document_title: List of Major League Baseball annual home run leaders

question_text: who has the most home runs in the american league

text: Key[edit]

text:
Winner(s)
Player(s) with the most home runs (HR) in the league

HR
The winner's home run total

Runner(s)-up
Player(s) with the second-most HRs in the league

2nd HR
The runner-up home run total

League
Denoted only for players outside of the modern major leagues

†
Member of the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum

text: American League[edit]

text:
Year
Winner(s)
HR
Team
Runner(s)-up
2nd HR
Ref

1901
Lajoie, NapNap Lajoie†
14
Philadelphia Athletics
Freeman, BuckBuck Freeman
12
[16]

1902
Seybold, SocksSocks Seybold
16
Philadelphia Athletics
Hickman, CharlieCharlie Hickman
Bill Bradley
Buck Freeman
11
[17]

1903
Freeman, BuckBuck Freeman
13
Boston Americans
Hickman, CharlieCharlie Hickman
12
[18]

1904
Davis, HarryHarry Davis
10
Philadelphia Athletics
Murphy, DannyDanny Murphy
Buck Freeman
07c !7
[19]

1905
Davis, HarryHarry Davis
08b !8
Philadelphia Athletics
Stone, GeorgeGeorge Stone
07d !7
[20]

1906
Davis, HarryHarry Davis
12
Philadelphia Athletics
Hickman, CharlieCharlie Hickman
09a !9
[21]

1907
Davis, HarryHarry Davis
08a !8
Philadelphia Athletics
Seybold, SocksSocks Seybold
Danny Hoffman
Ty Cobb†
05 !5
[22]

1908
Crawford, SamSam Crawford†
07b !7
Detroit Tigers
Hinchman, BillBill Hinchman
06b !6
[23]

1909
Cobb, TyTy Cobb†
09b !9
Detroit Tigers
Speaker, TrisTris Speaker†
07a !7
[24]

1910
Stahl, JakeJake Stahl
10
Boston Red Sox
Cobb, TyTy Cobb†
Duffy Lewis
08b !8
[25]

1911
Baker, FrankFrank Baker†
11
Philadelphia Athletics
Speaker, TrisTris Speaker†
Ty Cobb†
08a !8
[26]

1912
Baker, FrankFrank Baker†
Tris Speaker†
10
Philadelphia Athletics
Boston Red Sox
Cobb, TyTy Cobb†
07b !7
[27]

1913
Baker, FrankFrank Baker†
12
Philadelphia Athletics
Crawford, SamSam Crawford†
09b !9
[28]

1914
Baker, FrankFrank Baker†
09a !9
Philadelphia Athletics
Crawford, SamSam Crawford†
08d !8
[29]

1915
Roth, BraggoBraggo Roth
07a !7
Chicago White Sox
Cleveland Indians
Oldring, RubeRube Oldring
06a !6
[30]

1916
Pipp, WallyWally Pipp
12
New York Yankees
Baker, FrankFrank Baker†
10
[31]

1917
Pipp, WallyWally Pipp
09c !9
New York Yankees
Veach, BobbyBobby Veach
08c !8
[32]

1918
Ruth, BabeBabe Ruth†
Tilly Walker
11
Boston Red Sox
Philadelphia Athletics
Baker, FrankFrank Baker†
George Burns
06c !6
[33]

1919
Ruth, BabeBabe Ruth†
29
Boston Red Sox
Walker, TillyTilly Walker
Frank Baker†
George Sisler†
10
[34]

1920
Ruth, BabeBabe Ruth†
54
New York Yankees
Sisler, GeorgeGeorge Sisler†
19
[35]

1921
Ruth, BabeBabe Ruth†
59
New York Yankees
Williams, KenKen Williams
Bob Meusel
24
[36]

1922
Williams, KenKen Williams
39
St. Louis Browns
Walker, TillyTilly Walker
37
[37]

1923
Ruth, BabeBabe Ruth†
41
New York Yankees
Williams, KenKen Williams
29
[38]

1924
Ruth, BabeBabe Ruth†
46
New York Yankees
Hauser, JoeJoe Hauser
27
[39]

1925
Meusel, BobBob Meusel
33
New York Yankees
Ruth, BabeBabe Ruth†
Williams, KenKen Williams
25
[40]

1926
Ruth, BabeBabe Ruth†
47
New York Yankees
Simmons, AlAl Simmons†
19
[41]

1927
Ruth, BabeBabe Ruth†
60
New York Yankees
Gehrig, LouLou Gehrig†
47
[42]

1928
Ruth, BabeBabe Ruth†
54
New York Yankees
Gehrig, LouLou Gehrig†
27
[43]

1929
Ruth, BabeBabe Ruth†
46
New York Yankees
Gehrig, LouLou Gehrig†
35
[44]

1930
Ruth, BabeBabe Ruth†
49
New York Yankees
Gehrig, LouLou Gehrig†
41
[45]

1931
Ruth, BabeBabe Ruth†
Lou Gehrig†
46
New York Yankees
Averill, EarlEarl Averill
32
[46]

1932
Foxx, JimmieJimmie Foxx†
58
Philadelphia Athletics
Ruth, BabeBabe Ruth†
41
[47]

1933
Foxx, JimmieJimmie Foxx†
48
Philadelphia Athletics
Ruth, BabeBabe Ruth†
34
[48]

1934
Gehrig, LouLou Gehrig†
49
New York Yankees
Foxx, JimmieJimmie Foxx†
44
[49]

1935
Greenberg, HankHank Greenberg†
Jimmie Foxx†
36
Detroit Tigers
Philadelphia Athletics
Gehrig, LouLou Gehrig†
30
[50]

1936
Gehrig, LouLou Gehrig†
49
New York Yankees
Trosky, HalHal Trosky
42
[51]

1937
DiMaggio, JoeJoe DiMaggio†
46
New York Yankees
Greenberg, HankHank Greenberg†
40
[52]

1938
Greenberg, HankHank Greenberg†
58
Detroit Tigers
Foxx, JimmieJimmie Foxx†
50
[53]

1939
Foxx, JimmieJimmie Foxx†
35
Boston Red Sox
Greenberg, HankHank Greenberg†
33
[54]

1940
Greenberg, HankHank Greenberg†
41
Detroit Tigers
Foxx, JimmieJimmie Foxx†
36
[55]

1941
Williams, TedTed Williams†
37
Boston Red Sox
Keller, CharlieCharlie Keller
33
[56]

1942
Williams, TedTed Williams†
36
Boston Red Sox
Laabs, ChetChet Laabs
27
[57]

1943
York, RudyRudy York
34
Detroit Tigers
Keller, CharlieCharlie Keller
31
[58]

1944
Etten, NickNick Etten
22
New York Yankees
Stephens, VernVern Stephens
20
[59]

1945
Stephens, VernVern Stephens
24
St. Louis Browns
Cullenbine, RoyRoy Cullenbine
Nick Etten
Rudy York
18
[60]

1946
Greenberg, HankHank Greenberg†
44
Detroit Tigers
Williams, TedTed Williams†
38
[61]

1947
Williams, TedTed Williams†
32
Boston Red Sox
Gordon, JoeJoe Gordon†
29
[62]

1948
DiMaggio, JoeJoe DiMaggio†
39
New York Yankees
Gordon, JoeJoe Gordon†
32
[63]

1949
Williams, TedTed Williams†
43
Boston Red Sox
Stephens, VernVern Stephens
39
[64]

1950
Rosen, AlAl Rosen
37
Cleveland Indians
Dropo, WaltWalt Dropo
34
[65]

1951
Zernial, GusGus Zernial
33
Chicago White Sox
Philadelphia Athletics
Williams, TedTed Williams†
30
[66]

1952
Doby, LarryLarry Doby†
32
Cleveland Indians
Easter, LukeLuke Easter
31
[67]

1953
Rosen, AlAl Rosen
43
Cleveland Indians
Zernial, GusGus Zernial
42
[68]

1954
Doby, LarryLarry Doby†
32
Cleveland Indians
Williams, TedTed Williams†
29
[69]

1955
Mantle, MickeyMickey Mantle†
37
New York Yankees
Zernial, GusGus Zernial
30
[70]

1956
Mantle, MickeyMickey Mantle†
52
New York Yankees
Wertz, VicVic Wertz
32
[71]

1957
Sievers, RoyRoy Sievers
42
Washington Senators
Williams, TedTed Williams†
38
[72]

1958
Mantle, MickeyMickey Mantle†
42
New York Yankees
Colavito, RockyRocky Colavito
41
[73]

1959
Killebrew, HarmonHarmon Killebrew†
Rocky Colavito
42
Washington Senators
Cleveland Indians
Lemon, JimJim Lemon
33
[74]

1960
Mantle, MickeyMickey Mantle†
40
New York Yankees
Maris, RogerRoger Maris
39
[75]

1961
Maris, RogerRoger Maris
61
New York Yankees
Mantle, MickeyMickey Mantle†
54
[76]

1962
Killebrew, HarmonHarmon Killebrew†
48
Minnesota Twins
Cash, NormNorm Cash
39
[77]

1963
Killebrew, HarmonHarmon Killebrew†
45
Minnesota Twins
Stuart, DickDick Stuart
42
[78]

1964
Killebrew, HarmonHarmon Killebrew†
49
Minnesota Twins
Powell, BoogBoog Powell
39
[79]

1965
Conigliaro, TonyTony Conigliaro
32
Boston Red Sox
Cash, NormNorm Cash
30
[80]

1966
Robinson, FrankFrank Robinson†
49
Baltimore Orioles
Killebrew, HarmonHarmon Killebrew†
39
[81]

1967
Yastrzemski, CarlCarl Yastrzemski†
Harmon Killebrew†
44
Boston Red Sox
Minnesota Twins
Howard, FrankFrank Howard
36
[82]

1968
Howard, FrankFrank Howard
44
Washington Senators
Horton, WillieWillie Horton
36
[83]

1969
Killebrew, HarmonHarmon Killebrew†
49
Minnesota Twins
Howard, FrankFrank Howard
48
[84]

1970
Howard, FrankFrank Howard
44
Washington Senators
Killebrew, HarmonHarmon Killebrew†
41
[85]

1971
Melton, BillBill Melton
33
Chicago White Sox
Jackson, ReggieReggie Jackson†
Norm Cash
32
[86]

1972
Allen, DickDick Allen
37
Chicago White Sox
Murcer, BobbyBobby Murcer
33
[87]

1973
Jackson, ReggieReggie Jackson†
32
Oakland Athletics
Burroughs, JeffJeff Burroughs
Frank Robinson†
30
[88]

1974
Allen, DickDick Allen
32
Chicago White Sox
Jackson, ReggieReggie Jackson†
29
[89]

1975
Jackson, ReggieReggie Jackson†
George Scott
36
Oakland Athletics
Milwaukee Brewers
Mayberry, JohnJohn Mayberry
34
[90]

1976
Nettles, GraigGraig Nettles
32
New York Yankees
Jackson, ReggieReggie Jackson†
Sal Bando
27
[91]

1977
Rice, JimJim Rice†
39
Boston Red Sox
Nettles, GraigGraig Nettles
Bobby Bonds
37
[92]

1978
Rice, JimJim Rice†
46
Boston Red Sox
Hisle, LarryLarry Hisle
Don Baylor
34
[93]

1979
Thomas, GormanGorman Thomas
45
Milwaukee Brewers
Lynn, FredFred Lynn
Jim Rice†
39
[94]

1980
Jackson, ReggieReggie Jackson†
Ben Oglivie
41
New York Yankees
Milwaukee Brewers
Thomas, GormanGorman Thomas
38
[95]

1981
Grich, BobbyBobby Grich
Eddie Murray†
Dwight Evans
Tony Armas
22
California Angels
Baltimore Orioles
Boston Red Sox
Oakland Athletics
Thomas, GormanGorman Thomas
Greg Luzinski
21
[96]

