document_title: Black Mirror

question_text: what episode is the beginning of black mirror

text: Black Mirror

text: Episodes[edit]

text: The show was originally commissioned by Channel 4 in the United Kingdom, and premiered in December 2011. A second series ran during February 2013. In September 2015, Netflix purchased the programme, commissioning a series of 12 episodes later divided into two series of six episodes.[1] The first of these series was released on Netflix worldwide as the overall third series on 21 October 2016. The fourth series was released on 29 December 2017.[2]

text:
Series
Episodes
Originally aired

First aired
Last aired
Network

1
3
4 December 2011 (2011-12-04)
18 December 2011 (2011-12-18)
Channel 4

2
3
11 February 2013 (2013-02-11)
25 February 2013 (2013-02-25)

Special
16 December 2014 (2014-12-16)

3
6
21 October 2016 (2016-10-21)
Netflix

4
6
29 December 2017 (2017-12-29)

text: Production[edit]

text: Conception and style[edit]

text: Charlie Brooker had completed production of Dead Set, a zombie-based drama series, and while working on Newswipe and other programmes, had decided that he wanted to make another drama series, in an anthology style like The Twilight Zone, Tales of the Unexpected, and Hammer House of Horror.[3][4] Brooker recognised that Rod Serling had written episodes of The Twilight Zone using contemporary issues, often controversial such as racism, but placing them in fictional settings as to get around television censors at the time.[4] For Brooker, he realised he could do similar commentary on modern issues, and specifically focusing on mankind's dependency on technology, something he encountered while producing the series How TV Ruined Your Life.[4] Brooker pulled the series' title from this approach:

text: "If technology is a drug – and it does feel like a drug – then what, precisely, are the side effects? This area – between delight and discomfort – is where Black Mirror, my new drama series, is set. The 'black mirror' of the title is the one you'll find on every wall, on every desk, in the palm of every hand: the cold, shiny screen of a TV, a monitor, a smartphone."[4]

text: Brooker wanted to keep the anthology approach, using new stories, settings, characters and actors for each episode, as he felt this approach was a key element of enjoying shows like The Twilight Zone; he said "There was a signature tone to the stories, the same dark chocolate coating – but the filling was always a surprise."[4] This approach would allow Black Mirror to contrast with current dramas and serials that had a standard recurring cast.[4] According to Brooker, the production team considered giving the series a linking theme or presenter, but ultimately it was decided not to do so: "There were discussions. Do we set them all in the same street? Do we have some characters who appear in each episode, a bit Three Colours: Blue/White/Red style? We did think about having a character who introduces them, Tales from the Crypt style, or like Rod Serling or Alfred Hitchcock or Roald Dahl, because most anthology shows did have that... but the more we thought about it, we thought it was a bit weird."[5]

text: While the production does not use linking elements, the show has included allusions and Easter eggs from previous episodes into later ones. For example, "Hated in the Nation" in the third series calls back to the events of both the first series episode "The National Anthem" and the second series episode "White Bear".[6] while the final episode of fourth series "Black Museum" includes references to each prior episode of the series.[7] Some of these are for the ease of reusing a name developed in a prior episode; for example, they created the fictional "UKN" broadcast network for handling news reports that drive stories,[8] while the pizza delivery company used in "USS Callister" was used again for a company running automated pizza trucks in "Crocodile".[9] Other Easter eggs were added as they knew viewers would be intensely dissecting the episodes and provided these as gags. However, over time the use of Easter eggs became more purposeful, as to establish a canon of the "dream universe" that the episodes take place in.[6] Brooker noted that when they opted to reuse a cover of Irma Thomas' "Anyone Who Knows What Love Is", first introduced in "Fifteen Million Merits", for "White Christmas", as "it does sort of nest the whole thing together in some kind of artistic universe".[8]

text: Giles Harvey comments in a profile of Brooker for The New Yorker that each episode "establishes the background of normality against which a decisive tweak will stand out all the more starkly". Harvey notes that the show's diverse range of genres show that it is "manifestly the work of someone who has clocked up many hours of screen time". He further comments that Brooker is "scrupulous", as "the believability of each episode depends on maintaining the complex internal logic of its dystopic world". Brooker is involved during the filming and editing processes, pointing out any inconsistencies that arise, and is "determined to make the devices and screens and interfaces used in 'Black Mirror' seem authentic". As examples of Brooker's "meticulous attention to detail", Harvey reports that Brooker carefully considered whether a falling wine bottle would shatter in the nested virtual realities of "Playtest", and whether it would rain in the eponymous location in "San Junipero". An instance of realistic technology is the email system in "Be Right Back", which contrasts with "histrionic computers" found in Hollywood; an email is sent to the main character with the heading "Martha, people in your position bought the following", containing various books on the topic of grief-counselling.[10] Knowing that fans of the show have dissected some of these details by watching the episodes frame-by-frame, Brooker and his team have included humorous jabs at these fans through printed messages on various props, such as a paragraph in a news article held up by a character directed to fans of the show on Reddit in "Crocodile".[11]

text: Series one and two[edit]

text: The first two series of the programme were produced by Brooker's production company Zeppotron, for Endemol. An Endemol press release described the series as "a hybrid of The Twilight Zone and Tales of the Unexpected which taps into our contemporary unease about our modern world", with the stories having a "techno-paranoia" feel.[12] Channel 4 described the first episode, "The National Anthem", as "a twisted parable for the Twitter age".[13] Black Mirror series 1 had a limited DVD release for PAL / Region 2 on 27 February 2012.[14]

text: A trailer for the second series was made by Moving Picture Company, and featured three interspersed storylines: "a dream sequence, the repetitive factory setting and the huge dust cloud that sweeps through the street at the ad's climatic end." Aired from 22 January 2013, the advertisement was shown on Channel 4 and in cinemas.[15] The second series had a DVD release, which like the first series DVD was PAL for region 2 only.[citation needed]

text: In 2013, Robert Downey Jr. optioned the episode "The Entire History of You" (written by Jesse Armstrong) to potentially be made into a film by Warner Bros. and his own production company, Team Downey.[16] The show was available in the U.S. on Netflix from late 2014 onwards.[17]

text: Series three[edit]

text: In September 2015, Netflix commissioned 12 episodes of Black Mirror.[18] In March 2016, it outbid Channel 4 for the rights to distributing the third series, with a bid of US$40 million.[19] Endemol released a statement saying that Channel 4 "had the opportunity to recommission [Black Mirror] since 2013 and passed on this and subsequent co-production offers put to them. [...] Further efforts were made to try to reach a settlement regarding a U.K. window for Channel 4, but these were also sadly to no avail". In a press release, Channel 4 say that they "offered to recommission Black Mirror". This marked the first time that an online streaming service had gained the rights to a show where the original network had wished to renew it.[17] The titles of the six episodes that make up series 3 were announced in July 2016, along with the release date.[20]

text: In developing the third series' stories, Brooker had looked back to the first two series and the Christmas special, and recognised that all the stories were about characters becoming trapped in a situation that they could not escape from. Coupled with the anthology format that asked for viewers to get immersed within the stories to understand the nature of each, this created a sense of darkness and horror, which could make it difficult to watch successive episodes without becoming uncomfortable. With the third series, Brooker wanted to explore different formats, still having a few "trap" episodes but adding more conventional stories like a romance and police procedural, making the new series more digestible for the viewer.[21] A trailer for the third series was released in October 2016.[22] The third series cast includes Bryce Dallas Howard, Alice Eve, James Norton, Cherry Jones, Wyatt Russell, Alex Lawther, Jerome Flynn, Gugu Mbatha-Raw, Mackenzie Davis, Michael Kelly, Malachi Kirby, Kelly Macdonald, and Faye Marsay.[22] The directors for the third series include Joe Wright,[23] Jakob Verbruggen,[24] James Hawes,[25] and Dan Trachtenberg.[26] The third series was released on Netflix worldwide on 21 October 2016.[27]

text: Series four[edit]

text: According to Brooker, the fourth series has even more variety in the episodes than in previous series.[28] Brooker says that there is "some more hope" in the series, crediting this to the fact that writing began in July 2016 and continued throughout the 2016 U.S. election, and "I genuinely thought, I don't know what state the world's going to be in by the time these [episodes] appear, and I don't know how much appetite there will be for nothing but bleak nihilism."[29] The series features an episode story conceived by Penn Jillette.[30] Jodie Foster directed the episode "Arkangel", starring Rosemarie DeWitt;[31] one episode was filmed in Iceland ("Crocodile") and another is overtly comedic in tone ("USS Callister"). Jesse Plemons, Cristin Milioti, Jimmi Simpson, Michaela Coel, Andrea Riseborough, Andrew Gower, Georgina Campbell, Joe Cole, George Blagden, Maxine Peake, Douglas Hodge, and Letitia Wright appear in the fourth series.[32] In addition to Foster, the episodes were directed by Toby Haynes, John Hillcoat, Tim Van Patten, David Slade, and Colm McCarthy.[32]

text: In May 2017, a Reddit post unofficially announced the names and directors of the six episodes in series 4 of Black Mirror.[33] Filming for the fourth series concluded in June 2017.[34] The first trailer for the series was released by Netflix on 25 August 2017, and contained the six episode titles.[35][36] In September 2017, two photos from the fourth season were released.[37] Beginning on 24 November 2017, Netflix published a series of posters and trailers for each episode in the fourth series of the show, referred to as the "13 Days of Black Mirror",[38] concluding on 6 December 2017 with the announcement of the release date.[39] All six episodes were released to Netflix on 29 December 2017.[40]

text: Series five[edit]

text: In December 2017, when Brooker and executive producer Annabel Jones were asked about possibly creating a fifth series of Black Mirror, they said, "We would love to do it".[41] Netflix announced the fifth series via social media on 5 March 2018, though did not announce its release date or episode count.[42][43] On 20 March 2018, at the 2018 Royal Television Society Awards, Brooker confirmed that the fifth series has begun filming.[44]

text: Future ideas[edit]

text: In October 2016, Brooker said that he had ideas of where sequels to both "White Bear" and "Be Right Back" would go, but it was unlikely that either would be made.[45] He also revealed that actors had been approached to return to the series, but were not available, although Hannah John-Kamen does appear in "Playtest" after appearing in an unrelated role in "Fifteen Million Merits".[45] Furthermore, Brooker also stated that there were some characters in the series three episode "Hated in the Nation" who could potentially recur.[45]

