document_title: U.S. history of alcohol minimum purchase age by state

question_text: when did drinking age in maryland become 21

text: The alcohol laws of the United States regarding minimum age for purchase have changed over time.  This history is given in the table below.  Unless otherwise noted, if different alcohol categories have different minimum purchase ages, the age listed below is set at the lowest age given (e.g. if the purchase age is 18 for beer and 21 for wine or spirits, as was the case in several states, the age in the table will read as "18", not "21").  In addition, the purchase age is not necessarily the same as the minimum age for consumption of alcoholic beverages, although they have often been the same.

text:
As one can see in the table below, there has been much volatility in the states' drinking ages since the
repeal of Prohibition in 1933.  Shortly after the ratification of the 21st amendment in December, most states set their purchase ages at 21 since that was the voting age at the time. Most of these limits remained constant until the early 1970s.  From 1969 to 1976, some 30 states lowered their purchase ages, generally to 18. This was primarily because the voting age was lowered from 21 to 18 in 1971 with the 26th amendment. Many states started to lower their minimum drinking age in response, most of this occurring in 1972 or 1973.[1][2][3] Twelve states kept their purchase ages at 21 since repeal of Prohibition and never changed them.

text: From 1976 to 1983, several states voluntarily raised their purchase ages to 19 (or, less commonly, 20 or 21), in part to combat drunk driving fatalities.[citation needed] In 1984, Congress passed the National Minimum Drinking Age Act, which required states to raise their ages for purchase and public possession to 21 by October 1986 or lose 10% of their federal highway funds. By mid-1988, all 50 states and the District of Columbia had raised their purchase ages to 21 (but not Puerto Rico, Guam, or the Virgin Islands, see Additional Notes below). South Dakota and Wyoming were the final two states to comply with the age 21 mandate. The current drinking age of 21 remains a point of contention among many Americans, because of it being higher than the age of majority (18 in most states) and higher than the drinking ages of most other countries. The National Minimum Drinking Age Act is also seen as a congressional sidestep of the tenth amendment. Although debates have not been highly publicized, a few states have proposed legislation to lower their drinking age,[4] while Guam has raised its drinking age to 21 in July 2010.[5]

text:
State
Pre-Prohibition(prior to 1919)
Post-Prohibition(after 1933)
1970s / 26th Amendment(adopted in 1971)
1980s / Drinking Age Act of 1984
21st century

Alabama

Pre 1881:None1881:21 (none with consent of parent)[6]
21
1975:Lowered to 19[7]
1986:Raised to 21[8]
21  (no one underage is allowed consumption Section 28-1)

Alaska

?
21[7]
1970:Lowered to 19[9]
1984:Raised to 21 with grandfather clause (if born before January 1, 1965)[10][11]
21

Arizona

?
21[11]
1972:Lowered to 19[12]
1985:Raised to 21[8]
21

Arkansas

Pre 1925:None[7]1925:21[7]
21
21[13]
21[8]
21

California

Pre 1891:Regulated by municipality/county (common age was 16)[14][15][16]1891:18 (statewide)[17]
1933:21[7]
21
21[8]
21 (except small amounts for religious ceremonies)

Colorado

None[11]
1945:18: for beer21: for wine and liquor[7]
18[18]
Raised to 21 in 1987[8]
21

Connecticut

?
21[11]
1972:Lowered to 18[19]
1982:Raised to 191983:Raised to 201985:Raised to 21[20]
21 (exemptions: (1) a person over age eighteen who is an employee or permit holder under section 30-90a and who possesses alcoholic liquor in the course of such person's employment or business, (2) a minor who possesses alcoholic liquor on the order of a practicing physician, or (3) a minor who possesses alcoholic liquor while accompanied by a parent, guardian or spouse of the minor, who has attained the age of twenty-one. Nothing in this subsection shall be construed to burden a person's exercise of religion under section 3 of article first of the Constitution of the state in violation of subsection (a) of section 52-571b.[21]

Delaware

?
21[11]
1972:Lowered to 20
1984:Raised to 21[8]
21

District of Columbia

?
18: for beer and wine[11]21: for liquor[22][23]
18: for beer and wine[23]21: for liquor
1986:Raised to 21 with grandfather clause.[24][25]
21

Florida

?
18[7]
1980:19[26]
1985:Raised to 21 with grandfather clause[26]
21[27]

Georgia

?
21[11]
1972: Lowered to 18[12]
1984:Raised to 19[13]1985:Raised to 20[13]1986:Raised to 21[13]
21

Hawaii

?
21[7]
1972:Lowered to 18
1986:Raised to 21[8]
21

Idaho

?
20: for beer[28][29]21: for wine and liquor[11][30]
1972:Lowered to 19 (all)[31]
1987:Raised to 21 in 1987 (Apr 11) with grandfather clause[8][32]
21

Illinois

1872:Age of majority (none with written consent of parent)[33]
pre 1961: Age of majority      1961:  Raised to 21[34]
1973:Lowered to 19: for beer and wine21: for liquor[35]
1980:Raised to 21[36]
21

Indiana

?
Post-1934:21[7]
21[13]
21[8]
21

Iowa

?
21[7]
1972:Lowered to 19 in 1972 (Jul 1)1973:Lowered to 18 in 1973 (Jul 1)1978:Raised to 19 in 1978 (Jul 1)[37]
1986:Raised to 21 in 1986 (Jul 1) with grandfather clause.[13][37]
21

Kansas

?
1949:18: for beer and wine with less than 4% ABV21: for liquor[7]
18: for beer and wine with less than 4% ABV[13]21: for beer and wine with 4% ABV or more[13]21: for liquor[13][18]
1985:Raised to 21[8]
21 (However, anyone under 21 may consume cereal malt beverages with parental supervision on their own property)

Kentucky

?
1938:21[7]
21[13]
21[8]
21

Louisiana

?
As of 1948:18
18[18]
1987:Raised to 21 de jure in 1987,[8]but de facto age was still 18 until 1995 due to a sale loophole.1995:De facto age raised to 21 in 1995 when loophole was closed.[38]1996:In 1996, briefly lowered by Louisiana Supreme Court to 18 until it reversed its decision, raising to 21 three months later.[39]Other exceptions still remain.[40]
21 (Exceptions to state law include:[41]
For an established religious purpose;When a person under twenty-one years of age is accompanied by a parent, spouse, or legal guardian twenty-one years of age or older;For medical purposes when purchased as an over the counter medication, or when prescribed or administered by a licensed physician, pharmacist, dentist, nurse, hospital, or medical institution;In a private residence, which shall include a residential dwelling and up to twenty contiguous acres, on which the dwelling is located, owned by the same person who owns the dwelling;The sale, handling, transport, or service in dispensing of any alcoholic beverage pursuant to lawful ownership of an establishment or to lawful employment of a person under twenty-one years of age by a duly licensed manufacturer, wholesaler, or retailer of beverage alcohol.)

Maine

?
21[7]1969:Lowered to 20
1972:Lowered to 18[12]1977:Raised to 20[8][42]
1985:Raised to 21[8]
21

Maryland

?
21[7]
1974:Lowered to 18: for beer and wine21: for liquor[43][44]
1982:Raised to 21 with grandfather clause for those born June 30, 1964 or earlier[45][8][46]
21 (however anyone can drink when parents, spouses, teachers are present)

Massachusetts

?
21[11]
1973:Lowered to 181979:Raised to 20 in 1979 (Apr 16)[47][48][49]
Raised to 21 in 1985[8]
21

Michigan

?
21[7]
1972:Lowered to 18 in 1972 (Jan 1)[50]
1978:Raised to 19 in 1978 (Dec 3)[51][52]1978:Raised to 21 in 1978 (Dec 21), 18 days later.[8]First state to raise age to 21 since it was lowered
21

Minnesota

?
21[11]
1973:Lowered to 18 (June 1)1976:Raised to 19 (Sept 1)[53]First state to raise age after lowering.

