document_title: Cerberus

question_text: what do you call a lion headed monster

question_tokens: what do you call a lion headed monster

text: Cerberus

text: Descriptions[edit]

text: Descriptions of Cerberus vary, including the number of his heads. Cerberus was usually three-headed, though not always. Cerberus had a multi-headed heritage. His father was the multi snake-headed Typhon,[3] and Cerberus was the brother of three other multi-headed monsters, the multi-snake-headed Lernaean Hydra; Orthrus, the two-headed dog who guarded the Cattle of Geryon; and the Chimera, who had three heads, that of a lion, a goat, and a snake.[4] And, like these close relatives, Cerberus was, with only the rare iconographic exception, multi-headed.

text: In the earliest description of Cerberus, Hesiod's Theogony (c. 8th – 7th century BC), Cerberus has fifty heads, while Pindar (c. 522 – c. 443 BC) gave him one hundred heads.[5] However, later writers almost universally give Cerberus three heads.[6] An exception is the Latin poet Horace's Cerberus which has a single dog head, and one hundred snake heads.[7] Perhaps trying to reconcile these competing traditions, Apollodorus's Cerberus has three dog heads and the heads of "all sorts of snakes" along his back, while the Byzantine poet John Tzetzes (who probably based his account on Apollodorus) gives Cerberus fifty heads, three of which were dog heads, the rest being the "heads of other beasts of all sorts".[8]

text: In art Cerberus is most commonly depicted with two dog heads (visible), never more than three, but occasionally with only one.[10] On one of the two earliest depictions (c. 590–580 BC), a Corinthian cup from Argos (see below), now lost, Cerberus is shown as a normal single-headed dog.[11] The first appearance of a three-headed Cerberus occurs on a mid sixth century BC Laconian cup (see below).[12]

text: Horace's many snake-headed Cerberus followed a long tradition of Cerberus being part snake. This is perhaps already implied as early as in Hesiod's Theogony, where Cerberus' mother is the half-snake Echidna, and his father the snake-headed Typhon. In art Cerberus is often shown as being part snake,[13] for example the lost Corinthian cup shows snakes protruding from Cerberus' body, while the mid sixth-century BC Laconian cup gives Cerberus a snake for a tail. In the literary record, the first certain indication of Cerberus' serpentine nature comes from the rationalized account of Hecataeus of Miletus (fl. 500–494 BC), who makes Cerberus a large poisonous snake.[14] Plato refers to Cerberus' composite nature,[15] and Euphorion of Chalcis (3rd century BC) describes Cerberus as having multiple snake tails,[16] and presumably in connection to his serpentine nature, associates Cerberus with the creation of the poisonous aconite plant.[17] Virgil has snakes writhe around Cerberus' neck,[18] Ovid's Cerberus has a venomous mouth,[19] necks "vile with snakes",[20] and "hair inwoven with the threatening snake",[21] while Seneca gives Cerberus a mane consisting of snakes, and a single snake tail.[22]

text: Cerberus was given various other traits. According to Euripides, Cerberus not only had three heads but three bodies,[23] and according to Virgil he had multiple backs.[24] Cerberus ate raw flesh (according to Hesiod),[25] had eyes which flashed fire (according to Euphorion), a three-tongued mouth (according to Horace), and acute hearing (according to Seneca).[26]

text: The Twelfth Labour of Heracles[edit]

text: Cerberus' only mythology concerns his capture by Heracles.[28] As early as Homer we learn that Heracles was sent by Eurystheus, the king of Tiryns, to bring back Cerberus from Hades the king of the underworld.[29] According to Apollodorus, this was the twelfth and final labour imposed on Heracles.[30] In a fragment from a lost play Pirithous, (attributed to either Euripides or Critias) Heracles says that, although Eurystheus commanded him to bring back Cerberus, it was not from any desire to see Cerberus, but only because Eurystheus thought that the task was impossible.[31]

text: Heracles was aided in his mission by his being an initiate of the Eleusinian Mysteries. Euripides has his initiation being "lucky" for Heracles in capturing Cerberus.[32] And both Diodorus Siculus and Apollodorus say that Heracles was initiated into the Mysteries, in preparation for his descent into the underworld. According to Diodorus, Heracles went to Athens, where Musaeus, the son of Orpheus, was in charge of the initiation rites,[33] while according to Apollodorus, he went to Eumolpus at Eleusis.[34]

text: Heracles also had the help of Hermes, the usual guide of the underworld, as well as Athena. In the Odyssey, Homer has Hermes and Athena as his guides.[35] And Hermes and Athena are often shown with Heracles on vase paintings depicting Cerberus' capture. By most accounts, Heracles made his descent into the underworld through an entrance at Tainaron, the most famous of the various Greek entrances to the underworld.[36] The place is first mentioned in connection with the Cerberus story in the rationalized account of Hecataeus of Miletus (fl. 500–494 BC), and Euripides, Seneca, and Apolodorus, all have Heracles descend into the underworld there.[37] However Xenophon reports that Heracles was said to have descended at the Acherusian Chersonese near Heraclea Pontica, on the Black Sea, a place more usually associated with Heracles' exit from the underworld (see below).[38] Heraclea, founded c. 560 BC, perhaps took its name from the association of its site with Heracles' Cerberian exploit.[39]

text: Theseus and Pirithous[edit]

text: While in the underworld, Heracles met the heroes Theseus and Pirithous, where the two companions were being held prisoner by Hades for attempting to carry off Hades' wife Persephone. Along with bringing back Cerberus, Heracles also managed (usually) to rescue Theseus, and in some versions Pirithous as well.[40] According to Apollodorus, Heracles found Theseus and Pirithous near the gates of Hades, bound to the "Chair of Forgetfulness, to which they grew and were held fast by coils of serpents", and when they saw Heracles, "they stretched out their hands as if they should be raised from the dead by his might", and Heracles was able to free Theseus, but when he tried to raise up Pirithous, "the earth quaked and he let go."[41]

text: The earliest evidence for the involvement of Theseus and Pirithous in the Cerberus story, is found on a shield-band relief (c. 560 BC) from Olympia, where Theseus and Pirithous (named) are seated together on a chair, arms held out in supplication, while Heracles approaches, about to draw his sword.[42] The earliest literary mention of the rescue occurs in Euripides, where Heracles saves Theseus (with no mention of Pirithous).[43] In the lost play Pirithous, both heroes are rescued,[44] while in the rationalized account of Philochorus, Heracles was able to rescue Theseus, but not Pirithous.[45] In one place Diodorus says Heracles brought back both Theseus and Pirithous, by the favor of Persephone,[46] while in another he says that Pirithous remained in Hades, or according to "some writers of myth" that neither Theseus, nor Pirithous returned.[47] Both are rescued in Hyginus.[48]

text: Capture[edit]

text: There are various versions of how Heracles accomplished Cerberus' capture.[50] According to Apollodorus, Heracles asked Hades for Cerberus, and Hades told Heracles he would allow him to take Cerberus only if he "mastered him without the use of the weapons which he carried", and so, using his lion-skin as a shield, Heracles squeezed Cerberus around the head until he submitted.[51]

text: In some early sources Cerberus' capture seems to involve Heracles fighting Hades. Homer (Iliad 5.395–397) has Hades injured by an arrow shot by Heracles.[52] A scholium to the Iliad passage, explains that Hades had commanded that Heracles "master Cerberus without shield or Iron".[53] Heracles did this, by (as in Apollodorus) using his lion-skin instead of his shield, and making stone points for his arrows, but when Hades still opposed him, Heracles shot Hades in anger. Consistent with the no iron requirement, on an early sixth-century BC lost Corinthian cup, Heracles is shown attacking Hades with a stone,[54] while the iconographic tradition, from c. 560 BC, often shows Heracles using his wooden club against Cerberus.[55]

text: Euripides, has Amphitryon ask Heracles: "Did you conquer him in fight, or receive him from the goddess [i.e. Persephone]? To which, Heracles answers: "In fight",[56] and the Pirithous fragment says that Heracles "overcame the beast by force".[57] However, according to Diodorus, Persephone welcomed Heracles "like a brother" and gave Cerberus "in chains" to Heracles.[58] Aristophanes, has Heracles seize Cerberus in a stranglehold and run off,[59] while Seneca has Heracles again use his lion-skin as shield, and his wooden club, to subdue Cerberus, after which a quailing Hades and Persephone, allow Heracles to lead a chained and submissive Cerberus away.[60] Cerberus is often shown being chained, and Ovid tells that Heracles dragged the three headed Cerberus with chains of adamant.[61]

text: Exit from the underworld[edit]

text: There were several locations which were said to be the place where Heracles brought up Cerberus from the underworld.[62] The geographer Strabo (63/64 BC – c. AD 24) reports that "according to the myth writers" Cerberus was brought up at Tainaron,[63] the same place where Euripides has Heracles enter the underworld. Seneca has Heracles enter and exit at Tainaron.[64] Apollodorus, although he has Heracles enter at Tainaron, has him exit at Troezen.[65] The geographer Pausanias tells us that there was a temple at Troezen with "altars to the gods said to rule under the earth", where it was said that, in addition to Cerberus being "dragged" up by Heracles, Semele was supposed to have been brought up out of the underworld by Dionysus.[66]

text: Another tradition had Cerberus brought up at Heraclea Pontica (the same place which Xenophon had earlier associated with Heracles' descent) and the cause of the poisonous plant aconite which grew there in abundance.[67] Herodorus of Heraclea and Euphorion said that when Heracles brought Cerberus up from the underworld at Heraclea, Cerberus "vomited bile" from which the aconite plant grew up.[68] Ovid, also makes Cerberus the cause of the poisonous aconite, saying that on the "shores of Scythia", upon leaving the underworld, as Cerberus was being dragged by Heracles from a cave, dazzled by the unaccustomed daylight, Cerberus spewed out a "poison-foam", which made the aconite plants growing there poisonous.[69] Seneca's Cerberus too, like Ovid's, reacts violently to his first sight of daylight. Enraged, the previously submissive Cerberus struggles furiously, and Heracles and Theseus must together drag Cerberus into the light.[70]

text: Pausanias reports that according to local legend Cerberus was brought up through a chasm in the earth dedicated to Clymenus (Hades) next to the sanctuary of Chthonia at Hermione, and in Euripides' Heracles, thought Euripides does not say that Cerberus was brought out there, he has Cerberus kept for a while in the "grove of Chthonia" at Hermione.[71] Pausanias also mentions that at Mount Laphystion in Boeotia, that there was a statue of Heracles Charops ("with bright eyes"), where the Boeotians said Heracles brought up Cerberus.[72] Other locations which perhaps were also associated with Cerberus being brought out of the underworld include, Hierapolis, Thesprotia, and Emeia near Mycenae.[73]

text: Presented to Eurystheus, returned to Hades[edit]

text: In some accounts, after bringing Cerberus up from the underworld, Heracles paraded the captured Cerberus through Greece.[74] Euphorion has Heracles lead Cerberus through Midea in Argolis, as women and children watch in fear,[75] and Diodorus Siculus says of Cerberus, that Heracles "carried him away to the amazement of all and exhibited him to men."[76] Seneca has Juno complain of Heracles "highhandedly parading the black hound through Argive cities"[77] and Heracles greeted by laurel-wreathed crowds, "singing" his praises.[78]

text: Then, according to Apollodorus, Heracles showed Cerberus to Eurystheus, as commanded, after which he returned Cerberus to the underworld.[79] However, according to Hesychius of Alexandria, Cerberus escaped, presumably returning to the underworld on his own.[80]

text: Principal sources[edit]

