document_title: NFC North

question_text: when did the vikings win the nfc north

question_tokens: when did the vikings win the nfc north

text: NFC North

text: Division lineups[edit]

text: Place cursor over year for division champ or Super Bowl team.

text:
Years

NFL Western Conference
Central Division
NFC Central Division[B]

1900s
2000s

67[A]
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
00
01

Chicago Bears

Detroit Lions

Green Bay Packers

Minnesota Vikings

Tampa Bay Buccaneers[C]

NFC North Division[D]

2000s

02[D]
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19

Chicago Bears

Detroit Lions

Green Bay Packers

Minnesota Vikings

     Team not in division      Division Won Super Bowl      Division Won NFC Championship      Division won NFL Championship, Lost Super Bowl

text: Division champions[edit]

text:
Season
Team
Record
Playoff Results

NFL Central (pre-merger)

1967
Green Bay Packers
9–4–1
Won 1967 NFL Championship Game
Won Super Bowl II

1968
Minnesota Vikings
8–6
Lost NFL Divisional Playoffs

1969
Minnesota Vikings
12–2
Won 1969 NFL Championship Game
Lost Super Bowl IV

NFC Central (post merger)

1970
Minnesota Vikings
12–2
Lost NFC Divisional Playoffs

1971
Minnesota Vikings
11–3
Lost NFC Divisional Playoffs

1972
Green Bay Packers
10–4
Lost NFC Divisional Playoffs

1973
Minnesota Vikings
12–2
Lost Super Bowl VIII

1974
Minnesota Vikings
10–4
Lost Super Bowl IX

1975
Minnesota Vikings
12–2
Lost NFC Divisional Playoffs

1976
Minnesota Vikings
11–2–1
Lost Super Bowl XI

1977
Minnesota Vikings
9–5
Lost NFC Championship Game

1978
Minnesota Vikings
8–7–1
Lost NFC Divisional Playoffs

1979
Tampa Bay Buccaneers
10–6
Lost NFC Championship Game

1980
Minnesota Vikings
9–7
Lost NFC Divisional Playoffs

1981
Tampa Bay Buccaneers
9–7
Lost NFC Divisional Playoffs

1982+
Green Bay Packers
5–3–1
Lost NFC Second Round

1983
Detroit Lions
9–7
Lost NFC Divisional Playoffs

1984
Chicago Bears
10–6
Lost NFC Championship Game

1985
Chicago Bears
15–1
Won Super Bowl XX

1986
Chicago Bears
14–2
Lost NFC Divisional Playoffs

1987
Chicago Bears
11–4
Lost NFC Divisional Playoffs

1988
Chicago Bears
12–4
Lost NFC Championship Game

1989
Minnesota Vikings
10–6
Lost NFC Divisional Playoffs

1990
Chicago Bears
11–5
Lost NFC Divisional Playoffs

1991
Detroit Lions
12–4
Lost NFC Championship Game

1992
Minnesota Vikings
11–5
Lost NFC Wild Card Playoffs

1993
Detroit Lions
10–6
Lost NFC Wild Card Playoffs

1994
Minnesota Vikings
10–6
Lost NFC Wild Card Playoffs

1995
Green Bay Packers
11–5
Lost NFC Championship Game

1996
Green Bay Packers
13–3
Won Super Bowl XXXI

1997
Green Bay Packers
13–3
Lost Super Bowl XXXII

1998
Minnesota Vikings
15–1
Lost NFC Championship Game

1999
Tampa Bay Buccaneers
11–5
Lost NFC Championship Game

2000
Minnesota Vikings
11–5
Lost NFC Championship Game

2001
Chicago Bears
13–3
Lost NFC Divisional Playoffs

NFC North

2002
Green Bay Packers
12–4
Lost NFC Wild Card Playoffs

2003
Green Bay Packers
10–6
Lost NFC Divisional Playoffs

2004
Green Bay Packers
10–6
Lost NFC Wild Card Playoffs

2005
Chicago Bears
11–5
Lost NFC Divisional Playoffs

2006
Chicago Bears
13–3
Lost Super Bowl XLI

2007
Green Bay Packers
13–3
Lost NFC Championship Game

2008
Minnesota Vikings
10–6
Lost NFC Wild Card Playoffs

2009
Minnesota Vikings
12–4
Lost NFC Championship Game

2010
Chicago Bears
11–5
Lost NFC Championship Game

2011
Green Bay Packers
15–1
Lost NFC Divisional Playoffs

2012
Green Bay Packers
11–5
Lost NFC Divisional Playoffs

2013
Green Bay Packers
8–7–1
Lost NFC Wild Card Playoffs

2014
Green Bay Packers
12–4
Lost NFC Championship Game

2015
Minnesota Vikings
11–5
Lost NFC Wild Card Playoffs

2016
Green Bay Packers
10–6
Lost NFC Championship Game

2017
Minnesota Vikings
13–3
TBD

text: + A players' strike in 1982 reduced the regular season to nine games, so the league used a special 16-team playoff tournament just for this year. Division standings were ignored; Green Bay had the best record of the division teams.

text: Wild Card qualifiers[edit]

text:
Season
Team
Record
Playoff Results

NFC Central

1970
Detroit Lions
10–4–0
Lost Divisional Playoffs

1977
Chicago Bears
9–5–0
Lost Divisional Playoffs

1979
Chicago Bears
10–6–0
Lost Wild Card Playoffs

1982+
Minnesota Vikings
Tampa Bay Buccaneers
Detroit Lions
5–4–0
5–4–0
4–5–0
Lost NFC Second Round
Lost NFC First Round
Lost NFC First Round

1987
Minnesota Vikings
8–7–0
Lost NFC Championship Game

1988
Minnesota Vikings
11–5–0
Lost Divisional Playoffs

1991
Chicago Bears
11–5–0
Lost Wild Card Playoffs

1993
Minnesota Vikings
Green Bay Packers
9–7–0
9–7–0
Lost Wild Card Playoffs
Lost Divisional Playoffs

1994
Detroit Lions
Chicago Bears
Green Bay Packers
9–7–0
9–7–0
9–7–0
Lost Wild Card Playoffs
Lost Divisional Playoffs
Lost Divisional Playoffs

1995
Detroit Lions
10–6–0
Lost Wild Card Playoffs

1996
Minnesota Vikings
9–7–0
Lost Wild Card Playoffs

1997
Detroit Lions
Minnesota Vikings
Tampa Bay Buccaneers
9–7–0
9–7–0
10–6–0
Lost Wild Card Playoffs
Lost Divisional Playoffs
Lost Divisional Playoffs

1998
Green Bay Packers
11–5–0
Lost Wild Card Playoffs

1999
Detroit Lions
Minnesota Vikings
8–8–0
10–6–0
Lost Wild Card Playoffs
Lost Divisional Playoffs

2000
Tampa Bay Buccaneers
10–6–0
Lost Wild Card Playoffs

2001
Tampa Bay Buccaneers
Green Bay Packers
9–7–0
12–4–0
Lost Wild Card Playoffs
Lost Divisional Playoffs

NFC North

2004
Minnesota Vikings
8–8–0
Lost Divisional Playoffs

2009
Green Bay Packers
11–5–0
Lost Wild Card Playoffs

2010
Green Bay Packers
10–6–0
Won Super Bowl XLV

2011
Detroit Lions
10–6–0
Lost Wild Card Playoffs

2012
Minnesota Vikings
10–6–0
Lost Wild Card Playoffs

2014
Detroit Lions
11–5–0
Lost Wild Card Playoffs

2015
Green Bay Packers
10–6–0
Lost Divisional Playoffs

2016
Detroit Lions
9–7–0
Lost Wild Card Playoffs

text: Total playoff berths[edit]

text: Total playoff berths as members of the NFC Central/North[edit]

text: (1966–2016 seasons)

text:
Team
Division
Championships
Playoff
Berths
NFL League
Titles
Super Bowl
Appearances
Super Bowl
Wins

Minnesota Vikings
20
29
1
4
0

Green Bay Packers
15
22
2
5
4

Chicago Bears
10
14
0
2
1

Detroit Lions
3
12
0
0
0

text: To sort table above, click button to right of heading.

text: Total playoff berths in team history[edit]

text: (1920–2016 seasons)

text:
Team
Division
Championships
Playoff
Berths
NFL League
Titles
(pre-merger)
Conference
Wins
Super Bowl
Wins
Total (1)
Championships

Minnesota Vikings
20
29
1
4
0
0

Green Bay Packers
18
31
11
9
4
13

Chicago Bears
18
25
8
4
1
9

Detroit Lions
4
18
4
4
0
4

text: Schedule assignments[edit]

text:
Year
Opponents

Interconf.
Intraconf.

2017
AFC North
NFC South

2018
AFC East
NFC West

2019
AFC West
NFC East

2020
AFC South
NFC South

2021
AFC North
NFC West

2022
AFC East
NFC East

2023
AFC West
NFC South

2024
AFC South
NFC West

2025
AFC North
NFC East

2026
AFC East
NFC South

2027
AFC West
NFC West

2028
AFC South
NFC East


document_title: In the Heights

question_text: who did lin manuel miranda play in in the heights

root

text: In the Heights

text: Background[edit]

text: Miranda wrote the earliest draft of In the Heights in 1999, his sophomore year of college. After the show was accepted by Wesleyan University's student theater company Second Stage, Miranda added "freestyle rap ... bodegas, and salsa numbers."[1] It played from April 27 to 29, 2000. After seeing the play, three Wesleyan seniors and one alumnus, John Buffalo Mailer, Neil Stewart, Anthony Veneziale and Thomas Kail, approached Miranda and asked if the play could be expanded with a view to a Broadway production. In 2002, Miranda and Mailer worked with director Kail and wrote five separate drafts of In the Heights.[citation needed] Book writer Quiara Alegría Hudes joined the team in 2004.[2]

tag: p

text: Productions[edit]

text: Connecticut (2005) and off-Broadway (2007) tryouts[edit]

text: A new version of In the Heights was presented at the National Music Theater Conference at the Eugene O'Neill Theater Center in Waterford, Connecticut between July 23 and July 31, 2005, directed by Thomas Kail and with music director Alex Lacamoire.[3][4] The cast featured Natalie Cortez, Janet Dacal, Robin De Jesus, Huey Dunbar, Christopher Jackson, Doreen Montalvo, Javier Muñoz, Rick Negron, Sheena Marie Ortiz, Matt Saldivar, Monica Salazar, and Nancy Ticotin[5]

text: The musical then opened at the 37 Arts Theater on Off-Broadway, running from February 8, 2007, through July 15, 2007. Directed by Thomas Kail, with choreography by Andy Blankenbuehler and music direction by Alex Lacamoire, it was produced by Jill Furman, Kevin McCollum, Jeffrey Seller and Sander Jacobs. The Off-Broadway production was nominated for nine Drama Desk Awards, winning two, as well as winning the Outer Critics' Circle Award for Outstanding Musical.[6]

text: Broadway (2008–2011)[edit]

text: The musical premiered on Broadway, starting in previews on February 14, 2008,[7] with an official opening on March 9, 2008, at the Richard Rodgers Theatre. The Broadway production was again directed and choreographed by Kail and Blankenbuehler, with most of the off-Broadway principals reprising their roles. The creative team included set design by Anna Louizos, costume design by Paul Tazewell, lighting design by Howell Binkley, sound design by Acme Sound Partners, arrangements and orchestrations by Alex Lacamoire and Bill Sherman, and music coordination by Michael Keller.