1982
Jackson, ReggieReggie Jackson†
Gorman Thomas
39
California Angels
Milwaukee Brewers
Winfield, DaveDave Winfield†
37
[97]

1983
Rice, JimJim Rice†
39
Boston Red Sox
Armas, TonyTony Armas
36
[98]

1984
Armas, TonyTony Armas
43
Boston Red Sox
Kingman, DaveDave Kingman
35
[99]

1985
Evans, DarrellDarrell Evans
40
Detroit Tigers
Fisk, CarltonCarlton Fisk†
37
[100]

1986
Barfield, JesseJesse Barfield
40
Toronto Blue Jays
Kingman, DaveDave Kingman
35
[101]

1987
McGwire, MarkMark McGwire
49
Oakland Athletics
Bell, GeorgeGeorge Bell
47
[102]

1988
Canseco, JoséJosé Canseco
42
Oakland Athletics
McGriff, FredFred McGriff
34
[103]

1989
McGriff, FredFred McGriff
36
Toronto Blue Jays
Carter, JoeJoe Carter
35
[104]

1990
Fielder, CecilCecil Fielder
51
Detroit Tigers
McGwire, MarkMark McGwire
39
[105]

1991
Canseco, JoséJosé Canseco
Cecil Fielder
44
Oakland Athletics
Detroit Tigers
Ripken, Jr., CalCal Ripken, Jr.†
34
[106]

1992
González, JuanJuan González
43
Texas Rangers
McGwire, MarkMark McGwire
42
[107]

1993
González, JuanJuan González
46
Texas Rangers
Griffey, Jr., KenKen Griffey, Jr.†
45
[108]

1994
Griffey, Jr., KenKen Griffey, Jr.†
40
Seattle Mariners
Thomas, FrankFrank Thomas†
38
[109]

1995
Belle, AlbertAlbert Belle
50
Cleveland Indians
Buhner, JayJay Buhner
Frank Thomas†
40
[110]

1996
McGwire, MarkMark McGwire
52
Oakland Athletics
Anderson, BradyBrady Anderson
50
[111]

1997
Griffey, Jr., KenKen Griffey, Jr.†
56
Seattle Mariners
Martinez, TinoTino Martinez
44
[5]

1998
Griffey, Jr., KenKen Griffey, Jr.†
56
Seattle Mariners
Belle, AlbertAlbert Belle
49
[112]

1999
Griffey, Jr., KenKen Griffey, Jr.†
48
Seattle Mariners
Palmeiro, RafaelRafael Palmeiro
47
[113]

2000
Glaus, TroyTroy Glaus
47
Anaheim Angels
Giambi, JasonJason Giambi
Frank Thomas†
43
[114]

2001
Rodriguez, AlexAlex Rodriguez
52
Texas Rangers
Thome, JimJim Thome
49
[115]

2002
Rodriguez, AlexAlex Rodriguez
57
Texas Rangers
Thome, JimJim Thome
52
[116]

2003
Rodriguez, AlexAlex Rodriguez
47
Texas Rangers
Delgado, CarlosCarlos Delgado
42
[117]

2004
Ramírez, MannyManny Ramírez
43
Boston Red Sox
Konerko, PaulPaul Konerko
David Ortiz
41
[118]

2005
Rodriguez, AlexAlex Rodriguez
48
New York Yankees
Ortiz, DavidDavid Ortiz
47
[119]

2006
Ortiz, DavidDavid Ortiz
54
Boston Red Sox
Dye, JermaineJermaine Dye
44
[120]

2007
Rodriguez, AlexAlex Rodriguez
54
New York Yankees
Peña, CarlosCarlos Peña
46
[121]

2008
Cabrera, MiguelMiguel Cabrera
37
Detroit Tigers
Quentin, CarlosCarlos Quentin
36
[122]

2009
Peña, CarlosCarlos Peña
Mark Teixeira
39
Tampa Bay Rays
New York Yankees
Bay, JasonJason Bay
Aaron Hill
36
[123]

2010
Bautista, JoséJosé Bautista
54
Toronto Blue Jays
Konerko, PaulPaul Konerko
39
[124]

2011
Bautista, JoséJosé Bautista
43
Toronto Blue Jays
Granderson, CurtisCurtis Granderson
41
[125]

2012
Cabrera, MiguelMiguel Cabrera
44
Detroit Tigers
Granderson, CurtisCurtis Granderson
Hamilton, JoshJosh Hamilton
43
[126]

2013
Davis, ChrisChris Davis
53
Baltimore Orioles
Cabrera, MiguelMiguel Cabrera
44
[127]

2014
Cruz, NelsonNelson Cruz
40
Baltimore Orioles
Carter, ChrisChris Carter
37
[128]

2015
Davis, ChrisChris Davis
47
Baltimore Orioles
Cruz, NelsonNelson Cruz
44
[129]

2016
Trumbo, MarkMark Trumbo
47
Baltimore Orioles
Cruz, NelsonNelson Cruz
43
[130]

2017
Judge, AaronAaron Judge
52
New York Yankees
Davis, KhrisKhris Davis
43
[131]

text: National League[edit]

text:
Year
Winner(s)
HR
Team
Runner(s)-up
2nd HR
Ref

1876
Hall, GeorgeGeorge Hall
05 !5
Philadelphia Athletics (NL)
Jones, CharleyCharley Jones
04 !4
[132]

1877
Pike, LipLip Pike
04 !4
Cincinnati Reds
Shafer, OratorOrator Shafer
03 !3
[133]

1878
Hines, PaulPaul Hines
04 !4
Providence Grays
Jones, CharleyCharley Jones
03 !3
[134]

1879
Jones, CharleyCharley Jones
09 !9
Boston Red Caps
O'Rourke, JimJim O'Rourke†
06 !6
[135]

1880
Stovey, HarryHarry Stovey
Jim O'Rourke†
06 !6
Worcester Ruby Legs
Boston Red Caps
Jones, CharleyCharley Jones
05 !5
[136]

1881
Brouthers, DanDan Brouthers†
08 !8
Buffalo Bisons
Bennett, CharlieCharlie Bennett
07 !7
[137]

1882
Wood, GeorgeGeorge Wood
07 !7
Detroit Wolverines
Muldoon, MikeMike Muldoon
Dan Brouthers†
06 !6
[138]

1883
Ewing, BuckBuck Ewing†
10
New York Giants
Denny, JerryJerry Denny
Joe Hornung
08 !8
[139]

1884
Williamson, NedNed Williamson
27
Chicago White Stockings
Pfeffer, FredFred Pfeffer
25
[140]

1885
Dalrymple, AbnerAbner Dalrymple
11
Chicago White Stockings
Kelly, KingKing Kelly†
09 !9
[141]

1886
Brouthers, DanDan Brouthers†
Hardy Richardson
11
Detroit Wolverines
Anson, CapCap Anson†
10
[142]

1887
O'Brien, BillyBilly O'Brien
19
Washington Nationals
Connor, RogerRoger Connor†
17
[143]

1888
Ryan, JimmyJimmy Ryan
16
Chicago White Stockings
Connor, RogerRoger Connor†
14
[144]

1889
Thompson, SamSam Thompson†
20
Philadelphia Quakers
Denny, JerryJerry Denny
18
[145]

1890
Burns, OysterOyster Burns
Mike Tiernan
Walt Wilmot
13
Brooklyn Bridegrooms
New York Giants
Chicago Colts
Long, HermanHerman Long
08 !8
[146]

1891
Tiernan, MikeMike Tiernan
Harry Stovey
16
New York Giants
Boston Beaneaters
Wilmot, WaltWalt Wilmot
11
[147]

1892
Holliday, BugBug Holliday
13
Cincinnati Reds
Connor, RogerRoger Connor†
12
[148]

1893
Delahanty, EdEd Delahanty†
19
Philadelphia Phillies
Clements, JackJack Clements
17
[149]

1894
Duffy, HughHugh Duffy†
18
Boston Beaneaters
Joyce, BillBill Joyce
Bobby Lowe
17
[150]

1895
Thompson, SamSam Thompson†
18
Philadelphia Phillies
Joyce, BillBill Joyce
17
[151]

1896
Joyce, BillBill Joyce†
Ed Delahanty†
13
Philadelphia Phillies
Washington/New York
Thompson, SamSam Thompson†
12
[152]

1897
Duffy, HughHugh Duffy†
11
Boston Beaneaters
Davis, GeorgeGeorge Davis†
10
[153]

1898
Collins, JimmyJimmy Collins†
15
Boston Beaneaters
Joyce, BillBill Joyce
Honus Wagner†
10
[154]

1899
Freeman, BuckBuck Freeman
25
Washington Senators
Wallace, BobbyBobby Wallace
12
[155]

1900
Long, HermanHerman Long
12
Boston Beaneaters
Flick, ElmerElmer Flick†
11
[156]

1901
Crawford, SamSam Crawford†
16
Cincinnati Reds
Sheckard, JimmyJimmy Sheckard
11
[157]

1902
Leach, TommyTommy Leach
06 !6
Pittsburgh Pirates
Beckley, JakeJake Beckley†
05 !5
[158]

1903
Sheckard, JimmyJimmy Sheckard
09 !9
Brooklyn Superbas
Moran, PatPat Moran
Tommy Leach
Mike Donlin
Sam Mertes
Cy Seymour
Ginger Beaumont
07 !7
[159]

1904
Lumley, HarryHarry Lumley
09 !9
Brooklyn Superbas
Brain, DaveDave Brain
07 !7
[160]

1905
Odwell, FredFred Odwell
09 !9
Cincinnati Reds
Seymour, CyCy Seymour
08 !8
[161]

1906
Jordan, TimTim Jordan
12
Brooklyn Superbas
Lumley, HarryHarry Lumley
09 !9
[162]

1907
Brain, DaveDave Brain
10
Boston Doves
Lumley, HarryHarry Lumley
09 !9
[163]

1908
Jordan, TimTim Jordan
12
Brooklyn Superbas
Wagner, HonusHonus Wagner†
10
[164]

1909
Murray, RedRed Murray
07 !7
New York Giants
Becker, BealsBeals Becker
Tommy Leach
Larry Doyle
06 !6
[165]

1910
Schulte, FrankFrank Schulte
Fred Beck
10
Boston Doves
Chicago Cubs
Daubert, JakeJake Daubert
Larry Doyle
08 !8
[166]

1911
Schulte, FrankFrank Schulte
21
Chicago Cubs
Luderus, FredFred Luderus
16
[167]

1912
Zimmerman, HeinieHeinie Zimmerman
14
Chicago Cubs
Schulte, FrankFrank Schulte
12
[168]

1913
Cravath, GavvyGavvy Cravath
19
Philadelphia Phillies
Luderus, FredFred Luderus
18
[169]

1914
Cravath, GavvyGavvy Cravath
19
Philadelphia Phillies
Saier, VicVic Saier
18
[170]

1915
Cravath, GavvyGavvy Cravath
24
Philadelphia Phillies
Williams, CyCy Williams
13
[171]

1916
Williams, CyCy Williams
Dave Robertson
12
Chicago Cubs
New York Giants
Cravath, GavvyGavvy Cravath
11
[172]

1917
Cravath, GavvyGavvy Cravath
Dave Robertson
12
Philadelphia Phillies
New York Giants
Hornsby, RogersRogers Hornsby†
08 !8
[173]

