document_title: The Night Before (2015 film)

question_text: who played mr green in the night before

question_tokens: who played mr green in the night before

text: The Night Before (2015 film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: In December 2001, Ethan Miller (Joseph Gordon-Levitt) loses both of his parents in a car accident. Since that time, Isaac Greenberg (Seth Rogen) and Chris Roberts (Anthony Mackie), Ethan's best friends, resolve to spend every Christmas Eve with Ethan. Along the way, the friends learn of the Nutcracker Ball, a tremendous, invite-only Christmas Eve party. Unable to find the party, the friends continue with their tradition. In 2015, the friends decide to end the tradition. Chris has become a famous football player, and Isaac is married, with a baby on the way. Privately, Chris and Isaac worry that Ethan, a struggling musician working at a hotel, is not ready for the tradition to end.

text: At the hotel, Ethan finds and steals invitations to the Nutcracker Ball. Later, the friends meet at Isaac's house before going out on their last Christmas Eve together. Prior to leaving, Isaac's wife Betsy (Jillian Bell) gives him drugs to use during the evening, since he has been so supportive. The friends leave to follow their usual tradition, with the intention to go to the party afterward. Their first stop is the Rockefeller Tree. While at the Tree, Ethan reveals the tickets to the ball. Along the way, Chris, in an attempt to impress his teammates, purchases marijuana from their former high school dealer, Mr. Green (Michael Shannon). While making the purchase, Mr. Green shares the weed with Chris, calling it the present. While at a karaoke bar, the friends run into Diana (Lizzy Caplan), who recently broke up with Ethan for refusing to commit, and Diana's friend Sarah (Mindy Kaling). The friends learn that Diana and Sarah will be at the Nutcracker Ball, as well. While at the bar, Isaac begins to be negatively affected by the drugs he took, resulting in making a video phone message admitting that he's terrified of having a child. Chris also has his marijuana stolen by a supposed fan (Ilana Glazer) who is a Christmas-hating thief.

text: Needing more marijuana, the guys contact Mr. Green again, who meets them at Chris' mother's (Lorraine Toussaint) house. This time, Isaac meets Mr. Green for some marijuana. It shows him the future where his daughter is a stripper, and his wife blames him for it. The friends end up having dinner, cooked by Chris' mother, who encourages Ethan to make up with Diana. During dinner, Isaac realizes that he accidentally switched phones with Sarah.

text: While trying to find Isaac's phone, the same thief steals Chris' marijuana again. The three friends split up, as Chris wants his marijuana back, Isaac wants his phone, and Ethan wants to go to the party. Chris fails to regain his marijuana, after learning about valuing his true friends from the thief. Isaac, hallucinating from the mixture of drugs he keeps consuming, meets his wife and her family during Midnight Mass and vomits in church. Ethan ends up beaten by two drunk pub-crawling Santas, after trying to defend the spirit of Christmas.

text: Upon meeting back at a subway station, the tension between the friends explodes. Ethan reveals that he and Isaac know that Chris' sudden success and popularity is due to steroids, and Chris reveals that he and Isaac think that Ethan is lost and making excuses for himself.

text: Despite their revelations, the three friends still go to the Nutcracker Ball. Upon arriving, Chris learns that his teammates did not need the marijuana he struggled to obtain, and they also make fun of him for a video shot of him earlier, with his friends. Isaac retrieves his phone, and learns that Sarah never revealed the video message he recorded. Ethan finds Diana and, in an improvised moment, proposes to her in front of the entire party. While she accepts publicly, in private she declines, saying she only said yes because he put her on the spot, and thinks that the only reason why he proposed is because of his fear of losing his friends.

text: In shame, Ethan goes to the roof, where he sees Mr. Green. Mr. Green reveals that he created and has hosted the Nutcracker Ball since its inception. Mr. Green shares marijuana with Ethan, calling it the past. Ethan experiences a memory of his friends initiating their yearly ritual. Ethan rejoins his friends, who have been thrown out of the party after an altercation with Chris' teammates.

text: As morning dawns, the friends reconcile, just as Isaac receives a message from Betsy that she is in labor. Rushing to the hospital, in Mr. Green's conveniently available car, the friends discover that it was a false alarm. Mr. Green is also revealed to be an angel, who has been helping the friends to earn his wings. Isaac shows his wife the video, who admits afterward that she is also scared about raising their daughter. The trio spend Christmas at Isaac's house, after which Chris has dinner with his mother and admits to his steroid use. Ethan goes to Diana's house, where he apologizes for how he acted and for not being ready to commit. Diana admits she missed Ethan and accepts his request to finally meet her parents.

text: One year later, the friends and their loved ones spend Christmas together, and are revealed to be happy, and still friends. Isaac's baby cannot sleep, so the trio serenades her. It is shown that the story was all told from a book read by Santa, who is revealed to be the father of Mr. Green.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Joseph Gordon-Levitt[6] as Ethan Miller
Seth Rogen[6] as Isaac Greenberg[7]
Anthony Mackie[8] as Chris Roberts
Lizzy Caplan[9] as Diana, Ethan's ex-girlfriend
Jillian Bell[10] as Betsy Greenberg, Isaac's wife
Michael Shannon[11] as Mr. Green
Mindy Kaling[11] as Sarah
Lorraine Toussaint[12] as Mrs. Roberts, Chris's mother
Jason Mantzoukas[13] as Bad Santa #1
Jason Jones[13] as Bad Santa #2
Ilana Glazer[14] as Rebecca Grinch
Nathan Fielder[11] as Joshua
Tracy Morgan as the Narrator/Santa Claus
Randall Park as Ethan's boss
Heléne Yorke as Cindy
Aaron Hill as Tommy Owens
Baron Davis as himself
James Franco as himself
Miley Cyrus as herself

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: On February 10, 2014, it was announced that Seth Rogen and Joseph Gordon-Levitt would reunite in the film, following 50/50, in which they co-starred. On May 13, Anthony Mackie joined the cast.[8] Jonathan Levine, director of 50/50, directed The Night Before from his own script.[6] Good Universe and Point Grey Pictures produced the film, which Sony's Columbia Pictures is distributing.[6]

text: Casting[edit]

text: On August 7, Jillian Bell was cast to play Betsy, the wife of Rogen's character.[10] On August 8, Lizzy Caplan joined the cast to play Diana, a love interest of Gordon-Levitt's character.[9]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Principal photography on the film began on August 11, 2014, in New York City.[9][15][16] On August 14, filming was taking place around 112th street and Broadway in NYC.[17] On August 22, Rogen was spotted filming scenes outside a church in Manhattan.[18] On January 5, 2015, filming was taken place in and around Rockefeller Center, where the crews were taking some shots of the Rockefeller Center Christmas Tree.[19]

text: Release[edit]

text: The film was originally scheduled to be released on December 11, 2015, but Sony moved the release date over to November 25, 2015,[20] and later to November 20, 2015.[21]

text: Box office[edit]

text: The Night Before grossed $43 million in North America and $9.3 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $52.4 million, against a budget of $25 million.[5]

text: In the United States, The Night Before opened alongside The Hunger Games: Mockingjay – Part 2 and Secret in Their Eyes on November 20, 2015. In its opening weekend, the film was projected to gross $12–13 million from 2,960 theaters.[22] The film made $550,000 from its Thursday preview screenings and $3.6 million on its first day. In its opening weekend, the film grossed $9.9 million, below expectations, and finished fourth at the box office behind Mockingjay – Part 2 ($102.7 million), Spectre ($15 million) and The Peanuts Movie ($13.2 million).[4] In its second week, the film grossed $8.4 million (a drop of 15.2%), finishing 6th at the box office.[23]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 66% based on 137 reviews and an average rating of 6/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "The Night Before provokes enough belly laughs to qualify as a worthwhile addition to the list of Christmas comedies worth revisiting, even if it isn't quite as consistent as the classics."[24] On Metacritic, the film has a score of 58 out of 100 based on 31 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[25] On CinemaScore, audiences gave the film an average grade of "A–" on an A+ to F scale.[4]


document_title: Thinner (film)

question_text: who played the old gypsy man in thinner

question_tokens: who played the old gypsy man in thinner

root

text: Thinner (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: Billy Halleck (Robert John Burke) is an obese, upper-class lawyer living with his wife Heidi (Lucinda Jenney) and their daughter Linda (Bethany Joy Lenz). Billy recently defended an underworld crime boss named Richie "The Hammer" Ginelli (Joe Mantegna) in court and are now celebrating his acquittal for murder. The town he lives in is hosting a carnival, run by gypsies that some of the townspeople hold obvious prejudice against. Though Billy himself doesn't seem to.