text: The producers announced on January 8, 2009, that the show had recouped its $10 million investment after 10 months.[8] The cast recording was released on June 3, 2008, by Ghostlight Records and won the 51st Annual Grammy Award for Best Musical Show Album, beating the recordings of The Little Mermaid, Young Frankenstein, and the revivals of Gypsy and South Pacific. The Broadway production celebrated its 1000th performance on August 2, 2010.[9]

text: The Broadway production closed on January 9, 2011, after 29 previews and 1,184 regular performances.[10][11] The final cast included Lin-Manuel Miranda, Arielle Jacobs, Marcy Harriell, Shaun Taylor-Corbett, Olga Merediz, Andréa Burns, Christopher Jackson, Tony Chriroldes, Priscilla Lopez, and Jon Rua (understudy for the roles of Usnavi and Sonny for most of 2010).[12]

text: North American tour (2009–2011)[edit]

text: The first national tour of In the Heights began on October 27, 2009, in Tampa, Florida.[13] The musical ran in San Juan, Puerto Rico in November 2010, the first time an Equity tour has played in the city. Librettist Hudes and songwriter-star Miranda are both of Puerto Rican descent. Miranda played this engagement.[14] The tour closed on April 3, 2011, at the Adrienne Arsht Center for the Performing Arts in Miami, Florida.[15] At the time of its closing, the tour starred Joseph Morales as Usnavi.[16]

text: Manila, Philippines (2011)[edit]

text: The international premiere ran in Manila, Philippines, from September 2 to 18, 2011. The new production was directed by Bobby Garcia and starred Nyoy Volante as Usnavi, Ima Castro as Vanessa, K-La Rivera as Nina Rosario, Felix Rivera as Benny, Calvin Millado as Kevin Rosario, Jackie Lou Blanco as Camila Rosario, Tex Ordoñez as Daniela, Tanya Manalang as Carla, and Jay Glorioso as Abuela Claudia.[17] The show had a repeat run in March 2012.[18]

text: Non-Equity US tour (2011–2012)[edit]

text: A non-Equity United States national tour of In The Heights ran from October 17, 2011, until June 2012.[19][20][21] The tour played in Chicago in January 2012, with Virginia Cavaliere as Nina, Presilah Nunez as Vanessa, Kyle Carter as Benny, and Perry Young as Usnavi.[22]

text: Panama City, Panama (2013) and São Paulo, Brazil (2014)[edit]

text: In Panama, Carnaval del Barrio (In the Heights) was staged at the famed Teatro en Círculo, from the October 3 to 31, 2013, produced by Top Line Events and directed by Aaron Zebede, who also adapted the book and songs to Spanglish, which worked perfectly for a Panamanian audience. Jose "Pepe" Casis was the musical director, who also played the part of Piragua Guy.[23]

text: The Brazilian premiere of Nas Alturas was staged at Teatro Bradesco from April 17 until May 25, 2014. The cast featured Myra Ruiz (Nina), Ricardo Marques (Benny), Mauro Gorini (Kevin), Germana Guilherme (Camila), Renata Brás (Daniela), Milena Martines (Carla), Lola Fanucchi (Vanessa), Thiago Vianna (Graffiti) and Rafael Dantas (Piragua Guy).

text: Off-West End, United Kingdom (2014)[edit]

text: The UK premiere of In The Heights was staged at Southwark Playhouse from 9 May until June 7, 2014. The cast featured Sam Mackay as Usnavi, Christina Modestou as Nina, Emma Kingston as Vanessa, David Bedella as Kevin Rosario and Victoria Hamilton-Barritt as Daniela, with direction by Luke Sheppard.[24]

text: Tokyo, Japan (2014)[edit]

text: The Japanese premiere played in Bunkamura's Theatre Cocoon from April 9 until April 20, 2014, and featured Yuya Matsushita, Ayaka Umeda, Chihiro Otsuka, and Motomu Azaki, among others.[25]

text: Melbourne, Australia (2015)[edit]

text: The Australian premiere of In The Heights, produced by StageArt, opened at Chapel Off Chapel on Feb 20 and ran for a short season of 21 shows, closing on March 8. Directed by James Cutler, Musical Direction by Cameron Thomas and choreographed by Yvette Lee, the show received overwhelming critical acclaim.[citation needed]

text: West End, United Kingdom (2015–2017)[edit]

text: In the Heights transferred to the King's Cross Theatre, London on October 3, 2015.[26] The production was directed by Luke Sheppard, choreographed by Drew McOnie with musical supervision by Tom Deering. The production was nominated for four awards at the 2016 Olivier Awards: Best New Musical, Best Theatre Choreographer (Drew McOnie), Outstanding Achievement in Music and Best Actor in a Supporting Role in a Musical (David Bedella).[27] The performance of the production at the Olivier Awards was introduced by Jonathan Groff, in character as King George from Miranda's musical Hamilton.[28] The production closed on January 8, 2017, after a hugely successful run; with several extensions from its initial 4 month limited run.[29] The final show was concluded with speeches by actor Sam Mackay and producer Paul Taylor Mills, and a surprise appearance by Lin-Manuel Miranda.[30]

text: Vancouver, Canada and Seoul, South Korea (2015)[edit]

text: The Canadian premiere of In the Heights, produced by The Arts Club, opened at the Stanley Industrial Alliance Stage on May 6, 2015. Directed by Bill Millerd with co-direction and choreography by Lisa Stevens and musical direction by Ken Cormier. The cast featured Luc Roderique as Usnavi, Elena Juatco as Vanessa, Kate Blackburn as Nina, Chris Sams as Benny, Sharon Crandall as Abuela Claudia, Caleb Di Pomponio as Sonny, Francisco Trujillo as Kevin, Caitriona Murphy as Camila, Irene Karas Loeper as Daniela, Julia Harnett as Carla, Michael Culp as Graffiti Pete and Michael Antonakos as Piragua Guy.

text: The South Korean production opened in the Samsung Card Hall, Blue Square, Seoul on September 4, 2015. The production was scheduled to star numerous K-pop and hip hop musicians including Jeong Won-young, Yang Dong-geun, Jang Dongwoo of Infinite, and Key from Shinee as Usnavi, Seo Kyeong-su, Kim Sung-kyu of Infinite, and Chen from EXO as Benny, and Kim Bo-kyeong, Luna of f(x) as Nina.[31]

text: Lima, Peru (2016)[edit]

text: Los Productores presented In the Heights during the first months of 2016. The premiere took place on January 20, 2016, at Luigi Pirandello Theater amid allegations of racism.[32] The composition of the cast does not match those characteristics that the original work proposed. While the original work proposed racial diversity as an essential feature, the Peruvian version has a cast composed mainly of actors with white ancestry and not one single actor with native indigenous background.[33] Gisela Ponce de León, a member of the cast, said, "Peruvians are experts in self-managed racism."[34]

text: US Spanish Premiere (2017)[edit]

text: Directed and choreographed by Luis Salgado, a member of the original Broadway Cast, and Assistant Latin Choreographer to Mr. Blankenbuehler, and presented by GALA Hispanic Theater, In The Heights had his Spanish Premiere in the US on April 2017. While Spanish-language versions of In the Heights have been produced in Latin America, this production is distinctive for several reasons: It is the first Spanish version of the show in the United States, it is the first Spanish translation sanctioned and approved by Lin-Manuel Miranda, and it is directed and choreographed by Luis Salgado, Assistant Latin Choreographer on the original Broadway production of In the Heights.[35] The production included lyrics and scenes in Spanish, with elements from the original English, as well as an English anchor through the character of Benny. The production offered English and Spanish surtitles.

text: The production combined a varied Spanish speaking cast from countries including the Dominican Republic, Venezuela, Spain, Colombia, Peru, Mexico, Puerto Rico, Switzerland and the USA. It starred Juan Luis Espinal (Usnavi), Verónica Álvarez Robles (Vanessa), Laura Lebrón (Nina), Vaugh Midder (Benny), Scheherazade Quiroga (Daniela), Shadia Fairuz (Camila), Rafael Beato (Sonny), Michelle Ríos (Abuela Claudia), José Fernando Capellán (Kevin), Gabriella Pérez (Carla), Myriam Gadri (Graffity Pete) and Felix Marchany (Piragua Guy). The ensemble included: Ximena Salgado, Melinette Pallares, Natalia Raigosa, Amaya Perea, Aaron Cobos, José Ozuna and Hector Flores. The production garnered 18 nominations to the 2018 Helen Hayes Awards (the DC equivalent to the Tony Awards), more than any other DC production in the season,[36] including Best Musical, Best Ensemble, Best Director, Best Choreography, Best Actor, Best Actress, Best Supporting Actress and Best Supporting Actor among others.[37]

text: Nyborg, Denmark (2018)[edit]

text: The first ever Nordic performance took place in January and February 2018 at Bastionen theatre in Nyborg, Denmark. It was an amateur production by the Musical Talent School of Nyborg. It was translated into Danish and directed by Jesper Nielsen.[38]

text: Characters[edit]

