document_title: Ellis Island

question_text: when was ellis island made into a museum

question_tokens: when was ellis island made into a museum

text: Ellis Island

text: Geography and access[edit]

text: Ellis Island is located in Upper New York Bay, east of Liberty State Park and north of Liberty Island, in Jersey City, New Jersey, with a small section that is part of New York City.[10][11] Largely created through land reclamation, the island has a land area of 27.5 acres (11.1 ha), most of which is part of New Jersey. The 2.74-acre (1.11 ha) natural island and contiguous areas comprise the 3.3 acres (1.3 ha) that are part of New York.[11][12]

text: The entire island has been owned and administered by the U.S. federal government since 1808 and has been operated by the National Park Service since 1965.[13]

text: Since September 11, 2001, the island is guarded by patrols of the United States Park Police Marine Patrol Unit. Public access is by ferry from either Communipaw Terminal in Liberty State Park or from the Battery at the southern tip of Manhattan. The ferry operator, Hornblower Cruises and Events, also provides service to the nearby Statue of Liberty.[14] A bridge built for transporting materials and personnel during restoration projects connects Ellis Island with Liberty State Park, but is not open to the public. Proposals made in 1995 to use it or replace it with a new bridge for pedestrians were opposed by the city of New York and the private ferry operator at that time.[15]

text: Much of the island, including the entire south side, has been closed to the general public since 1954. The renovated area on the north side was again closed to the public after Hurricane Sandy in October 2012.[16] The island was re-opened to the public and the museum partially re-opened on October 28, 2013, after major renovations.[17][18][19]

text: Early history[edit]

text: Originally much of the west shore of Upper New York Bay consisted of large tidal flats which hosted vast oyster banks, a major source of food for the Lenape population who lived in the area prior to the arrival of Dutch settlers. There were several islands which were not completely submerged at high tide. Three of them (later to be known as Liberty Island, Black Tom Island and Ellis Island) were given the name Oyster Islands by the settlers of New Netherland, the first European colony in the region. The oyster beds would remain a major source of food for nearly three centuries.[20][21][22] Landfilling to build the railyards of the Lehigh Valley Railroad and the Central Railroad of New Jersey would eventually obliterate the beds, engulf one island and bring the shoreline much closer to the others.[23] During the colonial period Little Oyster Island was known as Dyre's, then Bucking Island. In the 1760s, after some pirates were hanged from one of the island's scrubby trees, it became known as Gibbet Island.[24] It was acquired by Samuel Ellis, a colonial New Yorker and merchant possibly from Wales, around the time of the American Revolution.[25] In 1785 he unsuccessfully attempted to sell the island:[26]

text:
TO BE SOLD
By Samuel Ellis, no. 1, Greenwich Street, at the north river near the Bear Market, That pleasant situated Island called Oyster Island, lying in New York Bay, near Powle's Hook, together with all its improvements which are considerable;...

text: The State of New York leased the island in 1794 and started to fortify it in 1795. Ownership was in question and legislation was passed for acquisition by condemnation in 1807 and then ceded to the United States in 1808.[27] Shortly thereafter the War Department established a circular stone 14-gun battery, a mortar battery (possibly of six mortars), magazine, and barracks.[28][29][30] This was part of what was later called the second system of US fortifications. From 1808 until 1814 it was a federal arsenal. The fort was initially called Crown Fort, but the end of the War of 1812 the battery was named Fort Gibson, after Colonel James Gibson of the 4th Regiment of Riflemen, killed in the Siege of Fort Erie in that war.[31][32] Parts of the wall foundations of the fort were uncovered while excavating for the Immigrant Wall of Honor, and they are preserved with an interpretive plaque. The island remained a military post for nearly 80 years[33] before it was selected to be a federal immigration station.

text: Immigrant inspection station[edit]

text: In the 35 years before Ellis Island opened, more than eight million immigrants arriving in New York City had been processed by New York State officials at Castle Garden Immigration Depot in Lower Manhattan, just across the bay.[33] The federal government assumed control of immigration on April 18, 1890, and Congress appropriated $75,000 to construct America's first federal immigration station on Ellis Island. Artesian wells were dug, and landfill was hauled in from incoming ships' ballast and from construction of New York City's subway tunnels, which doubled the size of Ellis Island to over six acres. While the building was under construction, the Barge Office nearby at the Battery was used for immigrant processing.

text: The first station was an enormous three-story-tall structure, with outbuildings, built of Georgia pine, containing all of the amenities that were thought to be necessary. It opened with celebration on January 1, 1892.[24] Three large ships landed on the first day and 700 immigrants passed over the docks. Almost 450,000 immigrants were processed at the station during its first year. On June 15, 1897, a fire of unknown origin, possibly caused by faulty wiring, turned the wooden structures on Ellis Island into ashes. No loss of life was reported, but most of the immigration records dating back to 1855 were destroyed. About 1.5 million immigrants had been processed at the first building during its five years of use. Plans were immediately made to build a new, fireproof immigration station on Ellis Island. During the construction period, passenger arrivals were again processed at the Barge Office.[24]

text: Edward Lippincott Tilton and William A. Boring won the 1897 competition to design the first phase, including the Main Building (1897–1900), Kitchen and Laundry Building (1900–01), Main Powerhouse (1900–01), and the Main Hospital Building (1900–01).[34]

text: The present main structure was designed in French Renaissance Revival style and built of red brick with limestone trim. After it opened on December 17, 1900, the facilities proved to be able to barely handle the flood of immigrants that arrived in the years before World War I. Writer Louis Adamic came to America from Slovenia, then part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire in 1913 and described the night he and many other immigrants slept on bunk beds in a huge hall. Lacking a warm blanket, the young man "shivered, sleepless, all night, listening to snores" and dreams "in perhaps a dozen different languages". The facility was so large that the dining room could seat 1,000 people. It is reported that the island’s first immigrant to be processed through was a teenager named Annie Moore from County Cork in Ireland.[35]

text: After its opening, Ellis Island was again expanded with landfill and additional structures were built. By the time it closed on November 12, 1954, twelve million immigrants had been processed by the U.S. Bureau of Immigration.[33] It is estimated that 10.5 million immigrants departed for points across the United States from the Central Railroad of New Jersey Terminal, located just across a narrow strait.[36][37] Others would have used one of the other terminals along the North River (Hudson River) at that time.[38] At first, the majority of immigrants arriving through the station were Northern and Western Europeans (Germany, Ireland, Britain and the Scandinavian countries). Eventually, these groups of peoples slowed in the rates that they were coming in, and immigrants came in from Southern and Eastern Europe, including Jews. Many reasons these immigrants came to the United States included escaping political and economic oppression, as well as persecution, destitution, and violence. Other groups of peoples being processed through the station were Poles, Hungarians, Czechs, Serbs, Slovaks, Greeks, Syrians, Turks, and Armenians.[8]

text: Primary inspection[edit]

text: Between 1905 and 1914, an average of one million immigrants per year arrived in the United States. Immigration officials reviewed about 5,000 immigrants per day during peak times at Ellis Island.[39] Two-thirds of those individuals emigrated from eastern, southern and central Europe.[40] The peak year for immigration at Ellis Island was 1907, with 1,004,756 immigrants processed. The all-time daily high occurred on April 17, 1907, when 11,747 immigrants arrived.[24] After the Immigration Act of 1924 was passed, which greatly restricted immigration and allowed processing at overseas embassies, the only immigrants to pass through the station were those who had problems with their immigration paperwork, displaced persons, and war refugees.[41] Today, over 100 million Americans—about one-third to forty percent of the population of the United States—can trace their ancestry to the immigrants who first arrived in America at Ellis Island before dispersing to points all over the country.[42]

text: Generally, those immigrants who were approved spent from two to five hours at Ellis Island. Arrivals were asked 29 questions including name, occupation, and the amount of money carried. It was important to the American government that the new arrivals could support themselves and have money to get started. The average the government wanted the immigrants to have was between 18 and 25 dollars ($600 in 2015 adjusted for inflation). Those with visible health problems or diseases were sent home or held in the island's hospital facilities for long periods of time. More than three thousand would-be immigrants died on Ellis Island while being held in the hospital facilities. Some unskilled workers were rejected because they were considered "likely to become a public charge." About 2 percent were denied admission to the U.S. and sent back to their countries of origin for reasons such as having a chronic contagious disease, criminal background, or insanity.[43] Ellis Island was sometimes known as "The Island of Tears" or "Heartbreak Island"[44] because of those 2% who were not admitted after the long transatlantic voyage. The Kissing Post is a wooden column outside the Registry Room, where new arrivals were greeted by their relatives and friends, typically with tears, hugs and kisses.[45][46]

text: During World War I, the German sabotage of the Black Tom Wharf ammunition depot damaged buildings on Ellis Island. The repairs included the current barrel-vaulted ceiling of the Main Hall.

text: Medical inspections[edit]

text: To support the activities of the United States Bureau of Immigration, the United States Public Health Service operated an extensive medical service at the immigrant station, called U.S. Marine Hospital Number 43, more widely known as the Ellis Island Immigrant Hospital. It was the largest marine hospital in the nation. The medical division, which was active in the hospital wards, the Barge Office at the Battery and the Main Building, was staffed by uniformed military surgeons. They are best known for the role they played during the line inspection, in which they employed unusual techniques such as the use of the buttonhook to examine immigrants for signs of eye diseases (particularly, trachoma) and the use of a chalk mark code. Symbols were chalked on the clothing of potentially sick immigrants following the six-second medical examination. The doctors would look at the immigrants as they climbed the stairs from the baggage area to the Great Hall. Immigrants' behavior would be studied for difficulties in getting up the staircase. Some immigrants supposedly entered the country only by surreptitiously wiping the chalk marks off, or by turning their clothes inside out.[47]

text: The symbols used were:

text:
B – Back
C – Conjunctivitis
TC – Trachoma
E – Eyes
F – Face
FT – Feet
G – Goiter
H – Heart
K – Hernia
L – Lameness
N – Neck
P – Physical and Lungs
PG – Pregnancy
S – Senility
SC – Scalp (Favus)
X – Suspected Mental defect
ⓧ – Definite signs of Mental defect

tag: ul

text: Some other symbols or marks were used by U.S. Immigrant Inspectors when interrogating immigrants in the Registry Room to determine whether to admit or detain them, including:

text:
SI – Special Inquiry
IV – Immigrant Visa
LPC – Likely or Liable to become a Public Charge
Med. Cert. – Medical certificate issued

text: Eugenic influence[edit]

text: Many of the people immigrating to America hailed from Europe, with Eastern Europe and Southern European immigrants being the primary groups. During this time period, eugenic ideals gained broad popularity and made heavy impact on immigration to the United States by way of exclusion of disabled and "morally defective" people. These attributes of defect would become associated with certain racial/national normalities and give power to a movement of creating a racially "superior America" via the reproduction of "old stock" white Americans due to their membership to the "Nordic race" (a form of white supremacy).