1918
Cravath, GavvyGavvy Cravath
08 !8
Philadelphia Phillies
Cruise, WaltonWalton Cruise
Cy Williams
06 !6
[174]

1919
Cravath, GavvyGavvy Cravath
12
Philadelphia Phillies
Kauff, BennyBenny Kauff
10
[175]

1920
Williams, CyCy Williams
15
Philadelphia Phillies
Meusel, IrishIrish Meusel
14
[176]

1921
Kelly, GeorgeGeorge Kelly†
23
New York Giants
Hornsby, RogersRogers Hornsby†
21
[177]

1922
Hornsby, RogersRogers Hornsby†
42
St. Louis Cardinals
Williams, CyCy Williams
26
[178]

1923
Williams, CyCy Williams
41
Philadelphia Phillies
Fournier, JackJack Fournier
22
[179]

1924
Fournier, JackJack Fournier
27
Brooklyn Robins
Hornsby, RogersRogers Hornsby†
25
[180]

1925
Hornsby, RogersRogers Hornsby†
39
St. Louis Cardinals
Hartnett, GabbyGabby Hartnett
24
[181]

1926
Wilson, HackHack Wilson†
21
Chicago Cubs
Bottomley, JimJim Bottomley†
19
[182]

1927
Williams, CyCy Williams
Hack Wilson†
30
Chicago Cubs
Philadelphia Phillies
Hornsby, RogersRogers Hornsby†
26
[183]

1928
Wilson, HackHack Wilson†
Jim Bottomley†
31
Chicago Cubs
St. Louis Cardinals
Hafey, ChickChick Hafey
27
[184]

1929
Klein, ChuckChuck Klein†
43
Philadelphia Phillies
Ott, MelMel Ott†
42
[185]

1930
Wilson, HackHack Wilson†
56
Chicago Cubs
Klein, ChuckChuck Klein
40
[186]

1931
Klein, ChuckChuck Klein†
31
Philadelphia Phillies
Ott, MelMel Ott†
29
[187]

1932
Klein, ChuckChuck Klein†
Ott, MelMel Ott†
38
Philadelphia Phillies
New York Giants
Terry, BillBill Terry†
28
[188]

1933
Klein, ChuckChuck Klein†
28
Philadelphia Phillies
Berger, WallyWally Berger
27
[189]

1934
Ott, MelMel Ott†
Ripper Collins
35
New York Giants
St. Louis Cardinals
Berger, WallyWally Berger
34
[190]

1935
Berger, WallyWally Berger
34
Boston Braves
Ott, MelMel Ott†
31
[191]

1936
Ott, MelMel Ott†
33
New York Giants
Camilli, DolphDolph Camilli
28
[192]

1937
Ott, MelMel Ott†
Joe Medwick†
31
New York Giants
St. Louis Cardinals
Camilli, DolphDolph Camilli
27
[193]

1938
Ott, MelMel Ott†
36
New York Giants
Goodman, IvalIval Goodman
30
[194]

1939
Mize, JohnnyJohnny Mize†
28
St. Louis Cardinals
Ott, MelMel Ott†
27
[195]

1940
Mize, JohnnyJohnny Mize†
43
St. Louis Cardinals
Nicholson, BillBill Nicholson
25
[196]

1941
Camilli, DolphDolph Camilli
34
Brooklyn Dodgers
Ott, MelMel Ott†
27
[197]

1942
Ott, MelMel Ott†
30
New York Giants
Camilli, DolphDolph Camilli
Johnny Mize
26
[198]

1943
Nicholson, BillBill Nicholson
29
Chicago Cubs
Ott, MelMel Ott†
18
[199]

1944
Nicholson, BillBill Nicholson
33
Chicago Cubs
Ott, MelMel Ott†
26
[200]

1945
Holmes, TommyTommy Holmes
28
Boston Braves
Workman, ChuckChuck Workman
25
[201]

1946
Kiner, RalphRalph Kiner†
23
Pittsburgh Pirates
Mize, JohnnyJohnny Mize†
22
[202]

1947
Kiner, RalphRalph Kiner†
Johnny Mize†
51
Pittsburgh Pirates
New York Giants
Marshall, WillardWillard Marshall
36
[203]

1948
Kiner, RalphRalph Kiner†
Johnny Mize†
40
Pittsburgh Pirates
New York Giants
Musial, StanStan Musial†
39
[204]

1949
Kiner, RalphRalph Kiner†
54
Pittsburgh Pirates
Musial, StanStan Musial†
36
[205]

1950
Kiner, RalphRalph Kiner†
47
Pittsburgh Pirates
Pafko, AndyAndy Pafko
36
[206]

1951
Kiner, RalphRalph Kiner†
42
Pittsburgh Pirates
Hodges, GilGil Hodges
40
[207]

1952
Kiner, RalphRalph Kiner†
Hank Sauer
37
Pittsburgh Pirates
Chicago Cubs
Hodges, GilGil Hodges
32
[208]

1953
Mathews, EddieEddie Mathews†
47
Milwaukee Braves
Snider, DukeDuke Snider†
42
[209]

1954
Kluszewski, TedTed Kluszewski
49
Cincinnati Reds
Hodges, GilGil Hodges
42
[210]

1955
Mays, WillieWillie Mays†
51
New York Giants
Kluszewski, TedTed Kluszewski
47
[211]

1956
Snider, DukeDuke Snider†
43
Brooklyn Dodgers
Adcock, JoeJoe Adcock
Frank Robinson†
38
[212]

1957
Aaron, HankHank Aaron†
44
Milwaukee Braves
Banks, ErnieErnie Banks†
43
[213]

1958
Banks, ErnieErnie Banks†
47
Chicago Cubs
Thomas, FrankFrank Thomas
35
[214]

1959
Mathews, EddieEddie Mathews†
46
Milwaukee Braves
Banks, ErnieErnie Banks†
45
[215]

1960
Banks, ErnieErnie Banks†
41
Chicago Cubs
Aaron, HankHank Aaron†
40
[216]

1961
Cepeda, OrlandoOrlando Cepeda†
46
San Francisco Giants
Mays, WillieWillie Mays†
40
[217]

1962
Mays, WillieWillie Mays†
49
San Francisco Giants
Aaron, HankHank Aaron†
45
[218]

1963
McCovey, WillieWillie McCovey†
Hank Aaron†
44
San Francisco Giants
Milwaukee Braves
Mays, WillieWillie Mays†
38
[219]

1964
Mays, WillieWillie Mays†
47
San Francisco Giants
Williams, BillyBilly Williams†
33
[220]

1965
Mays, WillieWillie Mays†
52
San Francisco Giants
McCovey, WillieWillie McCovey†
39
[221]

1966
Aaron, HankHank Aaron†
44
Atlanta Braves
Allen, DickDick Allen
40
[222]

1967
Aaron, HankHank Aaron†
39
Atlanta Braves
Wynn, JimJim Wynn
37
[223]

1968
McCovey, WillieWillie McCovey†
36
San Francisco Giants
Allen, DickDick Allen
33
[224]

1969
McCovey, WillieWillie McCovey†
45
San Francisco Giants
Aaron, HankHank Aaron†
44
[225]

1970
Bench, JohnnyJohnny Bench†
45
Cincinnati Reds
Williams, BillyBilly Williams†
42
[226]

1971
Stargell, WillieWillie Stargell†
48
Pittsburgh Pirates
Aaron, HankHank Aaron†
47
[227]

1972
Bench, JohnnyJohnny Bench†
40
Cincinnati Reds
Colbert, NateNate Colbert
38
[228]

1973
Stargell, WillieWillie Stargell†
44
Pittsburgh Pirates
Johnson, DaveyDavey Johnson
43
[229]

1974
Schmidt, MikeMike Schmidt†
36
Philadelphia Phillies
Bench, JohnnyJohnny Bench†
33
[230]

1975
Schmidt, MikeMike Schmidt†
38
Philadelphia Phillies
Kingman, DaveDave Kingman
36
[231]

1976
Schmidt, MikeMike Schmidt†
38
Philadelphia Phillies
Kingman, DaveDave Kingman
37
[232]

1977
Foster, GeorgeGeorge Foster
52
Cincinnati Reds
Burroughs, JeffJeff Burroughs
41
[233]

1978
Foster, GeorgeGeorge Foster
40
Cincinnati Reds
Luzinski, GregGreg Luzinski
35
[234]

1979
Kingman, DaveDave Kingman
48
Chicago Cubs
Schmidt, MikeMike Schmidt†
45
[235]

1980
Schmidt, MikeMike Schmidt†
48
Philadelphia Phillies
Horner, BobBob Horner
35
[236]

1981
Schmidt, MikeMike Schmidt†
31
Philadelphia Phillies
Dawson, AndreAndre Dawson†
24
[237]

1982
Kingman, DaveDave Kingman
37
New York Mets
Murphy, DaleDale Murphy
36
[238]

1983
Schmidt, MikeMike Schmidt†
40
Philadelphia Phillies
Murphy, DaleDale Murphy
36
[239]

1984
Schmidt, MikeMike Schmidt†
Dale Murphy
36
Philadelphia Phillies
Atlanta Braves
Carter, GaryGary Carter†
27
[240]

1985
Murphy, DaleDale Murphy
37
Atlanta Braves
Parker, DaveDave Parker
34
[241]

1986
Schmidt, MikeMike Schmidt†
37
Philadelphia Phillies
Davis, GlennGlenn Davis
Dave Parker
31
[242]

1987
Dawson, AndreAndre Dawson†
49
Chicago Cubs
Murphy, DaleDale Murphy
44
[243]

1988
Strawberry, DarrylDarryl Strawberry
39
New York Mets
Davis, GlennGlenn Davis
30
[244]

1989
Mitchell, KevinKevin Mitchell
47
San Francisco Giants
Johnson, HowardHoward Johnson
36
[245]

1990
Sandberg, RyneRyne Sandberg†
40
Chicago Cubs
Strawberry, DarrylDarryl Strawberry
37
[246]

1991
Johnson, HowardHoward Johnson
38
New York Mets
Williams, MattMatt Williams
34
[247]

1992
McGriff, FredFred McGriff
35
San Diego Padres
Bonds, BarryBarry Bonds
34
[248]

1993
Bonds, BarryBarry Bonds
46
San Francisco Giants
Justice, DavidDavid Justice
40
[249]

1994
Williams, MattMatt Williams
43
San Francisco Giants
Bagwell, JeffJeff Bagwell†
39
[250]

1995
Bichette, DanteDante Bichette
40
Colorado Rockies
Walker, LarryLarry Walker
Sammy Sosa
36
[251]

1996
Galarraga, AndrésAndrés Galarraga
47
Colorado Rockies
Bonds, BarryBarry Bonds
Gary Sheffield
42
[252]

1997
Walker, LarryLarry Walker
49
Colorado Rockies
Bagwell, JeffJeff Bagwell†
43
[6]

1998
McGwire, MarkMark McGwire
70
St. Louis Cardinals
Sosa, SammySammy Sosa
66
[253]

1999
McGwire, MarkMark McGwire
65
St. Louis Cardinals
Sosa, SammySammy Sosa
63
[254]

2000
Sosa, SammySammy Sosa
50
Chicago Cubs
Bonds, BarryBarry Bonds
49
[255]

2001
Bonds, BarryBarry Bonds
73
San Francisco Giants
Sosa, SammySammy Sosa
64
[256]

2002
Sosa, SammySammy Sosa
49
Chicago Cubs
Bonds, BarryBarry Bonds
46
[257]

2003
Thome, JimJim Thome
47
Philadelphia Phillies
Sexson, RichieRichie Sexson
Barry Bonds
45
[258]

2004
Beltré, AdriánAdrián Beltré
48
Los Angeles Dodgers
Dunn, AdamAdam Dunn
Albert Pujols
46
[259]

2005
Jones, AndruwAndruw Jones
51
Atlanta Braves
Lee, DerrekDerrek Lee
46
[260]

2006
Howard, RyanRyan Howard
58
Philadelphia Phillies
Pujols, AlbertAlbert Pujols
49
[261]

2007
Fielder, PrincePrince Fielder
50
Milwaukee Brewers
Howard, RyanRyan Howard
47
[262]

2008
Howard, RyanRyan Howard
48
Philadelphia Phillies
Dunn, AdamAdam Dunn
40
[263]

2009
Pujols, AlbertAlbert Pujols
47
St. Louis Cardinals
Fielder, PrincePrince Fielder
46
[264]

2010
Pujols, AlbertAlbert Pujols
42
St. Louis Cardinals
Dunn, AdamAdam Dunn
38
[265]

2011
Kemp, MattMatt Kemp
39
Los Angeles Dodgers
Fielder, PrincePrince Fielder
38
[266]

2012
Braun, RyanRyan Braun
41
Milwaukee Brewers
Stanton, GiancarloGiancarlo Stanton
37
[267]

2013
Álvarez, PedroPedro Álvarez
Paul Goldschmidt
36
Pittsburgh Pirates
Arizona Diamondbacks
Bruce, JayJay Bruce
30
[268]

