document_title: Speaker of the Lok Sabha

question_text: who appoints elects the speaker of the lok sabha

root

text: Speaker of the Lok Sabha

text: Powers and functions of the Speaker[edit]

text:
The Speaker of the Lok Sabha conducts the business in house; and decides whether a bill is a money bill or not. They maintain discipline and decorum in the house and can punish a member for their unruly behavior by suspending them. They also permit the moving of various kinds of motions and resolutions such as a motion of no confidence, motion of adjournment, motion of censure and calling attention notice as per the rules. The Speaker decides on the agenda to be taken up for discussion during the meeting. The date of election of the speaker is fixed by the President. Further, all comments and speeches made by members of the House are addressed to the speaker. The speaker also presides over the joint sitting of both Houses of Parliament. The counterpart of the Speaker in the Rajya Sabha is the Chairman, who is the Vice President of India.
In the warrant of precedence, the speaker of Lok Sabha comes next only to The Deputy Prime Minister of India.
Speaker has the sixth rank in the political executive of India.The speaker is answerable to the house. Both the speaker and deputy speaker may be removed by a resolution passed by the majority of the members.

tag: p

text: Removal of the Speaker[edit]

text: Speaker can be removed by the Lok Sabha by a resolution passed by an effective majority of the House as per Articles 94 and 96.

text: Speaker is also removed on getting disqualified for being Lok Sabha member under sections 7 & 8 of Representation of the People Act, 1951.[3] This would arise out of speaker's wrong certification of a bill as money bill inconsistent with the definition given in Articles 110 of the constitution.[4] When courts uphold the unconstitutional act of the speaker for wrong certification of a bill as money bill, it amounts to disrespecting the constitution deserving conviction under Prevention of Insults to National Honour Act, 1971 which is applicable for disqualification of speaker's Lok Sabha membership under section 8k of Representation of the People Act, 1951. However the omissions in the procedure committed by the speaker in the Lok Sabha can not be challenged in court of law per Article 122[5]

text: Pro tem Speaker[edit]

text: After a general election and the formation of a new government, a list of senior Lok Sabha members prepared by the Legislative Section is submitted to the Minister of Parliamentary Affairs, who selects a pro tem speaker. The appointment has to be approved by the president.[6]

text: The first meeting after the election when the Speaker and the Deputy Speaker are selected by members of the Parliament is held under the pro tem Speaker. In absence of the Speaker, the Deputy Speaker acts as Speaker and in the absence of both a committee of six member selected by the Speaker will act as Speaker according to their seniority.

text: Eligibility Criteria Of a Speaker of Loksabha

text: 1) He or She must be a citizen  of India.

text: 2) He or She must not be less than 25 years of  age.

text: 3) He or She should not hold any office of profit under the Government of India,or the Government of any other state.

text: List of Speakers[edit]

text:
No.

Name

Portrait

Term

Party

From

To

Length

Lok Sabha[7]

1

Ganesh Vasudev Mavalankar

15 May 1952

27 February 1956

3 years, 288 days

1st

Indian National Congress

2

M. A. Ayyangar

8 March 1956

10 May 1957

1 year, 63 days

11 May 1957

16 April 1962

4 years, 340 days

2nd

3

Sardar Hukam Singh

17 April 1962

16 March 1967

4 years, 333 days

3rd

4

Neelam Sanjiva Reddy

17 March 1967

19 July 1969

2 years, 124 days

4th

5

Gurdial Singh Dhillon

—

8 August 1969

19 March 1971

1 year, 221 days

22 March 1971

1 December 1975

4 years, 254 days

5th

6

Bali Ram Bhagat

—

15 January 1976

25 March 1977

1 year, 69 days

(4)

Neelam Sanjiva Reddy

26 March 1977

13 July 1977

109 days

6th

Janata Party

7

K. S. Hegde

21 July 1977

21 January 1980

2 years, 184 days

8

Balram Jakhar

22 January 1980

27 oct 1984

3 years, 358 days

7th

Indian National Congress

16 January 1985

18 December 1989

4 years, 336 days

8th

9

Rabi Ray

—

19 December 1989

9 July 1991

1 year, 202 days

9th

Janata Dal

10

Shivraj Patil

10 July 1991

22 May 1996

4 years, 317 days

10th

Indian National Congress

11

P. A. Sangma

23 May 1996

23 March 1998

1 year, 304 days

11th

12

G. M. C. Balayogi

—

24 March 1998

19 October 1999

1 year, 209 days

12th

Telugu Desam Party

22 October 1999

3 March 2002

2 years, 132 days

13th

13

Manohar Joshi

10 May 2002

2 June 2004

2 years, 23 days

Shiv Sena

14

Somnath Chatterjee

4 June 2004

31 May 2009

4 years, 361 days

14th

Communist Party of India (Marxist)

15

Meira Kumar

4 June 2009

4 June 2014

5 years, 0 days

15th

Indian National Congress

16

Sumitra Mahajan

5 June 2014

Incumbent

4 years, 144 days

16th

Bharatiya Janata Party


document_title: Ohio State–Penn State football rivalry

question_text: who won the ohio state penn state football game

text: Ohio State–Penn State football rivalry

text: 1912–80: Pre-Big Ten era[edit]

text: Penn State won the first four meetings in the series, however the games were scheduled intermittently between 1912 and 1964. The first ever match-up was held in Columbus, Ohio in November 1912. Penn State, coming off an 8–0–1 season in 1911, shut out Ohio State, 37–0. The game is officially recorded as a forfeit by Ohio State.[1] The first contest held in State College, Pennsylvania was in 1976 where Ohio State beat Penn State, 12–7.

text: In 1980, the two schools played in their first and only postseason bowl, the 1980 Fiesta Bowl. Ohio State's record was 9–3, and Penn State's 10–2. Penn State won, 31–19, at Sun Devil Stadium in Tempe, Arizona.

text: 1993–2000: Penn State enters the Big Ten[edit]

text: Following the 1980 Fiesta Bowl, Penn State and Ohio State did not meet again until Penn State joined the Big Ten in 1993. From 1993 through 2000, Ohio State won 5 of 8 games. Ohio State won the first conference meeting, 24–6. In 1994 Penn State beat Ohio State in the most lopsided win between the 2 teams: 63–14. In 1995, the Nittany Lions were the losing team, losing 28–25 to Ohio State.  In 1996, the Buckeyes beat the Nittany Lions 38–7. The Nittany Lions got revenge next year as Penn State, ranked No. 1 at the time and into November before losing to Michigan, came back from 27–17 to win 31–27.   The two teams split the next two, and Ohio State won in 2000, 45–6. This was the 2nd most lopsided game between the 2 teams and the second largest margin of victory for either team.

text: 2001–10: Paterno vs. Tressel[edit]

text: The 2000s saw several close games between the Buckeyes and the Nittany Lions, as they put long time Penn State head coach Joe Paterno, against Ohio State head coach Jim Tressel. Ohio State went 6–3[2] during this period. What would have been the Buckeyes' seventh win in 2010, along with that entire season, was vacated as a result of players receiving improper benefits. Ohio State won seven Big Ten titles, either shared or outright, in 2002 and 2005 through 2010, although Ohio State vacated the 2010 title due to improper player benefits. Penn State shared titles in 2005 and 2008 with Ohio State.

text: The 2001 game gave Paterno his 324th career win and the record for most wins by a coach in NCAA history. Penn State was suffering through a dismal season with a 1–4 start with Matt Senaca leading the way. Senaca was soon benched in this game where Ohio State climbed to a 27–9 lead and freshman Zack Mills helped Penn State come back and nearly saved their season (Penn State finished 5–6). The following year, Penn State would very nearly beat Ohio State in the Horseshoe, only losing 13–7 to the eventual national champions.

text: In 2005, Penn State was an underdog despite trouncing then-No. 18 Minnesota 44–14 the week before and being undefeated. However, Penn State played defense and shut down the Buckeye ground game.  With the help of a loud and boisterous home crowd, Penn State upset the then-favored Buckeyes 17–10 in State College. The noise level of the stadium as a factor in Ohio State's defeat gained national attention and respect for the Penn State student section, giving birth to the "Whiteout" tradition at Beaver Stadium.  The following year, the Lions were able to get on the board first and maintained a 3–0 lead at halftime. Penn State fumbled while driving for another score in the third quarter and, after a missed Penn State field goal that would have given the Lions a 6–0 lead, the Buckeyes were able to score the game's first touchdown and gain a 7–3 advantage going into the 4th quarter. Ohio State went up 14–3 when QB Troy Smith, attempting to avoid a sack, threw downfield into coverage. Wide Receiver Brian Robiskie was able to catch the pass and avert a Penn State interception. On the next drive Penn State, starting from its own 20, was able to take the ball to the Ohio State 1-yard line before being pushed back and kicking a field goal to cut the OSU lead to 8. Ohio State was able to score twice in the final two minutes of the game on a pair of interceptions thrown by Penn State QB Anthony Morelli that were returned for touchdowns to secure a 28–6 victory.[3]

text: Ohio State entered the 2007 edition at Happy Valley undefeated and ranked #1 in the country. Despite the loud Penn State "whiteout" planned by the Lions' student section, the Buckeyes were able to overcome an early 7–3 deficit to win 37–17.  The 2008 meeting saw Penn State prevail 13–6 at Ohio Stadium, snapping a seven-game losing streak in the Shoe.  The Buckeyes would go on to win in 2009 and 2010, going on to win the Big Ten title each year, but the 2010 victory was later vacated.

text: 2011: Rivalry hit by scandal[edit]

text: After the 2010 season, it was revealed that several Ohio State players, most notably QB Terrelle Pryor, received improper benefits. An investigation determined that Tressel had knowledge of the situation but failed to notify the University or the NCAA. Tressel resigned his position and Ohio State vacated all of its wins from the season, including its win over Penn State, its Big Ten Title, and Sugar Bowl win.

text: The 2011 season began a new era in the rivalry with new additions to the Big Ten conference, as well as new head coaches for both teams.[4]  With the addition of Nebraska into the Big Ten, the conference split into two six-team divisions.  Both Ohio State and Penn State were placed in the "Leaders" Division and will continue to play each other annually.  The 2011 season also marked a new era for the Buckeyes and Nittany Lions, as Luke Fickell was named the interim head coach for the season after Tressel's resignation and Tom Bradley after longtime Penn State head coach Joe Paterno was fired 9 games into the season following the uncovering of the Penn State child sex abuse scandal (Paterno died shortly thereafter on January 22, 2012).[5] Both schools were ultimately handed postseason bans for the 2012 season (Penn State's ban was slated to extend through 2015, it was lifted on September 8, 2014[6]).Ohio State vacated its wins from the 2010 season, while Penn State was forced to vacate all of its wins from 1998–2011 (although these wins were later restored in 2015).

