document_title: Reservation in India

question_text: when was the reservation policy introduced in india

root

text: Reservation in India

text: Background[edit]

text: The primary objective of the present-day Indian reservation system is to enhance the social and educational status of underprivileged communities and thus improve their lives.[1][verification needed]

tag: p

text: Before independence[edit]

text: Quota systems favouring certain castes and other communities existed before independence in several areas of British India. Demands for various forms of positive discrimination had been made, for example, in 1882 and 1891.[2] Shahu, the Maharaja of the princely state of Kolhapur, introduced reservation in favour of non-Brahmin and backward classes, much of which came into force in 1902. He provided free education to everyone and opened several hostels to make it easier for them to receive it. He also tried to ensure that people thus educated were suitably employed, and he appealed both for a class-free India and the abolition of untouchability. His 1902 measures created 50 per cent reservation for backward communities.[3]

text: The British Raj introduced elements of reservation in the Government of India Act of 1909 and there were many other measures put in place prior to independence.[2] A significant one emerged from the Round Table Conference of June 1932, when the Prime Minister of Britain, Ramsay Macdonald, proposed the Communal Award, according to which separate representation was to be provided for Muslims, Sikhs, Indian Christians, Anglo-Indians, and Europeans. The depressed classes were assigned a number of seats to be filled by election from constituencies in which only they could vote, although they could also vote in other seats. The proposal was controversial: Mahatma Gandhi fasted in protest against it but many among the depressed classes, including their leader, B. R. Ambedkar, favoured it. After negotiations, Gandhi reached an agreement with Ambedkar to have a single Hindu electorate, with Dalits having seats reserved within it. Electorates for other religions, such as Islam and Sikhism, remained separate. This became known as the Poona Pact.[4]

text: After independence[edit]

text: India's affirmative action programme was launched in 1950 and is the oldest such programme in the world.[5]

text: After the independence of India in 1947 there were some major initiatives in favour of the Scheduled Tribes (ST), Scheduled Castes (SC) and Other Backward Classes (OBC).

text: A common form of caste discrimination in India was the practice of untouchability. SCs were the primary targets of the practice, which was outlawed by the new Constitution of India.[6][a]

text: In 1954, the Ministry of Education suggested that 20 per cent of places should be reserved for the SCs and STs in educational institutions with a provision to relax minimum qualifying marks for admission by 5 per cent wherever required. In 1982, it was specified that 15 per cent and 7.5 per cent of vacancies in public sector and government-aided educational institutes should be reserved for the SC and ST candidates, respectively.[8]

text: A significant change began in 1978 when the Mandal Commission was established to assess the situation of the socially and educationally backward classes.[9] The commission did not have exact population figures for the OBCs and so used data from the 1931 census, thus estimating the group's population at 52 per cent.[10] In 1980 the commission's report recommended that a reserved quota for OBCs of 27 per cent should apply in respect of services and public sector bodies operated by the Union Government. It called for a similar change to admissions to institutes of higher education, except where states already had more generous requirements.[9] It was not until the 1990s that the recommendations were implemented in Union Government jobs.[11]

text: The Constitution of India states in article 15(4): "Nothing in [article 15] or in clause (2) of article 29 shall prevent the State from making any special provision for the advancement of any socially and educationally backward classes of citizens of or for the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes."[12] Article 46 of the Constitution states that "The State shall promote with special care the educational and economic interests of the weaker sections of the people, and, in particular, of the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes, and shall protect them from social injustice and all forms of exploitation."[13]

text: The Supreme Court of India ruled in 1992 that reservations could not exceed 50 per cent, anything above which it judged would violate equal access as guaranteed by the Constitution. It thus put a cap on reservations.[14] However, there are state laws that exceed this 50 per cent limit and these are under litigation in the Supreme Court. For example, in the State of Tamil Nadu the caste-based reservation stands at 69 per cent and applies to about 87 per cent of the population.[citation needed]

text: Reservations in elected bodies[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

tag: table

text: In parliament, caste and tribe based reservations are provided to make it more representative.. Today, out of 543 seats in India's parliament, 84 (15.47%) are reserved for SC/Dalits and 47 (8.66%)for ST/Tribes. Allocation of seats for Scheduled Castes and Tribes in the Lok Sabha are made on the basis of proportion of Scheduled Castes and Tribes in the State concerned to that of the total population.

text: A similar percentage of exclusive seats has been provided for members of designated castes and tribes in each state legislature. Local self-governments have caste, tribe and gender based reservation system in place.

text: Reservations in employment[edit]

text: A fixed percentage of India's government and public sector jobs are made exclusive for categories of people largely based on their caste or tribe.