text:
Usnavi de la Vega is the narrator of the play's exposition and a major character throughout; he is the owner of a small bodega in Washington Heights called De La Vega Bodega. He was named after one of the first sights his parents saw when they arrived in America, a ship with the sign "US Navy" on it. Abuela Claudia, the neighborhood matriarch, "practically raised" him when his parents both died during his early childhood. He dreams of moving to the Dominican Republic. He is in love with Vanessa.
Nina Rosario is the first in her family (and from the Barrio) to go to college (Stanford University), and everyone in the barrio admires her as the "one who made it out." However, she returns home from school for the summer to reluctantly tell her parents that she has become overburdened and dropped out. She is the typical "good girl" and always got along with her parents. Now, though, she loses patience constantly over her father's over protectiveness and his refusal to accept Benny, with whom she gets into a romantic relationship.
Benny works at the dispatch of Nina's father, Kevin. The only character in the play who does not speak Spanish, Benny falls in love with Nina. He dreams of opening his own business.
Vanessa is Usnavi's love interest who works at Daniela's salon. She is stunningly beautiful and catches the eye of every guy in the Heights, however she takes interest in Usnavi. She lives with an alcoholic mother and dreams of getting out of the Barrio and getting an apartment downtown, but cannot yet afford it.
"Abuela" Claudia is the loving matriarch of the barrio who knows everybody and is like a grandmother to all ("abuela" means "grandmother" in Spanish). She is the one who looked after Usnavi when his parents died. She and her mother moved from Cuba to New York in 1943 while she was a child. She worked as a maid for several years but never earned the money for her and her mother to travel home.
Sonny de la Vega is Usnavi's sassy, superficially lazy, yet ambitious younger cousin who works with Usnavi in the bodega. He is typically the jokester of the Barrio, but he also has an intelligent and thoughtful side that yearns for social justice. Many fans believe that Graffiti Pete and Sonny share a romantic relationship because of a post on Lin-Manuel's Twitter.[39] This, however was confirmed as untrue, and just a joke between friends about staging directions.[40]
Daniela is the outrageously dramatic owner of the salon where the neighborhood girls come to gossip. She is very bold and loud and loves to banter.
Carla works at Daniela's salon along with Vanessa, and is Daniela's close friend; young and pretty, but a little slow to get the others' jokes and innuendos, she is of Chilean, Cuban, Dominican, and Puerto Rican descent.
Kevin Rosario is Nina's overprotective father, who, coming from a long line of farmers, has worked hard to resist following in his own father's footsteps. He now owns his own taxi cab service: Rosario's.
Camila Rosario is Nina's strong-willed mother, who wants what is best for Nina. She is typically tolerant of Kevin's control issues, but in the course of the show, reveals her real feelings.
The Piragua Guy (Piragüero) is the owner of a small piragua stand that competes with Mister Softee.
Graffiti Pete is a graffiti artist. He is good friends with Sonny and is one of the few characters who acknowledges Sonny's dreams. Lin-Manuel made the two of them kiss in a joke over stage directions.[39][40] Usnavi believes Pete is a trouble-making vandal (constantly referring to him as a 'punk'), until Pete reveals his amazing skills as an artist.

tag: ul

text: Plot summary [edit]

text: Act 1[edit]

text: As the sun rises on the hottest day of the summer, Usnavi de la Vega, the owner of a small bodega in Washington Heights, chases away a small-time vandal, Graffiti Pete, before introducing the audience to the corner he lives on and some of its many residents: Abuela Claudia, a matriarchal figure who helped to raise Usnavi among others; Usnavi’s young, lazy cousin Sonny who helps run the bodega; Daniela and Carla, who run the local salon; and Kevin and Camila Rosario, who run the cab company (“In the Heights”). As the day begins, the Rosarios’ daughter Nina arrives home from her first year at Stanford University. Often considered the “one who made it out” and the pride of the corner, Nina dreads telling her parents and neighbors the truth of her return home: that she dropped out of Stanford having had to work two jobs to maintain her tuition, leading to her getting poor grades and losing her scholarship (“Breathe”). As she tries to find her parents to tell them the news, she runs into Benny, Usnavi’s best friend and an employee of Kevin’s who has been temporarily left in charge of the dispatch while Kevin seeks to solve a financial problem. Clearly harboring latent romantic feelings for one another, Benny and Nina reconnect (“Benny’s Dispatch”). Elsewhere, Vanessa, an employee of Daniela’s at the salon (and with whom Usnavi had long been infatuated), dreams of one day leaving the corner and getting an apartment in the West Village (“It Won’t Be Long Now”). While she is on a break at the salon, Sonny asks her out on a date on Usnavi’s behalf, and she accepts; Usnavi rejoices at his success but worries that Vanessa may forget about him and the rest of the community when she moves.

text: Nina reunites with her parents and is ultimately forced to reveal that she dropped out. Her parents are stunned at this revelation (as well as her dishonesty) and Kevin grows devastated that he has been unable to provide for his family, fearing that he has continued the cycle started by his deadbeat father (“Inutil”). Nina escapes to the salon to seek comfort from Vanessa, but Daniela and Carla insist on giving her a makeover and subjecting her to their gossip about the goings-on in the neighborhood, specifically about Nina and Vanessa’s respective love interests (“No Me Diga”). The attention turns once more to Nina and her successes, however, forcing Nina to reveal the truth once more about Stanford and leave exasperatedly.

text: As Usnavi closes up shop, he, Benny, Sonny, and Graffiti Pete discover that the bodega has sold a winning lottery ticket worth $96,000. They and soon the rest of the block begin to fantasize about what they would do if they won the small fortune (“96,000”). As the excitement dies down, Abuela Claudia sits down to feed the birds and reminisces about her childhood in Cuba and her life in relative poverty, and the events that have led her to where she is today. With tears of gratitude, she reveals that she holds the winning lottery ticket, and thanks her years of patience and faith for bringing her this fortune (“Paciencia y Fe”). Elsewhere, Nina finds solace in Benny, who takes her on a walk down the street corner and reminisces with her, reminding her of her childhood and her home. Nina expresses her doubts about her own self-worth to Benny, but he reassures her that she is destined for greatness (“When You’re Home”). As they head to Nina’s house for dinner, the local Piragua Guy continues his day selling piraguas through the intense heat and competing with Mister Softee (“Piragua”).

text: Kevin and Camila host Nina, Benny, Usnavi, Vanessa, and Abuela Claudia for dinner where Kevin makes an announcement: he has sold the car service to pay for Nina’s tuition. Nina and Camila are shocked but Benny, who had long dreamed of taking over the car service, is outraged and confronts Kevin over his decision. Kevin insists that Rosario’s is a family business and that Benny will never be family; Benny subsequently leaves in a huff and Nina, refusing to accept the money, follows him out. Usnavi soon arrives at a local club for his date with Vanessa, but is overly nervous and aloof, leading Vanessa to dance with other guys to make him jealous; Usnavi soon finds his own dance partner and tries to make Vanessa jealous in turn. Nina follows Benny to the club to apologize for her father’s decision but Benny, already drunk, angrily brushes her off (“The Club”). Tensions rise in the club as the two couples cope with their own jealousy, culminating in Benny punching a man dancing with Nina, causing a fight to break out. Suddenly, the power goes out throughout the city as a result of the intense heat and humidity. The neighborhood descends into chaos as Usnavi and Vanessa as well as Benny and Nina desperately try to find their way back to one another. Sonny and Graffiti Pete, fearing looters, set off fireworks to distract potential robbers as well as to light everyone else’s way home. Usnavi reunites with Abuela Claudia, who shows him her lottery winnings, and Benny and Nina find each other amid the chaos, and despite initially arguing, they finally kiss (“Blackout”).

text: Act 2[edit]

text: Nina and Benny spend the night together in Benny’s apartment as Kevin frantically searches for her all night; Benny worries what Kevin will say about their relationship but is happy to finally be with her (“Sunrise”). Down the street, Usnavi, whose bodega has in fact been looted, convenes with Abuela Claudia to discuss what will happen with the money. Abuela Claudia decides to give Usnavi a third of the money and urges him to use it to achieve his lifelong dream of returning to his home in the Dominican Republic. While Usnavi shares some doubts, he eventually decides to go (“Hundreds of Stories”). Nina eventually returns home to find her parents worried sick about her, and Kevin grows furious when he learns she was with Benny, disapproving of their relationship due to Benny’s not being Latino. Nina and Kevin loudly argue before Camila intervenes, criticizing both Kevin for throwing Benny out and Nina for not coming home. She urges them to come together and work things out as a family (“Enough”).

text: As the neighborhood copes with their frustration over the heat and blackout, Daniela urges them to dispel the negativity and muster up enough energy for a neighborhood celebration. As the block reluctantly begins making the most of a bad situation, Daniela leads the crowd in mocking Vanessa for not realizing Usnavi’s feelings for her as well as Benny for his tryst with Nina the previous night. Usnavi soon emerges and announces Abuela Claudia’s winning of the lottery as well as their flight for the Dominican Republic the following day. Vanessa is visibly upset by his leaving, and so is Sonny, who has long had a crush on Nina and whose only close relative is Usnavi. Usnavi calms Sonny down by revealing that they plan to give him a third of the lottery winnings and begins to rouse excitement throughout the block once more by encouraging them to celebrate before everything changes (“Carnaval del Barrio”).

text: As they continue dancing and celebrating, a visibly upset Nina arrives and pulls Usnavi offstage, and soon Kevin makes an announcement over the dispatch: Abuela Claudia has suddenly died (“Atencion”). Usnavi holds an impromptu memorial for Abuela Claudia, revealing that she died of “a combination of the stress and heat,” and soon Nina leads the entire block in singing Abuela’s praises (“Alabanza”). Afterwards, Usnavi and Nina go through Abuela’s old photographs to reminisce. Nina begins to remember the central role Abuela Claudia played in her education and motivation, and in memory of Abuela, she resolves to accept her parents’ money and give college another try, returning to Stanford at the end of the summer (“Everything I Know”). As Vanessa prepares to move out, Daniela gives her a final piece of news: Usnavi convinced Daniela to cosign Vanessa’s lease for her new apartment (“No Me Diga (Reprise)”). As the blackout continues, the Piragua Guy rejoices in the effect the heat has had on his business (“Piragua (Reprise)”).

text: Overwhelmed by his kind act, Vanessa visits a flustered Usnavi as he cleans up the bodega and flirts with him, offering him a bottle of champagne. She quietly suggests to the distracted Usnavi that he should stay in the neighborhood, worried that if he leaves that she will never see him again, but Usnavi, overwhelmed, firmly rejects this. Vanessa kisses him before leaving, lamenting that she was too late in realizing her feelings for him (“Champagne”). As Nina tells Benny of her decision, they agree to spend the summer together before pursuing a long-distance relationship when she returns to school; Benny reaffirms his faith in her and they promise to think of one another every day while they are apart (“When The Sun Goes Down”). Benny confronts Kevin for a final time, insisting that he was always there for him while Kevin never did the same. As the night winds down, Sonny approaches Graffiti Pete with a secret proposition, which Pete accepts.