text: 2012–present: Two fresh starts[edit]

text: Both schools had new head coaches for the 2012 season. On November 28, 2011, Ohio State hired former Utah and Florida head coach Urban Meyer as head coach, beginning a new era in the rivalry. Meyer had been considered by many,[7] including Paterno himself,[8] as a possible replacement for Paterno at Penn State.  Penn State eventually hired former New England Patriots offensive coordinator Bill O'Brien to succeed Paterno as head coach.

text: The O'Brien Era at Penn State lasted only two seasons, as he was hired as to be the head coach of the  NFL's Houston Texans in 2014.  O'Brien's Lions lost twice to the Buckeyes, with the 63–14 result in 2013 representing Penn State's worst loss, and most points scored against the team, since 1899.  O'Brien was replaced by former Vanderbilt head coach James Franklin in January 2014.   Ohio State won in Franklin's first two seasons, but in 2016, a blocked punt and blocked field goal helped Penn State upset the #2 ranked Buckeyes, 24–21. Penn State would go on to win the conference championship. In 2017, the sixth-ranked Buckeyes hosted #2 Penn State.  The Nittany Lions came into the game with best scoring defense in the country, allowing only 9.6 points per game, against an Ohio State team that led the Big 10 in scoring.  Ultimately the Buckeyes overcame a 28–10 deficit to win, 39–38, scoring the winning touchdown with 1:48 in the game. In 2018, #4 Ohio State rallied from a 26-14 deficit to defeat #9 Penn State, 27-26. The loss ended Penn State's 16-game home winning streak.

text: Game results[edit]

text: Ohio State victoriesPenn State victoriesVacated wins

tag: table

text: No.DateLocationWinning teamLosing teamSeries1 1912  Columbus, OH  Penn State 37 Ohio State 0Penn State 1–02 1956  Columbus, OH  Penn State 7 #5 Ohio State 6Penn State 2–03 1963  Columbus, OH  Penn State 10 #10 Ohio State 7Penn State 3–04 1964  Columbus, OH  Penn State 27 #2 Ohio State 0Penn State 4–05 1975  Columbus, OH  #3 Ohio State 17 #7 Penn State 9Penn State 4–16 1976  State College, PA  #2 Ohio State 12 #7 Penn State 7Penn State 4–27 1978  Columbus, OH  #5 Penn State 19 #6 Ohio State 0Penn State 5–28 1980  Tempe, AZ 1  #10 Penn State 31 #11 Ohio State 19Penn State 6–29 1993  Columbus, OH  #3 Ohio State 24 #12 Penn State 6Penn State 6–310 1994  State College, PA  #1 Penn State 63 #21 Ohio State 14Penn State 7–311 1995  State College, PA  #5 Ohio State 28 #12 Penn State 25Penn State 7–412 1996  Columbus, OH  #3 Ohio State 38 #4 Penn State 7Penn State 7–513 1997  State College, PA  #2 Penn State 31 #7 Ohio State 27Penn State 8–514 1998  Columbus, OH  #1 Ohio State 28 #7 Penn State 9Penn State 8–615 1999  State College, PA  #2 Penn State 23 #18 Ohio State 10Penn State 9–616 2000  Columbus, OH  #14 Ohio State 45 Penn State 6Penn State 9–717 2001  State College, PA  Penn State 29 Ohio State 27Penn State 10–718 2002  Columbus, OH  #4 Ohio State 13 #18 Penn State 7Penn State 10–819 2003  State College, PA  #8 Ohio State 21 Penn State 20Penn State 10–920 2004  Columbus, OH  Ohio State 21 Penn State 10Tied 10–1021 2005  State College, PA  #16 Penn State 17 #6 Ohio State 10Penn State 11–1022 2006  Columbus, OH  #1 Ohio State 28 #24 Penn State 6Tied 11–1123 2007  State College, PA  #1 Ohio State 37 #24 Penn State 17Ohio State 12–1124 2008  Columbus, OH  #3 Penn State 13 #10 Ohio State 6Tied 12–1225 2009  State College, PA  #12 Ohio State 24 #11 Penn State 7Ohio State 13–1226 2010  Columbus, OH  #7 Ohio State* 38 Penn State 14Ohio State 13–1227 2011  Columbus, OH  #21 Penn State 20 Ohio State 14Tied 13–1328 2012  State College, PA  #9 Ohio State 35 Penn State 23Ohio State 14–1329 2013  Columbus, OH  #4 Ohio State 63 Penn State 14Ohio State 15–1330 2014  State College, PA  #12 Ohio State 31 Penn State 24Ohio State 16–1331 2015  Columbus, OH  #1 Ohio State 38 Penn State 10Ohio State 17–1332 2016  State College, PA  Penn State 24 #2 Ohio State 21Ohio State 17–1433 2017  Columbus, OH  #6 Ohio State 39 #2 Penn State 38Ohio State 18–1434 2018  State College, PA  #4 Ohio State 27 #9 Penn State 26Ohio State 19–14

text:
1 1980 Fiesta Bowl
* Vacated win by Ohio State


document_title: Mamma Mia! (film)

question_text: who does the mom end up with in mamma mia

text: Mamma Mia! (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: On the Greek island of Kalokairi, 20-year-old bride-to-be Sophie Sheridan reveals to her bridesmaids, Ali and Lisa, that she has secretly invited three men to her wedding without telling her mother, Donna. They are the men that her mother's diary reveals could have been her father: Irish-American architect Sam Carmichael, Swedish adventurer and writer Bill Anderson, and British banker Harry Bright. She dreams of being given away by her father at her wedding, and believes that after she spends time with them she will know which is her father.

text: Sophie's mother Donna, who owns a villa, is ecstatic to reunite with her former Dynamos bandmates, wisecracking author Rosie Mulligan and wealthy multiple divorcée Tanya Chesham-Leigh, and reveals her bafflement at her daughter's desire to get married. Donna shows off the villa to Rosie and Tanya. The three men arrive and Sophie smuggles them to their room. She doesn't reveal that she believes one of them is her father, but does explain that she and not her mother sent the invitations. She begs them to hide so Donna will be surprised by the old friends of whom she "so often" favorably speaks. They overhear Donna working and swear not to reveal Sophie's secret.

text: Donna spies them and is dumbfounded to find herself facing former lovers, demanding they leave. She confides in Tanya and Rosie that she truly does not know which of the three fathered Sophie. Tanya and Rosie rally her spirits by getting her to dance with an all female ensemble of staff and islanders. Sophie finds the men aboard Bill's yacht, and they sail around Kalokairi, telling stories of Donna's carefree youth. Sophie plans to tell her fiancé Sky about her ploy, but loses her nerve. Sky and Sophie sing to each other, but Sky is abducted for his bachelor party.

text: At Sophie's bachelorette party, Donna, Tanya, and Rosie perform. When Sam, Bill, and Harry arrive, Sophie decides to talk with each of them alone. While her girlfriends dance with the men, Sophie learns from Bill that Donna received the money for her villa from his great-aunt Sofia. Sophie guesses she must be Sofia's namesake. She asks him to give her away and keep their secret until the wedding. Sophie's happiness is short-lived as Sam and Harry each pull her aside to tell her they are her father and will give her away. Sophie, overwhelmed by the consequences of raising the hopes of all three "fathers", faints.

text: In the morning, Rosie and Tanya assure Donna they will take care of the men. Bill and Harry intend to tell each other what they learned the previous night, but Rosie interrupts them. Donna confronts Sophie, believing Sophie wants the wedding stopped. Sophie says that all she wants is to avoid her mother's mistakes. Sam accosts Donna, concerned about Sophie getting married so young. Donna confronts him and they realize they still have feelings for each other. Tanya and young Pepper continue flirtations from the previous night. Sophie confesses to Sky and asks for his help. He reacts angrily to Sophie's deception and she turns to her mother for support. As Donna helps her daughter dress for the wedding, their rift is healed and Donna reminisces about Sophie's childhood. Donna admits her mother disowned her when she became pregnant. Sophie asks Donna to give her away. As the bridal party walks to the chapel, Sam intercepts Donna, who reveals the pain she felt over losing him.

text: Sophie and Donna walk down the aisle as the band plays. Donna tells Sophie and all gathered that her father could be any of the three men. Sam reveals that while he left Donna to get married, he did not go through with it, but returned to find Donna with another man. The men do not want paternity confirmed, agreeing to be one-third of a father for Sophie. She tells Sky they should postpone their wedding and travel the world. Sam proposes to Donna. She accepts and they are married. At the reception, Sam sings to Donna and Rosie makes a play for Bill. The couples proclaim their love. Sophie and Sky sail away.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Meryl Streep as Donna Sheridan, Sophie's mother, owner of the hotel Villa Donna.
Amanda Seyfried  as Sophie Sheridan, Donna's 20-year-old daughter, Sky's fiancée.
Pierce Brosnan as Sam Carmichael, Sophie's possible father and an Irish-American architect.
Colin Firth as Harry Bright, Sophie's possible father and a British banker.
Stellan Skarsgård as Bill Anderson, Sophie's possible father, a Swedish sailor and travel writer.
Dominic Cooper as Sky, Sophie's fiancé who is designing a website for the hotel.
Julie Walters as Rosie Mulligan, one of Donna's former bandmates in Donna and the Dynamos; an unmarried fun-loving author.
Christine Baranski as Tanya Chesham-Leigh, Donna's other former bandmate; a rich three-time divorcee.
Philip Michael as Pepper, Sky's best man who likes Tanya; a bartender
Juan Pablo Di Pace as Petros
Ashley Lilley as Ali, close friend of Sophie and her bridesmaid.
Rachel McDowall as Lisa, close friend of Sophie and her bridesmaid.
Enzo Squillino as Gregoris, one of Donna's employees.
Niall Buggy as Father Alex, the wedding priest.

tag: ul

text:
Benny Andersson as "Dancing Queen" piano player
Björn Ulvaeus as Greek god
Rita Wilson as Greek goddess

text: Musical numbers[edit]

text: The following songs are included in the film, of which 18 (including a hidden track) are on the soundtrack album, and 3 are excluded:

text:
#

Title

Performed by

Original album

Notes

1

"I Have a Dream"

Sophie (Amanda Seyfried)

Voulez-Vous (1979)

2

"Honey, Honey"

Sophie, Ali and Lisa (Amanda Seyfried, Ashley Lilley and Rachel McDowall)

Waterloo (1974)

3

"Money, Money, Money"

Donna, Tanya and Rosie (Meryl Streep, Christine Baranski and Julie Walters)

Arrival (1976)

4

"Mamma Mia"

Donna (Meryl Streep)

ABBA (1975)

5

"Chiquitita"

Rosie, Tanya and Donna (Julie Walters, Christine Baranski and Meryl Streep)

Voulez-Vous (1979)

6

"Dancing Queen"

Tanya, Rosie, Donna (Christine Baranski, Julie Walters and Meryl Streep)

Arrival (1976)

7

"Our Last Summer"