text: The earliest mentions of Cerberus (c. 8th – 7th century BC) occur in Homer's Iliad and Odyssey, and Hesiod's Theogony.[81] Homer does not name or describe Cerberus, but simply refers to Heracles being sent by Eurystheus to fetch the "hound of Hades", with Hermes and Athena as his guides,[82] and, in a possible reference to Cerberus' capture, that Heracles shot Hades with an arrow.[83] According to Hesiod, Cerberus was the offspring of the monsters Echidna and Typhon, was fifty-headed, ate raw flesh, and was the "brazen-voiced hound of Hades",[84] who fawns on those that enter the house of Hades, but eats those who try to leave.[85]

text: Stesichorus (c. 630 – 555 BC) apparently wrote a poem called Cerberus, of which virtually nothing remains.[86] However the early sixth century BC lost Corinthian cup from Argos, which showed a single head, and snakes growing out from many places on his body,[87] was possibly influenced by Stesichorus' poem.[88] The mid-sixth-century BC cup from Laconia gives Cerberus three heads and a snake tail, which eventually becomes the standard representation.[89]

text: Pindar (c. 522 – c. 443 BC) apparently gave Cerberus one hundred heads.[90] Bacchylides (5th century BC) also mentions Heracles bringing Cerberus up from the underworld, with no further details.[91] Sophocles (c. 495 – c. 405 BC), in his Women of Trachis, makes Cerberus three-headed,[92] and in his Oedipus at Colonus, the Chorus asks that Oedipus be allowed to pass the gates of the underworld undisturbed by Cerberus, called here the "untamable Watcher of Hades".[93] Euripides (c. 480 – 406 BC) describes Cerberus as three-headed,[94] and three-bodied,[95] says that Heracles entered the underworld at Tainaron,[96] has Heracles say that Cerberus was not given to him by Persephone, but rather he fought and conquered Cerberus, "for I had been lucky enough to witness the rites of the initiated", an apparent reference to his initiation into the Eleusinian Mysteries,[97] and says that the capture of Cerberus was the last of Heracles' labors.[98] The lost play Pirthous (attributed to either Euripides or his late contemporary Critias) has Heracles say that he came to the underworld at the command of Eurystheus, who had ordered him to bring back Cerberus alive, not because he wanted to see Cerberus, but only because Eurystheus thought Heracles would not be able to accomplish the task, and that Heracles "overcame the beast" and "received favour from the gods".[99]

text: Plato (c. 425 – 348 BC) refers to Cerberus' composite nature, citing Cerberus, along with Scylla and the Chimera, as an example from "ancient fables" of a creature composed of many animal forms "grown together in one".[100] Euphorion of Chalcis (3rd century BC) describes Cerberus as having multiple snake tails, and eyes that flashed, like sparks from a blacksmith's forge, or the volcaninc Mount Etna.[101] From Euphorion, also comes the first mention of a story which told that at Heraclea Pontica, where Cerberus was brought out of the underworld, by Heracles, Cerberus "vomited bile" from which the poisonous aconite plant grew up.[102]

text: According to Diodorus Siculus (1st century BC), the capture of Cerberus was the eleventh of Heracles' labors, the twelfth and last being stealing the Apples of the Hesperides.[103] Diodorus says that Heracles thought it best to first go to Athens to take part in the Eleusinian Mysteries, "Musaeus, the son of Orpheus, being at that time in charge of the initiatory rites", after which, he entered into the underworld "welcomed like a brother by Persephone", and "receiving the dog Cerberus in chains he carried him away to the amazement of all and exhibited him to men."

text: In Virgil's Aeneid (1st century BC), Aeneas and the Sibyl encounter Cerberus in a cave, where he "lay at vast length", filling the cave "from end to end", blocking the entrance to the underworld. Cerberus is described as "triple-throated", with "three fierce mouths", multiple "large backs", and serpents writhing around his neck. The Sybyl throws Cerberus a loaf laced with honey and herbs to induce sleep, enabling Aeneas to enter the underworld, and so apparently for Virgil—contradicting Hesiod—Cerberus guarded the underworld against entrance.[104] Later Virgil describes Cerberus, in his bloody cave, crouching over half-gnawed bones.[105] In his Georgics, Virgil refers to Cerberus, his "triple jaws agape" being tamed by Orpheus' playing his lyre.[106]

text: Horace (65 – 8 BC) also refers to Cerberus yielding to Orphesus' lyre, here Cerberus has a single dog head, which "like a Fury's is fortified by a hundred snakes", with a "triple-tongued mouth" oozing "fetid breath and gore".[107]

text: Ovid (43 BC – AD 17/18) has Cerberus' mouth produce venom,[108] and like Euphorion, makes Cerberus the cause of the poisonous plant aconite.[109] According to Ovid, Heracles dragged Cerberus from the underworld, emerging from a cave "where 'tis fabled, the plant grew / on soil infected by Cerberian teeth", and dazzled by the daylight, Cerberus spewed out a "poison-foam", which made the aconite plants growing there poisonous.

text: Seneca, in his tragedy Hercules Furens gives a detailed description of Cerberus and his capture.[110] Seneca's Cerberus has three heads, a mane of snakes, and a snake tail, with his three heads being covered in gore, and licked by the many snakes which surround them, and with hearing so acute that he can hear "even ghosts".[111] Seneca has Heracles use his lion-skin as shield, and his wooden club, to beat Cerberus into submission, after which Hades and Persephone, quailing on their thrones, let Heracles lead a chained and submissive Cerberus away. But upon leaving the underworld, at his first sight of daylight, a frightened Cerberus struggles furiously, and Heracles, with the help of Theseus (who had been held captive by Hades, but released, at Heracles' request) drag Cerberus into the light.[112] Seneca, like Diodorus, has Heracles parade the captured Cerberus through Greece.[113]

text: Apollodorus' Cerberus has three dog-heads, a serpent for a tail, and the heads of many snakes on his back.[114] According to Apollodorus, Heracles' twelfth and final labor was to bring back Cerberus from Hades. Heracles first went to Eumolpus to be initiated into the Eleusinian Mysteries. Upon his entering the underworld, all the dead flee Heracles except for Meleager and the Gorgon Medusa. Heracles drew his sword against Medusa, but Hermes told Heracles that the dead are mere "empty phantoms". Heracles asked Hades (here called Pluto) for Cerberus, and Hades said that Heracles could take Cerberus provided he was able to subdue him without using weapons. Heracles found Cerberus at the gates of Acheron, and with his arms around Cerberus, though being bitten by Cerberus' serpent tail, Heracles squeezed until Cerberus submitted. Heracles carried Cerberus away, showed him to Eurystheus, then returned Cerberus to the underworld.

text: In an apparently unique version of the story, related by the sixth-century AD Pseudo-Nonnus, Heracles descended into Hades to abduct Persephone, and killed Cerberus on his way back up.[115]

text: Iconography[edit]

text: The capture of Cerberus was a popular theme in ancient Greek and Roman art.[116] The earliest depictions date from the beginning of the sixth century BC. One of the two earliest depictions, a Corinthian cup (c. 590–580 BC) from Argos (now lost),[117] shows a naked Heracles, with quiver on his back and bow in his right hand, striding left, accompanied by Hermes. Heracles threatens Hades with a stone, who flees left, while a goddess, perhaps Persephone or possibly Athena, standing in front of Hades' throne, prevents the attack. Cerberus, with a single canine head, and snakes rising from his head and body, flees right. On the far right a column indicates the entrance to Hades' palace. Many of the elements of this scene: Hermes, Athena, Hades, Persephone, and a column or portico, are common occurrences in later works. The other earliest depiction, a relief pithos fragment from Crete (c. 590–570 BC) is thought to show a single lion-headed Cerberus, with a snake (open-mouthed) over his back, being led to the right.[118]

text: A mid sixth century BC Laconian cup, by the Hunt Painter, adds several new features to the scene which also become common in later works: three heads, a snake tail, Cerberus' chain and Heracles' club. Here Cerberus has three canine heads, is covered by a shaggy coat of snakes, and has a tail which ends in a snake head. He is being held on a chain leash by Heracles who holds his club raised over head.[119]

text: In Greek art, the vast majority of depictions of Heracles and Cerberus occur on Attic vases.[120] Although the lost Corinthian cup shows Cerberus with a single dog head, and the relief pithos fragment (c. 590–570 BC) apparently shows a single lion-headed Cerberus, in Attic vase painting, Cerberus usually has two dog heads.[121] In other art, as in the Laconian cup, Cerberus is usually three-headed.[122] Occasionally, in Roman art, Cerberus is shown with a large central lion head, and two smaller dog heads on either side.[123]

text: As in the Corinthian and Laconian cups (and possibly the relief pithos fragment), Cerberus is often depicted as part snake.[125] In Attic vase painting, Cerberus is usually shown with a snake for a tail, or tail which ends in the head of a snake.[126] Snakes are also often shown rising from various parts of his body, including snout, head, neck, back, ankles, and paws.

text: Two Attic amphoras from Vulci, one (c. 530–515 BC), by the Bucci Painter (Munich 1493),[127] the other (c. 525–510 BC), by the Andokides painter (Louvre F204),[128] in addition to the usual two heads and snake tail, show Cerberus with a mane down his necks and back, another typical Cerberian feature of Attic vase painting.[129] Andokides' amphora also has a small snake curling up from each of Cerberus' two heads.

text: Besides this lion-like mane, and the occasional lion-head, mentioned above, Cerberus was sometimes shown with other leonine features. A pitcher (c. 530–500) shows Cerberus with mane and claws,[130] while a first century BC sardonyx cameo, shows Cerberus with leonine body and paws.[131] In addition, a limestone relief fragment from Taranto (c. 320–300 BC) shows Cerberus with three lion-like heads.[132]

text: During the second quarter of the 5th century BC, the capture of Cerberus disappears from Attic vase painting.[133] And after the early third century BC, the subject become rare everywhere, until the Roman period. In Roman art, the capture of Cerberus is usually shown together with other labors. Heracles and Cerberus are usually alone, with Heracles leading Cerberus.[134]

text: Etymology[edit]

text: The etymology of Cerberus' name is uncertain. Ogden[136] refers to attempts to establish an Indo-European etymology as "not yet successful". It has been claimed to be related to the Sanskrit word सर्वरा sarvarā, used as an epithet of one of the dogs of Yama, from a Proto-Indo-European word *k̑érberos, meaning "spotted".[137] Lincoln (1991),[138] among others, critiques this etymology. Lincoln notes a similarity between Cerberus and the Norse mythological dog Garmr, relating both names to a Proto-Indo-European root *ger- "to growl" (perhaps with the suffixes -*m/*b and -*r). However, as Ogden observes, this analysis actually requires Kerberos and Garmr to be derived from two different Indo-European roots (*ker- and *gher- respectively), and so does not actually establish a relationship between the two names.

text: Though probably not Greek, Greek etymologies for Cerberus have been offered. An etymology given by Servius (the late fourth century commentator on Virgil)—but rejected by Ogden—derives Cerberus from the Greek word creoboros meaning "flesh-devouring".[139] Another suggested etymology derives Cerberus from "Ker berethrou", meaning "evil of the pit".[140]

text: Cerberus rationalized[edit]

text: At least as early as the 6th century BC, some ancient writers attempted to explain away various fantastical features of Greek mythology;[141] included in these are various rationalized accounts of the Cerberus story.[142] The earliest such account (late 6th century BC) is that of Hecataeus of Miletus.[143] In his account Cerberus was not a dog at all, but rather simply a large poisonous snake, which lived on Tainaron. The serpent was called the "hound of Hades" only because anyone bitten by it died immediately, and it was this snake that Heracles brought to Eurystheus. The geographer Pausanias (who preserves for us Hecataeus' version of the story) points out that, since Homer does not describe Cerberus, Hecataeus' account does not necessarily conflict with Homer, since Homer's "Hound of Hades" may not in fact refer to an actual dog.[144]

text: Other rationalized accounts make Cerberus out to be a normal dog. According to Palaephatus (4th century BC)[145] Cerberus was one of the two dogs who guarded the cattle of Geryon, the other being Orthrus. Geryon lived in a city named Tricranium (in Greek Tricarenia, "Three-Heads"),[146] from which name both Cerberus and Geryon came to be called "three-headed". Heracles killed Orthus, and drove away Geryon's cattle, with Cerberus following along behind. Molossus, a Mycenaen, offered to buy Cerberus from Eurystheus (presumably having received the dog, along with the cattle, from Heracles). But when Eurystheus refused, Molossus stole the dog and penned him up in a cave in Tainaron. Eurystheus commanded Heracles to find Cerberus and bring him back. After searching the entire Peloponnesus, Heracles found where it was said Cerberus was being held, went down into the cave, and brought up Cerberus, after which it was said: "Heracles descended through the cave into Hades and brought up Cerberus."

