document_title: Kevin (Probably) Saves the World

question_text: who is the actor in kevin probably saves the world

root

text: Kevin (Probably) Saves the World

text: Premise[edit]

text: Kevin, a down-on-his-luck man who survived a suicide attempt, moves in with his twin sister Amy, an engineer and professor at the local college, and Amy's teenage daughter Reese. Shortly after, he encounters a celestial being named Yvette; Yvette claims that God has tasked Kevin with saving the world, and sent Yvette to guide and protect him.

tag: p

text: Only Kevin can see and hear Yvette, so his conversations appear to be hallucinations to those around him. Kevin must perform good deeds to build up his spiritual powers, forcing him to become a better person. The series also explores a mystery, as there are supposed to be 36 righteous souls in each generation, but for unknown reasons, Kevin is the only one left.[3]

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Jason Ritter as Kevin Finn
JoAnna Garcia as Amy Cabrera (née Finn)
Kimberly Hebert Gregory as Yvette
India de Beaufort as Kristin Allen
J. August Richards as Sheriff Deputy Nathan Purcell
Chloe East as Reese Cabrera
Dustin Ybarra as Tyler Medina

tag: ul

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Lauren Blumenfeld as Ava
Lesley Boone as Lucille
Will Sasso as Dave

text: Guest[edit]

text:
Barbara Eve Harris as Colonel O'Donnell
Michael Harney as Karl Gilmore
Sam Huntington as Jake Gilmore
Emma Bell as Deb
Richard Masur as Dr. Sloane
Kate Flannery as Anne
Brandon Quinn as Ignacio "Iggy" DePerro
Anjali Bhimani as Susan Allen
David Huynh as Vong
Troy Evans as Gus
Sprague Grayden as Shea
Rhenzy Feliz as Marc

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

1
"Pilot"
Paul McGuigan
Michele Fazekas & Tara Butters
October 3, 2017 (2017-10-03)
4.17[4]

After getting fired from his Wall Street job and surviving a suicide attempt, Kevin Finn returns to his hometown to live with his twin sister Amy, a widowed mom, and her teenage daughter Reese. While Amy is away at a work assignment, a meteor crashes to earth near her home. Kevin and Reese investigate, and when Kevin touches the meteorite, he is hurtled backward. He begins having strange visions, including a mysterious woman named Yvette that only Kevin can see. Yvette calls herself one of God's messengers, tasked with locating the 36 righteous souls of this generation, of which Kevin is the only one known to be left.

2
"Listen Up"
Kevin Dowling
Craig DiGregorio & Jack Kenny
October 10, 2017 (2017-10-10)
3.61[5]

Yvette tells Kevin that not even she knows what happened to the other 35 righteous ones, and that they'll have to let the universe guide them. She explains that Kevin needs to strengthen his soul by performing good deeds. While helping the son of a brewery pub owner find his true path, Kevin reconnects with his ex-girlfriend Kristin and the two sleep together. They ponder getting back together, but both remember how badly Kevin treated Kristin in the past and decide it's not a good idea. Kevin has a vision of an island surrounded by ocean.

3
"Sweet Little Lies"
Peter Leto
Chris Dingess & Davah Avena
October 17, 2017 (2017-10-17)
3.26[6]

Kevin tries to intervene as a wedding planner for Deb, whose former childhood friend proposed to her when she got cancer. But now that Deb is healthy, she reveals to Kevin that she does not want to get married. Kevin has a vision of a mariachi band. Yvette meets with Ava, a celestial messenger like herself. Ava says she will gather all the other messengers to meet about finding the rest of the righteous, but come meeting time, they are the only two to show up. Ava then says that she too is giving up.

4
"How to be Good"
J. Miller Tobin
Teleplay by: Brant Englestein
Story by: Michele Fazekas & Tara Butters
October 24, 2017 (2017-10-24)
2.87[7]

Kevin helps Lucille, Tyler's rude boss at the diner, and gets dragged into a feud between Lucille and her estranged sister, Anne. Kevin later has a vision of being in an Asian marketplace. Reese confronts Kevin about the strange things she's observed, and asks if the meteorite gave him superpowers.

5
"Brutal Acts of Kindness"
Rob Hardy
Craig DiGregorio
October 31, 2017 (2017-10-31)
2.71[8]

After Yvette convinces him to withdraw his entire $30,000 severance pay and give it away, Kevin helps a woman who cannot afford her son's diabetes medication. He later has a vision of being chased by a tiger through a jungle. Amy finds Reese's journal and sees that Kevin caused Reese to be thrown in jail. She angrily tells Kevin to pack up and move out.

6
"Rocky Road"
Wendey Stanzler
Jack Kenny
November 7, 2017 (2017-11-07)
2.91[9]

Kevin begins looking for places to stay, hitting up Tyler, Kristin and Nathan. He also helps a man who lost his job 18 months ago look for work, learning that the man never told his wife and has now exhausted their life savings. Angry at her mom, Reese skips school and runs away to an abandoned factory. Kevin and Amy arrive to talk her down, but Reese slips from her perch and falls. Yvette suspends Reese in mid air for a couple of seconds, allowing Kevin to get underneath and catch her. A dumbfounded Amy observes, and starts seeing Kevin the way Reese has seen him. Kevin gets a printout of all his previous visions, plus a new one of mountaintops in the clouds.

7
"Dave"
Ron Underwood
Chris Dingess
November 14, 2017 (2017-11-14)
2.62[10]

Kevin and Yvette are joined by Dave (Will Sasso), another celestial messenger, who helps them on Kevin's next assignment. The assignment turns out to be helping Kristin's cancer-stricken mother Susan (Anjali Bhimani) find some joy while living out her last days. Kevin later sees a vision of a flaming gazebo. Meanwhile, Amy wants to use science to figure out what she witnessed when Reese fell, and soon meets Iggy (Brandon Quinn), a theology professor who tries to convince her that it's okay for some things to remain unexplained. Also, Nathan tells Reese he wants to ask Amy out on a date, but Reese will not give him permission.

8
"Chrysalis"
Metin Hüseyin
Kevin Deiboldt
December 5, 2017 (2017-12-05)
2.62[11]

Kevin sees a vision of blue butterflies, and follows one to an art class held by Ethan (Enoch King). Kevin offers to help Ethan get over his fear of rejection by taking him to an art show, later realizing this will conflict with Reese's school play. Dave appears and reveals himself to Ethan, offering to take him to the art showing so Kevin can be with his family. At the same time, Yvette meets with Ava, who tells her that Dave has turned all the celestial messengers against her. Kevin angrily confronts Yvette about being able to reveal herself to other people, and asks what else she's hidden from him. Yvette admits she does not know if the other 35 righteous really exist, and is operating on faith alone. Kevin chooses to work with Dave, which backfires when Ethan gets scared and backs out of the show. Kevin returns to Yvette while making things right with Ethan by setting up a surprise showing of Ethan's paintings. Ethan offers a painting of a blue butterfly to Kevin as a thank you, also telling Kevin about a trip he took that inspired it. Kevin now knows where the next righteous soul will be found. Elsewhere, Kristin helps Amy prepare for her first date with Iggy, but later notices that Amy will not tell Nathan about the date.

9
"Probably"
Tamra Davis
Michele Fazekas & Tara Butters
December 12, 2017 (2017-12-12)
2.49[12]

Kevin travels to Laos, taking Tyler along. The two are befriended by Vong (David Huynh), whom Kevin and Yvette briefly think is the next righteous but he's not. Kevin sees another of his visions and wants to press on, but Yvette now has doubts and thinks Dave may have been right. Yvette appears as human and is approached by Tyler, who finds her fascinating. The two dance to a mariachi band (another of Kevin's earlier visions), which renews Yvette's faith. Kevin and Tyler, with help from Lucille on video chat, then help Vong's wife deliver their first child, and it turns out the baby is the next righteous soul. Back at home, Reese tells Amy that Nathan wanted to ask her out. Amy meets Nathan the next day and tells him about Iggy, but says she now knows she wasn't yet ready to date and is glad she realized this with someone she doesn't truly care about. Nathan later does something special for Amy.

10
"The Ugly Sleep"
J. Miller Tobin
Davah Avena
January 2, 2018 (2018-01-02)
2.62[13]

Kevin helps Charlie (Trent Garrett), who is despondent over a recent breakup, meet someone new, but when the someone new turns out to be Kristin, it leads to awkwardness. The situation causes Charlie to realize the girl he left is his one true love, and he returns to her. Inspired by Kevin's good deeds, Reese befriends a new girl at school who is struggling to fit in. Meanwhile, Yvette sees that Tyler is still smitten over her and tries to figure out a way to help him move on. Kevin has a vision of a snow-covered area in the woods. As the episode closes, Kristin tells Kevin that she submitted his name for an open substitute teacher position.

11
"Solo"
Lee Rose
Kevin Deiboldt
January 9, 2018 (2018-01-09)
2.39[14]

On his first day as a substitute teacher, Kevin encounters an introverted kid named Adam and extracts information about who will be the target of the annual "Freshman Prank". After Adam reveals the target is Kristin, he becomes even more disliked for squealing. Kevin tries to help Adam become noticed for something else -- namely, pulling off the most legendary Freshman Prank since the one Kevin engineered 20 years ago. Meanwhile, Amy and Nathan have an awkward first date, but later enjoy helping Kevin, Adam and Tyler as they plan the prank. Kevin has a vision of being on the deck of a crabbing boat.

12
"Caught White-Handed"
Jennifer Lynch
Brant Englestein
January 16, 2018 (2018-01-16)
2.46[15]

Reese is with Kevin when he tracks his next subject, and she realizes her uncle has stumbled upon the mysterious "acorn fairy" -- a person who has been doing good deeds around Taylor for the last ten years. In trying to help the woman (Kathleen Wilhoite), Kevin unintentionally causes her real identity to be revealed, along with her criminal past. Meanwhile, Yvette learns that the person responding to Tyler's ads searching for her is Kevin, who says he was just trying to figure out a way to let his friend down easy. This backfires when Tyler decides to travel to Canada to locate his true love. Kevin has a vision of the boat from the previous episode, but this time Tyler is with him.

13
"Fishtail"
J. Miller Tobin
Craig DiGregorio & Chris Dingess
February 6, 2018 (2018-02-06)
2.29[16]

Kevin tracks Tyler to Victoria, British Columbia, finding him working at a failing fish shop for a stubborn owner named Gus (Troy Evans), who refuses to update the shop in the modern marketplace that surrounds him. Kevin sees images from his fish boat vision, and determines the next righteous soul is in the vicinity. Elsewhere, Yvette reconnects with Dave to show him a cut on her finger and ask what it means. Dave later reveals a scrape on his leg. While Kevin and Tyler help Gus save his shop by developing an old-time fish tossing show, Kevin finds that the next righteous is Gus's landlord Shea (Sprague Grayden), who has done everything she can to keep the fish shop open. At Yvette's urging, Kevin tells Tyler the truth: that he wrote the emails from his "true love" to try and give him closure. Tyler decides that Kevin is no longer his friend.

