document_title: The Stars and Stripes Forever

question_text: when did john philip sousa write the stars and stripes forever

root

text: The Stars and Stripes Forever

text: History[edit]

text: In his autobiography, Marching Along, Sousa wrote that he composed the march on Christmas Day, 1896. He was on an ocean liner on his way home from a vacation with his wife in Europe and had just learned of the recent death of David Blakely, the manager of the Sousa Band. He composed the march in his head and committed the notes to paper on arrival in the United States.[2] It was first performed at Willow Grove Park, just outside Philadelphia, on May 14, 1897, and was immediately greeted with enthusiasm.[3] Following an Act of Congress in 1987, it was officially adopted as the national march of the United States of America.[4]

tag: p

text: Historically, in show business and particularly in theater and the circus, this piece is called "the Disaster March." In the early 20th century, when it was common for theaters and circuses to have house bands, this march was a traditional code signaling a life-threatening emergency. It subtly notified personnel of emergency situations and ideally allowed them to organize the audience's exit without causing the chaos and panic that an overt declaration might. Circus bands would never play the tune under circumstances other than impending disaster.[citation needed] One memorable, if heartbreaking, example of its use was during the Hartford circus fire of July 6, 1944. At least 168 people were killed, though some estimates are much higher. Numerous bodies burned so badly that they were either unrecognizable or completely incinerated.[5]

text: Music[edit]

text: "The Stars and Stripes Forever" follows the standard American military march form. The march begins with a four-bar introduction, which is followed by the first strain and the second strain, which are repeated, the famous trio which is repeated with the obbligato piccolos, the break strain, the final strain, and then the break strain is repeated again. In the final repeat of the trio (grandioso), the low brass joins the piccolo players with a prominent countermelody.[citation needed]

text: Sousa explained to the press that the three themes of the final trio were intended to represent the three regions of the United States. The broad melody, or main theme, represents the North. The South is represented by the famous piccolo obbligato, and the West by the bold countermelody of the trombones.  The three come together in the climax, representing the Union itself.[6]

text: Lyrics[edit]

text: Sousa wrote lyrics to the piece, although they are not as familiar as the music itself.[7] The typical pairing of Sousa's lyrics with the various sections of the march is noted in the square brackets.[8]

text: Sousa's lyrics[edit]

text:
[First strain]
Let martial note in triumph float
And liberty extend its mighty hand
A flag appears 'mid thunderous cheers,
The banner of the Western land.
The emblem of the brave and true
Its folds protect no tyrant crew;
The red and white and starry blue
Is freedom's shield and hope.

Let eagle shriek from lofty peak
The never-ending watchword of our land;
Let summer breeze waft through the trees
The echo of the chorus grand.
Sing out for liberty and light,
Sing out for freedom and the right.
Sing out for Union and its might,
O patriotic sons.

[Second strain]
Other nations may deem their flags the best
And cheer them with fervid elation
But the flag of the North and South and West
Is the flag of flags, the flag of Freedom's nation.

(repeats) Other nations may deem their flags the best
And cheer them with fervid elation,
But the flag of the North and South and West
Is the flag of flags, the flag of Freedom's nation.

[Trio]
Hurrah for the flag of the free!
May it wave as our standard forever,
The gem of the land and the sea,
The banner of the right.
Let despots remember the day
When our fathers with mighty endeavor
Proclaimed as they marched to the fray
That by their might and by their right
It waves forever.

[Grandioso]
Hurrah for the flag of the free.
May it wave as our standard forever
The gem of the land and the sea,
The banner of the right.
Let despots remember the day
When our fathers with mighty endeavor
Proclaimed as they marched to the fray,
That by their might and by their right
It waves forever.

text: Tidmarsh's additional lyrics[edit]

text: In 1942 the John Church Company published a four-part choral version of the march with a piano arrangement by Elmer Arthur Tidmarsh.[8] This arrangement has additional lyrics written by Tidmarsh for the Breakstrain section of the march.

text: Nonsense lyrics[edit]

text: In 1954, Charles Grean and Joan Javits composed "Crazy Mixed Up Song", using the theme from Stars and Stripes Forever, with lyrics beginning "Be kind to your web-footed friends".  It was made somewhat popular by Peter Lind Hayes & Mary Healy in that year.[9]  In the early 1960s, it reached a wider audience as a part of a nationally syndicated sing-along show, "Mitch Miller and the Gang".[10] This version has perhaps the best known lyrics,[11] which were used to end every show:[12][13]

text:
Be kind to your web-footed friends,
 For a duck may be somebody's mother.
 Be kind to your friends in the swamp,
 Where the weather is very, very damp,
 Now you may think that this is the end,
 Well it is!

text: Media[edit]

text:
"The Stars and Stripes Forever"

A 1909 Edison Records recording of Sousa's Band performing "Stars and Stripes Forever". This performance follows the following form: Introduction, first strain, second strain, trio, breakstrain, grandioso, repeat of breakstrain and grandioso, da capo repeat of introduction, first strain, second strain, trio, breakstrain, and grandioso.

"The Stars and Stripes Forever"

The United States Marine Band performing "The Stars and Stripes Forever". This performance follows the more traditional military march form.

Problems listening to the files? See media help.


document_title: Perkins

question_text: where does the last name perkins originate from

text: Perkins

text: Perkins is a surname derived from the Anglo-Saxon corruption of the kin of Pierre (from Pierre kin to Pierrekin to Perkins), introduced into England by the Norman Conquest. It is found throughout mid and southern England.

text: Another derivation comes from the Welsh Perthyn, relative or belonging to a particular person or family, and also thought to be the Anglicized form of Peredur, from Medieval Welsh.

text: People named Perkins include:

text:
Al Perkins, musician-guitarist
Anthony Perkins (1932–1992), American actor
Benjamin Douglas Perkins (1774–1810), son of Elisha Perkins, bookseller and propagandist of therapy with "Perkins tractors"
Bill Perkins (disambiguation)
Bishop Perkins (1787–1866), U.S. Representative from New York
Bishop W. Perkins (1841–1894), U.S. Representative and Senator from Kansas
Brian Perkins, anchor, newsreader on BBC Radio 4 - New Zealand
Carl Perkins, musician
Carl Christopher Perkins, politician, Kentucky Representative
Carl Dewey Perkins (1912–1984), politician, Kentucky Representative
Charles A. Perkins, American lawyer
Charles Callahan Perkins (1823–1886), author
Charles L. Perkins, author
Charles N. Perkins, Australian football and political figure
Charles S. Perkins, American baseball player
Charlotte Perkins Gilman (1860–1935), American sociologist, writer and utopian feminist
Cyril Perkins (1911–2013), English cricketer and centenarian
Daryl Perkins, Australian track cyclist
Don Perkins, National Football League running back for the Dallas Cowboys
Edward J. Perkins, U.S. Ambassador to the U.N.
Edwin Perkins, various including:

Edwin Perkins (inventor), American inventor of Kool-Aid
Edwin King Perkins, British Conservative Party Member of Parliament
Ed Perkins, Canadian mathematician

Elisha Perkins (1741–1799), physician
Elizabeth Perkins, actress
Emily Perkins, actress
Emily Perkins (novelist)
Emily Pitkin Perkins, wife of Connecticut Governor and US Senator Roger Sherman Baldwin
Flo Perkins, glass artist
Frances Perkins, labor leader and U.S. Secretary of Labor
Frank Perkins (disambiguation)
Frederic Beecher Perkins (1828-1899), United States editor, librarian and writer
Geoffrey Perkins (1953–2008), comedy producer, writer, and performer – BBC
George Perkins (disambiguation)
Gil Perkins, Australian film and television actor
Henry Perkins (cricketer) (1832–1916), English cricketer and cricket administrator
Henry Farnham Perkins (1877–1956), American zoologist and eugenicist
Ian Perkins, American musician/guitarist now in the band The Horrible Crowes
Isabel Weld Perkins, socialite philanthropist
Jack Perkins (disambiguation)
Jacob Perkins (1766–1849), inventor: bank-note engraving, engravings transfer, bathometer, pleometer
Janet Russell Perkins (1853–1933), American botanist
John Perkins (disambiguation)
Josh Perkins (born 1995), American basketball player
Kathleen Rose Perkins (born 1974), American actress
Kendrick Perkins, player for the National Basketball Association Oklahoma City Thunder
Kieren Perkins, Olympic gold medal swimmer
Larry Perkins, Formula 1 race car driver
Laurence Perkins, British classical bassoonist
Loftus Perkins, (1834-1891), English engineer
Luther Perkins, (1928–1968), guitarist, including backing guitarist for Johnny Cash
Marlin Perkins, ecologist and naturalist
Maxwell Perkins, editor for F. Scott Fitzgerald, Ernest Hemingway, Thomas Wolfe
Michael J. Perkins, American Medal of Honor recipient
Millie Perkins, actor
Niles Perkins (1919–1971), American athlete and physician
Paul Perkins (born 1994), American football player
Pinetop Perkins (1913–2011), musician – blues pianist
Ray Perkins (born 1941), an American football coach and former player
Rodney Perkins (born 1936) physician and entrepreneur
Sam Perkins (born 1961), retired National Basketball Association player
Shane Perkins, Australian track cyclist
Stephanie Perkins, author
Stephen Perkins, musician, drummer, and songwriter – Jane's Addiction
Sue Perkins, television presenter, actress, and writer
Tex Perkins, Australian singer-songwriter
Thomas Perkins (cricketer) (1870–1946), English cricketer, footballer and schoolmaster
Thomas Handasyd Perkins (1764–1854), businessman, philanthropist
Tom Perkins, founder/principal venture capital firm Kleiner, Perkins, Caufield & Byers
Tony Perkins (evangelical Christian figure)
Tony Perkins (television meteorologist)
Tracy Perkins, courtmartialed US Army sergeant
Troy Perkins, soccer player for the Portland Timbers
Warren Perkins (1922–2014), American professional basketball player
William Perkins (cricketer) (born 1986), West Indian cricketer
William Perkins (Puritan) (1558–1602), preacher, Elizabethan puritan
William T. Perkins, Jr., United States Marine and Medal of Honor recipient

tag: ul

text: Fictional characters include:

text:
Ma Perkins, star of the radio soap opera from 1933 to 1960
Perkins, character in the Harry Potter books
Ann Perkins, a character in the NBC sitcom Parks And Recreation
Harry Perkins, principal character in the novel and TV adaptation A Very British Coup
Perch Perkins, a news anchorman in the TV series SpongeBob SquarePants

text: Companies

text:
Perkins Engines, a UK based diesel engine manufacturer
Perkins Restaurant and Bakery, a North American restaurant chain.


document_title: George of the Jungle (film)

question_text: ursula's mom in george of the jungle

question_tokens: ursula 's mom in george of the jungle

text: George of the Jungle (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: In an animated sequence, a plane flying through the fictional Bukuvu region in the heart of Africa crashes. A child on board the plane, George, disappears into the jungle and is raised by a sapient, talking gorilla named Ape. Twenty-five years later, George has grown to be King of the Jungle.