text: In the rationalized account of Philochorus, in which Heracles rescues Theseus, Perithous is eaten by Cerberus.[147] In this version of the story, Aidoneus (i.e., "Hades") is the mortal king of the Molossians, with a wife named Persephone, a daughter named Kore (another name for the goddess Persephone) and a large mortal dog named Cerberus, with whom all suiters of his daughter were required to fight. After having stolen Helen, to be Theseus' wife, Theseus and Perithous, attempt to abduct Kore, for Perithous, but Aidoneus catches the two heroes, imprisons Theseus, and feeds Perithous to Cerberus. Later, while a guest of Aidoneus, Heracles asks Aidoneus to release Theseus, as a favor, which Aidoneus grants.

text: A 2nd century AD Greek known as Heraclitus the paradoxographer (not to be confused with the 5th century BC Greek philosopher Heraclitus) – claimed that Cerberus had two pups that were never away from their father, which made Cerberus appear to be three-headed.[148]

text: Cerberus allegorized[edit]

text: Servius, a medieval commentator on Virgil's Aeneid, derived Cerberus' name from the Greek word creoboros meaning "flesh-devouring" (see above), and held that Cerberus symbolized the corpse-consuming earth, with Heracles' triumph over Cerberus representing his victory over earthly desires.[149] Later the mythographer Fulgentius, allegorizes Cerberus' three heads as representing the three origins of human strife: "nature, cause, and accident", and (drawing on the same flesh-devouring etymology as Servius) as symbolizing "the three ages—infancy, youth, old age, at which death enters the world."[150]

text: The later Vatican Mythographers repeat and expand upon the traditions of Servius and Fulgentius. All three Vatican Mythographers repeat Servius' derivation of Cerberus' name from creoboros.[151] The Second Vatican Mythographer repeats (nearly word for word) what Fulgentius had to say about Cerberus,[152] while the Third Vatican Mythographer, in another very similar passage to Fugentius', says (more specifically than Fugentius), that for "the philosophers" Cerberus represented hatred, his three heads symbolizing the three kinds of human hatred: natural, causal, and casual (i.e. accidental).[153]

text: The Second and Third Vatican Mythographers, note that the three brothers Zeus, Poseidon and Hades each have tripartite insignia, associating Hades' three headed Cerberus, with Zeus' three-forked thunderbolt, and Poseidon's three-pronged trident, while the Third Vatican Mythographer adds that "some philosophers think of Cerberus as the tripartite earth: Asia, Africa, and Europe. This earth, swallowing up bodies, sends souls to Tartarus."[154]

text: Virgil described Cerberus as "ravenous" (fame rabida),[155] and a rapacious Cerberus became proverbial. Thus Cerberus came to symbolize avarice,[156] and so, for example, in Dante's Inferno, Cerberus is placed in the Third Circle of Hell, guarding over the gluttons, where he "rends the spirits, flays and quarters them,"[157] and Dante (perhaps echoing Servius' association of Cerbeus with earth) has his guide Virgil take up handfuls of earth and throw them into Cerberus' "rapacious gullets."[158]

text: Constellation[edit]

text: In the constellation Cerberus introduced by Johannes Hevelius in 1687, Cerberus is drawn as a three-headed snake, held in Hercules' hand (previously these stars had been depicted as a branch of the tree on which grew the Apples of the Hesperides).[159]

text: Snake genus[edit]

text: In 1829 French naturalist Georges Cuvier gave the name Cerberus to a genus of Asian snakes, which are commonly called "dog-faced water snakes" in English.[160]


document_title: McLintock!

question_text: who played mrs. warren in the movie mclintock

root

text: McLintock!

text: Synopsis[edit]

text: Cattle, timber and mining baron George Washington "G.W." McLintock (John Wayne) is living the single life on his ranch. He is estranged from wife Katherine (Maureen O'Hara), who left him two years before, suspecting him of adultery. She has been living the society life back East while their daughter Rebeeca (whom G.W. calls "Becky") (Stefanie Powers) is completing her college degree.

tag: p

text: Following a meeting with a group of homesteaders whom he cautions against trying to farm on the Mesa Verde:

text: "God made that land for the buffalo. It serves pretty well for cattle. But it hates the plow! And even the government should know you can't farm six thousand feet above sea level!"

text: He hires one of them, attractive widow Louise Warren (Yvonne De Carlo), as his cook and housekeeper. G.W. welcomes both her and her two children into his home, including grown son Dev (Patrick Wayne), who is handy with his fists, good with cattle, and is an excellent chess player, who had to leave Purdue University on the death of his father.

text: Katherine (a.k.a. Katie), returns to the town of McLintock, seeking a divorce from G.W.  He declines to give her one, having no idea why she has been so angry with him and why she moved out two years ago.

text: Following a misunderstanding which leads to a Comanche subchief nearly being lynched by a hotheaded settler father who believes his daughter has been kidnapped, there is a gigantic brawl at the mud slide by one of McLintock's mines. Significantly, Katherine is in there swinging on her estranged husband's side as the local Indians watch the white folks make fools of themselves.

text: Rebecca "Becky" McLintock returns to town, along with her banjo-playing love interest, "Junior" Douglas (Jerry Van Dyke). Junior is approved of by Katherine but not G.W. However, she soon falls for Dev (of whom G.W. approves wholeheartedly), and they become engaged after he takes her across his knee and spanks her with a coal shovel following a sharp exchange between them. When they announce the engagement, G.W. and Mrs. Warren both give their blessings.

text: The same train that brought Becky home from college also brought back Chief Puma of the Comanche tribe, an honored enemy and blood brother of G.W., who has been released from prison by the federal government. The territorial governor is out to force the local Comanche tribe off their lands and onto a reservation near Fort Sill.

text: At the request of Chief Puma, McLintock acts as the spokesman for the Comanche, translating Puma's speech into English at the kangaroo court hearing organized by Governor Humphrey. The governor announces that the Indians will be moved to Oklahoma, and Chief Puma and his subchiefs are imprisoned again. With the illicit help of G.W., a breakout is arranged and an Army train is looted of a cargo of Krag-Jorgenson rifles and ammunition. The Comanche head out on what Puma had called "the last fight of the Comanche," hotly pursued by the local troop of U.S. Cavalry. This has the effect of bringing what Humphrey and Agard, the local Indian agent, have been doing to the attention of Washington. It is implied that both will shortly be removed from office.

text: At the Fourth of July celebration during which the Comanche breakout takes place, Katherine gets "tarred and feathered" with molasses and goose feathers in the general store.  When she leaves to change clothing in the hotel, McLintock has finally had enough of Katherine's behavior. Following one insult too many, G.W. pursues Katherine (who is now dressed in nothing but her corset and slip) through the streets and shops of the town like Nemesis. After an epic chase, during which Katherine loses her slip and is down to her bloomers (and G.W. learns why she left), he finally catches her, spanks her bottom with a coal shovel, and tells her that now she can have her divorce. She decides she does not want a divorce after all, and G.W. and Katherine happily reconcile.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
John Wayne as George Washington "G.W." McLintock
Maureen O'Hara as Katherine McLintock
Patrick Wayne as Devlin Warren
Stefanie Powers as Becky McLintock
Jack Kruschen as Jake Birnbaum
Chill Wills as Drago
Yvonne De Carlo as Louise Warren
Jerry Van Dyke as Matt Douglas Jr.
Edgar Buchanan as Bunny Dull
Perry Lopez as Davey Elk
Strother Martin as Agard
Gordon Jones as Matt Douglas
Robert Lowery as Gov. Cuthbert H. Humphrey
Hank Worden as Curly Fletcher
Michael Pate as Puma
Bruce Cabot as Ben Sage, Sr.
Edward Faulkner as Ben Sage, Jr.
Mari Blanchard as Camille
Leo Gordon as Jones
Chuck Roberson as Sheriff Jeff Lord
Bob Steele as Train Engineer
Aissa Wayne as Alice Warren
"Big" John Hamilton as Fauntleroy Sage
H.W. Gim as Ching

tag: ul

text: Production[edit]

text: The script was developed by John Wayne. He offered the job of directing to Andrew McLaglen, who had directed a number of low budget features and had worked widely in television. It was the first movie fully produced by Wayne's son, Michael, although Michael Wayne had worked on a number of other films in various capacities. The male juvenile lead was John Wayne's younger son, Patrick.[2]

text: The film was shot at Old Tucson Studios, west of Tucson, Arizona and also at San Rafael Ranch House - San Rafael State Natural Area South of Patagonia, Arizona and Nogales.[4][2]

text: Many of the cast and crew, notably Andrew McLaglen, Bruce Cabot, Chill Wills, Edward Faulkner, Strother Martin, and Maureen O'Hara, had worked with Wayne on other productions. Wayne insisted a supporting role be given to Yvonne de Carlo, whose husband had been injured making How the West Was Won.[5] Michael Wayne estimated the budget as being between $3.5-4 million.[2]

text: As in many another John Wayne film, Wayne is frequently shown wearing his favorite "Red River D" belt buckle. It can be best seen at the end of the scene where the Comanche ride through town on the way to "the last fight of the Comanche," approximately 10 minutes from the end of the movie.

text: In the Special Feature "Maureen O'Hara and Stefanie Powers Remember McLintock!" O'Hara reported that when she and Wayne filmed the famous scene in which he spanked her with a coal scuttle shovel, he did not pull his strokes. "He really spanked me! My bottom was black and blue for weeks!"[6]

text: Music[edit]

text:
"Love in the Country" sung by The Limeliters
Music coordinator "By" Dunham
"Love in the Country" words & music by "By" Dunham & Frank DeVol
"Just Right for Me", "Cakewalk", "When We Dance" words & music by "By" Dunham

text: Reception[edit]

text: The film was a box-office success, and a timely one, since The Alamo had cost Wayne in both financial and "box-office capital" terms.[7] McLintock! grossed $14,500,000 in North America,[3] earning $7.25 million in US theatrical rentals.[8] It was the 11th highest-grossing film of 1963.

text: Andrew McLaglen said the film "put me in the big time."[9] He made four more films with Wayne.

text: According to Bosley Crowther, "the broadly comic Western ... sounded like a promising idea"; "the scenery is opulent and the action out-of-doors, the color lush and the cast made up almost entirely of recruits from John Ford's long cinematic cycle commemorating the tradition of the American frontier."[1] Since "the direction was entrusted to a relative newcomer, Victor McLaglen's television-trained son, Andrew V. McLaglen ... good intentions, when the task at hand is as difficult as lusty farce, are not enough."[1] Emanuel Levy, in a review years after the film's release, said the film is "significant because it marks the beginning of Wayne's attempt to impose his general views, not just political ones, on his pictures. Most of Wayne's screen work after McLintock! would express his opinions about education, family, economics, and even friendship."[10]

text: Novelization[edit]

text: Richard Wormser wrote a novelization of the screenplay.[11]

text: Public domain status[edit]

text: Produced by John Wayne's Batjac Productions for United Artists, John Wayne's estate retained the rights to the film. In 1994, a legal case determined the film was in the public domain in the United States, but the music score remained under copyright.[12][13][14][15]

text: Video releases[edit]

text: Despite being available in public domain distributors for the past decade, the first official home video issue of the film was released in the mid-1990s by MPI Home Video, and had a DVD release in 2003 by Delta Entertainment. In 2005, Paramount struck a distribution deal with Batjac and thus is now the home video rights holder for this film.  Despite this, numerous versions of the film are still being released on home video, both sanctioned and unsanctioned by Batjac.