14
"Old Friends"
Michael Patrick Jann
Chris Dingess & Craig DiGregorio
February 20, 2018 (2018-02-20)
1.55[17]

As Kevin helps Amy with a task, he meets and helps Marc (Rhenzy Feliz), a 19-year old who has become a drifter after being estranged from his parents. Kevin also makes numerous attempts to win back Tyler's friendship, all of which fail until he gets Dave's help to see into Tyler's past. With further help from Kristin and Amy, Kevin makes a grand gesture to recreate a piece of Tyler's childhood. In the process, Kevin reconnects with Kristin romantically. While kissing her, he is startled by a vision of a bearded corpse in a coffin. Elsewhere, Yvette and Dave are continuing to develop human qualities, like getting ill and becoming hungry. As the episode closes, Dave gets electrocuted and disappears. Yvette confesses to Kevin that she has no idea where Dave went.

15
"World's Worst Domino"
Peter Leto
Brant Englestein & Davah Avena
February 27, 2018 (2018-02-27)
2.11[18]

16
"The Right Thing"[19]
J. Miller Tobin
Michele Fazekas & Tara Butters
March 6, 2018 (2018-03-06)
TBD

tag: table

text: Production[edit]

text: The series was originally called The Gospel of Kevin, but the name was changed since the show was not "overtly religious".[20]

text: The series was picked up for a 16-episode full season on November 10, 2017.[21]

text: The series filmed March 23, 2017 in San Antonio, Texas at the San Antonio International Airport[22]

text: Casting[edit]

text: Cristela Alonzo, who played a lead role as the heaven-sent entity in the original pilot, was replaced by Kimberly Hebert Gregory after the series was picked up.[23]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Ratings[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Air date
Rating/share
(18–49)
Viewers
(millions)
DVR
(18–49)
DVR viewers
(millions)
Total
(18–49)
Total viewers
(millions)

1
"Pilot"
October 3, 2017
1.0/4
4.17[4]
N/A
2.17
N/A
6.33[24]

2
"Listen Up"
October 10, 2017
0.8/3
3.61[5]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

3
"Sweet Little Lies"
October 17, 2017
0.8/3
3.26[6]
N/A
1.75
N/A
5.01[25]

4
"How to be Good"
October 24, 2017
0.7/3
2.87[7]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

5
"Brutal Acts of Kindness"
October 31, 2017
0.6/2
2.71[8]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

6
"Rocky Road"
November 7, 2017
0.7/3
2.91[9]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

7
"Dave"
November 14, 2017
0.7/3
2.62[10]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

8
"Chrysalis"
December 5, 2017
0.6/2
2.62[11]
0.4
1.50
1.0
4.13[26]

9
"Probably"
December 12, 2017
0.6/2
2.49[12]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

10
"The Ugly Sleep"
January 2, 2018
0.7/3
2.62[13]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

11
"Solo"
January 9, 2018
0.6/3
2.39[14]
0.4
1.49
1.0
3.90[27]

12
"Caught White-Handed"
January 16, 2018
0.6/2
2.46[15]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

13
"Fishtail"
February 6, 2018
0.5/2
2.29[16]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

14
"Old Friends"
February 20, 2018
0.4/2
1.55[17]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

15
"World's Worst Domino"
February 27, 2018
0.6/2
2.11[18]
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD

16
"The Right Thing"
March 6, 2018
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD

text: Critical response[edit]

text: The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 68% approval rating with an average rating of 6.73/10 based on 22 reviews. The website's consensus reads, "Breezily entertaining, Kevin (Probably) Saves the World relies on its likable lead to carry its still-sketchy premise, hinting at deeper potential that's yet to develop."[28] Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned a score of 59 out of 100 based on 18 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[29]


document_title: Hand of Faith

question_text: where was the hand of faith gold nugget found

text: Hand of Faith

text: This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The Hand of Faith is a nugget of fine-quality gold that was found by Kevin Hillier using a metal detector near Kingower, Victoria, Australia on 26 September 1980. Weighing 875 troy ounces (27.21 kg, or 72 troy pounds and 11 troy ounces), the gold nugget was only 12 inches below the surface, resting in a vertical position. The announcement of the discovery occurred at a press conference, attended by the Premier of Victoria Dick Hamer, in Melbourne on 8 October 1980. Kovac's Gems & Minerals were appointed agents for the sale of the huge nugget, by the gold nugget finder, Kevin Hillier. It was sold to the Golden Nugget Casino Chain for over a million dollars, and is currently on public display at their property Golden Nugget Casino Hotel, in Biloxi, MS.[1]

text: It was initially incorrectly stated as weighing only 720 ozt, but after correction, the new calculation was 874.82 ozt. This explains why some publications continue to give an incorrect weight. It is still regarded as the largest modern nugget found by a metal detector, anywhere in the world. Dimensions are 47 cm × 20 cm × 9 cm. The sale price was supposedly around $US1m.

text: The nugget was the second largest nugget found in Australia during the 20th century. There were numerous nuggets found during the Victorian gold rush era, commencing in the 1850s, that were far larger.


document_title: Super Mario World

question_text: how many levels in super mario super nintendo

text: Super Mario World

text: Gameplay[edit]

text: Super Mario World is a side-scrolling platform game in which the player controls Mario, the on-screen protagonist. The game shares similar gameplay mechanics with earlier titles in the series—Super Mario Bros., Super Mario Bros. 2, and Super Mario Bros. 3—but introduces several new elements. As well as the running and jumping moves found in past games, the player can float with the aid of special items, and execute new types of jumps such as the spin jump.[5] The game has 96 levels.[6][7]

text: The player navigates through the game via two game screens: an overworld map and a side-scrolling playfield. The overworld map displays an overhead representation of the current world and has several paths leading from the world's entrance to a castle. Paths connect to action panels, fortresses, ghost houses and other map icons, and allow players to take different routes to reach the world's goal. Moving the on-screen character to an action panel or fortress allows access to that level's playfield. The majority of the game takes place in these linear levels, populated with obstacles and enemies, which involves the player traversing the stage by running, jumping, and dodging or defeating enemies.[8] The player is given a number of lives, which are lost if Mario comes into contact with an enemy, falls into a bottomless pit, gets crushed, or runs out of time.[9] If all lives are lost at any point in the game, the "Game Over" screen will appear, from which the player can continue from the last level played by selecting "Continue".[10] Each world features a final stage with a boss to defeat; each of the seven worlds features fortresses controlled by one of the Koopalings,[11] and the player also battles Bowser in his castle in the seventh and final world.[12] Super Mario World includes a multiplayer option which allows two players to play the game by alternating turns at navigating the overworld map and accessing stage levels; the first player controls Mario, while the second controls his brother, Luigi.[13]

text: In addition to special power-ups from previous games like the Super Mushroom and Fire Flower, new power-ups are introduced which provide the player with new gameplay options. The new power-up in the game is the Cape Feather, which gives Mario a cape and the ability to fly, glide in the air, and use the cape as a sail.[14] The game also introduces the ability to "store" an extra power-up in a box at the top centre of the screen. For example, if the player obtains a Fire Flower or a Cape Feather, then a Super Mushroom will appear in the box. If Mario gets hit by an enemy, the stored item in the box will automatically drop. Alternatively, the player can manually release the stored item at any time.[10]

text: The game introduces Yoshi, a dinosaur companion Mario can ride who is able to eat most enemies.[5][15] If Yoshi attempts to eat a Koopa or its shell, he will hold it in his mouth for a time before swallowing it; Yoshi can also spit out the shell and fire it at enemies. When holding any Koopa shell in its mouth, Yoshi gains the ability that corresponds to its colour: a blue shell enables Yoshi to fly, a yellow shell causes Yoshi to emit dust clouds that kill nearby enemies, and a red shell allows Yoshi to produce three fireballs. Flashing Koopa shells produce all three abilities, while green shells produce none. The default Yoshi is green, but the game also has hidden blue, yellow, and red Yoshis; the player can obtain each coloured Yoshi by finding its egg in hidden areas, and feeding it enemies until it matures.[16]

text: Although the main objective is to navigate through seven worlds to reach the end of the game, the player can beat the game much faster by using secret Star Road routes. To access hidden worlds, the player needs to find portals scattered throughout the game's levels.[17] Portals are usually locked and require keys to open.[18] Exploring these secret stages can lead to other stages, such as Special World. Completion of Special World permanently changes some of the enemies' sprites and alters the overworld map's colour scheme.[6]

text: Plot[edit]

text: After saving the Mushroom Kingdom in Super Mario Bros. 3, brothers Mario and Luigi decide to go on holiday to a place called Dinosaur Land, where there are many types of dinosaurs. While resting on the beach, Princess Toadstool disappears. When Mario and Luigi wake up, they try to find her and, after hours of searching, come across a giant egg in the forest. It suddenly hatches and out of it comes a young dinosaur named Yoshi, who tells them that his dinosaur friends have also been imprisoned in eggs by evil Koopas. Mario and Luigi soon realise that it must be the evil King Bowser and his Koopalings.[19]

text: Mario, Luigi, and Yoshi set out to save Princess Toadstool and Yoshi's dinosaur friends, searching Dinosaur Land for Bowser and his Koopalings. To aid him, Yoshi gives Mario a cape as they begin their journey. Mario and Luigi continue to follow Bowser, defeating the Koopalings in the process, and save all of Yoshi's dinosaur friends. They eventually make it to Bowser's castle, where they fight him in a final battle. They defeat Bowser and save the Princess, restoring peace to Dinosaur Land.