text: The 1992 Supreme Court ruling in the Indra Sawhney case said that reservations in job promotions are "unconstitutional" but allowed its continuation for five years.[15][14] In 1995, the 77th amendment to the Constitution was made to amend Article 16 before the five-year period expired to continue with reservations for SC/STs in promotions.[16] It was further modified through the 85th amendment to give the benefit of consequential seniority to SC/ST candidates promoted by reservation.[17]

text: The 81st amendment was made to the Constitution to permit the government to treat the backlog of reserved vacancies as a separate and distinct group, to which the ceiling of 50 per cent did not apply.[18] The 82nd amendment inserted a provision in Article 335 to enable states to give concessions to SC/ST candidates in promotion.[19]

text: The validity of all the above four amendments was challenged in the Supreme Court through various petitions clubbed together in M. Nagaraj & Others vs. Union of India & Others, mainly on the ground that these altered the Basic Structure of the Constitution. In 2006, the Supreme Court upheld the amendments but stipulated that the concerned state will have to show, in each case, the existence of "compelling reasons" - which include "backwardness", "inadequacy of representation" and overall "administrative efficiency - before making provisions for reservation. The court further held that these provisions are merely enabling provisions. If a state government wishes to make provisions for reservation to SC/STs in promotion, the state has to collect quantifiable data showing backwardness of the class and inadequacy of representation of that class.[20]

text: In 2007, the Government of Uttar Pradesh introduced reservation in job promotions. However, citing the Supreme Court decision, the policy was ruled to be unconstitutional by the Allahabad High Court in 2011.[21] The decision was challenged in the Supreme Court, which upheld it in 2012 by rejecting the government's argument because it failed to furnish sufficient valid data to justify the move to promote employees on a caste basis.[22]

text: Reservations in education[edit]

text: In India scholarships or student aid is available for—SCs, STs, BCs, OBCs, women, Muslims, and other minorities. Only about 0.6% of scholarships or student aid in India is based on merit, given the grossly inadequate representation of above mentioned categories in employment and education due to historic, societal and cultural reasons.[23]

text: The University Grants Commission (UGC) provides financial assistance to universities for the establishment of Special Cells for SC/STs. The cells help universities implement the reservation policy in student admission and staff recruitment processes for teaching and non-teaching jobs. They also help the SC/ST categories integrate with the university community and help remove the difficulties SC/ST individuals may have experienced.[24]

text: New rules implementation of UPA Government do not provide scholarship scheme and reservation quota of students and employees of colleges under central University and State University approved by the UGC.[citation needed]

text: Beneficiary groups of the reservation system[edit]

text: The quota system sets aside a proportion of all possible positions for members of a specific group. Those not belonging to the designated communities can compete only for the remaining positions, while members of the designated communities can compete for either reserved or open position.

text: Seats are reserved for people under the following criteria:

text: Caste[edit]

text: In central-government funded higher education institutions, 22.5% of available seats are reserved for Scheduled Caste (SC) and Scheduled Tribe (ST) students (7.5% for STs, 15% for SCs).[25] This reservation percentage has been raised to 49.5%[25] by including an additional 27% reservation for OBCs. This ratio is followed even in Parliament and all elections where a few constituencies are earmarked for those from certain communities (which will next rotate in 2026 per the Delimitation Commission).

text: The exact percentages vary from state to state:

text:
In Haryana, the reservation is 18%[25] for SCs and 1% for OBCs and 0% for STs, based on local demographics.
In Tamil Nadu, the reservation is 18%[25] for SCs and 1% for STs, based on local demographics.
In Northeast India, especially in Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya, Nagaland and Mizoram, reservation for ST in State Govt. jobs is 80% with only 20% unreserved. In the Central Universities of NEHU(shillong) and Rajiv Gandhi University, 60% of seats are reserved for ST students.
In Andhra Pradesh, 29% of educational institutes and government jobs are reserved for OBCs, 15% for SCs, 6% for STs[26].[27]
In West Bengal, 35% of educational institute seats and government jobs are reserved for SC, ST, and OBC (22% SC, 6% ST, 7% for[28] OBC A & B[29]). In West Bengal there is no reservation on religious basis but some economically and educationally backward Muslim castes (basis surnames pertaining to different profession e.g. cobbler, weaver etc.) have been included along with their Hindu counterparts in OBC list namely OBC A and OBC B, in both lists caste from both communities are there. But in higher educational institutes, till now there is no reservation for the OBC community but there is reservation in regard to admission in primary, secondary and higher secondary studies.[28][29]

tag: ul

text: Gender[edit]

text: The Women's Reservation Bill was passed by the Rajya Sabha on 9 March 2010 by a majority vote of 186 members in favour and 1 against. As of March 2013, the Lok Sabha has not voted on the bill. Critics say gender cannot be held as a basis for reservation alone other factors should also be considered e.g. economic, social conditions of woman candidate especially when applying reservation for educated women. There also is a growing demand for women reservation in pre-existing reservations like OBC, SC/ST, physically handicapped etc. Some groups still demand that reservation for women should be at least 50 per cent as they comprise 50 per cent of the population.[citation needed]

text: In Gujarat, 33% of posts are reserved for females in all government departments and services, such as police, health, education and general administration.[30][31]

text: Religion[edit]

text: There is no reservation granted on the basis of religion in the Central educational institutions at the national level, although reservation has been extended to religious minorities in some states. The Tamil Nadu government has allotted 3.5% of seats each to Muslims and Christians, thereby altering the OBC reservation to 23% from 30% (since it excludes persons belonging to Other Backward Castes who are either Muslims or Christians).[32]