tag: p

text: One night, while Billy is driving, Heidi, in an attempt to persuade him to forget about his obsession with food, performs fellatio on him. Distracted, Billy accidentally runs over Suzanne Lempke (Irma St. Paule), an elderly gypsy woman, as she leaves a local pharmacy. Since Judge Cary Rossington (John Horton) is a personal friend of his, he soft-pedals the case, and no charges are filed against him (the Sheriff also lied on the stand for him). Outraged by the injustice, Suzanne's 106-year-old father, Tadzu Lempke (Michael Constantine) curses Billy by touching his face and saying the word "thinner". Billy begins to lose weight rapidly, despite him not working out or sticking to his diet. Heidi, fearing the weight loss may be due to cancer, brings in Dr. Mike Houston (Sam Freed), with whom Billy soon begins to suspect his wife is having an affair.

text: It is revealed that Tadzu Lempke also cursed Judge Cary and Police Chief Duncan Hopely (Daniel von Bargen), who helped him avoid punishment in court. Cary, whose curse was "Lizard", is now growing scales all over his body. Chief Duncan, whose curse was "Leper" becomes mutated with large boils and eventually commits suicide. Billy continues losing weight and calculates that he only has a few weeks to live. He begins eating even more compulsively to prolong the starvation. Billy looks for the gypsy carnival, to get Lempke to remove the curse, but they have gone.

text: When Heidi continually mentions Dr. Houston, who is repeatedly visiting their home, Billy is convinced of her affair. He lashes out at her and blames her for the accident. He finds the gypsy camp and tries to reason with Lempke, but instead angers him into increasing the curse's effects. Galina, Lempke's great-granddaughter (Kari Wuhrer), uses her slingshot to shoot a large ball bearing which goes directly through Billy's hand, infuriating Billy into vowing revenge against Lempke and his gypsies. Billy then enlists Richie Ginelli's help. Richie pays Frank Spurton (Josh Holland), a local hustler, to go down to spy and report the gypsy camp. Richie then kills their dogs, and leaves a message demanding Billy's curse be removed. In retaliation, Galina and her husband Gabe kill Frank—insisting the curse will never be lifted. Richie vengefully brings a gun to the camp and personally begins opening fire on everything, then pushes Gabe out into the open to be accidentally shot and killed by his fellow gypsies. He then impersonates an FBI agent, kidnaps Galina and begins torturing her. He promises he will kill her if the curse is not taken off of Billy, then tells Lempke to meet Billy at the lighthouse.

text: At the meeting, Lempke finds Billy emaciated and near death. To prevent further attacks on his people (especially his granddaughter), he finally agrees to lift the curse. Lempke explains that the curse cannot be removed, only transferred to another person. Chanting a spell, he mixes Billy's blood into a strawberry pie. Lempke states that after being consumed by an unsuspecting person, the pie causes painful but rapid death, and the curse will be lifted. He urges Billy to eat the pie himself and die with dignity, but Billy refuses. He calls Linda, telling her to spend the night at her friend's house, so that he and Heidi have the evening to themselves. He arrives home and presents to Heidi the strawberry pie, which happens to be her favorite flavor. She delightedly eats a piece, while Billy heads to bed, exhausted.

text: The next morning, Billy finds Heidi's desiccated corpse next to him. He is gleeful to be free of the curse and of his disloyal wife. However, when he goes downstairs, he finds to his horror that Linda, who came home after he went to bed, had eaten some of the pie for breakfast. Wracked with guilt, he prepares to eat the rest of the pie. However, Billy is interrupted by Dr. Houston who is at the door. Seeing Billy, the doctor grows uncomfortable and struggles to explain his early and unannounced presence. Billy invites Houston in for a piece of pie, and closes the door with a smirk, after referring to Houston as "white doctor from town" in Lempke's dialect.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Robert John Burke — Billy Halleck
Joe Mantegna — Richie "The Hammer" Ginelli
Lucinda Jenney — Heidi Halleck
Michael Constantine — Tadzu Lempke
Kari Wührer — Galina Lempke
Bethany Joy Lenz — Linda Halleck
Daniel von Bargen — Chief Duncan Hopley
John Horton — Judge Cary Rossington
Time Winters — Prosecutor
Howard Erskine — Judge Phillips
Terrence Garmey — Bailiff
Randy Jurgensen — Court Clerk
Jeff Ware — Max Duggenfield
Antonette Schwartzberg — Mama Ginelli
Terence Kava — Gabe Lempke
Irma St. Paule - Suzanne Lempke
Elizabeth Franz - Leda Rossington
Stephen King — Dr. Bangor
Adriana Delphine — Gypsy Woman
Ruth Miller — Billy's Secretary
Sam Freed — Dr. Mike Houston
Peter Maloney - Biff Quigley
Josh Holland - Frank Spurton

tag: ul

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (July 2016)

tag: table

text: Thinner received generally negative reviews from critics. The film holds a rating of 16% on Rotten Tomatoes, based on 18 reviews.[2] James Berardinelli gave the film two stars out of four, writing: "Thinner could have been an opportunity to examine the ethics of a slick lawyer who refuses to accept responsibility for his actions. ... Unfortunately, questions of morality are of secondary importance to a film that emphasizes its Death Wish aspects."[3] Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly gave the film a D rating, writing: "Like too many Stephen King movies, Thinner is all (emaciated) concept and no follow-through."[4] A more positive review came from Mick LaSalle of the San Francisco Chronicle, who called Thinner "one of the better Stephen King-derived movies."[5]

text: In the book Creepshows: The Illustrated Stephen King Movie Guide, author Stephen Graham Jones says that the movie's critical failure and near financial failure was based on the fact that the "mean-spirited film did not have one single likable character."[citation needed]


document_title: Bear in the Big Blue House

question_text: what is the name of the mouse in bear and the big blue house

text: Bear in the Big Blue House

text: Plot

text: Bear lives in the Big Blue House with his friends Ojo, Tutter, Treelo, Pip, Pop, and Shadow. He and his friends have many adventures together. Those normally include solving problems, sharing, cooperating with each other, and developing social/life skills.

text: Each episode opens with the welcome song. The other characters in the show then make their appearance, and the theme and plot of the show then comes to place. Throughout the episode, the theme (ex; "sleep", "doctors", "Thanksgiving") is learned about, and a lesson is learned at the end of the episode. Songs and jokes accompany the episode. Bear acts as a caregiver towards Ojo the bear cub, Treelo the lemur, Tutter the mouse, and Pip and Pop, who are two otters. The character "Shadow" narrates a segment with shadow puppets in each episode. Most of the segments are in song, while some are simply a short story relating to the episode's theme. At the end of the program, Bear then sings the goodbye song with Luna, the moon.

text: Episodes

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired

First aired
Last aired

1
26
October 20, 1997 (1997-10-20)
November 24, 1997 (1997-11-24)

2
39
January 6, 1998 (1998-01-06)
February 1, 1999 (1999-02-01)

3
26
July 1, 1999 (1999-07-01)
December 7, 1999 (1999-12-07)

Surprise Party
September 3, 2002 (2002-09-03)

4
18
September 9, 2002 (2002-09-09)
November 3, 2003 (2003-11-03)

