document_title: Golf equipment

question_text: what do you rest a golf ball on

question_tokens: what do you rest a golf ball on

text: Golf equipment

text: Equipment[edit]

text: Ball[edit]

text: Originally, golf balls were made of a hardwood, such as beech. Beginning between the 14th and 16th centuries, more expensive golf balls were made of a leather skin stuffed with down feathers; these were called "featheries". Around the mid-1800s, a new material called gutta-percha, made from the latex of the East Asian sapodilla tree, started to be used to create more inexpensive golf balls nicknamed "gutties", which had similar flight characteristics as featheries. These then progressed to "brambles" in the later 1800s, using a raised dimple pattern and resembling bramble fruit, and then to "meshies" beginning in the early 1900s, where ball manufacturers started experimenting with latex rubber cores and wound mesh skins that created recessed patterns over the ball's surface. Recessed circular dimples were patented in 1910, but didn't become popular until the 1940s after the patents expired.

text: The minimum allowed diameter of a golf ball is 42.67 mm and its mass may not exceed 45.93 g. Modern golf balls have a two-, three-, or four-layer design constructed from various synthetic materials. The surface usually has a pattern of 300-450 dimples designed to improve the ball's aerodynamics by reducing the ball's drag-inducing wake and allowing spin on the ball to create lift. The method of construction and materials used greatly affect the ball's playing characteristics such as distance, trajectory, spin and feel. Harder materials, such as Surlyn, usually result in the ball's traveling longer distances, while softer covers, such as urethane, tend to generate higher spin, more "feel" and greater stopping potential. Golf balls are separated into three groups depending on their construction: two-, three-, or four-piece covers. Generally four-piece golf balls tend to be the most expensive, though price is no assurance of quality.

text: Golf clubs[edit]

text: A player usually carries several clubs during the game (but no more than fourteen, the limit defined by the rules). There are three major types of clubs, known as woods, irons, and putters. Woods are played for long shots from the tee or fairway, and occasionally rough, while irons are for precision shots from fairways as well as from the rough. Wedges are irons used to play shorter shots. A new type of club called a hybrid combines the straight-hitting characteristics of irons with the easy-to-hit characteristics of higher-lofted woods. A hybrid is often used for long shots from difficult rough. Hybrids are also used by players who have a difficult time getting the ball airborne with long irons. Wedges are played from difficult ground such as sand or the rough and for approach shots to the green. Putters are mostly played on the green, but can also be useful when playing from bunkers or for some approach shots. Putters have minimal loft, forcing the ball to stay on the putting surface when struck. The most common clubs to find in a golfer's bag are the driver, 3-wood, numbered irons from 3 to 9 (with hybrids commonly replacing the 3 and 4 iron), pitching and sand wedges, and a putter. Players commonly also carry a 5-wood, and/or additional wedges such as a gap or lob wedge.

text: Ball markers[edit]

text: When on the green, the ball may be picked up to be cleaned or if it is in the way of an opponent's putting line; there are certain other circumstances in which a ball may be lifted. In these cases, the ball's position must first be marked using a ball marker; this is typically a round, flat piece of metal or plastic that is differentiable from others in use. Ball markers are often integrated into other accessories, such as divot tools, scorekeeping tools or tee holders, and in the absence of a purpose-made marker, a small coin such as a penny is acceptable.

text: Tees[edit]

text: A tee is an object (wooden or plastic) that is pushed into or placed on the ground to rest a ball on top of for an easier shot; however, this is only allowed for the first stroke (tee shot or drive) of each hole. Conventional golf tees are basically spikes with a small cup on the head to hold the ball, and are usually made of wood or plastic. Wooden tees are generally very inexpensive and quite disposable; a player may damage or break many of these during the course of a round. Plastic tees are generally more expensive but last longer. The length of tees varies according to the club intended to be used and by personal preference; longer tees (3-3.5") allow the player to position the ball higher off the ground while remaining stable when planted, and are generally used for modern deep-faced woods. They can be planted deeper for use with other clubs but then tend to break more often. Shorter tees (1.5-2.5") are suitable for irons and are more easily inserted and less easily broken than long tees. Other designs of tee exist; the "step tee" is milled or molded with a spool-shaped upper half, and so generally provides a consistent ball height from shot to shot. The "brush tee" uses a collection of stiff bristles instead of a cup to position the ball; the design is touted by its manufacturer as providing less interference to the ball or club at impact, for a straighter, longer flight.

