.3/10. The website's critical consensus states, "An obviously affectionate remake of the 1981 original, Louis Leterrier's Clash of the Titans doesn't offer enough visual thrills to offset the deficiencies of its script."[27] On Metacritic, the film was assigned a weighted average score of 39 out of 100, based on 37 reviews from mainstream critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews".[28] Even before release the film attracted some negative attention for its original tagline, "Titans Will Clash", although the trailers, edited to match "The Bird and the Worm" by The Used, were praised.[29]

text: In his review for the Chicago Sun-Times, Roger Ebert gave the film 3 stars out of 4, stating "I don't say it's good cinema, although I recognize the craftsmanship that went into it. I don't say it's good acting, when the men have so much facial hair they all look like Liam Neeson. I like the energy, the imagination, the silliness".[30] Richard Corliss of Time could understand why the film received negative reviews, but found it "a full-throttle action-adventure, played unapologetically straight." He dismissed other critics' complaints, writing that the film is "very watchable in 2-D", that other critics were biased by nostalgia for the original, and that 15 seconds of Bubo is enough for his tastes.[31] Colin Covert gave the film a mildly positive review, stating the film was "all flash, trash, and crash; a tasty hunk of baloney; mindless yet shamelessly thrilling." He considered Worthington to have a "Shatneresque heaviness about him", and found that all the laughs came from the fact that the heavyweight actors were "slumming through their roles".[32] Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly gave the film a B-, writing "The new Clash isn't a cynical rehash. It has the flavor of a certain pre-CGI innocence."[33] James Berardinelli gave it a mixed review, concluding that Clash of the Titans is a flawed but mildly entertaining regurgitation of Greek mythological elements, but it's also an example of how poorly executed 3D can hamstring a would-be spectacle.[34]

text: Peter Travers of Rolling Stone awarded the film 1 star out of four, stating "The film is a sham, with good actors going for the paycheck and using beards and heavy makeup to hide their shame."[35] In a review for the Chicago Tribune, Turan complained that the film is worse in 3D; he went on further to explain that the action scenes are "more of a distraction than an enhancement", with the battle scenes being cluttered and "harder to follow rather than exciting".[36] Claudia Puig for USA Today wrote that the film's "most outstanding achievement is the ability to be both chaotic and dull". Justification for her opinion came from the frantic action sequences and muddled special effects.[37] Dan Kois blamed the director for making a "muddled disappointment" instead of a "camp classic that could have endured for generations". Kois also accused Leterrier of not knowing how to direct an action scene, and that the film is lacking in "wit and flair".[38] David Stratton also criticized the film's action scenes, suggesting to Leterrier: "check out your local video store for something by Kurosawa, or almost any movie with sword fight scenes, to see how it's done."[39]

text: The film was nominated for "Worst Prequel, Remake, Rip-off or Sequel" and "Worst Eye-Gouging Misuse of 3D" at the 31st Golden Raspberry Awards, but lost to Sex and the City 2 and The Last Airbender, respectively.[citation needed]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Clash of the Titans earned $61,235,105 in its opening weekend in 3,777 theaters in the United States and Canada (not including Thursday previews).[1] The movie was #1 for two weeks in a row, edging out Date Night and the previous winner How to Train Your Dragon.[40] Clash of the Titans made $163,214,888 domestically, as of July 22, 2010, and $330,000,000 overseas, as of September 19, 2010, for a worldwide total of $493,214,888. On the all-time worldwide chart it ranks 80th and in North America it is below #100.[41]

text: Home video[edit]

text: Clash of the Titans was released on DVD and Blu-ray combo pack on July 16 (Mexico), July 26 (UK), July 27 (USA) and (Canada), October 6 (Japan) 2010. A Blu-ray 3D version of the film was also released and also comes packed with the 2D version, the DVD version and a Digital Copy.[42]

text: Video game[edit]

text: Namco Bandai Games.inc & Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment released a video game adaptation of the movie on July 27, 2010, on PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 with the film's home video release. It was originally planned to come out in March 2010, though the game was delayed due to difficulties. The game follows Perseus on his quest to fight Hades and his minions.