text: The official DVD presentation includes restored and remastered video and audio with extensive documentary, commentary, and bonus features. The High and the Mighty, Hondo, and Island in the Sky—three other John Wayne features—were issued around the same time.

text: There are also several Blu-ray releases of this film sanctioned by Batjac—one from Paramount with bonus features, and a no-frills issue from Olive Films.

text: Comic book adaption[edit]

text: Gold Key: McLintock! (March 1964)[16]


document_title: Last Spike (Canadian Pacific Railway)

question_text: when was the last spike of the trans-canada railway driven

text: Last Spike (Canadian Pacific Railway)

text: The Last Spike of the Canadian Pacific Railway was the ceremonial final spike driven into the Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR) at Craigellachie, British Columbia at 9:22 am on November 7, 1885. It was driven in by CPR railroad financier Donald Smith, marking the end of a saga of natural disasters, financial crises, and even rebellion that plagued Canada's first transcontinental railroad from its beginning.[1]

text: The Last Spike signalled the completion of the CPR, driven through under engineer James Ross, and it remains a symbol of national unity in Canada, though due to the need to build protective snowsheds in Rogers Pass and Kicking Horse Pass in addition to the actual rails and roadbed, through trains did not run until June 1886. At the time, the railway's completion fulfilled an 1871 commitment made by the Canadian federal government to British Columbia which stipulated that a railroad be built joining the Pacific province to Central Canada. The promise of a transcontinental railway had been a major factor in British Columbia's decision to join the Canadian Confederation.[2] However, successive governments mismanaged the project and by the original deadline of 1881 little of the railway had been completed, resulting in threats of secession by some BC politicians.[citation needed] The work was then assigned to a newly incorporated CPR company, which was allowed an additional ten years to complete the line, and they did it in five.[3]

text: The circumstance of the CPR's last spike ceremony led several spikes to assume the honour of being the "last spike".[4] In contrast to the ceremonial gold or silver final spikes often used to mark the completion of other major railroads, the CPR's "Last Spike" was a conventional iron spike identical to the many others used in the construction of the line. A silver spike had been created for the Governor General, Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 5th Marquess of Lansdowne, who was to be present at the ceremony but he was forced, due to poor weather, to return with the spike to Ottawa, Ontario.[5] The silver spike remained with the Van Horne family until 2012 when they donated it, along with other artifacts, to the Canadian Museum of Civilization in Gatineau, Quebec.[6]

text: The symbolic iron spike driven by Donald Smith was badly bent as he pounded it into the railway tie. Roadmaster Frank Brothers extracted the spike and it was given to Smith as the "last spike". Smith had the bent spike straightened and cut several strips of iron from it which were mounted with diamonds and presented to the wives of some of the party assembled at Craigellachie. This spike was later donated to the Canada Science and Technology Museum in Ottawa. It is on long term loan to the Canadian Museum of Immigration at Pier 21 in Halifax, Nova Scotia where it is displayed as a tribute to the immigrant railway workers who were critical to the railway's construction.[7]

text: Smith later used another iron spike, usually called "the ordinary" or "fourth spike" to provide iron to make symbolic jewelry for the wives of other officials, but he made the strips larger to distinguish these souvenirs from the original brooches.[4]

text: The second last spike, which Smith successfully drove into the tie, was removed from the track shortly after the ceremony to prevent theft by souvenir hunters. A regular spike was inserted in its place. This spike was given to the son of the patent office president at the time, and is still in the family's possession, fashioned into the shape of a carving knife.[8]

text: The now-famous photograph of Donald Alexander Smith driving in "The Last Spike" was taken by Winnipeg photographer Alexander J. Ross.[8][9]

text: In popular culture[edit]

text: The most notable accounts of the construction and completion of the CPR are Pierre Berton's twin volumes The National Dream and The Last Spike,[8] which together were depicted in the Canadian television docudrama miniseries The National Dream, an eight-part series whose rated audience of three million within Canada set a record for CBC in terms of dramatic programming.

text: Another important recollection of this event is the narrative poem entitled Towards the Last Spike by Canadian poet, E. J. Pratt.

text: A board game published under the name "The Last Spike" had as its object the financing and construction of a trans-Canadian railway.[10]


document_title: Cibolo, Texas

question_text: how far is cibolo texas from san antonio

text: Cibolo, Texas

text: History[edit]

text: Cibolo voted to become an independent township on October 9, 1965; the “City Fathers” were Mayor M.O. Grooms, Councilman Carl Biser, Councilman Ted Dykes, Councilman Alwin Lieck, Councilman Fred Niemietz and Councilman D.O. Trotti. However, the City of Cibolo’s history begins long before this historic date.

text: Before the first European settlers arrived, the Comanche as well as several other Native American tribes lived in Cibolo. The name Cibolo means "buffalo".[8] Perhaps "cibolo" was a name given to the bison by the Spaniards when they saw in large numbers during an expedition in search of a mythical town called Cibola. The community first established when the Southern Pacific Railroad cut through the area en route to major cities like Houston and San Antonio. Over time, Cibolo developed into the suburb it is today.[9][10]

text: In 1867, George Schlather built a store on land purchased by his father Jacob. In 1882, the Schlathers sold the store to Charles Fromme, who renamed it Fromme's Store. The community also became known by this name. In 1877, the Galveston, Harrisburg and San Antonio Railway station serving the area was called Cibolo Valley. In 1883, the US Post Office opened a branch in the town and called it Cibolo. By 1890, the population was 100 people.[11]

text: Beginning in the 21st century, Cibolo has experienced high levels of growth, increasing 733 percent since 2000, when the population was 3,035 people.  Between 2000 and 2010, the population increased 545 percent to 19,580 people.  As Cibolo has grown, its share of the county population has also increased.  In 2000, Cibolo accounted for only 3.4 percent of Guadalupe County’s population. However, between 2000 and 2010 Cibolo captured 38.9 percent of the county’s growth, and its share of the population increased to 14.9 percent.  Between 2010 and 2013, Cibolo acquired 22.3 percent of the growth in Guadalupe County, and today Cibolo accounts for 17 percent of the county’s population.[12]

text: As with any growing city, Cibolo has had its growing pains. In recent history, these include ceding a majority of the City's Extraterritorial District to the neighboring city of Schertz, a fight between the mayor and mayor pro-tem,[13] the lack of records regarding the rezoning of the property that would eventually become the city's first Super Wal-Mart and a recall election that ousted two members of the City Council,[14] a mayor who resigns,[15] and the questionable communications of a possible toll road through the city.

text: In 2013, Wal-Mart announced that it purchased property within Cibolo to build a new Super Wal-Mart.[16] Due to its location adjacent to a single family subdivision and elementary school, many local residents were outraged.[17] During the initial development process, words often got heated.[18]  Additionally, there were accusations that the City Staff had cut corners in paperwork to include not following the City's development code or showing records that the property had been rezoned properly to allow for big box retailers.[19][20][20][21] Eventually, the City staff was exonerated, but not after one member of the staff tendered his resignation and another was fired by the city manager.[22][23]  Moreover, this controversy led to the recall election of four Cibolo council men and women with two actually being recalled and an ordinance that banned alcohol near schools and churches.[24][25][26]  The Wal-Mart eventually opened up in January 2016[27] and has been an economic spur for the City.  A positive outcome for Cibolo after the Wal-Mart ordeal was the demand of the citizens for more transparency.  This demand led to the city live streaming, recording and posting almost all public meetings on its website.[28]  Though there were technical glitches in the beginning, this now has become a valuable tool to keep the City leaders in check and proceedings more transparent.  Cibolo was the first small town in the San Antonio Metrocom to do this.

text: In early 2017, the City of Cibolo  signed a Development Agreement with the Texas Turnpike Corporation (TTC) to  enter in a Public-Private Partnership to build  a 7-mile Cibolo Parkway that would create a direct route from I-35 to I-10.[29][30]  The agreement included the City owning the road itself, while the TTC would  build, operate, and maintain the road with no cost to the City. TTC would  make their money via tolling the Parkway. Though there were many side  arguments over the potential toll road, the biggest complaint of many citizens was that the communication of a greenfield project of this magnitude  was lacking. (See the following reference and fast forward to the 1 hour, 59 minute mark of the referenced City Council Workshop video as one example of the citizen's complaints toward City communication.[31]) This included not getting in contact with the approximately 40  to 50 landowners of the property that the road would potentially traverse.  This land included some tracts that were not within City limits and would  have to be annexed. Additionally, if the land was not sold to the City, the  City said it would use eminent domain as a last resort to obtain the  land.[32]

text: Geography[edit]

text: Cibolo is in western Guadalupe County, on the north side of Cibolo Creek. A small portion of the city, south of West Schaefer Road, crosses a bend of Cibolo Creek to enter Bexar County.[33] Santa Clara and Marion border Cibolo to the east. New Berlin, Zuehl, and St. Hedwig border Cibolo to the south. Schertz borders Cibolo to the north and west. The city of New Braunfels is 14 miles (23 km) to the northeast, and downtown San Antonio is 21 miles (34 km) to the southwest.

text: According to the U.S. Census Bureau, Cibolo has a total area of 6.6 square miles (17.0 km2), of which 0.004 square miles (0.01 km2), or 0.07%, is water.[3]

text: Transportation[edit]

text: Airports[edit]

text:
Austin-Bergstrom International Airport is about an hour away via I-35.
San Antonio International Airport is 30 minutes away via I-35 and I-410.

text: Major thoroughfares[edit]

text:
Interstate 35, Deluth-Des Moines-Kansas City-Wichita-Oklahoma City-DFW Metroplex-Austin-Cibolo-San Antonio-Laredo.
 Interstate 10, Jacksonville-Houston-Cibolo-San Antonio-Fort Stockton-El Paso-Los Angeles
 FM 78, Kirby-I 35-Randolph AFB-Cibolo-Marion-McQueeney-Seguin.
 FM 1103, Cibolo.
The proposed Cibolo Parkway[34] as an extension of FM 1103.  The Parkway will create a direct route from I-35 to I-10.

text: Cibolo Parkway (Proposed)[edit]

text: In 2006, the City of Cibolo incorporated mobility needs into the Cibolo Future Land Use Map, Future Thoroughfare Plan, and Capital Improvement Plan.[35]

text: In 2007, the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) completed a study for a possible FM 1103 extension in Cibolo south to I-10. However, TxDOT determined that right-of-way acquisition issues and funding precluded such an extension for the foreseeable future.[35][36] The biggest hurdles included crossing floodplains and an overpass over both FM78 and the Union Pacific Railroad.

text: In 2015, with explosive development in the FM 1103 area continuing, the Cibolo City Council stated they wanted to investigate options to build the extension and it formed a blue-ribbon committee of citizens to study the matter. In 2016, the committee recommended a private-public partnership to develop the road as a tollway.

text:
In 2017, the Cibolo City Council approved an agreement with the Texas Turnpike Corporation (TTC) to move forward with the project. As of early 2018, the TTC is still conducting its feasibility study for the road to see if it is a viable project for them.
In the agreement, the City of Cibolo would own the road, while TTC would fiance the design, construction, maintenance and operation of the estimated $125 million and roughly 11 mile roadway. In exchange, TTC would collect tolls from roadway users for 50 years.[37]  At one point TTC projected the toll rate to be $0.20 a mile, with exemption for city owned vehicles.

