document_title: Graduated cylinder

question_text: what is a graduated cylinder made out of

text: Graduated cylinder

text: Materials and structure[edit]

text: Large graduated cylinders are usually made up of polypropylene for its excellent chemical resistance or polymethylpentene for its transparency, making them lighter and less fragile than glass. Polypropylene (PP) is easy to repeatedly autoclave; however, autoclaving in excess of about 121 °C (250 °F) (depending on the chemical formulation: typical commercial grade polypropylene melts in excess of 177 °C (351 °F)), can warp or damage polypropylene graduated cylinders, affecting accuracy.[1]

text: I H N traditional graduated cylinder (A in the image) is usually narrow and tall so as to increase the accuracy and precision of volume measurement; it has a plastic or glass bottom and a "spout" for easy pouring of the measured liquid. An additional version is wide and low.

text: Mixing cylinders (B in the picture) have ground glass joints instead of a spout, so they can be closed with a stopper or connect directly with other elements of a manifold.[2] With this kind of cylinder, the metered liquid does not pour directly, but is often removed using a cannula. A graduated cylinder is meant to be read with the surface of the liquid at eye level, where the center of the meniscus shows the measurement line. Typical capacities of graduated cylinders are from 10 mL to 1000 mL.

text: Common uses[edit]

text: Graduated cylinders are often used to measure the volume of a liquid. Graduated cylinders are generally more accurate and precise than laboratory flasks and beakers, but they should not be used to perform volumetric analysis;[3] volumetric glassware, such as a volumetric flask or volumetric pipette, should be used, as it is even more accurate and precise. Graduated cylinders are sometimes used to measure the volume of a solid indirectly by measuring the displacement of a liquid.

text: Scales and accuracy[edit]

text: For accuracy the volume on graduated cylinders is depicted on scales with 3 significant digits: 100mL cylinders have 1ml grading divisions while 10mL cylinders have 0.1 mL grading divisions.

text: Two classes of accuracy exist for graduated cylinders. Class A has double the accuracy of class B.[4] Cylinders can have single or double scales. Single scales allow to read the volume from top to bottom (filling volume) while double scale cylinders allow reading for filling and pouring (reverse scale).

text: Graduated cylinders are calibrated either “to contain” (indicated liquid volume inside the cylinder) and marked as "TC" or “to deliver” (indicated liquid volume poured out, accounting for liquid traces left in the cylinder) and marked “TD”.[5] Formerly the tolerances for “to deliver” and “to contain” cylinders are distinct; however now these are the same. Also, the international symbols “IN” and “EX” are more likely to be used instead of “TC” and “TD” respectively.[6]

text: Measurement[edit]

text:
To read the volume accurately, the observation must be at an eye level and read at the bottom of a meniscus of the liquid level.[7] For example, in the picture on the bottom of the page, a 100mL graduated cylinder was used to measure the liquid. The cylinder contains 60mL liquid volume. The main reason as to why the reading of the volume is done via meniscus is due to the nature of the liquid in a closed surrounded space. By nature, liquid in the cylinder would be attracted to the wall around it through molecular forces. This forces the liquid surface to develop either a convex or concave shape, depending on the type of the liquid in the cylinder. Reading the liquid at the bottom part of a concave or the top part of the convex liquid is equivalent to reading the liquid at its meniscus.[8] From the picture, the level of the liquid will be read at the bottom of the meniscus, which is the concave. The most accurate of the reading that could be done here is reduced down to 1 mL due to the given means of measurement on the cylinder. From this, the derived error would be one tenth of the least figure. For instance, if the reading is done and the value calculated is set to be 36.5 mL. The error, give or take 0.1 mL, must be included too. Therefore, the more precise value equates to 36.5

±

{\displaystyle \pm }

 0.1; 36.4 or 36.6 mL. Therefore, there are 3 significant figures can be read from the given graduated cylinder picture.[9] Another example, if the reading is done and the value calculated is set to be 40.0 mL. The precise value would be 40.0

±

{\displaystyle \pm }

 0.1; 40.1 or 39.9 mL.[10]

text: Additional images[edit]

text: Two graduated cylinders. I H N traditional graduated cylinder (A in the image), and mixing cylinders (B in the picture)


document_title: A Nightmare on Elm Street (2010 film)

question_text: who played freddy krueger in the 2010 remake

root

text: A Nightmare on Elm Street (2010 film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: Kris Fowles (Katie Cassidy) goes to the Springwood Diner to meet with her boyfriend, Dean Russell (Kellan Lutz), who falls asleep at the table and meets a man covered in burn scars, wearing a clawed glove on his hand. The burned man cuts Dean's throat in the dream, but in reality it appears that Dean is cutting his own throat as his friend, waitress Nancy Holbrook (Rooney Mara), looks on with Kris. At Dean's funeral, Kris sees a photograph of her and Dean as children, but cannot recall ever knowing Dean before high school. Kris begins to dream about the burned man herself and refuses to go to sleep for fear that she will die in her dreams. Jesse Braun (Thomas Dekker), Kris's ex-boyfriend, shows up to keep her company while she sleeps, but Kris meets the burned man in her dreams and is murdered. Covered in her blood, Jesse runs to Nancy's house and learns that Nancy has been having dreams about the same man: Freddy Krueger (Jackie Earle Haley).

tag: p

text: Jesse is apprehended by the police under suspicion of murdering Kris, and is killed by Krueger when he falls asleep in his jail cell. With her friends dying, Nancy begins to question what everyone's connection is to each other, given that none of them can remember each other before their teenage years. Nancy and her friend Quentin Smith (Kyle Gallner) discover that all of them attended Badham Preschool. Nancy's mother, Gwen (Connie Britton), reluctantly tells Nancy and Quentin that there was a gardener at the preschool, Fred Krueger, who was accused of abusing Nancy and the rest of the kids. Gwen explains that Nancy was his favorite, and that she came home one day telling her mother about a hidden space in Krueger's room and the things he did to her there. Gwen claims Krueger skipped town before he was arrested. Nancy does not believe her and attempts to track down the remaining kids from the school. She discovers that all of the other kids have been killed, most of them in their sleep.

text: Quentin tries to accept that his nightmares are nothing more than repressed memories, but he falls asleep during swim practice and witnesses what really happened to Krueger: Everyone's parents hunted down Krueger and burned him alive. Quentin and Nancy believe that Krueger wants revenge on them for lying as children. As a result of their insomnia, they begin sporadically dreaming while they are still awake. To try to stop Krueger, they decide to go to the preschool and learn what they can. On the way, Nancy falls asleep and is attacked by Krueger, but when Quentin wakes her up, they discover she has pulled a piece of Krueger's sweater out of the dreamworld and into reality. Quentin takes Nancy to the hospital; there, he steals some adrenaline to help them stay awake. At the preschool, Quentin uncovers Krueger's hidden room and evidence that proves Krueger was in fact abusing all of the children; Krueger actually wants revenge on them for telling the truth.

text: Nancy decides the only way to end this is to pull Krueger out of their dreams and kill him in reality. Quentin tries to stay awake long enough to pull Nancy out of her dream when she has Krueger, but he falls asleep and is attacked. Krueger goes after Nancy, and explains that he intentionally left her for last so she would stay awake long enough that, when she finally fell asleep, she would no longer be able to wake up. Quentin uses the adrenaline to wake up Nancy, who pulls Krueger into reality. She uses a broken blade to cut Krueger's gloved hand off, and then slice his throat. She then torches the secret room, with Krueger's body inside, and she and Quentin leave. Nancy and her mother return home from the hospital; Krueger suddenly appears and kills Nancy's mother before pulling her body through a mirror while Nancy screams.

text: Production[edit]

text: A Nightmare on Elm Street was originally going to follow the same design as Platinum Dunes' other remake, Friday the 13th, with the writers taking what they thought were the best elements from each of the films and creating a single storyline with them. Eventually, they decided to use Craven's original storyline, and try to create a scarier film. That being, they decided to remove the one-line quipping Freddy, who had become less scary and more comical over the years, and bring him back to a darker nature; this included developing the character as a true child molester, something that Craven wanted to do originally in 1984 but changed to a child killer instead.

text: The decision was also made to bring Freddy's physical appearance closer to that of an actual burn victim, and the use of computer-generated imagery was used in certain sections of Haley's face to further assist in that vision. A Nightmare on Elm Street was primarily filmed in Illinois because of the positive experience the producers of Platinum Dunes had when filming other films in the same area.

text: Robert Englund, who portrayed Krueger in the previous eight films, voiced his support of the remake and the casting of Haley in the role. A Nightmare on Elm Street was officially released in North America on April 30, 2010, and later released in foreign markets on May 8, 2010. The film was met with primarily negative reviews from film critics, as well as audience members who scored the film a C+. Regardless, A Nightmare on Elm Street broke the record for midnight openings for a horror film. The film has brought in over $63 million at the domestic box office, and over $115 million worldwide.

text: Development[edit]

text: On January 29, 2008, Variety reported that Michael Bay and his Platinum Dunes production company would be rebooting the Nightmare on Elm Street franchise with a remake of the original 1984 film.[3] In an interview, producer Brad Fuller initially explained that they were following the same line they did with their Friday the 13th remake, by abandoning the things that made the character less scary—the film's antagonist, Freddy Krueger, would not be "cracking jokes" as had become a staple of his character in later films—and focusing more on trying to craft a "horrifying movie". Fuller expressed how everyone at the studio loved the concept of being killed if you fell asleep. The producer stated that the film would be a remake of the 1984 film, but clarified that they would be borrowing certain character deaths and dream sequences from the entire Nightmare series.[4]

text: In February 2009, The Hollywood Reporter announced that Samuel Bayer was hired to direct the film.[5] According to New Line production chief Toby Emmerich, Michael Bay advocated heavily for Bayer's hiring, as Bay, Bayer, and director David Fincher came up as commercial directors together. It is Bay's opinion that Bayer had "the ability to capture the kind of seductive and unsettling imagery that would make Nightmare feel like a fresh, visually arresting moviegoing experience".[6] Bayer declined Platinum Dunes' offer; twice. It was not until Bay sent the director an email "talking about the business", and explaining what kind of opportunity it would be for Bayer that he finally agreed.[7]

text:
"It's definitely not a standard slasher film. This is a movie that you can mention to people and their jaws drop […] because of that franchise, that character, had a profound effect on their childhood. […] I hear things like, 'Freddy scared the hell out of me.' […] What everyone involved wants to do is re-invent the character for a new generation."

