document_title: Wig

question_text: when did powdered wigs go out of style

question_tokens: when did powdered wigs go out of style

root

text: Wig

text: History[edit]

text: Ancient use[edit]

text: In Egyptian society men and women commonly had clean shaven or close cropped hair and often wore wigs.[1][2] The ancient Egyptians created the wig to shield shaved, hairless heads from the sun. They also wore the wigs on top of their hair using beeswax and resin to keep the wigs in place. Wealthy Egyptian would wear elaborate wigs and scented cones of animal fat on top of their wigs.[1] Other ancient cultures, including the Assyrians,[3] Phoenicians, Jews in ancient Israel,[4]Greeks and Romans, also used wigs as an everyday fashion.

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text:
Examples of ancient wigs

Ushabti of a Concubine; nude except for jewellery and a heavy wig. Painted wood, Middle Kingdom of Egypt

Egyptian couple wearing formal wigs of the 4th or 5th dynasties

Tomb fresco depicting dancers and musicians in elaborate wigs. Thebes, Egypt, 18th Dynasty.[1]

Bust of a Roman woman wearing a "diadem" wig, circa 80 CE

Wig Headdress, Wari People, 600–1000 CE, Brooklyn Museum

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text: In China, the popularization of the wig started from Spring and Autumn period.[citation needed]

text: In Japan, the upper classes wearing wigs started from before Nara period.[citation needed]

text: In Korea, gache were popular among women during Goryeo dynasty until it was banned in the late 18th century.[citation needed]

text: 16th and 17th centuries[edit]

text: After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, the use of wigs fell into disuse in the West for a thousand years until they were revived in the 16th century as a means of compensating for hair loss or improving one's personal appearance. They also served a practical purpose: the unhygienic conditions of the time meant that hair attracted head lice, a problem that could be much reduced if natural hair were shaved and replaced with a more easily de-loused artificial hairpiece.[citation needed] Fur hoods were also used in a similar preventative fashion.

text: Royal patronage was crucial to the revival of the wig.[citation needed] Queen Elizabeth I of England famously wore a red wig, tightly and elaborately curled in a "Roman" style, while among men King Louis XIII of France (1601–1643) started to pioneer wig-wearing in 1624 when he had prematurely begun to bald.[5] This fashion was largely promoted by his son and successor Louis XIV of France (1638–1715), which contributed to its spread in European and European-influenced countries.

text: Perukes or periwigs for men were introduced into the English-speaking world with other French styles when Charles II was restored to the throne in 1660, following a lengthy exile in France. These wigs were shoulder-length or longer, imitating the long hair that had become fashionable among men since the 1620s. Their use soon became popular in the English court. The London diarist Samuel Pepys recorded the day in 1665 that a barber had shaved his head and that he tried on his new periwig for the first time, but in a year of plague he was uneasy about wearing it:

text: "3rd September 1665: Up, and put on my coloured silk suit, very fine, and my new periwig, bought a good while since, but darst not wear it because the plague was in Westminster when I bought it. And it is a wonder what will be the fashion after the plague is done as to periwigs, for nobody will dare to buy any haire for fear of the infection? That it had been cut off the heads of people dead of the plague."

text: Wigs were not without other drawbacks, as Pepys noted on March 27, 1663:

text: "I did go to the Swan; and there sent for Jervas my old periwig-maker and he did bring me a periwig; but it was full of nits, so as I was troubled to see it (it being his old fault) and did send him to make it clean."

text: With wigs virtually obligatory garb for men with social rank, wigmakers gained considerable prestige. A wigmakers' guild was established in France in 1665, a development soon copied elsewhere in Europe. Their job was a skilled one as 17th century wigs were extraordinarily elaborate, covering the back and shoulders and flowing down the chest; not surprisingly, they were also extremely heavy and often uncomfortable to wear. Such wigs were expensive to produce. The best examples were made from natural human hair. The hair of horses and goats was often used as a cheaper alternative.

text:
Examples of wigs in the 16th and 17th century

Queen Elizabeth I, pictured in 1588.

Nicolas de Vermont

Wigs 17th century

text: 18th century[edit]

text: In the 18th century, men's wigs were powdered to give them their distinctive white or off-white color. Women in the 18th century did not wear wigs, but wore a coiffure supplemented by artificial hair or hair from other sources. Women mainly powdered their hair grey, or blue-ish grey, and from the 1770s onwards never bright white like men. Wig powder was made from finely ground starch that was scented with orange flower, lavender, or orris root. Wig powder was occasionally colored violet, blue, pink or yellow, but was most often used as off-white.

text: Powdered wigs (men) and powdered natural hair with supplemental hairpieces (women) became essential for full dress occasions and continued in use until almost the end of the 18th century. The elaborate form of wigs worn at the coronation of George III in 1761 was lampooned by William Hogarth in his engraving Five Orders of Periwigs. Powdering wigs and extensions were messy and inconvenient, and the development of the naturally white or off-white powderless wig (made of horsehair) for men made the retention of wigs in everyday court dress a practical possibility. By the 1780s, young men were setting a fashion trend by lightly powdering their natural hair, as women had already done from the 1770s onwards. After 1790, both wigs and powder were reserved for older, more conservative men, and were in use by ladies being presented at court. After 1790 English women seldom powdered their hair.

text: In 1795, the British government levied a tax on hair powder of one guinea per year. This tax effectively caused the demise of both the fashion for wigs and powder. Granville Leveson-Gower, in Paris during the winter of 1796, noted "The word citoyen seemed but very little in use, and hair powder being very common, the appearance of the people was less democratic than in England."[6]

text: Among women in the French court of Versailles in the mid-to-late 18th century, large, elaborate and often themed wigs (such as the stereotypical "boat poufs") were in vogue for women. These combed-up hair extensions were often very heavy, weighted down with pomades, powders, and other ornamentation. In the late 18th century these coiffures (along with many other indulgences in court life) became symbolic of the decadence of the French nobility, and for that reason quickly became out of fashion from the beginning of the French Revolution in 1789.

text: During the 18th century, men's wigs became smaller and more formal with several professions adopting them as part of their official costumes. This tradition survives in a few legal systems. They are routinely worn in various countries of the Commonwealth. Until 1823, bishops of the Church of England and Church of Ireland wore ceremonial wigs. The wigs worn by barristers are in the style favoured in the late eighteenth century. Judges' wigs, in everyday use as court dress, are short like barristers' wigs (although in a slightly different style), but for ceremonial occasions judges and also senior barristers (QCs) wear full-bottomed wigs.[7]

text:
Examples of 18th century wigs

Marie Antoinette wearing the distinctive pouf style coiffure: her own natural hair is extended on the top with an artificial hairpiece.