text: Ursula Stanhope, a San Francisco heiress, tours Uganda with local guide Kwame and a trio of porters. Ursula is tracked down and joined by her fiancé, Lyle Van De Groot, with two poachers named Max and Thor. Kwame tells the group of the "White Ape", a local legend of a superhuman primate that rules the jungle. The next day Lyle, insistent on taking Ursula home as soon as possible, goes into the jungle with her to find the White Ape and they are attacked by a lion. Lyle knocks himself out trying to flee and Ursula is saved by George, who enjoys swinging on vines to move about but has a habit of crashing into trees. George takes Ursula to his treehouse home and cares for her, introducing her to Shep, an African elephant that acts like George's dog, and Tookie, a toco toucan. George is smitted with Ursula and attempts to woo her; Ursula reciprocates an attraction, and her time spent with George passes over her wishes to return home.

text: Lyle and Kwame find the treehouse and Lyle confronts Ursula and George. Max and Thor make to shoot Shep for his ivory, and Ape shouts at Shep to run. Everyone is stunned by the sight of a talking ape and Max and Thor decide to tranquilize and capture him. George runs to stop them and is accidentally shot by Lyle, who thought his gun was a novelty lighter. Lyle and the poachers are imprisoned and Lyle is identified as the shooter by the porters; Max and Thor are released and resolve to capture Ape to make a fortune in Las Vegas. Meanwhile, Ursula takes George home to get medical help for his wound and to see the human world he belongs in.

text: While Ursula is at work, George explores San Francisco and uses his vine-swinging to rescue a paraglider that got tangled in the Bay Bridge. Ursula, uninterested in marrying Lyle, admits the truth to her parents, but her overbearing mother Beatrice objects. At a party intended to celebrate Ursula's engagement, Beatrice takes George aside and coldly tells him she will not let Ursula's engagement fall apart, and refuses to let George be with her. In Africa, Max and Thor capture Ape, who manages to order Tookie to find George before he falls unconscious. Tookie flies to San Francisco and George returns to the jungle, leaving Ursula in the night. While Ursula's parents comfort her, she realizes she loves George and goes to find him, much to Beatrice's dismay but to her father's approval.

text: Ape tricks the poachers into circling the jungle and returning to the treehouse where George confronts them and incapacitates them with his animal friends. However, Lyle arrives: the narrator explains that Lyle escaped prison, joined a cult, and is now an ordained minister. Lyle has mercenaries he has brought with him subdue George and takes Ursula to the nearby Ape River where he has a boat waiting to escape while he performs a marriage ceremony. However, the river is a harsh series of rapids that hurdle the two into danger. George performs his biggest swing and crashes into a massive tree that falls over the river where he pulls Ursula to safety. Lyle ends up in a cave and, believing he is still sharing the boat with Ursula, proclaims them wedded; he lights his lighter and beholds he just married himself to a gorilla.

text: George and Ursula fall in love with each other and marry, Ursula moving into George's tree house. Some years later the two are raising a son, George Jr, who they present to the animals from atop Pride Rock.

text: In a mid-credits scene, Ape reveals he has become a famous entertainer in Las Vegas, using Max and Thor as stunt men.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Brendan Fraser as George, a young man who was raised in the jungle like Tarzan and frequently crashes into trees while swinging on vines.[2]
Leslie Mann as Ursula Stanhope, a wealthy heiress.
Thomas Haden Church as Lyle van de Groot, Ursula's wealthy fiancé.
Richard Roundtree as Kwame, Ursula's jungle guide.
Greg Cruttwell and Abraham Benrubi as Max and Thor, 2 poachers and trackers who work for Lyle.
John Bennett Perry as Arthur Stanhope, Ursula's father.
Holland Taylor as Beatrice Stanhope, Ursula's mother.
Kelly Miller as Betsy, Ursula's best friend.
Abdoulaye N'Gom as Kip, Ursula's friend and an African tour guide.
Michael Chinyamurindi as N'Dugo, Ursula's friend and another African tour guide.
Lydell M. Cheshier as Baleto, Ursula's friend and the third African tour guide.
Crystal the Monkey as monkey.

text: Voices[edit]

text:
John Cleese as Ape, a well-educated, talking gorilla who is George’s best friend.
Keith Scott as Narrator.
Frank Welker as Lion, Little Monkey, Shep, Tooki Tooki Bird, and Gorilla sound effects

text: Gorilla suit performers[edit]

text:
Nameer Ed-Kadi – Ape (body)
Tom Fisher
Jody St. Michael
Philip Tan
Lief Tilden
Robert Tygner – Ape (facial puppetry)

text: Animals[edit]

text: In the opening animated sequence, various animals swing on vines with young George, his "dog" Shep (actually an elephant), fetches a crocodile instead of a log, and a wildebeest falls in love with a bushman wearing a wildebeest mask.

text: In the live action film, a whole host of animals are seen. George fights with a lion, accidentally swings on a snake instead of a vine, rides an elephant, talks to a bird, and lives with various monkeys and apes.

text: The lion, elephant, and bird scenes were all filmed with a mix of real animals, puppetry (especially for the lion fight), and CGI (to show the elephant acting like a dog). The scenes with the orangutan, a chimpanzee, and the capuchin monkeys were filmed with live animals, but some computer work was used in a scene wherein the little monkey imitates George.

text: The large gorillas who live with George were all costumed actors or animatronic figures with the gorilla suits provided by Jim Henson's Creature Shop.

text: In the "Pride Rock" scene, when George presents his son to the animals, CGI work is again used.[3]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text: Track #2, the Johnny Clegg song "Dela", also features the first few bars of the original George of the Jungle theme song (movie version only).

text:
"George of the Jungle" (Sheldon Allman, Stanley Worth) – 2:53 – Presidents of the United States of America
"Dela (I Know Why the Dog Howls at the Moon)" (Johnny Clegg) – 4:16 – Johnny Clegg & Savuka
"Wipe Out" (Jim Fuller, Berryhill, Patrick Connolly, Ron Wilson) – 2:39 – The Surfaris
"The Man on the Flying Trapeze" (Traditional) – 0:57 – Roger Freeland, Jon Joyce, Steve Lively, Gary Stockdale
"My Way" (Paul Anka, Jacques Revaux, Claude François, Gilles Thibault) – 1:11 – John Cleese
"Aba Daba Honeymoon" (Walter Donovan, Arthur Fields) – 1:55 – Karen Harper
"George of the Jungle" (Allman, Worth) – 1:03 – "Weird Al" Yankovic
"Go Ape [The Dance Mix]" (Michael Becker) – 3:25 – Michael Becker
"Jungle Band" (Michael Becker) – 3:18 – Carl Graves
"George to the Rescue" – 1:11
"Rumble in the Jungle" – 3:15
"The Little Monkey" – 2:23
"George of the Jungle [Main Title Movie Mix]" (Marc Shaiman) – 2:20

tag: ol

text: Reception[edit]

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (December 2014)

tag: table

text: Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gave the film a score of 56% based on 52 reviews with an average rating of 5.3/10. The consensus states: "George of the Jungle is faithful to its source material—which, unfortunately, makes it a less-than-compelling feature film". Roger Ebert awarded the movie three out of four stars, praising the film as "good-natured" and complimenting the cast's comedic performances.[4]

text: Box office[edit]

text: The movie debuted at No. 2 at the box office behind Men in Black, and eventually went on to become a box office success, grossing $174.4 million worldwide.[5]

text: Sequel[edit]

text: The movie was followed by a direct-to-video sequel, George of the Jungle 2, which picks up five years after the original. Most of the major characters are re-cast using different actors, although Keith Scott, Thomas Haden Church and John Cleese reprise their roles from the original.


document_title: Period 3 element

question_text: in the third period as the atomic number increases from group 1 to group 18 the atomic radius

text: Period 3 element

text: Periodic trends[edit]

text: Atomic radius[edit]

text: As the atomic number of elements in Period 3 increases, the atomic radius decreases.

text: Electronegativity[edit]

text: As the atomic mass of elements in Period 3 increases, the electronegativity increases.

text: Ionization energy[edit]

text: As the atomic number of elements in Period 3 increases, the amount of energy required to remove its electrons (Ionization energy) increases.

text: Elements[edit]

text:
Chemical element
Chemical series
Electron configuration

11
Na
Sodium
Alkali metal
[Ne] 3s1

12
Mg
Magnesium
Alkaline earth metal
[Ne] 3s2

13
Al
Aluminium
Post-transition metal
[Ne] 3s2 3p1

14
Si
Silicon
Metalloid
[Ne] 3s2 3p2

15
P
Phosphorus
Polyatomic nonmetal
[Ne] 3s2 3p3

16
S
Sulfur
Polyatomic nonmetal
[Ne] 3s2 3p4

17
Cl
Chlorine
Diatomic nonmetal
[Ne] 3s2 3p5

18
Ar
Argon
Noble gas
[Ne] 3s2 3p6

text: Sodium[edit]

text: Sodium (symbol Na) is a soft, silvery-white, highly reactive metal and is a member of the alkali metals; its only stable isotope is 23Na. It is an abundant element that exists in numerous minerals such as feldspars, sodalite and rock salt. Many salts of sodium are highly soluble in water and are thus present in significant quantities in the Earth's bodies of water, most abundantly in the oceans as sodium chloride.

text: Many sodium compounds are useful, such as sodium hydroxide (lye) for soapmaking, and sodium chloride for use as a deicing agent and a nutrient.

text: The free metal, elemental sodium, does not occur in nature but must be prepared from sodium compounds. Elemental sodium was first isolated by Humphry Davy in 1807 by the electrolysis of sodium hydroxide. The same ion is also a component of many minerals, such as sodium nitrate.

text: Magnesium[edit]

text: Magnesium (symbol Mg) is an alkaline earth metal and has common oxidation number +2. It is the eighth most abundant element in the Earth's crust[2] and ninth in the known universe as a whole.[3][4] Magnesium is the fourth most common element in the Earth as a whole (behind iron, oxygen and silicon), making up 13% of the planet's mass and a large fraction of planet's mantle. The relative abundance of magnesium is related to the fact that it is easily built up in supernova stars from a sequential addition of three helium nuclei to carbon (which in turn is made from three helium nuclei). Due to magnesium ion's high solubility in water, it is the third most abundant element dissolved in seawater.[5]

text: The free element (metal) is not found naturally on Earth, as it is highly reactive (though once produced, it is coated in a thin layer of oxide [see passivation], which partly masks this reactivity). The free metal burns with a characteristic brilliant white light, making it a useful ingredient in flares. The metal is now mainly obtained by electrolysis of magnesium salts obtained from brine. Commercially, the chief use for the metal is as an alloying agent to make aluminium-magnesium alloys, sometimes called "magnalium" or "magnelium". Since magnesium is less dense than aluminium, these alloys are prized for their relative lightness and strength.

text: Magnesium ions are sour to the taste, and in low concentrations help to impart a natural tartness to fresh mineral waters.

text: Aluminium[edit]

text: Aluminium (symbol Al) or aluminum (American English) is a silvery white member of the boron group of chemical elements and a post-transition metal. It is not soluble in water under normal circumstances. Aluminium is the third most abundant element (after oxygen and silicon), and the most abundant metal, in the Earth's crust. It makes up about 8% by weight of the Earth's solid surface. Aluminium metal is too reactive chemically to occur natively. Instead, it is found combined in over 270 different minerals.[6] The chief ore of aluminium is bauxite.

text: Aluminium is remarkable for the metal's low density and for its ability to resist corrosion due to the phenomenon of passivation. Structural components made from aluminium and its alloys are vital to the aerospace industry and are important in other areas of transportation and structural materials. The most useful compounds of aluminium, at least on a weight basis, are the oxides and sulfates.