text: When asked in interviews, Brooker has repeatedly stated that there are no plans for a sequel episode to "San Junipero". He told Los Angeles Times that "we want to keep [Kelly and Yorkie] happy there".[46] However, Brooker has said that the show "may be referring to San Junipero again" in Easter eggs, which the show has used before.[47] Brooker has also raised the idea of doing a sequel to the episode in "a completely different form", such as a graphic novel or "an experience".[48][49]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: The first series has been praised as being creative and shocking with twists-in-the-tale reminiscent of The Twilight Zone.[50][51] Michael Hogan of The Daily Telegraph described the first episode, "The National Anthem", as "a shocking but ballsy, blackly comic study of the modern media".[51] He went on to say that "This was a dementedly brilliant idea. The satire was so audacious, it left me open-mouthed and squealing. Rather like that poor pig."[51] The series was taken up across much of the world, including Australia, Israel, Sweden, Spain, Poland, Hungary and China.[52] The series has become popular and been well received in China, becoming one of the most discussed series in early 2012.[53] User ratings on Douban reached 9.3,[54] higher than most popular American dramas.[55] Many viewers and critics praised the depth of the series.[53][54][56] A reporter from The Beijing News thought the programme was "an apocalypse of modern world", "desperate but profound".[56] Another article from the same newspaper thought each story criticised television from different aspects.[57] Xu Wen at The Epoch Times thought the stories reveal modernity's moral turpitude.[58]

text: In its second series, Black Mirror continued to receive praise. In his review of the episode "Be Right Back", Sameer Rahim of The Telegraph wrote, "The show touched on important ideas – the false way we sometimes present ourselves online, and our growing addiction to virtual lives – but it was also a touching exploration of grief. To my mind it's the best thing Brooker has done." Jane Simon of The Daily Mirror newspaper website, said that the second episode of the second series, "White Bear", lacked the "instant emotional tug" of the series opener, "Be Right Back".[59] She went on to say that, a third of the way through the second episode, she had lost hope of it concluding well, "the acting was unbelievable, the script was riddled with horror-film cliches, the violence was a bit over the top", but that by the end, "I turned out to be absolutely dead wrong on every single count." She ended the piece with: "It’s another work of dark and twisted genius from Mr Brooker." The second series is popular in China. Wen Bai at Information Times thought the second series was still "cannily made", and "near perfection".[60]

text: In December 2014, Stephen King noted his admiration of the series.[61][62][63] The show's Christmas special that year, "White Christmas" received critical acclaim. Ben Beaumont-Thomas of The Guardian praised the comic satire of the episode and noted that "sentimentality is offset with wicked wit, and Brooker’s brio and imagination paper over any gaps in logic."[64] The Daily Telegraph reviewer Mark Monahan gave the episode 4/5 stars, noting that the drama was "thrilling stuff: escapist entertainment with a very real-world sting in its tail". Monahan equated the episode with the stronger of the previous Black Mirror episodes, stating that "it exaggerated present-day technology and obsessions to subtle but infernal effect, a nightmare-before-Christmas reminder that to revere our digital gizmos is to become their pathetic slave."[65]

text: The third and fourth series received positive reviews from critics, earning ratings of 82 and 74 out of 100 on Metacritic, respectively.[66][67]

text: Journalists have reported that some of the concepts in Black Mirror have come true, in fashion, within the real world, and have called the show a Magic 8-Ball for the future.[68][69][70] The first episode, "The National Anthem", revolves around the British Prime Minister being blackmailed into having sex with a pig; in September 2015, four years after the episode aired, allegations were published that David Cameron, who at the time was British Prime Minister had placed a "private part" into the mouth of a dead pig as part of a university initiation rite.[71] Brooker has called the event a "coincidence, albeit a quite bizarre one", and was quite perturbed when he first heard the allegations: "I did genuinely for a moment wonder if reality was a simulation, whether it exists only to trick me", he said in an interview.[72] Several news reports compared Donald Trump's 2016 presidential campaign to "The Waldo Moment", a 2013 episode in the second series;[73][74] later, in September 2016, episode writer Charlie Brooker also compared the Trump campaign to the episode and predicted Trump would win the 2016 election.[75][76] The third series episode "Nosedive" presented a social rating-based system that several found mirrored by China's proposed Social Credit System.[77][78][79] Brooker has been surprised to see how some of these events had come to pass. "It was quite trippy, though. I'm kind of getting used to it, because it seems like it's quite often that there are things that are in the stories that come true."[80]

text: Accolades[edit]

text: In November 2012, Black Mirror won Best TV Movie/Miniseries at the International Emmy Awards.[81] International Emmys are awarded to TV series produced and initially aired outside the U.S.[82] After both series aired in the United States, The A.V. Club placed it on its Best of 2013 list (along with Borgen, The Fall, Moone Boy and Please Like Me).[83] Bryce Dallas Howard received a Screen Actors Guild Award nomination for her performance in the episode "Nosedive".[84] At the 69th Primetime Emmy Awards, Black Mirror received three nominations with two wins, including Outstanding Television Movie for "San Junipero".[85][86]

text:
Year
Award
Category
Recipients
Result
Ref.

Series 1

2012
BAFTA Television Craft Awards
Best Production Design
Joel Collins and Daniel May (Episode: "15 Million Merits")
Nominated
[87]

International Emmy Awards
Best TV Movie/Miniseries
Black Mirror
Won
[81]

Rose d'Or Light Entertainment Festival
Comedy
Black Mirror
Won
[88]

2013
Broadcast Awards
Best Single Drama
"The National Anthem"
Nominated
[89]

Series 2

2014
Peabody Awards
Entertainment
Black Mirror
Won
[90]

BAFTA Television Awards
Best Single Drama
Black Mirror (Episode: "Be Right Back")
Nominated
[91]

White Christmas

2015
International Emmy Awards
Best Performance by an Actor
Rafe Spall
Nominated
[92]

RTS Craft & Design Awards
Best Sound: Drama
Jim Goddard, Stuart Hilliker, Dan Green, Alastair Widgery
Nominated
[93]

2016
Broadcast Awards
Best Single Drama
"White Christmas"
Nominated
[94]

RTS Television Awards
Best Single Drama
"White Christmas"
Nominated
[95]

Series 3

2017
BAFTA Television Craft Awards
Best Make Up and Hair Design
Tanya Lodge (Episode: "San Junipero")
Won
[96]

Best Special, Visual And Graphic Effects
Justin Hutchinson-Chatburn, Framestore, Glassworks, Baseblack (Episode: "Playtest")
Nominated

Best Costume Design
Susie Coulthard (Episode: "San Junipero")
Nominated

Best Photography and Lighting – Fiction
Seamus McGarvey (Episode: "Nosedive")
Nominated

Screen Actors Guild Awards
Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Television Movie or Miniseries
Bryce Dallas Howard (Episode: "Nosedive")
Nominated
[97]

Art Directors Guild Awards
Excellence in Production Design for a Television Movie or Limited Series
Joel Collins, James Foster and Nicholas Palmer (Episodes: "Nosedive", "Playtest", "San Junipero")
Nominated
[98]

Cinema Audio Society Awards
Outstanding Achievement in Sound Mixing for Television Movies and Mini-Series
Adrian Bell, Martin Jensen, Philip Clements, Rory de Carteret (Episode: "San Junipero")
Nominated
[99]

Producers Guild of America Awards
Outstanding Producer of Long-Form Television
Annabel Jones and Charlie Brooker
Nominated
[100]

Satellite Awards
Best Television Series – Genre
Black Mirror
Nominated
[101]

NAACP Image Awards
Outstanding Writing in a Motion Picture – Television
Rashida Jones and Michael Schur (Episode: "Nosedive")
Nominated
[102]

IGN Awards
Best Streaming Exclusive
Black Mirror
Nominated
[103]

Best TV Episode
"San Junipero"
Won
[104]

Visual Effects Society Awards
Outstanding Visual Effects in a Photoreal Episode
Justin Hutchinson-Chatburn, Russell McLean, Grant Walker, Christopher Gray (Episode: "Playtest")
Nominated
[105]

GLAAD Media Awards
Outstanding Individual Episode (in a series without a regular LGBT character)
"San Junipero"
Won
[106]

Make-Up Artists and Hair Stylists Guild
Best Special Makeup Effects – Television Mini-Series or Motion Picture Made for Television
Kristyan Mallett and Tanya Lodge (Episode: "Men Against Fire")
Nominated
[107]

Dorian Awards
TV Drama of the Year
Black Mirror
Nominated
[108]

Fangoria Chainsaw Awards
Best TV Series
Black Mirror
Nominated
[109]

Hugo Awards
Best Dramatic Presentation, Short Form
Charlie Brooker, Owen Harris (Episode: "San Junipero")
Nominated
[110]

Diversity in Media Awards
TV Moment of the Year
"San Junipero"
Nominated
[111]

Primetime Emmy Awards
Outstanding Television Movie
"San Junipero"
Won
[112]

Outstanding Writing for a Limited Series, Movie, or Dramatic Special
Charlie Brooker (Episode: "San Junipero")
Won

Outstanding Cinematography for a Limited Series or Movie
Seamus McGarvey (Episode: "Nosedive")
Nominated
[113]

2018
Broadcast Awards
Best Single Drama
"San Junipero"
Won
[114]

Series 4

2018
Art Directors Guild Awards
Television Movie or Limited Series
Joel Collins (Episode: "USS Callister")
Won
[115]

Producers Guild of America Awards
David L. Wolper Award for Outstanding Producer of Long-Form Television
Annabel Jones and Charlie Brooker
Won
[116]

Costume Designers Guild Awards
Excellence in Fantasy Television Series
Maja Meschede (Episode: "USS Callister")
Nominated
[117]

Visual Effects Society Awards
Outstanding Animated Character in an Episode or Real-Time Project
Steven Godfrey, Stafford Lawrence, Andrew Robertson, Lestyn Roberts (Episode: "Metalhead")
Nominated
[118]

Golden Reel Awards
Outstanding Achievement in Sound Editing — Episodic Long Form – Dialogue/ADR
Kenny Clark, Michael Maroussas (Episode: "USS Callister")
Won
[119]

Outstanding Achievement in Sound Editing — Episodic Long Form – Effects/Foley
Kenny Clark (Episode: "USS Callister")
Nominated

Cinema Audio Society Awards
Outstanding Achievement in Sound Mixing for a Television Movie or Mini-Series
John Rodda, Tim Cavagin, Dafydd Archard, Will Miller, Nick Baldock and Sophia Hardman (Episode: "USS Callister")
Won
[120]

Location Managers Guild Awards
Outstanding Locations in a Contemporary Television Series
Malcolm McCulloch
Nominated
[121]

BAFTA Television Craft Awards
Sound: Fiction
John Rodda, Tim Cavagin, Kenny Clark, Michael Maroussas (Episode: "USS Callister")
Pending
[122]

Photography & Lighting: Fiction
Stephan Pehrsson (Episode: "USS Callister")
Pending
[123]

Production Design
Joel Collins, Phil Sims (Episode: "USS Callister")
Pending
[124]

Special, Visual Effects & Graphics
Dneg Tv, Jean-clement Soret, Russell Mclea (Episode: "Metalhead")
Pending
[125]