text: The Government of Andhra Pradesh introduced a law enabling 4 per cent reservations for Muslims in 2004. This law was upheld by the Supreme Court in an interim order in 2010 but it constituted a Constitution bench to look further into the issue.[33][34] The referral was to examine the constitutional validity of quotas based on religion.[35] Kerala Public Service Commission has a quota of 12% for Muslims. Religious minority (Muslim or Christian) educational institutes also have 50% reservation for Muslim or Christian religions. The Central government has listed a number of Muslim communities as backward Muslims, making them eligible for reservation.[citation needed]

text: Controversy[edit]

text: The Union Government on 22 December 2011 announced establishment of a sub-quota of 4.5% for religious minorities within the existing 27% reservation for Other Backward Classes. The reasoning given was that Muslim communities that have been granted OBC status are unable to compete with Hindu OBC communities.[36] It was alleged that the decision was announced as the Election Commission announced Assembly elections in five states on 24 December 2011. The government would not have been able to announce this due to the model code of conduct. On 12 January 2012, the Election Commission stayed implementation of this decision for violation of the model code of conduct.[37] Later, Justice Sachar, head of the Sachar Committee that was commissioned to prepare a report on the latest social, economic and educational condition of the Muslim community of India, criticised the government decision, saying "Such promises will not help the backward section of minorities. It is like befooling them. These people are making tall claims just to win elections". He suggested that instead of promising to give reservations, the government should focus on basic issues of improving administration and governance.[38]

text: On 28 May 2012, the Andhra Pradesh High Court quashed the sub-quota. The court said that the sub-quota has been carved out only on religious lines and not on any other intelligible basis. The court criticised the decision: "In fact, we must express our anguish at the rather casual manner in which the entire issue has been taken up by the central government."[39]

text: Other[edit]

text: Some reservations are also made for:

text:
Terrorist victims from Kashmir, e.g. in Punjab
Single girl child (in Punjab)
Migrants from the state of Jammu and Kashmir
Sons/daughters/grandsons/granddaughters of Freedom Fighters
Physically handicapped
Sports personalities
Non-Resident Indians (NRIs) have a small percentage of reserved seats in educational institutions. (Note : NRI reservations were removed from IIT in 2003)
Candidates sponsored by various organisations
Those who have served in the armed forces ('ex-serviceman' quota—because the age of superannuation in the military is much shorter than that in the civil posts; more so, certain intakes are tenure-based, e.g. the contract for Short-Service Commission is eight years)
Dependents of armed forces personnel killed-in-action
Repatriates
Reservation in special schools of Government Undertakings/ PSUs, for the children of their own employees (e.g. Army schools, PSU schools, etc.)
Paid pathway reservations in places of worship (e.g., Tirumala Venkateswara Temple, Tiruthani Murugan temple)
Seat reservation for Senior citizens and physically handicapped in public (bus) transport.

text: Reservations in Andhra Pradesh[edit]

text: The state of Andhra Pradesh has one of the highest percentage of reservations in India in any form. 66.66% reservations are applicable in the state, as follows:

text:
Scheduled Castes (A, B, C, D) – 15%
Scheduled Tribes – 6%
Backward Classes (A, B, C, D) – 25%
Physically Handicapped (Blind, Deaf & Dumb and OPH) – 3% (1 per cent each)
Ex-servicemen (APMS only) – 1% (0.5% in general)
Women - 33.33% (in all categories, means 16.66% in general category)
School Admissions Under RTE : Though Andhra Pradesh Govt says economically backward children are admitted in to private schools under Right To Education (RTE) Act, but the fact is children are admitted in to private schools based on caste based reservations. check page 9 and Point no 4 of this below document

text: The reservation for women cuts across all classes and communities and is a horizontal and not vertical reservation. As such the total % of reservations has to be counted at 50% only; and that is in consonance with the Supreme Court dicta that reservations in general ought not to exceed 50% of the posts/seats if the right to equal opportunity to all without discrimination guaranteed under Article 16 is to be vindicated and respected.[citation needed]

text: Reservations in Maharashtra[edit]

text: Reservations in Maharashtra as of 5 March 2015.[citation needed]

text: Maharashtra has 52% reservation in educational institutions and government jobs. The government of Maharashtra added Marathas (16%) and some Muslim subcastes (5%) to the reservation in 2014 but the move was rejected by the Mumbai High Court later.[40][41] If this reservation to Maratha implemented, it will leave the remaining 23% to General/Open category.[42][43]

text: Excluded from the reservation system[edit]

text: People in the following categories are not entitled to take advantage of the reservation system for OBCs:

text:
Categories for Rule of Exclusion
Rule of Exclusion Applies to the following:

Constitutional posts
The sons and daughters of the President of India, the Vice-President of India, Judges of the Supreme Court of India, the High Courts chairman, the members of Union Public Service Commission, members of the State Public Service Commission, Chief Election Commissioner, Comptroller Auditor-General of India or any person holding positions of a constitutional nature.[44]

Service Category: Those who are considered Group 'A'/Class I officers of the All India Central and State Services (Direct Recruits) or those who are considered Group 'B'/ Class II officers of The Central and State Services (Direct Recruitment) or those who are employees in the Public Sector.
Those who have parent(s) that are Class I or Class II officers, or both parents are Class I or Class II officers but one of them dies or suffers permanent incapacitation.[45] The criteria used for sons and daughters of Group A and B are the same for the employees of the Public sector.[44]