text: Development and release[edit]

text: The game was directed by Takashi Tezuka, while Shigeru Miyamoto, the creator of both Super Mario and The Legend of Zelda, served as producer. Shigefumi Hino took the role of graphics designer. Nintendo Entertainment Analysis and Development handled development with a team of ten people including three main programmers and a character designer, most of whom had worked on Super Mario Bros. In a retrospective interview, the core team said that Miyamoto wielded the most authority during development.[20]

text: Super Mario World was the first title in the series to be developed for the then-upcoming Super Nintendo Entertainment System (SNES). As such, the team anticipated some difficulty in working with new and more advanced hardware. According to Tezuka, the software tools were not yet fully developed, and the team had to "go along with starting something new".[21] Miyamoto acknowledged the team no longer had restrictions on certain mechanics such as scrolling and the number of colours they could implement. As a hardware experiment, the team ported Super Mario 3 to the SNES and it felt like the same game to them, despite the improved colours and sprites. After that, Miyamoto realised the team's goal would be to use the new hardware to create something "totally new".[22]

text: Miyamoto said he had wanted Mario to have a dinosaur companion ever since Super Mario Bros., but Nintendo engineers could not add such a character into the game due to the limitations of the Nintendo Entertainment System (NES).[23][24] The inspiration for Yoshi can be traced back even further; Miyamoto designed a green dragon for the 1984 game Devil World which shared many similarities with Yoshi.[25] During the development of Super Mario Bros. 3, Miyamoto had a number of sketches around his desk, including an image of Mario riding a horse.[26] As development of Super Mario World progressed, the team opted to set the game in a "dinosaur land", so Tezuka asked designer Shigefumi Hino to draw a reptile-like creature based on Miyamoto's sketches.[27] Hino originally produced a design that Tezuka deemed too reptilian, and "didn't really fit into the Mario world", so he encouraged the designer to create a "cuter" character.[27] Tezuka speculated that Miyamoto's love of horse riding, as well as country and western themes, influenced Yoshi's creation.[28]

text: Reflecting on how he had created different melodies for Super Mario Bros 3., composer Koji Kondo decided to reuse the same themes for Super Mario World, albeit in a rearranged form. By doing this, he assumed that players would be able to recognise the same melodies, while exposing them to new variations of music as they progressed through the game. As Super Mario World was the first game developed for the SNES, Kondo felt "overjoyed" at being able to compose music by using eight sounds at once. To express the technological novelty of the new console, he used several different instruments, often implementing them all one after the other in the game's title song.[29] As development progressed, Kondo grew concerned over how people would react to his unusual combinations of instruments as he noted the use of more traditional square waves and triangle waves had "gained acceptance" with consumers. For the game's sound effects, Kondo decided to use a variety of musical instruments as opposed to square waves to emphasise the game used traditional technology with a hybrid of new materials.[29] It took Kondo around a year and a half to write all the music for the game.[30]

text: Super Mario World was released during the console wars—a result of the rivalry between Nintendo's SNES and Sega's two-year-old Mega Drive system—which led to fierce competition between the two companies.[23][31] Sega's mascot, Sonic the Hedgehog, was seen by many as a faster and "cooler" alternative to Mario. Super Mario World was released as one of two launch titles for the SNES in Japan, along with F-Zero.[32] After the game's release, Miyamoto admitted publicly he felt it was incomplete and development was rushed toward the end.[23]

text: Re-releases[edit]

text: Nintendo issued a version of Super Mario World for arcade cabinets.[33] The game was re-released in a special version of Super Mario All-Stars titled Super Mario All-Stars + Super Mario World, as a pack-in game for the SNES in 1994. The game pack contains enhanced remakes of the first four Super Mario games released for the NES: Super Mario Bros., Super Mario Bros. 2, Super Mario Bros. 3 and Super Mario Bros.: The Lost Levels.[34] It was released on the Wii's Virtual Console in Japan on 2 December 2006, in the United States on 5 February 2007, and in Europe on 9 February 2007.[35] It was also released for the Wii U in North America and Japan on 26 April 2013, and in Europe on 27 April 2013, along with the full launch of the Wii U Virtual Console.[36] Super Mario World was included on the SNES' re-release as the Super NES Classic Edition in September 2017.[37]

text: Super Mario World was ported to the Game Boy Advance (GBA) as Super Mario World: Super Mario Advance 2 between 2001 and 2002.[38] It features the same number of levels as the original (albeit with a toned down difficulty), Game Link Cable support for four players, and the ability to save.[39][40] In the United States, Super Mario Advance 2 sold 2.5 million copies and earned $74 million in revenue by August 2006. During the period between January 2000 and August 2006, it became the second highest-selling portable game in that country.[41] It received positive reviews upon its release; critics enjoyed its new inclusions and retention of the SNES original's "feel".[39][40][42]

text: Reception[edit]

text:
Reception

Aggregate score

Aggregator
Score

GameRankings
94%[1]

Review scores

Publication
Score

AllGame
 (SNES)[5]

CVG
96% (SNES)[43]

EGM
9/10 (SNES)[7]

Eurogamer
10/10 (Wii)[44]

Famitsu
34/40 (GBA)[42]

Game Informer
10/10 (SNES)[45]
9.5/10 (GBA)[45]

GameSpot
8.5 (Wii)[46]

IGN
9.3/10 (GBA)[39]
8.5/10 (Wii)[47]

Nintendo Life
10/10 (Wii U)[48]

Cubed3
9/10 (SNES)[49]

Jeuxvideo.com
18/20 (SNES)[8]

Kotaku
10/10 (SNES)[50]

Super Play
94% (SNES)[51]

USGamer
5/5 (SNES)[17]

Award

Publication
Award

Nintendo Power,[52] Power Play[53]
Game of the Year

text: Super Mario World received critical acclaim and was a commercial success on its release. Review aggregator GameRankings ranks it as the seventeenth highest-rated game of all time[54] with an aggregate score of 94% based on nine reviews.[1] Nintendo has sold 20.61 million copies of the game worldwide, making it the best-selling game for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System.[55][56]

text: The visuals and presentation were two of the most praised aspects of the game.[43][46][48] After its release, Rob Swan of Computer and Video Games noted that the graphics were an excellent example of what the then-new SNES was capable of, while in the same review, Paul Glancey similarly remarked that the visuals were stunning, and he was grateful the game came free with the console.[43] Four reviewers echoed this in Electronic Gaming Monthly, but commented that the game took very little advantage of the SNES's capabilities compared to other titles available for the system.[7] Retrospective reviewers agreed that the game's visuals were still of a high quality. Karn Bianco from Cubed3 enjoyed the game's relaxed visual style, and praised Nintendo for keeping everything "nice and simple" designing a game perfect for children.[49] IGN's Lucas Thomas heralded the game as a significant leap over the visuals of the 8-bit era, but in retrospect felt that it did not distinguish itself from being a graphically-upgraded continuation of its predecessor, Super Mario Bros. 3.[47] In contrast, Frédéric Goyon of Jeuxvideo.com thought the game brought out the full potential of the SNES (albeit less so than Donkey Kong Country),[8] and Nadia Oxford from USGamer also felt the game was a less rigid version of its predecessor.[17] AllGame's Skyler Miller and Alex Navarro of GameSpot both praised the game's well-drawn characters, colourful visuals and pleasing animation.[5][46] Morgan Sleeper of Nintendo Life said that Super Mario World was the "graphical holy grail" that retro-styled games aspire to, and insisted that its design holds up well today.[48]

text: Critics commended the game's replay value and unique gameplay in comparison to older Super Mario titles.[44][47][48] Four reviewers in Electronic Gaming Monthly praised the game's number of secrets and diversity among its levels, expressing appreciation that Nintendo did not recycle assets from Super Mario Bros. 3.[7] Swan and Glancey enjoyed the addictive gameplay and the vast number of levels,[57] while Dan Whitehead of Eurogamer lauded the game's divergence from linear platforming and asserted that Super Mario World was an evolutionary leap for gaming in general.[44] Likewise, Groyon appreciated the option of being able to finish the game by using alternative routes.[8] Bianco opined that the game was "one of the smoothest platformers in existence" while Thomas thought that its "masterful" and innovative level design enhanced the overall experience.[47][49] Navarro similarly felt that the game featured some of the best and most challenging levels the series has offered thus far, saying "nothing about the game feels out of place or superfluous".[46] Miller considered the game's overall length to be its strongest aspect,[5] while Oxford thought that Super Mario World's gameplay could be both straightforward and complex, owing to the myriad secrets the game contained.[17] In retrospect, Sleeper believed that the game's biggest achievement was its level design, calling it an "unrivalled master class" with a constant sense of momentum.[48]

text: The game's audio was also well received by critics.[47][48][50] Swan believed that the game utilised the SNES' PSM chip to its fullest potential, and both he and Glancey agreed that the game's sound effects were "mindblowing".[57] Thomas labelled the soundtrack "another one of Koji Kondo's classics," but in hindsight remarked that it was not as memorable as his earlier work.[47] Goyon praised the originality of the game's soundtrack, and thought the technical contribution of the SNES allowed players to enjoy a "globally magnificent" composition. Both Goyon and Jason Schreider of Kotaku felt that its rhythmic sound effects were important and helped to reinforce the game's atmosphere.[8][50] Miller liked Super Mario World's upbeat music, and particularly enjoyed the echoing sound effects heard when Mario was underground—a sentiment shared by other reviewers.[5][47][48] Both Sleeper and Navarro wrote that the game featured the best music in the entire Super Mario series,[46] with Sleeper praising Kondo's "timeless" soundtrack and memorable melodies.[48]

text: Awards[edit]

text: The game received 1991 Game of the Year awards from Nintendo Power and Power Play.[52][53] Many retrospective critics declared Super Mario World one of the greatest video games of all time. In 2009, a poll conducted by Empire voted it "the greatest game of all time".[58] In its final issue in October 2014, the Official Nintendo Magazine ranked Super Mario World the third-greatest Nintendo game of all time, behind The Legend of Zelda: Ocarina of Time, and Super Mario Galaxy.[59] In 2012 Nintendo Power similarly named Super Mario World the fifth greatest game of all time,[60] a step up from its eighth best ranking in their 2006 poll.[61] The game has appeared on several "best video games of all time" lists such as those from Electronic Gaming Monthly,[62] Game Informer,[63] Retro Gamer[64] and GameSpot.[65] In 2007, Retro Gamer ranked it as the best platform game of all time,[66] while USgamer listed it as the best Super Mario platform game ever in 2015.[67]

text: Legacy[edit]

text: As a pack-in title for the SNES, Super Mario World helped popularise the console, and became the best-selling game of its generation.[5][47][68]

text: Yoshi became one of the most important characters in the Mario franchise, re-appearing in later Super Mario games and in nearly all Mario sports and spin-off games. Yoshi appears as the main playable character in Super Mario World's 1995 sequel Super Mario World 2: Yoshi's Island, which helped lead to multiple video games focused on the character. A Super Mario World clone, titled Super Mario's Wacky Worlds, was in development for the Philips CD-i device by NovaLogic from 1992 to 1993, but was cancelled because of the console's commercial failure.[69] In a poll conducted in 2008, Yoshi was voted as the third-favourite video game character in Japan, with Cloud Strife and Mario placing second and first.[70]

text: DIC Entertainment produced an animated series of the same name, consisting of thirteen episodes, which ran on NBC from September to December 1991.[71][72] In recent years, fans have made a number of Super Mario World ROM hacks, notably Kaizo Mario World, that has been used for many Let's Play videos.[73] In a similar way, Super Mario World is one of the four games whose assets are available in Super Mario Maker, a custom level creator released for the Wii U in 2015.[74]

text: Notes[edit]

text: Jump up ^ Super Mario World (Japanese: スーパーマリオワールド, Hepburn: Sūpā Mario Wārudo), subtitled Super Mario Bros. 4 (Japanese: スーパーマリオブラザーズ4, Hepburn: Sūpā Mario Burazāzu fō)

tag: ol


document_title: Dayton Project

question_text: who invented the trigger for the atomic bomb

text: Dayton Project

text: Background[edit]

text: In December 1942, during World War II, Charles Allen Thomas, a chemist and director of research at Monsanto in St. Louis, joined the National Defense Research Committee (NDRC) as the deputy chief of its Division 8, which was responsible for propellants, explosives and the like.[1] Early in 1943, he traveled to the east with Richard C. Tolman, a member of the NDRC, and James B. Conant, the president of Harvard University and the chairman of the NDRC, to witness a demonstration of a new underwater explosive. Conant and Tolman took the opportunity to quietly investigate Thomas' background. He was then invited to a meeting in Washington D.C., with Brigadier General Leslie R. Groves, Jr., the director of the wartime Manhattan Project responsible for building an atomic bomb. When he got there, Thomas found Conant was also present.[2][3]

