document_title: Flag of India

question_text: ratio of indian flag in length and breath

text: Flag of India

text: Design and construction details

text:
Sizes of the National Flag

Flag size[1][2]
Length and width (mm)
Size of Ashoka Chakra (mm)[3]

1
6300 × 4200
1295

2
3600 × 2400
740

3
2700 × 1800
555

4
1800 × 1200
370

5
1350 × 900
280

6
900 × 600
185

7
450 × 300
90[4]

8
225 × 150
40

9
150 × 100
25[4]

text: According to the Flag code of India, the Indian flag has a ratio of two by three (where the length of the flag is 1.5 times that of the width). All three stripes of the flag (saffron, white and green) are to be equal in width and length. The size of the Ashoka Chakra is not specified in the Flag code, but it has twenty-four spokes that are evenly spaced.[5] In section 4.3.1 of "IS1: Manufacturing standards for the Indian Flag", there is a chart that details the size of the Ashoka Chakra on the nine specific sizes of the national flag.[3] In both the Flag code and IS1, they call for the Ashoka Chakra to be printed or painted on both sides of the flag in navy blue.[3][5] Below is the list of specified shades for all colours used on the national flag, with the exception of Navy Blue, from "IS1: Manufacturing standards for the Indian Flag" as defined in the 1931 CIE Colour Specifications with illuminant C.[3] The navy blue colour can be found in the standard IS:1803-1973.[3]

text:
Materials 3.1.2.2: Colours[3]

Colour
X
Y
Z
Brightness

India saffron (Kesari)
0.538
0.360
0.102
21.5

White
0.313
0.319
0.368
72.6

India green
0.288
0.395
0.317
8.9

text: Note that the values given in the table correspond to CIE 1931 color space. Approximate RGB values for use may be taken to be: India saffron #FF9933, white #FFFFFF, India green #138808, navy blue #000080.[6] Pantone values closest to this are 130 U, White, 2258 C and 2735 C.

text: Symbolism

text: Gandhi first proposed a flag to the Indian National Congress in 1921. The flag was designed by Pingali Venkayya. In the centre was a traditional spinning wheel, symbolising Gandhi's goal of making Indians self-reliant by fabricating their own clothing. The design was then modified to include a white stripe in the centre for other religious communities, and provide a background for the spinning wheel. Subsequently, to avoid sectarian associations with the colour scheme, saffron, white and green were chosen for the three bands, representing courage and sacrifice, peace and truth, and faith and chivalry respectively.[7]

text: A few days before India became independent on 15 August 1947, the specially constituted Constituent Assembly decided that the flag of India must be acceptable to all parties and communities.[8] A modified version of the Swaraj flag was chosen; the tricolour remained the same saffron, white and green. However, the charkha was replaced by the Ashoka Chakra representing the eternal wheel of law. The philosopher Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, who later became India's first Vice President and second President, clarified the adopted flag and described its significance as follows:

text:
“
Bhagwa or the Saffron denotes renunciation or disinterestedness. Our leaders must be indifferent to material gains and dedicate themselves to their work. The white in the centre is light, the path of truth to guide our conduct. The green shows our relation to (the) soil, our relation to the plant life here, on which all other life depends. The "Ashoka Chakra" in the centre of the white is the wheel of the law of dharma. Truth or satya, dharma or virtue ought to be the controlling principle of those who work under this flag. Again, the wheel denotes motion. There is death in stagnation. There is life in movement. India should no more resist change, it must move and go forward. The wheel represents the dynamism of a peaceful change.[9]
”

text: History

text: A number of flags with varying designs were used in the period preceding the Indian Independence Movement by the rulers of different princely states; the idea of a single Indian flag was first raised by the British rulers of India after the rebellion of 1857, which resulted in the establishment of direct imperial rule. The first flag, whose design was based on western heraldic standards, were similar to the flags of other British colonies, including Canada and Australia; its blue field included the Union Flag in the upper-left quadrant and a Star of India capped by the royal crown in the middle of the right half. To address the question of how the star conveyed "Indianness", Queen Victoria created the Knight Commander of the Order of the Star of India to honour services to the empire by her Indian subjects. Subsequently, all the Indian princely states received flags with symbols based on the heraldic criteria of Europe including the right to fly defaced British red ensigns.[10][11][12]

text: In the early twentieth century, around the coronation of Edward VII, a discussion started on the need for a heraldic symbol that was representative of the Indian empire. William Coldstream, a British member of the Indian Civil Service, campaigned the government to change the heraldic symbol from a star, which he considered to be a common choice, to something more appropriate. His proposal was not well received by the government; Lord Curzon rejected it for practical reasons including the multiplication of flags.[13] Around this time, nationalist opinion within the dominion was leading to a representation through religious tradition. The symbols that were in vogue included the Ganesha, advocated by Bal Gangadhar Tilak, and Kali, advocated by Aurobindo Ghosh and Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay. Another symbol was the cow, or Gau Mata (cow mother). However, all these symbols were Hindu-centric and did not suggest unity with India's Muslim population.[14]

text: The partition of Bengal (1905) resulted in the introduction of a new flag representing the Indian independence movement that sought to unite the multitude of castes and races within the country. The Vande Mataram flag, part of the Swadeshi movement against the British, comprised Indian religious symbols represented in western heraldic fashion. The tricolour flag included eight white lotuses on the upper green band representing the eight provinces, a sun and a crescent on the bottom red band, and the Vande Mataram slogan in Hindi on the central yellow band. The flag was launched in Calcutta bereft of any ceremony and the launch was only briefly covered by newspapers. The flag was not covered in contemporary governmental or political reports either, but was used at the annual session of the Indian National Congress. A slightly modified version was subsequently used by Madam Bhikaji Cama at the second International Socialist Congress in Stuttgart in 1907. Despite the multiple uses of the flag, it failed to generate enthusiasm amongst Indian nationalists.[15]

text: Around the same time, another proposal for the flag was initiated by Sister Nivedita, a Hindu reformist and disciple of Swami Vivekananda. The flag consisted of a thunderbolt in the centre and a hundred and eight oil lamps for the border, with the Vande Mataram caption split around the thunderbolt. It was also presented at the Indian National Congress meeting in 1906.[16] Soon, many other proposals were initiated, but none of them gained attention from the nationalist movement.

text: In 1909, Lord Ampthill, former Governor of the Madras Presidency, wrote to The Times of London in the run up to Empire Day pointing out that there existed "no flag representative of India as a whole or any Indian province ... Surely this is strange, seeing that but for India there would be no Empire."[17]

text: In 1916, Pingali Venkayya submitted thirty new designs, in the form of a booklet funded by members of the High Court of Madras. These many proposals and recommendations did little more than keep the flag movement alive. The same year, Annie Besant and Bal Gangadhar Tilak adopted a new flag as part of the Home Rule Movement. The flag included the Union Jack in the upper left corner, a star and crescent in the upper right, and seven stars displayed diagonally from the lower right, on a background of five red and four green alternating bands. The flag resulted in the first governmental initiative against any nationalistic flag, as a magistrate in Coimbatore banned its use. The ban was followed by a public debate on the function and importance of a national flag.[18]

text: In the early 1920s, national flag discussions gained prominence across most British dominions following the peace treaty between Britain and Ireland. In November 1920, the Indian delegation to the League of Nations wanted to use an Indian flag, and this prompted the British Indian government to place renewed emphasis on the flag as a national symbol.

text: In April 1921, Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi wrote in his journal Young India about the need for an Indian flag, proposing a flag with the charkha or spinning wheel at the centre.[20] The idea of the spinning wheel was put forth by Lala Hansraj, and Gandhi commissioned Pingali Venkayya to design a flag with the spinning wheel on a red and green banner, the red colour signifying Hindus and the green standing for Muslims. Gandhi wanted the flag to be presented at the Congress session of 1921, but it was not delivered on time, and another flag was proposed at the session. Gandhi later wrote that the delay was fortuitous since it allowed him to realise that other religions were not represented; he then added white to the banner colours, to represent all the other religions. Finally, owing to the religious-political sensibilities, in 1929, Gandhi moved towards a more secular interpretation of the flag colours, stating that red stood for the sacrifices of the people, white for purity, and green for hope.[21]

text: On 13 April 1923, during a procession by local Congress volunteers in Nagpur commemorating the Jallianwala Bagh massacre, the Swaraj flag with the spinning wheel, designed by Pingali Venkayya, was hoisted. This event resulted in a confrontation between the Congressmen and the police, after which five people were imprisoned. Over a hundred other protesters continued the flag procession after a meeting. Subsequently, on the first of May, Jamnalal Bajaj, the secretary of the Nagpur Congress Committee, started the Flag Satyagraha, gaining national attention and marking a significant point in the flag movement. The satyagraha, promoted nationally by the Congress, started creating cracks within the organisation in which the Gandhians were highly enthused while the other group, the Swarajists, called it inconsequential.

text: Finally, at the All India Congress Committee meeting in July, 1923, at the insistence of Jawaharlal Nehru and Sarojini Naidu, Congress closed ranks and the flag movement was endorsed. The flag movement was managed by Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel with the idea of public processions and flag displays by common people. By the end of the movement, over 1500 people had been arrested across all of British India. The Bombay Chronicle reported that the movement drew from diverse groups of society including farmers, students, merchants, labourers and "national servants". While Muslim participation was moderate, the movement enthused women, who had hitherto rarely participated in the independence movement.[22]

text: While the flag agitation got its impetus from Gandhi's writings and discourses, the movement received political acceptance following the Nagpur incident. News reports, editorials and letters to editors published in various journals and newspapers of the time attest to the subsequent development of a bond between the flag and the nation. Soon, the concept of preserving the honour of the national flag became an integral component of the independence struggle. While Muslims were still wary of the Swaraj flag, it gained acceptance among Muslim leaders of the Congress and the Khilafat Movement as the national flag.

text: Detractors of the flag movement, including Motilal Nehru, soon hailed the Swaraj flag as a symbol of national unity. Thus, the flag became a significant structural component of the institution of India. In contrast to the subdued responses of the past, the British Indian government took greater cognisance of the new flag, and began to define a policy of response. The British parliament discussed public use of the flag, and based on directives from England, the British Indian government threatened to withdraw funds from municipalities and local governments that did not prevent the display of the Swaraj flag.[24] The Swaraj flag became the official flag of Congress at the 1931 meeting. However, by then, the flag had already become the symbol of the independence movement.[25]

text: A few days before India gained its independence in August 1947, the Constituent Assembly was formed. To select a flag for independent India, on 23 June 1947, the assembly set up an ad hoc committee headed by Rajendra Prasad and including Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, Sarojini Naidu, C. Rajagopalachari, K. M. Munshi and B. R. Ambedkar as its members.

