document_title: Indian Chess Championship

question_text: who won the indian national title for man in 2003 in chess

text: Indian Chess Championship

text: The National Premier Chess Championship is the annual national chess championship of India. It was established in 1955 by the Andhra State Chess Association as a biannual event, but since 1971 it has been played yearly. The first edition was held in Eluru, Andhra Pradesh from May 15 to May 28 and was jointly won by Ramchandra Sapre and D. Venkayya with 9/12 points.[1] Earlier, G. S. Dikshit of Pithapuram won the Andhra and Madras State Championships for three consecutive years, 1952-54.[2]

text: The women’s championship commenced in 1974. The first ten editions were dominated by the Khadilkar sisters Vasanti, Jayshree and Rohini. Rohini is the youngest and won the championship five times, Jayshree won four titles, and the eldest, Vasanti, won the championship in the inaugural year.

text: Winners[edit]

text:
Nr
Year
City
Men's winner

1
1955
Eluru
Sapre, R.B. !Ramchandra Sapre
Venkayya, D. !D. Venkayya

2
1957
Pune
Gupta, Ramdas !Ramdas Gupta

3
1959
Delhi
Aaron, Manuel !Manuel Aaron

4
1961
Hyderabad
Aaron, Manuel !Manuel Aaron

5
1963
Bombay
Ali, Farooq !Farooq Ali

6
1966
Madras
Madon, Rusi !Rusi Madon

7
1967
Pune
Ali (chess player), Nasir  !Nasir Ali

8
1969
Bangalore
Aaron, Manuel !Manuel Aaron

9
1971
Bikaner
Aaron, Manuel !Manuel Aaron

10
1972
Simla
Aaron, Manuel !Manuel Aaron

11
1973
Ahmedabad
Aaron, Manuel !Manuel Aaron

12
1975
Rourkela
Aaron, Manuel !Manuel Aaron

13
1976
Patna
Sekhar, Ravi !Ravi Sekhar

14
1976
Culcutta
Aaron, Manuel !Manuel Aaron

15
1978
Cochin
Khan, Rafiq !Rafiq Khan

16
1979
Tiruchi
Parameswaram, Tiruchi N. !Tiruchi N. Parameswaram

17
1979
Vijayawada
Sekhar, Ravi !Ravi Sekhar

18
1981
New Delhi
Aaron, Manuel !Manuel Aaron

19
1982
Kanpur
Thipsay, Praveen !Praveen Thipsay

20
1983
Agartala
Barua, Dibyendu !Dibyendu Barua

21
1984
Ahmedabad
Thipsay, Praveen !Praveen Thipsay

22
1985
Tenali
Thipsay, Praveen !Praveen Thipsay

23
1986
Bombay
Anand, Viswanathan !Viswanathan Anand

24
1987
Tumkur
Anand, Viswanathan !Viswanathan Anand

25
1988
Neyveli
Anand, Viswanathan !Viswanathan Anand

26
1989
Bikaner
Thipsay, Praveen !Praveen Thipsay

27
1990
Kozhikode
Prasad, Devaki V. !Devaki V. Prasad

28
1991
Pondicherry
Prasad, Devaki V. !Devaki V. Prasad

29
1992
Patna
Thipsay, Praveen !Praveen Thipsay

30
1993
Pune
Thipsay, Praveen !Praveen Thipsay

31
1994
Hyderabad
Thipsay, Praveen !Praveen Thipsay

32
1995
Madras
Konguvel, Ponnuswamy !Ponnuswamy Konguvel

33
1996
Kanhangad
Parameswaran, Tiruchi !Tiruchi Parameswaran

34
1997
Bhilai
Kunte, Abhijit !Abhijit Kunte

35
1998
Muzaffarpur
Barua, Dibyendu !Dibyendu Barua

36
1999
Nagpur
Sasikiran, Krishnan !Krishnan Sasikiran

37
2000
Mumbai
Kunte, Abhijit !Abhijit Kunte

38
2001
Delhi
Barua, Dibyendu !Dibyendu Barua

39
2002
Nagpur
Sasikiran, Krishnan !Krishnan Sasikiran

40
2003
Mumbai
Sasikiran, Krishnan !Krishnan Sasikiran

41
2003
Kozhikode
Ganguly, Surya !Surya Shekhar Ganguly

42
2004
Visakhapatnam
Ganguly, Surya !Surya Shekhar Ganguly

43
2006
Visakhapatnam
Ganguly, Surya !Surya Shekhar Ganguly

44
2007
Atul
Ganguly, Surya !Surya Shekhar Ganguly

45
2008
Chennai
Ganguly, Surya !Surya Shekhar Ganguly

46
2008
Mangalore
Ganguly, Surya !Surya Shekhar Ganguly[3][4]

47
2009
New Delhi
Adhiban, Baskaran !Baskaran Adhiban

48
2010
New Delhi
Negi, Parimarjan !Parimarjan Negi[5]

49
2011
Aurangabad
Gupta, Abhijeet !Abhijeet Gupta

50
2012
Kolkata
Akash, G !G. Akash

51
2013
Jalgaon
Sasikiran, Krishnan !Krishnan Sasikiran

52
2014
Kottayam
Sethuraman, S. P. !S.P. Sethuraman

53
2015
Tiruvarur
Murali, Karthikeyan !Murali Karthikeyan

54
2016
Lucknow
Murali, Karthikeyan !Murali Karthikeyan

Nr
Year
City
Women's winner

1
1974
Bangalore
Khadilkar, Vasanti !Vasanti Khadilkar

2
1975
Calcutta
Khadilkar, Jayshree !Jayshree Khadilkar

3
1976
Kottayam
Khadilkar, Rohini !Rohini Khadilkar

4
1977
Hyderabad
Khadilkar, Rohini !Rohini Khadilkar

5
1979
Chennai
Khadilkar, Rohini !Rohini Khadilkar

6
1979
Sangli
Khadilkar, Jayshree !Jayshree Khadilkar

7
1981
New Delhi
Khadilkar, Rohini !Rohini Khadilkar

8
1982
Rajnandgaon
Khadilkar, Jayshree !Jayshree Khadilkar

9
1983
Bikaner
Khadilkar, Jayshree !Jayshree Khadilkar

10
1983
Kottayam
Khadilkar, Rohini !Rohini Khadilkar

11
1985
Nagpur
Sathe, Bhagyashree !Bhagyashree Sathe

12
1986
Jalandhar
Sathe, Bhagyashree !Bhagyashree Sathe

13
1987
Calcutta
Reddy, Saritha !Saritha Reddy

14
1988
Kurukshetra
Sathe, Bhagyashree !Bhagyashree Sathe

15
1989
Durg
Abhyankar, Anupama !Anupama Abhyankar

16
1990
Vijaywada
Abhyankar, Anupama !Anupama Abhyankar

17
1991
Kozhikode
Thipsay, Bhagyashree !Bhagyashree Thipsay

18
1991
Mumbai
Gokhale, Anupama !Anupama Gokhale

19
1993
Kozhikode
Gokhale, Anupama !Anupama Gokhale

20
1994
Bangalore
Thipsay, Bhagyashree !Bhagyashree Thipsay

21
1995
Chennai
Vijayalakshmi, Subbaraman !Subbaraman Vijayalakshmi

22
1996
Salem
Kunte, Mrunalini !Mrunalini Kunte

23
1997
Calcutta
Gokhale, Anupama !Anupama Gokhale

24
1998
Mumbai
Vijayalakshmi, Subbaraman !Subbaraman Vijayalakshmi

25
1999
Kozhikode
Vijayalakshmi, Subbaraman !Subbaraman Vijayalakshmi

26
2000
Mumbai
Vijayalakshmi, Subbaraman !Subbaraman Vijayalakshmi

27
2001
New Delhi
Vijayalakshmi, Subbaraman !Subbaraman Vijayalakshmi

28
2002
Lucknow
Vijayalakshmi, Subbaraman !Subbaraman Vijayalakshmi

29
2003
Mumbai
Ramaswamy, Arthie !Aarthie Ramaswamy

30
2003
Kozhikode
Koneru, Humpy !Humpy Koneru

31
2005
Bangalore
Mohota, Nisha !Nisha Mohota

32
2006
Vizag
Ghate, Swati !Swati Ghate

33
2006
Chennai
Sachdev, Tania !Tania Sachdev

34
2007
Pune
Sachdev, Tania !Tania Sachdev

35
2008
New Delhi
Kruttika Nadig !Kruttika Nadig

36
2009
Chennai
Harika Dronavalli !Harika Dronavalli

37
2010
Bhubaneswar
Soumya Swaminathan !Soumya Swaminathan

38
2011
Chennai
Mary Ann Gomes !Mary Ann Gomes

39
2012
Jalgaon
Mary Ann Gomes

40
2013
Kolkata
Mary Ann Gomes !Mary Ann Gomes

41
2014
Sangli
Padmini Rout

42
2015
Kolkata
Padmini Rout

43
2016
New Delhi
Padmini Rout

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ The Hindu, June 6, 1952
Jump up ^ British Chess Magazine, July 1955, p. 213
Jump up ^ Ganguly wins sixth successive National 'A' chess title The Times of India
Jump up ^ 46th National A Chess Championship, India. Tournament report FIDE
Jump up ^ http://www.chess.com/article/view/2010-indian-national-championship


document_title: Miracle on 34th Street

question_text: who played alfred on miracle on 34th street

root

text: Miracle on 34th Street

text: Plot[edit]

text: Kris Kringle (Edmund Gwenn) is indignant to find that the man (Percy Helton) assigned to play Santa in the annual Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade is intoxicated. When he complains to event director Doris Walker (Maureen O'Hara), she persuades Kris to take his place. He does so well, he is hired to play Santa at Macy's flagship New York City store on 34th Street.

tag: p

text: Ignoring instructions to steer parents to buy from Macy's, Kris directs one shopper (Thelma Ritter) to a competitor. Impressed, she tells Julian Shellhammer (Philip Tonge), head of the toy department, that she will become a loyal customer.

text: Attorney Fred Gailey (John Payne), Doris's neighbor, takes the young divorcée's daughter Susan (Natalie Wood) to see Santa. Doris has raised her to not believe in fairy tales, but Susan is shaken after seeing Kris speak Dutch with a girl who does not know English. Doris asks Kringle to tell Susan that he is not Santa, but he insists that he is.

text: Worried, Doris decides to fire him. However, Kris has generated so much positive publicity and goodwill for Macy's that Macy (Harry Antrim) promises Doris and Julian bonuses. To alleviate Doris's misgivings, Julian has Granville Sawyer (Porter Hall) administer a "psychological evaluation". Kris passes, and questions Sawyer's own mental health.

text: The store expands on the concept. To avoid looking greedy, competitor Gimbels implements the same policy, forcing Macy's and others to escalate. Eventually, Kris does the impossible: he reconciles bitter rivals Macy and Gimbel (Herbert Heyes).