text: Groves and Conant were hoping to harness Thomas's industrial expertise for the benefit of the project.[4] They offered him a post as a deputy to Robert Oppenheimer, the director of the Los Alamos Laboratory in New Mexico, but he did not wish to move his family or give up his responsibilities at Monsanto.[5] Instead he accepted the role of coordinating the plutonium purification and production work being carried out at Los Alamos, the Metallurgical Laboratory in Chicago, Radiation Laboratory in Berkeley, and Ames Laboratory in Iowa. Chemistry and metallurgy at Los Alamos would be led by the youthful Joseph W. Kennedy.[4]

text: At Los Alamos, physicist Robert Serber proposed that instead of relying on spontaneous fission, the chain reaction inside the atomic bomb should be triggered by a neutron initiator. The best-known neutron sources were radium-beryllium and polonium-beryllium. The latter was chosen, as polonium has a 138-day half-life, which made it intense enough to be useful but not long-lived enough to be stockpiled. Thomas took charge of the development of techniques to industrially refine polonium for use with beryllium in the "urchin" internal neutron initiators. This effort became the Dayton Project.[6][7]

text: Organization[edit]

text: Thomas brought in key personnel from Monsanto's Thomas and Hochwalt Laboratories in Dayton, Ohio, including Caroll Hochwalt, James Lum and Nicholas Samaras. Thomas became Director of the Dayton Project, with Hochwalt as Assistant Project Director and Lum as Laboratory Director.[8] They decided that about twelve chemists would be required, and Lum set about recruiting professors, graduate students and industrial chemists from universities and laboratories in the area. The first of these recruits commenced in August 1943, but few had any experience with radiochemistry.[9] Numbers increased from 46 full-time employees at the end of 1943 to 101 at the end of 1944, 201 at the end of 1945, and 334 at the end of 1946,[10] including 34 members of the Army's Special Engineer Detachment.[11]

text: Locations[edit]

text: Office space was initially found in the Monsanto offices at 1515 Nicholas Rd, which became known as Unit I.[12] Unit II was the Monsanto Rocket Propellant works off Betty Lane near Ohio State Route 741. While it was administered by Monsanto, it was not used by the Dayton Project. The site handled explosives including ammonium nitrate and ammonium picrate, but no radioactive materials were handled there. Work at Unit II ceased in the fall of 1945.[13] Consideration was given to using it in December 1946, but this proposal was rejected in favor of erecting a Quonset hut at Unit III.[14]

text: A laboratory site was found at 1601 W. First Street that had originally been constructed to house the Bonebrake Seminary. It was a three-story brick building built in 1879, and owned by the Dayton Board of Education, which used it as a warehouse. Monsanto leased the site on 15 October 1943, and began converting it into a laboratory known as Unit III. The building was in poor shape when the Dayton Project took it over, with many broken windows, and the staircase between the second and third floors was missing. New heating and lighting were installed, windows were replaced, new flooring was laid, and some rooms were re-plastered. A pair of guard houses known as buildings J and K were added, as was a chemical storage shed known as building F, and a wire fence. Laboratory activities were transferred there from Unit I on 25 September. Initially only the bottom two floors were occupied, providing 560 square meters (6,000 sq ft) of laboratory space. Later, the third floor was taken over as well, providing another 280 square meters (3,000 sq ft).[15][16][12] In May 1945, five additional temporary buildings were constructed on land leased from the Board of Education that housed offices, a cafeteria, locker rooms, a physics laboratory and a laundry. A new guardhouse was also built. To this was added two portable buildings in 1946.[17]

text: By 1944, space was running short, and Monsanto began negotiations to acquire the Runnymede Playhouse in the wealthy residential Dayton suburb of Oakwood. Built in 1927, the Playhouse was a leisure facility that included an outdoor swimming pool, a ballroom, a squash court, a tennis court with a cork floor and a stage for community theater. It had showers with Italian marble and a 1 1⁄2-story garage.[18][19] The estate was owned by the Talbott Realty Company, which was controlled by Thomas's wife's family. The Talbotts were among the heirs of the Delco company, which was by then a part of General Motors.[7][20] The Oakwood City Council wanted the Playhouse as a community center. Thomas appeared before the council and assured them that it would not be damaged, although he could not disclose what he was intending to use it for.[19] When Talbott Realty proved reluctant to sell, the United States Army Corps of Engineers condemned the property, which became Unit IV on 15 February 1944.[18] A lease was signed on 10 March 1944, under which the Talbott Realty was paid $4,266.72 per annum for the property. The lease was initially up to 30 June 1944, but was then extended annually until 30 June 1949. The lease specified that the property would be returned in its original condition. Talbott Realty were told that the property would be used to produce training films.[21]

text: Remodeling began on 17 March 1944.[18] The tennis courts were subdivided into multiple rooms. The ceiling was lowered, and heating, air conditioning and air filtration systems were added. One of the greenhouses was converted into a loading dock. The property was enclosed in a barbed wire fence that was floodlit by night, and patrolled around the clock by armed guards; there were 43 guards at Units III and IV.[22] The Production Group began moving in on 1 June. Three guard houses were added, along with a wire fence. Changes to the site were minimized in order to make it easier to restore later. Because it was located in a residential area, efforts were also made to minimize noise and other disruptions.[18]

text: In May 1945, Monsanto rented three floors of a warehouse at 601 East Third Street from General Electric. Initially it was used to receive and store equipment used by the Project. Later the fourth floor was used as office space, and a laboratory was established on the fifth floor where studies were carried out on the effects of polonium on laboratory animals. Analysis of bioassay samples was carried out there to minimize the danger of polonium contamination of the samples.[12][23]

text: Research[edit]

text: Few people had seen polonium before. It was a silvery metal. In a dark room, it gave off an eerie, purple glow.Mref name="Building"/> Polonium occurs naturally in various ores, and the lead dioxide residues from the refinery in Port Hope, Ontario, left over after the removal of uranium and radium, were estimated to contain 0.2 to 0.3 milligrams (0.0031 to 0.0046 gr) of polonium per metric ton.[24][25] A curie of polonium weighs about 0.2 milligrams (0.0031 gr).[26] Port Hope was already under contract from the Manhattan Project for the supply and refining of uranium ore.[27] The first 3,290 kilograms (7,250 lb) of radioactive lead dioxide was delivered to the Dayton Project on 10 November 1943. The first 230-kilogram (500 lb) batch was processed by 8 December, which made 30 microcuries (1.1 MBq) of polonium available for experiments a week later.[28]

text: Three processes were investigated for extracting the polonium from the ore. J. H. Dillon of the Firestone Tire and Rubber Company had patented a process in which the lead oxide was dissolved in hydrochloric acid:[26]

text: The polonium could then be deposited on copper or nickel sheets. This required large-scale glass-lined equipment not available in Dayton, but available at the Monsanto B plant in Monsanto, Illinois. After small-scale tests at Unit III revealed that the process was practical, some three tons of lead dioxide were sent to the B plant, and 2.50 curies (93 GBq) were recovered. Getting the polonium off the copper and nickel sheets proved more problematic.[24]

text: A second method attempted was a kiln process. The idea was to simply roast the lead dioxide and vaporize the polonium. The problem was that lead dioxide slagged at 700 °C (1,292 °F), which was too low for the process to work. So lead orthophosphate was tried, which slagged at 900 °C (1,650 °F). This was made by mixing the lead dioxide with phosphoric acid. Experiments showed that the polonium vaporized well when the lead orthophosphate was heated to 750 °C (1,380 °F) for four hours. Unfortunately, the process then ran into problems with dust and other foreign matter, and with contamination of the personnel and equipment involved.[29][30]

text: The third method involved dissolving the lead dioxide in a mixture of concentrated nitric acid and hydrogen peroxide:[30]

text: This proved to be the best way to separate the polonium from the lead dioxide, although there were problems with the precipitation of various contaminants, including iron and aluminum. Although about 32 metric tons (35 short tons) of lead dioxide were treated with nitric acid, and about 40 curies (1.5 TBq) of polonium were produced, the process did not proceed beyond the pilot stage because a better source of polonium became available.[31] The lead dioxide was not purchased by the Manhattan Project, and early in the war had been acquired by the Canadian government. In June 1945, the lead was precipitated as a lead carbonate slurry, and shipped to the Manhattan District's Madison Square area to be dried and returned to Canada.[32]

text: Production[edit]

text: Polonium could also be produced by neutron irradiation of bismuth. In 1943 the only polonium produced in this manner was in cyclotrons, but the Manhattan Project's development of nuclear reactors offered the prospect of producing large amounts of polonium in this manner:[31]

text: A metric ton of bismuth irradiated in the Manhattan Project's X-10 Graphite Reactor at the Clinton Engineer Works in Oak Ridge, Tennessee, contained 32 to 83 curies (1.2 to 3.1 TBq) of polonium, a vast improvement over the yields from Port Hope's lead dioxide.[31] Irradiated bismuth came from Clinton in the form of 30.5-by-9.5-by-9.5-centimeter (12 by 3.75 by 3.75 in) bricks that weighed about 26 kilograms (58 lb). They were shipped to Dayton by rail in wooden boxes, which were stored in a tile-lined cavity in the floor at Unit IV.[33]

text: These procedures were adequate because the quantity of polonium in the bismuth was still fairly low, but starting in June 1945, the Dayton Project began receiving bismuth irradiated in the more powerful reactors at the Hanford Site in Washington, which now became the major source of supply.[34] Even at Clinton, unprotected bismuth proved problematic when a brick broke apart and chips fell into containers of uranium slugs, and had to be hazardously separated by hand by project personnel. Bismuth slugs irradiated in the reactors at Hanford were therefore canned in aluminium. The canned slugs were 3.8 centimeters (1.5 in) in diameter, and 10 or 20 centimeters (4 or 8 in) long. The problem was that the aluminium contained impurities such as iron, manganese, copper, lead, tin, zinc, silicon, titanium, nickel, magnesium, chromium, vanadium, bismuth and gallium, and when irradiated, these could form radioactive isotopes. Most were of little concern for the Dayton Project, as they had short half-lives, and would become harmless during the slugs' cooling off period in water at Hanford; but iron could form iron-59, which had a half-life of 45 days, and produced gamma radiation. The slugs were therefore shipped in casks, each of which contained several tubes which held the slugs. The spaces between the tubs was filled with lead. At Dayton, the slugs were stored in a lead-lined safe with doors on both sides containing tubes. They were also stored underwater on racks, and could be removed with tongs. A periscope allowed the identification markings on the slugs to be checked without removing them from the pool.[33]

text: By the end of 1946 Hanford was shipping material that contained up to 13,200 curies (490 TBq) per metric ton of bismuth.[34] Bismuth was purchased from the American Smelting and Refining Company of the highest purity that it could produce. It was sent to Hanford, where it was canned, and placed inside a reactor for 100 days. The irradiated slugs were then shipped by road to Unit IV, where they were bathed in hydrochloric acid, which dissolved the aluminum. This formed an aluminum chloride solution that was disposed of, as it was highly radioactive due to the iron impurities in the aluminum. The bismuth slugs were then dissolved in aqua regia. This was too weak for electroplating the polonium, so the nitric acid was removed, and then the polonium deposited on bismuth by adding powdered bismuth. This resulted in a 100–1 concentration. This could then be repeated by dissolving in aqua regia again to achieve a 1000–1 concentration. This was again dissolved, and the polonium electroplated on platinum foils. The main problem with the process was that it required glass-lined containers due to the aqua regia, and mechanisms for safe handling of the radioactive material. The Dayton Project explored alternative purification methods that were found to be workable, but less efficient or safe.[35]

text: The first consignment of polonium left for Los Alamos on 15 March 1944 in a lead-lined suitcase carried by a military courier. Regular shipments were made thereafter.[19][36] Initiator testing at Los Alamos required more polonium than anticipated, and in December 1944, Oppenheimer was forced to ask Thomas if he could ship 20 curies (0.74 TBq) per month. The Dayton Project was able to do so. In February 1945, Thomas agreed to increase shipments to 100 curies (3.7 TBq) per month by June, and 500 per month by December.[37]

text: The total cost of the Dayton Project up to the end of 1946 was $3,666,507 ($46 million in today's dollars).

