document_title: Tornado climatology

question_text: which continent experiences the highest number of tornadoes per year

text: Tornado climatology

text: Geography[edit]

text: The United States has the most tornadoes of any country. Many of these form in an area of the central (with some definitions including Southern) United States known as Tornado Alley.[14] This area extends into Canada, particularly the Prairie Provinces and Ontario; however, activity in Canada is less frequent and intense than that of the US. The high frequency of tornadoes in North America is largely due to geography, as moisture from the Gulf of Mexico is easily advected into the midcontinent with few topographic barriers in the way. The Rocky Mountains block Pacific-sourced moisture and buckle the atmospheric flow, forcing drier air at mid-levels of the troposphere due to downsloping winds and causing cyclogenesis downstream to the east of the mountains. Downsloping winds off the Rockies force the formation of a dry line when the flow aloft is strong, while the Gulf of Mexico fuels abundant low-level moisture. This unique topography allows for frequent collisions of warm and cold air, the conditions that breed strong, long-lived storms throughout the year. This area extends into Canada, particularly Ontario and the Prairie Provinces, and strong tornadoes can also occur in northern Mexico.

text: A large region of South America is characterized by storms that reach the level of supercells and produce intense hailstorms, floods, and tornadoes during the spring, summer, and early fall. The region recently appointed as the Tornado Corridor (South America) is considered as the second largest in the world in terms of the formation of extreme weather events. It covers most of central Argentina, southern Paraguay, southeastern Brazil, and Uruguay.[citation needed]

text: Bangladesh and surrounding areas of eastern India suffer from a couple tornadoes annually of similar severity to stronger tornadoes in the US. These occur with a greater recurrence interval (although over a smaller region), and tend to be under-reported due to the scarcity of media coverage of a developing country. The annual human death toll from tornadoes in Bangladesh is estimated at about 179 deaths per year, which is much greater than in the US. This is likely due to the density of population, poor quality of construction, lack of tornado safety knowledge and warnings, and other factors.[15]

text: Other areas of the world that have frequent strong tornadoes include Germany, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Italy, Spain, China, and the Philippines. Australia, France, Russia, areas of the Middle East, Japan, and parts of Mexico have a history of multiple damaging tornado events.

text: Tornadoes in the United States[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The United States averaged 1,274 tornadoes per year in the last decade. April 2011 saw the most tornadoes ever recorded for any month in the US National Weather Service's history, 875; the previous record was 542 in one month.[16] It has more tornadoes yearly than any other country and reports more violent (F4 and F5) tornadoes than anywhere else.

text: Tornadoes are common in many states but are most common to the west of the Appalachian Mountains and to the east of the Rockies. The Atlantic seaboard states – North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia and Virginia – are also very vulnerable, as well as Florida. The areas most vulnerable to tornadoes are the Southern Plains and Florida, though most Florida tornadoes are relatively weak. The Southern United States is one of the worst-affected regions in terms of casualties.

text: Tornado reports have been officially collated since 1950.  These reports have been gathered by the National Climatic Data Center (NCDC), based in Asheville, North Carolina.  A tornado can be reported more than once, such as when a storm crosses a county line and reports are made from two counties.

text: Common misconceptions[edit]

text: Some people mistakenly believe that tornadoes only occur in the countryside.  This is hardly the case.  While it is true that the plains states are the most tornado-prone places in the nation, it should be noted that tornadoes have been reported in every U.S state, including Alaska and Hawaii.  One likely reason tornadoes are so common in the central U.S is because this is where Arctic air, cold fronts that have not been "weakened" yet first collide with warm tropical air from the Gulf of Mexico.  As these fronts head further east, they sometimes lose their strength as they travel over more warm air.  For this reason, tornadoes are not as common on the East Coast as they are in the Midwest. However, they have happened on rare occasion, such as the F3 twister that struck Limerick Township, Pennsylvania near Philadelphia on 27 July 1994,[17] the F2 twister that struck the northern suburbs of New York City on 12 July 2006,[18] the EF2 twister in the borough of Brooklyn on 8 August 2007, or the F4 twister that struck La Plata, Maryland on 28 April 2002.

text: Tornadoes can occur west of the continental divide, but they are infrequent and usually relatively weak and short-lived.  Recently, tornadoes have struck the Pacific coast town of Lincoln City, Oregon (1996), Sunnyvale, California (1998), and downtown Salt Lake City, Utah (1999 - see Salt Lake City Tornado). The California Central Valley is an area of some frequency for tornadoes, albeit of weak intensity. Though tornadoes that occur on the Western Seaboard are typically weak, more powerful and damaging tornadoes, such as the tornado that occurred on 22 May 2008 in Perris, California, can also occur.[19]

text: More tornadoes occur in Texas than in any other US state. The state which has the highest number of tornadoes per unit area is Florida, although most of the tornadoes in Florida are weak tornadoes of EF0 or EF1 intensity. A number of Florida's tornadoes occur along the edge of hurricanes that strike the state. The state with the highest number of strong tornadoes per unit area is Oklahoma. The neighboring state of Kansas is also a particularly notorious tornado state. It records the most EF4 and EF5 tornadoes in the country.

text: Tornadoes in Canada[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Canada also experiences numerous tornadoes, although fewer than the United States. On average 62 are reported per year, but this number is expected to be higher due to undetected tornadoes in large expanses of underpopulated areas.[20] NOAA has a higher average 100 per year in Canada.[21] This causes tens of millions of dollars in damage.[citation needed] Most are weak F0 or F1 in intensity, but there are on average a few F2 or stronger that touch down each season.

text: For example, the tornado frequency of Southwestern Ontario is about half that of the most tornado-prone areas of the central US plains. The last multiple tornado-related deaths in Canada were caused by a tornado in Ear Falls, Ontario on 9 July 2009, where 3 died, and the last killer tornado was on 3 August 2018 in Alonsa, Manitoba.[22] The two deadliest tornadoes on Canadian soil were the Regina Cyclone of 30 June 1912 (28 fatalities) and the Edmonton Tornado of 31 July 1987 (27 fatalities). Both of these storms were rated an F4 on the Fujita scale. The city of Windsor was struck by strong tornadoes four times within a 61-year span (1946, 1953, 1974, 1997) ranging in strength from an F2 to F4. Windsor has been struck by more significant tornadoes than any other city in Canada.[citation needed] Canada's first official F5 tornado struck Elie, Manitoba on 22 June 2007.[23] Tornadoes are most frequent in the provinces of Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, and Ontario.

text: Europe[edit]

text: Europe has about 300 tornadoes per year[24] – much more than estimated by Alfred Wegener in his classic book Wind- und Wasserhosen in Europa ("Tornadoes and Waterspouts in Europe"). They are most common in June–August, especially in the inlands – rarest in January–March. Strong and violent tornadoes (F3–F5) do occur, especially in some of the interior areas and in the south – but are not as common as in parts of the US. As in the US, tornadoes are far from evenly distributed. Europe has some small "tornado alleys" – probably because of frontal collisions as in the south and east of England,[25] but also because Europe is partitioned by mountain ranges like the Alps. Parts of Styria (Steiermark) in Austria may be such a tornado alley, and this county has had at least three F3 tornadoes since 1900.[26] F3 and perhaps one F4 tornado have occurred as far north as Finland.

text: Since 1900, deadly tornadoes have occurred in Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Finland, France, Germany, Italy (such as the F5/T10 of Udine-Treviso on 24 July 1930, which killed 23 people,[27]), Malta, Poland, Ukraine, Portugal (such as the F3/T7 of Castelo Branco on 6 November 1954, which killed 5 and injured 220), Romania, Russia and the United Kingdom. The 1984 Ivanovo–Yaroslavl outbreak, with more than 400 fatalities and 213 injured, was the century's deadliest tornado or outbreak in Europe. It included at least one F5 and one F4. Europe's perhaps deadliest tornado ever (and probably one of the World's deadliest tornadoes) hit Malta in 1551 (or 1556) and killed about 600.

text: One notable tornado of recent years was the Birmingham Tornado (UK) which struck Birmingham, United Kingdom, in July 2005. A row of houses was destroyed, but no one was killed. A strong F3 (T7) Tornado hit the small town Micheln in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany on 23 July 2004 leaving 6 people injured and more than 250 buildings massively damaged.[28]

text: Asia[edit]

text: Bangladesh and the eastern parts of India are very exposed to destructive tornadoes causing higher deaths and injuries. Bangladesh, Philippines, and Japan have the highest number of reported tornadoes in Asia.

text: The world's single deadliest tornado struck the Manikganj District of Bangladesh on April 26, 1989, killing an estimated 1,300 people, injuring 12,000, and leaving approximately 80,000 people homeless.[29] Five other recorded tornadic events have killed more than 500 people in Bangladesh, the most recent on May 13, 1996 when multiple tornadoes swept through the Jamalpur and Tangail districts, killing more than 600.[29]

text: China occasionally experiences destructive tornadoes. In June 2016, a storm producing multiple tornadoes and hail struck a densely populated area of farms and factories near the city of Yancheng in Jiangsu province, about 800 kilometers (500 miles) south of Beijing, China, killing at least 78 people and destroying buildings. Nearly 500 people were injured, 200 of them critically, the official Xinhua News Agency reported.[citation needed] Throughout China, an estimate 100 tornadoes may occur per with a few exceeding F4 in intensity, with activity most prevalent in eastern regions.[30]

text: South America[edit]

text: South America has its own tornado alley, composed of central and northern Argentina, southern and southeast Brazil, Uruguay, and part of Paraguay, and is considered the second highest frequency tornado region in the world.[citation needed] Argentina has areas with high tornadic activity, and the strongest tornadoes in the southern hemisphere[citation needed] like the F5 in San Justo, and the tornado outbreak in Buenos Aires with more than 300 tornadoes registered in less than 24 hours.