— Samuel Bayer on remaking A Nightmare on Elm Street.[7]

tag: table

text: In a June 9, 2009 interview, Craven expressed his displeasure in the remaking of his 1984 film, primarily because the filmmakers chose not to have him as a consultant to the film, unlike with the 2009 remake The Last House on the Left where he "shepherd[ed] it towards production".[8] In contrast, Robert Englund, who portrayed Freddy throughout the film series, felt it was time for A Nightmare on Elm Street to be remade. Englund liked the idea of being able to "exploit the dreamscape" with CGI and other technologies that did not exist when Craven was making the original A Nightmare on Elm Street in 1984.[9] Subsequently, Bayer believed that the film is designed to pay homage to what Craven did in 1984, but not replicate it entirely. Bayer recognized that Craven attempted to put more meaning into his films, and that the character of Freddy Krueger was one that affected the lives of a certain generation of people. For Bayer, remaking A Nightmare on Elm Street was about bringing that feeling to a new generation, with a new spin on the character and story.[7]

text: Fuller and Form likened the new Nightmare film to their 2003 remake of The Texas Chain Saw Massacre, and retracted an earlier statement when they said they did not plan to "cherry pick" the best elements of the franchise, like they did with the reboot of the Friday the 13th franchise they released in 2009. Instead, the 2010 film is more of a reimagining.[10] The pair also explained that A Nightmare on Elm Street would have a different tone than the Friday the 13th remake. Form states, "I think a Friday the 13th movie like we made was really fun. You know, sex, drugs and rock and roll, and I think a Nightmare movie is not that."[11]

text: When asked why New Line was rebooting the Nightmare on Elm Street film series, Emmerich explained, "The Nightmare films are profoundly disturbing on a deep, human level because they're about our dreams. It's why we thought that we could reach an especially broad audience with a new film, since the feeling of having your dreams being invaded was something that would translate to any country and any culture."[6] Overall, Bayer wanted to create a darker Nightmare on Elm Street, one he felt would fit into what he describes as "a darker world". Bayer said there is subtext within the film, which is designed to get the audience to ask, "What makes a monster?" Bayer wants the audience to think about whether a monster is something that exists purely from a physical appearance—someone with a scarred face and a clawed glove on their hand—or can a monster be something that is deeper, and within the man himself without a scarred face and bladed glove?[12]

text: Writing[edit]

text: Wesley Strick was initially hired to pen a script for a new A Nightmare on Elm Street, after he impressed Emmerich with a prequel script he wrote for the 1995 film Seven; the film was never produced. Eric Heisserer was subsequently hired to provide a rewrite of Strick's script before the film moved into production.[6] When Bayer came on board he received a script that reflected the combined efforts of Strick and Heisserer, and which still "needed to be tinkered with". Bayer explained that the script goes deeper into "[Freddy] as a person [and] how he became the thing he was". Bayer expressed that, unlike the Friday the 13th remake that picked the best parts from the first four films, the Nightmare remake is coming straight from the first film.[7] At one point there was a scene in an early draft of the script where some characters were playing Guitar Hero. Fuller explained that the scene was removed to keep the film from feeling dated. To him, if someone watched the film five years later, and Guitar Hero was not as popular as it once was, it would automatically make the film feel more dated upon viewing. At the same time, they wanted the film to feel relevant, and including things like the Internet, mobile phones, and text messaging would give the film a more timeless feel.[13]

text: For the remake, Freddy was brought back to his darker roots and away from the comical character he had become in later Nightmare on Elm Street sequels. Fuller pointed out that this Freddy does have one-liners, but his comments come from a darker sense of humor and not intended to be as campy as previously seen. In addition, it was decided to follow Craven's original characterization of Freddy as a child molester. The decision to apply that characteristic was based in part on the idea that there would not be much of a story to tell if he simply killed children for no apparent reason. It would be easy for the teenage characters to figure out, whereas it is easier to hide the idea of children being molested and force the teen characters to seek out the truth of what happened.[13] In an effort to keep the story fresh, Heisserer developed the concept of micro-naps. In the story, as the characters prolong their time without sleeping they begin to experience micro-naps, which is where a character will unknowingly start dreaming while they are still awake. The micro-naps allowed the filmmakers the chance to blur the lines between reality and the dreamworld by offering an explanation for how the characters could slip so easily into a dream.[14]

text: Casting[edit]

text: In February 2009, The Hollywood Reporter revealed Robert Englund would not reprise the role of Freddy Krueger for the remake; Englund had performed the role for the eight previous films.[5] On April 3, 2009 Entertainment Weekly reported that Jackie Earle Haley was cast to take over Englund's most well-known role.[15] Initially, the studio wanted to cast an unknown for the role of Freddy Krueger, but it was Haley's performance in Little Children that impressed Emmerich enough to cast the actor against the original intentions. Emmerich explained, "Freddy is this incredible stew of malevolence and anger, but he also has a hint of vulnerability, and Jackie really has all of that and more. He just seemed completely right for the part."[6] Bayer stated that he and producers Form and Fuller managed to acquire the screen test Haley gave as Rorschach for Watchmen; after viewing it, Bayer said it "blew [his] mind", and that he knew Haley would be able to go deep and create a believable character who was a "[psychopath] with a burned face and a claw".[7]

text: Haley said the first time he heard his name mentioned in conjunction with the character was from people suggesting his casting on the internet, which he appreciated, and then later learned that his agents were already in talks with Brad Fuller.[16] Haley stated that he was apprehensive about taking on the role of a character with such a dark past—that of a child murderer—for about a "minute and a half". Knowing the Freddy Krueger in the remake would be even darker, Haley came to the realization quickly that at the end of the day he is doing a horror film, and this is just a fictional character. Haley said that once he embraced the idea of Freddy just being a "mythical boogeyman", it became "very freeing" for him as an actor.[12]

text:
"Jackie is not big, and I think that Jackie's size is gonna really work […] One of the metaphors […] I've used for Freddy is a little rabid dog that just bites your ankle and holds on. […] And I think Jackie brings that, with his own physicality, to the role, without ever having to work it a little bit."

— Robert Englund on Jackie Earle Haley as Freddy Krueger.[9]

text: Haley is contracted for three films, which includes the remake and two sequels.[17] Englund stated he agreed with the casting of Haley, noting that he feels Haley's physical size works for him in this role.[9] Explaining why they chose to take away the comical aspect of Freddy's personality, Form and Fuller stated, "We've never been attracted to a jokey antagonist because it feels less scary and less real".[11] Even though the character is closer to how he was portrayed in the original film, Haley has stated that he does not intend to have Englund's performances influence his own. Haley stated that he used the frustration of having to sit in the make-up chair for three-and-a-half hours as his motivation to get into character.[10]

text: Rooney Mara plays the role of Nancy Holbrook;[18] Mara is also contracted for a sequel.[19] Bayer describes Nancy as "the loneliest girl in the world".[20] Mara stated that her Nancy is different than the role of Nancy Thompson, performed by Heather Langenkamp, and described her character as "socially awkward and timid and really doesn't know how to connect with people".[20] Kyle Gallner was cast as Quentin, who forms a connection with Nancy. Gallner described his character as "a mess, more jittery and more 'out there' than Nancy is".[20] Gallner pointed out that his character is like this because of the amount of pharmaceuticals he ingests to stay awake. Producer Brad Fuller commented that Gallner brought a sense of "humanity and relatability" to the role with his compassion and intellect.[20] Other cast members include Katie Cassidy, Thomas Dekker, and Kellan Lutz. Cassidy performed the role of Kris. According to Cassidy, Kris becomes an emotional wreck throughout the film. Cassidy described her character's ordeal: "She is literally dragged through hell, having to crawl through dark, claustrophobic tunnels. She's always crying and freaking out as her nightmares of Freddy bleed into her everyday life. Kris suspects there's something that connects her with the others; she even confronts her mother about it, but no one's talking."[20]