2014
Stanton, GiancarloGiancarlo Stanton
37
Miami Marlins
Rizzo, AnthonyAnthony Rizzo
32
[269]

2015
Arenado, NolanNolan Arenado
Bryce Harper
42
Colorado Rockies
Washington Nationals
González, CarlosCarlos González
40
[270]

2016
Arenado, NolanNolan Arenado
Carter, ChrisChris Carter
41
Colorado Rockies
Milwaukee Brewers
Bryant, KrisKris Bryant
39
[271]

2017
Stanton, GiancarloGiancarlo Stanton
59
Miami Marlins
Bellinger, CodyCody Bellinger
39
[272]

text: Other major leagues[edit]

text:
Year
Winner(s)
HR
Team
League
Runner(s)-up
2nd HR
Ref

1882
Walker, OscarOscar Walker
07 !7
St. Louis Brown Stockings
American Association
Browning, PetePete Browning
05 !5
[273]

1883
Stovey, HarryHarry Stovey
14
Philadelphia Athletics
American Association
Jones, CharleyCharley Jones
10
[274]

1884
Reilly, JohnJohn Reilly†
11
Cincinnati Red Stockings
American Association
Stovey, HarryHarry Stovey
10
[275]

1884
Dunlap, FredFred Dunlap
13
St. Louis Maroons
Union Association
Crane, EdEd Crane
12
[276]

1885
Stovey, HarryHarry Stovey
13
Philadelphia Athletics
American Association
Fennelly, FrankFrank Fennelly
10
[277]

1886
McPhee, BidBid McPhee†
08 !8
Cincinnati Red Stockings
American Association
Stovey, HarryHarry Stovey
Dave Orr
07 !7
[278]

1887
O'Neill, TipTip O'Neill
14
St. Louis Browns
American Association
Reilly, JohnJohn Reilly
10
[279]

1888
Reilly, JohnJohn Reilly
13
Cincinnati Red Stockings
American Association
Stovey, HarryHarry Stovey
09 !9
[280]

1889
Stovey, HarryHarry Stovey
Bug Holliday
19
Cincinnati Red Stockings
Philadelphia Athletics
American Association
Duffee, CharlieCharlie Duffee
16
[281]

1890
Campau, CountCount Campau
09 !9
St. Louis Browns
American Association
Cartwright, EdEd Cartwright
08 !8
[282]

1890
Connor, RogerRoger Connor†
14
New York Giants
Players' League
Richardson, HardyHardy Richardson
13
[283]

1891
Farrell, DukeDuke Farrell
12
Boston Reds
American Association
Milligan, JockoJocko Milligan
Denny Lyons
11
[284]

1914
Zwilling, DutchDutch Zwilling
16
Chicago Chi-Feds
Federal League
Kenworthy, BillBill Kenworthy
15
[285]

1915
Chase, HalHal Chase
17
Buffalo Blues
Federal League
Zwilling, DutchDutch Zwilling
13
[286]


document_title: City commission government

question_text: why did galveston texas replace its city government with a commission

root

text: City commission government

text: City commission government is a form of local government in the United States. In a city commission government, voters elect a small commission, typically of five to seven members, on a plurality-at-large voting basis.

tag: p

text: These commissioners constitute the legislative body of the city and, as a group, are responsible for taxation, appropriations, ordinances, and other general functions. Individual commissioners are also assigned executive responsibility for a specific aspect of municipal affairs, such as public works, finance, or public safety. This form of government thus blends legislative and executive branch functions in the same body.

text: One commissioner may be designated to function as chairman or mayor, but this largely is a procedural, honorific, or ceremonial designation and typically does not involve additional powers beyond that exercised by the other commissioners. Chairing meetings is the principal role. Such a "mayor" is in many ways similar to the "weak mayor" form of mayor–council government, but without any direct election for the office. However, some cities with this form of government, such as Portland, Oregon, have an elected mayor.

text: History[edit]

text: This form of government originated in Galveston, Texas as a response to the Galveston Hurricane of 1900, mainly for the reason that extra support was needed in certain areas. After its constitutionality was tested and confirmed, this form of government quickly became popular across the state of Texas and spread to other parts of the United States.

text: Des Moines, Iowa became the first city outside Texas to adopt this form.[1]

text: Portland, Oregon remains the only large city in the United States that still has a city commission form of government.[2] A measure to change to the council-manager form of government was defeated 76%-24% on the May 2007 ballot.[3]

text: As a form, commission government once was common, but has largely been supplanted as many cities that once used it have since switched to the council-manager form of government. Proponents of the council-manager form typically consider the city commission form to be the predecessor of, not the alternative to, the council-manager form of government.[1] The council-manager form of government developed, at least in part, as a response to some perceived limitations of the commission form. In the council-manager form, the elected council exercises the legislative power of the city and appoints a manager, who possesses the executive power. Thus the executive powers, divided among the commissioners in a commission form, are instead concentrated in the manager, who then delegates responsibility to department heads and other staff members. The council-manager form became the preferred alternative for progressive reform, and after World War I, very few cities adopted the commission form and many cities using the commission plan switched to the council-manager form. Galveston itself changed forms in 1960.[1]


document_title: Bowling at the Summer Olympics

question_text: why is ten pin bowling not an olympic sport

text: Bowling at the Summer Olympics

text:
Bowling at the Summer Olympics

Governing body
FIQ

Events
2 (men: 1; women: 1; mixed: 0)

Games

1896
1900
1904
1908
1912
1920

1924
1928
1932
1936
1948
1952

1956
1960
1964
1968
1972
1976

1980
1984
1988
1992
1996
2000

2004
2008
2012
2016
2020

Medalists

tag: table

text: Bowling was featured in the Summer Olympic Games demonstration programme in 1988 in at the Seoul’s Royal Bowling Center on 18 September 1988. A a total of 20 nations competed in the men's and women's tournament. No bowling professionals competed in the demonstration events.

text: Post-1988 lobby[edit]

text: The bowling industry lobbied long and hard for bowling to be recognized as a worthy demonstration sport for future Games, but the outcome was not successful. A negative factor is that bowling lacks inexpensive or easy access for youth in the underdeveloped world to acquire skill and proficiency.[1]

text: Sport for the 2020 Summer Olympics[edit]

text: On 22 June 2015 it was announced that bowling made the cut from the 28 sports to the last eight to become a new sport for the 2020 Summer Olympics. The shortlist of these sports for consideration was based on applications from 26 international sport federations, many of which have applied for inclusion in previous Olympic tournaments.[2] However, in September 2015 it was announced that bowling, together with wushu and squash, were left out for 2020. The 2020 Olympic Committee wanted sports that appeal to youth and would not require building new facilities to reduce cost.[3]


document_title: History of Multan

question_text: multan was named by arab as city of

question_tokens: multan was named by arab as city of

text: History of Multan

text: Early history[edit]

text: Multan was ruled by the various native empires[1] before the invasion of Alexander the Great. It is said that when Alexander was fighting for the city, a poisoned arrow struck him, making him ill and eventually leading to his death. The exact place where Alexander was hit by the arrow can be seen in the old city premises. It is believed to be the same city as "Maii-us-than", where Alexander's forces stormed the citadel after seeing their king injured and unconscious on the field of battle. Multan was part of the Mauryan and the Gupta empires that ruled much of northern India. In the mid-5th century, the city was attacked by a group of nomads led by Toramana. These nomads were successful in taking the city, but did not stay, and the long-standing Hindu rule over the city was re-established. The noted Chinese traveller Huen Tsang visited Multan in 641.

text: During the early period, Multan was known as the city of gold for its large and wealthy temples. The Sun temple, Suraj Mandir, was considered one of the largest and wealthiest temples in the entire sub-continent. Numerous historians have written about this extremely large Hindu temple that housed over 6,000 people within it. Other famous sites included the Suraj Kund ("pool of the Sun") and Temple of Prahladapuri. Story of Prahlada from whom the temple took its name.[citation needed]

text: According to native legends and mythology, Multan was the capital of ancient Trigarta Kingdom at the time of Mahabharta and ruled by Katoch Clan of Kshatriya Rajputs. Prahlada was the son of King Hiranyakashipu. Hiranyakashipu held sway over this country and condemned the gods and forbade the paying of homage in their name. Prahlada was recognized as being a very devoted follower of Vishnu, much to his father's disappointment. As Prahlada grows in age, his father Hiranyakashipu becomes upset at his devotion to Vishnu, who he sees as his mortal enemy. Eventually his anger leads him to attempt to kill the boy Prahlada in many ways, but each time Prahlada is protected by Vishnu's mystical power. Finally in disgust Hiranyakashipu points to a particular pillar and asks if his Vishnu is in it? Prahlada answers "He is". Hiranyakashipu, unable to control his anger, smashes the pillar with his mace, it burst in two and out sprang the god Vishnu in the form of a man-lion form called Narasimha Avatar who laid the King across his knees and ripped his stomach open with his claws. A temple devoted to Narasimha Avatar of Vishnu is built. The temple of Prahladpuri Temple is situated close to the shrine of Bahawal Huk. Currently its roof and surrounding building have been damaged but the pillar is no more. The Idol was shifted from temple to a new place near old fruit market. Now it has been relocated at Haridwar, where it was brought in 1947 by Narayan Das Baba.

