document_title: Gospel of Mark

question_text: who was the book of mark written to

question_tokens: who was the book of mark written to

text: Gospel of Mark

text: Composition and setting[edit]

text: Composition[edit]

text: The Gospel of Mark was written anonymously.[7] Early Christian tradition ascribes it to John Mark, a companion and interpreter of the apostle Peter.[8] Hence its author is often called Mark, even though most modern scholars are doubtful of the Markan tradition and instead regard the author as unknown.[9] It was probably written c. AD 66–70, during Nero's persecution of the Christians in Rome or the Jewish revolt, as suggested by internal references to war in Judea and to persecution.[3] The author used a variety of pre-existing sources, such as conflict stories (Mark 2:1–3:6), apocalyptic discourse (4:1–35), and collections of sayings (although not the Gospel of Thomas and probably not the Q source).[10]

text: Mark was written in Greek, for a gentile audience (that they were gentiles is shown by the author's need to explain Jewish traditions and translate Aramaic terms) of Greek-speaking Christians: Rome (Mark uses a number of Latin terms), Galilee, Antioch (third-largest city in the Roman Empire, located in northern Syria), and southern Syria have all been offered as alternative places of authorship.[11] The author may have been influenced by Greco-Roman biographies and rhetorical forms, popular novels and romances, and the Homeric epics; nevertheless, he mentions almost no public figures, makes no allusions to Greek or Roman literature, and takes all his references from the Jewish scriptures, mostly in their Greek versions from the Septuagint.[12] His book is not history in the modern sense, or even in the sense of classical Greek and Roman historians, but "history in an eschatological or apocalyptic sense," depicting Jesus caught up in events at the end of time.[13]

text: Synoptic problem and historicity[edit]

text: The gospels of Matthew, Mark and Luke bear a striking resemblance to each other, so much so that their contents can easily be set side by side in parallel columns. The fact that they share so much material verbatim and yet also exhibit important differences has led to a number of hypotheses explaining their interdependence, a phenomenon termed the Synoptic Problem. Traditionally, Mark was thought to be an epitome (summary) of Matthew: for example, Augustine of Hippo believed they were written in order, "first Matthew, then Mark, thirdly Luke, lastly John" and that Mark followed Matthew as "his attendant and epitomizer".[14] Today, the most widely accepted hypothesis is that Mark was the first gospel (Marcan Priority) and was used as a source by both Matthew and Luke, together with considerable additional material. The strongest argument for this is the fact that Matthew and Luke agree with each other in their sequence of stories and events only when they also agree with Mark.[15]

text: The 19th century recognition of Mark as the earliest gospel led to the belief that it must therefore be the most reliable.[16] This conclusion was refuted by two works published in the early decades of the 20th century: in 1901 William Wrede argued that Mark's sequence of episodes is in fact an artificial construct with theological motivation; and in 1919 Karl Ludwig Schmidt showed how the links between the episodes are the invention of the writer, thus undermining the gospel's claim to be a reliable guide to the chronology of Jesus' mission.[17] The modern consensus is that Mark's purpose was to present a theological message rather than to write history,[16] but this gospel is nevertheless still seen as the most reliable of the four in terms of its overall description of Jesus's life and ministry.[18]

text: Setting[edit]

text: Christianity began within Judaism, with a Christian "church" (or ἐκκλησία, ekklesia, meaning "assembly") that arose shortly after Jesus's death, when some of his followers claimed to have witnessed him risen from the dead.[19] From the outset, Christians depended heavily on Jewish literature, supporting their convictions through the Jewish scriptures.[20] Those convictions involved a nucleus of key concepts: the messiah, the son of God and the son of man, the Day of the Lord, the kingdom of God. Uniting these ideas was the common thread of apocalyptic expectation: Both Jews and Christians believed that the end of history was at hand, that God would very soon come to punish their enemies and establish his own rule, and that they were at the centre of his plans. Christians read the Jewish scripture as a figure or type of Jesus Christ, so that the goal of Christian literature became an experience of the living Christ.[21] The new movement spread around the eastern Mediterranean and to Rome and further west, and assumed a distinct identity, although the groups within it remained extremely diverse.[19]

text: The gospels were written for an audience already Christian – their purpose was to strengthen the faith of those who already believed, not to convert unbelievers.[22] Christian "churches" were small communities of believers, often based on households (an autocratic patriarch plus extended family, slaves, freedmen, and other clients), and the evangelists often wrote on two levels, one the "historical" presentation of the story of Jesus, the other dealing with the concerns of the author's own day.[23] Thus the proclamation of Jesus in Mark 1:14 and the following verses, for example, mixes the terms Jesus would have used as a 1st-century Jew ("kingdom of God") and those of the early church ("believe", "gospel").[23] More fundamentally, some scholars believe Mark's reason for writing was to counter believers who saw Jesus in a Greek way, as wonder-worker (the Greek term is "divine man"); Mark saw the suffering of the messiah as essential, so that the "Son of God" title (the Hellenistic "divine man") had to be corrected and amplified with the "Son of Man" title, which conveyed Christ's suffering.[24] Other scholars think Mark might have been writing as a Galilean Christian against those Jewish Christians in Jerusalem who saw the Jewish revolt against Rome (66–73 CE) as the beginning of the "end times": for Mark, the Second Coming would be in Galilee, not Jerusalem, and not until the generation following the revolt.[24]

text: Place in the Christian Church[edit]

text: Mark was traditionally placed second, and sometimes fourth, in the Christian canon, as a somewhat inferior abridgement of what was regarded as the most important gospel, Matthew. The Church has consequently derived its view of Jesus primarily from Matthew, secondarily from John, and only distantly from Mark. It was only in the 19th century that Mark came to be seen as the earliest of the four gospels, and as a source used by both Matthew and Luke. The hypothesis of Markan priority (that Mark was written first) continues to be held by the majority of scholars today, and there is a new recognition of the author as an artist and theologian using a range of literary devices to convey his conception of Jesus as the authoritative yet suffering Son of God.[25]

text: Structure, style and content[edit]

text:
Detailed content of Mark

1. Galilean ministry

John the Baptist (1:1–8)

Baptism of Jesus (1:9–11)

Temptation of Jesus (1:12–13)

Good News (1:15)

First disciples (1:16–20)

Capernaum's synagogue (1:21–28)

Peter's mother-in-law (1:29–31)

Exorcising at sunset (1:32–34)

A leper (1:35–45)

A paralytic (2:1–2:12)

Calling of Matthew (2:13–17)

Fasting and wineskins (2:18–22)

Lord of the Sabbath (2:23–28)

Man with withered hand (3:1–6)

Withdrawing to the sea (3:7–3:12)

Commissioning the Twelve (3:13–19)

Blind mute (3:20–26)

Strong man (3:27)

Eternal sin (3:28–30)

Jesus' true relatives (3:31–35)

Parable of the Sower (4:1–9,13-20)

Purpose of parables (4:10–12,33-34)

Lamp under a bushel (4:21–23)

Mote and Beam (4:24–25)

Growing seed and Mustard seed (4:26–32)

Calming the storm (4:35–41)

Demon named Legion (5:1–20)

Daughter of Jairus (5:21–43)

Hometown rejection (6:1–6)

Instructions for the Twelve (6:7–13)

Beheading of John (6:14–29)

Feeding the 5000 (6:30–44)

Walking on water (6:45–52)

Fringe of his cloak heals (6:53–56)

Discourse on Defilement (7:1–23)

Canaanite woman's daughter (7:24–30)

Deaf mute (7:31–37)

Feeding the 4000 (8:1–9)

No sign will be given (8:10–21)

Healing with spit (8:22–26)

Peter's confession (8:27–30)

Jesus predicts his death (8:31–33, 9:30–32, 10:32–34)

Instructions for followers (8:34–9:1)

Transfiguration (9:2–13)

Possessed boy (9:14–29)

Teaching in Capernaum (9:33–50)

2. Journey to Jerusalem

Entering Judea and Transjordan (10:1)

On divorce (10:2–12)

Little children (10:13–16)

Rich young man (10:17–31)

Son of man came to serve (10:35–45)

Blind Bartimaeus (10:46–52)

3. Events in Jerusalem

Entering Jerusalem (11:1–11)

Cursing the fig tree (11:12–14,20-24)

Temple incident (11:15–19)

Prayer for forgiveness (11:25–26)

Authority questioned (11:27–33)

Wicked husbandman (12:1–12)

Render unto Caesar... (12:13–17)

Resurrection of the Dead (12:18–27)

Great Commandment (12:28–34)

Is the Messiah the son of David? (12:35–40)

Widow's mite (12:41–44)

Olivet discourse (13)

Plot to kill Jesus (14:1–2)

Anointing (14:3–9)

Bargain of Judas (14:10–11)

Last Supper (14:12–26)

Denial of Peter (14:27–31,66-72)

Agony in the Garden (14:32–42)

Kiss of Judas (14:43–45)

Arrest (14:46–52)

Before the High Priest (14:53–65)