text:
Estimated final cost of the Dayton Project [38]

Date
Cost

May–November 1943
$133,275.42

January–December 1944
$996,538.41

January–December 1945
$1,131,644.59

January–December 1946
$1,605,048.93

Total expenditures 1943–1946
$3,866,507.35

text: Health and safety[edit]

text: Dayton Project employees were not allowed to eat or smoke in processing areas, and had to scrub their hands before leaving these areas. The chemists wore protective gear, with surgical, cloth and rubber gloves worn in three layers. When leaving for lunch or at the end of the shift, they had to wash their hands with dilute hydrochloric acid, dilute Clorox, and soap. The radioactive residue on their hands was measured with a special Geiger counter designed for the purpose by physicist John J. Sopka.[19][39] No more than one thousand counts per minute per hand was permissible.[40] They had to shower at the end of each day's work, and were subjected to weekly urine tests. Employees with elevated levels of polonium were not allowed in the processing areas. Working with polonium without spreading contamination proved to be almost impossible. Fortunately, it was not a bone-seeker like radium or plutonium, and was readily excreted in urine. Detection methods had already been developed, making it easy to track. The employee at Unit IV with the highest levels of polonium in her urine had contaminated her hair, and often held bobby pins in her mouth.[19]

text: Espionage[edit]

text: George Koval was drafted into the United States Army in 1943, and was inducted into the Manhattan Project's Special Engineer Detachment. He was initially assigned to the Clinton Engineer Works, where his job as a health physics officer gave him access to much of the site. He began passing secrets relating to the production of polonium at Oak Ridge to the Soviet Union through his s GRU (Soviet military intelligence) handler code-named "Clyde". In 1945 Koval was transferred to Dayton. Again, his job as a health physics officer gave him wide access to the secret installation.[41] In 2007 Russian President Vladimir Putin posthumously awarded Koval a gold star, making him a hero of the Russian Federation for his work as the GRU spy "Delmar". Russian officials stated that the initiator for their Joe-1 bomb had been "prepared to the recipe provided by Delmar".[41] The fact that polonium was used as an initiator remained classified until the 1960s.[42]

text: Initiators[edit]

text: After Leonard I. Schiff calculated that an initiator could theoretically improve the efficiency of a gun-type fission weapon, Oppenheimer gave approval on 15 March 1945 for initiators to be included in the Little Boy design. Testing was carried out to ensure that the initiators were rugged enough to handle being transported in an airplane and being accidentally dropped. Eventually, about forty initiators were despatched to Tinian, where four were inserted into the bomb that was used in the bombing of Hiroshima.[43]

text: The initiator used in the implosion design of the Fat Man bomb that was dropped on Nagasaki was code-named "urchin". In order to increase the efficiency of the explosion, the initiator had to emit a large number of neutrons in a few microseconds while the plutonium core was fully compressed.[44] At the heart of the urchin was a solid beryllium sphere 0.4 centimeters (0.16 in) in diameter. This was gold-plated and coated with 20 curies (0.74 TBq) of polonium. The gold kept the polonium's alpha particles from striking the beryllium. This fitted inside two beryllium hemispheres with 15 parallel grooves cut into the inner surface. These grooves converted the shock wave of the implosion into jets that shattered the spheres and caused the beryllium and polonium to mix and emit neutrons. The hemispheres were nickel-plated and the outer surface was coated in gold and 30 curies (1.1 TBq) of polonium. The 2.0-centimeter (0.79 in) initiator, which was hot to the touch, fitted neatly inside the 20-millimeter (0.8 in) hole in the center of the plutonium pit. [45][46]

text: Mound Laboratories[edit]

text: By 1945, the Dayton Project has assumed such importance that the Manhattan Project decided to make it into a permanent facility.[47] The original intention was to move operations to Oak Ridge, but it was decided that a site near Dayton was preferable. Few of the scientific and technical staff wanted to move to Tennessee, and there were concerns about the dangers of polonium contamination at a plutonium processing site.[48] A search for a suitable site began in early 1946, and one was found in Miamisburg, about 19 kilometers (12 mi) from Dayton. The 72-hectare (178-acre) site was adjacent to a state park containing a large prehistoric Indian burial mound, which ultimately gave the Mound Laboratories their name. It was initially known as Unit V.[47] Monsanto commenced construction in May 1946, using the firm of Giffels and Vallet of Detroit as architects, while the plant was built by the Maxon Construction of Dayton.[47] The design called for an underground complex that could withstand a direct hit from a 910-kilogram (2,000 lb) bomb, with protection against biological and chemical weapons, at a cost of $17,900,000.[49]

text: Responsibility for nuclear weapons production was transferred from the Manhattan Project to the Atomic Energy Commission in 1947, but work continued on the Mound Laboratories.[47] The first building was completed in May 1948, and polonium processing commenced at the Mound Laboratories in February 1949. Altogether, 14 major buildings were constructed with a total floor space of 34,000 square meters (366,000 sq ft) at a cost of $25.5 million.[50] Due to fear of attack or sabotage, the former Scioto Laboratory Complex in Marion, Ohio, was acquired by the Atomic Energy Commission in 1948. It was maintained as a cold standby site until it was no longer needed in 1953.[51]

text: Site cleanup[edit]

text: Unit I continued to be used by Monsanto as an administrative facility until the 1988, when it was demolished. The land was sold to Quality Chemicals in 1992, and then to DuPont in 2002.[52][53] Unit III, the former Bonebrake Theological Seminary, was decontaminated in 1950 and returned to the Dayton Board of Education. The original seminary building was subsequently demolished, but several structures remain from the Dayton Project.[54] The site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on 10 May 2006.[55] Although the lease on Unit IV, the former Runnymede Playhouse, specified that it was to be returned, it was deemed to be too contaminated. The building was demolished in February 1950.[50] Even the cobblestones in the driveway were ripped up and taken away, along with 2.1 meters (7 ft) of earth from under the house. The excavation was filled in, and the site was returned to the Talbott family, who were paid $138,750 in compensation. As of 2017[update], all that remains of the original playhouse is a brass doorknob and part of the greenhouse roof, which are part of the collection of the Mound Science and Energy Museum. Private residences now occupy the site.[19][56] The Dayton Warehouse was decontaminated in 1950 and returned to its owners.[57] The Mound Laboratories continued to produce polonium initiators until 1969. Polonium continued to be produced there for commercial sales and use in satellites until 1972. The laboratories were decommissioned in 1993, and the area was decontaminated. As of 2017[update], it houses the Mound Advanced Technology Center.[56]

text: In 1996, the Department of Energy, which had succeeded the Atomic Energy Commission, decided that since the Dayton sites already had been decontaminated, they did not warrant inclusion in the Army Corps of Engineers' Formerly Utilized Sites Remedial Action Program (FUSRAP). However, the local community in Dayton were concerned that the cleanup did not meet 21st century environmental standards. Therefore, the state of Ohio asked the United States Congress to have the Army Corps of Engineers conduct a review. This was carried out in 2004 and 2005. The review concluded that no radioactive contaminants were found that would warrant inclusion in FUSRAP.[58]

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ Stewart 1948, p. 88.
Jump up ^ Stewart 1948, p. 7.
Jump up ^ Hochwalt & Haring 1947, p. 2.1.
^ Jump up to: a b Hewlett & Anderson 1962, p. 237.
Jump up ^ "George Mahfouz's Interview". Manhattan Project Voices. Retrieved 27 January 2014.
Jump up ^ Hoddeson et al. 1993, pp. 119–125.
^ Jump up to: a b DeBrosse, Jim (25 December 2004). "The Dayton Project". Dayton Daily News. p. A1.
Jump up ^ Hochwalt & Haring 1947, p. 2.2.
Jump up ^ Hochwalt & Haring 1947, p. 3.1.
Jump up ^ Hochwalt & Haring 1947, p. 4.6.
Jump up ^ Thomas 2017, p. 72.
^ Jump up to: a b c Ohio Environmental Protection Agency. "Southwest Ohio: The Dayton Sites" (PDF). Department of Energy Formerly Utilized Sites Remedial Action Program (FUSRAP). Retrieved 24 February 2014.
Jump up ^ Meyer 1979, pp. 1–2.
Jump up ^ Hochwalt & Haring 1947, p. 8.3.
Jump up ^ Thomas 2017, p. 77.
Jump up ^ Hochwalt & Haring 1947, pp. 3.2, 4.1–4.2.
Jump up ^ Hochwalt & Haring 1947, pp. 4.2–4.4.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Hochwalt & Haring 1947, pp. 4.2–4.3.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Shook, Howard; Williams, Joseph M. (18 September 1983). "Building the Bomb in Oakwood". Dayton Daily News. Retrieved 29 January 2014.
Jump up ^ Pearson, Drew (30 July 1955). "1917 Airplane Scandals Should Have Warned Ike". St. Petersburg Times. Retrieved 17 February 2018.
Jump up ^ Thomas 2017, p. 90.
Jump up ^ Thomas 2017, pp. 91–92.
Jump up ^ "Dayton Warehouse Preliminary Assessment/Site Inspection" (PDF). United States Army Corps of Engineers. September 2005. p. PA-4. Retrieved 27 January 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Hochwalt & Haring 1947, pp. 5.1–5.2.
Jump up ^ Moyer 1956, p. 2.
^ Jump up to: a b Moyer 1956, p. 3.
Jump up ^ Hewlett & Anderson 1962, pp. 65, 86.
Jump up ^ Hochwalt & Haring 1947, pp. 3.3, 5.1–5.2.
Jump up ^ Hochwalt & Haring 1947, p. 5.3–5.4.
^ Jump up to: a b Moyer 1956, pp. 4–5.
^ Jump up to: a b c Moyer 1956, pp. 5–6.
Jump up ^ Hochwalt & Haring 1947, p. 5.6.
^ Jump up to: a b Moyer 1956, pp. 150–153.
^ Jump up to: a b Hochwalt & Haring 1947, p. 5.7.
Jump up ^ Hochwalt & Haring 1947, p. 5.7–5.11.
Jump up ^ Hochwalt & Haring 1947, p. 3.3.
Jump up ^ Hoddeson et al. 1993, p. 309.
Jump up ^ Hochwalt & Haring 1947, p. 4.7.
Jump up ^ Sopka & Sopka 2010, p. 346.
Jump up ^ Thomas 2017, p. 117.
^ Jump up to: a b Walsh, Michael (May 2009). "George Koval: Atomic Spy Unmasked". Smithsonian. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. pp. 40–47. Retrieved 7 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "Restricted Data Declassification Decisions, 1946 to the Present (RDD-7)]". Department of Energy Office of Declassification. 1 January 2001. Retrieved 1 February 2014.
Jump up ^ Hoddeson et al. 1993, pp. 125–126.
Jump up ^ Hoddeson et al. 1993, pp. 316–319.
Jump up ^ Coster-Mullen 2012, pp. 48–49, 400–401.
Jump up ^ Penney, William (1947). "Penney Report" (PDF). WikiLeaks. Retrieved 1 February 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Moyer 1956, p. viii.
Jump up ^ Hochwalt & Haring 1947, p. 9.1.
Jump up ^ Hochwalt & Haring 1947, pp. 9.1–9.3.
^ Jump up to: a b Gilbert 1969, p. 15.
Jump up ^ "Scioto Laboratory". United States Army Corps of Engineers. Retrieved 27 January 2014.
Jump up ^ "Dayton I Preliminary Assessment/Site Inspection" (PDF). United States Army Corps of Engineers. September 2004. p. E-1. Retrieved 27 January 2014.
Jump up ^ Thomas 2017, p. 157.
Jump up ^ "Preliminary Assessment – Bonebrake Theological Seminary Site – Dayton Unit III – Dayton, Ohio" (PDF). United States Army Corps of Engineers. September 2004. p. 1. Retrieved 27 January 2014.
Jump up ^ "Notices" (PDF). Federal Register. 71 (90): 27274. 10 May 2006.
^ Jump up to: a b Thomas 2017, p. 156.
Jump up ^ "Dayton Warehouse Preliminary Assessment/Site Inspection" (PDF). United States Army Corps of Engineers. September 2005. p. E-1. Retrieved 27 January 2014.
Jump up ^ "Army Corps of Engineers completes its evaluation of former Manhattan Project Sites" (PDF). United States Army Corps of Engineers. 14 October 2005. Retrieved 27 January 2014.