text: Sequels[edit]

text: Production of a sequel titled, Wrath of the Titans, directed by Jonathan Liebesman began on March 23, 2011, with Sam Worthington, Ralph Fiennes and Liam Neeson returning to star and released on March 30, 2012.[43]

text: In November 2011, Warner Bros. hired Dan Mazeau and David Leslie Johnson' who wrote Wrath of the Titans, to write and develop a sequel with Johnson announced a title called Revenge of the Titans but it was later cancelled.[44]


document_title: Abundance of elements in Earth's crust

question_text: most abundant non metal in the earth's crust

question_tokens: most abundant non metal in the earth 's crust

text: Abundance of elements in Earth's crust

text: The abundance of elements in Earth's crust is shown in tabulated form with the estimated crustal abundance for each chemical element shown as either percentage or parts per million (ppm) by mass (10,000 ppm = 1%).

text:
Abundance of chemical elements in Earth's crust, from various sources

Rank
Z, element & symbol
Abundance in crust (ppm) by source
Annual production

Darling[1]
Barbalace[2]
WebElements[3]Science and Technology[4]
Jefferson Lab[5]
(2016, tonnes)[6]

1
8
oxygen
O
466,000
474,000
460,000
467,100
461,000

2
14
silicon [A]
Si
277,200
277,100
270,000
276,900
282,000
7,200,000

3
13
aluminium
Al
81,300
82,000
82,000
80,700
82,300
57,600,000

4
26
iron
Fe
50,000
41,000
63,000
50,500
56,300
1,150,000,000

5
20
calcium
Ca
36,300
41,000
50,000
36,500
41,500

6
11
sodium
Na
28,300
23,000
23,000
27,500
23,600
255,000,000

7
19
potassium
K
25,900
21,000
15,000
25,800
20,900

8
12
magnesium
Mg
20,900
23,000
29,000
20,800
23,300
1,010,000

9
22
titanium
Ti
4,400
5,600
6,600
6,200
5,600
6,600,000

10
1
hydrogen
H
1,400

1,500
1,400
1,400

11
15
phosphorus
P
1,200
1,000
1,000
1,300
1,050

12
25
manganese
Mn
1,000
950
1,100
900
950
16,000,000

13
9
fluorine
F
800
950
540
290
585

14
56
barium
Ba
500
340
340
500
425

15
6
carbon
C
300
480
1,800
940
200

16
38
strontium
Sr

370
360

370
350,000

17
16
sulfur
S
500
260
420
520
350
69,300,000

18
40
zirconium
Zr

190
130
250
165
1,460,000

19
74
tungsten
W

160.6
1.1

1.25
86,400

20
23
vanadium
V
100
160
190

120
76,000

21
17
chlorine
Cl
500
130
170
450
145

22
24
chromium
Cr
100
100
140
350
102
26,000,000

23
37
rubidium
Rb
300
90
60

90

24
28
nickel
Ni

80
90
190
84
2,250,000

25
30
zinc
Zn

75
79

70
11,900,000

26
29
copper
Cu
100
50
68

60
19,400,000

27
58
cerium
Ce

68
60

66.5

28
60
neodymium
Nd

38
33

41.5

29
57
lanthanum
La

32
34

39

30
39
yttrium
Y

30
29

33
6,000

31
7
nitrogen
N
50
25
20

19
140,000,000

32
27
cobalt
Co

20
30

25
123,000

33
3
lithium
Li

20
17

20
35,000

34
41
niobium
Nb

20
17

20
64,000

35
31
gallium
Ga

18
19

19

36
21
scandium
Sc

16
26

22

37
82
lead
Pb

14
10

14
4,820,000

38
62
samarium
Sm

7.9
6

7.05

39
90
thorium
Th

12
6

9.6

40
59
praseodymium
Pr

9.5
8.7

9.2

41
5
boron
B

950
8.7

10
9,400,000

42
64
gadolinium
Gd

7.7
5.2

6.2

43
66
dysprosium
Dy

6
6.2

5.2

44
72
hafnium
Hf

5.3
3.3

3.0

45
68
erbium
Er

3.8
3.0

3.5

46
70
ytterbium
Yb

3.3
2.8

3.2

47
55
caesium
Cs

3
1.9

3

48
4
beryllium
Be

2.6
1.9

2.8
220

49
50
tin
Sn
0
2.2
2.2

2.3
280,000

50
63
europium
Eu

2.1
1.8

2.0

51
92
uranium
U

0
1.8

2.7
74,119

52
73
tantalum
Ta

2
1.7

2.0
1,100

53
32
germanium
Ge

1.8
1.4

1.5
155

54
42
molybdenum
Mo

1.5
1.1

1.2
227,000

55
33
arsenic
As

1.5
2.1

1.8
36,500

56
67
holmium
Ho

1.4
1.2

1.3

57
65
terbium
Tb

1.1
0.94

1.2

58
69
thulium
Tm

0.48
0.45

0.52

59
35
bromine
Br

0.37
3

2.4
391,000

60
81
thallium
Tl

0.6
0.530

0.850
10

61
71
lutetium[7]
Lu

0.5

62
51
antimony
Sb

0.2
0.2

0.2
130,000

63
53
iodine