text: Silicon[edit]

text: Silicon (symbol Si) is a tetravalent metalloid. It is less reactive than its chemical analog carbon, the nonmetal directly above it in the periodic table, but more reactive than germanium, the metalloid directly below it in the table. Controversy about silicon's character dates to its discovery: silicon was first prepared and characterized in pure form in 1824, and given the name silicium (from Latin: silicis, flints), with an -ium word-ending to suggest a metal. However, its final name, suggested in 1831, reflects the more physically similar elements carbon and boron.

text: Silicon is the eighth most common element in the universe by mass, but very rarely occurs as the pure free element in nature. It is most widely distributed in dusts, sands, planetoids, and planets as various forms of silicon dioxide (silica) or silicates. Over 90% of the Earth's crust is composed of silicate minerals, making silicon the second most abundant element in the earth's crust (about 28% by mass) after oxygen.[7]

text: Most silicon is used commercially without being separated, and indeed often with little processing of compounds from nature. These include direct industrial building-use of clays, silica sand and stone. Silica is used in ceramic brick. Silicate goes into Portland cement for mortar and stucco, and when combined with silica sand and gravel, to make concrete. Silicates are also in whiteware ceramics such as porcelain, and in traditional quartz-based soda-lime glass. More modern silicon compounds such as silicon carbide form abrasives and high-strength ceramics. Silicon is the basis of the ubiquitous synthetic silicon-based polymers called silicones.

text: Elemental silicon also has a large impact on the modern world economy. Although most free silicon is used in the steel refining, aluminum-casting, and fine chemical industries (often to make fumed silica), the relatively small portion of very highly purified silicon that is used in semiconductor electronics (< 10%) is perhaps even more critical. Because of wide use of silicon in integrated circuits, the basis of most computers, a great deal of modern technology depends on it.

text: Phosphorus[edit]

text: Phosphorus (symbol P) is a multivalent nonmetal of the nitrogen group, phosphorus as a mineral is almost always present in its maximally oxidized state, as inorganic phosphate rocks. Elemental phosphorus exists in two major forms—white phosphorus and red phosphorus—but due to its high reactivity, phosphorus is never found as a free element on Earth.

text: The first form of elemental phosphorus to be produced (white phosphorus, in 1669) emits a faint glow upon exposure to oxygen – hence its name given from Greek mythology, Φωσφόρος meaning "light-bearer" (Latin Lucifer), referring to the "Morning Star", the planet Venus. Although the term "phosphorescence", meaning glow after illumination, derives from this property of phosphorus, the glow of phosphorus originates from oxidation of the white (but not red) phosphorus and should be called chemiluminescence. It is also the lightest element to easily produce stable exceptions to the octet rule.

text: The vast majority of phosphorus compounds are consumed as fertilizers. Other applications include the role of organophosphorus compounds in detergents, pesticides and nerve agents, and matches.[8]

text: Sulfur[edit]

text: Sulfur (symbol S) is an abundant, multivalentnon-metal. Under normal conditions, sulfur atoms form cyclic octatomic molecules with chemical formula S8. Elemental sulfur is a bright yellow crystalline solid when at room temperature. Chemically, sulfur can react as either an oxidant or reducing agent. It oxidizes most metals and several nonmetals, including carbon, which leads to its negative charge in most organosulfur compounds, but it reduces several strong oxidants, such as oxygen and fluorine.

text: In nature, sulfur can be found as the pure element and as sulfide and sulfate minerals. Elemental sulfur crystals are commonly sought after by mineral collectors for their brightly colored polyhedron shapes. Being abundant in native form, sulfur was known in ancient times, mentioned for its uses in ancient Greece, China and Egypt. Sulfur fumes were used as fumigants, and sulfur-containing medicinal mixtures were used as balms and antiparasitics. Sulfur is referenced in the Bible as brimstone in English, with this name still used in several nonscientific terms.[9] Sulfur was considered important enough to receive its own alchemical symbol. It was needed to make the best quality of black gunpowder, and the bright yellow powder was hypothesized by alchemists to contain some of the properties of gold, which they sought to synthesize from it. In 1777, Antoine Lavoisier helped convince the scientific community that sulfur was a basic element, rather than a compound.

text: Elemental sulfur was once extracted from salt domes where it sometimes occurs in nearly pure form, but this method has been obsolete since the late 20th century. Today, almost all elemental sulfur is produced as a byproduct of removing sulfur-containing contaminants from natural gas and petroleum. The element's commercial uses are primarily in fertilizers, because of the relatively high requirement of plants for it, and in the manufacture of sulfuric acid, a primary industrial chemical. Other well-known uses for the element are in matches, insecticides and fungicides. Many sulfur compounds are odiferous, and the smell of odorized natural gas, skunk scent, grapefruit, and garlic is due to sulfur compounds. Hydrogen sulfide produced by living organisms imparts the characteristic odor to rotting eggs and other biological processes.

text: Chlorine[edit]

text: Chlorine (symbol Cl) is the second lightest halogen, found in the periodic table in group 17. The element forms diatomic molecules under standard conditions, called dichlorine. It has the highest electron affinity and the third highest electronegativity of all the elements; for this reason, chlorine is a strong oxidizing agent.

text: The most common compound of chlorine, sodium chloride, has been known since ancient times; however, around 1630, chlorine gas was obtained by the Belgian chemist and physician Jan Baptist van Helmont. The synthesis and characterization of elemental chlorine occurred in 1774 by Swedish chemist Carl Wilhelm Scheele, who called it "dephlogisticated muriatic acid air," having thought he synthesized the oxide obtained from the hydrochloric acid, because acids were thought at the time to necessarily contain oxygen, a number of chemists, including Claude Berthollet, suggested that Scheele's dephlogisticated muriatic acid air must be a combination of oxygen and the yet undiscovered element, and Scheele named the supposed new element within this oxide as muriaticum. The suggestion that this newly discovered gas was a simple element was made in 1809 by Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac and Louis-Jacques. This was confirmed by Sir Humphry Davy in 1810, who named it chlorine, from the Greek word χλωρος (chlōros), meaning "green-yellow."

text: Chlorine is a component of various compounds, including table salt. It is the second most abundant halogen and 21st most abundant chemical element in Earth's crust. The great oxidizing potential of chlorine led it to its bleaching and disinfectant uses, as well as uses of an essential reagent in the chemical industry. As a common disinfectant, chlorine compounds are used in swimming pools to keep them clean and sanitary. In the upper atmosphere, chlorine-containing molecules such as chlorofluorocarbons have been implicated in ozone depletion.

text: Argon[edit]

text: Argon (symbol Ar) is the third element in group 18 of the periodic table (the noble gases). Argon is the third most common gas in the Earth's atmosphere, at 0.93%, making it more common than carbon dioxide. Nearly all of this argon is radiogenic argon-40 derived from the decay of potassium-40 in the Earth's crust. In the universe, argon-36 is by far the most common argon isotope, being the preferred argon isotope produced by stellar nucleosynthesis in supernovas.

text: The name "argon" is derived from the Greek word αργον meaning "lazy" or "the inactive one", a reference to the fact that the element undergoes almost no chemical reactions. The complete octet (eight electrons) in the outer atomic shell makes argon stable and resistant to bonding with other elements. Its triple point temperature of 83.8058 K is a defining fixed point in the International Temperature Scale of 1990.

text: Argon is produced industrially by the fractional distillation of liquid air. Argon is mostly used as an inert shielding gas in welding and other high-temperature industrial processes where ordinarily non-reactive substances become reactive; for example, an argon atmosphere is used in graphite electric furnaces to prevent the graphite from burning. Argon gas also has uses in incandescent and fluorescent lighting, and other types of gas discharge tubes. Argon makes a distinctive blue-green gas laser.

text: Biological role[edit]

text: Sodium is an essential element for all animals and some plants. In animals, sodium ions are used against potassium ions to build up charges on cell membranes, allowing transmission of nerve impulses when the charge is dissipated; it is therefore classified as a dietary inorganic macromineral.

text: Magnesium is the eleventh most abundant element by mass in the human body; its ions are essential to all living cells, where they play a major role in manipulating important biological polyphosphate compounds like ATP, DNA, and RNA. Hundreds of enzymes thus require magnesium ions to function. Magnesium is also the metallic ion at the center of chlorophyll, and is thus a common additive to fertilizers.[10] Magnesium compounds are used medicinally as common laxatives, antacids (e.g., milk of magnesia), and in a number of situations where stabilization of abnormal nerve excitation and blood vessel spasm is required (e.g., to treat eclampsia).

text: Despite its prevalence in the environment, aluminium salts are not known to be used by any form of life. In keeping with its pervasiveness, it is well tolerated by plants and animals.[11] Because of their prevalence, potential beneficial (or otherwise) biological roles of aluminium compounds are of continuing interest.

text: Silicon is an essential element in biology, although only tiny traces of it appear to be required by animals,[12] however various sea sponges need silicon in order to have structure. It is much more important to the metabolism of plants, particularly many grasses, and silicic acid (a type of silica) forms the basis of the striking array of protective shells of the microscopic diatoms.

text: Phosphorus is essential for life. As phosphate, it is a component of DNA, RNA, ATP, and also the phospholipids that form all cell membranes. Demonstrating the link between phosphorus and life, elemental phosphorus was historically first isolated from human urine, and bone ash was an important early phosphate source. Phosphate minerals are fossils. Low phosphate levels are an important limit to growth in some aquatic systems. Today, the most important commercial use of phosphorus-based chemicals is the production of fertilizers, to replace the phosphorus that plants remove from the soil.

text: Sulfur is an essential element for all life, and is widely used in biochemical processes. In metabolic reactions, sulfur compounds serve as both fuels and respiratory (oxygen-replacing) materials for simple organisms. Sulfur in organic form is present in the vitamins biotin and thiamine, the latter being named for the Greek word for sulfur. Sulfur is an important part of many enzymes and in antioxidant molecules like glutathione and thioredoxin. Organically bonded sulfur is a component of all proteins, as the amino acids cysteine and methionine. Disulfide bonds are largely responsible for the mechanical strength and insolubility of the protein keratin, found in outer skin, hair, and feathers, and the element contributes to their pungent odor when burned.

text: Elemental chlorine is extremely dangerous and poisonous for all lifeforms, and is used as a pulmonary agent in chemical warfare; however, chlorine is necessary to most forms of life, including humans, in form of chloride ions.

text: Argon has no biological role. Like any gas besides oxygen, argon is an asphyxiant.

text: Table of elements[edit]

text:
[hide]

v
t
e

Period 3 in the periodic table

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18

Group →

↓ Period

3
Sodium11Na
Magnesium12Mg

Aluminium13Al
Silicon14Si
Phosphorus15P
Sulfur16S
Chlorine17Cl
Argon18Ar

black=solid
green=liquid
red=gas
gray=unknown
Color of the atomic number shows state of matter (at 0 °C and 1 atm)

Primordial

From decay

Synthetic
Border shows natural occurrence of the element

Background color shows subcategory in the metal–metalloid–nonmetal trend:

Metal
Metalloid
Nonmetal

Alkali metal
Alkaline earth metal
Lanthanide
Actinide
Transition metal
Post-transition metal
Polyatomic nonmetal
Diatomic nonmetal
Noble gas


document_title: The Challenge: Champs vs. Stars (season 3)

question_text: whos in the finale of champs vs stars

question_tokens: whos in the finale of champs vs stars

text: Cast[edit]

text: Host: Mike "The Miz" Mizanin, WWE pro wrestler, former The Challenge winner and RW: Back to New York cast member

text:
Player

Known From

Charity

Raised

Finish

Chris "CT" Tamburello

RW: Paris

F.I.G.H.T.