document_title: The Governor (The Walking Dead)

question_text: when does philip die in the walking dead

text: The Governor (The Walking Dead)

text: Appearances[edit]

text: Fictional character biography[edit]

text: Comic book series[edit]

text: Aside from simply "The Governor," the character's name appeared to be Philip Blake; however, with the release of the novel The Walking Dead: Rise of the Governor, it was revealed that his actual name was Brian Blake, and Philip was revealed to be his deceased brother.[2]

text: When the dead began to rise, Brian and Philip gathered a small group, which included Brian's niece Penny, and the group were constantly on the run when unsecured locations were breached; the planned community called the Wiltshire Estates, where Rick's group coincidentally stayed, was one of these. Eventually, Brian's group came upon Woodbury, Georgia, a ravaged town being led by a group of National Guardsmen under Major Gene Gavin, who used fear to assert his authority. After becoming the last of his group, Brian rallied the townspeople against Gavin and the Guardsmen and afterward declared himself "Governor" of the four blocks making up the settlement. Initially appearing to be a fair and strong leader, he became increasingly more ruthless and power-hungry. He kept the zombified Penny tied up in his apartment, feeding her severed body parts of those who displeased him.[3]

text: Following Woodbury's capture and the murder of stranded refugees from Atlanta, The Governor is met by Rick Grimes, when Grimes' band of survivors explores the town.[volume & issue needed] After initially acting hospitable, The Governor turns on the group.[volume & issue needed] Attempting to find the location of Rick's prison refuge in order to collect supplies for Woodbury, The Governor proceeds to cut off Rick's hand, torture Glenn, and rape and torture Michonne.[4] To learn the location of the prison, the Governor allows the survivors to escape the premises with the help of one of his guards, Caesar Martinez.[volume & issue needed] However, Michonne stays behind and finds her way to The Governor's apartment, where she brutally tortures him, severing his right arm, fingernails, penis, and left eye.[volume & issue needed] When Michonne rejoins the group and they ask her if The Governor is still alive, Michonne is uncertain.[5]

text: The Governor survives with the help of Bob Stookey, a citizen who had medical experience, and is eventually able to find the prison.[volume & issue needed] The Governor uses Rick's murder of Martinez to rally Woodbury's townspeople against the prison's inhabitants.[6] Things do not go according to plan, however, as Rick's group puts up a tenacious defense that forces Woodbury's humiliating retreat.[volume & issue needed] After a failed attempt to gain his way into the prison, by using Tyreese as a hostage and subsequently decapitating Tyreese with Michonne's katana, The Governor crushes the fences with a tank.[volume & issue needed] A bloody massacre ensues, leading to a high death toll and ultimately making the prison less secure and less habitable.[volume & issue needed]

text: Tensions steadily rise within The Governor's group, as their remaining ammunition is limited, and a handful of Woodbury residents' moral consciences come into play, especially regarding the killing of defenseless or young members of the prison group.[volume & issue needed] Both factors lead to the remnants of The Governor's army turning on him, and to Lilly's killing him, throwing his corpse to the zombies, and making a last-ditch attempt to fortify the prison.[7]

text: Television series[edit]

text: Before the outbreak, Philip and Brian Blake were raised by an abusive father. As an adult, Philip worked an office job with a boss he didn't get along with, was married, and had a daughter named Penny. Eighteen months before the outbreak, Philip lost his wife in a car accident. During the early days of the outbreak, Philip and Penny survived and found a community in Woodbury. Penny was bitten, however, and turned into a zombie. Unable to accept her death, Philip locked her up in a private room in his office. When the community was leaderless, they picked Philip to lead and began calling him "The Governor", a nickname which stuck. Determined not to lose the community, he executed any outsider groups he saw as a threat. He allowed some smaller groups to move into Woodbury if he deemed them to be an asset and not a threat to his leadership, but still took precautions and had them monitored by his lieutenants until he deemed them trustworthy. At some point during the first and second season The Governor encounters a dying Merle Dixon, whom The Governor enlisted, along with Caesar Martinez and Milton Mamet, as his lieutenant and advisers. He also tasks Milton, a scientist, with researching a means to reverse the virus in the hopes of saving Penny. The Governor was also known to have had affairs with many of the Woodbury women.

text: Personality[edit]

text: The Governor is charming and charismatic, but also murderous, violent, sociopathic, power-hungry, completely sadistic, and horrifically ruthless. He sees himself as the community's only hope for survival, and is thus willing to imprison, abuse and/or kill anyone he sees as a threat to his authority; for him, torture and mass murder are a means to an end. One example of this is when he and his men massacre a group of National Guardsmen, take their supplies. Later, he is proven to be completely cruel, heartless, and aggressive, willingly decapitating Hershel Greene with not even a single shred of remorse or mercy, even when Rick offers to make peace between the two factions, and ordering his men to kill Rick and his survivor group after mercilessly killing a little girl when she was bitten by a walker and dying.

text: Appearances in the television series[edit]

text: Season 3[edit]

text: The Governor first appears in "Walk with Me", season 3, episode 3, having forcibly taken Andrea and Michonne from the woods after Merle discovers them near a downed military helicopter. Woodbury, under The Governor's rule, is a functioning community that even bears some resemblance to the world before the virus struck. The townspeople are unaware that the Governor and his men massacred a platoon of National Guardsmen to get their supplies. In the episode "Killer Within", The Governor befriends Andrea, and he reveals some of his past to her, including his real name. In the episode "Say the Word", it is shown that The Governor has a zombified daughter named Penny, whom he keeps hidden, feeds body parts to, and grooms affectionately while playing the lullaby "Bye, Baby Bunting". The Governor allows Michonne to leave town, but she is unable to convince Andrea to leave with her. The Governor leads Andrea to a gathering for the townsfolk: a sparring match between Merle and Martinez surrounded by chained, toothless walkers. The spectacle shocks Andrea, who describes it as "barbaric", but the Governor insists it is "fun", and it teaches the residents to not be afraid. In the episode "Hounded", the Governor and Andrea begin a sexual relationship.

text: He sends Merle to find and kill Michonne, and although Merle fails to kill her, he returns with two captives, Glenn Rhee and Maggie Greene. In the episode "When the Dead Come Knocking", the Governor interrogates Maggie and eventually sexually assaults her, and leaves Glenn to be brutalized by Merle. When he threatens to shoot Glenn, Maggie gives The Governor the information about the prison and their group. In the mid-season finale "Made to Suffer", during Rick Grimes' foray into Woodbury to rescue Glenn and Maggie, Michonne kills Penny. Enraged, the Governor attacks Michonne, and in self-defense she stabs him in the hand and the right eye with a glass shard. The Governor calls a town meeting, where he claims the town has been attacked by terrorists brought by Merle, and he brings forth Merle's brother Daryl Dixon in chains. The Governor orders them to fight to the death, and the town calls for their blood as a way to force the two brothers to fight each other.

text: In the mid-season premiere "The Suicide King", the fight between Merle and Daryl is broken up when the prison group attacks, allowing the brothers to escape. The Governor withdraws to his apartment, and the town is in a state of unrest after the attack. Andrea confronts him about her friends' presence in town, and then goes out to calm and inspire the townspeople. In the episode "Home", The Governor asks Milton Mamet where his loyalties lie, and asks him to keep tabs on Andrea. The Governor and his men then attack the prison; Rick Grimes' group runs for cover, and gunfire erupts on both sides. When a herd of walkers charge through town, the Governor gleefully sprays machine gun fire in the air and then drives off as the survivors struggle with the walkers.

text: In the episode "I Ain't a Judas", the Governor proceeds to rally Woodbury against the prison survivors, labeling them terrorists and raiders. Andrea wants to leave to negotiate peace with the prison group, but the Governor discourages her, implying that she will not be welcomed back if she leaves. When Milton tells the Governor that Andrea asked him to help her sneak out, the Governor tells him to go with her. The Governor welcomes Tyreese, Sasha, Allen, and Ben to Woodbury, after Rick kicked them out of the prison. Andrea returns to Woodbury and warily resumes her place at the Governor's side. In the episode "Arrow on the Doorpost", encouraged by Andrea, the Governor meets with Rick in a secluded grain silo to offer him peace in exchange for turning over Michonne, giving him two days to think about it. The Governor returns to Woodbury and secretly orders Martinez to set an ambush at the barn, to kill all of Rick's group and bring Michonne to Woodbury so The Governor can torture her. In the episode "Prey", Andrea flees for the prison, and the Governor hunts her down personally, bringing her back to Woodbury and strapping her in the dentist's chair that he meant to use on Michonne. In the episode "This Sorrowful Life", Merle kidnaps Michonne at Rick's suggestion to turn her over to the Governor, but lets her go and instead lures walkers to the Governor's meeting place to ambush the Woodbury army. Then, the Governor maims, shoots, and kills Merle, leaving his body to reanimate as a walker, which Daryl later kills, out of pure anger, remorse, and pain.