Writer: Drama
Charlie Booker (Episode: "Hang the DJ")
Pending
[125]

BAFTA Television Awards
Best Single Drama
"Hang the DJ"
Pending
[126]

Best Actor
Joe Cole (Episode: "Hang the DJ")
Pending

Best Supporting Actor
Jimmi Simpson (Episode: "USS Callister")
Pending

Saturn Awards
Best Guest Performance in a Television Series
Jesse Plemons
Pending
[127]

Best New Media Television Series
Black Mirror
Pending

Hugo Award
Best Dramatic Presentation, Short Form
William Bridges, Charlie Brooker and Toby Haynes (Episode: "USS Callister")
Pending
[128]

text: Literature[edit]

text: In June 2017, Brooker announced a series of novels based on Black Mirror that will offer "new, original, darkly satirical stories that tap into our collective unease about the modern world". Brooker will edit three volumes of novellas that will feature anthology short stories by different authors.[129][85] The first instalment will include stories written by Cory Doctorow, Claire North and Sylvain Neuvel.[130] It is scheduled for release on 20 September 2018; the second instalment later that year; and the third in 2019.[131]


document_title: Modern Family (season 8)

question_text: how many episodes are in season 8 of modern family

root

text: Modern Family (season 8)

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Ed O'Neill as Jay Pritchett
Sofía Vergara as Gloria Pritchett
Julie Bowen as Claire Dunphy
Ty Burrell as Phil Dunphy
Jesse Tyler Ferguson as Mitchell Pritchett
Eric Stonestreet as Cameron Tucker
Sarah Hyland as Haley Dunphy
Ariel Winter as Alex Dunphy
Nolan Gould as Luke Dunphy
Rico Rodriguez as Manny Delgado
Aubrey Anderson-Emmons as Lily Tucker-Pritchett
Jeremy Maguire as Joe Pritchett

tag: ul

text: Modern Family employs an ensemble cast. The series focuses on Jay Pritchett (Ed O'Neill), his daughter Claire Dunphy (Julie Bowen), and his son Mitchell Pritchett (Jesse Tyler Ferguson) who live in Los Angeles. Claire is a homemaker-turned-company worker mom married to Phil Dunphy (Ty Burrell); they have three children, Haley (Sarah Hyland), the college dropout,[2] Alex (Ariel Winter), the smart middle child[3] and Luke (Nolan Gould), the offbeat only son.[4] Jay is married to a much younger Colombian woman, Gloria (Sofía Vergara), and is helping her raise her teen son, Manny (Rico Rodriguez). Mitchell and his husband Cameron Tucker (Eric Stonestreet) have adopted a Vietnamese baby, Lily (Aubrey Anderson-Emmons).

tag: p

text: Production[edit]

text: Modern Family was renewed for an eighth season on March 3, 2016, with several other ABC shows.[5] Sofia Vergara shared a photo on Instagram of the cast doing a photo-shoot for the eighth season on July 26, 2016.[6] The table read for the season occurred the same day, with filming beginning shortly after.[7] The Hollywood Reporter announced on August 4, 2016, that Castle-alum Nathan Fillion had been cast in a recurring role of three episodes as the weatherman Rainer Shine.[8] It was also announced that Martin Short will appear in a guest role in the second episode of the season as a promotional maven.[9] A promotional poster was released on August 23, 2016.[10] Variety reported on September 26, 2016, that Modern Family would feature the first openly transgender child actor on network-television. The 8-year old actor Jackson Millarker will appear in the second episode as Lily’s playmate Tom.[11] "The Hollywood Reporter" reported on November 7, 2016 that Peyton Manning will guest star in the 12th episode of the season. "Manning will play Coach Gary, baby Joe's sports tutor, whom Gloria (Sofia Vergara) brings in to help teach Joe how to throw and catch. When Coach Gary also starts doing things around the house, Jay (Ed O'Neill) is left feeling a bit emasculated." [12] Kelsey Grammer guest-starred in a January 2017 episode of the series, portraying Cam's ex-boyfriend Keifth.[13] The Hollywood Reporter reported that NBA stars Charles Barkley and DeAndre Jordan will guest-star in a late January 2017 episode, playing themselves. The source stated "For their part in the show, Barkley and Jordan will be attending a charity basketball game that Phil (Ty Burrell) has been training all year for in an attempt to redeem himself after a disastrous turn at the previous year's game. When they both start getting a little too involved, Phil tries to not buckle under the pressure."[14]

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

167
1
"A Tale of Three Cities"
Chris Koch
Elaine Ko
September 21, 2016 (2016-09-21)
8ARG01
8.24[15]

In New York, the Dunphy family decides to stay a few days longer, with the parents and the kids each lying to the other about prolonging the vacation. In Missouri, Mitchell faces some discontent from Cam's family due to his treatment of Cam's comatose grandma. In Mexico, Gloria clashes with her sister over the hot sauce business, leading to Sonia kidnapping Manny.

168
2
"A Stereotypical Day"
Ryan Case
Vali Chandrasekaran
September 28, 2016 (2016-09-28)
8ARG03
7.41[16]

An African American family moves in across the street on the same day Jay happens to be installing new security cameras, leading Jay to go to extreme measures to ensure he is not seen as a racist. Meanwhile, the Dunphy family takes advantage of Alex when she becomes sick, which leads to her skipping a semester at Caltech. Mitchell and Cameron reevaluate their views of each other as open, non-judgmental, supportive parents when Lily calls an openly transgender boy a weirdo.

169
3
"Blindsided"
Jim Hensz
Christy Stratton & Danny Zuker
October 5, 2016 (2016-10-05)
8ARG02
6.97[17]

Luke decides to run against Manny for class president. Claire becomes his manager while Jay and Gloria help Manny. Now that Haley wants to create her own company, Phil introduces her to an eccentric marketing expert, while Cameron decides to house his star football player without consulting Mitchell.

170
4
"Weathering Heights"
Gail Mancuso
Paul Corrigan & Brad Walsh
October 12, 2016 (2016-10-12)
8ARG04
7.50[18]

Phil gets to meet his weatherman hero (Nathan Fillion) when he is on the local news in a real estate segment, but later regrets the decision to introduce him to Haley. Meanwhile, Jay tries to help with Manny's video application to Juilliard and Lily tries to get rid of Cam's football player who's living with them.

171
5
"Halloween IV: Revenge of Rod Skyhook"
Chris Koch
Stephen Lloyd
October 26, 2016 (2016-10-26)
8ARG06
7.38[19]

Luke's Halloween party isn't the monster bash he dreamed it would be and is at risk of being the worst party of the year. Sensing trouble, the rest of the Dunphys realize all his party needs is a visit from Rod Skyhook, a little promotion, and some adult supervision to get it started. Meanwhile, Cam faces off with his Halloween nemesis and, when Jay finds out that Manny is going to a party at the home of an old enemy, he enlists him in his revenge scheme.

172
6
"Grab It"
Beth McCarthy-Miller
Jeffrey Richman
November 9, 2016 (2016-11-09)
8ARG05
7.23[20]

Jay's country club, his favorite place in the world and only refuge, may be losing some of its charm when Phil considers becoming a member. At the Dunphy house, Claire mistakes her influence on Alex's life choices, and Gloria seeks refuge from her sons. Meanwhile, when Cam doesn't give Mitchell the full story on what his play is really about, it really puts Mitchell in the spotlight.

173
7
"Thanksgiving Jamboree"
Steven Levitan
Jon Pollack & Chuck Tatham
November 16, 2016 (2016-11-16)
8ARG08
7.33[21]

Cameron spares no expense for his Thanksgiving jamboree; Haley tells Phil she'd rather spend the holiday with her new boyfriend; Jay works to keep his blood pressure down; Alex and Dwight get closer.

174
8
"The Alliance"
James Bagdonas
Andy Gordon & Ryan Walls
November 30, 2016 (2016-11-30)
8ARG09
6.81[22]

Phil, Cam, and Gloria have a secret meeting, while Luke helps Jay at his club and Haley chaperones Rainer's daughter.

175
9
"Snow Ball"
Beth McCarthy-Miller
Christy Stratton & Stephen Lloyd
December 14, 2016 (2016-12-14)
8ARG10
6.81[23]

Luke and Manny are in charge of the winter dance, Claire and Gloria want to mellow out a PTA mom, Phil tries to spend time with Jay, and Mitch confronts a bully.

176
10
"Ringmaster Keifth"
Jim Hensz
Vali Chandrasekaran
January 4, 2017 (2017-01-04)
8ARG11
7.57[24]

Cameron reunites with his ex-boyfriend, a former ringmaster turned concierge played by Kelsey Grammer. Phil learns that his father is dating his childhood babysitter and Jay and Gloria decide on a guardian for Joe.

177
11
"Sarge & Pea"
James Bagdonas
Abraham Higginbotham
January 11, 2017 (2017-01-11)
8ARG07
7.59[25]

Cam is helped by his nieces in seeking revenge against a mother who, according to him, deprived him of a beautiful moment at Lily's dance recital. Phil and Gloria have different visions for Luke and Manny's future college lives. Mitch, Claire, and Jay meet Dede at a relative's wedding.

178
12
"Do You Believe in Magic"
Gail Mancuso
Jon Pollack
February 8, 2017 (2017-02-08)
8ARG15
7.34[26]

Claire decides to hire a magician to help her bring Phil some wonder on Valentine's Day. Cam and Mitch encourage Haley and Sal (Elizabeth Banks) to stand-up to their men with unexpected results. Jay discovers his habit of showing preferential treatment to Joe over Manny has its limits and Alex finds out that Ben, Claire's assistant, has a crush on her.

179
13
"Do It Yourself"
Jeffrey Walker
Paul Corrigan & Brad Walsh
February 15, 2017 (2017-02-15)
8ARG12
6.92[27]

Jay is talked into investing in a property with Phil and also has to deal with Gloria's hiring of Joe's handyman baseball coach (Peyton Manning) who seems like he's gunning to replace him. Claire and Haley go to a culinary lesson given by a big chef (Victor Garber). Mitch and Cam try to teach Lily about hard work, resulting in a wasp attack and a disfigured face for Cam.

180
14
"Heavy is the Head"
Ken Whittingham
Danny Zuker
February 22, 2017 (2017-02-22)
8ARG14
6.65[28]

Phil has to rethink his plans when his investment goes wrong. Gloria tries to surprise Claire with an amazing birthday, but Claire's announcement of cutbacks at work doesn't mix well with Gloria's fancy pampering. Cameron, still haunted by a traumatic childhood incident, refuses to have an MRI.

181
15
"Finding Fizbo"
James Bagdonas
Abraham Higginbotham & Chuck Tatham
March 1, 2017 (2017-03-01)
8ARG16
6.41[29]

Phil plans Frank's bachelor party and meets his soon-to-be step-brother. Manny asks Haley, Gloria, Alex, and Claire to tell him what they honestly think of his play, while Alex wants to bail to meet with Ben. Cam discovers what happened to his Fizbo costume.