text: Early Muslim era[edit]

text: In the 7th century, Multan had its first arrival of the Muslim armies. Armies led by Al Muhallab ibn Abi Suffrah launched numerous raids from Persia into India in 664 for inclusion of the area into their empires.[non-primary source needed]

text:
“
In the same year Abdool Ruhman Bin Shimur, another Arab Ameer of distinction, marched from Merv to Kabul, where he made converts of upwards of twelve thousand persons. At the same time, also Mohalib Bin Aby-Suffra, proceeding with a detachment from thence, in the direction of India, penetrated as far as Multan: when having plundered the country, he returned to the headquarters of the army at Khorassan, bringing with him many prisoners, who were compelled to become converts to the faith.[2]
”

text: However, only a few decades later, Muhammad bin Qasim would come on behalf of the Arabs, and take Multan along with Sindh. His conquest was accompanied by much plundering[non-primary source needed]:

text:
“
He then crossed the Biyas, and went towards Multan. Muhammad Bin Qasim destroyed the water-course; upon which the inhabitants, oppressed with thirst, surrendered at discretion. He massacred the men capable of bearing arms, but the children were taken captive, as well as ministers of the temple, to the number of 6,000. The Muslims found there much gold in a chamber ten cubits long by eight broad.[3]
”

text: Following bin Qasim's conquest, the city was securely under Muslim rule, although it was in effect an independent state, but around the start of the 11th century, the city was attacked twice by Mahmud of Ghazni who destroyed the Sun Temple and broke its giant Idol. A graphic detail is available in Al-Biruni's writings:

text:
“
A famous idol of theirs was that of Multan, dedicated to the sun, and therefore called Aditya. It was of wood and covered with red Cordovan leather; in its two eyes were two red rubies. It is said to have been made in the last Kritayuga. When Muhammad Ibn Alkasim Ibn Almunaibh conquered Multan, he inquired how the town had become so very flourishing and so many treasures had there been accumulated, and then he found out that this idol was the cause, for there came pilgrims from all sides to visit it. Therefore, he thought it best to have the idol where it was, but he hung a piece of cow's flesh on its neck by way of mockery. On the same place a mosque was built. When the Karmatians occupied Multan, Jalam Ibn Shaiban, the usurper, broke the idol into pieces and killed its priests.[4]
”

text: During this era, the Multan Sun Temple was noted by the 10th century Arab geographer Al-Muqaddasi to have been located in a most populous part of the city,[5] between the city's ivory and coppersmith bazaars.[6] The Hindu temple was noted to have accrued the Muslim rulers large tax revenues,[7][8] by some accounts up to 30% of the state's revenues.[9][10]

text: Ismailis[edit]

text: By the mid 10th century, Multan had come under the influence of the Qarmatians. The Qarmatians had been expelled from Egypt and Iraq following their defeat at the hands of the Abbasids there. Qarmatians zealots had famously sacked Mecca,[11] and outraged the Muslim world with their theft and ransom of the Kaaba's Black Stone, and desecration of the Zamzam Well with corpses during the Hajj season of 930 CE.[12] They wrested control of the city from the pro-Abbasid Amirate of Banu Munabbih,[13] and established the Amirate of Multan, and pledged allegiance to the Fatimid Dynasty based in Cairo.[6][8][14]

text: Jalam bin Shayban, a proselytizing Da'i that had been dispatched to the region by the Fatimid Caliph Imam al-Mu'izz,[15] was dispatched to replace the city's previous Da'i who had been accused of promoting a syncretic version of Islam that incorporated Hindu rites[9] – though his replacement was likely the result of doctrinal differences regarding succession in the Ismaili Imamate.[5][16]

text: Jalam bin Shayban, established newly converted Katara Rajputs as its rulers. Soon after, Multan was attacked by the Ghaznavids, destabilizing the Ismaili state. Mahmud of Ghazna invaded Multan in 1005, conducting a series of campaigns during which some Ismailis were massacred while most later converted to Sunni Hanafi fiqh.[17] The city was surrendered, and Abdul Fateh Daud was permitted to retain control over the city with the condition that he adhere to the Sunni interpretation of Islam.[18] Mahmud appointed a Hindu-convert, Nawasa Khan, to rule the region in Mahmud's absentia. After being granted power, Niwasa Khan renounced Islam, and attempted to secure control of the region in collusion with Abdul Fateh Daud.[18] Mahmud of Ghazni then led another expedition to Multan in 1007 C.E. against Niwasa Khan, who was then captured and forced to relinquish his personal fortune to Ghazni.[18]

text: In an effort to gain his allegiance, the Fatimid Ismaili Imam-caliph al-Hakim dispatched an envoy to Sultan Mahmud Ghaznavi two years later. This attempt appeared to be unsuccessful and the Ghaznawids continued to attack other Ismaili strongholds in Sindh to suppress any resurgence of the community in the region. In 1032, Mahmud’s very own vizier, Hasanak was executed for having accepted a cloak from the Imam-caliph on suspicions that he had become an adherent of the Ismaili fiqh.[17]

text: Mahmud’s purges of the region led several scholars including Stern to believe that the Ghaznawid purges of the region drove out Ismailism from the area, however, recently discovered letters dating to 1083 and 1088 demonstrate continued Ismaili activity in the region, as the Imam-caliph Mustansir dispatched new da’is to replace those who were killed in the attacks.[17]

text: Like his predecessor, Mahmud of Ghazni, Muhammad of Ghor first took, in 1178, the Ismaili Multan sultans in northern Sindh, which had regained independence from Ghaznavid rule.[19] Muhammad Ghori as a part of his campaigns to conquer north India, again massacred them.[20]

text: After Sultan Muhammad Ghori's victories in India, and his establishment of a capital in Delhi, Multan was made a part of his empire. However, the rise of the Mongols would again give it some independence, albeit requiring it to be vigilant against Mongol raids from Central Asia.

text: The Qarmatians came to Multan in the 10th century and were expelled in 1175 by Sultan Muhammad Ghori.

text: Mughal era[edit]

text: The Mughals controlled the Punjabi region from 1524 until around 1739. Padshah (emperor) Akbar established at Multan one of his original twelve subahs (imperial top-level provinces) roughly covering Punjab, bordering Kabul, Lahore, (Old) Delhi, Ajmer, Thatta (Sindh) subahs, the Persian Safavid empire[citation needed] and shortly Qandahar subah.

text: Under the Mughal Empire, Multan enjoyed over 200 years of peace, and became known as Dar al-Aman (Abode of Peace). The Khakwani Nawabs of Multan gave it a lot of financial stability and growth to the local farming sector. It was at this time that Multan was ruled by Nawab Ali Mohammad Khan Khakwani. As governor of Multan, he built the famous Mosque Ali Mohammad Khan in 1757 which remains to this day. Many buildings were constructed in this time, and agricultural production grew rapidly. The Khakwani Nawabs of Multan at this time were paying homage to the Afghan king but due to lack of power in Delhi and Kabul they had free rein and were the de facto absolute rulers of Multan. Multan at that time included areas which are part of Vehari, Bahawalpur, and Dera Ghazi Khan districts. The city escaped the destruction brought upon India by the armies of Nadir Shah. Afterwards it was ruled from Kabul by numerous Afghan dynasties for a while. The Delhi Sultanate and later Mughal Empire ruled the region. The Multan region became predominantly Muslim due to missionary Sufi saints whose dargahs dot the landscape of Punjab region. After the decline of the Mughal Empire, the Maratha and Sikh invaded and occupied Multan.

text: Maratha Empire[edit]

text: In 1758, the Maratha Empire's general Raghunathrao marched onwards, conquered Lahore and Attock and defeated Timur Shah Durrani, the son and viceroy of Ahmad Shah Abdali. Lahore, Multan, Kashmir and other subahs on the eastern side of Attock were under the Maratha rule for the most part. In Punjab and Kashmir, the Marathas plundered the prosperous Mughal cities.[21][22] Maratha general Bapuji Trimbak was given the charge of guarding Multan and Dera Ghazi Khan from Afghans. Maratha rule in Multan was short-lived as Durrani re-captured the city in November 1759.[23]

text: Sikh era[edit]

text: After Ahmad Shah Durrani's dynasty went into decline, it was ruled locally by the Pashtun Khakwani and Sadozai chieftains. The Sadozais having gained the favour of the king and having the Khakwani Nawab removed. This period saw the rise of Sikh power, who attacked Multan, killeing the Sadozai Nawab, took over the city. The Khakwanis had moved out of the city at that time and lived in small walled cities around main Multan.

text: The Khokhars and Khatri Muslims occupied Multan intermittently between 1756 and 1763 displacing replacing ruling Sadozai member by Khakwani nawab or his brother, son or even son-in-law, this was most turbulent period in history of Multan resulting administration getting paralyzed and inviting attack from misl from Gujranwal. Jhanda Singh and Ganda Singh attacked again in 1764. However, attempts to take the Multan fort failed and they retreated after collecting several million rupees loot from the ruler Muzaffar Khan Saddozai.

text: In the 19th century, the Sikh ruler Maharaja Ranjit Singh with his capital at Lahore occupied Multan. Sikh armies under General Hari Singh Nalwa defeated the ruler of Multan, Muzaffar Khan Saddozai. The death of Muzaffar Khan was in fact the death of Muslim rule in Multan.

text: British era[edit]

text: Siege of Multan[edit]

text: The Siege of Multan began on 19 April 1848 when local Sikhs murdered two emissaries of the British Raj who were present at the reception of the new governor of Multan who had been selected by the British East India Company.[24] Rebellion engulfed the Multan region under the leadership of Diwan Mulraj Chopra.[24] The British soon launched expeditions against Mulraj, capturing the nearby town of Dera Ghazi Khan.[24] The British then defeated Mulraj's forces at a settlement 4 miles from Multan on 1 July 1848, and captured most guns belonging to Mulraj's army.[24] General William S. Whish was ordered in July 1848 to take 7,000 men with him into order to capture Multan, where Mulraj had been encircled. Much of the force was Sikhs, who in October 1848 defected to Mulraj's forces, forcing General Whish to abandon his first attempt to conquer Multan.[24] By December 1848, the British had captured portions of Multan city's outskirts. In January 1849, the British had amassed a force of 12,000 to conquer Multan.[24] On 22 January 1849, the British had breached the walls of the Multan Fort, leading to the surrender of Mulraj and his forces to the British.[24]

text: After a long and bloody battle, Multan was made part of the British Raj. During this time, Sardar Karan Narain's son became an icon during the British Raj and was awarded titles 'Rai Bahadur' and Knighted 'Sir' by Her Majesty. The British built some rail routes to the city, but its industrial capacity was never fully developed.

text: Post-independence[edit]

text: The predominantly Muslim population supported Muslim League and Pakistan Movement. After the independence of Pakistan in 1947, the minority Hindus and Sikhs migrated to India while the Muslim refugees from India settled in the Multan. It initially lacked industry, hospitals and universities. Since then, there has been some industrial growth, and the city's population is continually growing. Today, it is one of the country's largest urban centres and remains an important settlement in the Southern Punjab.


document_title: List of cities in India by area

question_text: top 10 cities in india in terms of area

question_tokens: top 10 cities in india in terms of area

text: List of cities in India by area

text: The below list is about the area of largest cities in India. The cities are ranked by the area governed by local political bodies such as Municipality or Municipal Corporation .[1]

text:
Sl. No.
City
State / UT
Area (km2)
Ref

1
Bengaluru*
Karnataka
709

2
Hyderabad*
Telangana & Andhra Pradesh
650
[2]

3
Pune
Maharashtra
610

4
Mumbai*
Maharashtra
603
[3]

5
Jaipur
Rajasthan
467

6
Ahmedabad
Gujarat
464

7
Chennai
Tamil Nadu
426
[4]

8
Kolkata
West Bengal
185
.
 [5]

9
Vizag
Andhra Pradesh
185
[6]

10
Kanpur*
Uttar Pradesh
404
[7]


document_title: Dark as a Dungeon

question_text: who wrote the song dark as a dungeon

question_tokens: who wrote the song dark as a dungeon

text: Dark as a Dungeon

text: This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
"Dark as a Dungeon"

Song by Merle Travis

Released
1946 (1946)

Songwriter(s)
Merle Travis

text: "Dark as a Dungeon" is a song written by singer-songwriter Merle Travis. It is a lament about the danger and drudgery of being a coal miner in a shaft mine. It has become a rallying song among miners seeking improved working conditions.