text: Dekker portrays Jesse, Kris's ex-boyfriend. According to Dekker, "Jesse kind of knows what's going on but refuses to believe it."[20] Dekker explained that Jesse spends so much time trying to convince himself that Freddy is not real, that by the time he does meet Freddy face-to-face, "he's just a mess.. […] There's no bravado about it. His terror is very real."[20] Lutz plays Dean, Kris's current boyfriend and "a well-liked, well-off high school jock".[21] Connie Britton, Clancy Brown and Elvis Jasso Marín also star.[22] Gallner and Mara explained that the teenagers in the remake are "a little more aware" of Freddy and their situation, whereas in the original Gallner and Mara characterized Nancy and her friends as "more mellow" and "nonchalant" about their situation until they were finally killed.[12]

text: Krueger's design[edit]

text: Discussing his physical appearance, Form and Fuller explained that Freddy would be more similar to a real burn victim.[11] Form later clarified that there was a fine line they did not want to cross when it came to making Freddy look like a true burn victim. According to the producer, the crew had many reference photos of actual victims, which detailed how white the skin would appear after healing. Form did not want the audience to turn away in disgust every time Freddy was on the screen, so they opted to hold back on some of the realism. Fuller noted how horrific the images were, and how difficult they were to look at.[23] The special effects crew that worked on The Dark Knight, creating the computer-generated images (CGI) for Two-Face's face, were brought in to work on the minimal CGI used for Freddy's face. The CGI is used in conjunction with the special effects make-up that Haley wears.[12] The prosthetics used to create Freddy's physical look were designed by Andrew Clement. Haley described the experience of wearing all of the prosthetics and make-up as "pretty encumbering".[24]

text: When production first started, Clement and his crew would spend six hours applying Haley's make-up; eventually, the crew was able to streamline their process.[23] According to Haley, the make-up crew would apply individual prosthetics to him, from his head all the way down his back, which were glued to his body. The appliances were then blended together to create a seamless appearance. Haley spent approximately three hours and twenty minutes in the make-up chair to apply the prosthetics, each day; on occasion, it would take almost four-and-a-half hours when the crew needed to apply the prosthetic skull cap, which Haley did not need to worry about most days as he was able to wear the fedora hat on top of his head. Haley also had to wear contact lenses, one that was bloody and another that was cloudy, with the latter one making it difficult for the actor to see out of.[24] Haley also had to work on developing Freddy's "voice" for the film. According to Haley, the process of coming up with the perfect voice for Freddy is "this organic process of embodying the character", and not about just "sitting around the table and going, 'Let me try this voice and this voice'". Haley and Bayer admitted that some of the voice would be digitally enhanced in the end to give it a "supernatural quality" and get it away from the voice Haley used as Rorschach in Watchmen.[25]

text: Filming[edit]

text: With a budget of $35 million,[26] principal photography began on May 5, 2009 and officially wrapped on July 10, 2009.[27][28] Platinum Dunes chose to film in Illinois because of pleasurable filming experiences in the state when the company produced The Amityville Horror and The Unborn. Platinum Dunes also received a thirty percent tax break for filming in the state. For a representation of human version of Krueger, the producers were looking for locations that were "old and decaying". They settled on the Ryerson Steel warehouse on the West Side of Chicago. The warehouse became the central location for the scenes involving the townspeople burning Krueger alive.[29]

text: New Line contracted with two high schools in Illinois, Elk Grove High School and John Hersey High School, to use their location for scenes in the remake. According to Principal Nancy Holman, of Elk Grove High, the studio contacted schools across the nation looking for one that had a swimming pool. Although filming took place at both schools, neither was identified by name. The studio also cast 200 extras for various school scenes, including one in the pool, but required that all auditioning students be at least 16 years old.[30] School board President Lenore Gonzales Bragaw was initially apprehensive about the deal, as she disliked the idea of the studio filming "scenes of violence" at the schools; Bragaw agreed to the filming after being assured that no one would be killed during the swimming scenes.[31]

text: On May 22, 2009, the A Nightmare on Elm Street film crew went on location to the city of Gary, Indiana to film scenes at a Methodist church. The studio negotiated with the city for months before finally settling on a deal. According to Ben Clement, the executive director of the Gary Office of Film and Television, the studio was looking for "an architectural style that would fit the storyline of the film". The film crew returned to Gary in June to film a dream sequence that takes place on Elm Street in one of the local streets, and in December some new scenes were shot in a diner, with new characters.[32][33]

text: According to Fuller and Form, Warner Bros. suggested A Nightmare on Elm Street be released in 3-D, with the recent surge in 3-D films showing increased box office revenue. In the opinion of the Platinum Dunes producers, if a film is not initially conceived as 3-D then it should not be converted to 3-D. In other words, given that the original A Nightmare on Elm Street was not a 3-D film, Fuller and Form fought with the studio to keep the remake from being converted to 3-D. The producers note that at the end of the day, Warner Bros. and Platinum Dunes came to the agreement that presenting the film in 3-D would not be presenting "the best version of the movie".[34]

text: Music[edit]

text: The score to A Nightmare on Elm Street was composed by Steve Jablonsky, whom he produced with Steve Durkee  and recorded the film's music with a 60-piece string ensemble of the Hollywood Studio Symphony at the Sony Scoring Stage.[35] Jablonsky's musical score was released by WaterTower Music on April 27, 2010.[36]

text: Release[edit]

text: A Nightmare on Elm Street was released on April 30, 2010 to 3,332 theaters and approximately 4,700 screens,[37] making it the twelfth-widest opening for an R-rated film in the United States.[38] Comparatively, the original A Nightmare on Elm Street was only released to 165 theaters on its opening, November 9, 1984; its widest release by the end of its box office run was 380 theaters.[39] The 2010 remake holds the record for widest A Nightmare on Elm Street release, beating out Freddy vs. Jason by 318 theaters.[40] A Nightmare on Elm Street was released on DVD and Blu-ray on October 5, 2010. The DVD's only feature is a featurette, "Freddy Krueger Reborn". The Blu-ray special features include the DVD's featurette along with a deleted scene, an alternate opening and ending, and the "Maniacle Movie Mode".[41]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Early estimates put A Nightmare on Elm Street's opening-day gross at approximately $15 million, with a projected opening weekend of $35 million.[42] Included in the $15 million is the $1.6 million the film made from midnight showings on Thursday night from 1,000 theaters. As a result, A Nightmare on Elm Street broke the record for midnight openings for a horror film, which was previously held by the Friday the 13th remake in 2009 that grossed $1 million.[43] Ultimately, the film finished its opening with $32,902,299, placing first for the weekend ahead of How to Train Your Dragon (6th week in release), Date Night (4th week in release), The Back-up Plan (2nd week in release), and Furry Vengeance; the latter film was also in its opening weekend.[44] A Nightmare on Elm Street dropped 72 percent in its second weekend, earning $9,119,389; dropping to second place for the weekend behind Iron Man 2.[45] The film dropped an additional 54 percent in its third week, bringing in $1.5 million, though it remained in the top 10 rankings for the weekend, placing sixth overall.[46] The film remained in the top ten for the fourth weekend in a row, grossing approximately $2,285,000 and finishing eighth for the week.[47] In its fifth weekend, the 2010 remake fell out of the box office top ten, finishing eleventh with an estimated $910,000.[48]

text: As of July 6, 2010, A Nightmare on Elm Street has earned $63,071,122 at the domestic box office.[49] With its $63 million in domestic box office, A Nightmare On Elm Street is the second-highest-grossing film among the recent slasher remakes, like When a Stranger Calls (2006), Black Christmas (2006), Halloween (2007), Prom Night (2008), and My Bloody Valentine 3D (2009) but behind Friday the 13th with $65 million.[50] The film was officially released overseas on May 8, 2010. In its opening weekend, it took in approximately $6.5 million throughout ten foreign territories. It also secured first place for the weekend at the Russian box office, with $3 million.[51] Since its opening, the film has taken in approximately $52,332,285 in the overseas box office, giving it a worldwide total gross of $115,407,296.[49]

text: The 2010 remake's opening weekend puts it ahead of the box office grosses for A Nightmare on Elm Street 2: Freddy's Revenge ($29,999,213), A Nightmare on Elm Street ($25,504,513), A Nightmare on Elm Street 5: The Dream Child ($22,168,359), and Wes Craven's New Nightmare ($18,090,181).[40] When adjusting the opening weekend for the 1984 original for the 2010 inflation, the remake out grossed Wes Craven's film $32,902,299 to $2,736,653.[52] When breaking the grosses down by per theater capita, the 1984 film averaged $16,585 per cinema compared to the remake's $9,874.[53] Comparing the film to other Platinum Dunes remakes, A Nightmare on Elm Street is second in opening-weekend gross, only behind Friday the 13th with $40,570,365.[54] The film sits ahead of the other Platinum Dunes remakes, which includes 2003's The Texas Chainsaw Massacre ($28,094,014),[55] 2005's The Amityville Horror ($23,507,007),[56] and 2007's The Hitcher ($7,818,239).[57] A Nightmare on Elm Street currently sits as the sixth-highest opening for an April weekend.[58]

text: The remake is currently the eighth-all-time-highest-grossing slasher film in unadjusted dollars.[59] It is also ninth all-time among horror remakes, dating back to 1982, in unadjusted dollars.[60] When comparing its opening weekends to other slasher films and horror remakes, A Nightmare on Elm Street sits in fifth spots for both categories.[61][62] The 2010 remake currently sits as the second-highest-grossing A Nightmare on Elm Street film in the franchise in North America, just behind Freddy vs. Jason ($82,622,655), in unadjusted dollars.[40]

text: Critical response[edit]