text: Alternately, the rules allow for a mound of sand to be used for the same function, also only on the first shot. Before the invention of the wooden spike tee, this was the only accepted method of lifting the ball for the initial shot. This is rarely done in modern times, as a tee is easier to place, hit from, and recover, but some courses prohibit the use of tees either for traditional reasons, or because a swing that hits the tee will drive it into or rip it out of the ground, resulting in damage to the turf of the tee-box. Tees also create litter if discarded incorrectly when broken.

text: Golf bag[edit]

text: A golfer typically transports golf clubs in a golf bag.  Modern golf bags are made of nylon, canvas and/or leather, with plastic or metal reinforcement and framing, but historically bags have been made from other materials. Golf bags have several pockets designed for carrying various equipment and supplies required over the course of a round of golf. Virtually all bags are sectioned off with rigid supports at the top opening, both for rigidity and to separate clubs of various types for easier selection. More expensive bags have sleeves or pockets within the main compartment for each individual club, allowing for the desired club to be more easily removed from the bag and then returned without interference from the grips of the other clubs or internal hardware of the bag.

text:
Carry bags are generally designed to be carried by the player while on the course; they have single or dual shoulder straps, and are generally of lightweight construction to reduce the burden on the player or caddy.
Sunday bags are commonly advertised as "minimalist" carry bags; they have very light weight and flexible construction allowing the bag to be rolled up or folded for storage without clubs, and have storage pockets for the essentials of play (clubs, balls, tees) but often lack more advanced features like segregated club storage, insulated pockets for drinks, stand legs etc.
Stand bags are in the family of carry bags but additionally feature rigid internal reinforcement and retractable fold-out legs, which make the bag a tripod allowing it to be securely placed on the turf. Modern carry bags are very commonly stand bags even at low pricepoints.
Cart bags are generally designed to be harnessed to a two-wheeled pull cart or a motorized golf cart during play of a round. They often have only a rudimentary carry strap or handle for loading and transporting the bag, and no stand legs, but may feature extra storage or more durable construction, as weight of the loaded bag is a lesser concern.
Staff bags are the largest class of golf bags, and are generally seen carried by caddies or other assistants to professional or high-level amateur players. Staff bags are generally the same size or larger than a cart bag, and typically feature a single shoulder strap, a large amount of storage for equipment and even spare attire, and large logo branding designed for product placement on televised events.
Travel bags are available with many combinations of size and features, but are distinguished by rigid and/or heavily padded construction, including the clubhead cover (which on most other bags is simply an unpadded "rain fly"), and locks on the zippers and bag cover. These features protect the clubs from abuse and theft, and generally makes the bag suitable for checked airline luggage. Travel bags are generally used by amateur players that travel occasionally, such as business executives; rigid flight cases that enclose the actual golf bag are generally preferred by touring players, as these cases can enclose any golf bag, are more discreet as to their contents thus further deterring theft, and the case's weight and bulk can be left behind while on the course where it's not needed.

text: Golf cart[edit]

text: Golf carts are vehicles used to transport golf bags and golfers along the golf course during a round of golf. Hand carts are designed to hold only the bag, and are used by players while walking along the course to relieve them of the weight of the bag. Carts that carry both player and bag are more common on public golf courses; most of these are powered by a battery and electric motors, though gasoline-powered carts are sometimes used by course staff, and some courses and players are beginning to explore alternatives such as bicycle-drawn carts.

text: The traditional way to play was to walk, but the use of golf carts is very common due to a number of factors. Chief among them is the sheer length of the modern course, and the required "pace of play" instituted by many courses to prevent delays for other golfers and maintain a schedule of tee times. A typical par-72 course would "measure out" at between 6,000 and 7,000 total yards, which does not count the distance between the green of one hole and the tee of the next, nor the additional distance caused by errant shots. A player walking a 7,000-yard course might traverse up to 5 miles (8km). With a typical required pace of play of 4 hours, a player would spend 1.6 hours of that time simply walking to their next shot, leaving an average of only two minutes for all players to make each of the 72 shots for a par score (and most casual players do not score the course par). Economics is another reason why carts have become prevalent at many courses; the fee for renting a cart is less expensive than paying a caddie to carry the bags, and the private club gets the money for the cart rentals. A golf cart also enables physically handicapped people to play the game. Carts are also popular with golfers who are too lazy to walk the course.