Charles-Alexandre de Calonne by Élisabeth-Louise Vigée-Le Brun (1784), London, Royal Collection. The Vicomte de Calonne is shown wearing a powdered wig; the powder that has fallen from the wig is visible on his shoulders.

Colonel James Hamilton by John Smart (1784), wearing a white wig powdered with pink-coloured powder.

Grand Duke Constantine Pavlovich of Russia as a boy (c. 1795). The latest-born notable person to be portrayed wearing a powdered wig tied in a queue.

text: 19th and 20th centuries[edit]

text: The wearing of wigs as a symbol of social status was largely abandoned in the newly created United States and France by the start of the 19th century. In the United States, only four presidents from John Adams to James Monroe wore curly powdered wigs tied in a queue according to the old-fashioned style of the 18th century.[8] Unlike them, the first president George Washington never wore a wig; instead, he powdered, curled and tied in a queue his own long hair.[9]

text: The latest-born notable person to be portrayed wearing a powdered wig tied in a queue according to this old fashion was Grand Duke Constantine Pavlovich of Russia (born in 1779, portrayed in 1795).[10][11]

text: Women's wigs developed in a somewhat different way. They were worn from the 18th century onwards, although at first only surreptitiously. Full wigs in the 19th and early 20th century were not fashionable. They were often worn by old ladies who had lost their hair.[citation needed] In the film Mr. Skeffington (1944), when Bette Davis has to wear a wig after a bout of diphtheria, it is a moment of pathos and a symbol of her frailty.[citation needed]

text: During the late nineteenth and early twentieth century hairdressers in England and France did a brisk business supplying postiches, or pre-made small wiglets, curls, and false buns to be incorporated into the hairstyle. The use of postiches did not diminish even as women's hair grew shorter in the decade between 1910 and 1920, but they seem to have gone out of fashion during the 1920s.[12] In the 1960s a new type of synthetic wig was developed using a modacrylic fiber which made wigs more affordable. Reid-Meredith was a pioneer in the sales of these types of wigs.[13]

text: Military wigs[edit]

text: From the late 17th to early 19th centuries, European armies wore uniforms more or less imitating the civilian fashions of the time, but with militarized additions. As part of that uniform, officers wore wigs more suited to the drawing rooms of Europe than its battlefields. The late 17th century saw officers wearing full-bottomed natural-coloured wigs, but the civilian change to shorter, powdered styles with pigtails in the early 18th century saw officers adopting similar styles. The elaborate, oversized court-styles of the late 18th century were not followed by armies in the field however, as they were impractical to withstand the rigours of military life and simpler wigs were worn.

text: While officers normally wore their own hair short under a powdered wig, the rank and file of the infantry was not afforded such luxury. Instead of wigs, the men grew their hair long and according to the prevailing fashion in a nation's army, hair was either allowed to grow long with simple modeling, as in the French army of the 1740s, or else was elaborately coiffured as in Prussian and British armies. In the case of British soldiers of the 1740s, contemporary artwork suggests that they cut their hair short, which was not the case. Instead, the men used tallow or other fat to grease the hair, which was then fashioned into pigtails and tied back into the scalp hair to give the impression of short hair.[citation needed] It was then liberally dusted with powdered chalk to give the impression of a powdered wig. Later in the century, hair was likewise tied back, greased and powdered, but false hair pigtails were adopted, kept in a tubular queue and tied back with ribbons to the soldier's own hair. The overall effect was that of a wig with a long tail and bow. The Prussian army took personal hairstyles to an extreme during the time of Frederick The Great, each soldier commonly having a long pigtail hanging down the back nearly to waist level.

text: By contrast, in the 1780s Russian General Potemkin abhorred the tight uniforms and uncomfortable wigs and powdered coiffures worn by his soldiers and instigated a complete revision of both. Along with comfortable, practical, well-fitting uniforms, his reforms introduced neat, natural hairstyles for all, with no wigs, powder and grease, or hair-tying evident.

text: Formal military hairstyles lasted until beyond the end of the 18th century and it was the French Revolution which spelled the end of wigs and powdered, greased hairstyles in modern, Western armies. Powdered hair and pigtails made a brief return during Napoleon's reign, being worn by infantry of his Foot Grenadiers and Foot Chasseurs of the Old Guard and the Horse Grenadiers of the Guard.

text: Merkin[edit]

text: A merkin is a pubic wig often worn as a decorative item or for theatrical and fashion purposes. They are sometimes viewed as erotic and some designs are meant for entertainment or as a form of comedy.

text: Current usage[edit]

text: In Britain, most Commonwealth nations, and the Republic of Ireland special wigs are also worn by barristers, judges, and certain parliamentary and municipal or civic officials as a symbol of the office. Hong Kong barristers and judges continue to wear wigs as part of court dress as an influence from their former jurisdiction of the Commonwealth of Nations. In July 2007, judges in New South Wales, Australia voted to discontinue the wearing of wigs in the NSW Court of Appeal.[14] New Zealand lawyers and judges have ceased to wear wigs except for special ceremonial occasions such as openings of Parliament or the calling of newly qualified barristers to the bar. In Canada lawyers and judges do not wear wigs.

text: A number of celebrities, including Donna Summer, Dolly Parton, Sia Furler, Katy Perry, Melanie Martinez, Lady Gaga, Diana Ross & The Supremes, Tina Turner and Raquel Welch have popularized wigs. Cher has worn all kinds of wigs in the last 40 years- from blonde to black, and curly to straight. They may also be worn for fun as part of fancy dress (costume wearing), when they can be of outlandish colour or made from tinsel. They are quite common at Halloween, when "rubber wigs" (solid bald cap-like hats, shaped like hair), are sold at some stores.

text: Jewish law requires married women to cover their hair for reasons of modesty (tznius). Some women wear wigs, known as sheitels, for this purpose. Orthodox Jewish women such as the Ultra-Orthodox Haredi and Hasidic Jewish women will often wear human-hair wigs. Modern Orthodox Jewish women will usually wear a hat, but exposing the bottom of their hair. And, according to Torat Eretz Yisrael and Minhagei Eretz Yisrael, it is preferable for a married Jewish woman to expose her hair than to don a wig, for the wig actually increases attraction in the public domain and encourages the notion that Halakha is both irrational and intellectually dishonest.[15]

text: Wigs are used in film, theater, and television. In the Japanese film and television genre Jidaigeki, wigs are used extensively to alter appearance to reflect the Edo Period when most stories take place. Only a few actors starring in big-budgeted films and television series will grow their hair so that it may be cut to the appropriate hair style, and forgo using a wig.

text: Wigs are worn by some people on a daily or occasional basis in everyday life. This is sometimes done for reasons of convenience, since wigs can be styled ahead of time. They are also worn by individuals who are experiencing hair loss due to medical reasons (most commonly cancer patients who are undergoing chemotherapy, or those who are suffering from alopecia areata).

text: Some men who crossdress as women wear wigs in different styles to make their hair seem more feminine.

text: Image gallery[edit]

text:
Examples of contemporary wigs

Colourful wigs for costume parties.