text: On 14 July 1947, the committee recommended that the flag of the Indian National Congress be adopted as the National Flag of India with suitable modifications, so as to make it acceptable to all parties and communities. It was also resolved that the flag should not have any communal undertones.[5] The spinning wheel of the Congress flag was replaced by the Chakra (wheel) from the Lion Capital of Ashoka. According to Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, the chakra was chosen as it was representative of dharma and law. However, Jawaharlal Nehru explained that the change was more practical in nature, as unlike the flag with the spinning wheel, this design would appear symmetrical. Gandhi was not very pleased by the change, but eventually came around to accepting it.

text: The flag was proposed by Nehru at the Constituent Assembly on 22 July 1947 as a horizontal tricolour of deep saffron, white and dark green in equal proportions, with the Ashoka wheel in blue in the centre of the white band. Nehru also presented two flags, one in Khadi-silk and the other in Khadi-cotton, to the assembly. The resolution was approved unanimously.[28] It served as the national flag of the Dominion of India between 15 August 1947 and 26 January 1950, and has served as the flag of the Republic of India since then.[8]

text: Manufacturing process

text: The design and manufacturing process for the national flag is regulated by three documents issued by the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS). All of the flags are made out of khadi cloth of silk or cotton. The standards were created in 1968 and were updated in 2008.[29] Nine standard sizes of the flag are specified by law.[1]

text: In 1951, after India became a republic, the Indian Standards Institute (now the BIS) brought out the first official specifications for the flag. These were revised in 1964 to conform to the metric system which was adopted in India. The specifications were further amended on 17 August 1968.[5] The specifications cover all the essential requirements of the manufacture of the Indian flag including sizes, dye colour, chromatic values, brightness, thread count and hemp cordage. The guidelines are covered under civil and criminal laws and defects in the manufacturing process can result in punishments that include fines or jail terms.[30][31]

text: Khadi or hand-spun cloth is the only material allowed to be used for the flag, and flying a flag made of any other material is punishable by law with imprisonment up to three years, besides a fine. Raw materials for khadi are restricted to cotton, silk and wool. There are two kinds of khadi used: The first is the khadi-bunting which makes up the body of the flag, and the second is the khadi-duck, which is a beige-coloured cloth that holds the flag to the pole. The khadi-duck is an unconventional type of weave that meshes three threads into a weave, compared to the two threads used in conventional weaving. This type of weaving is extremely rare, and there are fewer than twenty weavers in India professing this skill. The guidelines also state that there should be exactly 150 threads per square centimetre, four threads per stitch, and one square foot should weigh exactly 205 grams (7.2 oz).[5][30][31][32]

text: There are four places in the country licensed to make the cloth for the national flag, they are in Karnataka, Marathwada, Barabanki in UP, and Banetha in Rajasthan.[33] The woven khadi is obtained from two handloom units in the Dharwad and Bagalkot districts of northern Karnataka. Currently, Karnataka Khadi Gramodyoga Samyukta Sangha based in Hubli is the only licensed flag production and supply unit in India.[31] Permission for setting up flag manufacturing units in India is allotted by the Khadi Development and Village Industries Commission, though the BIS has the power to cancel the licences of units that flout guidelines.[5] The hand-woven khadi for the National Flag was initially manufactured at Garag, a small village in the Dharwad district. A Centre was established at Garag in 1954 by a few freedom fighters under the banner of Dharwad Taluk Kshetriya Seva Sangh and obtained the Centre's licence to make flags.[5]

text: Once woven, the material is sent to the BIS laboratories for testing. After quality testing, the material, if approved, is returned to the factory. It is then separated into three lots which are dyed saffron, white and green. The Ashoka Chakra is screen printed, stencilled or suitably embroidered onto each side of the white cloth. Care also has to be taken that the chakra is completely visible and synchronised on both sides. Three pieces of the required dimension, one of each colour, are then stitched together according to specifications and the final product is ironed and packed. The BIS then checks the colours and only then can the flag be sold.[30][31]

text: Protocol

text: Display and usage of the flag is governed by the Flag Code of India, 2002 (successor to the Flag Code – India, the original flag code); the Emblems and Names (Prevention of Improper Use) Act, 1950; and the Prevention of Insults to National Honour Act, 1971.[5] Insults to the national flag, including gross affronts or indignities to it, as well as using it in a manner so as to violate the provisions of the Flag Code, are punishable by law with imprisonment up to three years, or a fine, or both.[34]

text: Official regulation states that the flag must never touch the ground or water, or be used as a drapery in any form.[5] The flag may not be intentionally placed upside down, dipped in anything, or hold any objects other than flower petals before unfurling. No sort of lettering may be inscribed on the flag. When out in the open, the flag should always be flown between sunrise and sunset, irrespective of the weather conditions. Prior to 2009, the flag could be flown on a public building at night under special circumstances; currently, Indian citizens can fly the flag even at night, subject to the restriction that the flag should be hoisted on a tall flagpole and be well-illuminated.[5][35]

text: The flag should never be depicted, displayed or flown upside down. Tradition also states that when draped vertically, the flag should not merely be rotated 90degrees, but also reversed. One "reads" a flag like the pages of a book, from top to bottom and from left to right, and after rotation the results should be the same. It is considered insulting to display the flag in a frayed or dirty state, and the same rule applies to the flagpoles and halyards used to hoist the flag, which should always be in a proper state of maintenance.[1]

text: The original flag code of India did not allow private citizens to fly the national flag except on national days such as Independence Day or Republic Day. In 2001, Naveen Jindal, an industrialist used to the more egalitarian use of the flag in the United States where he studied, flew the Indian flag on his office building. The flag was confiscated and he was warned of prosecution. Jindal filed a public interest litigation petition in the High Court of Delhi; he sought to strike down the restriction on the use of the flag by private citizens, arguing that hoisting the national flag with due decorum and honour was his right as a citizen, and a way of expressing his love for the country.[36][37]

text: At the end of the appeals process, the case was heard by the Supreme Court of India; the court ruled in Jindal's favour, asking the Government of India to consider the matter. The Union Cabinet of India then amended the Indian Flag Code with effect from 26 January 2002, allowing private citizens to hoist the flag on any day of the year, subject to their safeguarding the dignity, honour and respect of the flag.[5] It is also held that the code was not a statute and restrictions under the code ought to be followed; also, the right to fly the flag is a qualified right, unlike the absolute rights guaranteed to citizens, and should be interpreted in the context of Article 19 of the Constitution of India.[5]

text: The original flag code also forbade use of the flag on uniforms, costumes and other clothing. In July 2005, the Government of India amended the code to allow some forms of usage. The amended code forbids usage in clothing below the waist and on undergarments, and forbids embroidering onto pillowcases, handkerchiefs or other dress material.[38]

text: Disposal of damaged flags is also covered by the flag code. Damaged or soiled flags may not be cast aside or disrespectfully destroyed; they have to be destroyed as a whole in private, preferably by burning or by any other method consistent with the dignity of the flag.[1]

text: Display

text: The rules regarding the correct methods to display the flag state that when two flags are fully spread out horizontally on a wall behind a podium, their hoists should be towards each other with the saffron stripes uppermost. If the flag is displayed on a short flagpole, this should be mounted at an angle to the wall with the flag draped tastefully from it. If two national flags are displayed on crossed staffs, the hoists must be towards each other and the flags must be fully spread out. The flag should never be used as a cloth to cover tables, lecterns, podiums or buildings, or be draped from railings.[1]

text: Whenever the flag is displayed indoors in halls at public meetings or gatherings of any kind, it should always be on the right (observers' left), as this is the position of authority. So when the flag is displayed next to a speaker in the hall or other meeting place, it must be placed on the speaker's right hand. When it is displayed elsewhere in the hall, it should be to the right of the audience. The flag should be displayed completely spread out with the saffron stripe on top. If hung vertically on the wall behind the podium, the saffron stripe should be to the left of the onlookers facing the flag with the hoist cord at the top.[1]

text: The flag, when carried in a procession or parade or with another flag or flags, should be on the marching right or alone in the centre at the front. The flag may form a distinctive feature of the unveiling of a statue, monument, or plaque, but should never be used as the covering for the object. As a mark of respect to the flag, it should never be dipped to a person or thing, as opposed to regimental colours, organisational or institutional flags, which may be dipped as a mark of honour. During the ceremony of hoisting or lowering the flag, or when the flag is passing in a parade or in a review, all persons present should face the flag and stand at attention. Those present in uniform should render the appropriate salute. When the flag is in a moving column, persons present will stand at attention or salute as the flag passes them. A dignitary may take the salute without a head dress. The flag salutation should be followed by the playing of the national anthem.[1]

text: The privilege of flying the national flag on vehicles is restricted to the President, the Vice-President or the Prime Minister, Governors and Lieutenant Governors of states, Chief Ministers, Union Ministers, members of the Parliament of India and state legislatures of the Indian states (Vidhan Sabha and Vidhan Parishad), judges of the Supreme Court of India and High Courts, and flag officers of the Army, Navy and Air Force. The flag has to be flown from a staff affixed firmly either on the middle front or to the front right side of the car. When a foreign dignitary travels in a car provided by government, the flag should be flown on the right side of the car while the flag of the foreign country should be flown on the left side.[5]

text: The flag should be flown on the aircraft carrying the President, the Vice-President or the Prime Minister on a visit to a foreign country. Alongside the National Flag, the flag of the country visited should also be flown; however, when the aircraft lands in countries en route, the national flags of the respective countries would be flown instead. When carrying the president within India, aircraft display the flag on the side the president embarks or disembarks; the flag is similarly flown on trains, but only when the train is stationary or approaching a railway station.[1]

text: When the Indian flag is flown on Indian territory along with other national flags, the general rule is that the Indian flag should be the starting point of all flags. When flags are placed in a straight line, the rightmost flag (leftmost to the observer facing the flag) is the Indian flag, followed by other national flags in alphabetical order. When placed in a circle, the Indian flag is the first point and is followed by other flags alphabetically. In such placement, all other flags should be of approximately the same size with no other flag being larger than the Indian flag. Each national flag should also be flown from its own pole and no flag should be placed higher than another. In addition to being the first flag, the Indian flag may also be placed within the row or circle alphabetically. When placed on crossed poles, the Indian flag should be in front of the other flag, and to the right (observer's left) of the other flag. The only exception to the preceding rule is when it is flown along with the flag of the United Nations, which may be placed to the right of the Indian flag.[1]

text: When the Indian flag is displayed with non-national flags, including corporate flags and advertising banners, the rules state that if the flags are on separate staffs, the flag of India should be in the middle, or the furthest left from the viewpoint of the onlookers, or at least one flag's breadth higher than the other flags in the group. Its flagpole must be in front of the other poles in the group, but if they are on the same staff, it must be the uppermost flag. If the flag is carried in procession with other flags, it must be at the head of the marching procession, or if carried with a row of flags in line abreast, it must be carried to the marching right of the procession.[1]

text: Half-mast

text: The flag should be flown at half-mast as a sign of mourning. The decision to do so lies with the President of India, who also decides the period of such mourning. When the flag is to be flown at half mast, it must first be raised to the top of the mast and then slowly lowered. Only the Indian flag is flown half mast; all other flags remain at normal height.