text: The next morning the neighborhood has visibly changed: the car service sign over the Rosarios’ building has been removed and the grate in front of the bodega is still open. As Usnavi plays Abuela Claudia’s old records, he comes to terms with the fact that the corner is about to change, and wonders if anyone will notice that he’s gone in the long run. Before he leaves, Sonny approaches him and, having fixed the bodega’s grate, pulls it down, revealing a graffiti mural of Abuela Claudia painted by Pete. Seeing the mural, Usnavi has an epiphany and tasks Sonny and Graffiti Pete with telling the neighborhood of his decision to stay. As he reflects on his role as the neighborhood’s storyteller, Usnavi ponders a potential future with Vanessa as he strives to ensure that his family’s legacy is remembered and accepts the corner as his true home (“Finale”).

text: Musical numbers[edit]

text:
Act I
"In the Heights" — Usnavi and Company
"Breathe" — Nina and Company
"Benny's Dispatch" — Benny and Nina
"It Won't Be Long Now" — Vanessa, Usnavi, and Sonny
"Inútil" (Useless) — Kevin
"No Me Diga" (You Don't Say)— Daniela, Carla, Vanessa, and Nina
"96,000" — Usnavi, Benny, Sonny, Graffiti Pete, Vanessa, Daniela, Carla, and Company
"Paciencia y Fe" (Patience and Faith) — Abuela Claudia and Company
"When You're Home" — Nina, Benny, and Company
"Piragua" — Piragua Guy
"The Club" — Usnavi, Vanessa, Nina, Benny, and Company
"Blackout" — Usnavi, Vanessa, Benny, Nina, Kevin, Sonny, Graffiti Pete, Abuela Claudia, Carla and Company

Act II
"Sunrise" — Nina, Benny, and Company
"Hundreds of Stories" — Abuela Claudia and Usnavi
"Enough" — Camila
"Carnaval del Barrio" (Neighborhood Carnival) — Daniela, Carla, Vanessa, Usnavi, Sonny, Piragua Guy, and Company
"Atención" (Attention)— Kevin
"Alabanza" (Praise) — Usnavi, Nina, and Company
"Everything I Know" — Nina
"No Me Diga (Reprise)" — Carla, Nina, Vanessa, and Daniela †
"Piragua (Reprise)" — Piragua Guy
"Champagne" — Vanessa and Usnavi
"When the Sun Goes Down" — Nina and Benny
"Finale" — Usnavi and Company

tag: table

text: † Designates number not included on original cast recording

text: Casts[edit]

text:
Character

Opening Broadway Cast

First National Tour Cast[41]

Original Melbourne Cast

Original West End Cast[42]

US Spanish Premiere Cast[43]

Usnavi

Lin-Manuel Miranda

Kyle Beltran

Stephen Lopez / Antony Talia

Sam Mackay

Juan Luis Espinal

Nina

Mandy Gonzalez

Arielle Jacobs

Anna Francesca Armenia

Lily Frazer

Laura Lebrón

Benny

Christopher Jackson

Rogelio Douglas, Jr.

James Elmer

Joe Aaron Reid

Vaughn Midder

Vanessa

Karen Olivo

Yvette Gonzalez-Nacer

Bianca Baykara

Jade Ewen

Verónica Álvarez Robles

Abuela Claudia

Olga Merediz

Elise Santora

Francesca Arena

Eve Polycarpou

Michelle Ríos

Kevin

Carlos Gomez

Daniel Bolero

Clarence Marshall

David Bedella

José F. Capellán

Camila

Priscilla Lopez

Natalie Toro

Bianca Bruce

Josie Benson

Shadia Fairuz

Sonny

Robin de Jesús

Shaun Taylor-Corbett

Andrew Doyle

Cleve September

Rafael Beato

Daniela

Andréa Burns

Isabel Santiago

Laura Marcucci

Victoria Hamilton-Barritt

Scheherazade Quiroga

Carla

Janet Dacal

Genny Lis Padilla

Sarah Calsiña

Sarah Naudi

Gabriella Pérez

Graffiti Pete

Seth Stewart

Jose-Luis Lopez

Peter Sette

Antoine Murray-Straughan

Myriam Gadri

Piragua Guy

Eliseo Román

David Baida

Gareth Jacobs

Vas Constanti

Felix Marchany

text:
Usnavi - Javier Muñoz, Corbin Bleu
Nina - Janet Dacal, Jordin Sparks
Daniela - Justina Machado, Bianca Marroquín
Sonny - David Del Rio

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text: Original Off-Broadway production[edit]

text:
Year

Award Ceremony

Category

Nominee

Result

2007

Drama Desk Award

Outstanding Musical

Nominated

Outstanding Ensemble Performance

Won

Outstanding Director of a Musical

Thomas Kail

Nominated

Outstanding Choreography

Andy Blankenbuehler

Won

Outstanding Music

Lin-Manuel Miranda

Nominated

Outstanding Lyrics

Nominated

Outstanding Orchestrations

Alex Lacamoire and Bill Sherman

Nominated

Outstanding Set Design

Anna Louizos

Nominated

Outstanding Sound Design

Acme Sound Partners

Nominated

Clarence Derwent Award

Most Promising Male Performer

Lin-Manuel Miranda

Won

text: Original Broadway Production[edit]

text:
Year

Award Ceremony

Category

Nominee

Result

2008

Tony Award

Best Musical

Won

Best Book of a Musical

Quiara Alegría Hudes

Nominated

Best Original Score

Lin-Manuel Miranda

Won

Best Performance by a Leading Actor in a Musical

Nominated

Best Performance by a Featured Actor in a Musical

Robin de Jesús

Nominated

Best Performance by a Featured Actress in a Musical

Olga Merediz

Nominated

Best Direction of a Musical

Thomas Kail

Nominated

Best Choreography

Andy Blankenbuehler

Won

Best Orchestrations

Alex Lacamoire and Bill Sherman

Won

Best Scenic Design

Anna Louizos

Nominated

Best Costume Design

Paul Tazewell

Nominated

Best Lighting Design

Howell Binkley

Nominated

Best Sound Design

Acme Sound Partners

Nominated

Grammy Award

Best Musical Show Album

Won

2009

Pulitzer Prize for Drama

Finalist

text: Original West End production[edit]

text:
Year

Award Ceremony

Category

Nominee

Result

2016

Laurence Olivier Awards

Best New Musical

Nominated

Best Actor in a Supporting Role in a Musical

David Bedella

Won

Best Theatre Choreographer

Drew McOnie

Won

Outstanding Achievement in Music

Lin-Manuel Miranda

Won

WhatsOnStage Awards

Best New Musical

Nominated

Best Actor in a Musical

Sam Mackay

Nominated

Best Actress in a Musical

Lily Frazer

Nominated

Best Supporting Actor in a Musical

David Bedella

Won

Best Supporting Actress in a Musical

Victoria Hamilton-Barritt

Nominated

Best Director

Luke Sheppard

Nominated

Best Choreography

Drew McOnie

Nominated

Best Set Design

Takis

Nominated

Best Costume Design

Howard Hudson

Nominated

text: Reception[edit]

text: The reviews for the show were positive to mixed (the median grade of 9 major reviews was "B+").[44] Charles Isherwood's review in The New York Times said that "when this musical erupts in one of its expressions of collective joy, the energy it gives off could light up the George Washington Bridge for a year or two."[45] Heather Bing of The Cleveland Plain Dealer wrote, "Although I was sometimes struggling to keep up with the hip-hop and Spanish-infused lyrics, the exciting set and choreography paired with excellent acting held my interest in the storyline."[46] David Rooney's Variety review said, "That depth of feeling, together with the wit of Miranda's lyrics, the playful dexterity of his rhymes, his dynamic score and a bunch of truly winning performances, make the show an uncalculated charmer."[47]

text: Hudes' book received mixed reviews. Charles McNulty's The Los Angeles Times review mentioned that "the downside to In the Heights is the book...which is overstuffed and oversimplified."[48] The New York Post's Clive Barnes also gave negative comments about the book, saying that "Hudes' work is droopily sentimental and untruthful."[49] Joe Dziemianowicz of the NY Daily News also disliked the book, but added that "what it lacks in story and believability it makes up for in a vibrant rap- and salsa-flavored score, spirited dances and great-looking design."[50]

text: Film adaptation[edit]

text: On November 2008, Universal Pictures announced that they had acquired the rights to adapt the musical as a feature film for release in 2011.[51][52] Kenny Ortega was set to direct it, and Quiara Alegría Hudes would write the screenplay.[53][54] However, Universal opted not to develop the film, and the project was canceled.[55] In January 2012, Lin-Manuel Miranda said the adaptation was back under discussion.[56]

text: In May 2016, it was announced that The Weinstein Company would distribute the film.[57] The following month, it was reported that Jon M. Chu was in talks to direct.[58] In September 2016, Chu was confirmed as director, with production potentially beginning in spring 2017. Lin-Manuel Miranda said he would not return as Usnavi, the role he originated, but could return in another role.[59]

text: In October 2017, Hudes revealed that she had asked The Weinstein Company to permit her to take the production elsewhere, in light of the Harvey Weinstein sexual abuse allegations.[60] In April 2018, the film rights reverted to Miranda and Hudes.[61] In May 2018, Warner Bros. Pictures acquired the film rights in a $50 million deal after a bidding war with several other studios.[62] Warner Bros. has set a release date of June 26, 2020.[63] In October 2018, Anthony Ramos was reported to be in talks to play Usnavi, a role he performed earlier in the same year in the Kennedy Center "Broadway Center Stage" production.[64]

text: Documentary[edit]

text: On May 27, 2009, PBS' Great Performances aired an episode entitled In the Heights: Chasing Broadway Dreams. It documents the journey taken by the cast and crew to bring the show to Broadway and to later win the Tony Award for Best Musical.[65] Producer Andrew Fried and director Paul Bozymowski captured footage of the cast and creative team for over two years, from the Off-Broadway production to their Tony Award wins. The special previewed at the Paley Center for Media in New York on May 4, 2009.[66]


document_title: Santosh Trophy

question_text: bengal was the first champion of santosh trophy. whom did they defeat in the finals