An assortment of wigs in display cabinet

Wigs as court dress.

A Japanese wig for traditional hairstyle

text: Manufacture[edit]

text: In the 18th and 19th centuries, wig makers were called perruquiers, There are two methods of attaching hair to wigs. The first and oldest is to weave the root ends of the hair onto a stretch of three silk threads to form a sort of fringe called a "weft". The wefts are then sewn to a foundation made of net or other material.[16] In modern times, the wefts can also be made (a warp is the vertical thread of a weave, the weft is the horizontal thread) with a specially adapted sewing machine, reducing the amount of hand labour involved. In the 19th century another method came into use. A small hook called a "ventilating needle" or "knotting needle", similar to the tambour hooks used for decorating fabric with chain-stitch embroidery at that period, is used to knot a few strands of hair at a time directly to a suitable foundation material. This newer method produces a lighter and more natural looking wig. High quality custom wigs, and those used for film and theatrical productions are usually done this way. It is also possible to combine the two techniques, using weft for the main part of the wig and ventilating hair at the edges and partings to give a fine finish.

text: Measurement[edit]

text: Making custom wigs starts with measuring the subject's head. The natural hair is arranged in flat curls against the head as the various measurements are taken. It is often helpful to make a pattern from layers of transparent adhesive tape applied over a piece of plastic wrap, on which the natural hairline can be traced accurately. These measurements are then transferred to the "block", a wooden or cork-stuffed canvas form the same size and shape as the client's head.[17][18]

text: Foundation[edit]

text: Depending on the style of the wig, a foundation is made of net or other material, different sizes and textures of mesh being used for different parts of the wig. The edges and other places might be trimmed and reinforced with a narrow ribbon called "galloon". Sometimes flesh colored silk or synthetic material is applied where it will show through the hair at crown and partings, and small bones or elastic are inserted to make the wig fit securely. Theatrical, and some fine custom wigs have a fine, flesh colored net called "hair lace" at the front which is very inconspicuous in wear and allows the hair to look as if it is coming directly from the skin underneath. These are usually referred to as "lace front wigs".[19]

text: Hair preparation[edit]

text: Natural hair, either human or from an animal such as a goat or yak, must be carefully sorted so that the direction of growth is maintained, root to root, and point to point. Because of the scale-like structure of the cuticle of a hair shaft, if some hairs get turned the wrong way, they will ride backwards against their neighbors and cause tangles and matting. The highest quality of hair has never been bleached or colored, and has been carefully sorted to ensure the direction is correct. This process is called "turning". For less expensive wigs, this labour-intensive sorting process is substituted by "processing" the hair. It is treated with a strong base solution which partially dissolves the cuticle leaving the strands smooth. It is then bleached and dyed to the required shade and given a synthetic resin finish which partially restores the strength and luster of the now damaged hair. Synthetic fiber, of course, is simply manufactured in the required colors, and has no direction.

text: The wigmaker will choose the type, length and colors of hair required by the design of the wig and blend them by pulling the hair through the upright teeth of a brush-like tool called a "hackle" which also removes tangles and any short or broken strands. The hair is placed on one of a pair of short-bristled brushes called "drawing brushes" with the root ends extending over one edge; the edge facing the wigmaker (or properly called, boardworker), and the second brush is pressed down on top of it so that a few strands can be withdrawn at a time, leaving the rest undisturbed.[19]

text: Adding the hair[edit]

text: Weft structured wigs can have the wefts sewn to the foundation by hand, while it is on the block or, as is common with mass-produced wigs, sewn to a ready-made base by skilled sewing machine operators. Ventilated (hand knotted) wigs have the hair knotted directly to the foundation, a few strands at a time while the foundation is fastened to the block. With the hair folded over the finger, the wigmaker pulls a loop of hair under the mesh, and then moves the hook forward to catch both sides of the loop. The ends are pulled through the loop and the knot is tightened for a "single knot", or a second loop is pulled though the first before finishing for a "double knot". Typically, the bulkier but more secure double knot is used over the majority of the wig and the less obvious single knot at the edges and parting areas. A skilled wigmaker will consider the number of strands of hair used and the direction of each knot to give the most natural effect possible.[20]

text: It takes generally six heads of hair to make a full human hair wig.[citation needed]

text: Styling[edit]

text: At this point, the hair on the wig is all the same length. The wig must be styled into the desired form in much the same manner as a regular stylist.[18]

text: Fitting[edit]

text: The subject's natural hair is again knotted tightly against the head and the wig is applied. Any remaining superfluous wiglace is trimmed away. Hairpins can be used to secure the lace to the hair and occasionally, skin-safe adhesives are used to adhere the wig against bald skin and to better hide any exposed lace. Finishing touches are done to the hair styling to achieve the desired effect.[18]

text: Types of human hair wigs[edit]

text: There are two basic kinds of hair wigs: The traditional machine stitched weft wig and the hand tied lace wig. The machine stitched wigs are still the most widely worn wigs today. The hair is sewn on a stretch weft material and come with back straps for adjusting to various head sizes. These wigs are typically pre-styled and lack any kind of realistic expectations.

text: Lace wigs are quickly becoming one of the most sought after wigs among wig wearers. The illusion of hair growing from the scalp is the feature that makes this wig the best of the best when it comes to wearing fake hair. These wigs are made with a French or Swiss lace material base. They are made as a full lace or partial lace front with a stretch weft back. Each hair strand is individually stitched into a lace material which creates the natural look of hair at the base. This is where the term "hand tied" originates.