Armed forces including Paramilitary Forces (Persons holding civil posts are not included).
The sons and daughters of parents either or both of whom is or are in the rank of colonel and above in the army or in equivalent posts in the Navy, the Air Force, and the Paramilitary Force. But that will hold true provided that-

"the wife of an armed forces officer is herself in the armed forces (i.e., the category under consideration) the rule of exclusion will apply only when she herself has reached the rank of Colonel."
"the service ranks below Colonel of husband and wife shall not be clubbed together"
"if the wife of an officer in the armed forces is in civil employment, this will not be taken into account for applying the rule of exclusion unless she falls in the service category under item No.II in which case the criteria and conditions"[44]

Professional class and those engaged in Trade and Industry
If a person has a high paying job such as physician, lawyer, chartered accountant, income tax consultant, financial or management consultant, dental surgeon, engineer, architect, computer specialist, film artist or other film professional, author, playwright, sports person, sports professional, media professional or any other vocations of like status. If the husband holds one of the above jobs and the wife doesn't then the husband's income will be taken into consideration and if the wife holds one of the above jobs then the wife's income will be taken into consideration.The income of the family as a whole will be taken into account because the whole point of the reservation system is to raise the social status of the people that belong to the SC's, ST's and OBCs and if a family's income is high already it is considered that it raises their social status as well.[44]

Property owners- agricultural, plantations (coffee,tea,rubber,etc.), vacant land and/or buildings in urban areas
Sons and daughters of those who have irrigated land area which is equal to or more than 85% of the statutory ceiling area will be excluded from reservation. They would only be under reservation if the land is exclusively unirrigated. Those with vacant buildings can use them for residential, industrial or commercial purposes, hence they are not covered under reservations.[44]

Creamy layer
Son(s)/daughter(s) of those who earn ₹ 8 lakh (₹800,000) or more annually for three consecutive years are excluded from reservation.[44]

text: Creamy layer[edit]

text: The term creamy layer was first coined in 1975 in the State of Kerala vs N. M. Thomas case when a judge said that the "benefits of the reservation shall be snatched away by the top creamy layer of the backward class, thus leaving the weakest among the weak and leaving the fortunate layers to consume the whole cake".[46][47] The 1992 Indra Sawhney vs Union of India judgement laid down the limits of the state's powers: it upheld the ceiling of 50 per cent quotas, emphasised the concept of "social backwardness", and prescribed 11 indicators to ascertain backwardness. The judgement also established the concept of qualitative exclusion, such as "creamy layer".[48][49][50] The creamy layer applies only to OBCs. The creamy layer criteria was introduced at Rs 1 lakh in 1993, and revised to Rs 2.5 lakh in 2004, Rs 4.5 lakh in 2008 and Rs 6 lakh in 2013, but now the ceiling has been raised to ₹8 lakh (in Sep., 2017).[51] In October 2015, the National Commission for Backward Classes (NCBC) proposed that a person belonging to OBC with an annual family income of up to Rs 15 lakh should be considered as minimum ceiling for OBC.[52] The NCBC also recommended sub-division of OBCs into "backward", "more backward" and "extremely backward" groups and to divide the 27 per cent quota amongst them in proportion to their population, to ensure that stronger OBCs do not corner the quota benefits.[53][54]

text: Institutions exempted from reservation[edit]

text: The following institutions have been kept out of the purview of Central Educational Institutions (Reservation in Admission) Act, 2006:,[55][56]

text:
Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai and its ten constituent units, namely:

Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay
Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research, Kalpakkam
Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology, Indore
Institute for Plasma Research, Gandhinagar
Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre, Kolkata
Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Kolkata;
Institute of Physics, Bhubaneshwar
Institute of Mathematical Sciences, Chennai
Harish-Chandra Research Institute, Allahabad
Tata Memorial Centre, Mumbai

Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai
North Eastern Indira Gandhi Regional Institute of Health and Medical Sciences, Shillong
Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad
Space Physics Laboratory, Thiruvananthapuram
Indian Institute of Remote Sensing, Dehradun

text: The following institutions though not specified in the Central Educational Institutions (Reservation in Admission) Act, 2006:,[55] do not have reservation in admission.

text:
Shri Mata Vaishno Devi University, Katra
Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani
LNM Institute of Information Technology, Jaipur

text: On 27 October 2015 the Supreme Court directed the state and the Central governments to end the regional quota and to ensure that super-speciality medical courses are kept "unreserved, open and free" from any domicile status after the court had allowed petitions files by some MBBS doctors.[57]

text: Advances under the reservations system[edit]

text: The public sector jobs are divided into 4 categories: Class I (or Group A), Class II (or Group B), Class III (or Group C) and Class IV (or Group D). The Class I employees take up 2.2% of the public sector workforce, the Class II employees take up 3.3% of the public sector workforce, the Class III employees take up 66.8% of the public sector workforce, and the Class IV employees take up 27.2% of the public sector workforce.[58] Below are the percentages of the SC employees in the Central government:[58]

text:
Class
1959
1965
1974
1984
1995

I
1.18
1.64
3.2
6.92
10.12

II
2.38
2.82
4.6
10.36
12.67

III
6.95
8.88
10.3
13.98
16.15

IV
17.24*
17.75
18.6
20.2
21.26*

* excludes sweepers

text: The above table shows that over time as the new laws for the reservation systems were passed employment of SC's in Class I, II, III, and IV public sectors increased substantially.