$52,950

Winners

Tony Raines

RW: Skeletons

Hands on NOLA

$57,700

Casper Smart

Dancer

Inner-City Arts

$30,700

Second Place

Louise Hazel

Olympian

BLSYW

$30,200

Daniel Gibson

Former NBA guard

American Diabetes Association

$3,200

Third Place

Wes Bergmann

RW: Austin

36 Degrees North

$3,200

Drake Bell

Actor

Global Down Syndrome

$3,200

Episode 9/10

Kailah Casillas

RW: Go Big or Go Home

4Kids of South Florida

$1,450

Lil Mama

Rapper

Man Up! Inc

$950

Episode 8

Tori Deal

AYTO? 4

PanCAN

$950

Brooke Hogan

TV personality

PETA

$2,450

Shane Landrum

RR: Campus Crawl

True Colors Fund

$2,950

Jozea Flores

Big Brother 18

JDRF

$950

Episode 7/8

Selita Ebanks

Model

New Yorkers for Children

$950

Ashley Mitchell

RW: Ex-Plosion

The Malala Fund

$3,200

Episode 6

Devin Walker

AYTO? 3

Bregamos Community Theater

$950

Episode 5

Aneesa Ferreira

RW: Chicago

RAINN

$1,450

Episode 4[a]

Hennessy Carolina

Social media personality

BronxWorks

$400

Episode 3[b]

Kam Williams

AYTO? 5

LUCY Outreach

$400

Episode 2

Arian Foster

NFL running back

Arian Foster Foundation

Unknown

Episode 1

text: Draft[edit]

text: The winners of the first challenge were made team captains that would divide the Champs and Stars into two separate teams. Tony and CT were the captains.

text:
Round

Blue Team

Red Team

Captain

Tony

CT

1

Tori[c]

Kailah

2

Wes

Shane

3

Kam

Ashley[c]

4

Casper

Devin

5

Louise

Brooke

6

Daniel

Arian

7

Aneesa

Lil Mama

8

Drake

Jozea

9

Hennessy

Selita

text: In Episode 7, the remaining players were paired into teams of two. The leaders on the scoreboard got to choose their partners.

text:
Round

Captain

Selection

1

Tony

CT

2

Daniel

Wes

3

Louise

Casper

4

Drake

Kailah

5

Brooke

Shane

6

Lil Mama

Tori

7

Selita

Jozea

text: Game Summary[edit]

text: Challenge games[edit]

text:
Stair Down: Challengers compete in two heats, half Champs and half Stars each heat. They are covered in lube and must make their way to the top of a flight of stairs. The winners of each heat become the team captains for drafting the mixed teams. Once drafted, the total combined time from each individual player determined which newly formed team with the fastest time was the winner.
Winners: Blue Team - MVP: Tony
Over the Edge: Similar to shuffleboard, players must sit on top of a giant puck while another teammate pushes them to score points. Touching the ground while on the puck of going over the edge of the board disqualifies that player.
Winners: Red Team - MVP: Ashley
Release the Rainbow: Competitors are connected to a piece of ribbon and must untangle themselves from a giant jungle gym. Players may assist other players on their teams as long as they don't lock their ribbon in its final position. The first team to have all their players untangle themselves and connected to their final puzzle wins.
Winners: Red Team - MVP: CT
Face Off: Played on a football field in heats, players take turns on offense and defense. On offense, a player must kick a small ball past the 10-yard line while their teammates try to protect them, by blocking defenders with giant blown up balls. Similarly, the players on defense must stop the offensive player from bringing the small ball back into the endzone by knocking them over with the blown up balls.
Winners: Blue Team - MVP: Louise
Jumbo Table Hockey: Contestants play a game of field hockey, however the area they can move around is limited to moving their hockey sticks which are connected to the table.
Winners: Blue Team - MVP: Daniel
Crossfire: Players must divide their teams: half chosen to shoot dodgeballs using slingshots at giant stacks of boxes they must knock over, the other half hanging over the stack of boxes trying to defend them. When a player's stack of boxes is knocked over, they drop down to the ground and then may help retrieve balls for their teammates. The first team to have all the other team's boxes knocked over wins.
Winners: Blue Team - MVP: Drake
Go Deep: Partners must dive into an Olympic swimming pool and take turns moving a ring along a series of pipes. The first team to figure out the puzzle and remove the ring from the pipes and return it outside of the pool wins.
Winners: Brooke & Shane - MVP: Shane
Spot On: Similar to Twister, players must hold themselves between two walls with colored pegs. They must move their arms and legs to the corresponding colored peg that is called out. If players stop touching a peg, they are eliminated, and the last player remaining wins for their team.
Winners: Casper & Louise - MVP: Casper
Text Tile: Similar in style to the "Die Hard" Gulag from Cutthroat, teams must move a large crate across a beach, where one player lifts and moves the crate, while the other balances on top of the crate. Once at a certain mark, players must then open up their crate to find letters for a puzzle. The first players to solve the "Millennial Crossword Puzzle" wins.
Winners: CT & Tony - MVP: Tony

text: Arena Games[edit]

text:
Screw Off: Contestants must use a baseball bat to hit a flat piece of metal connected to a giant screw. The first contestant to successfully completely unscrew their piece wins.
Played by: Arian vs. Casper
Rock & Roll: Contestants start in the middle of a platform. Contestants must wrestle a large box with handles to their sides of the platform twice to defeat their opponent.
Played by: Brooke vs. Kam
Throwing Shade: Similar to cornhole, contestants must smash boxes and use the objects found inside to throw at picture targets of their opponent's face. The first contestant to hit all of the targets wins.
Played by: Shane vs. Tony
Popping Tags: Contestants are covered in large clothing tags and must wrestle their opponent to pull of three of their tags while defending their own tags.
Played by: Devin vs. Wes
Free Your Mind: This puzzle elimination has contestants placed within a cylinder bodysuit with pipes jutting out of it, and then placed within a cage with which the pipes they are connected to intersect. Contestants must figure out how to maneuver their bodies in order to escape from the cage. The first one to do so wins.
Played by: Ashley vs. Kailah
Flip Cup: Similar to the drinking game, players must flip over 3 cups face down before their partner must do the same. They then must flip over a giant flip cup with their partner inside, before switching with their partner and flipping the giant cup back to the start position.
Played by: Casper & Louise vs. Jozea & Selita
Icy Hot: Contestants must work with their partners and jump to touch buttons one thousand times total. They then must use an ice pick to break open a block of ice, untangle frozen jerseys inside, put on the jerseys, and then jump and touch the buttons another thousand times.
Played by: Casper & Louise vs. Drake & Kailah

text: Elimination chart[edit]

text:
Episode

Gender

Winners

Arena contestants

Arena game

Arena outcome

#

Challenge

Team

MVP

LVP Pick

Voted In

Winner

Loser

1

Stair Down

Male

Blue Team

Tony

Casper

Arian

Screw Off

Casper

Arian

2

Over The Edge

Female

Red Team

Ashley

Brooke

Kam[d]

Rock & Roll

Brooke

Kam

3[b]

Release the Rainbow

Male

Red Team

CT

Shane

Tony

Throwing Shade

Tony

Shane[e]

4

Face Off

Female

Blue Team

Louise

N/A[a]

5

Jumbo Table Hockey

Male

Blue Team

Daniel

Wes

Devin[f]

Popping Tags

Wes

Devin

6

Crossfire

Female

Blue Team

Drake

Ashley

Kailah[g][h]

Free Your Mind

Kailah

Ashley

7/8

Go Deep

N/A

Brooke & Shane

Shane

Casper & Louise

Jozea & Selita [i]

Flip Cup

Casper & Louise

Jozea & Selita

8

Spot On

Casper & Louise

Casper[j]

N/A

Brooke & Shane

Lil Mama & Tori

9/10

Text Tile

CT & Tony

Tony

Casper & Louise

Drake & Kailah

Icy Hot

Casper & Louise

Drake & Kailah

10

Bankroll

CT & Tony

Second Place: Casper & Louise, Third Place: Daniel & Wes

text: Episode progress[edit]

text:
Players
Episodes

1

2

3[b]

4[a]

5[f]

6[g][h]

7/8

8

9/10

10

CT

SAFE

SAFE

WIN

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

WIN

WINNER

Tony

WIN

SAFE

ARENA

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

WIN

WINNER

Casper

ARENA

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

ARENA

WIN

ARENA

SECOND

Louise

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

WIN

SAFE

SAFE

ARENA

WIN

ARENA

SECOND

Daniel

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

WIN

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

THIRD

Wes

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

ARENA

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

THIRD

Drake

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

WIN

SAFE

SAFE

OUT

Kailah

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

ARENA

SAFE

SAFE

OUT

Lil Mama

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

OUT

Tori

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

OUT

Brooke

SAFE

ARENA

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

WIN

OUT

Shane

SAFE

SAFE

ARENA

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

WIN

OUT

Jozea

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

OUT

ARENA

Selita

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

OUT

Ashley

SAFE

WIN

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

OUT

Devin

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

OUT

Aneesa

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

OUT

Hennessy

SAFE

SAFE

QUIT

ARENA

Kam

SAFE

OUT

Arian

OUT

text: Bank progress[edit]

text:
Players
Episodes

1

2

3[b]

4[a]

5[f]

6[h]

7/8

8

9/10

10

CT

$0

$450

$1,950

$1,950

$1,950

$1,950

$1,950

$1,950

$2,950

$52,950

Tony

$1,400

$1,400

$1,900

$2,450

$3,050

$3,700

$3,700

$3,700

$7,700

$57,700

Casper

$900

$900

$900

$1,450

$2,050

$2,700

$2,700

$5,200

$5,700

$30,700

Louise

$400

$400

$400

$1,950

$2,550

$3,200

$3,200

$4,700

$5,200

$30,200

Daniel

$400

$400

$400

$950

$2,550

$3,200

$3,200

$3,200

$3,200

$3,200

Wes

$400

$400

$900

$1,450

$2,550

$3,200

$3,200

$3,200

$3,200

$3,200

Drake

$400

$400

$400

$950

$1,550

$3,200

$3,200

$3,200

$3,200

Kailah

$0

$450

$950

$950

$950

$1,450

$1,450

$1,450

$1,450

Lil Mama

$0

$450

$950

$950

$950

$950

$950

$950

Tori

$400

$400

$400

$950

$950

$950

$950

$950

Brooke

$0

$950

$1,450

$1,450

$1,450

$1,450

$2,450

$2,450

Shane

$0

$450

$950

$950

$950

$950

$2,950

$2,950

Jozea

$0

$450

$950

$950

$950

$950

$950

Selita

$0

$450

$950

$950

$950

$950

$950

Ashley

$0

$450

$1,950

$1,950

$2,550

$3,200

Devin

$0

$450

$950

$950

$950

Aneesa

$400

$400

$400

$1,450

Hennessy

$400

$400

$400

Kam

$400

$400

Arian

$0

text: Notes[edit]

text:
^ Jump up to: a b c d At the end of Episode 4, Aneesa was forced to withdraw from the competition, after she suffered a fractured ankle during the "Face Off" mission. As a result, no LVP nomination or female Arena was held.