text: Hair type is the distinguishing factor in human hair wigs. Four main types of hair are used in manufacturing : Chinese or "Malaysian", Indian, Indonesian or "Brazilian", and Caucasian or "European". The majority of human hair wigs are made of Chinese or Indian hair, while European hair is considered the most expensive and rare, as most donors are from Russia or Northern Europe, where there is a smaller portion of hair donors to the market.

text: Remy human hair is considered to be the best quality of human hair because the cuticles are kept intact and not stripped away. The preserved cuticles are also aligned in a unidirectional manner, which decreases tangling and matting.[21] It has been carefully separated after collecting from the hair donor to ensure all the cuticles are of the same length.

text: Notable wig designers[edit]

text:
Willy Clarkson, who created wigs for London's West End theatre productions
Nina Lawson, ran the Metropolitan Opera wig department from 1956 to 1987.
Paul Huntley, working from New York, originally from London[22]
Peter Owen, Bristol, United Kingdom[23]
Peter King, Bristol, United Kingdom[24]
Terry Jarvis, London, United Kingdom[25]

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document_title: Slavery in the British and French Caribbean

question_text: when was slavery abolished in the british caribbean

text: History[edit]

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (August 2013)

text: In the Caribbean, Britain colonised the islands of St. Kitts and Barbados in 1623 and 1627 respectively, and later, Jamaica in 1655. These and other Caribbean colonies became the center of wealth and the focus of the slave trade for the growing English empire.[1]

text: As of 1778, the French were importing approximately 13,000 Africans for enslavement to the French West Indies.[2]

text: General overview[edit]

text: The Lesser Antilles islands of Barbados, St. Kitts, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Antigua, Martinique, Guadeloupe, Saint Lucia and Dominica were the first important slave societies of the Caribbean, switching to slavery by the end of the 17th century as their economies converted from tobacco to sugar production. By the middle of the 18th century, British Jamaica and French Saint-Domingue (now Haiti) had become the largest slave societies of the region, rivaling Brazil as a destination for enslaved Africans.

text: The death rates for black slaves in these islands were higher than birth rates. The decrease averaged about 3 percent per year in Jamaica and 4 percent a year in the smaller islands. The diary of slaveowner Thomas Thistlewood of Jamaica details violence against slaves, and constitutes important historical documentation of the conditions for Caribbean slaves.

text: For centuries slavery made sugarcane production economical. The low level of technology made production difficult and labor-intensive. At the same time, the demand for sugar was rising, particularly in Great Britain. The French colony of Saint-Domingue quickly began to out-produce all of the British islands combined. Though sugar was driven by slavery, rising costs for the British made it easier for the British abolitionists to be heard.

text: Anglo-American slavery[edit]

text: The slavery system that developed in the Lesser Antilles was an outgrowth of the demand for sugar and other crops. The Spanish loosened its foothold in the Caribbean during the first half of the 17th century which allowed the British to settle several islands and to ultimately seize Jamaica in 1655. To protect these investments, the British would later place a contingent of the Royal Navy in Port Royal.[3]

text: In 1640 the English began sugar production with the help of the Dutch. This started the Anglo-American plantation societies which would later be led by Jamaica after it was fully developed. At its peak production between 1740-1807 Jamaica received 33% of the total slaves that were imported in order to keep up its production. Other crops besides sugar were also cultivated on the plantations. Tobacco, coffee, and livestock were all produced as well using slave labor. Sugar however stands out most prominently due to its exorbitant popularity during the time period and the dangers of its production, which claimed the lives of many.[4]

text: England had multiple sugar islands in the Caribbean, especially Jamaica, Barbados, Nevis, and Antigua, which provided a steady flow of sugar sales; slave labor produced the sugar.[5] An important result of Britain's victory in the War of the Spanish Succession (1702–1714) was enlarging its role in the slave trade.[6] Of special importance was the successful secret negotiation with France to obtain a 30-year monopoly on the Spanish slave trade, called the Asiento. Queen Anne of Great Britain also allowed her North American colonies like Virginia to make laws that promoted black slavery. Anne had secretly negotiated with France to get its approval regarding the Asiento.[7] She boasted to Parliament of her success in taking the Asiento away from France and London celebrated her economic coup.[8] Most of the slave trade involved sales to Spanish colonies in the Caribbean, and to Mexico, as well as sales to British colonies in the Caribbean and in North America.[9] Historian Vinita Ricks says the agreement allotted Queen Anne "22.5% (and King Philip V, of Spain 28%) of all profits collected for her personal fortune." Ricks concludes that the Queen's "connection to slave trade revenue meant that she was no longer a neutral observer. She had a vested interest in what happened on slave ships."[10][11]

text: The slaves incoming to the Anglo-American colonies were at high risk both mentally and physically. The Middle Passage alone accounted for roughly 10% of all deaths. Some experts believe that one out of every three slaves died before ever reaching their African port of departure. It should be mentioned that the majority of Anglo-American slaves came from Western Central Africa. These factors and others caused many slaves on arrival to feel alienated, fragile, and that death was right around the corner. The conditions suffered by slaves during the voyages were hostile. The slaves were placed in close quarters, fed barely enough to sustain them, and oftentimes they fell victim to diseases contracted prior to the voyage. The slaves would not see sunlight during this period and were prone to both weight loss and scurvy.[12]

text: The living and working conditions in the Lesser Antilles were very harsh for the slaves that were brought in to work the plantations. The average life of a slave after "adjusting" to the climate and environmental conditions of Jamaica was expected to be less than two decades. This was due to their limited familiarly and immune defense against the diseases and illnesses present in Jamaica. Disease decimated incoming slave populations. Attempts were made to help curtail the problem, but ultimately were fruitless.[13]

text: To help protect their investments, most planters would not immediately give the hardest tasks to the newest slaves. Slave owners would also set up a walled area away from the veteran slaves in order to stymie the spread of disease. These areas would contain 100–200 slaves at any time. Later, after new slaves had been bought, they would be placed into the care of older and more experienced slaves who were already accustomed to the plantation in hopes of increasing their chances for survival. Examples of tasks assigned to new slaves include planting and constructing buildings. Though newer slaves typically formed supportive relationships with veteran slaves taking, these relationships were not always positive, and abuse did occur.