I

0.14
0.490

0.450
31,600

64
48
cadmium
Cd

0.11
0.15

0.15
23,000

65
47
silver
Ag

0.070
0.080

0.075
27,000

66
80
mercury
Hg

0.05
0.067

0.085
4,500

67
34
selenium
Se

0.05
0.05

0.05
2,200

68
49
indium
In

0.049
0.160

0.250
655

69
83
bismuth
Bi

0.048
0.025

0.0085
10,200

70
52
tellurium
Te

0.005
0.001

0.001
2,200

71
78
platinum
Pt

0.003
0.0037

0.005
172

72
79
gold
Au

0.0011
0.0031

0.004
3,100

73
44
ruthenium
Ru

0.001
0.001

0.001

74
46
palladium
Pd

0.0006
0.0063

0.015
208

75
75
rhenium
Re

0.0004
0.0026

0.0007
47.2

76
77
iridium
Ir

0.0003
0.0004

0.001

77
45
rhodium
Rh

0.0002
0.0007

0.001

78
76
osmium
Os

0.0001
0.0018

0.0015

text: Jump up ^ 5,000 tonnes of annual production is electronic grade

tag: ol


document_title: Optic nerve

question_text: where does the optic nerve go in the brain

text: Optic nerve

text: Structure[edit]

text: The optic nerve is the second of twelve paired cranial nerves and is technically part of the central nervous system, rather than the peripheral nervous system because it is derived from an out-pouching of the diencephalon (optic stalks) during embryonic development. As a consequence, the fibers of the optic nerve are covered with myelin produced by oligodendrocytes, rather than Schwann cells of the peripheral nervous system, and are encased within the meninges. Peripheral neuropathies like Guillain–Barré syndrome do not affect the optic nerve. However, most typically the optic nerve is grouped with the other eleven cranial nerves and considered to be part of the peripheral nervous system.

text: The optic nerve is ensheathed in all three meningeal layers (dura, arachnoid, and pia mater) rather than the epineurium, perineurium, and endoneurium found in peripheral nerves. Fiber tracts of the mammalian central nervous system (as opposed to the peripheral nervous system) are incapable of regeneration, and, hence, optic nerve damage produces irreversible blindness. The fibres from the retina run along the optic nerve to nine primary visual nuclei in the brain, from which a major relay inputs into the primary visual cortex.

text: The optic nerve is composed of retinal ganglion cell axons and glial cells. Each human optic nerve contains between 770,000 and 1.7 million nerve fibers,[3] which are axons of the retinal ganglion cells of one retina. In the fovea, which has high acuity, these ganglion cells connect to as few as 5 photoreceptor cells; in other areas of retina, they connect to many thousand photoreceptors.

text: The optic nerve leaves the orbit (eye socket) via the optic canal, running postero-medially towards the optic chiasm, where there is a partial decussation (crossing) of fibres from the temporal visual fields (the nasal hemi-retina) of both eyes. The proportion of decussating fibers varies between species, and is correlated with the degree of binocular vision enjoyed by a species.[4] Most of the axons of the optic nerve terminate in the lateral geniculate nucleus from where information is relayed to the visual cortex, while other axons terminate in the pretectal nucleus and are involved in reflexive eye movements. Other axons terminate in the suprachiasmatic nucleus and are involved in regulating the sleep-wake cycle. Its diameter increases from about 1.6 mm within the eye to 3.5 mm in the orbit to 4.5 mm within the cranial space. The optic nerve component lengths are 1 mm in the globe, 24 mm in the orbit, 9 mm in the optic canal, and 16 mm in the cranial space before joining the optic chiasm. There, partial decussation occurs, and about 53% of the fibers cross to form the optic tracts. Most of these fibres terminate in the lateral geniculate body.[1]