^ Jump up to: a b c d Prior to the third Arena, Hennessy withdrew from the competition, after she engaged in a verbal altercation with Devin.

^ Jump up to: a b In episode 4, MVP Louise was given the Power Play "Trade", which meant that she could switch any member of the blue team for any member of the red team. She switched Tori for Ashley.

Jump up ^ After a tie with the vote, the winner of the previous elimination, Casper, received the power to cast the deciding vote.

Jump up ^ After losing the elimination round, the Red Team voted to save Shane from being eliminated.

^ Jump up to: a b c Devin was placed into the Arena in place of Jozea, who was originally voted in, by the Blue Team's MVP, Daniel, whose Power Play gave him the chance to switch out the players at the nomination ceremony.

^ Jump up to: a b After a tie with the vote, the winner of the previous elimination, Wes, received the power to cast the deciding vote. He chose Lil Mama.

^ Jump up to: a b c Kailah was placed into the Arena in place of Lil Mama, who was originally voted in, by the Blue Team's MVP, Drake, whose Power Play gave him the chance to switch out the players at the elimination arena.

Jump up ^ After a tie with the vote, the winner of the previous elimination, Kailah, received the power to cast the deciding vote.

Jump up ^ As the MVP, Casper received the Power Play, Eliminate, which granted him the choice of which two of the bottom three teams from the challenge to eliminate.

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No. inseason

No. inseries

Title

Original air date

U.S. TV first-run viewers(million)
115"Staring Down the Competition"April 17, 2018 (2018-04-17)0.56[2]
216"Over the Edge and Under a Bus"April 24, 2018 (2018-04-24)0.49[3]
317"Stars From Rainbows to Storm Clouds"May 1, 2018 (2018-05-01)0.62 [4]
418"Face Off, Gloves On"May 8, 2018 (2018-05-08)0.52 [5]
519"Fire in the Heart, Ice in the Veins"May 15, 2018 (2018-05-15)0.50 [6]
620"Champs Caught in Cross Fire"May 22, 2018 (2018-05-22)0.56 [7]
721"Go Deep, or Go Home"May 29, 2018 (2018-05-29)0.62 [8]
822"When Loyalty Is Spot On"June 5, 2018 (2018-06-05)0.49 [9]
923"Crossed Words and Mixed Signals"June 12, 2018 (2018-06-12)0.52 [10]
1024"Bank Rolling in the Deep"June 19, 2018 (2018-06-19)0.53 [11]
1125"Champs vs. Stars Reunion"June 26, 2018 (2018-06-26)0.44 [12]

text: After filming[edit]

text: The reunion special aired on June 26, 2018, and was hosted by WWE pro wrestler, The Real World: Back to New York alum, and former Challenge champion Mike "The Miz" Mizanin. Most of the cast members attended at the MTV Studios in New York. Missing from the reunion were Hennessy Carolina and Arian Foster. Drake Bell made his appearance via video chat.


document_title: A Million Ways to Die in the West

question_text: where was 1 million ways to die in the west filmed

text: A Million Ways to Die in the West

text: Plot[edit]

text: In 1882, in the town of Old Stump, Arizona, a cowardly sheep farmer named Albert Stark (Seth MacFarlane) is dumped by his girlfriend Louise (Amanda Seyfried) as a result of his withdrawal from a gunfight. He prepares to leave for San Francisco, believing that the frontier offers nothing for him. Meanwhile, infamous outlaw Clinch Leatherwood (Liam Neeson) robs and kills an old prospector (Matt Clark) for a gold nugget. He orders his right-hand man Lewis (Evan Jones) to escort his wife Anna (Charlize Theron) to Old Stump to lie low while he continues his banditry. Lewis and Anna arrive in Old Stump under the guise of two siblings intending to build a farm, but Lewis is arrested after shooting the Pastor's (John Aylward) son (Dylan Kenin) in a saloon. During the ensuing fight, Albert saves Anna from being crushed to death by two of the brawlers, and the two become close friends. They attend a county fair where Louise's new boyfriend, the haughty Foy (Neil Patrick Harris), challenges Albert to a shooting contest. Albert is defeated, but Anna steps in and defeats Foy. Foy mocks Albert, who angrily challenges Foy to a duel in a week's time. Anna then spends the week teaching Albert how to shoot.

text: During a barn dance the night before the duel, Anna slips Foy a Mickey. After leaving the dance, Albert and Anna kiss before heading home. Upon breaking out of jail and murdering the sheriff, Lewis witnesses the kiss and reports it to Clinch. On the day of the duel, Foy arrives late and goes into convulsions from the laxative he had unknowingly drunk. Albert, who has decided that Louise is not worth fighting for, once again forfeits the duel. He retires to the saloon, but Clinch arrives and demands to know who kissed his wife. When no one comes forward, Clinch shoots a nearby cowboy (Ryan Reynolds). He reveals that Anna is his wife and threatens to continue killing unless his wife's lover duels him at noon the next day. Clinch later forces Anna to reveal Albert's name and then prepares to have sex with her, but she knocks him unconscious and escapes.

text: Anna returns to Albert's farm, where he angrily shouts at her for lying to him. Clinch pursues Anna to the farm; Albert helps her escape, then escapes himself. While fleeing, he is captured by a tribe of Apache Indians, who threaten to burn him alive. The Indians spare him when he reveals that he can speak their language. They give him a bowl of peyote, which sends him flashing back to his birth and through painful events of his childhood before making him realize that he loves Anna. Meanwhile, Clinch recaptures Anna in town, in front of Edward's (Giovanni Ribisi) house. Albert returns to Old Stump and confronts Clinch. He wounds Clinch with a bullet poisoned with rattlesnake venom before his own gun is shot out of his hand, but he manages to stall until Clinch fatally succumbs to the poison. Louise attempts to win back Albert, but he rejects her and instead happily enters a relationship with Anna. Albert also receives a bounty for killing Clinch and uses the money to buy more sheep.

text: Later at the Fair, the proprietor of a racially charged shooting game called "Runaway Slave" asks who would like to take a shot. Django (Jamie Foxx) steps up and shoots the man while commenting that "people die at the fair".

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Seth MacFarlane as Albert Stark, a sheepherder.

Mike Salazar as 6-year-old Albert

Charlize Theron as Anna Barnes-Leatherwood,[4] Clinch Leatherwood's wife who befriends Albert.
Liam Neeson as Clinch Leatherwood,[5] an infamous outlaw and Anna's husband.
Giovanni Ribisi as Edward,[5] Albert's best friend and Ruth's boyfriend
Neil Patrick Harris as Foy,[6] an Old Stump inhabitant and Louise's current boyfriend.
Sarah Silverman as Ruth, Edward's girlfriend and a prostitute.
Amanda Seyfried as Louise,[7] Albert's ex-girlfriend.
Christopher Hagen as George Stark, Albert's cantankerous father.
Wes Studi as Cochise[8]
Rex Linn as Sheriff/Narrator[7]
Alex Borstein as Millie, a madam at a local brothel which Ruth works at.
Ralph Garman as Dan
John Aylward as Pastor Wilson
Amick Byram as Marcus Thornton
Evan Jones as Lewis, an outlaw and Clinch Leatherwood's right-hand man.
Dylan Kenin as Pastor's Son, the son of a pastor who is killed by Lewis in the bar.

text: Cameos[edit]

text:
Jamie Foxx (uncredited) as Django Freeman,[9] he appears where he shoots the owner of the "Runaway Slave" game. The scene featuring him was added after audiences in test screenings reacted poorly to the shooting gallery at the fair which features cartoon images of black slaves as targets.
Ryan Reynolds (uncredited) as cowboy killed in bar
Tait Fletcher as Cowboy #1[10]
Gilbert Gottfried as Abraham Lincoln,[11] he was seen during Albert's drug trip.
Mike Henry as smiling man in photograph
Dennis Haskins as snake oil salesman
John Michael Higgins as Dandy #1
Christopher Lloyd as Doc Brown[12]
Bill Maher as comic[13]
Ewan McGregor as a cowboy who laughed with Foy at Albert's expense at the fair.
Alec Sulkin as guy at fair
Rupert Boneham as guy in bar fight
Kaley Cuoco (uncredited, unrated version only) as a woman that Albert tries to pick up in a store.
Patrick Stewart (uncredited voice) as a sheep with long legs that was seen in Albert's drug trip.

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: A Million Ways to Die in the West originated as an inside joke between MacFarlane and co-writers Sulkin and Wild,[14] while they were watching Hang 'Em High.[15] The joke evolved into "riffing on the idea of how dull, depressing, and dangerous it must have been to live in the Wild West."[14] MacFarlane, a lifelong fan of westerns, began researching the topic, using Jeff Guinn's nonfiction novel, The Last Gunfight: The Real Story of the Shootout at the O.K. Corral — And How It Changed the American West as an "invaluable resource," and basis for many of the ways of dying in the film.[14] Various aspects of the film were inspired by real westerns. The decision to make Albert a sheep herder was inspired by Montana (1950) and his average, non-confrontational demeanor by 3:10 to Yuma (1957).[16] Other westerns that inspired MacFarlane and the crew during writing included Oklahoma! (1955), The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance (1962), and El Dorado (1966).[16] The film was first announced on December 3, 2012, marking MacFarlane's second foray into live-action directing, after 2012's Ted.[17]

text: Casting[edit]

text: On January 30, 2013, it was announced that Charlize Theron had joined the film.[18] Theron later revealed that she "begged" for her role.[19] On February 11, it was announced Amanda Seyfried had joined the film.[20] On March 6, it was announced Liam Neeson and Giovanni Ribisi had joined the film.[21] Neeson, who nearly always suppresses his Irish accent when acting, agreed to play the part of Clinch only on the condition that he could use his Irish accent. In an interview on The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon, Neeson remarked that he made this demand because an episode of MacFarlane's Family Guy had previously made a joke out of the juxtaposition of Neeson playing a cowboy with an Irish accent.[22] On March 18, it was announced that Sarah Silverman was cast to play a prostitute in the film.[23] On May 10, it was announced that the film would be co-financed by Media Rights Capital and Fuzzy Door Productions, along with Bluegrass Films and distributed by Universal Studios.[24] On May 11, 2013, it was announced that Neil Patrick Harris had joined the film.[25] On May 29, 2013, MacFarlane announced that Bill Maher had joined the cast.[13] On February 21, 2014, he announced that Gilbert Gottfried had also joined the cast.[11]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Principal photography began on May 6, 2013.[26][27] Filming locations included various areas in and around Albuquerque, New Mexico,[28] also including the Santa Fe Studio in Santa Fe.[29] Principal photography ended on August 9, 2013.[30] The film shoot was difficult, as the cast and crew navigated rough weather: "everything from hailstorms to blistering heat to arctic winds and torrential rainstorms."[14]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text:
A Million Ways to Die in the West

Soundtrack album by Joel McNeely

Released
May 27, 2014

Recorded
2014

Genre
Film score

Length
41:20

Label
Back Lot Music

Joel McNeely film scores chronology

The Pirate Fairy
(2014)The Pirate Fairy2014
A Million Ways to Die in the West
(2014)
Home
(2015)Home2015

text: The score was composed by Joel McNeely. The soundtrack was released by Back Lot Music on May 27, 2014.[31] The theme song "A Million Ways to Die" is performed by Alan Jackson. It was released as a single on April 29, 2014.[32] A portion of the Back to the Future theme by Alan Silvestri is used during Christopher Lloyd's cameo.[10]

text: All music composed by Joel McNeely, except as noted.