text: Sugar production in the Lesser Antilles was a very grisly business. On Jamaica from 1829 to 1832 the average mortality rate for slaves on sugar plantations was 35.1 deaths per 1000 enslaved. The most dangerous part of the sugar plantation was the cane planting. Cane planting during this era consisted of clearing land, digging the holes for the plants, and more. Overseers used the whip in an attempt to both motivate and punish slaves. The slaves themselves were also working and living with barely adequate nourishment and in times of hard work would often be starved. This contributed to low birth rates and the high mortality rates for the slaves. Some experts believe that the average infant mortality at plantations to be 50% or even higher. This extremely high rate of infant mortality meant that the slave population that existed in the Lesser Antilles was not self-sustaining, thus requiring a constant importation of new slaves. Living and working conditions on non-sugar plantations was considered to be better, however, only marginally.[14]

text: Abolition[edit]

text: Slavery was first abolished by the French Republic in 1794, but Napoleon revoked that decree in 1802.[15] In 1815, the Republic[clarification needed] abolished the slave trade but the decree did not come into effect until 1826.[16] France re-abolished slavery in her colonies in 1848 with a general and unconditional emancipation.[17][18]

text: William Wilberforce's Slave Trade Act 1807 abolished the slave trade in the British Empire. It was not until the Slavery Abolition Act 1833 that the institution finally was abolished, but on a gradual basis.[19] Since slave owners in the various colonies (not only the Caribbean) were losing their unpaid labourers, the government set aside £20 million for compensation but it did not offer the former slaves reparations.[20][21]

text: Effects of the abolition[edit]

text: With the abolition of the slave trade in 1807, the new British colony of Trinidad was left with a shortage of labour. This shortage became worse after the abolition of slavery in 1833. To deal with this problem, Trinidad imported indentured servants from the 1810s until 1917. Initially Chinese, free West Africans, and Portuguese from the island of Madeira were imported, but they were soon supplanted by Indians who started arriving from 1845. Indentured Indians would prove to be an adequate alternative for the plantations that formerly relied upon slave labour. In addition, numerous former slaves migrated from the Lesser Antilles to Trinidad to work.

text: In 1811 on Tortola in the British Virgin Islands, Arthur William Hodge, a wealthy plantation owner and Council member, became the first person to be hanged for the murder of a slave.

text: Whitehall in Britain announced in 1833 that the gradual abolition would end by 1840; by then, and slaves in its territories would be totally freed. In the meantime, the government told slaves they had to remain on their plantations and would have the status of "apprentices" for the next six years. On 1 August 1834 in Trinidad, an unarmed group of mainly elderly Negroes being addressed by the Governor at Government House about the new apprenticeship laws, began chanting: "Pas de six ans. Point de six ans" ("Not six years. No six years"), drowning out the voice of the Governor. Peaceful protests continued until a resolution to abolish apprenticeship was passed and de facto freedom was achieved. This made Trinidad the first British colony with slaves to completely abolish slavery.[19] The successful resistance of the implementation of the full six-year term of the Apprenticeship system and Abolition of Slavery in Trinidad was marked by ex-slaves and free coloureds joining in celebrations thru the streets in what became known as their annual Canboulay celebrations. This event in Trinidad influenced full emancipation in the other British colonies which was legally granted two years ahead of schedule on 1 August 1838.

text: After Great Britain abolished slavery, it began to pressure other nations to do the same. France finally abolished slavery in 1848. By then Saint-Domingue had already won its independence and formed the independent Republic of Haiti. French-controlled islands were then limited to a few smaller islands in the Lesser Antilles.


document_title: Murder, She Wrote

question_text: when does jessica fletcher moved to new york

text: Murder, She Wrote

text: History[edit]

text: Origin[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Series producers Peter S. Fischer, Richard Levinson and William Link thought Lansbury would be perfect for the part of Jessica Fletcher but did not think that she would be interested in a television series. Earlier, she had acted in two film adaptations of Agatha Christie's mystery novels: as Salome Otterbourne in Death on the Nile and as the famous sleuth Miss Marple in The Mirror Crack'd (1980). When the latter film did poorly—despite an all star cast including Rock Hudson, Elizabeth Taylor, Kim Novak, and Tony Curtis—the offer for Lansbury to reprise Miss Marple in three more films never materialized.[10]

text: When she made it known she would be available if the right project came along, the trio of creators sent her the script and almost immediately, Lansbury felt she could do something with the role of Jessica Fletcher. With Murder, She Wrote debuting on Sunday, September 30, 1984, the producers were able to parlay their "mystery writer/amateur detective" premise into a 12-year hit for CBS. It also made Lansbury, known previously for her motion picture and Broadway stage work, a household name for millions of television viewers. The title comes from Murder, She Said, which was the title of a 1961 film adaptation of Agatha Christie's Miss Marple novel 4:50 from Paddington.

text: Premise[edit]

text: The show revolves around the day-to-day life of Jessica Fletcher, a childless, widowed, retired English teacher who becomes a successful mystery writer. Despite fame and fortune, Jessica remains a resident of Cabot Cove, a small coastal community in Maine, and maintains her links with all of her old friends, never letting her success go to her head. Exterior shots of Cabot Cove were filmed in Mendocino, California. The fictional "Cabot Cove" name for the series' coastal town was derived from the name of an actual bay harbor inlet in Kennebunkport, Maine, located near the town's center, on the road where motels and lobster shack dives are located.

text: The show mostly starts with a preview of the episode's events, with Jessica stating: "Tonight On Murder, She Wrote..." Jessica invariably proves more perceptive than the official investigators of a case, who are almost always willing to arrest the most likely suspect. By carefully piecing the clues together and asking astute questions, she always manages to trap the real murderer. Murder occurred with such regularity in her vicinity that the term "Cabot Cove syndrome" was coined to describe the constant appearance of dead bodies in remote locations. Indeed, if Cabot Cove existed in real life, it would top the FBI's national crime statistics in numerous categories, with some analysis suggesting that the homicide rate in Cabot Cove exceeds even that of the real-life murder capital of the world.[11] Fan theories have even arisen that Jessica herself is murdering these people since there is no better explanation for the sheer number of murders she encounters throughout the long run of the series besides her involvement in all of them.[12]

text: Jessica's relationship with law enforcement officials varies from place to place. Both sheriffs of Cabot Cove resign themselves to having her meddle in their cases. However, most detectives and police officers do not want her anywhere near their crime scenes, until her accurate deductions convince them to listen to her. Some are happy to have her assistance from the start, often because they are fans of her books. With time, she makes friends in many police departments across the U.S., as well as with a British police officer attached to Scotland Yard. At the start of season eight, more of the stories were set in New York City with Jessica moving into an apartment there part-time in order to teach criminology.

