document_title: The Greatest Showman

question_text: who played the bearded lady in the greatest show man

text: The Greatest Showman

text: Plot[edit]

text: P. T. Barnum (Hugh Jackman) and his father, Philo, a tailor, work for the Hallett family, and he becomes infatuated with their daughter Charity. Though Charity is being sent to finishing school, Barnum reassures her they will not be separated. The two keep in touch through letters until they meet again in adulthood ("A Million Dreams"), eventually marrying and raising two daughters in New York City ("A Million Dreams (Reprise)"). They live a humble life; though Charity is happy, Barnum dreams of more.

text: Barnum loses his job as a clerk at a shipping company after the company goes bankrupt. Taking a risky bet, he takes out a large loan from a bank, deceiving the bank into accepting his former employer's lost ships as collateral. He uses this loan to build Barnum's American Museum in downtown Manhattan, an attraction showcasing various wax models. Initially, sales are slow; on the suggestion of his children to showcase something "alive", he searches for "unique persons" to serve as performers for his museum ("Come Alive"). This attracts a large audience, despite protests and poor reviews, prompting Barnum to rename his venture "Barnum's Circus".

text: Searching for ways to further his reputation amongst the upper class, he meets playwright Phillip Carlyle (Zac Efron) and convinces him to join his venture ("The Other Side"). Carlyle is enchanted with Anne Wheeler (Zendaya), an African-American trapeze artist, but he hides his feelings. During a trip Carlyle arranged for Barnum and his troupe to meet Queen Victoria, Barnum meets Jenny Lind (Rebecca Ferguson), a famed Swedish singer, whom he convinces to perform in America, with him serving as her manager. Lind's first American performance is a rousing success ("Never Enough"). While Barnum gains favor with the aristocratic patrons, he begins to distance himself from his original troupe, refusing to socialize with them. Dejected, they decide to stand against their local harassers ("This Is Me").

text: Carlyle and Wheeler attend the theatre together one night, only to run into Carlyle's parents, who insult Wheeler's lowly status, causing her to leave. Carlyle chases her, trying to convince her that they can be together, but she rejects him despite her feelings towards him ("Rewrite the Stars"). As Barnum takes Lind on a U.S. tour, Charity feels isolated from her husband as she stays home with their children ("Tightrope"). While on tour, Lind begins falling in love with Barnum, but when he refuses her advances, she calls off the tour and forcibly kisses him at the end of her last show, which is photographed by the press ("Never Enough" reprise). Barnum returns home to find his circus building on fire, caused by a fight between the protesters and the troupe. Carlyle, who had tried to save Anne not knowing she had already escaped, is rescued amid the chaos by Barnum but suffers burns. Most of the sets and props are destroyed. Word of Lind's cancellation and the picture of her kissing Barnum also reaches New York, resulting in the bank foreclosing on his mansion and Charity taking their daughters back to her parents' home.

text: Broken down, Barnum starts drinking at a pub. His troupe find him there and persuade him to rebuild the circus; Barnum has an epiphany that causes him to realize the circus was for his friends and family rather than for himself ("From Now On"). Meanwhile, the injured Carlyle wakes in a hospital with Wheeler by his side and they share an intimate moment together.

text: Barnum leaves and finds his wife on the beach near her parents home, and they mend their relationship, falling into each other's arms. Faced with the financial difficulty of rebuilding the circus, the recovering Carlyle steps in, offering to use his earnings from his share of the circus's profits to rebuild it if Barnum will take him on as a full partner. Barnum happily accepts. As rebuilding the circus in its original location would be too expensive, Barnum rebuilds it as an open-air tent circus by the docks. The new, revamped circus is a huge success; Barnum gives full control of the show to Carlyle and retires to focus on his family ("The Greatest Show").

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Hugh Jackman as P. T. Barnum, an ambitious showman and entrepreneur.

Ellis Rubin as Young P. T. Barnum

Ziv Zaifman provides Young P. T. Barnum's singing voice

Zac Efron as Phillip Carlyle, a playwright who becomes Barnum's partner. He is a composite character partly based on James Anthony Bailey.
Michelle Williams as Charity Hallett Barnum, the wife of P.T. Barnum.

Skylar Dunn as Young Charity

Rebecca Ferguson as Jenny Lind, the singer known as the "Swedish Nightingale".

Loren Allred provides Lind's singing voice.[8]

Zendaya as Anne Wheeler, an acrobat, trapeze artist, W.D.'s sister and Phillip Carlyle's love interest
Keala Settle as Lettie Lutz, a bearded lady. She is a composite character partly based on Josephine Clofullia and Annie Jones.
Sam Humphrey as Charles Stratton, a dwarf performer who is also known by his stage name, General Tom Thumb.
Austyn Johnson as Caroline Barnum, one of Barnum's daughters.
Cameron Seely as Helen Barnum, one of Barnum's daughters.
Paul Sparks as James Gordon Bennett, the founder, editor and publisher of the New York Herald.
Yahya Abdul-Mateen II as W. D. Wheeler, an acrobat and Anne's brother.
Natasha Liu Bordizzo as Deng Yan, a Chinese blade-specialist.
Eric Anderson as Mr. O'Malley, a former thief whom Barnum employs at his circus.
Daniel Everidge as The Lord of Leeds, The Huge Man.
Shannon Holtzapffel as Prince Constantine, The Tattooed Man.
Luciano Acuna Jr. as Fedor Jeftichew, The Dog Boy.
Danial Son and Yusaku Komori as Chang and Eng Bunker, The "Siamese Twins".
Jonathan Redavid as Frank Lentini, The Three-Legged Man.
Nick Jantz as Jeff Harris, The Juggler
Gayle Rankin as Queen Victoria.
Fredric Lehne as Benjamin Hallett, father of Charity and abusive father-in-law of Barnum.
Kathryn Meisle as Hannah Hallett, mother of Charity and mother-in-law of Barnum.
Will Swenson as Philo Barnum, a tailor and the father of P. T. Barnum.

text: Production[edit]

text: The project was first announced in 2009, with Jackman already set for the title role.[9] In August 2011, Michael Gracey was chosen to direct.[10] In 2013, Fox hired lyricists Pasek and Paul to write the songs.[11] According to Jackman, the seven year development process was, in part, due to studios being unwilling to take a risk on an original musical.[12] Jackman mentioned that he took inspiration from Shah Rukh Khan for the film. Among other traits, Jackman used Khan's signature pose in the film.[13][14][15]

text: On June 15, 2016, Zac Efron began negotiations to star in the film,[16] and in July 2016, Michelle Williams was cast.[17][18][19][20]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Rehearsals on the film began in October 2016 in New York City, and principal photography began on November 22, 2016.[21][22]

text: Post-production[edit]

text: In December 2017, it was reported that James Mangold, who had worked with Jackman on several projects (including 2017's Logan), had been brought in to oversee the film's reshoots and post-production. This was due to the studio's concern that Gracey, a first-time director, was overwhelmed with the scope of the film and struggling with the pressure of an $84 million budget. Mangold was eventually given an executive producer credit.[23]

text: Music[edit]

text: Musical numbers[edit]

text: Benj Pasek and Justin Paul wrote nine songs.[24]

text:
"The Greatest Show" – Hugh Jackman, Keala Settle, Zac Efron, Zendaya
"A Million Dreams" – Ziv Zaifman, Jackman, Michelle Williams
"A Million Dreams" – Austyn Johnson, Cameron Seely, Jackman
"Come Alive" – Jackman, Settle, Daniel Everidge, Zendaya
"The Other Side" – Jackman & Efron
"Never Enough" – Loren Allred
"This Is Me" – Settle
"Rewrite the Stars" – Efron & Zendaya
"Tightrope" – Williams
"Never Enough" – Allred
"From Now On" – Jackman

tag: ol

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text: The soundtrack album features eleven tracks performed by the cast.

text: Release[edit]

text: The Greatest Showman held its premiere on December 8, 2017 aboard the RMS Queen Mary 2, while it was docked in New York City. The film was then released in the United States on December 20, 2017.[25][26] Like Disney's live-action Beauty and the Beast, a sing-along version of the film will be released in the United Kingdom on February 23, 2018.[27] The film had a limited IMAX release on February 2.

text: Marketing[edit]

text: On June 28, 2017, 20th Century Fox released the first international trailer to promote the film. On November 13, 2017, the second trailer was released.[28]

text: On December 17, 2017, Fox televised a live performance of "Come Alive" from Warner Bros. Studios during its live musical special A Christmas Story Live! (which was based on fellow Pasek and Paul work A Christmas Story: The Musical). The number featured the film's stars and a cast of 150 dancers.[29][30]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: As of February 11, 2018[update], The Greatest Showman has grossed $146.6 million in the United States and Canada, and $167.9 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $315 million, against a production budget of $84 million.[3]

text: In the United States and Canada, The Greatest Showman was released alongside Jumanji: Welcome to the Jungle, and was projected to gross around $21 million from 3,006 theaters over its first six days.[31][32] It took in $2 million on its first day and $2 million on its second. Over the three day weekend, it grossed $9 million (for a six-day total of $19 million), finishing fourth at the box office, behind Star Wars: The Last Jedi, Jumanji: Welcome to the Jungle and Pitch Perfect 3.[33] In its second weekend, the film grossed $15.5 million, again finishing 4th at the box office.[34] The weekend-to-weekend increase of 76.3% marked the largest ever for a film playing in over 3,000 theaters, and the fourth biggest ever.[35][36] In its third week the film dropped 11% to $14 million.[37]

text: The film made $13 million in its fourth weekend and $11 million in its fifth, finishing 4th and 5th at the box office, respectively.[38] The film continued to hold well in its sixth week of release, grossing $9.5 million and returning to 4th place,[39] and again finished fourth in its seventh week, this time grossing $7.8 million (a drop of just 18%).[40]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 55% based on 203 reviews, and an average rating of 6/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "The Greatest Showman tries hard to dazzle the audience with a Barnum-style sense of wonder – but at the expense of its complex subject's far more intriguing real-life story."[41] On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 48 out of 100, based on 43 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[42] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A" on an A+ to F scale, while it earned a 70% "definite recommend" from comScore.[33]

text: Owen Gleiberman of Variety gave the film a positive review, writing, "The Greatest Showman is a concoction, the kind of film where all the pieces click into place, yet at an hour and 45 minutes it flies by, and the link it draws between P.T. Barnum and the spirit of today is more than hype."[43] Richard Roeper of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film 3/4 stars, saying, "With all that corn and cheese and old-timey sentiment, The Greatest Showman ends up scoring some very timely social arguments. P.T. Barnum himself would have approved the dramatic sleight of hand."[44] Steve Persall of Tampa Bay Times gave the film an 'A', and said, "The Greatest Showman is the feel-good movie the holiday season needs,"[45] while William Bibbiani of IGN gave The Greatest Showman a score of 7.9/10, and called the film, "wildly entertaining."[46]

text: Britton Peele of The Dallas Morning News said, "The story is interesting and the beats are well-acted, but it's the musical numbers that make The Greatest Showman."[47] Jackie K Cooper of HuffPost gave the film a score of 10/10 and wrote, "You will be overwhelmed by the music and magic that explode on the screen. The film has a message that should resonate with today's world concerning acceptance and courage."[48] Hugh Armitage of Digital Spy said, "The Greatest Showman is a broad and solid crowd-pleaser. An undemanding spectacle for all the family."[49] Alan Jones of Radio Times called it "A joyously uplifting potpourii of visual resplendence, stylish choreography and solid gold magic, one engineered to approximate the lavish spectacle the movie musical once offered."[50]