Pilate's court (15:1–15)

Soldiers mock Jesus (15:16–20)

Simon of Cyrene (15:21)

Crucifixion (15:22–41)

Entombment (15:42–47)

Empty tomb (16:1–8)

The Longer Ending (16:9–20)

Resurrection appearances (16:9–13)

Great Commission (16:14–18)

Ascension (16:19)

Dispersion of the Apostles (16:20)

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text: Structure[edit]

text: There is no agreement on the structure of Mark.[26] There is, however, a widely recognised break at Mark 8:26–31: before 8:26 there are numerous miracle stories, the action is in Galilee, and Jesus preaches to the crowds, while after 8:31 there are hardly any miracles, the action shifts from Galilee to gentile areas or hostile Judea, and Jesus teaches the disciples.[27] Peter's confession at Mark 8:27–30 that Jesus is the messiah thus forms the watershed to the whole gospel.[28] A further generally recognised turning point comes at the end of chapter 10, when Jesus and his followers arrive in Jerusalem and the foreseen confrontation with the Temple authorities begins, leading R.T. France to characterise Mark as a three-act drama.[29] James Edwards in his 2002 commentary points out that the gospel can be seen as a series of questions asking first who Jesus is (the answer being that he is the messiah), then what form his mission takes (a mission of suffering culminating in the crucifixion and resurrection, events only to be understood when the questions are answered), while another scholar, C. Myers, has made what Edwards calls a "compelling case" for recognising the incidents of Jesus' baptism, transfiguration and crucifixion, at the beginning, middle and end of the gospel, as three key moments, each with common elements, and each portrayed in an apocalyptic light.[30] Stephen H. Smith has made the point that the structure of Mark is similar to the structure of a Greek tragedy[31]

text: Style[edit]

text: Examples of Mark's literary style include the use of summaries, in which several stories about Jesus are all wrapped up into one description (Mark 6:55, 56).[32]

text: Content[edit]

text:
Jesus is first announced as the messiah and then later as the Son of God; he is baptised by John and a heavenly voice announces him as the Son of God; he is tested in the wilderness by Satan; John is arrested, and Jesus begins to preach the good news of the kingdom of God.
Jesus gathers his disciples; he begins teaching, driving out demons, healing the sick, cleansing lepers, raising the dead, feeding the hungry, and giving sight to the blind; he delivers a long discourse in parables to the crowd, intended for the disciples, but they fail to understand; he performs mighty works, calming the storm and walking on water, but while God and demons recognise him, neither the crowds nor the disciples grasp his identity. He also has several run-ins with Jewish law keepers especially in chapters 2-3.
Jesus asks the disciples who people say he is, and then, "but you, who do you say I am?" Peter answers that he is the Christ, and Jesus commands him to silence; Jesus explains that the Son of Man must go to Jerusalem and be killed, but will rise again; Moses and Elijah appear with Jesus and God tells the disciples, "This is my son," but they remain uncomprehending.
Jesus goes to Jerusalem, where he is hailed as one who "comes in the name of the Lord" and will inaugurate the "kingdom of David"; he drives those who buy and sell animals from the Temple and debates with the Jewish authorities; on the Mount of Olives he announces the coming destruction of the Temple, the persecution of his followers, and the coming of the Son of Man in power and glory.
A woman perfumes Jesus' head with oil, and Jesus explains that this is a sign of his coming death; Jesus celebrates Passover with the disciples, declares the bread and wine to be his body and blood, and goes with them to Gethsemane to pray; there Judas betrays him to the Jews; interrogated by the high priest, he says that he is the Christ, the Son of God, and will return as Son of Man at God's right hand; the Jewish leaders turn him over to Pilate, who has him crucified as one who claims to be "king of the Jews"; Jesus, abandoned by the disciples, is buried in a rock tomb by a friendly member of the Jewish council.
The women who have followed Jesus come to the tomb on Sunday morning; they find it empty, and are told by a young man in a white robe to go and tell the others that Jesus has risen and has gone before them to Galilee; "but they said nothing to anyone, for they were afraid ...."[2]

tag: ul

text: Ending[edit]

text: The earliest and most reliable manuscripts of Mark end at Mark 16:8, with the women fleeing in fear from the empty tomb: the majority of recent scholars believe this to be the original ending,[33] and this is supported by statements from the early Church Fathers Eusebius and Jerome.[34] Two attempts were made to provide a more satisfactory conclusion.[35] A minority of later manuscripts have what is called the "shorter ending", an addition to Mark 16:8 telling how the women told "those around Peter" all that the angel had commanded and how the message of eternal life (or "proclamation of eternal salvation") was then sent out by Jesus himself.[35] This addition differs from the rest of Mark both in style and in its understanding of Jesus.[35] The overwhelming majority of manuscripts have the "longer ending", Mark 16:9–20, with accounts of the resurrected Jesus, the commissioning of the disciples to proclaim the gospel, and Christ's ascension.[34] This ending was possibly written in the early 2nd century and added later in the same century.[35]

text: Modern scholars have proposed many explanations for the abrupt original ending, though none with universal acceptance. It could indicate a connection to the theme of the "Messianic Secret". Whatever the case, it is clear that Mark's Jesus looks forward to a post-death meeting in Galilee, and it is likely that at that meeting, like the final meeting in Galilee that Matthew depicts, Mark's Jesus would command the disciples to take his message to the nations.[36]

text: Theology[edit]

text: Mark's gospel theology[edit]

text: The author introduces his work as "gospel", meaning "good news", a literal translation of the Greek "evangelion"[37] – he uses the word more often than any other writer in the New Testament besides Paul.[38] Paul uses it to mean "the good news (of the saving significance of the death and resurrection) of Christ"; Mark extends it to the career of Christ as well as his death and resurrection.[37] Like the other gospels, Mark was written to confirm the identity of Jesus as eschatological deliverer – the purpose of terms such as "messiah" and "son of God".[39] As in all the gospels, the messianic identity of Jesus is supported by a number of themes, including: (1) the depiction of his disciples as obtuse, fearful and uncomprehending; (2) the refutation of the charge made by Jesus' enemies that he was a magician; (3) secrecy surrounding his true identity (this last is missing from John).[39]

text: The failure of the disciples[edit]

text: In Mark, the disciples, and especially the Twelve, move from lack of perception of Jesus to rejection of the "way of suffering" to flight and denial – even the women who received the first proclamation of his resurrection can be seen as failures for not reporting the good news. There is much discussion of this theme among scholars. Some argue that the author of Mark was using the disciples to correct "erroneous" views in his own community concerning the reality of the suffering messiah, others that it is an attack on the Jerusalem branch of the church for resisting the extension of the gospel to the gentiles, or a mirror of the convert's usual experience of the initial enthusiasm followed by growing awareness of the necessity for suffering. It certainly reflects the strong theme in Mark of Jesus as the "suffering just one" portrayed in so many of the books of the Jewish scriptures, from Jeremiah to Job and the Psalms, but especially in the "Suffering Servant" passages in Isaiah. It also reflects the Jewish scripture theme of God's love being met by infidelity and failure, only to be renewed by God. And in the real-world context in which the gospel was written, the persecutions of the Christians of Rome under Nero, the failure of the disciples and Jesus' denial by Peter himself would have been powerful symbols of faith, hope and reconciliation.[40]

text: The charge of magic[edit]

text: Mark contains twenty accounts of miracles and healings, accounting for almost a third of the gospel and half the first ten chapters, more, proportionally, than in any other gospel.[41] In the gospels as a whole, Jesus' miracles, prophecies, etc., are presented as evidence of God's rule, but Mark's descriptions of Jesus' healings are a partial exception to this, as his methods, using spittle to heal blindness (Mark 8:22–26) and magic formulae ("Talitha cumi," 5:41, "Ephphatha," 7:34), were those of a magician.[42][43] This is the charge the Jewish religious leaders bring against Jesus: they say he is performing exorcisms with the aid of an evil spirit (Mark 3:22) and calling up the spirit of John the Baptist (Mark 6:14).[42] "There was ... no period in the history of the [Roman] empire in which the magician was not considered an enemy of society," subject to penalties ranging from exile to death, says Classical scholar Ramsay MacMullen.[44] All the gospels defend Jesus against the charge, which, if true, would contradict their ultimate claims for him.[45] The point of the Beelzebub incident in Mark (Mark 3:20–30) is to set forth Jesus' claims to be an instrument of God, not Satan.[45]

text: The messianic secret[edit]

text: In 1901, William Wrede identified the "Messianic secret" – Jesus' secrecy about his identity as the messiah – as one of Mark's central themes. Wrede argued that the elements of the secret – Jesus' silencing of the demons, the obtuseness of the disciples regarding his identity, and the concealment of the truth inside parables, were fictions, and arose from the tension between the Church's post-resurrection messianic belief and the historical reality of Jesus. There remains continuing debate over how far the "secret" originated with Mark and how far he got it from tradition, and how far, if at all, it represents the self-understanding and practices of the historical Jesus.[46]