text:
Based on 171 reviews collected by Rotten Tomatoes, A Nightmare on Elm Street holds a 15% overall approval rating from critics, with an average score of 3.7 out of 10.[63] The consensus at Rotten Tomatoes was that the film was "visually faithful but lacking the depth and subversive twists that made the original so memorable, the Nightmare on Elm Street remake lives up to its title in the worst possible way."[64] By comparison, Metacritic, which assigns a weighted average rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, calculated an average score of 35, based on 25 reviews.[65] CinemaScore polls reported that the average grade cinemagoers gave the film was a "C+" on an A+ to F scale,[66] with exit polls showing that audiences were evenly divided between males and females, with 40% between 18–24 years of age and 20% under 18.[67]
Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly gave it a "B–" and concluded that, "I did jump a few times, and I liked Haley's dour malevolence, but overall, the new Nightmare on Elm Street is a by-the-numbers bad dream that plays a little too much like a corporately ordered rerun. One, two, Freddy's coming for you. Three, four, we've been there before".[68] Michael Rechtshaffen of The Hollywood Reporter criticized the acting calling it "lethargically lifeless" and criticized Haley's portrayal of Krueger, saying, "Even with his electronically deepened voice and a pointless amount of backstory, there's just no replacing Englund".[69] Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film one star out of four, writing in his review, "I stared at A Nightmare on Elm Street with weary resignation. The movie consists of a series of teenagers who are introduced, haunted by nightmares and then slashed to death by Freddy. So what? Are we supposed to be scared? Is the sudden clanging chord supposed to evoke a fearful Pavlovian response?".[70]

text: On January 5, 2011, the film won the People's Choice Award for "Best Horror Film".[71]

text: Marketing[edit]

text: In March 2010, the National Entertainment Collectibles Association (NECA) released two new Freddy Krueger action figures; one pre-burned Freddy with Jackie Earle Haley's likeness, and one based on the new burn design from the A Nightmare on Elm Street remake.[72] In addition, NECA also released a replica of Freddy's clawed glove.[73] In conjunction with the film, an online game was released where the user attempted to keep a young girl awake—through the use of coffee, cold showers, self-mutilation, and other various means—so as to keep her safe from Freddy.[74]


document_title: List of multiple Olympic medalists

question_text: who has the most olympic medals by a single person

text: List of multiple Olympic medalists

text: List of Olympic medals over career[edit]

text: This is a list of multiple Olympic medalists, listing people who have won seven or more Olympic medals. Medals won in the 1906 Intercalated Games are not included. It includes top-three placings in 1896 and 1900, before medals were awarded for top-three placings. When an athlete has won medals for more than one nation, for simplicity only the last nation he or she represented is mentioned here. The Olympics listed for each athlete only include games when they won medals. See the particular article on the athlete for more details on when and for what nation an athlete competed.

text: In those instances where more than one athlete has the same number of total medals, the first tiebreaker is the number of gold medals, then the number of silver medals. Where two or more athletes have exactly the same number of gold, silver and bronze medals, the ranking is shown as a tie and the athletes are shown in order by career years and name.

text:
No.
Athlete
Nation
Sport
Years
Games
Gender
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Total

1
Phelps, MichaelMichael Phelps
 United States
Swimming
2004–2016
Summer
M
23
3
2
28

2
Latynina, LarisaLarisa Latynina
 Soviet Union
Gymnastics
1956–1964
Summer
F
9
5
4
18

3
Bjorgen, MaritMarit Bjørgen
 Norway
Cross-country skiing
2002–2018
Winter
F
8
4
3
15

4
Andrianov, NikolaiNikolai Andrianov
 Soviet Union
Gymnastics
1972–1980
Summer
M
7
5
3

5
Bjorndalen, Ole EinarOle Einar Bjørndalen
 Norway
Biathlon
1998–2014
Winter
M
8
4
1
13

6
Shakhlin, BorisBoris Shakhlin
 Soviet Union
Gymnastics
1956–1964
Summer
M
7
4
2

7
Mangiarotti, EdoardoEdoardo Mangiarotti
 Italy
Fencing
1936–1960
Summer
M
6
5
2

8
Ono, TakashiTakashi Ono
 Japan
Gymnastics
1952–1964
Summer
M
5
4
4

9
Nurmi, PaavoPaavo Nurmi
 Finland
Athletics
1920–1928
Summer
M
9
3
0
12

10
Fischer, BirgitBirgit Fischer
 East Germany
 Germany
Canoeing
1980–2004
Summer
F
8
4
0

Dahlie, BjornBjørn Dæhlie
 Norway
Cross-country skiing
1992–1998
Winter
M
8
4
0

12
Kato, SawaoSawao Kato
 Japan
Gymnastics
1968–1976
Summer
M
8
3
1

Thompson, JennyJenny Thompson
 United States
Swimming
1992–2004
Summer
F
8
3
1

14
Lochte, RyanRyan Lochte
 United States
Swimming
2004–2016
Summer
M
6
3
3

15
Torres, DaraDara Torres
 United States
Swimming
1984–2008
Summer
F
4
4
4

16
Nemov, AlexeiAlexei Nemov
 Russia
Gymnastics
1996–2000
Summer
M
4
2
6

17
Coughlin, NatalieNatalie Coughlin
 United States
Swimming
2004–2012
Summer
F
3
4
5

18
Spitz, MarkMark Spitz
 United States
Swimming
1968–1972
Summer
M
9
1
1
11

19
Biondi, MattMatt Biondi
 United States
Swimming
1984–1992
Summer
M
8
2
1

20
Caslavska, VeraVěra Čáslavská
 Czechoslovakia
Gymnastics
1960–1968
Summer
F
7
4
0

21
Chukarin, ViktorViktor Chukarin
 Soviet Union
Gymnastics
1952–1956
Summer
M
7
3
1

22
Wüst, IreenIreen Wüst
 Netherlands
Speed skating
2006–2018
Winter
F
5
5
1

23
Osburn, CarlCarl Osburn
 United States
Shooting
1912–1924
Summer
M
5
4
2

24
Lewis, CarlCarl Lewis
 United States
Athletics
1984–1996
Summer
M
9
1
0
10

25
Gerevich, AladarAladár Gerevich
 Hungary
Fencing
1932–1960
Summer
M
7
1
2

26
Werth, IsabellIsabell Werth
 Germany
Equestrian
1992–2016
Summer
F
6
4
0

27
Nakayama, AkinoriAkinori Nakayama
 Japan
Gymnastics
1968–1972
Summer
M
6
2
2

28
Scherbo, VitalyVitaly Scherbo
 Unified Team
 Belarus
Gymnastics
1992–1996
Summer
M
6
0
4

29
Keleti, AgnesÁgnes Keleti
 Hungary
Gymnastics
1952–1956
Summer
F
5
3
2

Hall Jr., GaryGary Hall Jr.
 United States
Swimming
1996–2004
Summer
M
5
3
2

31
Astakhova, PolinaPolina Astakhova
 Soviet Union
Gymnastics
1956–1964
Summer
F
5
2
3

32
Smetanina, RaisaRaisa Smetanina
 Soviet Union
 Unified Team
Cross-country skiing
1976–1992
Winter
F
4
5
1

33
Dityatin, AlexanderAlexander Dityatin
 Soviet Union
Gymnastics
1976–1980
Summer
M
3
6
1

34
Belmondo, StefaniaStefania Belmondo
 Italy
Cross-country skiing
1992–2002
Winter
F
2
3
5

35
Almsick, FranziskaFranziska van Almsick
 Germany
Swimming
1992–2004
Summer
F
0
4
6

36
Van Innis, HubertHubert Van Innis
 Belgium
Archery
1900–1920
Summer
M
6
3
0
9

Yegorova, LyubovLyubov Yegorova
 Unified Team
 Russia
Cross-country skiing
1992–1994
Winter
F
6
3
0

Felix, AllysonAllyson Felix
 United States
Athletics
2004–2016
Summer
F
6
3
0

39
Vezzali, ValentinaValentina Vezzali
 Italy
Fencing
1996–2012
Summer
F
6
1
2

40
Comaneci, NadiaNadia Comăneci
 Romania
Gymnastics
1976–1980
Summer
F
5
3
1

Thorpe, IanIan Thorpe
 Australia
Swimming
2000–2004
Summer
M
5
3
1

42
Pechstein, ClaudiaClaudia Pechstein
 Germany
Speed skating
1992–2006
Winter
F
5
2
2

43
Tsukahara, MitsuoMitsuo Tsukahara
 Japan
Gymnastics
1968–1976
Summer
M
5
1
3

44
Popov, AlexanderAlexander Popov
 Unified Team
 Russia
Swimming
1992–2000
Summer
M
4
5
0

45
Jernberg, SixtenSixten Jernberg
 Sweden
Cross-country skiing
1956–1964
Winter
M
4
3
2

Tourischeva, LudmillaLudmilla Tourischeva
 Soviet Union
Gymnastics
1968–1976
Summer
F
4
3
2