text: Pierce (James Seay), the doctor at Kris' nursing home, assures Doris that Kris is harmless. Kris makes a pact with Fred – he will work on Susan's cynicism while Fred does the same with Doris, disillusioned by her failed marriage. When Susan reveals she wants a house, Kris reluctantly promises to do his best.

text: Kris learns that Sawyer has convinced young employee Alfred that he is unstable simply because he is kind-hearted. Finding Sawyer unwilling to budge, Kris hits him on the head with Sawyer's umbrella, which was on the desk. Sawyer exaggerates his pain in order to have Kris confined to Bellevue Hospital. Tricked into cooperating, and believing Doris to be in on the deception, Kris deliberately fails his examination and is recommended for permanent commitment. However, Fred persuades Kris not to give up.

text: At a hearing before Judge Henry X. Harper (Gene Lockhart), District Attorney Thomas Mara (Jerome Cowan) gets Kris to assert that he is Santa Claus and rests his case. Fred argues that Kris is not insane because he actually is Santa. Mara requests Harper rule that Santa does not exist. In private, Harper's political adviser, Charlie Halloran (William Frawley), warns him that doing so would be disastrous for his upcoming reelection bid. The judge buys time by hearing evidence.

text: Doris quarrels with Fred when he quits his job at a prestigious law firm to defend Kris. Fred calls Macy as a witness. When Mara asks if he believes Kris to be Santa, Macy starts to equivocate, but when pressed, he remembers the good Kris has done and states, "I do!" Afterward, Macy fires Sawyer. Fred then calls Mara's own young son (Bobby Hyatt), who testifies that his father told him that Santa was real. Mara concedes the point.

text: Mara then demands that Fred prove that Kris is "the one and only" Santa Claus on the basis of some competent authority. While Fred searches frantically, Susan writes Kris a letter to cheer him up, which Doris also signs. When a mail sorter (Jack Albertson) sees Susan's letter, he suggests delivering the many letters to Santa taking up space in the dead letter office too. Fred presents Judge Harper with three of them (from 21 full mailbags), addressed simply to "Santa Claus" and delivered to Kris, asserting the Post Office has acknowledged that he is the Santa Claus. Harper dismisses the case.

text: On Christmas morning, Susan is disappointed that Kris could not get her what she wanted. Kris gives Fred and Doris a route home that avoids traffic. Along the way, Susan sees her dream house with a "For Sale" sign in the front yard. Fred learns that Doris had encouraged Susan to have faith and suggests they get married and purchase the house. He then boasts that he must be a great lawyer since he proved Kris was Santa. However, when they spot a cane inside that looks just like Kris's, he is not so sure.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Maureen O'Hara as Doris Walker
John Payne as Frederick M. "Fred" Gailey
Edmund Gwenn as Kris Kringle
Gene Lockhart as The Hon. Henry X. Harper
Natalie Wood as Susan Walker
Porter Hall as Granville Sawyer
William Frawley as Charlie Halloran
Jerome Cowan as District Attorney Thomas Mara
Philip Tonge as Julian Shellhammer

tag: ul

text: Uncredited (alphabetically):

text:
Jack Albertson as Post Office Mail Sorter
Harry Antrim as R. H. Macy
Lela Bliss as Mrs. Shellhammer
Jeff Corey as Reporter
Mary Field as Dutch Girl's Adopted Mother
William Forrest as Dr. Rogers at Bellevue
Alvin Greenman as Alfred
Theresa Harris as Cleo, the Walkers' maid/housekeeper
Percy Helton as Drunken Santa Claus
Herbert Heyes as Mr. Gimbel
Robert Karnes as 2nd Bellevue Intern
Snub Pollard as Mail-Bearing Court Officer
Thelma Ritter as Peter's Mother
James Seay as Dr. Pierce, physician at the Brooks Memorial Home for the Aged

text: Production[edit]

text: Although the film is set during the Christmas season, studio head Darryl F. Zanuck insisted that it be released in May, arguing that more people go to the movies in warmer weather. The studio rushed to promote it while keeping its Christmas setting a secret. Fox's promotional trailer depicted a fictional producer roaming the studio backlot and encountering such stars as Rex Harrison, Anne Baxter, Peggy Ann Garner, and Dick Haymes extolling the virtues of the film. In addition, the movie posters prominently featured O'Hara and Payne, with Gwenn's character kept in the background. The film opened in New York City at the Roxy Theatre on June 4, 1947.[6] By contrast, modern home video packaging has Gwenn and Wood dominating the imagery, with the DVD release having Kringle in his Santa Claus costume.

text: O'Hara was initially reluctant to take the role, having recently moved back to Ireland. She immediately changed her mind after reading the script[7] and came back to the United States for the film.

text: The Christmas window displays seen in the film were originally made by Steiff for Macy's. Macy's later sold the window displays to FAO Schwarz in New York. FAO Schwarz then sold the windows to the Marshall & Ilsley Bank of Milwaukee, Wisconsin, where they are on display every December in the bank's lobby on North Water Street.

text: The house shown at the end of the film is a 1703 square foot single family home built in 1943 at 24 Derby Road, Port Washington, New York. The home looks practically the same as it did in 1947, except that the roof line has been altered by the addition of a window.

text: Rowland Hussey Macy, called R. H. Macy in the film, died 70 years prior to the film (in 1877).[8]

text: Legal inaccuracies[edit]

text: In the book Reel Justice, the authors claim that Judge Harper could have dismissed the case early without the political repercussions he feared. In their theory, once the prosecutor rested his case immediately after Kris Kringle admitted in court simply that he believed he was Santa Claus, Judge Harper could have ruled that prosecution had forfeited its opportunity to prove that Kringle was dangerous (the basic point of such hearings; Kringle's actual mental state itself being irrelevant), and ordered him immediately released. However, this high standard for involuntary commitment was not instituted until 1975 with the U.S. Supreme Court's decision O'Connor v. Donaldson.

text: When demonstrating that he has taken several mental examinations in the past, Kris Kringle answers his own question about who was the Vice President under John Quincy Adams as Daniel D. Tompkins. Tompkins actually served under James Monroe. John C. Calhoun is the correct answer to Kringle's question. Tompkins was the 6th vice-president and Quincy Adams was the 6th president, leading to confusion in the script.[9]

text: Release[edit]

text: The film was re-released in theatres on December 20 and 23, 2015, as part of the "TCM Presents" series by Turner Classic Movies and Fathom Events.[10]

text: Reaction[edit]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (November 2014)

tag: table

text: Miracle on 34th Street received mostly positive reviews from critics. Bosley Crowther of The New York Times said: "For all those blasé skeptics who do not believe in Santa Claus—and likewise for all those natives who have grown cynical about New York—but most especially for all those patrons who have grown weary of the monotonies of the screen, let us heartily recommend the Roxy's new picture, Miracle on 34th Street. As a matter of fact, let's go further: let's catch its spirit and heartily proclaim that it is the freshest little picture in a long time, and maybe even the best comedy of this year."[11] Today, it is considered by many as one of the best films of 1947.[12][13] The film currently holds a 96% "Fresh" rating on the review aggregate website Rotten Tomatoes.[14]

text: The Catholic Legion of Decency gave the movie a "B", "morally objectionable in part" rating. This was mainly due to the fact that O'Hara was portraying a divorcée in the film.[15]

text: Awards and honors[edit]

text: The film won Academy Awards for Best Actor in a Supporting Role (Edmund Gwenn), Best Writing, Original Story (Valentine Davies) and Best Writing, Screenplay. It was also nominated for Best Picture, losing to Gentleman's Agreement.

text: It was ranked ninth by the American Film Institute on 100 Years... 100 Cheers, a list of America's most inspiring films.[16] Miracle on 34th Street was listed as the fifth best film in the fantasy genre in the American Film Institute's "Ten top Ten" lists in 2008.[17][18]

text: In 2005, Miracle on 34th Street was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".[19][20]

text: American Film Institute Lists

text:
AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies – Nominated[21]
AFI's 100 Years of Film Scores – Nominated[22]
AFI's 100 Years...100 Cheers – #9
AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies (10th Anniversary Edition) – Nominated[23]
AFI's 10 Top 10 – #5 Fantasy Film

text: Home media and colorization[edit]

text: Miracle on 34th Street was first released on VHS and laserdisc in 1987.

text: In 1985, it became one of the first full-length black and white films to be colorized.[24] The 4½-month process was carried out by Color Systems Technology, Inc.[25] In 1993, this version was released on laserdisc and VHS and was followed four years later by a "50th Anniversary Edition", remastered by THX.

text: The first DVD release was in October 1999, featuring the B&W version alongside the original theatrical trailer and a TV spot. In November 2006, it was re-released as a two-disc "Special Edition" DVD, with disc one containing an "all new colorized version" carried out by Legend Films. The second disc had the original black-and-white version and numerous extras, including The 20th Century Fox Hour's 1955 TV remake. Both discs also included a full-length audio commentary by Maureen O'Hara. The B&W disc has since been re-released several times, including in a pairing with the 1994 remake.

text: In October 2009, 20th Century Fox released the B&W version on Blu-ray with all previous extras, bar the TV remake.[26]

text: Remake[edit]

text: A 1994 feature film starred Richard Attenborough, Elizabeth Perkins, Dylan McDermott, J. T. Walsh, Timothy Shea, James Remar, Jane Leeves, Simon Jones, William Windom and Mara Wilson. It was adapted by John Hughes from the Seaton script, and directed by Les Mayfield. Due to Macy's refusal to give permission to use its name, it was replaced by the fictitious "Cole's". Gimbels no longer existed by 1994 and was replaced with the fictional "Shopper's Express". Alvin Greenman (Alfred in the original version) played a doorman. This version had a more serious tone than the original and a large portion was rewritten, although the majority of the plot and characters remained intact. The film also added a subtext concerning religious faith.

text: In other media[edit]

text: There are four remakes of the movie and a Broadway musical.

text: Radio[edit]

text: Lux Radio Theater broadcast an adaptation in 1947 which starred the original cast including Natalie Wood. In 1948 it was done again on Lux, without Natalie Wood's participation, and it was adapted as a half-hour radio play on two broadcasts of Screen Director's Playhouse, all featuring Edmund Gwenn in his screen role. In these production Kris correctly cites James Monroe as the President for whom Daniel D. Tompkins was the Vice-President.

text: Theatre[edit]

text: A 1963 Broadway musical version, entitled Here's Love, was written by Meredith Willson.

text: The novella was adapted into a stage play by Will Severin, Patricia Di Benedetto Snyder and John Vreeke in 2000. It is a favorite in many community and regional theaters during the Christmas season.[27] The characters' names are those used in the novella, and the stage setting is distinctly late 1940s. Production rights are held by Samuel French, Inc.[28]

text: Television[edit]

text: A 1955 one-hour television adaptation of the movie starred Thomas Mitchell as Kris, Macdonald Carey as Fred, Teresa Wright as Doris, and Sandy Descher as Susan. This version did not show the drunken Santa at all. Titled "The Miracle on 34th Street", it originally aired as an episode of The 20th Century Fox Hour. It was later re-run as "Meet Mr. Kringle".