text: Sheila O'Malley of RogerEbert.com gave it 3.5/4, stating "The Greatest Showman is an unabashed piece of pure entertainment punctuated by memorable songs."[51] Douglas Davidson of CLTure called the film, "An undeniable spectacle with a infectious soundtrack, a movie that dazzles and delights."[52] James Berardinelli of ReelViews gave the film a 3/4 score, and said, "The film has show-stopping well-choreographed numbers with catchy tunes,"[53] and Calvin Wilson of St. Louis Post-Dispatch called the film "highly enjoyable."[54]

text: Carl Kozlowski of Pasadena Weekly gave the film an 'A', calling it "Groundbreaking & grandly innovative."[55] Sean P. Means of The Salt Lake Tribune gave The Greatest Showman 3.5/4 stars, stating, "A strong cast give emotional power to this romanticized, tune-filled biography."[56] Manuela Lazic of Little White Lies gave it 4/5, saying, "The Greatest Showman deserves to become a Christmas classic. the film's severe romanticism and ridiculous but affecting enthusiasm make it irresistibly life-affirming."[57] Pete Hammond of Deadline Hollywood gave the film 4 out of 5 stars and called it, "A fantasia of song and dance, a joyous exercise in pure entertainment that is made for the holiday crowd."[58]

text: Conversely, Mick LaSalle of the San Francisco Chronicle gave the film a negative review, criticizing the songs and characters and saying "There's idiotic, and there's magnificent, but The Greatest Showman is that special thing that happens sometimes. It's magnificently idiotic. It's an awful mess, but it's flashy. The temptation is to cover your face and watch it through your fingers, because it's so earnest and embarrassing and misguided – and yet it's well-made."[59] In a negative review for The Hollywood Reporter, David Rooney wrote "This ersatz portrait of American big-top tent impresario P.T. Barnum is all smoke and mirrors, no substance. It hammers pedestrian themes of family, friendship and inclusivity while neglecting the fundaments of character and story."[60]

text: Writing for Rolling Stone, Peter Travers gave the film 1.5 out of 4 stars, saying, "How do you cast a virtuoso Hugh Jackman as P.T. Barnum, spare no expense in production values, add a score by Oscar and Tony winners Benj Pasek and Justin Paul and still end up with the shrill blast of nothing that is The Greatest Showman? Ask first-time director Michael Gracey, who cut his teeth on commercials and music videos without ever mastering the crucial knack of building snippets of musical comedy and drama into a satisfying whole."[61] Justin Chang of the Los Angeles Times wrote that the film's failures "are rooted in something deeper: a dispiriting lack of faith in the audience's intelligence, and a dawning awareness of its own aesthetic hypocrisy. You've rarely seen a more straight-laced musical about the joys of letting your freak flag fly."[62]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Award
Date of ceremony
Category
Recipient(s) and nominee(s)
Result
Ref(s)

AARP's Movies for Grownups Awards
February 5, 2018
Best Grownup Love Story
The Greatest Showman
Won
[63][64]

Academy Awards
March 4, 2018
Best Original Song
"This Is Me" – Benj Pasek and Justin Paul
Pending
[65]

Casting Society of America
January 18, 2018
Big Budget – Comedy
Bernard Telsey, Tiffany Little Canfield, Rori Bergman and Patrick Goodwin
Won
[66]

Costume Designers Guild
February 20, 2018
Excellence in Period Film
Ellen Mirojnick
Pending
[67]

Critics' Choice Movie Awards
January 11, 2018
Best Song
"This Is Me" – Benj Pasek and Justin Paul
Nominated
[68]

Dorian Awards
February 24, 2018
Campy Flick of the Year
The Greatest Showman
Nominated
[69]
[70]

Empire Awards
March 18, 2018
Best Costume Design
The Greatest Showman
Pending
[71]
[72]

Best Make-up And Hairstyling
The Greatest Showman
Pending

Georgia Film Critics Association
January 12, 2018
Best Original Song
"This Is Me" – Benj Pasek and Justin Paul
Nominated
[73]

Golden Globe Awards
January 7, 2018
Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy
The Greatest Showman
Nominated
[74]

Best Actor in a Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy
Hugh Jackman
Nominated

Best Original Song – Motion Picture
"This Is Me" – Benj Pasek and Justin Paul
Won

Guild of Music Supervisors Awards
February 8, 2018
Best Music Supervision for Film: Budgeted Over 25 Million Dollars
Benj Pasek and Justin Paul
Pending
[75]

Best Song/Recording Created for a Film
"This Is Me" – Benj Pasek and Justin Paul
Pending

Heartland Film Festival
December 31, 2017
Truly Moving Picture Award
Michael Gracey
Won
[76]

Make-Up Artists and Hair Stylists Guild
February 24, 2018
Feature Motion Picture: Best Period and/or Character Makeup
Nicki Ledermann, Tania Ribalow and Sunday Englis
Pending
[77]


document_title: Thyroid hormones

question_text: protein that serves as the precursor molecular for thyroid hormones

root

text: Thyroid hormones

text: Function[edit]

text: The thyroid hormones act on nearly every cell in the body. They act to increase the basal metabolic rate, affect protein synthesis, help regulate long bone growth (synergy with growth hormone) and neural maturation, and increase the body's sensitivity to catecholamines (such as adrenaline) by permissiveness. The thyroid hormones are essential to proper development and differentiation of all cells of the human body. These hormones also regulate protein, fat, and carbohydrate metabolism, affecting how human cells use energetic compounds. They also stimulate vitamin metabolism. Numerous physiological and pathological stimuli influence thyroid hormone synthesis.

tag: p

text: Thyroid hormone leads to heat generation in humans. However, the thyronamines function via some unknown mechanism to inhibit neuronal activity; this plays an important role in the hibernation cycles of mammals and the moulting behaviour of birds. One effect of administering the thyronamines is a severe drop in body temperature.

text: Medical use[edit]

text: Both T3 and T4 are used to treat thyroid hormone deficiency (hypothyroidism). They are both absorbed well by the gut, so can be given orally. Levothyroxine is the pharmaceutical name of the manufactured version of T4, which is metabolised more slowly than T3 and hence usually only needs once-daily administration. Natural desiccated thyroid hormones are derived from pig thyroid glands, and are a "natural" hypothyroid treatment containing 20% T3 and traces of T2, T1and calcitonin. Also available are synthetic combinations of T3/T4 in different ratios (such as liotrix) and pure-T3 medications (INN: liothyronine). Levothyroxine Sodium is usually the first course of treatment tried. Some patients feel they do better on desiccated thyroid hormones; however, this is based on anecdotal evidence and clinical trials have not shown any benefit over the biosynthetic forms.[4] Thyroid tablets are reported to have different effects, which can be attributed to the difference in torsional angles surrounding the reactive site of the molecule.[5]

text: Thyronamines have no medical usages yet, though their use has been proposed for controlled induction of hypothermia, which causes the brain to enter a protective cycle, useful in preventing damage during ischemic shock.

text: Synthetic thyroxine was first successfully produced by Charles Robert Harington and George Barger in 1926.

text: Formulations[edit]

text: Today most patients are treated with levothyroxine, or a similar synthetic thyroid hormone.[6][7][8] Different polymorphs of the compound have different solubilities and potencies.[9] Additionally, natural thyroid hormone supplements from the dried thyroids of animals are still available.[8][10][11] Levothyroxine contains T4 only and is therefore largely ineffective for patients unable to convert T4 to T3.[12] These patients may choose to take natural thyroid hormone, as it contains a mixture of T4 and T3,[8][13][14][15][16] or alternatively supplement with a synthetic T3 treatment.[17] In these cases, synthetic liothyronine is preferred due to the potential differences between the natural thyroid products. Some studies show that the mixed therapy is beneficial to all patients, but the addition of lyothyronine contains additional side effects and the medication should be evaluated on an individual basis.[18] Some natural thyroid hormone brands are FDA approved, but some are not.[19][20][21] Thyroid hormones are generally well tolerated.[7] Thyroid hormones are usually not dangerous for pregnant women or nursing mothers, but should be given under a doctor's supervision. In fact, if a woman who is hypothyroid is left untreated, her baby is at a higher risk for birth defects. When pregnant, a woman with a low-functioning thyroid will also need to increase her dosage of thyroid hormone.[7] One exception is that thyroid hormones may aggravate heart conditions, especially in older patients; therefore, doctors may start these patients on a lower dose and work up to a larger one to avoid risk of heart attack.[8]

text: Production[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

tag: table

text: Central[edit]

text: Thyroid hormones (T4 and T3) are produced by the follicular cells of the thyroid gland and are regulated by TSH made by the thyrotropes of the anterior pituitary gland. The effects of T4 in vivo are mediated via T3 (T4 is converted to T3 in target tissues). T3 is 3- to 5- fold more active than T4.

text: Thyroxine (3,5,3',5'-tetraiodothyronine) is produced by follicular cells of the thyroid gland. It is produced as the precursor thyroglobulin (this is not the same as thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG)), which is cleaved by enzymes to produce active T4.

text: The steps in this process are as follows:[22]

text:
The Na+/I− symporter transports two sodium ions across the basement membrane of the follicular cells along with an iodide ion. This is a secondary active transporter that utilises the concentration gradient of Na+ to move I− against its concentration gradient.
I− is moved across the apical membrane into the colloid of the follicle.
Thyroperoxidase oxidizes two I− to form I2. Iodide is non-reactive, and only the more reactive iodine is required for the next step.
The thyroperoxidase iodinates the tyrosyl residues of the thyroglobulin within the colloid. The thyroglobulin was synthesised in the ER of the follicular cell and secreted into the colloid.
Iodinated Thyroglobulin binds megalin for endocytosis back into cell.
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) released from the adenohypophysis binds the TSH receptor (a Gs protein-coupled receptor) on the basolateral membrane of the cell and stimulates the endocytosis of the colloid.
The endocytosed vesicles fuse with the lysosomes of the follicular cell. The lysosomal enzymes cleave the T4 from the iodinated thyroglobulin.
The thyroid hormones cross the follicular cell membrane towards the blood vessels by an unknown mechanism.[22] Text books have stated that diffusion is the main means of transport,[25] but recent studies indicate that monocarboxylate transporter (MCT) 8 and 10 play major roles in the efflux of the thyroid hormones from the thyroid cells.[23][24]

text: Thyroglobulin (Tg) is a 660 kDa, dimeric protein produced by the follicular cells of the thyroid and used entirely within the thyroid gland.[citation needed] Thyroxine is produced by attaching iodine atoms to the ring structures of this protein's tyrosine residues; thyroxine (T4) contains four iodine atoms, while triiodothyronine (T3), otherwise identical to T4, has one less iodine atom per molecule. The thyroglobulin protein accounts for approximately half of the protein content of the thyroid gland.[citation needed] Each thyroglobulin molecule contains approximately 100-120 tyrosine residues, a small number of which (<20) are subject to iodination catalysed by thyroperoxidase.[26] The same enzyme then catalyses "coupling" of one modified tyrosine with another, via a free radical-mediated reaction, and when these iodinated bicyclic molecules are released by hydrolysis of the protein, T3 and T4 are the result.[citation needed] hence, each Tg protein molecule ultimately yields very small amounts of thyroid hormone (experimentally observed to be on the order of 5-6 molecules of either T4 or T3 per original molecule of Tg).[26]

