document_title: List of Three's Company characters

question_text: who played ralph furley on three's company

question_tokens: who played ralph furley on three 's company

text: List of Three's Company characters

text: Jack Tripper[edit]

text: Jack E. Tripper, Jr., was portrayed by John Ritter. The character is based on the character Robin Tripp of the British sitcom Man About the House and Robin's Nest. Jack was the main character on Three's Company and its spinoff Three's a Crowd.

text: Jack E. Tripper was a San Diego native who was a veteran of the United States Navy, where he was a member of a boxing team. He was discovered in the bathroom of Janet Wood and Chrissy Snow's apartment in Santa Monica on the morning after a going-away party they threw for their departing roommate Eleanor, explaining, "I came with a friend who knew one of the gate-crashers." He previously lived at the YMCA and needed a place to stay, and the girls needed a new roommate to replace Eleanor. Janet reasoned with their landlord, Stanley Roper, who lived straight downstairs from the girls' apartment, and he agreed that Jack could stay because Janet told Mr. Roper that Jack was gay, without Jack's knowledge. Jack was, of course, straight (the comedy stemming from having to "play gay" provided much of the story for the sitcom), but to bypass Mr. Roper's policy against single men sharing an apartment with single women, Jack had to pose as a homosexual to Mr. Roper (and later to Mr. Furley, as well).

text: Jack attended LA Tech on the G.I. Bill to follow his dreams of running a small French restaurant one day. He pursued a degree in culinary arts and worked odd jobs from time to time. After completion of his schooling, he found full-time employment as a chef, working for a popular restaurant owner named Frank Angelino (Jordan Charney). He worked his way up to head chef, and, around season seven, finally opened his own French restaurant called Jack's Bistro.

text: Jack had an older brother named Lee, who once came to town for a visit (in the episode "Lee Ain't Heavy, He's My Brother"), and Jack displayed his feelings of inferiority when compared to Lee (Jack felt perpetually in Lee's shadow since they were children, because Lee was always more successful). Jack and Lee's father, Jack Tripper, Sr. (played by comedian Dick Shawn), appeared in the episode "Like Father, Like Son". In the season-7 episode "Extra, Extra", Jack's mother was played by actress Georgann Johnson.

text: Jack is known for being a klutz. Much of the character's humor is derived from slapstick comedy. He is extremely clumsy and accident-prone, and is well known for his comic pratfalls. Jack is somewhat of a ladies' man and a playboy, but is also kind, loyal, and protective of his roommates, family, and friends. Despite having been a boxer in the Navy, he often cowered and allowed other men to bully him (mainly because of their larger size). Also, Jack is plagued by a fear of flying, as revealed in the episodes "Up in the Air" and "Cupid Works Overtime." Jack has his own bedroom, while Janet and Chrissy share a second bedroom. A poster of The Beatles as they appeared late in their career can be seen hanging on the wall above Jack's bed. (The Beatles poster actually belonged to Ritter, an avid Beatles fan, and he lent it to the producers to hang on Jack's bedroom wall.)

text: After Three's Company[edit]

text: When Janet gets married to Phillip Dawson in the series finale "Friends and Lovers", Jack proposes to flight attendant Vicky Bradford. Though she loves him, Vicky turns Jack down since she does not want to get married and prefers that they live together instead. Jack refuses at first, but then he changes his mind and they move into the apartment above his bistro. Three's Company then ends its series run and the spin-off series Three's a Crowd begins, with Vicky and Jack living above the bistro and Vicky's father having purchased the restaurant from Mr. Angelino.

text: Janet Wood[edit]

text: Janet Wood was portrayed by Joyce DeWitt.

text: Janet and her roommate Chrissy Snow (and later roommates Cindy Snow and Terri Alden) shared an apartment in Santa Monica, California, and needed a third roommate to help pay the rent after their old roommate, Eleanor, just had her baby, got married, and decided to move out. On the morning after a going-away party they threw for Eleanor, Janet and Chrissy found Jack Tripper sleeping in their bathtub. Upon getting to know Jack, who was at the time staying at the local YMCA, Janet and Chrissy suggested that he move in as their new roommate (primarily because he is skilled in cooking meals, a skill that both girls lack). Their old-fashioned and curmudgeonly landlord, Stanley Roper, was not fond of the idea of a young man sharing an apartment with two young attractive women. However, Janet convinced Roper that Jack was gay to alleviate the landlord's concern about the living arrangement. Thus, Jack was allowed to move in under this guise.

text: Janet worked in and ultimately managed the Arcade Flower Shop. She is very fond of plants, which are seen throughout the apartment.

text: Janet is from Speedway, Indiana. She has a sister named Jenny (who came for a visit in the episode "My Sister's Keeper"), and a brother whose name was never mentioned. She graduated from college, but her major was never revealed. She is the daughter of Ruth and Roland Wood. In the episode "Chrissy Come Home", Janet states that her father is of Italian descent. She speaks Italian, although not fluently (as displayed in the episode "Loan Shark"). (Like her character, DeWitt is from Speedway and her father is of Italian descent.)

text: Janet is portrayed as the intelligent, responsible, and "reliable" roommate as opposed to her more ditzy blonde counterparts Chrissy, Cindy, and Terri, with early episodes focusing on her self-consciousness over being less endowed than her female roommates, or at being perceived as less spontaneous and sometimes acting and coping like Tripper before going out on a date. Perhaps because of her above-mentioned responsibility, Janet was the one who often reprimanded Jack over his mischeifs.

text: In the episode leading to the series finale of Three's Company, she meets Phillip Dawson at a reading of a will. In the series finale "Friends and Lovers", Janet and Phillip marry in the apartment with the rest of the gang in attendance. After Janet returns from her honeymoon, Phillip and she settle in their newly married life in another part of town.

text: Chrissy Snow[edit]

text: Christmas Noelle "Chrissy" Snow was portrayed by Suzanne Somers.

text: In the original unaired pilot of Three's Company; Samantha, the character who would become Chrissy, was portrayed by Susanne Zenor. Zenor was not picked for the second filming of the pilot, so actress Susan Lanier took over the role of Chrissy. Somers ultimately won the permanent role in the third and final pilot.

text: Chrissy was born in Fresno, the eldest child of Reverend Luther Snow (Peter Mark Richman) and his wife (Priscilla Morrill). In one episode, she explains that she was named "Christmas" because her father was a big fan of Bing Crosby (whose song "White Christmas" became a signature song of his). In another episode, she states that her name is Christmas due to having been born in December. However, in the episode "Roper's Niece", Janet states that Chrissy's birth was "not until January." Yet, in the season-four episode "Chrissy's Hospitality", Chrissy falls and hits her head, ending up in the hospital as a result. She explains to the nurse that her father named her Christmas because "she was the best present he ever got."

text: Chrissy was born into a religious family and always loved her family traditions, such as Christmas with the family. Every Sunday, the Snow family would go to church to hear her father preach. She always loved her family and friends, and upon moving to Santa Monica, she assured them that she would eventually return home to Fresno.

text: In her early 20s, Chrissy moved to Santa Monica, where she found a job as a typist. She found an apartment, owned and operated by Stanley and Helen Roper, which she shared with two other women, Janet Wood and Eleanor Garvey.

text: In the pilot, a pregnant Eleanor got married in a reception in the apartment, but went into labor just as she was cutting the cake. After Eleanor had her baby and moved away, Janet and Chrissy were left needing a new roommate to help with living expenses. On the morning after a going-away party the girls threw for Eleanor, they find a man in their bathtub who had passed out and, after waking up, claimed that he was a friend of one of the party crashers. The girls suggested that the man, Jack Tripper, move in as their new roommate instead of other, less desirable candidates (one of them being a pompous, nasal-voiced woman named Patricia, nicknamed "Pattikins").

text: Concept and creation[edit]

text: Chrissy's personality was an exaggerated characterization of the "dumb blonde" stereotype, as evidenced by her repeated confusion and misunderstandings, malapropisms, and girlish behavior. Chrissy is depicted as being quick to laugh at her own jokes, and quick to cry in an exaggerated, whining fashion (as a young child would do). Chrissy's behavior was reflected somewhat by her cousin, and eventual replacement, Cindy Snow, although Cindy was more klutzy, and less dim.

text: Chrissy is modeled as an ingenue, a minister's daughter who seeks her fortune in the big city. As the naif, she frequently and unknowingly makes suggestive double entendres and is often oblivious to the attention she receives from ill-intentioned men. Her roommate Janet remarked that Chrissy totally fell apart at the littlest hint of "sweet talk." In one episode, Chrissy was picked up by a police officer who assumed she was a prostitute, despite her innocence and good intentions.

text: Regarding the character's look, for season three the makeup artist said that Chrissy should have snow-white hair, pink cheeks and dark eyes, and Somers suggested the hairstyle of an Afghan hound, and her signature side ponytail was created to hide an over-bleaching mishap.[1]

text: Departure[edit]

text: Somers had emerged as a breakout character in the show. In 1978, she appeared on 50 magazine covers. Also, best-selling Chrissy Snow posters were produced and ABC even launched a doll which portrayed Somers as Chrissy. Somers was promoted as a rival to Farrah Fawcett by her manager, Jay Bernstein, who also managed Fawcett and other actresses of the day, such as Cheryl Ladd. After marrying former game show host Alan Hamel (whom Somers met for the first time while modeling prizes on a game show he hosted), Somers made him her manager. Somers was eventually axed from the series in the fifth season after a bitter and highly publicized salary dispute with the producers. On the series, her character of Chrissy was written out as having moved back home to Fresno to care for her ill mother. However, for a brief time (and to finish Somers' contract), Chrissy continued to appear briefly on the show in the episode's closing tag wherein she would call Janet or Jack from home and speak to one of them over the telephone, and more often than not Jack or Janet would fill Chrissy in on what happened on that episode. A couple episodes after Chrissy left, her cousin Cindy moved into the apartment with Jack and Janet for the remainder of the season. Upon the arrival of Terri Alden in season six; references to Chrissy vanished, only to be referred to once when the trio was being interviewed and Chrissy was mentioned as "the other girl" with whom Janet was living when she met Jack. From what is implied, especially by the time of Terri's arrival, Chrissy simply decided to stay home in Fresno and never kept in contact with her old roommates again.

text: Near the end of the series, Hamel tried unsuccessfully to convince the producers to have Somers return in her role of Chrissy for the series finale and becoming Jack's love interest (as opposed, apparently, to the character of Vicky).

text: Cindy Snow[edit]

text: Cindy Snow was portrayed by Jenilee Harrison during the show's fifth and sixth seasons (1980–82). The cousin of the character Chrissy Snow, Cindy was phased out to make way for Chrissy's permanent replacement Terri Alden. Ironically, Priscilla Barnes, who landed the role of Terri, had auditioned for the role of Cindy, but was turned down.