text: Eugenicists of the late 19th and early 20th century held the belief that reproductive selection should be carried out by the state as a collective decision.[48] For many eugenicists, this was considered a patriotic duty as they held an interest in creating a greater national race. Henry Fairfield Osborn's opening words to the New York Evening Journal in 1911 were, "As a biologist as well as a patriot...," on the subject on advocating for tighter inspections of immigrants of the United States.

text: Eugenic selection occurred on two distinguishable levels:

text:
State/Local levels which handles institutionalization and sterilization of those considered defective as well as the education of the public, marriage laws, and social pressures such as fitter family and better baby contests.
Immigration control, the screening of immigrants for defects, was notably supported by Harry Laughlin, superintendent of the Eugenics Record Office from 1910 to 1939, who stated that this was where the "federal government must cooperate."

text: At the time, it was a broadly popular idea that immigration policies had ought to be based off eugenics principles in order to help create a "superior race" in America. To do this, defective persons needed to be screened by immigration officials and denied entry on the basis of their disability.

text: Types of Defects often screened for:

text:
Physical: people who had hereditary or acquired physical disability. These included sickness and disease, deformity, lack of limbs, being abnormally tall or short, "feminization", etc.
Mental: people who showed signs or history of mental illness and intellectual disability. These included "feeblemindedness", "imbecility", depression, and other illnesses that stemmed from the brain such as epilepsy and cerebral palsy.
Moral: people who had "moral defects" at the time were, but not limited to: homosexuals and those of "illicit sexuality", criminals, impoverished, and other groups associated with degeneracy that deviated from the considered "norm" or American society at the time.

text: The people with moral or mental disability were of higher concern to officials and under the law, mandatorily excluded from immigrating to the United States. Persons with physical disability were under higher inspection and could be turned way on the basis of their disability. Much of this came in part of the eugenicist belief that defects were hereditary, especially those of the moral and mental nature those these were often outwardly signified by physical deformity as well.[48]

text: In 1898, a Chicago surgeon named Eugene S. Talbot (Eugene Solomon) wrote "crime is hereditary, a tendency which is, in most cases, associated with bodily defects."[49] Likewise, George Lydston, a medicine and criminal anthropology professor, argued further in 1906 that people with "defective physique" were not just criminally associated but that defectiveness was a primary factor "in the causation of crime."[50] >Between 1891 and 1930, Ellis Island reviewed over 25 million attempted immigrations. Of this 25 million, 700,000 were given certificates of disability or disease and of these 79,000 were barred from entry. Approximately 4.4% of immigrants between 1909 and 1930 were classified as disabled or diseased per with 11% being deported when this number spiked to 8.0% in the years of 1918-1919. One percent of immigrants were deported yearly due to medical causes.

text: Detention and deportation station[edit]

text: With the passing of the Immigrant Quota Act of 1921, the number of immigrants being allowed into the United States declined greatly. The passing of the bill ended the era of mass immigration.[8] After 1924, Ellis Island became primarily a detention and deportation processing station.[24][51]

text: During and immediately following World War II, Ellis Island was used to hold German merchant mariners and "enemy aliens"—Axis nationals detained for fear of spying, sabotage, and other fifth column activity. In December 1941, Ellis Island held 279 Japanese, 248 Germans, and 81 Italians removed from the East Coast.[52] Unlike other wartime immigration detention stations, Ellis Island was designated as a permanent holding facility and was used to hold foreign nationals throughout the war.[53] A total of 7,000 Germans, Italians and Japanese would be ultimately detained at Ellis Island.[24] It was also a processing center for returning sick or wounded U.S. soldiers, and a Coast Guard training base. Ellis Island still managed to process tens of thousands of immigrants a year during this time, but many fewer than the hundreds of thousands a year who arrived before the war. After the war, immigration rapidly returned to earlier levels.[24] Noted entertainers who performed for detained aliens[citation needed] and for U.S. and allied servicemen at the island included Rudy Vallee, Jimmy Durante, Bob Hope, and Lionel Hampton and his orchestra.

text: The Internal Security Act of 1950 barred members of communist or fascist organizations from immigrating to the United States. Ellis Island saw detention peak at 1,500, but by 1952, after changes to immigration law and policies, only 30 detainees remained.[24]

text: One of the last detainees was the Aceh separatist Hasan di Tiro who, while a student in New York in 1953, declared himself the "foreign minister" of the rebellious Darul Islam movement.[54] Due to this action, he was immediately stripped of his Indonesian citizenship, causing him to be imprisoned for a few months on Ellis Island as "an illegal alien."[54]

text: Staff[edit]

text: The station's commissioners were:

text:
1890–1893 Colonel John B. Weber (Republican)
1893–1897 Dr. Joseph H. Senner (Democrat)
1898–1902 Thomas Fitchie (Republican)
1902–1905 William Williams (Republican)
1905–1909 Robert Watchorn (Republican)
1909–1913 William Williams (Republican), 2nd term
1914–1919 Dr. Frederic C. Howe (Democrat)
1920–1921 Frederick A. Wallis (Democrat)
1921–1923 Robert E. Tod (Republican)
1923–1926 Henry C. Curran (Republican)
1926–1931 Benjamin M. Day (Republican)
1931–1934 Edward Corsi (Republican)
1934–1940 Rudolph Reimer (Democrat)
1940–1942 Byron H. Uhl (actual title: district director)
1942–1949 W. Frank Watkins (district director)
1949–1954 Edward J. Shaughnessy (district director)

tag: ol

text: Other notable officials at Ellis Island included James R. O'Beirne (assistant commissioner, 1890–93), Edward F. McSweeney (assistant commissioner, 1893-1902), Joseph E. Murray (assistant commissioner, 1902–09), Byron Uhl (assistant commissioner, 1909-1940), Dr. George W. Stoner (chief surgeon), Augustus Frederick Sherman (chief clerk), Dr. Victor Heiser (surgeon) (surgeon), Dr. Thomas W. Salmon (surgeon), Dr. Howard Knox (surgeon), Antonio Frabasilis (interpreter), Peter Mikolainis (interpreter), Maud Mosher (matron), Fiorello H. La Guardia (interpreter), Samuel Hays, (special immigrant inspector)Roman Dobler (immigrant inspector), Philip Cowen (immigrant inspector) and Philip Forman (immigrant inspector, 1930s; chief of detention, deportation and parole, 1940s, 1950s)

text: Prominent amongst the missionaries and immigrant aid workers were Rev. Michael J. Henry and Rev. Anthony J. Grogan (Irish Catholic), Rev. Gaspare Moretto (Italian Catholic), Alma E. Mathews (Methodist), Rev. Georg Doring (German Lutheran), Rev. Joseph L'Etauche (Polish Catholic), Rev. Reuben Breed (Episcopal), Michael Lodsin (Baptist), Brigadier Thomas Johnson (Salvation Army), Ludmila K. Foxlee (YWCA), Athena Marmaroff (Woman's Christian Temperance Union), Alexander Harkavy (HIAS), and Cecilia Greenstone and Cecilia Razovsky (National Council of Jewish Women).

text: Records[edit]

text: A myth persists that government officials on Ellis Island compelled immigrants to take new names against their wishes.[55][56] In fact, no historical records bear this out. Immigration inspectors used the passenger lists given to them by the steamship companies to process each foreigner. These were the sole immigration records for entering the country and were prepared not by the U.S. Bureau of Immigration but by steamship companies such as the Cunard Line, the White Star Line, the North German Lloyd Line, the Hamburg-Amerika Line, the Italian Steam Navigation Company, the Red Star Line, the Holland America Line, and the Austro-American Line.[57][58] The Americanization of many immigrant families' surnames was for the most part adopted by the family after the immigration process, or by the second or third generation of the family after some assimilation into American culture. However, many last names were altered slightly due to the disparity between English and other languages in the pronunciation of certain letters of the alphabet.[59]

text: Notable immigrants[edit]

text: The first immigrant to pass through Ellis Island was Annie Moore, a 17-year-old girl from Cork, Ireland, who arrived on the ship Nevada on January 1, 1892.[60] She and her two brothers were coming to America to meet their parents, who had moved to New York two years prior. She received a greeting from officials and a $10 gold coin.[61] It was the largest sum of money she had ever owned.

text: The last person to pass through Ellis Island was a Norwegian merchant seaman by the name of Arne Peterssen in 1954.

text: Immigration museum[edit]

text: The wooden structure built in 1892 to house the immigration station burned down after five years. The station's new Main Building, which now houses the Immigration Museum, was opened in 1900.[62] Architects Edward Lippincott Tilton and William Alciphron Boring received a gold medal at the 1900 Paris Exposition for the building's design and constructed the building at a cost of $1.5 million.[63] The architecture competition was the second under the Tarsney Act, which had permitted private architects rather than government architects in the Treasury Department's Office of the Supervising Architect to design federal buildings.[64]

text: After the immigration station closed in November 1954, the buildings fell into disrepair and were abandoned. Attempts at redeveloping the site were unsuccessful until its landmark status was established. On October 15, 1965, Ellis Island was proclaimed a part of Statue of Liberty National Monument. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on October 15, 1966.

text: Boston-based architecture firm Finegold Alexander + Associates Inc, together with the New York architectural firm Beyer Blinder Belle, designed the restoration and adaptive use of the Beaux-Arts Main Building, one of the most symbolically important structures in American history. A construction budget of $150 million was required for this significant restoration. This money was raised by a campaign organized by the political fundraiser Wyatt A. Stewart.[65] The building reopened on September 10, 1990.[66] Exhibits include Hearing Room, Peak Immigration Years, the Peopling of America, Restoring a Landmark, Silent Voices, Treasures from Home, and Ellis Island Chronicles. There are also three theaters used for film and live performances.[67]

text: On May 20, 2015 the Ellis Island Immigration Museum was officially renamed the Ellis Island National Museum of Immigration, coinciding with the opening of the new Peopling of America galleries. The expansion tells the entire story of American immigration, including before and after the Ellis Island era. The Peopling of America Center was designed by ESI Design and fabricated by Hadley Exhibits, Inc. The architectural design was done by Highland Associates, with construction executed by Phelps Construction Group.[68]

text: The Wall of Honor outside of the main building contains a partial list of immigrants processed on the island.[69] Inclusion on the list is made possible by a donation to support the facility. In 2008 the museum's library was officially named the Bob Hope Memorial Library in honor of one the station's most famous immigrants.

text: The Ellis Island Medal of Honor is awarded annually at ceremonies on the island.