text: Ed Wynn played Kris in a 1959 television adaptation of the movie. Also featured was Orson Bean. It was broadcast live and in color on NBC the day after Thanksgiving. NBC made a kinescope of the program, probably for broadcasting opening night on the West Coast. The copy was in a large collection of kinescopes donated by NBC to the Library of Congress and recently unearthed by Richard Finegan, who reported his experiences in the December 2005 issue of Classic Images.

text: A 1973 television version featured Jane Alexander, David Hartman, Roddy McDowall, Sebastian Cabot as Kris (without his natural beard; he was forced to shave and wear a false beard for the role), Suzanne Davidson, Jim Backus, David Doyle and Tom Bosley. It was adapted by Jeb Rosebrook from the George Seaton screenplay, and directed by Fielder Cook. Mrs. Walker's first name is changed to Karen in this version. This would prove to be the final version in which the department store was actually Macy's. David Doyle, who played R. H. Macy in this version had played Mr. Sawyer in the original Broadway cast of Here's Love 10 years earlier.

text: Puppets[edit]

text: The flagship Macy's Department Store at Herald Square in New York features a 30-minute puppet version of the story within its Santaland display, featuring the voice talents of Broadway stars Brian Stokes Mitchell and Victoria Clark.

text: Changing character names[edit]

text:
1947
1955
1959
1963 Broadway musical
1973
1994

Doris Walker
Karen Walker
Dorey Walker

Frederick M. Gailey
Bill Schaffner
Bryan Bedford

Kris Kringle

Susan Walker

Cleo

[eliminated]

Drunk Santa

[no name given]

[no name given]
Tony Falacchi

Julian Shellhammer
Mr. Shellhammer
Marvin Shellhammer
Horace Shellhammer
Donald Shellhammer

Mrs. Shellhammer
[eliminated]

Alfred

Alfred
[eliminated]

Granville Sawyer
Dr. Albert Sawyer
Dr. William Sawyer
Dr. Bartholomew Sawyer
Dr. Henry Sawyer
[eliminated]

R. H. Macy
Mr. Macy
R. H. Macy
C. F. Cole

Mr. Gimbel
Victor Landbergh

Dr. Pierce
[eliminated]
Dr. Pierce
[eliminated]

Hon. Henry X. Harper
Hon. Harper
Hon. Martin Group
Hon. Harper
Hon. Henry Harper

Charlie Halloran

Tammany O'Halloran

[eliminated]

Thomas Mara
Mr. Mara
Thomas Mara
Ed Collins

Mrs. Mara
[eliminated]

[eliminated]
Rebecca Collins

Macy's Department Store
Cole's Department Store

Gimbels Department Store
Shopper's Express


question_text: who was the first minister of northern ireland

text: Responsibilities[edit]

text:
Northern Ireland

This article is part of a series on the
politics and government of
Northern Ireland

Executive[show]

Executive Committee

First Minister

Vacant

deputya First Minister

Vacant

Civil Service
Government departments

 a Lowercase "d" per here.

Assembly[show]

Speaker

Robin Newton MLA

Acts
Committees
Statutory rules
Members (MLA)

Law[show]

Supreme Court (UK)
Courts of Northern Ireland

Northern Ireland in the UK[show]

Her Majesty's Government

Northern Ireland Office

Secretary of State

Rt. Hon. James Brokenshire MP

Parliament of the United Kingdom

Direct rule
Grand Committee
Select Committee

Elections

Current MPs for Westminster

Northern Ireland in the EU[show]

European Parliament elections

Constituency

Local government[show]

Administrative divisions

Counties
Districts

Other countries
Atlas

v
t
e

text: The First Minister and deputy First Minister share equal responsibilities within government, and their decisions are made jointly. The First Minister is, though, the first to greet official visitors to Northern Ireland and shares the same title as their counterparts in Scotland and Wales.

text: Specifically, they are tasked with co-chairing meetings of the Northern Ireland Executive, "dealing with and co-ordinating" the work of the Executive, and the response of the administration to external relationships.[2]

text: The First Minister and deputy First Minister agree the agenda of Executive meetings[3] and can jointly determine "significant or controversial matters" to be considered by the Executive.[4]

text: The ministers' policy responsibilities include:[5]

text:
economic policy
equality before the law
European Union issues
human rights
the machinery of government (including the Ministerial Code)
public appointments policy
standards in public life

text: Two junior ministers assist the First Minister and deputy First Minister in carrying out the work of OFMDFM.[6] They are jointly accountable to the First Minister and deputy First Minister. The incumbent junior ministers are Jonathan Bell (Democratic Unionist Party) and Jennifer McCann (Sinn Féin).

text: Election[edit]

text: As originally established under the Northern Ireland Act 1998, the First Minister was elected by the Assembly on a joint ticket with the deputy First Minister through a cross-community vote. It was created to enable the leaders of the main unionist and nationalist parties to work together, with guaranteed joint representation of both main communities. For the purposes of a cross-community vote, MLAs were designated as unionist, nationalist or other.

text: The nominees for First Minister and deputy First Minister required the support of:

text:
a majority of the members voting in the election;
a majority of the designated unionists voting; and
a majority of the designated nationalists voting.[7]

text: This procedure was used on 2 December 1999 to elect David Trimble (Ulster Unionist Party, UUP) and Seamus Mallon (Social Democratic and Labour Party, SDLP). Following several suspensions of the Northern Ireland Executive, Trimble was not re-elected on 2 November 2001 due to unionist opposition. He was subsequently re-elected alongside Mark Durkan (SDLP) on 6 November 2001; on that occasion, three Alliance Party of Northern Ireland members redesignated from 'other' to 'unionist' to support Trimble's nomination.[8]

text: Following the St Andrews Agreement in October 2006, this procedure was changed to allow for:

text:
a First Minister nominated by the largest party of the largest designation;[9]
a deputy First Minister nominated by the largest party of the second largest designation.[10]

text: This procedure, which removed the need for a joint ticket between the Democratic Unionist Party and Sinn Féin, was used to appoint Ian Paisley and Martin McGuinness on 8 May 2007. It was again used to appoint Peter Robinson (DUP) alongside Martin McGuinness on 5 June 2008 and again on 12 May 2011; and to appoint Arlene Foster (DUP) alongside Martin McGuinness on 11 January 2016.

text: However, if the largest party of the largest designation (currently the DUP) were not the largest party overall, the appointment procedure would be as follows:

text:
a First Minister nominated by the largest party;
a deputy First Minister nominated by the largest party of the largest designation.[11]

text: The Minister of Justice is now the only Northern Ireland Executive Minister elected on a cross-community vote. All other ministers are party appointees.[12]

text: Vacancy[edit]

text: The First Minister or deputy First Minister may also appoint another Northern Ireland Executive Minister to exercise the functions of the office during a vacancy; currently for a continuous period up to six weeks.[13][14]

text: Vacancies have occurred on four occasions to date:

text:
Sir Reg Empey for David Trimble (1 July 2001 – 6 November 2001)
Arlene Foster for Peter Robinson (11 January 2010 – 3 February 2010)
Arlene Foster for Peter Robinson (10 September 2015 – 20 October 2015)

text: John O'Dowd for Martin McGuinness (20 September 2011 – 31 October 2011)

text: Terminology[edit]

text: Titles in Irish[edit]

text: In the Irish language, the literal translation of these positions is "Céad-Aire agus an leas Chéad-Aire". The titles appear in both English and Irish in published literature by the North-South Ministerial Council, one of the "mutually inter-dependent" institutions laid out in the Good Friday Agreement, along with the Northern Ireland Assembly.[15]

text: Titles in Ulster Scots[edit]

text: Various ways of translating the titles "First Minister and deputy First Minister" into the Ulster Scots dialects have been attested in official communications, including Heid Männystèr an tha Heid Männystèr depute, First Meinister an First Meinister depute,[16][17] First Meenister an First Meenister depute[18] and First Minister an First Minister depute.[19]

text: Capitalisation of "deputy"[edit]

text: The second position has been spelt "Deputy" or "deputy" First Minister, due to differing preferences by civil servants (and potentially ministers), although the spelling of the title has no constitutional consequences in practice.

text: The first two holders of the office, Seamus Mallon and Mark Durkan, were both referred to during their periods of office as "Deputy First Minister", with a capital D. In the Good Friday Agreement, also known as the Belfast Agreement, which established the executive in Northern Ireland, the two positions are spelt "First Minister and Deputy First Minister" (with a capital D).[20] This was also adopted in 1999 for the logo of the OFMDFM. Several weeks after Martin McGuinness took up office as Deputy First Minister in 2007, civil servants in his department began asking the Assembly's Hansard team to replace the capital D with a lower-case d, pointing out that the title was spelled this way in the Northern Ireland Act 1998, the legislation which established the office. Some believe that the case was changed to highlight the fact that the position holds the same power as the position of First Minister, but a spokesman for McGuinness said that neither McGuinness nor his advisers had asked for the change. Speaker William Hay ordered the change and the capital D was dropped from Hansard references.

text: Officials edited the department's archive of press releases to make that change (despite its use by Mallon and Durkan when in office) but the capital D still appears in some places, and a spokesman confirmed on 20 March 2008 that the office had "no plans" to change the OFMDFM logo. However, the Assembly committee that scrutinises their work is now listed as the "Committee for the Office of the First Minister and deputy First Minister". Ultimately it was decided that McGuinness should be the deputy First Minister, unless all the other letters in the title are in capitals. Confusion isn't completely resolved however; if McGuinness writes to the Assembly committee that scrutinises his work, his note will have a letterhead that comes from the Office of the First Minister and Deputy First Minister, but he'll get a reply back from the Committee for the Office of the First Minister and deputy First Minister.[21]

text: In official language, the positions are sometimes abbreviated to FM/dFM,[22]

text: "Joint First Minister" and "Co-First Minister"[edit]

text: Sinn Féin started using the phrases Joint First Minister and Co-First Minister in 2009 to describe the deputy First Minister to highlight the fact that the First Minister and deputy First Minister operated in tandem. Martin McGuinness used the term Joint First Minister himself when he arrived for a meeting of the North/South Ministerial Council in February 2009; the DUP denounced the term as "republican speak" and it is not used in legislation.[23][24] Jim Allister, the leader of the Traditional Unionist Voice, has long been calling Robinson and McGuinness "the joint first ministers", to highlight the joint nature of the office and to demonstrate his opposition to the power-sharing arrangements.[23]

text: History[edit]

text: Following a referendum on the Belfast Agreement on 23 May 1998 and subsequent the Northern Ireland Act 1998, the Northern Ireland Assembly was established in 1998 with a view to assuming devolved powers from the Westminster Parliament. On 1 July 1998, David Trimble (UUP) and Seamus Mallon (SDLP) were nominated and elected First Minister and Deputy First Minister designates respectively. Eventually, on 2 December 1999, power was devolved and Trimble and Mallon formally took office as joint heads of the Northern Ireland Executive.