5
8
April 21, 2006 (2006-04-21)
April 28, 2006 (2006-04-28)

text: Characters

text: Main

text:
Bear (performed by Noel MacNeal) – The protagonist of the series, he is a large bear who is very kind and lovable. He is tall and has light brown fur. Bear acts a caregiver to Pip, Pop, Ojo, Treelo and Tutter. He was designed by Paul Andrejco.
Tutter (performed by Peter Linz) – A small light blue mouse who loves cheese. He lives in a mousehole in the kitchen of Bear's house. He is considered the show's breakout character. He was designed and built by Paul Andrejco.
Pip and Pop (performed by Peter Linz and Tyler Bunch) – Two purple otter twins who live in the otter pond by the Big Blue House. They were designed by Paul Andrejco.
Ojo (performed by Vicki Eibner) – A curious red bear cub who has a wild imagination and is good friends with Treelo. She was designed and built by Paul Andrejco.
Treelo (performed by Tyler Bunch) – A white, blue, and green lemur who is playful, loves to dance, always active and good friends with Ojo. He was designed by Paul Andrejco.
Shadow (performed by Peter Linz, voiced by Tara Mooney) – A shadow girl who is always laughing, telling stories, and sneaking up on Bear.
Luna the Moon (operated by Peter Linz, voiced by Lynne Thigpen) – A talking moon. At the end of every episode Bear walks out onto the balcony and discusses the episode's theme with her and sings "The Goodbye Song" with her at the end while a montage of the day's events play. She was designed by Paul Andrejco and built by Ed Christie. "Luna" means "moon" in Italian and Spanish.
Ray the Sun (operated by Peter Linz, voiced by Geoffrey Holder) – A talking sun who would often rise (or set) at the beginning of some episodes, starting from Season Two. He will also occasionally tell Bear what the weather will be like throughout the day. Sometimes, he also sings the "Good Morning song". He was designed by Paul Andrejco.

text: Supporting

text:
Grandma Flutter (performed by Alice Dinnean in 1997–1998, Vicki Eibner from 1998–2003) – Tutter's grandmother who has a dance called "The Grandma Mambo". She has a granddaughter named Baby Blotter. She was designed by Paul Andrejco and built by Michael Schupbach and Kip Rathke.
Cousin Whiner (performed by Victor Yerrid) – One of Tutter's cousins.
Uncle "Jet Set Tutter" (performed by Tim Lagasse) – Tutter's uncle.
Doc Hogg (performed by Tyler Bunch) – A pig who is the local physician. He was designed by Paul Andrejco and built by Eric Englehardt.
Benny the Bat (performed by James Kroupa) – A fruit bat living in the attic of the house. He is a recycled version of Leah the Fruit Bat from "Jim Henson's Animal Show."
Jeremiah Tortoise (performed by James Kroupa) – An elderly tortoise living in Woodland Valley. He is a recycled and hair-added version of Penelope the Yellow-Footed Tortoise from "Jim Henson's Animal Show."
Lois (performed by Vicki Eibner) – A Blue-footed booby living in Woodland Valley. She usually mishears things that her friends are saying. She is a recycled version of Milton the Blue-footed Booby from "Jim Henson's Animal Show."
Annette (performed by Vicki Eibner) – An armadillo who runs the Woodland Valley Cinema and is very shy. She is a recycled version of Dooley the Armadillo from "Jim Henson's Animal Show".
Henrietta Vanderpreen (performed by Vicki Eibner) – An ostrich who is the editor of Woodland House Wonderful, a magazine of interest to residents of Woodland Valley. She is a recycled version of Lydia the Ostrich from "Jim Henson's Animal Show".
Skippy - A blind red squirrel living in Woodland Valley that wears sunglasses and uses a cane. He is good friends with Treelo. He is a recycled version of Gabe the Squirrel from "Telling Stories with Tomie dePaola".
Big Old Bullfrog (performed by Peter Linz) – A bullfrog living in Woodland Valley. He is a recycled version of Bufo the Toad from "Jim Henson's Animal Show".
Jacques the Beaver (performed by Peter Linz) – A French beaver living in Woodland Valley. He is a recycled version of Morton the Beaver from "Jim Henson's Animal Show".
Miss Maxwell (performed by Jennifer Barnhart) – A mouse who is a teacher at the Mouse School.
Rita Mouse (performed by Anney McKilligan) – A mouse who attends Mouse School with Tutter. She needs some help with painting but is very good at soccer.
Keisha (performed by Vicki Eibner) – A mouse who attends Mouse School with Tutter.
Moss (performed by Noel MacNeal) – A mouse who attends Mouse School with Tutter.
Cousin Titter (performed by Sean Choi)
Harry the Duck (performed by Eric Jacobson) – A duck who has been seen several times through the show who addresses bear as "Mister Bear" and quacks repeatedly when he is upset. He was designed by Paul Andrejco.
Otto and Etta Otter (performed by James Kroupa and Vicki Eibner) – Pip and Pop's grandparents who run the Woodland Valley Library.
Ursa (performed by Carmen Osbahr) – Bear's old friend from Mexico that appeared twice in "And to All a Good Night" and "You Never Know."

text: Several of these characters appeared in a music video for the We Are Family Foundation. Bear also appeared as a celebrity in the 2002 revival of The Hollywood Squares; he notably appeared in Whoopi Goldberg's final episode.

text: Locations

text:
Woodland Valley – Woodland Valley is the area/village in which events on the show are situated. The Big Blue House is the main landmark, but there is also a general store, post office, mall, library, movie theater, mouse school, and many other locations. Many of these are not seen (or not seen in much detail) until the fourth season. In "History, Herstory, Bearstory," Jeremiah Tortoise reveals that his grandfather Hepahestus Tortoise was the town's first settler. He initially decided to call it Who'd Have Thought I Would Land in This Valley Valley, but decided it was too long and changed it to Would Land Valley. Jeremiah says he's been trying to get the official spelling changed for years. Sequoia City is a neighboring town of Woodland Valley.
The Big Blue House – The Big Blue House is where most of the main action of the series Bear in the Big Blue House takes place. Located in Woodland Valley, it looks somewhat small from the outside, but large and roomy on the inside. Bear lives here and runs a sort of daycare/group-home. Tutter has his mousehole in the house, while most of the other young characters only spend the day here. The Big Blue House is often described as warm and cozy. The Big Blue House has five rooms. The kitchen and the living room are downstairs. Bear has his very own swing where he sometimes sits and reads in the living room. Tutter's mousehole is in the kitchen. The front-door, where Bear greets the viewers at the beginning of each episode, is also downstairs. Upstairs are the bathroom and Bear's bedroom. Finally, Bear stores various items in the attic. There's also a landing there where Bear visits each night to talk with his friend Luna, the moon. Bear once gave the following directions on how to reach the Big Blue House: just take the path that leads into the woods, make the right past the big oak, go right, past the pond and then you're there.
Otter Pond – Pip and Pop often hang out at the Otter Pond. It is also home to Harry the Duck, his mom, and his sister, Hallie. Additionally, various other creatures sometimes hang out at the Otter Pond, including Benny, Christine, and Big Old Bullfrog. The general area of the Otter Pond is filled with plants, including bushes filled with berries. Bear and Ojo visit there to pick berries for triple-berry pie in "If at First You Don't Succeed..." The Otter Pond was the site of a special nighttime party in "And to All a Good Night."
Woodland Valley Library – The Woodland Valley Library is a place for everyone in Woodland Valley to go for research and resources. It is managed by Otto and Etta Otter. It is located directly in the center of the town. In addition to books, it also offers DVDs, CD-ROMs, Internet access and various other resources. Woodland Valley Library is featured in the two-part "Welcome to Woodland Valley" story. A tree falls on the library and the entire community works together to help get it cleaned up. There is damage to the collection and so donations are made. When Ojo discovers two unnamed opossums (voiced by Gilbert Gottfried and Brad Garrett) living in the tree that fell, the tree itself is made into a part of the library as the Book Nook. The library is featured in the song, "Everything's Great About the Library." Harry the Duck wonders what's so great about the library and so Tutter, Treelo, Pip and Pop sing a song to explain it. They tell him that there's something for everyone at the library, but the library is a place to read, so you have to keep your voices down; no disturbing allowed.
Woodland Valley Cinema – The Woodland Valley Cinema is a local movie theater for everyone in Woodland Valley to relax and watch films. Annette is the owner of the movie theater and does all the jobs from box office to ticket taker. The screening room has three rows of seats in the auditorium and a concession stand. The concession stand accepts dollars and cents as payment instead of clams, Woodland Valley's official currency. Woodland Valley Cinema was first introduced in "Welcome to Woodland Valley." However, in "Words, Words, Words," the Woodland Valley Gazette says the movie theater is named "Woodland Valley Multiplex."
Woodland Valley Post Office – The Woodland Valley Post Office is Woodland Valley's own facility for posting, receipt, sorting, handling, transmission or delivery of mail. The post office also sells stamps for stamp collections and does clammygrams if asked. Jeremiah Tortoise works there in addition to running his general store. Most of the mail ends up arriving late due to Jeremiah Tortoise, who is slow at delivering the mail. In "A Strange Bird," Bear received a two-week-old postcard from a penguin named Puck from the South Pole and finds out Puck is paying a visit to the Big Blue House today. The store accepts clams, Woodland Valley's official currency, as payment and it has to be exact change only. Woodland Valley Post Office was first introduced in "Read My Book" and was seen more in later episodes.
Mouse School – The Mouse School is a fun place to learn for Tutter and his classmates, including Keisha, Luke, Lily, Rita, and Moss. Learning and other activities are overseen by Miss Maxwell. It's a one-room schoolhouse, but there's plenty of places to play and an occasional field trip. Tutter first begins attending Mouse School in the fourth season. He joins the school soccer team, coached by Bear, but considers quitting in "Show Your Stuff." In "Teacher Appreciation Day," Tutter joins with Lily to figure out a way to show Miss Maxwell how much the mice kids all appreciate her. Tutter holds a sleepover for his Mouse School classmates in "Tutter's First Big Sleepover Bash."
Doc Hogg's Office – Doc Hogg's Office is where Doc Hogg treats his patients on Bear in the Big Blue House. Bear, Tutter and Ojo visited the office when Tutter hurt his tail in "That Healing Feeling." The office has a waiting room with toys and books to keep children entertained.
Sequoia City – Sequoia City is a neighboring town of Woodland Valley, and Woodland Valley may be considered a suburb of it. They are known to have a baseball team called the "Big Bats." Sequoia City is the hometown for two radio stations that reach Woodland Valley; WWTL (a news and weather station) and Bear's favorite music station WCHA-CHA. Sequoia City was one of the locations on a signpost in "The Great Bandini." The other location names on that signpost (other than the library) have not been used again, but Sequoia City has been mentioned in other episodes. Bear and the kids of the Big Blue House went on vacation at a nice hotel in Sequoia City in "This Is Your Life, Bear."
River City – River City is a town mentioned on Bear in the Big Blue House. Not much is known about it, but Grandma Flutter was an all-star player for their baseball team: the River City Rodents.