text: In the season finale "Welcome to the Tombs", the Governor brutally beats Milton up after learning that he burned the walkers that the Governor had been corralling; he then orders him to kill Andrea. Milton tries in vain to kill the Governor, but the Governor stabs him and locks him in with Andrea, so that Milton will reanimate and kill Andrea. The Governor then leads his army into the prison to kill Rick's entire group, but Tyreese and Sasha wants nothing to do with it, and stay behind at Woodbury. Rick and the others have set a trap at the prison, expecting the Woodbury army's arrival. Ambushed and outgunned by Maggie and Glenn, the Governor's army flees the prison in terror. The Governor stops the fast-fleeing convoy, and, in response to their protests against returning to the prison, he opens fire and slaughters them all, sparing only Martinez and Shumpert, his two primary henchmen. Only Karen escapes his rampage (by playing dead under a corpse). The Governor, Martinez, and Shumpert are last seen driving off as Rick and Tyreese bring everyone from Woodbury to the prison, and leave Woodbury to be overrun.

text: Season 4[edit]

text: "Live Bait" reveals that, just after massacring his own people, the Governor sets up camp with Martinez and Shumpert. Martinez and Shumpert abandon him after he does nothing to protect himself from a walker, believing him to have lost his nerve. The next day the Governor drives back to Woodbury, which is overrun with walkers, and burns down the entire town. After several months alone, intentionally trying to let the walkers kill him, he finally collapses on the street. He looks up to see a young girl, about the same age as Penny, in the window of a nearby apartment building; he pulls himself back to his feet and investigates. He finds the Chambler family residing inside, consisting of sisters Lilly and Tara, their father David, and Lilly's daughter Meghan. Lilly and Tara initially hold the Governor at gunpoint, but they later confiscate his pistol and allow him to stay in an apartment across the hallway. After hearing about how the Governor has survived the last few months, they ask him his name. He tells them that it is "Brian Heriot", a name he saw painted on the side of a barn while staggering aimlessly through the countryside. He runs some errands for the family, and risks his life to get David two oxygen tanks from a walker-infested nursing home. When David dies and reanimates, the Governor saves the rest of the family by bashing in David's head with one of the oxygen tanks. After he buries David, he burns his photo of his wife and Penny. That night, he goes to the Chamblers to say goodbye, but Lilly insists that he stay. He and Lilly become lovers, and he saves Meghan when she falls into a pit of walkers, killing them with his bare hands. Moments later, he encounters Martinez and his group.

text: In the episode "Dead Weight", Martinez takes in the Governor, accepting his new facade as "Brian", and the girls and lets them join their camp. Among the camp are brothers Pete and Mitch Dolgen, who have a working tank. When it becomes clear that Martinez may not be able to keep them safe, the Governor kills him by throwing him into a pit of walkers. Pete takes command, but the Governor later kills him as well after he displays an inability to kill a group of other survivors to take their belongings. The Governor plans to rally the camp and use the tank in a second attack on the prison.

text: In the mid-season finale "Too Far Gone", the Governor encounters Michonne and Hershel Greene, and takes them hostage, intending to use them as leverage over Rick. The Governor then rallies the camp to take over the prison. Upon arriving at the prison with his army and tank, the Governor tells Rick that he is going to give their group a chance to leave without anyone getting killed. Rick says that they can co-exist peacefully, but the Governor calls him a liar and beheads Hershel. During the ensuing gunfight, Lilly arrives in time to see him murder Hershel. She is carrying Meghan, who has been bitten by a walker. He dispassionately shoots Meghan to prevent her from becoming a walker before ordering his people to kill everyone in the prison. The Governor uses the tank to roll over the fences and goes into the fight himself, only to be tackled by Rick. The two of them fight, and the Governor eventually pins Rick and brutally beats him before beginning to choke him to death. At that moment, Michonne stabs the Governor and leaves him to die. Lilly then shoots him in the head, killing him.

text: Season 5[edit]

text: In the mid-season premiere "What Happened and What's Going On", the Governor appears, along with Beth Greene, Bob Stookey, Martin, and Lizzie and Mika Samuels, during Tyreese's hallucinations after Tyreese is bitten by a walker. While Beth, Bob, and the girls comfort Tyreese, the Governor taunts him about his past actions and inability to do what is "necessary". The Governor, especially, criticizes Tyreese's choices, particularly in forgiving Carol for murdering Karen. The Governor reminds Tyreese that he promised to do what it took to earn his keep, but he failed to adapt. However, Tyreese stands up and confronts him. However The Governor "pushes" Tyreese to the ground while still pressing his point. Tyreese ultimately dies in peace, and the vision of the Governor fades away.

text: Casting and development[edit]

text: On television, the character is portrayed by British actor David Morrissey. Glen Mazzara, when asked about the character's direction for season 3 of the show, described The Governor as a narcissist, who sees himself as the future savior of civilization and is willing to resort to the most extreme of measures to achieve his ultimate goal.[8]

text: Despite making few appearances, The Governor's daughter, Penny, plays a key role in his mentality and actions. He secretly cares for the undead Penny in his apartment, as revealed in the episode "Say the Word", brushing her hair and singing to her, and tells Michonne that she does not need to suffer, implying that he believes Penny is still alive and is "under the grip of a terrible, terrible illness".[9]

text: The Governor's eye patch in the television series was placed on the opposite side from that of his comic book counterpart.

text: Reception[edit]

text: In 2009, the Governor was ranked as IGN's 86th Greatest Comic Book Villain of All Time[1] and was ranked #28 on TV Guide's list of The 60 Nastiest Villains of All Time. David Morrissey has been well received for his performance as the Governor, and was nominated for Best Supporting Actor at the 39th Saturn Awards.


document_title: Hemostasis

question_text: during which event of hemostasis do clotting factors

text: Hemostasis

text: Etymology and pronunciation[edit]

text: The word hemostasis (/ˌhiːmoʊˈsteɪsɪs/,[1][2] sometimes /ˌhiːˈmɒstəsɪs/) uses the combining forms hemo- and -stasis, New Latin from Ancient Greek αἱμο- haimo- (akin to αἷμα haîma), "blood", and στάσις stásis, "stasis", yielding "motionlessness or stopping of blood".

text: Steps of mechanism[edit]

text: Hemostasis occurs when blood is present outside of the body or blood vessels. It is the instinctive response for the body to stop bleeding and loss of blood. During hemostasis three steps occur in a rapid sequence. Vascular spasm is the first response as the blood vessels constrict to allow less blood to be lost. In the second step, platelet plug formation, platelets stick together to form a temporary seal to cover the break in the vessel wall. The third and last step is called coagulation or blood clotting. Coagulation reinforces the platelet plug with fibrin threads that act as a "molecular glue".[3] Platelets are a large factor in the hemostatic process. They allow for the creation of the "platelet plug" that forms almost directly after a blood vessel has been ruptured. Within seconds of a blood vessel's epithelial wall being disrupted platelets begin to adhere to the sub-endothelium surface. It takes approximately sixty seconds until the first fibrin strands begin to intersperse among the wound. After several minutes the platelet plug is completely formed by fibrin.[4] Hemostasis is maintained in the body via three mechanisms:

text:
Vascular spasm (Vasoconstriction) - Vasoconstriction is produced by vascular smooth muscle cells, and is the blood vessel's first response to injury. The smooth muscle cells are controlled by vascular endothelium, which releases intravascular signals to control the contracting properties. When a blood vessel is damaged, there is an immediate reflex, initiated by local sympathetic pain receptors, which helps promote vasoconstriction. The damaged vessels will constrict (vasoconstrict) which reduces the amount of blood flow through the area and limits the amount of blood loss. Collagen is exposed at the site of injury, the collagen promotes platelets to adhere to the injury site. Platelets release cytoplasmic granules which contain serotonin, ADP and thromboxane A2, all of which increase the effect of vasoconstriction. The spasm response becomes more effective as the amount of damage is increased. Vascular spasm is much more effective in smaller blood vessels.[5][6]
Platelet plug formation- Platelets adhere to damaged endothelium to form a platelet plug (primary hemostasis) and then degranulate. This process is regulated through thromboregulation. Plug formation is activated by a glycoprotein called Von Willebrand factor (vWF), which is found in plasma. Platelets play one of major roles in the hemostatic process. When platelets come across the injured endothelium cells, they change shape, release granules and ultimately become ‘sticky’. Platelets express certain receptors, some of which are used for the adhesion of platelets to collagen. When platelets are activated, they express glycoprotein receptors that interact with other platelets, producing aggregation and adhesion. Platelets release cytoplasmic granules such as adenosine diphosphate (ADP), serotonin and thromboxane A2. Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) attracts more platelets to the affected area, serotonin is a vasoconstrictor and thromboxane A2 assists in platelet aggregation, vasoconstriction and degranulation. As more chemicals are released more platelets stick and release their chemicals; creating a platelet plug and continuing the process in a positive feedback loop. Platelets alone are responsible for stopping the bleeding of unnoticed wear and tear of our skin on a daily basis. This is referred to as primary hemostasis.[5][7]
Clot formation - Once the platelet plug has been formed by the platelets, the clotting factors (a dozen proteins that travel along the blood plasma in an inactive state) are activated in a sequence of events known as 'coagulation cascade' which leads to the formation of Fibrin from inactive fibrinogen plasma protein. Thus, a Fibrin mesh is produced all around the platelet plug to hold it in place; this step is called "Secondary Hemostasis". During this process some red and white blood cells are trapped in the mesh which causes the primary hemostasis plug to become harder: the resultant plug is called as 'thrombus' or 'Clot'. Therefore 'blood clot' contains secondary hemostasis plug with blood cells trapped in it. Though this is often a good step for wound healing, it has the ability to cause severe health problems if the thrombus becomes detached from the vessel wall and travels through the circulatory system; If it reaches the brain, heart or lungs it could lead to stroke, heart attack, or pulmonary embolism respectively. However, without this process the healing of a wound would not be possible.[3]

text: Types[edit]

text: Hemostasis can be achieved in various other ways if the body cannot do it naturally (or needs help) during surgery or medical treatment. When the body is under shock and stress, hemostasis is harder to achieve. Though natural hemostasis is most desired, having other means of achieving this is vital for survival in many emergency settings. Without the ability to stimulate hemostasis the risk of hemorrhaging is great. During surgical procedures the types of hemostasis listed below can be used to control bleeding while avoiding and reducing the risk of tissue destruction. Hemostasis can be achieved by chemical agent as well as mechanical or physical agents. Which hemostasis type used is determined based on the situation.[8]

text: Developmental Haemostasis refers to the differences in the haemostatic system between children and adults.