text: Based on this anatomy, the optic nerve may be divided in the four parts as indicated in the image at the top of this section (this view is from above as if you were looking into the orbit after the top of the skull had been removed): 1. the optic head (which is where it begins in the eyeball (globe) with fibers from the retina; 2. orbital part (which is the part within the orbit). 3. intracanicular part (which is the part within a bony canal known as the optic canal); and, 4. cranial part (the part within the cranial cavity, which ends at the optic chiasm).[2]

text: From the lateral geniculate body, fibers of the optic radiation pass to the visual cortex in the occipital lobe of the brain. In more specific terms, fibers carrying information from the contralateral superior visual field traverse Meyer's loop to terminate in the lingual gyrus below the calcarine fissure in the occipital lobe, and fibers carrying information from the contralateral inferior visual field terminate more superiorly, to the cuneus[citation needed].

text: Function[edit]

text: The optic nerve transmits all visual information including brightness perception, color perception and contrast (visual acuity). It also conducts the visual impulses that are responsible for two important neurological reflexes: the light reflex and the accommodation reflex. The light reflex refers to the constriction of both pupils that occurs when light is shone into either eye; the accommodation reflex refers to the swelling of the lens of eye that occurs when one looks at a near object as in reading (lens adjusts to near vision).[1]

text: The eye's blind spot is a result of the absence of photoreceptors in the area of the retina where the optic nerve leaves the eye.[1]

text: Clinical significance[edit]

text: Disease[edit]

text: Damage to the optic nerve typically causes permanent and potentially severe loss of vision, as well as an abnormal pupillary reflex, which is diagnostically important. The type of visual field loss will depend on which portions of the optic nerve were damaged. In general:

text:
Damage to the optic nerve anterior to the optic chiasm causes loss of vision in the eye on the same side as the damage.
Damage at the optic chiasm typically causes loss of vision laterally in both visual fields (bitemporal hemianopsia). It may occur with large pituitary tumors pituitary adenoma. (see image on right of Paris seen with bitemporal hemianopsia)

text: Damage to the optic tract, which is behind (posterior) to the chiasm, causes loss of the entire visual field from the side opposite the damage (so if the left optic tract is cut, there is a loss of vision from the entire right visual field).

text: Injury to the optic nerve can be the result of congenital or inheritable problems like Leber's Hereditary Optic Neuropathy, glaucoma, trauma, toxicity, inflammation, ischemia, infection (very rarely), or compression from tumors or aneurysms. By far, the three most common injuries to the optic nerve are from glaucoma, optic neuritis (especially in those younger than 50 years of age), and anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (usually in those older than 50).

text: Glaucoma is a group of diseases involving loss of retinal ganglion cells causing optic neuropathy in a pattern of peripheral vision loss, initially sparing central vision. Glaucoma is associated with increased intraocular pressure that damages the optic nerve as it exits the eyeball. Although glaucoma does eventually damage the optic nerve, it is primarily a disease of eye not of the nerve.

text: Optic neuritis is inflammation of the optic nerve. It is associated with a number of diseases, the most notable one being multiple sclerosis. The patient will likely experience varying vision loss and eye pain. The condition tends to be episodic.

text: Anterior ischemic optic neuropathy is commonly known as "stroke of the optic nerve" and affects the optic nerve head. There is usually a sudden loss of blood supply and nutrients to the optic nerve head (where the nerve exits the eyeball). Vision loss is typically sudden and most commonly occurs upon waking up in the morning. This condition is most common in diabetic patients 40–70 years old.

text: Optic nerve hypoplasia is the underdevelopment of the optic nerve resulting in little to no vision in the affected eye.

text: Tumors, especially those of the pituitary gland, can put pressure on the optic nerve causing various forms of visual loss. Similarly, cerebral aneurysms (swelling of blood vessels) can also affect the nerve.

text: Trauma can cause serious injury to the nerve. Direct optic nerve injury can occur from a penetrating injury to the orbit, but the nerve can also be injured by indirect trauma in which severe head impact or movement stretches or even tears the nerve [1]

text: Ophthalmologists and optometrists can detect and diagnose some optic nerve diseases but neuro-ophthalmologists are often best suited to diagnose and treat diseases of the optic nerve.

text: The International Foundation for Optic Nerve Diseases (IFOND) sponsors research and provides information on a variety of optic nerve disorders.

text: Regeneration[edit]

text: Similar to other CNS tracts, the optic has very limited regenerative potential after injury. However, some new techniques are being developed to increase this potential.[5]

text: Additional images[edit]

text:
MRI scan of human eye showing optic nerve.