47
Kramer, SvenSven Kramer
 Netherlands
Speed skating
2006–2018
Winter
M
4
2
3

48
Charlotte Kalla
 Sweden
Cross-country skiing
2010–2018
Winter
F
3
6
0

49
Grunsven, AnkyAnky van Grunsven
 Netherlands
Equestrian
1992–2012
Summer
F
3
5
1

Jones, LeiselLeisel Jones
 Australia
Swimming
2000–2012
Summer
F
3
5
1

51
Gaudini, GiulioGiulio Gaudini
 Italy
Fencing
1928–1936
Summer
M
3
4
2

52
Swahn, AlfredAlfred Swahn
 Sweden
Shooting
1908–1924
Summer
M
3
3
3

53
Voronin, MikhailMikhail Voronin
 Soviet Union
Gymnastics
1968–1972
Summer
M
2
6
1

54
Disl, UschiUschi Disl
 Germany
Biathlon
1992–2006
Winter
F
2
4
3

55
Savolainen, HeikkiHeikki Savolainen
 Finland
Gymnastics
1928–1952
Summer
M
2
1
6

56
Titov, YuriYuri Titov
 Soviet Union
Gymnastics
1956–1964
Summer
M
1
5
3

57
Ottey, MerleneMerlene Ottey
 Jamaica
Athletics
1980–2000
Summer
F
0
3
6

58
Ewry, RayRay Ewry
 United States
Athletics
1900–1908
Summer
M
8
0
0
8

Bolt, UsainUsain Bolt
 Jamaica
Athletics
2008–2016
Summer
M
8
0
0

60
Fredriksson, GertGert Fredriksson
 Sweden
Canoeing
1948–1960
Summer
M
6
1
1

61
Klimke, ReinerReiner Klimke
 United Team of Germany
 West Germany
Equestrian
1964–1988
Summer
M
6
0
2

Ahn Hyun-Soo
Viktor Ahn
 South Korea
 Russia
Short track speed skating
2006–2014
Winter
M
6
0
2

63
Ritola, VilleVille Ritola
 Finland
Athletics
1924–1928
Summer
M
5
3
0

64
Lipa, ElisabetaElisabeta Lipă
 Romania
Rowing
1984–2000
Summer
F
5
2
1

65
Wiggins, BradleyBradley Wiggins
 Great Britain
Cycling
2000–2016
Summer
M
5
1
2

Adrian, NathanNathan Adrian
 United States
Swimming
2008–2016
Summer
M
5
1
2

67
Fraser, DawnDawn Fraser
 Australia
Swimming
1956–1964
Summer
F
4
4
0

Ender, KorneliaKornelia Ender
 East Germany
Swimming
1972–1976
Summer
F
4
4
0

69
Olsen, OttoOtto Olsen
 Norway
Shooting
1920–1924
Summer
M
4
3
1

Miez, GeorgesGeorges Miez
 Switzerland
Gymnastics
1924–1936
Summer
M
4
3
1

Gross, RicoRicco Groß
 Germany
Biathlon
1992–2006
Winter
M
4
3
1

Svendsen, Emil HegleEmil Hegle Svendsen
 Norway
Biathlon
2010–2018
Winter
M
4
3
1

73
Matthes, RolandRoland Matthes
 East Germany
Swimming
1968–1976
Summer
M
4
2
2

Schmitt, AllisonAllison Schmitt
 United States
Swimming
2008–2016
Summer
F
4
2
2

Kulakova, GalinaGalina Kulakova
 Soviet Union
Cross-country skiing
1972–1980
Winter
F
4
2
2

Aamodt, Kjetil AndreKjetil André Aamodt
 Norway
Alpine skiing
1992–2006
Winter
M
4
2
2

Fischer, SvenSven Fischer
 Germany
Biathlon
1994–2006
Winter
M
4
2
2

Bruijn, IngeInge de Bruijn
 Netherlands
Swimming
2000–2004
Summer
F
4
2
2

Lezak, JasonJason Lezak
 United States
Swimming
2000–2012
Summer
M
4
2
2

80
Trillini, GiovannaGiovanna Trillini
 Italy
Fencing
1992–2008
Summer
F
4
1
3

81
Kovacs, KatalinKatalin Kovács
 Hungary
Canoeing
2000–2012
Summer
F
3
5
0

82
Ducret, RogerRoger Ducret
 France
Fencing
1920–1928
Summer
M
3
4
1

Cattiau, PhilippePhilippe Cattiau
 France
Fencing
1920–1936
Summer
M
3
4
1

Enke, KarinKarin Enke
 East Germany
Speed skating
1980–1988
Winter
F
3
4
1

Niemann-Stirnemann, GundaGunda Niemann-Stirnemann
 Germany
Speed skating
1992–1998
Winter
F
3
4
1

Thomas, PetriaPetria Thomas
 Australia
Swimming
1996–2004
Summer
F
3
4
1

87
Campbell-Brown, VeronicaVeronica Campbell-Brown
 Jamaica
Athletics
2000–2016
Summer
F
3
3
2

88
Babashoff, ShirleyShirley Babashoff
 United States
Swimming
1972–1976
Summer
F
2
6
0

89
Oneill, SusieSusie O'Neill
 Australia
Swimming
1992–2000
Summer
F
2
4
2

90
Korondi, MargitMargit Korondi
 Hungary
Gymnastics
1952–1956
Summer
F
2
2
4

Muratova, SofiaSofia Muratova
 Soviet Union
Gymnastics
1956–1960
Summer
F
2
2
4

Sautin, DmitriDmitri Sautin
 Unified Team
 Russia
Diving
1992–2008
Summer
M
2
2
4

Ohno, ApoloApolo Ohno
 United States
Short track speed skating
2002–2010
Winter
M
2
2
4

94
Fontana, AriannaArianna Fontana
 Italy
Short track speed skating
2006–2018
Winter
F
1
2
5

95
Hoy, ChrisChris Hoy
 Great Britain
Cycling
2000–2012
Summer
M
6
1
0
7

Kenny, JasonJason Kenny
 Great Britain
Cycling
2008–2016
Summer
M
6
1
0

97
Kovacs, PalPál Kovács
 Hungary
Fencing
1936–1960
Summer
M
6
0
1

98
Endo, YukioYukio Endo
 Japan
Gymnastics
1960–1968
Summer
M
5
2
0

Peirsol, AaronAaron Peirsol
 United States
Swimming
2000–2008
Summer
M
5
2
0

Fourcade, MartinMartin Fourcade
 France
Biathlon
2010–2018
Winter
M
5
2
0

101
Lee, Willis AugustusWillis Augustus Lee
 United States
Shooting
1920
Summer
M
5
1
1

Thunberg, ClasClas Thunberg
 Finland
Speed skating
1924–1928
Winter
M
5
1
1

Winkler, Hans GunterHans Günter Winkler
 United Team of Germany
 West Germany
Equestrian
1956–1976
Summer
M
5
1
1

Jager, TomTom Jager
 United States
Swimming
1984–1992
Summer
M
5
1
1

Egerszegi, KrisztinaKrisztina Egerszegi
 Hungary
Swimming
1988–1996
Summer
F
5
1
1

Lazutina, LarisaLarisa Lazutina
 Unified Team
 Russia
Cross-country skiing
1992–1998
Winter
F
5
1
1

Vollmer, DanaDana Vollmer
 United States
Swimming
2004–2016
Summer
M
5
1
1

Wu, MinxiaMinxia Wu
 China
Diving
2004–2016
Summer
F
5
1
1

109
Patzaichin, IvanIvan Patzaichin
 Romania
Canoeing
1968–1984
Summer
M
4
3
0

110
Liberg, EinarEinar Liberg
 Norway
Shooting
1908–1924
Summer
M
4
2
1

Ballangrud, IvarIvar Ballangrud
 Norway
Speed skating
1928–1936
Winter
M
4
2
1

112
Daniels, CharlesCharles Daniels
 United States
Swimming
1904–1908
Summer
M
4
1
2

Spooner, LloydLloyd Spooner
 United States
Shooting
1920
Summer
M
4
1
2

Kitajima, KosukeKosuke Kitajima
 Japan
Swimming
2004–2012
Summer
M
4
1
2

Trickett, LibbyLibby Trickett
 Australia
Swimming
2004–2012
Summer
F
4
1
2

116
Carlberg, VilhelmVilhelm Carlberg
 Sweden
Shooting
1908–1924
Summer
M
3
4
0

117
Hakulinen, VeikkoVeikko Hakulinen
 Finland
Cross-country skiing
1952–1960
Winter
M
3
3
1

118
Mantyranta, EeroEero Mäntyranta
 Finland
Cross-country skiing
1960–1968
Winter
M
3
2
2

Szewinska, IrenaIrena Szewińska
 Poland
Athletics
1964–1976
Summer
F
3
2
2

Andersson, AgnetaAgneta Andersson
 Sweden
Canoeing
1984–1996
Summer
F
3
2
2

Hoogenband, PieterPieter van den Hoogenband
 Netherlands
Swimming
2000–2004
Summer
M
3
2
2

122
Strickland, ShirleyShirley Strickland
 Australia
Athletics
1948–1956
Summer
F
3
1
3

Amanar, SimonaSimona Amânar
 Romania
Gymnastics
1996–2000
Summer
F
3
1
3

Gottwald, FelixFelix Gottwald
 Austria
Nordic combined
2002–2010
Winter
M
3
1
3

125
Kirvesniemi, Marja-LiisaMarja-Liisa Kirvesniemi
 Finland
Cross-country skiing
1984–1994
Winter
F
3
0
4

Valbe, YelenaYelena Välbe
 Unified Team
 Russia
Cross-country skiing
1992–1998
Winter
F
3
0
4