text: South side of the island[edit]

text: The south side of the island, home to the Ellis Island Immigrant Hospital, is closed to the general public and the object of restoration efforts spearheaded by Save Ellis Island.

text: Many of the facilities at Ellis Island were abandoned and remain unrenovated.[70] The entire south side, called by some the "sad side" of the island, is off limits to the general public. The Ellis Island Immigrant Hospital operated here from early 1902 to 1930.[71][72] The foundation Save Ellis Island is spearheading preservation efforts. The New Ferry Building, built in the Art Deco style to replace an earlier one, was renovated in 2008, but remains only partially accessible to the general public.[73]

text: As part of the National Park Service's Centennial Initiative, the south side of the island was to be the target of a project to restore the 28 buildings that have not yet been rehabilitated.[74]

text: State sovereignty dispute[edit]

text: The circumstances which led to an exclave of New York being located within New Jersey began in the colonial era, after the British takeover of New Netherland in 1664. An unusual clause in the colonial land grant outlined the territory that the proprietors of New Jersey would receive as being "westward of Long Island, and Manhitas Island and bounded on the east part by the main sea, and part by Hudson's river",[75] rather than at the river's midpoint, as was common in other colonial charters.[76]

text: Attempts were made as early as 1804 to resolve the status of the state line.[77] The City of New York claimed the right to regulate trade on all the waters. This was contested in Gibbons v. Ogden (22 U.S. 1) (1824),[78] which decided that the regulation of interstate commerce fell under the authority of the federal government, thus influencing competition in the newly developing steam ferry service in New York Harbor.

text: In 1830, New Jersey planned to bring suit to clarify the border, but the case was never heard.[79] The matter was resolved with a compact between the states, ratified by U.S. Congress in 1834, which set the boundary line between them as the middle of the Hudson River and New York Harbor.[80] This was later confirmed by the U.S. Supreme Court in other cases which also expounded on the compact.[23][81][82]

text: The federal government, which had bought the island in 1808, began expanding the island by land fill, to accommodate the immigration station opened in 1892. Land filling continued in stages until 1934.[83]

text: Nine-tenths of the current area is artificial island that did not exist at the time of the interstate compact. New Jersey contended that the new extensions were part of New Jersey, since they were not part of the original island. In 1956, after the 1954 closing of the U.S. immigration station, the then Mayor of Jersey City, Bernard J. Berry, commandeered a U.S. Coast Guard cutter and led a contingent of New Jersey officials on an expedition to claim the island.[84] In 1997, the state filed suit to establish its jurisdiction, leading New York City Mayor Rudolph Giuliani to remark dramatically that his father, an Italian who immigrated through Ellis Island, never intended to go to New Jersey.[85] The border was redrawn using information based on studies using geographic information science.[86]

text: The dispute eventually reached the Supreme Court of the United States, which ruled in New Jersey v. New York 523 U.S. 767 (1998), that New Jersey had jurisdiction over all portions of the island created after the original compact was approved (effectively, more than 80% of the island's present land). This caused several immediate instances of confusion: some buildings, for instance, fell into the territory of both states. New Jersey and New York soon agreed to share jurisdiction of the island. It remains wholly a federal property, however, and these legal decisions do not result in either state taking any fiscal or physical responsibility for the maintenance, preservation, or improvement of any of the historic properties.[79][87][88]

text: The ruling had no effect on the status of Liberty Island, 4.17 acres (1.69 ha) of which was created by land reclamation.[89][90]

text: For New York State tax purposes, it is assessed as Manhattan Block 1, Lot 201. Since 1998, it also has a tax number assigned by the state of New Jersey.[91]

text: Emergency services[edit]

text: Emergency services on Ellis Island are provided by the following emergency divisions of the National Park Service:

text:
Police services and security are provided for the island by the United States Park Police.
Fire suppression/protection is provided by the National Park Service's Statue of Liberty/Ellis Island Division of Safety and Emergency Management Statue of Liberty Fire Brigade which consists of a crew of federal NPS firefighters who are trained and certified as Structural Firefighter I, Structural Firefighter II or Wildland Firefighters. The crew also provides fire suppression response to nearby Liberty Island.

Since the nearest other National Park Service Engine Company is located in Fort Hancock in Sandy Hook, New Jersey, the Statue of Liberty Fire Brigade maintains a mutual aid agreement with the Jersey City Fire Department & FDNY for mutual aid assistance on Ellis Island should it be required. The Statue of Liberty/ Ellis Island Division of Safety & Emergency Management staffs the fire brigade. The fire brigade is led by a Fire Captain (crew leader), two Lieutenants and has six collateral duty firefighters.
Emergency Medical Services are provided by National Park Services Statue of Liberty/Ellis Island Division of Safety and Emergency Management, which consists of a team of full-time NPS Emergency Medical Technicians and Certified First Responders. Patient transportation is coordinated with Jersey City Medical Center ambulances, but emergency response and patient care falls solely upon the National Park Service Emergency Medical Technicians.

text: In popular culture[edit]

text: Ellis Island has been a source of inspiration or used as a subject in popular culture. Its imagery or representation has been employed in literature (including novels, short stories and poetry), in song, musical composition, dance, theatre, including vaudeville, burlesque, musical comedy, revue, legitimate theatre, motion pictures (silent and sound), newsreels, and in radio and television.

text: Early films, including those from the silent era, which feature the station include Traffic in Souls (1913), How The Jews Care for Their Poor (educational film, 1914) The Yellow Passport (1916), My Boy (1921), Frank Capra's The Strong Man (1926), We Americans (1928), The Mating Call (1928), This is Heaven (1929), Paddy O'Day (1935), Ellis Island (1936), Gateway (1938), Exile Express (1939), I, Jane Doe (1948), and Gambling House (1951). In The Godfather Part II, Vito Corleone immigrates via Ellis Island as a boy. The opening scene of The Brother From Another Planet is set there. The island is visited by the characters in the 2005 romantic comedy, Hitch, and is the setting for the climactic battle in X-Men.

text: Over the decades, Ellis Island was also widely referenced or remarked on in books, such as Mrs 'Arris Goes to New York (1960) by Paul Gallico, and in popular films such as Cafe Metropole (1937) and With a Song in My Heart (1952).

text: Some films have focused on the immigrant experience, such as the 1984 TV miniseries Ellis Island. The IMAX 3D movie Across the Sea of Time incorporates both modern footage and historical photographs of Ellis Island. The 2006 Italian movie The Golden Door, directed by Emanuele Crialese, takes place largely on Ellis Island. Forgotten Ellis Island, a film and book, focuses on the Ellis Island Immigrant Hospital.[92] The Immigrant is a 2013 American drama film directed by James Gray, starring Marion Cotillard, Joaquin Phoenix, and Jeremy Renner.[93]

text: In 1982 The National Parks Department embarked on an 8-year renovation. During that time, David Simonton was part of The Ellis Island Project: Documentation/Interpretation and captured stunning, black and white photos giving insight into immigrant's lives. Photographer Stephen Wilkes's series Ellis Island: Ghosts of Freedom (2006) captured the abandoned south side of Ellis Island.[94]

text: Ellis Island as a port of entry is described in detail in Mottel the Cantor's Son by Sholom Aleichem.

text: Ellis Island: The Dream of America is a work for actors and orchestra with projected images by Peter Boyer, composed in 2001-02. The song "The New Ground - Isle of Hope, Isle of Tears", on the 2010 album Songs from the Heart by the group Celtic Woman, is about Annie Moore and Ellis Island.

text: The USPS issued a 32¢ stamp on February 3, 1998 as part of the Celebrate the Century stamp sheet series.

text: The island is accessible in the Spider-Man 2 video game for the PlayStation 2 and Xbox by attaching to passing helicopters.

text: Irish band The Corrs have a song called "Ellis Island", inspired by the island on their album White Light.

text: The 1997 children's novel The Orphan of Ellis Island concerns a contemporary child who becomes separated from his group on a school trip to the island.

text: Ellis Island is also the central theme for the party the Ellis sisters throw in the 2015 film "Sisters".

text: Ellis Island was also featured in the 2014 Film "Winter's Tale".

text: Ellis, a short, premiered in November 2015.


document_title: The 5th Wave (series)

question_text: when does the second fifth wave come out

root

text: The 5th Wave (series)

text: Overview[edit]

text: Earth is systematically attacked by a group of aliens known as "the Others". They exist in unknown form, and attack through a series of waves. After the first four waves have decimated the human population, the remaining populace is terrifyingly awaiting the arrival a new Fifth Wave, one that will supposedly wipe the human race clean off the planet. The story follows a group of children as they try to find their way through a world that is slowly reverting to the Stone Age.

tag: p

text: Origins[edit]

text:
Yancey stated in an interview with Lightspeed Magazine that the basis for The 5th Wave came from a question he asked his wife about her worst fears. "It was one of those three a.m. conversations where your mind starts going, and I asked her, on the spur of the moment, 'What is your greatest fear?' She said, without hesitation, 'Alien abduction.'"
Yancey continued on how he developed the plot for the series. "It was basically trying to think like an alien, and considering the fact that if they are out there, they probably wouldn’t attack without getting to know us very, very well. They would learn how we think, they would learn about what do humans do in times of crisis, and they would turn that to their own advantage. So, when I was working through how the attacks might work, I realized first that it couldn’t just be one attack—the world’s too big—you’d have to do it in stages, or waves."
The first book was officially published on 8 May 2013.[2]

text: Books[edit]

text: The 5th Wave[edit]

text: The 5th Wave is the first book in the series and was released on May 7, 2013.

text: The book opens in the midst of the Fourth Wave and follows Cassie's quest to find her brother, Sammy, after he is taken by U.S. Army soldiers. Cassie is shot by an Other sniper, a "silencer", from the woods on her trek, and is later rescued by Evan Walker, who nurses her back to health and agrees to help her find her brother. Meanwhile, Sammy arrives at Wright-Patterson AFB, and it is revealed over the course of the story that they are recruiting (truly, abducting) children into an army, telling them they are the last hope for fighting back against the Others. Sammy is placed in squad 53 befriends squadmate Ben Parish, who is coincidentally Cassie's long-lost crush from high school. After the two set out, Cassie and Evan are attacked by a squad from Wright-Patterson, and, after seeing how easily Evan dispatches them, Cassie finds out that Evan is the silencer who shot her. He then helped her because he had fallen in love and couldn't bring himself to kill her. The two, though uneasily, coordinate a plan to extract Sammy then begin executing it. While deployed, Ben and his squadmate Ringer start to piece together their true purposes and learn that Wright-Patterson is actually run by the Others. It is revealed that the Others are masquerading as a resistance force, abducting and training the children into a fighting force, which they will deploy as the Fifth Wave to end humanity. Ben and Ringer decide to bolt with the rest of squad 53, but Ben insists on going back for Sammy, who was left on base due to his age.