text: The flag is flown half-mast nationwide on the death of the president, Vice-president or prime minister. It is flown half-mast in New Delhi and the state of origin for the Speaker of the Lok Sabha, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, and Union Ministers. On deaths of Governors, Lt. Governors and Chief Ministers, the flag is flown at half-mast in the respective states and union territories.

text: The Indian flag cannot be flown at half-mast on Republic Day (26 January), Independence day (15 August), Gandhi Jayanti (2 October), National Week (6–13 April) or state formation anniversaries, except over buildings housing the body of the deceased dignitary. However, even in such cases, the flag must be raised to full-mast when the body is moved from the building.

text: Observances of State mourning on the death of foreign dignitaries are governed by special instructions issued from the Ministry of Home Affairs in individual cases. However, in the event of death of either the Head of the State or Head of the Government of a foreign country, the Indian Mission accredited to that country may fly the national flag at half-mast.

text: On occasions of state, military, central para-military forces funerals, the flag shall be draped over the bier or coffin with the saffron towards the head of the bier or coffin. The flag should not be lowered into the grave or burnt in the pyre.[1]


document_title: Memorial Day

question_text: when do you put the flag up for memorial day

root

text: Memorial Day

text: History[edit]

text: The practice of decorating soldiers' graves with flowers is an ancient custom.[5] Soldiers' graves were decorated in the U.S. before[6] and during the American Civil War.

tag: p

text: Some believe that an annual cemetery decoration practice began before the American Civil War and thus may reflect the real origin of the "memorial day" idea.[7] Annual Decoration Days for particular cemeteries are still held on a Sunday in late spring or early summer in some rural areas of the American South, notably in the mountain areas. In cases involving a family graveyard where remote ancestors as well as those who were deceased more recently are buried, this may take on the character of an extended family reunion to which some people travel hundreds of miles. People gather, put flowers on graves and renew contacts with relatives and others. There often is a religious service and a picnic-like "dinner on the grounds," the traditional term for a potluck meal at a church.[7]

text: On June 3, 1861 Warrenton, Virginia was the location of the first Civil War soldier's grave ever to be decorated, according to a Richmond Times-Dispatch newspaper article in 1906.[8] In 1862 women in Savannah, Georgia decorated Confederate soldiers' graves oer the Savannah Republican.[9] The 1863 cemetery dedication at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, was a ceremony of commemoration at the graves of dead soldiers. On July 4, 1864, ladies decorated soldiers' graves according to local historians in Boalsburg, Pennsylvania.[10] and Boalsburg promotes itself as the birthplace of Memorial Day.[11]

text: In April 1865, following President Abraham Lincoln's assassination, commemorations were ubiquitous. The more than 600,000 soldiers of both sides who died in the Civil War meant that burial and memorialization took on new cultural significance. Under the leadership of women during the war, an increasingly formal practice of decorating graves had taken shape. In 1865, the federal government began creating national military cemeteries for the Union war dead.[12]

text: A decoration day observance on May 1, 1865 in Charleston, South Carolina led historian David W. Blight to claim that "African Americans invented Memorial Day in Charleston, South Carolina",[13] based on accounts in the Charleston Daily Courier and coverage by the New York Tribune. In 2012 Blight stated that he "has no evidence" that the event in Charleston inspired the establishment of Memorial Day across the country.[14] Accordingly, Snopes labeled the claim that the holiday began in Charleston "false."[15]

text: In 1868, General John A. Logan of the Grand Army of the Republic, an organization of Union veterans founded in Decatur, Illinois, established Decoration Day as a time for the nation to decorate the graves of the Union war dead with flowers.[16] By the 20th century, various Union and Confederate memorial traditions, celebrated on different days, merged, and Memorial Day eventually extended to honor all Americans who died while in the military service.[1]

text: On May 26, 1966, President Lyndon B. Johnson designated an "official" birthplace of the holiday by signing the presidential proclamation naming Waterloo, New York, as the holder of the title. This action followed House Concurrent Resolution 587, in which the 89th Congress had officially recognized that the patriotic tradition of observing Memorial Day had begun one hundred years prior in Waterloo, New York.[17] The village credits druggist Henry C. Welles and county clerk John B. Murray as the founders of the holiday. Snopes and Live Science discredit the Waterloo account.[18][19]

text: In the North[edit]

text: On May 5, 1868, General John A. Logan issued a proclamation calling for "Decoration Day" to be observed annually and nationwide; he was commander-in-chief of the Grand Army of the Republic, the veterans' organization for Union Civil War veterans.[7] With his proclamation, Logan adopted the Memorial Day practice that had begun in the Southern states three years earlier.[20][21][22]

text: The first northern Memorial Day was observed on May 30, 1868. One author claims that the date was chosen because it was not the anniversary of any particular battle.[23] According to a White House address in 2010, the date was chosen as the optimal date for flowers to be in bloom in the North.[24]

text: The northern states quickly adopted the holiday. In 1868, memorial events were held in 183 cemeteries in 27 states, and 336 in 1869.[25] In 1871 Michigan made "Decoration Day" an official state holiday and by 1890, every northern state had followed suit. The ceremonies were sponsored by the Women's Relief Corps, the women's auxiliary of the Grand Army of the Republic (GAR), which had 100,000 members. By 1870, the remains of nearly 300,000 Union dead had been reinterred in 73 national cemeteries, located near major battlefields and thus mainly in the South. The most famous are Gettysburg National Cemetery in Pennsylvania and Arlington National Cemetery, near Washington, D.C.[26]

text: Memorial Day speeches became an occasion for veterans, politicians, and ministers to commemorate the Civil War and, at first, to rehash the "atrocities" of the enemy. They mixed religion and celebratory nationalism for the people to make sense of their history in terms of sacrifice for a better nation. People of all religious beliefs joined together and the point was often made that the German and Irish soldiers had become true Americans in the "baptism of blood" on the battlefield.[27]

text: Since 1868 Doylestown, Pennsylvania has run annual Memorial Day parades which it claims to be the nation's oldest continuously running; however, the Memorial Day parade in Rochester, Wisconsin predates Doylestown's by one year.[28][29]

text: In the South[edit]

text: The U.S. National Park Service[30] and numerous scholars attribute the beginning of a Memorial Day practice in the South to the ladies of Columbus, Georgia.[31][32][33][34][35][36][37] On April 25, 1866, women in Columbus, Mississippi laid flowers on the graves of both the Union and Confederate dead in the city's cemetery.[38] The early southern Memorial Day celebrations were simple, somber occasions for veterans and their families to honor the dead and tend to local cemeteries.[39]

text: Historians acknowledge the Ladies Memorial Association played a key role in these rituals of preservation of Confederate "memory."[40] Various dates ranging from April 25 to mid-June were adopted in different Southern states. Across the South, associations were founded, many by women, to establish and care for permanent cemeteries for the Confederate dead, organize commemorative ceremonies, and sponsor appropriate monuments as a permanent way of remembering the Confederate dead. The most important of these was the United Daughters of the Confederacy, which grew from 17,000 members in 1900 to nearly 100,000 women by World War I. They were "strikingly successful at raising money to build Confederate monuments, lobbying legislatures and Congress for the reburial of Confederate dead, and working to shape the content of history textbooks."[41]

text: In 1868, some southerners appended the label "Confederate" to what they originally called "Memorial Day" after northerners co-opted the holiday.[42] The tradition of observances were linked to the South, they served as the prototype for the national day of memory embraced by the nation in 1868.[30][43]

text: By 1890, there was a shift from the emphasis on honoring specific soldiers to a public commemoration of the Confederate south.[39] Changes in the ceremony's hymns and speeches reflect an evolution of the ritual into a symbol of cultural renewal and conservatism in the South. By 1913, David Blight argues, the theme of American nationalism shared equal time with the Confederate.[44]

text: At Gettysburg[edit]

text: Starting in 1868, the ceremonies and Memorial Day address at Gettysburg National Park became nationally known. In July 1913, veterans of the United States and Confederate armies gathered in Gettysburg to commemorate the fifty-year anniversary of the Civil War's bloodiest and most famous battle.[45]

text: The four-day "Blue-Gray Reunion" featured parades, re-enactments, and speeches from a host of dignitaries, including President Woodrow Wilson, the first Southerner elected to the White House after the War.[citation needed] James Heflin of Alabama gave the main address.[citation needed] Heflin was a noted orator; His choice as Memorial Day speaker was criticized, as he was opposed for his support of segregation; however, his speech was moderate in tone and stressed national unity and goodwill, gaining him praise from newspapers.[citation needed]

text: Since the cemetery dedication at Gettysburg occurred on November 19, that day (or the closest weekend) has been designated as their own local memorial day that is referred to as Remembrance Day.[46]

text: Name and date[edit]

text: The preferred name for the holiday gradually changed from "Decoration Day" to "Memorial Day," which was first used in 1882.[47] Memorial Day did not become the more common name until after World War II, and was not declared the official name by Federal law until 1967.[48] On June 28, 1968, Congress passed the Uniform Monday Holiday Act, which moved four holidays, including Memorial Day, from their traditional dates to a specified Monday in order to create a convenient three-day weekend.[49] The change moved Memorial Day from its traditional May 30 date to the last Monday in May. The law took effect at the federal level in 1971.[49] After some initial confusion and unwillingness to comply, all 50 states adopted Congress' change of date within a few years.

text: Memorial Day endures as a holiday which most businesses observe because it marks the unofficial beginning of summer. The Veterans of Foreign Wars (VFW) and Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War (SUVCW) advocate returning to the original date, although the significance of the date is tenuous. The VFW stated in a 2002 Memorial Day Address:

text: Changing the date merely to create three-day weekends has undermined the very meaning of the day. No doubt, this has contributed a lot to the general public's nonchalant observance of Memorial Day.[50]

text: Starting in 1987 Hawaii's Senator Daniel Inouye, a World War II veteran, introduced a measure to return Memorial Day to its traditional date. Inouye continued introducing the resolution until his death in 2012.[51]

text: 20th century[edit]

text: On Memorial Day, the flag of the United States is raised briskly to the top of the staff and then solemnly lowered to the half-staff position, where it remains only until noon.[52] It is then raised to full-staff for the remainder of the day.[53]

text: The half-staff position remembers the more than one million men and women who gave their lives in service of their country. At noon, their memory is raised by the living, who resolve not to let their sacrifice be in vain, but to rise up in their stead and continue the fight for liberty and justice for all.

text: The National Memorial Day Concert takes place[when?] on the west lawn of the United States Capitol.[54] The concert is broadcast on PBS and NPR. Music is performed, and respect is paid to the men and women who gave their lives for their country.