Harry, Bill, Sam, Sophie and Donna (Colin Firth, Stellan Skarsgård, Pierce Brosnan, Amanda Seyfried and Meryl Streep)

Super Trouper (1980)

8

"Lay All Your Love on Me"

Sky and Sophie (Dominic Cooper and Amanda Seyfried)

Super Trouper (1980)

9

"Super Trouper"

Donna, Tanya and Rosie (Meryl Streep, Christine Baranski and Julie Walters)

Super Trouper (1980)

10

"Gimme! Gimme! Gimme! (A Man After Midnight)"

Sophie, Ali and Lisa (Amanda Seyfried, Ashley Lilley and Rachel McDowall)

Greatest Hits Vol. 2 (1979)

11

"Voulez-Vous"

Donna, Sam, Tanya, Rosie, Harry, Bill, Sky, Ali, Lisa and Pepper (Meryl Streep, Pierce Brosnan, Christine Baranski, Julie Walters, Colin Firth, Stellan Skarsgård, Dominic Cooper, Ashley Lilley, Rachel McDowall and Philip Michael)

Voulez-Vous (1979)

12

"The Name of the Game"

Sophie (Amanda Seyfried)

ABBA: The Album (1977)

Deleted scene

13

"SOS"

Sam and Donna (Pierce Brosnan and Meryl Streep)

ABBA (1975)

14

"Does Your Mother Know"

Tanya and Pepper (Christine Baranski and Philip Michael)

Voulez-Vous (1979)

15

"Slipping Through My Fingers"

Donna and Sophie (Meryl Streep and Amanda Seyfried)

The Visitors (1980)

16

"The Winner Takes It All"

Donna (Meryl Streep)

Super Trouper (1980)

17

"I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do"

Sam and Donna (Pierce Brosnan and Meryl Streep)

ABBA (1975)

18

"When All Is Said and Done"

Sam and Donna (Pierce Brosnan and Meryl Streep)

The Visitors (1980)

19

"Take a Chance on Me"

Rosie, Bill, Tanya, Pepper and Harry (Julie Walters, Stellan Skarsgård, Christine Baranski, Philip Michael and Colin Firth)

ABBA: The Album (1977)

20

"Mamma Mia"

Cast

ABBA (1975)

Reprise

21

"I Have a Dream"

Sophie (Amanda Seyfried)

Voulez-Vous (1979)

Reprise

22

"Dancing Queen"

Tanya, Rosie, Donna (Christine Baranski, Julie Walters and Meryl Streep)

Arrival (1976)

Reprise

23

"Waterloo"

Donna, Rosie, Tanya, Sam, Bill, Harry, Sky and Sophie (Meryl Streep, Julie Walters, Christine Baranski, Pierce Brosnan, Stellan Skarsgård, Colin Firth, Dominic Cooper and Amanda Seyfried)

Waterloo (1974)

24

"Thank You for the Music"

Sophie (Amanda Seyfried)

ABBA: The Album (1977)

End credits

text: The Musical Director of the film was Grammy-Award winner[3] Martin Lowe, a graduate of the University of Hull.[4]

text: Production[edit]

text: Most of the outdoor scenes were filmed on location at the small Greek island of Skopelos (during August/September 2007),[5] and the seaside hamlet of Damouchari in the Pelion area of Greece. On Skopelos, Kastani beach on the south west coast was the film's main location site.[5] The producers built a beach bar and jetty along the beach, but removed both set pieces after production wrapped.[5] A complete set for Donna's Greek villa was built at the 007 stage at Pinewood Studios and most of the film was shot there. Real trees were utilised for the set, watered daily through an automated watering system and given access to daylight in order to keep them growing.

text: The part of the film where Brosnan's character, Sam, leaves his New York office to go to the Greek Island was actually filmed at the Lloyd's Building on Lime Street in the City of London. He dashes down the escalators and through the porte-cochere, where yellow cabs and actors representing New York mounted police were used for authenticity.[6]

text: The Fernando, Bill Anderson's yacht (actually a ketch) in the film was the Tai-Mo-Shan built in 1934 by H. S. Rouse at the Hong Kong and Whampoa dockyards.[7][8]

text: Meryl Streep took opera singing lessons as a child, and as an adult, she previously sang in several films, including Postcards from the Edge, Silkwood, Death Becomes Her, and A Prairie Home Companion.[9] She was a fan of the stage show Mamma Mia! after seeing it on Broadway in September 2001, when she found the show to be an affirmation of life in the midst of the destruction of 9/11.[10]

text: Release[edit]

text: Though the world premiere of the film occurred elsewhere, most of the media attention was focused on the Swedish premiere, where Anni-Frid Lyngstad and Agnetha Fältskog joined Björn Ulvaeus and Benny Andersson with the cast at the Rival Theatre in Mariatorget, Stockholm, owned by Andersson, on July 4, 2008. It was the first time all four members of ABBA had been photographed together since 1986.[11]

text: Reception[edit]

text: On Rotten Tomatoes the film holds an approval rating of 54% based on 179 reviews, with an average rating of 5.5/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "This jukebox musical is full of fluffy fun but rough singing voices and a campy tone might not make you feel like 'You Can Dance' the whole 90 minutes."[12] On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 51 out of 100, based on 37 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[13] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A–" on an A+ to F scale.

text: The Times gave it four stars out of five,[14] as did Channel 4 (Britain) which said it had "all the swing and sparkle of sequined bell-bottoms."[15] BBC Radio 5 Live's film critic Mark Kermode admitted to enjoying the film, despite describing the experience as 'the closest you get to see A-List actors doing drunken karaoke'.[16] The Guardian was more negative, giving it one star, stating that the film gave the reviewer a "need to vomit",[17] while Bob Chipman of Escape to the Movies said it was "so base, so shallow and so hinged on meaningless spectacle, it's amazing it wasn't made for men".[18] The Daily Telegraph stated that it was enjoyable but poorly put together ("Finding the film a total shambles was sort of a shame, but I have a sneaking suspicion I'll go to see it again anyway."),[19] whereas Empire said it was "cute, clean, camp fun, full of sunshine and toe tappers."[20]

text: The casting of actors not known for their singing abilities led to some mixed reviews. Variety stated that "some stars, especially the bouncy and rejuvenated Streep, seem better suited for musical comedy than others, including Brosnan and Skarsgård."[21] Brosnan, especially, was savaged by many critics: his singing was compared to "a water buffalo" (New York Magazine),[22] "a donkey braying" (The Philadelphia Inquirer)[23] and "a wounded raccoon" (The Miami Herald),[24] and Matt Brunson of Creative Loafing Charlotte said he "looks physically pained choking out the lyrics, as if he's being subjected to a prostate exam just outside of the camera's eye."[25]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Mamma Mia! grossed $144.1 million in the United States and $471.6 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $615.7 million, against a production budget of $52 million.[2] It became the highest grossing live-action musical of all time, until it was surpassed by Bill Condon's Beauty and the Beast in 2017. It was also the highest-grossing movie directed by a woman, until it was surpassed by Patty Jenkins' Wonder Woman in 2017.[26]  It is the third highest-grossing film of 2008 internationally (i.e., outside North America) with an international total of $458.4 million and the thirteenth highest gross of 2008 in North America (the US and Canada) with $144.1 million.

text: In the United Kingdom, Mamma Mia! has grossed £69.2 million as of January 23, 2009, and is the ninth highest-grossing film of all time at the UK box office.[27] The film opened at #1 in the U.K, taking £6.6 million on 496 screens. It managed to hold onto the top spot for 2 weeks, narrowly keeping Pixar's WALL-E from reaching #1 in its second week.[citation needed]

text: When released on July 3 in Greece, the film grossed $1.6 million in its opening weekend, ranking #1 at the Greek box office.[28]

text: The film made $9.6 million in its opening day in the United States and Canada, and $27.6 million in its opening weekend, ranking #2 at the box office, behind The Dark Knight.[29] At the time, it made Mamma Mia! the record-holder for the highest grossing opening weekend for a movie based on a Broadway musical, surpassing Hairspray's box office record in 2007 and later surpassed by Into the Woods.[30]

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
Golden Globe Awards[31]
Best Motion Picture: Comedy or Musical—nominated
Best Actress in a Motion Picture: Comedy or Musical (Meryl Streep)—nominated
BAFTA Awards[32]
Outstanding British Film—nominated
The Carl Foreman Award for Special Achievement by a British Director, Writer or Producer for their First Feature Film (Judy Craymer)—nominated
Outstanding Music (Benny Andersson, Björn Ulvaeus)—nominated
Golden Raspberry Awards[33]
Worst Supporting Actor (Pierce Brosnan)—won

text: Home media[edit]

text: In November 2008, Mamma Mia! became the fastest-selling DVD of all time in the UK, according to Official UK Charts Company figures. It sold 1,669,084 copies on its first day of release, breaking the previous record (held by Titanic) by 560,000 copies. By the end of 2008, the Official UK Charts Company declared that it had become the biggest selling DVD ever in the UK, with one in every four households owning a copy (over 5 million copies sold).[34] The record was previously held by Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl with sales of 4.7 million copies.

text: In the United States, the DVD made over $30 million on its first day of release.[35] By December 31, 2008, Mamma Mia! became the best-selling DVD of all time in Sweden with 545,000 copies sold.[36]

text:
Sing-along
"The Name of the Game" deleted musical number
Audio commentary with director Phyllida Lloyd

text: The single-disc DVD released in Sweden on 26 November contains all of the following:

text:
Sing-along
"The Name of the Game" deleted musical number
Deleted scenes
Outtakes
The Making of Mamma Mia! featurette
Anatomy of a Musical Number: "Lay All Your Love on Me"
Becoming a Singer featurette
A look inside Mamma Mia! featurette
"Gimme! Gimme! Gimme!" music video
Björn Ulvaeus cameo
Audio commentary with director Phyllida Lloyd
German and English audio
Subtitles in English, German, Danish, Dutch, Finnish, Norwegian, Swedish and Icelandic

text: The widescreen single-disc includes a bonus disc which includes:

text:
Limited time only digital copy
Deleted scenes and outtakes
The Making of Mamma Mia! featurette
Anatomy of a Musical Number: "Lay All Your Love on Me"
Becoming a Singer featurette
Behind the scenes with Amanda
On Location in Greece featurette
A Look Inside Mamma Mia! featurette
"Gimme! Gimme! Gimme!" music video
Björn Ulvaeus cameo

text:
Universal Pictures' U-Control[37]
Behind the Hits (details and trivia of the music while the musical performance plays)
Picture-in-picture (access to cast and crew interviews and behind the scene while the movie plays)

text: A bonus disc is included in a separate case and bundled with the movie, and includes:[38]

text:
A Talented Trio: The Creators of Mamma Mia! (creator bios)
Christine Baranski and the Boys (choreography of "Does Your Mother Know?")
Breaking Down "Voulez-Vous" (choreography)
More of "Gimme! Gimme! Gimme!" (choreography)
Meryl's Big Number (choreography of "Mamma Mia")
VH1's 10 Most Excellent Things: Mamma Mia! (documentary clip)

text: Sequel[edit]

text:
Because of the film's financial success, Hollywood studio chief David Linde, the co-chairman of Universal Studios told The Daily Mail that it would take a while, but there could be a sequel. He stated that he would be delighted if Judy Craymer, Catherine Johnson, Phyllida Lloyd, Benny Andersson, and Björn Ulvaeus agreed to the project, noting that there are still plenty of ABBA songs to use.[39]
Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again was announced on May 19, 2017, with a planned release date of July 20, 2018.[40] It was written and directed by Ol Parker.[41] On June 1, 2017, it was announced that Seyfried would be returning as Sophie.[42] Later that month, Dominic Cooper confirmed in an interview that he would be returning for the sequel along with Streep, Firth and Brosnan.[43] In July 2017, Baranski was confirmed to return as Tanya.[44] That same month, Lily James was confirmed to portray young Donna.[45] Jeremy Irvine and Alexa Davies are also set to portray younger versions of Sam and Rosie, respectively.[46] Julie Walters and Stellan Skarsgård will also return as Rosie and Bill.[47]


document_title: History of the taka

question_text: the silver coin used as currency during delhi sultanate

text: History of the taka

text: Etymology[edit]

text: Taka is a corruption of Tanka, which is derived from 'Tamgha' or 'Tamga' meaning seal or stamp in old Turkic. Turkish was the language of the Delhi Sultans.