question_tokens: bengal was the first champion of santosh trophy . whom did they defeat in the finals

text: Santosh Trophy

text: History[edit]

text: The Santosh Trophy was started in 1941 after the then president of the Indian Football Association, West Bengal's football association, Sir Manmatha Nath Roy Chowdhary of Santosh, donated the trophy.[1] At the time of the first tournament, India lacked a proper main championship for football teams. The other two main competitions at the time were the Durand Cup, Rovers Cup, and the IFA Shield and they were played by club sides.[1] In 1990, in an attempt to bring through more younger players, the All India Football Federation made the Santosh Trophy into an under-23 competition. This move only lasted for three seasons before the tournament was reverted to a senior competition.[1]

text: During his time as the head coach of India, Bob Houghton called for the tournament to be discontinued and that it was a waste of time and talent.[1] He was more aggressive against the tournament after India striker Sunil Chhetri injured himself in the 2009 Santosh Trophy and had to miss the Nehru Cup.[2] As a result, national team players were not allowed to participate in the tournament. This was also eventually reverted.[1] In 2013 it was revealed that the AIFF decided that I-League players would not be allowed to participate in the Santosh Trophy.[5]

text: Current sides[edit]

text: The following teams participated in the tournament during the 2017–18 qualifiers.[6]

text:
Andhra Pradesh
Arunachal Pradesh
Assam
Bihar
Chandigarh
Chhattisgarh
Daman & Diu
Delhi
Goa
Gujarat
Haryana
Himachal Pradesh
Jammu and Kashmir
Jharkhand
Karnataka
Kerala
Lakshadweep
Madhya Pradesh
Maharashtra
Manipur
Meghalaya
Mizoram
Odisha
Pondicherry
Punjab
Rajasthan
Services
Sikkim
Tamil Nadu
Telangana
Tripura
Uttar Pradesh
Uttarakhand
West Bengal

text: Winners[edit]

text: The following is the list of winners and runners-up from every edition of the Santosh Trophy[7]

text:
Season
Host
Winner
Score
Runner-up

1941–42
Kolkata
Bengal
5–1
Delhi

1944–45
Delhi
Delhi
2–0
Bengal

1945–46
Bombay
Bengal
2–0
Bombay

1946–47
Bangalore
Mysore
0–0 (2–1)
West Bengal

1947–48
Kolkata
Bengal
0–0 (1–0)
Bombay

1949–50
Kolkata
Bengal
5–0
Hyderabad

1950–51
Kolkata
Bengal
1–0
Hyderabad

1951–52
Bombay
Bengal
1–0
Bombay

1952–53
Bangalore
Mysore
1–0
Bengal

1953–54
Kolkata
Bengal
0–0 (3–1)
Mysore

1954–55
Madras
Bombay
2–1
Services

1955–56
Ernakulam
Bengal
1–0
Mysore

1956–57
Trivandrum
Hyderabad
1–1 (4–1)
Bombay

1957–58
Hyderabad
Hyderabad
3–1
Bombay

1958–59
Madras
Bengal
1–0
Services

1959–60
Nowgong
Bengal
3–1
Bombay

1960–61
Kozhikode
Services
0–0 (1–0)
Bengal

1961–62
Bombay
Railways
3–0
Bombay

1962–63
Bangalore
Bengal
2–0
Mysore

1963–64
Madras
Maharashtra
1–0
Andhra Pradesh

1964–65
Guwahati
Railways
2–1
West Bengal

1965–66
Kollam
Andhra Pradesh
1–1 (1–0)
West Bengal

1966–67
Hyderabad
Railways
0–0 (2–0)
Services

1967–68
Cuttack
Mysore
1–0
West Bengal

1968–69
Bangalore
Mysore
0–0 (1–0)
West Bengal

1969–70
Nowgong
West Bengal
6–1
Services

1970–71
Jalandhar
Punjab
1–1 (3–1)
Mysore

1971–72
Madras
West Bengal
4–1
Railways

1972–73
Goa
West Bengal
4–1
Tamil Nadu

1973–74
Ernakulam
Kerala
3–2
Railways

1974–75
Jalandhar
Punjab
6–0
West Bengal

1975–76
Kozhikode
West Bengal
0–0 (3–1)
Karnataka

1976–77
Patna
West Bengal
1–0
Maharashtra

1977–78
Kolkata
West Bengal
1–1 (3–1)
Punjab

1978–79
Srinagar
West Bengal
1–0
Goa

1979–80
Coimbatore
West Bengal
1–0
Punjab

1980–81
Cuttack
Punjab
0–0 (2–0)
Railways

1981–82
Thrissur
West Bengal
2–0
Railways

1982–83
Kolkata
West Bengal and Goa shared the trophy after 0–0 draw

1983–84
Madras
Goa
1–0
Punjab

1984–85
Kanpur
Punjab
3–0
Maharashtra

1985–86
Jabalpur
Punjab
0–0 (4–1 pen)
West Bengal

1986–87
Calcutta
West Bengal
2–1
Railways

1987–88
Kollam
Punjab
0–0 (5–4 pen)
Kerala

1988–89
Guwahati
West Bengal
1–1 (4–3 pen)
Kerala

1989–90
Margao
Goa
2–0
Kerala

1990–91
Palakkad
Maharashtra
1–0
Kerala

1991–92
Coimbatore
Kerala
3–0
Goa

1992–93
Kochi
Kerala
2–0
Maharashtra

1993–94
Cuttack
West Bengal
2–2 (5–3 pen)
Kerala

1994–95
Chennai
West Bengal
2–1
Punjab

1995–96
Margao
West Bengal
1–0
Goa

1996–97
Jabalpur
West Bengal
1–0
Goa

1997–98
Guwahati
West Bengal
5–1
Goa

1998–99
Chennai
West Bengal
1–0
Goa

1999–00
Thrissur
Maharashtra
3–2
Kerala

2000–01
Mumbai
Kerala
3–2
Goa

2002–03
Imphal
Manipur
2–1
Kerala

2004–05
Delhi
Kerala
3–2
Punjab

2005–06
Kochi
Goa
3–1
Maharashtra

2006–07
Gurgaon
Punjab
0–0 (5–3 pen)
West Bengal

2007–08
Srinagar
Punjab
1–0
Services

2008–09
Chennai
Goa
0–0 (4–2 pen)
West Bengal

2009–10
Kolkata
West Bengal
2–1
Punjab

2010–11
Assam
West Bengal
2–1
Manipur

2011–12
Odisha
Services
3–2
Tamil Nadu

2012–13
Kerala
Services
0–0 (4–3 pen)
Kerala

2013–14
Siliguri
Mizoram
3–0
Railways

2014–15
Ludhiana
Services
0–0 (5–4 pen)
Punjab

2015–16
Nagpur
Services
2–1
Maharashtra

2016–17
Goa
West Bengal
1–0
Goa

2017–18
Kolkata
Kerala
2–2 (4–2 pen)
West Bengal

text: Final appearances[edit]

text:
Team
Wins
Runners-up
Last win

West Bengal
32
13
2016–17

Punjab
8
7
2007–08

Kerala
6
8
2017–18

Goa
5
8
2008–09

Services
5
5
2015–16

Karnataka (as Mysore)
4
4
1968–69

Railways
3
6
1966–67

Maharashtra
3
5
1999–00

Andhra Pradesh (as Hyderabad)
2
2
1957–58

Bombay
1
7
1954–55

Andhra Pradesh
1
1
1965–66

Delhi
1
1
1944–45

Manipur
1
1
2002–03

Mizoram
1
0
2013–14

Tamil Nadu
0
2
—

Karnataka
0
1
—

text: Player records[edit]

text:
Tournament top scorer: Inder Singh (Punjab) (45 goals)[8]
Most goals in a single tournament: Inder Singh (Punjab) (23 goals – 1973–74)[8]
Most goals in a single match: N. Pagsley (West Bengal) and Inder Singh (Punjab) against Rajputana and Gujarat respectively. (7 goals)[8]


document_title: Electric charge

question_text: who discovered positive and negative charges in atoms

text: Electric charge

text: Overview[edit]

text: Charge is the fundamental property of forms of matter that exhibit electrostatic attraction or repulsion in the presence of other matter. Electric charge is a characteristic property of many subatomic particles. The charges of free-standing particles are integer multiples of the elementary charge e; we say that electric charge is quantized. Michael Faraday, in his electrolysis experiments, was the first to note the discrete nature of electric charge. Robert Millikan's oil drop experiment demonstrated this fact directly, and measured the elementary charge. It has been discovered that one type of particle, quarks, have fractional charges of either −1/3 or +2/3, but it is believed they always occur in multiples of integral charge; free-standing quarks have never been observed.

text: By convention, the charge of an electron is negative, −e, while that of a proton is positive, +e. Charged particles whose charges have the same sign repel one another, and particles whose charges have different signs attract. Coulomb's law quantifies the electrostatic force between two particles by asserting that the force is proportional to the product of their charges, and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. The charge of an antiparticle equals that of the corresponding particle, but with opposite sign.

text: The electric charge of a macroscopic object is the sum of the electric charges of the particles that make it up. This charge is often small, because matter is made of atoms, and atoms typically have equal numbers of protons and electrons, in which case their charges cancel out, yielding a net charge of zero, thus making the atom neutral.

text: An ion is an atom (or group of atoms) that has lost one or more electrons, giving it a net positive charge (cation), or that has gained one or more electrons, giving it a net negative charge (anion). Monatomic ions are formed from single atoms, while polyatomic ions are formed from two or more atoms that have been bonded together, in each case yielding an ion with a positive or negative net charge.

text: During formation of macroscopic objects, constituent atoms and ions usually combine to form structures composed of neutral ionic compounds electrically bound to neutral atoms. Thus macroscopic objects tend toward being neutral overall, but macroscopic objects are rarely perfectly net neutral.

text: Sometimes macroscopic objects contain ions distributed throughout the material, rigidly bound in place, giving an overall net positive or negative charge to the object. Also, macroscopic objects made of conductive elements, can more or less easily (depending on the element) take on or give off electrons, and then maintain a net negative or positive charge indefinitely. When the net electric charge of an object is non-zero and motionless, the phenomenon is known as static electricity. This can easily be produced by rubbing two dissimilar materials together, such as rubbing amber with fur or glass with silk. In this way non-conductive materials can be charged to a significant degree, either positively or negatively. Charge taken from one material is moved to the other material, leaving an opposite charge of the same magnitude behind. The law of conservation of charge always applies, giving the object from which a negative charge is taken a positive charge of the same magnitude, and vice versa.