text: Christology: Mark's understanding of Jesus[edit]

text: Christology means a doctrine or understanding concerning the person or nature of Christ.[47] In the New Testament writings it is frequently conveyed through the titles applied to Jesus. Most scholars agree that "Son of God" is the most important of these titles in Mark.[48] It appears on the lips of God himself at the baptism and the transfiguration, and is Jesus' own self-designation (Mark 13:32).[49] These and other instances provide reliable evidence of how the evangelist perceived Jesus, but it is not clear just what the title meant to Mark and his 1st century audience.[49] Where it appears in the Hebrew scriptures it meant Israel as God's people, or the king at his coronation, or angels, as well as the suffering righteous man.[50] In Hellenistic culture the same phrase meant a "divine man", a supernatural being.[49] There is little evidence that "son of God" was a title for the messiah in 1st century Judaism, and the attributes which Mark describes in Jesus are much more those of the Hellenistic miracle-working "divine man" than of the Jewish Davidic messiah.[49]

text: Mark does not explicitly state what he means by "Son of God", nor when the sonship was conferred.[51] The New Testament as a whole presents four different understandings:

text:
Jesus became God's son at his resurrection, God "begetting" Jesus to a new life by raising him from the dead – this was the earliest understanding, preserved in Paul's Epistle to the Romans, 1:3–4, and in Acts 13:33;
Jesus became God's son at his baptism, the coming of the Holy Spirit marking him as messiah, while "Son of God" refers to the relationship then established for him by God – this is the understanding implied in Mark 1:9–11;
Matthew and Luke present Jesus as "Son of God" from the moment of conception and birth, with God taking the place of a human father;
John, the last of the gospels, presents the idea that the Christ was pre-existent and became flesh as Jesus – an idea also found in Paul.[52]

tag: ol

text: Mark also calls Jesus "christos" (Christ), translating the Hebrew "messiah," (anointed person).[53] In the Old Testament the term messiah ("anointed one") described prophets, priests and kings; by the time of Jesus, with the kingdom long vanished, it had come to mean an eschatological king (a king who would come at the end of time), one who would be entirely human though far greater than all God's previous messengers to Israel, endowed with miraculous powers, free from sin, ruling in justice and glory (as described in, for example, the Psalms of Solomon, a Jewish work from this period).[54] The most important occurrences are in the context of Jesus' death and suffering, suggesting that, for Mark, Jesus can only be fully understood in that context.[53]

text: A third important title, "Son of Man", has its roots in Ezekiel, the Book of Enoch, (a popular Jewish apocalyptic work of the period), and especially in Daniel 7:13–14, where the Son of Man is assigned royal roles of dominion, kingship and glory.[55][56] Mark 14:62 combines more scriptural allusions: before he comes on clouds (Daniel 7:13) the Son of Man will be seated on the right hand of God (Psalm 110:1), pointing to the equivalence of the three titles, Christ, Son of God, Son of Man, the common element being the reference to kingly power.[57]

text: Eschatology and salvation: The meaning of Christ's death, resurrection and return[edit]

text: Eschatology means the study of the end-times, and the Jews expected the messiah to be an eschatological figure, a deliverer who would appear at the end of the age to usher in an earthly kingdom.[58] The earliest Jewish Christian community saw Jesus as a messiah in this Jewish sense, a human figure appointed by God as his earthly regent; but they also believed in Jesus' resurrection and exultation to heaven, and for this reason they also viewed him as God's agent (the "son of God") who would return in glory ushering in the Kingdom of God.[59]

text: The term "Son of God" likewise had a specific Jewish meaning, or range of meanings,[60] one of the most significant being the earthly king adopted by God as his son at his enthronement, legitimising his rule over Israel.[61] In Hellenistic culture, in contrast, the phrase meant a "divine man", covering legendary heroes like Hercules, god-kings like the Egyptian pharaohs, or famous philosophers like Plato.[62] When the gospels call Jesus "Son of God" the intention is to place him in the class of Hellenistic and Greek divine men, the 'sons of God" who were endowed with supernatural power to perform healings, exorcisms and other wonderful deeds.[61] Mark's "Son of David" is Hellenistic, his Jesus predicting that his mission involves suffering, death and resurrection, and, by implication, not military glory and conquest.[63] This reflects a move away from the Jewish-Christian apocalyptic tradition and towards the Hellenistic message preached by Paul, for whom Christ's death and resurrection, rather than the establishment of the apocalyptic Jewish kingdom, is the meaning of salvation, the "gospel".[59]

text: Comparison with other writings[edit]

text: Mark and the New Testament[edit]

text: All four gospels tell a story in which Jesus' death and resurrection are the crucial redemptive events.[64] There are, however, important differences between the four: Unlike John, Mark never calls Jesus "God", or claims that Jesus existed prior to his earthly life;[65] unlike Matthew and Luke, the author does not mention a virgin birth, and apparently believes that Jesus had a normal human parentage and birth;[65] unlike Matthew and Luke, he makes no attempt to trace Jesus' ancestry back to King David or Adam with a genealogy.[65]

text: Christians of Mark's time expected Jesus to return as Messiah in their own lifetime – Mark, like the other gospels, attributes the promise to Jesus himself (Mark 9:1 and 13:30), and it is reflected in the letters of Paul, in the epistle of James, in Hebrews, and in Revelation. When return failed, the early Christians revised their understanding. Some acknowledged that the Second Coming had been delayed, but still expected it; others redefined the focus of the promise, the Gospel of John, for example, speaking of "eternal life" as something available in the present; while still others concluded that Jesus would not return at all (2 Peter argues against those who held this view).[66]

text: Mark's despairing death of Jesus was changed to a more victorious one in subsequent gospels.[67] Mark's Christ dies with the cry, "My God, my God, why have you forsaken me?"; Matthew, the next gospel to be written, repeats this word for word but manages to make clear that Jesus's death is the beginning of the resurrection of Israel; Luke has a still more positive picture, replacing Mark's (and Matthew's) cry of despair with one of submission to God's will ("Father, into your hands I commend my spirit"); while John, the last gospel, has Jesus dying without apparent suffering in fulfillment of the divine plan.[67]

text: Sayings unique to Mark[edit]

text:
The Sabbath was made for man, not man for the Sabbath (Mark 2:27).[n 1] Not present in either Matthew 12:1–8 or Luke 6:1–5. This is also a so-called "Western non-interpolation". The passage is not found in the Western text of Mark.
People were saying, "[Jesus] has gone out of his mind", see also Rejection of Jesus (Mark 3:21).
Mark is the only gospel with the combination Mark 4:24–25, the other gospels split them up: Mark 4:24 being found in Luke 6:38 and Matthew 7:2; Mark 4:25 being found in Matthew 13:12 and 25:29, Luke 8:18 and 19:26.
Parable of the Growing Seed (4:26–29).
Only Mark counts the possessed swine; there are about two thousand (Mark 5:13).
Two consecutive healing stories of women; both make use of the number twelve (Mark 5:25 and Mark 5:42).
Only Mark gives healing commands of Jesus in the (presumably original) Aramaic: Talitha koum (Mark 5:41), Ephphatha (Mark 7:34). See Aramaic of Jesus.
Only place in the New Testament Jesus is referred to as "the son of Mary" (Mark 6:3).
Mark is the only gospel where Jesus himself is called a carpenter (Mark 6:3); in Matthew he is called a carpenter's son (Matthew 13:55).
Only place that both names his brothers and mentions his sisters (Mark 6:3); Matthew has a slightly different name for one brother (Matthew 13:55).
The taking of a staff and sandals is permitted in Mark 6:8–9 but prohibited in Matthew 10:9–10 and Luke 9:3.
Only Mark refers to Herod as a king (Mk 6:14, 24); Matthew and Luke refer to him (more properly) as a tetrarch (Mt 14:1; Lk 3:19; 9:7).
The longest version of the story of Herodias' daughter's dance and the beheading of John the Baptist (Mark 6:14–29).
Mark's literary cycles:

text:
6:30–44 – Feeding of the five thousand;
6:45–56 – Crossing of the lake;
7:1–13 – Dispute with the Pharisees;
7:14–23 – Discourse on Defilement[68]

text:
8:1–9 – Feeding of the four thousand;
8:10 – Crossing of the lake;
8:11–13 – Dispute with the Pharisees;
8:14–21 – Incident of no bread and discourse about the leaven of the Pharisees.