text: On 6 November 2001, Mark Durkan (SDLP) became Deputy First Minister after Seamus Mallon's retirement. The Executive and the two positions were suspended between 15 October 2002 and 8 May 2007 following a breakdown in trust between the parties.

text: On 8 May 2007, Ian Paisley (DUP) and Martin McGuinness (Sinn Féin) were nominated and appointed First Minister and Deputy First Minister respectively in line with the announcement by their two parties on 26 March 2007.

text: Paisley announced his intention to resign on 4 March 2008.[25] His deputy as DUP leader, Peter Robinson was ratified as Democratic Unionist Party leader designate on 17 April 2008[26] and took office in that role on 31 May 2008. As leader-designate of the largest designated unionist party in the Northern Ireland Assembly he was also in effect the First Minister designate and became First Minister on 5 June 2008. Arlene Foster succeeded Peter Robinson as DUP leader on 18 December 2015, and as First Minister on 11 January 2016.[27]

text: Separately, between 12 February 2000[28] and 30 May 2000,[29] and 15 October 2002[30] and 8 May 2007,[31] however, devolution was suspended, and along with it the offices of First Minister and deputy First Minister. The Office of the First Minister and deputy First Minister became the responsibility of the Secretary of State for Northern Ireland. There were also two 24-hour periods of suspension on 11 August 2001[32][33] and 22 September 2001.[34][35] to allow timetables for negotiation to restart.[36]

text: Ulster Unionist Party   Social Democratic and Labour Party   Democratic Unionist Party   Sinn Féin

text:
First Minister of Northern Ireland
deputy First Minister of Northern Ireland
Government
Elections

Name
(Birth–Death)
Constituency
Portrait
Term of office
Name
(Birth–Death)
Constituency
Portrait
Term of office

David Trimble
(1944–)
Upper Bann

1 July 1998
1 July 2001

Seamus Mallon
(1936–)
Newry and Armagh

1 July 1998
6 November 2001
First Executive
1998

Reg Empey was acting First Minister during this interval.

6 November 2001
14 October 2002

Mark Durkan
(born 1960)
Foyle

6 November 2001
14 October 2002

Office vacant

2003

Ian Paisley
(1926–2014)
North Antrim

8 May 2007
5 June 2008

Martin McGuinness
(1950–2017)
Mid Ulster

8 May 2007
20 September 2011
Second Executive
2007

Peter Robinson
(1948–)
Belfast East

5 June 2008
11 January 2010

Arlene Foster was acting First Minister during this interval.

3 February 2010
10 September 2015

Third Executive
2011

John O'Dowd was acting deputy First Minister during this interval.

31 October 2011
9 January 2017

Arlene Foster was acting First Minister during this interval.

20 October 2015
11 January 2016

Arlene Foster
(1970–)
Fermanagh and South Tyrone

11 January 2016
9 January 2017
Fourth Executive
2016

Office vacant

2017

text: Direct Rule First Ministers[edit]

text: During the periods of suspension, the Secretaries of State for Northern Ireland assumed the responsibilities of the First Minister and deputy First Minister.

text:
Name
Photo
Party
Term start
Term end

John Reid

Labour
14 October 2002
24 October 2002

Paul Murphy

Labour
24 October 2002
6 May 2005

Peter Hain

Labour
6 May 2005
8 May 2007

text: Living Former First Ministers and deputy First Ministers[edit]

text: There are three living former first ministers and two living former deputy first ministers, not including those who served as acting:

text:
First Ministers

Name
Party
Term of office
Date of birth

David Trimble
UUP
1998–2002
(1944-10-15) 15 October 1944 (age 73)

Peter Robinson
DUP
2008–2016
(1948-12-29) 29 December 1948 (age 69)

Arlene Foster
DUP
2016–2017
(1970-07-03) 3 July 1970 (age 47)

deputy First Ministers

Name
Party
Term of office
Date of birth

Seamus Mallon
SDLP
1998–2001
(1936-08-17) 17 August 1936 (age 81)

Mark Durkan
SDLP
2001–2002
(1960-06-26) 26 June 1960 (age 57)


document_title: We All Die Young

question_text: who sang we all die young in rockstar

question_tokens: who sang we all die young in rockstar

text: We All Die Young

text: This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
"We All Die Young"

Song by Steelheart

from the album Wait

Released
October 25, 1996

Recorded
1996

Genre
Hard rock

Length
5:06

Label
Dream Train/Z Records

Songwriter(s)
Miljenko Matijevic, Kenny Kanowski

Producer(s)
Miljenko Matijevic, Kit Woolven

Wait track listing

"We All Die Young"
(1)
"Live to Die"
(2)

text: "We All Die Young" is a song by Michael Matijevic of Steelheart, and Kenny Kanowski formerly of Steelheart. It is the first song from the 1996 album Wait. The song was covered by the fictional band Steel Dragon in the 2001 film Rock Star, with Miljenko Matijevic on vocals, Zakk Wylde on guitar, Jeff Pilson on bass and Jason Bonham on drums. For the movie, Matijevic performed the vocals for Mark Wahlberg's character, Chris "Izzy" Cole.

text: In 2007, the song was covered by melodic metal band Eden's Curse for their self-titled debut album.

text:
This 1990s rock song-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.

v
t
e

text:
[hide]

v
t
e

Steelheart

Miljenko Matijevic
Uros Raskovski
Rev Jones
Mike Humbert

Chris Risola
Frank DiCostanzo
James Ward
John Fowler
Kenny Kanowski
Vincent Mele
Alex Makarovich
Bill Lonero
Jack Wilkenson

Studio albums

Steelheart
Tangled in Reins
Wait
Just a Taste
Good 2B Alive

Songs

"She's Gone"
"We All Die Young"

text: 1996 songsSteelheart songs1990s rock song stubs

text: Articles lacking sources from December 2009All articles lacking sourcesArticles with hAudio microformatsAll stub articles


document_title: Star Wars: The Last Jedi

question_text: when did they start filming the last jedi

text: Star Wars: The Last Jedi

text: Plot

text: Resistance forces, led by General Leia Organa, flee D'Qar when a First Order fleet arrives. Poe Dameron leads a costly counterattack that destroys a First Order dreadnought, but after the Resistance escapes to hyperspace, the First Order tracks them and attacks the Resistance convoy. Kylo Ren, Leia's son, hesitates to fire on the lead Resistance ship after sensing his mother's presence, but his TIE fighter wingmen destroy the bridge, incapacitating Leia. Disapproving of new leader Vice Admiral Holdo's passive strategy, Poe helps Finn, BB-8, and mechanic Rose Tico embark on a secret mission to disable the tracking device.

text: Meanwhile, Rey arrives on Ahch-To with Chewbacca and R2-D2 aboard the Millennium Falcon to recruit Luke Skywalker to the Resistance. Disillusioned by his failure to train Kylo as a Jedi, and under self-imposed exile from the Force, Luke refuses to help—even after he learns of Han Solo's death at Kylo's hands—and believes that the Jedi should become extinct. Unbeknownst to Luke, Rey and Kylo communicate through the Force, puzzling the two enemies. As the rival Force users learn about each other, each has future visions of themselves as partners.

text: R2-D2 persuades Luke to train Rey. After Kylo tells Rey about what happened between him and Luke that caused him to choose the dark side of the Force, Luke confesses that he momentarily contemplated killing Kylo upon sensing that Supreme Leader Snoke was corrupting him, causing Kylo to destroy Luke's new Jedi Order in retaliation. Convinced that Kylo can be redeemed, Rey leaves Ahch-To to confront Kylo without Luke. Luke prepares to burn down the Ahch-To Jedi temple and library, but hesitates. Yoda's ghost appears and destroys the temple by summoning a thunderstorm, claiming Rey has all she needs to learn, and encourages Luke to learn from his failure.

text: Holdo reveals her plan to discreetly evacuate the remaining Resistance members using small transports. Believing her actions cowardly and risky, Poe leads a mutiny. Finn, Rose, and BB-8 travel to the Canto Bight casino and acquire the help of the hacker DJ, who says he can help them disable the tracking device. They infiltrate Snoke's ship, but all but BB-8 are captured by Captain Phasma. Meanwhile, Rey lands on the ship, and Kylo brings her to Snoke, who reveals that he facilitated the mental connection between her and Kylo as part of a plan to destroy Luke. Ordered to kill Rey, Kylo instead kills Snoke and, with Rey, defeats Snoke's guards. Rey believes that Kylo has returned to the light side of the Force, but he instead invites her to rule the galaxy with him, which she refuses. They use the Force to fight for possession of Anakin Skywalker's lightsaber, which splits in two.

text: Leia recovers and stuns Poe, allowing the evacuation to begin. Holdo remains on the ship to mislead Snoke's fleet as the others flee to an abandoned Rebel Alliance base on Crait. DJ reveals the Resistance's plan to the First Order, and the evacuation transports are slowly destroyed. Holdo sacrifices herself by ramming Snoke's fleet at lightspeed; Rey escapes in the chaos, while Kylo declares himself Supreme Leader. BB-8 frees Finn and Rose, who escape after defeating Phasma, and they join survivors on Crait. When the First Order arrives, Poe, Finn, and Rose attack with old speeders. Rey and Chewbacca draw the TIE fighters away with the Falcon, while Rose stops Finn from completing a suicide run against the enemy siege cannon, which penetrates the Resistance fortress.

text: Luke appears and confronts the First Order to enable surviving Resistance members to escape. Kylo orders the First Order's forces to fire on Luke to no effect. He then engages Luke in a lightsaber duel; upon striking Luke, Kylo realizes he has been fighting a Force projection of him. Rey uses the Force to help the Resistance escape on the Falcon. Luke, exhausted, dies peacefully on Ahch-To. His death is sensed by Rey and Leia, but Leia tells surviving rebels that the Resistance has all it needs to rise again. At Canto Bight, one of the children who helped Finn and Rose escape grabs a broom with the Force and gazes into space.