The ophthalmic artery and its branches. (optic nerve is yellow)

Superficial dissection of brain-stem. Lateral view.

Dissection of brain-stem. Lateral view.

Scheme showing central connections of the optic nerves and optic tracts.

Nerves of the orbit. Seen from above.

Nerves of the orbit, and the ciliary ganglion. Side view.

The terminal portion of the optic nerve and its entrance into the eyeball, in horizontal section.

Structures of the eye labeled

This image shows another labeled view of the structures of the eye

Optic nerve.Deep dissection.Inferior view.

Optic nerve.Deep dissection.Inferior view.

Optic nerve

Optic nerve

Human brain dura mater (reflections)

Optic nerve

Optic nerve

Optic nerve

Cerebrum.Inferior view.Deep dissection

Cerebral peduncle, optic chasm, cerebral aqueduct. Inferior view. Deep dissection.


document_title: Boyd (surname)

question_text: where does the last name boyd come from

question_tokens: where does the last name boyd come from

text: Boyd (surname)

text:
Boyd

Location of the Isle of Bute.

Origin

Region of origin
Scotland

Other names

Variant(s)
Boid; Bhoid

Families

Clan Boyd

text: Boyd is a Scottish surname. It originated from a habitational name from the island of Bute, located in the Firth of Clyde.[1][2] The surname was very common in Edinburgh in the 17th century.[2] The Scottish Gaelic form of the surname is Boid (masculine),[3] and Bhoid (feminine).

text:
Top
0–9
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z

text: A[edit]

text:
Adam Boyd, English footballer
Alice Boyd, Scottish artist
Alan Lennox-Boyd, 1st Viscount Boyd of Merton, British politician
Alan Stephenson Boyd, American politician
Alex Boyd (photographer), Scottish photographer
Alexander Boyd, 3rd Lord Boyd (d. 1508)
Alfred Boyd, Canadian politician
Allen Boyd, American politician
Andrew Kennedy Hutchison Boyd (1825–1899), Scottish writer
Anne Boyd, Australian composer
Archibald Boyd, English cleric
Archibald Boyd-Carpenter, British politician
Archie Boyd (footballer), Scottish footballer
Arnold Boyd, British ornithologist
Arthur Boyd (Arthur Merric Bloomfield Boyd), Australian painter
Arthur Merric Boyd, Australian painter
Augusto Samuel Boyd, President of Panama

text: B[edit]

text:
Barton K. "Bo" Boyd, Disney Consumer Products executive
Belle Boyd, Confederate spy
Benjamin Boyd, Australian pioneer
Bill Boyd (disambiguation)
Billy Boyd (actor), Scottish actor
Blanche McCrary Boyd, American novelist
Bob Boyd (disambiguation)
Brandon Boyd, American musician, singer with Incubus
Brittany Boyd, American basketball player
Brian Boyd, New Zealand English professor

text: C[edit]

text:
Carla Boyd, Australian basketball player
Cayden Boyd, American actor
Cecil Boyd, Irish international rugby player
Christopher Boyd, webmaster
Colin Boyd, Baron Boyd of Duncansby, Scottish lawyer
Curtis Boyd, American jazz drummer

text: D[edit]

text:
Danah Boyd, American blogger
Daniel Patrick Boyd, American arrested in connection with alleged terrorism
Darius Boyd, Australian rugby league player
Darren Boyd, British actor
David Boyd (disambiguation)
Douglas Boyd, British oboist and conductor
Dustin Boyd, Canadian ice hockey player
Dutch Boyd, American poker player

text: E[edit]

text:
Edwin Alonzo Boyd, Canadian bank robber
Edith B. Boyd, one of the Del Rubio triplets
Elena Boyd, one of the Del Rubio triplets
Eliza Stewart Boyd, first woman on a jury
Esna Boyd, Australian tennis player
Eva Boyd, American singer Little Eva

text: F[edit]

text: Federico Boyd, President of Panama

text: G[edit]

text:
George Boyd (footballer), Scottish footballer
George Boyd (playwright), Canadian playwright
George Milward Boyd, Canadian politician
George Boyd-Rochfort, Irish Victoria Cross winner
Gordon Boyd (real name: Gordon Needham), British-Australian entertainer
Greg Boyd (disambiguation)
Guy Boyd (sculptor), Australian sculptor