text:
Customs that at that time were unique to Jews are explained (hand, produce, and utensil washing): 7:3–4.
"Thus he declared all foods clean".[n 2] 7:19 NRSV, not found in the Matthean parallel Matthew 15:15–20.
There is no mention of Samaritans
Jesus heals using his fingers and spit at the same time: 7:33; cf. Mark 8:23, Luke 11:20, John 9:6, Matthew 8:16; see also Exorcism.
Jesus lays his hands on a blind man twice in curing him: 8:23–25; cf. 5:23, 16:18, Acts 6:6, 9:17, 28:8, laying on of hands.
Jesus cites the Shema Yisrael: "Hear O Israel ..." (12:29–30); in the parallels of Matt 22:37–38 and Luke 10:27 the first part of the Shema (Deut 6:4) is absent.
Mark points out that the Mount of Olives is across from the temple (13:3).
When Jesus is arrested, a young naked man flees: 14:51–52. A young man in a robe also appears in 16:5–7, see also Secret Gospel of Mark.
Mark does not name the High Priest, cf. Matt 26:57, Luke 3:2, Acts 4:6, John 18:13.
Witness testimony against Jesus does not agree (14:56, 14:59).
The cock crows "twice" as predicted (Mark 14:72). See also Fayyum Fragment. The other Gospels simply record, "the cock crew". Early codices 01, W, and most Western texts have the simpler version.[n 3]
Pilate's position (Governor) is not specified, 15:1, cf. Matt 27:2, Luke 3:1, John 18:28–29.
Simon of Cyrene's sons are named (Mark 15:21).
A summoned centurion is questioned (Mark 15:44–45).
The women ask each other who will roll away the stone (Mark 16:3), cf. Matt 28:2–7.
A young man sits on the "right side" (Mark 16:5), cf. Luke 24:4, John 20:12.
Mark is the only canonical gospel with significant various alternative endings (see Mark 16, Possible Scenarios); however, most of the contents of the traditional "Longer Ending" (Mark 16:9–20) are found in other New Testament texts and are not unique to Mark, see Mark 16#The Longer Ending. The one significant exception is 16:18b "and if they drink any deadly thing", it will not harm those who believe, which is unique to Mark.


document_title: Robert Hardy

question_text: who does robert hardy play in harry potter

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text: Robert Hardy

text: Early life[edit]

text: Hardy was born in Cheltenham in 1925 to Jocelyn (née Dugdale) and Henry Harrison Hardy,[3] the headmaster of Cheltenham College and later of Shrewsbury School. He was educated at Rugby School and Magdalen College, Oxford, where his studies were interrupted by service in the Royal Air Force during World War II. He trained as a pilot, receiving part of his instruction in Terrell,[4][5] Texas, in the British Flying Training School Program. While he visited Los Angeles[6] when on leave from flight training at Terrell, his later acting career never gained a foothold in Hollywood.[7] After service in the RAF, he returned to gain a BA (Hons) in English.[8] On BBC Radio 4's Desert Island Discs he described the degree he obtained as "shabby", although he treasured the time spent studying under C. S. Lewis and J. R. R. Tolkien.[9]

tag: p

text: Career[edit]

text: Hardy began his career as a classical actor. In 1959 he appeared as Sicinius opposite Laurence Olivier in Coriolanus at Stratford-upon-Avon, directed by Peter Hall.[10] He then appeared in Shakespeare's Henry V on stage and in television's An Age of Kings (1960), and subsequently played Coriolanus in The Spread of the Eagle (BBC, 1963) and Sir Toby Belch for the BBC Television Shakespeare production of Twelfth Night in 1980. Over the years, Hardy played a range of parts on television and film. His first continuing role in a TV series was as businessman Alec Stewart in the award-winning oil company drama The Troubleshooters for the BBC, which he played from 1966 to 1970. He won further acclaim for his portrayal of the mentally-unhinged Abwehr Sgt. Gratz in LWT's 1969 war drama Manhunt. In 1975, Hardy portrayed Albert, Prince Consort in the award-winning 13-hour serial Edward the Seventh (known as Edward the King to the American audience),[11] which he regarded as one of his best performances. "I thought I'd done a good job there, although I believe the Royal Family didn't like it all. There are always people who don't like what one does."[12]

text: He was seen as the irascible senior veterinarian Siegfried Farnon in the long-running All Creatures Great and Small (1978–90), an adaptation of James Herriot's semi-autobiographical books.[2]

text: Hardy also made an appearance in the 1986–88 ITV comedy series Hot Metal, in which he played the dual roles of newspaper proprietor Twiggy Rathbone (who bore more than a passing resemblance to Rupert Murdoch) and his editor, Russell Spam.[13] In 1993 Hardy appeared in an episode of Inspector Morse, playing Andrew Baydon in "Twilight of the Gods". In 2002, he played the role of pompous and eccentric Professor Neddy Welch in a WTTV/WGBH Boston co-production of Lucky Jim, adapted from the novel by Kingsley Amis. It aired originally as part of the Masterpiece series on PBS in the U.S. and starred Stephen Tompkinson in the title role of Jim Dixon, a luckless lecturer at a provincial British university.[14]

text: Hardy played both Winston Churchill and Franklin D. Roosevelt, each on more than one occasion. He played Churchill most notably in Winston Churchill: The Wilderness Years (1981), for which he won a BAFTA award, but also in The Sittaford Mystery, Bomber Harris and War and Remembrance. On 20 August 2010, he read Churchill's famous wartime address "Never was so much owed by so many to so few" at a ceremony to mark the 70th anniversary of the speech.[15] He played Roosevelt in the BBC serial, Bertie and Elizabeth, and in the French TV mini-series, Le Grand Charles, about the life of Charles de Gaulle.[citation needed]

text: He also played Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester, in Elizabeth R, and took the role of Sir John Middleton in the 1995 film version of Sense and Sensibility.[11]

text: His big screen roles included Professor Krempe in Mary Shelley's Frankenstein and Minister of Magic Cornelius Fudge in the Harry Potter films.[2]

text: His voice performance as Robin Hood in Tale Spinners For Children, an LP from the 1960s, is considered one of the best Robin Hood renditions.[16] His voice was also the voice of D'Artagnan in The Three Musketeers, and of Frédéric Chopin, in The Story of Chopin.[citation needed]

text: Awards[edit]

text: Hardy was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 1981 Birthday Honours.[17]

text: Personal life[edit]

text: His first marriage, in 1952, was to Elizabeth Fox, the daughter of Sir Lionel Fox; they had a son, Paul.[11] This marriage ended in 1956. In 1961 he married Sally Pearson, the daughter of the baronet Sir Neville Pearson and Dame Gladys Cooper as well as a sister-in-law of Robert Morley. From this marriage, which ended in 1986, Hardy had two other children,[11] one of whom is Justine Hardy, a journalist, activist, and psychotherapist who founded Healing Kashmir.[18][19] His second daughter, Emma, is a mother of three and a photographer.

text: He was a close friend of actor Richard Burton, whom he met at Oxford University.[17] He shared some memories of their wartime friendship and read extracts from Burton's newly-published diaries at the Cheltenham Literature Festival in 2012.[20]

text: While playing Henry V, Hardy developed an interest in medieval warfare, and in 1963 he wrote and presented an acclaimed television documentary on the subject of the Battle of Agincourt.[21] He also wrote two books on the subject of the longbow, Longbow: A Social and Military History,[22] and The Great Warbow; From Hastings to the Mary Rose with Matthew Strickland.[23] He was one of the experts consulted by the archaeologist responsible for raising the Mary Rose. He was Master of the Worshipful Company of Bowyers of the City of London from 1988 to 1990. In 1996 he was elected a Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries.[24]

text: In February 2013, Hardy withdrew from his scheduled performance as Winston Churchill in Peter Morgan's play, The Audience, after suffering cracked ribs as the result of a fall.[25]

text: Hardy died on 3 August 2017, aged 91, at Denville Hall, a home for retired actors.[2]

text: TV and filmography[edit]

text: Films[edit]

text:
Torpedo Run (1958) .... Lt. Redley
The Spy Who Came in from the Cold (1965) .... Dick Carlton
Berserk! (1967) .... Supt. Brooks
How I Won the War (1967) .... British General
Psychomania (1971) .... Chief Inspector Hesseltine
10 Rillington Place (1971) .... Malcolm Morris
Young Winston (1972) .... Headmaster
Demons of the Mind (1972) .... Zorn
Gawain and the Green Knight (1973) .... Sir Bertilak
Yellow Dog (1973) .... Alexander
The Gathering Storm (1974) .... Joachim von Ribbentrop
The Zany Adventures of Robin Hood (1984) .... King Richard
The Shooting Party (1985) .... Lord Bob Lilburn
Paris by Night (1988) .... Adam Gillvray
Mary Shelley's Frankenstein (1994) .... Professor Krempe
A Feast at Midnight (1995) .... Headmaster
Sense and Sensibility (1995) .... Sir John Middleton
Gulliver's Travels (1996) .... Dr. Parnell
Mrs. Dalloway (1997) .... Sir William Bradshaw
The Tichborne Claimant (1998) .... Lord Rivers
An Ideal Husband (1998) .... Lord Caversham
The 10th Kingdom (2000) .... Chancellor Griswold
The Gathering (2002) .... The Bishop
Thunderpants (2002) .... Doctor
Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets (2002) .... Cornelius Fudge
Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban (2004) .... Cornelius Fudge
Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (2005) .... Cornelius Fudge
Lassie (2005) .... Judge Murray
Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix (2007) .... Cornelius Fudge
Margaret (2009) .... Willie Whitelaw
Old Harry (Short) (2009) .... Old Harry
Churchill: 100 Days That Saved Britain (2015) .... Winston Churchill
Joseph's Reel (short) (2015) .... Old Joseph
Snapshot Wedding (2017 pre-production) .... Donald