text: For many Americans, the central event is attending one of the thousands of parades held on Memorial Day in large and small cities all over the country.[according to whom?] Most of these feature marching bands and an overall military theme with the National Guard and other servicemen participating along with veterans and military vehicles from various wars.[citation needed]

text: One of the longest-standing traditions is the running of the Indianapolis 500, an auto race which has been held in conjunction with Memorial Day since 1911.[55] It runs on the Sunday preceding the Memorial Day holiday. Since 1961 NASCAR's Coca-Cola 600 has been held the same day.[citation needed] Since 1976 The Memorial Tournament golf event has been held on or close to the Memorial Day weekend.[citation needed] The final of the NCAA Division I Men's Lacrosse Championship is held on Memorial Day.[citation needed]

text: In 2000, Congress passed the National Moment of Remembrance Act, asking people to stop and remember at 3:00 P.M.[56]

text: Poppies[edit]

text: In 1915, following the Second Battle of Ypres, Lieutenant Colonel John McCrae, a physician with the Canadian Expeditionary Force, wrote the poem, "In Flanders Fields". Its opening lines refer to the fields of poppies that grew among the soldiers' graves in Flanders.

text: In 1918, inspired by the poem, YWCA worker Moina Michael attended a YWCA Overseas War Secretaries' conference wearing a silk poppy pinned to her coat and distributed over two dozen more to others present. In 1920, the National American Legion adopted it as their official symbol of remembrance.[57]

text: As civil religious holiday[edit]

text: Scholars,[58][59][60][61] following the lead of sociologist Robert Bellah, often make the argument that the United States has a secular "civil religion" – one with no association with any religious denomination or viewpoint – that has incorporated Memorial Day as a sacred event. With the Civil War, a new theme of death, sacrifice and rebirth enters the civil religion. Memorial Day gave ritual expression to these themes, integrating the local community into a sense of nationalism. The American civil religion, in contrast to that of France, was never anticlerical or militantly secular; in contrast to Britain, it was not tied to a specific denomination, such as the Church of England. The Americans borrowed from different religious traditions so that the average American saw no conflict between the two, and deep levels of personal motivation were aligned with attaining national goals.[62]

text: Memorial Day has been called a "modern cult of the dead". It incorporates Christian themes of sacrifice while uniting citizens of various faiths.[63]

text: In film, literature, and music[edit]

text: Films[edit]

text: Memorial Day (2012) is a war film starring James Cromwell, Jonathan Bennett, and John Cromwell.

tag: ul

text: Music[edit]

text: Charles Ives's symphonic poem Decoration Day depicted the holiday as he experienced it in his childhood, with his father's band leading the way to the town cemetery, the playing of "Taps" on a trumpet, and a livelier march tune on the way back to the town. It is frequently played with three other Ives works based on holidays, as the second movement of A Symphony: New England Holidays.

text: Poetry[edit]

text: Poems commemorating Memorial Day include:

text:
"Memorial Day" by Michael Anania(1994)[64]
Henry Wadsworth Longfellow's "Decoration Day" (1882) [65]
Joyce Kilmer's "Memorial Day"

text: Observance dates 1971–2099[edit]

text:
Year
Memorial Day

1972
2000
2028
2056
2084
May 29

1973
2001
2029
2057
2085
May 28

1974
2002
2030
2058
2086
May 27

1975
2003
2031
2059
2087
May 26

1976
2004
2032
2060
2088
May 31

1977
2005
2033
2061
2089
May 30

1978
2006
2034
2062
2090
May 29

1979
2007
2035
2063
2091
May 28

1980
2008
2036
2064
2092
May 26

1981
2009
2037
2065
2093
May 25

1982
2010
2038
2066
2094
May 31

1983
2011
2039
2067
2095
May 30

1984
2012
2040
2068
2096
May 28

1985
2013
2041
2069
2097
May 27

1986
2014
2042
2070
2098
May 26

1987
2015
2043
2071
2099
May 25

1988
2016
2044
2072

May 30

1989
2017
2045
2073

May 29

1990
2018
2046
2074

May 28

1991
2019
2047
2075

May 27

1992
2020
2048
2076

May 25

1993
2021
2049
2077

May 31

1994
2022
2050
2078

May 30

1995
2023
2051
2079

May 29

1996
2024
2052
2080

May 27

1997
2025
2053
2081

May 26

1998
2026
2054
2082

May 25

1971
1999
2027
2055
2083

May 31

tag: table


document_title: List of Asian countries by population

question_text: which is the largest country in asia by population

text: List of Asian countries by population

text: This is a list of Asian countries and dependent territories by population sorted by normalized demographic projections.

text: Table[edit]

text:
Rank
Country
(or dependent territory)
July 1, 2015
projection[1]
% of
Asia's
pop.
Average
relative
annual
growth
(%)[2]
Average
absolute
annual
growth
[3]
Estimated
doubling
time
(Years)[4]
Official
figure
(where
available)
Date of
last figure
Source

1
 China
1,387,160,73
31.35
0.49
6,730,000
141
1,386,190,000
October 27, 2017
Official population clock

2
 India
1,324,009,090
29.72
1.64
20,998,000
43
1,210,854,977
March 1, 2011
Final 2011 census result

3
 Indonesia
255,462,0000
5.84
1.41
3,549,000
50
255,461,700
2015
Official estimate

4
 Pakistan
191,785,000
4.39
2.40
3,765,000
35
207,774,520
2017
Official Census 2017

5
 Bangladesh
158,762,000
3.63
1.37
2,139,000
51
163,705,000
October 27, 2017
Official population clock

6
 Russia[5]
144,031,000
3.19
0.19
278,000
368
146,544,710
January 1, 2016
Annual official estimate

7
 Japan
126,891,000
2.81
-0.01
-12,000
-
126,890,000
November 1, 2015
Monthly official estimate

8
 Philippines
100,699,395
2.23
1.5
1,500,000
45
100,981,437
August 1, 2015
2015 Census of Population

9
 Vietnam
91,812,000
2.03
1.16
1,057,000
60
90,493,352
April 1, 2014
Official estimate

10
 Iran
78,778,000
1.74
1.29
1,001,000
54
80,558,000
October 27, 2017
Official population clock

11
 Turkey
78,214,000
1.73
1.34
1,035,000
52
77,695,904
December 31, 2014
Official estimate

12
 Thailand
68,387,000
1.51
0.76
517,000
91
65,926,261
September 1, 2010
2010 census result

13
 Myanmar
52,280,000
1.16
1.22
632,000
57
51,486,253
March 29, 2014
2014 census result

14
 South Korea
50,617,000
1.12
0.38
193,000
181
50,617,045
2015
Official estimate

15
 Iraq
36,575,000
0.81
2.90
1,030,000
24
36,575,000
2015
Official estimate

16
 Saudi Arabia
31,521,000
0.70
2.44
751,000
29
31,521,418
2015
Official estimate

17
 Uzbekistan
31,283,000
0.69
1.70
523,000
41
31,022,500
January 1, 2015
Official estimate

18
 Malaysia
31,032,000
0.69
1.84
561,000
38
32,168,000
October 27, 2017
Official population clock

19
   Nepal
28,038,000
0.62
1.42
392,000
49
28,037,904
2015
Official estimate

20
 Afghanistan
26,849,000
0.59
1.87
494,000
37
27,101,365
January 1, 2016
Official estimate

21
 Yemen
26,745,000
0.59
2.95
766,000
24
24,527,000
July 1, 2012
Official estimate

22
 North Korea
25,863,000
0.57
1.08
277,000
64
24,052,231
October 1, 2008
Final 2008 census result

23
 Taiwan[6]
23,455,000
0.52
0.35
81,000
200
23,476,640
October 31, 2015
Monthly official estimate

24
 Sri Lanka
22,480,000
0.51
0.94
194,000
74
22,480,000
February 19, 2017
Live Population

25
 Syria
18,906,000
0.42
2.45
557,000
29
21,377,000
December 31, 2011
Official estimate

26
 Kazakhstan
17,541,000
0.39
1.45
250,000
48
17,608,200
October 1, 2015
Monthly official estimate

27
 Cambodia
15,040,000
0.33
1.59
236,000
44
13,395,682
March 3, 2008
Final 2008 census result

28
 Azerbaijan
9,651,000
0.21
1.23
117,000
57
9,593,000
January 1, 2015
Official estimate

29
 United Arab Emirates
8,933,000
0.20
1.57
138,000
45
8,264,070
2010
Official estimate

30
 Tajikistan
8,451,000
0.19
2.35
194,000
30
8,354,000
January 1, 2015
Official estimate

31
 Israel
8,372,000
0.19
1.89
155,000
37
8,436,600
October 31, 2015
Monthly official estimate

32
 Hong Kong (China)[7]
7,299,000
0.16
0.90
65,000
77
7,298,600
July 1, 2015
Official estimate

33
 Jordan
6,837,000
0.15
2.75
183,000
26
6,388,000
2012
Official estimate

34
 Laos
6,802,000
0.15
1.63
109,000
43
6,492,400
March 1, 2015
Preliminary 2015 census result

35
 Kyrgyzstan
5,943,000
0.13
1.64
96,000
43
5,895,100
January 1, 2015
Official estimate

36
 Singapore
5,541,000
0.12
1.30
71,000
54
5,535,000
July 1, 2015
Official estimate

37
 Turkmenistan
4,902,000
0.11
1.24
60,000
56
4,751,120
December 26, 2012
2012 census result

38
 Palestine[8]
4,683,000
0.10
2.92
133,000
24
4,550,368
2014
Official estimate

39
 Lebanon
4,288,000
0.09
1.78
75,000
39
4,965,846
December 31, 2013
Official estimate

40
 Oman
4,181,000
0.09
5.13
204,000
14
4,333,000
October 27, 2017
Official population clock

41
 Kuwait
4,161,000
0.09
3.00
121,000
23
4,183,658
June 30, 2015
Official estimate

42
 Georgia
3,730,000
0.08
0.03
1,000
2,585
3,729,500
January 1, 2015
Official estimate

43
 Mongolia
3,029,000
0.07
2.19
65,000
32
3,151,200
October 27, 2017
Official population clock

44
 Armenia
3,005,000
0.07
-0.03
-1,000
-
3,004,000
September 30, 2015
Monthly official estimate

45
 Qatar
2,113,000
0.05
4.29
87,000
16
2,412,483
October 31, 2015
Monthly official estimate

46
 Bahrain
1,781,000
0.04
7.35
122,000
10
1,234,571
April 27, 2010
Final 2010 census result

47
 Timor-Leste
1,245,000
0.03
2.72
33,000
26
1,167,242
July 11, 2015
Preliminary 2015 census result

48
 Bhutan
760,000
0.02
1.74
13,000
40
795,790
October 27, 2017
Official population clock

49
 Macau (China)[9]
641,000
0.01
3.89
24,000
18
643,100
September 2015
Official estimate

50
 Brunei
421,000
0.01
1.69
7,000
41
393,372
June 20, 2011
Preliminary 2011 census result

51
 Maldives
345,000
0.01
1.47
5,000
47
344,023
September 20, 2014
Preliminary 2014 census result

Total
4,516,317,000
100.00
1.16
52,210,000
58

text: Asian population by country (top 8).