text: H[edit]

text: Harriet Boyd-Hawes, American archaeologist

text: J[edit]

text:
James Boyd (disambiguation)
James Boyd, 2nd Lord Boyd (d. 1484)
James Boyd, 9th Lord Boyd (a.1595-1654)
Jason Boyd, American record producer and songwriter known professionally as Poo Bear
Jenna Boyd, American actress
Jenny Boyd, British model, sister of Pattie Boyd
Jerry Boyd, boxing trainer writing as F.X. Toole
Jim Boyd (disambiguation)
Joe Boyd, American record producer
John Boyd (disambiguation)
John Boyd Orr, 1st Baron Boyd-Orr, Scottish nutritionist and Nobel Peace Prize winner
John Boyd-Carpenter, Baron Boyd-Carpenter, British politician
Johnny Boyd, American racing driver
Jonathan Boyd, former wrestler, The Royal Kangaroos, The Bushwhackers
Joseph Boyd (disambiguation)
Julian Boyd, American basketball player
Justin Boyd, member of the Arkansas House of Representatives
Jason Boyd, British actor in Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix
James Boyd, later James Hay, 15th Earl of Erroll
Jordan Boyd, King

text: K[edit]

text: Kris Boyd, Scottish footballer

text: L[edit]

text:
L. M. Boyd, American columnist
LaVell Boyd, American football player
Les Boyd, Australian rugby league player
Linn Boyd, American politician
Liona Boyd, Canadian musician
Louise Arner Boyd, American explorer

text: M[edit]

text:
Malcolm Boyd, American Episcopal priest and author
Mark Alexander Boyd (1563–1601), Scottish poet
Marion Boyd, Canadian politician
Martin Boyd, Australian architect and writer
Merric Boyd, Australian artist
Mike Boyd (disambiguation)
Milly Boyd, one of the Del Rubio triplets

text: N[edit]

text:
Nancy Boyd, pseudonym of American poet Edna St. Vincent Millay
Neal E. Boyd, American opera singer and 2008 America's Got Talent winner
Neva Boyd, American educator
Norma Elizabeth Boyd, American sorority organiser

text: O[edit]

text: Oil Can Boyd (born 1959), American baseball player

text: P[edit]

text:
Pattie Boyd, British model and photographer
Penleigh Boyd, Australian artist
Peter Boyd, American bridge player
Peter Boyd (Trevor Eve), fictional character in the TV series Waking the Dead
Paul Boyd, American journalist

text: R[edit]

text:
Richard Boyd, philosopher
Richard Henry Boyd (R.H. Boyd, 1843–1922), African American minister and religious publisher
Richard Boyd Barrett Irish politician.
Robbie Boyd, (British singer/songwriter)
Robert Boyd (disambiguation)
Robert Boyd, 1st Lord Boyd (d. 1482)
Robert Boyd, 4th Lord Boyd (d. c.1557) (acceded Lordship 1547)
Robert Boyd, 5th Lord Boyd (c.1517-1559) (acceded Lordship 1558)
Robert Boyd, 7th Lord Boyd (1595–1628)
Robert Boyd, 8th Lord Boyd (c.1618-1640)
Robin Boyd, Australian architect
Russell Boyd, American cinematographer

text: S[edit]

text:
Sam Boyd, American gambling entrepreneur
Sarah Boyd-Carpenter, now Sarah Hogg, Viscountess Hailsham, The Baroness Hogg
Shannon Boyd (born 1992), Australian rugby league player
Simon Lennox-Boyd, 2nd Viscount Boyd of Merton
Stephen Boyd, Irish actor

text: T[edit]

text:
Terrence Boyd (born 1991), German-born American soccer player
Thomas Boyd (disambiguation)
Thomas Boyd, 1st Earl of Arran
Thomas Boyd, 6th Lord Boyd (c.1547-1611) (acceded Lordship 1560)
Tyler Boyd (American football), American football player

text: W[edit]

text:
Walter Boyd (disambiguation)
Wes Boyd, American software businessman and activist
Willard L. Boyd, (born 1927), president of the University of Iowa and of the Field Museum of Natural History
William Boyd (disambiguation)
Woody Boyd, fictional character from Cheers

text: Z[edit]

text: Zachary Boyd, Scottish theologian