text: Cancellation

text: Bear in the Big Blue House was initially produced from 1997 to 2006. The voice actress for "Luna" the moon was played by Lynne Thigpen, who abruptly died due to a cerebral hemorrhage. Thigpen's death led to a three-year hiatus of Bear in the Big Blue House. A planned film version of Bear was also put on hold. Two years after Thigpen's death, Tara Mooney, who voiced the character Shadow, in an interview with Ray D'Arcy on Today FM stated: "The crew's hearts just weren't in it anymore".[citation needed] Thigpen's friends and family established a non-profit foundation, The Lynne Thigpen - Bobo Lewis Foundation, to help young actors and actresses learn how to survive and succeed in New York theater and to mentor the next generation of Broadway stars. After the hiatus and the spin-off Breakfast with Bear, new episodes returned to the Disney Channel in April 2006, with the last episode airing on April 28, 2006. Thigpen was posthumously nominated for a Daytime Emmy Award for voicing Luna the moon in Bear in the Big Blue House, but lost to Jeff Corwin.

text: Songs

text:
"Welcome to the Blue House"
"What's That Smell?"
"The Bear Cha-Cha-Cha"
"Dear Grandma"
"Happy, Happy Birthday"
"Good Morning"
"Brush, Brush Bree"
"Look at You Now"
"That's My Name"
"Everybody Say Ah"
"Great to Be at Home"
"Go to Bed, Sleepy Head"
"Take Time to Smell the Cheese"
"Clean Up the House"
"Oops! I Goofed Again"
"Quiet Time"
"Otter Love"
"Shape of a Bear"
"Baby, Baby"
"When You Make Yourself a Friend"
"Oh, Boy"
You Go, Ojo"
"Need a Little Help Today"
"Goodbye Song"

text: International airings

text: The show was shown throughout the world including in the United Kingdom on five and Playhouse Disney UK, on the Australian Broadcasting Corporation in Australia and on RTÉ Two in Ireland.

text: Awards

text: Daytime Emmy Awards

text:
Parent's Choice Gold Award Winner – 2000,[5] 2002[6]
Director's Guild Award – Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Children's Programs - "Episode 225: Love Is All You Need"


document_title: Transfer RNA

question_text: which site or branch of t-rna recognizes the code of m-rna

text: Transfer RNA

text: Overview[edit]

text: While the specific nucleotide sequence of an mRNA specifies which amino acids are incorporated into the protein product of the gene from which the mRNA is transcribed, the role of tRNA is to specify which sequence from the genetic code corresponds to which amino acid.[3]  The mRNA encodes a protein as a series of contiguous codons, each of which is recognized by a particular tRNA.  One end of the tRNA matches the genetic code in a three-nucleotide sequence called the anticodon. The anticodon forms three complementary base pairs with a codon in mRNA during protein biosynthesis. On the other end of the tRNA is a covalent attachment to the amino acid that corresponds to the anticodon sequence. Each type of tRNA molecule can be attached to only one type of amino acid, so each organism has many types of tRNA.  Because the genetic code contains multiple codons that specify the same amino acid, there are several tRNA molecules bearing different anticodons which   carry the same amino acid.

text: The covalent attachment to the tRNA 3’ end is catalyzed by enzymes called aminoacyl tRNA synthetases.  During protein synthesis, tRNAs with attached amino acids are delivered to the ribosome by proteins called elongation factors, which aid in association of the tRNA with the ribosome, synthesis of the new polypeptide and translocation (movement) of the ribosome along the mRNA.  If the tRNA's anticodon matches the mRNA, another tRNA already bound to the ribosome transfers the growing polypeptide chain from its 3’ end to the amino acid attached to the 3’ end of the newly delivered tRNA, a reaction catalyzed by the ribosome.

text: A large number of the individual nucleotides in a tRNA molecule may be chemically modified, often by methylation or deamidation. These unusual bases sometimes affect the tRNA's interaction with ribosomes and sometimes occur in the anticodon to alter base-pairing properties.[4]:29.1.2

text: Structure[edit]

text: The structure of tRNA can be decomposed into its primary structure, its secondary structure (usually visualized as the cloverleaf structure), and its tertiary structure[5] (all tRNAs have a similar L-shaped 3D structure that allows them to fit into the P and A sites of the ribosome).  The cloverleaf structure becomes the 3D L-shaped structure through coaxial stacking of the helices, which is a common RNA tertiary structure motif.

text: The lengths of each arm, as well as the loop 'diameter', in a tRNA molecule vary from species to species.[5][6]

text: The tRNA structure consists of the following:

text:
A 5'-terminal phosphate group.
The acceptor stem is a 7- to 9-base pair (bp) stem made by the base pairing of the 5'-terminal nucleotide with the 3'-terminal nucleotide (which contains the CCA 3'-terminal group used to attach the amino acid). In general, such 3'-terminal tRNA-like structures are referred to as 'genomic tags'. The acceptor stem may contain non-Watson-Crick base pairs.[5][7]
The CCA tail is a cytosine-cytosine-adenine sequence at the 3' end of the tRNA molecule. The amino acid loaded onto the tRNA by aminoacyl tRNA synthetases, to form aminoacyl-tRNA, is covalently bonded to the 3'-hydroxyl group on the CCA tail.[8] This sequence is important for the recognition of tRNA by enzymes and critical in translation.[9][10]  In prokaryotes, the CCA sequence is transcribed in some tRNA sequences.  In most prokaryotic tRNAs and eukaryotic tRNAs, the CCA sequence is added during processing and therefore does not appear in the tRNA gene.[11]
The D arm is a 4- to 6-bp stem ending in a loop that often contains dihydrouridine.[5]
The anticodon arm is a 5-bp stem whose loop contains the anticodon.[5] The tRNA 5'-to-3' primary structure contains the anticodon but in reverse order, since 3'-to-5' directionality is required to read the mRNA from 5'-to-3'.
The T arm is a 4- to 5- bp stem containing the sequence TΨC where Ψ is pseudouridine, a modified uridine.[5]
Bases that have been modified, especially by methylation (e.g. tRNA (guanine-N7-)-methyltransferase), occur in several positions throughout the tRNA. The first anticodon base, or wobble-position, is sometimes modified to inosine (derived from adenine), pseudouridine or lysidine (derived from cytosine).[12]