text: Some programmes appeared to allegorise contemporaneous events. For example, the Season 5 (1988-89) Episode (No. 102) "From Russia With Blood" could represent the Soviet Union's beginnings on introducing Glasnost and Perestroika.[13]

text: Ending[edit]

text: By August 1988, when Lansbury expressed weariness of her commitment, the series was expected to end in May 1989. Nevertheless, she continued in the role, with a few changes made. For the next two seasons, Lansbury reduced her appearances in several episodes, only appearing at the beginning and the end, to introduce stories starring several friends of Jessica, like PI Harry McGraw, reformed thief Dennis Stanton or MI5 agent Michael Hagarty. The "experiment" ended in 1991.[14]

text: By the end of the 1994–95 season, Murder, She Wrote's 11th season, CBS moved the network's then-longest-running weekly series to Thursday nights at 8 p.m. This put the series in direct competition with the first hour of NBC's Must See TV lineup, which had been drawing the highest ratings of the week for any network for years. Despite protests of many of the show's fans (who believed CBS was intentionally setting the show up to fail in its new timeslot), CBS refused to budge on the new timeslot. Murder, She Wrote plummeted from eighth to 58th in the yearly ratings; the series lost nearly 6 million viewers as the audience was not willing to follow it to Thursday, which left CBS with little choice but to end Murder, She Wrote after 12 seasons in August 1996.

text: To soften the blow, the network agreed to air the final four episodes in its original Sunday night timeslot, as well as commission four Murder, She Wrote movies over the next few years: the first was South by Southwest (1997), with three more following as A Story to Die For (2000), The Last Free Man (2001), and The Celtic Riddle (2003).[15]

text: Lansbury stated in May 2011 that she would like to make a comeback appearance as Jessica Fletcher.[16]

text: However, in a 2015 interview, Lansbury quashed the idea of reprising the much beloved character stating, "I think it would be a downer. In some way, we’d have to show her as a much older woman, and I think it’s better to maintain that picture we have in our mind’s eye of her as a vigorous person. I’m still pretty vigorous, especially in the garden … but if I wanted to transform myself back into the woman I looked like then, it would be ridiculous. And I can't do that."[17] She then expressed interest in revisiting the character again in 2017.[18]

text: Cast[edit]

text: Regular cast[edit]

text:
Angela Lansbury as Jessica Fletcher (1984–1996; 264 episodes), a retired English teacher who, after being widowed in her early fifties, becomes a very successful mystery writer.
William Windom as Dr. Seth Hazlitt (1985–1996; 49 episodes), the local doctor of Cabot Cove and one of Jessica's best friends and most intrepid supporters. There is a hint that Dr. Hazlitt may want to be more than a platonic friend but this possibility was never explored. In the season one finale, Windom portrayed Sam Breen, a lawyer who jointly murdered the victim in that episode.
Tom Bosley as Sheriff Amos Tupper (1984–1988; 19 episodes), Cabot Cove's sheriff at the start of the series. Tupper later retires and goes to live with his sister.
Ron Masak as Sheriff Mort Metzger (1988–1996; 38 episodes), a former NYPD officer who takes Tupper's place as sheriff in the mistaken belief that he would be living in a more peaceful place. His unseen wife, Adele, a former Marine capable of prodigious acts of strength, teaches self-defense classes. In an earlier episode, Masak portrayed a different character, a store owner in trouble with the IRS, trying to get out of trouble by selling his business. He also portrayed a police officer investigating the murder of an author in another season one episode.
Louis Herthum as Deputy Andy Broom (1991–1996, 25 episodes)

text: Recurring cast[edit]

text:
Michael Horton as Grady Fletcher (1984–1995; 12 episodes), Jessica's not-so-lucky favorite nephew, who (through no fault of his own) always seems to get in trouble with the law. After many romantic disasters, he gets married later in the series. In real life, Horton is married to actress Debbie Zipp, who played Grady's eventual wife, Donna Mayberry, in several episodes. (The two were married before working together on Murder, She Wrote.)
Jerry Orbach as Harry McGraw (1985–1991; 6 episodes), an old-school private investigator who becomes friends with Jessica. Orbach was popular enough to garner his own, short-lived spin-off series in 1987, The Law & Harry McGraw.
Len Cariou as Michael Hagarty (1985–1992; 7 episodes), a British MI5 agent who would appear when Jessica least expected him to drag her into a dangerous case. Cariou had previously starred with Lansbury on Broadway in Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street as the titular character.
Richard Paul as Sam Booth (1986–1991; 7 episodes), the genial, ineffectual mayor of Cabot Cove whose main campaign promise is that he will do nothing, and that's exactly why the people of Cabot Cove vote for him.
Julie Adams as Eve Simpson (1987–1993; 10 episodes), the Cabot Cove realtor with a great love for men, both single and married, and for gossiping.
Ruth Roman as Loretta Speigel (1987–1989; 3 episodes), Cabot Cove's lovelorn hairdresser, also an inveterate gossip.
Keith Michell as Dennis Stanton (1988–1993; 9 episodes), a suave English former jewel thief turned insurance claims investigator, who always solves his cases using unusual methods, and often sends a copy of the story to Jessica afterwards. Stanton's assistant, Rhoda, who appeared in most or all of the Stanton-related episodes, was played by Hallie Todd. Many of the episodes starring Michell do not involve Jessica, and usually begin with her introducing the story to the audience invoking the fourth wall.
Wayne Rogers as Charlie Garrett (1993–1995; 5 episodes), a disreputable private investigator who usually gets into trouble and needs Jessica's help.
Claude Akins as Ethan Cragg (1984; 4 episodes), Jessica's fisherman friend.
Herb Edelman as Artie Gelber (1984-1995, 10 episodes), a NYPD Lieutenant and Jessica's friend.

text: Guest stars[edit]

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired

First aired
Last aired

1
22
September 30, 1984 (1984-09-30)
April 21, 1985 (1985-04-21)

2
22
September 29, 1985 (1985-09-29)
May 18, 1986 (1986-05-18)

3
22
September 28, 1986 (1986-09-28)
May 10, 1987 (1987-05-10)

4
22
September 20, 1987 (1987-09-20)
May 8, 1988 (1988-05-08)