text:
No.
Title
Length

1.
"A Million Ways to Die" (performed by Alan Jackson)
2:27

2.
"Main Title"
2:33

3.
"Missing Louise"
2:08

4.
"Old Stump"
0:45

5.
"Saloon Brawl"
1:50

6.
"Rattlesnake Ridge"
1:28

7.
"People Die at the Fair"
2:11

8.
"The Shooting Lesson"
2:16

9.
"The Barn Dance"
2:29

10.
"If You’ve Only Got a Moustache" (composed by Stephen Foster, performed by Amick Byram)
1:31

11.
"Anna and Albert"
4:19

12.
"Clinch Hunts Albert"
3:41

13.
"Racing the Train"
2:21

14.
"Captured by Cochise"
2:07

15.
"Albert Takes a Trip"
2:24

16.
"The Showdown"
2:20

17.
"Sheep to the Horizon"
2:00

18.
"End Title Suite"
2:30

Total length:
41:20

text: Release[edit]

text: On May 16, 2014, the film had its world premiere at the Regency Village Theater in Los Angeles.[33][34] The film was later released nationwide on May 30, 2014.[35] The film was produced by Media Rights Capital, Fuzzy Door Productions, and Bluegrass Films and distributed by Universal Pictures.[36][37]

text: Marketing[edit]

text: On January 27, 2014, MacFarlane announced that he wrote a companion novel based on the film's script, which was released on March 4, 2014.[38][39] An audio-book version was also made available, narrated by Jonathan Frakes.[40] MacFarlane wrote the book on weekends during shooting for the film, partially due to boredom.[14]

text: Box office[edit]

text: A Million Ways to Die in the West grossed $43.1 million in North America and $43.3 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $86.4 million, against its $40 million budget.[3]

text: The film grossed $16.8 million in its opening weekend, finishing in third place at the box office behind fellow newcomer Maleficent and the previous weekend's opener X-Men: Days of Future Past.[3] This was below expectations of $26 million.[41] In its second weekend, the film dropped to number five, grossing an additional $7.3 million.[42] In its third weekend, the film dropped to number eight, grossing $3.2 million.[43] In its fourth weekend, the film dropped to number 11, grossing $1.6 million.[44]

text: Home media[edit]

text: A Million Ways to Die in the West was released via DVD and Blu-ray on October 7, 2014.[45] The Blu-ray release contains an unrated version (135 minutes), along with the original theatrical cut (116 minutes). In the United States, the film has grossed $8,336,420 from DVD sales and $6,739,162 from Blu-ray sales, making a total of $15,075,582.[46]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: A Million Ways to Die in the West received mixed reviews from critics.[47][48] Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes gave the film a 33% rating based on 192 reviews, with an average score of 4.9/10. The site's consensus states, "While it offers a few laughs and boasts a talented cast, Seth MacFarlane's overlong, aimless A Million Ways to Die in the West is a disappointingly scattershot affair."[49] Another review aggregation website, Metacritic, gave a score of 44 out of 100, based on 43 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[47] Audiences by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B" on an A+ to F scale; opening weekend demographics were primarily male (55%) and over 25 years of age (72%).[50]

text: Claudia Puig's review in USA Today was largely positive, writing, "A Western with a contemporary sensibility and dialogue that sounds markedly modern, A Million Ways to Die in the West is quintessential MacFarlane, at once silly and witty, juvenile and clever."[51] Stephen Holden's review in The New York Times was mainly neutral, calling the film "a live-action spinoff of [Family Guy], with different characters."[52] "While the whole thing feels weirdly miscalculated to me, A Million Ways to Die in the West tweaks the formula just enough, delivers a few laughs and keeps the guest stars coming," wrote Salon columnist Andrew O'Hehir.[53] Rafer Guzman of Newsday found the film amusing, calling it "another example of MacFarlane's ability to mix poop jokes with romance, foul language with sweet sentiment, offensive humor with boyish charm."[54]

text: In a more negative review, Scott Mendelson of Forbes commended MacFarlane's decision to make an unconventional western comedy, but summarized the film as "just ambitious enough for that to be genuinely disappointing."[55] Michael O'Sullivan at The Washington Post was mixed, deeming the film a "broad, wildly hit-or-miss satire," remarking that he found few of the jokes in the film funny.[56] "Spiritually, it's closer to a mid-range crowd-pleaser such as City Slickers than Blazing Saddles, too enamoured of genre convention to reach for the comic dynamite," wrote Mike McCahill at The Guardian.[57]

text: Much of the film's criticism was directed towards its writing, running time, and MacFarlane's debut live-action performance. Michael Phillips of the Chicago Tribune criticized MacFarlane's acting and direction as: "A failure of craft. He can't direct action, or even handle scenery well. He can't set up a visual joke properly without resorting to head-butting and bone-crunching, and he doesn't know how, or when, to move his camera. He's not good enough as a romantic lead to anchor a picture."[58] Richard Corliss of Time called the film a "sagebrush comedy whose visual grandeur and appealing actors get polluted by some astonishingly lazy writing."[59] Scott Foundas of Variety found the film "overlong and uninspired," criticizing the film's "lazy writing," and MacFarlane's "surprisingly bland" comic performance.[60]

text: Rene Rodriguez of the Miami Herald gave the film one star, commenting, "There are enough laughs scattered throughout A Million Ways to Die in the West that while you're watching it, the movie seems like a passable comedy. By the time you get home, though, you can barely remember the jokes."[61] John DeFore of The Hollywood Reporter criticized the film's running time: "Though the film is hardly laugh-free, its uneven jokes appear to have breezed through a very forgiving editing process."[62] Joe Morgenstern of The Wall Street Journal too found the film's length "exhausting," noting, "Some of it sputters, settling for smiles instead of laughs, and much of it flounders while the slapdash script searches [...] for ever more common denominators in toilet humor."[63]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Award
Date of ceremony
Category
Recipient(s)
Result
Ref(s)

People's Choice Award
January 7, 2015
Favorite Comedic Movie Actress
Charlize Theron
Nominated
[64]

International Film Music Critics Association Award
February 19, 2015
Best Original Score for a Comedy Film
Joel McNeely
Nominated
[65]

Golden Raspberry Awards
February 21, 2015
Worst Actor
Seth MacFarlane
Nominated
[66]

Worst Actress
Charlize Theron
Nominated

Worst Director
Seth MacFarlane
Nominated

Worst Screen Combo
Seth MacFarlane and Charlize Theron
Nominated


document_title: You Do Something to Me

question_text: who wrote the song you do something to me

text: You Do Something to Me

text: "You Do Something to Me" is a song written by Cole Porter. It is notable in that it was the first number in Porter's first fully integrated-book musical Fifty Million Frenchmen (1929). In the original production, the song was performed by Genevieve Tobin and William Gaxton, performing the roles of Looloo Carroll and Peter Forbes, respectively.

text: The song has been revived and rerecorded many times since, notably by Howard McGillin and Susan Powell in 1991. There are two verses and two rounds of the chorus. The song has been described as "a tender prequel" to "Let's Do It, Let's Fall In Love," Porter's first popular song. The song has been recorded by artists including Mario Lanza, Frank Sinatra, Marlene Dietrich, Doris Day, Sonny Rollins, Susannah McCorkle, Bryan Ferry, Sinéad O'Connor on Red Hot + Blue (1990), and Skunk Anansie. Ella Fitzgerald, the First Lady of Song, recorded this song on both her Cole Porter Songbook albums and on her Pablo classic, Ella à Nice. Bing Crosby recorded the song in 1955[1] for use on his radio show and it was subsequently included in the box set The Bing Crosby CBS Radio Recordings (1954-56) issued by Mosaic Records (catalog MD7-245) in 2009.[2] Bette Midler's version of the song plays over the final credits of the 1991 film Scenes From A Mall starring Midler and Woody Allen.

text: According to the liner notes for It's De Lovely — The Authentic Cole Porter Collection, the line "the voodoo that you do so well" is quoted in the 1993 Salt-N-Pepa song "Shoop".[3]

text: The "voodoo" line is also quoted by Hedley Lamarr (Harvey Korman) in the 1974 film Blazing Saddles as he exhorts his gang to attack a frontier town.


document_title: Jannes and Jambres

question_text: who is janice and jambres in the bible

question_tokens: who is janice and jambres in the bible

text: Jannes and Jambres

text: Hebrew Bible[edit]

text: Jannes and Jambres are not specifically mentioned in the Tanakh ("Hebrew Bible"), but the Egyptian "wise men and sorcerers" (two of whom were identified with Jannes and Jambres in Jewish and Christian traditions) are mentioned in Exodus 7:10-12 (KJV)

text: And Moses and Aaron went in unto Pharaoh, and they did so as the LORD had commanded: and Aaron cast down his rod before Pharaoh, and before his servants, and it became a serpent. Then Pharaoh also called the wise men and the sorcerers: now the magicians of Egypt, they also did in like manner with their enchantments. For they cast down every man his rod, and they became serpents: but Aaron's rod swallowed up their rods.

text: The New Testament and Second Temple Literature[edit]

text: The names Jannes and Jambres (Ἰάννης καὶ Ἰαμβρῆς) appear in 2 Timothy[2] in the New Testament. Origen says that there was an apocryphal book called The Book of Jannes and Jambres, containing details of their exploits, and that Paul the Apostle was quoting from it. This book, known as The Apocryphon of Jannes and Jambres the magicians, exists in some Greek fragments present in the Chester Beatty Papyri No XVI (which has been edited and translated by Albert Pietersma [3]), and in an extensive Ethiopic fragment which was discovered in 2014.[4] It was also probably known to the Qumran community, since the Qumran community refers to one of the magicians by the name of Jannes.[5] The Testament of Solomon also refers to the magicians by the name of Jannes and Jambres.

text: Greco-Roman Literature[edit]

text: The name of Jannes as one of the magicians against Moses occurs in Pliny the Elder's Natural History;[6] Pliny refers to Moses and Jannes as famous magicians of antiquity; Pliny's citation is also referred to in Apuleius. Numenius of Apamea, a Neopythagorean philosopher, called them sacred Egyptian scribes. The Gospel of Nicodemus also refers to the magicians by the name of Jannes and Jambres.

text: Rabbinic Literature[edit]

text: Two "wise men" are referred to by the names "Johana and Mamre" in the Babylonian Talmud in Menachoth 85a.[7] "Jannis and Jambres" are mentioned by name in the Targum of Pseudo-Jonathan in sections Exodus 1:15,[8] Exodus 7:10-12,[9] and Numbers 22:2.[10][11] Jewish traditions in the Targums preserve other legendary lore about the pair. They are called the sons of Balaam, the unwitting non-Jewish prophet of Peor.[12] It was also claimed that they converted to Judaism, and that they left Egypt at the Exodus to accompany Moses and the Israelites; however, they perished on the way, either at the Red Sea, or the destruction of the Golden Calf, or at the slaughter of Korah and his followers.[citation needed]

text: Apart from their opposition to Moses there are other aggadic lore and legends about Egyptian sorcerers; it was said that during the end of their days they had necessary occult knowledge to embark on a journey to the Jewish world to come. They were not welcomed and the angels of the first few heavens fought them vigorously but they could not evict them due to the potent talismans that were worn by the wizards. As they entered the fourth heaven they were met by Michael and Gabriel; legends say that the battle was very evenly balanced, but in the end it was the angels who had to fall back. Upon entering the fifth heaven they were met by none other than Metatron, who did not come at them with defiance or anger, but appeared accommodating, considering the circumstances; after conversing for a short time the angel was successful in convincing Jannes and Jambres to remove their talismans, leaving them thus vulnerable. Metatron was quick to act and threw them out of heaven with a wave of his hand. It is said that they lost all memory of the event after that.[citation needed]

text: The "Book of Jasher", of which the earliest known copy is from a 16th Century Hebrew printed manuscript (first edition 1552), also refers to the two magicians by the name of Jannes and Jambres.[13]

text: In popular culture[edit]

text: In the film The Ten Commandments (1956 film), Douglass Dumbrille plays Jannes as a constantly-fretting and extremely devout Egyptian Priest of Khnum. The Prince of Egypt, an animated Dreamworks film, has Steve Martin and Martin Short provide the voices of Hotep and Huy; characters who were based on Jannes and Jambres. In the 2014 film Exodus: Gods and Kings, Indira Varma plays an Egyptian high priestess whose character is roughly parallel to the role of Jannes and Jambres.