text: The Cibolo Parkway project is a project solely between the City of Cibolo and its partner, TTC, a private company. TxDOT is not involved in the planning or development of this project in any way other than approving any connections to state highways (i.e. FM 1103, FM 78, and I-10.) The current planned FM 1103 expansion project that spans from I-35 to Rodeo Way in Cibolo pre-dates this proposal and uses funds from the State, Cibolo, and Schertz.  Additionally, the San Antonio Metropolitan Planning Organization includes this project as a privately-funded project and has no state or federal funding associated with it.[36] If the project is deemed feasible, the roadway could open to traffic as soon as 2020 and would end up being the first tolled road in the San Antonio metro area.

text: Now this project has not come without controversy.  As stated in the History section above, there is a belief that many of the citizens were not informed of the project to include those landowners that would need to sell their land to bring this project to fruition.  While an organization called NoCiboloTollRoad[38] has many questions about the project, major controversies during the conceptualization, design and construction of this Parkway included:

text:
In the early to mid-2010s, Cibolo, Selma, and Schertz leadership partnered together to get projects for their cities accomplished with MPO money by supporting one city at a time.  Selma was the first up and got MPOsupport for Lookout Rd expansion.  Then the three cities supported Schertz in getting sidewalks along FM3009.  However, when it came time for Cibolo's project, Cibolo leadership decided not to submit a project as they already planned on a public-private partnership to build the FM1103 extension.  Many contend, that even though the whole project could not have been built by MPO dollars, Cibolo could have garnered at least enough dollars to build the extension from FM1103 to FM78, resulting in a shorter P3 (toll) road.
An initial plan to include express lanes "Cibolo Expressway" complete with overpasses as certain intersections from I-35 to the Parkway entrance.[39]  TTC has currently dropped this component of the project when the City of Schertz's City Council stated they did not support these express lanes through their town.  Additionally, TxDOT would have to approve these lanes.  To date, TxDOT has not given any indication of doing so.  However, the first amendment of the development agreement stated that the City of Cibolo will work with TxDOT to get FM1103 turned back to the City and at that point this aspect of the project may return.[40]
Many of the graphics that TTC presented to the City depicted this as a four lane divided expressway from Weil Road to I-10 at Zuehl Road.[41][42] However, at an early 2018 presentation to City Council, TTC stated that their feasibility study is showing that it is only feasible to them at this time to build the road as a two lane undivided expressway and when the traffic counts increase in the future, they would go back and expand the roadway.[43][44]  There is concern among citizens if this build now and then build later concept is allowed by the agreement between the City of Cibolo and its partner TTC.
Creating cul-de-sacs along major farm roads where the Parkway will traverse them; notably Arizpe Rd.  This would force farmers to have to take their farm equipment up to a road that has a pass through (e.g., Lower Seguin Rd or Bolton Rd) and then back to their farms.  This could create a safety hazard, traffic issues, and increased wear and tear on other local roads as well as increased costs to the farmers.[44]

text: Demographics[edit]

text:
Historical population

Census
Pop.

%±
1970440—198054924.8%19901,757220.0%20003,03572.7%201015,349405.7%Est. 201627,855[45]81.5%U.S. Decennial Census[46]

tag: table

text: As of the census[1] of 2000, there were 3,035 people, 1,092 households, and 848 families residing in the city. The population density was 569.5 people per square mile (219.9/km²). There were 1,176 housing units at an average density of 220.7/sq mi (85.2/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 81.09% White, 6.16% African American, 0.26% Native American, 1.35% Asian, 0.10% Pacific Islander, 8.11% from other races, and 2.93% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 19.01% of the population.

text: There were 1,092 households out of which 42.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 65.3% were married couples living together, 8.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 22.3% were non-families. 19.2% of all households were made up of individuals and 6.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.78 and the average family size was 3.19.

text: In the city, the population was spread out with 29.4% under the age of 18, 7.1% from 18 to 24, 35.6% from 25 to 44, 21.8% from 45 to 64, and 6.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females there were 91.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90.3 males.

text: The median income for a household in the city was $53,780, and the median income for a family was $65,545. Males had a median income of $42,557 versus $26,333 for females. The per capita income for the city was $23,988. About 4.8% of families and 6.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 7.7% of those under age 18 and 16.6% of those age 65 or over.

text: By the mid-2010s, Cibolo was one of the fastest growing small cities in the United States, [47] experiencing a nearly 900% increase in population since 2000 and growing from 3,000 to the current estimate of about 30,000 residents. Actual figures are disputed, however, due to such a huge explosion of population in such a short period of time. This has caused problems in the city, due to such unanticipated growth making developments difficult to keep up with the rapidly increasing population, poor suburban planning for expansion, and a limited amount of land.

text: Population over time[edit]

text:
1970 Census -       440[48]
1980 Census -       549 [48]
1990 Census -    1,757 [48]
2000 Census -    3,035[4]
2010 Census -  15,349[49]
2013 Estimate - 20,564[48]
2014 Estimate - 25,280 [48]
2015 Estimate - 26,637[49]
2016 Estimate - 27,855[49]
2017 Estimate - 29,249[50]

text: City logo and slogan[edit]

text: In 2009 the city of Cibolo introduced a new logo and a new slogan, "City of Choice".

text: Government[edit]

text: The City of Cibolo is a "home rule" city. Cibolo voters adopted its initial "home rule" charter in 2005. Cibolo residents have voted to amend the Charter one time since 2005:

text:
November 2013, approved 28 of 29 propositions presented.
November 2018, the City Council will present 10 propositions to the citizens to vote on.

text: The City of Cibolo is a Council-Manager type government.  The City has a mayor and seven council members elected for two year terms.  The seven council members currently are elected by and represent individual districts. Council members' duties include enacting local legislation (ordinances), adopting budgets, determining policies, and appointing the City Manager, Secretary and Attorney.

text: The City of Cibolo is also a member of the Alamo Area Council of Governments.

text: Mayors past and present[edit]

text: Under General Law

text:
M.O. Grooms (1965 - 1969)
Fritz Schlather (1969 - ?)
William “Bill” Little (1983 - 1987)
Charles Ruppert (2001 - 2005)

text: Under Home Law

text:
Jennifer Hartman (2008 - 2013)
Lisa Jackson (2013 - 2015)
Jay Hogue (Oct -Nov 2015) - Mayor Pro Tem; assumed role of mayor when Mayor Lisa Jackson resigned
Eric Allen Dunn (2015 - 2017)
Stosh Boyle (2017–Present)

text: Committees, commissions, boards, and corporations[edit]

text: Steady state[edit]

text:
Planning and Zoning Commission
Economic Development Corporation
The Cibolo Economic Development Corporation (EDC) is a non-profit corporation created in 2007 by the citizens of Cibolo, under Chapters 501-505 of the Texas Local Government Code.  It manages a portion of local sales tax dollars that can be allocated to provide incentives for new or expanding businesses within the City of Cibolo.
Parks and Recreation Committee
Known as the Parks and Community Advisory Committee between 2016 and 2018
Capital Improvements Advisory Committee
Zoning Board of Adjustment
Animal Shelter Advisory Committee
Cibolo Youth Council
History Committee

text: Periodic / occasional / ad-hoc / limited scope[edit]

text:
Master Plan Committee (2016)
UDC Committee (2013, 2015, 2017)
Communications/Technology Advisory Committee (2017)
Charter Review Commission (2018)

text: Arts, culture, community activities, and programs[edit]

text:
City Secretary office organized
CiboloFest - Annual celebration of all things Cibolo. Originally held at Niemetz Park, it is now held in the City Hall parking lot. It is typically held in October which coincides with the anniversary of Cibolo becoming an independent city.
Christmas Parade
Easter Egg Hunt
Shred Days
Parks and Community Advisory Committee organized
(*Since the City Council disbanded/reorganized the City's Parks and Recreation Committee in 2016, these activities shrank in size, prominence, and/or existence)
Memorial Day ceremony
* Kickball tournament
* Food Truck Round-Up
* Regional disc golf tournament
Other city-hosted activities
Annual "Guns n Hoses" charity basketball game between the Cibolo Police Department and Cibolo Fire Department held at Steele High School. (Started in 2017)
Non-city-sponsored community activities
Miss Cibolo Scholarship Pageant is held to select the city's ambassadors to area parades and festivals (Started in 2012)
Cibolo BBQ Cook-Off (Started around 2014)

text: Parks[edit]

text: In addition to the following list of parks, the City of Cibolo is planning a linear park system that will connect the city with bike and hike trails from near I-35 to near I-10.

text:
Al Rich Park
Baseball/Softball Field, Bleachers, Pavilion, Picnic Tables, Restroom, Swing
Niemetz Park (1977)
Baseball/Softball Field, Basketball Court, Bleachers, Concessions, Football Field, Grills, Kitchen/Food Preparation Area, Lighted, Meeting Room, Pavilion, Picnic Tables, Playground, Restroom, Soccer Field, Volleyball, Walking Trails)
Schlather Park (2012)
Emergency Call Boxes, Frisbee Golf, Grills, Pavilion, Picnic Tables, Playground, Restroom, Walking Trails
Veteran's Park (2008)
Football Field, Grills, Pavilion, Picnic Tables, Playground, Restroom, Soccer Field

text: Schools[edit]

text: Schertz-Cibolo-Universal City Independent School District (SCUCISD) serves Cibolo students and families.

text: High schools[edit]

text: The high schools cover grades 9-12.

text:
Allison Steele Enhanced Learning Center (Schertz)
Byron P. Steele II High School[51] (Cibolo)
Samuel Clemens High School (Schertz)

text: Junior high schools[edit]

text: The junior high schools cover grades 7-8.

text:
J. Frank Dobie Junior High[52] (Cibolo)
Ray D. Corbett Junior High (Schertz)

text: Intermediate schools[edit]

text: The intermediate schools cover grades 5-6.

text:
Barbara Jordan Intermediate (Cibolo)
Laura Ingalls Wilder Intermediate (Schertz)
Elaine S. Schlather Intermediate (Cibolo)

text: Elementary schools[edit]

text: The elementary schools cover grades K-4, as well as preschool.