text: This region is favorable for tornadoes and severe thunderstorms, due to the large size of the Pampas Plain where the cold air from Patagonia and Antarctica collides with warm, moist air from areas of Brazil, northern Argentina and Paraguay, and dry air from the Andes.[31]

text: South American Tornadoes[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
On 16 September 1816, one of the first tornadoes recorded in South America destroyed the town of Rojas (240 kilometres (150 mi) west of Buenos Aires)[32]
An EF4 tornado struck the city of Encarnación, Paraguay, on 20 September 1926 and killed over 300 people, making it the second deadliest tornado in South America.
On 21 April 1970, an F4 struck Fray Marcos in Uruguay and killed 11, making it the strongest in Uruguay's history.[33]
On 10 January 1973, an F5 struck the city of San Justo, Argentina, 105 km (65 mi) north of the city of Santa Fe. The San Justo tornado is considered the worst tornado ever to occur in the Southern Hemisphere, with winds that exceeded 400 kilometres per hour (250 mph).[34]
On 6 May 1992, Estación López (in Spanish), in Buenos Aires Province, was devastated by an EF4 tornado that caused 4 deaths among the 150 residents.
The province of Buenos Aires (Argentina) was impacted by the largest tornado outbreak in South American history on 13 April 1993. More than 300 tornadoes were recorded over 24 hours with intensities ranging from F1 to F3.
On 28 October 1978, an EF4 tornado with winds of 270 km/h (170 mph) hit the city of Morteros in the province of Córdoba, killing 5 people.
The 26 December 2003 Córdoba Tornado (in Spanish) struck 6 km (3.7 mi) west of Córdoba's city center. It was rated an F3 with winds exceeding 300 km/h (190 mph), killing 5 and injuring hundreds.[35]
An EF4 tornado destroyed the town of San Pedro, Misiones, on the night of 7 September 2009, killing 11 people. The same tornado hit the nearby town of Guaraciaba, Brazil, killing 6. The neighboring towns of Veloso Santo and Santa Cecilia were seriously damaged and were declared in a state of emergency.[36]

text: Africa[edit]

text: Tornadoes do occur in South Africa. In October 2011 (i.e. in the spring), two people were killed and nearly 200 were injured after a tornado formed, near Ficksburg in the Free State; more than 1,000 shacks and houses were flattened.[37] There is also the seasonal incidence of tornadoes in the coast of western Africa. These occur during the onset of rainy season when tumultuous winds accompanied by sheets of rain as well as spectacular thunder and lightning batter the coast.[38] The tornadoes, however, were welcomed by settlers in the region since it dissipates extreme heat and humidity during the last days of the dry season. These tornadoes are often embedded in the African squall lines and produced by the severe thunderstorms that they bring.[39] There are experts that attribute the formation of the tornado to the large hail, supported by wind shears in the northern part of the squall lines that veer and increase in height.[40] These tornadoes damage crops, diminishing the positive impact of its rains.

text: Oceania[edit]

text: Australia has about 16 tornadoes per year – excluding waterspouts, which are common.[41] In New Zealand, a tornado hit the northern suburbs of Auckland on 3 May 2011, killing one and injuring at least 16 people.

text: Frequency of occurrence[edit]

text: Tornadoes can form in any month, providing the conditions are favorable. For example, a freak tornado hit South St. Louis County Missouri on 31 December 2010, causing pockets of heavy damage to a modest area before dissipating. The temperature was unseasonably warm that day. They are least common during the winter and most common in spring. Since autumn and spring are transitional periods (warm to cool and vice versa) there are more chances of cooler air meeting with warmer air, resulting in thunderstorms. Tornadoes in the late summer and fall can also be caused by hurricane landfall.

text: Not every thunderstorm, supercell, squall line, or tropical cyclone will produce a tornado. Precisely the right atmospheric conditions are required for the formation of even a weak tornado. On the other hand, 700 or more tornadoes a year are reported in the contiguous United States.

text: On average, the United States experiences 100,000 thunderstorms each year, resulting in more than 1,200 tornadoes and approximately 50 deaths per year.  The deadliest U.S. tornado recorded is the 18 March 1925, Tri-State Tornado that swept across southeastern Missouri, southern Illinois and southern Indiana, killing 695 people. The biggest tornado outbreak on record—with 353 tornadoes over the course of just 3 1/2 days, including four F5 and eleven F4 tornadoes—occurred starting on 25 April 2011 and intensifying on 26 April and especially the record-breaking day of 27 April before ending on 28 April. It is referred to as the 2011 Super Outbreak. Previously, the record was 148 tornadoes, dubbed the 1974 Super Outbreak. Another such significant storm system was the Palm Sunday tornado outbreak of 1965, which affected the United States Midwest on 11 April 1965. A series of continuous tornado outbreaks is known as a tornado outbreak sequence, with significant occurrences in May 1917, 1930, 1949, and 2003.

text: Time of occurrence[edit]

text: Diurnality[edit]

text:
Tornado occurrence is highly dependent on the time of day.
[8] Austria, Finland, Germany, and the United States'[42] peak hour of occurrence is 5 pm, with roughly half of all tornado occurrence between 3 p.m. and 7 p.m. local time,[43][44] due to this being the time of peak atmospheric heating, and thus the maximum available energy for storms; some researchers, including Howard B. Bluestein of the University of Oklahoma, have referred to this phenomenon as "five o'clock magic." Despite this, there are several morning tornadoes reported, like the Seymour, Texas one in April 1980.

text: Seasonality[edit]

text: The time of year is a big factor of the intensity and frequency of tornadoes. On average, in the United States as a whole, the month with the most tornadoes is May, followed by the months June, April, and July. There is no "tornado season" though, as tornadoes, including violent tornadoes and major outbreaks, can and do occur anywhere at any time of year if favorable conditions develop. Major tornado outbreaks have occurred in every month of the year.

text: July is the peak month in Austria, Finland, and Germany.[45] On average, there are around 294 tornadoes throughout the United States during the month of May, and as many as 543 tornadoes have been reported in the month of May alone (in 2003). The months with the fewest tornadoes are usually December and January, although major tornado outbreaks can and sometimes do occur even in those months. In general, in the Midwestern and Plains states, springtime (especially the month of May) is the most active season for tornadoes, while in the far northern states (like Minnesota and Wisconsin), the peak tornado season is usually in the summer months (June and July). In the colder late autumn and winter months (from early December to late February), tornado activity is generally limited to the southern states, where it is possible for warm Gulf of Mexico air to penetrate.

text: The reason for the peak period for tornado formation being in the spring has much to do with temperature patterns in the U.S. Tornadoes often form when cool, polar air traveling southeastward from the Rockies overrides warm, moist, unstable Gulf of Mexico air in the eastern states. Tornadoes therefore tend to be commonly found in front of a cold front, along with heavy rains, hail, and damaging winds.  Since both warm and cold weather are common during the springtime, the conflict between these two air masses tends to be most common in the spring. As the weather warms across the country, the occurrence of tornadoes spreads northward. Tornadoes are also common in the summer and early fall because they can also be triggered by hurricanes, although the tornadoes caused by hurricanes are often much weaker and harder to spot. Winter is the least common time for tornadoes to occur, since hurricane activity is virtually non-existent at this time, and it is more difficult for warm, moist maritime tropical air to take over the frigid Arctic air from Canada, occurrences are found mostly in the Gulf states and Florida during winter (although there have been some notable exceptions). There is a second active tornado season of the year, late October to mid-November. Autumn, like spring, is a time of the year when warm weather alternates with cold weather frequently, especially in the Midwest, but the season is not as active as it is during the springtime and tornado frequencies are higher along the Atlantic Coastal plain as opposed to the Midwest. They usually appear in late summer.

text: Long-term trends[edit]

text: The reliable climatology of tornadoes is limited in geographic and temporal scope; only since 1976 in the United States and 2000 in Europe have thorough and accurate tornado statistics been logged.[46][47] However, some trends can be noted in tornadoes causing significant damage in the United States, as somewhat reliable statistics on damaging tornadoes exist as far back as 1880. The highest incidence of violent tornadoes seems to shift from the Southeastern United States to the southern Great Plains every few decades. Also, the 1980s seemed to be a period of unusually low tornado activity in the United States, and the number of multi-death tornadoes decreased every decade from the 1920s to the 1980s, suggesting a multi-decadal pattern of some sort.[48]


document_title: Look What You Made Me Do

question_text: who is look what made me do about

question_tokens: who is look what made me do about

root

text: Look What You Made Me Do

text: Release and promotion[edit]

text: On August 23, 2017, Swift announced that the first single of her upcoming sixth album, titled Reputation, would come out the following night.[4] The song was released to streaming services on August 24,[5] and earned over eight million streams within twenty-four hours of its Spotify release, breaking the record for the highest first-day streaming for a single track.[6] "Look What You Made Me Do" was then released the next day onto iTunes for digital download through Big Machine Records[7] and onto Italian contemporary hit radio[8] before a United Kingdom radio release on August 26, 2017.[9] It impacted American contemporary hit radio three days afterwards.[10] A CD single release followed in Germany, Austria and Switzerland on October 27, 2017.[11][12]

tag: p

text: A lyric video heavily based on the Saul Bass imagery used in the film Vertigo was released through Swift's official Vevo account on August 25, 2017.[13] The video was produced by Swift and Joseph Kahn.[14] It gained more than 19 million views during its first 24 hours on YouTube, surpassing "Something Just like This" by The Chainsmokers and Coldplay as the most viewed lyric video within that time period.[15] As of November 2017, the lyric video on YouTube has amassed over 85 million views.

text: Composition[edit]

text: "Look What You Made Me Do" runs for 3 minutes and 31 seconds.[7] Music critics have described the track as a hybrid of electroclash and pop,[16] as well as a dance-pop[17] and an electro-pop song.[13] It emphasizes the blame that is placed on an enemy, in particular the line "I've got a list of names and yours is in red, underlined". The middle eight of the song features Swift saying, "I'm sorry, the old Taylor can't come to the phone right now / Why? / Oh, 'cause she's dead!"