tag: ol

text: Anticodon[edit]

text: An anticodon[13] is a unit made up of three nucleotides that correspond to the three bases of the codon on the mRNA. Each tRNA contains a distinct  anticodon triplet sequence that can form 3 complementary base pairs to one or more codons for an amino acid. Some anticodons can pair with more than one codon due to a phenomenon known as wobble base pairing. Frequently, the first nucleotide of the anticodon is one not found on mRNA: inosine, which can hydrogen bond to more than one base in the corresponding codon position.[4]:29.3.9 In the genetic code, it is common for a single amino acid to be specified by all four third-position possibilities, or at least by both pyrimidines and purines; for example, the amino acid glycine is coded for by the codon sequences GGU, GGC, GGA, and GGG. Other modified nucleotides may also appear at the first anticodon position—sometimes known as the "wobble position"—resulting in subtle changes to the genetic code, as for example in mitochondria.[14]

text: Per cell, 61 types of tRNA would be required to provide a one-to-one correspondence between tRNA molecules and codons that specify amino acids, as there are 61 sense codons of the standard genetic code. However, many cells contain fewer than 61 types of tRNAs because the wobble base is capable of binding to several, though not necessarily all, of the codons that specify a particular amino acid. A minimum of 31 tRNAs are required to translate, unambiguously, all 61 sense codons; the maximum observed is 41.[3][15]

text: Aminoacylation[edit]

text: Aminoacylation is the process of adding an aminoacyl group to a compound.  It covalently links an amino acid to the  CCA 3' end of a tRNA molecule.

text:
Each tRNA is aminoacylated (or charged) with a specific amino acid by an aminoacyl tRNA synthetase.  There is normally a single aminoacyl tRNA synthetase for each amino acid, despite the fact that there can be more than one tRNA, and more than one anticodon for an amino acid.  Recognition of the appropriate tRNA by the synthetases is not mediated solely by the anticodon, and the acceptor stem often plays a prominent role.[16]
Reaction:

text:
amino acid + ATP → aminoacyl-AMP + PPi
aminoacyl-AMP + tRNA → aminoacyl-tRNA + AMP

text: Certain organisms can have one or more aminoacyl tRNA synthetases missing.  This leads to charging of the tRNA by a chemically related amino acid, and by use of an enzyme or enzymes, the tRNA is modified to be correctly charged.  For example, Helicobacter pylori has glutaminyl tRNA synthetase missing.  Thus, glutamate tRNA synthetase charges tRNA-glutamine(tRNA-Gln) with glutamate.  An amidotransferase then converts the acid side chain of the glutamate to the amide, forming the correctly charged gln-tRNA-Gln.

text: Binding to ribosome[edit]

text: The ribosome has three binding sites for tRNA molecules that span the space between the two ribosomal subunits: the A (aminoacyl),[18] P (peptidyl), and E (exit) sites.  In addition, the ribosome has two other sites for tRNA binding that are used during mRNA decoding or during the initiation of protein synthesis.  These are the T site (named elongation factor Tu) and I site (initiation).[19][20] By convention, the tRNA binding sites are denoted with the site on the small ribosomal subunit listed first and the site on the large ribosomal subunit listed second.  For example, the A site is often written A/A, the P site, P/P, and the E site, E/E.[19] The binding proteins like L27, L2, L14, L15, L16 at the A- and P- sites have been determined by affinity labeling by A.P. Czernilofsky et al. (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci, USA, pp 230–234, 1974).

text: Once translation initiation is complete, the first aminoacyl tRNA is located in the P/P site, ready for the elongation cycle described below.  During translation elongation, tRNA first binds to the ribosome as part of a complex with elongation factor Tu (EF-Tu) or its eukaryotic (eEF-1) or archaeal counterpart.  This initial tRNA binding site is called the A/T site.  In the A/T site, the A-site half resides in the small ribosomal subunit where the mRNA decoding site is located.   The mRNA decoding site is where the mRNA codon is read out during translation.  The T-site half resides mainly on the large ribosomal subunit where EF-Tu or eEF-1 interacts with the ribosome.   Once mRNA decoding is complete, the aminoacyl-tRNA is bound in the A/A site and is ready for the next peptide bond to be formed to its attached amino acid.   The peptidyl-tRNA, which transfers the growing polypeptide to the aminoacyl-tRNA bound in the A/A site, is bound in the P/P site.  Once the peptide bond is formed, the tRNA in the P/P site is deacylated, or has a free 3’ end, and the tRNA in the A/A site carries the growing polypeptide chain.  To allow for the next elongation cycle, the tRNAs then move through hybrid A/P and P/E binding sites, before completing the cycle and residing in the P/P and E/E sites.  Once the A/A and P/P tRNAs have moved to the P/P and E/E sites, the mRNA has also moved over by one codon and the A/T site is vacant, ready for the next round of mRNA decoding.  The tRNA bound in the E/E site then leaves the ribosome.

text: The P/I site is actually the first to bind to aminoacyl tRNA, which is delivered by an initiation factor called IF2 in bacteria.[20]  However, the existence of the P/I site in eukaryotic or archaeal ribosomes has not yet been confirmed. The P-site protein L27 has been determined by affinity labeling by E. Collatz and A.P. Czernilofsky (FEBS Lett., Vol. 63, pp 283–286, 1976).

text: tRNA genes[edit]

text: Organisms vary in the number of tRNA genes in their genome. For example, the nematode worm C. elegans, a commonly used model organism in genetics studies, has 29,647 [21] genes in its nuclear genome, of which 620 code for tRNA.[22][23] The budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has 275 tRNA genes in its genome.

text: In the human genome, which, according to January 2013 estimates, has about 20,848 protein coding genes [24] in total, there are 497 nuclear genes encoding cytoplasmic tRNA molecules, and 324 tRNA-derived pseudogenes—tRNA genes thought to be no longer functional[25] (although pseudo tRNAs have been shown to be involved in antibiotic resistance in bacteria ).[26] Regions in nuclear chromosomes, very similar in sequence to mitochondrial tRNA genes, have also been identified (tRNA-lookalikes).[27] These tRNA-lookalikes are also  considered  part of the nuclear mitochondrial DNA (genes transferred from the mitochondria to the nucleus).[27][28]

text: As with all eukaryotes, there are 22 mitochondrial tRNA genes[29] in humans. Mutations in some of these genes have been associated with severe diseases like the MELAS syndrome.

text: Cytoplasmic tRNA genes can be grouped into 49 families according to their anticodon features. These genes are found on all chromosomes, except the 22 and Y chromosome. High clustering on 6p is observed (140 tRNA genes), as well on 1 chromosome.[25]

text: The HGNC, in collaboration with the Genomic tRNA Database (GtRNAdb) and experts in the field, has approved unique names for human genes that encode tRNAs.

text: Evolution[edit]

text: The top half of tRNA (consisting of the D arm and the acceptor stem with 5'-terminal phosphate group and 3'-terminal CCA group) and the bottom half (consisting of the T arm and the anticodon arm) are independent units in structure as well as in function. The top half may have evolved first including the 3'-terminal genomic tag which originally may have marked tRNA-like molecules for replication in early RNA world. The bottom half may have evolved later as an expansion, e. g. as protein synthesis started in RNA world and turned it into a ribonucleoprotein world (RNP world). This proposed scenario is called genomic tag hypothesis. In fact, tRNA and tRNA-like aggregates have an important catalytic influence (i. e. as ribozymes) on replication still today. These roles may be regarded as 'molecular (or chemical) fossiles' of RNA world.[30]

text: Genomic tRNA content is a differentiating feature of genomes among biological domains of life: Archaea present the simplest situation in terms of genomic tRNA content with a uniform number of gene copies, Bacteria have an intermediate situation and Eukarya present the most complex situation.[31] Eukarya present not only more tRNA gene content than the other two kingdoms but also a high variation in gene copy number among different isoacceptors, and this complexity seem to be due to duplications of tRNA genes and changes in anticodon specificity[citation needed].