text: Introduction in North India[edit]

text: The imperial tanka (also called Sultani Tanka) was officially introduced by the monetary reforms of Muhammad bin Tughluq, the emperor of the Delhi Sultanate, in 1329. It was modeled as representative money, a concept pioneered as paper money by the Mongols in China and Persia. The tanka was minted in copper and brass. Its value was exchanged with gold and silver reserves in the imperial treasury. The currency was introduced due to the shortage of metals.[1] Over time, the tanka was minted in silver. However, chaos followed its launch in the 14th century, leading to the collapse of the Tughluq dynasty. The Tughluqs were succeeded by numerous regional states, notably the Bengal Sultanate, the Bahmani Sultanate and the Gujarat Sultanate. These kingdoms continued to mint the new currency in the name of their own rulers. Even much later under the early modern Mughal Empire, regional currencies were still referred to as tanka/tangka/taka.

text: Bengal[edit]

text: The taka was traditionally equal to one silver rupee in Islamic Bengal.[2] In 1338, Ibn Battuta noticed that the silver taka was the most popular currency in the region instead of the Islamic dinar.[3] In 1415, members of Admiral Zheng He's entourage also noticed the dominance of the taka. The currency was the most important symbol of sovereignty for the Sultan of Bengal. The Sultanate of Bengal established at least 27 mints in provincial capitals across the kingdom.[4][5]

text: The taka continued to be issued in Mughal Bengal, which inherited the sultanate's legacy. As Bengal became more prosperous and integrated into the world economy under Mughal rule, the taka replaced shell currency in rural areas and became the standardized legal tender. It was also used in commerce with the Dutch East India Company, the French East India Company, the Danish East India Company and the British East India Company.

text:
Silver taka with Bengali script

Silver taka with Arabic script and a lion symbol

text: Arakan[edit]

text: The Bengal tanka was widely circulated in the Kingdom of Mrauk U (now in Myanmar) in the 16th and 17th centuries, when it was a vassal state of the Bengal Sultanate.

text: Silver tanka from Arakan with Perso-Arabic script

text: South India[edit]

text: The tanka was widely minted in the Deccan, including the Deccan sultanates and Mughal provinces. In the Berar Sultanate and Berar Subah, one Tanka-i-Barari was equal to eight Delhi tankas.

text: East India[edit]

text: In 14th century Odisha, epigraphic records use terms such as vendi-tanka (alloyed silver) and sasukani-tanka (bullion). The tanka spread to the region from the Delhi Sultanate.[6]

text: West India[edit]

text: In the 15th century, the Gujarat Sultanate, on the west coast of the Indian subcontinent, began to mint silver tanka. It was a symbol of sovereignty for the Muzaffarid dynasty of Gujarat.

text:
Silver tanka in Perso-Arabic script (Nasiruddin Mahmud Shah I reign)

Silver tanka in Perso-Arabic script (Ahmad Shah reign)

Early copper tanka

text: Nepal[edit]

text: The tanka standard was introduced in the prosperous Himalayan Kathmandu Valley (Nepal proper) in the 16th century. It was modeled on the currency of Delhi, Bengal and the Mughal Empire. The Nepalese tanka was a debased silver coin struck in 10 g. weight with minor denominations of  1⁄4,  1⁄32,  1⁄123,  1⁄512. It was introduced by King Indra Simha.[7]

text: Kazakhstan[edit]

text: Tajikistan[edit]

text: Tibet[edit]

text: The Tibetan tangka was an official currency of Tibet for three centuries. It was introduced by Lhasa Newar merchants from Nepal in the 16th century. The merchants used Nepalese tanka on the Silk Road. The Tibetan government began to mint the tangka in the 18th century. The first Tibetan tangka was minted in 1763/64. Imperial China, Tibet's suzerain[citation needed], established mints in the region in 1792[citation needed]. The Sino-Tibetan tangka carried Chinese language inscriptions.[8]

text: Banknotes were issued between 1912 and 1941 in denominations of 5, 10, 15, 25 and 50 tangka.

text:
Tangka minted by Imperial China in Tibet

Tibetan Tangka in Ranjana Script

The Gaden tangka, which was used until 1948

text: Pakistan[edit]

text: Until 1971, the present-day Pakistani rupee had bilingual inscriptions in Urdu and Bengali, and was called both the rupee and taka. The Bengali Language Movement played a decisive role in ensuring the recognition of the taka in East Pakistan.

text: A Pakistani banknote with Bengali script denoting 10 Taka

text: Bangladesh[edit]

text: The Bangladeshi taka is the currency of modern Bangladesh. It was officially introduced in 1972 by the Bangladesh Bank following the end of the Bangladesh Liberation War and is produced by The Security Printing Corporation (Bangladesh) Ltd.. The Bangladeshi taka carries the symbols ৳ and Tk. It is the second most valuable currency in South Asia, when pegged to the US Dollar, after the Indian rupee.


document_title: Neil Curtis

question_text: who is neil curtis on days of our lives

question_tokens: who is neil curtis on days of our lives

text: Neil Curtis

text:
Neil Curtis

Days of Our Lives character

Portrayed by

Ben Archibek (1974)
Joseph Gallison (1974–91)

Duration
1974–91

First appearance
January 10, 1974

Last appearance
October 16, 1991

Created by
William J. Bell

Introduced by
Betty Corday

Classification
Former; regular

Profile

Occupation
Doctor

[show]Family

Father
Nathan Curtis

Spouse

Phyllis Anderson (1975–79)
Marie Horton (1983)
Liz Chandler (1984–87)
Anjelica Deveraux (1988–89)

Children
Nathan Curtis
Sarah Horton
Noelle Curtis

First cousins
Peter Curtis

text: Neil Curtis is a fictional character from the television drama Days of Our Lives. He was portrayed by Joseph Gallison from February 13, 1974, to October 16, 1991.

text: Neil was a doctor and a compulsive gambler.

text: He was last seen talking about Carly with Victor; then Neil said he was leaving because he had patients to see. The character then disappeared without explanation.


document_title: The White Queen (TV series)

question_text: who played anne neville in the white queen

text: The White Queen (TV series)

text: Cast[edit]

text: House of York[edit]

text:
Rebecca Ferguson as Elizabeth Woodville, the "White Queen" and consort to Edward IV
Max Irons as Edward IV of England
Faye Marsay as Lady Anne Neville, "the Kingmaker's Daughter" and queen consort to Richard III
Aneurin Barnard as Richard, Duke of Gloucester, later King Richard III; brother of Edward IV
James Frain as Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick, "the Kingmaker", a great-grandson of John, Duke of Lancaster
Janet McTeer as Jacquetta, Lady Rivers, Elizabeth Woodville’s mother
David Oakes as George, Duke of Clarence, brother of Edward IV
Eleanor Tomlinson as Lady Isabel Neville, Duchess of Clarence, wife of George, Duke of Clarence and elder sister of Lady Anne Neville
Juliet Aubrey as Lady Anne Beauchamp, Countess of Warwick, wife of Warwick and mother to Lady Isabel and Lady Anne; herself a great-granddaughter of Edmund of Langley, 1st Duke of York
Caroline Goodall as Cecily Neville, Duchess of York, a granddaughter of John, Duke of Lancaster
Sonny Ashbourne Serkis as the Prince of Wales (later King Edward V), eldest son and heir to Edward IV and Elizabeth Woodville; later one of the Princes in the Tower
Freya Mavor as Elizabeth of York, eldest daughter and child to Edward IV and Elizabeth Woodville
Elinor Crawley as Cecily of York, daughter to Edward IV and Elizabeth Woodville

text: House of Lancaster[edit]

text:
Amanda Hale as Lady Margaret Beaufort, "the Red Queen", mother of Henry Tudor, a great-granddaughter of John, Duke of Lancaster
Veerle Baetens as Margaret of Anjou, queen consort to Henry VI of England
Joey Batey as Edward of Lancaster, son of Henry VI and Margaret of Anjou, married to Lady Anne Neville
Michael Marcus as Henry Tudor, later Henry VII of England; son and heir of Lady Margaret Beaufort by Sir Edmund Tudor
Oscar Kennedy as young Henry Tudor
Tom McKay as Jasper Tudor, half-brother of Henry VI, brother-in-law to Lady Margaret Beaufort and uncle to Henry Tudor

text: Additional cast[edit]

text:
Frances Tomelty as Lady Beauchamp, mother of Lady Margaret Beaufort
Michael Maloney as Sir Henry Stafford, third husband of Lady Margaret Beaufort
Ben Lamb as Anthony Woodville, 2nd Earl Rivers
Hugh Mitchell as Richard Welles, half-brother of Lady Margaret Beaufort
Rupert Young as Sir William Herbert, Lord Pembroke
Robert Pugh as Baron Rivers (later Earl Rivers), father of Elizabeth Woodville
Rupert Graves as Lord Stanley, the fourth husband of Lady Margaret Beaufort
Andrew Gower, as Lord Strange, son of Lord Stanley
Shaun Dooley, as Sir Robert Brackenbury
Arthur Darvill, as Henry Stafford, Duke of Buckingham
Emily Berrington, as Jane Shore, Edward IV's mistress
Andreas Perschewski as Louis XI of France

text: The large majority of the cast is British, but since the series is shot in Belgium, several local actors are featured: Veerle Baetens,[13] Jurgen Delnaet, Joren Seldeslachts, Elsa Houben, Ben Forceville and Ben Van den Heuvel all appear in the series.[14] Rebecca Ferguson who portrays Elizabeth Woodville, the White Queen, is from Sweden (her mother is originally from England).[15]