text:
More specifically, the monoatomic, anionic form of iodine, iodide,

I

{\displaystyle I}

—, is actively absorbed from the bloodstream by a process called iodide trapping.[citation needed] In this process, sodium is cotransported with iodide from the basolateral side of the membrane into the cell,[clarification needed] and then concentrated in the thyroid follicles to about thirty times its concentration in the blood.[citation needed] Then, in the first reaction catalysed by the enzyme thyroperoxidase, tyrosine residues in the protein thyroglobulin are iodinated on their phenol rings, at one or both of the positions ortho to the phenolic hydroxyl group, yielding monoiodotyrosine (MIT) and diiodotyrosine (DIT), respectively. This introduces 1-2 atoms of the element iodine, covalently bound, per tyrosine residue.[citation needed] The further coupling together of two fully iodinated tyrosine residues, also catalysed by thyroperoxidase, yields the peptidic (still peptide-bound) precursor of thyroxine, and coupling one molecule of MIT and one molecule of DIT yields the comparable precursor of triiodothyronine:[citation needed]

text:
peptidic MIT + peptidic DIT → peptidic triiodothyronine (eventually released as triiodothyronine, T3)
2 peptidic DITs → peptidic thyroxine (eventually released as thyroxin, T4)

tag: ul

text: (Coupling of DIT to MIT in the opposite order yields a substance, r-T3, which is biologically inactive.[relevant? – discuss][citation needed]) Hydrolysis (cleavage to individual amino acids) of the modified protein by proteases then liberates T3 and T4, as well as the non-coupled tyrosine derivatives MIT and DIT.[citation needed] The hormones T4 and T3 are the biologically active agents central to metabolic regulation.[citation needed]

text: Peripheral[edit]

text: Thyroxine is believed to be a prohormone and a reservoir for the most active and main thyroid hormone T3.[27] T4 is converted as required in the tissues by iodothyronine deiodinase.[28] Deficiency of deiodinase can mimic hypothyroidism due to iodine deficiency.[29] T3 is more active than T4,[30] though it is present in less quantity than T4.

text: Initiation of production in fetuses[edit]

text: Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) is released from hypothalamus by 6 – 8 weeks, and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion from fetal pituitary is evident by 12 weeks of gestation, and fetal production of thyroxine (T4) reaches a clinically significant level at 18–20 weeks.[31] Fetal triiodothyronine (T3) remains low (less than 15 ng/dL) until 30 weeks of gestation, and increases to 50 ng/dL at term.[31] Fetal self-sufficiency of thyroid hormones protects the fetus against e.g. brain development abnormalities caused by maternal hypothyroidism.[32]

text: Effect of iodine deficiency on thyroid hormone synthesis[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: If there is a deficiency of dietary iodine, the thyroid will not be able to make thyroid hormone. The lack of thyroid hormone will lead to decreased negative feedback on the pituitary, leading to increased production of thyroid-stimulating hormone, which causes the thyroid to enlarge (the resulting medical condition is called endemic colloid goitre; see goitre). This has the effect of increasing the thyroid's ability to trap more iodide, compensating for the iodine deficiency and allowing it to produce adequate amounts of thyroid hormone.

text: Circulation and transport[edit]

text: Plasma transport[edit]

text: Most of the thyroid hormone circulating in the blood is bound to transport proteins. Only a very small fraction of the circulating hormone is free (unbound) and biologically active, hence measuring concentrations of free thyroid hormones is of great diagnostic value.

text: When thyroid hormone is bound, it is not active, so the amount of free T3/T4 is what is important. For this reason, measuring total thyroxine in the blood can be misleading.

text:
Type
Percent

bound to thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG)
70%

bound to transthyretin or "thyroxine-binding prealbumin" (TTR or TBPA)
10-15%

albumin
15-20%

unbound T4 (fT4)
0.03%

unbound T3 (fT3)
0.3%

text: Despite being lipophilic, T3 and T4 cross the cell membrane via carrier-mediated transport, which is ATP-dependent.[33]

text: T1a and T0a are positively charged and do not cross the membrane; they are believed to function via the trace amine-associated receptor TAAR1 (TAR1, TA1), a G-protein-coupled receptor located in the cell membrane.

text: Another critical diagnostic tool is measurement of the amount of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) that is present.

text: Membrane transport[edit]

text: Contrary to common belief, thyroid[34] hormones cannot traverse cell membranes in a passive manner like other lipophilic substances. The iodine in o-position makes the phenolic OH-group more acidic, resulting in a negative charge at physiological pH. However, at least 10 different active, energy-dependent and genetically-regulated iodothyronine transporters have been identified in humans. They guarantee that intracellular levels of thyroid hormones are higher than in blood plasma or interstitial fluids.[35]

text: Intracellular transport[edit]

text: Little is known about intracellular kinetics of thyroid hormones. However, recently it could be demonstrated that the crystallin CRYM binds 3,5,3′-triiodothyronine in vivo.[36]

text: Mechanism of action[edit]

text: The thyroid hormones function via a well-studied set of nuclear receptors, termed the thyroid hormone receptors. These receptors, together with corepressor molecules, bind DNA regions called thyroid hormone response elements (TREs) near genes. This receptor-corepressor-DNA complex can block gene transcription. When triiodothyronine (T3) binds a receptor, it induces a conformational change in the receptor, displacing the corepressor from the complex. This leads to recruitment of coactivator proteins and RNA polymerase, activating transcription of the gene. [37] Although this general functional model has considerable experimental support, there remain many open questions. [38]

text: Thyroxine, iodine and apoptosis[edit]

text: Thyroxine and iodine stimulate the spectacular apoptosis of the cells of the larval gills, tail and fins in amphibian metamorphosis, and stimulate the evolution of their nervous system transforming the aquatic, vegetarian tadpole into the terrestrial, carnivorous frog. In fact, amphibian frog Xenopus laevis serves as an ideal model system for the study of the mechanisms of apoptosis.[39][40][41][42]

text: Effects of triiodothyronine[edit]

text: Effects of triiodothyronine (T3) which is the metabolically active form:

text:
Increases cardiac output
Increases heart rate
Increases ventilation rate
Increases basal metabolic rate
Potentiates the effects of catecholamines (i.e. increases sympathetic activity)
Potentiates brain development
Thickens endometrium in females
Increases catabolism of proteins and carbohydrates[43]

text: Measurement[edit]

text: Thyroxine and triiodothyronine can be measured as free thyroxine and free triiodothyronine, which are indicators of thyroxine and triiodothyronine activities in the body. They can also be measured as total thyroxine and total triiodothyronine, which also depend on the thyroxine and triiodothyronine that is bound to thyroxine-binding globulin. A related parameter is the free thyroxine index, which is total thyroxine multiplied by thyroid hormone uptake, which, in turn, is a measure of the unbound thyroxine-binding globulins.[44] Additionally, thyroid disorders can be detected prenatally using advanced imaging techniques and testing fetal hormone levels.[45]

text: Related diseases[edit]

text: Both excess and deficiency of thyroxine can cause disorders.

text:
Hyperthyroidism (an example is Graves Disease) is the clinical syndrome caused by an excess of circulating free thyroxine, free triiodothyronine, or both. It is a common disorder that affects approximately 2% of women and 0.2% of men. Thyrotoxicosis is often used interchangeably with hyperthyroidism, but there are subtle differences. Although thyrotoxicosis also refers to an increase in circulating thyroid hormones, it can be caused by the intake of thyroxine tablets or by an over-active thyroid, whereas hyperthyroidism refers solely to an over-active thyroid.
Hypothyroidism (an example is Hashimoto's thyroiditis) is the case where there is a deficiency of thyroxine, triiodiothyronine, or both.
Clinical depression can sometimes be caused by hypothyroidism.[46] Some research[47] has shown that T3 is found in the junctions of synapses, and regulates the amounts and activity of serotonin, norepinephrine, and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the brain.
Hair loss can sometimes be attributed to a malfunction of t3 and t4. Normal hair growth cycle may be affected disrupting the hair growth.

text: Preterm births can suffer neurodevelopmental disorders due to lack of maternal thyroid hormones, at a time when their own thyroid is unable to meet their postnatal needs.[48] Also in normal pregnancies, adequate levels of maternal thyroid hormone are vital in order to ensure thyroid hormone availability for the fetus and its developing brain.[49] Congenital hypothyroidism occurs in every 1 in 1600–3400 newborns with most being born asymptomatic and developing related symptoms weeks after birth.[50]

text: Anti-thyroid drugs[edit]

text: Iodine uptake against a concentration gradient is mediated by a sodium-iodine symporter and is linked to a sodium-potassium ATPase. Perchlorate and thiocyanate are drugs that can compete with iodine at this point. Compounds such as goitrin, carbimazole, methimazole, propylthiouracil can reduce thyroid hormone production by interfering with iodine oxidation.[51]


document_title: Grand Ole Opry

question_text: where did the grand ole opry get its name

text: Grand Ole Opry

text: History[edit]

text: Beginnings[edit]

text: The Grand Ole Opry started as the WSM Barn Dance in the new fifth-floor radio studio of the National Life & Accident Insurance Company in downtown Nashville on November 28, 1925. On October 18, 1925, management began a program featuring "Dr. Humphrey Bate and his string quartet of old-time musicians." On November 2, WSM hired long-time announcer and program director George D. "Judge" Hay, an enterprising pioneer from the National Barn Dance program at WLS in Chicago, who was also named the most popular radio announcer in America as a result of his radio work with both WLS and WMC in Memphis, Tennessee. Hay launched the WSM Barn Dance with 77-year-old fiddler Uncle Jimmy Thompson on November 28, 1925, which is celebrated as the birth date of the Grand Ole Opry.[8]

text: Some of the bands regularly on the show during its early days included Bill Monroe, the Possum Hunters (with Dr. Humphrey Bate), the Fruit Jar Drinkers with Uncle Dave Macon, the Crook Brothers, the Binkley Brothers' Dixie Clodhoppers, Sid Harkreader, Deford Bailey, Fiddlin' Arthur Smith, and the Gully Jumpers.[9]

text: Judge Hay, however, liked the Fruit Jar Drinkers and asked them to appear last on each show because he wanted to always close each segment with "red hot fiddle playing". They were the second band accepted on Barn Dance, with the Crook Brothers being the first. When the Opry began having square dancers on the show, the Fruit Jar Drinkers always played for them. In 1926, Uncle Dave Macon, a Tennessee banjo player who had recorded several songs and toured the vaudeville circuit, became its first real star.[9]

text: Name[edit]

text: The phrase "Grand Ole Opry" was first uttered on the air on December 10, 1927.[10] At the time, Barn Dance followed the NBC Red Network's Music Appreciation Hour, a program of classical music and selections from grand opera presented by classical conductor Walter Damrosch. On that particular night, Damrosch had remarked that "there is no place in the classics for realism." In response, Opry presenter George Hay said:

text: Friends, the program which just came to a close was devoted to the classics. Doctor Damrosch told us that there is no place in the classics for realism. However, from here on out for the next three hours, we will present nothing but realism. It will be down to earth for the "earthy".

text: Hay then introduced DeFord Bailey, the man he had dubbed the "Harmonica Wizard", saying:

text: For the past hour, we have been listening to music taken largely from Grand Opera. From now on, we will present the "Grand Ole Opry".