document_title: Women in dentistry in the United States

question_text: name the first african american woman to receive a dental degree in the united states

text: Women in dentistry in the United States

text: There is a long history of women in dentistry in the United States.

text: Timeline[edit]

text:
1855: Emeline Roberts Jones became the first woman to practice dentistry in the United States.[1] She married the dentist Daniel Jones when she was a teenager, and became his assistant in 1855.[2]
1866: Lucy Hobbs Taylor became the first woman to graduate from a dental college (Ohio Dental College).[2]
1869: Henriette Hirschfeld-Tiburtius, born in Germany, became the first woman to take a full college course in dentistry, as Lucy Hobbs Taylor received credit for her time in dental practice before attending dental college.[3] She graduated from the Pennsylvania College of Dental Surgery in 1869.[3][3][4][5]
1874: Fanny A. Rambarger became the second American woman to earn the degree of Doctor of Dental Surgery in 1874, when she graduated from the Pennsylvania College of Dental Surgery. She worked in Philadelphia and limited her practice to women and children only.[2]
1890: Ida Gray Nelson Rollins became the first African-American woman to earn a dental degree in the United States, which she earned from the University of Michigan.[3][6]
1892: The Women's Dental Association of the U.S. was founded in 1892 by Mary Stillwell-Kuesel with 12 charter members.[7]
1916: Gillette Hayden became the first female president of the American Academy of Periodontology.[8]
1920: Maude Tanner became the first recorded female delegate to the American Dental Association.[9]
1921: During the annual meeting of the American Dental Association (ADA), several female dentists met in Milwaukee and formed the Federation of American Women Dentists, now known as the American Association of Women Dentists (AAWD). AAWD's first president, M. Evangeline Jordon, was one of the first to limit her practice to children and was a founder of pedodontics. She graduated from the University of California School of Dentistry in 1898.[7]
1923: Anita Martin became the first woman inducted into the national dental honor society (Omicron Kappa Upsilon).[9]
1951: Helen E. Myers of Lancaster, Pa., a 1941 graduate of Temple University, was commissioned as the Army Dental Corps’ first female dental officer in 1951.[3]
1975: On July 1, 1975, Jeanne Sinkford became the first female dean of a dental school when she was appointed the dean of Howard University School of Dentistry.[3]
1977: The American Association of Dental Schools (founded in 1923 and renamed the American Dental Education Association in 2000) had Nancy Goorey as its first female president in 1977.[10]
1988: In 1988, the American Student Dental Association elected its first female president, N. Gail McLaurin of the Medical University of South Carolina.[11]
1991: Geraldine Morrow became the first female president of the American Dental Association.[12]
1997: Hazel J. Harper became the first female president of the National Dental Association.[13][14]
2001: Marjorie Jeffcoat became the first female editor of The Journal of the American Dental Association.[15]
2003: Rear Admiral Carol I. Turner became the first female Chief of the Navy Dental Corps.[9][16]
2004: Sandra Madison, of Asheville, N.C., was elected as the first female president of the American Association of Endodontists.[17]
2007: Laura Kelly became the first female president of the American Academy of Cosmetic Dentistry.[18]
2008: Beverly Largent, a pediatric dentist from Paducah, Ky., became the first female president of the American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry.[19]
2008: Valerie Murrah became the first female president of the American Academy of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology.[20]
2009: Kathleen T. O'Loughlin was chosen as the first female executive director of the American Dental Association.[21]
2013: Gayle Glenn was elected as the first female president of the American Association of Orthodontists.[22][23]


document_title: Nicky, Ricky, Dicky & Dawn

question_text: who plays the dad on nicky ricky dicky and dawn

text: Nicky, Ricky, Dicky & Dawn

text: Premise[edit]

text: The series focuses on quadruplets Nicky, Ricky, Dicky, and Dawn Harper, 10-years-old at the start of the series,[1] who have nothing in common and often fight, but must work together to solve everyday situations.

text: Episodes[edit]

text: SeasonEpisodesOriginally airedFirst airedLast aired120September 13, 2014 (2014-09-13)March 24, 2015 (2015-03-24)225May 23, 2015 (2015-05-23)August 6, 2016 (2016-08-06)323January 7, 2017 (2017-01-07)August 5, 2017 (2017-08-05)414January 6, 2018 (2018-01-06)August 4, 2018 (2018-08-04)