text: In emergency medicine[edit]

text: Debates by physicians and medical practitioners still continue to arise on the subject of hemostasis and how to handle situations with large injuries. If an individual acquires a large injury resulting in extreme blood loss, then a hemostatic agent alone would not be very effective. Medical professionals continue to debate on what the best ways are to assist a patient in a chronic state; however, it is universally accepted that hemostatic agents are the primary tool for smaller bleeding injuries.[8]

text: Some main types of hemostasis used in emergency medicine include:

text:
Chemical/topical- This is a topical agent often used in surgery settings to stop bleeding. Microfibrillar collagen is the most popular choice among surgeons because it attracts the patient's natural platelets and starts the blood clotting process when it comes in contact with the platelets. This topical agent requires the normal hemostatic pathway to be properly functional.[9]
Direct pressure or pressure dressing- This type of hemostasis approach is most commonly used in situations where proper medical attention is not available. Putting pressure and/or dressing to a bleeding wound slows the process of blood loss, allowing for more time to get to an emergency medical setting. Soldiers use this skill during combat when someone has been injured because this process allows for blood loss to be decreased, giving the system time to start coagulation.[10]
Sutures and ties- Sutures are often used to close an open wound, allowing for the injured area to stay free of pathogens and other unwanted debris to enter the site; however, it is also essential to the process of hemostasis. Sutures and ties allow for skin to be joined back together allowing for platelets to start the process of hemostasis at a quicker pace. Using sutures results in a quicker recovery period because the surface area of the wound has been decreased.[11]
Physical agents (gelatin sponge)- Gelatin sponges have been indicated as great hemostatic devices. Once applied to a bleeding area, a gelatin sponge quickly stops or reduces the amount of bleeding present. These physical agents are mostly used in surgical settings as well as after surgery treatments. These sponges absorb blood, allow for coagulation to occur faster, and give off chemical responses that decrease the time it takes for the hemostasis pathway to start.[12]

text: Disorders[edit]

text: The body's hemostasis system requires careful regulation in order to work properly. If the blood does not clot sufficiently, it may be due to bleeding disorders such as hemophilia or immune thrombocytopenia; this requires careful investigation. Over-active clotting can also cause problems; thrombosis, where blood clots form abnormally, can potentially cause embolisms, where blood clots break off and subsequently become lodged in a vein or artery.

text: Hemostasis disorders can develop for many different reasons. They may be congenital, due to a deficiency or defect in an individual's platelets or clotting factors. A number of disorders can be acquired as well, such as in HELLP syndrome, which is due to pregnancy, or Hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS), which is due to E. coli toxins.

text: History of artificial hemostasis[edit]

text: The process of preventing blood loss from a vessel or organ of the body is referred to as hemostasis. The term comes from the Ancient Greek roots "heme" meaning blood, and "stasis" meaning halting; Put together means the "halting of the blood".[3] The origin of hemostasis dates back as far as ancient Greece; first referenced to being used in the Battle of Troy. It started with the realization that excessive bleeding inevitably equaled death. Vegetable and mineral styptics were used on large wounds by the Greeks and Romans until the takeover of Egypt around 332BC by Greece. At this time many more advances in the general medical field were developed based off the study of Egyptian mummification practice, which led to greater knowledge of the hemostatic process. It was during this time that many of the veins and arteries running throughout the human body were found and the directions in which they traveled. Doctors of this time realized if these were plugged, blood could not continue to flow out of the body. Nevertheless, it took until the invention of the printing press during the fifteenth century for medical notes and ideas to travel westward, allowing for the idea and practice of hemostasis to be expanded.[13]

text: Research[edit]

text: There is currently a great deal of research being conducted on hemostasis. The most current research is based on genetic factors of hemostasis and how it can be altered to reduce the cause of genetic disorders that alter the natural process hemostasis.[14]

text: Von Willebrand disease is associated with a defect in the ability of the body to create the platelet plug and the fibrin mesh that ultimately stops the bleeding. New research is concluding that the von Willebrand disease is much more common in adolescence. This disease negatively hinders the natural process of Hemostasis causing excessive bleeding to be a concern in patients with this disease. There are complex treatments that can be done including a combination of therapies, estrogen-progesterone preparations, desmopressin, and Von Willebrand factor concentrates. Current research is trying to find better ways to deal with this disease; however, much more research is needed in order to find out the effectiveness of the current treatments and if there are more operative ways to treat this disease.[15]


question_text: top 10 goal scorers of all time in premier league

text: Since the Premier League's formation at the start of the 1992–93 season, 26 players have managed to accrue 100 or more goals in the competition.

text: During the 1995–96 season, Alan Shearer became the first player to score 100 Premier League goals, and holds the record for the fewest games taken to reach 100, doing so in 124 appearances. He also holds the record for most goals scored in the Premier League.[1][2] After Shearer, Sergio Agüero is the second-fastest to 100 goals, doing so in 147 games.[3]

text: Players[edit]

text:
List of Premier League players with 100 or more goals

Rank
Player
Position
Premier League club(s)
Goals

1
 Shearer, AlanAlan Shearer
S
Blackburn Rovers, Newcastle United
260

2
 Rooney, WayneWayne Rooney
F
Everton, Manchester United
200

3
 Cole, AndyAndy Cole
S
Newcastle United, Manchester United, Blackburn Rovers, Fulham, Manchester City, Portsmouth
187

4
 Lampard, FrankFrank Lampard
MF
West Ham United, Chelsea, Manchester City
177

5
 Henry, ThierryThierry Henry
S
Arsenal
175

6
 Fowler, RobbieRobbie Fowler
S
Liverpool, Leeds United, Manchester City
163

7
 Defoe, JermainJermain Defoe
S
West Ham United, Portsmouth, Tottenham Hotspur, Sunderland, Bournemouth
159

8
 Owen, MichaelMichael Owen
S
Liverpool, Newcastle United, Manchester United, Stoke City
150

9
 Ferdinand, LesLes Ferdinand
S
Queens Park Rangers, Newcastle United, Tottenham Hotspur, West Ham United, Leicester City, Bolton Wanderers
149

10
 Sheringham, TeddyTeddy Sheringham
S
Nottingham Forest, Tottenham Hotspur, Manchester United, Portsmouth, West Ham United
146

11
 van Persie, RobinRobin van Persie
F
Arsenal, Manchester United
144

12
 Agüero, SergioSergio Agüero
S
Manchester City
128

13
 Hasselbaink, Jimmy FloydJimmy Floyd Hasselbaink
S
Leeds United, Chelsea, Middlesbrough, Charlton Athletic
127

14
 Keane, RobbieRobbie Keane
F
Coventry City, Leeds United, Tottenham Hotspur, Liverpool, West Ham United, Aston Villa
126

15
 Anelka, NicolasNicolas Anelka
F
Arsenal, Liverpool, Manchester City, Bolton Wanderers, Chelsea, West Bromwich Albion
125

16
 Yorke, DwightDwight Yorke
S
Aston Villa, Manchester United, Blackburn Rovers, Birmingham City, Sunderland
123

17
 Gerrard, StevenSteven Gerrard
MF
Liverpool
120

18
 Wright, IanIan Wright
S
Arsenal, West Ham United
113

19
 Dublin, DionDion Dublin
F
Manchester United, Coventry City, Aston Villa
111

20
 Heskey, EmileEmile Heskey
S
Leicester City, Liverpool, Birmingham City, Wigan Athletic, Aston Villa
110

21
 Giggs, RyanRyan Giggs
MF
Manchester United
109

22
 Scholes, PaulPaul Scholes
MF
Manchester United
107

23
 Bent, DarrenDarren Bent
S
Ipswich Town, Charlton Athletic, Tottenham Hotspur, Sunderland, Aston Villa, Fulham
106

24
 Crouch, PeterPeter Crouch
S
Aston Villa, Southampton, Liverpool, Portsmouth, Tottenham Hotspur, Stoke City
105

25
 Drogba, DidierDidier Drogba
S
Chelsea
104

26
 Le Tissier, MattMatt Le Tissier
MF
Southampton
100

(Italics show players still playing professional football; Bold show players still playing in the Premier League)[4]


document_title: Wisdom of the Crowd

question_text: who plays the detective on wisdom of the crowd

text: Wisdom of the Crowd

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text:
Jeremy Piven as Jeffrey Tanner[5]
Richard T. Jones as Detective Tommy Cavanaugh[6]
Natalia Tena as Sara Morton[7]
Blake Lee as Josh Novak[8]
Monica Potter as Alex Hale[9]
Jake Matthews as Tariq Bakari[7]

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Malachi Weir as Mike Leigh
Ion Overman as Elena Ruiz
Abigail Cowen as Mia Tanner

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

1
"Pilot"
Adam Davidson
Ted Humphrey
October 1, 2017 (2017-10-01)
8.83[10]

Jeffrey Tanner (Jeremy Piven) is obsessed with finding who murdered his daughter and has developed an online, crowd sourcing app called Sophe to help him. His team is a unique collection of talented individuals with many different skills.

2
"In The Wild"
Adam Davidson
Ted Humphrey
October 8, 2017 (2017-10-08)
7.84[11]

A 13-year-old boy goes missing, so Tanner uses Sophe to help find him.

3
"Machine Learning"
Jon Amiel
Matthew Lau & Aiyana White
October 15, 2017 (2017-10-15)
8.04[12]

4
"User Bias"
Charles Beeson
Kim Shumway & Patrick Moss
October 22, 2017 (2017-10-22)
7.70[13]

5
"Clear History"
Deran Sarafian
David Appelbaum & Erica Saleh
October 29, 2017 (2017-10-29)
6.76[14]

6
"Trojan Horse"
Stephen Kay
Andrew Dettmann & Joshua Hale Fialkov
November 5, 2017 (2017-11-05)
7.87[15]

7
"Trade Secrets"
Adam Davidson
Matthew Lau
November 12, 2017 (2017-11-12)
6.56[16]

8
"Denial of Service"
Eagle Egilsson
Kim Shumway
November 19, 2017 (2017-11-19)
6.03[17]

9
"Proof of Concept"
Roxann Dawson
Aiyana White
November 26, 2017 (2017-11-26)
6.72[18]

10
"Live Stream"
Milan Cheylov
David Appelbaum
December 10, 2017 (2017-12-10)
6.11[19]

11
"Alpha Test"
Adam Davidson
Erica Saleh
December 17, 2017 (2017-12-17)
6.65[20]

12
"Root Directory"
Liz Friedlander
Joshua Hale Fialkov
January 7, 2018 (2018-01-07)
TBD

13
"The Tipping Point"[21]
Eric Laneuville
Teleplay by: Andrew Dettmann & Patrick Moss
Story by: Andrew Dettmann
January 14, 2018 (2018-01-14)
TBD

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes an approval rating of 28% based on 18 reviews, with an average rating of 4.6/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Wisdom of the Crowd wastes a talented cast on a formulaic procedural crime drama that wavers between modest returns and unintentional laughs."[22] Metacritic, which uses a normalized rating, assigned a weighted average score of 35 out of 100, based on 17 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews".[23]