text: Bailey then stepped up to the mic to play "The Pan-American Blues," his song inspired by the Pan-American, a premier L&N Railroad passenger train.[10][11]

text: Larger venues[edit]

text: As audiences for the live show increased, National Life & Accident Insurance's radio venue became too small to accommodate the hordes of fans. They built a larger studio, but it was still not large enough. After several months with no audiences, National Life decided to allow the show to move outside its home offices. In October 1934, the Opry moved into then-suburban Hillsboro Theatre (now the Belcourt); and then on June 13, 1936, to the Dixie Tabernacle in East Nashville. The Opry then moved to the War Memorial Auditorium, a downtown venue adjacent to the State Capitol. A 25-cent admission was charged to try to curb the large crowds, but to no avail. On June 5, 1943, the Opry moved to the Ryman Auditorium.

text: Top-charting country music acts performed during the Ryman years, including Roy Acuff, called the King of Country Music, Hank Williams, Webb Pierce, Faron Young, Martha Carson, Lefty Frizzell, and many others.

text: One hour of the Opry was nationally-broadcast by the NBC Red Network from 1939 to 1956; for much of its run, it aired one hour after the program that had inspired it, National Barn Dance. The NBC segment, originally known by the name of its sponsor, The Prince Albert Show, was first hosted by Acuff, who was succeeded by Red Foley from 1946 to 1954. From October 15, 1955 to September 1956, ABC-TV aired a live, hour-long television version once a month on Saturday nights (sponsored by Ralston-Purina), pre-empting one hour of the then-90-minute Ozark Jubilee. From 1955 to 1957, Al Gannaway owned and produced both The Country Show and Stars of the Grand Ole Opry, filmed programs syndicated by Flamingo Films. Gannaway's Stars of the Grand Ole Opry was the first television show shot in color.[12]

text: On October 2, 1954, a teenage Elvis Presley made his only Opry performance. Although the audience reacted politely to his revolutionary brand of rockabilly music, after the show Opry manager Jim Denny told Presley's producer Sam Phillips that the singer's style did not suit the program.[13]

text: In the 1960s, as the hippie counterculture movement spread, the Opry maintained a strait-laced, conservative image with "longhairs" not being featured on the show. The Byrds were a notable exception. Country rock pioneer Gram Parsons, who at that time was a member of The Byrds, was in Nashville to work on the band's country rock album, Sweetheart of the Rodeo.[14] The band's record label, Columbia Records, had arranged for The Byrds to be allowed to perform at the Ryman on March 15, 1968, a prospect that thrilled Parsons.[14] However, when the band took the stage the audience's response was immediately hostile, resulting in derisive heckling, booing and mocking calls of "tweet, tweet" and "cut your hair"[15][16] The Byrds further outraged the Opry establishment by breaking with accepted protocol when they performed Parsons' song "Hickory Wind" instead of the Merle Haggard song "Life in Prison", as had been announced by Tompall Glaser.[14]

text: Another artist that ran afoul of the Opry's stringent standards was Jerry Lee Lewis, who, after several years of success on the country charts, made his first and only appearance on the show on January 20, 1973. Given two conditions for his appearance (no rock and roll and no profanity), Lewis proceeded to disregard both (referring to himself as a certain unairable maternal insult at one point) and, in a continuous 40-minute set, played a mixture of his rock and roll hits and covers of other singers' country songs. Lewis was said to be bitter about how he was treated when he first arrived in Nashville in 1955 and supposedly used his Opry appearance to exact revenge on the Nashville music industry.[17]

text: Grand Ole Opry House[edit]

text:
Grand Ole Opry House

U.S. National Register of Historic Places

Grand Ole Opry House

Show map of TennesseeShow map of the USShow all

Location
2804 Opryland Drive, Nashville, Tennessee 37214[19]

Coordinates
36°12′24″N 86°41′32″W / 36.20667°N 86.69222°W / 36.20667; -86.69222Coordinates: 36°12′24″N 86°41′32″W / 36.20667°N 86.69222°W / 36.20667; -86.69222

Area
4 acres (approx.)[19]

Built
1972-74[19]

Architect
Welton Becket & Associates; Pierre Cabrol[19]

Architectural style
Modern/Brutalist[19]

Restored
2010 (flood damage remediation)

NRHP reference #
14001222[18]

Added to NRHP
January 27, 2015

text: The Ryman Auditorium was home to the Opry until 1974. By the late 1960s, National Life & Accident desired a new, larger and more modern home for the long-running radio show. Ryman Auditorium, already 51 years old at the time the Opry moved there, was beginning to suffer from disrepair as the downtown neighborhood around it fell victim to increasing urban decay. Despite these shortcomings, the show's popularity was increasing and its weekly crowds were outgrowing the 3,000-seat venue. The Opry's operators were seeking to build a new air-conditioned theatre with a greater capacity, ample parking, and the ability to easily serve as a television production facility. The ideal location would be in a less urbanized area of town, providing visitors a more controlled, safer, and more enjoyable experience.[20]

text: National Life & Accident purchased farmland owned by a local sausage manufacturer (Rudy's Farm) in the Pennington Bend area of Nashville, nine miles east of downtown, and adjacent to the newly constructed Briley Parkway. The new Opry venue was to be the centerpiece of a grand entertainment complex at that location, which would later come to include Opryland USA Theme Park and Opryland Hotel.

text: The theme park opened to the public on June 30, 1972,[21] well ahead of the 4,000-seat Opry House, which debuted nearly two years later, on Saturday, March 16, 1974.

text: Opening night was attended by sitting U.S. President Richard Nixon, who played a few songs on the piano.[22] To carry on the tradition of the show's run at the Ryman, a six-foot circle of oak was cut from the corner of the Ryman's stage and inlaid into center stage at the new venue.[23] The artists on stage usually stand on the circle as they perform.

text: While the theme park was closed and demolished following the 1997 season, the Grand Ole Opry House remains in use. The immediate area around it was left intact through the construction of Opry Mills, which opened in May 2000.

text: The Opry continues to be performed every Tuesday, Friday and Saturday at the Grand Ole Opry House from March through November each year.

text: The Grand Ole Opry House was added to the National Register of Historic Places on January 27, 2015.[24][25]

text: Return to Ryman Auditorium[edit]

text: Following the departure of the Opry, Ryman Auditorium sat mostly vacant and decaying for twenty years. An initial effort by National Life & Accident to tear down the Ryman and use its bricks to build a chapel at Opryland USA was met with resounding resistance from the public, including the influential musicians of the time. The plans were abandoned, and the building remained standing with an uncertain future. Despite the absence of performances, the building still held such significance as an attraction that it would remain open for tours.[26]

text: In 1991 and 1992, Emmylou Harris performed a series of concerts there and released some of the recordings as an album entitled At the Ryman. The concert and album's high acclaim renewed interest in reviving Ryman Auditorium as an active venue. Beginning in September 1993, Gaylord Entertainment undertook a full renovation of the Ryman, restoring it into a world-class concert hall that reopened with a broadcast of A Prairie Home Companion on June 4, 1994.[26]

text: On Sunday, October 18, 1998, the Opry held a benefit show at Ryman Auditorium, marking its return to the venue for the first time since its final show on March 15, 1974.[27] The show was well received by fans, performers, and management alike, and so the decision was made to host the Opry's regular shows there on January 15 & 16, 1999 as part of the celebration to commemorate 25 years at the new venue.

text: Beginning in November 1999, the Opry was held at Ryman Auditorium for three months, partly due to the ongoing construction of Opry Mills. The Opry has returned to the Ryman for the three winter months every year since, allowing the show to acknowledge its roots while also taking advantage of a smaller venue during an off-peak season for tourism.[27] While still officially the Grand Ole Opry, the shows there are billed as Opry At The Ryman. From 2002 to 2014, a traveling version of the Radio City Christmas Spectacular took up residence at the Grand Ole Opry House each holiday season while the Opry was away. It was replaced by Dr. Seuss' How the Grinch Stole Christmas! The Musical beginning in 2015.[28]

text: 2010 flooding[edit]

text: In May 2010, the Opry House was flooded, along with much of Nashville, due to the Cumberland River overflowing its banks. While repairs were made, the Opry itself remained uninterrupted. Over the course of the summer of 2010, the broadcast temporarily originated from alternate venues in Nashville, with Ryman Auditorium hosting the majority of the shows. Other venues included the TPAC War Memorial Auditorium, another former Opry home; TPAC's Andrew Jackson Hall; Nashville Municipal Auditorium; Allen Arena at Lipscomb University; and the Two Rivers Baptist Church.[29]

text: Much of the auditorium's main floor seating, the backstage areas and the entire stage (including the inlaid circle of wood from the Ryman's stage) was underwater during the flood. While the Grand Ole Opry House's stage was replaced thereafter, the Ryman circle was restored and again placed at center stage in the Grand Ole Opry House before shows resumed.[30][31] The remediation following the flood also resulted in a renovated backstage area, including the construction of more dressing rooms and a performer's lounge.

text: The Opry returned to the Grand Ole Opry House on September 28, 2010 in a special edition of the Opry entitled Country Comes Home that was televised live on Great American Country. The evening was filled with one-of-a-kind Opry moments. Martina McBride and Connie Smith dueted on Smith's signature hit "Once a Day", and other collaborations included Dierks Bentley and Del McCoury ("Roll On Buddy, Roll On"), Josh Turner and Lorrie Morgan ("Golden Ring"), and Montgomery Gentry and Charlie Daniels Band ("Devil Went Down To Georgia"), among others. The show closed with an all-star guitar jam featuring Brad Paisley, Keith Urban, Steve Wariner, Ricky Skaggs, and Marty Stuart.[32]

text: Broadcasts[edit]

text: The Grand Ole Opry is broadcast live on WSM-AM at 7 p.m. CT on Saturday nights, shortened from a previous time start of 6:30. A similar program, the Friday Night Opry, airs live on Friday nights.From February through December, the Tuesday Night Opry is also aired live.[33] Wednesday shows are typically presented in the summer months. The length of the show varies; as of October 2016, the show runs three nights a week for 2¼ hours each night (the Saturday night shows have often extended as late as midnight).

text: The Opry can also be heard live on Willie's Roadhouse on channel 59 on Sirius XM Satellite Radio. A condensed radio program, America's Opry Weekend, is syndicated to stations around the United States. The program is also streamed on WSM's website.[33]

text: ABC broadcast the Grand Old Opry as a monthly series from 1955 to 1956. PBS televised annual live performances from 1978 to 1981.[34] In 1985, The Nashville Network began airing an edited half-hour version of the program as Grand Ole Opry Live; the show moved to Country Music Television (expanding to an hour in the process), and then to the Great American Country (GAC) cable network[35] with its Opry Live show no longer televised.[36] RFD-TV carries reruns of Opry telecasts under the title Opry Encore.[37]

text: Membership[edit]

text: Regular performers at the Grand Ole Opry can be inducted into the organization as a member, by way of an existing member nominating them. Opry membership must be maintained throughout an artist's career and expires when the performer dies. Although a number of legendary country artists either lost their Opry membership (such as Hank Williams, Sr. and Willie Nelson) or never received it in their lifetimes (longtime leading hitmakers Merle Haggard, George Strait, and Conway Twitty being prominent examples), receiving Opry membership is considered an honor equivalent to a hall of fame induction.