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text:
Brian Stepanek as Tom, the father of the quadruplets. It is a running gag in the series that he cares more about his possessions than his children, but he loves his family and is a kid at heart.
Allison Munn as Anne, the mother of the quadruplets who usually gets caught up in Tom's new obsessions.
Aidan Gallagher as Nicky, the youngest of the quadruplets. He is shown to be quite comedic, quirky, and easily confused.
Casey Simpson as Ricky, is the second oldest of the quadruplets. He is the smart one of the group, always seen carrying a book or doing his homework. He is also a neat freak and a bit of a goody two-shoes, though he occasionally tries to prove to Dawn and his brothers that he can bend rules as well.
Mace Coronel as Dicky, the third oldest and easy-going quadruplet who cares a great deal about his appearance. He always takes the easy way out. He ships himself to Australia in "Quadcodile Dundee".
Lizzy Greene as Dawn, the oldest of the quadruplets. Although she's always seen bothering her brothers, she does care about them deeply. There is a consistent rivalry for the leader spot of the quads between her and Ricky.
Gabrielle Elyse as Josie, a worker at Tom's sporting shop and babysitter for Nicky, Ricky, Dicky and Dawn. She only appears in the first season.
Kyla-Drew Simmons as Mae, the quads' friend and Dawn's best friend. She once called herself "the fifth quad". In the first two seasons, she is a recurring character, but she is promoted to a main character in the third season.

text: Production[edit]

text: The series was originally picked up for 13 episodes on March 13, 2014, but was later increased to 20 episodes.[2] The series premiered on September 13, 2014. On November 18, 2014, the series was renewed for a second season.[3] The second season premiered on May 23, 2015. On February 9, 2016, Nickelodeon renewed Nicky, Ricky, Dicky & Dawn for a third season of 14 episodes. It was also confirmed that Matt Fleckenstein would step down as show runner.[4] Actress Lizzy Greene announced on her Twitter account that production for season three started on April 26, 2016.[5] The third season premiered on January 7, 2017. The series was renewed for a fourth season and had its episode order for the third season increased from 14 to 24 by Nickelodeon on March 20, 2017.[6] On October 4, 2017, it was announced that Mace Coronel would be leaving both Nicky, Ricky, Dicky & Dawn, about five episodes before the end of the fourth season, and Nickelodeon.[7] On November 15, 2017, Nickelodeon announced that the fourth season would be the last.[8]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Ratings[edit]

text:
Season

Episodes

First aired

Last aired
Avg. viewers(millions)

Date

Viewers(millions)

Date

Viewers(millions)

1

20

September 13, 2014 (2014-09-13)

1.60[9]

March 24, 2015 (2015-03-24)

1.75[10]
1.75

2

25

May 23, 2015 (2015-05-23)

1.11[11]

August 6, 2016 (2016-08-06)

1.31[12]
1.46

3

23

January 7, 2017 (2017-01-07)

1.58[13]

August 5, 2017 (2017-08-05)

2.00[14]
1.47

4

14

January 6, 2018 (2018-01-06)

1.08[15]

August 4, 2018 (2018-08-04)

0.84[16]
0.95

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
Year

Award

Category

Result

Refs

2015

Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards

Favorite TV Show

Nominated

[17][18]

2017

Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards

Favorite TV Show – Kids' Show

Nominated

[19]


document_title: List of National Basketball Association annual assists leaders

question_text: who led the league in assists this year

question_tokens: who led the league in assists this year

text: Key[edit]

text:
^
Denotes player who is still active in the NBA

*
Inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame

Denotes player who won the MVP award that year

Player (X)
Denotes the number of times the player had been the
assists leader up to and including that season

G
Guard
F
Forward
C
Center

text: Assist leaders[edit]

text:
Season
Player
Position[a]
Team
Games
played
Total
assists
Assists
per game
References

1946–47
Calverley, ErnieErnie Calverley
G
Providence Steamrollers
59
202
3.42
[5][6]

1947–48
Dallmar, HowieHowie Dallmar
F
Philadelphia Warriors
48
120
2.50
[5][7]

1948–49
Davies, BobBob Davies*
G/F
Rochester Royals
60
321
5.35
[5][8]

1949–50
McGuire, DickDick McGuire*
G
New York Knicks
68
386
5.68
[5][9]

1950–51
Phillip, AndyAndy Phillip*
G/F
Philadelphia Warriors
66
414
6.27
[5][10]

1951–52
Phillip, AndyAndy Phillip* (2)
G/F
Philadelphia Warriors
66
539
8.17
[5][10]

1952–53
Cousy, BobBob Cousy*
G
Boston Celtics
71
547
7.70
[5][11]

1953–54
Cousy, BobBob Cousy* (2)
G
Boston Celtics
72
518
7.19
[5][11]

1954–55
Cousy, BobBob Cousy* (3)
G
Boston Celtics
71
557
7.85
[5][11]

1955–56
Cousy, BobBob Cousy* (4)
G
Boston Celtics
72
642
8.92
[5][11]

1956–57
Cousy, BobBob Cousy* (5)
G
Boston Celtics
64
478
7.47
[5][11]

1957–58
Cousy, BobBob Cousy* (6)
G
Boston Celtics
65
463
7.12
[5][11]

1958–59
Cousy, BobBob Cousy* (7)
G
Boston Celtics
65
557
8.57
[5][11]

1959–60
Cousy, BobBob Cousy* (8)
G
Boston Celtics
75
715
9.53
[5][11]

1960–61
Robertson, OscarOscar Robertson*
G
Cincinnati Royals
71
690
9.72
[5][12]

1961–62
Robertson, OscarOscar Robertson* (2)
G
Cincinnati Royals
79
899
11.38
[5][12]