182
16
"Basketball"
Jim Hensz
Elaine Ko
March 8, 2017 (2017-03-08)
8ARG13
6.49[30]

Phil volunteers to play in a charity basketball game in order to redeem himself after the previous year's event turned disastrous. Two NBA players, Charles Barkley and DeAndre Jordan, also attend, putting him under pressure. Also, Claire has a big secret to hide from Jay, who fears Joe doesn't respect his authority. Gloria and Donna Duncan's rivalry returns with interesting results. Mitch and Cam give Haley advice for her relationship with Rainer.

183
17
"Pig Moon Rising"
Chris Koch
Paul Corrigan & Brad Walsh
March 15, 2017 (2017-03-15)
8ARG17
6.12[31]

Mitchell accidentally knocks over Cam's pig's ashes and devises a cover-up in order to avoid telling him. Secrets drive everyone to an elaborate web of quid pro quo.

184
18
"Five Minutes"
Gail Mancuso
Elaine Ko
March 29, 2017 (2017-03-29)
8ARG18
6.79[32]

A look at 300 seconds in the lives of the Pritchett-Dunphy-Tucker clan includes Mitch and Cam hurrying to catch a flight for which they prematurely took sleeping pills, Haley and Rainer reevaluating their relationship at dinner before his birthday cake arrives, Phil and Claire meeting Alex's new boyfriend, and Manny trying to find a parking spot at the movies while Jay and Gloria argue.

185
19
"Frank's Wedding"
Beth McCarthy-Miller
Andy Gordon
April 5, 2017 (2017-04-05)
8ARG19
6.25[33]

Frank Dunphy's wedding has a Roaring '20s theme, so Phil gets his family to show up in costume, but Claire and the kids realize it's time for an intervention with Phil when they're the only ones dressed up. Meanwhile, Jay comes to regret mastering the art of saying "no" and Cam finally gets the courage to stand up to his sister Pam, albeit causing Pam to go into labour with a baby boy.

186
20
"All Things Being Equal"
Michelle MacLaren
Christy Stratton & Ryan Walls
May 3, 2017 (2017-05-03)
8ARG20
5.65[34]

Gloria, Claire, Haley, Alex, Lily, Luke and Manny show support for gender equality and the women's movement in their own ways; Jay and Phil butt heads over their parking attendant; Cam feels jealous when Pam prefers Mitchell's help with the baby.

187
21
"Alone Time"
Jim Hensz
Abraham Higginbotham, Stephen Lloyd & Danny Zuker
May 10, 2017 (2017-05-10)
8ARG21
5.71[35]

Phil and Claire have difficulties adapting themselves now that their kids have left the nest. Jay and Mitch go to the same retreat, while Cam helps Gloria with task duties.

188
22
"The Graduates"
Steven Levitan
Jon Pollack, Jeffrey Richman & Chuck Tatham
May 17, 2017 (2017-05-17)
8ARG22
6.20[36]

The whole family gets ready for Luke and Manny's graduation day, when Javier picks up his son and goes to a strip club with him. Phil and Claire also have to deal with the fact that Luke grew up and Mitch and Cam learn that Lilly is maybe precocious.

tag: table

text: Ratings[edit]

text: Live + SD ratings[edit]

text:
No. in
series
No. in
season
Episode
Air date
Time slot (EST)
Rating/Share (18–49)
Viewers (m)
18–49 Rank
Viewership rank

167
1
"A Tale of Three Cities"
September 21, 2016 (2016-09-21)
Wednesdays
9:00 p.m.
2.6/9[15]
8.24[15]
9[37]
24[37]

168
2
"A Stereotypical Day"
September 28, 2016 (2016-09-28)
2.3/8[16]
7.41[16]
14[38]
N/A

169
3
"Blindsided"
October 5, 2016 (2016-10-05)
2.2/8[17]
6.97[17]
12[39]
24[39]

170
4
"Weathering Heights"
October 12, 2016 (2016-10-12)
2.4/8[18]
7.50[18]
12[40]
25[40]

171
5
"Halloween 4: The Revenge of Rod Skyhook"
October 26, 2016 (2016-10-26)
2.3/7[19]
7.38[19]
13[41]
N/A

172
6
"Grab It"
November 9, 2016 (2016-11-09)
2.3/8[20]
7.23[20]
12[42]
23[42]

173
7
"Thanksgiving Jamboree"
November 16, 2016 (2016-11-16)
2.2/8[21]
7.33[21]
12[43]
N/A

174
8
"The Alliance"
November 30, 2016 (2016-11-30)
2.2/8[22]
6.81[22]
12[44]
N/A

175
9
"Snow Ball"
December 14, 2016 (2016-12-14)
2.0/7[23]
6.81[23]
11[45]
N/A

176
10
"Ringmaster Keifth"
January 4, 2017 (2017-01-04)
2.4/8[24]
7.57[24]
5[46]
19[46]

177
11
"Sarge & Pea"
January 11, 2017 (2017-01-11)
2.3/8[25]
7.59[25]
6[47]
12[47]

178
12
"Do You Believe in Magic"
February 8, 2017 (2017-02-08)
2.3/8[26]
7.34[26]
5[48]
18[48]

179
13
"Do It Yourself"
February 15, 2017 (2017-02-15)
2.0/7[27]
6.92[27]
5[49]
21[49]

180
14
"Heavy is the Head"
February 22, 2017 (2017-02-22)
2.0/7[28]
6.65[28]
9[50]
24[50]

181
15
"Finding Fizbo"
March 1, 2017 (2017-03-01)
2.0/7[29]
6.41[29]
5[51]
N/A

182
16
"Basketball"
March 8, 2017 (2017-03-08)
1.9/7[30]
6.49[30]
6[52]
21[52]

183
17
"Pig Moon Rising"
March 15, 2017 (2017-03-15)
1.9/7[31]
6.12[31]
8[53]
24[53]

184
18
"Five Minutes"
March 29, 2017 (2017-03-29)
2.1/7[32]
6.79[32]
8[54]
21[54]

185
19
"Frank's Wedding"
April 5, 2017 (2017-04-05)
1.9/7[33]
6.25[33]
6[55]
25[55]

186
20
"All Things Being Equal"
May 3, 2017 (2017-05-03)
1.7/6[34]
5.65[34]
7[56]
N/A

187
21
"Alone Time"
May 10, 2017 (2017-05-10)
1.6/6[35]
5.71[35]
8[57]
25[57]

188
22
"The Graduates"
May 17, 2017 (2017-05-17)
1.7/6[36]
6.20[36]
6[58]
17[58]

text: Live + 7 Day (DVR) ratings[edit]

text:
No. in
series
No. in
season
Episode
Air date
Time slot (EST)
18–49 rating increase
Viewers
(millions) increase
Total 18-49
Total viewers
(millions)
Percent gain
Ref.

167
1
"A Tale of Three Cities"
September 21, 2016 (2016-09-21)
Wednesdays
9:00 p.m.
1.7
4.12
4.3
12.35
65%
[59]

168
2
"A Stereotypical Day"
September 28, 2016 (2016-09-28)
1.7
4.15
4.0
11.56
74%
[60]

169
3
"Blindsided"
October 5, 2016 (2016-10-05)
1.6
3.78
3.8
10.75
73%
[61]

170
4
"Weathering Heights"
October 12, 2016 (2016-10-12)
1.6
3.90
4.0
11.40
67%
[62]

171
5
"Halloween 4: The Revenge of Rod Skyhook"
October 26, 2016 (2016-10-26)
1.8
4.20
4.1
11.58
78%
[63]

172
6
"Grab It"
November 9, 2016 (2016-11-09)
1.6
3.87
3.9
11.10
70%
[64]

173
7
"Thanksgiving Jamboree"
November 16, 2016 (2016-11-16)
1.6
4.08
3.8
11.41
73%
[65]

174
8
"The Alliance"
November 30, 2016 (2016-11-30)
1.6
3.89
3.8
10.70
73%
[66]

175
9
"Snow Ball"
December 14, 2016 (2016-12-14)
1.7
4.10
3.7
10.91
85%
[67]

176
10
"Ringmaster Keifth"
January 4, 2017 (2017-01-04)
1.6
3.99
4.0
11.56
67%
[68]

177
11
"Sarge & Pea"
January 11, 2017 (2017-01-11)
1.7
3.95
4.0
11.54
74%
[69]

178
12
"Do You Believe in Magic"
February 8, 2017 (2017-02-08)
1.6
3.99
3.9
11.33
70%
[70]

179
13
"Do It Yourself"
February 15, 2017 (2017-02-15)
1.6
3.74
3.6
10.66
80%
[71]

180
14
"Heavy is the Head"
February 22, 2017 (2017-02-22)
1.6
3.78
3.6
10.42
80%
[72]

181
15
"Finding Fizbo"
March 1, 2017 (2017-03-01)
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

182
16
"Basketball"
March 8, 2017 (2017-03-08)
1.6
3.99
3.5
10.48
84%
[73]

183
17
"Pig Moon Rising"
March 15, 2017 (2017-03-15)
1.5
3.63
3.4
9.76
79%
[74]

184
18
"Five Minutes"
March 29, 2017 (2017-03-29)
1.4
3.50
3.5
10.29
67%
[75]

185
19
"Frank's Wedding"
April 5, 2017 (2017-04-05)
1.4
3.32
3.3
9.57
74%
[76]

186
20
"All Things Being Equal"
May 3, 2017 (2017-05-03)
1.5
3.67
3.2
9.32
88%
[77]

187
21
"Alone Time"
May 10, 2017 (2017-05-10)
1.3
3.32
2.9
9.03
81%
[78]