text: The song achieved much of its fame when it was performed by Johnny Cash in his Folsom Prison concert (At Folsom Prison). During this live performance, one of the prisoners in the background was laughing, and Cash started to chuckle. He gently admonished the man, "No laughing during the song, please!" The man yelled something about "Hell!" and Cash answered, "I know, 'hell'!" When he finished the song, Cash made a comment that was largely repeated, somewhat out of context, by Joaquin Phoenix in the 2005 film Walk the Line: "I just wanted to tell you that this show is being recorded for an album released on Columbia Records, so you can't say 'hell' or 'shit' or anything like that."[1]

text: Recorded versions[edit]

text: This section may contain indiscriminate, excessive, or irrelevant examples. Please improve the article by adding more descriptive text and removing less pertinent examples. See Wikipedia's guide to writing better articles for further suggestions. (September 2017)

text:
Merle Travis on Folk Songs of the Hills, 1946
Cisco Houston, Early 1950s
Tennessee Ernie Ford, (1955)
Harry Belafonte on "The Many Moods of Belafonte" (1962)
Grandpa Jones, 1963
Wolfe Tones on "Foggy Dew" -as "Down in the Mines" (1965)
The Twiliters on "In Concert" (1966)
Johnny Cash on "At Folsom Prison" (1968)
Merle Travis with The Nitty Gritty Dirt Band on Will the Circle Be Unbroken (1972)
Peter Grudzien on The Garden Of Love
Dolly Parton on 9 to 5 and Odd Jobs (1980)
The Weavers on Together Again (1980)
The Spinners on In our Liverpool Home as "Lure of the Mines" (1983)
Patrick Sky, 1985
Wall of Voodoo on Seven Days in Sammystown (1985)
The Seldom Scene with Charlie Waller on 15th Anniversary Celebration (1988)
Frank Tovey on Tyranny and the Hired Hand (1989)
Souled American on Sonny (1992)
The Chieftains with Vince Gill on Down the Old Plank Road: The Nashville Sessions (2002)
Marley's Ghost on Ghost Country (1996)
Queens of the Stone Age, 2005 [2]
Mark Linkous (recording as Sparklehorse) MOJO Magazine Tribute CD to Johnny Cash (2006)
Charlie Louvin on Sings Murder Ballads and Disaster Songs (2008)
Kathy Mattea on Coal (2008)
Willie Nelson on Country Music (2010)
Amy Grant on the Lee C. Camp & Friends specialty album, Tokens 9: "Back to Green" (2010) [3]
Maddox Brothers and Rose 1950
John Darnielle of The Mountain Goats on The Front Porch Sessions (The Front Porch Festival, 2012)
Slobberbone recorded a version of Dark as a dungeon in 1998 on the Your excuse EP
The Journeymen on Coming Attraction - Live (1962)
The rebel Krot - 2014
Fret! on the "Killing Nico EP" (2016)
John Cowan (2000) Self-titled CD for Sugar Hill Records
John Mellencamp (2017)[4]
Heather Pierson Acoustic Trio (2017) on Singin'

tag: ul

text: Published versions[edit]

text: Rise Up Singing page 145


document_title: Esse quam videri

question_text: what is the state motto for north carolina

text: Esse quam videri

text: History[edit]

text: Esse quam videri is found in Cicero's essay On Friendship (Laelius de Amicitia, chapter 98). Virtute enim ipsa non tam multi praediti esse quam videri volunt ("Few are those who wish to be endowed with virtue rather than to seem so").

text: Just a few years after Cicero, Sallust used the phrase in his Bellum Catilinae (54.6), writing that Cato the Younger esse quam videri bonus malebat ("He preferred to be good rather than to seem so").

text: Previous to both Romans, Aeschylus used a similar phrase in Seven Against Thebes at line 592, at which the scout (angelos) says of the seer/priest Amphiaraus: οὐ γὰρ δοκεῖν ἄριστος, ἀλλ᾽ εἶναι θέλει (ou gàr dokeîn áristos, all' eînai thélei: "he doesn't want to seem, but to be the bravest"). Plato quoted this line in Republic (361b).

text: Niccolò Machiavelli reversed the phrase to videri quam esse (to seem rather than to be).[1]

text: Usage as a motto[edit]

text: This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: North Carolina[edit]

text: Esse quam videri is the state motto of North Carolina, adopted in 1893.[citation needed]

text: Schools and colleges[edit]

text: Esse quam videri is (or was) the motto of a number of schools and colleges around the world, including:

text:
Academy at the Lakes, Land O Lakes, Florida
Academy of the Holy Names, Tampa, Florida
Accra Academy, Accra, Ghana
Albert Academy, Freetown, Sierra Leone
Amarillo High School, Amarillo, Texas
S. Anselm's Preparatory School, Bakewell, England
Appalachian State University (1899), Boone, North Carolina
Ashford School (1899), Ashford, Kent, England
Ashville College (1877), Harrogate, England
Augusta Preparatory Day School (1972), Augusta, Georgia, USA
Bedford College, University of London until c.1990, when Bedford and Royal Holloway Colleges merged and it became the motto of the joint college
Berklee College of Music, Boston, Massachusetts, USA and Valencia, Spain
Bordentown Military Institute, (1881-1973), Bordentown, NJ, USA
Boys' Latin School of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
Brigham Young University Men's Chorus, Provo, Utah, USA
Clifton House Preparatory School, Harrogate, England
Colyton Grammar School (1546), Colyford, England
Columbia College Chicago (1890), Chicago, Illinois, USA
Connells Point Public School, Sydney, Australia[2]
Cranbrook School Sydney (1918), Sydney, Australia
Desert Heights Preparatory Academy, Glendale, Arizona[3]
Darwin High School, Darwin, Australia[4]
Ellis Robins High School, Harare, Zimbabwe
The Ellis School, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
Esquimalt High School,[5] Esquimalt, British Columbia
The Episcopal Academy, Newtown Square, Pennsylvania, USA
The Forest School, Winnersh, Wokingham, Berkshire, England
Groton School (1884), Groton, Massachusetts, USA. The motto changed to Cui Servire est Regnare ("To whom to serve is to reign") shortly after the school's founding.
The Hermitage School (1906), Geelong, Australia; which has subsequently become that of The Hermitage House, Geelong Grammar School.
Hartford Public High School, Hartford, Connecticut, USA
Highsted Grammar School, Sittingbourne, Kent, England
Homewood School, Tenterden, Kent, England
Hudson Catholic High School, Hudson, Massachusetts
The Hemel Hempstead School (1931), Hemel Hempstead, England.[6]
Instituto Metodista Bennett (1888), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil[7]
JMA Armstrong High School, Salisbury, New Brunswick, Canada
John Caldwell School, Grand Falls, New Brunswick, Canada
The King's College, New York (House of Susan B. Anthony)
Kingsley School, Leamington Spa, Warwickshire, England
Kutama College, Norton, Zimbabwe
Lane College, Jackson, Tennessee, USA[8]
Magee Secondary School, Vancouver, British Columbia
Miami Coral Park Senior High School, Miami, Florida, USA
Montreat College, Montreat, North Carolina
Moravian Academy, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania; current motto is "mind, body, spirit",
Mountlake Terrace High School, Mountlake Terrace, Washington
National University of Health Sciences (previously National Chiropractic College), Lombard, Illinois[9]
Peace College (1857), Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
Queen's College, Queenstown, South Africa
Regent's University London, England
Rhodesway School (1958), Bradford, UK
Rockridge Secondary School, West Vancouver, British Columbia
Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey, England
St. Joseph's College in Patchogue, New York, United States.
St. Malachy's Memorial High School, Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada.[10]
St Thomas à Becket Catholic College, Wakefield, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom
Salisbury School, Salisbury, Connecticut, USA
Selaiyur Hall, Madras Christian College, Chennai, India
Seton Hall High School, Patchogue, New York, United States[11]
Southampton Grammar School for Girls[12] Southampton, UK
Streetsville Secondary School, Streetsville, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
Suffield Academy, Suffield, Connecticut, USA
The Taieri High School, Mosgiel, Otago, New Zealand
Thomas Jefferson Classical Academy (1999–present), Rutherford County, North Carolina[13]
Trevecca Nazarene University, Nashville, Tennessee
Truro School[14] (1880–present), Truro, Cornwall, England
Boys' Latin School of Maryland (1844), Baltimore, Maryland, USA
University of North Carolina at Charlotte (1946), Charlotte, North Carolina, USA
University of Tampa, Tampa, Florida
Villa Devoto School[15] (1908), Buenos Aires, Argentina
Wavell State High School, Brisbane, Australia
St Audries School, West Quantoxhead, Taunton, Somerset, England (since closed and now a hotel)
Woodward Career Technical High School (formerly Woodward High School),[16] Cincinnati, Ohio, USA (Alma mater of William Howard Taft, 27th president of the United States)
Wyomissing Area Junior/Senior High School,[17] Wyomissing, Pennsylvania
Yeovil School,[18] Yeovil, Somerset, England

text: Sororities[edit]

text: Esse quam videri is the motto of the following sororities:

text:
Delta Phi Epsilon sorority,[19] founded in 1917 at New York University Law School.
House of Susan B. Anthony,[20] founded exclusively at The King's College NYC.
Phi Delta Alpha,[21] founded in 2002 at University of Oklahoma
Alpha Chi Lambda,[22] founded in 1998 at Trinity University in San Antonio, TX.

text: Fraternities[edit]

text: Esse quam videri is the motto of the following fraternities:

text:
Phi Gamma Nu, National Professional Fraternity in Business, est. Northwestern University 1924.
Lambda Kappa Sigma,[23] founded in 1913 at Massachusetts College of Pharmacy.

text: Sporting organisations[edit]

text:
Kingswood Rugby Football Club, Bristol, UK, use a variant of the motto, "Esse Non Videri" as their club motto.[24]
White Wolves MC,[25] Oradea, RO, use a variant of the motto, "Esse Quam Videri Malim" as their club motto.
Outcast Cyclists[26], U.K. And worldwide use "Esse Quam Videri" as their club motto.

text: Companies[edit]

text:
Brepols Publishers, as found on their older books: "Melius esse quam videri"
Swire Group[27] esp. its shipping branch, The China Navigation Company.
The phrase is found on the Sibley Mill along the Augusta Canal in Augusta, Georgia. The structure was completed in 1882 and operated until 2006.

text: Other organizations[edit]

text: Esse quam videri is also the motto of

text:
the honor society The Order of Scroll and Key at Dickinson College.
The Archon Society at Kenyon College.
The National Honor & Merit Scholars Society.[28]
the Carolina Wilderness EMS Externship, a wilderness EMS training program based in western North Carolina.[29]
the Brigham Young University Men's Chorus.[30]
No. 77 Squadron RAF (active during three periods between 1916 and 1963) used the variant, Esse potius quam videri with the same meaning.
The U. S. Consortium of Metropolitan Medical Directors (Eagles).[31]
The Pan Hellenic Society of Silliman University, Philippines. [32]

text: Popular culture[edit]

text: Television personality Stephen Colbert inverted the statement on his show The Colbert Report to Videri Quam Esse,[33] meaning "to seem to be rather than to be." It is also engraved across the faux hearth, above the video fireplace, in his studio, under his portrait.

text: The funk metal band Mordred features a song called Esse quam videri on their 1991 album In This life.


document_title: 10 Things I Hate About You

question_text: who plays chastity in 10 things i hate about you

text: 10 Things I Hate About You

text: Plot[edit]

text: Cameron James, a new student at Padua High School in the Seattle area, becomes instantly smitten with popular sophomore Bianca Stratford. Geeky Michael Eckman warns him that Bianca is vapid and conceited, and that her overprotective father does not allow Bianca or her older sister, the shrewish Kat, to date. Kat, a senior, is accepted to Sarah Lawrence College in New York, but her father, Walter, wants her to stay close to home. Bianca wishes to date affluent senior Joey Donner, but Walter, an obstetrician worrisome of teenage pregnancy, will not allow his daughters to date until they graduate. Frustrated by Bianca's insistence and Kat's rebelliousness, Walter declares that Bianca may date only when Kat does, knowing that Kat's antisocial attitude makes this unlikely.

text: When Cameron asks Bianca out, she informs him of her father's new rule and, as a pretense for allowing her to date Joey, suggests that Cameron find someone willing to date Kat. Cameron selects "bad boy" Patrick Verona, but Patrick scares him off. Michael assists by convincing Joey to pay Patrick to take out Kat, under the pretense that this will allow Joey to date Bianca. Patrick agrees to the deal, but Kat rebuffs his first few advances. Michael and Cameron help him by prying Bianca for information on Kat's likes and dislikes. Armed with this knowledge, Patrick begins to win Kat's interest. She goes to a party with him, which enables Bianca to go as well, much to Walter's dismay.