text: "Look What You Made Me Do" is performed in the key of A minor with a tempo of 128 beats per minute.[18] Swift's vocals span from G3 to F5.[18]

text: Critic Brittany Spanos of Rolling Stone noted a "nightmarish aesthetic" present in the song, and believed it to be a continuation of the "antagonistic persona" from "Bad Blood".[17]

text: Richard Fairbrass, Fred Fairbrass and Rob Manzoli, the members of the British dance-pop group Right Said Fred, are credited as songwriters because the song interpolates the melody of their song "I'm Too Sexy".[19][20] According to Fred Fairbrass, he and his brother were contacted one week before the release of "Look What You Made Me Do" and were asked whether a "big, contemporary female artist who hasn't released anything for a while" – whose identity they were not told – would be able to use a portion of their song for her latest single.[21] Although the brothers agreed to a deal, they did not officially find out that the artist in question was Swift until the morning after the song was released, but had deduced that it was her based on the description they were given.[21] Both of the Fairbrass brothers said that they enjoyed "Look What You Made Me Do"; Fred Fairbrass told Rolling Stone, "I like the cynical aspect of the lyric, because 'I'm Too Sexy' is a cynical song, and I think she channeled that quite well."[21] A representative for Swift confirmed that the song interpolated the melody from "I'm Too Sexy", but did not include sampled audio from the earlier song.[22]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: "Look What You Made Me Do" received polarized reviews from critics.[23][24][25] USA Today said that the polarizing reaction to the song illustrated Swift's position as a "ubiquitous cultural force".[26] The Telegraph Randy Lewis praised the song, deeming Swift and Antonoff's work as "blow[ing] past the production clichés of clap tracks and hiccuped syllabic hooks that have proliferated across Top 40 fare in recent years with boldly inventive textures and fresh melodic, rhythmic and sonic accents". He also added how the track musically and sonically shifted alongside the lyrics.[27] Sarah Carson of the Los Angeles Times wrote a positive review of the song, saying: "The reverberating crescendo builds and ever more delicious is the wickedness of Swift's menacing protagonist", praising Swift for her successful embrace of the villain character the media has portrayed her as previous to the song's release.[28] Variety's Chris Willman also praised Swift's embrace of a darker-styled pop music and the stylistic conflict between the song's pre-chorus and chorus.[29] Mark Harris, in New York magazine's pop culture blog, thought of Swift's song as a pop art anthem for the Trump era in how she reappropriates her public feuds as empowering badges of honor without acknowledging her own responsibility or blame.[30]

text: However, Maura Johnston of The Guardian wrote a negative review of the song, faulting the "sloppy" lyrics and blaming Swift for not giving a clear context in the lyrics.[13] Brittany Spanos of Rolling Stone believed that the song marked a continuation of the feud between Swift and rapper Kanye West; the latter had previously name-dropped Swift in his song "Famous" by using the line, "I feel like me and Taylor might still have sex / Why? / I made that bitch famous". The single was noted as being a darker, angrier work than what Swift had done before.[17][31] Hugh McIntye of Forbes was critical of the change in style, saying that it "didn't sound like [Swift]" and that it "may have some kinks to work out".[16] Meaghan Garvey from Pitchfork referred to it in a review as "a hardcore self-own" track.[32]

text: Chart performance[edit]

text: In the United States, "Look What You Made Me Do" debuted at number seventy-seven on the Billboard Hot 100, powered by its first three days of airplay.[33] It also sold slightly under 200,000 digital copies within its first day of sales in the country, where it became the fastest selling download since Ed Sheeran's "Shape of You".[34] One week later, the song ascended from #77 to #1 on the Hot 100 after its first full week of tracking, becoming the fifth largest rise to the top position and Swift's fifth number-one single in the United States. It also topped the nation's Streaming Songs chart with 84.4 million streams, becoming its most streamed song within a week by a female artist and second overall behind the 103 million that Baauer's "Harlem Shake" gained in 2013. The track also had more weekly streams in the US than any other song in 2017. With 353,000 copies sold in its first week, "Look What You Made Me Do" opened atop the US Digital Songs chart and had the country's biggest sales opening since Justin Timberlake's "Can't Stop the Feeling!" in 2016 as well as the best weekly sales for a song by a female artist since Adele's "Hello" in 2015. The track also became the country's first number-one song with a female artist since Halsey was featured on "Closer" by The Chainsmokers and the first song with a female lead artist since Sia's "Cheap Thrills" with Sean Paul (both in 2016). It additionally was the first solo song by a female to top the US charts since Adele's "Hello".[35] It remained atop the Hot 100 and Streaming Songs charts for a second week with 114,000 copies sold and 61.2 million streams, though descended to number two on the Digital Songs chart when another Reputation track titled "...Ready for It?" debuted at number one with 135,000 digital copies sold and opened at number four on the Hot 100. As a result, Swift became the first artist to have two tracks sell over 100,000 digital copies in the nation within a week since Sheeran with "Shape of You" and "Castle on the Hill". It also became the first time a female had two songs within the top five of the Hot 100 since 2015 when Swift's previous tracks "Blank Space" and "Shake It Off" respectively were at numbers four and five on the chart.[36] The single also topped the Mainstream Top 40 chart, becoming Swift's eighth single to do so.[37]

text: In the United Kingdom, "Look What You Made Me Do" sold 20,000 copies and was streamed 2.4 million times in less than a week.[38] The song debuted at the top the UK Singles Chart on September 1, 2017 - for the week ending date September 7, 2017 - with opening sales of 30,000 copies and 5.3 million streams within the week and becoming Swift's first chart-topping song in Britain.[39] After two weeks at the top spot, it was displaced by Sam Smith's "Too Good at Goodbyes".[40]

text: "Look What You Made Me Do" also debuted at number one in the Republic of Ireland on September 1, 2017 and became Swift's first song to top the Irish Singles Chart. In doing so, it surpassed the number three peaks of her singles "Love Story" (in 2009) and "Shake It Off" (in 2014).

text: "Look What You Made Me Do" opened at number one in Australia on September 2, 2017, becoming her fifth track to top the ARIA Charts.[41] It spent another week at the nation's summit[42] before "Too Good at Goodbyes" took the top position there as well.[43] The song has been certified Platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA) for shipments of 70,000 units.[44] After debuting at number one on the Canadian Hot 100,[45] "Look What You Made Me Do" was also certified Platinum by Music Canada for shipments of 80,000 units on September 14, 2017.[46]

text: In New Zealand, "Look What You Made Me Do" entered at the number one spot on September 1, 2017, becoming Swift's fourth chart-topping single there.

text: In the Philippines, "Look What You Made Me Do" debuted at number 7 spot on the BillboardPH Hot 100 on its first week. A week later, it soared to the number 1 spot, ending the 10-week reign of "Despacito" by Luis Fonsi & Daddy Yankee featuring Justin Bieber. It descended to the runner-up position the following week, as the latter song reclaimed the top spot for an 11th week.

text: Music video[edit]

text: Production and release[edit]

text: The official music video premiered on August 27, 2017 at the 2017 MTV Video Music Awards.[47] The song's music video broke the record for most-watched video within 24 hours by achieving 43.2 million views on YouTube in its first day. It topped the 27.7 million Vevo views Adele's "Hello" attracted in that timeframe, as well as the 36 million YouTube views of Psy's "Gentleman" video.[48][49][50] It was viewed at an average 30,000 times per minute in its first 24 hours, with views reaching over 3 million views per hour.[51]

text: Preparation for the music video began in January, while the shooting took place in May.[52][53] The dance was choreographed by Tyce Diorio, who had worked with Swift on "Shake It Off" before.[52] Swift's make-up as a zombie was done by Bill Corso.[53] Post-production of the video lasted until the morning of its release.[53] A 20-second music video teaser was released on Good Morning America on August 25.[54]

text: It was also revealed that the diamonds used in a scene were authentic. The diamonds, loaned from celebrity jeweler Neil Lane, were said to be worth over $10 million, hence triggering tight security measures.[55] As of November 7, 2017, the video has over 679 million views and broke the record for the fastest video to reach 200, 300 and 400 million views on YouTube.[56] It is the 20th most liked video on YouTube with over 6.44 million likes.

text: Synopsis[edit]

text: Swift has said that part of the premise of the video is rooted in the idea that, "If everything you write about me was true, this is how ridiculous it would look."[57] The video begins with a zombie Swift crawling out of a grave, where the headstone reads "Here Lies Taylor Swift's reputation", and digging another grave for her Met Gala 2014 self. The next scene shows Swift in a bathtub filled with diamonds. She is then seen seated on a throne while snakes surround her and serve tea. Swift later crashes her golden Bugatti Veyron on a post and sings the song's chorus holding a Grammy as the paparazzi take photos. She is also seen swinging inside a cage, robbing a streaming company in a cat mask, and leading a motorcycle gang. Afterwards, she gathers a group of women at "Squad U" and dances with a group of men in another room. At the end of the video, various iterations of Swift's public image bicker with one another, describing each other as "so fake" and "playing the victim", ending with one saying "I would very much like to be excluded from this narrative" after which the other iterations yell at her to "shut up!" in unison, while the version of Swift in the background watches in silence.[58][59]

text: Analysis[edit]

text: The video contains numerous hidden meanings and references. In the opening scene, there is a subtle "Nils Sjöberg" tombstone shown when Swift is digging up a grave, referencing the pseudonym she used for a songwriting credit on Calvin Harris' 2016 single "This Is What You Came For".[60] Similarly, Swift—masked as a cadaveric version of herself in the "Out of the Woods" music video—was shown digging a grave for herself in a 2014 Met Gala gown, an event that characterized her first public appearance with short hair. A single dollar bill in the bathtub full of diamonds that she bathes in was also speculated to symbolize the dollar she was awarded for winning a sexual assault trial earlier in 2017.[60] Interpretations for the bathtub scene were contrasting. Some believe that it is a response to media statement teasing that she "cries in a marble bathtub surrounded by pearls", while others viewed it as a mockery to Kim Kardashian's 2016 gunpoint robbery.[61]

text: In a separate scene, Swift is shown sitting atop a golden throne, where a carving of a phrase "Et tu, Brute?" could be seen on the armrest, a reference to Shakespeare's drama Julius Caesar.[60] Swift's infamous title as a "snake" during her hiatus[62] was also represented when a snake slithers onto the throne to serve Swift some tea. When Swift's car crashes, some speculated that it may be a jab at Katy Perry as Swift's hairdo is similar to Perry's in the scene. The sports car is also reminiscent of a car in Perry's "Waking Up in Vegas" video. She is also holding a Grammy Award in the scene, a possible reference to the fact that Perry has never won any Grammys despite multiple nominations.[63] Swift's withdrawal of her entire music catalog from streaming services were hinted when Swift and her crew walked out of a streaming company in the video.[64][65]

text: Swift gathering at "Squad U" was also said to be a reply to the media dubbing her close friends as a "squad".[60] During the second chorus, Swift can be seen with eight men, each of which revealed an "I Heart TS" crop top after unbuttoning a jacket. This scene is an apparent tribute to her ex-boyfriend Tom Hiddleston, who was seen wearing an "I Heart TS" tank top when they were a couple. The eight backup dancers may also have been a possible reference to the idea that Swift has had eight ex-boyfriends during her career. Swift was also seen standing on a pile of her other iterations, reiterating the idea that she is leaving her past self behind. The shirt that an iteration of Swift wore in the "You Belong with Me" video was also different, with her close friends' names scribbled on it this time.[64][65]

text: In June 2016, discussing the relationship between her and Kanye West after West's song "Famous", Swift wrote on Instagram, "I would very much like to be excluded from this narrative."[66] The same line is spoken by one of Swift's iterations at the end of the video.[67][68] She is wearing the same outfit Swift had worn during the 2009 MTV Video Music Awards, when West interrupted her award-winning speech for Best Female Video.[69]

text: Accolades[edit]

text: The song is nominated for “Best Music Video” at the 2017 MTV Europe Music Awards. It was also nominated for “Best Music Video” at the NRJ Music Awards.