188
22
"The Graduates"
May 17, 2017 (2017-05-17)
1.5
3.49
3.2
9.69
88%
[79]


document_title: Factory

question_text: where was the first factory built in the world

text: Factory

text: History[edit]

text: Max Weber considered production during ancient times as never warranting classification as factories, with methods of production and the contemporary economic situation incomparable to modern or even pre-modern developments of industry. In ancient times, the earliest production limited to the household, developed into a separate endeavour independent to the place of inhabitation with production at that time only beginning to be characteristic of industry, termed as "unfree shop industry", a situation caused especially under the reign of the Egyptian pharaoh, with slave employment and no differentiation of skills within the slave group comparable to modern definitions as division of labour.[2][3][4]

text: According to translations of Demosthenes and Herodotus, Naucratis was a, or the only, factory in the entirety of ancient Egypt.[5][6][7] A source of 1983 (Hopkins), states the largest factory production in ancient times was of 120 slaves within 4th century BC Athens.[8] An article within the New York Times article dated 13 October 2011 states:

text: "In African Cave, Signs of an Ancient Paint Factory" – (John Noble Wilford)

text: ... discovered at Blombos Cave, a cave on the south coast of South Africa where 100,000-year-old tools and ingredients were found with which early modern humans mixed an ochre-based paint.[9]

text: Although The Cambridge Online Dictionary definition of factory states:

text: a building or set of buildings where large amounts of goods are made using machines [10]

text: elsewhere:

text: ... the utilization of machines presupposes social cooperation and the division of labour

text: The first machine is stated by one source to have been traps used to assist with the capturing of animals, corresponding to the machine as a mechanism operating independently or with very little force by interaction from a human, with a capacity for use repeatedly with operation exactly the same on every occasion of functioning.[12] The wheel was invented c. 3000 BC, the spoked wheel c. 2000 BC. The Iron Age began approximately 1200–1000 BC.[13][14] However, other sources define machinery as a means of production.[15]

text: Archaeology provides a date for the earliest city as 5000 BC as Tell Brak (Ur et al. 2006), therefore a date for cooperation and factors of demand, by an increased community size and population to make something like factory level production a conceivable necessity.[16][17][18]

text: According to one text the water-mill was first made in 555 A.D. by Belisarius,[19] although according to another they were known to Pliny the Elder and Vitruvius in the first century B.C. By the time of the 4th century A.D. mills with a capacity to grind 3 tonnes of cereal an hour, a rate sufficient to meet the needs of 80,000 persons, were in use by the Roman Empire.[20][21][22]

text: The Venice Arsenal provides one of the first examples of a factory in the modern sense of the word. Founded in 1104 in Venice, Republic of Venice, several hundred years before the Industrial Revolution, it mass-produced ships on assembly lines using manufactured parts. The Venice Arsenal apparently produced nearly one ship every day and, at its height, employed 16,000 people.[verification needed]

text: Industrial Revolution[edit]

text: One of the earliest factories was John Lombe's water-powered silk mill at Derby, operational by 1721. By 1746, an integrated brass mill was working at Warmley near Bristol. Raw material went in at one end, was smelted into brass and was turned into pans, pins, wire, and other goods. Housing was provided for workers on site. Josiah Wedgwood in Staffordshire and Matthew Boulton at his Soho Manufactory were other prominent early industrialists, who employed the factory system.

text: The factory system began widespread use somewhat later when cotton spinning was mechanized.

text: Richard Arkwright is the person credited with inventing the prototype of the modern factory. After he patented his water frame in 1769, he established Cromford Mill, in Derbyshire, England, significantly expanding the village of Cromford to accommodate the migrant workers new to the area. The factory system was a new way of organizing labour made necessary by the development of machines which were too large to house in a worker's cottage. Working hours were as long as they had been for the farmer, that is, from dawn to dusk, six days per week. Overall, this practice essentially reduced skilled and unskilled workers to replaceable commodities. Arkwright's factory was the first successful cotton spinning factory in the world; it showed unequivocally the way ahead for industry and was widely copied.

text: Between 1820 and 1850 mechanized factories supplanted traditional artisan shops as the predominant form of manufacturing institution, because the larger-scale factories enjoyed a significant technological advantage over the small artisan shops. The earliest factories (using the factory system) developed in the cotton and wool textiles industry. Later generations of factories included mechanized shoe production and manufacturing of machinery, including machine tools. Factories that supplied the railroad industry included rolling mills, foundries and locomotive works. Agricultural-equipment factories produced cast-steel plows and reapers. Bicycles were mass-produced beginning in the 1880s.

text: The Nasmyth, Gaskell and Company's Bridgewater Foundry, which began operation in 1836, was one of the earliest factories to use modern materials handling such as cranes and rail tracks through the buildings for handling heavy items.[23]

text: Large scale electrification of factories began around 1900 after the development of the AC motor which was able to run at constant speed depending on the number of poles and the current electrical frequency.[24] At first larger motors were added to line shafts, but as soon as small horsepower motors became widely available, factories switched to unit drive. Eliminating line shafts freed factories of layout constraints and allowed factory layout to be more efficient. Electrification enabled sequential automation using relay logic.

text: Assembly line[edit]

text: Henry Ford further revolutionized the factory concept in the early 20th century, with the innovation of the mass production. Highly specialized laborers situated alongside a series of rolling ramps would build up a product such as (in Ford's case) an automobile. This concept dramatically decreased production costs for virtually all manufactured goods and brought about the age of consumerism.[verification needed]

text: In the mid- to late 20th century, industrialized countries introduced next-generation factories with two improvements:

text:
Advanced statistical methods of quality control, pioneered by the American mathematician William Edwards Deming, whom his home country initially ignored. Quality control turned Japanese factories into world leaders in cost-effectiveness and production quality.
Industrial robots on the factory floor, introduced in the late 1970s. These computer-controlled welding arms and grippers could perform simple tasks such as attaching a car door quickly and flawlessly 24 hours a day. This too cut costs and improved speed.

tag: ol

text: Some speculation[citation needed] as to the future of the factory includes scenarios with rapid prototyping, nanotechnology, and orbital zero-gravity facilities.

text: Historically significant factories[edit]

text:
Venetian Arsenal
Cromford Mill
Lombe's Mill
Soho Manufactory
Portsmouth Block Mills
Slater Mill Historic Site
Lowell Mills
Springfield Armory
Harpers Ferry Armory
Nasmyth, Gaskell and Company also called the Bridgewater Foundry
Baldwin Locomotive Works
Highland Park Ford Plant
Ford River Rouge Complex
Hawthorne Works

text: Siting the factory[edit]

text: Before the advent of mass transportation, factories' needs for ever-greater concentrations of laborers meant that they typically grew up in an urban setting or fostered their own urbanization. Industrial slums developed, and reinforced their own development through the interactions between factories, as when one factory's output or waste-product became the raw materials of another factory (preferably nearby). Canals and railways grew as factories spread, each clustering around sources of cheap energy, available materials and/or mass markets. The exception proved the rule: even greenfield factory sites such as Bournville, founded in a rural setting, developed its own housing and profited from convenient communications systems.[verification needed]

text: Regulation curbed some of the worst excesses of industrialization's factory-based society, a series of Factory Acts leading the way in Britain. Trams, automobiles and town planning encouraged the separate development of industrial suburbs and residential suburbs, with laborers commuting between them.

text: Though factories dominated the Industrial Era, the growth in the service sector eventually began to dethrone them:[verification needed] the focus of labor in general shifted to central-city office towers or to semi-rural campus-style establishments, and many factories stood deserted in local rust belts.

text: The next blow to the traditional factories came from globalization. Manufacturing processes (or their logical successors, assembly plants) in the late 20th century re-focussed in many instances on Special Economic Zones in developing countries or on maquiladoras just across the national boundaries of industrialized states. Further re-location to the least industrialized nations appears possible as the benefits of out-sourcing and the lessons of flexible location apply in the future.[verification needed]

text: Governing the factory[edit]

text: Much of management theory developed in response to the need to control factory processes.[verification needed] Assumptions on the hierarchies of unskilled, semi-skilled and skilled laborers and their supervisors and managers still linger on; however an example of a more contemporary approach to handle design applicable to manufacturing facilities can be found in Socio-Technical Systems (STS).

text: Shadow factories[edit]

text: A shadow factory is a term given to dispersed manufacturing sites in times of war to reduce the risk of disruption due to enemy air-raids and often with the dual purpose of increasing manufacturing capacity. Before World War II Britain had built many shadow factories.

text: British shadow factories[edit]

text: Production of the Supermarine Spitfire at its parent company's base at Woolston, Southampton was vulnerable to enemy attack as a high-profile target and was well within range of Luftwaffe bombers. Indeed, on 26 September 1940 this facility was completely destroyed by an enemy bombing raid. Supermarine had already established a plant at Castle Bromwich; this action prompted them to further disperse Spitfire production around the country with many premises being requisitioned by the British Government.[25]

text: Connected to the Spitfire was production of its equally important Rolls-Royce Merlin engine, Rolls-Royce's main aero engine facility was located at Derby, the need for increased output was met by building new factories in Crewe and Glasgow and using a purpose-built factory of Ford of Britain in Trafford Park Manchester.[26]

text: Gallery[edit]

text:
Zeche Ewald in Herten, exterior (2011)

Zeche Ewald in Herten, interior (2011)

Coldharbour Mill textile factory, built in 1799.

Adolph von Menzel: Moderne Cyklopen

New Lanark mill

Workers in the fuse factory, Woolwich Arsenal late 1800s

The assembly plant of the Bell Aircraft Corporation at Wheatfield, New York, United States, 1944

Interior of the Rouge Tool & Die works, 1944

Hyundai's Assembly line (about 2005)


document_title: Chief Justice of the United States

question_text: who is the first chief justice of the supreme court

text: Chief Justice of the United States

text: Origin, title, and appointment to office[edit]

text: The United States Constitution does not explicitly establish an office of Chief Justice, but presupposes its existence with a single reference in Article I, Section 3, Clause 6: "When the President of the United States is tried, the Chief Justice shall preside." Nothing more is said in the Constitution regarding the office. Article III, Section 1, which authorizes the establishment of the Supreme Court, refers to all members of the Court simply as "judges". The Judiciary Act of 1789 created the distinctive titles of Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States and Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States.

text: In 1866, at the urging of Salmon P. Chase, Congress restyled the chief justice's title to the current Chief Justice of the United States. The first person whose Supreme Court commission contained the modified title was Melville Fuller in 1888.[1] The associate justices' title was not altered in 1866, and remains as originally created.

text: The chief justice, like all federal judges, is nominated by the President and confirmed to office by the U.S. Senate. Article III, Section 1 of the Constitution specifies that they "shall hold their Offices during good Behavior". This language means that the appointments are effectively for life, and that, once in office, justices' tenure ends only when they die, retire, resign, or are removed from office through the impeachment process. Since 1789, 15 presidents have made a total of 22 official nominations to the position.[2]

text: The salary of the chief justice is set by Congress; the current (2018) annual salary is $267,000, which is slightly higher than that of associate justices, which is $255,300.[3]

text: The practice of appointing an individual to serve as chief justice is grounded in tradition; while the Constitution mandates that there be a chief justice, it is silent on the subject of how one is chosen and by whom. There is no specific constitutional prohibition against using another method to select the chief justice from among those justices properly appointed and confirmed to the Supreme Court. Constitutional law scholar Todd Pettys has proposed that presidential appointment of chief justices should be done away with, and replaced by a process that permits the Justices to select their own chief justice.[4]

text: Three incumbent associate justices have been nominated by the president and confirmed by the Senate as chief justice: Edward Douglass White in 1910, Harlan Fiske Stone in 1941, and William Rehnquist in 1986. A fourth, Abe Fortas, was nominated to the position in 1968, but was not confirmed. As an associate justice does not have to resign his or her seat on the Court in order to be nominated as chief justice, Fortas remained an associate justice. Similarly, when associate justice William Cushing was nominated and confirmed as chief justice in January 1796, but declined the office, he too remained on the Court. Two former associate justices subsequently returned to service on the Court as chief justice. John Rutledge was the first. President Washington gave him a recess appointment in 1795. However, his subsequent nomination to the office was not confirmed by the Senate, and he left office and the Court. In 1933, former associate justice Charles Evans Hughes was confirmed as chief justice. Additionally, in December 1800, former chief justice John Jay was nominated and confirmed to the position a second time, but ultimately declined it, opening the way for the appointment of John Marshall.[2]

text: Duties[edit]

text: Along with his general responsibilities as a member of the Supreme Court, the Chief Justice has several unique duties to fulfill.