text: Ben and Cassie both enter the base. They eventually run into each other and join each other. They find Sammy, but are taunted and thwarted by the acting commander of the base, Colonel Alexander Vosch. Evan saves them and says his goodbyes to Cassie before he detonates bombs that level the base, though he is lost in the process. Cassie, Ben and Sam ride off with squad 53 as Wright-Patterson is destroyed.

text: The book was adapted into a film by J Blakeson and Columbia Pictures, under the title The 5th Wave, and was released on January 22, 2016. The film was mildly successful, though news is still pending of the production of a sequel.

text: The Infinite Sea[edit]

text: The Infinite Sea is the second installment in the series, released on September 16, 2014.

text: The book becomes much more involved with the members of squad 53 and the character Ringer. The group takes refuge in an old hotel near the ruins of Wright-Patterson, at Cassie's insistence that Evan is still alive. Ringer sets out to find an alternate route, though it goes awry when she mistakes Teacup, a small girl of the squad, for a silencer, shoots her, and is taken by an approaching helicopter. Evan is revealed to have survived, having been rescued by another silencer named Grace. Evan attempts to kill Grace after he finds out she is hunting Cassie, and though he fails, he manages to flee during an attack by hidden assailants. Evan finds the hotel Cassie is stationed at, though he is shot and knocked out in a misunderstanding with squad 53. Cassie tends to him, while Ben angrily awaits his awakening. Later, a helicopter quickly flies over the hotel, and then a small girl, whom Sammy identifies as one Megan, appears. Evan wakes up and warns them that she is rigged with a bomb that explodes when it comes into contact with human breath. Evan and Cassie extract the bomb from Megan's throat. Grace appears and, after a violent confrontation, is killed when Private Poundcake detonates the bomb, killing himself too.

text: The second part of the story follows Private Ringer. She is taken to a base somewhere, similar to Wright-Patterson, and meets the alive-and-well Colonel Vosch. Vosch constantly thwarts her with mind games and preaches to her a philosophy that "rage is not the answer". She semi-befriends a recruit called Razor, who is aware that Vosch and the staff of the base are indeed the Others. Vosch installs Ringer with a piece of technology, the "twelfth system", that enhances her strength. He also reveals to Ringer that silencers were never actually Others, just humans planted with fake memories and enhanced by the twelfth system with a link to the alien Mothership. It is concluded that there are only dozens of true Others in the world, and that the Mothership is the last remnant of their society programmed with the goal of eradicating humans. Ringer and Razor attempt to escape, though Razor secretly conspired with Vosch, and they were being monitored the entire time. Ringer learns, neutralizes Razor, and runs off, but not fast enough to evade Vosch, who incapacitates her. Razor is order to rejuvenate Ringer, though he does more and the two sleep together in a rough, hazy love. When they arrive back on base, Razor kills Teacup, whom Vosch used as a bargaining chip, in order to set Ringer free. Razor is shot dead, and Ringer escapes the base.

text: As the novel closes, Cassie and squad 53 recover from the bomb that destroyed the hotel, when Evan, weak and exhausted, emerges from the woods.

text: The book was noted for its dark appeal, and was released to the same good reception as its predecessor.

text: The Last Star[edit]

text: The Last Star, the third and final book in The 5th Wave series, was released on May 24, 2016.

text: The closing chapter of the story of the series. The fifth wave is still commencing, or so the characters believe. Ringer and Evan know that once Vosch and the other few Others are withdrawn from the surface, the mothership will drop massive bombs on the surface to obliterate any trace of humanity left on Earth. Cassie and squad 53 settle in the dead silencer Grace's former home. Ringer returns to Vosch knowing that he will kill Ben Parish and the rest of squad 53 if she does not kill the persistently rebellious Evan Walker for him. She takes a helicopter to the town that the squad stationed themselves in and is attacked by a silencer. She is met by Ben after the silencer is killed, and the two head to the house. Ringer immediately attempts to kill Evan, but they are interrupted by an incoming helicopter. Evan realizes why Ringer intended to kill him and he submits and is taken.

text: The group devise a plan to not only save Evan but to end the Others permanently. Cassie and Ringer infiltrate the base via a hijacked helicopter. Ringer detonates several bombs to incite chaos on the base, and, after many complications, they reach the command center of the base. Ben, having stayed behind to protect Sam and Megan, is attacked by a patrol and the three are taken back to the base. Cassie and Ringer attempt to find Evan's data on the CPU to locate him, though they do not know how to sift through each cell individually, and so Cassie downloads the data of every logged person to her own head to find it. She learns everything there is to know about anything who was ever downloaded in the CPU, and she learns the codes and layout of the base. Evan arrives, now completely devoid of humanity at the hands of the twelfth system. He fights Ringer disables her easily. However, he walks into a trap when Cassie drops a live electric cable on the wet surface beneath him (as a result of the sprinkler system). Ringer wakes up to see Vosch, who has become attached to her and wishes to bring her with him in his extraction pod. The conversation is only a decoy from Ringer, allowing Cassie to shoot and kill him from behind. Cassie then uses the knowledge she gained to open Vosch's escape pod and she ascends into the sky. Ringer gets ahold of a device from Vosch that will electrocute any soldier with a tracking implant in them. Without much else of a choice, she activates it. Ben, Sam, and Megan dive out of their helicopter as the soldiers and pilot die, and they realize Cassie and Ringer must still be alive.

text: Cassie, now ascending to the mothership, has a chance to glimpse the memories that she now has from tens of thousands of people. She begins to truly think about what humanity is worth, when the pod nears the Mothership. She takes out an explosive pill from her pocket that Vosch originally gave to Ringer so she could kill herself rather than be destroyed in the bombs of the fifth wave. She bites down on the pill, and the Mothership explodes. Ben and the kids witness this to their sorrow and delight. They enter the base and find Ringer paralyzed on the floor.

text: Some time later, the group has settled down in a house somewhere, with Ben and Ringer raising Sam and Megan like their own children, and Evan (the twelfth system having kept him alive and the group having restored his memories and humanity with the CPU) watches over them. Seeing no future for himself there, he sets off away from the four, on a mission to kill every single silencer and fifth waver there is left in the world.

text: Characters[edit]

text: Main Characters[edit]

text: Cassiopeia "Cassie" Marie Sullivan - the main protagonist of the series. Her namesake is the constellation Cassiopeia. Both of her parents died in the first four waves. Her brother Sammy is taken by The Others to a "training camp" called Camp Haven, formerly, Wright-Patterson AFB. She is seventeen years old and is described as a short, strawberry-blonde girl with average features.

text: Evan Walker - a farm boy from rural Ohio. All of his family and girlfriend was killed in the third wave by the Red Death. Earlier in his life at a carnival, he meets Grace, who is the only person he finds to be like him, an Other. He saves Cassie after she is shot by an Other sniper, the "Silencer". Cassie soon finds out that Evan is actually the Silencer who shot her and is not truly human. He is described as being a tall boy, at least eighteen or nineteen years old, being very muscular with chocolate-brown hair. Cassie also notes his soft hands. He develops strong feelings for Cassie, and so does she. Though, these feelings are strained when Cassie learns that Evan is an Other. Evan is rescued by Grace, who tries to seduce him, though, after they are attacked and Grace is wounded, he makes his way to Cassie. Grace, however follows him there. Poundcake blows up the hotel while Evan is still inside, and it is not clear if he survives. However, at the end of The Infinite Sea, he emerges from the woods to find Cassie.

text: Benjamin "Ben" Thomas Parish or "Zombie" - the varsity quarterback of the football team at Cassie's school. Cassie secretly had a crush on him. His family was killed during the first four waves by a group of psychotic looters. He is crushed by the fact that he ran while his baby sister was killed. He keeps a locket with a photo of her. He becomes a member of Camp Haven's makeshift army, not knowing that they are The Others (though he eventually finds out), taking the nickname "Zombie". After one of his squadmates goes crazy, or "Dorothy", Private Ringer replaces him. He obsesses with getting her to smile. Cassie describes him as overall gorgeous.

text: Marika "Ringer" - a member of squad 53. Her father was an Atheist and a chess player. He taught her how to play. Marika's father was usually drunk. Her father is infected with the Red Death and dies of the disease. Marika wandered through the wilderness before forcefully being recruited into Camp Haven's army, where she took the nickname "Ringer". She is a replacement after Private Tank of Squad 53 went crazy, "Dorothy", and pulled a gun on his squad. Zombie is obsessed with getting Ringer to smile. On their first patrol, she and Zombie find that Camp Haven's officials are actually The Others. She is described as having glossy black hair and mild Asian features. In The Infinite Sea, she grows closer to Private Teacup, and, after being captured, grows feelings for a recruit named Razor.

text: Sammy "Nugget" Sullivan - Cassie's five-year-old brother. At his refugee camp, he boards a bus from Camp Haven and is recruited into its army, unbeknownst to his father's death. He joins squad 53 and friends Zombie deeply. Sammy is not allowed to go on his squad's patrol due to his age. (We later find out the purpose of kids his age at Camp Haven in The Infinite Sea.) Zombie, Cassie, Evan unite after Commander Vosch attempts to kill Sammy. Evan destroys the base, though it is not clear whether he survives or not, and Cassie, Zombie, and Evan escape.

text: Secondary Characters[edit]

text: Lieutenant Colonel Alexander Vosch - the leading officer at Camp Haven. He is sadistic and cruel. He survives the destruction of Camp Haven and "enhances" Ringer with the twelfth system, a piece of Other technology designed to enhance the human anatomy in ways such as strength, agility, and speed. Vosch also tries to kill Sammy via electrocution while having Zombie and Cassie watch, though Evan managed to cut the power at Camp Haven just in time. Vosch also personally killed Cassie's father at her refugee camp.

text: Grace - a Silencer like Evan. They befriended each other before the waves began. Grace saves Evan after he destroys Camp Haven. One night after one of her hunts, she tries to seduce Evan, but he attacks her and renders her unconscious, though, believing her to be dead. Grace follows him to Cassie's group where she attacks them. The group loses her as a helicopter flies in. Private Poundcake, having taken a bomb triggered to detonate on high concentrations of carbon dioxide from Megan, he commits suicide, supposedly killing Grace.

text: Dumbo - the medic officer in squad 53. One of his most prominent features is his extraordinarily large ears, like his namesake.

text: Allison "Teacup" or "Cup" - a seven-year old member of squad 53. She is described as "the meanest seven-year-old you've ever seen" by Zombie. Teacup grows close to Ringer after the destruction of Camp Haven. She is shot by Ringer who mistakes her for an Other. Teacup is captured alongside Ringer and Vosch uses Teacup as leverage against Ringer. Teacup is killed by Razor so Vosch will have no more leverage against her.