text: Usage in media[edit]

text: ABC used the song in a promotional video for its Shonda Rhimes' Thursday line-up an hour after its release.[70] Sister network ESPN used it in its college football telecast advertisements for the season opening game between Alabama and Florida State, which was aired on ABC on September 2.[71]

text: Track listings[edit]

text: Digital download[7]

tag: ul

text: "Look What You Made Me Do" – 3:31

tag: ol

text: CD single[12]

text:
"Look What You Made Me Do" – 3:31
"Look What You Made Me Do" (Music Video) – 4:16

text: Charts[edit]

text:
Chart (2017)
Peak
position

Argentina Anglo (Monitor Latino)[72]
4

Australia (ARIA)[73]
1

Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[74]
2

Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[75]
8

Belgium (Ultratop 50 Wallonia)[76]
39

Canada (Canadian Hot 100)[77]
1

Canada AC (Billboard)[78]
33

Canada CHR/Top 40 (Billboard)[79]
10

Canada Hot AC (Billboard)[80]
10

Croatia (HRT)[81]
1

Czech Republic (Rádio Top 100)[82]
39

Czech Republic (Singles Digitál Top 100)[83]
1

Denmark (Tracklisten)[84]
12

Euro Digital Songs (Billboard)[85]
1

Finland (Suomen virallinen lista)[86]
8

France (SNEP)[87]
4

Germany (Official German Charts)[88]
3

Greece Digital Songs (Billboard)[89]
1

Hungary (Single Top 40)[90]
3

Ireland (IRMA)[91]
1

Israel (Media Forest)[92]
1

Italy (FIMI)[93]
10

Japan (Japan Hot 100)[94]
7

Japan Hot Overseas (Billboard)[95]
1

Latvia (Latvijas Top 40)[96]
2

Lebanon (Lebanese Top 20)[97]
1

Luxembourg Digital Songs (Billboard)[98]
7

Malaysia (RIM)[99]
1

Mexico Anglo (Monitor Latino)[100]
1

Netherlands (Dutch Top 40)[101]
7

Netherlands (Single Top 100)[102]
13

New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[103]
1

Norway (VG-lista)[104]
6

Philippines (Philippine Hot 100)[105]
1

Portugal (AFP)[106]
4

Russia Airplay (Tophit)[107]
46

Scotland (Official Charts Company)[108]
1

Slovakia (Singles Digitál Top 100)[109]
1

South Korea International Chart (Gaon)[110]
6

Spain (PROMUSICAE)[111]
1

Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)[112]
7

Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[113]
6

UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[114]
1

US Billboard Hot 100[115]
1

US Adult Contemporary (Billboard)[116]
19

US Adult Top 40 (Billboard)[117]
7

US Dance Club Songs (Billboard)[118]
9

US Dance/Mix Show Airplay (Billboard)[119]
3

US Mainstream Top 40 (Billboard)[120]
1

US Rhythmic (Billboard)[121]
20

Venezuela Anglo (Monitor Latino)[122]
5

tag: table

text: Certifications[edit]

text:
Region
Certification
Certified units/Sales

Australia (ARIA)[44]
Platinum
70,000^

Belgium (BEA)[123]
Gold
15,000*

Canada (Music Canada)[46]
2× Platinum
160,000^

Italy (FIMI)[124]
Gold
25,000

New Zealand (RMNZ)[125]
Gold
15,000*

Spain (PROMUSICAE)[126]
Gold
20,000^

United Kingdom (BPI)[127]
Silver
200,000

United States (RIAA)[128]
Platinum
707,626[129]

*sales figures based on certification alone
^shipments figures based on certification alone
sales+streaming figures based on certification alone

text: Release history[edit]

text:
Region
Date
Format
Label
Ref.

Worldwide
August 24, 2017
Streaming
Big Machine
[5]

August 25, 2017
Digital download
[7]

Italy
Contemporary hit radio
Universal Music
[8]

United Kingdom
August 26, 2017
Virgin EMI
[9]

United States
August 29, 2017
Big Machine
[10]

Germany
October 27, 2017
CD single
Universal Music
[11]


document_title: Jai alai

question_text: what is the ball called in jai alai

question_tokens: what is the ball called in jai alai

text: Jai alai

text: Rules and customs[edit]

text: The court for jai alai consists of walls on the front, back and left, and the floor between them. If the ball (called a "pelota", "ball" in Euskara) touches the floor outside these walls, it is considered out of bounds. Similarly, there is also a border on the lower 3 feet (0.9 m) of the front wall that is also out of bounds. The ceiling on the court is usually very high, so the ball has a more predictable path. The court is divided by 14 parallel lines going horizontally across the court, with line 1 closest to the front wall and line 14 the back wall. In doubles, each team consists of a frontcourt player and a backcourt player. The game begins when the frontcourt player of the first team serves the ball to the second team. The winner of each point stays on the court to meet the next team in rotation. Losers go to the end of the line to await another turn on the court. The first team to score 7 points (or 9 in Superfecta games) wins. The next highest scores are awarded "place" (second) and "show" (third) positions, respectively. Playoffs decide tied scores.

text: A jai alai game is played in round robin format, usually between eight teams of two players each or eight single players. The first team to score 7 or 9 points wins the game. Two of the eight teams are in the court for each point. The server on one team must bounce the ball behind the serving line, then with the cesta "basket" hurl it towards the front wall so it bounces from there to between lines 4 and 7 on the floor. The ball is then in play. The ball used in jai alai consists of metal strands tightly wound together and then wrapped in goat skin. Teams alternate catching the ball in their cesta and throwing it "in one fluid motion" without holding or juggling it. The ball must be caught either on the fly or after bouncing once on the floor. A team scores a point if an opposing player:

text:
fails to serve the ball directly to the front wall so that upon rebound it will bounce between lines No. 4 and 7. If it does not, it is an under or over serve and the other team will receive the point.
fails to catch the ball on the fly or after one bounce
holds or juggles the ball
hurls the ball out of bounds
interferes with a player attempting to catch and hurl the ball

text: The team scoring a point remains in the court and the opposing team rotates off the court to the end of the list of opponents. Points usually double after the first round of play, once each team has played at least one point.

text: The players frequently attempt a "chula" shot, where the ball is played off the front wall very high, then reaches the bottom of the back wall by the end of its arc. The bounce off the bottom of the back wall can be very low, and the ball is very difficult to return in this situation.

text: Since there is no wall on the right side, all jai alai players must play right-handed (wear the cesta on their right hand), as the spin of a left-handed hurl would send the ball toward the open right side.[1]

text: The sport can be dangerous, as the ball travels at high velocities. It has led to injuries that caused players to retire and fatalities have been recorded in some cases.[2][3]

text: Industry[edit]

text: Jai alai is a popular sport within the Latin American countries and the Philippines from its Hispanic influence. It was one of the two gambling sports from Europe, the other being horse racing, in the semi-colonial Chinese cities of Shanghai and Tianjin, and was shut down after the communist victory there. The jai alai arena in Tianjin's former Italian Concession was then confiscated and turned into a recreation center for the city's working class.

text: The Philippines[edit]

text: Jai alai was played in Manila at the Manila Jai Alai Building, one of the most significant Art Deco buildings in Asia, which was torn down in 2000 by the Manila city government.[4] In 1986, jai alai was banned in the Philippines because of problems with game fixing.[4] However, jai alai returned to the Philippines in March 2010. In 2011, jai-alai was briefly shut down in the province of Pangasinan because of its connection to illegal jueteng gambling but was reopened after a court order.[5]

text: United States[edit]

text: In the United States, jai alai enjoyed some popularity as a gambling alternative to horse racing, greyhound racing, and harness racing, and remains popular in Florida, where the game is used as a basis for Parimutuel betting at six frontons throughout the state: Dania Beach, Fort Pierce, Jasper, Maitland, Miami, and Reddick. There also are plans for a fronton in Plano, Texas.

text: The first jai alai fronton in the United States was located in St. Louis, Missouri, operating around the time of the 1904 World's Fair. The first fronton in Florida opened at the site of Hialeah Race Course near Miami (1924). The fronton was relocated to its present site in Miami near Miami International Airport. Year-round jai alai operations include Miami Jai-Alai Fronton (the biggest in the world with a record audience of 15,502 people on 27 December 1975) and Dania Jai Alai. Seasonal facilities are Fort Pierce Jai Alai, Ocala Jai Alai and Hamilton Jai Alai. The Tampa Jai Alai operated for many years before closing in the late 1990s. Inactive jai alai permits are located in Tampa, Daytona Beach, West Palm Beach, and Quincy. One Florida fronton, in Melbourne, was converted from jai alai to greyhound racing.

text: By contrast, jai alai's popularity in the northeastern and western United States waned as other gambling options became available. In Connecticut, frontons in Hartford and Milford permanently closed, while the fronton in Bridgeport was converted to a greyhound race track. The fronton at Newport Jai Alai in Newport, Rhode Island has been converted to Newport Grand, a slot machine and video lottery terminal parlor. Jai alai enjoyed a brief and popular stint in Las Vegas with the opening of a fronton at the MGM Grand Hotel and Casino; however, by the early 1980s the fronton was losing money and was closed by MGM Grand owner Kirk Kerkorian. The MGM Grand in Reno also showcased jai alai for a very short period (1978–1980).[7][8]

text: In an effort to prevent the closure of frontons in Florida, the Florida State Legislature passed HB 1059, a bill that changed the rules regarding the operation and wagering of poker in a Pari-Mutuel facility such as a jai alai fronton and a greyhound and horseracing track. The bill became law on August 6, 2003.

text: Although the sport has been in decline in America for several years, the first public amateur jai alai facility was built in the United States in 2008, in St. Petersburg, Florida, with the assistance of the city of St. Petersburg and private funding from Jeff Conway (Laca). Jai alai is virtually unknown in the western United States but still maintains some popularity in parts of the Northeast.

text: Amateur jai-alai[edit]

text: In addition to the amateur court in St. Petersburg, The American Jai-Alai Foundation whose president Victor Valcarce was a pelotari at Dania Jai-Alai (MAGO #86) and was considered the best "pelota de goma" (rubber ball) player in the world, sponsors (in North Miami Beach, Florida) the only indoor air conditioned cancha, (once owned by World Jai-Alai as a school that, in 1972, produced the greatest American pelotari, Joey Cornblit #37[9]) that is still open with free lessons from some of the sport's best. During the late 1960s, in addition to North Miami Amateur, there was at least one other amateur court. From International Amateur Jai-Alai in South Miami professional players emerged including "RANDY" #44 at World Jai-Alai, regarded as the first American pelotari who turned pro in 1968 and enjoyed a lengthy career. In the 1970s and early 1980s Orbea's Jai-Alai in Hialeah featured four indoor courts. Two of the courts played with hard rubber balls ("pelota de goma") were shorter than a standard court (75' / 90') & used for training players and amateur leagues. There were also two courts played with the regulation pelota (hardball / "pelota dura"), one short in length (115') and one regulation length (150'). Orbea's also sold equipment such as cestas and helmets. Retired players visited and played as well as highly skilled amateurs, pros from Miami Jai-Alai and various other professional frontons operating at the time. What the South Miami, North Miami, Orbea & later the Milford amateur courts contributed to what is thought to be the golden age of the amateur jai-alai player & the sport in the United States is impressive. In the late 1980s at least one other amateur court was constructed in Connecticut[citation needed].