text: Cast

text:
Mark Hamill as Luke Skywalker, a powerful Jedi Master who has been in self-imposed exile on the planet Ahch-To.[12][13] Hamill voices Dobbu Scay, named after the film's editor, Bob Ducsay. During the Canto Bight scene, the character mistakes BB-8 as a slot machine.[14][15][16]
Carrie Fisher as General Leia Organa, twin sister to Luke, former princess of Alderaan, and a leading general in the Resistance.[13] This was Fisher's final film role before her death on December 27, 2016.
Adam Driver as Kylo Ren, Supreme Leader Snoke's disciple, who is strong with the dark side of the Force and leader to the Knights of Ren. He is the son of Han Solo and Leia Organa, nephew of Luke Skywalker, and the grandson of Anakin Skywalker.[13]
Daisy Ridley as Rey, a highly Force-sensitive scavenger from the desert planet Jakku, who joined the Resistance and goes to find Luke Skywalker.[13]
John Boyega as Finn, a former stormtrooper of the First Order who defected to the Resistance.[13][17]
Oscar Isaac as Poe Dameron, a high-ranking X-wing fighter pilot in the Resistance.[13][18]
Andy Serkis as Supreme Leader Snoke, the leader of the First Order and Kylo Ren's master.[13]
Lupita Nyong'o as Maz Kanata, a pirate and ally of the Resistance.[13]
Domhnall Gleeson as General Hux, the former head of the First Order's Starkiller Base.[13]
Anthony Daniels as C-3PO, a humanoid protocol droid in the service of Leia Organa.[13]
Gwendoline Christie as Captain Phasma, the commander of the First Order's stormtroopers.[13][19]
Kelly Marie Tran as Rose Tico, a member of the Resistance who works in maintenance.[20][21]
Laura Dern as Vice Admiral Amilyn Holdo, an officer in the Resistance.[22][2]
Frank Oz as Yoda, the deceased former Grand Master of the Jedi, and Luke's wise former mentor, who appears as a Force-ghost.[23]
Benicio del Toro as DJ, an underworld codebreaker.[22]

text: Joonas Suotamo appears as Chewbacca, taking over the role from Peter Mayhew after previously serving as his body double for The Force Awakens. Mayhew, who was 73 years old and suffering from chronic knee and back pain,[24] is credited as "Chewbacca consultant." Billie Lourd, Mike Quinn, and Timothy D. Rose reprise their roles as Lieutenant Connix, Nien Nunb, and Admiral Ackbar respectively from previous films.[25][26][27] Due to the death of Erik Bauersfeld, Admiral Ackbar is now voiced by Tom Kane. Amanda Lawrence appears as Commander D'Acy, and Mark Lewis Jones and Adrian Edmondson play Captains Canady and Peavey respectively. BB-8 is controlled by puppeteers Dave Chapman and Brian Herring,[28] with initial voice work by Ben Schwartz and final sound effects voiced by Bill Hader modulated through a synthesizer.[29] Jimmy Vee portrays R2-D2, taking over the role from Kenny Baker who died on August 13, 2016.[30][31] Veronica Ngo portrays Rose's sister Paige Tico,[22] a Resistance gunner who sacrifices her life to destroy a First Order dreadnought.

text: Justin Theroux plays the master codebreaker, while Lily Cole plays his companion.[32] Joseph Gordon-Levitt has a voice cameo as Slowen Lo.[33] Warwick Davis plays Wodibin.[34] Gareth Edwards, director of the Star Wars Anthology film Rogue One,[35] has a cameo appearance as a Resistance Soldier, as does Gary Barlow.[36] Directors Edgar Wright and Joe Cornish also cameo in the film. Hermione Corfield appears as Tallissan "Tallie" Lintra, a Resistance A-Wing pilot and squadron leader. Noah Segan and Jamie Christopher appear as Resistance pilots Starck and Tubbs.[37] Hamill's children, Griffin, Nathan, and Chelsea, cameo as Resistance soldiers. Prince William, Duke of Cambridge and Prince Harry filmed cameo appearances as stormtroopers.[38] Tom Hardy also filmed an appearance as a stormtrooper, but his cameo was ultimately dropped from the final cut.[39] Hugh Skinner cameos as a Resistance Officer.

text: Production

text: Development

text: In October 2012, Star Wars creator George Lucas sold his production company Lucasfilm, and with it the Star Wars franchise, to The Walt Disney Company. Disney announced a new trilogy of Star Wars films.[40] J. J. Abrams was named director of the first episode in the trilogy, The Force Awakens, in January 2013.[41][42] In June 2014, director Rian Johnson was reported to be in talks to write and direct its sequel, dubbed Episode VIII, and to write a treatment for the third film, Episode IX, with Ram Bergman producing both films.[43][44] Johnson confirmed in August 2014 that he would direct Episode VIII.[45] In September, filmmaker Terry Gilliam asked Johnson about what it felt like to take over something that was made famous by another filmmaker, to which Johnson responded:

text: I'm just starting into it, but so far, honestly, it's the most fun I've ever had writing. It's just joyous. But also for me personally, I grew up not just watching those movies but playing with those toys, so as a little kid, the first movies I was making in my head were set in this world. A big part of it is that direct connection, almost like an automatic jacking back into childhood in a weird way. But I don't know, ask me again in a few years and we'll be able to talk about that.[46]

text: The story begins immediately after the last scene of The Force Awakens.[35] He had his story group watch films such as Twelve O'Clock High, The Bridge on the River Kwai, Gunga Din, Three Outlaw Samurai, Sahara, and Letter Never Sent for inspiration while developing ideas.[35][47] He felt it was difficult to work on the film while The Force Awakens was being finished.[35]

text: In December 2015, Lucasfilm president Kathleen Kennedy stated that "we haven't mapped out every single detail [of the sequel trilogy] yet". She said that Abrams was collaborating with Johnson and that Johnson would in turn work with (then) Episode IX director Colin Trevorrow to ensure a smooth transition.[48] Abrams is an executive producer along with Jason McGatlin and Tom Karnowski.[49] Lucasfilm announced the film's title, Star Wars: The Last Jedi, on January 23, 2017.[50]

text: Casting

text: In September 2015, Disney shortlisted the female cast members to Gina Rodriguez, Tatiana Maslany, and Olivia Cooke.[51] Later that month, Benicio del Toro confirmed that he would play a villain in the film,[52] and Mark Hamill was also confirmed.[12] In October 2015, Gugu Mbatha-Raw was rumored to have been cast in the film.[53] In November, Jimmy Vee was cast as R2-D2.[30] In November, Kennedy announced at the London premiere for The Force Awakens that the entire cast would return for Episode VIII, along with "a handful" of new cast members.[13] In February 2016, at the start of filming, it was confirmed that Laura Dern and Kelly Marie Tran had been cast in unspecified roles.[2] In April 2017, at Star Wars Celebration Orlando, Lucasfilm announced that Tran plays Resistance maintenance worker Rose Tico, which Johnson described as the film's largest new role.[20][21] To keep Frank Oz's return as Yoda a secret, producers excluded Oz's name in the billing for the film's pre-release marketing and ensured that Oz stayed on set during filming.[23]

text: Filming

text: Second unit photography began during pre-production at Skellig Michael in Ireland on September 14, 2015, due to the difficulties of filming at that location during other seasons. It would have lasted four days,[54][55][56] but filming was canceled for the first day due to poor weather and rough conditions.[57] In November 2014, Ivan Dunleavy, chief executive of Pinewood Studios, confirmed that the film would be shot at Pinewood,[58] with additional filming in Mexico.[17] In September 2015, del Toro revealed that principal photography would begin in March 2016;[52] Kennedy later stated that filming would begin in January 2016.[13] The production began work on the 007 Stage at Pinewood Studios on November 15, 2015.[59] Rick Heinrichs served as production designer.[60]

text: In January 2016, production of Episode VIII was delayed until February 2016, due to script rewrites.[61] Additionally, filming was potentially in danger of being delayed further due to an upcoming strike between the Producers Alliance for Cinema and Television and the Broadcasting, Entertainment, Cinematograph and Theatre Union.[62] On February 10, 2016, Disney CEO Bob Iger confirmed that principal photography had begun,[63] under the working title Space Bear.[35] Additional filming took place in Dubrovnik, Croatia from March 9 to 16, 2016,[64][65] as well as in Ireland in May.[66] Malin Head in County Donegal and a mountain headland, Ceann Sibeal in County Kerry, served as additional filming locations.[67] To increase the scenes' intimacy Driver and Ridley were both present when filming Kylo and Rey's Force visions.[68] Location filming for the battle scenes on the planet Crait took place in July 2016 at the Salar de Uyuni salt flats in Bolivia.[69]

text: Principal photography wrapped on July 22, 2016,[70] though as of early September 2016, Nyong'o had not filmed her scenes.[71] In February 2017, it was announced that sequences from the film were shot in IMAX.[72] Production designer Rick Heinrichs said the original screenplay called for 160 sets, double what might be expected, but that Johnson did some "trimming and cutting". Ultimately 125 sets were created on 14 sound stages at Pinewood Studios.[73]

text: According to creature designer Neal Scanlan, The Last Jedi uses more practical effects than any Star Wars film, with 180 to 200 creatures created with practical effects, some cut from the final edit.[74] For Yoda's appearance in the film as a Force ghost, the character was created using puppetry, as was done in the original Star Wars trilogy (as opposed to computer-generated imagery, which was used to create Yoda in most of the prequel trilogy).[75]

text: The film's Canto Bight sequence contains a reference to the 1985 Terry Gilliam film Brazil, in which Finn and Rose are arrested for committing parking violation 27B/6.[76]

text: Music

text: In July 2013, Kennedy announced at Star Wars Celebration Europe that John Williams would return to score the Star Wars sequel trilogy.[1][77] Williams confirmed his assignment for The Last Jedi at a Tanglewood concert in August 2016,[78] stating he would begin recording the score "off and on" in December 2016 until March or April 2017.[79] On February 21, 2017, it was confirmed that recording was underway, with both Williams and William Ross conducting the sessions.[80][81]

text: In lieu of a traditional spotting session with Johnson, Williams was provided a temp track of music from his previous film scores as a reference for scoring The Last Jedi.[82] The score briefly quotes "Aquarela do Brasil" by Ary Barroso in its "Canto Bight" track as another reference to the film Brazil. It also contains a brief quote of Williams' own theme for The Long Goodbye (co-composed by Johnny Mercer) during Finn and Rose's escape, although this quote is not heard in the official soundtrack release.[83]

text: The official soundtrack album was released by Walt Disney Records on December 15, 2017 in digipak CD, digital formats, and streaming services.[84]

text: Release

text: In January 2015, Disney CEO Bob Iger stated that Episode VIII would be released in 2017,[85] and in March, Lucasfilm announced a release date of May 26, 2017.[86][87] In January 2016, The Last Jedi was rescheduled for December 15, 2017 in 3D and IMAX 3D.[49][88] On January 23, 2017, the film's title was announced as Star Wars: The Last Jedi.[50] Similarly to The Empire Strikes Back, Return of the Jedi and The Force Awakens, "Episode VIII" was included in the film's opening crawl, although not in its official title.[89]

text: The Last Jedi had its world premiere in Los Angeles on December 9, 2017.[90] The European premiere was held at London's Royal Albert Hall on December 12, 2017, with a red carpet event.[91]

text: It was reported that Disney had placed notable conditions on U.S. cinemas screening The Last Jedi, which some operators described as being "onerous". Disney required that the film be screened in a cinema's largest auditorium for a four-week period (other Disney releases have had similar clauses, but only for two weeks), and was given a 65% cut of ticket sales (a percentage higher than the 55–60% average of other major films, and cited as the highest split ever demanded by a Hollywood film behind the 64% split of The Force Awakens). The agreement, which was required to be kept confidential, also contained regulations on promotions and restrictions on removing any scheduled screening. Violations were to be penalized with an additional 5% cut of ticket sales. Some cinemas declined to screen the film due to these conditions, particularly smaller or one-screen cinemas that would otherwise be barred from screening any other film during the commitment period. Industry representatives considered this policy to be reasonable, citing the performance of Disney releases and the Star Wars franchise, and that the guaranteed business attracted by the film, and concession sales, would make up for the larger cut of ticket sales.[92][93][94][95]

text: Marketing

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (December 2017)

text: A set of eight promotional postage stamps were released on October 12, 2017 in the UK by the Royal Mail with artwork by Malcolm Tween.[96] On September 19, 2017, Australia Post released a set of stamp packs.[97] Tie-in promotional campaigns were done with Nissan Motors and Bell Media, among others. Two main trailers were released, followed by numerous television spots. Figurines of many of the characters were released in October, and advance tickets for Last Jedi went on sale in October.