text: Impeachment trials[edit]

text: Article I, section 3 of the U.S. Constitution stipulates that the Chief Justice shall preside over impeachment trials of the President of the United States in the U.S. Senate. Two Chief Justices, Salmon P. Chase and William Rehnquist, have presided over the trial in the Senate that follows an impeachment of the president – Chase in 1868 over the proceedings against President Andrew Johnson and Rehnquist in 1999 over the proceedings against President Bill Clinton. Both presidents were subsequently acquitted.

text: Seniority[edit]

text: Many of the Court's procedures and inner workings are governed by the rules of protocol based on the seniority of the justices. The chief justice always ranks first in the order of precedence—regardless of the length of the officeholder's service (even if shorter then that of one or more associate justices). This elevated status has enabled successive chief justices to define and refine both the Court's culture and its judicial priorities.

text: The chief justice sets the agenda for the weekly meetings where the justices review the petitions for certiorari, to decide whether to hear or deny each case. The Supreme Court agrees to hear less than one percent of the cases petitioned to it. While associate justices may append items to the weekly agenda, in practice this initial agenda-setting power of the chief justice has significant influence over the direction of the court. Nonetheless, a chief justice's influence may be limited by circumstances and the associate justices' understanding of legal principles; it is definitely limited by the fact that he has only a single vote of nine on the decision whether to grant or deny certiorari.[5][6]

text: Despite the chief justice's elevated stature, his vote carries the same legal weight as the vote of each associate justice. Additionally, he has no legal authority to overrule the verdicts or interpretations of the other eight judges or tamper with them.[5] The task of assigning who shall write the opinion for the majority falls to the most senior justice in the majority. Thus, when the chief justice is in the majority, he always assigns the opinion.[7] Early in his tenure, Chief Justice John Marshall insisted upon holdings which the justices could unanimously back as a means to establish and build the Court's national prestige. In doing so, Marshall would often write the opinions himself, and actively discouraged dissenting opinions. Associate Justice William Johnson eventually persuaded Marshall and the rest of the Court to adopt its present practice: one justice writes an opinion for the majority, and the rest are free to write their own separate opinions or not, whether concurring or dissenting.[8]

text: The chief justice's formal prerogative—when in the majority—to assign which justice will write the Court's opinion is perhaps his most influential power,[6] as this enables him to influence the historical record.[5] He "may assign this task to the individual justice best able to hold together a fragile coalition, to an ideologically amenable colleague, or to himself." Opinion authors can have a big influence on the content of an opinion; two justices in the same majority, given the opportunity, might write very different majority opinions.[6] A chief justice who knows well the associate justices can therefore do much—by the simple act of selecting the justice who writes the opinion of the court—to affect the general character or tone of an opinion, which in turn can affect the interpretation of that opinion in cases before lower courts in the years to come.

text: Additionally, the chief justice chairs the conferences where cases are discussed and tentatively voted on by the justices. He normally speaks first and so has influence in framing the discussion. Although the chief justice votes first—the Court votes in order of seniority—he may strategically pass in order to ensure membership in the majority if desired.[6] It is reported that:

text: Chief Justice Warren Burger was renowned, and even vilified in some quarters, for voting strategically during conference discussions on the Supreme Court in order to control the Court’s agenda through opinion assignment. Indeed, Burger is said to have often changed votes to join the majority coalition, cast "phony votes" by voting against his preferred position, and declined to express a position at conference.[9]

text: Oath of office[edit]

text: The Chief Justice typically administers the oath of office at the inauguration of the President of the United States. This is a tradition, rather than a constitutional responsibility of the Chief Justice; the Constitution does not require that the oath be administered by anyone in particular, simply that it be taken by the president. Law empowers any federal and state judge, as well as notaries public (such as John Calvin Coolidge, Sr.), to administer oaths and affirmations.

text: If the Chief Justice is ill or incapacitated, the oath is usually administered by the next senior member of the Supreme Court. Seven times, someone other than the Chief Justice of the United States administered the oath of office to the President.[10] Robert Livingston, as Chancellor of the State of New York (the state's highest ranking judicial office), administered the oath of office to George Washington at his first inauguration; there was no Chief Justice of the United States, nor any other federal judge prior to their appointments by President Washington in the months following his inauguration. William Cushing, an associate justice of the Supreme Court, administered Washington's second oath of office in 1793. Calvin Coolidge's father, a notary public, administered the oath to his son after the death of Warren Harding.[11] This, however, was contested upon Coolidge's return to Washington and his oath was re-administered by Judge Adolph A. Hoehling, Jr. of the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia.[12] John Tyler and Millard Fillmore were both sworn in on the death of their predecessors by Chief Justice William Cranch of the Circuit Court of the District of Columbia.[13] Chester A. Arthur and Theodore Roosevelt's initial oaths reflected the unexpected nature of their taking office.  On November 22, 1963, after the assassination of President John F. Kennedy, Judge Sarah T. Hughes, a federal district court judge of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Texas, administered the oath of office to then Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson aboard the presidential airplane.

text: In addition, the Chief Justice ordinarily administers the oath of office to newly appointed and confirmed associate justices, whereas the senior associate justice will normally swear in a new Chief Justice or vice president.

text: Other duties[edit]

text: Since the tenure of William Howard Taft, the office of the Chief Justice has moved beyond just first among equals.[14] The Chief Justice also:

text:
Serves as the head of the federal judiciary.
Serves as the head of the Judicial Conference of the United States, the chief administrative body of the United States federal courts. The Judicial Conference is empowered by the Rules Enabling Act to propose rules, which are then promulgated by the Supreme Court (subject to disapproval by Congress under the Congressional Review Act), to ensure the smooth operation of the federal courts. Major portions of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure and Federal Rules of Evidence have been adopted by most state legislatures and are considered canonical by American law schools.
Appoints sitting federal judges to the membership of the United States Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court (FISC), a "secret court" which oversees requests for surveillance warrants by federal police agencies (primarily the F.B.I.) against suspected foreign intelligence agents inside the United States. (see 50 U.S.C. § 1803).
Appoints the members of the Judicial Panel on Multidistrict Litigation, a special tribunal of seven sitting federal judges responsible for selecting the venue for coordinated pretrial proceedings in situations where multiple related federal actions have been filed in different judicial districts.
Serves ex officio as a member of the Board of Regents, and by custom as the Chancellor, of the Smithsonian Institution.
Supervises the acquisition of books for the Law Library of the Library of Congress.[15]

text: Unlike Senators and Representatives who are constitutionally prohibited from holding any other "office of trust or profit" of the United States or of any state while holding their congressional seats, the Chief Justice and the other members of the federal judiciary are not barred from serving in other positions.  Chief Justice John Jay served as a diplomat to negotiate the so-called Jay Treaty (also known as the Treaty of London of 1794), Justice Robert H. Jackson was appointed by President Truman to be the U.S. Prosecutor in the Nuremberg trials of leading Nazis, and Chief Justice Earl Warren chaired The President's Commission on the Assassination of President Kennedy.  As described above, the Chief Justice holds office in the Smithsonian Institution and the Library of Congress.

text: Disability or vacancy[edit]

text: Under 28 U.S.C. § 3, when the chief justice is unable to discharge his functions, or when that office is vacant, the chief justice's duties are carried out by the most senior associate justice until the disability or vacancy ends.[4] Currently, since August 2018, Clarence Thomas is the most senior associate justice.

text: List of Chief Justices[edit]

text: Since the Supreme Court was established in 1789, the following 17 persons have served as Chief Justice:[16][17]

text:
Chief Justice

Date confirmed(Vote)

Tenure[a]

Tenure length

Appointed by

Prior position[b]

1

John Jay(1745–1829)

September 26, 1789(Acclamation)

October 19, 1789–June 29, 1795(Resigned)

7003207900000000000♠5 years, 253 days

George Washington

ActingUnited States Secretary of State(1789–1790)

2

John Rutledge(1739–1800)

December 15, 1795(10–14)[c]

August 12, 1795[d]–December 28, 1795(Resigned, nomination having been rejected)

7002138000000000000♠138 days

Chief Justice of theSouth Carolina Court ofCommon Pleas and Sessions(1791–1795)Associate Justiceof the Supreme Court(1789–1791)

3

Oliver Ellsworth(1745–1807)

March 4, 1796(21–1)

March 8, 1796–December 15, 1800(Resigned)

7003174200000000000♠4 years, 282 days

United States Senatorfrom Connecticut(1789–1796)

4

John Marshall(1755–1835)

January 27, 1801(Acclamation)

February 4, 1801–July 6, 1835(Died)

7004125700000000000♠34 years, 152 days

John Adams

4thUnited States Secretary of State(1800–1801)

5

Roger B. Taney(1777–1864)

 March 15, 1836(29–15)

March 28, 1836–October 12, 1864(Died)

7004104250000000000♠28 years, 198 days

Andrew Jackson

12thUnited States Secretaryof the Treasury(1833–1834)

6

Salmon P. Chase(1808–1873)

December 6, 1864(Acclamation)

December 15, 1864–May 7, 1873(Died)

7003306500000000000♠8 years, 143 days

Abraham Lincoln

25thUnited States Secretaryof the Treasury(1861–1864)

7

Morrison Waite(1816–1888)

January 21, 1874(63–0)

March 4, 1874–March 23, 1888(Died)

7003513300000000000♠14 years, 19 days

Ulysses S. Grant

Ohio State Senator(1849–1850)Presiding officer,Ohio constitutional convention(1873)

8

Melville Fuller(1833–1910)

July 20, 1888(41–20)

October 8, 1888–July 4, 1910(Died)

7003793800000000000♠21 years, 269 days

Grover Cleveland

President,Illinois State Bar Association(1886)Illinois State Representative(1863–1865)

9

Edward Douglass White(1845–1921)

December 12, 1910[e](Acclamation)

December 19, 1910–May 19, 1921(Died)

7003380400000000000♠10 years, 151 days

William Howard Taft

Associate Justiceof the Supreme Court(1894–1910)

10

William Howard Taft(1857–1930)

June 30, 1921(Acclamation)

July 11, 1921–February 3, 1930(Retired)