1986:Raised to 21[54]
21

Mississippi

?
1966:18: for beer and wine21: for liquor[7](alcohol not legalized until 1966)
18[18]
Raised to 21 in 1986[8]
21

Missouri

?
1945:21[7]
21
21[8]
21

Montana

?
21[11]
1971:Lowered to 19[55]1973:Lowered to 18[56][57]1979:Raised to 19
1987:Raised to 21[8][58]
21

Nebraska

?
21[59]1969:Lowered to 20
1972:Lowered to 19[59]
1980:Raised to 20[13]1985:Raised to 21[13]
21

Nevada

?
1933:21[7]
21
21[8]
21

New Hampshire

?
21[11]
1973:Lowered to 18[60]1979:Raised to 20
1985:Raised to 21[8][20]
21

New Jersey

Before 1880:NonePost-1880:18 (penalties only against businesses)[61][62][63]
21[citation needed]
1973:Lowered to 18[12]
1980:Raised to 191983:Raised to 21[8][64]
21

New Mexico

?
1934:21[7]
21[13]
21[8]
21

New York

21
18[65]
18
1982:Raised to 19 in 1982 (Dec)1985:Raised to 21 in 1985 (Dec)[20][66][67]
21

North Carolina

?
18[11]
18: for beer and wine[18] 21: for liquor
1983:19: for beer and wine 21: for liquor1986:Raised to 21 in 1986 (Sep 1)[8][25]
21

North Dakota

?
1936:21[7]
21[13]
21[68]
21

Ohio

?
1935:18: for 3.2% ABW beer21: for beer stronger than 3.2% ABW, wine and liquor[69]
18: for 3.2% ABW beer21: for beer stronger than 3.2% ABW, wine and liquor
1982 (Aug. 19 to Oct. 1):19: for 3.2% ABW beer[13]21: for beer stronger than 3.2% ABW, wine and liquor[13]1982 (From Oct. 1):19: beer21: wine and liquor[70]1988:21[13]
21 (However, anyone can drink with parents or legal-age spouse)

Oklahoma

?
Men:21Women:18: 3.2% ABW beer21: for beer stronger than 3.2% ABW, wine and liquor[71]
1976:Lowered to 18 (for 3.2% ABW beer) for both sexes in 1976 (Dec)[72]Last state to lower the drinking age.
1983:Raised to 21[11][73]
21

Oregon

?
1933:21[7]
21
21[8]
21

Pennsylvania

?
1935:21[7]
21
21[8][52]
21

Rhode Island

?
21[11]
1970:Lowered to 18[12][74]
1980:Raised to 191981:Raised to 201984:Raised to 21[20]
21

South Carolina

21[75]
1935:18: for beer and wine21: for liquor[7]
18: for beer and wine[18]21: for liquor
1984:19: for beer and wine[7]21: for liquor1986:Raised to 21[8]
21

South Dakota

?
1934:21 (all)1939:Lowered to 18: for 3.2% beerRaised to 19: for 3.2% beer[76]
1972:18: for beer and wine21: for liquor
1984:19: for beer and wine21: for liquor[8]1988:Raised to 21[58]
21

Tennessee

Pre 1881:None1881:21[77]
21[7]1964:Lowered to 18[7]
1979:Raised to 19
1984:Raised to 21[8]
21

Texas

Pre 1909:21None (with written permission of parent or guardian)Post 1909:21[78][79]
21[7]
1973:Lowered to 18[80]
1981:Raised to 19[81]1986:Raised to 21 in 1986 (Sep 1)[8][25]
21

Utah

?
1935:21[7]
21[13]
21[8]
21

Vermont

?
21[7]
1971:Lowered to 18[82][83]
1986:Raised to 21[20][83]
21

Virginia

?
21[84]
1974:Lowered to 18: for beer and wine(21: for liquor remained)[84]
1981:Raised to 19 for off-premises consumption1983:Raised to 19 (all beer)1985:Raised to 21[84]
21

Washington

Age of majoritysince 1877[85]
21[citation needed]
21
21[8]
21

West Virginia

?
18: for beer and wine 21: for liquor[11]
1972:Lowered to 18 (all)[86]
1983:Raised to 19(& 21 for non-residents)[8][42]1986:Raised to 21[8]
21

Wisconsin

1839–1866:18: for wine and liquorNone: for beerPost-1866:21 (all)[87]
18: for beer21: for wine and spirits1957:21: for residents of bordering states with age limit 21.[88]1963:Raised to 21 (off-premises beer sales, remained 18 for on-premises).[88]
1972:Lowered to 18 (all) in 1972 (Mar)[88]1977:Border state restriction lifted.[88]
1984:Raised to 191986:Raised to 21 (September 1, 1986)[88]
21 (however anyone can drink when parents, spouses, teachers are present)[citation needed]

Wyoming

?
21[7]
1973:Lowered to 19
1988:Raised to 21 in 1988 (Jul 1)[89][90]Last state to raise de jure drinking age to 21
21

American Samoa

?
?
?
21?
21[91]

Northern Mariana Islands

–
–
?
21?
21[92]

Puerto Rico

?
18
18
Kept at 18despite highway fundingpenalty under Drinking Age Act.
18[93]

Virgin Islands

?
?
?
18
18[94]

Guam

?
21?
18
18
Raised to 21 in 2010[5]

text: Additional notes[edit]

text:
Contrary to popular belief, since the National Minimum Drinking Age Act of 1984, not all states specifically prohibit minors' and young adults' consumption of alcohol in private settings.  That is because the federal law is concerned only with purchase and public possession, not private consumption, and contains several exceptions. As of January 1, 2007, 14 states and the District of Columbia ban underage consumption outright, 19 states do not specifically ban underage consumption outright, and 17 states have family member or location exceptions to their underage consumption laws. Federal law explicitly provides for religious, medical, employment and private club possession exceptions; as of 2005, 31 states have family member or location exceptions to their underage possession laws.[40]
In the 1960s the age for buying or drinking beer and wine in the District of Columbia (Washington, D.C.) was 18; the age for hard liquor was 21.[22][23] Residents from Virginia and Maryland would often drive to D.C. to obtain alcohol. In Louisiana, the 1987 law raising the age from 18 to 21 was deliberately written solely to comply with the National Minimum Drinking Age Act of 1984 to avoid losing highway funding, while still allowing 18- to 20-year-olds to drink as before.  Not only did it still allow 18- to 20-year-olds to consume in private, it contained a major loophole allowing bars and stores to sell alcohol to 18- to 20-year-olds without penalty (despite purchase being technically illegal) which meant that the de facto age was still 18.[38] In other words, the drinking age was 21 only on paper. This loophole was closed in 1995, but in 1996 the Louisiana Supreme Court declared a drinking age of 21 unconstitutional.[38]  That briefly lowered the de jure purchase age to 18, causing an uproar which prompted the Louisiana Supreme Court to reverse its decision, raising the age to 21 three months later.[39] Other exceptions still remain to this day, including drinking in a private residence,[40] and Louisiana still has some of the most liberal general alcohol laws of any state.
Some states were "dry" well before national Prohibition was enacted in 1919, in some cases since achieving statehood.  Also, some states did not become fully "wet" until several years after the repeal of Prohibition in 1933 (e.g. Mississippi in 1966).  Since 1966, all states and territories of the USA have been "wet", but dry counties and towns still exist in some states.


document_title: Descendants 2

question_text: who sings what's my name in descendants 2

question_tokens: who sings what 's my name in descendants 2

root

text: Descendants 2

text: Plot[edit]

text: Mal struggles with her new celebrity life as the girlfriend of King Ben, dying her hair blonde, and maintaining a princess-like personality that she is uncomfortable with. She admits her issues to her friends Evie, Carlos, and Jay, but they are content with their new lives in Auradon and do not wish to return to the Isle of the Lost. Evie scolds Mal for relying on her mother's spell book to solve her issues. Carlos, wishing to ask Jane to the upcoming Cotillion dance, turns to Mal for help to be honest with her. Mal gives him a sweet that will make him speak the truth, but his dog Dude eats it, magically speaking the truth in English and very frankly as a result.

tag: p

text: Ben eventually discovers Mal's reliance on magic, and she comes clean about her insecurities, causing the two to have a falling out. Mal returns to the Isle, now ruled by her former friend Uma, Ursula's daughter, along with Harry and Gil, the sons of Captain Hook and Gaston. Mal visits hair stylist Dizzy Tremaine, Drizella's daughter, who restores her signature purple hair, saying she felt that Mal's blonde hair was unnatural. Harry discovers Mal has returned and informs Uma.