text: The use of carts may be restricted by local rules. Courses may institute rules such as "90 degree paths", where drivers must stay on the cart path until level with their ball, and then may turn onto the course. This typically reduces the effect that the furrows from the cart wheels will have on balls. Soft ground due to rain or recent maintenance work may require a "cart path only" driving rule to protect the turf, and a similar policy may apply in general to the areas around tee boxes and greens (and on shorter par-3 holes where fairway shots are not expected). The use of carts is banned altogether at most major PGA tournaments; players walk the course assisted by a caddy who carries equipment.

text: Towels[edit]

text: Most golf bags have a ring to which a player can tie or clip a golf towel, used to wipe hands and clean or dry balls and club faces. Some of these towels can be quite specialized, with a carabiner or other clip to attach it to the bag with a grommet used on the towel for durability, and incorporating rougher materials in certain sections of the towel for club and ball cleaning with softer weaves elsewhere for drying. Other cleaning products abound, from motorized ball cleaners to an array of brushes for various types of clubs as well as balls and shoes.

text: Club head covers[edit]

text: Clubhead covers protect the clubs from striking each other and from weather and incidental damage while in the bag, make clubs more identifiable at a glance, and provide a personal touch to a player's clubs. The most common clubhead covers are for a player's driver and fairway woods, as modern designs have large hollow heads and long shafts that make them prone to damage, but covers for hybrids, putters, and even irons/wedges are also marketed.

text: Ball mark repair tool[edit]

text: A ball mark repair tool (also known as a pitchfork or divot tool) is used to repair a ball mark (a depression in the green where a ball has hit the ground on its approach shot). Some tees contain such a tool at the end, for pure convenience when on the green. To repair a ball mark, one pushes the tool next to the mark and pushes gently inwards from all sides, loosening the compacted turf to allow rapid regrowth of grass, and then flattens the mark with the smooth flat bottom of the putter to smooth the putting surface.

text: Other aids[edit]

text: Other tools exist to aid the golfer in various ways.

text:
Ball retrievers are telescoping poles with a device at the end that scoops up and traps golf balls, and are used for reclaiming a ball from a water hazard. These are allowed under strict rules (provided of course the proper one-stroke penalty is assessed for hitting the ball into the water in the first place), but for courtesy to other players a player retrieving his ball should do so quickly, and should not spend time retrieving abandoned balls.
Rangefinders allow a golfer to measure exact distance to the hole from their current position; they are illegal according to Rule 14-3 of the rules of golf, but the USGA allows individual course clubs to institute a local rule permitting rangefinders, and they are common among recreational golfers. The typical rangefinder is an optical device that is aimed by sighting the scope on the flag and using the calibrated gauge in the optics to estimate the distance based on the flagstick's apparent height. Other rangefinders estimate range using a calibrated focus or parallax control; the user sights the target, brings it into focus, and reads the distance mark on the control. Newer laser rangefinders operate by simply sighting any target and pressing a switch to take a very precise distance reading using an invisible laser. Newer golf carts often include GPS tracking which, combined with an electronic map of the course, can serve a similar function.
Stroke counters help a player keep track of the number of strokes he or she has made during a hole, an entire round, or both. The simplest devices are strings of beads, thumbwheels or "clickers" that a player advances by one after each stroke and provide a total for the player to write on their scorecard after each hole; newer variations have various degrees of computational power added and can keep score for multiple holes, total scores, and keep track of over/under par statistics. These more advanced counters are generally referred to as "electronic scorecards". Counters by themselves are allowed under strict rules, but some multi-functional devices incorporate additional banned features like rangefinders or wind gauges, and as such the entire device becomes illegal.
Positional guides encompass a wide variety of devices meant to improve a player's stance or swing. Lasers attach to the shaft of a putter and project a "putting line" onto the ground. Specialized tapes attach to the clubhead and provide clues as to how the head is hitting the ground or the ball for future correction or club adjustment. These are also illegal in tournament play, but are invaluable while practicing.
Adhesive clubface surfaces attach to the face of irons or woods and create extra backspin to reduce roll or make the face of the club softer for more consistent shorter-distance shots. These are illegal in competitions.
Ball washers may be used to clean golf balls. Various designs exist, and many golf courses provide stand-mounted ball-washers near the tee box of each hole. Some courses even have ball and club washers on each golf cart. According to strict rules, the ball is not allowed to be cleaned between a player's tee shot and the ball's landing on the green, except to the degree necessary to inspect the ball for damage that would make it unplayable. Once the ball has landed on the green, the player may pick up and wipe off the ball to remove attached dirt or debris that would impede the ball rolling along the green, and between holes the ball may be thoroughly cleaned.
Golf training aids — various golf training aids have been introduced to help players improving driving, putting, impact, golf swing speed, and the mental game of golf.  Many of the golf training aids are strictly to be used while practicing the game of golf, and cannot be used during competitive play.