document_title: Jesus Christ Superstar Live in Concert

question_text: who played judas in jesus christ super star live

text: Jesus Christ Superstar Live in Concert

text: Description and plot[edit]

text: The musical is almost entirely sung-through, with a minimal to no amount of spoken dialogue. The plot is loosely based on the Canonical Gospels' accounts of the last week of the life of Jesus Christ, beginning with the preparation for the arrival of Jesus and his disciples in Jerusalem and ending with the crucifixion.

text: The apostle Judas Iscariot is worried that Jesus has become too swept up in the adoration of his followers, rather than focusing on his teachings about taking care of the poor, and that his following has grown too large and outspoken, which could soon provoke the wrath of the Roman empire ("Heaven on Their Minds"). Judas also object to Jesus spending his time with Mary Magdalene ("What's the Buzz / Strange Thing Mystifying"), who advises Jesus to relax ("Everything's All Right"). Judas's fears prove justified as priests Caiaphas, Annas and more gather and agree that Jesus and his movement must be crushed ("This Jesus Must Die"). Jesus enters Jerusalem filled with exaltation ("Hosanna") until he discovers that his temple has become overrun with unscrupulous merchants and money lenders. Overwhelmed by a throng of people needing his assistance, he tells them to heal themselves, and his follower Mary Magdalene attempts to calm him. Fearing that Jesus' movement is getting out of control, Judas goes to the Priests and tells them where Jesus will be the following night. The Priests pay him with 30 pieces of silver. Judas arrives at Jesus' location with Roman soldiers and identifies Jesus by kissing him on the cheek. The soldiers arrest Jesus and send him to Caiaphas, then Pontius Pilate, King Herod, and finally back to Pilate, who condemns him to death on the cross.

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
John Legend as Jesus Christ
Sara Bareilles as Mary Magdalene
Brandon Victor Dixon as Judas Iscariot
Alice Cooper as King Herod
Norm Lewis as Caiaphas
Ben Daniels as Pontius Pilate
Jason Tam as Peter
Jin Ha as Annas
Erik Grönwall as Simon Zealotes

text: Ensemble[edit]

text:
Melody Betts
Felicia Boswell
Abby Corrigan
Micaela Diamond
Rory Donovan
Christine Dwyer
Mike Evariste
F. Michael Haynie
Charissa Hogeland
Bre Jackson
Mykal Kilgore
Billy Lewis Jr.
Justin Gregory Lopez
Angel Lozada
Vince Oddo
Kyle Taylor Parker
Joel Perez
Jonah Platt
Conor Ryan
Christina Sajous
Justin Matthew Sargent
Heath Saunders
Joey Taranto
Syndee Winters
Lauren Zakrin

text: Dancers[edit]

text:
Chloe Davis
Timothy Edwards
Shelby Finnie
Bahiyah Hibah
Juel D. Lane
Terk Lewis
Mayte Natalio
Sarah Parker
Willie Smith III
Maleek Washington

text: Musical numbers[edit]

text: The musical numbers from the track list of the soundtrack.[1]

text:
Act I

"Overture" – Orchestra
"Heaven on Their Minds" – Judas
"What's the Buzz / Strange Thing Mystifying" – Judas, Jesus, Mary, and Ensemble
"Everything's Alright" – Mary, Judas, Jesus, and Ensemble
"This Jesus Must Die" – Caiaphas, Annas, and Ensemble
"Hosanna" – Jesus, Caiaphas, and Ensemble
"Simon Zealotes / Poor Jerusalem" - Simon Zealotes and Ensemble
"Pilate's Dream" – Pontius Pilate
"The Temple" - Jesus and Ensemble
"Everything's Alright (Reprise)" – Jesus and Mary
"I Don't Know How to Love Him" – Mary
"Damned for All Time / Blood Money" – Judas, Annas, Caiaphas, and Ensemble

Act II

"The Last Supper" – Jesus, Judas, and Ensemble
"Gethsemane (I Only Want to Say)" – Jesus
"Transition" – Jesus and Judas
"The Arrest" – Jesus, Peter, Annas, Caiaphas, and Ensemble
"Peter's Denial" – Peter, Mary, and Ensemble
"Pilate and Christ" – Pilate, Soldier, Jesus, Ensemble
"King Herod's Song" – Herod and Company
"Transition After Herod" – Orchestra
"Could We Start Again, Please?" – Mary and Peter
"Judas' Death" – Judas, Annas, Caiaphas, and Ensemble
"Trial Before Pilate (Including the 39 Lashes)" – Pilate, Caiaphas, Jesus, and Ensemble
"Superstar" – Judas and Ensemble
"The Crucifixion" – Jesus and Ensemble
"John Nineteen: Forty One" – Orchestra

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: In May 2017, NBC announced that their next live musical event would be a production of Jesus Christ Superstar. It was reported that Craig Zadan and Neil Meron would serve as executive producers alongside Marc Platt, Andrew Lloyd Webber, and Tim Rice.[2][3][4]

text: In December 2017, NBC announced that British theater director David Leveaux would direct[5] and that the show would be performed in front of a live audience at the Marcy Avenue Armory in Williamsburg, Brooklyn.[6]

text: Members of the creative crew included costume designer Paul Tazewell and choreographer Camille A. Brown.[7]

text: Casting[edit]

text: In December 2017, the producers announced that Alice Cooper had been cast as King Herod[5] and John Legend had been cast in the title role of Jesus Christ.[6] The following month, it was announced that Sara Bareilles would play Mary Magdalene.[8] In February 2018, it was announced that Brandon Victor Dixon, Norm Lewis, Ben Daniels, Jason Tam, Jin Ha and Erik Gronwall had been cast as Judas, Caiaphas, Pontius Pilate, Peter, Annas and Simon Zealotes, respectively.[9][10][11]

text: The production included a cast of forty-four actors, including Joel Perez and Lauren Zakrin, and additional dancers.[12][13][14]

text: Filming[edit]

text: The live production included an on-camera audience of about 1,500 people. Some of these extras lined two sides of the stage and formed a mosh pit effect.[15] The production was expected to utilize as many as twelve cameras to film the special.[12] In addition, a full dress rehearsal performance took place on Saturday, March 31, 2018 in front of an invited audience and was recorded. In the event of any difficulties during the live broadcast, the recording served as an emergency backup. It was ultimately not needed.[16]

text: Marketing[edit]

text: On January 7, 2018, NBC aired the first teaser trailer for the special during their broadcast of the 75th Golden Globe Awards.[17]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: Jesus Christ Superstar Live in Concert has been met with an overwhelmingly positive response from critics since it aired. On the review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes, the production holds a 100% approval rating with an average rating of 8.5 out of 10 based on 23 reviews. The website's critical consensus reads, "Shaking up traditional religious and musical iconography, Jesus Christ Superstar Live in Concert is a sight to be heard, superbly infiltrating the classic source material with originality, rock legend star power, and soulful depth."[18] Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned the production a score of 81 out of 100 based on 13 critics, indicating "universal acclaim".[19]

text: In a positive review, The New York Times's Noel Murray praised the special saying, "A conceptual and artistic triumph, NBC’s live telecast of Jesus Christ Superstar on Easter Sunday may have finally justified the recent live musical fad on network TV. Some technical flubs and one mixed-bag lead performance aside, the production was genuinely thrilling, taking chances with the staging of a classic but controversial Broadway show, much more daring than previous live musical broadcasts like The Sound of Music or Peter Pan."[20] Offering similar acclaim, The Hollywood Reporter's David Rooney said, "But here's the thing: This was a phenomenally balanced production of Jesus Christ Superstar, in which star power was equaled by depth of feeling and characterization in all the principals. And the immediacy of television, with close-ups capable of bringing us in tight on the performers' faces, gave Jesus and Mary Magdalene a complexity that often is missing from conventional productions."[21] Lorraine Ali of The Los Angeles Times also lauded the production saying, "The show was a collision of religion and theater and pop culture that could have been one holy mess. But by the grace of God, or maybe a great cast and lots and lots of expert staging, a great musical became a great TV production."[22] In a more mixed review, Maureen Ryan of Variety said, "This musical threw together glitter, sequins, leather, writhing hotties, a few big performances pitched to the last row, and camerawork that often felt as though it was hopped up on too many lattes. Actually, the ragged edges of a unifying concept did emerge over the course of the NBC musical’s two-hour-and-20-minute running time: If its philosophy could be summed up in one word, “excess” would just about cover it. That’s not necessarily a bad thing. But this live show was a lot."[23]

text: Ratings[edit]

text: The production was watched by a total of 9.6 million viewers and earned a 1.7 rating in adults 18-49 in Live + Same Day.[24] It was the most-viewed program of the night of both network and cable programming.[25]

text: Other media[edit]

text: Andrew Lloyd Webber: Tribute to a Superstar[edit]

text: On March 28, 2018, a one-hour special titled Andrew Lloyd Webber: Tribute to a Superstar premiered on NBC in honor of Webber's 70th birthday and to promote the coming premiere of Jesus Christ Superstar Live in Concert. In the special, Webber was interviewed by Glenn Close, John Legend, and Lin-Manuel Miranda. It also included appearances by some of the performers from Jesus Christ Superstar Live in Concert in various rehearsal scenes from the show.[26]

text: The special was executive produced and directed by Brad Lachman and written and produced by Matt Lachman. Interviews were conducted at Sardi's restaurant, Power Station recording studio, and the Renaissance Hotel Times Square. Production companies involved in the special included Brad Lachman Productions and Universal Television.[27][28]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text:
Jesus Christ Superstar
Live in Concert

Soundtrack album by Cast of Jesus Christ Superstar Live in Concert

Released
April 6, 2018

Label
Sony Masterworks

text: An official soundtrack was released by Sony Masterworks, digitally on April 6, 2018, and physically on April 27, 2018.[29]

text: Track listing[edit]

text: All music composed by Andrew Lloyd Webber and Tim Rice.