text: Production[edit]

text: The budget was £25 million and took 120 days to shoot, consisting of 250 sets including: dungeons, palaces, castles, 12 state banquets and at least two coronations.[16]

text: Two versions were made, one for the BBC and a more sexually explicit version for the U.S.[17]

text: A companion two-part documentary series, The Real White Queen and Her Rivals, presented by Philippa Gregory, was made to accompany the series. It was broadcast on BBC Two on 17 and 24 July 2013.[18]

text: Credits[edit]

text:
Executive producers: John Griffin, George Faber, Charles Pattinson for Company Pictures, Eurydice Gysel for Czar Television, Polly Hill for the BBC, Philippa Gregory and Colin Callender.
Series lead writer: Emma Frost[8] and produced by Company Pictures. Lisa McGee[19] and Nicole Taylor are also writers.
James Kent directed the first three episodes.[20]
Other episodes were directed by Jamie Payne[21] and Colin Teague.[22]
Cinematographer: Jean Philippe Gossart.[23] and David Luther.[23][24]
Music: John Lunn.[1]

text: Locations[edit]

text: The White Queen was filmed on location in Belgium, where several landmarks in Bruges and Ghent represent locations in London and elsewhere:[25]

text:
The Gothic Hall in Bruges' Town Hall represents Westminster Hall
Church of Our Lady in Bruges represents St Stephen's Chapel in the old Palace of Westminster
Heilige Geeststraat in Bruges represents a medieval London street
Basilica of the Holy Blood in Bruges represents Tower of London
In Ghent filming took place in the Castle of the Counts (Gravensteen), Saint Peter's Abbey (Sint-Pietersabdij), Saint Bavo's Abbey (Sint-Baafsabdij), Cloth hall (Lakenhalle), Castle of Gerald the Devil (Geeraard de Duivelsteen), Saint Bavo Cathedral (Sint-Baafskathedraal), and Agustijnklooster (Academiestraat).
Additional filming took place at Rumbeke, in Damme, and at Ursel Airfield—23 locations for the first three episodes. The rest of the set was constructed at a nearby Philips factory.[25]

text: Nominations and reception[edit]

text: The series received mixed reviews, with an average critic rating of 7.6/10 on Rotten Tomatoes and a score of 70 on Metacritic; the critic consensus that it "sometimes suffers from clunky storytelling", but "delivers sufficient intrigue, thanks to its gorgeous costumes, splendid cast, and sexy, soapy plots".[26][27] The show currently holds a 79% rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 20 reviews, and a score of 7.8/10 on IMDb based on 10,230 user ratings.[26][28]

text: The White Queen was nominated for several awards including three Golden Globe Awards, four Primetime Emmy Awards and a People's Choice Award for Favorite TV Movie/Miniseries.

text: 71st Golden Globe Awards (2014)

text:
Best Mini-Series or Motion Picture Made for Television
Best Performance by an Actress in a Mini-Series or a Motion Picture Made for Television - (Rebecca Ferguson)
Best Performance by an Actress in a Supporting Role in a Series, Mini-Series or Motion Picture Made for Television - (Janet McTeer)

text: 66th Primetime Emmy Awards (2014)

text: Outstanding Miniseries

text: 66th Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards (2014)

text:
Outstanding Music Composition for a Miniseries, Movie or a Special (Original Dramatic Score) - For episode: " The Final Battle"
Outstanding Costumes for a Miniseries, Movie, or Special - For episode: "The Price of Power"
Outstanding Hairstyling for a Miniseries or Movie

text: 40th People's Choice Awards (2014)

text: Favorite TV Movie/Miniseries

text: 2014 Saturn Awards - Academy of Science Fiction, Fantasy & Horror Films

text: SBest Television Release on DVD/Blu-ray

text: 2014 ASC Award - American Society of Cinematographers

text: Outstanding Achievement in Cinematography in Television Movie/Mini-Series - David Luther for Episode: "War at First Hand" (nomination)[24]

text: OFTA Television Awards 2014 - Online Film & Television Association

text: Best Miniseries

text: Satellite Awards 2013

text: Best Miniseries or Motion Picture Made for Television

text: Reception in the UK[edit]

text: In the UK the critical reception was described as 'mixed at best'[29] and 'mostly scathing'.[30] Sam Wollaston of The Guardian praised the show's characters, suggesting Janet McTeer (Jacquetta) stole the show. He also praised the show's romantic elements, commenting "Mmmm, steamy".[31] Gerard O'Donovan of The Daily Telegraph praised the casting of the supporting characters and the exciting "lust and vengeance" fueling the drama, but objected to the prettified portrayal of 15th century England.[32] Deborah Ross of The Daily Mail gave the mixed review of both one and five stars, "because it possesses the sort of one-star awfulness that, if properly embraced, can transport you all the way to five-star joy."[33] The Independent's Tom Sutcliffe found it "less historically plausible than Game of Thrones", but concluded that "I’m sure it will give innocent pleasure to many."[34] Barbara Ellen in The Observer, compared the show to "a strange Timotei advert, featuring fornication, shouting, horses, armour", whilst commenting that the sex scenes, toned down in the British version, "were so vanilla, I ended up fancying an ice cream. "[35]

text: Reviewing the final episode for The Daily Telegraph, Bernadette McNulty stated that the series, "fell between two stools—not serious enough for the scholars nor glitzy enough for the Game of Thrones fans."[36] The ratings were however good. The first episode received 6 million viewers, stabilising at around the 4–4.5 million mark from the second episode,[37][38] although occasionally it dipped below this on first broadcast figures.[39]

text: Reception in the U.S.[edit]

text: The White Queen received generally mixed reviews after airing on the Starz network on 10 August 2013. Joanne Ostrow of The Denver Post described the series as "Sexy, empowering and violent".[40] Linda Stasi of the New York Post agreed that the series is a hit, exclaiming "The White Queen a royal winner".[41] It was again unfavourably compared to HBO's high budget and fast-paced Game of Thrones. In comparison to Game of Thrones Neil Genzlinger speculates that "even if dragons were allowed, they’d mostly be lounging around and, between bouts of relatively tame dragon sex, talking about eating people rather than actually eating them".[42] The performances of Janet McTeer and James Frain were praised by several American reviewers. Amanda Hale, despite receiving praise for her performance by British reviewers,[43] was unfavourably reviewed by U.S. critic Matthew Gilbert. He said "There were moments when I rolled my eyes—Amanda Hale, as the mother of young Henry Tudor, looks as if she is going to explode with ill intent. Really, her performance could be transposed into a Mel Brooks spoof".[44] Louise Mellor of Den of Geek added "Why does Lady Margaret Beaufort constantly look like she is sucking on a Murray Mint?"[45] TV Guide writer Matt Roush praised Hale's performance as "intense", and favored the series, labeling it as "fun", and on a one to ten scale, ranking it at seven.[46]

text: The White Queen was nominated three times at the 71st Golden Globe Awards, with acting nominations for Ferguson and McTeer and an overall nomination for the series in the Best Miniseries or Television Film category.[47]

text: Sequel[edit]

text: Despite initial plans for a second series, on 20 August 2013 the BBC announced they were not commissioning one, possibly due to the lukewarm reception the series received.[48] However, in October 2013,The Telegraph reported that Starz was planning to develop a sequel miniseries called The White Princess, based on Gregory's 2013 novel of the same name.[10] Starz CEO Chris Albrecht announced in January 2014 that the network was working with White Queen screenwriter Emma Frost on the project.[49] Starz would produce the White Princess miniseries without involvement from the BBC.[49] Gregory confirmed that the project was underway in August 2015.[11] On 7 February 2016, Gregory announced on Facebook that the sequel was officially confirmed to be in production, with the scripts being written.[12] Production on the eight episode limited series began in June 2016.[50][51]

text: Episodes[edit]

text: The Starz episode title is shown below the original BBC title if different. Final UK episode ratings from BARB.

text:
No.
Title[52][53][54]
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
US air date[53]
UK viewers
(million)[55]
US viewers
(million)

1
"In Love With the King"
James Kent
Emma Frost
16 June 2013 (2013-06-16)
9 August 2013
5.33[56][57]
0.457[58]

It is 1464. Having been widowed and lost access to her Lancastrian husband's property in the War of the Roses, Elizabeth Woodville is encouraged by her mother Jacquetta to put herself in the way of the new Yorkist King, Edward IV, and appeal to him directly. Edward, already with a reputation as a womanizer, is instantly drawn to Elizabeth's beauty, and makes arrangements to see her again. When Elizabeth rejects his sexual advances, he agrees to marry her and make her Queen of England. However, the secret marriage does not go down well with England's court, especially with Edward's mother, Duchess Cecily, and his most trusted adviser, the Earl of Warwick.

2
"The Price of Power"
James Kent
Emma Frost
23 June 2013 (2013-06-23)
17 August 2013
5.70
0.801[59]

An extravagant coronation is planned in an attempt to silence critics of the marriage between Elizabeth and the king. Warwick's discontent with Edward's choice quickly makes itself known, as he refuses to allow his daughters to become her ladies-in-waiting. Margaret Beaufort, whose son Henry Tudor has a claim to the throne, sides with Warwick and Edward's brother George, Duke of Clarence, in the hope that her child will be returned to her. Meanwhile, Warwick makes use of his elder daughter Isabel in an attempt to unify the Nevilles and the Yorks by marrying her to the Duke of Clarence, heir presumptive to King Edward.

3
"The Storm"
James Kent
Emma Frost
30 June 2013 (2013-06-30)
24 August 2013
5.32
0.704[60]

After a rebellion by the Earl of Warwick results in the deaths of Elizabeth's father and brother but fails to put George, Duke of Clarence, on the throne in Edward's place, an uneasy peace is concluded between Warwick and Edward. It lasts only a short time before they rebel again and are forced to flee to France. Their supporters in England, including committed Lancastrian Margaret Beaufort, are left to face the consequences. Seeking vengeance for her father and brother's deaths, Elizabeth and her mother Jacquetta turn to the occult, with devastating consequences for Isabel Neville, who loses her baby while en route to France with her husband.

4
"The Bad Queen"
Jamie Payne
Lisa McGee
7 July 2013 (2013-07-07)
7 September 2013
5.00
0.811[61]

Warwick's campaign with George has failed, so the desperate Kingmaker turns to Margaret of Anjou, the Lancastrian Queen, as his only option to stop his family from losing everything. His youngest daughter Anne is married off to the heir to the Lancastrian throne, the cruel and spoilt Edward, Prince of Wales. Back in London, Edward and Elizabeth are troubled by news of this new alliance, and are taken by surprise when Warwick leads an assault on London. Warwick, now in control of the country, has Jacquetta tried for witchcraft, but his plans are thwarted when she appeals to her friend Margaret of Anjou for a testimonial. Seeking sanctuary at Westminster Abbey with her children, Elizabeth is joined by her mother and finally gives birth to a baby boy.