text: Several tie-in books were released on the same day of the North American release of the movie, including The Last Jedi: Visual Dictionary, and various children's reading and activity books. Related novelizations included the prequel book Cobalt Squadron, and the Canto Bight, a collection of novellas about the Canto Bight Casino.

text: Video games

text: As with The Force Awakens, there is no official tie-in game for The Last Jedi, in favor of integrating content from the film into other Star Wars video games,[98] including Star Wars Battlefront II, which introduced various content from the film, during the second week of the game's first "season".[99] An update to the MOBA mobile game Star Wars: Force Arena added new content from the sequel era, including some characters as they appeared in The Last Jedi. Characters from the film also appeared in the mobile RPG Star Wars: Galaxy of Heroes.

text: Home media

text: Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment released Star Wars: The Last Jedi digitally in HD and 4K via digital download and Movies Anywhere on March 13, 2018, with an Ultra HD Blu-ray, Blu-ray, and DVD physical release on March 27. It was the first Star Wars film to be released on the Ultra HD Blu-ray format.[100]

text: Tie-in literature and merchandise

text: The official novelization is by Jason Fry, with an audiobook version narrated by Marc Thompson. There is a "junior novel" by Michael Kogge (2018 Lucasfilm Press), and an audiobook version narrated by Jessica Almasy.

text: Reception

text: Box office

text: As of March 25, 2018[update], Star Wars: The Last Jedi has grossed $620 million in the United States and Canada, and $712.3 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $1.332 billion.[6] It had a worldwide opening of $450.8 million, the fifth-biggest of all time, including $40.6 million that was attributed to IMAX screenings, the second biggest for IMAX.[101][102] It was estimated that the film would need to gross $800 million worldwide to break even;[103] Deadline Hollywood calculated the net profit of the film to be $417.5 million, when factoring together all expenses and revenues, making it the most profitable release of 2017.[104]

text: On December 31, 2017, its 17th day of release, it passed the $1 billion threshold, becoming the fourth film of 2017, the fifteenth Disney film, the fourth Star Wars film and the thirty-second film overall to pass the mark.[105][106] The film was the highest-grossing film of 2017, the second highest-grossing film in the franchise (behind The Force Awakens), the fourth highest-grossing film released by Walt Disney Studios, the sixth highest-grossing film in North America and the ninth-highest-grossing film of all time.[107][108][109][110]

text: United States and Canada

text: Pre-sale tickets went on sale in the United States on October 9, 2017, and as with The Force Awakens and Rogue One, ticket service sites such as Fandango had their servers crash due to heavy traffic and demand.[111] In the United States and Canada, industry tracking had The Last Jedi grossing around $200 million from 4,232 theaters in its opening weekend.[112] The film made $45 million from Thursday night previews, the second-highest amount ever (behind The Force Awakens' $57 million).[113] It went on to make $104.8 million on its first day (including previews) and $220 million over the weekend, both the second-highest amounts of all time.[114] The opening weekend figure included an IMAX opening-weekend of $25 million, the biggest IMAX opening of the year and the second biggest ever behind The Force Awakens.[115]

text: After dropping by 76% on its second Friday, the worst Friday-to-Friday drop in the series, the film fell by a total of 67.5% in its second weekend, grossing $71.6 million. It was the largest second-weekend drop of the franchise, although it remained atop the box office.[116] The three day total was the 14th biggest second weekend of all time.[117] It grossed an additional $27.5 million on Christmas Day, the second biggest Christmas Day gross of all time behind The Force Awakens ($49.3 million), for a four-day weekend total of $99 million.[118] It made $52.4 million in its third weekend, again topping the box office. It also brought its domestic total to $517.1 million, overtaking fellow Disney vehicle Beauty and the Beast as the highest of 2017.[119] It was the 6th biggest third weekend of all time.[120] It had the 7th biggest New Year's Day gross of all time with $14.3 million, bringing the four day total to $66.8 million.[121][122] It grossed $23.7 million and was surpassed the following weekend by Jumanji: Welcome to the Jungle (which was in its third week) and Insidious: The Last Key.[123]

text: Outside North America

text: In its first two days of release the film made $60.8 million from 48 markets. The top countries were the United Kingdom ($10.2 million), Germany ($6.1 million), France ($6 million), Australia ($5.6 million) and Brazil ($2.5 million).[124] By the end of the weekend, the film made $230.8 million outside North America, the ninth-highest of all time. This included $36.7 million in the UK (third-highest), $23.6 million in Germany (second-highest), $18.1 million in France, $15.9 million in Australia (second-highest), $14.4 million in Japan, $8.5 million in Russia, $8.3 million in Spain, $7.2 million in Brazil, $7 million in Italy and Mexico, $6.0 million in Sweden and $5.1 million in South Korea.[125] On its second weekend, it grossed $76.1 million overseas and became the fourth-highest-grossing film of the year in Europe.[126] As of January 21, the largest markets outside of the United States and Canada are the United Kingdom ($109.3 million), Germany ($79.8 million), France ($63.5 million), Japan ($60.8 million) and Australia ($43.5 million).[127]

text: The film had a $28.7 million opening weekend in China, the lowest for a Star Wars film in that country since 2005. Star Wars: The Force Awakens opened to $52 million two years prior and Rogue One, which featured Chinese stars Donnie Yen and Jiang Wen, opened to $30 million in 2016. The Last Jedi added only $7 million during the week, to reach a total of $34.2 million in its first seven days. A week after its debut, China's movie exhibitors dropped the film's showtimes by 92 percent, from its 34.5% percent share of the territory's total screenings.[128][129][130][131] The film grossed $910,000 in its third weekend, dropping to ninth place at the Chinese box office, overshadowed by new releases including Bollywood film Secret Superstar, Hollywood films Ferdinand and Wonder, and Chinese film A Better Tomorrow 2018. The Last Jedi grossed $41 million in China, as of January 21, 2018.[132]

text: Critical response

text: On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, Star Wars: The Last Jedi has an approval rating of 91% based on 371 reviews, with an average rating of 8.1/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "Star Wars: The Last Jedi honors the saga's rich legacy while adding some surprising twists—and delivering all the emotion-rich action fans could hope for."[133] On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 85 out of 100, based on 56 critics, indicating "universal acclaim".[134]

text: Matt Zoller Seitz of RogerEbert.com gave the film four out of four stars, praising the surprises and risks that it took, writing that "The movie works equally well as an earnest adventure full of passionate heroes and villains and a meditation on sequels and franchise properties.... [The film] is preoccupied with questions of legacy, legitimacy and succession, and includes multiple debates over whether one should replicate or reject the stories and symbols of the past."[135] Writing for Rolling Stone, Peter Travers gave the film 3.5 out of 4 stars, praising the cast and the direction: "You're in hyper-skilled hands with Johnson who makes sure you leave the multiplex feeling euphoric. The middle part of the current trilogy, The Last Jedi ranks with the very best Star Wars epics (even the pinnacle that is The Empire Strikes Back) by pointing the way ahead to a next generation of skywalkers – and, thrillingly, to a new hope."[136]

text: Richard Roeper of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film 3.5/4 stars, saying, "Star Wars: The Last Jedi...doesn't pack quite the same emotional punch [as The Force Awakens] and it lags a bit in the second half, [but] this is still a worthy chapter in the Star Wars franchise, popping with exciting action sequences, sprinkled with good humor and containing more than a few nifty 'callbacks' to previous characters and iconic moments."[137] For The Hollywood Reporter, Todd McCarthy said, "Loaded with action and satisfying in the ways its loyal audience wants it to be, writer-director Rian Johnson's plunge into George Lucas' universe is generally pleasing even as it sometimes strains to find useful and/or interesting things for some of its characters to do."[138]

text: Will Gompertz, arts editor of BBC News, gave the film 4/5 stars, writing "Rian Johnson ... has not ruined your Christmas with a turkey. His gift to you is a cracker, a blockbuster movie packed with invention, wit, and action galore."[139] Mark Kermode, British film critic, gave the film 4/5 stars saying Johnson "proves himself the master of the balancing act, keeping the warring forces of this intergalactic franchise in near-perfect harmony."[140] The unpredictability of the plot was appreciated by reviewers such as Alex Leadbeater of Screen Rant, who commented specifically that the death of Snoke was "the best movie twist in years".[141]

text: Conversely, Richard Brody of The New Yorker wrote, "Despite a few stunning decorative touches (most of which involve the color red) and that brief central sequence of multiple Reys, the movie comes off as a work that's ironed out, flattened down, appallingly purified. Above all, it delivers a terrifyingly calculated consensus storytelling, an artificial universality that is achieved, in part, through express religious references."[142] Kate Taylor of The Globe and Mail gave the film 2/4 stars, saying the film suffered from too many new additions and writing, "Nifty new animals, a maturing villain, a flagging heroine, muffled humour – as it seeks to uphold a giant cultural legacy, this unfolding trilogy struggles to maintain a balance that often seems just out of reach."[143]

text: Audience response

text: Audience reception measured by scientific polling methods was highly positive. Audiences randomly polled by CinemaScore on opening day gave the film an average grade of "A" on an A+ to F scale.[114] Surveys from SurveyMonkey and comScore's PostTrak found that 89% of audience members graded the film positively.[144][145]

text: The user-generated review sections of Rotten Tomatoes and Metacritic contained scores that were significantly more negative, achieving the ratings of 48%[146] and 4.5/10, respectively.[147] Several reviewers speculated that the low user scores are the result of manipulation, either by coordinated vote brigading from internet groups or from bots.[148][149][150] Quartz noted that some new accounts gave negative ratings to both The Last Jedi and Thor: Ragnarok, while Bleeding Cool stated that reviews for Thor had tapered off up to that point but skyrocketed afterwards.[151][152] In response to tampering claims, Rotten Tomatoes released a statement that they did not detect any unusual activity aside from a noticeable "uptick in the number of written user reviews" on The Last Jedi.[153]

text: Reviewers characterized The Last Jedi as divisive among audiences.[154] Todd VanDerWerff of Vox found that disgruntled fans saw the film as too progressive, disliked its humor, plot, or character arcs, or felt betrayed that it ignored fan theories.[148] Other reviewers made similar observations.[155][156][157] Particularly divisive was the reveal that Rey's parents are insignificant;[148][155][157] many fans had expected her to be Luke's daughter or to share a lineage with another character from the original trilogy.[158][159] There was also sentiment that Snoke's character was underdeveloped and that Luke's actions contrasted his previous heroic portrayal.[157][160][161] Reviewers stated that fan theories were held so strongly among some viewers that it was difficult for them to accept different stories.[155][157][161] However, other viewers appreciated the film's action, tone and deviation from Star Wars tradition.[155][157]

text: Accolades

text:
Award
Date of ceremony
Category
Recipient(s) and nominee(s)
Result
Ref.