text: Even when an object's net charge is zero, charge can be distributed non-uniformly in the object (e.g., due to an external electromagnetic field, or bound polar molecules). In such cases the object is said to be polarized. The charge due to polarization is known as bound charge, while charge on an object produced by electrons gained or lost from outside the object is called free charge. The motion of electrons in conductive metals in a specific direction is known as electric current.

text: Units[edit]

text: The SI derived unit of quantity of electric charge is the coulomb (symbol: C). The coulomb is defined as the quantity of charge that passes through the cross section of an electrical conductor carrying one ampere for one second.[2] This unit was proposed in 1946 and ratified in 1948.[2] In modern practice, the phrase "amount of charge" is used instead of "quantity of charge".[3] The amount of charge in 1 electron (elementary charge) is approximately 6981160000000000000♠1.6×10−19 C, and 1 coulomb corresponds to the amount of charge for about 7018624000000000000♠6.24×1018 electrons. The symbol Q is often used to denote a quantity of electricity or charge. The quantity of electric charge can be directly measured with an electrometer, or indirectly measured with a ballistic galvanometer.

text: After finding the quantized character of charge, in 1891 George Stoney proposed the unit 'electron' for this fundamental unit of electrical charge. This was before the discovery of the particle by J. J. Thomson in 1897. The unit is today treated as nameless, referred to as elementary charge, fundamental unit of charge, or simply as e. A measure of charge should be a multiple of the elementary charge e, even if at large scales charge seems to behave as a real quantity. In some contexts it is meaningful to speak of fractions of a charge; for example in the charging of a capacitor, or in the fractional quantum Hall effect.

text: The unit faraday is sometimes used in electrochemistry. One faraday of charge is the magnitude of the charge of one mole of electrons,[4] i.e. 96485.33289(59) C.

text: In systems of units other than SI such as cgs, electric charge is expressed as combination of only three fundamental quantities (length, mass, and time), and not four, as in SI, where electric charge is a combination of length, mass, time, and electric current.[5][6]

text: History[edit]

text:
From ancient times, persons were familiar with four types of phenomena that today would all be explained using the concept of electric charge: (a) lightning, (b) the torpedo fish (or electric ray), (c) St Elmo's Fire, and (d) that amber rubbed with fur would attract small, light objects.[7] The first account of the amber effect is often attributed to the ancient Greek mathematician Thales of Miletus, who lived from c. 624 – c. 546 BC, but there are doubts about whether Thales left any writings;[8] his account about amber is known from an account from early 200s.[9] This account can be taken as evidence that knowledge the phenomenon was known since at least c. 600 BC, but Thales explained this phenomenon as evidence for inanimate objects having a soul.[9] In other words, there was no indication of any conception of electric charge. More generally, the ancient Greeks did not understand the connections among these four kinds of phenomena. The Greeks observed that the charged amber buttons could attract light objects such as hair. They also found that if they rubbed the amber for long enough, they could even get an electric spark to jump,[citation needed] but there is also a claim that no mention of electric sparks appeared until late 17th century.[10] This property derives from the triboelectric effect.
In late 1100s, the substance jet, a compacted form of coal, was noted to have an amber effect,[11] and in the middle of the 1500s, Girolamo Fracastoro, discovered that diamond also showed this effect.[12] Some efforts were made by Fracastoro and others, especially Gerolamo Cardano to develop explanations for this phenomenon.[13]

text: In contrast to astronomy, mechanics, and optics, which had been studied quantitatively since antiquity, the start of ongoing qualitative and quantitative research into electrical phenomena can marked with the publication of De Magnete by the English scientist William Gilbert in 1600.[14] In this book, there was a small section where Gilbert returned to the amber effect (as he called it) in addressing many of the earlier theories[13], and coined the New Latin word electrica (from ἤλεκτρον (ēlektron), the Greek word for amber). The Latin word was translated into English as electrics.[15] Gilbert is also credited with the term electrical, while the term electricity came later, first attributed to Sir Thomas Browne in his Pseudodoxia Epidemica from 1646.[16] (For more linguistic details see Etymology of electricity.) Gilbert was followed in 1660 by Otto von Guericke, who invented what was probably the first electrostatic generator. Other European pioneers were Robert Boyle, who in 1675 stated that electric attraction and repulsion can act across a vacuum; Stephen Gray, who in 1729 classified materials as conductors and insulators. In 1733 Charles François de Cisternay du Fay, inspired by Gray's work, made a series of experiments (reported in Mémoires de l'Académie Royale des Sciences), showing that more or less all substances could be 'electrified' by rubbing, except for metals and fluids[17] and proposed that electricity comes in two varieties that cancel each other, which he expressed in terms of a two-fluid theory.[18] When glass was rubbed with silk, du Fay said that the glass was charged with vitreous electricity, and, when amber was rubbed with fur, the amber was charged with resinous electricity. Another important two-fluid theory from this time was proposed by Jean-Antoine Nollet (1745).[19] In 1839, Michael Faraday showed that the apparent division between static electricity, current electricity, and bioelectricity was incorrect, and all were a consequence of the behavior of a single kind of electricity appearing in opposite polarities. It is arbitrary which polarity is called positive and which is called negative. Positive charge can be defined as the charge left on a glass rod after being rubbed with silk.[20]

text: One of the foremost experts on electricity in the 18th century was Benjamin Franklin, who argued in favour of a one-fluid theory of electricity. Franklin imagined electricity as being a type of invisible fluid present in all matter; for example, he believed that it was the glass in a Leyden jar that held the accumulated charge. He posited that rubbing insulating surfaces together caused this fluid to change location, and that a flow of this fluid constitutes an electric current. He also posited that when matter contained too little of the fluid it was negatively charged, and when it had an excess it was positively charged. For a reason that was not recorded, he identified the term positive with vitreous electricity and negative with resinous electricity. William Watson independently arrived at the same explanation at about the same time (1746).

text: It is now known that the Franklin–Watson model was fundamentally correct. There is only one kind of electrical charge, and only one variable is required to keep track of the amount of charge.[21] On the other hand, just knowing the charge is not a complete description of the situation. Matter is composed of several kinds of electrically charged particles, and these particles have many properties, not just charge.

text: The role of charge in electrostatics[edit]

text: This section may be confusing or unclear to readers. In particular, section title was created in a guess about the intention of this paragraph, maybe this material needs two or more sections.  (April 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: All bodies are electrified, but may appear not electrified because of the relatively similar charge of neighboring objects in the environment. An object further electrified + or – creates an equivalent or opposite charge by default in neighboring objects, until those charges can equalize. The effects of attraction can be observed in high-voltage experiments, while lower voltage effects are merely weaker and therefore less obvious. Coulomb's law has a corollary for acceleration in a gravitational field. See also Casimir effect.

text: The role of charge in static electricity[edit]

text: Static electricity refers to the electric charge of an object and the related electrostatic discharge when two objects are brought together that are not at equilibrium. An electrostatic discharge creates a change in the charge of each of the two objects.

text: Electrification by friction[edit]

text: This section contains close paraphrasing of an external source, https://archive.org/details/ATreatiseOnElectricityMagnetism-Volume1. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Ideas in this article should be expressed in an original manner. (November 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: When a piece of glass and a piece of resin—neither of which exhibit any electrical properties—are rubbed together and left with the rubbed surfaces in contact, they still exhibit no electrical properties. When separated, they attract each other.

text: A second piece of glass rubbed with a second piece of resin, then separated and suspended near the former pieces of glass and resin causes these phenomena:

text:
The two pieces of glass repel each other.
Each piece of glass attracts each piece of resin.
The two pieces of resin repel each other.

text: This attraction and repulsion is an electrical phenomenon, and the bodies that exhibit them are said to be electrified, or electrically charged. Bodies may be electrified in many other ways, as well as by friction. The electrical properties of the two pieces of glass are similar to each other but opposite to those of the two pieces of resin: The glass attracts what the resin repels and repels what the resin attracts.

text: If a body electrified in any manner whatsoever behaves as the glass does, that is, if it repels the glass and attracts the resin, the body is said to be vitreously electrified, and if it attracts the glass and repels the resin it is said to be resinously electrified. All electrified bodies are either vitreously or resinously electrified.

text: An established convention in the scientific community defines vitreous electrification as positive, and resinous electrification as negative. The exactly opposite properties of the two kinds of electrification justify our indicating them by opposite signs, but the application of the positive sign to one rather than to the other kind must be considered as a matter of arbitrary convention—just as it is a matter of convention in mathematical diagram to reckon positive distances towards the right hand.

text: No force, either of attraction or of repulsion, can be observed between an electrified body and a body not electrified.[22]

text: The role of charge in electric current[edit]

text: Electric current is the flow of electric charge through an object, which produces no net loss or gain of electric charge. The most common charge carriers are the positively charged proton and the negatively charged electron. The movement of any of these charged particles constitutes an electric current. In many situations, it suffices to speak of the conventional current without regard to whether it is carried by positive charges moving in the direction of the conventional current or by negative charges moving in the opposite direction. This macroscopic viewpoint is an approximation that simplifies electromagnetic concepts and calculations.

text: At the opposite extreme, if one looks at the microscopic situation, one sees there are many ways of carrying an electric current, including: a flow of electrons; a flow of electron holes that act like positive particles; and both negative and positive particles (ions or other charged particles) flowing in opposite directions in an electrolytic solution or a plasma.

text: Beware that, in the common and important case of metallic wires, the direction of the conventional current is opposite to the drift velocity of the actual charge carriers; i.e., the electrons. This is a source of confusion for beginners.

text:
Flavour inparticle physics
Flavour quantum numbers
Isospin: I or I3
Charm: C
Strangeness: S
Topness: T
Bottomness: B′

Related quantum numbers
Baryon number: B
Lepton number: L
Weak isospin: T or T3
Electric charge: Q
X-charge: X

Combinations
Hypercharge: Y
Y = (B + S + C + B′ + T)
Y = 2 (Q − I3)
Weak hypercharge: YW
YW = 2 (Q − T3)
X + 2YW = 5 (B − L)