text:
Cibolo Valley Elementary (Cibolo)
Green Valley Elementary (Schertz)
Maxine & Lutrell Watts Elementary (Cibolo)
Norma J. Paschal Elementary (Schertz)
O.G. Wiederstein Elementary[53] (Cibolo)
Rose Garden Elementary (Schertz)
As of August 2018, the former Rose Garden Elementary (Universal City) will close down.
Schertz Elementary (Schertz)
John A. Sippel Elementary (Schertz)

text: Subdivisions / HOAs[edit]

text: A list of current subdivisions, year started, and which major roads are used to access them[54]:

text:
Bentwood Ranch (2004) (Cibolo Valley Drive - Borgfeld - Town Creek Rd - Bentwood Ranch Drive)
Falcon Ridge (Unknown Year) (Cibolo Valley Drive - Thistle Creek Drive)
Deer Creek (Unknown Year) (Cibolo Valley Drive - FM 3009)
Estates at Deer Creek (Unknown Year) (Cibolo Valley Drive)
Braewood (Unknown Year) (Cibolo Valley Drive)
Springtree (Unknown Year) (Cibolo Valley Drive)
Willow Pointe (Unknown Year) (Cibolo Valley Drive)
Woodstone (Unknown Year) (Dietz)
Thistle Creek (Unknown Year) (Thistle Creek Dr - Dietz)
Lantana (Unknown Year) (Old Wiedertein Rd / Cibolo Valley Drive)
Turning Stone (Unknown Year) (FM 1103)
Mesa at Turning Stone (Unknown Year) (FM 1103)
Gatewood (Unknown Year) (FM 1103)
Charleston Parke (Unknown Year) (Cibolo Valley Drive)
Cibolo Valley Ranch (Unknown Year) (FM 1103)
Cibolo Vistas (Unknown Year) (FM 1103)
Heights of Cibolo (Unknown Year) (FM 1103 - Green Valley Rd)
Saratoga (2016) (Green Valley Road)
Landmark Pointe (Unknown Year) (Green Valley Road)
Saddle Creek Ranch (Unknown Year) (FM 1103)
Buffalo Crossing (FM 1103 - Wiedner Road)
Town Creek South (Unknown Year) (Town Creek)
Town Creek Village (Unknown Year) (FM1103)
Town Creek West (Unknown Year) (Town Creek)
Cher-ron (Unknown Year) (Green Valley Rd)
Cibolo North (Unknown Year) (N. Main Street - FM1103)
Cibolo Tolle (Unknown Year) (Tolle Rd)
Cibolo Village (Unknown Year) (FM1103)
Dobie Heights (Unknown Year) (W. Borgfeld Rd)
Falcon Crest Estates (Unknown Year) (FM78)
Five Leaf Park (Unknown Year) (N. Main Street)
Four Leaf Park ((Unknown Year) (FM78 - Loop 539 - Pfeil Rd)
Green Valley Park (Unknown Year) (Haeckerville Rd)
Royal Oak Acres (Unknown Year) (Green Valley Loop)
Six Leaf Park (Unknown Year) (N. Main Street)
Stonebrook (Unknown Year) (FM1103)
Enclave at Riata Oaks (Unknown Year) (Town Creek Rd)
Estates at Riata Oaks (Unknown Year) (Town Creek Rd)
Ridge at Deer Creek (Unknown Year) (Cibolo Valley Drive)
Val's Mobile Home Park (Unknown Year) (Country Lane - FM 78)
Wiederstein (Unknown Year) (Old Wiederstein Rd)
Williams Ranch (Unknown Year) (Green Valley Rd)
Willowbridge (Unknown Year) (Cibolo Valley Drive)
Foxbrook (2016) (FM 1103)
Red River (2018) (FM 78 - S. Main)
Venado Crossing (TBD)  (FM 78)
Steele Creek (2018) (FM1103 - Tolle Rd)

text: Individual level awards and recognition[edit]

text: Every year, the Gary Kelly Community Service Award is awarded to an individual who has demonstrated exemplary volunteer service to Cibolo.  The award is to honor the memory of Gary Kelly, a Cibolo resident who served on several City Commissions, Committees and on City Council.[55]

text:
2010 - Tex Farnsworth
2011 - Robert Catalano
2012 - Dick Hetzel
2013 - Garth Coursen
2014 - Barbara Schmidbauer
2015 - Steve Liparoto
2016 - Stosh Boyle
2017 - Eric Moraes[56]

text: Employee of the Year[57]

text:
2005 - Alton Ard & Teddi Young
2006 - Sheila Edmondson
2007 - Susan Johnson
2008 - Gary Scott
2009 - Tom Snedden
2010 - Gary Williams & Chris Ybarra
2011 - Bennie Fabinski
2012 - Alex Gonzalez
2013 - Terry Lemley
2014 - Lisa Gonzalez
2015 - Garret Meyer
2016 -
2017 - Alyssia Church

text: City level awards and recognition[edit]

text:
2017
Niche:  One of the Top Texas Suburbs (2017)[58]
Safewise:  #13 of 50 top safest cities in Texas (2017)[59]
Alarms.org (The National Council for Home Safety and Security): #23 top safest cities in Texas for (2017)[60]
NerdWallet.com:  #9 Best Places for Young Families in Texas (2017)[61]
Elite Personal Finance:  Safest Places to Live in Texas (2017)[62]
2018
Alarms.org (The National Council for Home Safety and Security): #17 top safest cities in Texas for (2018)[63]
Niche[64]

text:
National

Texas

Guadalupe County

# 654 of 4,876 Best Suburbs to Buy a House in America

# 1 of 5 Best Suburbs to Buy a House in Guadalupe County

# 1 of 5 Suburbs with the Best Public Schools in Guadalupe County

# 1 of 5 Best Suburbs to Live in Guadalupe County

# 1,573 of 15,715 Best Places to Buy a House in America

# 158 of 970 Best Places to Buy a House in Texas

# 1,652 of 12,622 Places with the Best Public Schools in America

# 103 of 696 Places with the Best Public Schools in Texas

# 1 of 5 Places with the Best Public Schools in Guadalupe County

# 2,040 of 9,871 Safest Places to Live in America

# 88 of 789 Safest Places to Live in Texas

# 2,552 of 15,735 Best Places to Raise a Family in America

# 176 of 971 Best Places to Raise a Family in Texas

# 2,606 of 15,359 Most Diverse Places to Live in America

# 2,855 of 15,750 Best Places to Live in America

# 1 of 5 Best Places to Live in Guadalupe County

text: Notable residents[edit]

text:
Tommy Armstrong Jr., former Nebraska Cornhuskers quarterback, Minnesota Vikings practice squad member, and current NFL free agent
Malcolm Brown, former Texas Longhorns and current Los Angeles Rams running back. On June 22, 2018, Cibolo Mayor Stosh Boyle presented Mr. Brown with a "Key to the City"
Alexis Shapiro, craniopharyngioma patient


document_title: Brooklyn Nine-Nine (season 4)

question_text: brooklyn 99 episode where gina gets hit by a bus

text: Brooklyn Nine-Nine (season 4)

text: Summary[edit]

text: Jake and Holt are placed in Florida as part of the witness protection program until the 9-9 helps them take down Figgis. The squad is subsequently punished by being placed on the night shift, but are put back on the day shift when Captain C.J. Stently is transferred from active duty for his incompetence. Charles and Genevieve adopt a son, Nikolaj. Adrian returns and resumes his romance with Rosa, but they call off their wedding and decide taking their time getting to know each other. Jake and Amy move in together after having a bet to see which of them can keep their apartment for catching the most escaped criminals. Gina gets hit by a bus and becomes pregnant with the child of a Boyle cousin, Milton. She also saves the precinct from getting shut down. Terry becomes a victim of racial profiling. Jake and Rosa compete for a spot on their idol Lt. Hawkins' task force, but Hawkins turns out to be a dirty cop and she frames them for bank robbery. They are found guilty and are each sentenced to 15 years in jail.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Andy Samberg as Jake Peralta
Stephanie Beatriz as Rosa Diaz
Terry Crews as Terrance Jeffords
Melissa Fumero as Amy Santiago
Joe Lo Truglio as Charles Boyle
Chelsea Peretti as Regina Linetti
Andre Braugher as Raymond Holt
Dirk Blocker as Michael Hitchcock
Joel McKinnon Miller as Norman Scully

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Ken Marino as Captain Jason "C.J." Stentley
Jason Mantzoukas as Adrian Pimento
Gina Gershon as Lt. Melanie Hawkins
Marc Evan Jackson as Kevin Cozner

text: Guest[edit]

text:
Maya Rudolph as U.S. Marshall Karen Haas
Rhea Perlman as Estelle
Jorma Taccone as Taylor
Esther Povitsky as Emily
Jim O'Heir as Sheriff Reynolds
Eric Roberts as Jimmy Figgis
Zooey Deschanel as Jessica Day
Mary Lynn Rajskub as Genevieve
Craig Robinson as Doug Judy
Charles Baker as George Judy
Nathan Fillion as Mark Deveraux
Greg Germann as Gary Lurmax
L. Scott Caldwell as Laverne
Ryan Phillippe as Milton
Brent Briscoe as Matthew Langdon

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateProd.codeU.S. viewers(millions)691"Coral Palms: Part 1"Michael McDonaldDan GoorSeptember 20, 2016 (2016-09-20)4012.39[1]
Six months after being threatened to be killed by Figgis, Jake and Holt continue to live in the witness protection program in Florida, with the only contact to their previous job being U.S. Marshal Karen Haas (Maya Rudolph). While Holt makes the best of a bad situation, Jake desperately wants to go back home to New York. He secretly tries to work the case in a storage unit, but is eventually caught by Holt. Jake tries to blackmail Holt by becoming his boss at The Fun Zone, Holt's temporary place of employment. When a woman (Betsy Sodaro) records the two of them getting hit by go-karts, they try to get the video back with successful results. They then decide to release the video in order to lure Figgis, and take him down themselves.
702"Coral Palms: Part 2"Trent O'DonnellTricia McAlpinSeptember 27, 2016 (2016-09-27)4022.34[2]
Jake and Holt get arrested by Sheriff Reynolds (Jim O'Heir), a local deputy, after a misunderstanding when they purchase guns to take down Figgis. During this time, Figgis sees the viral video and captures U.S. Marshal Karen Haas. Jake and Holt eventually break out of jail and decide to call the Nine-Nine for help. Meanwhile, C.J. (Ken Marino), the new captain of the precinct, has a hands-off attitude and lets his subordinates do whatever they want. This begins to bother Amy, and she tries to get the captain to toughen up. Later, when the group confronts the captain, he refuses to give them permission to help Jake and Holt.
713"Coral Palms: Part 3"Payman BenzJustin NobleOctober 4, 2016 (2016-10-04)4032.40[3]
Now fugitives, Jake and Holt attempt to avoid the local police while the precinct arrives in Florida from a road trip to help out. They all head to The Fun Zone to lure in Figgis (Eric Roberts). Meanwhile, Jake and Amy find themselves reconnecting in an awkward way, and Gina tries to help Holt with his injury. Figgis takes Jake's bait and his crew heads with him to The Fun Zone. The precinct takes down the accomplices and Jake ends up facing Figgis. Jake gains the upper hand, but Sheriff Reynolds arrives to arrest Jake and gets shot by Figgis. Figgis holds a gun to Jake's head when Amy arrives, then Amy shoots Jake's leg. Figgis escapes, but is forced to surrender after his car is smashed by Gina and Holt's semi-trailer truck. Back in Brooklyn, the group is scolded by Captain C.J. for going to Florida, and he puts them on the overnight shift as punishment.
724"The Night Shift"Tristram ShapeeroMatt MurrayOctober 11, 2016 (2016-10-11)4042.13[4]
Jake and Charles try to track a thief, but find much less assistance available on the night shift. Meanwhile, Charles wants to spend time with his recently adopted son, Nikolaj, forcing Jake to work without his partner. He eventually finds the perpetrator, but his leg injury gives the perpetrator a head start. Jake ends up commandeering Jessica Day's (Zooey Deschanel) car, but crashes it into a newspaper stand. The perp gets away, but Jake is happy to be able to bond with Charles' son. Holt also tries to lift the spirits of the precinct after they are put on the night shift, while Amy tries to figure out what Rosa's hiding. She soon learns Rosa is upset because Pimento hasn't yet returned from witness protection.