text: Controversies[edit]

text: In April 1963 Opry management made a rule that members had to perform on at least 26 shows a year to keep their membership active.[38] WSM dropped the number of required performances to 20 in January 1964;[38] in 2000 the minimum number of Opry performances was at 12.[39] The minimum number of performances has reduced over the years, but artists offered membership are expected to show a dedication to the Opry with frequent attendance.[39]

text: Another controversy that raged for years was over allowable instrumentation, especially the use of drums and electrically amplified instruments. Some purists were appalled at the prospect; traditionally a string bass provided the rhythm component in country music and percussion instruments were seldom used. Electric amplification, then new, was regarded as the province of popular music and jazz in 1940s. Though the Opry allowed electric guitars and steel guitars by World War II, the restrictions against drums and horns continued. They caused a conflict when Bob Wills[40] and Pee Wee King[41] defied the show's ban on drums.

text: Commercialization[edit]

text: The company has enforced its trademark on the name "Grand Ole Opry", for which it owns trademark registrations in the United States and in numerous countries around the world.It has taken court action to limit use of the word "opry" (which the organization has not directly trademarked) to members of the Opry and products associated with or licensed by it, and to discourage use of the word in ways that would imply a connection to the Grand Ole Opry.[42] In late 1968, for instance, WSM sued Opry Records, a record label that was independent of WSM,[43] and the court stated that "the record is replete with newspaper and magazine articles and clippings which demonstrate conclusively that the term 'Opry', standing alone as defendant has used it, is constantly used in country and western music circles in referring to plaintiff's 'Grand Ole Opry'."[44] The court also stated "the defendant has appropriated, at its peril, the dominant or salient term in the plaintiff's mark, a term which identified the 'Grand Ole Opry' in the mind of the public many years before the inception of 'Opry Records' – the name adopted by defendant."[45] In another case, the Trademark Trial and Appeal Board granted summary judgment that the term "Opry" is a generic term (and thus no more protected than the words "Grand" or "Ole") but the Federal Circuit court reversed this decision.[46] As recently as 2009, the Trademark Trial and Appeal Board granted judgment against Texas Opry House, LLC, which had filed a trademark application for TEXAS OPRY HOUSE.[47]

text: In 2004, it was announced that the Grand Ole Opry had contracted for the first time with a "presenting sponsor", Cracker Barrel, and the sponsoring company's name would be associated with Grand Ole Opry in all its advertising.[48] Humana, Inc., Cracker Barrel, and Dollar General are the present sponsors of the Opry.[49]

text: Honors[edit]

text:
Peabody Award, 1983
National Radio Hall of Fame induction, 1992


document_title: Hat-trick

question_text: where does the saying hat trick come from

text: Hat-trick

text: Origin[edit]

text: The term first appeared in 1858 in cricket, to describe H. H. Stephenson's taking three wickets with three consecutive deliveries. Fans held a collection for Stephenson, and presented him with a hat bought with the proceeds.[1] The term was used in print for the first time in 1865.[2] The term was eventually adopted by many other sports including hockey, association football, water polo and team handball.

text: Association football[edit]

text: A hat-trick occurs in association football when a player scores three goals (not necessarily consecutive) in a single game, whereas scoring two goals constitutes a brace.[3][4] In common with other official record-keeping rules, goals in a penalty shootout are excluded from the tally.[5] The extra time in a knockout cup match may also be calculated towards a player's potential hat-trick. The fastest recorded time to score a hat-trick is 70 seconds, a record set by Alex Torr in a Sunday league game in 2013.[6] The previous record of 90 seconds was held by Tommy Ross playing for Ross County against Nairn County on 28 November 1964.[7]

text: The first hat-trick in an international game was by Scottish player John McDougall, against England on 2 March 1878.[8] American player Bert Patenaude scored the first hat-trick in the FIFA World Cup, against Paraguay in the inaugural event. Two hat-tricks have been scored in a final, by Geoff Hurst for England in the 1966 final during extra time against West Germany,[9] and Carli Lloyd for the USA against Japan in the 2015 Women's World Cup final. Lloyd's was the fastest hat-trick scored in a World Cup final, and the fastest from kickoff in any World Cup match for either sex. However, the fastest hat-trick for either men or women, as measured by time between goals, belongs to Fabienne Humm of Switzerland, who scored in the 47th, 49th and 52nd minutes against Ecuador in the 2015 group stage.

text: Football has also extended the term to include the phrase perfect hat-trick, achieved when a player scores one right-footed goal, one left-footed goal and one headed goal within one match.[10][11] In Germany, the term (lupenreiner) Hattrick ("flawless hat-trick") refers to when a player scores three goals in a row in one half without the half-time break or a goal scored by another player interfering the performance.

text: Baseball[edit]

text: In the past, the term was occasionally used to describe when a player struck out three times in a baseball game, and the term golden sombrero was more commonly used when a player struck out four times in a game.

text: In recent years, hat trick has been more often used to describe when a player hits three home runs in a game.

text: For example, on 29 August 2015, Toronto Blue Jays fans celebrated Edwin Encarnación's third home run of the game by throwing hats onto the field, similar to the tradition in ice hockey.[12] The phenomenon continued during the 2016 season, and on 17 June 2016, a number of Blue Jays fans at Oriole Park at Camden Yards threw hats on to the field after Canadian Blue Jays player Michael Saunders hit his third home run of the night, and again on 28 August at Rogers Centre, when Blue Jays player Josh Donaldson hitting his third home run of the game in the eighth inning against the Minnesota Twins.

text: Cricket[edit]

text: A hat-trick occurs in cricket when a bowler dismisses three batsmen with consecutive deliveries. The deliveries may be interrupted by an over bowled by another bowler from the other end of the pitch or the other team's innings, but must be three consecutive deliveries by the individual bowler in the same match. Only wickets attributed to the bowler count towards a hat-trick; run outs do not count.

text: In some countries, especially Australia, four wickets in four balls is sometimes referred to a double hat-trick on the basis that there are two ways of compiling the three-in-three sequence (ie wickets 1,2 and 3 or wickets 2,3 and 4). By extension, five consecutive wickets is a triple hat-trick and six consecutive wickets a quadruple hat-trick. The logic however is dubious - double centuries consist of two hundred runs, not a score of 101. Furthermore, there are no instances of this type of usage in other sports - for instances, four goals in association football is not called a double hat-trick. In England, a double hat-trick is considered to be two hat-tricks in one match.

text: Hat-tricks are rare, and as such are treasured by bowlers. In Test cricket history there have been just 43 hat-tricks, the first achieved by Fred Spofforth for Australia against England in 1879. In 1912, Australian Jimmy Matthews achieved the feat twice in one game against South Africa. The only other players to achieve two hat-tricks are Australia's Hugh Trumble, against England in 1902 and 1904, Pakistan's Wasim Akram, in separate games against Sri Lanka in 1999, and England's Stuart Broad.

text: In One Day International cricket there have been 36 hat-tricks, the first by Jalal-ud-Din for Pakistan against Australia in 1982, and the most recent by James Faulkner (cricketer) of Australia, playing in the World Cup quarter final against Sri Lanka on 18 March 2015 at the Sydney Cricket Ground.[13]

text: Lasith Malinga s the only bowler to take three hat-tricks in any form of international cricket. Three players have taken at least two ODI hat-tricks in their careers: Wasim Akram and Saqlain Mushtaq of Pakistan and Chaminda Vaas of Sri Lanka. (Akram therefore has four international hat-tricks in total).

text: Taking two wickets in two consecutive deliveries is occasionally known as a brace, or (more commonly, especially until the next delivery has been made) being on a hat-trick.

text: The feat of taking four wickets in four balls has occurred only once in international one-day cricket, in the 2007 World Cup, when Sri Lanka's Lasith Malinga managed the feat against South Africa by dismissing Shaun Pollock, Andrew Hall, Jacques Kallis and Makhaya Ntini, though it has occurred on other occasions in first-class cricket. Kevan James of Hampshire took four wickets in four balls and scored a century in the same county game against India in 1996. The Cricinfo report on the game claimed that this was unique in cricket.[14][15]

text: Nuwan Zoysa of Sri Lanka is the only bowler to achieve a hat-trick off his first three balls in a Test, dismissing Murray Goodwin, Neil Johnson and Trevor Gripper of Zimbabwe.[16] In 2006 Irfan Pathan of India achieved a hat-trick in the first over of the test match, off the last three balls, when dismissing Salman Butt, Younis Khan and Mohammad Yousuf of Pakistan. Chaminda Vaas is the only one to achieve a hat-trick of the very first deliveries in one day internationals, against Bangladesh in the tenth match of 2003 ICC World Cup at City Oval, Pietermaritzburg. He got Hannan Sarkar, Mohammad Ashraful and Ehsanul Haque out in the first three balls and took his fourth wicket in the fifth ball of the same over, just missing the double-hat-trick.

text: Albert Trott and Joginder Rao are the only two bowlers credited with two hat-tricks in the same innings in first-class cricket. One of Trott's two hat-tricks, for Middlesex against Somerset at Lords in 1907, was a four in four.

text: Some hat-tricks are particularly extraordinary. On 2 December 1988, Merv Hughes, playing for Australia, dismissed Curtly Ambrose with the last ball of his penultimate over and Patrick Patterson with the first ball of his next over, wrapping up the West Indies first innings. When Hughes returned to bowl in the West Indies second innings, he trapped Gordon Greenidge lbw with his first ball, completing a hat-trick over two different innings and becoming the only player in Test cricket history to achieve the three wickets of a hat-trick in three different overs.

text: In 1844, underarm bowler William Clark, playing for "England" against Kent, achieved a hat-trick spread over two innings, dismissing Kent batsman John Fagge twice within the hat-trick. Fagge batted at number 11 in the first innings and at number 3 in the second. This event is believed to be unique in first-class cricket.[17]

text: The most involved hat-trick was perhaps when Melbourne club cricketer Stephen Hickman, playing for Power House, achieved a hat-trick spread over three overs, two days, two innings, involving the same batsman twice, and observed by the same non-striker, with the hat-trick ball being bowled from the opposite end to the first two. In the Mercantile Cricket Association C Grade semi-final at Fawkner Park South Yarra in Melbourne, Gunbower United Cricket Club were 8 for 109 when Hickman came on to bowl his off spin. He took a wicket with the last ball of his third over and then bowled number 11 batsman Richard Higgins with the first ball of his next over to complete the Gunbower innings, leaving Chris Taylor the not out batsman. Power House scored 361 putting the game out of reach of Gunbower. In the second innings opener Taylor was joined by Higgins at the fall of the fourth wicket as Hickman returned to the attack. With his first ball, observed by an incredulous Taylor at the non-striker's end, he clean bowled Higgins leaving Higgins with a pair of golden ducks.[18]

text: A triple hat-trick was achieved by Scott Babot of Wainuiomata Cricket Club playing in the Senior 3 competition in New Zealand in 2008. It consisted of five wickets in five balls, across two innings and separated by seven days, as the match took place on consecutive Saturdays.[19]

text: Another triple hat trick was taken by Hanuman Choudhary when playing for the Cricket Association of Memphis team (CAM) against Wolfpacks in the Arkansas Tennessee Cricket League on 23 October 2016, in the semifinal of India Association of Memphis tournament in Memphis Premier League 3. His five consecutive dismissals helped close the innings from 142–5 to 142 all out.[20]