text: Clothing[edit]

text: Golf clothing includes gloves, shoes, and other specialized golf attire. Specialized golf attire (including shirts, pants, and shorts) is designed to be nonrestrictive to a player's range of motion and to keep the player warm or cool and dry while being fashionable, although a common stereotype of amateur golfers is that of wearing clothes that have long been out of fashion (or were never fashionable to begin with), kept in the back of a drawer or closet for the rare occasions the person is able to play a round.

text: Gloves[edit]

text: Golfers also often wear gloves that help grip the club and prevent blistering. Gloves are sold individually and normally worn only on the players' non-dominant hand, but it is not unheard-of for a player to wear gloves on both hands to reduce chafing. The increased grip and control allows for harder swings to be made with more control, increasing distance.

text: Shoes[edit]

text: Many golfers wear special shoes. The shoes can be spikeless or with spikes attached to the soles. The spikes can be made of metal or plastic (plastic spikes are also known as "soft spikes") designed to increase traction thus helping the player to keep his/her balance during the swing, on greens, or in wet conditions. In an attempt to minimize the severity of spike marks made on greens, many golf courses have banned metal spikes, allowing only plastic spikes during play.

text:
Spikes on most golf shoes are replaceable, being attached using one of two common methods: a thread or a twist lock. Two sizes of thread are in common use, called a "large thread" and "small thread".
There are two common locking systems: Q-LOK and Tri-LOK (also called "Fast Twist"). The locking systems use a plastic thread which takes only about a half turn to lock.[1]


document_title: Food Network Star

question_text: who won the first season of the next food network star

root

text: Food Network Star

text: Season one[edit]

text: Summary[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

tag: table

text: The first season of The Next Food Network Star series was taped in February 2005, and was composed of five episodes in June 2005.[1] Chicago area caterers Dan Smith and Steve McDonagh emerged as the winners, and went on to host a show called Party Line with Dan & Steve, now titled Party Line with The Hearty Boys, which premiered on September 18, 2005.

tag: p

text: The runner-up, Deborah Fewell, was chosen to host a special on food at beaches, Surf N Turf, which aired in June 2006. Michael Thomas was the recurring chef on The Tyra Banks Show. Susannah Locketti made an appearance on The Tony Danza Show, and is also an on-air chef for Publix grocery stores in the southern United States.

text: Contestants[edit]

text:
Name
Age
Hometown
Place

Dan Smith & Steve McDonagh
42 and 40
Bellmore, NY and Wayne, NJ
Winners

Deborah Fewell
32
Los Angeles
Runner-up

Hans Rueffert
32
Jasper, GA
3rd

Susannah Locketti
33
Plymouth, MA
4th

Eric Warren
52
Los Angeles
5th

Michael Thomas
36
Venice, CA
6th

Harmony Marceau
30
New York City, NY
7th

Brook Harlan
24
Columbia, MO
8th

text: Season two[edit]

text: Summary[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The second season of The Next Food Network Star series was taped in December 2005 and began airing in March 2006. Guy Fieri was announced as the winner on April 23, 2006, beating Reggie Southerland.[2]

text: Fieri has achieved considerable success at Food Network since his victory, and is still regularly on air as of July 2017. Guy's Big Bite premiered in June 2006 and was picked up for a second season in 2008 and remains in production. Originally intended as a one-hour special, Fieri's second series, Diners, Drive-Ins and Dives, premiered April 23, 2007. He went on to the series, Ultimate Recipe Showdown, premiering February 17, 2008, and Guy Off The Hook on September 14, 2008. He has also started a new successful show called Guy's Grocery Games.