127
Marzi, GustavoGustavo Marzi
 Italy
Fencing
1928–1936
Summer
M
2
5
0

Gorokhovskaya, MariaMaria Gorokhovskaya
 Soviet Union
Gymnastics
1952
Summer
F
2
5
0

129
Beard, AmandaAmanda Beard
 United States
Swimming
1996–2004
Summer
F
2
4
1

Khorkina, SvetlanaSvetlana Khorkina
 Russia
Gymnastics
1996–2004
Summer
F
2
4
1

Coventry, KirstyKirsty Coventry
 Zimbabwe
Swimming
2004–2008
Summer
F
2
4
1

132
Ujlaki-Rejto, IldikoIldikó Újlaky-Rejtő
 Hungary
Fencing
1960–1976
Summer
F
2
3
2

Janz, KarinKarin Janz
 East Germany
Gymnastics
1968–1972
Summer
F
2
3
2

134
Miller, ShannonShannon Miller
 United States
Gymnastics
1992–1996
Summer
F
2
2
3

Di Centa, ManuelaManuela Di Centa
 Italy
Cross-country skiing
1992–1998
Winter
F
2
2
3

136
Ehrig-Mitscherlich, AndreaAndrea Ehrig-Mitscherlich
 East Germany
Speed skating
1976–1988
Winter
F
1
5
1

137
Smirnov, VladimirVladimir Smirnov
 Kazakhstan
Cross-country skiing
1988–1998
Winter
M
1
4
2

text: Timeline[edit]

text: This is a progressive list of Olympians that have held the record for most medals won. Medals won in the 1906 Intercalated Games are not included. It includes top-three placings in 1896 and 1900, before medals were awarded for top-three placings. All record-holders have competed at Summer Games rather than Winter Games.

text:
Medal count
Date
Athlete
Nation
Sport
Record medal event
Earlier medal events

1
6 April 1896[1]
James Connolly
 United States
Athletics
Triple jump G
–

Alexandre Tuffère
 France
Triple jump S

Ioannis Persakis
 Greece
Triple jump B

Robert Garrett
 United States
Athletics
Discus G

Panagiotis Paraskevopoulos
 Greece
Discus S

Sotirios Versis
 Greece
Discus B

2
7 April 1896[1]
Robert Garrett
 United States
Athletics
Long jump S
See above

James Connolly
 United States
Long jump B

3
Robert Garrett
 United States
Athletics
Shot put G
1896 – 1 G, 2 S

9 April 1896[1]
Carl Schuhmann
 Germany
Gymnastics
Vault G
1896 – 1 G, 2 G

Hermann Weingärtner
 Germany
Vault B
1896 – 1 G, 2 G

4
Gymnastics
Pommel horse S

5
Rings S

6
Horizontal bar G

16 July 1900
Robert Garrett
 United States
Athletics
Standing triple jump B
1896 – 1 G, 2 S, 3 G, 4 S
1900 – 5 B

3 September 1904
Ray Ewry
 United States
Athletics
Standing triple jump G
1900 – 1 G, 2 G, 3 G
1904 – 4 G, 5 G

7
20 July 1908
Athletics
Standing long jump G

8
23 July 1908
Standing high jump G

29 July 1920
Carl Osburn
 United States
Shooting
Team 300 m / 600 m military rifle, prone G
1912 – 1 B, 2 S, 3 S, 4 G
1920 – 5 B, 6 S, 7 G

9
30 July 1920
300 m military rifle, standing G

10
31 July 1920
Team free rifle G

11
27 June 1924
Shooting
600 m free rifle S

3 August 1928
Paavo Nurmi
 Finland
Athletics
5000 m S
1920 – 1 S, 2 G, 3 G, 4 G
1924 – 5 G, 6 G, 7 G, 8 G, 9 G
1928 – 10 G

12
4 August 1928
3000 m steeplechase S

2 September 1960
Edoardo Mangiarotti
 Italy
Fencing
Team foil S
1936 – 1 G
1948 – 2 S, 3 S, 4 B
1952 – 5 S, 6 S, 7 G, 8 G
1956 – 9 G, 10 G, 11 B

13
9 September 1960
Team épée G

21 October 1964
Larisa Latynina
 Soviet Union
Gymnastics
Team G
1956 – 1 G, 2 B, 3 G, 4 G, 5 G, 6 S
1960 – 7 G, 8 G, 9 S, 10 S, 11 B, 12 G

14
All-around S

15
22 October 1964
Vault S

16
Uneven bars B

17
23 October 1964
Balance beam B

18
Floor exercise G

31 July 2012
Michael Phelps
 United States
Swimming
200 m butterfly S
2004 – 1 G, 2 B, 3 B, 4 G, 5 G, 6 G, 7 G, 8 G
2008 – 9 G, 10 G, 11 G, 12 G, 13 G, 14 G, 15 G, 16 G
2012 – 17 S

19
4 × 200 m freestyle G

20
2 August 2012
200 m individual medley G

21
3 August 2012
100 m butterfly G

22
4 August 2012
4 × 100 m medley relay G

23
7 August 2016
4 × 100 m freestyle relay G

24
9 August 2016
200 m butterfly G

25
4 × 200 m freestyle relay G

26
11 August 2016
200 m individual medley G

27
12 August 2016
100 m butterfly S

28
13 August 2016
4 × 100 m medley relay G

text: Legend: G = Gold, S = Silver, B = Bronze.

text: List of most career medals in individual events[edit]

text: This list contains only medals won in individual events, no relays or team events count for this section.

text:
No.
Athlete
Nation
Sport
Years
Games
Sex
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Total

1
Phelps, MichaelMichael Phelps
 United States
Swimming
2004–2016
Summer
M
13
2
1
16

2
Latynina, LarisaLarisa Latynina
 Soviet Union
Gymnastics
1956–1964
Summer
F
6
5
3
14

3
Andrianov, NikolaiNikolai Andrianov
 Soviet Union
Gymnastics
1972–1980
Summer
M
6
3
3
12

4
Shakhlin, BorisBoris Shakhlin
 Soviet Union
Gymnastics
1956–1964
Summer
M
6
2
2
10

5
Bjørgen, MaritMarit Bjørgen
 Norway
Cross-country skiing
2002–2018
Winter
F
5
3
2

6
Ono, TakashiTakashi Ono
 Japan
Gymnastics
1952–1964
Summer
M
3
3
4

7
Nemov, AlexeiAlexei Nemov
 Russia
Gymnastics
1996–2000
Summer
M
3
2
5

8
Nurmi, PaavoPaavo Nurmi
 Finland
Athletics
1920–1928
Summer
M
6
3
0
9

Dahlie, BjornBjørn Dæhlie
 Norway
Cross-country skiing
1992–1998
Winter
M
6
3
0

10
Chukarin, ViktorViktor Chukarin
 Soviet Union
Gymnastics
1952–1956
Summer
M
5
3
1

Kato, SawaoSawao Kato
 Japan
Gymnastics
1968–1976
Summer
M
5
3
1

Bjorndalen, Ole EinarOle Einar Bjørndalen
 Norway
Biathlon
1998–2014
Winter
M
5
3
1

13
Scherbo, VitalyVitaly Scherbo
 Unified Team
 Belarus
Gymnastics
1992–1996
Summer
M
5
0
4

14
Wüst, IreenIreen Wüst
 Netherlands
Speed skating
2006–2018
Winter
F
4
4
1

15
Ewry, RayRay Ewry
 United States
Athletics
1900–1908
Summer
M
8
0
0
8

16
Caslavska, VeraVěra Čáslavská
 Czechoslovakia
Gymnastics
1960–1968
Summer
F
7
1
0

Lewis, CarlCarl Lewis
 United States
Athletics
1984–1996
Summer
M
7
1
0

18
Nakayama, AkinoriAkinori Nakayama
 Japan
Gymnastics
1968–1972
Summer
M
4
2
2

Aamodt, Kjetil AndréKjetil André Aamodt
 Norway
Alpine skiing
1992–2006
Winter
F
4
2
2

Pechstein, ClaudiaClaudia Pechstein
 Germany
Speed skating
1992–2006
Winter
F
4
2
2

21
Enke, KarinKarin Enke
 East Germany
Speed skating
1980–1988
Winter
F
3
4
1

Niemann-Stirnemann, GundaGunda Niemann-Stirnemann
 Germany
Speed skating
1992–1998
Winter
F
3
4
1

23
Dityatin, AlexanderAlexander Dityatin
 Soviet Union
Gymnastics
1976–1980
Summer
M
2
5
1

24
Thunberg, ClasClas Thunberg
 Finland
Speed skating
1924–1928
Winter
M
5
1
1
7

Fredriksson, GertGert Fredriksson
 Sweden
Canoeing
1948–1960
Summer
M
5
1
1

Comaneci, NadiaNadia Comăneci
 Romania
Gymnastics
1976–1980
Summer
F
5
1
1

Egerszegi, KrisztinaKrisztina Egerszegi
 Hungary
Swimming
1988–1996
Summer
F
5
1
1

28
Yegorova, LyubovLyubov Yegorova
 Unified Team
 Russia
Cross-country skiing
1992–1994
Winter
F
4
3
0

29
Ballangrud, IvarIvar Ballangrud
 Norway
Speed skating
1928–1936
Winter
M
4
2
1

30
Jernberg, SixtenSixten Jernberg
 Sweden
Cross-country skiing
1956–1964
Winter
M
3
3
1

31
Voronin, MikhailMikhail Voronin
 Soviet Union
Gymnastics
1968–1972
Summer
M
2
4
1

Smetanina, RaisaRaisa Smetanina
 Soviet Union
 Unified Team
Cross-country skiing
1976–1992
Winter
F
2
4
1