text: Cindy hails from Fresno, the daughter of Mr. Snow (Alan Manson), niece of Reverend Luther Snow and first cousin of Chrissy Snow. Raised on a farm, she grew to have a great love of animals, and enjoyed helping her father and mother out on the farm. Although Cindy is a very pretty girl, she claims she always "played second fiddle to Chrissy, because she was so beautiful." She was raised to enjoy the Snows' many wonderful traditions, such as going to church on Sundays to hear Reverend Snow preach, and being together for lavish, old-fashioned Christmas celebrations.

text: One day when Cindy was a young woman, Mrs. Snow found her daughter's diary and read it from start to finish, and subsequently fell asleep! She said it was the most boring thing she had ever read and told Cindy that it would be a good idea if she did more with her life and got out of Fresno. When Chrissy went back to Fresno to care for her mother, Cindy took the opportunity to move out and into the apartment, taking Chrissy's place as the third member of the trio.

text: Cindy debuted on the show in 1980 after producers needed a replacement for Chrissy after Suzanne Somers was fired over her salary dispute.

text: At first, Jack Tripper and Janet Wood, Chrissy's roommates, worried about what it would be like to live with the klutzy farm girl, but they soon adjusted and became close friends with Cindy. When Chrissy declines to return (and Somers' contract expired), Cindy's temporary stay became permanent. She also takes Chrissy's old office job, working for Mr. Charles Hadley.

text: Although she shares some of her cousin Chrissy's dim-witted and naive attitude, Cindy's trademark was that she was highly clumsy and accident-prone, often bumping into things or spilling things (with Jack more often than not bearing the brunt).

text: Departure[edit]

text: In the season-six premiere, "Jack Bares All", Cindy announced that she was moving out of the apartment to attend UCLA. Her replacement would be Terri Alden, a nurse. Producers of the show were seeking a permanent third roommate and were not confident with Jenilee Harrison in that role. Cindy did, however, continue to make appearances on the show during the sixth season, and was retained as a supporting character (and given cast billing credit). She has many pivotal appearances through midseason, and becomes the trio's part-time housekeeper in the episode "Maid to Order", but still hung out with the trio.

text: Her last appearance is in the episode "Janet Wigs Out" near the end of season six. Cindy and Janet have a falling out when Janet buys a blonde wig and develops a condescending attitude toward her friends. When Janet wants to keep her wig a secret from her date, Cindy tries to prevent herself from revealing the truth.

text: Terri Alden[edit]

text: Terri Alden was portrayed by Priscilla Barnes.

text: Terri was born in Longmeadow, Massachusetts,[2] works as a registered nurse, and is portrayed as far less "ditzy" than her predecessors.[3][4] She is written into the story as being Janet and Jack's new (and final) roommate.[5]

text: Although Jack originally disliked Terri, owing to a disastrous first meeting at the hospital when she administered a tetanus injection for a stubbed finger into his behind, he forgave her and warmed up to her eventually. Terri, in fact, convinced Jack to move in with Victoria Bradford, thus paving the way for the spinoff series Three's a Crowd.

text: In response to complaints about the characterization of blondes on the show, the writers portrayed Terri as a "smart blonde", and a "woman with brains", electing to steer away from the ditziness of Chrissy Snow and the clumsiness of Cindy Snow, Terri's blonde roommate predecessors. A dedicated professional at work, Terri is more relaxed when off duty and out of uniform.[6]

text: Stanley Roper[edit]

text: Stanley Roper was portrayed by Norman Fell.

text: Stanley owns and manages the apartment building in Santa Monica that is home to Jack Tripper, Janet Wood and Chrissy Snow. He has a love-hate relationship with his wife, Helen. Although they care deeply for each other, Helen and Stanley regularly bicker and engage in one-upmanship, with Helen usually the intellectual victor. A significant amount of their tension is due to Helen's ongoing desire for romance with Stanley, while Stanley is either clueless or uninterested. During the character's time on the series, he was known for breaking the fourth wall by smiling and snickering at the camera after telling a one-liner joke, often at his wife's expense. One of his catchphrases is "Not tonight, Helen; I got a headache." Although seemingly impotent, Stanley is sometimes known for spying on young women in bathing suits on the beach through his binoculars.

text: Stanley is generally friendly toward the trio, but can be very angry if the rent is late. He is also not above exploiting his tenants' fear of raised rents to get chores and favors done. He is told that Jack is homosexual to bypass any objections he might have to a man living with two women. He does not appear to dislike Jack or homosexuals in general, but he does keep his distance whenever Jack gets "too close" to him and sees Jack's supposed homosexuality as a source of amusement and makes several jokes at his expense, often calling Jack "Tinkerbell".

text: Stanley is extremely cheap (as revealed in the episode "Stanley's Hotline", in which the trio calls him "the cheapest man alive" and very much penny wise, pound foolish). Stanley drives a run-down 1958 Chevrolet Bel Air, which he attempted to sell to the trio, but reneged when he learned he could get a lot more money for it from another buyer (who thought it was the classic and far more valuable 1957 model). After the intended buyer learned it was actually a 1958 model, he added insult to injury by offering to tow it away if Stanley paid him $25.

text: After Stanley sold the building to Bart Furley, Bart's brother Ralph took over as landlord.

text: The Ropers[edit]

text: In the Three's Company spinoff series The Ropers, Stanley and Helen move to Cheviot Hills, California and live next door to snobby real estate agent Jeffrey P. Brookes III (who eventually sells them their house).

text: Stanley intensely disliked Jeffrey, and the feeling is mutual. When Stanley and Helen were investigating buying the house, Jeffrey's son David explained to Stanley that if his father did not like Stanley and Helen, he would never let them move in. When Jeffrey arrived for the showing, Stanley began telling a false story that the house was perfect for his "drums" and "wild parties." Very quickly, Stanley and Helen were thrown out of the building by Jeffrey, but with much prompting from Helen, soon came back to get another look at it. Jeffrey then posted a phony "sold" sign in front of the house to deter them. Stanley concealed his joy, but for Helen's sake he feigned sadness, saying, "I would buy it in an instant if it wasn't sold!" David reveals that the house was not sold and Stanley is stuck with buying it.

text: Helen Roper[edit]

text: Helen Roper was portrayed by Audra Lindley and appeared on both Three's Company and The Ropers.

text: The character was based on the character Mildred Roper on the series Man About the House and its spinoff George & Mildred (the British shows on which Three's Company and The Ropers were respectively based), which was played by Yootha Joyce.

text: Helen always yearns for romance and sex with her uninterested husband, Stanley, and he almost never delivers, which frustrates her.

text: Helen enjoys a friendship with the three tenants who live above her, to whom she affectionately refers as "the kids". Helen, unlike her husband, knows that Jack is not gay, but out of fondness for the trio, plays along with the charade. Contrary to her tightfisted and very suspicious husband, Helen does not mind that Jack lives with Janet and Chrissy, and is very understanding of their situation. She frequently tries to defuse tense situations between her husband and the trio.

text: Eventually, Stanley and she move to Cheviot Hills, an affluent neighborhood of Los Angeles, where her natural snobbishness asserts itself, often aided and abetted by her sister, Ethel Armbruster, who clearly despises Stanley.

text: Despite her attempts at adopting the behavior of her more affluent neighbors, she still retains her kindness. She befriends Anne Brookes, the wife of Jeffrey Brookes III, a real estate agent who lives next door, and enjoys the company of their son, David.

text: Return appearance on Three's Company[edit]

text: Helen and Stanley returned to the trio's apartment in a special guest appearance. Helen was frustrated with Stanley because he forgot their anniversary. She went downstairs to Ralph Furley's apartment to get some sleep (Mr. Furley was out of town at the time). A very tired Mr. Furley returned home early and went straight to bed, unaware that he was not alone. Soon, Mr. Roper came in the bedroom and said, "Helen, if this (a supposed affair with Mr. Furley) is what you want, so be it." Helen was upset and still angry. "Aren't you gonna fight for me?" she asked Stanley. Later, Stanley came back and started fighting for Helen against Mr. Furley, which made Helen happy. Soon, the two went to sleep in Mr. Furley's bed, which could have been the answer to Helen's wishes.

text: Ralph Furley[edit]

text: Ralph Furley was portrayed by Don Knotts.

text: Ralph Furley is the landlord and manager of a Santa Monica apartment building that is now owned by his brother, Bart, who acquired it from Stanley Roper. It is the home to Jack Tripper, Larry Dallas, Janet Wood, and Chrissy Snow (later to Cindy Snow, then Terri Alden). Mr. Furley fancies himself a playboy, a "ladies' man" and a "macho man", despite the fact he has not had a date in years and not appealing to women at all.

text: Mr. Furley is very subservient and seems to fear his brother Bart. Like Stanley Roper before him, he was also tricked into believing that Jack was gay for him to continue living with Janet and Chrissy (in fact, Mr. Roper was the one who told Mr. Furley about this when he sold the building). Because of his own playboy lifestyle, Mr. Furley probably would have approved of the situation himself; but he knew his brother Bart would never tolerate a straight man living with two women. Also, like Mr. Roper before him, Mr. Furley liked to occasionally crack gay jokes about Jack at his expense (calling Jack "Tippy Toes" as opposed to Mr. Roper's "Tinkerbell").

text: Mr. Furley often wears outlandish leisure suits in very loud colors with ascots, and has his apartment decorated like a playboy's pad. Usually, his shirts are very brightly colored. For his role of Mr. Furley, Knotts donned a toupee. Although Mr. Furley's brother Bart is frequently mentioned by him, the character only appears in one episode, played by Hamilton Camp. Mr. Furley defends his decisions as apartment manager by stating that his brother Bart, being the owner of the building, would (or would not) also approve of a decision. Many of the characteristics and mannerisms of Mr. Furley are comparable to Knotts' most famous character, Barney Fife from The Andy Griffith Show.

text: Larry Dallas[edit]

text: Larry Dallas was portrayed by Richard Kline.

text: The character is based on Larry Simmonds from Man About the House. He lives upstairs from the trio, and is Jack's best friend. He is also a womanizing playboy who often lies about his occupation to impress girls, claiming to be "Playboy's best photographer," a doctor, an airline pilot, etc.; his actual profession is a used car salesman. He habitually uses false names, including Jack's, when picking up women for one-night stands so that he might better forestall any attempts by such women to pursue a relationship, although the tactic backfired in "Will the Real Jack Tripper..." when a woman whom Larry impregnated was able to locate him because Jack's address and phone number were in the phone book (Larry's initial reaction was disgust at Jack for being "dumb" enough to allow such information to be available to the public). Larry is also constantly in debt, often owing Jack money. In one episode, when being questioned by his landlord Mr. Roper, Larry claimed to have served four years in the United States Marine Corps. Larry is of Greek descent, though this fact and his original last name are mentioned only in the episode where Jack opens Jack's Bistro, in which Larry explains that he shortened it to "Dallas" because he "could never spell 'Dalliapoulos' ".