5
"War at First Hand"
Jamie Payne
Malcolm Campbell
14 July 2013 (2013-07-14)
14 September 2013
4.56
0.929[62]

Lancaster is restored to the throne in the form of the demented Henry VI, and Margaret Beaufort brings her son to receive his blessing. Margaret of Anjou sails for England with her new daughter-in-law Anne Neville by her side, to take her place beside her husband. However, news that Edward is returning with an army unsettles the court. As Warwick and the Lancastrians raise an army to confront Edward, in a desperate attempt to protect her husband on the battlefield, Elizabeth again turns to supernatural forces. Margaret Beaufort is horrified when her husband decides to fight for York; he is seriously wounded in the battle. Edward's rule is assured by his victories at Barnet and Tewkesbury (during which Warwick and Prince Edward are killed) and the capture of Margaret of Anjou. Anne, grieving for her father, is nearly assaulted by Yorkist troops, but is rescued and brought to court by Richard. Elizabeth rejoices at her husband's return, but is dismayed when he and his brothers murder Henry VI in order to remove all Lancastrian opposition.

6
"Love and Marriage"
"Love and Death"
Jamie Payne
Nicole Taylor
21 July 2013 (2013-07-21)
21 September 2013
4.59
0.859[63]

Although Warwick, Henry VI and Edward of Lancaster are all dead, the court is unsettled. Elizabeth is concerned by Edward's growing attraction to his new mistress, Jane Shore. She is devastated by the death of a baby son shortly after birth, coinciding with the death of her mother Jacquetta; her distress causes Edward to reaffirm his love for her. Meanwhile, George attempts to control the widowed Anne Neville and obtain sole access to the Neville inheritance by locking her away and threatening her with a convent. Anne's upset is further increased as Isabel sides with George; her only friend is the King's youngest brother, Richard, who eventually snatches Anne from Clarence's grasp and marries her. The fanatical Margaret Beaufort tries to increase her power by re-marrying to one of King Edward's closest advisers, Thomas Stanley.

7
"Poison and Malmsey Wine"
Colin Teague
Emma Frost
28 July 2013 (2013-07-28)
28 September 2013
4.58
0.896[64]

The brief peace is broken when Edward decides to make war on France, but both George and Richard are horrified when he makes peace in return for financial gain. Both Elizabeth and Anne give birth to sons. George's frustrations lead him to make a deal with the French king. When his wife Isabel dies, after giving birth to the son he has longed for, he accuses Elizabeth of causing her death by poisoning and employs a sorcerer to work against her "witchcraft" and plot the king's death. Left with no choice, Edward recognizes his brother as a traitor to the crown, and condemns him to death. Duchess Cecily, who greatly favors George above her other sons, pleads with Edward and blames Elizabeth. George selects drowning in a butt of Malmsey wine as the method of execution. Elizabeth finally has her revenge against her father's and brother's killer, but it brings her no satisfaction.

8
"The King is Dead"
"Long Live the King"
Colin Teague
Malcolm Campbell
4 August 2013 (2013-08-04)
5 October 2013
4.35
0.910[65]

In 1483, Edward IV is taken ill. Foreseeing his death, he asks Elizabeth to send for his brother Richard, Duke of Gloucester, whom he appoints Lord Protector. Elizabeth, mistrustful of Gloucester, asks her brother Anthony to arrange for her son, now King Edward V, to be brought to London by his half-brother Richard Grey; they are intercepted by Gloucester and the young king is taken to the Tower of London. Anthony pleads with Elizabeth to cooperate with Gloucester, and initially a truce is worked out, but Margaret Beaufort and her husband Thomas Stanley sow seeds of mistrust in both camps, recognizing the potential advantage for Margaret's son. Meanwhile, the Duke of Buckingham, himself a distant claimant to the throne, works for his own ends. Elizabeth takes her children into sanctuary and tells Anthony to ensure that the fleet is ready to rescue them; ordered to send her second son to join his brother in the Tower, she sends a boy of common birth as a substitute. Gloucester, at first protective of his nephews, executes Anthony for treason when he learns of the Woodvilles' intentions. Richard's wife Anne Neville (who fears Elizabeth will eventually work to have Richard, her, and their son executed as traitors) instead persuades him to have his nephews declared illegitimate, on the grounds of a previous promise of marriage made by Edward to another woman. He and Anne are then crowned instead of his nephew.

9
"The Princes in the Tower"
Colin Teague
Emma Frost
11 August 2013 (2013-08-11)
12 October 2013
4.16
0.741[66]

Stanley advises Margaret to ensure that the two young princes do not survive the attempt to free them from the Tower; having unsuccessfully sought a sign from God, she instructs her men to kill the boys, leaving Princess Elizabeth's marriage to her son as the only option. Anne Neville, now queen, simultaneously hints to Brackenbury that she would prefer them dead. The attempted "rescue" is thwarted. Buckingham is persuaded to give his allegiance to Henry Tudor and implies that he will carry out the murder of the princes. It soon becomes clear that the two boys in the tower (the Prince of Wales and the impostor planted by Elizabeth) are dead, and King Richard, horrified, returns to London to look for them; Anne feels remorse, wondering if her hint to Brackenbury caused him to take action. After Richard secretly visits Elizabeth in sanctuary and assures her he played no part in her sons' death, she realizes that Margaret has deceived her and puts a curse on the boys’ murderer. Buckingham, unable to join forces with Jasper Tudor, is captured and executed, and Margaret is placed under house arrest by Stanley (who is still keeping a foot in both camps) for her role in the failed rebellion.

10
"The Final Battle"
Colin Teague
Emma Frost
18 August 2013 (2013-08-18)
19 October 2013
4.41
1.155[67]

Despite the threat from Henry Tudor, King Richard III remains confident that his reign is unthreatened. Richard begins to take an interest in his niece Elizabeth of York. Queen Anne Neville is jealous, but Richard reveals that he is doing so only to prevent Elizabeth's marriage alliance with Henry Tudor. The former Queen Elizabeth warns her daughter of the curse they cast on Prince Edward's killer (that his children and grandchildren would be struck down prematurely); this could include the young Elizabeth's children should she marry Richard. Following the death of their only son and heir, an embittered and grief-stricken Anne dies. Remorseful, Richard immediately dismisses Elizabeth, realizing that his strategy has driven away Neville supporters. Lady Margaret Beaufort is still under house arrest, and there is friction between her and the young Elizabeth of York, who has been sent to stay with her; Elizabeth believes she will become Queen regardless of who wins the battle. As Henry Tudor prepares to cross the Channel with his army of French convicts and mercenaries, a solar eclipse takes place; Margaret sees this as a message from God that Henry will be king. She defies her house arrest to ride to Bosworth field where she pleads with Stanley to fight against the king, but he refuses to commit himself because Richard (suspicious of Stanley's allegiance) has taken his son as a hostage. Margaret sees Jasper and is able to talk to Henry before battle commences at Bosworth. Things are not going well for Tudor (Richard has twice his numbers) until Stanley's men charge the king's forces. Richard is killed in the ensuing meelee. As Stanley kneels to offer Henry the crown, Margaret declares herself "Margaret Regina", ordering her husband to remain kneeling before the mother of the king. Elizabeth is reunited with her son Richard and warns him not to seek revenge. She tells her daughter that she will marry Tudor and become queen, just as she herself once was.

text: Historical accuracy[edit]

text: A number of anachronisms and historical inaccuracies within the series received attention, especially in the costumes and locations used.[68] Pat Stacey of the Irish Evening Herald newspaper, said that "the historical howlers are piling up like bodies on a battlefield, week after week", comparing it to the "flaws" spotted by "nitpickers" in Downton Abbey and Foyle's War.[69] Deborah Ross, of the Daily Mail newspaper, criticised the cleanliness and "amazing teeth" of the actors involved, whilst also pointing out glimpses of a modern drainpipe and stair-rail.[33] Bernadette McNulty, of The Daily Telegraph newspaper, commented that in the final episode of the series, the Battle of Bosworth Field appears to take place in a forest rather than a field.[36] Mary McNamara, of the LA Times newspaper, states that in order to fit thirty years of history into ten episodes, "Years collapse into minutes, intricate policy is condensed into cardboard personalities, and the characters are swiftly categorized as good or evil."[70] Others questioned the depiction of the major characters. Amy Licence, Cecily's biographer, states that Cecily Neville, Duchess of York, is portrayed in the first episode as "a Cecily straight from the pages of a novel rather than the actual proud aristocrat who asserted her own right to rule".[71] Historian Michael Hicks commented, "They've fiddled with the chronology" but added, "I can see why they decided to restrict the cast of characters, and play up the rivalry between Elizabeth and the Earl of Warwick," and also said "As with Philippa Gregory's source novels, they've done their research".[72]

text: In response to criticisms of the series being "ahistorical", Gregory stated that "What [BBC One and Starz] wanted was not a historical series based on the documents from the War of the Roses. They wanted my take on it, so that's what they got."[73] Aneurin Barnard (who played Richard) stated, with regard to inaccuracies, "...the truth can be pretty boring. You have to up the stakes and make something up or twist it to make it a little bit more exciting."[74][75]

text: DVD and Blu-ray releases[edit]

text:
DVD title
Discs
Year
Episodes
DVD release
Notes

Region 1
Region 2
Region 4

The complete series
4
2013
10
4 February 2014
19 August 2013
n/a
BBC version in region 2

Blu-ray title
Discs
Year
Episodes
Blu-ray Disc release
Notes

Region A
Region B
Region C

The complete series
3
2013
10
4 February 2014
19 August 2013
n/a
BBC version in region B


document_title: Flag of India

question_text: when was indian national flag first time displayed

text: Flag of India

text: Design and construction details

text:
Sizes of the National Flag

Flag size[1][2]

Length and width (mm)

Size of Ashoka Chakra (mm)[3]

1

6300 × 4200

1295

2

3600 × 2400

740

3

2700 × 1800

555

4

1800 × 1200

370

5

1350 × 900

280

6

900 × 600

185

7

450 × 300

90[4]

8

225 × 150

40

9

150 × 100

25[4]

text: According to the Flag code of India, the Indian flag has a ratio of two by three (where the length of the flag is 1.5 times that of the width). All three stripes of the flag (saffron, white and green) are to be equal in width and length. The size of the Ashoka Chakra is not specified in the Flag code, but it has twenty-four spokes that are evenly spaced.[5] In section 4.3.1 of "IS1: Manufacturing standards for the Indian Flag", there is a chart that details the size of the Ashoka Chakra on the nine specific sizes of the national flag.[3] In both the Flag code and IS1, they call for the Ashoka Chakra to be printed or painted on both sides of the flag in navy blue.[3][5] Below is the list of specified shades for all colours used on the national flag, with the exception of Navy Blue, from "IS1: Manufacturing standards for the Indian Flag" as defined in the 1931 CIE Colour Specifications with illuminant C.[3] The navy blue colour can be found in the standard IS:1803-1973.[3]

text:
Materials 3.1.2.2: Colours[3]