text: Evolution of the tRNA gene copy number across different species has been linked to the appearance of specific tRNA modification enzymes (uridine methyltransferases in Bacteria, and adenosine deaminases in Eukarya), which increase the decoding capacity of a given tRNA.[31]  As an example, tRNAAla encodes four different tRNA isoacceptors (AGC, UGC, GGC and CGC).  In Eukarya, AGC isoacceptors are extremely enriched in gene copy number in comparison to the rest of isoacceptors, and this has been correlated with its A-to-I modification of its wobble base.  This same trend has been shown for most amino acids of eukaryal species.  Indeed, the effect of these two tRNA modifications is also seen in codon usage bias. Highly expressed genes seem to be enriched in codons that are exclusively using codons that will be decoded by these modified tRNAs, which suggests a possible role of these codons—and consequently of these tRNA modifications—in translation efficiency.[31]

text: tRNA-derived fragments[edit]

text: tRNA-derived fragments (or tRFs) are short molecules that emerge after cleavage of the mature tRNAs or the precursor transcript.[32][33][34][35] Both cytoplasmic and mitochondrial tRNAs can produce fragments.[36] There are at least four structural types of tRFs believed to originate from mature tRNAs, including the relatively long tRNA halves and short 5’-tRFs, 3’-tRFs and i-tRFs.[32][36][37] The precursor tRNA can be cleaved to produce molecules from the 5’ leader or 3’ trail sequences. Cleavage enzymes include Angiogenin, Dicer, RNase Z and RNase P.[32][33] Especially in the case of Angiogenin, the tRFs have a characteristically unusual cyclic phosphate at their 3’ end and a hydroxyl group at the 5’ end.[38]

text: tRFs have multiple dependencies and roles; such as exhibiting significant changes between sexes, among races and disease status.[36] Functionally, they can be loaded on Ago and act through RNAi pathways,[34][36][37][39] participate in the formation of stress granules,[40] displace mRNAs from RNA-binding proteins[41] or inhibit translation.[42] At the system or the organismal level, the four types of tRFs have a diverse spectrum of activities. Functionally, tRFs are associated with viral infection,[43] cancer,[36][37] cell proliferation [38] and also with epigenetic transgenerational regulation of metabolism.[44]

text: tRFs are not restricted to humans and have been shown to exist in multiple organisms.[37][45][46][47]

text: Two online tools are available for those wishing to learn more about tRFs: the framework for the interactive exploration of mitochondrial and nuclear tRNA fragments (MINTbase)[48] and the relational database of Transfer RNA related Fragments(tRFdb).[49] MINTbase also provides a naming scheme for the naming of tRFs called tRF-license plates that is genome independent.

text: tRNA biogenesis[edit]

text:
In eukaryotic cells, tRNAs are transcribed by RNA polymerase III as pre-tRNAs in the nucleus.[50]
RNA polymerase III recognizes two highly conserved downstream promoter sequences: the 5' intragenic control region (5'-ICR, D-control region, or A box), and the 3'-ICR (T-control region or B box) inside tRNA genes.[2][51][52]
The first promoter begins at +8 of mature tRNAs and the second promoter is located 30-60 nucleotides downstream of the first promoter. The transcription terminates after a stretch of four or more thymidines.[2][52]

text:
Pre-tRNAs undergo extensive modifications inside the nucleus. Some pre-tRNAs contain introns that are spliced, or cut, to form the functional tRNA molecule;[53] in bacteria these self-splice, whereas in eukaryotes and archaea they are removed by tRNA-splicing endonucleases.[54] Eukaryotic pre-tRNA contains bulge-helix-bulge (BHB) structure motif that is important for recognition and precise splicing of tRNA intron by endonucleases.[55] This motif position and structure are evolutionary conserved. However, some organisms, such as unicellular algae have a non-canonical position of BHB-motif as well as 5'- and 3'-ends of the spliced intron sequence.[55]
The 5' sequence is removed by RNase P,[56] whereas the 3' end is removed by the tRNase Z enzyme.[57]
A notable exception is in the archaeon Nanoarchaeum equitans, which does not possess an RNase P enzyme and has a promoter placed such that transcription starts at the 5' end of the mature tRNA.[58]
The non-templated 3' CCA tail is added by a nucleotidyl transferase.[59]
Before tRNAs are exported into the cytoplasm by Los1/Xpo-t,[60][61] tRNAs are aminoacylated.[62]
The order of the processing events is not conserved.
For example, in yeast, the splicing is not carried out in the nucleus but at the cytoplasmic side of mitochondrial membranes.[63]

text: History[edit]

text: The existence of tRNA was first hypothesized by Francis Crick, based on the assumption that there must exist an adapter molecule capable of mediating the translation of the RNA alphabet into the protein alphabet. Significant research on structure was conducted in the early 1960s by Alex Rich and Don Caspar, two researchers in Boston, the Jacques Fresco group in Princeton University and a United Kingdom group at King's College London.[64]  In 1965, Robert W. Holley of Cornell University reported the primary structure and suggested three secondary structures.[65] tRNA was first crystallized in Madison, Wisconsin, by Robert M. Bock.[66]  The cloverleaf structure was ascertained by several other studies in the following years[67] and was finally confirmed using X-ray crystallography studies in 1974. Two independent groups, Kim Sung-Hou working under Alexander Rich and a British group headed by Aaron Klug, published the same crystallography findings within a year.[68][69]


document_title: List of Jane the Virgin episodes

question_text: when did season 3 of jane the virgin air

text: List of Jane the Virgin episodes

text: Series overview[edit]

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Season 1 (2014-15)[edit]

text:
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateU.S. viewers(millions)11"Chapter One"Brad SilberlingTeleplay by : Jennie Snyder UrmanOctober 13, 2014 (2014-10-13)1.61[9]
22"Chapter Two"Uta BriesewitzJennie Snyder UrmanOctober 20, 2014 (2014-10-20)1.36[10]
33"Chapter Three"Brad SilberlingMeredith AverillOctober 27, 2014 (2014-10-27)1.09[11]
44"Chapter Four"Debbie AllenCorinne BrinkerhoffNovember 3, 2014 (2014-11-03)1.01[12]
55"Chapter Five"Edward OrnelasJosh ReimsNovember 10, 2014 (2014-11-10)1.22[13]
66"Chapter Six"Jann TurnerPaul SciarrottaNovember 17, 2014 (2014-11-17)1.09[14]
77"Chapter Seven"Janice CookeDavid S. RosenthalNovember 24, 2014 (2014-11-24)0.96[15]
88"Chapter Eight"Norman BuckleyJosh Reims & Carolina RiveraDecember 8, 2014 (2014-12-08)1.22[16]
99"Chapter Nine"Zetna FuentesCorinne BrinkerhoffDecember 15, 2014 (2014-12-15)1.28[17]
1010"Chapter Ten"Elodie KeeneMeredith Averill & Christopher Oscar PeñaJanuary 19, 2015 (2015-01-19)1.39[18]
1111"Chapter Eleven"Joanna KernsGracie GlassmeyerJanuary 26, 2015 (2015-01-26)1.55[19]
1212"Chapter Twelve"Gina LamarDavid S. RosenthalFebruary 2, 2015 (2015-02-02)1.24[20]
1313"Chapter Thirteen"Howard DeutchJosh ReimsFebruary 9, 2015 (2015-02-09)1.34[21]
1414"Chapter Fourteen"Brad SilberlingPaul SciarrottaFebruary 16, 2015 (2015-02-16)1.31[22]
1515"Chapter Fifteen"Melanie MayronEmmylou Diaz & David S. RosenthalMarch 9, 2015 (2015-03-09)1.26[23]
1616"Chapter Sixteen"Joanna KernsJosh Reims & Carolina RiveraMarch 16, 2015 (2015-03-16)1.10[24]
1717"Chapter Seventeen"Uta BriesewitzAmy Rardin & Jessica O'TooleApril 6, 2015 (2015-04-06)0.93[25]
1818"Chapter Eighteen"Edward OrnelasMeredith AverillApril 13, 2015 (2015-04-13)1.03[26]
1919"Chapter Nineteen"Robert LuketicEmmylou Diaz & David S. RosenthalApril 20, 2015 (2015-04-20)1.05[27]
2020"Chapter Twenty"Debbie AllenCorinne Brinkerhoff & Paul SciarrottaApril 27, 2015 (2015-04-27)1.06[28]
2121"Chapter Twenty-One"Stuart GillardJessica O'Toole & Amy RardinMay 4, 2015 (2015-05-04)1.05[29]
2222"Chapter Twenty-Two"Zetna FuentesJosh Reims & Jennie Snyder UrmanMay 11, 2015 (2015-05-11)1.24[30]