7003312900000000000♠8 years, 207 days

Warren G. Harding

27thPresident of the United States(1909–1913)

11

Charles Evans Hughes(1862–1948)

February 13, 1930(52–26)

February 24, 1930–June 30, 1941(Retired)

7003414400000000000♠11 years, 126 days

Herbert Hoover

44thUnited States Secretary of State(1921–1925)Associate Justiceof the Supreme Court(1910–1916)

12

Harlan F. Stone(1872–1946)

June 27, 1941[e](Acclamation)

July 3, 1941–April 22, 1946(Died)

7003175400000000000♠4 years, 293 days

Franklin D. Roosevelt

Associate Justiceof the Supreme Court(1925–1941)

13

Fred M. Vinson(1890–1953)

June 20, 1946(Acclamation)

June 24, 1946–September 8, 1953 (Died)

7003263300000000000♠7 years, 76 days

Harry S. Truman

53rdUnited States Secretaryof the Treasury(1945–1946)

14

Earl Warren(1891–1974)

March 1, 1954(Acclamation)

October 5, 1953[d]–June 23, 1969(Retired)

7003574000000000000♠15 years, 261 days

Dwight D. Eisenhower

30thGovernor of California(1943–1953)

15

Warren E. Burger(1907–1995)

June 9, 1969(74–3)

June 23, 1969–September 26, 1986(Retired)

7003630400000000000♠17 years, 95 days

Richard Nixon

Judge of theUnited States Court of Appealsfor the District of Columbia Circuit(1956–1969)

16

William Rehnquist(1924–2005)

September 17, 1986[e](65–33)

September 26, 1986–September 3, 2005(Died)

7003691700000000000♠18 years, 342 days

Ronald Reagan

Associate Justiceof the Supreme Court(1972–1986)

17

John Roberts(born 1955)

September 29, 2005(78–22)

September 29, 2005–Incumbent

7003477500000000000♠13 years, 27 days

George W. Bush

Judge of theUnited States Court of Appealsfor the District of Columbia Circuit(2003–2005)

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ The start date given here for each chief justice is the day they took the oath of office, and the end date is the day of the justice's death, resignation, or retirement.

Jump up ^ Listed here (unless otherwise noted) is the position—either with a U.S. state or the federal government—held by the individual immediately prior to becoming Chief Justice of the United States.

Jump up ^ This was the first Supreme Court nomination to be rejected by the United States Senate. Rutledge remains the only "recess appointed" justice not to be subsequently confirmed by the Senate.

^ Jump up to: a b Recess appointment

^ Jump up to: a b c Elevated from associate justice to chief justice while serving on the Supreme Court. The nomination of a sitting associate justice to be chief justice is subject to a separate confirmation process.


document_title: The Outsiders (film)

question_text: where did they film the movie the outsiders

text: The Outsiders (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: In Tulsa, Oklahoma, greasers are a gang of tough, low-income working-class teens. They include Ponyboy Curtis and his two older brothers, Sodapop and Darrel, as well as Johnny Cade, Dallas Winston, Two-Bit Matthews, and Steve Randle. Their rivalry is with the Socs, a gang of wealthier kids from the other side of town. Two Socs, Bob Sheldon and Randy Anderson, confront Johnny, Ponyboy, and Two-Bit, who are talking to the Socs' girlfriends, Cherry and Marcia, at a drive-in theater. The girls defuse the situation by going home with the Socs. Later that night, Ponyboy and Johnny are attacked in a park by Bob, Randy, and three other Socs. They begin dunking Ponyboy in a fountain attempting to drown him, but Johnny pulls out his switchblade and stabs Bob to death.

text: On the advice of Dallas, and the fact that murderers in Oklahoma will be executed in the electric chair, Ponyboy and Johnny flee on a cargo train, and hide out in an abandoned church in Windrixville. Both boys cut their hair and Ponyboy bleaches his with peroxide in order to mask their identities. To pass time, the boys play poker and Ponyboy reads Gone with the Wind and quotes the Robert Frost poem "Nothing Gold Can Stay". After a few days, Dallas arrives with news that Cherry has offered to support the boys in court, that he told the police that Johnny and Pony were in Texas, and gives Pony a note from Sodapop. They go out to get something to eat, then return to find the church on fire with children trapped inside. The Greasers turn into heroes as they rescue the kids from the burning church. It doesn't take long for Ponyboy and Dally to heal up. Johnny, on the other hand, ends up with a broken back and severe burns. The boys are praised for their heroism, but Johnny is charged with manslaughter for killing Bob, while Ponyboy may be sent to a boys' home.

text: Bob's death has sparked calls from the Socs for "a rumble," which the Greasers win. Dallas drives Ponyboy to the hospital to visit Johnny. Johnny is unimpressed by the victory, and dies after telling Ponyboy to "stay gold," referring to the Frost poem. Unable to bear Johnny's death, Dallas wanders through the hospital, pretending to shoot a doctor with his unloaded gun, which clicks harmlessly. He then robs a grocery store with the same gun, but he is shot and wounded by the owner as he flees. Pursued by the police, Dallas is surrounded in a park and the police kill him after he repeatedly refuses to drop his unloaded gun. Ponyboy is eventually cleared of wrongdoing in Bob's death and allowed to stay with his brothers. Turning the pages of Johnny's copy of Gone with the Wind, Ponyboy finds a letter from Johnny saying that saving the children was worth sacrificing his own life. The story ends with Ponyboy writing a school report about his experiences.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
C. Thomas Howell as Ponyboy Curtis
Matt Dillon as Dallas "Dally" Winston
Ralph Macchio as Johnny Cade
Patrick Swayze as Darrel "Darry" Curtis
Rob Lowe as Sodapop Curtis
Emilio Estevez as Two-Bit Matthews
Tom Cruise as Steve Randle
Glenn Withrow as Tim Shepard
Diane Lane as Sherri "Cherry" Valance
Leif Garrett as Robert "Bob" Sheldon
Darren Dalton as Randy Anderson
Michelle Meyrink as Marcia
Tom Waits as Buck Merrill

text: Production[edit]

text: Francis Ford Coppola had not intended to make a film about teen angst until Jo Ellen Misakian, a school librarian from Lone Star Elementary School in Fresno, California, wrote to him on behalf of her seventh and eighth grade students about adapting The Outsiders.[4] When Coppola read the book, he was moved not only to adapt and direct it, but to follow it the next year by adapting Hinton's novel Rumble Fish. The latter film's cast also included Matt Dillon, Diane Lane, and Glenn Withrow.

text: The film was shot on location in Tulsa, Oklahoma.[5] Coppola filmed The Outsiders and Rumble Fish back-to-back in 1982—a newspaper, used to show a story about the three greasers saving the kids in The Outsiders, includes a real story from 1982 regarding the death of a man hit by a train in Boston.[6] He wrote the screenplay for the latter while on days off from shooting the former. Many of the same locations were used in both films, as were many of the same cast and crew members. The credits are shown at the beginning of the film in the style normally found in a published play.

text: Coppola's craving for realism almost led to disaster during the church-burning scene. He pressed for "more fire", and the small, controlled blaze accidentally triggered a much larger, uncontrolled fire, which a downpour doused.[7]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes has a rating of 63% based on 38 reviews, with an average rating of 6.1/10. The site's consensus reads, "The cracks continue to show in Coppola's directorial style, but The Outsiders remains a blustery, weird, and fun adaptation of the classic novel."[1] Roger Ebert awarded the film two and a half out of four stars, citing problems with Coppola's vision, "the characters wind up like pictures, framed and hanging on the screen."[8]

text: Authors Janet Hirshenson and Jane Jenkins, in a 2007 book, wrote that the film's realistic portrayal of poor teenagers "created a new kind of filmmaking, especially about teenagers — a more naturalistic look at how young people talk, act, and experience the world. This movie was one of the few Hollywood offerings to deal realistically with kids from the wrong side of the tracks, and to portray honestly children whose parents had abused, neglected, or otherwise failed them."[9]

text: Accolades[edit]

text: The Outsiders was nominated for four Young Artist Awards, given annually since 1978 by the Young Artist Foundation. C. Thomas Howell won for "Best Young Motion Picture Actor in a Feature Film". Diane Lane was nominated for "Best Young Supporting Actress in a Motion Picture". The film was nominated for "Best Family Feature Motion Picture".[10] Francis Ford Coppola was nominated for the Golden Prize at the 13th Moscow International Film Festival.[11]

text: "The Complete Novel" re-release[edit]

text: In September 2005, Coppola re-released the film on DVD, including 22 minutes of additional footage and new music, as The Outsiders: The Complete Novel. Coppola re-inserted some deleted scenes to make the film more faithful to the book. At the beginning of the film, he added scenes where Ponyboy gets stalked and jumped, the gang talks about going to the movies, Sodapop and Ponyboy talking in their room and Dally, Pony and Johnny bum around before going to the movies. In the end, Coppola added the scenes taking place in court, Mr. Syme talking to Ponyboy, and Sodapop, Ponyboy and Darry in the park. Also, much of the original score was replaced with music popular in the 1960s as well as new music composed by Michael Seifert and Dave Padrutt. The film was re-rated by the MPAA as PG-13 for "violence, teen drinking and smoking, and some sexual references".[12]

text: The director also removed three scenes that were in the theatrical version in order to improve pacing. Those scenes being: Ponyboy and Johnny looking at their silhouettes in the lake and talking about their hair, attempting to catch a rabbit, and playing poker. They can be found on the second disc as additional scenes along with other deleted scenes that were filmed but not put into the movie. In addition, Swayze, Macchio, Lane, and Howell gathered at Coppola's estate to watch the re-release, and their commentary is included on the DVD. Dillon and Lowe provided separate commentary.

text: A Blu-ray edition of The Outsiders: The Complete Novel was released in Region 1 on June 3, 2014.[13]

text: Music[edit]

text: The original film score was composed by the director's father, Carmine Coppola; the main theme, "Stay Gold", was sung by Stevie Wonder. The original soundtrack included one rock song, Them's "Gloria".

text: Sequel TV series[edit]

text: A television series based on the characters of the novel and film aired in 1990. It consists of a different cast playing the same characters. It picks up right after the events of the film's ending but lasted only one season.


document_title: The Sims FreePlay

question_text: how many sims can you have sims freeplay

text: The Sims FreePlay

text: Gameplay[edit]

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (May 2017)

text: In The Sims FreePlay, players build houses, control virtual people called Sims to satisfy their needs and wishes, and let them complete different kinds of actions to gain Simoleons, LifeStyle Points, Social Points (all three are currencies in the game), and XP. The Sims FreePlay runs in real-time and takes real time to complete actions. All actions must be instructed by players, unlike in the computer version, where Sims can have some degree of autonomy. Players can progress through 55 levels to unlock content and create up to 34 Sims. In the game, only married sims can have children and there is a limit on the amount of allowable couples[citation needed] due to a limit on the people in the player's town. However, if the player buys items off the online store, they become a VIP that will allow them to increase the number of sims they can have in their town. In the game, there are main quests and discovery quests. Whereas regular quests are required, the discovery quests are optional.