text: Fourth-place contestant Nathan Lyon began hosting his own series, A Lyon In the Kitchen,[3] on the Discovery Health Channel in March 2007.

text: Contestants[edit]

text:
Name
Age
Hometown
Culinary P.O.V.
Eliminated

Guy Fieri
38
Ferndale, CA
"Off the Hook" California Cuisine
Winner

Reggie Southerland
39
Los Angeles
Modern Soul Food
Runner-up

Carissa Seward
33
San Diego, CA
Simple Food for Entertaining
Week 6

Nathan Lyon
35
Los Angeles
Healthy and Seasonal Food
Week 5

Andrew Schumacher
26
Brooklyn, NY
Cooking Techniques
Week 4

Evette Rodriguez
35
Port St. Lucie, FL
Latin Cuisine
Week 3

Elizabeth Raynor
32
Sausalito, CA
Simple Mediterranean Cuisine
Week 2

Jess Dang
24
Menlo Park, CA
Asian Cuisine
Week 1

text: Season three[edit]

text: Summary[edit]

text: The third season began on June 3, 2007, and the winner was announced on Sunday, July 22. In season 3, judges sent 1 or 2 contestants home weekly. Once the field was down to 2 final contestants, the viewers picked the winner. Marc Summers (host of the first 2 seasons) only returned for this season's finale. Bobby Flay would host subsequent season finales.[4]

text: During the season, the contestants lived in a shared house in New York City. The contestants' challenges included cooking concession food for an NBA game (with guest Darryl Dawkins) to a mini version of Food Network's Iron Chef America (with guest judges Bobby Flay and Cat Cora). The Selection Committee consisted of Food Network executives Bob Tuschman and Susie Fogelson along with one guest. Guest judges included Alton Brown, Giada De Laurentiis, Duff Goldman, season two winner Guy Fieri, and Robert Irvine.

text: Paula Deen and Rachael Ray participated in contestant challenges, and Bobby Flay also played a role in the guidance and selection process. Amy Finley was chosen by America as The Next Food Network Star on July 22, 2007. Her new show The Gourmet Next Door premiered on October 14, 2007 and ran for six episodes. Finley later declined to continue with the series, citing relocation to France for family reasons.[4]

text: Contestants[edit]

text:
Name
Age
Hometown
Occupation
Eliminated

Amy Finley
33
San Diego, CA
Stay-at-Home Mom
Winner1

Rory Schepisi
31
Vega, TX
Restaurateur
Runner-Up

Joshua Adam "JAG" Garcia
25
Havelock, NC
Chef-de-Cuisine
Withdrew1

Paul McCullough
36
Los Angeles
Caterer
Week 6

Adrien Sharp
29
Jackson, MI
Local Cooking Show Host
Week 5

Michael Salmon
53
Brooklyn, NY
Director of Operations for Macy's
Week 4

Tommy Grella, Jr.
34
Methuen, MA
Self-Taught Chef
Week 3

Colombe Jacobsen-Derstine
29
New York, NY
Former Child Actress
Week 3

Nikki Shaw
38
Oakland, CA
Caterer
Week 2

Patrick Rolfe
33
Seattle, WA
Chef
Week 1

Vivien Cunha
40
Hermosa Beach, CA
Caterer
Week 1

text: ^Note 1 : Amy Finley was eliminated Week 7, and the original finalists were Rory Schepisi and Joshua "JAG" Garcia. After the final elimination episode was aired, evidence came to light that JAG had lied about both his culinary training and his military service, representing both as more extensive than they actually were.[5][6] Food Network allowed him to withdraw from the competition and reinstated Amy Finley, who was voted The Next Food Network Star.

text: Season four[edit]

text: Summary[edit]

text: Season four of The Next Food Network Star premiered on Sunday, June 1, 2008. Food Network executives Bob Tuschman and Susie Fogelson are joined by Bobby Flay as the selection committee for this season. Each new episode aired on Sundays at 10:00 PM EDT. For this season, the viewers no longer received the chance to vote for the winner; producers instead made the final decision. This led to an error by FoodNetwork.com, which briefly posted the winning moment video on their website three days before the finale aired.[7] The winner for the fourth season was Aaron McCargo, Jr. His winning show idea, Big Daddy's House, first aired August 3, 2008.[8]

text: Finalist Adam Gertler was hired to host a Food Network show called Will Work for Food, which debuted on January 19, 2009 and was cancelled after one season. He hosted the Food Network show Kid in a Candy Store, which aired two seasons.