text: Season 2 (2015–16)[edit]

text:
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateU.S. viewers(millions)231"Chapter Twenty-Three"Brad SilberlingJennie Snyder UrmanOctober 12, 2015 (2015-10-12)1.06[31]
242"Chapter Twenty-Four"Edward OrnelasDavid S. RosenthalOctober 19, 2015 (2015-10-19)0.84[32]
253"Chapter Twenty-Five"Robert LuketicCorinne BrinkerhoffOctober 26, 2015 (2015-10-26)0.94[33]
264"Chapter Twenty-Six"Zetna FuentesPaul SciarrottaNovember 2, 2015 (2015-11-02)1.09[34]
275"Chapter Twenty-Seven"Jann TurnerJessica O'Toole & Amy RardinNovember 9, 2015 (2015-11-09)1.11[35]
286"Chapter Twenty-Eight"Melanie MayronCorinne Brinkerhoff & Micah SchraftNovember 16, 2015 (2015-11-16)1.10[36]
297"Chapter Twenty-Nine"Edward OrnelasDavid S. Rosenthal & Dara Resnick CreaseyNovember 23, 2015 (2015-11-23)0.98[37]
308"Chapter Thirty"Uta BriesewitzPaul Sciarrotta & Carolina RiveraDecember 14, 2015 (2015-12-14)0.98[38]
319"Chapter Thirty-One"Joanna KernsEmmylou Diaz & Jessica O'Toole & Amy RardinJanuary 25, 2016 (2016-01-25)0.99[39]
3210"Chapter Thirty-Two"Jason ReillyMicah SchraftFebruary 1, 2016 (2016-02-01)1.04[40]
3311"Chapter Thirty-Three"Uta BriesewitzMichael J. CinquemaniFebruary 8, 2016 (2016-02-08)0.94[41]
3412"Chapter Thirty-Four"Howard DeutchMadeline HendricksFebruary 22, 2016 (2016-02-22)0.94[42]
3513"Chapter Thirty-Five"Melanie MayronChantelle M. WellsFebruary 29, 2016 (2016-02-29)0.91[43]
3614"Chapter Thirty-Six"Uta BriesewitzJessica O'Toole & Amy RardinMarch 7, 2016 (2016-03-07)0.92[44]
3715"Chapter Thirty-Seven"Melanie MayronSarah GoldfingerMarch 21, 2016 (2016-03-21)0.77[45]
3816"Chapter Thirty-Eight"Georgina Garcia RiedelMicah SchraftMarch 28, 2016 (2016-03-28)0.94[46]
3917"Chapter Thirty-Nine"Matthew DiamondCarolina RiveraApril 11, 2016 (2016-04-11)0.93[47]
4018"Chapter Forty"Anna MastroJessica O'Toole & Amy RardinApril 18, 2016 (2016-04-18)0.96[48]
4119"Chapter Forty-One"Gina LamarJoe LawsonApril 25, 2016 (2016-04-25)0.84[49]
4220"Chapter Forty-Two"Zetna FuentesMicah Schraft & Paul SciarrottaMay 2, 2016 (2016-05-02)0.86[50]
4321"Chapter Forty-Three"Melanie MayronJessica O'Toole & Amy Rardin & Paul SciarrottaMay 9, 2016 (2016-05-09)0.90[51]
4422"Chapter Forty-Four"Jann TurnerPaul Sciarrotta & Jennie Snyder UrmanMay 16, 2016 (2016-05-16)0.97[52]

text: Season 3 (2016–17)[edit]

text:
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateU.S. viewers(millions)451"Chapter Forty-Five"Gina LamarJennie Snyder UrmanOctober 17, 2016 (2016-10-17)1.09[53]
462"Chapter Forty-Six"Brad SilberlingDavid S. Rosenthal & Paul SciarrottaOctober 24, 2016 (2016-10-24)1.10[54]
473"Chapter Forty-Seven"Eva Longoria BastonCarolina Rivera & Micah SchraftOctober 31, 2016 (2016-10-31)0.97[55]
484"Chapter Forty-Eight"Melanie MayronSarah Goldfinger & Jessica O'Toole & Amy RardinNovember 7, 2016 (2016-11-07)1.08[56]
495"Chapter Forty-Nine"Anna MastroPaul SciarrottaNovember 14, 2016 (2016-11-14)0.93[57]
506"Chapter Fifty"Melanie MayronValentina Garza & David S. RosenthalNovember 21, 2016 (2016-11-21)1.01[58]
517"Chapter Fifty-One"Gina LamarSarah Goldfinger & Jessica O'Toole & Amy RardinNovember 28, 2016 (2016-11-28)1.15[59]
528"Chapter Fifty-Two"Anna MastroCarolina Rivera & Micah SchraftJanuary 23, 2017 (2017-01-23)0.99[60]
539"Chapter Fifty-Three"Gina LamarChantelle M. WellsJanuary 30, 2017 (2017-01-30)0.91[61]
5410"Chapter Fifty-Four"Melanie MayronMicah Schraft & Jennie Snyder UrmanFebruary 6, 2017 (2017-02-06)0.93[62]
5511"Chapter Fifty-Five"Brad SilberlingPaul Sciarrotta & Jennie Snyder UrmanFebruary 13, 2017 (2017-02-13)1.07[63]
5612"Chapter Fifty-Six"Matthew DiamondValentina GarzaFebruary 20, 2017 (2017-02-20)1.06[64]
5713"Chapter Fifty-Seven"Zetna FuentesMadeline HendricksFebruary 27, 2017 (2017-02-27)0.88[65]
5814"Chapter Fifty-Eight"Melanie MayronMerigan MulhernMarch 20, 2017 (2017-03-20)0.84[66]
5915"Chapter Fifty-Nine"Anna MastroDeidre ShawMarch 27, 2017 (2017-03-27)0.89[67]
6016"Chapter Sixty"Micah SchraftCarolina Rivera & Micah SchraftApril 24, 2017 (2017-04-24)0.79[68]
6117"Chapter Sixty-One"Melanie MayronPaul SciarrottaMay 1, 2017 (2017-05-01)0.77[69]
6218"Chapter Sixty-Two"Fernando SariñanaJessica O'Toole & Amy Rardin & David S. RosenthalMay 8, 2017 (2017-05-08)0.99[70]
6319"Chapter Sixty-Three"Gina LamarPaul SciarrottaMay 15, 2017 (2017-05-15)0.76[71]
6420"Chapter Sixty-Four"Melanie MayronMicah Schraft & Jennie Snyder UrmanMay 22, 2017 (2017-05-22)0.96[72]

text: Season 4 (2017–18)[edit]

text:
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateU.S. viewers(millions)651"Chapter Sixty-Five"Brad SilberlingJennie Snyder Urman & Paul SciarrottaOctober 13, 2017 (2017-10-13)0.68[73]
662"Chapter Sixty-Six"Gina LamarValentina Garza & Jessica O'Toole & Amy RardinOctober 20, 2017 (2017-10-20)0.61[74]
673"Chapter Sixty-Seven"Fernando SariñanaCarolina Rivera & Micah SchraftOctober 27, 2017 (2017-10-27)0.60[75]
684"Chapter Sixty-Eight"Gina LamarDeirdre Shaw & Chantelle M. WellsNovember 3, 2017 (2017-11-03)0.69[76]
695"Chapter Sixty-Nine"Stuart GillardPaul SciarrottaNovember 10, 2017 (2017-11-10)0.65[77]
706"Chapter Seventy"Melanie MayronCarolina Rivera & Micah SchraftNovember 17, 2017 (2017-11-17)0.61[78]
717"Chapter Seventy-One"Micah SchraftValentina Garza & Deidre ShawDecember 8, 2017 (2017-12-08)0.65[79]
728"Chapter Seventy-Two"Melanie MayronCarolina Rivera & Paul SciarrottaJanuary 26, 2018 (2018-01-26)0.68[80]
739"Chapter Seventy-Three"Eric LeaValentina Garza & Chantelle M. WellsFebruary 2, 2018 (2018-02-02)0.67[81]
7410"Chapter Seventy-Four"Gina RodriguezMicah Schraft & Paul SciarrottaFebruary 9, 2018 (2018-02-09)0.80[82]
7511"Chapter Seventy-Five"Gina LamarMerigan MulhernMarch 2, 2018 (2018-03-02)0.59[83]
7612"Chapter Seventy-Six"Melanie MayronLeah LongoriaMarch 9, 2018 (2018-03-09)0.58[84]
7713"Chapter Seventy-Seven"Gina LamarDeirdre Shaw & Chantelle M. WellsMarch 16, 2018 (2018-03-16)0.59[85]
7814"Chapter Seventy-Eight"Justin BaldoniValentina Garza & Micah SchraftMarch 23, 2018 (2018-03-23)0.65[86]
7915"Chapter Seventy-Nine"Gina LamarPaul SciarrottaApril 6, 2018 (2018-04-06)0.53[87]
8016"Chapter Eighty"Micah SchraftMicah SchraftApril 13, 2018 (2018-04-13)0.57[88]
8117"Chapter Eighty-One"[89]Gina LamarJennie Snyder Urman & Paul SciarrottaApril 20, 2018 (2018-04-20)TBD