1962–63
Rodgers, GuyGuy Rodgers*
G
San Francisco Warriors
79
825
10.44
[5][13]

1963–64
Robertson, OscarOscar Robertson* (3)
G
Cincinnati Royals
79
868
10.99
[5][12]

1964–65
Robertson, OscarOscar Robertson* (4)
G
Cincinnati Royals
75
861
11.48
[5][12]

1965–66
Robertson, OscarOscar Robertson* (5)
G
Cincinnati Royals
76
847
11.14
[5][12]

1966–67
Rodgers, GuyGuy Rodgers* (2)
G
Chicago Bulls
81
908
11.21
[5][13]

1967–68
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*[b]
C
Philadelphia 76ers
82
702
8.56
[5][14]

1968–69
Robertson, OscarOscar Robertson* (6)
G
Cincinnati Royals
79
772
9.77
[5][12]

1969–70
Wilkens, LennyLenny Wilkens*
G
Seattle SuperSonics
75
683
9.11
[5][15][16]

1970–71
Van Lier, NormNorm Van Lier
G
Cincinnati Royals
82
832
10.15
[5][17][18]

1971–72
West, JerryJerry West*[c]
G
Los Angeles Lakers
77
747
9.70
[5][19][20]

1972–73
Archibald, Nate "Tiny"Nate "Tiny" Archibald*
G
Kansas City–Omaha Kings
80
910
11.38
[5][21][22]

1973–74
DiGregorio, ErnieErnie DiGregorio
G
Buffalo Braves
81
663
8.19
[5][23][24]

1974–75
Porter, KevinKevin Porter
G
Washington Bullets
81
650
8.02
[5][25][26]

1975–76
Watts, Don "Slick"Don "Slick" Watts
G
Seattle SuperSonics
82
661
8.06
[5][27][28]

1976–77
Buse, DonDon Buse
G
Indiana Pacers
81
685
8.46
[5][29][30]

1977–78
Porter, KevinKevin Porter (2)
G
Detroit Pistons
New Jersey Nets
82
837
10.21
[5][26][31]

1978–79
Porter, KevinKevin Porter (3)
G
Detroit Pistons
82
1,099
13.40
[5][26][32]

1979–80
Richardson, Michael RayMichael Ray Richardson
G/F
New York Knicks
82
835
10.15
[5][33][34]

1980–81
Porter, KevinKevin Porter (4)
G
Washington Bullets
81
734
9.06
[5][26][35]

1981–82
Moore, JohnnyJohnny Moore
G
San Antonio Spurs
79
762
9.65
[5][36][37]

1982–83
Johnson, Earvin "Magic"Earvin "Magic" Johnson*
G
Los Angeles Lakers
79
829
10.49
[5][38][39]

1983–84
Johnson, Earvin "Magic"Earvin "Magic" Johnson* (2)[d]
G
Los Angeles Lakers
67
875
13.06
[5][39][40]

1984–85
Thomas, IsiahIsiah Thomas*
G
Detroit Pistons
81
1,123
13.86
[5][41][42]

1985–86
Johnson, Earvin "Magic"Earvin "Magic" Johnson* (3)
G
Los Angeles Lakers
72
907
12.60
[5][39][43]

1986–87
Johnson, Earvin "Magic"Earvin "Magic" Johnson* (4)
G
Los Angeles Lakers
80
977
12.21
[5][39][44]

1987–88
Stockton, JohnJohn Stockton*
G
Utah Jazz
82
1,128
13.76
[5][45][46]

1988–89
Stockton, JohnJohn Stockton* (2)
G
Utah Jazz
82
1,118
13.63
[5][46][47]

1989–90
Stockton, JohnJohn Stockton* (3)[e]
G
Utah Jazz
78
1,134
14.54
[5][46][48]

1990–91
Stockton, JohnJohn Stockton* (4)[f]
G
Utah Jazz
82
1,164
14.20
[5][46][49]

1991–92
Stockton, JohnJohn Stockton* (5)
G
Utah Jazz
82
1,126
13.73
[5][46]

1992–93
Stockton, JohnJohn Stockton* (6)
G
Utah Jazz
82
987
12.04
[5][46][50]

1993–94
Stockton, JohnJohn Stockton* (7)
G
Utah Jazz
82
1,031
12.57
[5][46][51]

1994–95
Stockton, JohnJohn Stockton* (8)
G
Utah Jazz
82
1,011
12.33
[5][46][52]

1995–96
Stockton, JohnJohn Stockton* (9)
G
Utah Jazz
82
916
11.17
[5][46][53]

1996–97
Jackson, MarkMark Jackson
G
Denver Nuggets
Indiana Pacers
82
935
11.40
[5][54][55]

1997–98
Strickland, RodRod Strickland
G
Washington Wizards
76
801
10.54
[5][56][57]

1998–99[g]
Kidd, JasonJason Kidd
G
Phoenix Suns
50
539
10.78
[5][59][60]

1999–00
Kidd, JasonJason Kidd (2)[h]
G
Phoenix Suns
67
678
10.12
[5][60][61]

2000–01
Kidd, JasonJason Kidd (3)
G
Phoenix Suns
77
753
9.78
[5][60][62]