document_title: 2018 UEFA Champions League Final

question_text: who is singing at the uefa champions league final

text: 2018 UEFA Champions League Final

text: Teams[edit]

text: In the following table, finals until 1992 were in the European Cup era, since 1993 were in the UEFA Champions League era.

text:
Team
Previous finals appearances (bold indicates winners)

 Real Madrid
15 (1956, 1957, 1958, 1959, 1960, 1962, 1964, 1966, 1981, 1998, 2000, 2002, 2014, 2016, 2017)

 Liverpool
7 (1977, 1978, 1981, 1984, 1985, 2005, 2007)

text: Venue[edit]

text: The NSC Olimpiyskiy Stadium was announced as the final venue on 15 September 2016, following the decision of the UEFA Executive Committee meeting in Athens, Greece.[5] This was the sixth European Cup/Champions League final hosted at an Eastern European venue following those in 1973 in Belgrade,[10] Yugoslavia, the 1983, 1994 and 2007 finals hosted by Athens,[11][12][13] Greece as well as the 2008 final in Moscow, Russia.[14]

text: The Olimpiyskiy Stadium was built in 1923 and it has been renovated three times, most recently in 2011 in preparation for the UEFA Euro 2012 tournament.[15] The stadium was used as a venue in the 1980 Summer Olympics for its football event and the aforementioned European Championship,[16] including the final match, which saw Spain beat Italy by the record-breaking score of 4–0 on the way to their third title.[17] Its current capacity is 70,050 and it is used by the Ukraine national football team, Dynamo Kyiv, and major domestic matches like the Ukrainian Cup.[18][19]

text: Background[edit]

text: Defending champions Real Madrid reached a record 16th final after a 4–3 aggregate win against German side Bayern Munich, knocking them out of the competition for the second consecutive season. This was Real Madrid's third consecutive final, and fourth final in five tournaments with an opportunity to win a record 13th title. Previously they won finals in 1956, 1957, 1958, 1959, 1960, 1966, 1998, 2000, 2002, 2014, 2016 and 2017; and lost in 1962, 1964 and 1981. This was also their 20th final in all seasonal UEFA competitions, having also played in two Cup Winners' Cup finals (losing in 1971 and 1983) and two UEFA Cup finals (winning in 1985 and 1986). Real Madrid are only the third team since the competition's rebranding as the Champions League to reach three consecutive finals after Milan in 1995 and Juventus in 1998. They are the first team in the Champions League era, and the fourth overall, to win three straight finals, a feat only achieved by the Real Madrid side of the 1950s, as they went on to win a record five successive finals, as well as the Ajax and Bayern Munich squads of the 1970s in 1973 and 1976, respectively.[20]

text: Liverpool reached their eighth final, their first since 2007, after a 7–6 aggregate win against Italian side Roma.[21] They have won the final on five occasions (1977, 1978, 1981, 1984 and 2005), and have lost twice (1985 and 2007). This was also their 13th final in UEFA seasonal competitions, having played in one Cup Winners' Cup final (losing in 1966) and four UEFA Cup/Europa League finals (winning in 1973, 1976 and 2001; and losing in 2016).[22] Liverpool were the first team since Bayern Munich in 2011–12 to reach the final having qualified for the competition through the play-off round. This was also the most recent occasion the final featured an English team (Chelsea).[23] Liverpool were the most recent team to defeat Real Madrid in a European Cup Final, winning 1–0 in Paris in 1981.[24]

text: Besides the 1981 final, the two teams have played each other four times in the Champions League era. Liverpool won both matches in the 2008–09 UEFA Champions League round of 16, while Real Madrid won both matches in the 2014–15 UEFA Champions League group stage.[25]

text: Road to the final[edit]

text: Note: In all results below, the score of the finalist is given first (H: home; A: away).

text:
Real Madrid
Round
 Liverpool

Bye
Qualifying phase
Opponent
Agg.
1st leg
2nd leg

Play-off round
 1899 Hoffenheim
6–3
2–1 (A)
4–2 (H)

Opponent
Result
Group stage
Opponent
Result

 APOEL
3–0 (H)
Matchday 1
 Sevilla
2–2 (H)

 Borussia Dortmund
3–1 (A)
Matchday 2
 Spartak Moscow
1–1 (A)

 Tottenham Hotspur
1–1 (H)
Matchday 3
 Maribor
7–0 (A)

 Tottenham Hotspur
1–3 (A)
Matchday 4
 Maribor
3–0 (H)

 APOEL
6–0 (A)
Matchday 5
 Sevilla
3–3 (A)

 Borussia Dortmund
3–2 (H)
Matchday 6
 Spartak Moscow
7–0 (H)

Group H runners-up

Pos
Team
[

v
t
e

]

Pld
Pts

1
 Tottenham Hotspur
6
16

2
 Real Madrid
6
13

3
 Borussia Dortmund
6
2

4
 APOEL
6
2

Source: UEFA

Final standings
Group E winners

Pos
Team
[

v
t
e

]

Pld
Pts

1
 Liverpool
6
12

2
 Sevilla
6
9

3
 Spartak Moscow
6
6

4
 Maribor
6
3

Source: UEFA

Opponent
Agg.
1st leg
2nd leg
Knockout phase
Opponent
Agg.
1st leg
2nd leg

 Paris Saint-Germain
5–2
3–1 (H)
2–1 (A)
Round of 16
 Porto
5–0
5–0 (A)
0–0 (H)

 Juventus
4–3
3–0 (A)
1–3 (H)
Quarter-finals
 Manchester City
5–1
3–0 (H)
2–1 (A)

 Bayern Munich
4–3
2–1 (A)
2–2 (H)
Semi-finals
 Roma
7–6
5–2 (H)
2–4 (A)

text: Pre-match[edit]

text: Ambassador[edit]

text: The ambassador for the final was former Ukrainian international Andriy Shevchenko, who won the UEFA Champions League with Milan in 2003.[26]

text: Ticketing[edit]

text: With a stadium capacity of 63,000 for the final, a total of 40,700 tickets are available to fans and the general public, with the two finalist teams receiving 17,000 tickets each and with 6,700 tickets being available for sale to fans worldwide via UEFA.com from 15 to 22 March 2018 in four price categories: €450, €320, €160, and €70. The remaining tickets are allocated to the local organising committee, UEFA and national associations, commercial partners and broadcasters, and to serve the corporate hospitality programme.[27][28]

text: Opening ceremony[edit]

text: English singer Dua Lipa performed at the opening ceremony preceding the final.[29] Jamaican rapper Sean Paul joined her as a special guest to perform their collaborative song, "No Lie".[30]

text:
"One Kiss"
"No Lie" (with Sean Paul)
"Be the One"
"IDGAF"
"New Rules"

text: Related events[edit]

text: The 2018 UEFA Women's Champions League Final was held two days earlier, on 24 May 2018, at the Valeriy Lobanovskyi Dynamo Stadium between Wolfsburg and Lyon, Lyon emerging victorious 4–1.[31] This was also the last time that the host city for the men's Champions League final was also automatically assigned the Women's Champions League final.[32]

text: The annual UEFA Champions Festival was held between 24–27 May 2018 at the Kiev city centre.[33]

text: Incidents[edit]

text: In late May, The New York Times reported that some fans with allocated tickets had returned them after having trouble finding flights to and accommodation in Kiev. Locals in Kiev began offering free accommodation for fans affected by cancelled hotel and apartment arrangements.[34] Several charter flights arranged for Liverpool fans were cancelled, leaving fans with tickets stranded and leading to an unsuccessful search for alternative solutions by the club and city government.[35][36] Other airlines offered flights to Kiev from airports in Liverpool and Manchester, using assigned slots at Kiev's airports.[37]

text: On 24 May, a group of Liverpool fans were attacked in a restaurant by 20 masked hooligans.[38]

text: Match[edit]

text: Officials[edit]

text: On 7 May 2018, UEFA announced that Serbian Milorad Mažić would officiate the final. Mažić has been a FIFA referee since 2009, and gained UEFA's elite referee status in 2013. He was joined by his fellow countrymen, with Milovan Ristić and Dalibor Đurdević as assistant referees, Nenad Đokić and Danilo Grujić as additional assistant referees, and Nemanja Petrović as reserve assistant referee. The fourth official for the final was Frenchman Clément Turpin.[2]

text: Summary[edit]

text: The match began with Liverpool's kickoff and the team's successive attacks to counter Madrid's slower, possession-based buildup. In the 23rd minute, a low shot by Trent Alexander-Arnold went through a defender's legs and forced a late save by Keylor Navas. Two minutes later, Liverpool forward Mohamed Salah was injured competing for the ball with Sergio Ramos, who had locked Salah's arm resulting in a fall.[39][40] Due to a dislocated shoulder, Salah was substituted four minutes later for Adam Lallana.[41] Madrid's Dani Carvajal was substituted in the 37th minute with a hamstring injury after an attempted backheel.[42] Minutes later, Karim Benzema's goal was disallowed after he was determined to be offside while finishing a shot started by Cristiano Ronaldo's header. The first half ended scoreless, with Madrid dominating possession but Liverpool having more chances to score.[39][41]

text: The second half began with a shot by Isco, who hit the crossbar. In the 51st minute, Benzema scored the match's first goal by deflecting a throw by Liverpool goalkeeper Loris Karius. Liverpool equalised four minutes later on a tap-in by Sadio Mané, who finished a header by Dejan Lovren during a corner kick.[43] Gareth Bale was substituted in for Isco in the 61st minute and scored Madrid's second goal two minutes later, using an acrobatic bicycle kick to finish a cross by Marcelo.[44] Liverpool pressed for a second equalising goal, with a shot by Mané that hit the goal post and calls for a penalty for an alleged handball, but were also losing possession to Madrid. Ronaldo had a chance to score his first goal of the match during a counterattack in the 73rd minute, but was tackled by Liverpool defender Andrew Robertson in the penalty box. Bale scored his second goal of the match in the 83rd minute on a 40-yard (37 m) shot that was mishandled by Karius. A second chance on goal for Ronaldo in the 93rd minute of play was interrupted by a pitch invader, who was captured by stadium stewards.[39][41]

text: Details[edit]

text: The "home" team (for administrative purposes) was determined by an additional draw held after the semi-final draw, which was held on 13 April 2018, 13:00 CEST, at the UEFA headquarters in Nyon, Switzerland.[45]

text:
Real Madrid
3–1
 Liverpool

Benzema  51'
Bale  64', 83'