Academy Awards
March 4, 2018
Best Original Score
John Williams
Nominated
[162]

Best Sound Editing
Matthew Wood and Ren Klyce
Nominated

Best Sound Mixing
David Parker, Michael Semanick, Ren Klyce and Stuart Wilson
Nominated

Best Visual Effects
Ben Morris, Mike Mulholland, Neal Scanlan and Chris Corbould
Nominated

Art Directors Guild Awards
January 27, 2018
Excellence in Production Design for a Fantasy Film
Rick Heinrichs
Nominated
[163]

British Academy Film Awards
February 18, 2018
Best Sound
Ren Klyce, David Parker, Michael Semanick, Stuart Wilson, Matthew Wood
Nominated
[164]

Best Special Visual Effects
Stephen Alpin, Chris Courbould, Ben Morris, Neal Scanlan
Nominated

Costume Designers Guild
February 20, 2018
Excellence in Fantasy Film
Michael Kaplan
Nominated
[165]

Empire Awards
March 18, 2018
Best Film
Star Wars: The Last Jedi
Won
[166]

Best Director
Rian Johnson
Won

Best Actor
John Boyega
Nominated

Best Actress
Daisy Ridley
Won

Best Female Newcomer
Kelly Marie Tran
Nominated

Best Sci-Fi/Fantasy Film
Star Wars: The Last Jedi
Nominated

Best Production Design
Nominated

Best Visual Effects
Won

Best Costume Design
Michael Kaplan
Won

Saturn Awards
June 2018
Best Science Fiction Film
Star Wars: The Last Jedi
Pending
[167]

Best Actor
Mark Hamill
Pending

Best Actress
Daisy Ridley
Pending

Best Supporting Acress
Carrie Fisher
Pending

Best Supporting Actress
Kelly Marie Tran
Pending

Best Director
Rian Johnson
Pending

Best Screenplay
Pending

Best Production Design
Rick Heinrichs
Pending

Best Editing
Bob Ducsay
Pending

Best Music
John Williams
Pending

Best Costume Design
Michael Kaplan
Pending

Best Makeup
Peter Swords King, Neal Scanlan
Pending

Best Film Special / Visual Effects
Ben Morris, Mike Mulholland, Chris Corbould, Neal Scanlan
Pending

Visual Effects Society Awards
February 13, 2018
Outstanding Visual Effects in a Photoreal Feature
Ben Morris, Tim Keene, Eddie Pasquarello, Daniel Seddon, Chris Corbould
Nominated
[168]

Outstanding Virtual Cinematography in a Photoreal Project
Cameron Nielsen, Albert Cheng, John Levin, Johanes Kurnia for "Crait Surface Battle"
Nominated

Outstanding Effects Simulations in a Photoreal Feature
Peter Kyme, Miguel Perez Senet, Ahmed Gharraph, Billy Copley for "Bombing Run"
Nominated

Mihai Cioroba, Ryoji Fujita, Jiyong Shin, Dan Finnegan for "Mega Destroyer Destruction"
Nominated

text: Sequel

text: Episode IX, the final installment of the sequel trilogy, is scheduled for release on December 20, 2019.[11] Principal photography is set to begin in June 2018.[169] Although Colin Trevorrow had been attached to direct the film, on September 5, 2017, Lucasfilm announced that Trevorrow had stepped down.[170] A week later, Lucasfilm announced that J. J. Abrams would return to direct Episode IX and co-write it with Chris Terrio. Abrams and Terrio stated that Episode IX will bring together all three trilogies, with elements from the previous two trilogies.[171][172]


document_title: Debt-to-GDP ratio

question_text: what is the us national debt to gdp

question_tokens: what is the us national debt to gdp

text: Debt-to-GDP ratio

text: Global trends[edit]

text: In 2016, United States public debt-to-GDP ratio was at 104.8%.[2] The level of public debt in Japan 2013 was 243.2% of GDP, in China 22.4% and in India 66.7%, according to the IMF,[3] while the public debt-to-GDP ratio at the end of the 2nd quarter of 2016 was at 70.1% of GDP in Germany, 89.1% in the United Kingdom, 98.2% in France and 135.5% in Italy, according to Eurostat.[4]

text: Two thirds of US public debt is owned by US citizens, banks, corporations, and the Federal Reserve Bank;[5] approximately one third of US public debt is held by foreign countries - particularly China and Japan. Conversely, less than 5% of Japanese public debt is held by foreign countries.

text: Particularly in macroeconomics, various debt-to-GDP ratios can be calculated. The most commonly used ratio is the Government debt divided by the gross domestic product (GDP), which reflects the government's finances, while another common ratio is the total debt to GDP, which reflects the finances of the nation as a whole.

text: Units[edit]

text: The debt-to-GDP ratio is generally expressed as a percentage, but properly has units of years, as below.

text: By dimensional analysis these quantities are the ratio of a stock (with dimensions of currency) by a flow (with dimensions of currency/time), so[note 1] they have dimensions of time. With currency units of US dollars (or any other currency) and time units of years (GDP per annum), this yields the ratio as having units of years, which can be interpreted as "the number of years to pay off debt, if all of GDP is devoted to debt repayment". Thus, 90% refers to a debt which would take 90% of a year's GDP to pay off.

text: This interpretation must be tempered by the understanding that GDP cannot be entirely devoted to debt repayment — some must be spent on survival, at the minimum, and in general only 5–10% will be devoted to debt repayment, even during episodes such as the Great Depression, which have been interpreted as debt-deflation — and thus actual "years to repay" is debt-to-GDP divided by "fraction of GDP devoted to repayment", which will generally be 10 times as long or more than simple debt-to-GDP.

text: Changes[edit]

text: The change in debt-to-GDP is approximately "net increase in debt as percentage of GDP"; for government debt, this is deficit or (surplus) as percentage of GDP.

text: This is only approximate as GDP changes from year to year, but generally year-on-year GDP changes are small (say, 3%), and thus this is approximately correct.

text: However, in the presence of significant inflation, or particularly hyperinflation, GDP may increase rapidly in nominal terms; if debt is nominal, then its ratio to GDP will decrease rapidly. A period of deflation would have the opposite effect.

text: A government's debt-to-GDP ratio can be analysed by looking at how it changes or, in other words, how the debt is evolving over time:

text:
The left hand side of the equation demonstrates the dynamics of the government's debt.

B

t

Y

t

{\textstyle {\frac {B_{t}}{Y_{t}}}}

 is the debt-to-GDP at the end of the period t, and

B

t
−
1

Y

t
−
1

{\textstyle {\frac {B_{t-1}}{Y_{t-1}}}}

 is the debt-to-GDP ratio at the end of the previous period (t-1). Hence, the left side of the equation shows the change in the debt-to-GDP ratio. The right hand side of the equation shows the causes of the government's debt.

(
r
−
g
)
(

B

t
−
1

Y

t
−
1

)

{\textstyle (r-g)({\frac {B_{t-1}}{Y_{t-1}}})}

 is the interest payments on the stock of debt as a ratio of GDP so far, and

G

t

−

T

t

Y

t

{\textstyle {\frac {G_{t}-T_{t}}{Y_{t}}}}

 shows the primary deficit-to-GDP ratio.

text: If the government has the ability to print money, and therefore monetize the outstanding debt, the budget constraint becomes:

text:
The term

M

t

Y

t

−

M

t
−
1

Y

t
−
1

{\textstyle {\frac {M_{t}}{Y_{t}}}-{\frac {M_{t-1}}{Y_{t-1}}}}

 is the change in money balances (i.e. money growth). By printing money the government is able to increase nominal money balances to pay off the debt (consequently acting in the debt way that debt financing does, in order to balance the government's expenditures). However, the effect that an increase in nominal money balances has on seignorage is ambiguous, as while it increases the amount of money within the economy, the real value of each unit of money decreases due to inflationary effects. This inflationary effect from money printing is called an inflation tax.

text: Applications[edit]

text: Debt-to-GDP measures the financial leverage of an economy.

text: One of the Euro convergence criteria was that government debt-to-GDP be below 60%.

text: The World Bank and the IMF hold that “a country can be said to achieve external debt sustainability if it can meet its current and future external debt service obligations in full, without recourse to debt rescheduling or the accumulation of arrears and without compromising growth.” According to these two institutions, external debt sustainability can be obtained by a country “by bringing the net present value (NPV) of external public debt down to about 150 percent of a country’s exports or 250 percent of a country’s revenues.” [1] High external debt is believed to have harmful effects on an economy.[6]

text: In 2013 Herndon, Ash, and Pollin reviewed an influential, widely cited research paper entitled, "Growth in a time of debt",[7] by two Harvard economists Carmen Reinhart and Kenneth Rogoff. Herndon, Ash and Pollin argued that "coding errors, selective exclusion of available data, and unconventional weighting of summary statistics lead to serious errors that inaccurately represent the relationship between public debt and GDP growth among 20 advanced economies in the post-war period."[8][9] Their research had significant basic computation errors that, when corrected, undermined the central claim of the book that too much debt causes recession.[10][11] Rogoff and Reinhardt claimed that their fundamental conclusions were accurate, despite the errors.[12][13] Recently, the Growth in a Time of Debt controversy was argued to instantiate the ‘emerging contrary result’ phenomenon.[14] The following arguments support this thesis: (1) the viewpoint according to which weighted averaging scheme is superior to the unweighted one is not justified by the cliometric methodology, (2) excluding post-war statistics was grounded in the lack of believable estimates and (3) the infamous spreadsheet error influenced the summary statistics in a minor way. Therefore, none of the two contrary results obtained by Reinhart and Rogoff and Herndon, Ash and Pollin is superior and the question whether there is a threshold in the relation between public debt and economic growth stays open.