text: A 'perfect over' of 6 wickets taken with 6 consecutive balls was achieved by Australian Aled Carey on 21 January 2017 while bowling for his club Golden Point against East Ballarat. This very rare quadruple Hat-Trick consisted of 2 catches, an LBW and 3 bowled.[21]

text: Darts[edit]

text: A hat-trick in darts is a score of three consecutive bullseyes, also known as the "Alan Evans Shot", after Alan Evans scored three bulleyes during a match on numerous occasions.[22]

text: Hockey[edit]

text: This section uses citations without providing full publisher and source details. Please consider adding fuller citations so that the article remains verifiable and that the origin of sources becomes clearer. Several templates are available to assist in formatting. (May 2017)

text: In both field hockey and ice hockey, a hat trick occurs when a player scores three goals in a single game. A hat trick, as it is known in its current form, culminates with fans throwing hats onto the ice from the stands. The tradition is said to have begun among fans in the National Hockey League around the 1950s.[23]

text: There are several conflicting legends of how the "hat trick" was popularised in professional hockey. Most stories involve hats being awarded to any of the local players who scored three goals in a game. According to the NHL, in the 1940s, a Toronto haberdasher used to give free hats to players with the Toronto Maple Leafs when they scored three goals in a game. [24]

text: Montreal hatter Henri Henri makes a similar claim, that between 1950 and 1970 they would reward any NHL player who scored three or more goals in a game at the Montreal Forum with a free hat.[25]

text: Finally, in the 1950s, the Guelph Biltmore Mad Hatters of the Ontario Hockey Association, who were then a farm team of the NHL's New York Rangers, were sponsored by Guelph-based Biltmore Hats, a leading manufacturer of hats with North American dominance. The sponsor would award any Madhatters player who scored three goals in a game with a new fedora.[26]

text: In a slightly different account, the expression originates not with any member of a team, but with a particular player. According to legend, Chicago Blackhawks forward Alex Kaleta entered the shop of Toronto businessman Sammy Taft to purchase a new hat, but did not have enough money. Taft arranged a deal with Kaleta stipulating that if Kaleta scored three goals as he played the Toronto Maple Leafs that night, Taft would give him a free hat. That night, on 26 January 1946, Kaleta scored four goals against the Maple Leafs and Taft made good on his offer.[27] This is the story accepted as the origin of the phrase by the Hockey Hall of Fame.[28]

text: While charming fables, all these explanations of the introduction of the term “hat trick” in hockey are too late to be true. On Dec. 8, 1933, the Winnipeg Free Press[full citation needed] describes a hockey game in which “Romeo Rivers, rugged wingman” for the Monarchs scored three goals in the same game, describing how “Romeo completed his ‘hat trick’” when he scored his third goal of the night after taking a pass from a teammate who had drawn the goalie out of position.

text: The Jan. 16, 1939 Lethbridge Herald (p.10)[full citation needed] describes a hockey game in which the Lethbridge Maple Leafs defeated the Calgary Stampeders and Jimmie McIndoe of the Leafs “turned the hat trick, when he converted three straight consecutive passes” from a teammate.

text: By 1944, the term “hat trick” was so well established in hockey that the Winnipeg Free Press (Nov. 29, 1944, p. 14)[full citation needed] reports that “hockey’s traditional ‘hat-trick’ – the feat of scoring three goals in a single game – will receive official recognition from the Amateur Hockey Association” of the US by awarding a small silver derby hat to players to mark the accomplishment. Thus, by 1944 the term "hat trick" was common enough to be termed “traditional.” Given how frequently the words “hat trick” were used in sports reporting on cricket and soccer in the early 20th century, the term was probably routinely used in hockey by the early 1930s.

text: Wayne Gretzky holds the NHL record for the most hat tricks in a career with 50. Harry Hyland scored the league's first hat trick, in the league's very first game on December 19, 1917, in which Hyland's Montreal Wanderers defeated the Toronto Arenas 10–9.[29]

text: Variations[edit]

text: A natural hat trick occurs when a player scores three consecutive goals, uninterrupted by any other player scoring for either team.[30]

text: The NHL record for the fastest natural hat trick is 21 seconds, set by Bill Mosienko in 1952 for the Chicago Blackhawks.[31]

text: A Gordie Howe hat trick is a tongue-in-cheek play on the feat. It is achieved by scoring a goal, getting an assist, and getting in a fight, all in the same game. Namesake Gordie Howe himself only recorded two in his NHL career, as opposed to league leader Rick Tocchet, who accrued 18 Gordie Howe hat tricks.[32]

text: In December 1995, Florida Panthers captain Scott Mellanby scored a rat trick, the term coined by teammate John Vanbiesbrouck. Prior to the game, Mellanby killed a rat in the Panthers' locker room with his hockey stick, and proceeded to score a pair of goals later that night.[33] When Mellanby scored a hat trick in a later game, some Florida fans threw plastic rats on the ice, a tradition that continued for all Panthers' goals throughout the 1996 playoffs. Due to the resulting game delays caused by the necessary clean-up of the plastic rats, the league eventually banned the activity and modified Rule 63 to impose a minor penalty against the home team for a violation.[34] The more traditional practice of fans throwing hats on the ice following genuine hat tricks remains exempt from this penalty.

text: Lacrosse[edit]

text: A hat-trick in lacrosse is when a player scores three goals in one game.

text: Marbles[edit]

text: In marbles, a hat-trick occurs when a player hits all marbles in a single turn.

text: Motor racing[edit]

text: In motor racing, three successive race wins, winning the same event three times in a row, or securing pole position, fastest lap and race victory in one event may all be referred to as a hat-trick.

text: Poker[edit]

text: Eliminating three players from a table with one hand in live poker play is sometimes referred to as a hat-trick and is incredibly rare. It is a much more frequent occurrence in online poker games, given the faster and greater number of hands played in online tournaments and the continuing presence of multiple "all-in" players during the early stages of tournament play as players look to build large chip stacks quickly and early.

text: Checking and raising an opponent three times,[35] as well as winning the European Poker Tour (EPT), World Series of Poker (WSOP), and World Poker Tour (WPT) in the same year,[36] are also called hat tricks in poker.

text: Rugby football[edit]

text: In both codes of rugby football (rugby union and rugby league) a hat-trick is when a player scores three or more tries in a game. In rugby union, a related concept is that of a "full house" (scoring a try, conversion, penalty goal, and drop goal) in a single game. When a player scored two tries, this is often referred to as a brace. As with association football, it is common to award the match ball to a player who scores a hat-trick.

text: Ken Irvine and Frank Burge both scored 16 hat-tricks in Australian first grade rugby league[37]

text: Shaun Johnson scored a hat-trick in under 6 minutes against the Canberra Raiders in 2013.

text: Scrabble[edit]

text: In Scrabble, a hat-trick occurs when a player plays three consecutive bingos.

text: Team handball/Water polo[edit]

text: In team handball or water polo, if a player scores three times in a game, a hat trick is made.

text: Video games[edit]

text: In many online video games, mostly first-person shooters, the term has entered the players' vocabulary and occurs when a player achieves 3 difficult kills in a row (commonly headshots). Examples include Team Fortress 2, Quake, and Unreal Tournament, among others.


document_title: List of Test cricket triple centuries

question_text: who is the first indian cricketer to hit a triple century in international cricket

text: List of Test cricket triple centuries

text: Key[edit]

text:
* denotes that the batsman remained not out.
Test denotes the number of the Test match played in that series.
Innings denotes which of the team's batting innings the triple century was scored in.
Date denotes the date the match started on.
   denotes that the total was the highest Test match score at the time.

text: Triple centuries and above[edit]

text:
No
Score
Batsman
For
Against
Innings
Test
Ground
Date

1
325
Sandham, AndyAndy Sandham[1]
 England
 West Indies
1st
4th
Sabina Park, Kingston
000000001930-04-03-00003 April 1930

2
334
Bradman, DonaldDonald Bradman[2]
 Australia
 England
1st
3rd
Headingley, Leeds
000000001930-07-11-000011 July 1930

3
336*
Hammond, WallyWally Hammond[3]
 England
 New Zealand
1st
2nd
Eden Park, Auckland
000000001933-03-31-000031 March 1933

4
3040 !304
Bradman, DonaldDonald Bradman[4]
 Australia
 England
1st
4th
Headingley, Leeds
000000001934-07-20-000020 July 1934

5
364
Hutton, LenLen Hutton[5]
 England
 Australia
1st
5th
The Oval, London
000000001938-08-20-000020 August 1938

6
3370 !337
Hanif Mohammad[6]
 Pakistan
 West Indies
2nd
1st
Kensington Oval, Bridgetown
000000001958-01-17-000017 January 1958

7
365*
Sobers, GarfieldGarfield Sobers[7]
 West Indies
 Pakistan
1st
3rd
Sabina Park, Kingston
000000001958-02-26-000026 February 1958

8
3110 !311
Simpson, BobBob Simpson[8]
 Australia
 England
1st
4th
Old Trafford, Manchester
000000001964-07-23-000023 July 1964

9
3105 !310*
Edrich, JohnJohn Edrich[9]
 England
 New Zealand
1st
3rd
Headingley, Leeds
000000001965-07-08-00008 July 1965

10
3070 !307
Cowper, BobBob Cowper[10]
 Australia
 England
1st
5th
Melbourne Cricket Ground
000000001966-02-11-000011 February 1966

11
3021 !302
Rowe, LawrenceLawrence Rowe[11]
 West Indies
 England
1st
3rd
Kensington Oval, Bridgetown
000000001974-03-06-00006 March 1974

12
3331 !333
Gooch, GrahamGraham Gooch[12]
 England
 India
1st
1st
Lord's Cricket Ground, London
000000001990-07-26-000026 July 1990

13
375
Lara, BrianBrian Lara[13]
 West Indies
 England
1st
5th
Antigua Recreation Ground, St John's
000000001994-04-16-000016 April 1994

14
3400 !340
Jayasuriya, SanathSanath Jayasuriya[14]
 Sri Lanka
 India
1st
1st
R. Premadasa Stadium, Colombo
000000001997-08-02-00002 August 1997

15
3345 !334*
Taylor, MarkMark Taylor[15]
 Australia
 Pakistan
1st
2nd
Arbab Niaz Stadium, Peshawar
000000001998-10-15-000015 October 1998

16
3290 !329
Inzamam-ul-Haq[16]
 Pakistan
 New Zealand
1st
1st
Gaddafi Stadium, Lahore
000000002002-05-01-00001 May 2002

17
380
Hayden, MatthewMatthew Hayden[17]
 Australia
 Zimbabwe
1st
1st
WACA Ground, Perth
000000002003-10-09-00009 October 2003

18
309
Sehwag, VirenderVirender Sehwag[18]
 India
 Pakistan
1st
1st
Multan Cricket Stadium
000000002004-03-28-000028 March 2004

19
400*
Lara, BrianBrian Lara[19]
 West Indies
 England
1st
4th
Antigua Recreation Ground, St John's
000000002004-04-10-000010 April 2004

20
3170 !317
Gayle, ChrisChris Gayle[20]
 West Indies
 South Africa
1st
4th
Antigua Recreation Ground, St John's
000000002005-04-29-000029 April 2005

21
3740 !374
Jayawardene, MahelaMahela Jayawardene[21]
 Sri Lanka
 South Africa
1st
1st
Sinhalese S.C., Colombo
000000002006-07-27-000027 July 2006