text: Television[edit]

text:
An Age of Kings (1960)
The Spread of the Eagle (1963) .... Coriolanus
The Troubleshooters (1966-70)
The Baron (1966), episode "A Memory of Evil"
The Saint (1968), season 6, episode 4, "The Desperate Diplomat"
Manhunt (1969) .... Abwehr Sgt Graz
Elizabeth R (1971) .... Robert Dudley
Edward the Seventh (1975) .... Albert, Prince Consort
Upstairs, Downstairs (1975), season 5, episode 8, "Such A Lovely Man"
The Duchess of Duke Street (1976) Episode: "A Lady of Virtue"
All Creatures Great and Small (1978–1980 and 1988–1990; entire series) .... Siegfried Farnon
Twelfth Night (1980)
The Pied Piper of Hamelin (1980), narrator of BAFTA winning animation by Cosgrove Hall Films
Winston Churchill: The Wilderness Years (1981), Winston Churchill
The Case-Book of Sherlock Holmes, episode "The Master Blackmailer" (1991) .... Charles Milverton
Jenny's War (1985) .... Klein
Northanger Abbey (1986) .... General Tilney
Hot Metal (1986-88) .... Terence "Twiggy" Rathbone
War and Remembrance (1988) .... Winston Churchill
Middlemarch (1994) .... Mr. Brooke
Inspector Morse, episode "Twilight of the Gods"
Midsomer Murders (1999), season 2, episode 3, "Dead Man's Eleven"
Foyle's War, "The German Woman"
Spooks (2003), second series, episode 4, "Blood and Money" .... Bank of England supreme manager
Making Waves (2004)
Agatha Christie's Marple, series 2, episode "The Sittaford Mystery" (2006) .... Winston Churchill
Little Dorrit (2008)
Lewis, series 4, episode "Dark Matter" (2010)


document_title: Malchus

question_text: who cut off the man's ear in the bible

question_tokens: who cut off the man 's ear in the bible

text: Malchus

text: This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

tag: table

text: Malchus /ˈmælkəs/ is the servant of the Jewish High Priest Caiaphas who participated in the arrest of Jesus as written in the four gospels. According to the Bible, one of the disciples, Simon Peter, being armed with a sword, cut off the servant's ear in an attempt to prevent the arrest of Jesus.

text: Simon cutting off Malchus' ear is related in all four canonical gospels, in Matthew 26:51, Mark 14:47, Luke 22:50-51, and John 18:10–11, but Simon and Malchus are named only in the Gospel of John. Also, Luke is the only gospel that says Jesus healed the servant. This was Jesus' last recorded miracle prior to his resurrection.

text: The relevant passage in the Gospel of John, KJV, reads:

text:
10 Then Simon Peter having a sword drew it, and smote the high priest's servant, and cut off his right ear. The servant's name was Malchus.
11 Then said Jesus unto Peter, Put up thy sword into the sheath: the cup which my Father hath given me, shall I not drink it?

text: Although rejecting biblical inerrancy, James F. McGrath suggests that this account reflects an event that did happen, in that early Christians would hardly have invented a story portraying themselves as violent.[2]

text: Later in Chapter 18, John records that a relative of Malchus witnessed Peter's assault in the Garden of Gethsemane, and identified Peter as a follower of Christ. Peter denied this.

text: Thornton Wilder wrote a short play entitled, "The Servant's Name Was Malchus". It appeared in the collection The Angel That Troubled the Waters and Other Plays.

text: Malchus was portrayed by Paul Brightwell in the 2013 TV miniseries The Bible.

text: "Malchus" is a book by W. G. Griffiths published in 2002 by RiverOaks Publishing.


document_title: 2017–18 UEFA Champions League knockout phase

question_text: when is the draw for the knockout stages champions league

text: Round and draw dates[edit]

text: The schedule of the knockout phase is as follows (all draws are held at the UEFA headquarters in Nyon, Switzerland).[1]

text:
Round
Draw
First leg
Second leg

Round of 16
11 December 2017
13–14 & 20–21 February 2018
6–7 & 13–14 March 2018

Quarter-finals
16 March 2018
3–4 April 2018
10–11 April 2018

Semi-finals
13 April 2018
24–25 April 2018
1–2 May 2018

Final
26 May 2018 at NSC Olimpiyskiy Stadium, Kiev

text: Format[edit]

text: The knockout phase involves the 16 teams which qualify as winners and runners-up of each of the eight groups in the group stage.

text: Each tie in the knockout phase, apart from the final, is played over two legs, with each team playing one leg at home. The team that scores more goals on aggregate over the two legs advance to the next round. If the aggregate score is level, the away goals rule is applied, i.e. the team that scored more goals away from home over the two legs advances. If away goals are also equal, then thirty minutes of extra time is played. The away goals rule is again applied after extra time, i.e. if there are goals scored during extra time and the aggregate score is still level, the visiting team advances by virtue of more away goals scored. If no goals are scored during extra time, the tie is decided by penalty shoot-out. In the final, which is played as a single match, if scores are level at the end of normal time, extra time is played, followed by penalty shoot-out if scores remain tied.[2]

text: The mechanism of the draws for each round is as follows:

text:
In the draw for the round of 16, the eight group winners are seeded, and the eight group runners-up are unseeded. The seeded teams are drawn against the unseeded teams, with the seeded teams hosting the second leg. Teams from the same group or the same association cannot be drawn against each other.
In the draws for the quarter-finals onwards, there are no seedings, and teams from the same group or the same association can be drawn against each other.

text: Qualified teams[edit]

text:
Group
Winners
(seeded in round of 16 draw)
Runners-up
(unseeded in round of 16 draw)

A
 Manchester United
 Basel

B
 Paris Saint-Germain
 Bayern Munich

C
 Roma
 Chelsea

D
 Barcelona
 Juventus

E
 Liverpool
 Sevilla

F
 Manchester City
 Shakhtar Donetsk

G
 Beşiktaş
 Porto

H
 Tottenham Hotspur
 Real Madrid

text: Bracket[edit]

text: The full bracket will be known after the semi-final draw.

text: Round of 16[edit]

text: The draw for the round of 16 was held on 11 December 2017, 12:00 CET.[3]

text: Summary[edit]

text: The first legs were played on 13, 14, 20 and 21 February, and the second legs will be played on 6, 7, 13 and 14 March 2018.

text:
Team 1
Agg.
Team 2
1st leg
2nd leg

Juventus

 Tottenham Hotspur
2–2
7 Mar

Basel

 Manchester City
0–4
7 Mar

Porto

 Liverpool
0–5
6 Mar

Sevilla

 Manchester United
0–0
13 Mar

Real Madrid

 Paris Saint-Germain
3–1
6 Mar

Shakhtar Donetsk

 Roma
2–1
13 Mar

Chelsea

 Barcelona
1–1
14 Mar

Bayern Munich

 Beşiktaş
5–0
14 Mar

text: Matches[edit]

text: Juventus  v  Tottenham Hotspur

text:
13 February 2018 (2018-02-13)
20:45

text:
Juventus
2–2
 Tottenham Hotspur

Higuaín  2', 9' (pen.)

Report

Kane  35'
Eriksen  71'

text:
Juventus Stadium, Turin
Attendance: 41,232[4]
Referee: Felix Brych (Germany)

text: Tottenham Hotspur  v  Juventus

text:
7 March 2018 (2018-03-07)
20:45

text:
Tottenham Hotspur
v
 Juventus

Report

text: Wembley Stadium, London

text: Basel  v  Manchester City

text:
13 February 2018 (2018-02-13)
20:45

text:
Basel
0–4
 Manchester City

Report

Gündoğan  14', 53'
B. Silva  18'
Agüero  23'

text:
St. Jakob-Park, Basel
Attendance: 36,000[5]
Referee: Jonas Eriksson (Sweden)

text: Manchester City  v  Basel

text:
7 March 2018 (2018-03-07)
20:45

text:
Manchester City
v
 Basel

Report

text: City of Manchester Stadium, Manchester

text: Porto  v  Liverpool

text:
14 February 2018 (2018-02-14)
20:45

text:
Porto
0–5
 Liverpool

Report

Mané  25', 53', 85'
Salah  29'
Firmino  69'

text:
Estádio do Dragão, Porto
Attendance: 47,718[6]
Referee: Daniele Orsato (Italy)

text: Liverpool  v  Porto

text:
6 March 2018 (2018-03-06)
20:45

text:
Liverpool
v
 Porto

Report

text: Anfield, Liverpool

text: Sevilla  v  Manchester United

text:
21 February 2018 (2018-02-21)
20:45

text:
Sevilla
0–0
 Manchester United

Report

text:
Ramón Sánchez Pizjuán, Seville
Attendance: 39,725[7]
Referee: Clément Turpin (France)

text: Manchester United  v  Sevilla

text:
13 March 2018 (2018-03-13)
20:45

text:
Manchester United
v
 Sevilla

Report

text: Old Trafford, Manchester

text: Real Madrid  v  Paris Saint-Germain

text:
14 February 2018 (2018-02-14)
20:45

text:
Real Madrid
3–1
 Paris Saint-Germain

Ronaldo  45' (pen.), 83'
Marcelo  86'