text:
No.
Title
Length

1.
"Overture"
4:29

2.
"Heaven on Their Minds"
4:30

3.
"What's The Buzz / Strange Thing Mystifying"
4:22

4.
"Everything's Alright"
4:05

5.
"This Jesus Must Die"
3:36

6.
"Hosanna"
2:59

7.
"Simon Zealotes / Poor Jerusalem"
5:12

8.
"Pilate's Dream"
1:48

9.
"The Temple"
5:17

10.
"Everything's Alright (Reprise)"
0:40

11.
"I Don't Know How to Love Him"
3:40

12.
"Damned for All Time / Blood Money"
4:33

13.
"The Last Supper"
7:10

14.
"Gethsemane (I Only Want to Say)"
5:44

15.
"Transition"
0:22

16.
"The Arrest"
4:02

17.
"Peter's Denial"
0:38

18.
"Pilate and Christ"
2:58

19.
"King Herod's Song"
3:22

20.
"Transition After Herod"
0:39

21.
"Could We Start Again, Please?"
2:35

22.
"Judas's Death"
4:54

23.
"Trial Before Pilate (Including The 39 Lashes)"
6:19

24.
"Superstar"
4:34

25.
"The Crucifixion"
1:48

26.
"John Nineteen: Forty One"
2:48

27.
"Curtain Call"
2:34

Total length:
1:35:00


document_title: Where the Streets Have No Name

question_text: where did they film where the streets have no name

text: Where the Streets Have No Name

text: Writing and recording[edit]

text: The music for "Where the Streets Have No Name" originated from a demo that guitarist The Edge composed the night before the group resumed The Joshua Tree sessions. In an upstairs room at Melbeach House—his newly purchased home—The Edge used a four-track tape machine to record an arrangement of keyboards, bass, guitar, and a drum machine. Realising that the album sessions were approaching the end and that the band were short on exceptional live songs, The Edge wanted to "conjure up the ultimate U2 live-song", so he imagined what he would like to hear at a future U2 show if he were a fan.[2] After finishing the rough mix, he felt he had come up with "the most amazing guitar part and song of [his] life". With no one in the house to share the demo with, The Edge recalls dancing around and punching the air in celebration.[2]

text: Although the band liked the demo, it was difficult for them to record the song. Bassist Adam Clayton said, "At the time it sounded like a foreign language, whereas now we understand how it works".[2] The arrangement, with two time signature shifts and frequent chord changes, was rehearsed many times, but the group struggled to get a performance they liked.[2] According to co-producer Daniel Lanois, "that was the science project song. I remember having this massive schoolhouse blackboard, as we call them. I was holding a pointer, like a college professor, walking the band through the chord changes like a fucking nerd. It was ridiculous."[3] Co-producer Brian Eno estimates that half of the album sessions were spent trying to record a suitable version of "Where the Streets Have No Name".[4] The band worked on a single take for weeks, but as Eno explained, that particular version had a lot of problems with it and the group continued trying to fix it up.[4] Through all of their work, they had gradually replaced each instrument take until nothing remained from the original performance.[5]

text: So much time had been spent on "screwdriver work" that Eno thought it would be best to start from scratch. His idea was to "stage an accident" and have the song's tapes erased.[4] He said that this was not to force abandonment of the song, but rather that it would be more effective to start again with a fresh performance.[4] At one point, Eno had the tapes cued up and ready to be recorded over, but this erasure never took place; according to engineer Flood, fellow engineer Pat McCarthy returned to the control room and upon seeing Eno ready to erase the tapes, dropped the tray of tea he was carrying and physically restrained Eno.[4]

text: The studio version of the song was compiled from several different takes.[2] It was one of several songs mixed by Steve Lillywhite in the final months of recording The Joshua Tree.[4][6] Drummer Larry Mullen, Jr. later said of the song, "It took so long to get that song right, it was difficult for us to make any sense of it. It only became a truly great song through playing live. On the record, musically, it's not half the song it is live."[2]

text: Composition[edit]

text: "Where the Streets Have No Name" is played at a tempo of 126 beats per minute.[7] The introduction and outro are played in a 3/4 time signature,[7] while the remainder of the song is in a common 4/4 signature.[8] The songs opens with an instrumental section, starting with chorale-like sustained synthesiser notes. The guitar fades in after 42 seconds;[9] this part consists of a repeated "chiming" six-note arpeggio. A "dotted eighth" delay effect is used to "play" each note in the arpeggio twice, thus creating a rich sound.[10][11] The bass and drums enter at 1:10.[9]

text: The introduction, following a I–IV–I–IV–vi–V–I chord progression, creates a "wall of sound", as described by Mark Butler, against which the vocals emerge after nearly two minutes.[12] The guitar part played for the remainder of the song features The Edge strumming percussive sixteenth notes. The bass and drums continue in regular eighth and sixteenth notes, respectively, while Bono's vocal performance, in contrast, varies greatly in its timbre, ("he sighs; he moans; he grunts; he exhales audibly; he allows his voice to crack")[12] as well as timing by his usage of rubato to slightly offset the notes he sings from the beat.[12]

text: This development reaches a climax during the first chorus at the line "burning down love" (A–G–F♯–D); the melody progresses through a series of scale degrees that lead to the highest note in the song, the A4 at "burning". In later choruses, Bono sings "blown by the wind" with the same melody, stretching the same note even longer. After the third chorus, the song's outro is played, the instrumentation reverting to the same state as it was in the introduction, with a six-note guitar arpeggio played against sustained synthesiser notes.

text:
"'[Where] the Streets Have No Name' was the perfect introduction. It is one of the most extraordinary ideas, only matched by The Doors' 'Break on Through (To the Other Side)' as a throw-down to an audience. Do you want to go there? Because if you do, I'm ready to go there with you, to that other place. Call it what you like, a place of imagination, where there are no limitations."

—Bono[2]

tag: div

text: Lyrics[edit]

text: The lyrics were inspired by a story that Bono heard about the streets of Belfast, Northern Ireland, where a person's religion and income are evident by the street they live on.[13] He contrasted this with the anonymity he felt when visiting Ethiopia, saying: "...the guy in the song recognizes this contrast and thinks about a world where there aren't such divisions, a place where the streets have no name. To me, that's the way a great rock 'n' roll concert should be: a place where everyone comes together... Maybe that's the dream of all art: to break down the barriers and the divisions between people and touch upon the things that matter the most to us all."[14] Bono wrote the lyrics while on a humanitarian visit to Ethiopia with his wife, Ali Hewson; he first wrote them down on an airsickness bag while staying in a village.[15]

text: According to him, the song is ostensibly about "Transcendence, elevation, whatever you want to call it."[16] Bono, who compared many of his lyrics prior to The Joshua Tree to "sketches", said that "'Where the Streets Have No Name' is more like the U2 of old than any of the other songs on the LP, because it's a sketch—I was just trying to sketch a location, maybe a spiritual location, maybe a romantic location. I was trying to sketch a feeling."[13]

text: The open-ended nature of the lyrics has led to many interpretations. Journalist Michael Campbell believed the lyrics send "a message of hope" and wish for a "world that is not divided by class, wealth, race, or any other arbitrary criterion".[17] With regard to the place Bono was referring to in the song, he said, "I'm not sure, really, about that. I used to think it was Belfast..."[16] Journalist Niall Stokes believes the title was influenced by Bono's and his wife Ali's visit to Ethiopia as volunteer aid-workers. Bono has expressed mixed opinions about the open-ended lyrics: "I can look at it now and recognize that [the song] has one of the most banal couplets in the history of pop music. But it also contains some of the biggest ideas. In a curious way, that seems to work. If you get any way heavy about these things, you don't communicate. But if you're flip or throwaway about it, then you do. That's one of the paradoxes I've come to terms with."[18]

text: Release[edit]

text: Originally, the third single from The Joshua Tree was meant to be the song "Red Hill Mining Town", but "Where the Streets Have No Name" was released instead, in August 1987.[13] The single was released on 7-inch, 12-inch, cassette and CD single formats.[19] Three B-sides were featured on the single, including "Race Against Time", "Silver and Gold", and "Sweetest Thing", except for the 7-inch release, which only featured the latter two tracks.[19] The 12-inch single featured "Race Against Time" on side A of the record (despite being a "B-side"),[20] and the cassette single featured all four tracks on both sides of the tape.[21] Although not as successful as the album's first two singles, the song did chart well. In the U.S., the song peaked at number 13 on the Billboard Hot 100 and number 11 on the Album Rock Tracks charts.[22] The song reached number four on the UK Singles Chart,[23] and it topped the Irish Singles Chart.[24]

text: Music video[edit]

text: The video begins with an aerial shot of a block in Los Angeles, and clips of radio broadcasts are heard with disc jockeys stating that U2 is planning on performing a concert downtown and expecting crowds of 30,000 people. Police show up to the set and inform the band's crew of the security issue that the film shoot is causing, due to the large number of people who are coming to watch the performance. Two minutes into the video, U2 are seen on the roof of a liquor store at the corner of 7th St. and S. Main St., and perform "Where the Streets Have No Name" to a large crowd of people standing in the streets surrounding the building. Towards the end of the song, the police tell the crew that the performance is about to be shut down, and eventually police walk onto the roof while the crowd are booing the police.

text: The video for "Where the Streets Have No Name" was directed by Meiert Avis and produced by Michael Hamlyn and Ben Dossett. The band attracted over 1,000 people during the video's filming, which took place on the rooftop of a liquor store in Downtown Los Angeles on 27 March 1987.[25] The band's performance on a rooftop in a public place was a reference to The Beatles' final concert, as depicted in the film Let It Be.[26]

text:
"The object was to close down the streets. If there's one thing people in LA hate, it's streets closing down, and we've always felt bands should shake things up. We achieved it because the police stopped us filming. Were we worried about being arrested? Not at the time..."

—Adam Clayton[27]

text: During the shoot U2 played an eight-song set, which included four performances of "Where the Streets Have No Name".[26] Prior to filming, a week was spent reinforcing the roof of the liquor store to ensure it would not collapse if it were to be intruded by a group of fans. A backup generator was put on the roof so the shooting could continue in the event that the authorities shut off the power on the primary generator, which happened during filming.[28]

text: The depiction of the police attempting to shut down the filming due to safety concerns actually happened during filming, just as seen in the video. Hamlyn was almost arrested following a confrontation with the police.[29] According to Avis, the events depicted in the video show what actually happened that day "almost in real time", and that "getting busted was an integral part of the plan."[28] Band manager Paul McGuinness revealed in 2007 that much of the confrontation with the police was exaggerated; the group were hoping to get shut down by the authorities in order to dramatize the music video, but the police continually gave them extensions for shooting the video.[30] In the background of the video is a sign for The Million Dollar Hotel, which was rebuilt to create some interest, in case no one showed up at the film shoot.[28] Although the video is of a live performance, the audio used is from the studio-recorded version of the song.[31] The video won the Grammy Award for Best Performance Music Video at the 1989 Grammy Awards.[32]

text: B-sides[edit]

text: "Race Against Time" was released on the 12-inch, cassette, and CD versions of the single.[19] The song developed from the band's interest in urban funk, and was described by The Edge as "a kind of Afro-rhythmic piece" and "a study in rhythm."[33][34] The bass riff in the song, inspired by the bodhrán, was played by The Edge, but stemmed from some of Clayton's unused bass parts. Mullen's drum part was recorded in a single take. The song is primarily an instrumental piece but does contain some lyrics inspired by Bono's trip to Ethiopia after Live Aid and his witnessing firsthand the famine in occurrence; these lyrical references include Bono singing in an Ethiopian language and following it with the phrase "Race against time".[34] Bono said of the song, "It reminds me of the desert. The desert is so empty, but it aches with a strange kind of fullness."[34] John Hutchinson of Musician magazine described the song as having an "African flavour" and as being reminiscent of Peter Gabriel.[34] The track was used in the Miami Vice episode "Child's Play",[35][36] and is the only one of the single's B-sides that was never played live.[37]