Flavour mixing
CKM matrix
PMNS matrix
Flavour complementarity
vte

text: Conservation of electric charge[edit]

text: The total electric charge of an isolated system remains constant regardless of changes within the system itself. This law is inherent to all processes known to physics and can be derived in a local form from gauge invariance of the wave function. The conservation of charge results in the charge-current continuity equation. More generally, the rate of change in charge density ρ within a volume of integration V is equal to the area integral over the current density J through the closed surface S = ∂V, which is in turn equal to the net current I:

text: Thus, the conservation of electric charge, as expressed by the continuity equation, gives the result:

text:
The charge transferred between times

t

i

{\displaystyle t_{\mathrm {i} }}

 and

t

f

{\displaystyle t_{\mathrm {f} }}

 is obtained by integrating both sides:

text: where I is the net outward current through a closed surface and Q is the electric charge contained within the volume defined by the surface.

text: Relativistic invariance[edit]

text: Aside from the properties described in articles about electromagnetism, charge is a relativistic invariant. This means that any particle that has charge Q, no matter how fast it goes, always has charge Q. This property has been experimentally verified by showing that the charge of one helium nucleus (two protons and two neutrons bound together in a nucleus and moving around at high speeds) is the same as two deuterium nuclei (one proton and one neutron bound together, but moving much more slowly than they would if they were in a helium nucleus).[23][24][25]


document_title: Lebanese people

question_text: how many lebanese are there in the world

text: Lebanese people

text: Identity

text: The people residing in Lebanon—both those who would become Muslim and the vast majority who would remain Christian, along with the tiny Jewish minority—still spoke Aramaic,[33] or more precisely, a Western Aramaic language.[27] However, since at least the 15th century, the majority of people of all faiths living in what is now Lebanon have been Arabic-speaking,[34][35] or more specifically, speakers of Lebanese Arabic, although up until the 17th century, travellers in the Lebanon still reported on several Aramaic-speaking villages.[36]

text: Among the Lebanese Maronites, Aramaic still remains the liturgical language of the Maronite Church, although in an Eastern Aramaic form (the Syriac language,[37] in which early Christianity was disseminated throughout the Middle East), distinct from the spoken Aramaic of Lebanon, which was a Western Aramaic language. As the second of two liturgical languages of Judaism, Aramaic was also retained as a language in the sphere of religion (in the Talmud) among Lebanese Jews, although here too in an Eastern Aramaic form (the Talmud was composed in Babylonia in Babylonian Aramaic). Among Lebanese Muslims, however, Aramaic was lost twice, once in the shift to Arabic in the vernacular (Lebanese Arabic) and again in the religious sphere, since Arabic (Qur'anic Arabic) is the liturgical language of Islam.[citation needed]

text: Some Lebanese Christians particularly Maronites, identify themselves as Lebanese rather than Arab, seeking to draw "on the Phoenician past to try to forge an identity separate from the prevailing Arab culture".[38] They argue that Arabization merely represented a shift to the Arabic language as the vernacular of the Lebanese people, and that, according to them, no actual shift of ethnic identity, much less ancestral origins, occurred. with their own histories and lore, and that therefore they do not belong to the one pan-Arab ethnicity, and thus such categorisation is erred or inapplicable. Certain portions of Lebanon's Christian population in particular tend to stress aspects of Lebanon's non-Arab prior history to encompass all Lebanon's historical stages, instead of considering the beginning of Lebanese history being with the Arab conquests.[citation needed]

text: In light of this "old controversy about identity",[38] some Lebanese prefer to see Lebanon, Lebanese culture and themselves as part of "Mediterranean" and "Levantine" civilization, in a concession to Lebanon's various layers of heritage, both indigenous, foreign non-Arab, and Arab. Arab influence, nevertheless, applies to virtually all aspects of the modern Lebanese culture.[citation needed]

text: Population numbers

text: The total population of Lebanese people is estimated at 13-18 million. Of these, the vast majority, or 8.6[2] - 14[3] million, are in the Lebanese diaspora (outside of Lebanon), and approximately 4.3 million in Lebanon itself.[29]

text: Lebanon

text:
Ethnic Groups in Lebanon

Ethnicity

Percent

Arabs

95%

Armenians

4%

Various other ethnicities:
Mideast (Kurds, Turks, Assyrians, Iranians),
Europeans (Greeks, Italians, French) and others

1%

text: There are approximately 4.3 million Lebanese people in Lebanon.[29]

text: In addition to this figure, there are an additional 1 million foreign workers, mainly Syrians and about 400,000 Palestinian refugees in the nation.[40]

text: Lebanon is also a home to various ethnic minorities found refuge in the country over the centuries. Prominent ethnic minorities in the country include the Armenians, the Kurds, the Turks, the Assyrians, the Iranians and many European ethnicities (Greeks, Italians, French).

text: There are also a small number of nomadic Dom Gypsies[citation needed] (part of the Roma people of South Asian, particularly, Indian descent)

text: Diaspora

text: In 1994, the Lebanese government estimated there were 15.4 million Lebanese immigrants worldwide with 43.2% living in Brazil (1996) and 26.1% of these residing in the USA.[41]

text: The Lebanese diaspora consists of approximately 8.6[2] - 14[3] million, both Lebanese-born living abroad and those born-abroad of Lebanese descent. The majority of the Lebanese in the diaspora are Christians,[42] disproportionately so in the Americas where the vast majority reside. An estimate figure show that they represent about 75% of the Lebanese in total. Lebanese abroad are considered "rich, educated and influential"[43] and over the course of time immigration has yielded Lebanese "commercial networks" throughout the world.[44]

text: The largest number of Lebanese is to be found in Brazil, where according to the Brazilian and Lebanese governments claim, there are 7 million Brazilians of Lebanese descent.[6][7][8] These figures, however, may be an exaggeration given that, according to a 2008 survey conducted by IBGE, in 2008, covering only the states of Amazonas, Paraíba, São Paulo, Rio Grande do Sul, Mato Grosso and Distrito Federal, 0.9% of white Brazilian respondents said they had family origins in the Middle East[5]

text: Large numbers also reside elsewhere in North America, most notably in the United States (489,702),[45] Mexico (400,000)[46] with close to half a million in both countries. In Canada, the people of full or partial Lebanese descent are between 190,275 (by ancestry, 2011 Census)[47] to 250,000 based on estimates.[48] In the rest of the Americas, significant communities are found in Argentina,[9] Chile,[49] Colombia[10] and Venezuela, with almost every other Latin American country having at least a small presence.

text: In Africa, Ghana and the Ivory Coast are home to over 100,000 Lebanese.[50] There are significant Lebanese populations in other countries throughout Western and Central Africa.[51][52] Australia hosts over 180,000 and Canada 250,000. In the Arab world, the Arab states of the Persian Gulf harbour around 400,000 Lebanese.[53] Lebanese people also can be found in all of the 28 member states of the European Union. More than 2,500 ex-SLA members remain in Israel.[54]

text: Currently, Lebanon provides no automatic right to Lebanese citizenship for emigrants who lost their citizenship upon acquiring the citizenship of their host country, nor for the descendants of emigrants born abroad. This situation disproportionately affects Christians. Recently, the Maronite Institution of Emigrants called for the establishment of an avenue by which emigrants who lost their citizenship may regain it, or their overseas-born descendants (if they so wish) may acquire it.[55]

text:
Country
Estimate
Country article in English Wikipedia
List of personalities of Lebanese origin

 Brazil
7,000,000 (Brazilian/Lebanese governments);[6][7][8] However, another study, conducted by IBGE in 2008, covering only the states of Amazonas, Paraíba,
São Paulo, Rio Grande do Sul, Mato Grosso and Distrito Federal, 0.9% of
white Brazilian respondents said they had family origins in the Middle East.[5]

Lebanese Brazilian
List of Lebanese people (Brazil)

 United States
504,000
Lebanese American
List of Lebanese people (USA)

 Argentina
1,500,000
Lebanese Argentine
List of Lebanese people (Argentina)

 Colombia
700,000
Lebanese Colombian
List of Lebanese people (Colombia)

 Mexico
400,000
Lebanese Mexican
List of Lebanese people (Mexico)

 Venezuela
340,000
Lebanese Venezuelan
List of Lebanese people (Venezuela)

 Canada
250,000
Lebanese Canadians
List of Lebanese people (Canada)

 France
250,000
Lebanese people in France
List of Lebanese people (France)

 Australia
203,139
Lebanese Australian
List of Lebanese people in Australia

 Egypt
131,000
Lebanese people in Egypt
List of Lebanese people in Egypt

 Saudi Arabia
120,000
Lebanese people in Saudi Arabia
List of Lebanese people (Saudi Arabia)

 Syria
114,000
Lebanese people in Syria
List of Lebanese people in Syria

Arab States of the Persian Gulf
100,000

 Ecuador
100,000
Lebanese people in Ecuador
List of Lebanese people (Ecuador)

 Chile
90,000
Lebanese Chileans
List of Lebanese people (Chile)

 United Kingdom
90,000
Lebanese people in the United Kingdom
List of Lebanese people (UK)

 Uruguay
70,000
Lebanese Uruguayan
List of Lebanese people (Uruguay)

 Ghana
67,000
Ghanaian Arabs**
List of Lebanese people (Ghana)

 Ivory Coast
60,000
Arab residents in Ivory Coast**

 Germany
50,000
Lebanese people in Germany
List of Lebanese people (Germany)

 Spain
12,000-67,800
Lebanese people in Spain
List of Lebanese people (Spain)

 New Zealand
47,200
Arabs in New Zealand**

 Kuwait
41,775
Lebanese people in Kuwait

 Senegal
40,000
Lebanese people in Senegal

 Sierra Leone
33,000
Lebanese people in Sierra Leone
List of Lebanese people (Sierra Leone)

 Nigeria
31,000

List of Lebanese people (Nigeria)

 Greece
30,000
Lebanese people in Greece

 Denmark
23,500
Arabs in Denmark**
List of Lebanese people in Denmark

 Cyprus
20,000

List of Lebanese people (Cyprus)

 South Africa
20,000[23]
Lebanese people in South Africa
List of Lebanese people (South Africa)

 Sweden
21,000
Lebanese people in Sweden
List of Lebanese people (Sweden)

 Jamaica
20,000[56]
Lebanese immigration to Jamaica
List of Lebanese people (Jamaica)

 Haiti
15,000
Lebanese Haitians
List of Lebanese people (Haiti)

 Liberia
10,000

List of Lebanese people (Liberia)

 Belgium
7,000

  Switzerland
5,800

List of Lebanese people in Switzerland

 Italy
3,860
Arabs in Italy**
List of Lebanese people in Italy

 Angola
3,300

 Bulgaria
3,000
Arabs in Bulgaria**
List of Lebanese people (Bulgaria)