Colour

X

Y

Z

Brightness

India saffron (Kesari)

0.538

0.360

0.102

21.5

White

0.313

0.319

0.368

72.6

India green

0.288

0.395

0.317

8.9

text: Note that the values given in the table correspond to CIE 1931 color space. Approximate RGB values for use may be taken to be: India saffron #FF9933, white #FFFFFF, India green #138808, navy blue #000080.[6] Pantone values closest to this are 130 U, White, 2258 C and 2735 C.

text: Symbolism

text: Gandhi first proposed a flag to the Indian National Congress in 1921. The flag was designed by Pingali Venkayya. In the centre was a traditional spinning wheel, symbolising Gandhi's goal of making Indians self-reliant by fabricating their own clothing. The design was then modified to include a white stripe in the centre for other religious communities, and provide a background for the spinning wheel. Subsequently, to avoid sectarian associations with the colour scheme, saffron, white and green were chosen for the three bands, representing courage and sacrifice, peace and truth, and faith and chivalry respectively.[7]

text: A few days before India became independent on 15 August 1947, the specially constituted Constituent Assembly decided that the flag of India must be acceptable to all parties and communities.[8] A modified version of the Swaraj flag was chosen; the tricolour remained the same saffron, white and green. However, the charkha was replaced by the Ashoka Chakra representing the eternal wheel of law. The philosopher Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, who later became India's first Vice President and second President, clarified the adopted flag and described its significance as follows:

text:
“

Bhagwa or the Saffron denotes renunciation or disinterestedness. Our leaders must be indifferent to material gains and dedicate themselves to their work. The white in the centre is light, the path of truth to guide our conduct. The green shows our relation to (the) soil, our relation to the plant life here, on which all other life depends. The "Ashoka Chakra" in the centre of the white is the wheel of the law of dharma. Truth or satya, dharma or virtue ought to be the controlling principle of those who work under this flag. Again, the wheel denotes motion. There is death in stagnation. There is life in movement. India should no more resist change, it must move and go forward. The wheel represents the dynamism of a peaceful change.[9]

”

text: History

text: A number of flags with varying designs were used in the period preceding the Indian Independence Movement by the rulers of different princely states; the idea of a single Indian flag was first raised by the British rulers of India after the rebellion of 1857, which resulted in the establishment of direct imperial rule. The first flag, whose design was based on western heraldic standards, were similar to the flags of other British colonies, including Canada and Australia; its blue field included the Union Flag in the upper-left quadrant and a Star of India capped by the royal crown in the middle of the right half. To address the question of how the star conveyed "Indianness", Queen Victoria created the Knight Commander of the Order of the Star of India to honour services to the empire by her Indian subjects. Subsequently, all the Indian princely states received flags with symbols based on the heraldic criteria of Europe including the right to fly defaced British red ensigns.[10][11][12]

text: In the early twentieth century, around the coronation of Edward VII, a discussion started on the need for a heraldic symbol that was representative of the Indian empire. William Coldstream, a British member of the Indian Civil Service, campaigned the government to change the heraldic symbol from a star, which he considered to be a common choice, to something more appropriate. His proposal was not well received by the government; Lord Curzon rejected it for practical reasons including the multiplication of flags.[13] Around this time, nationalist opinion within the realm was leading to a representation through religious tradition. The symbols that were in vogue included the Ganesha, advocated by Bal Gangadhar Tilak, and Kali, advocated by Aurobindo Ghosh and Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay. Another symbol was the cow, or Gau Mata (cow mother). However, all these symbols were Hindu-centric and did not suggest unity with India's Muslim population.[14]

text: The partition of Bengal (1905) resulted in the introduction of a new flag representing the Indian independence movement that sought to unite the multitude of castes and races within the country. The Vande Mataram flag, part of the Swadeshi movement against the British, comprised Indian religious symbols represented in western heraldic fashion. The tricolour flag included eight white lotuses on the upper green band representing the eight provinces, a sun and a crescent on the bottom red band, and the Vande Mataram slogan in Hindi on the central yellow band. The flag was launched in Calcutta bereft of any ceremony and the launch was only briefly covered by newspapers. The flag was not covered in contemporary governmental or political reports either, but was used at the annual session of the Indian National Congress. A slightly modified version was subsequently used by Madam Bhikaji Cama at the second International Socialist Congress in Stuttgart in 1907. Despite the multiple uses of the flag, it failed to generate enthusiasm amongst Indian nationalists.[15]

text: Around the same time, another proposal for the flag was initiated by Sister Nivedita, a Hindu reformist and disciple of Swami Vivekananda. The flag consisted of a thunderbolt in the centre and a hundred and eight oil lamps for the border, with the Vande Mataram caption split around the thunderbolt. It was also presented at the Indian National Congress meeting in 1906.[16] Soon, many other proposals were initiated, but none of them gained attention from the nationalist movement.

text: In 1909, Lord Ampthill, former Governor of the Madras Presidency, wrote to The Times of London in the run up to Empire Day pointing out that there existed "no flag representative of India as a whole or any Indian province... Surely this is strange, seeing that but for India there would be no Empire."[17]

text: In 1916, Pingali Venkayya submitted thirty new designs, in the form of a booklet funded by members of the High Court of Madras. These many proposals and recommendations did little more than keep the flag movement alive. The same year, Annie Besant and Bal Gangadhar Tilak adopted a new flag as part of the Home Rule Movement. The flag included the Union Jack in the upper left corner, a star and crescent in the upper right, and seven stars displayed diagonally from the lower right, on a background of five red and four green alternating bands. The flag resulted in the first governmental initiative against any nationalistic flag, as a magistrate in Coimbatore banned its use. The ban was followed by a public debate on the function and importance of a national flag.[18]

text: In the early 1920s, national flag discussions gained prominence across most British dominions following the peace treaty between Britain and Ireland. In November 1920, the Indian delegation to the League of Nations wanted to use an Indian flag, and this prompted the British Indian government to place renewed emphasis on the flag as a national symbol.

text: In April 1921, Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi wrote in his journal Young India about the need for an Indian flag, proposing a flag with the charkha or spinning wheel at the centre.[20] The idea of the spinning wheel was put forth by Lala Hansraj, and Gandhi commissioned Pingali Venkayya to design a flag with the spinning wheel on a red and green banner, the red colour signifying Hindus and the green standing for Muslims. Gandhi wanted the flag to be presented at the Congress session of 1921, but it was not delivered on time, and another flag was proposed at the session. Gandhi later wrote that the delay was fortuitous since it allowed him to realise that other religions were not represented; he then added white to the banner colours, to represent all the other religions. Finally, owing to the religious-political sensibilities, in 1929, Gandhi moved towards a more secular interpretation of the flag colours, stating that red stood for the sacrifices of the people, white for purity, and green for hope.[21]

text: On 13 April 1923, during a procession by local Congress volunteers in Nagpur commemorating the Jallianwala Bagh massacre, the Swaraj flag with the spinning wheel, designed by Pingali Venkayya, was hoisted. This event resulted in a confrontation between the Congressmen and the police, after which five people were imprisoned. Over a hundred other protesters continued the flag procession after a meeting. Subsequently, on the first of May, Jamnalal Bajaj, the secretary of the Nagpur Congress Committee, started the Flag Satyagraha, gaining national attention and marking a significant point in the flag movement. The satyagraha, promoted nationally by the Congress, started creating cracks within the organisation in which the Gandhians were highly enthused while the other group, the Swarajists, called it inconsequential.

text: Finally, at the All India Congress Committee meeting in July, 1923, at the insistence of Jawaharlal Nehru and Sarojini Naidu, Congress closed ranks and the flag movement was endorsed. The flag movement was managed by Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel with the idea of public processions and flag displays by common people. By the end of the movement, over 1500 people had been arrested across all of British India. The Bombay Chronicle reported that the movement drew from diverse groups of society including farmers, students, merchants, labourers and "national servants". While Muslim participation was moderate, the movement enthused women, who had hitherto rarely participated in the independence movement.[22]

text: While the flag agitation got its impetus from Gandhi's writings and discourses, the movement received political acceptance following the Nagpur incident. News reports, editorials and letters to editors published in various journals and newspapers of the time attest to the subsequent development of a bond between the flag and the nation. Soon, the concept of preserving the honour of the national flag became an integral component of the independence struggle. While Muslims were still wary of the Swaraj flag, it gained acceptance among Muslim leaders of the Congress and the Khilafat Movement as the national flag.

text: Detractors of the flag movement, including Motilal Nehru, soon hailed the Swaraj flag as a symbol of national unity. Thus, the flag became a significant structural component of the institution of India. In contrast to the subdued responses of the past, the British Indian government took greater cognisance of the new flag, and began to define a policy of response. The British parliament discussed public use of the flag, and based on directives from England, the British Indian government threatened to withdraw funds from municipalities and local governments that did not prevent the display of the Swaraj flag.[24] The Swaraj flag became the official flag of Congress at the 1931 meeting. However, by then, the flag had already become the symbol of the independence movement.[25]

text: A few days before India gained its independence in August 1947, the Constituent Assembly was formed. To select a flag for independent India, on 23 June 1947, the assembly set up an ad hoc committee headed by Rajendra Prasad and including Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, Sarojini Naidu, C. Rajagopalachari, K. M. Munshi and B. R. Ambedkar as its members.

text: On 14 July 1947, the committee recommended that the flag of the Indian National Congress be adopted as the National Flag of India with suitable modifications, so as to make it acceptable to all parties and communities. It was also resolved that the flag should not have any communal undertones.[5] The spinning wheel of the Congress flag was replaced by the Chakra (wheel) from the Lion Capital of Ashoka. According to Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, the chakra was chosen as it was representative of dharma and law. However, Jawaharlal Nehru explained that the change was more practical in nature, as unlike the flag with the spinning wheel, this design would appear symmetrical. Gandhi was not very pleased by the change, but eventually came around to accepting it.