text: Poundcake - a chubby member of squad 53. He does not talk. his mother was killed by the Red Death. While he was on a supply run, he returned to find his brother gone. On the supply run, he found only a sweet treat, his namesake, as his drill sergeant though he was "so sweet". He sacrificed himself to save the others of his group by detonating a bomb rigged to detonate on high concentrations of carbon dioxide, such as human breathe.

text: Megan - a seven-year-old girl rescued and taken to Camp Haven. She meets and befriends Sammy on the bus they ride. Megan is, along with many other kids her age, rigged with a carbon dioxide-bomb. She is dropped off near Cassie's group's hideout. Evan and Cassie manage to get the bomb out of her, for which they plan to use, though Poundcake detonates it to save the others.

text: Flintstone "Flint" - a boy around Ben and Cassie's age. He is the former leader of squad 53, until his drill sergeant, Reznik, replaced him with Zombie. He accidentally kills himself after he messes with the piece of equipment Zombie and Ringer found on Reznik. He was skeptic of the conspiracy they told of.

text: Tank - a young boy in squad 53. He goes Dorothy and is replaced by Ringer. Zombie and Dumbo discover him dead in the P&D Hangar (Processing and Disposal).

text: Kenny "Oompa" - an eight-or-nine-year-old boy on squad 53. He is killed by grenade shrapnel on the squad's first patrol.

text: Razor - a recruit at the base where Ringer was captured. He helped her escape, though Ringer finds out he was secretly working with Vosch. After a fight with Vosch injuring Ringer, Razor is assigned to watch her a hospital littered with dead bodies. Razor clears these out. He and Ringer attempt to reconcile and do so easily. They in turn sleep together. When they return to the base, he shoots Teacup so that Vosch will have no leverage over Ringer. He in turn is shot and killed himself.

text: Film adaptations[edit]

text: In March 2012, Columbia Pictures picked up the film rights to the trilogy, with Graham King and Tobey Maguire attached as producers.[3][4]

text: A film adaption of the first novel in the series was released on January 22, 2016. It was directed by J Blakeson, with a screenplay by Susannah Grant, Akiva Goldsman, and Jeff Pinkner. The film was a critical failure, with review aggregator site Rotten Tomatoes giving the film a 17%[5] and Metacritic giving it a 33 out of 100.[6]


document_title: Adventure Time (season 10)

question_text: when is the last episode of adventure time going to air

text: Adventure Time (season 10)

text: Development[edit]

text: Concept[edit]

text: The series follows the adventures of Finn the Human, a human boy, and his best friend Jake, a dog with magical powers to change shape, grow, and shrink at will. Finn and Jake live in the post-apocalyptic Land of Ooo, wherein they interact with the other major characters, including: Princess Bubblegum, The Ice King, Marceline the Vampire Queen, Lumpy Space Princess, BMO, and Flame Princess. Common storylines revolve around Finn and Jake discovering strange creatures, dealing with the antagonistic but misunderstood Ice King, and battling monsters in order to help others.[2] Multi-episode story arcs for this season include Princess Bubblegum confronting her antagonistic Uncle Gumbald,[3] Finn dealing with Fern's embrace of the dark side,[4] and Betty trying to turn the Ice King back into Simon Petrikov.[5]

text: Production[edit]

text: On July 21, 2016, lead writer Kent Osborne posted an image on Twitter that suggested Adventure Time had been renewed for an additional season.[6] At the time, the season was intended to be the show's ninth.[6][7] However, the season divisions were later re-arranged by Cartoon Network,[8] and "The Wild Hunt" became the first episode of season ten.[9][10] This season's episodes were produced in a process similar to previous seasons. First, the episodes began as simple two-to-three-page outlines that contained the necessary plot information.[11] These outlines were then handed off to storyboard artists, who then expanded the rough outline into a full storyboard.[12] The episodes' design and coloring were done in Burbank, California. Animation was handled overseas in South Korea, by Rough Draft Korea and by Saerom Animation.[13][14][15]

text: Storyboard artists who worked on this season include (but are not limited to) Sam Alden, Polly Guo, Seo Kim, Somvilay Xayaphone, Steve Wolfhard, Tom Herpich, Graham Falk, Kent Osborne, Hanna K. Nyström, Aleks Sennwald, Erik Fountain, and Patrick McHale.[nb 1] In regards to other aspects of production, Ghostshrimp—the series' former lead background designer—returned to the series to work on episodes comprising the "final story arc of Adventure Time".[16] Ghostshrimp had retired from the show after the fourth season, but had previously returned to draw backgrounds for the seventh-season miniseries Stakes and the ninth-season episodes "Abstract", "Fionna and Cake and Fionna", and "Whispers".[nb 2][17][18] Additionally, Andy Ristaino (a former character designer, storyboard artist, and background designer for the show) returned as a revisionist for this season.[19]

text: In November 17, 2017, it was announced that an episode entitled "Diamonds and Lemons" would be produced by Microsoft's gaming studio Mojang and air sometime in the summer of 2018. The episode will be based on the sandbox video game Minecraft.[20][21] According to Adam Muto, "Diamonds and Lemons" was produced separately from the show's final season and is considered a "bonus episode."[22] It is scheduled to air between the season ten episodes "Gumbaldia" and the series finale "Come Along With Me", making it the show's 279th episode.[23]

text: Series conclusion[edit]

text: On September 29, 2016, it was confirmed by Cartoon Network that this season would be the show's last. When asked in an interview with Skwigly about his feelings concerning the end of the series, Osborne said:

text: It's weird because I've never been on a show this long, and I don't think Cartoon Network has done a show with this many episodes—for the past few seasons we’ve been surprised ... every time it gets picked up. And I think a lot of us were thinking in the back of our minds, "When is this going to end? Am I gonna be 80 and still writing this?!" It is sad, and everyone's kind of grieving, but it's hard to feel too bad about it, because ... they have so many episodes in the bank that it's gonna play for another couple years.[24]

text: Osborne did note that Cartoon Network provided the writers with "an opportunity to spend a lot of time thinking about the finale."[24] According to a speech given by Pendarvis, storyline writing for the series wrapped up mid-November 2016,[25] with the last storyline meeting being held on November 21.[26] A tweet by Osborne revealed that the show's final script was pitched to storyboarders Sam Alden and Hanna K. Nyström on November 28.[27][28][29] This episode was then pitched to the show's producers during the third week of December 2016.[30][31] Voice recording for the season and series ended on January 31, 2017, as confirmed by a number of voice actors, including Maria Bamford and Andy Milonakis.[32][33][34]

text: Production on the series officially ended with a wrap party hosted by Cartoon Network on November 16, 2017. Cast and crew members who had worked on the show since its beginning were invited to the festivities, which, among other things, featured a DJ booth shaped like Finn and Jake's tree fort, a live band, and Adventure Time-related food items.[35] Following the season's completion, several crewmembers were hired to work on the upcoming Cartoon Network series Summer Camp Island, which was created by Adventure Time storyline writer Julia Pott.[36]

text: Cast[edit]

text: The voice actors for the season include: Jeremy Shada (Finn the Human), John DiMaggio (Jake the Dog), Tom Kenny (The Ice King), Hynden Walch (Princess Bubblegum), and Olivia Olson (Marceline the Vampire Queen). Ward himself provides the voice for several minor characters, including Lumpy Space Princess. Former storyboard artist Niki Yang voices the sentient video game console BMO in English, as well as Jake's girlfriend Lady Rainicorn in Korean.[37] Polly Lou Livingston, a friend of Pendleton Ward's mother, Bettie Ward, plays the voice of the small elephant Tree Trunks.[38][39] Jessica DiCicco voices Flame Princess, Finn's ex-girlfriend and the sovereign of the Fire Kingdom.[40] Andy Milonakis voices N.E.P.T.R., a sentient robot who makes and throws pies.[41][42] The Lich, the series' principal antagonist, is portrayed by Ron Perlman in his demonic form.[43] The Adventure Time cast records their lines together as opposed to doing it individually. This is to capture more natural sounding dialogue among the characters. Hynden Walch has described these group session as akin to "doing a play reading—a really, really out there play."[44]

text: In addition to the regular cast members, episodes feature guest voices from many ranges of professions, including actors, musicians, and artists. "The Wild Hunt", "Always BMO Closing", "Bonnibel Bubblegum", "Seventeen", and "Gumbaldia" feature Fred Melamed voicing Princess Bubblegum's Uncle Gumbald.[45][46][47][48][49] In "The Wild Hunt", Jenny Slate reprises her role as Huntress Wizard.[45] "Son of Rap Bear" sees Dumbfoundead voices the titular character, Rekstizzy voices Rap Bear, Keith David reprise his role as Flame King, Paul Scheer reprises his role as Toronto, and Open Mike Eagle voices a gingerbread man.[50] In "Bonnibel Bubblegum", Livvy Stubenrauch voices the younger Princess Bubblegum, and former supervising director Andres Salaff reprises his role as Neddy.[47]

text: In "Seventeen" and "Gumbaldia" Brad Neely plays the Green Knight.[48][49] "Ring of Fire" features David Herman as Randy, Raza Jaffrey as Danny, and Andy Daly as Wyatt.[51] In, "Marcy & Hunson", Martin Olson reprises his role as Hunson Abadeer, the father of Marceline.[52][53][54] In "The First Investigation", Marc Evan Jackson reprises his role as Kim Kil Whan, and Dave Foley voices the shape-shifter.[55] Foley would reprise this role in the episode "Jake the Starchild".[56] The episode "Temple of Mars" features Felicia Day reprising her role as Betty; the episode also sees the return of Tom Scharpling as Jermaine the dog.[57]

text: Various other characters are voiced by Dee Bradley Baker, Maria Bamford, Steve Little, and Melissa Villaseñor.[37]

text: Broadcast and reception[edit]

text: Broadcast[edit]

text: Much like the sixth, seventh, eighth, and ninth seasons,[58][59][60][61] the tenth season of Adventure Time featured several episode "bombs", or instances wherein large amounts of episodes debuted within a relatively short timeframe. The first of these occurred on September 17, 2017, when "The Wild Hunt", "Always BMO Closing", "Son of Rap Bear", and "Bonnibel Bubblegum" aired.[62] The second of these occurred on December 17, 2017 when "Seventeen", "Ring of Fire", "Marcy and Hunson" and "The First Investigation" aired.[63] The third of these occurred on March 18, 2018, when "Blenanas", "Jake the Starchild", "Temple of Mars", and "Gumbaldia" aired.[64]

text: Ratings[edit]

text: The tenth season of Adventure Time debuted on television on September 17, 2017, with the episode "The Wild Hunt". It was watched by 0.77 million viewers and scored a 0.24 Nielsen rating in the 18- to 49-year-old demographic. Nielsen ratings are audience measurement systems that determine the audience size and composition of television programming in the United States, which means that the episodes were seen by 0.24 percent of all households aged 18 to 49 years old at the time of the episode's airing.[65] In terms of viewers, this marked a decrease when compared to the season nine finale, "Three Buckets" (which was seen by 0.85 million individuals),[66] but an increase when compared to the previous season's premiere, "Orb" (which was viewed by 0.71 million).[67]

text: Reviews and accolades[edit]

text: While the tenth season was airing, Entertainment Weekly named Adventure Time the tenth-best series of 2018, writing, "All the episodes [that aired in 2018] shined with Adventure Time's eccentric trademarks: sweet fairy-tale logic, twisted dark humor, full-blown cosmic adventure, an ability to create and puncture myths in under 11 minutes."[68]

text: In July 2018, the episode "Ring of Fire" was nominated for a Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards for Outstanding Short-format Animated Program.[69]