text: Ben, Evie, Jay, and Carlos learn of Mal's departure and sneak onto the island to find her, but Gil recognizes them. Ben confronts Mal, who rejects his feelings for what she thought was both his sake and Auradon's. Ben leaves dejected, only to be captured by Uma, who orders Mal and her friends to retrieve the Fairy Godmother's wand or Ben dies. Carlos and Jay return to Auradon Prep, where they create a replica of the wand using a 3D printer. They are caught by Lonnie, Mulan's daughter, who blackmails them into letting her come with them, having previously been rejected from Jay's sports team based on her gender.

text: Uma speaks with Ben, bitter that she and the others were not chosen to go to Auradon. Ben takes this into account and invites her to Auradon, but Uma instead plots to make her own way there. Mal's group return, handing over the fake wand in exchange for Ben, but Uma realizes it is a forgery. The group flee back to Auradon, but Mal and Ben's relationship is still on the rocks. The villains' children come to terms that they cannot run from their pasts and agree to be honest with themselves and each other. Carlos confesses to Jane but struggles a little bit, while Jay appoints Lonnie as the captain of his team.

text: Aboard a ship during the Cotillion, Ben stuns everyone by appearing with Uma, who he declares as his true love and announces he will destroy the barrier on the Isle. Jane unveils a stain glass display Ben commissioned to show his affection for Mal, who realizes he loved her for who she was all along. Suspecting Uma has given him a love potion, Mal confesses her love for Ben and kisses him, breaking the spell. Feeling infuriated, Uma leaps into the water, using Ursula's magic seashell to transform into an octopus, Mal fighting back by transforming into a dragon. Ben intervenes, quelling the battle, and Uma returns the ring, that Ben had originally given her, when he had declared her as his true love, and swims away despite his offer still standing.

text: Mal and Ben reunite, Mal surrendering her spell book over to the Fairy Godmother. Mal and Evie request that Dizzy be allowed to attend Auradon Prep. When she is given the offer, Dizzy accepts it immediately. In a post-credit scene, Uma addresses the audience, promising that the story is not over.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Dove Cameron as Mal, the daughter of Maleficent
Cameron Boyce as Carlos de Vil, the son of Cruella de Vil
Sofia Carson as Evie, the daughter of The Evil Queen
Booboo Stewart as Jay, the son of Jafar
Mitchell Hope as Ben, the son of Belle and Beast
Brenna D'Amico as Jane, the daughter of the Fairy Godmother[4]
Melanie Paxson as the Fairy Godmother, the headmistress of Auradon Prep and Jane's mother
Bobby Moynihan as the Voice of Dude, Carlos' dog
Thomas Doherty as Harry Hook, the son of Captain Hook[5]
Dylan Playfair as Gil, the son of Gaston[6]
Dianne Doan as Lonnie, the daughter of Fa Mulan and Li Shang[4]
Jedidiah Goodacre as Chad Charming, the son of Cinderella and Prince Charming[4]
Zachary Gibson as Doug, the son of Dopey the Dwarf[4]
Anna Cathcart as Dizzy Tremaine, the daughter of Drizella Tremaine and granddaughter of Lady Tremaine[7]
Dan Payne as the Beast, Queen Belle's husband and Ben's father[8]
Keegan Connor Tracy as Belle, Beast's wife and Ben's mother[8]
China Anne McClain as Uma, the daughter of Ursula[2]

tag: ul

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: At the 2015 D23 Expo, Disney announced that a Descendants sequel film had been ordered.[9] An official announcement was made on Disney Channel's Facebook page on October 15, 2015.[10] Deadline Hollywood reported that Parriott and McGibbon would return as screenwriters and executive producers for the sequel and that the cast from the first film was expected to return.[11]

text: Casting[edit]

text: On June 10, 2016, China Anne McClain, who was already voicing Freddie on the Descendants spinoff series Descendants: Wicked World, was announced to be playing Ursula's daughter, Uma, in Descendants 2.[3] In July 2016 it was revealed that Thomas Doherty would play the role of Harry, the son of Captain Hook.[5] In August 2016, Sarah Jeffery who portrays Audrey revealed that she would not be returning, while Brenna D'Amico revealed that she would be returning in Descendants 2, as were as Dianne Doan, Jedidiah Goodacre, and Zachary Gibson.[4] On July 19, 2017, it was announced on The View that Whoopi Goldberg would be providing the voice for Ursula, the Sea Witch and Uma's mother.[12][13]

text: Broadcast[edit]

text: Descendants 2 made its debut on Disney Channel in Canada on July 21, 2017, at the same time as the United States. In the United States, the film premiered simultaneously across six-Disney owned networks: Disney Channel, Disney XD, Freeform, ABC, Lifetime, and Lifetime Movies. On Disney Channel, the film premiere alongside the world premiere of Raven's Home, which premiered immediately after.

text: Reception[edit]

text: In total, the film was viewed by 8.92 million viewers across six networks on the night of its premiere, up from its predecessor in 2015; at least 13 million people watched a minute of the film.[14] On Disney Channel, the film was watched by 5.33 million viewers, and topped the night on cable television, receiving a 1.20 rating. Although down from the first film, it was the most-viewed telecast on the network since the first film.[15] ABC's broadcast of the film received a 0.6/3 rating/share, drawing 2.41 million viewers; 0.47 million viewers watched the film on Disney XD with a 0.12 rating, 0.30 million viewers watched the film on Lifetime with a 0.09 rating, 0.26 million viewers watched the film on Freeform with a 0.08 rating, and 0.15 million viewers watched the film on Lifetime Movies with a 0.05 rating.[16][17] In delayed viewing, the film rose to a total of 21 million viewers.[18]

text: On Disney Channel, the film placed second in the week of its DVR ratings, jumping 92% to a 2.3 rating, and topped the week in viewer gains, jumping 104% with an additional 5.54 million viewers, the biggest viewer gain on cable television in two years, totaling to 10.90 million viewers on Disney Channel. On Freeform, the film jumped 207% with an additional 0.54 million viewers, totaling to 0.80 million viewers on the network; on Lifetime Movie Network, the film gained 96% with an additional 0.14 million viewers, totaling to 0.29 million viewers on the network.[19]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text:
Descendants 2
(Original TV Movie Soundtrack)

Soundtrack album by Descendants cast

Released
July 21, 2017[20]

Recorded
July— August 2016

Genre
Pop

Length
32:30

Label
Walt Disney

Descendants soundtracks chronology

Descendants
(2015)Descendants2015
Descendants 2
(2017)

Singles from Descendants 2

"Ways to Be Wicked"
Released: April 14, 2017[21]
"What's My Name"
Released: June 2, 2017[22]

tag: table

text: Descendants 2 (Original TV Movie Soundtrack) is the soundtrack accompanying the film of the same name. The soundtrack and lead single, "Ways to Be Wicked", was announced on April 12, 2017.[23] The soundtrack was released on July 21, 2017.[24]

text: The soundtrack debuted at number six on the U.S. Billboard 200 after earning 46,000 album-equivalent units, 35,000 of which were pure sales; sales for the soundtrack's debuting week were up from the previous film.[25] It dropped to number nine on the chart for its second week, earning an additional 27,000 units.[26]

text: Singles[edit]

text: "Ways to Be Wicked", performed by Dove Cameron, Sofia Carson, Cameron Boyce and Booboo Stewart, premiered on Radio Disney and then was officially released as first single on April 14 along with the pre-order of the soundtrack.[27] It debuted at number 1 on the Billboard Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles. The song is produced by Sam Hollander and Josh Edmondson who wrote the song with Grant Michaels and Charity Daw. "What's My Name", performed by China Anne McClain, Thomas Doherty and Dylan Playfair, premiered on Radio Disney and then was officially released as second single on June 2, 2017.[28]

text: Promotional singles[edit]

text: "Rather Be With You", from "Descendants: Wicked World", performed by Dove Cameron, Sofia Carson, Lauryn McClain and Brenna D'Amico, was released as first promotional single on October 28, 2016.[29] "Evil", from Wicked World, performed by Dove Cameron, was released on December 9, 2016 as second promotional single.[30] "Better Together", from Wicked World, performed by Dove Cameron and Sofia Carson, was released as third and final promotional single on March 3, 2017.[31]

text: Other charted songs[edit]

text: "Chillin' Like a Villain", performed by Sofia Carson, Cameron Boyce, Booboo Stewart and Mitchell Hope, peaked at number 95 on the US Billboard Hot 100. "It's Goin' Down", performed by Dove Cameron, Sofia Carson, Cameron Boyce, Booboo Stewart, China Anne McClain, Mitchell Hope, Thomas Doherty and Dylan Playfair, peaked at number 77 on the Hot 100.[32][33][34] "You and Me", performed by Dove Cameron, Sofia Carson, Cameron Boyce, Booboo Stewart, Mitchell Hope and Jeff Lewis, debuted at number 20 on the Billboard Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles.