text: Larry has the distinction of being the only other character besides Jack Tripper to appear on Three's Company and both of its spin-offs, The Ropers and Three's a Crowd. When appearing on Three's a Crowd near the end of its single season, he states that he had moved to Bakersfield due to downturns in the used car business.

text: Lana Shields[edit]

text: Lana Shields was portrayed by Ann Wedgeworth.

text: Lana Shields is a bosomy, amorous, three-time older divorcee who had an unrequited crush on Jack. She is constantly flirting with Jack and tries to seduce him every time she is in his presence, while Jack, though, tries his best to avoid Lana at all costs, especially around new landlord Ralph Furley. Unlike Jack, though, Mr. Furley is attracted to Lana and regularly tries to "put the moves on her," but she dislikes him, which he never comes to realize.

text: Lana's first appearance was in the episode "Love Thy Neighbor" from season four, in which Jack takes a job as a male escort, which is how he first meets Lana, to make some quick cash. He soon learns that Lana wants to do much more with him than just have a casual dinner out on the town.

text: In the next episode "The New Landlord" (which introduces Mr. Furley), the trio accidentally sells all of Mr. Furley's furniture to a junk dealer, thinking it was furniture Mr. Roper left behind and not realizing it belongs to their new landlord (who has not met anyone in the building yet). Mr. Furley becomes angry and gives the trio an eviction notice, but upon meeting Lana, he immediately becomes smitten. Mr. Furley and the trio then make a deal: Mr. Furley gets a date with Lana, and the trio will not have to move.

text: Though she does not like Mr. Furley, Lana does seduce him on several occasions, to use him to get what she wants. For example, in one episode, she uses this tactic to convince Mr. Furley to accept the trio's rent money a few days late. In the episode "A-Camping We Will Go", Lana tricks Mr. Furley into going on a camping trip so she can be near Jack, who was talked into going by Larry Dallas, for the weekend. However, not long after this now-legendary episode, Lana disappears from the show without explanation. Her final appearance was in the episode "A Black Letter Day". In the episode, Lana reads a newspaper advice column about a man living with two female roommates and the man is having an affair with one of them, and she assumes the column was about the trio.

text: Character disappearance[edit]

text: According to the book Come and Knock on Our Door: A Hers and Hers and His Guide to Three's Company, the addition of Lana to the cast caused tension between John Ritter and the show's writers. Ritter believed it would be out of character for the sex-crazed Jack to inexplicably turn down the advances of a sexually voracious, attractive older woman. The writers reasoned that because Lana was older than Jack, he would be turned off. Ritter did not believe that the middle-aged Lana, only meant to be in her 40s (whereas Jack was in his late 20s/early 30s), would repel Jack. Ann Wedgeworth, in the same book, claimed that she asked to be released from her contract because of Lana's dwindling role in the show.


document_title: List of most common surnames in Asia

question_text: what's the most common indian last name

question_tokens: what 's the most common indian last name

root

text: List of most common surnames in Asia

text: Armenia[edit]

text:
Rank
Name
Romanization
Meaning

1
Հովհաննիսյան
Hovhannisyan
Son of Hovhannes (John)

2
Հարությունյան
Harutyunyan
Son of Harutyun ("resurrection")

3
Սարգսյան
Sargsyan
Son of Sargis

4
Խաչատրյան
Khachatryan
Son of Khachatur ("given by cross")

5
Գրիգորյան
Grigoryan
Son of Grigor (Gregory)

tag: table

text: Azerbaijan[edit]

text:
Rank[1]
Name
Romanization
Meaning

1
Məmmədov
Mammadov
"Son of Mammad"

2
Əliyev
Aliyev
"Son of Ali"

3
Həsənov
Hasanov
"Son of Hasan"

4
Hüseynov
Huseynov
"Son of Hussein"

5
Quliyev
Guliyev
"Son of Qulu"

6
Hacıyev
Hajiev
"Son of Haji"

7
Rəsulov
Rasulov
"Son of Rasoul"

8
Süleymanov
Suleymanov
"Son of Suleyman"

9
Musayev
Musayev
"Son of Musa"

10
Abbasov
Abbasov
"Son of Abbas"

11
Babayev
Babayev
"Son of Baba"

12
Vəliyev
Valiyev
"Son of Vali"

13
Orucov
Orujov
"fasting"[citation needed]

14
İsmayılov
Ismayilov
"Son of Ismayil"

15
Ibrahimov
Ibrahimov
"Son of Ibrahim"

text: Bangladesh[edit]

text: [citation needed]

tag: p

text:
Name (Bangla alphabet)
Bangla Romanization

আহমেদ
Ahmed

আলী
Ali

আক্তার
Aktar / Akter

বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায় (ব্যানার্জী)
Bondyopadhyay (Banerjee)

বনিক
Bonik / Banik

ব্যাপারী
Byapari / Bapary

বড়ুয়া
Boruya / Barua

বিশ্বাস
Bishwas

ভৌমিক
Bhoumik / Bhowmik

বসু
Bosu

চাকমা
Chakma

চক্রবর্তী
Chokroborti / Chakraborty

চট্টপাধ্যায় (চ্যাটার্জী)
Chottopadhyay (Chatterjee)

চৌধুরী
Choudhuri / Chowdhury

দাস
Das

দেবনাথ
Debnath

দেওয়ান
Dewan

দে
De / Dey

দত্ত
Dotto / Datta / Dutta

গাজী
Gazi

হক
Hok / Haque

হাসান
Hasan

হোসেন
Hosen / Hossain / Hussain

ইসলাম
Islam

Name (Bangla alphabet)
Bangla Romanization

কাজী
Kazi

খান
Khan

মাহমুদ
Mahmud

মজুমদার
Mojumdar / Majumder

মারমা
Marma

মিঞা
Mina / Miah

মির্জা
Mirza

মিত্র
Mitro / Mitra

মোল্লা
Molla / Mollah

মোহাম্মদ
Mohammod / Mohammud / Muhammad

মুখোপাধ্যায় (মুখার্জী)
Mukhopadhyay (Mukherjee)

মুন্সী
Munsi / Munshi

পাটোয়ারী
Patoyari / Patwary

পাল
Pal / Paul

রহমান
Rohoman / Rohman / Rahman

রায়
Ray / Roy

সাহা
Saha

সরকার
Sorkar / Sarker / Sarkar

সেন
Sen

শেখ
Shekh / Sheikh

ঠাকুর
Thakur

ত্রিপুরা
Tripura

উদ্দীন
Uddin

ওয়াজেদ
Wazed

text: Cambodia[edit]

text: Cambodian names are borrowed from Chinese, Sanskrit, Vietnamese words.

text: China[edit]

text: According to a comprehensive survey of residential permits released by the Chinese Ministry of Public Security on April 24, 2007,[2][3][4] the top three surnames in China have a combined population larger than Indonesia,[5][improper synthesis?] the world's fourth-most-populous country. The top 10 surnames each have a population greater than 20 million; the top 22 have populations of more than 10 million. The top 100 surnames cover 84.77% of China's population.

text: The press release from the Ministry of Public Security only provided detailed numbers for the top three surnames. Information about the others from 2006 comes from a multi-year study by Yuan Yida of the Chinese Academy of Sciences's Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, which purportedly used a sample size of 296 million spread across 1,110 counties and cities.[6]

text:
Rank
Name
Romanization
Total Number
(2007)
Frequency
(2007)
Estimated Number
(2006)

Simp.
Trad.

1
王
Wáng [a]/Wong
92,881,000
7.25%
92,550,000

2
李
Lǐ [b]/Lee
92,074,000
7.19%
91,020,000

3
张
張
Zhāng [c]/Cheung
87,502,000
6.83%
86,690,000

4
刘
劉
Liú [d]/Lau
>20,000,000
—
65,280,000

5
陈
陳
Chén /Chan
—
—
56,640,000

6
杨
楊
Yáng [e] /Yeung
—
—
41,680,000

7
黄
黃
Huáng/Wong
—
—
29,410,000

8
赵
趙
Zhào/Chiu
—
—
26,180,000

9
吴
吳
Wú [f]/Ng
—
—
25,020,000

10
周
Zhōu/Chow
—
—
24,330,000

11
徐
Xú [g] /Tsui
>10,000,000
—
18,550,000

12
孙
孫
Sūn/Suen
—
—
17,940,000

13
马
馬
Mǎ/Ma
—
—
16,890,000

14
朱
Zhū/Chu
—
—
16,460,000

15
胡
Hú/Woo
—
—
14,970,000

16
郭
Guō/Kwok
—
—
14,260,000

17
何
Hé/Ho
—
—
13,340,000

18
高
Gāo/Ko
—
—
12,900,000

19
林
Lín/Lam
—
—
12,500,000

20
罗
羅
Luó/Law
—
—
12,400,000

text: Georgia[edit]

text:
Rank
Name
Romanization
Total Number[7]
(2010)

1
ბერიძე
Beridze
24,962

2
მამედოვი
Mammadov
Mamedovi
23,675

3
კაპანაძე
Kapanadze
17,202

4
გელაშვილი
Gelashvili
16,350

5
ალიევი
Aliyev
Alievi
15,742

6
მაისურაძე
Maisuradze
14,824

7
გიორგაძე
Giorgadze
12,954

8
ლომიძე
Lomidze
11,796

9
წიკლაური
Tsiklauri
11,571

10
ბოლქვაძე
Bolkvadze
10,916

11
კვარაცხელია
Kvaratskhelia
10,447

12
ნოზაძე
Nozadze
10,183

13
ხუციშვილი
Khutsishvili
10,075

14
შენგელია
Shengelia
9,928

15
აბულაძე
Abuladze
9,663

16
მიქელაძე
Mikeladze
9,220

17
ტაბატაძე
Tabatadze
8,654

18
მჭედლიშვილი
Mchedlishvili
8,446

19
ბაირამოვი
Bairamov
Bairamovi
8,373

20
გოგოლაძე
Gogoladze
8,362

text: India[edit]

text: This section needs to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (September 2017)

text: Indian surnames usually derive from occupational titles or caste distinctions and tend to vary among the wide variety of ethnic groups and cultural regions of India. For example, many common family names in the Dravidian states are rare, or nonexistent, in eastern or northern India, and vice versa. Indian family names also originate from the language spoken in the state or community and depend on the religious affiliation of the family. Hindu family names usually come from Pali, Sanskrit, or Tamil and may contain the name or title of a family deity, whereas Muslim last names are usually derived from Arabic, Persian or Turkish. Family names may also indicate lower or upper caste origin of the family as many surnames are exclusive only to certain social groups.