Coventry, KirstyKirsty Coventry
 Zimbabwe
Swimming
2004–2008
Summer
F
2
4
1

34
Belmondo, StefaniaStefania Belmondo
 Italy
Cross-country skiing
1992–2002
Winter
F
2
3
2

35
Lochte, RyanRyan Lochte
 United States
Swimming
2004–2012
Summer
M
2
2
3

36
Ehrig-Mitscherlich, AndreaAndrea Ehrig-Mitscherlich
 East Germany
Speed skating
1976–1988
Winter
F
1
5
1

37
Ottey, MerleneMerlene Ottey
 Jamaica
Athletics
1980–2000
Summer
F
0
2
5

text: Athletes with medals in different disciplines[edit]

text: In the Summer and Winter Games[edit]

text:
Athlete (Nation)
Summer Games
Winter Games
Ref

Year
Medal
Event
Year
Medal
Event

 Eddie Eagan (USA)
1920 Antwerp
01 ! Gold
Boxing (light heavyweight)
1932 Lake Placid
01 ! Gold
Bobsleigh (four-man)
[2]

 Jacob Tullin Thams (NOR)
1936 Berlin
02 ! Silver
Sailing (8-metre)
1924 Chamonix
01 ! Gold
Ski jumping (individual large hill)
[3]

 Christa Luding-Rothenburger (GDR)
1988 Seoul
02 ! Silver
Cycling (sprint)
1984 Sarajevo
01 ! Gold
Speed skating (500 m)
[4]

1988 Calgary
01 ! Gold
Speed skating (1000 m)

02 ! Silver
Speed skating (500 m)

1992 Albertville
03 ! Bronze
Speed skating (500 m)

 Clara Hughes (CAN)
1996 Atlanta
03 ! Bronze
Cycling (road race)
2002 Salt Lake City
03 ! Bronze
Speed skating (5000 m)
[5]

2006 Turin
02 ! Silver
Speed skating (team pursuit)

03 ! Bronze
Cycling (time trial)
01 ! Gold
Speed skating (5000 m)

2010 Vancouver
03 ! Bronze
Speed skating (5000 m)

 Lauryn Williams (USA)
2004 Athens
02 ! Silver
Athletics (100 m)
2014 Sochi
02 ! Silver
Bobsleigh (two-woman)
[6]

2012 London
01 ! Gold
Athletics (4 × 100 m relay)

text:
Gillis Grafström became the first person to win a medal in the same event in Summer and Winter Olympics, winning figure skating golds at the 1920 Olympics and at the first Winter Olympics in 1924.
Eddie Eagan became the first person to win a medal in the Winter Olympics and in the Summer Olympics in different events. He is the only Summer and Winter medalist to win gold medals in different events.
Christa Luding-Rothenburger is the only person to win medals at the Winter and Summer Games in the same year. (This feat is no longer possible due to the staggering of the Winter and Summer Olympic years). She is also the first person to win medals in successive Winter and Summer Games or vice versa.
Clara Hughes is the first person to win multiple medals in both Summer and Winter Games and holds the highest number of medals of any Olympian to win medals in both the Summer and Winter Games.

tag: ul

text: In the Summer Games[edit]

text: Swimming and water polo[edit]

text:
Paul Radmilovic (GBR)
 Johnny Weissmuller (USA)
 Gérard Blitz (BEL)
 Tim Shaw (USA)

text: Others in Summer Games[edit]

text:
Morris Kirksey (USA) (athletics and rugby)
 Edwin Flack (AUS) (athletics and tennis)
 Karch Kiraly (USA) (indoor volleyball and beach volleyball)
 Otto Herschmann (AUT) (swimming and fencing)
 Carl Schuhmann (GER) (gymnastics and wrestling)
 Rebecca Romero (GBR) (cycling and rowing)
 Roswitha Krause (GER) (swimming and handball)
 Walter W. Winans (USA) (shooting and sculpture)
 Alfréd Hajós (HUN) (swimming and architecture)
 Conn Findlay (USA) (rowing and sailing)
 Magnus Wegelius (FIN) (gymnastics and shooting)
 Veli Nieminen (FIN) (gymnastics and shooting)
 Daniel Norling (SWE) (gymnastics and equestrian)
 Fritz Hofmann (GER) (gymnastics and athletics)
 Oswald Holmberg (SWE) (gymnastics and tug of war)
 Gustaf Dyrssen (SWE) (modern pentathlon and fencing)

text: In the Winter Games[edit]

text: Cross-country skiing and Nordic combined[edit]

text:
Thorleif Haug (NOR)
 Johan Grøttumsbråten (NOR)
 Thoralf Strømstad (NOR)
 Oddbjørn Hagen (NOR)
 Heikki Hasu (FIN)

text: Others in Winter Games[edit]

text:
Anfisa Reztsova (URS) (biathlon and cross-country skiing)
 Susi Erdmann (GER) (luge and bobsleigh)
 Gerda Weissensteiner (ITA) (luge and bobsleigh)
 Eric Flaim (USA) (long track speed skating and short track speed skating)
 Jorien ter Mors (NED) (long track speed skating and short track speed skating)
 Ester Ledecká (CZE) (alpine skiing and snowboarding)


document_title: New Girl (season 5)

question_text: where did jess go season 5 new girl

question_tokens: where did jess go season 5 new girl

text: New Girl (season 5)

text: Production[edit]

text: On March 31, 2015, New Girl was renewed for a fifth season.[4] The show remained in production after wrapping season four in order to get a jump on season 5 ahead of Deschanel's maternity leave.[5] Deschanel was absent in 6 episodes of the fifth season.[6][7] The onscreen reason for her absence being that her character was sequestered for jury duty.[8]

text: John Cho was the first guest announced after New Girl was renewed for season 5.[9] Fred Armisen, Stephen Rannazzisi and Ally Maki all signed up to guest star this season.[10]

text: Megan Fox was cast in the role of Reagan and will temporarily fill in for Zooey Deschanel after she pre-taped her episodes last spring before taking a maternity leave.[11] This did not premiere in the Fall but instead January 2016, with what Fox states to be "its first-ever season of virtually uninterrupted originals."[12] Damon Wayans, Jr. is set to make his return for a two episode arc this season.[13]

text: Cast[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Zooey Deschanel as Jessica "Jess" Christopher Day
Jake Johnson as Nicholas "Nick" Miller
Max Greenfield as Winston Schmidt
Lamorne Morris as Winston Bishop
Hannah Simone as Cecilia "Cece" Parekh

text: Special guest[edit]

text:
Megan Fox as Reagan
Damon Wayans, Jr. as Coach[13]

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Curtis Armstrong as Principal Foster
Steve Agee as Outside Dave
Meaghan Rath as May
Peter Gallagher as Gavin[14]
David Walton as Sam[15]
Nasim Pedrad as Aly Nelson
Nelson Franklin as Robby
Fred Melamed as J. Cronkite Valley-Forge
Rebecca Reid as Nadia

text: Guest[edit]

text:
John Cho as Daniel Grant[9]
Anna George as Priyanka
Rob Riggle as Big Schmidt
Taran Killam as Fred[9][16]
Julie Hagerty as Nancy
Henry Winkler as Flip
Sam Richardson as Dunston[17]
Fred Armisen as Brandon[10]
Stephen Rannazzisi as Todd Ploons[10]
Ally Maki as Kumiko[10]
Busy Philipps as Connie[18]
Sonequa Martin-Green as Rhonda[19]
apl.de.ap as himself
Kiersey Clemons as KC
Bill Burr as Bob
Lennon Parham as Carol
Ian Roberts as Billy
Clea DuVall as Camilla
Demetri Martin as Juror 237B/Gary
Elizabeth Berkley Lauren as Becky Cavatappi
Lucy Punch as Genevieve
Gillian Vigman as Kim
Kal Penn as Tripp[20]
Nora Dunn as Louise[20]
Kim Wayans as Susan[20]
Caitlin FitzGerald as Diane[21]

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

95
1
"Big Mama P"
Erin O'Malley
Berkley Johnson
January 5, 2016 (2016-01-05)
5ATM03
3.33[22]

Schmidt and Cece give the honor of best man and maid of honor to Nick and Jess, respectively. Jess plans an elaborate engagement party for the couple, with the intent of surprising Cece with a visit from her mother, Priyanka (Anna George). Nick is given the responsibility of picking up Cece's mother from the airport, but picks up the wrong woman. After saving a boy's life from under the weight of a car, Winston becomes tired of being labeled as a hero instead of being known for his pranking side.

96
2
"What About Fred"
Eric Appel
Matt Fusfeld & Alex Cuthbertson
January 12, 2016 (2016-01-12)
5ATM01
3.25[23]

Jess has a hard time relating to her new boyfriend Fred (Taran Killam), and would rather spend time with his fun loving parents Flip and Nancy (Henry Winkler and Julie Hagerty). Nick and Schmidt are officially co-owners of the bar, and Schmidt's strict rules of the establishment puts pressure on Nick to be a tougher boss.