Report

Rabiot  33'

text:
Santiago Bernabéu, Madrid
Attendance: 78,158[8]
Referee: Gianluca Rocchi (Italy)

text: Paris Saint-Germain  v  Real Madrid

text:
6 March 2018 (2018-03-06)
20:45

text:
Paris Saint-Germain
v
 Real Madrid

Report

text: Parc des Princes, Paris

text: Shakhtar Donetsk  v  Roma

text:
21 February 2018 (2018-02-21)
20:45

text:
Shakhtar Donetsk
2–1
 Roma

Ferreyra  52'
Fred  71'

Report

Ünder  41'

text:
Metalist Stadium, Kharkiv[note 1]
Attendance: 35,124[9]
Referee: Willie Collum (Scotland)

text: Roma  v  Shakhtar Donetsk

text:
13 March 2018 (2018-03-13)
20:45

text:
Roma
v
 Shakhtar Donetsk

Report

text: Stadio Olimpico, Rome

text: Chelsea  v  Barcelona

text:
20 February 2018 (2018-02-20)
20:45

text:
Chelsea
1–1
 Barcelona

Willian  62'

Report

Messi  75'

text:
Stamford Bridge, London
Attendance: 37,741[10]
Referee: Cüneyt Çakır (Turkey)

text: Barcelona  v  Chelsea

text:
14 March 2018 (2018-03-14)
20:45

text:
Barcelona
v
 Chelsea

Report

text: Camp Nou, Barcelona

text: Bayern Munich  v  Beşiktaş

text:
20 February 2018 (2018-02-20)
20:45

text:
Bayern Munich
5–0
 Beşiktaş

Müller  43', 66'
Coman  53'
Lewandowski  79', 88'

Report

text:
Allianz Arena, Munich
Attendance: 70,000[11]
Referee: Ovidiu Hațegan (Romania)

text: Beşiktaş  v  Bayern Munich

text:
14 March 2018 (2018-03-14)
18:00

text:
Beşiktaş
v
 Bayern Munich

Report

text: Vodafone Park, Istanbul

text: Quarter-finals[edit]

text: The draw for the quarter-finals will be held on 16 March 2018, 12:00 CET.[12]

text: The first legs will be played on 3 and 4 April, and the second legs will be played on 10 and 11 April 2018.

text: Semi-finals[edit]

text: The draw for the semi-finals will be held on 13 April 2018, 12:00 CEST.[13]

text: The first legs will be played on 24 and 25 April, and the second legs will be played on 1 and 2 May 2018.

text: Final[edit]

text: The 2018 UEFA Champions League Final will be played at the NSC Olimpiyskiy in Kiev on 26 May 2018. The "home" team for the final (for administrative purposes) will be determined by an additional draw held after the semi-final draw.[13]

text: TBD  v  TBD

text:
26 May 2018 (2018-05-26)
20:45

text:
TBD
v
 TBD

Report

text: NSC Olimpiyskiy Stadium, Kiev

text: Notes[edit]

text: Jump up ^ Shakhtar Donetsk played their home match at Metalist Stadium, Kharkiv, instead of their regular stadium Donbass Arena, Donetsk, due to the war conditions in Eastern Ukraine.


document_title: Rabab Hashim

question_text: mere dard ki tujhe kya khabar cast name

question_tokens: mere dard ki tujhe kya khabar cast name

text: Rabab Hashim

text: Career

text: Rabab Hashim (often spelled as Rubab Hashim too) was born on 28 November 1992 in Phalia, Pakistan, and made her debut on the silver screen by being a child reporter for GeoTV at a mere age of 10. She received her BBA (Hons.) in the major of Marketing from the Institute of Business Management (IoBM), Karachi and received her formal training in theater arts from National Academy of Performing Arts (Pakistan)by graduating from there with full honors.[2] Her first conspicuous debut on TV was with the successful soap aired from HumTV, Na Kaho Tum Mere Nahi with Ahsan Khan and Saba Qamar, from 2012 to 2013, followed by a number of successful drama series since then, most significantly Ishqaway and Mannat. She has come to be known as one of the prominent and serious actors in the Pakistani acting arena.[3] In addition to acting and appearing in a number of commercials as a model, she has lately appeared as a host or anchor in a few TV programs and sports shows, including a sports show "Khelo aur Jeeto" (Geo Super channel) and the T20 World Cup transmissions (ICC World Twenty20. She is a host of a program "Social diaries" aired by TV One.

text: She is an avid reader and a connoisseur of good books.

text: Television

text:
Year
Serial
Role
Channel

2012
Na Kaho Tum Mere Nahi
Maya
Hum TV

2014
Zid
Rukhi
Hum TV

2015
Piya Mann Bhaye
Mantasha
Geo TV

2015
Anaya Tumhari Hui
Anaya
Geo TV

2015
Ishqaway
Safina
Geo TV

2015
Mere Dard Ki Tujhe Kya Khabar
Zara
Ary Digital

2015
Aik Thi Misaal
Bushra
Hum TV

2016
Mannchali
Ambreen
Geo TV

2016
Marzi
Manaal
Geo TV

2016
Mannat
Mannat
Geo TV

2017
Tumhare Hain
Zoya
ARY Digital

2017
Amanat
Tehzeeb
Urdu 1

2017
Mohabbat Khawab Safar
Neelum
Hum TV


document_title: List of best-selling video games

question_text: what is the top-selling videogame of all time

text: List of best-selling video games

text: Video games

text:
Key

Game was shipped with a console during its lifetime

Sales figure includes paid mobile downloads

Sales figure includes expansion pack sales

text:
List of best-selling video games on all platforms

No.
Title
Developer(s)[a]
Publisher(s)[a]
Release date
Platform(s)
Sales
Ref.

1
Tetris
Elektronorgtechnica
Spectrum HoloByte[b]
000000001984-06-06-0000June 6, 1984
Multi-platform
170,000,000
[2]

2
Minecraft
Mojang
Mojang
000000002011-11-18-0000November 18, 2011
Multi-platform
122,000,000
[5]

3
Grand Theft Auto V
Rockstar North
Rockstar Games
000000002013-09-17-0000September 17, 2013
Multi-platform
85,000,000
[8]

4
Wii Sports
Nintendo EAD
Nintendo
000000002006-11-19-0000November 19, 2006
Wii
82,830,000
[6]

5
Super Mario Bros.
Nintendo R&D4
Nintendo
000000001985-09-13-0000September 13, 1985
NES
40,240,000
[9]

6
Mario Kart Wii
Nintendo EAD
Nintendo
000000002008-04-10-0000April 10, 2008
Wii
37,020,000
[6]

7
Wii Sports Resort
Nintendo EAD
Nintendo
000000002009-06-25-0000June 25, 2009
Wii
33,060,000
[6]

8
Pokémon Red, Green and Blue
Game Freak
Nintendo
000000001996-02-27-0000February 27, 1996
Game Boy
31,380,000
[10]

9
New Super Mario Bros.
Nintendo EAD
Nintendo
000000002006-05-15-0000May 15, 2006
Nintendo DS
30,800,000
[11]

10
New Super Mario Bros. Wii
Nintendo EAD
Nintendo
000000002009-11-11-0000November 11, 2009
Wii
30,110,000
[6]

11
The Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim
Bethesda Game Studios
Bethesda Softworks
000000002011-11-11-0000November 11, 2011
Multi-platform
30,000,000
[12]

12
Diablo III
Blizzard Entertainment
Blizzard Entertainment
000000002012-05-15-0000May 15, 2012
Multi-platform
30,000,000[c]
[13]

13
Duck Hunt
Nintendo R&D1
Nintendo
000000001984-04-21-0000April 21, 1984
NES
28,300,000
[14]

14
Wii Play
Nintendo EAD
Nintendo
000000002006-12-02-0000December 2, 2006
Wii
28,020,000
[6]

15
Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas
Rockstar North
Rockstar Games
000000002004-10-26-0000October 26, 2004
Multi-platform
27,500,000
[15]

16
Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 3
Infinity Ward
Sledgehammer Games
Activision
000000002011-11-08-0000November 8, 2011
Multi-platform
26,500,000
[16]

17
Call of Duty: Black Ops
Treyarch
Activision
000000002010-11-09-0000November 9, 2010
Multi-platform
26,200,000
[16]

18
Grand Theft Auto IV
Rockstar North
Rockstar Games
000000002008-04-29-0000April 29, 2008
Multi-platform
25,000,000
[17]