text:
Rank
Name
Meaning[citation needed]
Total Number
(2014)
Region[citation needed]

1
Singh [h]
Lion
36,058,956
North India

2
Kumar [i]
Prince
31,014,317
North India, South India

3
Das
Devotee
10,485,481
Punjab, East India

4
Kaur
Princess
10,382,053
Punjab

5
Mandal
group
8,451,262
East India

6
Ram
Rama (God)
7,412,410
South India

7
Yadav
Prince/Princess
7,061,034
Hindi Belt

8
Kumari
girl, princess
6,280,211
North India

9
Ali
high, elevated
5,796,792
Muslims throughout

10
Lal
darling, precious, beloved
5,751,667
Hindi belt, Bengal

11
Bibi
Lady
5,669,410
Muslim women throughout

12
Khatun
queen regnant
5,510,718
Muslim women throughout

13
Bai
lady
5,401,652
Maharashtra

14
Sharma
happiness
4,887,182
East India, North India

15
Sah
gentleman
4,887,182
Central India, North India

16
Khan
king
4,442,333
Muslims throughout

17
Patel
one who holds land
3,957,109
Gujarat

18
Patil
chief of the village
3,776,738
Maharashtra

19
Rajput
King
3,771,896
North India

text: Indonesia[edit]

text: Most Indonesians do not use family last name. There is only a small number of ethnic groups which maintain family names.

text: Israel[edit]

text:
Rank[8]
Name
Romanization
Meaning
Frequency

1
כהן
Cohen
"priest"
1.93%

2
לוי
Levi
Levy
"Levite"
1.12%

3
מזרחי
Mizrachi
Mizrahi
"easterner"
0.33%

4
פרץ
Peretz
from Perez
from Pérez
0.32%

5
ביטון
Biton
from Chaim
"life"
0.30%

6
דהן
Dahan
"oil merchant"
0.23%

7
אברהם
Avraham
from Abraham
from Abramowicz & al.
0.22%

8
פרידמן
Friedman
from Solomon[9]
0.21%

9
מלכה
Malka
Malcah
from Málaga
"queen"
0.19%

10
אזולאי
Azoulay
"of a priestly dynasty"
"blue eyed"
0.19%

11
כץ
Katz
"priest of righteousness"[10]
"priest of Zadok"[11]
0.19%

12
יוסף
Yosef
from Joseph
0.18%

13
דוד
David
from David
from Davidson & al.
0.17%

14
עמר
Amar
Omer
"farmer"
"sheaf"
0.17%

15
אוחיון
Ohayon
Ochion
"son of Chaim"
0.16%

Rank
Name
Romanization
Meaning
Frequency

16
חדד
Hadad
Chadad
"smith"
0.16%

17
גבאי
Gabai
synagogue warden; sexton
0.16%

18
בן דוד
Ben-David
"son of David"
0.14%

19
אדרי
Adrei
Edry/Edri
Adary
from Draa valley in Morocco
0.14%

20
לוין
Levin
"Levite"
0.14%

21
טל
Tal
"dew"
0.13%

22
קליין
Klein
"small"
0.13%

23
חן
Chen
Khen
"loveliness"
"grace"
0.13%

24
שפירא
Shapira
"Speyerer"
0.13%

25
חזן
Chazan
Hazan
"cantor"
0.13%

26
משה
Moshe
from Moses
0.13%

27
אשכנזי
Ashkenazi
"German"
0.12%

28
אוחנה
Ohana
"Son of Hannah"
0.12%

29
סגל
Segal
Segel
"assistant to the Levites" (S'gan Levi)
0.12%

30
גולן
Golan

0.12%

text: Japan[edit]

text: Officially, there are 291,129 different Japanese surnames,[12] as determined by their kanji, although many of these are spelled and romanized similarly. The top 10 surnames cover approximately 10% of the population, while the top 100 cover slightly more than 33%.[13]

text: This ranking is a result of "The National Same Family Name Investigation" by Meiji Yasuda Life Insurance Company.[13] This investigation included approximately 6,118,000 customers of Meiji Yasuda's insurance and annuities, as of August 2008.

text:
Rank
Name
Romanization
Estimated Number
(2008)
Occupation Rate
(%)

1
佐藤
Satō
1,990,000
1.57

2
鈴木
Suzuki
1,900,000
1.50

3
高橋
Takahashi
1,470,000
1.16

4
田中
Tanaka
1,340,000
1.06

5
渡辺
Watanabe
1,200,000
0.95

6
伊藤
Itō
1,150,000
0.91

7
中村
Nakamura
1,080,000
0.85

8
小林
Kobayashi
1,060,000
0.84

9
山本
Yamamoto
1,020,000
0.81

10
加藤
Katō
920,000
0.73

11
吉田
Yoshida
850,000
—

12
山田
Yamada
820,000
—

13
佐々木
Sasaki
710,000
—

14
山口
Yamaguchi
640,000
—

15
松本
Matsumoto
630,000
—

16
井上
Inoue
600,000
—

17
木村
Kimura
580,000
—

18
清水
Shimizu
560,000
—

19
林
Hayashi
550,000
—

20
斉藤
Saitō
530,000
—

21
斎藤
Saitō
520,000
—

22
山崎
Yamazaki
Yamasaki
490,000
—

23
中島
Nakajima
Nakashima
480,000
—

24
森
Mori
470,000
—

25
阿部
Abe
470,000
—

26
池田
Ikeda
450,000
—

27
橋本
Hashimoto
450,000
—

28
石川
Ishikawa
440,000
—

29
山下
Yamashita
410,000
—

30
小川
Ogawa
410,000
—

31
石井
Ishii
400,000
—

32
長谷川
Hasegawa
390,000
—

33
後藤
Gotō
390,000
—

34
岡田
Okada
380,000
—

35
近藤
Kondō
370,000
—

36
前田
Maeda
370,000
—

37
藤田
Fujita
370,000
—

38
遠藤
Endō
360,000
—

39
青木
Aoki
350,000
—

40
坂本
Sakamoto
350,000
—

41
村上
Murakami
340,000
—

42
太田
Ōta
320,000
—

43
金子
Kaneko
310,000
—

44
藤井
Fujii
310,000
—

45
福田
Fukuda
300,000
—

46
西村
Nishimura
300,000
—

47
三浦
Miura
300,000
—

48
竹内
Takeuchi
290,000
—

49
中川
Nakagawa
290,000
—

50
岡本
Okamoto
290,000
—

51
松田
Matsuda
290,000
—

52
原田
Harada
290,000
—

53
中野
Nakano
290,000
—

Rank
Name
Romanization
Estimated Number
(2008)

54
小野
Ono
280,000

55
田村
Tamura
280,000

56
藤原
Fujiwara
Fujihara
270,000

57
中山
Nakayama
270,000

58
石田
Ishida
270,000

59
小島
Kojima
260,000

60
和田
Wada
260,000

61
森田
Morita
250,000

62
内田
Uchida
250,000

63
柴田
Shibata
250,000

64
酒井
Sakai
240,000

65
原
Hara
240,000

66
高木
Takagi
Takaki
240,000

67
横山
Yokoyama
240,000

68
安藤
Andō
240,000

69
宮崎
Miyazaki
Miyasaki
240,000

70
上田
Ueda
Ueta
240,000

71
島田
Shimada
230,000

72
工藤
Kudō
230,000

73
大野
Ōno
220,000

74
宮本
Miyamoto
220,000

75
杉山
Sugiyama
220,000

76
今井
Imai
220,000

77
丸山
Maruyama
210,000

78
増田
Masuda
210,000

79
高田
Takada
Takata
210,000

80
村田
Murata
210,000

81
平野
Hirano
210,000

82
大塚
Ōtsuka
210,000

83
菅原
Sugawara
Sugahara
210,000

84
武田
Takeda
Taketa
200,000

85
新井
Arai
200,000

86
小山
Koyama
Oyama
200,000

87
野口
Noguchi
200,000

88
桜井
Sakurai
200,000

89
千葉
Chiba
200,000

90
岩崎
Iwasaki
200,000

91
佐野
Sano
200,000

92
谷口
Taniguchi
200,000

93
上野
Ueno
200,000

94
松井
Matsui
190,000

95
河野
Kōno
Kawano
190,000

96
市川
Ichikawa
190,000

97
渡部
Watanabe
Watabe
190,000

98
野村
Nomura
180,000

99
菊地
Kikuchi
180,000

100
木下
Kinoshita
180,000

text: Korea[edit]

text:
Rank[14]
(2000)
Hangul
Hanja
Romanizations

1
김
金
Kim, Gim, Ghim

2
리 / 이
李
Lee, Yi

3
박
朴
Park, Pak, Bak

4
최
崔
Choi, Choe, Choy, Joy

5
정
鄭
Jeong, Chung, Cheong, Jung, Young

6
강
姜
Kang, Gang, Ghang

7
조
趙
Cho, Jo, Joe

8
윤
尹
Yoon, Yun, Youn

9
장
張
Jang, Chang

10
림 / 임
林
Lim, Rim, Im, Rhim

11
한
韓
Han

12
오
吳
O, Oh

13
신
申
Shin, Sin

14
서
徐
Seo, Suh, Seoh

15
권
權
Kwon, Gwon, Kuen

16
황
黃
Hwang, Huang

17
안
安
Ahn, An

18
송
宋
Song

19
류 / 유
柳
Yoo, Yu, Ryu, Ryoo

20
홍
洪
Hong

21
전
全
Jeon, Jun, Chun, Cheon

22
고
高
Ko, Koh, Go, Goh

23
문
文
Mun, Moon, Mon, Munn

24
손
孫
Son, Sohn, Sonn

25
량 / 양
梁
Yang, Ryang

Rank
(2000)
Hangul
Hanja
Romanizations

26
배
裵
Bae, Bai, Pai, Pae

27
백
白
Baek, Paik, Pak, Bak, Bhak, Phak

28
조
曺
Jo, Cho

29
허
許
Hur, Heo, Her, Hui

30
남
南
Nam, Nan, Nham

31
심
沈
Sim, Shim, Shen

32
류 / 유
劉
Yu, Yoo, Liu, Lau, Yau

33
로 / 노
盧
No, Noh, Roh

34
하
河
Ha, Hah

35
전
田
Jeon, Jun

36
정
丁
Jeong, Jung

37
곽
郭
Gwak, Kwak, Koak

38
성
成
Seong, Sung, Shong, Shung

39
차
車
Cha

40
유
兪
Yu, Yoo

41
구
具
Gu, Koo, Goo

42
우
禹
U, Woo

43
주
朱
Ju, Joo, Chu, Zhu, Zuu, Juu, Choo

44
임
任
Im, Yim

45
라 / 나
羅
Na, Ra, La

46
신
辛
Sin, Shin

47
민
閔
Min

48
진
陳
Jin, Jean, Chen, Jen

49
지
池
Ji, Jee

50
엄
嚴
Eom, Uhm, Um

text: Nepal[edit]

text: Surnames in Nepal are divided into three origins; Indo-Aryan languages, Tibeto-Burman languages and indigenous origins. Indo-Aryan surnames dominates over other language origin surnames.