text: Track listing[edit]

text:
Descendants 2 (Original TV Movie Soundtrack) – Standard edition

No.
Title
Writer(s)
Performer(s)
Length

1.
"Ways to Be Wicked"

Sam Hollander
Josh Edmondson
Grant Michaels
Charity Daw

Dove Cameron
Sofia Carson
Cameron Boyce
Booboo Stewart

3:38

2.
"What's My Name"

Antonina Armato
Tim James
Tom Sturges
Adam Schmalholz

China Anne McClain
Thomas Doherty
Dylan Playfair

3:10

3.
"Chillin' Like a Villain"

Armato
James
Sturges
Schmalholz

Carson
Boyce
Stewart
Mitchell Hope

3:13

4.
"Space Between"

Shayna Mordue
Stephen Mark Conley
Tyler Shamy
Andy Dodd

Cameron
Carson

3:26

5.
"It's Goin' Down"

Armato
James
Sturges
Schmalholz

Cameron
Carson
Boyce
Stewart
McClain
Hope
Doherty
Playfair

4:12

6.
"You and Me"

Mitch Allan
Nikki Leonti

Cameron
Carson
Boyce
Stewart
Hope
Jeff Lewis

3:32

7.
"Kiss the Girl"

Alan Menken
Howard Ashman

Cameron
Carson
Boyce
Stewart
McClain
Doherty

2:44

8.
"Poor Unfortunate Souls"

Menken
Ashman

McClain

2:43

9.
"Better Together" (from Descendants: Wicked World)

Matt Wong
Jack Kugell
Hannah Jones

Cameron
Carson

2:44

10.
"Evil" (from Descendants: Wicked World)

Dan Book
Shelly Peiken

Cameron

2:54

11.
"Rather Be with You" (from Descendants: Wicked World)

Jeannie Lurie
Chen Neeman
Aris Archontis

Cameron
Carson

2:14

Total length:
32:30

text: Charts[edit]

text:
Chart (2017)
Peak
position

Australian Albums (ARIA)[35]
64

Belgian Albums (Ultratop Flanders)[36]
102

Canadian Albums (Billboard)[37]
25

New Zealand Heatseekers Albums (RMNZ)[38]
6

US Billboard 200[39]
6

US Top Album Sales (Billboard)[40]
3

US Kid Albums (Billboard)[41]
1

US Digital Albums (Billboard)[42]
4

US Soundtrack Albums (Billboard)[43]
1

US Top Current Albums (Billboard)[44]
3

text: Novels[edit]

text: Rise of the Isle of the Lost[edit]

text: A prequel novel called Rise of the Isle of the Lost was released on May 23, 2017.[45] The novel details Uma's rise to power and her earlier history with Mal. The main plot details Uma planning to get the migrating trident of King Triton in order to help bring down the barrier surrounding the Isle of the Lost.

text: In addition to the mentioning of Genie, Grumpy, and Merriwether being teachers at Auradon Prep, a third school called the Serpent Preparatory School for the Education of Miscreants is located on the Isle of the Lost which Uma, Harry Hook, and Gil attended. Serpent Prep is a rival of Dragon Hall.

text: The book also introduced Yen Sid's Auradon intern Sophie, Ariel's niece Arrabelle, and Mulan and Shang's son Li'l Shang who is Lonnie's brother. There was a mentioning that the Stabbington Brothers from Tangled are also on the Isle of the Lost where they have Stabbington Cousins. Other information listed here that was later referenced in the film was Audrey and Chad breaking up, the introduction of R.O.A.R., Mal keeping Maleficent's lizard form as a pet, and Evie having her magic mirror placed in the museum.


document_title: List of female Nobel laureates

question_text: first mother and daughter to win nobel prize

text: List of female Nobel laureates

text:
Part of a series on

Women in society

Society[show]

Women's history (legal rights)

Woman

Animal advocacy
Business

Female entrepreneur
Gender representation on corporate boards of directors

Economic development
Explorers and travelers
Education
Feminism

Womyn

Government

Conservatives in the US
heads of government
heads of state
Queen regnant

List

Health
Journalism and the media
Law
Law enforcement
Military
Mother
Nobel Prize laureates
Piracy
Positions of power
Reproductive rights
Venture capital
Violence and abuse
Voting rights
Workforce

Science
Technology

[show]

Computing
Engineering
Geology
Medicine

dentistry

in the United States

Organizations
Science
Science, technology, engineering and mathematics
Space
Telegraphy

Arts
Humanities

[show]

Architecture
Arts
Art history field
Dance
Film industry

"Chick flicks"
Films about women
Film directors, cinematographers and screenwriters

Fine arts
Literature

Science fiction

Philosophy

Feminist philosophy

Photography
Music

Jazz
Punk rock

In Shakespeare's works

Religion

[show]

Bahá'í Faith
Bible
Buddhism
Christianity

Catholicism
Mormonism
Opus Dei

Hinduism
Islam
Judaism
Sikhism

Popular culture[show]

Comics

Portrayal in American comics

Film industry
Music
Fictional pirates
Speculative fiction
Video games

Gender representation in video games

Sports[show]

Baseball
Football/soccer
Rodeo
Sports
Tennis

By country[show]

Afghanistan
Albania
Algeria
Andorra
Angola
Argentina
Armenia
Australia
Azerbaijan
Bahrain
Bangladesh
Belgium
Benin
Bhutan
Bolivia
Bosnia
Brazil
Brunei
Burma
Cambodia
Chad
Chile
China
Colombia
Comoros
Croatia
Cuba
Cyprus (North)
Denmark
DR Congo
Dominican Republic
Ecuador
Egypt
El Salvador
East Timor
Ethiopia
FS Micronesia
Fiji
Finland
France
Georgia
Germany
Ghana
Greece
Guatemala
Guyana
Haiti
Honduras
Italy
India
Indonesia
Iran
Iraq
Israel
Ivory Coast
Japan
Jordan
Kazakhstan
Kenya
Kiribati
Kuwait
Kyrgyzstan
Laos
Lebanon
Libya
Madagascar
Malaysia
Maldives
Mali
Marshall Islands
Mauritania
Mauritius
Mexico
Mongolia
Morocco
Nepal
New Zealand
Niger
Nigeria
North Korea
Oman
Pakistan
Palau
Panama
Paraguay
Peru
Philippines
Portugal
Puerto Rico
Qatar
Russia
Saudi Arabia
Senegal
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
Singapore
Spain
Somalia
South Africa
South Korea
South Sudan
Sudan
Suriname
Sri Lanka
Sweden
Syria
Tajikistan
Thailand
Tonga
Tunisia
Turkey
Turkmenistan
Tuvalu
Trinidad and Tobago
Uganda
Ukraine
United Arab Emirates
United Kingdom
United States
Uruguay
Uzbekistan
Vanuatu
Venezuela
Vietnam
Yemen

 Feminism portal

v
t
e

text: As of 2017, Nobel Prizes have been awarded to 844 men, 48 women (Marie Curie won it twice), and 27 organizations.[1][2][3] Sixteen women have won the Nobel Peace Prize, fourteen have won the Nobel Prize in Literature, twelve have won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, four have won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, two have won the Nobel Prize in Physics and one, Elinor Ostrom, has won the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences.[2][4] The first woman to win a Nobel Prize was Marie Curie, who won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1903 with her husband, Pierre Curie, and Henri Becquerel.[2][5] Curie is also the only woman to have won multiple Nobel Prizes; in 1911, she won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry. Curie's daughter, Irène Joliot-Curie, won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1935, making the two the only mother-daughter pair to have won Nobel Prizes.[2] The most Nobel Prizes awarded to women in a single year was in 2009, when five women became laureates. The most recent women to be awarded a Nobel Prize were Tu Youyou and Svetlana Alexievich (2015).

text: Laureates[edit]

text:
Year
Image
Laureate
Country
Category
Rationale

1903

Curie, Marie SkłodowskaMarie Skłodowska Curie
(shared with Pierre Curie and Henri Becquerel)
Poland and France
Physics
"in recognition of the extraordinary services they have rendered by their joint researches on the radiation phenomena discovered by Professor Henri Becquerel"[5]