22
3191 !319
Sehwag, VirenderVirender Sehwag[22]
 India
 South Africa
1st
1st
M. A. Chidambaram Stadium, Chennai
000000002008-03-26-000026 March 2008

23
3130 !313
Khan, YounisYounis Khan[23]
 Pakistan
 Sri Lanka
1st
1st
National Stadium, Karachi
000000002009-02-21-000021 February 2009

24
3330 !333
Gayle, ChrisChris Gayle[24]
 West Indies
 Sri Lanka
1st
1st
Galle International Stadium
000000002010-11-15-000015 November 2010

25
3295 !329*
Clarke, MichaelMichael Clarke[25]
 Australia
 India
1st
2nd
Sydney Cricket Ground
000000002012-01-03-00003 January 2012

26
3111 !311*
Amla, HashimHashim Amla[26]
 South Africa
 England
1st
1st
The Oval, London
000000002012-07-19-000019 July 2012

27
3190 !319
Sangakkara, KumarKumar Sangakkara[27]
 Sri Lanka
 Bangladesh
1st
2nd
Zohur Ahmed Chowdhury Stadium, Chittagong
000000002014-02-05-00005 February 2014

28
3020 !302
McCullum, BrendonBrendon McCullum[28]
 New Zealand
 India
2nd
2nd
Basin Reserve, Wellington
000000002014-02-18-000018 February 2014

29
3022 !302*
Ali, AzharAzhar Ali[29]
 Pakistan
 West Indies
1st
1st
Dubai International Cricket Stadium, Dubai
000000002016-10-13-000013 October 2016

30
3030 !303*
Nair, KarunKarun Nair[30]
 India
 England
1st
5th
M. A. Chidambaram Stadium, Chennai
000000002016-12-16-000016 December 2016


document_title: AFC East

question_text: when was the last time the bills won their division

text: AFC East

text: AFL Eastern Division[edit]

text: The American Football League Eastern Division was formed during the inaugural season of the American Football League in 1960, as a counterpart to the AFL Western Division. The divisional alignment consisted of the Buffalo Bills, Boston Patriots, New York Titans and Houston Oilers.  The Miami Dolphins entered the AFL in 1966 as part of its Eastern division.[7]

text: The division was absorbed nearly intact with the AFL–NFL merger in 1970, but Houston was moved to the AFC Central (formerly the NFL Century Division, now the AFC North) and replaced by the closer Baltimore Colts (from the NFL Coastal Division, which became the NFC West). Despite relocating to Indianapolis, Indiana in 1984, the Colts continued to play in the AFC East until NFL expansion from 31 to 32 teams with the addition of the Houston Texans (successor club in Houston to the Oilers) and 2002 re-alignment when they were moved to the AFC South (the successor franchise to the Oilers, the Tennessee Titans, is also in the AFC South).[8]

text: Although Miami is farther south than the home cities of the other three teams, all of which are in the Northeast, all four AFC East teams have historical rivalries among them, dating from their years in the AFL during the 1960s.[9]

text: None of the AFC East teams currently plays within the central city of their metropolitan area:

text:
The Bills play in Orchard Park, New York. They played in the city of Buffalo from 1960–72.
The Jets play in East Rutherford, New Jersey (they played in the New York City borough of Manhattan from 1960–63, and in the borough of Queens from 1964–83)
The Dolphins play in Miami Gardens, Florida, a suburb of Miami (Miami Gardens was separated from the city itself and incorporated in 2003)
The Patriots play in Foxborough, Massachusetts (they played in Boston, the largest city in New England, until 1970 and adopted their current name in 1971 when they moved into what eventually became known as Foxboro Stadium).

text: Somewhat analogously, three out of the four NFC East teams do not actually play within the city of their naming (only the Philadelphia Eagles do so).

text: All of the teams are or were coached by a first or second generation member of the Bill Parcells coaching tree: the Patriots have Bill Belichick; the Dolphins had Tony Sparano; the Jets had Eric Mangini (who served as an assistant with both Belichick and Parcells); and the Bills had Dick Jauron (fired on November 17, 2009), who served as an assistant with former Parcells assistant Tom Coughlin. The Jets are now coached by Todd Bowles and the Bills were coached by Rex Ryan for 31 games (the entire 2015-16 season, and he was fired before the last game of the 2016-17 season and replaced with interim Head Coach Anthony Lynn). Parcells himself coached the Patriots (1993–6) and the Jets (1997–9) and was Vice President of Football Operations for the Dolphins until the summer of 2010.[10]

text: ESPN's Chris Berman often calls this division the "AFC Adams" due to its geographical similarity to the old Adams Division of the NHL, now succeeded by the Atlantic Division.

text: Along with the AFC (formerly AFL) West, the AFC East is the oldest NFL division in terms of creation date (1960).

text: Division lineups[edit]

text: Place cursor over year for division champ or Super Bowl team.

text:
AFL Eastern Division

1900s

60

61

62

63

64

65

66

67

68

69

Buffalo Bills

Boston Patriots

New York Titans

New York Jets [C]

Houston Oilers [B]

Miami Dolphins [D]

text:
AFC East Division

1900s
2000s

70

71

72

73

74

75

76

77

78

79

80

81

82

83

84

85

86

87

88

89

90

91

92

93

94

95

96

97

98

99

00

01

Buffalo Bills

Boston Patriots

New England Patriots [A]

New York Jets

Baltimore Colts [E]

Indianapolis Colts [F]

Miami Dolphins

text:
AFC East Division

2000s

02

03

04

05

06

07

08

09

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

New England Patriots

Buffalo Bills

New York Jets

Miami Dolphins

     Team not in division      Division Won AFL Championship      Division Won AFC Championship      Division Won Super Bowl

text: Division champions[edit]

text:
Season
Team
Record
Playoff Results

1960
Houston Oilers
10–4–0
Won AFL Championship Game

1961
Houston Oilers
10–3–1
Won AFL Championship Game

1962
Houston Oilers
11–3–0
Lost AFL Championship Game

1963
Boston Patriots
7–6–1
Won Divisional Playoff, Lost AFL Championship Game

1964
Buffalo Bills
12–2–0
Won AFL Championship Game

1965
Buffalo Bills
10–3–1
Won AFL Championship Game

1966
Buffalo Bills
9–4–1
Lost AFL Championship Game

1967
Houston Oilers
9–4–1
Lost AFL Championship Game

1968
New York Jets
11–3–0
Won AFL Championship Game, Won Super Bowl III

1969
New York Jets
10–4–0
Lost Inter-Divisional Playoffs

1970
Baltimore Colts
11–2–1
Won Divisional and AFC Championship Games, Won Super Bowl V0

1971
Miami Dolphins
10–3–1
Won Divisional and AFC Championship Games, Lost Super Bowl VI

1972
Miami Dolphins
14–0–0
Won Divisional and AFC Championship Games, Won Super Bowl VII

1973
Miami Dolphins
12–2–0
Won Divisional and AFC Championship Games, Won Super Bowl VIII

1974
Miami Dolphins
11–3–0
Lost AFC Divisional Playoffs

1975
Baltimore Colts
10–4–0
Lost AFC Divisional Playoffs

1976
Baltimore Colts
11–3–0
Lost AFC Divisional Playoffs

1977
Baltimore Colts
10–4–0
Lost AFC Divisional Playoffs

1978
New England Patriots
11–5–0
Lost AFC Divisional Playoffs

1979
Miami Dolphins
10–6–0
Lost AFC Divisional Playoffs

1980
Buffalo Bills
11–5–0
Lost AFC Divisional Playoffs

1981
Miami Dolphins
11–4–1
Lost AFC Divisional Playoffs

1982+
Miami Dolphins
7–2–0
Won AFC First Round, Second Round and Championship Games, Lost Super Bowl XVII0

1983
Miami Dolphins
12–4–0
Lost AFC Divisional Playoffs

1984
Miami Dolphins
14–2–0
Won Divisional and AFC Championship Games, Lost Super Bowl XIX

1985
Miami Dolphins
12–4–0
Won AFC Divisional Playoffs, Lost AFC Championship Game

1986
New England Patriots
11–5–0
Lost AFC Divisional Playoffs

1987
Indianapolis Colts
9–6–0
Lost AFC Divisional Playoffs

1988
Buffalo Bills
12–4–0
Won AFC Divisional Playoffs, Lost AFC Championship Game

1989
Buffalo Bills
9–7–0
Lost AFC Divisional Playoffs

1990
Buffalo Bills
13–3–0
Won Divisional and AFC Championship Games, Lost Super Bowl XXV

1991
Buffalo Bills
13–3–0
Won Divisional and AFC Championship Games, Lost Super Bowl XXVI

1992
Miami Dolphins
11–5–0
Won Divisional Game, lost AFC Championship Game

1993
Buffalo Bills
12–4–0
Won Divisional and AFC Championship Games, Lost Super Bowl XXVIII

1994
Miami Dolphins
10–6–0
Won Wild Card Game, Lost AFC Divisional Playoffs

1995
Buffalo Bills
10–6–0
Won Wild Card Game, Lost AFC Divisional Playoffs

1996
New England Patriots
11–5–0
Won Divisional and AFC Championship Games, Lost Super Bowl XXXI

1997
New England Patriots
10–6–0
Won Wild Card Game, Lost AFC Divisional Playoffs

1998
New York Jets
12–4–0
Won Divisional Game, Lost AFC Championship Game

1999
Indianapolis Colts
13–3–0
Lost AFC Divisional Playoffs

2000
Miami Dolphins
11–5–0
Won Wild Card Game, Lost AFC Divisional Playoffs

2001
New England Patriots
11–5–0
Won Divisional and AFC Championship Games, Won Super Bowl XXXVI

2002
New York Jets
9–7–0
Won Wild Card Game, Lost AFC Divisional Playoffs

2003
New England Patriots
14–2–0
Won Divisional and AFC Championship Games, Won Super Bowl XXXVIII

2004
New England Patriots
14–2–0
Won Divisional and AFC Championship Games, Won Super Bowl XXXIX

2005
New England Patriots
10–6–0
Won Wild Card Game, Lost AFC Divisional Playoffs

2006
New England Patriots
12–4–0
Won Wild Card and AFC Divisional Games, Lost AFC Championship Game

2007
New England Patriots
16–0–0
Won Divisional and AFC Championship Games, Lost Super Bowl XLII

2008
Miami Dolphins
11–5–0
Lost AFC Wild Card Playoffs

2009
New England Patriots
10–6–0
Lost AFC Wild Card Playoffs

2010
New England Patriots
14–2–0
Lost AFC Divisional Playoffs

2011
New England Patriots
13–3–0
Won Divisional and AFC Championship Games, Lost Super Bowl XLVI

2012
New England Patriots
12–4–0
Won AFC Divisional Playoffs, Lost AFC Championship Game

2013
New England Patriots
12–4–0
Won AFC Divisional Playoffs, Lost AFC Championship Game

2014
New England Patriots
12–4–0
Won AFC Divisional and AFC Championship Games, Won Super Bowl XLIX

2015
New England Patriots
12–4–0
Won AFC Divisional Playoffs, Lost AFC Championship Game

2016
New England Patriots
14–2–0
Won AFC Divisional and AFC Championship Games, Won Super Bowl LI

2017
New England Patriots
13–3–0
Won AFC Divisional and AFC Championship Games, Lost Super Bowl LII

text: + – A players' strike in 1982 reduced the regular season to nine games. Thus, the league used a special 16-team playoff tournament just for this year. Division standings were ignored, Miami had the best record of the division teams.