text: "Silver and Gold" was written in support of the Artists United Against Apartheid project, which protested the South African apartheid. In 1985, Bono participated in Steven Van Zandt's anti-apartheid Sun City project and spent time with Keith Richards and Mick Jagger of The Rolling Stones. When Richards and Jagger played blues, Bono was embarrassed by his lack of familiarity with the genre, as most of U2's musical knowledge began with punk rock in their youth in the mid-1970s. Bono realised that U2 "had no tradition", and he felt as if they "were from outer space". This inspired him to write the blues-influenced song "Silver and Gold", which he recorded with Richards and Ronnie Wood.[38] It was re-recorded by U2 for the "Where the Streets Have No Name" single while the band returned to Dublin during in May 1987 during a break between the first and second legs of The Joshua Tree Tour.[39] The song was described by Musician as "tough and raw, with Bono in husky and confident voice, underpinned by a sinuous bass line, and with The Edge demonstrating his newfound prowess in blues-based guitar."[34] "Silver and Gold" was played live on The Joshua Tree Tour several times, one performance of which was featured on the band's 1988 album and rockumentary, Rattle and Hum. Both the studio recording and the Sun City versions were later featured on the bonus disc of the 20th anniversary edition of The Joshua Tree.[40] The studio version was also included on the limited edition B-sides bonus disk of the band's first compilation album, The Best of 1980–1990.[41]

text: "Sweetest Thing" was written by Bono as an apology to his wife for forgetting her birthday.[42] The song opens with a short piano piece before the rest of the band begins to play. Some of Bono's lyrics have been described as reminiscent of John Lennon.[34] The Edge described it as "a beautiful song... which is pop as it should be—not produced out of existence, but pop produced with a real intimacy and purity", also noting that "It's very new for us."[34] It was re-recorded with some lyrical alterations and released in 1998 as a single in its own right for The Best of 1980–1990. Hot Press editor Niall Stokes stated that this track, along with "Race Against Time", is "an indicator of what U2 might have made instead of The Joshua Tree."[33]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Upon the release of The Joshua Tree, critics praised "Where the Streets Have No Name". Steve Morse of The Boston Globe noted the "bell-like tones from the Edge fram[e] a search for heaven" and along with the subsequent track on the album, "I Still Haven't Found What I'm Looking For", these songs showed how the group were "pilgrims still on a quest; not preachers who claim to have found answers".[43] The Bergen Record echoed these sentiments, saying the tracks demonstrated how the band was on a personal and spiritual quest.[44] Rolling Stone called it "assertive rock" in their review of The Joshua Tree.[45] The San Diego Union-Tribune said of "Where the Streets Have No Name", "the music charges, like someone fleeing for life".[46] The Washington Post said the track is "a bit oblique lyrically, but the implications are clear in Bono's resolute delivery, Dave (the Edge) Evan's quavering guitar, Adam Clayton's cathedral bass and Larry Mullen's rolling thunder drums".[47]

text: NME lauded the song as the opening track by saying the album "starts by spitting furiously". The publication praised Bono's impassioned singing and The Edge's guitar playing, which transformed the instrument into "something more than an endlessly abused piece of wood". The review commented that the "last ten seconds are breathtakingly beautiful".[48] The Rocket wrote that the song builds a "wall of sound" that Bono's vocals cut through with a "wail of desperation, as the lyrics agonize the need for personal spirituality". The reviewer compared the opening riff to Simple Minds' "Ghostdancing".[49] Reviewing The Joshua Tree, Stephen Thomas Erlewine of Allmusic called the song an "epic opener".[50] The service's Steve Huey, in a review of the song, praised its "insistent, propulsive rhythmic drive and anthemic chorus", qualities he singled out for making it a fan favorite. He called the song the "perfect album-opener", crediting the "slow build of its arrangement toward a climactic peak". Huey also called Bono's delivery "passionate and grandiose" and "his commitment to the material unshakable". He believed the combination of his vocals and the band's "sonic power" is what gave U2 its "tremendous force".[51]

text: Live performances[edit]

text: "Where the Streets Have No Name" made its concert debut on 2 April 1987 in Tempe, Arizona on the opening night of The Joshua Tree Tour. A version featuring an extended introduction was performed on the closing nights of the third leg of The Joshua Tree tour, again in Tempe, Arizona, on December 19 & 20, 1987, and footage from the performance was featured in the Rattle and Hum film. The song has since been played at nearly every full-length concert that U2 has headlined, totaling upwards of 900 performances as of 2017[update].[52] The song is widely regarded as one of the group's most popular live songs.[51] Bono said of it, "We can be in the middle of the worst gig in our lives, but when we go into that song, everything changes. The audience is on its feet, singing along with every word. It's like God suddenly walks through the room."[53]

text: On The Joshua Tree Tour, "Where the Streets Have No Name" was most often used to open concerts.[54] Fans and critics responded favourably to the song in a live setting. The San Diego Union-Tribune wrote that, "From the lofty sonic opening strains of [the song], this audience was up, ecstatic and inflamed."[55] NME wrote that the song is one such occasion where "the power afforded their songs is scary", noting that during the song's opening, "the arena ERUPTS".[56] In other reviews, the song was called: "uplifting",[57] "exhilarating",[58] and "powerful".[59] Out of the 109 shows during The Joshua Tree Tour, "Streets" was played at all except 12 of the concerts.[60] During the Lovetown Tour which took place in 1989 and the beginning of 1990, "Streets" was only left out of the set list at one of the 47 concerts.[61]

text: The song was performed at every show on the 1992–1993 Zoo TV Tour.[62] Concerts from this tour were elaborate multimedia spectacles that Bono performed as a variety of characters, but for the end of the main set, the group reverted to playing classics, including "Where the Streets Have No Name", straight. Some of these performances of the song were accompanied by footage of the group in the desert from The Joshua Tree's photo shoot.[63] The video was speeded up for humorous effect—NME described the effect as giving it a "silly, Charlie Chaplin quality"—and Bono often acknowledged his younger self on the video screens.[64][65] This video would make a return during performances on the 2010 and 2011 legs of the U2 360° Tour. Some of the Zoo TV performances of the song had a more electronic dance music arrangement that bore a resemblance to the Pet Shop Boys' synthpop cover of the song (titled "Where the Streets Have No Name (I Can't Take My Eyes off You)").[66][67][68] Bono parodied this by occasionally adopting the deadpan vocal style used in the Pet Shop Boys' interpretation.[69] Critics welcomed the song in the group's set list: The Independent said the song "induces instant euphoria, as U2 do what they're best at, slipping into epic rock mode, playing music made for the arena".[70] In two other local newspaper reviews,[71][72] critics praised the song's inclusion in a sequence of greatest hits.

text: For the PopMart Tour of 1997–1998, U2 returned to the electronic dance arrangement they occasionally played on the Zoo TV Tour.[73] The set's massive video screen displayed a video that Hot Press described as an "astonishing, 2001-style trip into the heart of a swirling, psychedelic tunnel that sucks the audience in towards a horizontal monolith". Near the end of the song, peace doves were shown on the screen and bright beams of light flanking the set's golden arch were projected upwards. Hot Press said the effect transformed the stadium into a "UFO landing site".[74]

text: Shortly before the third leg of the Elevation Tour, the September 11 attacks occurred in New York City and Washington D.C. During the band's first show in New York City following the attacks, the band performed "Where the Streets Have No Name", and when the stage lights illuminated the audience, the band saw tears streaming down the faces of many fans.[75] The experience was one inspiration for the song "City of Blinding Lights".[76][77] The band paid tribute to the 9/11 victims during their performance of the song at the Super Bowl XXXVI halftime show on 3 February 2002. The performance featured the names of the September 11 victims projected onto a large white banner behind the band, and concluded with Bono opening up his jacket to reveal the Star Spangled Banner. U2's appearance was later ranked number 1 on Sports Illustrated's list of "Top 10 Super Bowl Halftime Shows".[78]

text: For the Vertigo Tour, the group originally considered dropping the song from their set lists, but Mullen and Clayton successfully argued against this.[15] All 131 of the Vertigo Tour concerts featured a performance of the song,[79] which were accompanied by the stage's LED video curtains displaying African flags. On the tour's opening night, this reminded Bono that he had originally written the lyrics in an Ethiopian village. He thought this visual accompaniment made the song come full circle, saying, "And here it was, nearly twenty years later, coming back to Africa, all the stuff about parched lands and deserts making sense for the first time."[15] The song was also played at the preview screening of the band's concert film U2 3D at the 2007 Cannes Film Festival.[80] At the Glastonbury Festival 2010, The Edge accompanied rock band Muse for a live cover version of the track,[81] later playing it with U2 while headlining Glastonbury in 2011.

text: During the Joshua Tree Tour 2017, "Where the Streets Have No Name" leads off the middle act of the show, the sequential playing of the Joshua Tree album.[82] It is accompanied by the first of several short films depicting desert landscapes that were created by photographer Anton Corbijn.[83]

text: Live performances of "Where the Streets Have No Name" appear in the concert video releases Rattle and Hum,[84] Zoo TV: Live from Sydney,[85] and PopMart: Live from Mexico City,[86] as well as the respective audio releases of the latter two concerts, Zoo TV Live[87] and Hasta la Vista Baby! U2 Live from Mexico City.[88] A second version from the PopMart Tour was featured on Please: PopHeart Live EP,[89] and later on the U.S. "Please" single.[90] A live recording from Boston during the Elevation Tour was featured in the concert film Elevation 2001: Live from Boston,[91] and on the "Walk On"[92] and "Electrical Storm"[93] singles. The concert video and album U2 Go Home: Live from Slane Castle, Ireland featured another performance from the Elevation Tour,[94] and later performances were featured in the concert films Vertigo 2005: Live from Chicago[95] and U2 3D[96] (Vertigo Tour), and U2 360° at the Rose Bowl[97] (U2 360° Tour). The 2004 digital album, Live from the Point Depot, contains a performance from the Lovetown Tour, only available as part of The Complete U2 digital box set.

text: Legacy[edit]

text: In 2002, Q magazine named "Where the Streets Have No Name" the 16th-"most exciting tune ever".[98] The following year, Q ranked the song at number 459 in a special edition titled "1001 Best Songs Ever".[99] Three years later, the magazine's readers voted the track the 43rd-greatest song in history.[100] Rolling Stone ranked the song at number 28 on its list of the "100 Greatest Guitar Songs of All Time."[101] In a 2010 poll by fan site @U2, approximately 29% of 4,800 respondents named "Where the Streets Have No Name" as their favourite song from The Joshua Tree, ranking it as the most popular song from the album.[102]

text: Track listing[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Writer(s)
Producer
Length