text: Ratings[edit]


document_title: Metaphrase

question_text: who suggested imitation as a method in translation

text: Metaphrase

text: Look up metaphrase in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

text: Metaphrase is a term referring to literal translation, i.e., "word by word and line by line"[1] translation. In everyday usage, metaphrase means literalism; however, metaphrase is also the translation of poetry into prose.[2] Unlike "paraphrase," which has an ordinary use in literature theory, the term "metaphrase" is only used in translation theory.[3]

text: Metaphrase is one of the three ways of transferring, along with paraphrase and imitation,[4] according to John Dryden. Dryden considers paraphrase preferable to metaphrase (as literal translation) and imitation.

text: The term "metaphrase" is first used by Philo Judaeus (20 BCE) in De vita Mosis.[4] Quintilian draws a distinction between metaphrase and paraphrase in the pedagogical practice of imitation and reworking classical texts; he points out that metaphrase changes a word, and paraphrase, a phrase: a distinction that is also followed by  Renaissance scholars.[3]


document_title: BAFTA Award for Outstanding Debut by a British Writer, Director or Producer

question_text: outstanding debut by a british writer director or producer

text: Jury Process[edit]

text: Unlike many of the other BAFTA Awards, which are decided by a membership vote, the Outstanding Debut Award's nominees and winner are decided by a jury of industry experts who view and consider eligible films over the course of the year. The jury can choose to nominate any combination of debut writer, director or producer involved in a film.[1]

text: The jury has been chaired by Arthur Mellows (2008–09), Simon Relph (2009–2012), and Stephen Woolley (2012–2016).[2] Jury members in recent years have included (former winner) Asif Kapadia, Peter Bradshaw, Jane Goldman, Peter Straughan, James Watkins, Joe Cornish, and Moira Buffini.

text: History[edit]

text: The first version of the award was established by the Foreman Williams Jones Foundation in 1991. Scholarships were awarded to promising British students to study filmmaking in the United States.

text: The present version of the award was initiated by the Foundation in 1997 and was conducted jointly by the Foundation and by BAFTA until 2009. It was established to encourage British filmmaking by recognising the most promising British newcomer in the selected disciplines of screenwriting, producing or directing (or in more than one of these disciplines). The first award of the present version was made in respect of 1998. In 2009, the name of the award was changed and it is now solely administered by BAFTA. The award continues to be presented in honour of Carl Foreman.

text: Carl Foreman Award (1998–2008)[edit]

text: Special Achievement by a British Writer, Director or Producer in their First Feature Film (1998–2000)[edit]

text:
1998: Love and Death on Long Island – Richard Kwietniowski

The Governess – Sandra Goldbacher
Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels – Matthew Vaughn
Twenty Four Seven – Shane Meadows

1999: Ratcatcher – Lynne Ramsay

East Is East – Ayub Khan-Din
Human Traffic – Justin Kerrigan
Waking Ned – Kirk Jones

2000: Last Resort – Pawel Pawlikowski

Billy Elliot – Stephen Daldry
Billy Elliot – Lee Hall
Saving Grace – Mark Crowdy
Some Voices – Simon Cellan Jones

text: Special Achievement by a British Director, Writer or Producer in their first Feature Film (2000–2008)[edit]

text:
2001: Jump Tomorrow – Joel Hopkins Nicola Usborne

Gosford Park – Julian Fellowes
Late Night Shopping – Jack Lothian
The Parole Officer – Steve Coogan Henry Normal
South West 9 – Richard Parry
Strictly Sinatra – Ruth Kenley-Letts

2002: The Warrior – Asif Kapadia

AKA – Duncan Roy
Christie Malry's Own Double-Entry – Simon Bent
Lost in La Mancha – Lucy Darwin

2003: Kiss of Life – Emily Young

American Cousins – Sergio Casci
Girl with a Pearl Earring – Peter Webber
To Kill a King – Jenny Mayhew

2004: A Way of Life – Amma Asante

AfterLife – Andrea Gibb
Dear Frankie – Shona Auerbach
Layer Cake – Matthew Vaughn
Shaun of the Dead – Nira Park

2005: Pride & Prejudice – Joe Wright

Everything – Richard Hawkins
Festival – Annie Griffin
Shooting Dogs – David Belton
Tsotsi – Peter Fudakowski

2006: Red Road – Andrea Arnold

Black Sun – Gary Tarn
London to Brighton – Paul Andrew Williams
Pierrepoint – Christine Langan
Rollin' with the Nines – Julian Gilbey

2007: Control – Matt Greenhalgh

Taking Liberties – Chris Atkins
Scott Walker: 30 Century Man – Mia Bays
Brick Lane – Sarah Gavron
The Killing of John Lennon – Andrew Piddington

text: Outstanding Debut by a British Writer, Director or Producer (2009–present)[edit]

text:
2009: Moon – Duncan Jones (writer/director)

Exam – Stuart Hazeldine (writer/director/producer)
Mugabe and the White African – Lucy Bailey (director); Andrew Thompson (director); Elizabeth Morgan Hemlock (producer); David Pearson (producer)
Nowhere Boy – Sam Taylor-Wood (director)
Shifty – Eran Creevy (writer/director)

2010: Four Lions – Chris Morris (writer/director)

The Arbor – Clio Barnard (director); Tracy O'Riordan (producer)
Exit Through the Gift Shop – Banksy (director); Jaimie D'Cruz (producer)
Monsters – Gareth Edwards (writer/director)
Skeletons – Nick Whitfield (writer/director)

2011: Tyrannosaur – Paddy Considine (director); Diarmid Scrimshaw (producer)

Attack the Block – Joe Cornish (director)
Black Pond – Tom Kingsley (director); Will Sharpe (director); Sarah Brocklehurst (producer)
Coriolanus – Ralph Fiennes (director)
Submarine – Richard Ayoade (director)

2012: The Imposter – Bart Layton (director); Dimitri Doganis (producer)

I Am Nasrine – Tina Gharavi (writer/director)
McCullin – David Morris (director); Jacqui Morris (director/producer)
The Muppets – James Bobin (director)
Wild Bill – Dexter Fletcher (writer/director); Danny King (writer)

2013: Kelly + Victor – Kieran Evans (director/writer)

For Those in Peril – Paul Wright (director/writer) and Polly Stokes (producer)
Good Vibrations – Colin Carberry (writer) and Glenn Patterson (writer)
Saving Mr. Banks – Kelly Marcel (writer)
Shell – Scott Graham (director/writer)

2014: Pride – Stephen Beresford (writer); David Livingstone (producer)

'71 – Gregory Burke (writer) and Yann Demange (director)
Kajaki – Paul Katis (director/producer) and Andrew de Lotbiniere (producer)
Lilting – Hong Khaou (director/writer)
Northern Soul – Elaine Constantine (director/writer)

2015: Theeb – Naji Abu Nowar (writer/director) and Rupert Lloyd (producer)

Ex Machina – Alex Garland (director)
Second Coming – Debbie Tucker Green (writer/director)
The Survivalist – Stephen Fingleton (writer/director)
A Syrian Love Story – Sean McAllister (director/producer) and Elhum Shakerifar (producer)