Report

Mané  55'

text:
Real Madrid[4]

Liverpool[4]

text:
GK
1
 Keylor Navas

RB
2
 Dani Carvajal

 37'

CB
5
 Raphaël Varane

CB
4
 Sergio Ramos (c)

LB
12
 Marcelo

CM
10
 Luka Modrić

CM
14
 Casemiro

CM
8
 Toni Kroos

AM
22
 Isco

 61'

CF
9
 Karim Benzema

 89'

CF
7
 Cristiano Ronaldo

Substitutes:

GK
13
 Kiko Casilla

DF
6
 Nacho

 37'

DF
15
 Theo Hernández

MF
20
 Marco Asensio

 89'

MF
23
 Mateo Kovačić

FW
11
 Gareth Bale

 61'

FW
17
 Lucas Vázquez

Manager:

 Zinedine Zidane

GK
1
 Loris Karius

RB
66
 Trent Alexander-Arnold

CB
6
 Dejan Lovren

CB
4
 Virgil van Dijk

LB
26
 Andrew Robertson

CM
7
 James Milner

 83'

CM
14
 Jordan Henderson (c)

CM
5
 Georginio Wijnaldum

RF
11
 Mohamed Salah

 31'

CF
9
 Roberto Firmino

LF
19
 Sadio Mané
 82'

Substitutes:

GK
22
 Simon Mignolet

DF
2
 Nathaniel Clyne

DF
17
 Ragnar Klavan

DF
18
 Alberto Moreno

MF
20
 Adam Lallana

 31'

MF
23
 Emre Can

 83'

FW
29
 Dominic Solanke

Manager:

 Jürgen Klopp

text:
Man of the Match:
Gareth Bale (Real Madrid)[1]
Assistant referees:[2]
Milovan Ristić (Serbia)
Dalibor Đurđević (Serbia)
Fourth official:[2]
Clément Turpin (France)
Additional assistant referees:[2]
Nenad Đokić (Serbia)
Danilo Grujić (Serbia)
Reserve assistant referee:[2]
Nemanja Petrović (Serbia)

Match rules[46]

90 minutes.
30 minutes of extra time if necessary.
Penalty shoot-out if scores still level.
Seven named substitutes, of which up to three may be used.

text: Statistics[edit]

text:
First half[47]

Statistic
Real Madrid
Liverpool

Goals scored
0
0

Total shots
5
9

Shots on target
0
1

Saves
1
0

Ball possession
65%
35%

Corner kicks
2
2

Fouls committed
2
10

Offsides
4
1

Yellow cards
0
0

Red cards
0
0

Second half[47]

Statistic
Real Madrid
Liverpool

Goals scored
3
1

Total shots
7
3

Shots on target
5
1

Saves
0
2

Ball possession
58%
42%

Corner kicks
7
3

Fouls committed
3
8

Offsides
3
2

Yellow cards
0
1

Red cards
0
0

Overall[47]

Statistic
Real Madrid
Liverpool

Goals scored
3
1

Total shots
12
12

Shots on target
5
2

Saves
1
2

Ball possession
62%
38%

Corner kicks
9
5

Fouls committed
5
18

Offsides
7
3

Yellow cards
0
1

Red cards
0
0

text: Post-match[edit]

text: Real Madrid became the first team since Bayern Munich in 1974–76 to win three consecutive UEFA Champions Leagues or European Cups.[44] The title was Madrid's 13th, another Champions League record, and their fourth in five years.[44] Real Madrid's victory was the fifth consecutive title for a Spanish side in the Champions League, becoming the longest run for the trophy to be held by teams from the same country since English sides won six consecutive titles between 1977 and 1982.[48]

text: Manager Zinedine Zidane became the first to win three consecutive Champions League titles and matched Carlo Ancelotti's record of Champions League era wins.[49] Five days after the final, Zidane announced that he would step down as manager in favour of a "different voice".[50] Cristiano Ronaldo became the first player to win the Champions League five times, surpassing the record set by Clarence Seedorf in 2007 and by Andrés Iniesta in 2015.[51]

text: Gareth Bale became the first substitute to score two goals in a Champions League final and was named man of the match.[52][53] His first goal received acclaim as one of the best in Champions League history and was compared to Ronaldo's bicycle kick goal against Juventus in the quarter-final and manager Zinedine Zidane's goal in the 2002 final.[39][54]

text: Sergio Ramos's tackle on Mohammed Salah received mixed reactions from the press and fans on whether the injury was the result of a deliberate blow or an accident.[55] Egyptian fans responded with anger on social media, including insults that became trending topics on Twitter.[56] A Change.org petition calling on UEFA and FIFA to punish Ramos for the challenge received 400,000 signatures within two days.[57] A separate incident involving Ramos and Liverpool goalkeeper Loris Karius raised questions after a video showed him allegedly elbowing Karius in the face prior to his first goalkeeping error.[58][59] UEFA declined to take action against Ramos for the incident with Karius.[60] After an examination, on 4 June 2018, doctor Ross Zafonte at Massachusetts General Hospital said in a statement that Karius suffered a concussion during the match, according to the doctor, it was possible the concussion would affect the player's performance.[61]

text: Liverpool manager Jürgen Klopp lost his sixth of seven major finals, including Champions League and league cups.[43] After the match, Loris Karius tearfully apologised to Liverpool supporters who remained in the stands and stated that his mistakes "lost the team the final".[62] After the match, Karius received online death threats and hate messages directed at him and his family.[63]


document_title: Earth's orbit

question_text: what is the shape of earth's orbit around the sun

question_tokens: what is the shape of earth 's orbit around the sun

text: Earth's orbit

text: History of study[edit]

text: Heliocentrism is the scientific model that first placed the Sun at the center of the Solar System and put the planets, including Earth, in its orbit. Historically, heliocentrism is opposed to geocentrism, which placed the Earth at the center. Aristarchus of Samos already proposed a heliocentric model in the 3rd century BC. In the 16th century, Nicolaus Copernicus' De revolutionibus presented a full discussion of a heliocentric model of the universe[4] in much the same way as Ptolemy had presented his geocentric model in the 2nd century. This "Copernican revolution" resolved the issue of planetary retrograde motion by arguing that such motion was only perceived and apparent. "Although Copernicus's groundbreaking book...had been [printed] over a century earlier, [the Dutch mapmaker] Joan Blaeu was the first mapmaker to incorporate his revolutionary heliocentric theory into a map of the world."[5]

text: Influence on Earth[edit]

text: Because of Earth's axial tilt (often known as the obliquity of the ecliptic), the inclination of the Sun's trajectory in the sky (as seen by an observer on Earth's surface) varies over the course of the year. For an observer at a northern latitude, when the north pole is tilted toward the Sun the day lasts longer and the Sun appears higher in the sky. This results in warmer average temperatures, as additional solar radiation reaches the surface. When the north pole is tilted away from the Sun, the reverse is true and the weather is generally cooler. Above the Arctic Circle and below the Antarctic Circle, an extreme case is reached in which there is no daylight at all for part of the year. This is called a polar night. This variation in the weather (because of the direction of the Earth's axial tilt) results in the seasons.[6]

text: Events in the orbit[edit]

text: By astronomical convention, the four seasons are determined by the solstices –  the two points in the Earth's orbit of the maximum tilt of the Earth's axis, towards the Sun or away from the Sun –  and the equinoxes –  the two points in the Earth's orbit where the Earth's tilted axis and an imaginary line drawn from the Earth to the Sun are exactly perpendicular to one another. The solstices and equinoxes divide the year up into four approximately equal parts. In the northern hemisphere winter solstice occurs on or about December 21; summer solstice is near June 21; spring equinox is around March 20; and autumnal equinox is about September 23.[7] The effect of the Earth's axial tilt in the southern hemisphere is the opposite of that in the northern hemisphere, thus the seasons of the solstices and equinoxes in the southern hemisphere are the reverse of those in the northern hemisphere (e.g. the northern summer solstice is at the same time as the southern winter solstice).

text: In modern times, Earth's perihelion occurs around January 3, and the aphelion around July 4 (for other eras, see precession and Milankovitch cycles). The changing Earth–Sun distance results in an increase of about 6.9%[8] in total solar energy reaching the Earth at perihelion relative to aphelion. Since the southern hemisphere is tilted toward the Sun at about the same time that the Earth reaches the closest approach to the Sun, the southern hemisphere receives slightly more energy from the Sun than does the northern over the course of a year. However, this effect is much less significant than the total energy change due to the axial tilt, and most of the excess energy is absorbed by the higher proportion of water in the southern hemisphere.[9]

text: The Hill sphere (gravitational sphere of influence) of the Earth is about 1,500,000 kilometers (0.01 AU) in radius, or approximately 4 times the average distance to the moon.[10][nb 2] This is the maximal distance at which the Earth's gravitational influence is stronger than the more distant Sun and planets. Objects orbiting the Earth must be within this radius, otherwise they can become unbound by the gravitational perturbation of the Sun.

text:
Orbital characteristics

epoch
J2000.0[nb 3]

aphelion
152.10×10^6 km (94.51×10^6 mi)
1.0167 AU[nb 4]

perihelion
147.10×10^6 km (91.40×10^6 mi)
0.98329 AU[nb 4]

semimajor axis
149.60×10^6 km (92.96×10^6 mi)
1.000001018 AU[11]

eccentricity
0.0167086[11]

inclination
7.155° to Sun's equator
1.578690°[12] to invariable plane

longitude of the ascending node
174.9°[11]

longitude of perihelion
102.9°[11]

argument of periapsis
288.1°[11][nb 5]

period
365.256363004 days[13]

average speed
29.78 km/s (18.50 mi/s)[3]
107,200 km/h (66,600 mph)

text: The following diagram shows the relation between the line of solstice and the line of apsides of Earth's elliptical orbit. The orbital ellipse goes through each of the six Earth images, which are sequentially the perihelion (periapsis — nearest point to the Sun) on anywhere from January 2 to January 5, the point of March equinox on March 19, 20, or 21, the point of June solstice on June 20, 21, or 22, the aphelion (apoapsis — farthest point from the Sun) on anywhere from July 3 to July 5, the September equinox on September 22, 23, or 24, and the December solstice on December 21, 22, or 23.[7] The diagram shows an exaggerated shape of Earth's orbit; the actual orbit is less eccentric than pictured.

text: Because of the axial tilt of the Earth in its orbit, the maximal intensity of Sun rays hits the Earth 23.4 degrees north of equator at the June Solstice (at the Tropic of Cancer), and 23.4 degrees south of equator at the December Solstice (at the Tropic of Capricorn).[14]

text: Future[edit]

text: Mathematicians and astronomers (such as Laplace, Lagrange, Gauss, Poincaré, Kolmogorov, Vladimir Arnold, and Jürgen Moser) have searched for evidence for the stability of the planetary motions, and this quest led to many mathematical developments and several successive "proofs" of stability for the Solar System.[15] By most predictions, Earth's orbit will be relatively stable over long periods.[16]

text: In 1989, Jacques Laskar's work indicated that the Earth's orbit (as well as the orbits of all the inner planets) can become chaotic and that an error as small as 15 meters in measuring the initial position of the Earth today would make it impossible to predict where the Earth would be in its orbit in just over 100 million years' time.[17] Modeling the Solar System is a subject covered by the n-body problem.