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleSupervisingdirection byWritten and storyboarded byOriginal air date [nb 3]Prod.code [73]US viewers(millions)2671"The Wild Hunt"Cole SanchezSam Alden, Erik Fountain & Polly GuoSeptember 17, 2017 (2017-09-17)1054-2750.77[65]
Still feeling guilty over Fern's death, Princess Bubblegum tasks Finn to protect the banana guard from a monster later dubbed "the Grumbo". Finn can't bring himself to slay the monster as he keeps seeing Fern's face materialize when he's close to defeating it. Later, Finn meets up with Huntress Wizard (voiced by Jenny Slate) who is also trying to slay the Grumbo and she tries to give encouraging words to Finn. They find the Grumbo's cave and Finn once again stalls. Huntress Wizard puts herself in harm's way and Finn imagines Fern in her place and finally slays the Grumbo. Afterwards, Finn and Huntress Wizard casually admit their feelings for each other and realize that the Grumbo was artificially created. Uncle Gumbald plots to create another monster using the remains of Fern.
2682"Always BMO Closing"Diana LafyatisGraham Falk & Kent OsborneSeptember 17, 2017 (2017-09-17)1054-2730.77[65]
BMO and Ice King become door-to-door salesmen by posing as one body (Ice King as the body and BMO as the head). After selling a stick to Tree Trunks, the two get lost and end up at the dungeon where Gumbald is staying. They sell him Finn's baby teeth which he happily pays for with a silver cup. Finn is outraged that his baby teeth were sold and is further mortified when Baby Finns made of teeth begin attacking the tree house. Through Ice King's encouragement, BMO "sells" two mallets to Finn and Jake and they successfully defeat the teeth babies. Afterwards, Gumbald admits that his current plan was a bad idea.
2693"Son of Rap Bear"Diana LafyatisSeo Kim & Somvilay XayaphoneSeptember 17, 2017 (2017-09-17)1054-2760.77[65]
While at a party, Flame Princess accidentally signs a contract from Toronto stating that if she loses in a rap battle against Son of Rap Bear (voiced by Dumbfoundead) her kingdom will be forfeited to Toronto. She and Finn go meet Rap Bear (voiced by Rekstizzy) who explains that his son literally blew his legs off, frightening them. Despite training, Flame Princess still feels ill-prepared, and so she visits her father, the deposed Flame King (voiced by Keith David). She attempts to mend their rocky relationship, but much to her frustration, her father seems oblivious to the pain that he caused his daughter. Later, at the rap battle, Flame Princess begins to lose her composure, but after seeing the still-unapologetic Flame King in the crowd, she angrily expresses her frustrations with her father in a rap. The track impresses the crowd, and Flame Princess defeats Son of Rap Bear.
2704"Bonnibel Bubblegum"Diana LafyatisHanna K. Nyström & Aleks SennwaldSeptember 17, 2017 (2017-09-17)1054-2740.77[65]
When Finn presents the silver cup from "Always BMO Closing", Princess Bubblegum decides to tell him, Marceline and Jake some more of her history. 800 years ago, a child version of Bonnibel discovers a family photo and decides to create a gum family. She creates Uncle Gumbald, Aunt Lolly and Cousin Chicle to help farm the area. But her family quickly turn on her with Gumbald wanting to "brand" their family as he creates a juice that transforms its drinkers into low minded candy people. Bonnibel fights back with her family transformed by their exposure to the dumdum juice into the first of her candy citizen and deciding on the title of princess. In the present, BMO reveals where it got the cup.
2715"Seventeen"Cole SanchezSeo Kim & Somvilay XayaphoneDecember 17, 2017 (2017-12-17)1054-2810.76[74]
At Finn's seventeenth birthday party, held at the Candy Kingdom, Princess Bubblegum, Marceline, Huntress Wizard and BMO present Finn with gifts. Suddenly, the Green Knight (voiced by Brad Neely) arrives and presents Finn with his own gift, an ax that he will reward him with if he attacks him with it. Thinking this is one of Jake's tricks, Finn beheads the Green Knight only for Jake to arrive and the Knight challenges him to a battle by blocking him from his friends. Finn accepts and the two play 2/3 with the party games held at the castle. While arm wrestling, the Knight reveals himself to be a revived Fern who makes short work of Finn. He is stopped by Gumbald, who reveals that he, Lolly and Chicle were all restored from being exposed to Lumpy Space Princess transforming Ooo at the end of Elements. The trio and Fern leave as Finn is devastated by his loss.
2726"Ring of Fire"Cole SanchezTom Herpich & Steve WolfhardDecember 17, 2017 (2017-12-17)1054-2770.76[74]
Tree Trunks gets a call from her old flame Randy (voiced by David Herman) who wants his old ring back to propose to his new girlfriend. In flashback, Randy proposed to Tree Trunks after graduating high school. Immediately afterwards, Tree Trunks left him and became a pirate on the sea where she met and married Danny (voiced by Raza Jaffrey). She breaks up with him due to him lying to her and she moves on to becoming a CEO to a shipping company. She marries her employee Wyatt, but due to his clinging attitude breaks up with him and he flees with the ring. Mr. Pig, who followed arrives as does Wyatt who still has the ring. Randy gets it back and Tree Trunks and Mr. Pig reaffirm their love.
2737"Marcy & Hunson"Cole SanchezGraham Falk & Adam MutoDecember 17, 2017 (2017-12-17)1054-2780.76[74]
Peppermint Butler gives Finn a new sword, the Night Blade. However, he also summons Hunson Abadeer. Peppermint Butler allows Hunson to roam the earth for one day and is restrained from using his powers. Finn and Jake take him to Marceline who is once again annoyed at her father's ignorance. When Finn and Jake let slip that Marceline has a solo concert for ghosts, Hunson forces his way in. Marceline gives her performance, but it is interrupted by Hunson's interference. Chicle, who has been following them, instigates a ruckus with the ghosts who proceed to beat up a weakened Hunson. Marceline is also powerless from stopping them, but Finn's new sword saves them. The group escape and meet with Princess Bubblegum and Marceline and Hunson make up.
2748"The First Investigation"Diana LafyatisHanna K. Nyström & Aleks SennwaldDecember 17, 2017 (2017-12-17)1054-2790.76[74]
Kim Kil Whan sends Finn and Jake to Joshua and Margaret's old office after one of his employees get frightened by something. Finn and Jake witness strange ghosts and other sightings as objects move around. Finn suddenly sees baby versions of himself, Jake and Jermaine and gives Jake a wet willy (earlier Jake claimed that Finn had given him one years ago and he denied it). Realizing that the ghosts are time remnants, Finn tries to look for the source while Jake accidentally scares Kim's employee and sees his own birth from "Joshua and Margaret Investigations". They discover that one of Dr. Gross' experiments, Time Bear, had been behind it and fix him with Finn leaving a note for past Joshua and Margaret. While outside, Jake meets his alien parent, is turned blue and taken away leaving a note for Finn that reads "BRB-Jake".
2759"Blenanas"Diana LafyatisSam Alden & Patrick McHaleMarch 18, 2018 (2018-03-18)1054-2800.53[75]
Bummed about Jake being gone, Finn reads an issue of Ble Magazine and comes across a doodle of a caveman with his leg getting bit by a dog while a psychiatrist sits next to him. Finn writes "Ouch! Hey this isn't helping at all!". He shows it to BMO and Princess Bubblegum, but neither get it. Finn shows it to Ice King who reveals that he wrote to Ble Magazine to have his stories published, but they never were. They find the building guarded by a passive pudding troll and discover that the building has been abandoned for years. They decide to publish a new issue with the joke, but the pudding troll does not get it either. Finn comes to terms with the possibility that he just is not funny, but upon returning home he slips on some banana peels, rips his pants and crashes into a message chair. BMO and NEPTR laugh as Finn smiles.
27610"Jake the Starchild"Cole SanchezHanna K. Nyström & Aleks SennwaldMarch 18, 2018 (2018-03-18)1054-2830.53[75]
Immediately after "The First Investigation", Jake is taken by his dying alien parent, Warren Ampersand, to his home planet and discovers that he must defeat an evil alien to save the inhabitants. Warren gives Jake a special belt while he wears one himself. As Jake uses his stretching powers, he becomes weaker and Warren becomes younger, revealing that the belts drain Jake's youth and energy. When Warren reveals his scheme as well as the fact the planet and evil alien are not real, Jake switches the belts and tricks Warren into giving his powers and youth back. Warren then tries to escape back to Earth after learning that Jake has children he could siphon from, but Jake tosses him into a black hole, leaving him stranded on the now empty space rock.
27711"Temple of Mars"Diana LafyatisTom Herpich & Steve WolfhardMarch 18, 2018 (2018-03-18)1054-2820.53[75]
Finn is visited by Jermaine who reveals that Jake is in space and that they must rescue him. They head to Mars where Normal Man, now King Man, has Betty doing labor to "cure" her. King Man has them enter a cave to search for a device to save Jake and encounter various puzzles. Eventually, they come across Past Betty who was to go on a trip in a week, but met Simon changing her plans. Finn and Jermaine tell her that Betty needs to think about herself and she "changes" her past so that she left that day instead of in a week. The cave turns out to be the device and they are reunited with Jake. However, Betty tells King Man that seeing Finn retrieve Jake has only increased her interest in rescuing Simon; she declares that she now has a plan to not only save Simon, but also retrieve Margles from GOLB, which frightens King Man.
27812"Gumbaldia"Diana LafyatisSam Alden & Graham FalkMarch 18, 2018 (2018-03-18)1054-2840.53[75]
As Princess Bubblegum prepares for war with Gumbald, Finn and Jake decide to visit him to prevent the battle from happening. They meet with the Gum Family who are hellbent on wanting to destroy Bubblegum. However, when Finn saves Gumbald from falling, the family come on good terms with Finn and Jake and sign a peace treaty. Before leaving, Finn and Jake are doused with celebratory juice. When they get back to the Candy Kingdom, the juice turns out to be dumdum juice and turns Peppermint Butler into a baby. With no other option, Bubblegum sets to go to war with her uncle. Gumbald learns of Bubblegum's survival and gathers forms an alliance with numerous past villains from throughout the series, including a confused Ice King, in preparation for the Gum War.
280[nb 4]28128228313141516"Come Along with Me"[76][77]TBATBASeptember 3, 2018 (2018-09-03)[78][79]TBATBD
BMO narrates the Great Gum War in which Princess Bubblegum, Finn, Jake, Lady Rainicorn, Marceline, Flame Princess, Lemongrab, Slime Princess, Duke of Nuts, Huntress Wizard, and Lumpy Space Princess band together to battle Gumbald and his army.