text: At Dania Jai Alai, there is a "Hall of Fame" to document the best front and back court players.


document_title: Mission: Impossible III

question_text: who played tom cruise's wife in mission impossible 3

question_tokens: who played tom cruise 's wife in mission impossible 3

text: Mission: Impossible III

text: Plot[edit]

text: Ethan Hunt has retired from field work for the IMF. He instead trains new recruits while settling down with his fiancée, Julia Meade, a nurse who is unaware of Ethan's true job. He is approached by fellow IMF agent John Musgrave about a mission to rescue one of Ethan's protégés, Lindsey Farris. Lindsey was captured while investigating arms dealer Owen Davian. Musgrave has already prepared a team for Ethan: Declan Gormley, Zhen Lei, and his old partner Luther Stickell.

text: The team rescues Lindsey and collects two damaged laptop computers. As they flee, Ethan discovers an explosive pellet implanted in Lindsey's head. Before he can disable it, it goes off and kills her. Back in the U.S., Ethan and Musgrave are reprimanded by IMF Director Theodore Brassel. Ethan learns that Lindsey mailed him a postcard before her capture and discovers a magnetic microdot under the stamp.

text: IMF technician Benji Dunn recovers enough data from the laptops to determine Davian will be in Vatican City to obtain a mysterious object called the "Rabbit's Foot". Ethan plans a mission to capture Davian without seeking official approval. Before leaving, he and Julia have an impromptu wedding at the hospital's chapel. The team successfully infiltrates Vatican City and captures Davian.

text: On the flight back to the U.S., Ethan threatens to drop Davian from the plane as he interrogates him about Rabbit's foot, but Davian remains tightlipped. After landing, Ethan learns that the microdot contains a video of Lindsey warning that Brassel is working with Davian. The convoy taking Davian across the Chesapeake Bay Bridge–Tunnel is attacked, and Davian escapes. Ethan races to Julia's workplace, only to find she has already been kidnapped. Davian gives Ethan 48 hours to recover the Rabbit's Foot in exchange for Julia's life, but Ethan is soon captured by the IMF.

text: Musgrave takes part in Ethan's interrogation but discreetly mouths that the Rabbit's Foot is located in Shanghai, China, and provides Ethan with the means to escape. Ethan escapes IMF headquarters, travels to Shanghai, and acquires Rabbit's Foot along with his team. As he delivers Rabbit's Foot to the meeting point, Ethan is tranquilized. When he comes to, he realizes a micro-explosive is implanted in his head. The restrained Ethan sees Davian holding Julia at gunpoint. Despite Ethan asserting that he brought the real Rabbit's Foot, Davian shoots Julia and leaves.

text: Musgrave arrives and explains that the woman killed was not Julia, but Davian's head of security, executed for failing to protect him in Vatican City. The ruse was to confirm the authenticity of Rabbit's Foot. Julia is alive and held as hostage. Musgrave reveals himself as the mole. He arranged for Davian to acquire the Rabbit's Foot and sell to a terrorist group, so that IMF would have reasons to launch a preemptive strike.

text: When Musgrave lets his guard down, Ethan knocks him unconscious. He frees himself and uses Musgrave's phone to track the last call's location to find Julia. He arrives and finds the place, but encounters Davian. Davian triggers the micro-explosive in Ethan's head, but Ethan kills him and then jury-rigs an impromptu defibrillator to deactivate the explosive. Before electrocuting himself, he kisses Julia and teaches her how to use his Beretta 92 to defend herself. While Ethan is unconscious, Musgrave and a henchman arrive and Julia shoots them dead. She successfully revives Ethan and he explains his true IMF career to her.

text: Back in the U.S., Ethan is congratulated by Brassel as he leaves for his honeymoon with Julia.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Tom Cruise as Ethan Hunt, IMF agent
Philip Seymour Hoffman as Owen Davian, black market dealer
Ving Rhames as Luther Stickell, member of Ethan's team
Billy Crudup as John Musgrave, IMF Operations Director
Michelle Monaghan as Julia Meade, Ethan's fiancée
Jonathan Rhys Meyers as Declan Gormley, member of Ethan's team
Keri Russell as Lindsey Farris, IMF agent trained by Ethan
Maggie Q as Zhen Lei, member of Ethan's team
Simon Pegg as Benjamín "Benji" Dunn, IMF technician
Eddie Marsan as Brownway, Davian's right-hand man
Laurence Fishburne as Theodore Brassel, Head of the IMF
Bahar Soomekh as Davian's Translator
Jeff Chase as Davian's Bodyguard
Michael Berry, Jr. as Julia's Kidnapper

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text:
"I think the problem with third movies is the people who are financing them are experts on how they should be made and what they should be. At that point, when you own a franchise like that, you want to get rid of any extraneous opinions."

—David Fincher, on contributing to a film series[4]

tag: div

text: In 2002, director David Fincher was slated to direct the next installment of the Mission: Impossible film series for a summer of 2004 release date.[5] Fincher, however, dropped out in favor of another film,[6] later citing creative differences over the direction of the series.[4] Replacing Fincher was director Joe Carnahan, who worked on developing the film for 15 months.[7] Under his involvement, the film was to feature "Kenneth Branagh playing a guy who's based on Timothy McVeigh," as well as Carrie-Anne Moss and Scarlett Johansson in other roles.[8] Thandie Newton was offered to reprise her role as Nyah Nordoff-Hall from Mission: Impossible 2; she declined, however.

text: After a dispute over the film's tone, Carnahan quit in July 2004.[6] Tom Cruise then called J.J. Abrams, offering the directorial role for the film after having binge-watched the first two seasons of Alias.[9] Abrams ultimately signed on, with production delayed a year due to his contractual obligations with Alias and Lost.[10] During this time, Branagh, Moss, and Johansson departed from the project because of the many delays in production.[6][11] On June 8, 2005, Paramount Pictures gave the film the green-light after a new cast of actors was hired and the film's budget was redeveloped, with Cruise taking a major pay cut.[11]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Principal photography began in Rome, Italy on July 18, 2005 and ended in October. Location filming took place in China (Shanghai and Xitang), Germany (Berlin), Italy (Rome and Caserta), the United States (California and Virginia), and Vatican City. The night scenes involving the skyscrapers were filmed in Shanghai, while some of the Shanghai filming was also done in Los Angeles.[9]

text: Music[edit]

text: The film's musical score was composed by Michael Giacchino. He is the third composer to take on the series, following Danny Elfman and Hans Zimmer. The score album was released on May 9, 2006 by Varèse Sarabande Records. Unlike the previous installments, no soundtrack album featuring the film's contemporary music was released. Despite this, the film features a song by Kanye West entitled "Impossible" that also features Twista, Keyshia Cole and BJ.[12]

text: Distribution[edit]

text: Marketing[edit]

text: To promote the film, Paramount rigged 4,500 randomly selected Los Angeles Times vending boxes with digital audio players which would play the theme song when the door was opened. The audio players did not always stay concealed, and in many cases came loose and fell on top of the stack of newspapers in plain view, with the result that they were widely mistaken for bombs. Police bomb squads detonated a number of the vending boxes and even temporarily shut down a veterans hospital in response to the apparent "threat". Despite these problems, Paramount and the Los Angeles Times opted to leave the audio players in the boxes until two days after the movie's opening.[13]

text: "Trapped in the Closet" controversy[edit]

text: A blog entry of Hollywoodinterrupted.com in March 2006 alleged that Viacom (parent of Paramount and Comedy Central) canceled the rebroadcast of the South Park episode "Trapped in the Closet" due to threats by Cruise to refuse to participate in the Mission: Impossible III publicity circle.[14][15] These assertions were soon also reported by E! News and American Morning.[15][16]

text: Fox News attributed threats from Cruise, stating, "to back out of his Mission: Impossible III promotional duties if Viacom didn't pull a repeat of the episode", as evidence of "bad blood" between Cruise and Viacom.[17] The Washington Post reported that South Park fans "struck back", in March 2006, and threatened to boycott Mission: Impossible III until Comedy Central put "Trapped in the Closet" back on its schedule.[18] Melissa McNamara of CBS News later questioned whether this boycott hurt the film's box office debut.[19] Political blogger Andrew Sullivan encouraged a boycott of the film, based on claims that Cruise allegedly forced Comedy Central to censor a South Park episode about Scientologists. "Make sure you don't go see Paramount's Mission: Impossible III, Cruise's upcoming movie," Sullivan wrote. "I know you weren't going to see it anyway. But now any money you spend on this movie is a blow against freedom of speech. Boycott it. Tell your friends to boycott it."[20]

text: When asked in ABC's Primetime about his involvement with stopping the episode rebroadcast on Comedy Central, Cruise stated "First of all, could you ever imagine sitting down with anyone? I would never sit down with someone and question them on their beliefs. Here's the thing: I'm really not even going to dignify this. I honestly didn't really even know about it. I'm working, making my movie, I've got my family. I'm busy. I don't spend my days going, 'What are people saying about me?'"[21]

text: A representative of Cruise had also denied any involvement of Cruise with the issue, specifically responding to allegations of Cruise's reputed corporate power play.[22]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Opening in 4,054 theaters all across the United States,[23] the fourth largest opening ever up to that point,[24] the film topped the box office in its opening weekend. It made $16.6 million on its opening day and $47.7 million in its opening weekend,[23] a solid opening yet almost $10 million lower than the franchise's previous films.[25] The film remained at number one with $25 million during its second weekend, ahead of Poseidon's gross of $22.2 million.[23] The film remained in the Top 10 at the box office for the remainder of its first six weeks.[23] It ended its initial domestic run on July 20, 2006, taking in a total of $134 million.[23] It was the second movie in 2006 to pass the $100,000,000 mark in the box office, following Ice Age: The Meltdown.[citation needed] The $134 million domestic run was significantly lower than that of Mission Impossible II,[23] as well as box office analysts' expectations.[who?][citation needed]

text: Outside the US, the film grossed $70 million during its first five days (in some Asian countries, it opened two days ahead of its North American release date) and was easily the box-office champion in many countries.[23] As of 2017, its international box office gross has reached $263.8 million for a combined worldwide gross of $397.9 million, the lowest so far of the series.[23]