text: Kelsey Nixon co-hosted a web show on food2.com (a Food Network sister site aka Cooking Channel) and also appeared in the premiere of Chefs vs. City in 2009. In 2010, Gertler and Nixon became co-hosts of The Next Food Network Star After Party, a half-hour recap/interview show following that night's episode of Star, on Cooking Channel. Nixon stars in Kelsey's Essentials, a program on kitchen and cooking basics for The Cooking Channel that ran November, 2010-2013.[9]

text: Contestants[edit]

text:
Name
Age
Hometown
Occupation
Eliminated

Aaron McCargo, Jr.
36
Camden, NJ
Chef
Winner

Adam Gertler
30
Philadelphia, PA
Food Server
Runner-Up

Lisa Garza
32
Dallas, TX
Restaurateur/Designer
Runner-Up

Kelsey Nixon
23
North Ogden, UT
Assistant Culinary Director
Week 7

Shane Lyons
20
Colorado Springs, CO
Private Chef and actor
Week 6

Jennifer Cochrane
32
Woonsocket, RI
Chef
Week 5

Nipa Bhatt
35
Victoria, MN
Marketing Manager
Week 4

Jeffrey Vaden
43
White Plains, NY
Food Service Management
Week 3

Kevin Roberts
39
San Diego, CA
Radio Talk Show Host/Restaurant Owner/Author
Week 2

Cory Kahaney
45
New York, NY
Stand-up Comedian
Week 1

text: Season five[edit]

text: Summary[edit]

text: Season five of The Next Food Network Star premiered on June 7, 2009. Food Network executives Bob Tuschman and Susie Fogelson were joined by Bobby Flay as the Selection Committee for this season, which was filmed early 2009 in New York, New York and Miami, Florida. Melissa D'Arabian was declared the winner on August 2, 2009 with the title for her show being Ten Dollar Dinners. Her show premiered on August 9, 2009.[1]

text: On August 17, 2009, Food Network announced Jeffrey Saad would return in a series of online videos based on his pilot, now called "The Spice Smuggler."[10] The program premiered with four 4-1/2 minute videos featuring one spice and a recipe incorporating it.[11] Saad was named the national representative for the American Egg Board. In November, 2010, Saad debuted in a new show for The Cooking Channel titled United Tastes of America, which explores multiple aspects of traditional American food.[9]

text: Finalist Debbie Lee has carried her "Seoul to Soul" concept to the streets of L.A., opening a lunch truck, Ahn-Joo, featuring a range of Korean food.

text: Contestants[edit]

text:
Name
Age
Hometown
Occupation
Culinary P.O.V.
Eliminated

Melissa d'Arabian
40
Keller, TX
Stay-At-Home Mom
"Kitchen Survival Guide"
Winner

Jeffrey Saad
42
Los Angeles, California
Restaurateur/Food Consultant/Recipe Developer/Chef
"Ingredient Smuggler"
Runner-Up

Debbie Lee
39
West Hollywood, California
Restaurant Consultant
"From Seoul to Soul"
Week 8

Jamika Pessoa
30
Atlanta, Georgia
Personal Chef/Businesswoman
Caribbean Cuisine
Week 7

Michael Proietti
28
City Island, NY
Executive Chef
"Global A Go-Go"
Week 6

Katie Cavuto
30
Philadelphia, PA
Personal Chef & Dietician
Healthy and Green Cuisine
Week 5

Teddy Folkman
33
Alexandria, VA
Restaurant Owner/Executive Chef
"Gourmet Bar Food"
Week 4

Eddie Gilbert
30
Los Angeles
Apprentice Chef
"Modernized Traditional Food"
Week 3

Brett Oxenforth
33
Winnipeg, Manitoba
Executive Sous Chef
Italian-American Cuisine
Week 2