19
Call of Duty: Black Ops II
Treyarch
Activision
000000002012-11-12-0000November 12, 2012
Multi-platform
24,200,000
[16]

20
Kinect Adventures!
Good Science Studio
Microsoft Studios
000000002010-11-04-0000November 4, 2010
Xbox 360
24,000,000
[18]

21
PlayerUnknown's Battlegrounds
Bluehole
Bluehole
000000002017-12-20-0000December 20, 2017
Microsoft Windows
24,000,000
[19]

22
Nintendogs
Nintendo EAD
Nintendo
000000002005-04-21-0000April 21, 2005
Nintendo DS
23,960,000
[11]

23
Mario Kart DS
Nintendo EAD
Nintendo
000000002005-11-14-0000November 14, 2005
Nintendo DS
23,600,000
[11]

24
Pokémon Gold and Silver
Game Freak
Nintendo
000000001999-11-21-0000November 21, 1999
Game Boy Color
23,100,000
[20]

25
Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2
Infinity Ward
Activision
000000002009-11-10-0000November 10, 2009
Multi-platform
22,700,000
[16]

26
Wii Fit
Nintendo EAD
Nintendo
000000002007-12-01-0000December 1, 2007
Wii
22,670,000
[6]

27
Wii Fit Plus
Nintendo EAD
Nintendo
000000002009-10-01-0000October 1, 2009
Wii
21,130,000
[6]

28
Super Mario World
Nintendo EAD
Nintendo
000000001990-11-21-0000November 21, 1990
Super NES
20,610,000
[21]

29
Frogger
Konami
Sega
000000001981-06-05-0000June 5, 1981
Multi-platform
20,000,000
[22]

30
Lemmings
DMA Design
Psygnosis
000000001991-02-14-0000February 14, 1991
Multi-platform
20,000,000
[23]

31
Terraria
Re-Logic
Re-Logic
000000002011-05-16-0000May 16, 2011
Multi-platform
20,000,000
[24]

32
Brain Age
Nintendo SPD
Nintendo
000000002005-05-19-0000May 19, 2005
Nintendo DS
19,010,000
[11]

33
Call of Duty: Ghosts
Infinity Ward
Activision
000000002013-11-05-0000November 5, 2013
Multi-platform
19,000,000
[25]

34
Super Mario Land
Nintendo R&D1
Nintendo
000000001989-04-21-0000April 21, 1989
Game Boy
18,140,000
[21]

35
Pokémon Diamond and Pearl
Game Freak
The Pokémon Company
000000002006-09-28-0000September 28, 2006
Nintendo DS
17,670,000
[11]

36
Grand Theft Auto: Vice City
Rockstar North
Rockstar Games
000000002002-10-27-0000October 27, 2002
Multi-platform
17,500,000
[26]

37
Super Mario Bros. 3
Nintendo R&D4
Nintendo
000000001988-10-23-0000October 23, 1988
NES
17,280,000
[21]

38
Pokémon Ruby and Sapphire
Game Freak
The Pokémon Company
000000002002-11-21-0000November 21, 2002
Game Boy Advance
16,220,000
[27]

39
Pokémon X and Y
Game Freak
The Pokémon Company
000000002013-10-12-0000October 12, 2013
Nintendo 3DS
16,200,000
[28]

40
The Sims
Maxis
Electronic Arts
000000002000-01-31-0000January 31, 2000
Multi-platform
16,000,000
[29]

41
Need for Speed: Most Wanted
EA Black Box
Electronic Arts
000000002005-11-11-0000November 11, 2005
Multi-platform
16,000,000
[30]

42
Mario Kart 7
Nintendo EAD
Nintendo
000000002011-12-01-0000December 1, 2011
Nintendo 3DS
15,950,000
[28]

43
Pokémon Sun and Moon
Game Freak
The Pokémon Company
000000002016-11-18-0000November 18, 2016
Nintendo 3DS
15,910,000
[28]

44
Call of Duty 4: Modern Warfare
Infinity Ward
Activision
000000002007-11-05-0000November 5, 2007
Multi-platform
15,700,000
[16]

45
Call of Duty: World at War
Treyarch
Activision
000000002008-11-11-0000November 11, 2008
Multi-platform
15,700,000
[16]

46
Pokémon Black and White
Game Freak
The Pokémon Company
000000002010-09-18-0000September 18, 2010
Nintendo DS
15,640,000
[11]

47
Sonic the Hedgehog
Sonic Team
Sega
000000001991-06-23-0000June 23, 1991
Sega Mega Drive
15,000,000
[31]

48
Red Dead Redemption
Rockstar San Diego
Rockstar Games
000000002010-05-18-0000May 18, 2010
Multi-platform
15,000,000
[32]

49
Battlefield 3
EA DICE
Electronic Arts
000000002011-10-25-0000October 25, 2011
Multi-platform
15,000,000
[33]

50
Gran Turismo 3: A-Spec
Polyphony Digital
Sony Computer Entertainment
000000002001-04-28-0000April 28, 2001
PlayStation 2
14,890,000
[34]


document_title: Triple Crown (baseball)

question_text: last person to win triple crown in mlb

question_tokens: last person to win triple crown in mlb

text: Triple Crown (baseball)

text: Batting Triple Crown[edit]

text: The term "Triple Crown" generally refers to the batting achievement. A batter who completes a season leading a league in batting average, home runs, and runs batted in (RBI) may be said to have won the "Triple Crown".[1] As the term, unless modified, connotes the batting achievement, it may not be necessary to refer to this as the "batting" Triple Crown.

text: The Triple Crown reflects the ability of a batter to excel in three important ways: to hit safely a high percentage of the time (batting average); to hit the ball long distances (home runs); and to produce when runners are on base, driving them home to score (RBI). It is an uncommon feat to lead all batters in each of these categories. It has been accomplished 17 times in a major league, most recently in 2012, by Miguel Cabrera. Cabrera's was the first since 1967, when Carl Yastrzemski accomplished the feat.

text: In the major leagues, the most batting Triple Crowns won by a player is two. Rogers Hornsby was the first to accomplish it, winning his first in 1922 and then leading all major leagues in 1925 en route to his second Triple Crown, both with the St. Louis Cardinals.[3][4] Ted Williams later matched this mark in the AL, winning in 1942 and 1947 with the Boston Red Sox.[5][6] The Cardinals have won the most batting Triple Crowns as a franchise with four. Along with Hornsby's two, Tip O'Neill won in the now-defunct American Association in 1887 while the team was known as the St. Louis Browns,[7] and Joe Medwick added the Cardinals' fourth in 1937.[8] Eleven of the thirteen eligible[9] players who have offensive Triple Crowns have been elected to the Hall of Fame.[10] [11] Baseball writer and ESPN contributor Tim Kurkjian believes the Triple Crown has become more difficult to win with the advent of more hitters who choose to specialize in either hitting for batting average or power.[12]

text: Pitching Triple Crown[edit]

text: A pitcher who leads the league in wins, strikeouts, and earned run average (ERA) is said to have won the "Pitching Triple Crown".[13] In contrast to the respective batting statistics, the Pitching Triple Crown statistics are more or less complimentary of one another (for example, a pitcher who is especially proficient at striking out batters is likely to allow a relatively low number of earned runs, and consequently more likely to win games), therefore, the accomplishment is not quite as rare as the batting feat.

text: In the major leagues, the Pitching Triple Crown has been accomplished 38 times. The most by one player is three, accomplished by three players. Grover Cleveland Alexander captured his first two in consecutive seasons with the Philadelphia Phillies (1915–1916), and won a third in 1920 with the Chicago Cubs. Alexander is the only major league pitcher to win a Pitching Triple Crown with more than one major league team.[14][15][16] Walter Johnson won his three Triple Crowns with the first Washington Senators, leading the league in all three categories in 1913, 1918, and 1924.[17][18][19] Sandy Koufax was the most recent to capture three Triple Crowns, winning his three within four seasons for the Los Angeles Dodgers (1963, 1965–1966); all of Koufax's crowns were Major League Crowns (led both leagues), the most for any player.[20][21][22]

text: Other major league pitchers who have won multiple Pitching Triple Crowns include Christy Mathewson (1905 and 1908 New York Giants), Lefty Grove (1930 and 1931 Philadelphia Athletics), Lefty Gomez (1934 and 1937 New York Yankees), and Roger Clemens (1997 and 1998 Toronto Blue Jays).[23]

text: One pitcher, Guy Hecker, won a Triple Crown in a major league that is currently defunct; he led the American Association in wins, strikeouts, and ERA in 1884 while pitching for the Louisville Colonels.[24]

text: Eighteen of twenty-four major league pitchers who have won a Triple Crown and are eligible for the Hall of Fame have been elected to the Hall of Fame.[25] The Triple Crown winners who most recently became eligible for the Hall are Pedro Martínez and Randy Johnson. Both were elected to the Hall of Fame in 2015, each in their first year of eligibility.[26]