text: In the Netherlands, the film debuted at No. 1 in the week of May 4–10, grossing a total of € 532,384. The following week, the film remained on the top position. In its third, the film dropped to No. 2 and fell to No. 4 to the following week. Next, it maintained the No. 4 position to drop to No. 6 (in the week of June 6 - June 14). In total, the film has grossed over € 2,141,162.[26]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: On the film-critics aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, Mission: Impossible III received 70% positive reviews from critics, with an average of 6.6, based on 220 reviews. The site's critical consensus reads, "Fast-paced, with eye-popping stunts and special effects, the latest Mission: Impossible installment delivers everything an action fan could ask for. A thrilling summer popcorn flick."[27] It holds a similar rating on Metacritic, with an average score of 66/100, indicating "generally favorable reviews" based on a normalized average of 42 reviews.[3]

text: On the television show Ebert & Roeper, Richard Roeper gave Mission: Impossible III a "thumbs up," while Roger Ebert gave it a marginal "thumbs down."[28] In Ebert's print review, he gave the film a score of two and a half stars out of four, saying, "Either you want to see mindless action and computer-generated sequences executed with breakneck speed and technical precision, or you do not. I am getting to the point where I don't much care." He felt "surprised that the plot hangs together more than in the other two films."[29]

text: Keith Phipps of The Onion's A.V. Club said the film is "business as usual, but it's the best kind of business as usual, and it finds everyone working in top form."[30] Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly called Mission: Impossible III "a gratifyingly clever, booby-trapped thriller that has enough fun and imagination and dash to more than justify its existence."[31] Marc Savlov of The Austin Chronicle said that "it's all poppycock, of course, but it's done with such vim and vigor and both narrative and visual flair that you care not a jot."[32] James Berardinelli of ReelViews gave the film a score of two and a half stars out of four, saying that it "provides lots of action, but too little excitement."[33]

text: Ian Nathan of Empire said that Mission: Impossible III has "an inspired middle-hour pumped by some solid action" but added that "we now live in a post-Bourne, recalibrated-Bond universe, where Ethan Hunt looks a bit lost."[34] Manohla Dargis of The New York Times said that "Hoffman enlivens Mission: Impossible III" but criticized the film's "maudlin romance" and "Abrams's inability to adapt his small-screen talent to a larger canvas."[35] Rob Nelson of the Dallas Observer said that "Abrams's movie is too oppressive, too enamored of its brutality to deliver anything like real thrills; its deeply unpleasant tone nearly makes you long even for [Mission: Impossible 2 director John] Woo's cartoon absurdities."[36]

text: Claudia Puig of USA Today said that "Mission: Impossible III delivers" despite "a sense that the franchise is played out and its star over-exposed."[37] Maitland McDonagh of TV Guide described the film as "breezy, undemanding, and a carefully balanced blend of the familiar and the not-quite-what-you-expected."[38] Lawrence Toppman of The Charlotte Observer said that Mission: Impossible III is "plenty of fun" despite being "overwrought and overplotted."[39]

text: Pete Vonder Haar of Film Threat said that "you may be mildly entertained, but damned if you'll remember any of it five minutes later."[40] Stephanie Zacharek of Salon.com said that "Cruise is the single bright, blinking emblem of the failure of Mission: Impossible III."[41] William Arnold of the Seattle Post-Intelligencer remarked that "the latest [Mission: Impossible film] is just this side of insultingly stupid."[42] Shawn Levy of The Oregonian said that Mission: Impossible III "feels like one of the more forgettable James Bond films—saddled, moreover, with a star who's sliding into self-parody."[43]


document_title: List of countries by English-speaking population

question_text: what country has the largest number of english speakers

text: List[edit]

text: Some numbers have been calculated by Wikipedia editors by mixing data from different sources; figures not attributed to sources and given with a date should be treated with caution.

text: This section is about an event or subject that may not be current but does not specify the time period. Please help improve it to include this information. The talk page may contain suggestions. (February 2017)

text:
Country
Eligible population
Total English speakers
Total English speakers (%)
As first language
As first language (%)
As an additional language[1]
As an additional language (%)
Comments

 United States
296,603,003
283,160,411
95.5
234,171,556
79.0
48,988,855
16.5
Figures are from the 2011-2015 American Community Survey 5-year estimates by the U.S. Census Bureau for persons age 5 and older. Total English speakers are those who either spoke English at home (i.e. as first language), or reported speaking another language at home but could speak English "very well" or "well" (i.e. as an additional language). [2]

 India
1,028,737,436
125,344,736
12.18
226,449
0.02
125,118,287
12.16
2001 Census figures for population and first, second, and third languages. English as a first language is only spoken by 226,449 people, as a second language by 86,125,221, and as a third language by 38,993,066.[3][4]

 Pakistan
188,400,100
110,041,604
49
15,720,000
8
94,321,604
41
Official Language, lingua franca and spoken amongst a wide proportion of the Pakistani Population - 8% as first language (CIA estimate) and 49% as a second language (other estimates).[5][6][7]

 Philippines
100,437,852
89,800,800
92.58
36,935
0.0037
89,000,000
92.58
Total population: Census 2010. Proportion of total speakers: Census 2000, text above Figure 7. 63.71% of the then 66.7 million people aged 5 years or more could speak English.[8] Proportion of native speakers: Census 1995, as quoted by Andrew Gonzalez in "The Language Planning Situation in the Philippines", Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 19 (5&6), 487–525, p. 492: .04% of the then 68.4 million people were native speakers of English. (1998).[9] "Six out of 10 people aged 5 and over can speak english (63.71%)."[10]

 Nigeria
156,493,000
79,000,000
53.34

79,000,000
53.34
Euromonitor International report (2009)

 United Kingdom
64,000,000
59,600,000
97.74
54,400,000
92.14
5,128,000
5.60
Source: Data from the 2011 census for England and Wales.[11] Additional English speaker figures are for usual residents aged 3 years and over with a main language other than English who can speak English "very well" or "well".

 Germany
80,600,000
46,272,504
70
272,504
0.338
46,000,000
70
Native speakers: Statistisches Bundesamt (cited here).
Non-native speakers: Eurobarometer report 2006
Does not include foreign military personnel based in Germany.

 Canada
33,121,175
28,360,240
85.63
18,858,980
56.94
9,501,260
28.69
Source: [3], Population by knowledge of official languages and Population by mother tongue. The 2011 count reported that 22,564,665 people were able to conduct a conversation in English but not French, while 5,795,575 were able to converse in both English and French. The census also asked for the first language learned at home in childhood and still understood by the individual: 18,858,980 reported English as their sole mother tongue, 144,685 reported both English and French as mother tongues, 396,330 reported English and a non-official language as mother tongues, and 24,095 reported English, French and a non-official language as mother tongues.

 France
65,350,000
23,000,000
39

23,000,000

Source: Eurobarometer report 2012

 Australia
21,394,309
17,357,833
97
15,013,965
70.17
2,343,868
17
Source: 2001 Census.[12] The 2001 census data is subject to multiple interpretations. The data noted that 18,972,350 persons out of 21,394,309 total were speakers of a language, and excluded young children. However, more than a million of those 18,972,350 persons provided no information; 879,778 did not give information on proficiency, and 203,101 were "overseas visitors" who were not asked. Of the 17,889,671 persons for whom an inquiry was made 17,357,833 spoke English only, or "well" or "very well" as a second language; while 531,838 spoke "not well" or "not at all".

 Italy
59,619,290
17,000,000
34

17,000,000

Source: Eurobarometer report 2012

 Bangladesh
163,323,100
30,108,031
18
709,873

29,398,158

Source: Euromonitor International report 2009, Euromonitor Dec 2010 [13]

 Egypt
83,289,500
28,101,325
35

28,101,325

Source: Euromonitor International Report 2011 [14]

 Thailand
63,038,247
17,121,187
27.16

17,121,187

Source: Crystal (2003), p. 109.

 Netherlands
16,770,000
15,030,000
90

15,030,000

Source: Eurobarometer report 2012

   Nepal
29,890,686
13,896,720
46.49
20,000
0.067
876,720

Source: Census. (date not verified)[citation needed]

 South Africa
52,981,991
16,424,417
31
4,930,510
9.3
11,493,907
22
Native speakers from 2011 Census: Census in Brief[permanent dead link], page 23.
Non-native speakers: Crystal (2003), p. 109.

 Poland
38,501,000
14,300,000
37
100,000

14,200,000

Source: Central Statistical Office,[15] Additional language speakers are people age 18–69, who reported English Language as their first of second best foreign language, Central Statistical Office [16] Native language counted as those who speak English at home.

 Turkey
70,586,256
12,000,000
17

12,000,000

Source: Eurobarometer report 2006

 Iraq
31,700,000
11,095,000
35

11,000,000

Source: Euromonitor International report (2011)

 Sri Lanka
22,480,000
10,565,600
47
37,061
0.2
9,680,000
47
English Proficiency Index [17]

 Spain
47,190,000
10,400,000
22

10,400,000

Source: Eurobarometer report 2012

 China
1,210,000,000
10,000,000
<1

10,000,000

Figures are for English users in mainland China only (i.e. excluding Hong Kong where English is an official language and Macau). The often-cited figure of 300 million is for "learners."[18]
[19]

 Brazil
205,000,000
10,542,000
5
292,000
0.14
10,250,000
5
Source: British council (2012) and EF. Only 5% of Brazilians have a proficient grasp of English as a second or foreign additional language and an additional 6% have a very rudimentary knowledge. Brazil has 240 thousand British descendants and 180 thousand American ancestry citizens including the Confederados cultural sub-group, descendants of the Confederate colonies.

 Sweden
9,921,541
8,200,000
86

8,200,000

Source: Eurobarometer report 2012

 Kenya
43,013,431
8,100,000
18.83

7,900,000

Source: Crystal (2003), p. 109.

 Cameroon
19,740,000
7,500,000
38

7,500,000

Euromonitor International Report (2009)

 Malaysia
27,170,000
15,580,000
62.57
380,000
1.4
15,200,000
61.1
EF English Proficiency Index[20]

 Russia
138,312,535
7,574,303
5.48
2,522

7,571,787

Source: Composition by Nationality and Language Ability, Citizenship, Tables 4.5 and 4.1, Russian Census (2010). The "total" figure is the number of residents who reported English as one of the languages they knew. The "first language" figure is the number of residents who reported "American" or "English" as their nationality. The "additional languages" figure is the difference. More than 9 million schoolgoers studied English as a foreign language in 2008–2009.