Jen Isham
30
Orlando, FL
Sales Manager
"Housewife 2.0"
Week 1

text: Season six[edit]

text: Summary[edit]

text: The sixth season of the series premiered on Sunday, June 6, 2010. Food Network executives Bob Tuschman and Susie Fogelson were again joined by Bobby Flay as judges; in addition, Giada De Laurentiis served as an on-set mentor. On July 17, 2010, a post-competition recap and discussion show premiered on The Cooking Channel. Shows were filmed in Los Angeles, California and New York, New York.[12]

text: On August 15, 2010, Aarti Sequeira was declared the winner, and her new show Aarti Party[13] premiered on Sunday, August 22, 2010 and features American style cuisine with unique Indian flair. Season 2 of Aarti Party[13] premiered that December.

text: The Food Network also signed runner-up Tom Pizzica to host a new show called Outrageous Food, which premiered in November 2010.[14] The last new episodes of Aarti Party aired in mid-2013.

text: Contestants[edit]

text:
Name
Age
Hometown
Occupation
Culinary P.O.V.
Eliminated

Aarti Sequeira
31
Los Angeles, California
Food Blogger
"Aarti Paarti"
Winner

Herb Mesa
41
Atlanta, Georgia
Personal Trainer/Personal Chef
"Cooking Con Sabor"
Runner-Up

Tom Pizzica
32
San Francisco, CA
Unemployed Chef
"Big Chef"
Runner-Up

Aria Kagan
30
Hollywood, FL
Private Chef
"Family Style"
Week 9

Brad Sorenson
25
Austin, Texas
Professional Chef
"Pro"/"Culinary Quest"
Week 8

Serena Palumbo
31
New York, New York
Attorney
"Serena's Trattoria"
Week 7

Brianna Jenkins
30
Atlanta, Georgia
Caterer
"Sexy and Fabulous Flavors"
Week 6

Paul Young
32
Chicago, IL
Waiter
"Blue-Collar Dollar"
Week 5

Darrell "DAS" Smith
28
Los Angeles
High School Culinary Teacher
"Food is the Life of the Party"
Week 4

Dzintra Dzenis
44
Austin, TX
Private Cooking Instructor

Week 3

Doreen Fang
38
Los Angeles
Caterer/Cooking Instructor
"Simply Complex"
Week 2

Alexis Hernandez
40
Clarksville, IN
Part-time food Writer

Week 1

text: Season seven[edit]

text: Summary[edit]

text: For the seventh season, the reality television series was renamed, after the first episode, Food Network Star, dropping the word "Next". It premiered Sunday, June 5, 2011. Food Network executives Bob Tuschman and Susie Fogelson were joined again by Bobby Flay and Giada De Laurentiis as the judges for this season. The series was filmed in Los Angeles, California and New York, New York.[15]

text: Season seven winner Jeff Mauro's show "Sandwich King" premiered on Sunday, August 21, 2011. In spring 2013, Jeff hosted $24 in 24, a show in which he went to several cities and ate an entire day's worth of meals on 24 dollars.

text: Contestants[edit]

text:
Name
Age
Hometown
Occupation
Culinary P.O.V.
Eliminated

Jeff Mauro
32
Chicago, IL
Corporate Chef
"Sandwich King"
Winner

Susie Jimenez
31
Carbondale, CO
Catering Company Owner
"Spice It Up"
Runner-Up

Vic "Vegas" Moea
36
Brooklyn, NY
Executive Chef
"Mama's Boy"
Week 11

Mary Beth Albright
38
Washington, DC
Food Writer and Blogger
"Sunday Supper"
Week 10

Whitney Chen
28
New York, NY
Chef
"Four Star Flair"
Week 9

Jyll Everman
31
Glendora, CA
Caterer
"Jyllicious Bites"
Week 8

Penny Davidi
39
Los Angeles
Restaurant Owner
"Stilettos in the Kitchen"/"Middle Eastern Mama"
Week 7

Chris Nirschel
28
Hoboken, NJ
Sous Chef
"On the Line"
Week 7

Orchid Paulmeier
38
Bluffton, SC
Restaurant Owner
"Asian Persuasion"
Week 6

Justin Davis
31
Minneapolis, MN
Food Blogger
"The Flavor Factory"
Week 5

Justin Balmes
32
Marietta, GA
Fishmonger/ Butcher
"Kitchen Workshop"
Week 4

Alicia Sanchez
33
New York, NY
Young Adult Culinary Teacher
"Alicia's Guilty Pleasures"
Week 3

Katy Clark
34
Long Beach, CA
Food and Fitness Company Operator
"Simply Fabulous"
Week 2