text: The flag was proposed by Nehru at the Constituent Assembly on 22 July 1947 as a horizontal tricolour of deep saffron, white and dark green in equal proportions, with the Ashoka wheel in blue in the centre of the white band. Nehru also presented two flags, one in Khadi-silk and the other in Khadi-cotton, to the assembly. The resolution was approved unanimously.[28] It served as the national flag of the Dominion of India between 15 August 1947 and 26 January 1950, and has served as the flag of the Republic of India since then.[8]

text: Manufacturing process

text: The design and manufacturing process for the national flag is regulated by three documents issued by the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS). All of the flags are made out of khadi cloth of silk or cotton. The standards were created in 1968 and were updated in 2008.[29]  Nine standard sizes of the flag are specified by law.[1]

text: In 1951, after India became a republic, the Indian Standards Institute (now the BIS) brought out the first official specifications for the flag. These were revised in 1964 to conform to the metric system which was adopted in India. The specifications were further amended on 17 August 1968.[5] The specifications cover all the essential requirements of the manufacture of the Indian flag including sizes, dye colour, chromatic values, brightness, thread count and hemp cordage. The guidelines are covered under civil and criminal laws and defects in the manufacturing process can result in punishments that include fines or jail terms.[30][31]

text: Khadi or hand-spun cloth is the only material allowed to be used for the flag, and flying a flag made of any other material is punishable by law with imprisonment up to three years, besides a fine. Raw materials for khadi are restricted to cotton, silk and wool. There are two kinds of khadi used: The first is the khadi-bunting which makes up the body of the flag, and the second is the khadi-duck, which is a beige-coloured cloth that holds the flag to the pole. The khadi-duck is an unconventional type of weave that meshes three threads into a weave, compared to the two threads used in conventional weaving. This type of weaving is extremely rare, and there are fewer than twenty weavers in India professing this skill. The guidelines also state that there should be exactly 150 threads per square centimetre, four threads per stitch, and one square foot should weigh exactly 205 grams (7.2 oz).[5][30][31][32]

text: There are four places in the country licensed to make the cloth for the national flag, they are in Karnataka, Marathwada, Barabanki in UP, and Banetha in Rajasthan.[33] The woven khadi is obtained from two handloom units in the Dharwad and Bagalkot districts of northern Karnataka. Currently, Karnataka Khadi Gramodyoga Samyukta Sangha based in Hubli is the only licensed flag production and supply unit in India.[31] Permission for setting up flag manufacturing units in India is allotted by the Khadi Development and Village Industries Commission, though the BIS has the power to cancel the licences of units that flout guidelines.[5] The hand-woven khadi for the National Flag was initially manufactured at Garag, a small village in the Dharwad district. A Centre was established at Garag in 1954 by a few freedom fighters under the banner of Dharwad Taluk Kshetriya Seva Sangh and obtained the Centre's licence to make flags.[5]

text: Once woven, the material is sent to the BIS laboratories for testing. After quality testing, the material, if approved, is returned to the factory. It is then separated into three lots which are dyed saffron, white and green. The Ashoka Chakra is screen printed, stencilled or suitably embroidered onto each side of the white cloth. Care also has to be taken that the chakra is completely visible and synchronised on both sides. Three pieces of the required dimension, one of each colour, are then stitched together according to specifications and the final product is ironed and packed. The BIS then checks the colours and only then can the flag be sold.[30][31]

text: Protocol

text: Display and usage of the flag is governed by the Flag Code of India, 2002 (successor to the Flag Code – India, the original flag code); the Emblems and Names (Prevention of Improper Use) Act, 1950; and the Prevention of Insults to National Honour Act, 1971.[5] Insults to the national flag, including gross affronts or indignities to it, as well as using it in a manner so as to violate the provisions of the Flag Code, are punishable by law with imprisonment up to three years, or a fine, or both.[34]

text: Official regulation states that the flag must never touch the ground or water, or be used as a drapery in any form.[5] The flag may not be intentionally placed upside down, dipped in anything, or hold any objects other than flower petals before unfurling. No sort of lettering may be inscribed on the flag. When out in the open, the flag should always be flown between sunrise and sunset, irrespective of the weather conditions. Prior to 2009, the flag could be flown on a public building at night under special circumstances; currently, Indian citizens can fly the flag even at night, subject to the restriction that the flag should be hoisted on a tall flagpole and be well-illuminated.[5][35]

text: The flag should never be depicted, displayed or flown upside down. Tradition also states that when draped vertically, the flag should not merely be rotated 90degrees, but also reversed. One "reads" a flag like the pages of a book, from top to bottom and from left to right, and after rotation the results should be the same. It is considered insulting to display the flag in a frayed or dirty state, and the same rule applies to the flagpoles and halyards used to hoist the flag, which should always be in a proper state of maintenance.[1]

text: The original flag code of India did not allow private citizens to fly the national flag except on national days such as Independence Day or Republic Day. In 2001, Naveen Jindal, an industrialist used to the more egalitarian use of the flag in the United States where he studied, flew the Indian flag on his office building. The flag was confiscated and he was warned of prosecution. Jindal filed a public interest litigation petition in the High Court of Delhi; he sought to strike down the restriction on the use of the flag by private citizens, arguing that hoisting the national flag with due decorum and honour was his right as a citizen, and a way of expressing his love for the country.[36][37]

text: At the end of the appeals process, the case was heard by the Supreme Court of India; the court ruled in Jindal's favour, asking the Government of India to consider the matter. The Union Cabinet of India then amended the Indian Flag Code with effect from 26 January 2002, allowing private citizens to hoist the flag on any day of the year, subject to their safeguarding the dignity, honour and respect of the flag.[5] It is also held that the code was not a statute and restrictions under the code ought to be followed; also, the right to fly the flag is a qualified right, unlike the absolute rights guaranteed to citizens, and should be interpreted in the context of Article 19 of the Constitution of India.[5]

text: The original flag code also forbade use of the flag on uniforms, costumes and other clothing. In July 2005, the Government of India amended the code to allow some forms of usage. The amended code forbids usage in clothing below the waist and on undergarments, and forbids embroidering onto pillowcases, handkerchiefs or other dress material.[38]

text: Disposal of damaged flags is also covered by the flag code. Damaged or soiled flags may not be cast aside or disrespectfully destroyed; they have to be destroyed as a whole in private, preferably by burning or by any other method consistent with the dignity of the flag.[1]

text: Display

text: The rules regarding the correct methods to display the flag state that when two flags are fully spread out horizontally on a wall behind a podium, their hoists should be towards each other with the saffron stripes uppermost. If the flag is displayed on a short flagpole, this should be mounted at an angle to the wall with the flag draped tastefully from it. If two national flags are displayed on crossed staffs, the hoists must be towards each other and the flags must be fully spread out. The flag should never be used as a cloth to cover tables, lecterns, podiums or buildings, or be draped from railings.[1]

text: Whenever the flag is displayed indoors in halls at public meetings or gatherings of any kind, it should always be on the right (observers' left), as this is the position of authority. So when the flag is displayed next to a speaker in the hall or other meeting place, it must be placed on the speaker's right hand. When it is displayed elsewhere in the hall, it should be to the right of the audience. The flag should be displayed completely spread out with the saffron stripe on top. If hung vertically on the wall behind the podium, the saffron stripe should be to the left of the onlookers facing the flag with the hoist cord at the top.[1]

text: The flag, when carried in a procession or parade or with another flag or flags, should be on the marching right or alone in the centre at the front. The flag may form a distinctive feature of the unveiling of a statue, monument, or plaque, but should never be used as the covering for the object. As a mark of respect to the flag, it should never be dipped to a person or thing, as opposed to regimental colours, organisational or institutional flags, which may be dipped as a mark of honour. During the ceremony of hoisting or lowering the flag, or when the flag is passing in a parade or in a review, all persons present should face the flag and stand at attention. Those present in uniform should render the appropriate salute. When the flag is in a moving column, persons present will stand at attention or salute as the flag passes them. A dignitary may take the salute without a head dress. The flag salutation should be followed by the playing of the national anthem.[1]

text: The privilege of flying the national flag on vehicles is restricted to the President, the Vice-President or the Prime Minister, Governors and Lieutenant Governors of states, Chief Ministers, Union Ministers, members of the Parliament of India and state legislatures of the Indian states (Vidhan Sabha and Vidhan Parishad), judges of the Supreme Court of India and High Courts, and flag officers of the Army, Navy and Air Force. The flag has to be flown from a staff affixed firmly either on the middle front or to the front right side of the car. When a foreign dignitary travels in a car provided by government, the flag should be flown on the right side of the car while the flag of the foreign country should be flown on the left side.[5]

text: The flag should be flown on the aircraft carrying the President, the Vice-President or the Prime Minister on a visit to a foreign country. Alongside the National Flag, the flag of the country visited should also be flown; however, when the aircraft lands in countries en route, the national flags of the respective countries would be flown instead. When carrying the president within India, aircraft display the flag on the side the president embarks or disembarks; the flag is similarly flown on trains, but only when the train is stationary or approaching a railway station.[1]

text: When the Indian flag is flown on Indian territory along with other national flags, the general rule is that the Indian flag should be the starting point of all flags. When flags are placed in a straight line, the rightmost flag (leftmost to the observer facing the flag) is the Indian flag, followed by other national flags in alphabetical order. When placed in a circle, the Indian flag is the first point and is followed by other flags alphabetically. In such placement, all other flags should be of approximately the same size with no other flag being larger than the Indian flag. Each national flag should also be flown from its own pole and no flag should be placed higher than another. In addition to being the first flag, the Indian flag may also be placed within the row or circle alphabetically. When placed on crossed poles, the Indian flag should be in front of the other flag, and to the right (observer's left) of the other flag. The only exception to the preceding rule is when it is flown along with the flag of the United Nations, which may be placed to the right of the Indian flag.[1]

text: When the Indian flag is displayed with non-national flags, including corporate flags and advertising banners, the rules state that if the flags are on separate staffs, the flag of India should be in the middle, or the furthest left from the viewpoint of the onlookers, or at least one flag's breadth higher than the other flags in the group. Its flagpole must be in front of the other poles in the group, but if they are on the same staff, it must be the uppermost flag. If the flag is carried in procession with other flags, it must be at the head of the marching procession, or if carried with a row of flags in line abreast, it must be carried to the marching right of the procession.[1]

text: Half-mast

text: The flag should be flown at half-mast as a sign of mourning. The decision to do so lies with the President of India, who also decides the period of such mourning. When the flag is to be flown at half mast, it must first be raised to the top of the mast and then slowly lowered. Only the Indian flag is flown half mast; all other flags remain at normal height.

text: The flag is flown half-mast nationwide on the death of the president, Vice-president or prime minister. It is flown half-mast in New Delhi and the state of origin for the Speaker of the Lok Sabha, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, and Union Ministers. On deaths of Governors, Lt. Governors and Chief Ministers, the flag is flown at half-mast in the respective states and union territories.

text: The Indian flag cannot be flown at half-mast on Republic Day (26 January), Independence day (15 August), Gandhi Jayanti (2 October), National Week (6–13 April) or state formation anniversaries, except over buildings housing the body of the deceased dignitary. However, even in such cases, the flag must be raised to full-mast when the body is moved from the building.

text: Observances of State mourning on the death of foreign dignitaries are governed by special instructions issued from the Ministry of Home Affairs in individual cases. However, in the event of death of either the Head of the State or Head of the Government of a foreign country, the Indian Mission accredited to that country may fly the national flag at half-mast.

text: On occasions of state, military, central para-military forces funerals, the flag shall be draped over the bier or coffin with the saffron towards the head of the bier or coffin. The flag should not be lowered into the grave or burnt in the pyre.[1]