1905

Suttner, Bertha vonBertha von Suttner
Austria–Hungary
Peace
Honorary President of Permanent International Peace Bureau, Bern, Switzerland; Author of Lay Down Your Arms.[6]

1909

Lagerlof, SelmaSelma Lagerlöf
Sweden
Literature
"in appreciation of the lofty idealism, vivid imagination and spiritual perception that characterize her writings"[7]

1911

Curie, Marie SkłodowskaMarie Skłodowska Curie
Poland and France
Chemistry
"for her discovery of radium and polonium"[8]

1926

Deledda, GraziaGrazia Deledda
Italy
Literature
"for her idealistically inspired writings which with plastic clarity picture the life on her native island and with depth and sympathy deal with human problems in general"[9]

1928

Undset, SigridSigrid Undset
Norway
Literature
"principally for her powerful descriptions of Northern life during the Middle Ages"[10]

1931

Addams, JaneJane Addams
(shared with Nicholas Murray Butler)
United States
Peace
Sociologist; International President, Women's International League for Peace and Freedom.[11]

1935

Joliot-Curie, IreneIrène Joliot-Curie
(shared with Frédéric Joliot-Curie)
France
Chemistry
"for their synthesis of new radioactive elements"[12]

1938

Buck, Pearl S.Pearl S. Buck
United States
Literature
"for her rich and truly epic descriptions of peasant life in China and for her biographical masterpieces"[13]

1945

Mistral, GabrielaGabriela Mistral
Chile
Literature
"for her lyric poetry which, inspired by powerful emotions, has made her name a symbol of the idealistic aspirations of the entire Latin American world"[14]

1946

Balch, Emily GreeneEmily Greene Balch
(shared with John Raleigh Mott)
United States
Peace
Formerly Professor of History and Sociology; Honorary International President, Women's International League for Peace and Freedom.[15]

1947

Cori, Gerty TheresaGerty Theresa Cori
(shared with Carl Ferdinand Cori and Bernardo Houssay)
United States
Physiology or Medicine
"for their discovery of the course of the catalytic conversion of glycogen"[16]

1963

Goeppert-Mayer, MariaMaria Goeppert-Mayer
(shared with J. Hans D. Jensen and Eugene Wigner)
United States
Physics
"for their discoveries concerning nuclear shell structure"[17]

1964

Hodgkin, Dorothy CrowfootDorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin
United Kingdom
Chemistry
"for her determinations by X-ray techniques of the structures of important biochemical substances"[18]

1966

Sachs, NellyNelly Sachs
(shared with Samuel Agnon)
Sweden and Germany
Literature
"for her outstanding lyrical and dramatic writing, which interprets Israel's destiny with touching strength"[19]

1976

Williams, BettyBetty Williams
United Kingdom
Peace
Founder of the Northern Ireland Peace Movement (later renamed Community of Peace People)[20]

Maguire, MaireadMairead Maguire

1977

Sussman Yalow, RosalynRosalyn Sussman Yalow
(shared with Roger Guillemin and Andrew Schally)
United States
Physiology or Medicine
"for the development of radioimmunoassays of peptide hormones"[21]

1979

Teresa, MotherMother Teresa
India and
Yugoslavia
Peace
Leader of Missionaries of Charity, Calcutta.[22]

1982

Myrdal, AlvaAlva Myrdal
(shared with Alfonso García Robles)
Sweden
Peace
Former Cabinet Minister; Diplomat; Writer.[23]

1983

McClintock, BarbaraBarbara McClintock
United States
Physiology or Medicine
"for her discovery of mobile genetic elements"[24]

1986

Levi-Montalcini, RitaRita Levi-Montalcini
(shared with Stanley Cohen)
Italy and
United States
Physiology or Medicine
"for their discoveries of growth factors"[25]

1988

Elion, Gertrude B.Gertrude B. Elion
(shared with James W. Black and George H. Hitchings)
United States
Physiology or Medicine
"for their discoveries of important principles for drug treatment"[26]

1991

Gordimer, NadineNadine Gordimer
South Africa
Literature
"who through her magnificent epic writing has - in the words of Alfred Nobel - been of very great benefit to humanity"[27]

Suu Kyi, Aung SanAung San Suu Kyi
Burma
Peace
"for her non-violent struggle for democracy and human rights"[28]

1992

Menchu, RigobertaRigoberta Menchú
Guatemala
Peace
"in recognition of her work for social justice and ethno-cultural reconciliation based on respect for the rights of indigenous peoples"[29]

1993

Morrison, ToniToni Morrison
United States
Literature
"who in novels characterized by visionary force and poetic import, gives life to an essential aspect of American reality"[30]

1995

Nusslein-Volhard, ChristianeChristiane Nüsslein-Volhard
(shared with Edward B. Lewis and Eric F. Wieschaus)
Germany
Physiology or Medicine
"for their discoveries concerning the genetic control of early embryonic development"[31]

1996

Szymborska, WislawaWisława Szymborska
Poland
Literature
"for poetry that with ironic precision allows the historical and biological context to come to light in fragments of human reality"[32]

1997

Williams, JodyJody Williams
(shared with the International Campaign to Ban Landmines)
United States
Peace
"for their work for the banning and clearing of anti-personnel mines"[33]

2003

Ebadi, ShirinShirin Ebadi
Iran
Peace
"for her efforts for democracy and human rights. She has focused especially on the struggle for the rights of women and children"[34]

2004

Jelinek, ElfriedeElfriede Jelinek
Austria
Literature
"for her musical flow of voices and counter-voices in novels and plays that with extraordinary linguistic zeal reveal the absurdity of society's clichés and their subjugating power"[35]

Maathai, WangariWangari Maathai
Kenya
Peace
"for her contribution to sustainable development, democracy and peace"[36]

Buck, Linda B.Linda B. Buck
(shared with Richard Axel)
United States
Physiology or Medicine
"for their discoveries of odorant receptors and the organization of the olfactory system"[37]

2007

Lessing, DorisDoris Lessing
United Kingdom
Literature
"that epicist of the female experience, who with scepticism, fire and visionary power has subjected a divided civilisation to scrutiny"[38]

2008

Barre-Sinoussi, FrancoiseFrançoise Barré-Sinoussi
(shared with Harald zur Hausen and Luc Montagnier)
France
Physiology or Medicine
"for their discovery of HIV, human immunodeficiency virus"[39]

2009

Blackburn, ElizabethElizabeth Blackburn
(shared with Jack W. Szostak)
Australia and United States
Physiology or Medicine
"for the discovery of how chromosomes are protected by telomeres and the enzyme telomerase"[40]

Greider, Carol W.Carol W. Greider
(shared with Jack W. Szostak)
United States

Yonath, Ada E.Ada E. Yonath
(shared with Venkatraman Ramakrishnan and Thomas A. Steitz)
Israel
Chemistry
"for studies of the structure and function of the ribosome"[41]

Muller, HertaHerta Müller
Germany and Romania
Literature
"who, with the concentration of poetry and the frankness of prose, depicts the landscape of the dispossessed"[42]

Ostrom, ElinorElinor Ostrom
(shared with Oliver E. Williamson)
United States
Economics
"for her analysis of economic governance, especially the commons"[43]

2011

Johnson Sirleaf, EllenEllen Johnson Sirleaf
Liberia
Peace
"For their non-violent struggle for the safety of women and for women's rights to full participation in peace-building work"[44]

Gbowee, LeymahLeymah Gbowee

Karman, TawakelTawakel Karman
Yemen

2013

Munro, AliceAlice Munro
Canada
Literature
"master of the contemporary short story"[45]

2014

Moser, May-BrittMay-Britt Moser
(shared with Edvard Moser and John O'Keefe)
Norway
Physiology or Medicine
"for their discoveries of cells that constitute a positioning system in the brain"[46]

Yousafzai, MalalaMalala Yousafzai
(shared with Kailash Satyarthi)
Pakistan and India
Peace
"for their struggle against the suppression of children and young people and for the right of all children to education".[47]

2015

Youyou, TuTu Youyou
(shared with William C. Campbell and Satoshi Ōmura)
China
Physiology or Medicine
"for her discoveries concerning a novel therapy against Malaria"[48]