 Austria
3,000
Arabs in Austria**

 Romania
3,000
Arabs in Romania**

 Serbia
3,000
Arabs in Serbia**

 Macedonia
3,000
Arabs in the Republic of Macedonia**

text: Note: An important percentage of Arabs in Argentina, Chile, Brazil, Colombia, Mexico, Venezuela, Bulgaria, Denmark, Austria, Romania, Serbia, Republic of Macedonia, Italy, Portugal, Spain, New Zealand, Ghana and Ivory Coast are of Lebanese ancestry. They are denoted ** for this purpose.

text: Religion

text:
Lebanese Muslims[29][57] [58][59][60][61][62]

Year

Percent

1932

49%

1985

75%

2010

61%

2014

59.5%

text:
Lebanese Christians[57][58][59][60][61]

Year

Percent

1932

51%

1985

25%

2010

39%

2014

40.5%

text:
Part of a series of articles on

Lebanese people

Coat of arms of Lebanon

Lebanese people[show]

Lebanese people by religion:
Lebanese Muslim

Shia
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Druze1

Lebanese Christian

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Protestant

Communities[show]
Native communities outside of Lebanon:

Cyprus
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Lebanese diaspora:
Europe

Germany
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Overseas

United States
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Australia
New Zealand
Argentina
Brazil
Mexico
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Chile
Ecuador
Venezuela
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Paraguay
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v
t
e

text: Lebanon has several different main religions. The country has the most religiously diverse society in the Middle East, encompassing 17 recognized religious sects.[63] The main two religions are Christianity (the Maronite Church, the Greek Orthodox Church, the Melkite, the Protestant Church, the Armenian Apostolic Church, the Armenian Catholic Church) and Islam (Shia and Sunni). There is also the Druze quasi-Muslim sect.

text: No official census has been taken since 1932, reflecting the political sensitivity in Lebanon over confessional (i.e. religious) balance.[64]

text: A study conducted by Statistics Lebanon, a Beirut-based research firm, cited by the United States Department of State found that of Lebanon's population of approximately 4.3 million is estimated to be:[29]

text:
54% Islam (Shia and Sunni, 27% each)
40.5% Christian (21% Maronite, 8% Greek Orthodox, 5% [[Melkite Catholics, 1% Protestant, 6.5% other Christian denominations like Latin Rite Catholics, Armenian Orthodox, Armenian Catholic, Syriac Catholic, Syriac Orthodox, Chaldean, Assyrian and Copt)
5.5% Druze (a quasi-Muslim sect who do not consider themselves to be Muslim, even though under the terms of the Lebanese Constitution the Druze community is designated as a part of the Lebanese Muslim community.)

text: There are also very small numbers of other religions such as Judaism, Mormons, Bahá'í Faith, and also religions practiced by foreigner workers like Buddhism and Hinduism.[29]

text: The CIA World Factbook specifies that of those residing in Lebanon, 59.7% are Muslims (Shia, Sunni, Druze, Sufi and Alawites) and 39% are Christians (mostly Maronites, Greek Orthodox, Melkite, Armenian Apostolic Church, Armenian Catholic Church, Assyrian Church of the East, Syriac Orthodox, Chaldean Catholic, Syriac Catholics) and 1.3% "Other".[1]

text: The International Foundation for Electoral Systems provides source for the registered voters in Lebanon for 2011[65] (it has to be noted that voter registration does not include people under 18 and unregistered voters) that puts the numbers as following: Sunni Islam 27.65 %, Shia Islam 27.34%, Maronite Catholic 21.05%, Greek Orthodox 7.34%, Druze 5.74%, Melkite Catholic 4.76%, Armenian Apostolic 2.64%, other Christian Minorities 1.28%, Alawite Shia Islam 0.88%, Armenian Catholic 0.62%, Evangelical Protestant 0.53%, and other 0.18% of the population.

text: However, as soon as the diaspora is included, the Christians become an absolute majority. Lebanon has a population of Mhallamis also known as Mardinli), most of whom migrated from northeast Syria and southeast Turkey are estimated to be between 75,000 and 100,000 and considered to be part of the Sunni population. These have in recent years been granted Lebanese citizenship and, coupled with several civil wars between Islamic extremists and the Lebanese military that have caused many Christians to flee the country, have re-tipped the demographic balance in favour of the Muslims and the Sunnis in particular.[66] In addition, many thousands of Arab Bedouins in the Bekaa and in the Wadi Khaled region, who are entirely Sunnis, were granted Lebanese citizenship. Lebanon also has a Jewish population, estimated at less than 100.

text: Even though Lebanon is a secular country, family matters such as marriage, divorce and inheritance are still handled by the religious authorities representing a person's faith. Calls for civil marriage are unanimously rejected by the religious authorities but civil marriages held in another country are recognized by Lebanese civil authorities.

text: Legally registered Muslims form around 54% of the population (Shia, Sunni, Alawite). Legally registered Christians form up to 41% (Maronite, Greek Orthodox Christian, Melkite, Armenian, Evangelical, other). Druze form around 5%. A small minority of 0.1% includes Jews, and foreign workers who belong to Hindu and Buddhist religions.

text: Even though non-religion is not recognized by the state, in 2009, the Minister of the Interior Ziad Baroud made it possible to have the religious sect removed from the Lebanese identity card, this does not, however, deny the religious authorities complete control over civil family issues inside the country.[67][68]

text: Genetics

text: According to a study published by the American Journal of Human Genetics, present-day Lebanese derive most of their ancestry from a Canaanite-related population, which therefore implies substantial genetic continuity in the Levant since at least the Bronze Age.[69][70] More specifically, according to Chris Tyler-Smith, a geneticist and his colleagues at the Sanger Institute in Britain, who compared "sampled ancient DNA from five Canaanite people who lived 3,750 and 3,650 years ago" to modern people. "The comparison revealed that 90 percent of the genetic ancestry of people in Lebanon came from the Canaanites. (The other 10 percent was of a Eurasian steppe population.)"[71]

text: In recent years efforts have been made by various genetic researchers,[who?] both in Lebanon and abroad, to identify the ancestral origins of the Lebanese people, their relationship to each other, and to other neighbouring and distant human populations. Like most DNA studies that attempt to identify a population's origins and migration patterns in the region that may have influenced the genetic make-up—these studies have focused on two human genome segments, the Y chromosome (inherited only by males and passed only by fathers) and mtDNA (mitochondrial DNA, which passes only from mother to child). Both segments are unaffected by recombination, thus they provide an indicator of paternal and maternal origins, respectively.[citation needed]

text: Theories from some studies propose to corroborate that the Lebanese trace genetic continuity with earlier inhabitants, regardless of their membership to any of Lebanon's different religious communities today. "The genetic marker which identifies descendants of the ancient Levantines is found among members of all of Lebanon's religious communities"[72] as well as some Syrians and Palestinians. By identifying the ancient type of DNA attributed to the Phoenicians, geneticist Pierre Zalloua was also able to chart their spread out of the eastern Mediterranean. These markers were found in unusually high proportions in non-Lebanese samples from other parts of the "Mediterranean coast where the Phoenicians are known to have established colonies, such as Carthage in today's Tunisia."[38] The markers were also found among samples of Maltese and Spaniards, where the Phoenicians were also known to have established colonies. The study shows that 1 out of 17 people in the countries surrounding the Mediterranean basin can be identified with the Phoenician genetic markers in their Male Chromosomes. However, the particular marker associated by some studies with the historical Phoenicians, haplogroup J2, actually represents a complex mosaic of different demographic processes which affected the Mediterranean in prehistoric and historic times.[73]

text: Beyond this, more recent finds have also interested geneticists and Lebanese anthropologists. These indicate foreign non-Levantine admixture from some unexpected but not surprising sources, even if only in a small proportion of the samples. Like a story written in DNA, it recounts some of the major historical events seen in the land today known as Lebanon.

text: Among the more interesting genetic markers found are those that seem to indicate that a small proportion of Lebanese Christians (2%) and a smaller proportion of Lebanese Muslims are descended, in part, from European Crusader Christians and Arabian Muslims respectively. The author states that the "study tells us that some European crusaders did not just conquer and leave behind castles. They left a subtle genetic connection as well."[74] In much the same manner, some of the Arabian Muslims did not just conquer and leave behind mosques.

text: It was during a broader survey of Middle Eastern populations conducted for the Genographic Project of the National Geographic Society that the findings were stumbled upon. "We noticed some interesting lineages in the dataset. Among Lebanese Christians, in particular, we found higher frequency (2%) of a genetic marker — R1b — that we typically see only in Western Europe."[74]

text: The lineage was seen at that "higher" frequency only in the Christian populations in Lebanon, even though among the Muslims it was not altogether absent. "The study matched the western European Y-chromosome lineage against thousands of people in France, Germany, Italy, and the United Kingdom."[75] On the other hand, in the Lebanese Muslim population a similar pattern, this time associated with genetic markers from Arabia, was also observed in "higher" preferential frequencies, although they too were not altogether absent in the Christian population. "We found that a lineage that is very common in the Arabian Peninsula — Hg J*— is found in slightly higher frequencies preferentially in the Muslim population."[74] The author of the study added that the findings "certainly doesn't undermine the similarities among the various Lebanese communities, but it does agree with oral tradition."[74]

text: Other unrelated studies have sought to establish relationships between the Lebanese people and other groups. At least one study by the International Institute of Anthropology in Paris, France, confirmed similarities in the Y-haplotype frequencies in Lebanese, Palestinian, and Sephardic Jewish men, identifying them as "three Near-Eastern populations sharing a common geographic origin."[76] The study surveyed one Y-specific DNA polymorphism (p49/Taq I) in 54 Lebanese and 69 Palestinian males, and compared with the results found in 693 Jews from three distinct Jewish ethnic groups; Mizrahi Jews, Sephardi Jews, and Ashkenazi Jews.

text: In a 2013 interview Pierre Zalloua, pointed out that genetic variation preceded religious variation and divisions: "Lebanon already had well-differentiated communities with their own genetic peculiarities, but not significant differences, and religions came as layers of paint on top. There is no distinct pattern that shows that one community carries significantly more Phoenician than another."[77] Lebanese cluster the closest to Jews of any Arab population except the Druze according to a 2010 study by Behar et al, possibly corroborating a Phoenician origin.[78]

text: Notable individuals