1.
"Where the Streets Have No Name (single version)"
U2
Daniel Lanois, Brian Eno
4:46

2.
"Race Against Time"
U2
U2, Daniel Lanois, Brian Eno
4:04

3.
"Silver and Gold"
Bono
U2
4:36

4.
"Sweetest Thing"
U2
U2, Daniel Lanois, Brian Eno
3:03

text: Credits and personnel[edit]

text:
U2

Bono – vocals
The Edge – guitar
Adam Clayton – bass guitar
Larry Mullen, Jr. – drums

Additional performers

Daniel Lanois – percussion
Brian Eno – synthesizers

Technical

Daniel Lanois and Brian Eno – production
Flood with Pat McCarthy – recording
Steve Lillywhite – mixing
Mark Wallace – mix engineering

text: Charts[edit]

text:
Chart (1987)
Peak
Position

Canada RPM Top 100[103]
11

Dutch MegaCharts[104]
7

Irish Singles Chart[24]
1

New Zealand Singles Chart[104]
1

UK Singles Chart[23]
4

U.S. Billboard Hot 100[22]
13

U.S. Billboard Album Rock Tracks[22]
11


document_title: Total Bellas

question_text: when does total bella's season 3 premiere

question_tokens: when does total bella 's season 3 premiere

text: Total Bellas

text: Production[edit]

text: On April 20, 2016, it was announced via E! Online that Brie and Nikki Bella would be getting a spin-off show entitled Total Bellas. The show revolves around the lives of the twins and their family.[3] Filming for the first season was set in Tampa, Florida as Brie Bella and Daniel Bryan moved in with Nikki Bella and John Cena to help Nikki after her neck surgery. Brie and Nikki's brother JJ and his wife Lauren had a recurring role along with their mother Kathy Colace and her now husband John Laurinaitis.

text: On November 16, 2016, it was announced that E! renewed the show for a second season.[4] The second season was filmed in Phoenix, Arizona as Nikki Bella and John Cena move in with Brie Bella and Daniel Bryan to help Brie through her first pregnancy. In addition to Brie's growing baby bump, the new season will document Daniel's travels under his new role as General Manager of WWE's SmackDown Live.[5]

text: On January 30, 2018, it was announced that a third season would be premiering in spring of 2018.[6] On April 5, 2018, the premiere date for the third season was announced, airing on May 20, 2018.[7]

text: Cast[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Brie Bella
Nikki Bella
Daniel Bryan
John Cena

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Kathy Colace-Laurinaitis (Brie & Nikki's mother)
J.J. Garcia (Brie & Nikki's brother)
John Laurinaitis (WWE employee & Kathy's husband)
Lauren "Lola" Garcia (J.J.'s wife)

text: Guest[edit]

text:
Alicia Fox (WWE Superstar)
Becky Lynch (WWE Superstar)
Jimmy Uso (WWE Superstar)
Lana (WWE Superstar)
Maria Menounos (Television personality)
Mark Carrano (WWE Senior Director of Talent Relations)
Natalya (WWE Superstar)
Renee Young (WWE Commentator)
Sami Zayn (WWE Superstar)
Sandra Gray (WWE's former seamstress)

text: Series overview[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired

First aired
Last aired

1
6
October 5, 2016 (2016-10-05)
November 9, 2016 (2016-11-09)

2
8
September 6, 2017 (2017-09-06)
October 25, 2017 (2017-10-25)

3
TBD
May 20, 2018 (2018-05-20)[8]
TBA

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Season 1 (2016)[edit]

text:
No. in
series
No. in
season
Title
Original air date
Production
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

1
1
"The Cena House Rules"
October 5, 2016 (2016-10-05)
101
0.63[9]

Brie and Bryan move into John's home to care for Nicole after her surgery in the series premiere of this Total Divas spin-off, which offers a glimpse into Brie and Nicole Bella's life outside the ring with their significant others and family. John's strict house rules have the new guests walking on eggshells to keep him happy.

2
2
"Quickie Fix"
October 12, 2016 (2016-10-12)
102
0.75[10]

A sex rut causes a relationship strain for Brie and Bryan and a bored Nicole takes it upon herself to come up with an idea to help the couple out of their dry spell. Meanwhile, tensions rise as Johnny tells the men about his prenup plans with Kathy.

3
3
"Who's the Boss?"
October 19, 2016 (2016-10-19)
103
0.62[11]

Nicole is determined to help Bryan figure out his next steps after retirement and J.J. feels under appreciated by his mother and boss Kathy, he considers pursuing other career opportunities outside of their family business.

4
4
"Bryan's Breaking Point"
October 26, 2016 (2016-10-26)
104
0.63[12]

Bryan and Nicole get caught in an argument over their different views for the future and Brie, Nicole, J.J., Kathy and Lauren go on a bachelorette trip to Naples, Florida.

5
5
"Bella Family Secrets"
November 2, 2016 (2016-11-02)
105
0.53[13]

Nicole questions whether Brie is making the right decision by putting Bryan before her career and a potentially life-altering secret comes to light.

6
6
"Wedding Mania"
November 9, 2016 (2016-11-09)
106
0.66[14]

Emotions run high in the days leading up to Kathy and Johnny's wedding; Nicole is still concerned with Brie's focus as her retirement match at WrestleMania fast approaches and Bryan's mental state is questioned.

text: Season 2 (2017)[edit]

text:
No. in
series
No. in
season
Title
Original air date
Production
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

7
1
"A Desert Dilemma"
September 6, 2017 (2017-09-06)
201
0.68[15]

A decision that could affect the family is left in Nicole and John's hands; J.J. and Lauren take some time apart, and Brie poses nude for her maternity shoot, which Bryan feels uncomfortable with.

8
2
"Marital Mayhem"
September 13, 2017 (2017-09-13)
202
0.55[16]

Nicole has concerns when J.J. wants to get advice from John about his marital problems; Kathy suspects Nicole of cheating, and Brie gives Bryan a feel of what it's like to give birth.

9
3
"Who's Your Mama?"
September 20, 2017 (2017-09-20)
203
0.57[17]

Lauren and J.J. embark on counseling to fix their marriage; Bryan is skeptical with his and Brie's registry that comes to a dis-invite from the baby shower, and Nicole tries to fulfill her loneliness by gaining custody over her dog, Winston.

10
4
"Power Struggle"
September 27, 2017 (2017-09-27)
204
0.56[18]

Nicole and John embark on a new storyline together for the first time in their careers; Kathy's sex life surprises her kids, and a legal matter sends the family for a loop.

11
5
"Wine About It"
October 4, 2017 (2017-10-04)
205
0.53[19]

The launch of the new Bella wine has Bryan disapproving Brie tasting the wine while pregnant; J.J. ends up injuring Nicole, and Kathy has a breakdown.

12
6
"The Wrong Move"
October 11, 2017 (2017-10-11)
206
0.55[20]

The results of a DNA test constructed by Bryan leaves everyone shocked; J.J. gets into a bet about gaining more followers on social media, and Nicole's WrestleMania match with John is left to be questioned after an injury scare.

13
7
"Countdown to Mania"
October 18, 2017 (2017-10-18)
207
0.56[21]

Nicole is determined to get back in the ring in time for WrestleMania; J.J. decides to renew his vows with Lauren, while Brie and Bryan get things in order before the birth of their daughter.

14
8
"Bella-Mania"
October 25, 2017 (2017-10-25)
208
0.67[22]

Nicole embarks on the journey to what could be her last WrestleMania match; John asks Nicole a huge question, while Brie and Bryan welcome their daughter into the world.

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
Year
Award
Category
Nominee(s)
Result
ref

2016
Teen Choice Awards
Choice Female Athlete
The Bella Twins
Won
[23]

2017
Teen Choice Awards
Choice TV Female Athlete
The Bella Twins
Nominated
[24]

2017
Teen Choice Awards
Best Reality Show
Total Bellas
Nominated
[25]

text: Broadcast[edit]

text: The show is broadcast in Canada and New Zealand on the local E! network.

text: The series is also available on Hulu and the WWE Network


document_title: List of Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles of 1990

question_text: what was the number 1 single on may 26 1990

text: This is a list of the U.S. Billboard magazine Hot 100 number-ones of 1990. The three longest running number-one singles of 1990 are "Nothing Compares 2 U" by Sinéad O'Connor, "Vision of Love" by Mariah Carey, and "Because I Love You (The Postman Song)" by Stevie B, which each attained four weeks at the top of the chart.

text:
Key

The yellow background indicates the #1 song on Billboard's 1990 Year-End Chart of Pop Singles.

text:
Issue Date
Song
Artist(s)
Reference

January 6
"Another Day in Paradise"
Phil Collins
[1]

January 13
[2]

January 20
"How Am I Supposed to Live Without You"
Michael Bolton
[3]

January 27
[4]

February 3
[5]

February 10
"Opposites Attract"
Paula Abdul with The Wild Pair
[6]

February 17
[7]

February 24
[8]

March 3
"Escapade"
Janet Jackson
[9]

March 10
[10]

March 17
[11]

March 24
"Black Velvet"
Alannah Myles
[12]

March 31
[13]

April 7
"Love Will Lead You Back"
Taylor Dayne
[14]

April 14
"I'll Be Your Everything"
Tommy Page
[15]

April 21
"Nothing Compares 2 U"
Sinéad O'Connor
[16]

April 28
[17]

May 5
[18]

May 12
[19]

May 19
"Vogue"
Madonna
[20]

May 26
[21]

June 2
[22]

June 9
"Hold On"
Wilson Phillips
[23]

June 16
"It Must Have Been Love"
Roxette
[24]

June 23
[25]

June 30
"Step by Step"
New Kids on the Block
[26]

July 7
[27]

July 14
[28]

July 21
"She Ain't Worth It"
Glenn Medeiros featuring Bobby Brown
[29]

July 28
[30]

August 4
"Vision of Love"
Mariah Carey
[31]

August 11
[32]

August 18
[33]

August 25
[34]

September 1
"If Wishes Came True"
Sweet Sensation
[35]

September 8
"Blaze of Glory"
Jon Bon Jovi
[36]

September 15
"Release Me"
Wilson Phillips
[37]

September 22
[38]

September 29
"(Can't Live Without Your) Love and Affection"
Nelson
[39]

October 6
"Close to You"
Maxi Priest
[40]

October 13
"Praying for Time"
George Michael
[41]

October 20
"I Don't Have the Heart"
James Ingram
[42]

October 27
"Black Cat"
Janet Jackson
[43]

November 3
"Ice Ice Baby"
Vanilla Ice
[44]

November 10
"Love Takes Time"
Mariah Carey
[45]

November 17
[46]

November 24
[47]

December 1
"I'm Your Baby Tonight"
Whitney Houston
[48]

December 8
"Because I Love You (The Postman Song)"
Stevie B
[49]

December 15
[50]

December 22
[51]

December 29
[52]