text: The most recent major league pitchers to achieve the feat are Clayton Kershaw and Justin Verlander, who won for the NL and AL respectively in 2011 (the first season since 1924 to see Triple Crown winners in both leagues).[27]

text: Major League Records[edit]

text: The first major league pitcher to achieve the Pitching Triple Crown was Tommy Bond, in the NL in 1877. The following year, Paul Hines became the first major leaguer to lead the NL in the three batting categories; he and Miguel Cabrera are the only to two players to hit for an AL or NL Triple Crown winners and not (yet) reach the Hall of Fame, although Cabrera is not yet eligible for election.[10][23] The highest home run total reached by a Crown winner was Mickey Mantle, with 52 in 1956. The highest RBI total belongs to Lou Gehrig, with 165 in 1934. Rogers Hornsby has the highest home run total by a NL winner, 42, from his 1922 campaign. The NL high for RBI is 154, made by Joe Medwick in 1937. Hugh Duffy's .440 average in 1894 is the highest batting average by any player in NL history. Nap Lajoie, in 1901, set the all-time AL single-season high in batting average with .426. Among the major leaguers who earned the pitching Triple Crown, the lowest ERAs belong to Walter Johnson (1.14 in 1913 AL) and Grover Alexander (1.22 in 1915 NL). The highest win total belongs to Charles Radbourn, amassed in 1884, who in that year set a major league single-season record with at least 59 wins.[28] [29] Radbourn struck out 441 batters that season, the highest total for a Triple Crown winner. Walter Johnson holds the highest win total by an AL pitching Triple Crown winner, with 36, attained in 1913. Among AL pitching Triple Crown winners, Pedro Martínez registered the highest season strikeout total, with 313 in 1999. Since 1901, the major league pitcher with the highest season strikeout total in the course of a Triple Crown season is Sandy Koufax, punching out 382 in 1965.

text: Triple Crown winners[edit]

text:
Year
Links to the article about the corresponding Major League Baseball season

Member of the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum

Player is active

*
Denotes "Major League" Triple Crown

§
Player also won the MVP Award in the same year

HR
Home runs

RBI
Runs batted in

AVG
Batting average

W
Wins

K
Strikeouts

ERA
Earned run average

NL
National League

AL
American League

AA
American Association

text: Batting[edit]

text: NOTE: Research in 2015 places the Chicago Cubs' Heinie Zimmerman of 1912 (back) on this list as well.[30] Yet there is doubt over whether Hugh Duffy's 1894 RBI totals were the highest.[31]

text:
Year
Player
Position
Team
League
HR
RBI
AVG
Ref(s)

1878
Hines, PaulPaul Hines
Center fielder
Providence Grays
NL
4
50
.358
[32]

1887
O'Neill, TipTip O'Neill
Left fielder
St. Louis Browns
AA
14
123
.435
[7]

1894
Duffy, HughHugh Duffy
Outfielder
Boston Beaneaters
NL
18
145
.440
[33]

1901
Lajoie, NapNap Lajoie
Second baseman
Philadelphia Athletics
AL
14
125
.426
[34]

1909
Cobb, TyTy Cobb
Right fielder
Detroit Tigers
AL
9*
107*
.377*
[35][36]

1922
Hornsby, RogersRogers Hornsby
Second baseman
St. Louis Cardinals
NL
42
152
.401
[3]

1925
Hornsby, RogersRogers Hornsby
Second baseman
St. Louis Cardinals
NL
39*
143*
.403*
[4][37]

1933
Foxx, JimmieJimmie Foxx§
First baseman
Philadelphia Athletics
AL
48
163
.356
[38]

1933
Klein, ChuckChuck Klein
Right fielder
Philadelphia Phillies
NL
28
120
.368
[39]

1934
Gehrig, LouLou Gehrig
First baseman
New York Yankees
AL
49*
165*
.363*
[40][41]

1937
Medwick, JoeJoe Medwick§
Left fielder
St. Louis Cardinals
NL
31
154
.374
[42]

1942
Williams, TedTed Williams
Left fielder
Boston Red Sox
AL
36*
137*
.356*
[5][43]

1947
Williams, TedTed Williams
Left fielder
Boston Red Sox
AL
32
114
.343
[6]

1956
Mantle, MickeyMickey Mantle§
Center fielder
New York Yankees
AL
52*
130*
.353*
[44][45]

1966
Robinson, FrankFrank Robinson§
Right fielder
Baltimore Orioles
AL
49
122
.316
[46]

1967
Yastrzemski, CarlCarl Yastrzemski§
Left fielder
Boston Red Sox
AL
44
121
.326
[47]

2012
Cabrera, MiguelMiguel Cabrera§
Third Baseman
Detroit Tigers
AL
44
139
.330
[48]

text: Pitching[edit]

text:
Year
Player
Team
League
ERA
W
K
Ref(s)

1877
Bond, TommyTommy Bond
Boston Red Caps
NL
2.11
40
170
[49]

1884
Hecker, GuyGuy Hecker
Louisville Colonels
AA
1.80
52
385
[24]

1884
Radbourn, CharlesCharles Radbourn
Providence Grays
NL
1.38
59
441
[50]

1888
Keefe, TimTim Keefe
New York Giants
NL
1.74
35
335
[51]

1889
Clarkson, JohnJohn Clarkson
Boston Beaneaters
NL
2.73
49
284
[52]

1894
Rusie, AmosAmos Rusie
New York Giants
NL
2.78
36
195
[53]

1901
Young, CyCy Young
Boston Americans
AL
1.62
33
158
[54]

1905
Mathewson, ChristyChristy Mathewson
New York Giants
NL
1.27
31
206
[55]

1905
Waddell, RubeRube Waddell
Philadelphia Athletics
AL
1.48
27
287
[56]

1908
Mathewson, ChristyChristy Mathewson
New York Giants
NL
1.43
37
259
[57]

1913
Johnson, WalterWalter Johnson
Washington Senators
AL
1.14*
36*
243*
[17][58]

1915
Alexander, Grover ClevelandGrover Cleveland Alexander
Philadelphia Phillies
NL
1.22*
31*
241*
[14][59]

1916
Alexander, Grover ClevelandGrover Cleveland Alexander
Philadelphia Phillies
NL
1.55
33
167
[15]

1918
Johnson, WalterWalter Johnson
Washington Senators
AL
1.27*
23*
162*
[18][60]

1918
Vaughn, HippoHippo Vaughn
Chicago Cubs
NL
1.74
22
148
[61]

1920
Alexander, Grover ClevelandGrover Cleveland Alexander
Chicago Cubs
NL
1.91
27
173
[16]

1924
Johnson, WalterWalter Johnson
Washington Senators
AL
2.72
23
158
[19]

1924
Vance, DazzyDazzy Vance
Brooklyn Robins
NL
2.16*
28*
262*
[62][63]

1930
Grove, LeftyLefty Grove
Philadelphia Athletics
AL
2.54*
28*
209*
[64][65]

1931
Grove, LeftyLefty Grove§
Philadelphia Athletics
AL
2.06*
31*
175*
[66][67]

1934
Gomez, LeftyLefty Gomez
New York Yankees
AL
2.33
26
158
[68]

1937
Gomez, LeftyLefty Gomez
New York Yankees
AL
2.33
21
194
[69]

1939
Walters, BuckyBucky Walters§
Cincinnati Reds
NL
2.29
27
137
[70]

1940
Feller, BobBob Feller
Cleveland Indians
AL
2.61
27
261
[71]

1945
Newhouser, HalHal Newhouser§
Detroit Tigers
AL
1.81*
25*
212*
[72][73]

1963
Koufax, SandySandy Koufax§
Los Angeles Dodgers
NL
1.88*
25*
306*
[20][74]

1965
Koufax, SandySandy Koufax
Los Angeles Dodgers
NL
2.04*
26*
382*
[21][75]

1966
Koufax, SandySandy Koufax
Los Angeles Dodgers
NL
1.73*
27*
317*
[22][76]

1972
Carlton, SteveSteve Carlton
Philadelphia Phillies
NL
1.97
27
310
[77]

1985
Gooden, DwightDwight Gooden
New York Mets
NL
1.53*
24*
268*
[78][79]

1997
Clemens, RogerRoger Clemens
Toronto Blue Jays
AL
2.05
21
292
[80]

1998
Clemens, RogerRoger Clemens
Toronto Blue Jays
AL
2.65
20
271
[81]

1999
Martínez, PedroPedro Martínez
Boston Red Sox
AL
2.07
23
313
[82]

2002
Johnson, RandyRandy Johnson
Arizona Diamondbacks
NL
2.32
24
334
[83]

2006
Santana, JohanJohan Santana
Minnesota Twins
AL
2.77*
19*
245*
[84][85]

2007
Peavy, JakeJake Peavy
San Diego Padres
NL
2.54
19
240
[86]

2011
Kershaw, ClaytonClayton Kershaw
Los Angeles Dodgers
NL
2.28
21
248
[87]

2011
Verlander, JustinJustin Verlander§
Detroit Tigers
AL
2.40
24
250
[88]