Note: This episode crosses over with the New Girl episode "Homecoming".
735"Halloween IV"Claire ScanlonPhil Augusta JacksonOctober 18, 2016 (2016-10-18)4052.05[5]
A year after Halloween Part III, Jake, Amy and Holt agree on having another heist to prove once and for all who is in fact the true detective/genius in the 99. Holt begins to thwart Jake plans by choosing Charles for his team, while Rosa fully commits to Amy's antics. Meanwhile, Hitchcock and Scully are given the task to watch Terry, as the crew suspects he has something up his sleeve when he refuses to be a part of the heist. Gina proves who the "Ultimate Human/Genius" is.
746"Monster in the Closet"Nisha GanatraAndrew GuestNovember 15, 2016 (2016-11-15)4072.18[6]
Adrian Pimento shows up in Charles' apartment. He and Rosa try to pick up right where they left off, stating they will get married in 14 hours, which sends wedding planner Amy into high gear. On a long drive with Jake and Gina to retrieve his grandmother's earrings, Adrian keeps seeing signs from the universe that he should not get married, while Rosa gets drunk during the wedding preparation. Adrian and Rosa eventually realize that they have cold feet, and decide to get to know each other better before getting hitched.
757"Mr. Santiago"Alex ReidNeil CampbellNovember 22, 2016 (2016-11-22)4082.19[7]
Amy is hosting Thanksgiving for the Nine-Nine crew and has invited her father, Victor (Jimmy Smits), a retired cop whom Jake has never met. Jake creates a binder with Victor's likes and dislikes in hopes of earning his approval, only to learn that Victor has made a binder on him and does not think Jake is right for Amy. Despite this, the two work together to solve a 20-year-old case of Victor's. Meanwhile, Holt loans Pimento $2,000 to help him get a Private Investigator's license, only to have Pimento gamble it away on a dog show that Holt is watching on TV.
768"Skyfire Cycle"Michael McDonaldDavid PhillipsNovember 29, 2016 (2016-11-29)4062.34[8]
When D.C. Parlov (Fred Melamed), author of the popular Skyfire Cycle book series, starts receiving death threats, Terry, a fan of the books since his teen years, gets a chance to meet his idol. But all is not as it seems, when the threats appear to be an inside job. Meanwhile, the recently returned Kevin argues with Holt over a math puzzle. Amy angers Holt by agreeing with Kevin, while Rosa has a different solution to the problem. Also, Gina tries to turn the Boyle family against Charles and change their annual family vacation locale from Iowa to Aruba.
779"The Overmining"Dean HollandLuke Del TrediciDecember 6, 2016 (2016-12-06)4092.31[9]
Captain C.J. loses key evidence in a drug case, which delights Jake because it may get C.J. kicked off the day shift, allowing Holt and the crew to return. But Holt convinces Jake they have to find the evidence and help C.J. close the case, which gives Holt a clever path to hand C.J. the keys to driving his career out the 99th once and for all. Elsewhere, Terry is under orders to reduce power consumption at the Nine-Nine, and he battles Gina when she refuses to turn off her space heater. Also, Rosa learns of a secret place to which Charles likes to disappear in the wee hours of the night.
7810"Captain Latvia"Jaffar MahmoodMatt LawtonDecember 13, 2016 (2016-12-13)4102.15[10]
The Nine-Nine precinct attempts to defeat the MTA Police in the annual Christmas singing competition. Meanwhile, Boyle and Jake attempt to track down the imported toy that Charles bought Nicolaj for Christmas, and find themselves infiltrating the Latvian mob.
79801112"The Fugitive"Rebecca AsherRyan CaseCarol KolbJustin Noble & Jessica PolonskyJanuary 1, 2017 (2017-01-01)4114123.49[11]
The squad goes on a manhunt for a group of nine convicts who've escaped from a prison van on the streets of Brooklyn. Amy and Jake form teams and propose a bet on whose team will capture the most convicts, with the loser having to move into the winner's apartment. With the score tied 4–4, Jake decides to let Amy win the bet. The remaining fugitive is revealed to be the foster brother of Doug Judy, the Pontiac Bandit, so Jake enlists the help of his nemesis to track the fugitive down. Meanwhile, back at the precinct, Amy and Gina teach Charles about proper texting etiquette to get him back on the text chain. Gina gets hit by a bus while receiving a text from him.
8113"The Audit"Beth McCarthy MillerCarly Hallam ToshApril 11, 2017 (2017-04-11)4131.91[12]
Captain Holt tells the squad that crime is down sharply in Brooklyn, but everyone's happiness over this news turns to horror when he then says that the NYPD is looking to shut down one precinct out of the 22 in the borough. All of the squads are being audited, and the 9-9's auditor is Amy's ex-boyfriend Teddy, who hasn't forgotten that Amy dumped him with encouragement from Jake. Jake and Amy end up in a comedy of errors in alternately trying to make nice with Teddy and keep him from finding out they still think he's the most boring man alive. At the precinct, Holt tasks Terry to fix a $21,000 Japanese copier that former Captain C.J. ordered, and Boyle and Diaz have to deal with a rat infestation emergency. Gina returns much too early from being badly injured when hit by a bus and uses her status to help fix the 9-9's maintenance issues, while Teddy eventually recuses himself from auditing his ex's squad. The new auditor is a woman who used to date Terry, despises him in the present, and tells him that she's going to shut the 9-9 down for good.
8214"Serve & Protect"Michael SchurAndrew Guest & Alexis WilkinsonApril 18, 2017 (2017-04-18)4141.91[13]
With Terry's ex-girlfriend Veronica (Kimberly Hebert Gregory) now running the audit of the 9-9, Amy and Gina try to figure out what Terry did wrong during the breakup that has Veronica still holding a grudge, but Terry insists he was as nice about it as possible. Jake and Rosa tackle the case of a missing laptop computer on the set of the TV crime show Serve & Protect, which finds Jake's judgment clouded when the executive producer offers him a "consulting producer" role for the series, and more disruptions from the fact that the star of that show Mark Devereaux (Nathan Fillion) is acting like he's really an NYPD detective. Meanwhile, Holt and Charles decide to go over Veronica's head and straight to the Deputy Commissioner. Upon discovering dirt on the DC, the two are at odds over whether they should resort to blackmail.
8315"The Last Ride"Linda MendozaDavid PhillipsApril 25, 2017 (2017-04-25)4151.88[14]
Holt announces the Nine-Nine has a very good chance of being shut down, stating it is between them and the 74th Precinct. Terry learns he needs to work one more case to catch Hitchcock, who has closed the most cases in the history of the 99th, mainly due to being there 20 years longer. Gina continually pranks the detectives while live-casting herself in front of her audience the "Ginazon". Amy convinces Holt to speed through five years of mentorship before the Nine-Nine closes. Jake and Charles set out on their last case together, which balloons into a big drug bust. They go for the bigger collar, even though it means the case will not be resolved until after HQ's decision. The precinct goes to a bar expecting to be shut down, but Holt soon exclaims they are staying open, thanks to the "Ginazon" protesting to the commissioner's office.
8416"Moo Moo"Maggie CareyPhil Augusta JacksonMay 2, 2017 (2017-05-02)4181.72[15]
Terry experiences racial profiling near his house at night as he is searching for his daughters’ blanket on the street, dropped from the minivan when Jake and Amy drove his daughters home. Holt disagrees that Terry insists to file a complaint to the officer concerned (Desmond Harrington), as it may affect Terry’s career advancement that Holt considers as a step to "change the system". Later, he understands that his position as captain enables him to support Terry as none of his own superiors ever did. Meanwhile, Jake and Amy face the challenges of parenthood as Cagney and Lacey persist on knowing what causes their father to get in trouble.
8517"Cop-Con"Giovani LampassiAndy GoscheMay 9, 2017 (2017-05-09)4161.61[16]
The Nine-Nine crew attends a crime-fighting convention in Rochester with the intent to party, but Holt insists they are there to learn. Holt is also bucking for a spot on the state board against a long-time rival (Andrew Daly). When the gang tries to sneak in a party that night, Charles misplaces a laptop that contains Holt's presentation to the board. Meanwhile, Scully falls for a female attendee who is like him in many ways.
8618"Chasing Amy"Luke Del TrediciMatt LawtonMay 9, 2017 (2017-05-09)4171.61[16]
Jake tries to help Amy prepare for a sergeant's exam, but unknown to him, Amy is avoiding the exam because becoming Jake's superior could have a negative effect on their relationship. Meanwhile, Gina is bequeathed an important Boyle family heirloom that belonged to Charles' recently deceased aunt, but she accidentally destroys it. Terry and Holt build a model train set for the kids in the lobby to enjoy and compete over which set is more appealing.
8719"Your Honor"Michael McDonaldDavid Phillips & Carly Hallam ToshMay 16, 2017 (2017-05-16)4191.65[17]
Jake tries to impress Holt's mother, the Honorable Laverne Holt (L. Scott Caldwell), while working the case of a break-in at her home. In doing so, he stumbles upon a secret that even Captain Holt doesn't know about his mother. At the precinct, Amy tries to teach a disinterested Gina how to change a tire on her car, while Terry's, Charles' and Rosa's refurnishing of the break room is met with resounding disapproval, especially from Scully and Hitchcock.
8820"The Slaughterhouse"Victor Nelli Jr.Neil CampbellMay 16, 2017 (2017-05-16)4201.38[17]
Jake and Rosa work a drug case and find that they are interfering with an undercover investigation by Lt. Hawkins (Gina Gershon), whom they both greatly admire. A competition ensues when Hawkins indicates there might be room for one of the two on her task force. Holt tries to get a reluctant Amy to express anger with him when he loses her favorite pen. Meanwhile, Hitchcock is constantly fighting with Scully, stemming from Scully beginning to choose his new girlfriend over him. In the end, Jake discovers that Hawkins and her task force are connected to recent bank robberies.
8921"The Bank Job"Matthew NodellaCarol KolbMay 23, 2017 (2017-05-23)4211.78[18]
Jake and Rosa try to infiltrate Lt. Hawkins' corrupt operation. They attempt to get on her "good side" by faking corruptness and beating up Adrian Pimento, who is more than willing to help. At the precinct, Terry, Amy and Charles find evidence that Gina may be pregnant. She later reveals she is, and that the father is Boyle's cousin Milton (Ryan Phillipe). The following day, a hungover Jake and Rosa are forced to participate in Hawkins' latest bank robbery. When they text Holt and the precinct about where to meet them, they realize Hawkins has given them a fake address and are eventually framed and arrested by Hawkins herself for robbing the banks.
9022"Crime and Punishment"Dan GoorJustin Noble & Jessica PolonskyMay 23, 2017 (2017-05-23)4221.50[18]
After two months have passed from being framed and arrested for the bank robberies, Jake and Rosa prepare to go on trial. Terry and a very stressed Charles hire a hacker to trace the source of Cayman Islands bank accounts that were somehow created in Jake's and Rosa's names. While on bail, Jake and Amy head to Pennsylvania to find a former colleague of Hawkins, who refuses to testify as a witness at first for fear of retribution. He later does, but it is revealed that the man is still working with Hawkins and is the person who transferred the robbery money in the first place. In the end, Jake and Rosa are both found guilty by the jurors.

text: Reception[edit]

text: Ratings[edit]

text:
No.