text: At the party, Kat becomes upset when she sees Bianca with Joey, and responds by getting drunk. Patrick attends to her, and Kat starts to open up, expressing her interest in starting a band. However, when she tries to kiss him, Patrick pulls away and Kat leaves, infuriated. Meanwhile, Bianca ignores Cameron in favor of Joey, leaving Cameron dejected. Bianca soon realizes, however, that Joey is shallow and self-absorbed, and asks Cameron for a ride home. Cameron admits his feelings for her and his frustration with how she has treated him. Bianca responds by kissing him.

text: Joey offers to pay Patrick to take Kat to the prom so he can take Bianca. Patrick initially refuses, but relents when Joey offers him more money. Kat is still angry with Patrick, but he wins her over by serenading her with the accompaniment of the marching band, and she helps him sneak out of detention. They go on a date which turns romantic, but Kat becomes suspicious and angry when Patrick insists that she go with him to the prom, an event she is adamantly against. Bianca is irritated that Cameron hasn't asked her to the prom, and so accepts Joey's invitation, but Walter won't allow it unless Kat goes too. Kat confesses to Bianca that she dated Joey when they were freshmen and, succumbing to peer pressure, had sex with him. Afterward she regretted it and Joey dumped her, so she vowed to never again do anything just because everyone else was doing it. Bianca insists that she can make her own choices, so Kat agrees to go to the prom with Patrick, and Bianca decides to go with Cameron instead of Joey.

text: All is going well at the prom until Bianca learns that Joey planned to have sex with her that night. Angry that Bianca has spurned him for Cameron, Joey reveals his arrangement with Patrick, which causes Kat to leave heartbroken. Joey then punches Cameron, but is in turn beaten up by Bianca for having hurt her, Kat, and Cameron. Bianca and Cameron share another kiss.

text: The next day, Bianca reconciles with Kat and begins dating Cameron. Walter admits that Kat is capable of taking care of herself, and gives her permission to attend Sarah Lawrence College. For an assignment in which the students were required to write their own version of William Shakespeare's Sonnet 141, Kat reads aloud a poem titled "10 Things I Hate About You", revealing that she still loves Patrick. Patrick surprises her with a guitar bought with the money that Joey paid him, and confesses that he has fallen for her. Kat forgives him, and the two reconcile with a kiss.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Julia Stiles as Katarina "Kat" Stratford, the antisocial, shrewish elder Stratford sister.
Heath Ledger as Patrick Verona, the "bad boy" who is hired to date Kat and falls for her in the process.
Joseph Gordon-Levitt as Cameron James, the new student at Padua High School who is smitten with Bianca and goes to great lengths to win her favor.
Larisa Oleynik as Bianca Stratford, the younger of the two Stratford sisters, superficial and popular.
Larry Miller as Walter Stratford, an obstetrician and single parent who is overprotective of his daughters, Kat and Bianca.
Andrew Keegan as Joey Donner, an affluent, self-absorbed high school senior and aspiring model who intends to have sex with Bianca, and to that end pays Patrick to date Kat.
David Krumholtz as Michael Eckman, a geek who assists Cameron in his quest to woo Bianca, and in the process tries to woo Kat's friend Mandella.
Susan May Pratt as Mandella, Kat's only close friend and an aficionado of William Shakespeare, who ends up going to the prom with Michael.
Gabrielle Union as Chastity Church, Bianca's best friend, who betrays Bianca by going out with Joey when Bianca spurns him.
Daryl Mitchell as Mr. Morgan, teacher of Kat, Patrick, and Joey's English class.
Allison Janney as Ms. Perky, Padua High School's guidance counselor and a writer of erotic literature.
David Leisure as Mr. Chapin, coach of the girls' soccer team.
Greg Jackson as "Scurvy", a friend of Patrick.
Kyle Cease as Bogey Lowenstein, a golf enthusiast and member of a clique of aspiring MBAs.
The band Letters to Cleo (singer Kay Hanley, guitarists Greg McKenna and Michael Eisenstein, bassist Scott Riebling, and drummer Jason Sutter) appears as the band performing at Club Skunk, playing their songs "Come On" and "Co-Pilot", and playing a cover version of Cheap Trick's "I Want You to Want Me" on the school's rooftop during the closing credits. Hanley and Eisenstein also appear in the prom scene, performing a cover of Nick Lowe's "Cruel to Be Kind" with Save Ferris.
The band Save Ferris (singer Monique Powell, guitarist Brian Mashburn, bassist Bill Uechi, trumpeter José Castellaños, trombonist Brian Williams, saxophonist Eric Zamora, and drummer Evan Kilbourne) appears as the band performing at the prom, playing their songs "I Know" and "Can't Stop" as well as covers of The Isley Brothers' "Shout" and Nick Lowe's "Cruel to Be Kind".

text: Production[edit]

text: Many of the scenes were filmed on location at Stadium High School and at a house in the Proctor District of Tacoma, Washington. The prom sequence was shot over three days in Seattle.[2]

text: Costume designer Kim Tillman designed original dresses for Larisa Oleynik and Julia Stiles as well as the period outfits for Susan May Pratt and David Krumholtz. Gabrielle Union's snakeskin prom dress is a Betsey Johnson design. Heath Ledger and Joseph Gordon-Levitt's vintage tuxes came from Isadora's in Seattle.[2]

text: The primary tagline is an allusion to a poem written by Elizabeth Barrett Browning from her Sonnets from the Portuguese collection. ("How do I loathe thee? Let me count the ways.") Another tagline is a spoof from Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet ("Romeo, Oh Romeo, Get Out Of My Face.") and another is a line from The Taming of the Shrew that is spoken in the film by Cameron ("I burn, I pine, I perish!"). The original script was finalized on November 12, 1997.[3]

text: Release and reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: In its opening weekend, the film grossed US$8,330,681 in 2,271 theaters in the United States and Canada, averaging $3,668 per venue, and ranking number two at the box office (behind The Matrix). It grossed a total of $38,178,166 in the United States and Canada and $15,300,000 in other territories, about $53,500,000 worldwide. The film had an estimated budget of $16 million and is considered a moderate financial and critical success. On October 12, 1999, the Region 1 DVD was released. In the box office, the film is number ten in teen romance, 18th in high school comedies, and ranked 96th in comedies.[4]

text: Critics[edit]

text: The film received generally positive feedback from critics. Geoff Andrew from Time Out praised the film's leads, stating "Stiles grows into her character, and Ledger is effortlessly charming".[5] Roger Ebert gave the film two and a half stars out of four, claiming "I liked the movie's spirit, the actors and some of the scenes. The music, much of it by the band Letters to Cleo, is subtle and inventive while still cheerful".[6] Brad Laidman from Film Threat said the film was "Pure of heart and perfectly executed".[7] Ron Wells, another critic from Film Threat expressed "Of all the teen films released this year, this one is, by far, the best".[8]

text: Entertainment Weekly listed the film at #49 on its list of Best High School Movies.[9]

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the film got a 61% from critics, based on 62 reviews with a rating of 6.1/10. The critical consensus on the site was "Julia Stiles and Heath Ledger add strong performances to an unexpectedly clever script, elevating 10 Things (slightly) above typical teen fare."[10]

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text: 10 Things I Hate About You was a breakout success for stars Stiles, Ledger and Gordon-Levitt.[11][12][13] Gordon-Levitt, Stiles, and Oleynik each received Young Star Award nominations for Best Actor/Actress in a Comedy Film. The movie was nominated for seven Teen Choice Awards: Choice Movie: Breakout Star (Stiles), Choice Movie: Comedy, Choice Movie: Funniest Scene (featuring Krumholtz), Choice Movie: Love Scene (featuring Stiles and Ledger), Choice Movie: Hissy Fit (Gordon-Levitt), Choice Movie: Villain (Gordon-Levitt) and Choice Movie: Soundtrack. The film's casting directors Marcia Ross and Donna Morong won "Best Casting for Feature Film, Comedy" at the Casting Society of America in 1999. In 2000, Stiles won the CFCA Award for "Most Promising Actress" for her role as Kat Stratford (tied with Émilie Dequenne in Rosetta) and an MTV Movie Award for Breakthrough Female Performance. The same year, Ledger was nominated for Best Musical Performance for the song "Can't Take My Eyes Off You".

text: Soundtrack album[edit]

text:
10 Things I Hate About You

Soundtrack album

Released
April 6, 1999

Genre
Alternative rock, ska, pop, funk

Label
Hollywood

text:
Professional ratings

Review scores

Source
Rating

Allmusic
[14]

text:
No.
Title
Writer(s)
Performer
Length

1.
"I Want You to Want Me" (originally performed by Cheap Trick)
Rick Nielsen
Letters to Cleo
3:25

2.
"F.N.T." (from Great Divide, 1996)
Dan Wilson, Jacob Slichter
Semisonic
3:29

3.
"I Know" (contains an interpretation of "Shout", written by O'Kelly Isley, Ronald Isley, and Rudolph Isley and originally performed by The Isley Brothers)
Michael Holton, Miré Molner, Brian Mashburn
Save Ferris
2:52

4.
"Your Winter" (from Fortress, 2000)
Ken Block, Jett Beres, Andrew Copeland, Ryan Newell, Mark Trojanowski, Bill Smith
Sister Hazel
4:39

5.
"Even Angels Fall" (from Key of a Minor, 2000)
Tom Whitlock, Jessica Riddle, Kim Bullard, Penny Framstad
Jessica Riddle
3:27

6.
"New World" (from Leroy, 2001)
Leroy Miller
Leroy
3:02

7.
"Saturday Night"
Rodney Jerkins, Marti Sharron, Dan Sembello
Ta-Gana
4:26

8.
"Atomic Dog" (from Computer Games, 1982)
George Clinton, Garry Shider, David Spradley
George Clinton
4:44

9.
"Dazz" (from Good High, 1976)
Ray Ransom, Edward Irons, Reginald Hargis
Brick
3:24

10.
"The Weakness in Me" (from Walk Under Ladders, 1981)
Joan Armatrading
Joan Armatrading
3:32

11.
"War" (from "My Favourite Game", 1998)
Peter Svensson, Nina Persson
The Cardigans
3:57

12.
"Wings of a Dove" (1983)
Carl Smyth, Graham McPherson
Madness
3:00

13.
"Cruel to Be Kind" (originally performed by Nick Lowe)
Nick Lowe, Ian Gomm
Letters to Cleo
3:01

14.
"One More Thing"
Richard Gibbs
Richard Gibbs
3:01

Total length:
49:59

text: Adaptations[edit]

text: In June 1999, the Scholastic Corporation published a novelization of the story, adapted by David Levithan.[15] The story is retold as it is in the film with each chapter written from the point of view of either Bianca, Cameron, Kat, Patrick, or Michael.

text: In October 2008, ABC Family ordered a pilot episode of 10 Things I Hate About You, a half-hour, single-camera comedy series based on the feature film of the same name. Larry Miller is the only actor from the film to reprise his role in the television series. The director of the film, Gil Junger, directed many of the episodes including the pilot while the film's music composer, Richard Gibbs, also returned to do the show's music. The series was adapted and produced by Carter Covington.[16] The show premiered on July 7, 2009,[17] and lasted 20 episodes.


document_title: List of Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles of 1981

question_text: what song was number one in november 1981

text: This article uses bare URLs for citations, which may be threatened by link rot. Please consider converting them to full citations to ensure the article remains verifiable and maintains a consistent citation style. Several templates and the reFill tool are available to assist in formatting. (reFill documentation) (July 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: These are the Billboard Hot 100 number-one hits of 1981. The longest running number-one single of 1981 is "Physical" by Olivia Newton-John which stayed at the top of the chart for six weeks in 1981 and then for four additional weeks in 1982, with a total of 10 weeks at number-one. This also makes "Physical" the longest running number-one single of the 1980s.