text:
Rank
(2014)

Name
Character in Devanagari/native script
IAST
Meaning
Incidence(2014)
Frequency
(2014)

Ethnic Group

1
Shrestha

Śrēṣṭha
Excellent[15]
2,195,182
1:12
Newar

2
Thapa
थापा
Thāpā
Warrior[16]
803,119
1:33
Chhetri, Magar

3
Adhikari
अधिकारी
Adhikārī
Officer[17]
569,179
1:47
Bahun, Chhetri

4
Maharjan

564,392
1:47
Newar

5
Gurung

500,309
1:53
Gurung

6
Karki
कार्की
Kārkī
Revenue Officer[18]
413,836
1:64
Chhetri

7
Ghimire
घिमिरे

Residents of Ghamirau village[citation needed]
354,077
1:75
Bahun, Chhetri

8
Rai

Rāī
King[citation needed]
347,746
1:76
Kirant Rai

9
Lama
བླ་མ
Lāmā
High Priest[19]
338,017
1:78
Tamang, Sherpa

10
Acharya
आचार्य
Ācārya
Teacher[20]
333,076
1:80
Bahun

11
Shakya

Śākya
One who is capable[21]
326,127
1:81
Newar

12
Khadka
खड्का

Sword bearer[citation needed]
322,421
1:82
Chhetri

13
Bhattarai
भट्टराई
Bhaṭṭarāī

306,980
1:86
Bahun, Chhetri

14
Bhandari
भण्डारी
Bhaṇḍārī
Treasurer[22]
303,428
1;87
Chhetri, Bahun

15
Subedi
सुवेदी

Bahun,Chhetri

text: Philippines[edit]

text: The majority of Filipinos use Spanish surnames that were given to them by their Spanish rulers (See Catálogo alfabético de apellidos).[citation needed] Chinese surnames, especially Hokkien surnames, either monosyllabic (e.g. Tan, Lim) or multisyllabic (e.g. Dizon), are also prevalent.[citation needed] Many Filipinos also bear surnames from Philippine languages, usually Tagalog, Kapampangan, Ilocano, and Cebuano.

text:
Rank
(2014)

Name
Total Number
(2014)

Language of origin and meaning

1
Tan
532,577
Chinese (Hokkien/Teochew), "Chen"

2
dela Cruz
518,206
Spanish, "of the [Holy] Cross"

3
Bautista
425,791
Spanish, "[John] the Baptist"

4
Lim
415,802
Chinese (Hokkien), "Lin"

5
Villanueva
356,834
Spanish

6
Chua
296,642
Chinese (Hokkien), "Cai"

7
Aquino
271,122
Spanish or Italian, after St. Thomas Aquinas or the city of Aquino

8
de Leon
232,841
Spanish, "of Kingdom of León/Province of León"

9
Ong
213,894
Chinese (Hokkien), "Wang"

10
Delos [j]
205,903
Spanish

11
Francisco
204,679
Spanish, given name as [patronymic] surname

12
Tolentino
200,168
Spanish, after St. Nicholas of Tolentino, or, Italian

13
Mercado
198,814
Spanish, "market"

14
Soriano
188,954
Spanish, demonym for an inhabitant of Soria

15
Dizon
182,703
Chinese (Hokkien), "second grandson"

16
Sy
176,967
Chinese (Hokkien), "Shi"

17
Domingo
170,523
Spanish, either meaning "Dominic" or "Sunday"

18
del Rosario
164,787
Spanish, "of the Rosary"

19
Javier
152,156
Spanish

20
Ocampo
151,705
Galician

21
Manalo
142,167
Tagalog

22
Enriquez
142,038
Spanish, patronymic surname, "son of Enrique (Heinrich/Henry)"

23
Miranda
141,651
Spanish

24
Yap
141,701
Chinese (Hokkien), "Ye"

25
Sarmiento
135,078
Spanish, "vine shoots"

26
Yu
134,369
Chinese

27
Pineda
133,242
Spanish,

28
Angeles
130,824
Spanish, "angels"

29
Evangelista
127,666
Spanish, "Evangelist"

30
Cortez
123,864
Spanish, variant of Cortés

31
Ang
121,093
Chinese (Hokkien), "Hong"

32
Salvador
118,773
Spanish

33
Salazar
118,709
Basque, "old hall"

34
de Jesus
116,517
Spanish, "of Jesus"

35
Alcantara
111,620
Spanish, of Arabic origin

36
Medina
110,717
Spanish, of Andalusian origin

37
Espiritu
110,652
Spanish, "[Holy] Spirit"

38
Sison
109,299
Chinese (Hokkien), "fourth grandson"

39
Antonio
108,333
Spanish, given name as [patronymic] surname, "Anthony"

40
Rosales
105,819
Spanish, "roses"

41
Valencia
105,619
Spanish, "Valencia"

42
Padilla
104,466
Spanish

43
Corpuz
102,919

44
Concepcion
100,342
Spanish, "[Immaculate] Conception"

45
Fajardo
100,342
Spanish

46
Manuel
99,375
Spanish given name as [patronymic] surname, "Emmanuel"

47
Mariano
98,730
Spanish given name as [patronymic] surname, or a religious surname, in honor to the Virgin Mary

48
Legaspi
97,828
Basque, variant of Legázpi

49
Samson
95,573
Chinese (Hokkien), "third grandson"

50
Vergara
95,186
Spanish, "Bergara" (town in Gipuzkoa)

text: Taiwan[edit]

text: According to a comprehensive survey of residential permits released by the Taiwanese Ministry of the Interior's Department of Population in 2016, Taiwan has only 1,503 surnames.[23] The top ten surnames in Taiwan accounted for 52.77% of the general population, and the top 100 accounted for 96.56%.

text:
Rank
Character
Romanizations
%
of total
pop.

2016
Mainland
(2007)
Mandarin
Cantonese
Minnan
Other

Trad.
Simp.
Pinyin
Wade
Jyutping
HK
Other
POJ
Other

1
5
陳
陈
Chén
Ch'en2
Can4
Chan
Chun
Tân
Ting

11.14%

2
19
林
Lín
Lin2
Lam4
Lam
Lum
Lîm
Lim, Liem

8.31%

3
7
黃
黄
Huáng
Huang2
Wong4
Wong
Wang
Vang
Ng
Eng, Ung
Wee, Oei
Ooi, Uy
Bong

6.05%

4
3
張
张
Zhāng
Chang1
Zoeng1
Cheung
Chong5
Cheong4
Tiu
Teo, Teoh
Tio, Thio
Tiew
Tiong
5.27%

5
2
李
Lǐ
Li3
Lei5
Lee
Li
Le
Lei4
Lí
Lee
Lie
Dee

5.13%

6
1
王
Wáng
Wang2
Wong4
Wong
Vong
Ông
Heng

4.11%

7
9
吳
吴
Wú
Wu2
Ng4
Ng
Ung4, Eng
Gô•
Ngô•
Goh, Gouw
Woo
4.04%

8
4
劉
刘
Liú
Liu2
Lau4
Lau
Lao4
Lou
Lâu
Low
Lao, Lauw

3.16%

9
40
蔡
Cài
Ts'ai4
Coi3
Choi
Choy
Tsoi
Toy
Chhoà
Chua, Choa
Tjoa
Tsay
Chai
2.91%

10
6
楊
杨
Yáng
Yang2
Joeng4
Yeung
Yeong
Ieong4
Iû
Eaw
Yeo, Yeoh
Yong
Joe, Yo
Young
2.66%

text: Thailand[edit]

text: There are no common Thai surnames. Surnames were largely introduced to Thai culture only by the 1913 Surname Act.[24] The law does not allow one to create any surname that is duplicated with any existing surnames.[25] Under Thai law, only one family can create any given surname: any two people of the same surname must be related, and it is very rare for two people to share the same full name. In one sample of 45,665 names, 81% of family names were unique.[26]

text: Turkey[edit]

text:
Rank[27]
Name
Meaning

1
Yılmaz
intrepid/dauntless

2
Kaya
rock

3
Demir
iron

4
Şahin
falcon/hawk

5
Çelik
steel

6
Yıldız
star

7
Yıldırım
thunderbolt

8
Öztürk
pure Turk

9
Aydın
cultured/enlightened

10
Özdemir
pure iron

11
Arslan
lion

12
Doğan
falcon

13
Kılıç
sword

14
Aslan
lion

15
Çetin
stiff/tough

16
Kara
black

17
Koç
ram

18
Kurt
wolf

19
Özkan
pure blood

20
Şimşek
lightning

text: Vietnam[edit]

text:
Rank[28]
Name
%
of total
pop.