tag: table

text: Home media[edit]

text: Full season release[edit]

text: A DVD set that includes season ten  along with seasons eight and nine is scheduled for release on September 4, 2018.[80]

text:
Adventure Time: The Final Seasons

Set details[80]

Special features[80]

Seasons 8–10
58 episodes
1.78:1 aspect ratio
Subtitles: English
English (Dolby Stereo)

Animatics
Song demoes
Character art gallery
Behind the scenes featurette

Release dates

Region 1

Region 4

Region A

Region B

September 4, 2018 (2018-09-04)[80]

TBA

TBA

TBA

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ Information regarding story development and storyboard artists is taken from the opening credits of the season's episodes.

Jump up ^ Information regarding background art is taken from the end credits of the episodes "Abstract", "Fionna and Cake and Fionna", and "Whispers".

Jump up ^ "Seventeen" was released on the Cartoon Network website on December 7, 2017;[70] "Ring of Fire", "Marcy & Hunson", and "The First Investigation" were released via the Cartoon Network phone app on December 8;[71] and "Blenanas", "Jake the Starchild", "Temple of Mars", and "Gumbaldia" were released via the Cartoon Network phone app and VOD on March 9.[72] However, because this field specifically refers to episode airdates, the information here will denote when this episode first aired on Cartoon Network.

Jump up ^ The special "Diamonds & Lemons", which is not considered a part of this season, aired before the four-part finale, making the former the show's 279th episode and the first part of the latter its 280th.


document_title: Climate of Missouri

question_text: what is the average summer temperature in missouri

text: Climate of Missouri

text: Overview[edit]

text:
mean temperatures and precipitations from 1895–2003

Month
Precipitation
Temp

Jan
2.1 in
29.8 °F

Feb
2.0 in
33.8 °F

March
3.3 in
43.5 °F

April
4.0 in
54.6 °F

May
4.8 in
64.2 °F

June
4.65 in
73 °F

July
3.8 in
77.6 °F

Aug
3.7 in
76 °F

Sep
4.0 in
68.3 °F

Oct
3.2 in
57.1 °F

Nov
2.9 in
44 °F

Dec
2.4 in
33.3 °F

text: While the adjacent table would suggest a very mild climate, a temperature fluctuation of 20 degrees Fahrenheit on average and 30 to 40 degrees Fahrenheit (17 to 22 degrees Celsius) in a twenty-four-hour period is common. Although the mean temperature for June and July is only 73 °F and 76 °F (23 °C and 24 °C) it is not uncommon for the temperature to reach 100 °F (38 °C) at least three concurrent days each week in these months, as it did in 1904 during the World Fair where the temperature in St. Louis, Missouri was 103 °F (39 °C).

text: Statistics for selected cities[edit]

text:
[show]Climate data for Columbia Regional Airport, Missouri (1981–2010 normals,[a] extremes 1889–present)[b]

Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year

Record high °F (°C)
77
(25)
82
(28)
92
(33)
93
(34)
101
(38)
107
(42)
113
(45)
110
(43)
104
(40)
96
(36)
84
(29)
76
(24)
113
(45)

Mean maximum °F (°C)
61.9
(16.6)
69.0
(20.6)
79.0
(26.1)
84.8
(29.3)
86.9
(30.5)
92.3
(33.5)
96.9
(36.1)
98.4
(36.9)
91.5
(33.1)
84.1
(28.9)
74.4
(23.6)
63.8
(17.7)
99.5
(37.5)

Average high °F (°C)
38.5
(3.6)
43.9
(6.6)
55.2
(12.9)
66.1
(18.9)
74.5
(23.6)
83.0
(28.3)
87.6
(30.9)
87.0
(30.6)
78.8
(26)
67.1
(19.5)
53.9
(12.2)
41.1
(5.1)
64.8
(18.2)

Average low °F (°C)
20.9
(−6.2)
24.9
(−3.9)
34.0
(1.1)
44.0
(6.7)
53.5
(11.9)
62.8
(17.1)
67.0
(19.4)
65.4
(18.6)
56.4
(13.6)
45.0
(7.2)
34.9
(1.6)
23.7
(−4.6)
44.5
(6.9)

Mean minimum °F (°C)
0.3
(−17.6)
3.9
(−15.6)
15.6
(−9.1)
28.3
(−2.1)
39.8
(4.3)
50.8
(10.4)
57.1
(13.9)
54.9
(12.7)
39.8
(4.3)
29.4
(−1.4)
17.9
(−7.8)
3.5
(−15.8)
−6.3
(−21.3)

Record low °F (°C)
−20
(−29)
−26
(−32)
−9
(−23)
14
(−10)
28
(−2)
40
(4)
45
(7)
40
(4)
26
(−3)
19
(−7)
−3
(−19)
−23
(−31)
−26
(−32)

Average precipitation inches (mm)
1.92
(48.8)
2.25
(57.2)
2.91
(73.9)
4.49
(114)
4.98
(126.5)
4.47
(113.5)
4.37
(111)
4.36
(110.7)
3.87
(98.3)
3.31
(84.1)
3.25
(82.6)
2.44
(62)
42.62
(1,082.5)

Average snowfall inches (cm)
6.1
(15.5)
4.7
(11.9)
1.7
(4.3)
0.2
(0.5)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0.9
(2.3)
4.4
(11.2)
18.0
(45.7)

Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in)
7.7
8.0
10.6
10.8
12.5
9.7
8.8
8.6
8.1
9.5
9.7
8.4
112.4

Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in)
3.6
3.3
1.3
0.2
0
0
0
0
0
0
1.0
2.5
11.9

Average relative humidity (%)
71.2
71.5
67.3
63.9
70.9
71.3
69.5
70.8
71.7
69.4
71.8
74.0
70.3

Mean monthly sunshine hours
161.5
154.3
193.5
226.9
264.1
294.1
313.4
288.5
229.1
210.7
150.6
140.3
2,627

Percent possible sunshine
53
51
52
57
60
66
69
68
61
61
50
48
59

Source: NOAA (relative humidity 1969–1990, sun 1961–1990)[2][3][4]

text:
[show]Climate data for Kansas City, Missouri (Downtown Airport), 1981–2010 normals,[c] extremes 1934–present)

Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year

Record high °F (°C)
76
(24)
83
(28)
89
(32)
94
(34)
103
(39)
108
(42)
112
(44)
113
(45)
109
(43)
98
(37)
83
(28)
74
(23)
113
(45)

Mean maximum °F (°C)
61.5
(16.4)
68.1
(20.1)
78.1
(25.6)
84.4
(29.1)
89.3
(31.8)
94.8
(34.9)
100.1
(37.8)
100.3
(37.9)
93.3
(34.1)
84.8
(29.3)
73.5
(23.1)
62.8
(17.1)
102.1
(38.9)

Average high °F (°C)
39.5
(4.2)
44.6
(7)
56.2
(13.4)
66.7
(19.3)
75.9
(24.4)
85.0
(29.4)
90.1
(32.3)
88.6
(31.4)
80.0
(26.7)
67.8
(19.9)
54.2
(12.3)
41.8
(5.4)
65.9
(18.8)

Average low °F (°C)
22.4
(−5.3)
26.3
(−3.2)
35.8
(2.1)
46.6
(8.1)
57.1
(13.9)
66.7
(19.3)
72.0
(22.2)
70.2
(21.2)
60.5
(15.8)
48.9
(9.4)
36.6
(2.6)
25.6
(−3.6)
47.4
(8.6)

Mean minimum °F (°C)
3.7
(−15.7)
6.5
(−14.2)
16.9
(−8.4)
30.6
(−0.8)
43.2
(6.2)
54.6
(12.6)
62.0
(16.7)
59.4
(15.2)
44.3
(6.8)
32.8
(0.4)
20.0
(−6.7)
5.3
(−14.8)
−2.7
(−19.3)

Record low °F (°C)
−14
(−26)
−13
(−25)
−3
(−19)
16
(−9)
32
(0)
44
(7)
52
(11)
48
(9)
34
(1)
21
(−6)
5
(−15)
−19
(−28)
−19
(−28)

Average precipitation inches (mm)
1.14
(29)
1.48
(37.6)
2.15
(54.6)
3.71
(94.2)
5.13
(130.3)
5.52
(140.2)
3.97
(100.8)
4.39
(111.5)
4.16
(105.7)
3.52
(89.4)
2.14
(54.4)
1.75
(44.4)
39.06
(992.1)

Average snowfall inches (cm)
4.1
(10.4)
3.2
(8.1)
0.9
(2.3)
0.2
(0.5)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0.3
(0.8)
0.3
(0.8)
4.4
(11.2)
13.4
(34)

Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in)
4.8
5.3
7.6
9.4
11.0
10.2
7.9
7.5
8.1
7.5
6.1
5.4
90.8

Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in)
2.5
2.1
0.6
0.1
0
0
0
0
0
0.1
0.4
2.5
8.3

Source: NOAA[5][6][7]

text:
[show]Climate data for Kansas City Int'l, Missouri (1981–2010 normals,[c] extremes 1888–present)[d]

Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year

Record high °F (°C)
75
(24)
83
(28)
91
(33)
95
(35)
103
(39)
108
(42)
112
(44)
113
(45)
109
(43)
98
(37)
83
(28)
74
(23)
113
(45)

Mean maximum °F (°C)
60.6
(15.9)
67.4
(19.7)
78.4
(25.8)
84.5
(29.2)
88.2
(31.2)
92.9
(33.8)
98.1
(36.7)
99.0
(37.2)
92.6
(33.7)
84.9
(29.4)
72.5
(22.5)
61.9
(16.6)
100.5
(38.1)