text: Development[edit]

text: Updates[edit]

text: The game is regularly updated with new content and has many events and competitions, announced at FreePlay's official Facebook page. The updates include elements from various expansion packs and stuff packs from the main series, each new update would come with new goals and sometimes hobbies and jobs.

text: Reception[edit]

text: This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (May 2017)


document_title: Italy (Everybody Loves Raymond)

question_text: where was the italy everybody loves raymond filmed

text: Italy (Everybody Loves Raymond)

text: Plot[edit]

text: Frank (Peter Boyle) and Marie (Doris Roberts) announce to their family that they're all going to Italy for two weeks. The latter reasons that with her birthday coming up, she is using the money she had kept aside for 45 years to pay for the family to meet her cousin Colletta (Silvana De Santis), who lives in a small village outside of Rome. Everyone is excited to go, except Raymond (Ray Romano). Ray informs Debra (Patricia Heaton) that he doesn't want to go on the trip because he has no interest in other cultures. Debra replies that she doesn't want his "dumbness" to ruin the vacation.

text: The family arrive at Colleta's home, who welcomes them along with her husband Giorgio. Ray begins developing a cold which he claims he got from the air conditioning on the van they rode. Robert (Brad Garrett), also becomes miserable, due to his "dilemma"; because he plans to marry Amy but keeps focusing on his ex-wife Joanne, he claims that he is unable to sort out his feelings. At a gelato parlor, he becomes attracted to a waitress named Stefania Fogagnolo (Alex Meneses), whose father Signore Focagnolo (David Proval) is also the owner. He visits Rome with Stefania, but she tells him she doesn't want her dad to know she is dating. Meanwhile, Ray also goes to the city with the rest of the family, but while Debra, Frank and Marie are apparently having a great time, Ray is not.

text: After some time visiting Rome, Debra finally bursts out about Ray's attitude towards the trip and compares his behavior to Frank and Marie's; she argues that while his parents are at least trying to make the best out of things, he has been "a grumpy pain-in-the-ass". Angered, Ray tells her he "will not be a pain in anyone's ass anymore" and gets away from the three. Meanwhile, Signore Fogagnolo catches Stefania and Robert about to make out in her room, and goes after Robert. It also appears that the trip is starting to go downhill for Frank, Marie and Debra. Marie decides Ray should take a walk with her to lighten him up and release her stress from Debra's behavior towards him moping and not wanting to have fun. It seems with the walk, he is starting to become positive and enjoying the vacation.

text: At lunch, Robert, who confronts Marco again, decides to talk with him so he can convince him to be with Stefania. Meanwhile, Ray gives flowers to some of the women, including Colleta, Marie and Debra. Ray shows Debra that he is starting to enjoy being in the country, which makes Debra happy, and the two go on their own date around Rome, as well and Marie and Frank. Colleta and Giorgio give a farewell to the family, while Robert and Stefania say goodbye to each other with Marco watching them. During the van ride, all the family members together sing "C'è La Luna Mezzo Mare" by Lou Monte.

text: The episode ends with Ray annoying his fellow passengers by singing loudly in Italian on the plane back to New York.

text: Production[edit]

text: After the first season of Everybody Loves Raymond ended in 1997, the series' creator, Philip Rosenthal, asked Ray Romano what he was going to do over the summer. When Rosenthal suggested he go to Italy, Romano did not accept because he was "not really interested in other cultures." According to Rosenthal, "After I got up off the floor, I realized: Here's an episode."[2] Directed by Gary Halvorson, "Italy" guest stars Silvana De Santis as Colletta, Pierrino Mascarino as Giorgio, Alex Meneses as Stefania, David Proval as Signore Fogagnolo, Enzo Vitagliano as the Bocce player, Sergio Sivori, Vanni Bramat, Luca Francucci and Alessandro Francucci.[1] It was filmed in July 2000 in the town Anguillara Sabazia outside of Rome.[2] Romano first hinted of the episode in an interview published that same month in the Rome News-Tribune.[3]

text: According to the Los Angeles Times, Brad Garrett threatened not to participate in the two-part episode unless he got a raise, which he was given.[4]

text: Release and reception[edit]

text: "Italy" initially aired on the American television network CBS, part one on October 2, 2000 and part two on October 9.[5] In 2005, it was released to DVD as part of the official DVD release for the fifth season, which also came with an audio commentary for both parts of the episode by Phil Rosenthal and Ray Romano.[6] "Italy" has been positively received by critics. Former DVD Verdict writer Russell Engebretson said that while the episode "veers into sentimentality, it provides a dose of sweetness to counter a few of the more darkly comic episodes [of season five], especially the funny but bitter "Christmas Present." He also praised the impressive cinematography.[7] DVD Talk's Jeffrey Robinson called it "a fun way to start the season. It was a nice change of pace after the same settings and atmospheres." He also highlighted the introduction of a new love interest for Robert.[6] However, in a mixed review published in The Gadsden Times, David Kronke opined that in keeping with the nature of usual "special" episodes, "it's not quite up to the series' usual laugh quotient."[8] On March 2, 2002, Rosenthal won the Writers Guild of America Award for Episodic Comedy for writing "Italy".[9] He has cited the episode to be one of his favorites of Everybody Loves Raymond.[10]


document_title: Swaraj Party

question_text: who support swaraj party in central legislative assembly in pre independent india

text: Swaraj Party

text: Chauri Chaura[edit]

text: The Swaraj Party was formed on 9 January 1923 by Indian politicians and members of the Indian National Congress who had opposed Mahatma 's suspension of all civil resistance on 5 February 1922 in response to the Chauri Chaura tragedy, where policemen were killed by a mob of protestors. Gandhi felt responsible for the killings, reproached himself for not emphasizing non-violence more firmly, and feared that the entire Non-Cooperation Movement could degenerate into an orgy of violence between the British-controlled army and police and mobs of freedom-fighters, alienating and hurting millions of common Indians. He went on a fast-unto-death to convince all Indians to stop civil resistance. The Congress and other nationalist groups disavowed all activities of disobedience.

text: But many Indians felt that the Non-Cooperation Movement should not have been suspended over an isolated incident of violence, and that its astonishing success was actually close to breaking the back of British rule in India. These people became disillusioned with Gandhi's political judgments and instincts.

text: Council entry[edit]

text: Gandhi and most of the Congress party rejected the provincial and central legislative councils created by the British to offer some participation for Indians. They argued that the councils were rigged with un-elected allies of the British, and too un-democratic and simply "rubber stamps" of the Viceroy.

text: In December 1922, Chittaranjan Das, Narasimha Chintaman Kelkar and Motilal Nehru formed the Congress-Khilafat Swarajaya Party with Das as the president and Nehru as one of the secretaries. Other prominent leaders included Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy and Subhas Chandra Bose of Bengal, Vithalbhai Patel and other Congress leaders who were becoming dissatisfied with the Congress. The other group was the 'No-Changers', who had accepted Gandhi's decision to withdraw the movement.

text: Now both the Swarajists and the No-Changers were engaged in a fierce political struggle, but both were determined to avoid the disastrous experience of the 1907 split at Surat. On the advice of Gandhi, the two groups decided to remain in the Congress but to work in their separate ways. There was no basic difference between the two.

text: Swarajist members were elected to the councils. Vithalbhai Patel became the president of the Central Legislative Assembly. However, the legislatures had very limited powers, and apart from some heated parliamentary debates, and procedural stand-offs with the British authorities, the core mission of obstructing British rule failed.

text: With the death of Chittaranjan Das in 1925, and with Motilal Nehru's return to the Congress the following year, the Swaraj party was greatly weakened.

text: Pro-Changers and No-Changers, and the Simon Commission[edit]

text: After his release from prison in 1924, Gandhi sought to bring back the Swarajists to the Congress and re-unite the party. Gandhi's supporters were in a vast majority in the Congress, and the Congress still remained India's largest political party, but Gandhi felt it necessary to heal the divide with the Swarajists, so as to heal the nation's wounds over the 1922 suspension.

text: The Swarajists sought more representation in the Congress offices, and an end to the mandatory requirement for Congressmen to spin khadi cloth and do social service as a prerequisite for office. This was opposed by Gandhi's supporters, men like Vallabhbhai Patel, Jawaharlal Nehru and Rajendra Prasad, who became known as the No Changers as opposed to the Swarajist Changers. Gandhi relaxed the rules on spinning and named some Swarajists to important positions in the Congress Party. He also encouraged the Congress to support those Swarajists elected to the councils, so as not to embarrass them and leave them rudderless before the British authorities.

text: When the Simon Commission arrived in India in 1928, millions of Indians were infuriated with the idea of an all-British committee writing proposals for Indian constitutional reforms without any Indian member or consultations with the Indian people. The Congress created a committee to write Indian proposals for constitutional reforms, headed by now Congress President Motilal Nehru. The death of Lala Lajpat Rai, beaten by police in Punjab further infuriated India. People rallied around the Nehru Report and old political divisions and wounds were forgotten, and Vithalbhai Patel and all Swarajist councillors resigned in protest.

text: Between 1929 and 1937, the Indian National Congress would declare the independence of India and launch the Salt Satyagraha. In this tumultuous period, the Swaraj Party was defunct as its members quietly dissolved into the Congress fold.

text: Madras Province Swarajya Party[edit]

text: The Madras Province Swarajya Party was established in 1923. S. Satyamurti and S. Srinivasa Iyengar led the party. The party contested in all provincial elections between 1923 and 1934 with the exception of the 1930 election which it did not participate officially due to the Civil Disobedience Movement, though some of the members of the party contested for office as independents. The party emerged as the single largest party in the 1926 and 1934 Assembly elections but refused to form the provincial government under the existing dyarchy system. In 1934, the Madras Province Swarajya Party merged with the All India Swarajya Party which subsequently merged with the Indian National Congress when it contested the 1935 elections to the Imperial Legislative Council under the Government of India Act 1935.

text: From 1935 onward, the Swarajya Party ceased to exist and was succeeded by the Indian National Congress in the elections to the Imperial Legislative Council as well as the Madras Legislative Council.

text:
Presidents of the Madras Province Swarajya Party
Term start
Term End

S. Srinivasa Iyengar
1923
1930

Sathyamurthy
1930
1935

text: Performance of the Madras Provincial Swarajya Party[edit]

text:
Elections
Seats in Madras Assembly
Assembly Seats won
Total number of Council seats
Members nominated to the council
Result
Party President

1923
98
20
29

1926
98
41
34

S. Srinivasa Iyengar

1930
Did not participate in the elections due to Civil Disobedience Movement

1934
98

29