Vietnamese
Chữ Hán

1
Nguyễn
阮
38%

2
Trần
陳
11%

3
Lê
黎
9.5%

4
Phạm
范
7.1%

5
Huỳnh/Hoàng
黃
5.1%

6
Phan
潘
4.5%

7
Vũ/Võ
武
3.9%

8
Đặng
鄧
2.1%

9
Bùi
裴
2%

10
Đỗ
杜
1.4%

11
Hồ
胡
1.3%

12
Ngô
吳
1.3%

13
Dương
楊
1%

14
Lý
李
0.5%


document_title: Hotel Transylvania 2

question_text: who does dana carvey play in hotel transylvania

text: Hotel Transylvania 2

text: Plot[edit]

text: Seven years after the first film,[10] Mavis and her new fiancé Johnny are finally married, with the approval of her father Dracula, and the world becomes aware of (and unfazed by) the existence of monsters. A year later, Mavis reveals to Dracula that she is pregnant and gives birth to a baby boy named Dennis, who later befriends Wayne the Werewolf's daughter Winnie. Nearing his fifth birthday, Dennis has yet to grow his fangs and Drac worries that his grandson might not gain vampire powers. Noticing the dangers of Transylvania, Mavis starts to consider raising Dennis in California where Johnny grew up, much to Dracula's disapproval.

text: Dracula tells Johnny, who also opposes leaving, to bring Mavis to California to visit his parents, Mike and Linda, but to make sure to keep her distracted so that she will not move, leaving Dracula to "babysit" Dennis. Believing Dennis is a "late fanger", Dracula enlists his friends Frank, Wayne, Griffin the Invisible Man, Murray the Mummy, and Blobby the Blob to help train Dennis to become a monster, to no avail.

text: Dracula takes Dennis to his childhood summer camp, Camp Winnepacaca, where he learned to hone his vampire abilities and discovers that the camp is safer than it was when he went there. Dracula hurls Dennis from a tall, unstable tower to pressure the boy's transformation into a bat, but he does not transform, and Dracula has to fly and rescue him at the last second. The stunt is filmed by the campers and uploaded to the Internet, which eventually reaches Mavis and Johnny.

text: Mavis angrily transforms into a bat to fly her and Johnny back to Transylvania. Dracula and his friends reach the hotel a couple of seconds after Mavis. She confronts her father for putting Dennis in grave danger and his inability to accept that he is human, and states she will move out of the hotel after Dennis' fifth birthday the following Wednesday.

text: Mavis invites Vlad, her grandfather and Dracula's father, to Dennis' birthday party, in hopes that Dennis will meet him. As Vlad is much worse than he was when it comes to humans, Dracula tells Johnny to have the human party-goers disguise themselves as monsters. Vlad receives the invitation and arrives with his monstrous bat-like servant Bela. Meeting Dennis, he believes that fear will cause Dennis' fangs to sprout and possesses a stage performer dressed as Dennis's favorite television monster, "Kakie the Cake Monster", to scare Dennis, but Dracula shields his grandson at the last moment and exposes the deception to Vlad, who is outraged that Dracula has accepted humans as guests in his hotel, forcing Dracula to confront Vlad.

text: While the family argues, Dennis sadly flees the hotel and enters the forest with Winnie in tow, hiding in her treehouse. They are attacked by Bela, who mistakes Dennis for a human. When Bela injures Winnie and threatens to destroy the hotel, Dennis' anger causes him to instantly grow his fangs and his vampire abilities manifest. He begins to fight Bela, who calls his giant-bat minions. Dracila, Mavis, Dennis, Johnny, the rest of the monsters and Johnny's family team up to defeat Bela's allies. A livid Bela then attempts to kill Johnny himself with a stake. Having been won over by Dracula's claim that humans are harmless now, Vlad shrinks Bela and tells him never to bother his family again.

text: With Dennis having vampire abilities, Mavis and Johnny continue to raise him in Transylvania, and they resume the party with his friends.

text: Voice cast[edit]

text:
Adam Sandler as Count Dracula, the 539-year-old[10] founder, owner and hotel manager of Hotel Transylvania, Mavis' father, and Dennis's grandfather.
Andy Samberg as Jonathan Loughran, a 28-year-old[10] human, Mavis's husband, Dracula's son-in-law, and Dennis's father.[12]
Selena Gomez as Mavis D. Loughran, Dennis's vampire mother, Dracula's 125-year-old[10][13] vampire daughter, and Johnny's wife.[14][4]
Asher Blinkoff as Dennis Loughran, Mavis and Johnny's five-year-old[4] dhampir son, who resembles his father but inherited his vampire abilities from his mother.[15]

Sunny Sandler as baby Dennis[16]

Kevin James as Frankenstein[14]
Steve Buscemi as Wayne, a werewolf.[14]
David Spade as Griffin the Invisible Man[17]
Keegan-Michael Key as Murray, a mummy.[14] He was previously voiced by CeeLo Green in the first movie.
Mel Brooks as Vlad, Dracula's father and Mavis' grandfather.[14]
Fran Drescher as Eunice, the wife of Frankenstein.[14]
Molly Shannon as Wanda, a werewolf and Wayne's wife.[18]
Nick Offerman as Mike Loughran, Johnny's father,[19] and Mavis's father-in-law.
Megan Mullally as Linda Loughran, Johnny's mother,[19] and Mavis's mother-in-law.
Dana Carvey as Dana,[16] the vampire camp director.
Rob Riggle as Bela,[16] Vlad's bat-like servant.
Jonny Solomon as Blobby,[16] a green blob monster.
Chris Kattan as Kakie,[16] a cake monster from Dennis' favorite television series.
Jon Lovitz as The Phantom of the Opera,[16] Hotel Transylvania's residential musician.
Robert Smigel as Marty,[16] a pink gill-man and Harry Three-Eye, a monster magician.
Luenell as Shrunken Heads.
Sadie Sandler as Winnie,[16] the werewolf daughter of Wayne and Wanda, and Dennis' best friend.
Paul Brittain as Pandragora, an easygoing monster with tentacled hair that lives in Santa Cruz.
Nick Swardson as Kelsey, a bearded man who is Mike and Linda's neighbor.
Chris Parnell as Fly
Doug Dale as Kal, a Mini-Mart worker in Santa Cruz.
Ethan Smigel as Troy, Dennis' uncle and one of Johnny's younger brothers.

tag: ul

text: Production[edit]

text: Director Genndy Tartakovsky commented about the possibility of the sequel in October 2012, "Everyone is talking about it, but we haven't started writing it. There are a lot of fun ideas we could totally play with. It's a ripe world."[21] The next month it was announced that a sequel had been greenlit, and was scheduled for release on September 25, 2015.[22] On March 12, 2014, it was announced that Tartakovsky would return to direct the sequel, even though he was originally too busy due to his developing an adaptation of Popeye,[23][24] which would later get shelved.

text: It was suggested by director Genndy Tartakovsky that Adam Sandler had more creative control over this film than its predecessor and that at times he was difficult to work with.[25]

text: Music[edit]

text: In March 2015, it was announced that Mark Mothersbaugh, who scored the first film, had signed on to score the sequel.[2]

text: American girl group Fifth Harmony recorded a song for the film entitled "I'm in Love with a Monster". It was featured in the film's official trailer and was also played when the film itself was released.[26]

text: Release[edit]

text: Columbia Pictures released the film in the United States on September 25, 2015.

text: Home media[edit]

text: Hotel Transylvania 2 was released on DVD and Blu-ray (2D and 3D) on January 12, 2016, by Sony Pictures Home Entertainment. The film was also released in Digital HD on December 22, 2015.[27]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Hotel Transylvania 2 has grossed $169.7 million in North America and $303.5 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $473 million, against a budget of $80 million.[7] Deadline Hollywood calculated the net profit of the film to be $159.48 million, when factoring together all expenses and revenues for the film.[28]

text: Predictions for the opening of Hotel Transylvania 2 in North America were continuously revised upwards, starting from $35—$48 million.[29][30][31] Hotel Transylvania 2 earned $13.3 million from 3,754 theaters on its opening day in North America, which was the second-biggest Friday opening day in September, behind Insidious Chapter 2 ($20.3 million).[32] During its opening weekend, Hotel Transylvania 2 earned $48.5 million from 3,754 theaters, which at the time set new records such as the highest opening for a Sony Pictures Animation film, the biggest opening in Adam Sandler's career, beating 2005's The Longest Yard ($47.6 million),[33][34] and previously held the biggest opening in the month of September (record overtaken by It in 2017). Regarding the film's successful opening, Josh Greenstein, Sony's president of marketing said, "We had a great date, and this is a big win for Sony Pictures Animation."[35] The largest demographic of the opening weekend audience was under the age of 25 (60%) and female (59%), followed by male (41%), 25 and over (40%) and kids (38%).[36] According to Rentrak's PostTrak reports, 23% of the audience bought tickets because it was an animated film, while 16% were attracted to the toon's subject matter and plot.[36]

text: Hotel Transylvania 2 was released in a total of 90 countries.[37] It was released in 42 markets between September 25 and 27, 2015, the same weekend as its North American release, and earned $30.18 million from 6,500 screens that weekend. Its overall rank for the weekend was second, behind Everest.[38] Its opening weekends in the U.K., Ireland and Malta ($9.5 million including previews), Mexico ($7.84 million), South Korea ($4.2 million), Russia and the CIS ($6 million), Germany ($3.9 million), Italy ($3.7 million) and France and Spain ($3.2 million respectively) in October represented its largest takings.[37][38][39][40][41] In China, it opened with an estimated $12.1 million debuting at second place behind the Chinese local film The Witness which grossed $18.5 million. While the China figures are low in comparison to recent Hollywood movie openings, it actually excelled the first film's local lifetime gross by 19% in just the first six days.[42] In terms of total earnings, its largest market outside of North America is the U.K. ($29.4 million) followed by Mexico ($23.7 million) and Venezuela ($19.9 million).[43][44]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the film received a rating of 55%, based on 103 reviews, with an average rating of 5.2/10. The site's consensus states: "Hotel Transylvania 2 is marginally better than the original, which may or may not be enough of a recommendation to watch 89 minutes of corny, colorfully animated gags from Adam Sandler and company."[45] On Metacritic, the film has a score of 44 out of 100, based on 24 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[46] In CinemaScore polls, audiences gave the film an average grade of "A-" on an A+ to F scale.[30]

text: Max Nicholson of IGN awarded it a score of 6.5 out of 10, saying "While Genndy Tartakovsky's animation is top-notch, Hotel Transylvania 2 doesn't live up to the first monster mash."[47] Nick Schager of Variety gave the film a negative review, saying "Its plot comes across as just a rickety skeleton designed to prop up Sandler and company's litany of cornball punchlines and gags, only a few of which cleverly play off of these characters' iconography"[48] Alonso Duralde of The Wrap gave the film a positive review, saying "Whereas the jokes in the Grown Ups series feel reactionary and bullying, the family-friendly Hotel Transylvania gags instead come off as clever and humane, even when they're making fun of helicopter moms and lawsuit-sensitive summer camps."[49] Stephen Whitty of the Newark Star-Ledger gave the film one and a half stars out of four, saying "Great movies like ParaNorman and Frankenweenie showed the laughs you could get out of funny fiends; Hotel Transylvania 2 just digs up a few corny gags."[50] Bruce Demara of the Toronto Star gave the film two and a half stars out of four, saying "While the first Hotel Trans had humour for both younger and older audiences, this one will likely fall short in its appeal to adults, although there's plenty for the little monsters to enjoy."[51]

text: Peter Hartlaub of the San Francisco Chronicle gave the film one out of four stars, saying "Hotel Transylvania 2 is an unfortunate throwback to about 20 years ago, when animated movies were more widely accepted as cinematic babysitters."[52] Sandie Angulo Chen of The Washington Post gave the film two out of four stars, saying "Tartakovsky hasn't created the sort of sequel that eclipses the original, but then again the original wasn't exactly Toy Story or How to Train Your Dragon."[53] Jesse Hassenger of The A.V. Club gave the film a C+, saying "It's an episodic, energetically animated gag factory from the pen of Adam Sandler, and while it's the best screenplay to bear his name in years, it also warps some overfamiliar family-movie concerns until they become unavoidable in their ickiness."[54] Michael Rechtshaffen of The Hollywood Reporter gave the film a positive review, saying "This time around, greater attention has been paid to story and character development (while scaling back on all the sight gags) and the substantial results give the ample voice cast and returning director Genndy Tartakovsky more to sink their teeth into, with pleasing results."[55] Josh Kupecki of The Austin Chronicle gave the film one out of five stars, saying "Channeling your inner child, you may find solace in Hotel Transylvania 2, but in the end it has no bite, doing continued disservice to the Universal monsters it scabs out, and adding another soiled feather to Sandler’s cap of mediocrity."[56]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
List of awards and nominations