text: There is a difference between external debt denominated in domestic currency, and external debt denominated in foreign currency. A nation can service external debt denominated in domestic currency by tax revenues, but to service foreign currency debt it has to convert tax revenues in foreign exchange market to foreign currency, which puts downward pressure on the value of its currency. So all of the money used to service foreign currency debt has to come from a country's balance of payments transfers.[dubious – discuss]


document_title: Prison Break: The Final Break

question_text: why does sarah go to jail in prison break

text: Prison Break: The Final Break

text: Plot[edit]

text: This episode's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed. Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise. (April 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The story starts off with Sara being arrested for the murder of Christina (Scofield) Hampton, during her and Michael's wedding reception. It is implied that surveillance video was altered by agents loyal to the General (Jonathan Krantz) (Leon Russom) by removing Christina's gun to make it look as if Sara shot Christina in cold blood rather than self-defence. She is held in the Miami-Dade State Penitentiary, where overcrowding necessitates that the female prison and jail inmates are housed in the same building. Gretchen Morgan watches from a distance, having been imprisoned after the events in "The Sunshine State".[2] Sara is attacked as revenge by the Miami-Dade COs for having left the infirmary door unlocked,[3] allowing the "Fox River Eight" to escape and eventual dismissal or suspension of several staff members of Fox River.

text: Across the yard is the neighboring men's jail and prison, where Krantz and Theodore "T-Bag" Bagwell (Robert Knepper) are being held. T-Bag continues to help the general, even though the General claims poverty when asked to pay for contraband T-Bag gets him. The General contacts Gretchen and offers her $100,000 to kill Sara. When Gretchen does not get the job done immediately, it is offered as a bounty for whoever kills Sara. Sara is quickly poisoned with strychnine, but is given medical treatment in the infirmary that saves her life and pregnancy. The correctional physician informs her that she will have thirty minutes with her baby when she gives birth before the baby is taken away from her. His advice is to consider herself to be a surrogate mother to her own fetus so as to avoid crippling depression due to the inevitable separation.

text: Michael learns of the attacks from Sara's lawyer, and asks the warden to protect her, which she declines to do. She also denies Sara visits from anyone except her lawyer. After learning about the bounty on her head, Michael decides the only way to keep her alive is to break her out. He once again enlists Lincoln Burrows (Dominic Purcell) and Fernando Sucre's (Amaury Nolasco) help. Lincoln and Sucre scope out the prison, taking measurements and photographs to create a map of the prison. Gretchen sees Lincoln and Sucre, and demands Sara include her in any escape plan that may be developing.

text: After analyzing the photographs and plans of the prison, Michael finds a fault in the security system: a blind spot the cameras cannot see. Alexander Mahone (William Fichtner) then arrives and offers his aid, although his true intentions are unclear. He has just been offered reinstatement with the FBI if he finds and reports any evidence incriminating Michael.

text: Michael develops an escape plan which he relays to Sara using a hidden message in a letter. While he is out however, FBI Agent Todd Wheatley (Chris Bruno) breaks into Michael's apartment, and sees the plans laid out on table. When Michael arrives, he points out that while the plans may look incriminating, he was merely looking for weaknesses to report to the prison warden (Amy Aquino) in the hopes that she may grant him visitation rights.

text: Sara's attorney secures a court order allowing Michael to visit her. Because the visit is supervised, he subtly asks her if she understood the hidden message, and she indicates she did. As he is leaving the prison, however, Michael sees the camera system being adjusted to eliminate the blind spot he planned to exploit. Special Agent Wheatley apparently discovered it while looking at the documents he had seen in Michael's apartment.

text: Meanwhile, Sara joins the "Family" of the leader of the prisoners, an inmate who goes by the name of "Daddy" (Lori Petty). Daddy helps her get work in the motor pool, which makes Wife jealous and other Family members suspicious.

text: Michael comes up with a new plan to parachute into the prison and rescue Sara. Lincoln is sent to offer T-Bag $5,000 to light a fire and set off the fire alarm at 7:00 the night of the escape. T-Bag demands $100,000, and suggests they can get it by robbing the General of the money he has to pay the bounty on Sara. T-Bag did this to settle grudges with the General, including the General's refusal to pay T-Bag for favors in jail. T-Bag provides Lincoln with the name and phone number of Joe Daniels, (Richmond Arquette) the General's agent. Lincoln agrees to steal the money and put it in T-Bag's account by 7:00. Lincoln and Sucre then steal the $100,000 from Daniels.

text: Wanting to get to Sara away from the Family, Gretchen persuades one of the guards to search Daddy's room. The guards do so, and take Daddy to solitary confinement after finding drugs in her cell.

text: Sara is attacked by a fellow Family member (Alicia Lagano) but Gretchen comes to her rescue, killing the attacker in the process. Gretchen again demands Sara include her in the escape because she wishes to see her daughter, Emily, and give her a gift. When one of the guards tells Daddy of the death of her family member, and mentions that Sara and Gretchen are thought to be behind her killing, Daddy becomes infuriated.

text: Following several phone calls with Agent Wheatley in which Mahone divulged Michael's parachute plot, it appears that Mahone has betrayed Michael. But Michael continues to trust him, and gives him a piece of paper and a DVD which he asks Mahone to give to Sara in the event of his death. Michael then visits Sara once more, telling her that the previous escape plan was now impossible. He cryptically tells her of the new plan, in which she must get to the chapel. Michael has discovered they can get from the chapel to an administrative building that has an emergency escape tunnel.

text: Daddy is eventually freed from lockup, and appears to be stalking Sara and Gretchen. Just before the escape begins, Gretchen distracts a guard, and Sara confronts Daddy. Sara picks a fight with Daddy and purposely pushes her into a powerful and frightening inmate Skittlez (Dot Marie Jones), who then retaliates by attacking Daddy. At the same time, Gretchen punches the guard and knocks her to the ground, but gets stabbed in the leg during the altercation. Sara quickly grabs the guard's keys, and the two of them hide in the kitchen amidst the chaos.

text: Michael then begins the escape. Knowing of the plan thanks to Mahone's information, agent Wheatley orders all lights shut off, and positions armed officers near Michael's expected landing site. When the parachute comes down, it is riddled with bullets. Upon inspection, Wheatley discovers the parachute is attached to a dummy. Michael is then seen sneaking out from under Wheatley's car and running into the prison.

text: With the escape underway, Gretchen admits to Sara that she cannot continue on without help due to her injuries. Gretchen then asks her to choose, either to leave her behind or help her. Sara chooses to help Gretchen, however, as they run to the chapel, Gretchen is spotted by guards. She is asked if she's alone but Gretchen covers Sara's presence and stalls the guards. Though Sara is almost spotted by a guard, she manages to unlock the door and get into the chapel undetected. The guards are recalled and they take Gretchen. Sara picks up the necklace that Gretchen made for her daughter, Emily, presumably so she may pass it on to Emily later.

text: Michael meets Sara in the chapel, and they wait for 7:00 when T-Bag was to start the fire to trip the fire alarm. We see Sucre racing to a money transfer store to transfer the $100,000, but he gets there after the shop is closed. When T-Bag finds out that the transfer did not take place by 7:00 as promised, he angrily reveals the plot to the warden, and tells her that he was instructed to set off the fire alarm. Special Agent Wheatley responds by demanding the fire alarm and other systems that would cover other noises be turned off.

text: This however, turns out to be part of Michael's plan, as he assumed that T-Bag would double-cross them. With the alarms off, he burns through a locked door with a blowtorch. However, the electronic lock on the next door does not open with the device Michael brought. He needs to cause a power surge from a fuse panel to unlock the door, so he instructs Sara to leave him behind. Sara refuses to leave if Michael cannot go with her, but he emphasizes that there is no other way, touching her stomach and saying that he will be going with her. In one final act of sacrifice, Michael causes the surge, and sparks are shown coming from the fuse box. Sara runs, meeting Lincoln, Sucre, and Mahone just outside the fence. Stunned, Sara is unable to describe to Lincoln what just happened. Mahone revealed that he knew of Michael's plan from a previous discussion and tells Lincoln, "He's gone." They get into the van and drive away, still shocked over Michael's fate.

text: Back at the prison, T-Bag is put into solitary confinement for aiding Sara's escape.

text: The next day, just before Lincoln and Sara board a boat to escape to the Dominican Republic, Sucre gives Sara the $100,000 they stole from the General, apologizing for not being able to wire the money to them the night before as planned. Mahone gives Sara the paper Michael asked him to deliver, the results of a medical exam revealing that his brain tumor had returned and his condition was terminal. Mahone also gives the DVD to Lincoln who watches it with Sara while they escape on the boat. In the video, Michael tells Sara and Lincoln that he wouldn't have had much time to live because of his tumor, and that he doesn't regret his choice. He asks Lincoln to promise that he will always be there for his child (which turns out to be a son) no matter what, and he asks Sara to watch out for Lincoln. He says that life is wasted on what people want to, but don't ever, say. He then says what he wants to say is that he loves them both, very much. He tells them to make sure his child is told every day how much he is loved and how lucky he is to be free. The video, and the entire series, ends with Michael's message that they are finally free:

text:
“
Well, if you're watching this, I'm glad, because it means you're safe. And that's all I ever wanted. I wish I could be there with you, but as you probably know now, I wouldn't have had much time anyway. So I made my choice, and I don't regret it. Anyway, not too long from now there's going to be another little Scofield running around. And Linc--I want you to promise me, no matter what, they're going to grow up knowing their uncle is never far away. And Sara, I want you to promise me that you're going to keep an eye on Linc. As you may have noticed, he has a tendency to get in trouble.
You know, we spend so much of our lives not saying the things we want to say. The things we should say. We speak in code and we send little messages, origami. So now, plainly, simply... I want to say that I love you both... very much. And I want you to promise me that you're going to tell my child... that you're going to tell my child how much they're loved every day. And remind them how lucky they are to be free. Because we are. We're free now. Finally. We're free.

”

text: Cast[edit]

text: Starring[edit]

text:
Dominic Purcell as Lincoln Burrows
Wentworth Miller as Michael Scofield
Amaury Nolasco as Fernando Sucre
Robert Knepper as Theodore "T-Bag" Bagwell
Jodi Lyn O'Keefe as Gretchen Morgan
Sarah Wayne Callies as Sara Tancredi
William Fichtner as Alexander Mahone

text: Guest starring[edit]

text:
Leon Russom as General Jonathan Krantz
Chris Bruno as FBI Agent Todd Wheatley
Barbara Eve Harris as FBI Agent Felicia Lang
Kim Coates as Richard Sullins
Lori Petty as "Daddy"
Aisha Hinds as Guard Cowler
David Starzyk as Blue Phillips
Amy Aquino as Warden Alice Simms
Dendrie Taylor as Guard
Richmond Arquette as Attorney Joe Daniels
Damien Leake as Detective Marlin
Alicia Lagano as Agatha Warren
Joseph Will as Doctor
Sufe Bradshaw as Wife
Dot Marie Jones as Skittlez
Rainbow Borden as Seags
Livia Trivino as Hucks
Ian Patrick Williams as Bearded man
Peggy Dunne as Guard