5
22
October 23, 1988 (1988-10-23)
May 21, 1989 (1989-05-21)

6
22
September 24, 1989 (1989-09-24)
May 20, 1990 (1990-05-20)

7
22
September 16, 1990 (1990-09-16)
May 12, 1991 (1991-05-12)

8
22
September 15, 1991 (1991-09-15)
May 17, 1992 (1992-05-17)

9
22
September 20, 1992 (1992-09-20)
May 16, 1993 (1993-05-16)

10
21
September 12, 1993 (1993-09-12)
May 22, 1994 (1994-05-22)

11
21
September 25, 1994 (1994-09-25)
May 14, 1995 (1995-05-14)

12
24
September 21, 1995 (1995-09-21)
May 19, 1996 (1996-05-19)

Movies
4
November 2, 1997 (1997-11-02)
May 9, 2003 (2003-05-09)

text: Crossover with Magnum, P.I.[edit]

text: The episode of Magnum, P.I. entitled "Magnum on Ice" concludes a crossover that begins on the earlier Magnum, P.I. episode "Novel Connection". In the episode's plot, Jessica comes to Hawaii to investigate an attempt to murder Robin Masters' guests, then tries to clear Magnum when he's accused of killing the hitman.[citation needed]

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text: Over its twelve-year run Murder, She Wrote received numerous award nominations. Lansbury herself holds the record for the most Emmy nominations for outstanding lead actress in a drama series with twelve, one for each season. She never won, which is also a record. Mary Dodson, the art director for 102 of the series' 264 episodes, received three Emmy nominations for her work on Murder, She Wrote.[19]

text:
Group
Award
Year(s)
Result

Emmy Awards
Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series (Angela Lansbury)
1985–96
Nominated

Outstanding Music Composition for a Series (John Addison)
1985[20]
Won

Outstanding Music Composition for a Series (Bruce Babcock)
1993, 1995
Nominated

Outstanding Costume Design for a Series (Alfred E. Lehman)
1986[20]
Won

Golden Globe Awards
Best TV Series – Drama
1985, 1986
Won

Best TV Series – Drama
1987–90
Nominated

Best Performance by an Actress in a TV Series – Drama (Angela Lansbury)
1985, 1987, 1990 & 1992
Won

Best Performance by an Actress in a TV Series – Drama (Angela Lansbury)
1986, 1988, 1989, 1991, 1993 & 1995
Nominated

Edgar Awards
Best Episode of a TV Series ("Deadly Lady")
1985
Won

Best Episode of a TV Series ("The Dead File")
1993
Nominated

Screen Actors Guild Awards
Best Performance by an Actress in a TV Series – Drama (Angela Lansbury)
1995
Nominated

text: U.S. television ratings[edit]

text: Murder, She Wrote maintained extremely high ratings finishing in the top 15 of shows for eleven of its 12 seasons (eight of which it was in the top 10), even well into its late seasons. By its 11th season, Murder, She Wrote was still averaging 25 million viewers per week. However, at the beginning of its 12th season in 1995, CBS moved the show from its extremely popular Sunday night time slot to Thursday night forcing it to compete with NBC's Must See TV line up, and as a result the ratings plummeted. The show rated as the following:

text:
Television ratings

Season
Episodes
Time slot (ET)
Season premiere
Season finale
Rank
Rating

1
1984–85
22
Sunday at 8:00 pm (Episodes 1, 3-23)
Sunday at 9:00 pm (Episode 2)
September 30, 1984
April 21, 1985
#8[21]
20.1

2
1985–86
22
Sunday at 8:00 pm
September 29, 1985
May 18, 1986
#3[22]
25.3

3
1986–87
22
September 28, 1986
May 10, 1987
#4[23]
25.4

4
1987–88
22
September 20, 1987
May 8, 1988
#9[24]
20.2

5
1988–89
22
October 23, 1988
May 21, 1989
#8[25]
19.9

6
1989–90
22
September 24, 1989
May 20, 1990
#13[26]
17.7

7
1990–91
22
September 16, 1990
May 12, 1991
#12[27]
16.4

8
1991–92
22
September 15, 1991
May 17, 1992
#8[28]
16.9

9
1992–93
22
September 20, 1992
May 16, 1993
#5[29]
17.7

10
1993–94
21
September 12, 1993
May 22, 1994
#11[30]
16.0

11
1994–95
21
September 25, 1994
May 14, 1995
#8[31]
15.6

12
1995–96
24
Thursday at 8:00 pm (Episodes 1-12, 14-17, 19-20)
Sunday at 8:00 pm (Episodes 13, 18, 21-24)
September 21, 1995
May 19, 1996
#58[32]
9.50

text: Abandoned reboot[edit]

text: Deadline Hollywood reported in October 2013 that NBC was planning a reboot of the series, starring Oscar-winning actress Octavia Spencer as a "hospital administrator and amateur sleuth who self-publishes her first mystery novel."[33]

text: Lansbury commented that she was not a fan of using the title, saying "I think it's a mistake to call it 'Murder, She Wrote,' because 'Murder, She Wrote' will always be about Cabot Cove and this wonderful little group of people who told those lovely stories and enjoyed a piece of that place, and also enjoyed Jessica Fletcher, who is a rare and very individual kind of person." Early on it was decided by producers that Spencer's character would not be named Jessica Fletcher, for only Lansbury could play Jessica Fletcher.[34] It was announced on January 21, 2014, that the reboot would not be going forward.[35]

text: International syndication[edit]

text: Since its original run on CBS, Murder, She Wrote has been syndicated in many countries around the world.

text:
Country
Channel(s)
Title
Literal translation
Language

 Argentina
-
Reportera del crimen
Crime Reporter
Spanish dubbed

 Australia
Nine Network,
Network Ten,
TV1,
GO!,
GEM,
111 Greats,
FOX Classics,
ABC,
13th Street
Murder, She Wrote

English

 Austria
ORF,
Puls 4
Mord ist ihr Hobby
Murder Is Her Hobby
German dubbed

 Belgium: Flanders
VTM,
VIJFtv
Murder, She Wrote

English,
Dutch subtitles

 Belgium: Wallonia
La Une
Arabesque

French dubbed

 Brazil
Universal Channel
Assassinato por Escrito
Written Murder
Portuguese dubbed

 Bulgaria
Fox Crime,
Diema,
AXN,
AXN White
Убийство по сценарий
Murder by Script
Bulgarian dubbed, Bulgarian subtitles