Award
Date of ceremony
Category
Recipient(s)
Result
Ref(s)

Annie Awards
February 6, 2016
Outstanding Animated Effects in an Animated Production
Chris Logan, Brian Casper, Gavin Baxter and William Eckroat
Nominated
[57]

Outstanding Character Design in an Animated Production
Craig Kellman and Stephen DeStefano
Nominated

Outstanding Storyboarding in an Animated Production
Mike Smukavic
Nominated

British Academy Children's Awards
November 20, 2016
BAFTA Kids' Vote
Hotel Transylvania 2
Nominated
[58][59]

Kids' Choice Awards
March 12, 2016
Favorite Voice From an Animated Movie
Selena Gomez
Nominated
[60]

Favorite Animated Movie
Hotel Transylvania 2
Won

People's Choice Awards
January 6, 2016
Favorite Animated Movie Voice
Adam Sandler
Nominated
[61]

Selena Gomez
Won

Favorite Family Film
Hotel Transylvania 2
Nominated

Teen Choice Awards
July 31, 2016
Choice Music: Song from a Movie or TV Show
"I'm in Love with a Monster" by Fifth Harmony
Won
[62]

Visual Effects Society Awards
February 2, 2016
Outstanding Visual Effects in an Animated Feature
Alan Hawkins, Karl Herbst, Skye Lyons, Genndy Tartakovsky
Nominated
[63]

text: Sequel[edit]

text: Michelle Murdocca, the film's producer, said before the film's release that the studio was "talking about number 3 and moving forward and taking the franchise to the next level."[64] On November 2, 2015, it was announced Hotel Transylvania 3 will be released on September 21, 2018.[65] Despite previously leaving the series to direct other projects, Genndy Tartakovsky will return as director for this installment.[66] According to Tartakovsky, he returned after he got an inspiration from a "miserable" family vacation.[67][68] Adam Sandler, Selena Gomez, and Andy Samberg will also reprise their previous roles as Dracula, Mavis and Johnny in the film, which is being written by Austin Powers writer Michael McCullers.[66] The film will take place aboard a cruise ship.[67] On February 6, 2017, the release date was moved up to July 13, 2018.[11]


document_title: State of the Union

question_text: when does a newly elected congress officially begin its work

text: State of the Union

text: Ceremony[edit]

text: The practice arises from a duty given to the president in the Constitution of the United States:

text: He shall from time to time give to Congress information of the State of the Union and recommend to their Consideration such measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient.

text: Although the language of this State of the Union Clause[5] of the Constitution is not specific, since the 1930s, the President makes this report annually in late January or early February. Between 1934 and 2013 the date has been as early as January 3,[6] and as late as February 12.[7]

text: While not required to deliver a speech, every president since Woodrow Wilson, with the notable exception of Herbert Hoover,[8] has made at least one State of the Union report as a speech delivered before a joint session of Congress. Before that time, most presidents delivered the State of the Union as a written report.[6]

text: Since Franklin Roosevelt, the State of the Union is given typically each January before a joint session of the United States Congress and is held in the House of Representatives chamber of the United States Capitol. Newly inaugurated presidents generally deliver an address to Congress in February of the first year of their term, but this speech is not officially considered to be a "State of the Union".[6]

text: What began as a communication between president and Congress has become a communication between the president and the people of the United States. Since the advent of radio, and then television, the speech has been broadcast live on most networks, preempting scheduled programming. To reach the largest audience, the speech, once given during the day, is now typically given in the evening, after 9pm ET (UTC-5).

text: History[edit]

text: George Washington delivered the first regular annual message before a joint session of Congress on January 8, 1790, in New York City, then the provisional U.S. capital. In 1801, Thomas Jefferson discontinued the practice of delivering the address in person, regarding it as too monarchical (similar to the Speech from the Throne). Instead, the address was written and then sent to Congress to be read by a clerk until 1913 when Woodrow Wilson re-established the practice despite some initial controversy. However, there have been exceptions to this rule. Presidents during the latter half of the 20th century[who?] have sent written State of the Union addresses. The last President to do this was Jimmy Carter in 1981, after his defeat by Ronald Reagan and days before his term ended.[9]

text: For many years, the speech was referred to as "the President's Annual Message to Congress".[10] The actual term "State of the Union" first emerged in 1934 when Franklin D. Roosevelt used the phrase, becoming its generally accepted name since 1947.[10]

text:
Franklin Delano Roosevelt

State of the Union (Four Freedoms) (January 6, 1941)

Franklin Delano Roosevelt's January 6, 1941 State of the Union Address introducing the theme of the Four Freedoms (starting at 32:02)
Problems playing this file? See media help.

text: Prior to 1934, the annual message was delivered at the end of the calendar year, in December. The ratification of the 20th Amendment on January 23, 1933, changed the opening of Congress from early March to early January, affecting the delivery of the annual message. Since 1934, the message or address has been delivered to Congress in January or February.

text: The Twentieth Amendment also established January 20 as the beginning of the presidential term. In years when a new president is inaugurated, the outgoing president may deliver a final State of the Union message, but none has done so since Jimmy Carter sent a written message in 1981. In 1953 and 1961, Congress received both a written State of the Union message from the outgoing president and a separate State of the Union speech by the incoming president. Since 1989, in recognition that the responsibility of reporting the State of the Union formally belongs to the president who held office during the past year, newly inaugurated Presidents have not officially called their first speech before Congress a "State of the Union" message.

text: In 1936, President Roosevelt set a precedent when he delivered the address at night. Only once before—when Woodrow Wilson asked Congress to order the U.S. into World War I—had a sitting president addressed Congress at night.[11]

text: Warren Harding's 1922 speech was the first to be broadcast on radio, albeit to a limited audience,[12] while Calvin Coolidge's 1923 speech was the first to be broadcast across the nation.[2] Harry S. Truman's 1947 address was the first to be broadcast on television. Lyndon B. Johnson's address in 1965 was the first delivered in the evening.[12] Three years later, in 1968, television networks in the United States, for the first time, imposed no time limit for their coverage of a State of the Union address. Delivered by Lyndon B. Johnson, this address was followed by extensive televised commentary by, among others, Daniel Patrick Moynihan and Milton Friedman.[13] Ronald Reagan's 1986 State of the Union Address is the only one to have been postponed. He had planned to deliver it on January 28, 1986 but postponed it for a week after learning of the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster and instead addressed the nation on the day's events.[14][15] Bill Clinton's 1997 address was the first broadcast available live on the World Wide Web.[16]

text: Delivery of the speech[edit]

text: A formal invitation is made by the Speaker of the House to the President several weeks before each State of the Union Address.[17][18]

text: Invitations[edit]

text:
Every member of Congress can bring one guest to the State of the Union address.
The President may invite up to 24 guests with the First Lady in her box.
The Speaker of the House may invite up to 24 guests in the Speaker’s box.
Seating for Congress on the main floor is by a first-in, first-served basis with no reservations. The Cabinet, Supreme Court justices, members of the Diplomatic Corps, and Joint Chiefs have reserved seating.

text: Protocol of entry into House chamber[edit]

text: By approximately 8:30 pm on the night of the address, the members of the House have gathered in their seats for the joint session.[19] Then, the Deputy Sergeant at Arms addresses the Speaker and loudly announces the Vice President and members of the Senate, who enter and take the seats assigned for them.[19]

text: The Speaker, and then the Vice President, specify the members of the House and Senate, respectively, who will escort the President into the House chamber.[19] The Deputy Sergeant at Arms addresses the Speaker again and loudly announces, in order, the Dean of the Diplomatic Corps, the Chief Justice of the United States and the Associate Justices, and the Cabinet, each of whom enters and takes their seats when called.[19] The justices take the seats nearest to the Speaker's rostrum and adjacent to the sections reserved for the Cabinet and the members of the Joint Chiefs of Staff.[20]

text: Just after 9 pm, as the President reaches the door to the chamber,[21] the House Sergeant at Arms stands just inside the doors, faces the Speaker, and waits until the President is ready to enter the chamber.[20] When the President is ready, the Sergeant at Arms always announces his entrance, loudly stating the phrase: "Mister Speaker, the President of the United States!"[21]

text: As applause and cheering begins, the President slowly walks toward the Speaker's rostrum, followed by members of his Congressional escort committee.[21] The President's approach is slowed by pausing to shake hands, hug, kiss, and autograph copies of his speech for Members of Congress.[20] After he takes his place at the House Clerk's desk,[21] he hands two manila envelopes, previously placed on the desk and containing copies of the speech, to the Speaker and Vice President.

text: After continuing applause from the attendees has diminished, the Speaker introduces the President to the Representatives and Senators, stating: "Members of Congress, I have the high privilege and distinct honor of presenting to you the President of the United States."[20][21] This leads to a further round of applause and, eventually, the beginning of the address by the President.[21]

text: At close of the ceremony, attendees leave on their own accord. The Sergeants at Arms guides the President out of the Chamber. Some politicians stay to shake hands with and congratulate the President on his way out.

text: Designated survivor and other logistics[edit]

text: Customarily, one cabinet member (the designated survivor) does not attend the speech, in order to provide continuity in the line of succession in the event that a catastrophe disables the President, the Vice President, and other succeeding officers gathered in the House chamber. Additionally, since the September 11 attacks in 2001, a few members of Congress have been asked to relocate to undisclosed locations for the duration of the speech to form a rump Congress in the event of a disaster.[22] Since 2003, each chamber of Congress has formally named a separate designated survivor.[23][24]

text: Both the Speaker and the Vice President sit at the Speaker's desk, behind the President for the duration of the speech. If either is unavailable, the next highest-ranking member of the respective house substitutes. Once the chamber settles down from the President's arrival, the Speaker officially presents the President to the joint session of Congress. The President then delivers the speech from the podium at the front of the House Chamber.