97
3
"Jury Duty"
Trent O'Donnell
Josh Malmuth & Nina Pedrad
January 19, 2016 (2016-01-19)
5ATM02
2.95[24]

Jess is thrilled when she is called for jury duty, but an opportunity to be acting principal presents itself with her now wanting to get out of jury duty. Nick and Cece's constant bickering about the apartment rules puts Schmidt between them.

98
4
"No Girl"
Elizabeth Meriwether
Rob Rosell
January 26, 2016 (2016-01-26)
5ATM04
2.84[25]

With Jess still in jury duty, Nick rents out the loft to pay for Schmidt's bachelor party that they plan on having in Tokyo. Winston thinks that KC is cheating on him, so he asks Cece for advice to get even with her.

99
5
"Bob & Carol & Nick & Schmidt"
Jake Johnson
Rob Rosell
February 2, 2016 (2016-02-02)
5ATM05
2.94[26]

Nick's cousin Bob (Bill Burr) and his wife Carol (Lennon Parham) want to use Nick's sperm to have a baby. Winston helps Cece buy a wedding dress.

100
6
"Reagan"
Trent O'Donnell
Kim Rosenstock
February 9, 2016 (2016-02-09)
5ATM06
3.10[27]

Nick tries to get Reagan (Megan Fox), an attractive bisexual pharmaceutical sales representative, to temporarily move into the loft while Jess is still in jury duty. Schmidt learns that Cece and Reagan had a sexual encounter years ago, making him uncomfortable.

101
7
"Wig"
Christine Gernon
David Feeney
February 16, 2016 (2016-02-16)
5ATM07
2.80[28]

Nick has a hard time being comfortable around Reagan, so he spends a lot of his time in the loft in Schmidt's room, even during the time that Schmidt wants to have sex with Cece. Winston helps Reagan break up with her most recent fling Camilla (Clea DuVall).

102
8
"The Decision"
Trent O'Donnell
Luvh Rakhe
February 23, 2016 (2016-02-23)
5ATM08
2.68[29]

When Nick and Winston are unable to make decisions on anything, Reagan puts pressure on them to decide among themselves on who should have sex with her. While searching for the perfect wedding venue, Schmidt and Cece run into his old college bully Benjamin (David Neher) and his fiancée Mimi (Angela Trimbur).

103
9
"Heat Wave"
Erin O'Malley
Matt Fusfeld & Alex Cuthbertson
March 1, 2016 (2016-03-01)
5ATM09
2.62[30]

A heat wave hits the city, with Nick stubbornly refusing Reagan's offer of hanging out in her air-conditioned room. The back and forth ultimately leads to Nick and Reagan to finally express their romantic feelings for each other. Winston finds that people take him a lot more seriously when he uses his "cop voice". Cece refuses to go to a news broadcasting audition, which forces Schmidt to use his own "cop voice" to make her go.

104
10
"Goosebumps Walkaway"
Trent O'Donnell
Berkley Johnson
March 8, 2016 (2016-03-08)
5ATM10
2.65[31]

Jess finally comes home from jury duty. Reagan's last day in town closely arrives, however she is reluctant to fully express her romantic feelings for Nick. Schmidt and Cece accompany Winston to his freestyle dancing group.

Note: Despite Fox promoting this episode as the 100th episode, it is actually the 104th episode produced and aired. "Reagan" is the actual 100th episode of the series.

105
11
"The Apartment"
Christine Gernon
Nina Pedrad
March 15, 2016 (2016-03-15)
5ATM11
2.30[32]

Jess becomes overwhelmed by the workload given by her new principal Becky Cavatappi (Elizabeth Berkley Lauren), while also helping Cece move out of her apartment to move into the loft with Jess and the guys. While Cece packs up her things, she begins to have second thoughts about marrying Schmidt. Winston becomes tired of hearing Aly talk about her boyfriend, so he is given a new partner named Dunston (Sam Richardson), who has similar interests as him, but is way more incompetent. A flasher comes in and out of the bar, with Nick not really having a problem with him, which has Schmidt concerned.

106
12
"D-Day"
Michael Schultz
Josh Malmuth
March 22, 2016 (2016-03-22)
5ATM12
2.25[33]

When Schmidt becomes highly stressed from planning the wedding, and with Cece getting a new job, Jess decides take over with some of the wedding preparations. When getting champagne for the wedding, Jess falls for Gavin (Peter Gallagher), a charming wine store owner, who she later finds out is Schmidt's father. Nick and Winston argue over who has the tougher profession.

107
13
"Sam, Again"
Steve Welch
Ethan Sandler & Adrian Wenner
March 29, 2016 (2016-03-29)
5ATM13
2.21[34]

Jess applies for a new teaching job at a more subdued, free-spirited school run by Genevieve (Lucy Punch), who she later learns is dating Sam (David Walton). Schmidt has Nick and Cece quarantined, when they both get sick, so he doesn't get sick himself right before he plans on doing a big presentation at work. Winston is nervous about going on a date, to get over being heartbroken by Aly.

108
14
"300 Feet"
Trent O'Donnell
Sophia Lear
April 12, 2016 (2016-04-12)
5ATM14
2.65[35]

Sam gets a restraining order on Jess. Presh, a fancy bar across the street owned by Connie (Busy Philipps), becomes competition for The Griffin, Nick and Schmidt's bar.

109
15
"Jeff Day"
Jay Chandrasekhar
Joe Wengert
April 19, 2016 (2016-04-19)
5ATM15
1.92[36]

Jess and Sam are back together, which causes tension between him and Nick. When buying a new car, Jess creates a male alter-ego named "Jeff Day" to deal with Billy (Ian Roberts), a sexist salesman. Schmidt and Cece become worried that Winston's newest girlfriend Rhonda (Sonequa Martin-Green), is way too much into pulling pranks, and wanting Winston to revoke his plus one invitation for her to come to their wedding.

110
16
"Helmet"
Josh Greenbaum
Sarah Nevada Smith
April 19, 2016 (2016-04-19)
5ATM18
1.92[36]

Jess has a sex dream about Nick, which involved an old Chicago Bears helmet that Nick gave her when they dated. This is especially stressful for Jess as she is about to meet Sam's parents. Aly's boyfriend Tripp (Kal Penn), an agent for animal actors, competes with Winston and his cat Furguson to get his own prized cat Patches a role in the next Avatar film.

111
17
"Road Trip"
Trent O'Donnell
Noah Garfinkel
April 26, 2016 (2016-04-26)
5ATM16
2.42[37]

Schmidt questions his manhood, after being too scared to protect Cece from a hostile driver during a traffic run-in. To come off as more manly, Schmidt, Nick and Winston along with Big Schmidt (Rob Riggle), Robby (Nelson Franklin) and J. Cronkite Valley-Forge (Fred Melamed), take a road trip to the desert for Schmidt's bachelor party.

112
18
"A Chill Day In"
Erin O'Malley
Sarah Tapscott
April 26, 2016 (2016-04-26)
5ATM17
1.87[37]

While the guys are at their bachelor party, Jess and Cece stay in and smoke marijuana. After destroying a bread maker given by Schmidt's mother, Jess and Cece go to the store to get it replaced. In doing so the run into Aly and Tripp, who are having difficulties in their relationship.

113
19
"Dress"
Trent O'Donnell
David Feeney & Josh Malmuth
May 3, 2016 (2016-05-03)
5ATM19
2.27[38]

Jess procrastinates when tasked to alter Cece's wedding dress, so Schmidt helps Jess by having her make alterations to it in the unused men's room at his job. With Winston and Aly now dating, they have difficulty keeping their relationship a secret from the other police officers. Nick awaits a response from Reagan after asking her in a text to be his plus one for Schmidt and Cece's wedding.

114
20
"Return to Sender"
Russ Alsobrook
Veronica McCarthy
May 3, 2016 (2016-05-03)
5ATM20
1.88[38]

Sam reunites with Diane (Caitlin FitzGerald), an old medical school colleague, who has unresolved romantic feelings for him, putting Jess in the middle. Nick is worried for Schmidt, fearing that Gavin hasn't stopped his "deadbeat dad" ways. Winston's feelings are hurt when Sam refuses to wear a bird shirt that Winston gave him.

115
21
"Wedding Eve"
Trent O'Donnell
Nina Pedrad & Kim Rosenstock
May 10, 2016 (2016-05-10)
5ATM21
2.34[39]

Jess finds a wedding ring in Sam's jacket pocket and becomes nervous thinking that Sam will propose to her. On the day before the Schmidt and Cece's wedding, Schmidt's mom Louise (Nora Dunn) and her life partner Susan (Kim Wayans) stay over at the loft. Winston fears that he may scared off Aly by referring to her as a "bride". Coach (Damon Wayans, Jr.) is back from New York to visit for the wedding.

116
22
"Landing Gear"
Erin O'Malley
Luvh Rakhe
May 10, 2016 (2016-05-10)
5ATM22
2.17[39]

On the day of Schmidt and Cece's wedding, Schmidt travels to Portland to get Cece's mom, Priyanka to come. However, he ends up stuck on the plane, still on the tarmac, missing the wedding. Reagan visits for the wedding with Nick wanting to make the move of having a steady relationship. Jess, who reveals that Sam broke up with her the day before, realizes that she still may have romantic feelings for Nick. While Schmidt is missing the wedding, Jess asks Winston to revert back to his pranking ways in an attempt to stall the wedding until the groom arrives.