text:
Key

The yellow background indicates the #1 song on Billboard's 1981 Year-End Chart of Pop Singles.

text:
Issue Date

Song

Artist(s)

Reference

January 3

"(Just Like) Starting Over"

John Lennon

[1]

January 10

[2]

January 17

[3]

January 24

[4]

January 31

"The Tide Is High"

Blondie

[5]

February 7

"Celebration"

Kool & the Gang

[6]

February 14

[7]

February 21

"9 to 5"

Dolly Parton

[8]

February 28

"I Love a Rainy Night"

Eddie Rabbitt

[9]

March 7

[10]

March 14

"9 to 5"

Dolly Parton

[11]

March 21

"Keep On Loving You"

REO Speedwagon

[12]

March 28

"Rapture"

Blondie

[13]

April 4

[14]

April 11

"Kiss on My List"

Daryl Hall and John Oates

[15]

April 18

[16]

April 25

[17]

May 2

"Morning Train (Nine to Five)"

Sheena Easton

[18]

May 9

[19]

May 16

"Bette Davis Eyes"

Kim Carnes

[20]

May 23

[21]

May 30

[22]

June 6

[23]

June 13

[24]

June 20

"Stars on 45 Medley"

Stars on 45

[25]

June 27

"Bette Davis Eyes"

Kim Carnes

[26]

July 4

[27]

July 11

[28]

July 18

[29]

July 25

"The One That You Love"

Air Supply

[30]

August 1

"Jessie's Girl"

Rick Springfield

[31]

August 8

[32]

August 15

"Endless Love"

Diana Ross and Lionel Richie

[33]

August 22

[34]

August 29

[35]

September 5

[36]

September 12

[37]

September 19

[38]

September 26

[39]

October 3

[40]

October 10

[41]

October 17

"Arthur's Theme (Best That You Can Do)"

Christopher Cross

[42]

October 24

[43]

October 31

[44]

November 7

"Private Eyes"

Daryl Hall and John Oates

[45]

November 14

[46]

November 21

"Physical"

Olivia Newton-John

[47]

November 28

[48]

December 5

[49]

December 12

[50]

December 19

[51]

December 26

[52]


document_title: List of Indian flags

question_text: which state of india currently has an official state flag

text: List of Indian flags

text: National flag[edit]

text:
Flag
Date
Use
Description

1947–present
National flag of India
A horizontal tricolour of saffron at the top, white in the middle, and green at the bottom. In the centre is a navy blue wheel with twenty-four spokes, known as the Ashoka Chakra.

text: Governmental flag[edit]

text:
Flag
Date
Use
Description

1950–1971[1]
Presidential Standard of India
1st quarter: state emblem (the Lions of Sarnath) to represent national unity; 2nd quarter: elephant from Ajanta Caves to represent patience and strength; 3rd quarter: scales from the Red Fort, Old Delhi to represent justice and economy; 4th quarter: lotus vase from Sarnath to represent prosperity.

text: Ensigns[edit]

text:
Flag
Date
Use
Description

Civil ensign
A Red Ensign with the flag of India in the canton.

State ensign
A Blue Ensign with the flag of India in the canton, and a yellow anchor horizontally in the fly.

text: Military flags[edit]

text: Army[edit]

text:
Flag
Date
Use
Description

Flag of the Indian Army
A red field with the flag of India in the canton, and the Army badge in the fly

Flag of the Chief of Army Staff

text: Air Force[edit]

text:
Flag
Date
Use
Description

Flag of the Indian Air Force
A sky-blue ensign with the flag of India in the canton, and the Air Force roundel in the fly

Flag of the Chief of Air Staff

Flag of Marshal of the Indian Air Force

text: Navy[edit]

text:
Flag
Date
Use
Description

Ensign of the Indian Navy
It is built up of the Indian National Flag, a Vertical and a Horizontal Red Stripe, the Indian State Emblem in golden yellow colour on a white background.

Admiral (Chief of Naval Staff)

Vice Admiral

Rear Admiral

Commodore

text: Coast Guard[edit]

text:
Flag
Date
Use
Description

Ensign of the Indian Coast Guard
A Blue Ensign with the Flag of India in the canton, and the Coast Guard badge in the fly

Flag of Director General of the Indian Coast Guard
A Blue Ensign with the Flag of India in the canton, and the Coast Guard badge in the fly

Flag of Additional Director General of the Indian Coast Guard

Flag of Inspector General of the Indian Coast Guard

text: States and Union territorial flags[edit]

text: De jure state flags[edit]

text: Jammu and Kashmir is the only state to have de jure flag.[2]

text:
Flag
State
Date
Use
Description

Jammu and Kashmir
1972–present
Flag of Jammu and Kashmir
The flag is red to symbolise labour, with three white vertical stripes in the hoist (which do not run the whole height of the flag). The stripes stand for the three divisions of the region namely; (Jammu, Kashmir, and Ladakh). On the right side of the flag is a white plough with the handle facing the stripes. The ratio of the flag to its width is 3:2.

text: Unofficial state flags[edit]

text:
Flag
State
Date
Use
Description

Sikkim
1967-1975
Flag of Sikkim, used as a flag when Sikkim was an independent kingdom before its annexation to India
Buddhist khorlo prayer wheel with the gankyil in the centre, on a field of white with a red border.

text: Historical[edit]

text: Pre-colonial states[edit]

text:
Flag
Date
Use
Description

1206–1526
Flag of Delhi Sultanate
A dark green flag with a black strip left of center.

1336 — 1646
Flag of Vijayanagara Empire
Yellow coloured flag of the Vijayanagara Empire which ruled over South India.

1518–1687
Flag of Kingdom of Golconda
Cyan coloured flag of the Qutb Shahi dynasty which ruled over the Kingdom of Golconda.

1399 — 1950
Flag of Kingdom of Mysore
Red and Brown coloured flag of the Kingdom of Mysore which ruled over most of Karnataka and at its zenith most of south India.

1526–1858
Flag of Mughal Empire
Alam flag that was primarily moss green.[3]

1674–1818
Flag of Maratha Empire (Bhagwa Dhwaj)[4]
A saffron-coloured swallowtail flag.

1799–1849
Flag of Sikh Empire[5]
A red-colored interior and a green coloured exterior.

text: British Colonial India[edit]

text:
Flag
Date
Use
Description

1858–1947
The official state flag of the British Raj for use on land
The flag of the United Kingdom.

c. 1885–1947
Flag of the Governor-General of India
The Union Flag defaced with the insignia of the Order of the Star of India beneath the Imperial Crown of India.

1947–1950
Dark blue field emblazoned with the royal crest (a Tudor Crown surmounted by the lion of England, itself wearing the crown), beneath which was the word 'India' in gold majuscules. Similar to flags used by other Governors-General of Commonwealth realms.

c. 1880–1947
Flag of the British Raj: An unofficial land flag used only to represent British India in international events and associations
A Red Ensign with the Union Flag at the canton, and the Star of India displayed in the fly.

text: (Royal) Indian Marine/(Royal) Indian Navy[edit]

text:
1863–1947
1877–1892 Ensign of Her Majesty's Indian Marine
1892-1928: Ensign of the Royal Indian Marine
1928–1934 Naval jack of the Royal Indian Marine
1934-1947: Naval jack of the Royal Indian Navy
A Blue Ensign with the Union Flag at the canton, and the Star of India displayed in the fly.

1928–1950
1928-1934: Ensign of the Royal Indian Marine
1934-1950: Ensign of the Royal Indian Navy
The White Ensign of the Royal Navy.

1951-1955
1951-1955: Flag of the Commander-in-Chief, Indian Navy
1955: Flag of the Chief of the Naval Staff of the Indian Navy
The St George's Cross.
Ensign of an Admiral in the Royal Navy.

1934-1958
1934-1947: Flag of the Flag Officer Commanding, Royal Indian Navy
1947-1950: Flag of the Commander-in-Chief, Royal Indian Navy
1950-1955: Flag of the Commander-in-Chief, Indian Navy
1955-1958: Flag of the Chief of the Naval Staff of the Indian Navy
Ensign of a Vice-Admiral in the Royal Navy.

1928-1958
1928-1934: Flag of the Flag Officer Commanding, Royal Indian Marine
1934-1950: Flag of a Flag Officer, Royal Indian Navy
1950-1958: Flag of a Flag Officer, Indian Navy
Ensign of a Rear-Admiral in the Royal Navy.

text: French India[edit]

text:
Flag
Date
Use
Description

1667-1791
Flag of the Kingdom of France
Flag of the Kingdom of France.

1791-1794
1791-1792: Flag of the Kingdom of France
1792-1794: Flag of the French First Republic
The flag of France.

1815-1830
Flag of the Kingdom of France under the Bourbon Restoration
Flag of the Kingdom of France.

1794–1804, 1830-1940, 1944-1954
1794-1804: Flag of the French First Republic
1804-1814, 1815: Flag of the First French Empire
1830-1848; Flag of the Kingdom of France
1848-1852: Flag of the French Second Republic
1852-1870: Flag of the Second French Empire
1870-1940: Flag of the French Third Republic and French Empire
1944-1946: Flag of the Provisional Government of the Fourth French Republic
1946-1954: Flag of the French Fourth Republic and French Union
The flag of France.

1940-1944
Flag of French India under Free France
Flag of Free France with the Cross of Lorraine

text: Portuguese India[edit]

text:
Flag
Date
Use
Description

1505–1521
Flag of the Kingdom of Portugal.

1521–1578
Flag of the Kingdom of Portugal.

1578–1640
Flag of the Kingdom of Portugal.

1616–1640
Putative flag of the Kingdom of Portugal.

1640–1667
Flag of the Kingdom of Portugal.

1667–1706
Flag of the Kingdom of Portugal.

1706 - 1750 1826 - 1830
Flag of the Kingdom of Portugal.

1750–1816
Flag of the Kingdom of Portugal.

1816–1826
Flag of the Kingdom of Portugal.

1830–1910
Flag of the Kingdom of Portugal.
Vertical bicolour blue-white. Proportion of the fields: 1:1.

1911–1961 (de facto)/1974 (de jure)
The flag of Portugal. The final state flag of Portuguese India.
Used from the implantation of the Portuguese Republic in 1910. Officially used until 1974, as Portugal only then recognised the Annexation of Portuguese India.

1967 (proposed)
Proposed official flag for Portuguese India in 1967.
Proposal by F.P. de Almeida Langhans. Never actually used.

text: Flags used by the Indian independence movement[edit]

text:
Flag
Date
Use
Description

1906
Calcutta Flag
Three horizontal bands of equal width with the top being orange, the centre yellow, and the bottom green. It had eight half-opened lotus flowers on the top stripe, and a picture of the sun and a crescent moon on the bottom stripe. वन्दे मातरम् (Vande Mātaram) was inscribed in the centre in Devanagari. [Note 1]

1907
Early Indian nationalist flags [Note 2]

1907

1917
Flag of the Home Rule Movement
Five red and four green horizontal stripes
On the upper left quadrant was the Union Jack, which signified the Dominion status that the movement sought to achieve. A crescent and a star, both in white, are set in top fly. Seven white stars are arranged as in the Saptarishi constellation (the constellation Ursa Major), which is sacred to Hindus. [Note 3]

1921
Gandhi's flag, introduced at the Indian National Congress meeting in 1921

1923–1947
The Swaraj Flag, officially adopted by the Congress in 1931

1942–1945
Flag of Provisional Government of Free India
Three horizontal strips of saffron, white, and green, with a springing tiger in the center
Although this symbolised the armed resistance of the Azad Hind Movement led by Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose (as opposed to Gandhian pacifism), the 1931 flag of the Indian National Congress was used when the Indian National Army hoisted its flag in Moirang, Manipur. Both flags were used interchangeably.