text: In the State of the Union the President traditionally outlines the administration's accomplishments over the previous year, as well as the agenda for the coming year, often in upbeat and optimistic terms.[25] Since the 1982 address, it has also become common for the President to honor special guests sitting in the gallery, such as American citizens or visiting heads of state. During that 1982 address, President Ronald Reagan acknowledged Lenny Skutnik for his act of heroism following the crash of Air Florida Flight 90.[26] Since then, the term "Lenny Skutniks" has been used to refer to individuals invited to sit in the gallery, and then cited by the President, during the State of the Union.[27][28]

text: State of the Union speeches usually last a little over an hour, partly because of the large amounts of applause that occur from the audience throughout. The applause is often political in tone, with many portions of the speech being applauded only by members of the President's own party. As non-political officeholders, members of the Supreme Court or the Joint Chiefs of Staff rarely applaud in order to retain the appearance of political impartiality. In recent years, the presiding officers of the House and the Senate, the Speaker and the Vice President, respectively, have departed from the neutrality expected of presiding officers of deliberative bodies, as they, too, stand and applaud in response to the remarks of the President with which they agree.

text: For the 2011 address, Senator Mark Udall of Colorado proposed a break in tradition wherein all members of Congress sit together regardless of party, as well as the avoiding of standing;[29] this was in response to the 2011 Tucson Shooting in which Representative Gabrielle Giffords was shot and wounded in an assassination attempt. This practice was also repeated during the 2012 address and every address after.[30]

text: Opposition response[edit]

text: Since 1966,[31] the speech has been followed on television by a response or rebuttal by a member of the major political party opposing the President's party. The response is typically broadcast from a studio with no audience. In 1970, the Democratic Party put together a TV program with their speech to reply to President Nixon, as well as a televised response to Nixon's written speech in 1973.[32] The same was done by Democrats for President Reagan's speeches in 1982 and 1985. The response is not always produced in a studio; in 1997, the Republicans for the first time delivered the response in front of high school students.[33] In 2004, the Democratic Party's response was also delivered in Spanish for the first time, by New Mexico Governor Bill Richardson.[34] In 2011, Minnesota Congresswoman Michele Bachmann also gave a televised response for the Tea Party Express, a first for a political movement.[35]

text: Significance[edit]

text: Although much of the pomp and ceremony behind the State of the Union address is governed by tradition rather than law, in modern times, the event is seen as one of the most important in the US political calendar. It is one of the few instances when all three branches of the US government are assembled under one roof: members of both houses of Congress constituting the legislature, the President's Cabinet constituting the executive, and the Chief Justice and Associate Justices of the Supreme Court constituting the judiciary. In addition, the military is represented by the Joint Chiefs of Staff, while foreign governments are represented by the Dean of the Diplomatic Corps. The address has also been used as an opportunity to honor the achievements of some ordinary Americans, who are typically invited by the President to sit with the First Lady.[28]

text: Local versions[edit]

text: Certain states have a similar annual address given by the governor. For most of them, it is called the State of the State address. In Iowa, it is called the Condition of the State Address; in Kentucky, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, and Virginia, the speech is called the State of the Commonwealth address. The mayor of Washington, D.C. gives a State of the District address. American Samoa has a State of the Territory address given by the governor. Puerto Rico has a State Address given by the governor. In Guam, the governor delivers an annual State of the Island Address, during his/her term.

text: Some cities or counties also have an annual State of the City Address given by the mayor, county commissioner or board chair, including Sonoma County, California; Orlando, Florida; Cincinnati, Ohio; New Haven, Connecticut; Parma, Ohio; Detroit, Michigan; Seattle, Washington; Birmingham, Alabama; Boston, Massachusetts; Los Angeles, California; Buffalo, New York; Rochester, New York; San Antonio, Texas; McAllen, Texas; and San Diego, California. The Mayor of the Metropolitan Government of Nashville and Davidson County in Nashville, Tennessee gives a speech similar called the State of Metro Address. Some university presidents give a State of the University address at the beginning of every academic term.[36][37] Private companies usually have a "State of the Corporation" or "State of the Company" address given by the respective CEO.[38]

text: The State of the Union model has also been adopted by the European Union,[39] and in France since the presidency of Emmanuel Macron.

text: Historic speeches[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
President James Monroe first stated the Monroe Doctrine during his seventh annual State of the Union Address to Congress on December 2, 1823. It became a defining moment in the foreign policy of the United States and one of its longest-standing tenets, and would be invoked by many U.S. statesmen and several U.S. presidents, including Theodore Roosevelt, John F. Kennedy, and Ronald Reagan.
The Four Freedoms were goals first articulated by Franklin D. Roosevelt on January 6, 1941. In an address known as the Four Freedoms speech, he proposed four fundamental freedoms that people "everywhere in the world" ought to enjoy: freedom of speech and expression, freedom of worship, freedom from want, and freedom from fear.
During his State of the Union Address on January 11, 1944, FDR proposed the Second Bill of Rights. Roosevelt's argument was that the "political rights" guaranteed by the constitution and the Bill of Rights had "proved inadequate to assure us equality in the pursuit of happiness".
During his State of the Union address on January 8, 1964, Lyndon B. Johnson introduced legislation that would come to be known as the "War on Poverty". This legislation was proposed by Johnson in response to a national poverty rate of around nineteen percent. The speech led the United States Congress to pass the Economic Opportunity Act, which established the Office of Economic Opportunity (OEO) to administer the local application of federal funds targeted against poverty.
During his State of the Union address on January 15, 1975, Gerald R. Ford very bluntly stated that "the state of the Union is not good: Millions of Americans are out of work...  We depend on others for essential energy. Some people question their Government's ability to make hard decisions and stick with them; they expect Washington politics as usual." Ford said he didn't "expect much, if any, applause. The American people want action, and it will take both the Congress and the President to give them what they want. Progress and solutions can be achieved, and they will be achieved."

text: In his 2002 State of the Union Address, President George W. Bush identified North Korea, Iran, and Iraq as representing significant threats to the United States. He said, "States like these and their terrorist allies constitute an axis of evil, arming to threaten the peace of the world". In this speech, he would outline the objectives for the War on Terror.

text: TV ratings[edit]

text: Television ratings for recent State of the Union Addresses were:[40][41][42]

text:
Date

President

Viewers,
millions

Households,
millions

Rating

Networks

1/30/2018

Donald Trump

45.551

32.168

26.9

ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, ESTRELLA, TELEMUNDO, UNIVISION, CNN, FOX BUSINESS, FOXNC, MSNBC, PBS

2/28/2017

Donald Trump

47.741

33.857

28.7

ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, UNIVISION, PBS, CNN, FOX BUSINESS, FOXNC, MSNBC, NBC UNIVERSO

1/12/2016

Barack Obama

31.334

23.040

19.6

ABC, AL JAZEERA AMERICA, AZTECA, CBS, CNN, FOX, FOX BUSINESS, FOXNC, GALAVISION, MSNBC, NBC, NBC UNIVERSO, UNIVISION**

1/20/2015

Barack Obama

31.710

23.137

19.9

ABC, AL JAZEERA AMERICA, AZTECA, CBS, CNN, FOX, FOX BUSINESS, FOXNC, GALAVISION, MSNBC, MUNDOFOX, NBC, UNIVISION**

1/28/2014

Barack Obama

33.299

23.949

20.7

CBS, ABC, NBC, FOX, AZTECA, FOX BUSINESS, FOXNC, CNN, MSNBC, CNBC, AL JAZEERA AMERICA, GALAVISION, MUN2, UNIVISION**

2/12/2013

Barack Obama

33.497

24.767

21.8

FOX, ABC, CBS, NBC, PBS, AZTECA, UNIVISION, MFX, CNBC, CNN, FOX BUSINESS, FOXNC, MSNBC, CURRENT, CENTRIC, GALAVISION

1/24/2012

Barack Obama

37.752

27.569

24.0

ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, TELEMUNDO, TF, UNIVISION, CNBC, CNN, FOX BUSINESS, FOXNC, GALAVISION, MSNBC, MUN2

1/25/2011

Barack Obama

42.789

30.871

26.6

ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, TELEMUNDO, UNIVISION, CNN, CENTRIC, CNBC, FOXNC, MSNBC

1/27/2010

Barack Obama

48.009

34.182

29.8

ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, TELEMUNDO, UNIVISION, CNN, BET, CNBC, FOXNC, MSNBC

2/24/2009

Barack Obama

52.373

37.185

32.5

ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, CNBC, CNN, FOXNC, MSNBC, TELEMUNDO, UNIVISION

1/28/2008

George W. Bush

37.515

27.702

24.7

ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, CNN, FOXNC, MSNBC, TELEMUNDO**, UNIVISION

1/24/2007

George W. Bush

45.486

32.968

29.6

ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, CNN, FOXNC, MSNBC, TELEMUNDO, UNIVISION

2/01/2006

George W. Bush

43.179

30.528

31.2

ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, CNN, FOXNC, MSNBC, TELEMUNDO, AZTECA AMERICA, TELFUTURA

2/02/2005

George W. Bush

39.432

28.359

35.3

ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, CNN, FOXNC, MSNBC, TELEMUNDO, TELEFUTURA

1/20/2004

George W. Bush

43.411

30.286

28.0

ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, CNN, CNBC, FOXNC, MSNBC

1/28/2003

George W. Bush

62.061

41.447

38.8

ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, CNN, CNBC, FOXNC, MSNBC

1/29/2002

George W. Bush

51.773

35.547

33.6

ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, CNN, CNBC, FOXNC, MSNBC

2/27/2001

George W. Bush

39.793

28.201

27.6

ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, CNN, FOXNC, MSNBC

1/27/2000

Bill Clinton

31.478

22.536

22.4

ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, CNN, FOXNC, MSNBC

1/19/1999

Bill Clinton

43.500

30.700

31.0

ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, CNN, FOXNC, MSNBC

1/27/1998

Bill Clinton

53.077

36.513

37.2

ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, CNN, FOXNC, MSNBC, CNBC

2/04/1997

Bill Clinton

41.100

27.600

28.4

ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, CNN

1/23/1996

Bill Clinton

40.900

28.400

29.6

ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, CNN

1/24/1995

Bill Clinton

42.200

28.100

29.5

ABC, CBS, NBC, CNN

1/25/1994

Bill Clinton

45.800

31.000

32.9

ABC, CBS, NBC, CNN

2/17/1993

Bill Clinton

66.900

41.200

44.3

ABC, CBS, NBC, CNN