2001–02
Miller, AndreAndre Miller^
G
Cleveland Cavaliers
81
882
10.89
[5][63][64]

2002–03
Kidd, JasonJason Kidd (4)
G
New Jersey Nets
80
711
8.89
[5][60][65]

2003–04
Kidd, JasonJason Kidd (5)[i]
G
New Jersey Nets
67
618
9.22
[5][60][66]

2004–05
Nash, SteveSteve Nash^
G
Phoenix Suns
75
861
11.48
[5][67][68]

2005–06
Nash, SteveSteve Nash^ (2)
G
Phoenix Suns
79
826
10.46
[5][68][69]

2006–07
Nash, SteveSteve Nash^ (3)
G
Phoenix Suns
76
884
11.63
[5][68][70]

2007–08
Paul, ChrisChris Paul^
G
New Orleans Hornets
80
925
11.56
[5][71][72]

2008–09
Paul, ChrisChris Paul^ (2)
G
New Orleans Hornets
78
861
11.04
[5][72]

2009–10
Nash, SteveSteve Nash^ (4)
G
Phoenix Suns
81
892
11.01
[5][68]

2010–11
Nash, SteveSteve Nash^ (5)
G
Phoenix Suns
74
845
11.42
[5][68]

2011–12[j]
Rondo, RajonRajon Rondo^[k]
G
Boston Celtics
53
620
11.70
[5][75]

2012–13
Rondo, RajonRajon Rondo^ (2)[l]
G
Boston Celtics
38
420
11.05
[5][75]

2013–14
Paul, ChrisChris Paul^ (3)[m]
G
Los Angeles Clippers
62
663
10.69
[72]

2014–15
Paul, ChrisChris Paul^ (4)
G
Los Angeles Clippers
82
838
10.20
[72]

2015–16
Rondo, RajonRajon Rondo^ (3)
G
Sacramento Kings
72
839
11.70
[75]

2016–17
Harden, JamesJames Harden^
G
Houston Rockets
81
906
11.19
[79]

text: Multiple-time leaders[edit]

text:
Ranking
Player
Team
Times leader
Years

1
John Stockton
Utah Jazz
9
1988, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996

2
Bob Cousy
Boston Celtics
8
1953, 1954, 1955, 1956, 1957, 1958, 1959, 1960

3
Oscar Robertson
Cincinnati Royals
6
1961, 1962, 1964, 1965, 1966, 1969

4
Jason Kidd
Steve Nash
Phoenix Suns (3) / New Jersey Nets (2)
Phoenix Suns
5
1999, 2000, 2001, 2003, 2004
2005, 2006, 2007, 2010, 2011

5
Magic Johnson
Chris Paul
Kevin Porter
Los Angeles Lakers
New Orleans Hornets (2) / Los Angeles Clippers (2)
Washington Bullets (2) / Detroit Pistons (1) / Pistons/New Jersey Nets (1)
4
1983, 1984, 1986, 1987
2008, 2009, 2014, 2015
1975, 1978, 1979, 1981

6
Rajon Rondo
Boston Celtics (2) / Sacramento Kings (1)
3
2012, 2013, 2016

7
Andy Phillip
Guy Rodgers
Philadelphia Warriors
San Francisco Warriors (1) / Chicago Bulls (1)
2
1951, 1952
1963, 1967

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ The player's primary position is listed first.
Jump up ^ Chamberlain became the first and, as of the 2016–17 season, only center to win the assists title.
Jump up ^ In the 1971–72 season, Lenny Wilkens had the highest assist total (766) but was second in assist average (9.6).[19]
Jump up ^ In the 1983–84 season, Isiah Thomas and Norm Nixon both had the highest assist totals (914) but they were tied for second in assist average (11.1).[40]
Jump up ^ John Stockton holds the all-time record for total assists per game in a single season.[2]
Jump up ^ John Stockton holds the all-time record for total assists in a single season.[2]
Jump up ^ The 1998–99 season was shortened to 50 games due to the league's lockout.[58] The qualification of this season's assist title is to appear in at least 43 games (out of 50) or to have at least 244 assists.[3]
Jump up ^ In the 1999–2000 season, Jason Kidd had only played in 67 games and ranked fifth in assist total. Gary Payton had the highest total (732).[61]
Jump up ^ In the 2003–04 season, Stephon Marbury and Steve Nash both had higher assist totals (719 and 687 respectively) but they ranked second and third in assist average (8.9 and 8.8), respectively.[66]
Jump up ^ The 2011–12 season was shortened to 66 games due to the league's lockout.[73] The qualification of this season's assist title is to appear in at least 57 games (out of 66) or to have at least 322 assists.[3]
Jump up ^ In the 2011–12 season, Steve Nash had the highest assist total (664) but was second in assist average (10.7).[74]
Jump up ^ In the 2012–13 season, Greivis Vásquez had the highest assist total (704) but was third in assist average (9.0).[76]
Jump up ^ In the 2013–14 season, John Wall, Ricky Rubio, Stephen Curry all had higher assist totals (721, 703 and 666 respectively) but they were tied for second, ranked fifth and sixth in assist average (8.8, 8.6 and 8.5), respectively.[77][78]

tag: ol