 Belgium
10,584,534
6,250,000
60

6,250,000

Source: Eurobarometer report 2006 (the 2012 report seems to have a critical typo)

 Israel
7,303,000
6,205,000
84.97
100,000
1.37
6,105,000

Source: Ethnologue (2005)[21]
English is widely spoken, both by the Jewish majority and by minority ethnic groups.[22][23]

 Austria
8,415,000
6,150,000
73

6,150,000

Source: Eurobarometer report 2012

 Romania
19,043,767
5,900,000
31

5,900,000

Source: Eurobarometer report 2012

 Zimbabwe
13,349,000
5,550,000
41.58
250,000
1.87
5,300,000

Crystal (2003), p. 109.

 Greece
10,787,690
5,500,000
51

5,500,000

Source: Eurobarometer report 2012

 Sierra Leone
5,866,000
4,900,000
83.53
500,000
8.52
4,400,000

Crystal (2003), p. 109. Note this includes speakers of an English creole.

 Mexico
120,664,000
15,686,262
12.9

15,686,262

Consulta Mitofsky-Tracking Poll Roy Campos: Las Lenguas Extranjeras en México, January 2013;[24] and II Conteo de Población y Vivienda, Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía e Informática (INEGI).[25]

 Denmark
5,543,000
4,770,000
86

4,770,000

Source: Eurobarometer report 2012

  Switzerland
7,637,300
4,680,000
61.28
73,400
0.96
4,606,600

Figure for speakers of English as "main language", according to Federal Statistical Office, Neuchâtel 2008[26] Source for number of non-native English speakers is 1999 publication by Prof. François Grin cited here: http://switzerland.isyours.com/e/countries/uk/language.html

 Morocco
32,770,900
4,587,926
14

4,587,926

Source: Euromonitor International report 2011

 Norway
5,136,700
4,500,000
90

4,500,000

Source: http://blog.oxforddictionaries.com/2014/03/norwegian-english-fusion-language/[unreliable source]

 Republic of Ireland
4,422,100
4,350,000
98.37
4,122,100
93.21
237,900

Source: Eurobarometer report 2006; Central Statistics Office [4]; Travbla [27]

 Singapore
5,607,300
4,218,737
83.1
1,873,302
36.9
2,345,435

Source: 2015 Census. Second language speaker figure only includes those literate in English aged 15 or more and does not include third language proficiency. General Household Survey 2015 "Language Spoken at Home Among Residents Aged 5 Years and Over"

 Ghana
27,000,000
18,000,000
66.67

18,000,000

Source: 2010 Ghanaian Census[28]

 Tanzania
40,454,000
4,000,000
9.89

4,000,000

Source: Crystal (2003), p. 109.

 New Zealand
4,275,100
3,673,623
97.82
3,673,623
85.93

There were 4,027,947 responses to 2006 Census: Language spoken. 3,673,679 gave English as a response, 81,936 had no English but another language. The balance of 272,382 were; no language (too young) 75,195, no response 196,221, response unidentifiable 588, response outside scope 378. Hence it is most meaningful to express the English-speaking per cent without including the figures for these 272,382. This gives 97.8% English-speaking, 2.2% non-English-speaking (3,673,679 and 81,936 divided by 3,755,565)
Crystal (2003), p. 109, gives figures of 3,700,000 native speakers and 150,000 second language speakers.

 Finland
5,410,000
3,800,000
70

3,800,000

Source: Eurobarometer report 2012

 Portugal
10,623,000
2,900,000
27

2,900,000

Source: Eurobarometer report 2012

 Papua New Guinea
6,331,000
3,150,000
49.76
150,000
2.37
3,000,000

Source: Crystal (2003), p. 109. Note this includes speakers of an English creole.

 Liberia
3,750,000
3,100,000
82.67
600,000
16
2,500,000

Source: Crystal (2003), p. 109. Note this includes speakers of an English creole.

 Jordan
6,598,000
2,969,370
45

2,969,370

Source: Euromonitor International report (2011)

 Jamaica
2,714,000
2,650,000
97.64
45,900
17.1
50,000

Source: Crystal (2003), p. 109. Note this includes speakers of an English creole.

 Algeria
35,954,000
2,516,780
7

2,516,780

Source: Euromonitor International report (2011)

 Uganda
30,884,000
2,500,000
8.09

2,500,000

Source: Crystal (2003), p. 109.

 Hong Kong
6,808,433
3,136,784
46.07
238,288
3.5
2,898,496

According to 2011 population census, Hong Kong has approximately 3.1 million speakers, of whom 238,288 regard English as their "usual" language.[29]

 Czech Republic
10,562,214
2,850,000
27

2,850,000

Source: Eurobarometer report 2012

 Argentina
42,192,500
2,752,681
6.52

Source:.[30] Percentage of people who state to have a high level of English. Another 19.49% and 16.23% of people said they had an intermediate and low level, respectively, of English.

 Yemen
24,800,000
2,232,000
9

2,232,000

Source: Euromonitor International report 2011

 Croatia
4,555,000
2,200,000
49

2,200,000

Source: Eurobarometer report 2006

 Colombia
47,661,368
2,012,950
4.22
75,600

1,937,350

Total was estimated by multiplying projected population for 2014 (DANE) by percentage of Colombian population that speaks English 4.09%[31] then 63,600 was added to that figure which is the total of American and British residents. Figures for native speakers are as follows: 60,000 U.S. citizens that reside in Colombia[32] 12,000 are Colombian Raizal from San Andrés and Isla de Providencia where they speak San Andrés–Providencia Creole[33] 3,600 British expatriates[34]

 Hungary
9,982,000
2,000,000
20

2,000,000

Source: Eurobarometer report 2012

 Puerto Rico
3,991,000
1,940,000
48.61
100,000

1,840,000

Source: Crystal (2003), p. 109.

 Zambia
11,922,000
1,910,000
16.02
110,000

1,800,000

Source: Crystal (2003), p. 109.

 Bulgaria
7,640,238
1,900,000
25
2,605

1,902,605

Source: Eurobarometer report 2012 and 2011 Census[35]

 Kazakhstan
12,156,705
1,874,583
15.4
602

1,873,981

Number of those who understand spoken English, from these 1.9 million: 311,435 (2.6%/16.6%) can only read, 931,444 (7.7%/49.6%) can read and write in English. The number of native speakers is the sum of Americans and Englishmen "by nationality". (Census 2009)

 Lebanon
4,265,600
1,706,000
40

1,706,000

Source: Euromonitor International report (2011)

 Chile
16,634,603
1,585,027
9.53

Source: 2012 Census.[36]

 Rwanda
10,137,400
1,520,610
15

1,520,610

Source: Euromonitor International report 2009

 Slovakia
5,397,036
1,400,000
26

1,400,000

Source: Eurobarometer report 2012

 Trinidad and Tobago
1,305,000
1,145,000
87.74
1,145,000

Source: Crystal (2003), p. 109. Note this includes speakers of an English creole.

 Slovenia
2,050,000
1,210,000
59

1,210,000

Source: Eurobarometer report 2012

 Lithuania
3,053,800
1,160,000
38

1,160,000

Source: Eurobarometer report 2012

 Latvia
2,070,371
950,000
46

950,000

Source: Eurobarometer report 2012

 Guyana
751,000
680,000
90.55
650,000

30,000

Source: Crystal (2003), p. 109. Note this includes speakers of an English creole.

 Botswana
1,639,833
630,000
38.42

630,000

Source: Crystal (2003), p. 109.

 Estonia
1,294,236
650,000
50

650,000

Source: Eurobarometer report 2012

 Cyprus
839,000
610,000
73

610,000

Source: Eurobarometer report 2012

 Malawi
13,931,831
540,209
3.88
209

540,000

Source: Crystal (2003), p. 109 and Kayambizinthu.[37]

 Lesotho
1,795,000
500,000
27.86

500,000

Source: Crystal (2003), p. 109.

 Suriname
470,784
410,000
87.09
260,000

150,000

Source: Crystal (2003), p. 109. Note this includes speakers of an English creole.

 Malta
453,000
400,000
89
unknown

352,000

Source: Eurobarometer report 2012

 Namibia
1,820,916
314,000
17.24
14,000

300,000

Source: Crystal (2003), p. 109.

 Luxembourg
509,000
290,000
56

290,000

Source: Eurobarometer report 2012

 Bahamas
330,549
288,000
87.13
260,000

28,000

Source: Crystal (2003), p. 109. Note this includes speakers of an English creole.

 Barbados
279,000
275,000
98.57
262,000

13,000

Source: Crystal (2003), p. 109. Note this includes speakers of an English creole.

 Belize
301,270
246,000
81.65
190,000

56,000

Source: Crystal (2003), p. 109. Note this includes speakers of an English creole.

 Madagascar
23,042,300
4,147,614
18

4,147,614

The main languages are French and Malagasy.[citation needed]

 Mauritius
1,264,866
202,000
15.97
2,000

200,000

Source: Crystal (2003), p. 109.

 Vanuatu
215,446
180,000
83.55
60,000

120,000

Source: Crystal (2003), p. 109. Note this includes speakers of an English creole.

 Fiji
853,445
176,000
20.62
6,000

170,000

Source: Crystal (2003), p. 109.

 Solomon Islands
552,438
175,000
31.68
10,000

165,000

Source: Crystal (2003), p. 109. Note this includes speakers of an English creole.

 Guam
173,456
158,000
91.09
58,000

100,000

Source: Crystal (2003), p. 109.

 Brunei
381,371
144,000
39.07
10,000

134,000

Source: Crystal (2003), p. 109.

 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
120,000
114,000
95
114,000

Source: Crystal (2003), p. 109. Note this includes speakers of an English creole.

 U.S. Virgin Islands
108,448
113,000
95.97
98,000

15,000

Source: Crystal (2003), p. 109. Note this includes speakers of an English creole.

 Grenada
110,000
100,000
90.91
100,000

Source: Crystal (2003), p. 109. Note this includes speakers of an English creole.

 Samoa
188,540
94,000
49.86
1,000

93,000

Source: Crystal (2003), p. 109.

 Isle of Man
80,058
80,000
99.93
80,000

 Bhutan
658,000
75,000
11.4

75,000

Source: Crystal (2003), p. 109.

 Saint Lucia
165,000
71,000
43.03
31,000

40,000

Source: Crystal (2003), p. 109. Note this includes speakers of an English creole.

 Northern Mariana Islands
84,000
70,000
83.33
5,000

65,000

Source: Crystal (2003), p. 109. Note this includes speakers of an English creole.

 Antigua and Barbuda
85,000
68,000
80
66,000

2,000

Source: Crystal (2003), p. 109. Note this includes speakers of an English creole.

 American Samoa
57,345
45,933
80.1
1,791

44,142

Source: The World Factbook – American Samoa

 Federated States of Micronesia
111,000
64,000
57.66
4,000

60,000

Source: Crystal (2003), p. 109.