Alexievich, SvetlanaSvetlana Alexievich
Belarus
Literature
"for her polyphonic writings, a monument to suffering and courage in our time"[49]


document_title: NBA high school draftees

question_text: who is the last player to go from highschool to the nba

text: NBA high school draftees

text: History[edit]

text: Early years[edit]

text: In the early years of the NBA draft, a player had to finish his four-year college eligibility to be eligible for selection. Reggie Harding, who had graduated from high school but did not enroll in a college, became the first player drafted out of high school when the Detroit Pistons selected him in the fourth round of the 1962 draft.[3] However, the NBA rules at that time prohibited a high school player to play in the league until one year after his high school class graduated.[4][5] Thus, he spent a year playing in a minor basketball league before he was drafted again in the 1963 draft by the Pistons.[6] He finally entered the league in the 1963–64 season and played four seasons in the NBA and American Basketball Association (ABA).[7]

text: In 1971, the U.S. Supreme Court decision Haywood v. National Basketball Association ruled, 7–2 against the National Basketball Association's requirement that a player must wait four years after high school graduation (which in most cases was spent playing in college) before turning professional. This ruling allowed players to enter the NBA Draft without four years of college, provided they could give evidence of hardship to the NBA office.[8]

text: In 1974, the NBA's rival, the ABA, drafted high school star Moses Malone. He was immediately signed by the Utah Stars and became the first player to go directly from high school basketball to a professional league.[9] He became an instant success, averaging 18 points and 14 rebounds per game in his rookie season. He played in the ABA until the ABA–NBA merger in 1976. He then played 19 successful seasons with 7 NBA teams. He won the NBA championship, along with the Finals Most Valuable Player Award, with the Philadelphia 76ers in 1983. His other achievements include 3 Most Valuable Player Awards, 12 consecutive All-Star Game selections, 8 All-NBA Team selections and 6 rebounding titles. He has been inducted to the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame and was also named in the 50 Greatest Players in NBA History list announced at the league's 50th anniversary in 1996.[10]

text: A year later, two high school players, Darryl Dawkins and Bill Willoughby, applied for hardship and were declared eligible to be selected in the 1975 draft.[11] They had applied and gave evidence of financial hardship to the league, which granted them the right to start earning their living by starting their professional careers earlier.[8] Dawkins was selected 5th by the Philadelphia 76ers while Willoughby was selected 19th by the Atlanta Hawks. Dawkins played 14 seasons and averaged 12 points and 6 rebounds per game. Willoughby played 8 seasons with 6 different teams and averaged only 6 points per game. Neither player reached the level of success that was expected. It is argued that they could have been better players if they had college basketball experience before entering the NBA.[12][13][14]

text: After Dawkins and Willoughby, no high schoolers were drafted for 14 years, though several players entered the league without playing college basketball. One notable player, Shawn Kemp, enrolled in college but never played any games due to personal problems. In 1989, a year after his high school graduation, he was drafted by the Seattle SuperSonics.[15] He played 14 seasons in the NBA and was selected to 6 All-Star Games and 3 All-NBA Teams.[16]

text: In 1995, Kevin Garnett, USA Today's high school basketball player of the year, announced his intentions to forgo college, and declared himself eligible for the 1995 NBA draft. The move was highly controversial; the conventional wisdom at the time was that high-schoolers were neither emotionally nor physically mature enough for the rigors of the NBA game. On draft day, Garnett was selected with the #5 pick in the first round by the Minnesota Timberwolves. Garnett led the Timberwolves to eight consecutive playoff berths and was a multiple All-Star during his time with the team. In 2004, the Wolves advanced to the Western Conference Finals before losing to the Lakers; Garnett was named Most Valuable Player that year. After a trade in the 2007 offseason to the Boston Celtics, he was a core player in the Celtics' first NBA title in over 20 years.

text: In 1996, two notable players made the jump from high school to the NBA. The first was Kobe Bryant, selected by the Charlotte Hornets with the 13th pick of the NBA draft, but traded almost immediately to the Los Angeles Lakers. The second was Jermaine O'Neal, selected by the Trail Blazers with the 17th pick. O'Neal was traded in 2000 to the Indiana Pacers (and later to the Miami Heat). In 1997, another All-Star caliber player, Tracy McGrady, was selected by the Toronto Raptors. In 1998, three high-schoolers were drafted with Al Harrington and Rashard Lewis experiencing the most success. Darius Miles became the highest high school player selected with the third pick in the 2000, until the following year.

text: In 2001, Kwame Brown (selected by the Washington Wizards) became the first high-schooler to be selected with the number one pick in the draft; since then, LeBron James (2003) and Dwight Howard (2004) have also been selected with the first pick. Other notable high-schoolers include Tyson Chandler and Eddy Curry (2001); Amar'e Stoudemire (2002); Josh Smith, Sebastian Telfair, J. R. Smith, and Shaun Livingston (2004); Andrew Bynum and Monta Ellis (2005).

text: Many prep-to-pro players like Kevin Garnett, Kobe Bryant, LeBron James, and Tracy Mcgrady went on to become star players in the NBA. Kevin Garnett, Kobe Bryant, LeBron James have all won the league's MVP Award; as well as holding at least one NBA title under their belt, and are widely regarded as future Hall-of-Famers. Dwight Howard, Jermaine O'Neal and Amar'e Stoudemire also became perennial All-Stars in their prime. However, not all high-schoolers were successful. Kwame Brown and Eddy Curry are widely regarded as draft busts, while Jonathan Bender and Darius Miles had their careers cut short by injury. Korleone Young (drafted in 1998) and Leon Smith (drafted in 1999) only played a handful of games in the NBA, while Lenny Cooke and DeAngelo Collins, both of whom declared for the 2002 Draft, went undrafted and never played in the NBA.

text: Beginning 2005, both the NBA and the players' union started to discuss the possibility of implementing a new age limit. The league lobbied for an age minimum of 20 while the union was against an age limit.[17] Finally in July 2005, both sides compromised in the new collective bargaining agreement, requiring that the minimum age for entry into the NBA be 19 and that entrants be at least one year removed from high school.[18] For the first time, teams are also allowed to send players, with two years of NBA experience or less, to the NBA Development League (NBA D-League).[17]

text: The terms of the new agreement ended the practice of drafting high school players, starting in the 2006 Draft. A high school player must wait at least a year to be eligible for selection. However, they are not required to spend that year in college. In 2008, high school star Brandon Jennings decided to skip college and play professional basketball in Italy. After a year, he was eligible for the 2009 draft and was selected 10th by the Milwaukee Bucks.[19] In the 2010 draft, Latavious Williams, who did not qualify academically to go to college, spent a year playing in the NBA D-League before he was drafted in the second round.[20] Emmanuel Mudiay decided to take a route similar to that of Brandon Jennings by skipping college to play professionally in China in 2014 before being selected by the Denver Nuggets at pick 7 a year later. In the 2015 draft, Satnam Singh Bhamara, who did not qualify academically to go to college, went straight to the NBA draft as a post-graduate after being at IMG Academy for five years. He would be taken by the Dallas Mavericks with the 52nd pick in the draft, thus becoming the first high school student to be drafted since the rule changes. In the 2016 draft, one of the Top–10 players that was declared eligible for NCAA play in 2016, Thon Maker, decided to enter the draft instead as a post-graduate from Orangeville Prep in Orangeville, Ontario, Canada due to him originally declaring himself as eligible for college in 2015. Thon would also mark the first player to be drafted directly from a Canadian high school, as well as the second player to enter as a post-graduate. He'd also be the first high schooler to be drafted in the first round since 2005, being drafted by the Milwaukee Bucks with the tenth pick in the draft, thus becoming the first high school lottery pick since 2005. Most recently, in the 2018 draft, both Anfernee Simons and Thon's brother, Matur Maker, are also looking to be drafted in the NBA, with Simons being a postgraduate and Maker's decision relating to him being held back a year.

text: Some players support the new age limit. Gerald Green called it "a smart move", saying that "[not everybody is] LeBron James ... He came in ready and he dominated the league. There's a lot of players that have to get developed. Me, I've got to get developed. But I guess that age limit, that one year of college experience, can get you more developed and I think that's pretty good."[17] Others, however, strongly criticize the rule. Andrew Bynum said "That's something I'll never understand. Because in no other business can the owner, or a stock trader or a C.E.O. of a company try to protect themselves by putting rules like that."[21] Former Florida Gators and current Oklahoma City Thunder head coach Billy Donovan believed that the rule made high schoolers feel like they were being punished.[22]

text: List[edit]

text: There have been 44 high school draftees in the NBA Draft. Three draftees were selected first overall; Kwame Brown in 2001 NBA draft, LeBron James in 2003 and Dwight Howard in 2004 NBA draft. Two draftees went on to win the Rookie of the Year Award in their first season; LeBron James and 2002 draftee Amar'e Stoudemire.[23] Three draftees went on to win the Most Valuable Player Award; Kevin Garnett in 2004, Kobe Bryant in 2008 and LeBron James in 2009, 2010, 2012, and 2013.[24] Ten draftees have been selected to the All-Star Game while seven draftees have been selected to the All-NBA Team.

text:
Pos.
G
F
C

Position
Guard
Forward
Center

text:
^
Denotes player who has been inducted to the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame

*
Denotes player who has been selected for at least one All-Star Game and All-NBA Team

+
Denotes player who has been selected for at least one All-Star Game

#
Denotes player who never played in the NBA regular season or playoffs

text:
Draft[a]
Round
Pick
Player
Pos.
Nationality
Draft team
High school (city)
Ref.