Average high °F (°C)
38.0
(3.3)
43.3
(6.3)
55.1
(12.8)
65.7
(18.7)
74.8
(23.8)
83.5
(28.6)
88.3
(31.3)
87.4
(30.8)
79.0
(26.1)
66.9
(19.4)
53.2
(11.8)
40.3
(4.6)
64.6
(18.1)

Average low °F (°C)
19.6
(−6.9)
23.8
(−4.6)
33.4
(0.8)
44.0
(6.7)
54.2
(12.3)
63.6
(17.6)
68.4
(20.2)
66.8
(19.3)
57.3
(14.1)
45.9
(7.7)
34.1
(1.2)
22.6
(−5.2)
44.5
(6.9)

Mean minimum °F (°C)
−0.1
(−17.8)
2.6
(−16.3)
13.8
(−10.1)
27.0
(−2.8)
40.0
(4.4)
50.3
(10.2)
57.9
(14.4)
55.1
(12.8)
40.3
(4.6)
28.6
(−1.9)
16.7
(−8.5)
1.7
(−16.8)
−7
(−22)

Record low °F (°C)
−20
(−29)
−22
(−30)
−10
(−23)
12
(−11)
27
(−3)
42
(6)
51
(11)
43
(6)
31
(−1)
17
(−8)
1
(−17)
−23
(−31)
−23
(−31)

Average precipitation inches (mm)
1.07
(27.2)
1.46
(37.1)
2.37
(60.2)
3.70
(94)
5.23
(132.8)
5.23
(132.8)
4.45
(113)
3.89
(98.8)
4.62
(117.3)
3.16
(80.3)
2.15
(54.6)
1.53
(38.9)
38.86
(987)

Average snowfall inches (cm)
4.6
(11.7)
5.4
(13.7)
2.0
(5.1)
0.6
(1.5)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0.2
(0.5)
1.2
(3)
4.8
(12.2)
18.8
(47.8)

Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in)
6.3
7.1
9.5
11.0
11.5
10.8
9.0
8.3
8.6
8.2
7.3
7.2
104.8

Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in)
4.0
3.5
1.6
0.5
0
0
0
0
0
0.1
1.2
3.7
14.6

Average relative humidity (%)
68.8
69.6
66.7
62.9
68.0
69.2
67.4
70.0
70.4
67.1
69.7
71.0
68.4

Mean monthly sunshine hours
183.7
174.3
223.9
257.8
285.0
305.5
329.3
293.9
240.5
213.6
155.3
147.1
2,809.9

Percent possible sunshine
61
58
60
65
64
68
73
69
64
62
52
50
63

Source: NOAA (relative humidity and sun 1961–1990)[5][8][9][10]

text:
[show]Climate data for St. Louis, Missouri (Lambert–St. Louis Int'l), 1981−2010 normals,[e] extremes 1874−present[f]

Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year

Record high °F (°C)
77
(25)
85
(29)
92
(33)
93
(34)
98
(37)
108
(42)
115
(46)
110
(43)
104
(40)
94
(34)
86
(30)
76
(24)
115
(46)

Mean maximum °F (°C)
64.1
(17.8)
69.8
(21)
80.2
(26.8)
86.7
(30.4)
89.4
(31.9)
94.8
(34.9)
98.5
(36.9)
99.3
(37.4)
92.7
(33.7)
85.7
(29.8)
75.6
(24.2)
65.0
(18.3)
100.4
(38)

Average high °F (°C)
39.9
(4.4)
45.0
(7.2)
55.9
(13.3)
67.4
(19.7)
76.3
(24.6)
85.1
(29.5)
89.1
(31.7)
87.9
(31.1)
80.2
(26.8)
68.5
(20.3)
55.5
(13.1)
42.5
(5.8)
66.2
(19)

Average low °F (°C)
23.7
(−4.6)
27.6
(−2.4)
36.6
(2.6)
47.2
(8.4)
57.2
(14)
66.8
(19.3)
71.0
(21.7)
69.4
(20.8)
60.6
(15.9)
49.0
(9.4)
38.1
(3.4)
26.9
(−2.8)
47.9
(8.8)

Mean minimum °F (°C)
4.2
(−15.4)
8.0
(−13.3)
18.4
(−7.6)
31.5
(−0.3)
43.2
(6.2)
54.3
(12.4)
60.3
(15.7)
59.0
(15)
44.8
(7.1)
33.5
(0.8)
22.4
(−5.3)
7.5
(−13.6)
−1.8
(−18.8)

Record low °F (°C)
−22
(−30)
−18
(−28)
−5
(−21)
20
(−7)
31
(−1)
43
(6)
51
(11)
47
(8)
32
(0)
21
(−6)
1
(−17)
−16
(−27)
−22
(−30)

Average precipitation inches (mm)
2.40
(61)
2.24
(56.9)
3.32
(84.3)
3.69
(93.7)
4.72
(119.9)
4.28
(108.7)
4.11
(104.4)
2.99
(75.9)
3.13
(79.5)
3.33
(84.6)
3.91
(99.3)
2.84
(72.1)
40.96
(1,040.4)

Average snowfall inches (cm)
5.6
(14.2)
4.3
(10.9)
2.3
(5.8)
0.4
(1)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0.7
(1.8)
4.4
(11.2)
17.7
(45)

Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in)
8.9
8.0
10.3
11.3
11.9
10.0
8.9
8.2
7.4
8.7
9.6
9.4
112.6

Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in)
4.7
3.4
1.7
0.3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.7
3.7
14.5

Average relative humidity (%)
73.0
72.0
68.3
63.5
66.5
67.1
68.0
70.0
71.6
68.7
72.2
75.8
69.7

Mean monthly sunshine hours
161.2
158.3
198.3
223.5
266.5
291.9
308.9
269.8
236.1
208.4
140.9
129.9
2,593.7

Percent possible sunshine
53
53
53
56
60
66
68
64
63
60
47
44
58

Source: NOAA (relative humidity and sun 1961−1990)[12][3][13]

text:
[show]Climate data for Springfield–Branson National Airport, Missouri (1981−2010 normals,[g] extremes 1888−present[h])

Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year

Record high °F (°C)
76
(24)
84
(29)
92
(33)
93
(34)
95
(35)
101
(38)
113
(45)
108
(42)
104
(40)
93
(34)
83
(28)
77
(25)
113
(45)

Mean maximum °F (°C)
65.6
(18.7)
71.1
(21.7)
78.8
(26)
83.7
(28.7)
86.9
(30.5)
92.4
(33.6)
96.9
(36.1)
98.2
(36.8)
92.3
(33.5)
84.2
(29)
75.0
(23.9)
66.3
(19.1)
99.6
(37.6)

Average high °F (°C)
42.9
(6.1)
48.2
(9)
57.5
(14.2)
67.2
(19.6)
75.3
(24.1)
83.8
(28.8)
88.8
(31.6)
89.0
(31.7)
80.3
(26.8)
69.0
(20.6)
56.7
(13.7)
44.9
(7.2)
67.1
(19.5)

Average low °F (°C)
22.4
(−5.3)
26.1
(−3.3)
35.2
(1.8)
44.3
(6.8)
54.4
(12.4)
63.1
(17.3)
67.6
(19.8)
66.6
(19.2)
57.7
(14.3)
46.5
(8.1)
35.4
(1.9)
25.0
(−3.9)
45.5
(7.5)

Mean minimum °F (°C)
3.0
(−16.1)
7.2
(−13.8)
16.3
(−8.7)
27.8
(−2.3)
39.3
(4.1)
50.2
(10.1)
57.1
(13.9)
54.6
(12.6)
40.0
(4.4)
29.4
(−1.4)
18.4
(−7.6)
5.0
(−15)
−3
(−19)

Record low °F (°C)
−19
(−28)
−29
(−34)
−8
(−22)
16
(−9)
29
(−2)
42
(6)
44
(7)
44
(7)
30
(−1)
18
(−8)
4
(−16)
−16
(−27)
−29
(−34)

Average precipitation inches (mm)
2.47
(62.7)
2.52
(64)
3.62
(91.9)
4.32
(109.7)
5.10
(129.5)
4.85
(123.2)
3.68
(93.5)
3.55
(90.2)
4.61
(117.1)
3.59
(91.2)
4.22
(107.2)
3.04
(77.2)
45.57
(1,157.5)

Average snowfall inches (cm)
5.4
(13.7)
3.6
(9.1)
2.4
(6.1)
trace
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
trace
0.7
(1.8)
4.9
(12.4)
17.0
(43.2)

Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in)
8.2
7.8
10.5
10.5
12.0
10.6
8.4
7.9
7.6
9.5
9.4
8.9
111.3

Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in)
3.5
2.9
1.4
0.1
0
0
0
0
0
0.1
0.7
2.8
11.5

Average relative humidity (%)
68.3
68.5
65.2
64.5
70.7
72.3
70.4
69.5
72.9
68.2
69.6
70.9
69.3

Mean monthly sunshine hours
167.6
157.4
208.7
236.4
268.0
282.7
321.6
292.1
237.6
217.3
155.1
145.9
2,690.4

Percent possible sunshine
54
52
56
60
61
64
72
70
64
62
51
49
60

Source: NOAA (relative humidity and sun 1961−1990)[14][15][16]

text: Spring[edit]

text: Spring is generally the wettest season of the year, with the mean temperature from 1895 until 2003 being about 12 °C (54 °F) and its mean precipitation (in the form of rain) for this period being approximately 300 mm (12 inches). April through June is generally the wettest period. The spring also produces the most tornadoes, with an average of 35 tornadoes each year.

text: Summer[edit]

text: Summer, June through August, is the hottest time of the year with a mean temperature of 24 °C (75 °F) and a mean precipitation of 300 mm (12 inches) with June having more precipitation than either July or August. The extreme highs for the year often occur in July or August. Tropical cyclones and their remains can impact the state during this time of the year, contributing to area rainfall.

text: Autumn[edit]

text: Fall, September through November, has less and less precipitation towards the end of the season. The mean temperatures for this season are 13.6 °C (56.5 °F) and the mean precipitation is 250mm (10 in). Tropical cyclones and their remains can impact the state into October, contributing to area rainfall.

text: Winter[edit]

text: Winters in Missouri can be long with temperatures ranging from mildly to bitterly cold. Kansas City's average January low is 26 °F (−3 °C) and St. Louis's average January low is 29 °F (−2 °C). The coldest temperature ever recorded in Missouri was −40 °F (−40 °C), set at Warsaw on 13 February 1905. Winter also tends to be the driest season, but typically yields significant amounts of winter precipitation. Snowfall averages 20 inches (51 cm) in the state's northern region, and 10 inches (25 cm) in the southeast. During the winter, northwest winds prevail; the air movement is largely from the south and southeast during the rest of the year.[17]