Title

Air date
Rating/share(18–49)
Viewers(millions)
DVR(18–49)
DVR viewers(millions)
Total(18–49)
Total viewers(millions)

1

"Coral Palms Pt. 1"

September 20, 2016
1.1/4
2.39[1]
N/A
1.14
N/A
3.53[19]

2

"Coral Palms Pt. 2"

September 27, 2016
1.0/4
2.34[2]
0.6
1.15
1.6
3.49[20]

3

"Coral Palms Pt. 3"

October 4, 2016
1.0/4
2.40[3]
0.6
1.02
1.6
3.42[21]

4

"The Night Shift"

October 11, 2016
0.9/3
2.13[4]
0.7
1.13
1.6
3.25[22]

5

"Halloween IV"

October 18, 2016
0.9/3
2.05[5]
0.6
N/A
1.5[23]
N/A

6

"Monster in the Closet"

November 15, 2016
0.9/3
2.18[6]
0.6
1.02
1.5
3.20[24]

7

"Mr. Santiago"

November 22, 2016
0.9/3
2.19[7]
0.5
0.99
1.4
3.18[25]

8

"Skyfire Cycle"

November 29, 2016
1.0/3
2.34[8]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

9

"The Overmining"

December 6, 2016
1.0/4
2.31[9]
0.6
1.01
1.6
3.32[26]

10

"Captain Latvia"

December 13, 2016
0.9/4
2.15[10]
0.6
0.91
1.5
3.06[27]

11/12

"The Fugitive"

January 1, 2017
1.3/4
3.49[11]
0.6
0.96
1.9
4.44[28]1

13

"The Audit"

April 11, 2017
0.7/3
1.91[12]
0.5
0.95
1.2
2.85[29]

14

"Serve & Protect"

April 18, 2017
0.7/3
1.91[13]
0.5
0.85
1.2
2.76[30]

15

"The Last Ride"

April 25, 2017
0.7/3
1.88[14]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

16

"Moo Moo"

May 2, 2017
0.6/3
1.72[15]
0.5
N/A
1.1[31]
N/A

17

"Cop-Con"

May 9, 2017
0.6/2
1.61[16]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

18

"Chasing Amy"

May 9, 2017
0.6/2
1.61[16]
0.5
0.95
1.1
2.39[32]

19

"Your Honor"

May 16, 2017
0.7/3
1.65[17]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

20

"The Slaughterhouse"

May 16, 2017
0.6/3
1.38[17]
0.4
0.77
1.0
2.14[33]

21

"The Bank Job"

May 23, 2017
0.7/3
1.78[18]
0.4
0.88
1.1
2.66[34]

22

"Crime and Punishment"

May 23, 2017
0.6/2
1.50[18]
0.5
0.91
1.1
2.41[34]

text: Critical reviews[edit]

text: Season four has a score of 100% on Rotten Tomatoes based on 6 reviews.[35]

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
Award

Date of ceremony

Category

Recipients and nominees

Result

People's Choice Awards

January 18, 2017

Favorite Comedic TV Actor

Andy Samberg

Nominated

text: ^1  Live +7 ratings were not available, so Live +3 ratings have been used instead.


document_title: List of Cricket World Cup finals

question_text: who was the first cricket world cup winner

text: List of Cricket World Cup finals

text: History[edit]

text: The inaugural ICC Cricket World Cup final was held on 21 June 1975 at Lord's, contested by Australia and the West Indies.  A man of the match performance,[11] including a century from West Indian captain Clive Lloyd coming in to bat at number five with his team 50/3,[12] formed the basis of a 149-run fourth-wicket partnership with Rohan Kanhai.[13] Keith Boyce added a quick 34 and the Australians were set a target of 292 to win in a 60-over encounter.  In reply, Alan Turner hit 40 from 54 deliveries and Australian captain Ian Chappell scored 62 from 93 balls.  Australia "contributed to their own destruction" in an innings with five run outs, and the West Indies were crowned the first cricket world champions, winning by 17 runs.[14]  Four years later, the West Indies qualified for the final, this time facing England, hosted at Lord's for the second consecutive tournament. An unbeaten 138 from Viv Richards, and support from Collis King in a 139-run partnership for the fifth wicket,[15] saw the West Indies set England a target of 287 runs to win in 60 overs.[16]  A profitable yet slow opening partnership between Mike Brearley and Geoffrey Boycott (the latter taking 17 overs to reach double figures)[17] saw England to 129.  However, following Brearley's dismissal, only Graham Gooch and Derek Randall made a "brief assault" on the West Indian bowling,[17] before a batting collapse, Joel Garner taking five wickets in eleven balls.[18] England ended 194 all out, and presented the West Indies with their second consecutive title, winning by 92 runs.[17]

text: Lord's re-hosted the third World Cup final in June 1983, and was West Indies' third consecutive final. On this occasion, they faced India in front of 24,609 spectators.[19] Sunil Gavaskar was dismissed early in the innings for two runs, and only Kris Srikkanth scored more than thirty;[20] Andy Roberts took three wickets for the West Indies leaving India all out for 183.[20]  Following the dismissals of Viv Richards, Desmond Haynes and Larry Gomes by  Madan Lal for six runs between them, the West Indies collapsed to 140 all out, handing the title to India by 43 runs.[19]  India and Pakistan co-hosted the 1987 tournament; the final was held at Eden Gardens in Kolkata between Australia and England, both appearing for the second time and vying for their first title. Australia won the toss and elected to bat first; David Boon scored 75 runs from 125 deliveries, while Mike Veletta made a rapid 45 from 31 deliveries taking Australia to a total of 253/5 by the close of play, this time after 50 overs.[21]  In front of around 70,000 spectators, England's middle order of Bill Athey, Mike Gatting and Allan Lamb provided some resistance, but with 17 runs required in the final over to win, England fell short and lost by 7 runs.[22]

text: The 1992 tournament was co-hosted by Australia and New Zealand, with the first ever day/night final being held at the Melbourne Cricket Ground in Australia between England and Pakistan.  In their first final appearance, Pakistan won the toss and elected to bat first.  Despite two early wickets from Derek Pringle, Pakistani batsmen Imran Khan and Javed Miandad shared a third-wicket partnership of 139.  Both Inzamam-ul-Haq and Wasim Akram added over thirty runs each at more than a run-a-ball, leading Pakistan to a total of 249/6 in 50 overs.[23] A crowd of over 87,000 saw man-of-the-match Wasim Akram take three of England's wickets, including that of all-rounder Ian Botham for a duck, after Graeme Hick was "baffled by the googly".[24] England were bowled out for 227, and Pakistan won by 22 runs.[23]  India, Pakistan and Sri Lanka hosted the tournament in 1996. Sri Lanka was making their first appearance in the final, and faced 1987 champions Australia in another day/night contest.  After winning the toss, Arjuna Ranatunga sent Australia in to bat at the Gaddafi Stadium in Lahore. Captain Mark Taylor and Ricky Ponting added 101 in their second-wicket partnership as Australia completed their 50 overs 241/7.[25]  Man of the match Aravinda de Silva's century, assisted by partnerships with Asanka Gurusinha and Ranatunga led Sri Lanka to the total with 22 balls and 7 wickets to spare, and their first win in the final. This was the first time a host won the title, though the final was played in Pakistan. It was also the first time that the team batting second emerged victorious.[25]

text: Australia's "12-year era of World Cup dominance" began with the 1999 tournament,[26] hosted for the fourth time by England. In a "one-sided" final,[27] Shane Warne's four wickets helped to restrict Pakistan to 132 runs, all out with 11 overs yet to bat.[28]  A rapid fifty from Adam Gilchrist, and support from Mark Waugh, Ponting and Darren Lehmann, saw Australia reach the total in just over 20 overs, winning by eight wickets.[28]  The 2003 tournament had three co-hosts: South Africa, Kenya and Zimbabwe, the final being a day/night match contested between Australia and India at the Wanderers Stadium in Johannesburg.  Gilchrist and Matthew Hayden opened the batting, making a century partnership before Ponting and Damien Martin went on to score the highest partnership in any World Cup final with an unbeaten 234.[29]  Australia batted out their fifty overs, and ended on the highest score in World Cup final history: 359/2.[30]  Player of the tournament Sachin Tendulkar was dismissed in the first over of India's reply but Virender Sehwag and Rahul Dravid combined to score 88 in their fourth wicket partnership.  However, following Dravid's dismissal, India's batting collapsed, and they finished on 234 all out with nearly eleven overs remaining, handing Australia a 125-run victory.[30]

text: The 2007 final, held at the Kensington Oval in Barbados, was reduced to 38 overs a side following a two-hour rain delay.[31]  Australia's Gilchrist hit the fastest century in a World Cup final at a strike rate of over 143 and his opening stand with Hayden became the largest first-wicket partnership in World Cup history.[29] Australia ended on 281/4, an average of 7.39 runs per over.[32]  In reply, Sanath Jayasuriya and Kumar Sangakkara accumulated 116 runs for the second wicket, but with Chamara Silva the only other batsman to score over 20, Sri Lanka capitulated.  Despite a revised target, due to a further rain break, calculated using the Duckworth–Lewis method, Sri Lanka scored 215–8 from their allotted overs. With a 53-run victory, Australia won their third consecutive World Cup.[32]  Bangladesh, India and Sri Lanka co-hosted the 2011 tournament,[33] with the latter pair meeting in the final in the Wankhede Stadium in Mumbai.  Scoring 91 runs in their final 10 overs,[34] Sri Lanka's innings ended on 274/6, Mahela Jayawardene top-scoring with an unbeaten 103.[35]  Sehwag was out leg before wicket to Lasith Malinga in the second ball of the Indian innings, Tendulkar soon followed him, but 97 from Gautam Gambhir and an unbeaten 91 from MS Dhoni saw India home with 10 balls to spare. By winning the match, India became the first team to win the finals on home soil.[35]

text: List of finals[edit]

text:
Key to list of finals

The final was played as a day/night game.

The final was decided by the Duckworth–Lewis method.

text:
The "Year" column refers to the year the World Cup was held, and links to the article about that tournament.
The links in the "Result" column point to the article about that tournament's final game.
Links in the "Winners" and "Runners-up" columns point to the articles for the national cricket teams of the countries, not the articles for the countries.

text:
List of finals, along with the host nation and location and result of the final

Year

Winner

Result

Runner-up

Final venue

Host nation(s)[2]

Crowd

1975

 West Indies291/8 (60 overs)

West Indies won by 17 runs[11]

 Australia274 all out (58.4 overs)

Lord's, London

England
24,000

1979

 West Indies286/9 (60 overs)

West Indies won by 92 runs[16]

 England194 all out (51 overs)

Lord's, London

England
32,000

1983

 India183 all out (54.4 overs)

India won by 43 runs[20]

 West Indies140 all out (52 overs)

Lord's, London

England
30,000

1987

 Australia253/5 (50 overs)

Australia won by 7 runs[21]

 England246/8 (50 overs)

Eden Gardens, Kolkata, India

India, Pakistan
95,000

1992

 Pakistan249/6 (50 overs)

Pakistan won by 22 runs[23]

 England227 all out (49.2 overs)

MCG, Melbourne, Australia

Australia, New Zealand
87,182

1996

 Sri Lanka245/3 (46.2 overs)

Sri Lanka won by 7 wickets[25]

 Australia241/7 (50 overs)

Gaddafi Stadium, Lahore, Pakistan

India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka
62,645

1999

 Australia133/2 (20.1 overs)

Australia won by 8 wickets[28]

 Pakistan132 all out (39 overs)

Lord's, London

England, Wales, Ireland, Scotland, Netherlands
30,000

2003

 Australia359/2 (50 overs)

Australia won by 125 runs[30]

 India234 all out (39.2 overs)

Wanderers, Johannesburg, South Africa

Kenya, South Africa, Zimbabwe
32,827

2007

 Australia281/4 (38 overs)

Australia won by 53 runs [32]

 Sri Lanka215/8 (36 overs)

Kensington Oval, Bridgetown

West Indies
28,108

2011

 India277/4 (48.2 overs)

India won by 6 wickets[35]

 Sri Lanka274/6 (50 overs)

Wankhede Stadium, Mumbai, India

Bangladesh, India, Sri Lanka
65,000

2015

 Australia186/3 (33.1 overs)

Australia won by 7 wickets

 New Zealand183 all out (45 overs)

MCG, Melbourne, Australia

Australia, New Zealand
93,013

text: Results by country[edit]

text:
National team

Final appearances

Winners

Runners-up

Years won

Years runners-up

 Australia

7

5

2

1987, 1999, 2003, 2007, 2015

1975, 1996

 India

3

2

1

1983, 2011,

2003

 West Indies

3

2

1

1975, 1979

1983

 Sri Lanka

3

1

2

1996

2007, 2011

 Pakistan

2

1

1

1992

1999

 England

3

0

3

–

1979, 1987, 1992

 New Zealand

1

0

1

–

2015