1962
4
29
Harding, ReggieReggie Harding
C
 United States
Detroit Pistons
Detroit Eastern High School (Detroit)1[›]
[25]

1975
1
5
Dawkins, DarrylDarryl Dawkins
C
 United States
Philadelphia 76ers
Maynard Evans High School (Orlando, Florida)
[26]

1975
2
19
Willoughby, BillBill Willoughby
F/C
 United States
Atlanta Hawks
Dwight Morrow High School (Englewood, New Jersey)
[27]

1995
1
5
Garnett, KevinKevin Garnett*
F
 United States
Minnesota Timberwolves
Farragut Career Academy (Chicago)
[28]

1996
1
13
Bryant, KobeKobe Bryant*
G
 United States
Charlotte Hornets
Lower Merion High School (Ardmore, Pennsylvania)
[29]

1996
1
17
O'Neal, JermaineJermaine O'Neal*
F/C
 United States
Portland Trail Blazers
Eau Claire High School (Columbia, South Carolina)
[30]

1997
1
9
McGrady, TracyTracy McGrady^
F
 United States
Toronto Raptors
Mount Zion Christian Academy (Durham, North Carolina)
[31]

1998
1
25
Harrington, AlAl Harrington
F
 United States
Indiana Pacers
St. Patrick High School (Elizabeth, New Jersey)
[32]

1998
2
32
Lewis, RashardRashard Lewis+
F
 United States
Seattle SuperSonics
Alief Elsik High School (Houston, Texas)
[33]

1998
2
40
Young, KorleoneKorleone Young
F
 United States
Detroit Pistons
Hargrave Military Academy (Chatham, Virginia)
[34]

1999
1
5
Bender, JonathanJonathan Bender
F
 United States
Toronto Raptors
Picayune Memorial High School (Picayune, Mississippi)
[35]

1999
1
25
Smith, LeonLeon Smith
C
 United States
Dallas Mavericks
Martin Luther King High School (Chicago)
[36]

2000
1
3
Miles, DariusDarius Miles
F
 United States
Los Angeles Clippers
East St. Louis High School (East St. Louis, Illinois)
[37]

2000
1
23
Stevenson, DeShawnDeShawn Stevenson
G
 United States
Utah Jazz
Washington Union High School (Fresno, California)
[38]

2001
1
1
Brown, KwameKwame Brown
F
 United States
Washington Wizards
Glynn Academy (Brunswick, Georgia)
[39]

2001
1
2
Chandler, TysonTyson Chandler*
C
 United States
Los Angeles Clippers
Dominguez High School (Compton, California)
[40]

2001
1
4
Curry, EddyEddy Curry
C
 United States
Chicago Bulls
Thornwood High School (South Holland, Illinois)
[41]

2001
1
8
Diop, DeSaganaDeSagana Diop
C
 Senegal
Cleveland Cavaliers
Oak Hill Academy (Mouth of Wilson, Virginia)
[42]

2001
2
46
Cisse, OusmaneOusmane Cisse#
F
 Mali
Denver Nuggets
St. Jude High School (Montgomery, Alabama)
[43]

2002
1
9
Stoudemire, Amar'eAmar'e Stoudemire*
F/C
 United States
Phoenix Suns
Cypress Creek High School (Orlando, Florida)
[44]

2003
1
1
James, LeBronLeBron James*
F
 United States
Cleveland Cavaliers
St. Vincent – St. Mary High School (Akron, Ohio)
[45]

2003
1
23
Outlaw, TravisTravis Outlaw
F
 United States
Portland Trail Blazers
Starkville High School (Starkville, Mississippi)
[46]

2003
1
26
Ebi, NdudiNdudi Ebi
F
 United Kingdom
 Nigeria2[›]
Minnesota Timberwolves
Westbury Christian School (Houston, Texas)
[47]

2003
1
27
Perkins, KendrickKendrick Perkins
C
 United States
Memphis Grizzlies
Clifton J. Ozen High School (Beaumont, Texas)
[48]

2003
2
48
Lang, JamesJames Lang
C
 United States
New Orleans Hornets
Central Park Christian High School (Birmingham, Alabama)
[49]

2004
1
1
Howard, DwightDwight Howard*
F/C
 United States
Orlando Magic
Southwest Atlanta Christian Academy (Atlanta)
[50]

2004
1
4
Livingston, ShaunShaun Livingston
G
 United States
Los Angeles Clippers
Peoria High School (Peoria, Illinois)
[51]

2004
1
12
Swift, RobertRobert Swift
C
 United States
Seattle SuperSonics
Bakersfield High School (Bakersfield, California)
[52]

2004
1
13
Telfair, SebastianSebastian Telfair
G
 United States
Portland Trail Blazers
Abraham Lincoln High School (Brooklyn, New York)
[53]

2004
1
15
Jefferson, AlAl Jefferson
F
 United States
Boston Celtics
Prentiss High School (Prentiss, Mississippi)
[54]

2004
1
17
Smith, JoshJosh Smith
F
 United States
Atlanta Hawks
Oak Hill Academy (Mouth of Wilson, Virginia)
[55]

2004
1
18
Smith, J. R.J. R. Smith
G
 United States
New Orleans Hornets
Saint Benedict's Preparatory School (Newark, New Jersey)
[56]

2004
1
19
Wright, DorellDorell Wright
G/F
 United States
Miami Heat
South Kent Preparatory School (South Kent, Connecticut)
[57][58]

2005
1
6
Webster, MartellMartell Webster
G/F
 United States
Portland Trail Blazers
Seattle Preparatory School (Seattle)
[59]

2005
1
10
Bynum, AndrewAndrew Bynum+
C
 United States
Los Angeles Lakers
St. Joseph High School (Metuchen, New Jersey)
[60]

2005
1
18
Green, GeraldGerald Green
F
 United States
Boston Celtics
Gulf Shores Academy (Houston, Texas)
[61]

2005
2
34
Miles, C. J.C. J. Miles
G
 United States
Utah Jazz
Skyline High School (Dallas)
[62]

2005
2
35
Sánchez, RickyRicky Sánchez#
F
 Puerto Rico
Portland Trail Blazers
IMG Academy (Bradenton, Florida)
[63]

2005
2
40
Ellis, MontaMonta Ellis
G
 United States
Golden State Warriors
Lanier High School (Jackson, Mississippi)
[64]

2005
2
45
Williams, LouisLouis Williams
G
 United States
Philadelphia 76ers
South Gwinnett High School (Snellville, Georgia)
[65]

2005
2
49
Blatche, AndrayAndray Blatche
F
 United States
 Philippines3[›]
Washington Wizards
South Kent Preparatory School (South Kent, Connecticut)
[66]

2005
2
56
Johnson, AmirAmir Johnson
F
 United States
Detroit Pistons
Westchester High School (Los Angeles)
[67]

2015
2
52
Singh, SatnamSatnam Singh#
C
 India4[›]
Dallas Mavericks
IMG Academy (Bradenton, Florida)
[68]