text: Wildcard Qualifiers[edit]

text:
Season
Team
Record
Playoff Results

1969
Houston Oilers
06–6–2
Lost AFL Interdivisional Game

1970
Miami Dolphins
10–4–0
Lost AFC Divisional Playoffs

1971
Baltimore Colts
10–4–0
Won AFC Divisional Playoffs, Lost AFC Championship Game

1974
Buffalo Bills
09–5–0
Lost AFC Divisional Playoffs

1976
New England Patriots
11–3–0
Lost AFC Divisional Playoffs

1978
Miami Dolphins
11–5–0
Lost Wild Card Playoffs

1981
New York JetsBuffalo Bills
10–5–110–6–0
Lost Wild Card PlayoffsWon Wild Card Playoffs, Lost AFC Divisional Playoffs

1982+
New York JetsNew England Patriots
06–3–005–4–0
Won AFC First Round and Second Round, Lost AFC Championship Game0Lost AFC First Round

1985
New York JetsNew England Patriots
11–5–011–5–0
Lost AFC Wild Card PlayoffsWon Wild Card, Divisional and AFC Championship Games, Lost Super Bowl XX0

1986
New York Jets
10–6–0
Won Wild Card Game, Lost AFC Divisional Playoffs

1990
Miami Dolphins
12–4–0
Won Wild Card Playoffs, Lost AFC Divisional Playoffs

1991
New York Jets
08–8–0
Lost AFC Wild Card Playoffs

1992
Buffalo Bills
11–5–0
Won Wild Card, Divisional and AFC Championship Games, Lost Super Bowl XXVII0

1994
New England Patriots
10–6–0
Lost AFC Wild Card Playoffs

1995
Indianapolis ColtsMiami Dolphins
09–7–009–7–0
Won Wild Card and AFC Divisional Playoff games, Lost AFC Championship Game0Lost AFC Wild Card Playoffs

1996
Buffalo BillsIndianapolis Colts
10–6–009–7–0
Lost AFC Wild Card PlayoffsLost AFC Wild Card Playoffs

1997
Miami Dolphins
09–7–0
Lost AFC Wild Card Playoffs

1998
Miami DolphinsBuffalo Bills New England Patriots
10–6–010–6–009–7–0
Won Wild Card Playoffs, Lost AFC Divisional PlayoffsLost AFC Wild Card PlayoffsLost AFC Wild Card Playoffs

1999
Buffalo BillsMiami Dolphins
11–5–009–7–0
Lost AFC Wild Card Playoffs Won Wild Card Playoffs, Lost AFC Divisional Playoffs

2000
Indianapolis Colts
10–6–0
Lost AFC Wild Card Playoffs

2001
Miami DolphinsNew York Jets
11–5–010–6–0
Lost AFC Wild Card PlayoffsLost AFC Wild Card Playoffs

2004
New York Jets
10–6–0
Won Wild Card Playoffs, Lost AFC Divisional Playoffs

2006
New York Jets
10–6–0
Lost AFC Wild Card Playoffs

2009
New York Jets
09–7–0
Won Wild Card and AFC Divisional Playoff games, Lost AFC Championship Game0

2010
New York Jets
11–5–0
Won Wild Card and AFC Divisional Playoff games, Lost AFC Championship Game

2016
Miami Dolphins
10–6–0
Lost AFC Wild Card Playoffs

2017
Buffalo Bills
09–7–0
Lost AFC Wild Card Playoffs

text: Total playoff berths while in the AFL/AFC East[edit]

text:
(AFC East records 1960–2016 seasons)
Reflects Colts & Oilers results only while in the East Division.
In the sortable table below, teams can be ordered by name, number of division wins, playoff berths, or titles.

text:
Team
Division  Titles
Playoff Berths
AFLTitles
AFCChampionships
Super Bowl Championships

New England Patriots
20
25
0
10
5

Miami Dolphins
14
23
0
5
2

Buffalo Bills
10
18
2
4
0

New York Jets
4
14
1
0
1

Indianapolis Colts1*
6
10
0
0
0

Houston Oilers2*
4
5
2
0
0

text:
AFC East
-Division--  Titles
-Playoff- Berths
AFL-Titles-
AFC-Championships-
Super Bowl-Championships-

Totals- 1960–2016
56
95
5
19
8

text:
1 Realigned from NFL West in 1970 merger. Known as the Baltimore Colts before 1984. Realigned into the AFC South beginning with the 2002 NFL season.
2 Realigned into the AFC Central in 1970 merger, and into the AFC South in 2002. Known as Tennessee Oilers from 1997–98, and Tennessee Titans since 1999.


document_title: Planned economy

question_text: who owns the factors of production in a planned economy

text: Planned economy

text: Planned versus command economies[edit]

text: Planned economies are held in contrast with command economies, where a planned economy is "an economic system in which the government controls and regulates production, distribution, prices, etc."[11] but a command economy, while also having this type of regulation, necessarily has substantial public ownership of industry.[12] Therefore, command economies are planned economies, but not necessarily the reverse.

text: Whereas most of the economy is organized in a top-down administrative model by a central authority, where decisions regarding investment and production output requirements are decided upon at the top in the chain of command, with little input from lower levels. Advocates of economic planning have sometimes been staunch critics of these command economies. For example, Leon Trotsky believed that those at the top of the chain of command, regardless of their intellectual capacity, operated without the input and participation of the millions of people who participate in the economy and understand/respond to local conditions and changes in the economy, and therefore would be unable to effectively coordinate all economic activity.[13]

text: Although planned economies have historically been associated with Marxist-Leninist states and the Soviet economic model, some argue that the Soviet economic model did not actually constitute a planned economy in that a comprehensive and binding plan did not guide production and investment; therefore the further distinction of an administrative command economy emerged as a more accurate designation for the economic system that existed in the former Soviet Union and Eastern bloc, highlighting the role of centralized hierarchical decision-making in the absence of popular control over the economy.[14] The possibility of a digital planned economy was explored by Chile with the creation of Project Cybersyn and Alexander Kharkevich head of the Department of technical physics in Kiev in 1962.[15][16]

text: Another key difference is that command economies are usually authoritarian in nature, whereas economic planning in general can be either participatory and democratic or authoritarian. Indicative planning is a form of planning in market economies that directs the economy through incentive-based methods. Economic planning can be practiced in a decentralized manner through different government authorities. For example, in some predominately market-oriented and mixed economies, the state utilizes economic planning in strategic industries such as the aerospace industry. Mixed economies usually employ macroeconomic planning, while micro-economic affairs are left to the market and price system.

text: Another example of this is the utilization of dirigisme, or government direction of the economy through non coercive means, both of which were practiced in France and Great Britain after the Second World War. Swedish public housing models were planned by the government in a similar fashion as urban planning in a project called Million Programme.

text: Advantages of economic planning[edit]

text: The government can harness land, labours, and capital to serve the economic objectives of the state. Consumer demand can be restrained in favor of greater capital investment for economic development in a desired pattern. In international comparisons, state-socialist nations compared favorably with capitalist nations in health indicators such as infant mortality and life expectancy, although the statistics concerning infant mortality are self-reported and based on varying standards.[17] The state can begin building a heavy industry at once in an underdeveloped economy without waiting years for capital to accumulate through the expansion of light industry, and without reliance on external financing. This is what happened in the Soviet Union during the 1930s when the government forced the share of GNP dedicated to private consumption from eighty percent to fifty percent.[18] As a result, the Soviet Union experienced massive growth in heavy industry, with a concurrent massive contraction of its agricultural sector, in both relative and absolute terms.

text: Disadvantages of economic planning[edit]

text: Inefficient resource distribution: surplus and shortage[edit]

text: Critics of planned economies argue that planners cannot detect consumer preferences, shortages, and surpluses with sufficient accuracy and therefore cannot efficiently co-ordinate production (in a market economy, a free price system is intended to serve this purpose). This difficulty was notably written about by economists Ludwig von Mises and Friedrich Hayek, who referred to subtly distinct aspects of the problem as the "economic calculation problem" and "local knowledge problem" respectively. These opponents of central planning argue that the only way to satisfy individuals who have a constantly changing hierarchy of needs, and are the only ones to possess their particular individual's circumstances, is by allowing those with the most knowledge of their needs to have it in their power to use their resources in a competing marketplace to meet the needs of the most consumers, most efficiently. This phenomenon is recognized as spontaneous order. Additionally, misallocation of resources would naturally ensue by redirecting capital away from individuals with direct knowledge and circumventing it into markets where a coercive monopoly influences behavior, ignoring market signals. According to Tibor R. Machan, "Without a market in which allocations can be made in obedience to the law of supply and demand, it is difficult or impossible to funnel resources with respect to actual human preferences and goals."[19]

text: Suppression of economic democracy and self-management[edit]

text: Economist Robin Hahnel notes that, even if central planning overcame its inherent inhibitions of incentives and innovation, it would nevertheless be unable to maximize economic democracy and self-management, which he believes are concepts that are more intellectually coherent, consistent and just than mainstream notions of economic freedom.[20]

text: Says Hahnel, "Combined with a more democratic political system, and redone to closer approximate a best case version, centrally planned economies no doubt would have performed better. But they could never have delivered economic self-management, they would always have been slow to innovate as apathy and frustration took their inevitable toll, and they would always have been susceptible to growing inequities and inefficiencies as the effects of differential economic power grew. Under central planning neither planners, managers, nor workers had incentives to promote the social economic interest. Nor did impeding markets for final goods to the planning system enfranchise consumers in meaningful ways. But central planning would have been incompatible with economic democracy even if it had overcome its information and incentive liabilities. And the truth is that it survived as long as it did only because it was propped up by unprecedented totalitarian political power."[20]

text: Economic Instability[edit]

text: Studies of Eastern European planned economies in the 1950s and 1960s by both American and Eastern European economists found that, contrary to the expectations of both groups, they showed greater fluctuations in output than market economies during the same period.[21]

text: Relationship with socialism[edit]

text: While socialism is not equivalent to economic planning or to the concept of a planned economy, an influential conception of socialism involves the replacement of capital markets with some form of economic planning in order to achieve ex ante coordination of the economy. The goal of such an economic system would be to achieve conscious control over the economy by the population, specifically, so that the use of the surplus product is controlled by the producers.[22] The specific forms of planning proposed for socialism and their feasibility are subjects of the socialist calculation debate.

text: Fictional portrayals of planned economies[edit]

text: The 1888 novel Looking Backward by Edward Bellamy depicts a fictional planned economy in a United States around the year 2000 which has become a socialist utopia.

text: The World State in Aldous Huxley's Brave New World and Airstrip One in George Orwell's Nineteen Eighty Four are both fictional examples of command economies, albeit with diametrically opposed aims: The former is a consumer economy designed to engender productivity while the latter is a shortage economy designed as an agent of totalitarian social control. Airstrip One is organised by the euphemistically named Ministry of Plenty.

text: Other literary portrayals of planned economies were Yevgeny Zamyatin's We, which was an influence on Orwell's work. Like Nineteen Eighty Four, Ayn Rand's dystopian story Anthem was also an artistic portrayal of a command economy that was influenced by We. The difference is that it was a primitivist planned economy, as opposed to the advanced technology of We or Brave New World.