 Bermuda
65,000
63,000
96.92
63,000

Source: Crystal (2003), p. 109.

 Dominica
67,000
63,000
94.03
3,000

60,000

Source: Crystal (2003), p. 109. Note this includes speakers of an English creole.

 Marshall Islands
59,000
60,000
98.33

60,000

Source: Crystal (2003), p. 109.

 Swaziland
1,141,000
50,000
4.38

50,000

Source: Crystal (2003), p. 109.

 Aruba
104,000
44,000
42.31
9,000

35,000

Source: Crystal (2003), p. 109.

 The Gambia
1,709,000
40,000
2.34

40,000

Source: Crystal (2003), p. 109. Note this includes speakers of an English creole.

 Saint Kitts and Nevis
50,000
39,000
78
39,000

Source: Crystal (2003), p. 109. Note this includes speakers of an English creole.

 Cayman Islands
47,000
36,000
76.6
36,000

Source: Crystal (2003), p. 109. Note this includes speakers of an English creole.

 Seychelles
87,000
33,000
37.93
3,000

30,000

Source: Crystal (2003), p. 109.

 Gibraltar
28,875
28,875
100
28,000

875

Source: Crystal (2003), p. 109.

 Tonga
100,000
30,000
30

30,000

Source: Crystal (2003), p. 109.

 Kiribati
95,000
23,000
24.21

23,000

Source: Crystal (2003), p. 109.

 British Virgin Islands
23,000
20,000
86.96
20,000

Source: Crystal (2003), p. 109. Note this includes speakers of an English creole.

 Palau
20,000
18,500
92.5
500

18,000

Source: Crystal (2003), p. 109.

 Andorra
81,222
17,869
22

17,869

Source Census: Linguistic knowledge 2004.

 Anguilla
13,000
12,000
92.31
12,000

Source: Crystal (2003), p. 109.

 Nauru
10,300
800
96.26
9,500

Source: Crystal (2003), p. 109. English is spoken as the language of government and commerce.

 Cook Islands
20,200
4,000
19.8
1,000

3,000

Source: Crystal (2003), p. 109.

 Montserrat
5,900
4,000
67.8
4,000

Source: Crystal (2003), p. 109. Note this includes speakers of an English creole.

TOTAL
5,102,585,737
1,179,874,130

336,358,172

838,676,510

text:
The European Union is a supranational union composed of 28 member states. The combined total English-speaking population (2012) is 256,876,220[38] (out of a total population of 500,000,000,[39] i.e. 51%) including 65,478,252 native speakers and 191,397,968 non-native speakers, and would be ranked 2nd if it were included. English native speakers amount to 13% of the whole Union population, while the percentage of people that speak English "well enough in order to be able to have a conversation", either as first (32%), second (11%) or third (3%) foreign language, was 38%.
When taken from this list and added together, the total number of English speakers in the world adds up to around 1,200,000,000. Likewise, the total number of native English speakers adds up to around 350,000,000. This implies that there are approximately 850,000,000 people who speak English as an additional language.


document_title: Structural isomer

question_text: structural formula for an alcohol that is an isomer of diethyl ether

text: Structural isomer

text: Chain isomerism[edit]

text: In chain isomerism, or skeletal isomerism, components of the (usually carbon) skeleton are distinctly re-ordered to create different structures. Pentane exists as three isomers: n-pentane (often called simply "pentane"), isopentane (2-methylbutane) and neopentane (dimethylpropane).

text:
Skeletal isomerism of pentane

n-Pentane
Isopentane
Neopentane

text: Position isomerism (regioisomerism)[edit]

text: In position isomerism (regioisomerism) a functional group or other substituent changes position on a parent structure. In the table below, the hydroxyl group can occupy three different positions on an n-pentane chain forming three different compounds.

text:
Example of position isomerism

Pentan-1-ol
Pentan-2-ol
Pentan-3-ol

text: Many aromatic isomers exist because substituents can be positioned on different parts of the benzene ring. Only one isomer of phenol or hydroxybenzene exists but cresol or methylphenol has three isomers where the additional methyl group can be placed on three different positions on the ring. Xylenol has one hydroxyl group and two methyl groups and a total of 6 isomers exist.

text:
Positional isomers of xylenol

2,3-Xylenol
2,4-Xylenol
2,5-Xylenol

2,6-Xylenol
3,4-Xylenol
3,5-xylenol

text: Functional group isomerism[edit]

text: Functional isomers are structural isomers that have the same molecular formula (that is, the same number of atoms of the same elements), but the atoms are connected in different ways so that the groupings are dissimilar. These groups of atoms are called functional groups, functionalities. Another way to say this is that two compounds with the same molecular formula, but different functional groups, are functional isomers.

text: For example, cyclohexane and 1-hexene both have the formula C6H12. These two are considered functional group isomers because cyclohexane is a cycloalkane and hex-1-ene is an alkene.[dubious – discuss]

text:
Example of functional group isomerism

Cyclohexane
hex-1-ene

text: For two molecules to be functional isomers, they must contain key groups of atoms arranged in particular ways. Some of the best examples come from organic chemistry. C2H6O is a molecular formula. Depending on how the atoms are arranged, it can represent two different compounds dimethyl ether CH3-O-CH3 or ethanol CH3CH2-O-H. Dimethyl ether and ethanol are functional isomers. The first is an ether. The carbon chain-oxygen-carbon chain functionality is called an ether. The second is an alcohol. The carbon chain-oxygen-hydrogen functionality is called an alcohol.

text: If the functionalities stay the same, but their locations change, the structural isomers are not functional isomers. 1-Propanol and 2-propanol are structural isomers, but they are not functional isomers. Both of them are alcohols. The functional group (carbon chain-O-H) is present in both of these compounds, but they are not the same.

text: While some chemists use the terms structural isomer and functional isomer interchangeably, not all structural isomers are functional isomers.

text: Functional isomers are most often identified in chemistry using infrared spectroscopy. Infrared radiation corresponds to the energies associated primarily with molecular vibration. The alcohol functionality has a very distinct vibration called OH-stretch that is due to hydrogen bonding. All alcohols in liquid and solid form absorb infrared radiation at certain wavelengths.

text: Compounds with the same functional groups will all absorb certain wavelengths of infrared light because of the vibrations associated with those groups. In fact, the infrared spectrum is divided into two regions. The first part is called the functional group region. Dimethyl ether and ethanol would have dissimilar infrared spectra in the functional group region.

text: The second part of the infrared spectrum is called the fingerprint region; it is associated with types of motion allowed by the symmetry of the molecule and influenced by the bond energies. The fingerprint region is more specific to an individual compound. Even though 1-propanol and 2-propanol have similar infrared spectra in the functional group region, they differ in the fingerprint region.

text: In simple terms, functional isomers are structural isomers that have different functional groups like alcohol and ether.

text: Isomer counting[edit]

text: As an example of isomer counting, there are nine structural isomers with molecular formula C3H6O having different bond connectivities. Seven of them are air-stable at ambient temperature, and are given in the table below. An additional two structural isomers are the enol tautomers of the carbonyl isomers, but these are not stable.[3]

text:
Chemical compound
Molecular structure
Melting point (°C)
Boiling point (°C)
Comment

Allyl alcohol

-129
97
Other names, 2-propenol or (2-propen-1-ol)

Cyclopropanol

101–102

Propionaldehyde

- 81
48
Tautomeric with (E)-1-propenol and (Z)-1-propenol or (1-propen-1-ol)

Acetone

- 94.9
56.53
Tautomeric with propen-2-ol

Oxetane

- 97
48

Propylene oxide

- 112
34
Can be resolved in two enantiomers

Methyl vinyl ether

- 122
6


document_title: Mera Joota Hai Japani

question_text: mera joota hai japani song from which movie

text: Mera Joota Hai Japani

text: This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
"Mera Joota Hai Japani"

Film song by Mukesh

from the album Shri 420

Language
Hindi

Released
1955

Length
4:20

Label
Saregama

Composer(s)
Shankar Jaikishan

Lyricist(s)
Shailendra

text: Mera Joota Hai Japani (Hindi: मेरा जूता है जापानी; Urdu: میرا جوتا ہے جاپانى ALA-LC: Merā Jūtā hai Jāpānī IPA: [meːrɑː d͡ʒuːt̪ɑː hɛː d͡ʒɑːpɑːniː] lit. My Shoes are Japanese) is a Hindi song with music by Shankar Jaikishan and lyrics by Shailendra, written for the 1955 Bollywood film Shree 420. It was performed by popular Bollywood star Raj Kapoor, though actually sung by playback singer Mukesh.

text: In the song, the narrator asserts pride in being Indian, despite their clothes all being from other countries. The chorus runs:

text: Due to its patriotic themes, the song was widely embraced in its time as a representation of the newly sovereign nation of India.[1] As India was gaining its status as a sovereign democratic republic,[2] this song depicted the casting off of the colonialist yoke and the recognition of the internationalist aim of uniting to make India and the world a better place.

text: The song was also a satirical retort at some of the political leaders and rich upper class of the newly independent India, who boasted of being swadeshi in their clothes, but were extremely western in their thought, outlook, affiliations and deeds.[3]

text: This song gained international fame, particularly in the Soviet Union.

text: In popular culture[edit]

text:
The first lines from the song are heard early in the 1991 film Mississippi Masala, at a significantly tense moment during the expulsion of Indians in Uganda in 1972.
The 2000 Bollywood film Phir Bhi Dil Hai Hindustani is named after a line in the song.
Bengali author Mahasweta Devi quoted the lyrics in her inaugural address at the 2006 Frankfurt Book Fair and moved the audience to tears:

text: This is truly the age where the joota (shoe) is Japani (Japanese), patloon (pants) is Inglistani (English), the topi (hat) is Roosi (Russian), but the dil... dil (heart) is always Hindustani (Indian)... My country, torn, tattered, proud, beautiful, hot, humid, cold, sandy, shining India. My country.

text:
In the 2009 movie Today's Special starring Aasif Mandvi, "Mera Joota Hai Japani" plays on the radio in Naseeruddin Shah's cab.
The 2012 re-make song Bollywood by Sasha Dith and DJ Rico Bernasconi featured on the Buddha Bar XIV compilation features the original recording.
In the 2013 film Gravity, the Indian astronaut Shariff, voiced by Phaldut Sharma, sings the first line of the song while taking a break from his duties in space.[4]
In the 2006 novel The Inheritance of Loss, by Kiran Desai, Biju, an Indian immigrant in the USA finds solace in the song among his immigrant friends and colleagues.
The song is played at the beginning of the American film Deadpool (2016).[5]