2016
1
10
Maker, ThonThon Maker
F/C
 Sudan
 South Sudan
 Australia5[›]
Milwaukee Bucks
Orangeville District Secondary School (Orangeville, Ontario, Canada)6[›]
[69]

text:
^ 1: Reggie Harding played and graduated from Detroit Eastern High School in January but he played high school basketball in Nashville, Tennessee prior to the draft.[70][71]
^ 2: While Ndudi Ebi was originally born and raised in London, England, he also holds Nigerian nationality due to his parents being born and raised there.
^ 3: Andray Blatche was born and raised in Syracuse, New York and holds American nationality, but he had become a naturalized Filipino since June 2014 and has officially represented the Philippines since.
^ 4: Satnam Singh officially marks the first ever player to be taken from India in the NBA. He also marks the first time since 2005 after their latest ruling on high school players that someone directly from high school would be taken in the draft, albeit as a postgraduate senior.
^ 5: Thon Maker was born in Wau, Sudan at the time, but Wau has now since become a part of South Sudan instead due to war. Even then, though, he would be raised as an Australian representative.
^ 6: Thon Maker would become the first high schooler (and second overall high school postgraduate student) to be selected from the nation of Canada instead of somewhere in the United States of America. Also, while Thon attended classes at Orangeville Prep, he would play basketball games for the Athlete Institute nearby in Mono, Ontario as well.

text: Other players[edit]

text: The following players also played in the NBA or were drafted without playing college basketball; however, these players did not get drafted or join the NBA directly after their high school graduation.

text:
Year[b]
Debut[c]
Player
Pos.
Nationality
High school (city)
Notes
Ref.

—[d]
1946
Kappen, TonyTony Kappen
G
 United States
Forest Hills High School (Queens, New York)

Played in the ABL before making his BAA debut
The first player to play in the BAA/NBA without any college experience
Made his BAA debut at the age of 27

[72][73][74]

—[d]
1946
Simmons, ConnieConnie Simmons
F/C
 United States
Flushing High School (Flushing, New York)5[›]

The second player to play in the BAA/NBA without any college experience
Made his BAA debut at the age of 21

[75][76]

—[d]
1948
Graboski, JoeJoe Graboski
F/C
 United States
Tuley High School (Chicago)

The third and final player to play in the BAA before its merger as the NBA
Made his BAA debut at the age of 18

[77][78]

1960
1969
Hawkins, ConnieConnie Hawkins^
F/C
 United States
Boys High School (Brooklyn, New York)

Was permanently banned by the NBA due to a point shaving scandal in college, but was later reinstated in 1969
Attended University of Iowa
Played in the ABL and the ABA before making his NBA debut

[79][80][81]

1974
1976
Malone, MosesMoses Malone^
F/C
 United States
Petersburg High School (Petersburg, Virginia)

Drafted by the Utah Stars in the 1974 ABA Draft
Played in the ABA before the ABA–NBA merger

[82]

1988
1989
Kemp, ShawnShawn Kemp*
F/C
 United States
Concord High School (Elkhart, Indiana)

Attended University of Kentucky and Trinity Valley Community College
Drafted by the Seattle SuperSonics in the 1989 NBA draft (1st round, 17th pick)

[83][84]

1986
1992
Daniels, LloydLloyd Daniels
G
 United States
Andrew Jackson High School (Queens, New York)

Attended Mt. San Antonio College
Played in various minor basketball leagues before making his NBA debut

[85][86][87]

1993
1996
Hamilton, ThomasThomas Hamilton
C
 United States
Martin Luther King High School (Chicago)

Attended University of Pittsburgh
Declared for the 1994 NBA draft but went undrafted

[88][89]

1996
2000
Jackson, StephenStephen Jackson
F
 United States
Oak Hill Academy (Mouth of Wilson, Virginia)

Attended Butler Community College
Drafted by the Phoenix Suns in the 1997 NBA draft (2nd round, 43rd pick)

[90][91]

2001
2015
Huertas, MarceloMarcelo Huertas
G
 Brazil
 Italy
Coppell High School (Coppell, Texas)

Was born in Brazil and played for the Esporte Clube Pinheiros before moving to the U.S.A. around 2000.
Played senior year in Coppell High School before beginning his professional international career.
Went undrafted in the 2005 NBA draft.
Played in Brazil, Spain, and Italy before making his NBA debut in 2015.

[92]

2004
2005
Butler, JackieJackie Butler
F/C
 United States
Coastal Christian Academy (Virginia Beach, Virginia)

Initially committed to Mississippi State University and, later on, the University of Tennessee
Declared for the 2004 NBA draft but went undrafted
Played in the CBA before making his NBA debut

[93][94][95]

2008
2009
Jennings, BrandonBrandon Jennings
G
 United States
Oak Hill Academy (Mouth of Wilson, Virginia)

Initially committed to the University of Southern California and, later on, the University of Arizona
Played in the Italian league in the 2008–09 season
Drafted by the Milwaukee Bucks in the 2009 NBA draft (1st round, 10th pick)

[96][97]

2009

Williams, LataviousLatavious Williams#
F
 United States
Christian Life Center Academy (Humble, Texas)

Initially committed to the University of Memphis
Played in the NBA D-League in the 2009–10 season
Drafted by the Miami Heat in the 2010 NBA draft (2nd round, 43rd pick)

[98][99]

2010
2011
Kanter, EnesEnes Kanter
F/C
 Turkey
Stoneridge Preparatory School (Simi Valley, California)

Previously played in both youth squads and professionally in Turkey
Moved to the U.S.A. in 2009 and played basketball in his senior year of high school
Attended the University of Kentucky, but was barred from playing due to his previous time spent in Turkey
Drafted by the Utah Jazz in the 2011 NBA draft (1st round, 3rd pick)

2010
2011
Tyler, JeremyJeremy Tyler
C
 United States
San Diego High School (San Diego)

Initially committed to the University of Louisville
Left high school after his junior year in 2009
Played in the Israeli league in the 2009–10 season
Played in the Japanese league in the 2010–11 season
Drafted by the Charlotte Bobcats in the 2011 NBA draft (2nd round, 39th pick)

[100][101]

2012
2013
Ledo, RickyRicky Ledo
G
 United States
South Kent High School (South Kent, Connecticut)

Attended Providence College
Drafted by the Dallas Mavericks in the 2013 NBA draft (2nd round, 43rd pick)

2013
2015
Felício, CristianoCristiano Felício
C
 Brazil
CCSE Prep Academy (Sacramento)

Was born in Brazil and played professionally there before moving in his senior year.
Tried to get a scholarship for the University of Oregon, but was deemed ineligible.
Returned to playing professionally in Brazil.

2014
2015
Mudiay, EmmanuelEmmanuel Mudiay
PG
 Democratic Republic of the Congo
 United States
Prime Prep Academy (Dallas)

Initially committed to Southern Methodist University
Played in the Chinese professional league in the 2014–15 season
Drafted by the Denver Nuggets in the 2015 NBA draft (1st round, 7th pick)

2014
2016
Papagiannis, GeorgiosGeorgios Papagiannis
C
 Greece
Westtown School (West Chester, Pennsylvania)

Was born in Greece and played professionally for Peristeri at 14 before moving in his freshman year
Went to Westtown as a junior before moving back to Greece
Played professionally for the Panathinaikos while also attending the American School in Athens, Greece
Drafted by the Phoenix Suns and traded to the Sacramento Kings in the 2016 NBA draft (1st round, 13th pick)

text: Controversy[edit]

text: Despite the success of some high school players drafted, the entry of high school players into the NBA remains controversial. Critics say that high school players are not mentally and physically mature or prepared enough to handle the pressure of professional play. Thus, they are more likely to fail.[14][102] Instead, they believe that colleges are useful at filtering out players who can dominate against weak competition in high school, but cannot succeed at a higher level of play. They also think that the influx of high schoolers bypassing colleges in favor of the NBA has caused collegiate game to deteriorate. Universities are wary of spending time recruiting as many players that are motivated financially to turn pro fresh out of high school.[102][103]

text: On the other hand, proponents argue that there is no valid reason to exclude high school players. Michael McCann, writer of law article "Illegal Defense: The Irrational Economics of Banning High School Players from the NBA Draft", contends that players drafted straight out of high school can do as well as any other players in the NBA. The article finds that "on average, these [high school] players perform better in every major statistical category than does the average NBA player".[104] Others instead believe that the problem was due to the lack of established farm system in basketball until recently. In other major sports, such as baseball and hockey, it is common for young players to develop in their minor league systems.[102]