 Canada
Vision TV
Murder, She Wrote

English

 Canada: Quebec
TQS
Elle écrit au meurtre
She Writes "Murder!"[36]
French dubbed

 Chile
Canal 13
Reportera del crimen
Crime Reporter
Spanish dubbed

 Croatia
HRT
Ubojstvo, napisala je
Murder, She Wrote
English,
Croatian subtitles

 Czech Republic
Nova,
Prima
To je vražda, napsala
That Is Murder, She Wrote
Czech dubbed

 Denmark
DR 1,
DR 2,
TV 3
Hun så et mord
She Saw a Murder
English,
Danish subtitles

 Estonia
TV3
Mõrv sai teoks
Murder Became True
English,
Estonian subtitles

 Fiji
FBC TV
Murder She Wrote

English

 Finland
YLE TV1,
MTV3 Sarja, Kolmoskanava,
TV5
Murhasta tuli totta
Murder Became True
English,
Finnish subtitles

 France
La Cinq,
TF1,
TV Breizh, TMC
Arabesque
Arabesque
French dubbed

 Germany
ARD,
RTL,
Super RTL,
Sat.1 Gold,
TNT Serie,
kabel eins,
WDR,
Einsfestival,
rbb
Immer, wenn sie Krimis schrieb;
Mord ist ihr Hobby
Whenever She Wrote Crime Novels;
Murder is Her Hobby
German dubbed, original English version

 Greece
Star Channel
Η συγγραφέας ντετέκτιβ
The Detective Writer
English,
Greek subtitles

 Hungary
Viasat 3
Gyilkos sorok
Murderous Lines
Hungarian dubbed

 India
Star Plus
Murder, She Wrote

English

 Ireland
RTÉ One
Murder, She Wrote

English

 Israel
HOT
Israel 10
רצח במשיכת קולמוס
Murder With a Stroke of Pen
English,
Hebrew subtitles

 Italy
Rai Uno,
Fox Crime,
Rai Due
Rete 4
La signora in giallo
The Lady in Yellow[37]
Italian dubbed

 Japan
NHK,
Mystery Channel,
LaLa TV,
Chiba TV,
Gunma TV
ジェシカおばさんの事件簿
Jessica obasan no jikenbo
Auntie Jessica's Case Files
Japanese dubbed

 Kuwait
KTV 2
Murder, She Wrote

English,
Arabic subtitles

 Latvia
LTV
Fox Crime
Noziegumam pa pēdām
On the Trail of the Crime
Latvian dubbed

 Lithuania
TV3
Džesika Flečer
Jessica Fletcher
Lithuanian dubbed

 Macedonia
Fox Crime
Убиство, таа напиша
Murder, She Wrote
Macedonia dubbed

 Mexico
4TV (former),
Universal Channel (former),
FX Latin America (current)
La reportera del crimen
The Crime Reporter
Spanish dubbed

 Netherlands
RTL 8,
NCRV,
13th Street Universal
Murder, She Wrote

English,
Dutch subtitles

 New Zealand
TV One,
TV2,
TV3
Murder, She Wrote

English

 Norway
TV3,
NRK1
Jessica Fletcher
Jessica Fletcher
English,
Norwegian subtitles

 Pakistan
Pakistan Television,
PTV1
Murder, She Wrote

English

 Philippines
GMA Network,
RJTV 29
Murder, She Wrote

English

 Poland
13th Street,
AXN,
AXN Crime
Napisała: Morderstwo
Murder, She Wrote
English,
Polish voice-over translation

 Portugal
RTP 1,
FOX CRIME
Crime, Disse Ela
Crime, She Said
English,
Portuguese subtitles

 Romania
Pro Cinema,
TVR 2,
AXN Crime,
AXN White,
AXN Spin
Verdict: Crimă
Verdict: Murder
English,
Romanian subtitles

 Russia
NTV,
Domashny
Она написала убийство
Murder, She Wrote
Russian dubbed

 Serbia
FOX Crime
Pisac i detektiv
A Writer and a Detective
English,
Serbian subtitles

 Slovakia
Markíza
To je vražda, napísala
Murder, She Wrote
Slovak dubbed

 Slovenia
RTVSLO
Kanal A
FOX Crime
TV3 Slovenia
Umor, je napisala
Murder, She Wrote
Slovene dubbed

 South Africa
TV1
SABC Encore
Murder, She Wrote

English

 South Korea
MBC
제시카의 추리 극장
Jessica-eui Churi Geukjang
Jessica's Detective Theatre
Korean dubbed

 Spain
TVE,
Calle 13,
Atresseries
Se ha escrito un crimen
A Crime Has Been Written
Spanish dubbed

 Spain: Catalonia
TV3
S'ha escrit un crim
A Crime Has Been Written
Catalan dubbed

 Spain: Galicia
TVG
Escribiuse un crime
A Crime Has Been Written
Galician dubbed

 Sweden
TV3,
TV4 Guld
Mord och inga visor
Murder and No Melodies[38]
English,
Swedish subtitles

 Turkey
TRT 1,
Star TV,
Kanal D
TNT Türkiye
Cinayet Dosyası
Murder File
Turkish dubbed

 Ukraine
СТБ
Вона написала вбивство
Murder, She Wrote
Ukrainian dubbed

 United Kingdom
ITV,
ITV3,
ITV4,
BBC1,
BBC2,
True Entertainment
Murder, She Wrote

English

 United States
Hallmark Movie Channel,
TV Land,
Cozi TV
Murder, She Wrote

English

 Uruguay
Monte Carlo Televisión
Reportera del crimen
Crime Reporter
Spanish dubbed

 Venezuela
Televen
Reportera del crimen
Crime Reporter
Spanish dubbed

text: Merchandise[edit]

text: In 1985, Warren Company released a Murder, She Wrote board game. In the game, one player takes the hidden role of a killer and the other players try to determine which player is the killer through deduction. The killer is successful if he or she can kill five of the characters on the game-board and escape, while the detective players win by correctly deducing the identity of the killer.

text: In December 2009, casual game developer and publisher Legacy Interactive, under license with Universal Pictures Digital Platforms Group (UPDPG), announced the release a PC and Macintosh video game based on the television series. In the game, players help Jessica Fletcher to solve five unusual murders.[39][40] A sequel, Murder She Wrote 2, was launched by Legacy Interactive in November 2012.[41]

text: Multimedia[edit]

text:
List of novels
Home video releases
Mystery Theatre