Juba Kali
29
New Orleans, LA
Research Chef
"Cuisine Made Simply"
Week 2

Howie Drummond
40
Highlands Ranch, CO
Radio Host
"Basic and Delicious"
Week 1

text: Season eight[edit]

text: Summary[edit]

text: Season 8 started May 13, 2012. For season 8, the format changed, with the contestants divided into three five-member teams, each coached by a Food Network host, either Bobby Flay, Alton Brown, or Giada De Laurentiis. Coaches worked with the teams as they prepared for and completed their tasks. The winner's coach would also be the producer of the winner's show.

text: Each week, a winning team was selected, and one member of the teams that did not win was up for elimination in a new feature called Producers' Challenge. Each challenge was hosted by current Food Network personalities.

text: The final winner was decided by an audience vote cast on foodnetwork.com between July 15–17, 2012 and the winner was announced on July 22, 2012. The winner was Justin Warner, who hosted a one-hour special on The Food Network, but did not have a series produced. He has become a blogger on foodnetwork.com, makes appearances at Food Network events, and is an active Twitter presence.[16]

text: Coaches[edit]

text:
Alton Brown – host of Good Eats, Iron Chef America, The Next Iron Chef, and Cutthroat Kitchen.
Bobby Flay – host of Grill It! with Bobby Flay, Throwdown! with Bobby Flay. Co-host of season 3 of Worst Cooks in America and Iron Chef on Iron Chef America
Giada De Laurentiis – host of Everyday Italian , Giada at Home and Giada in Italy

tag: ul

text: Contestants[edit]

text:
Name
Age
Hometown
Occupation
Culinary P.O.V.
Team
Eliminated

Justin Warner
27
Brooklyn, NY
Chef and Restaurant Owner
"Rebel with a Culinary Cause"
Team Alton
Winner

Michele Ragussis
42
Brooklyn, NY[17]
Executive Chef
"My New England"
Team Bobby
Runner-Up

Yvan Lemoine
30
New York City
Bartender and Cook for the French Consulate
"Family Style"
Team Giada
Runner-Up

Martie Duncan
50[18]
Birmingham, AL
Blogger and Party Planner
"Martie with the Party"
Team Alton
Runner-Up

Philip "Ippy" Aiona
23
Kamuela, HI
Executive Chef
"Voyage to Paradise"
Team Giada
Week 10

Nikki Martin
31
West Hollywood, CA
Private Chef, Food and Beverage Consultant
"The Grill Next Door"
Team Bobby
Week 10

Martita Jara
35
San Diego, CA
Self-Taught Chef
"Martita's Mesa"
Team Giada
Week 9

Malcolm Mitchell
41
Washington, DC
Private Chef
"Simple and Soulful"
Team Bobby
Week 8

Emily Ellyn
29
Orlando, FL
College Student
"Cooking Retro Rad"
Team Alton
Week 7

Linkie Marais
28
North Attleborough, MA
Cake Baker
"Dessert Queen"
Team Giada
Week 6

Judson Allen
30
Chicago, IL
Catering Company Owner
"Weight Loss Journey"
Team Alton
Week 5

Eric Lee
44
Petaluma, CA
Winery Executive Chef
"Handcrafted in Wine Country"
Team Bobby
Week 4

Josh Lyons
42
Jupiter, FL
Restaurant Consultant and Sushi Chef
"Wok and Roll"
Team Giada
Week 3

Kara Sigle
31
Chicago, IL
Catering Company Owner
"Nostalgic Cooking with a Twist"
Team Bobby
Week 2

Cristie Schoen
35
New Orleans, LA
Caterer
"Healthy and Delicious"
Team Alton
Week 1

text: Season nine[edit]

text: Summary[edit]

text: Season 9 started on June 2, 2013.[19] For season 9, Alton Brown, Bobby Flay, and Giada De Laurentiis mentored and judged twelve Food Network Star competitors, although the contestants were not divided into teams as in season 8. Many of this season's contestants had previously appeared on other Food Network shows.[20] The winner was Damaris Phillips, decided by an audience vote cast on foodnetwork.com and announced live on August 11, 2013.

text: Contestants[edit]

text:
Name
Age
Hometown
Occupation
Culinary P.O.V.
Eliminated

Damaris Phillips
31
Louisville, KY
Culinary Teacher
"Modern Southern Food"
Winner

Rodney Henry
47
Baltimore, MD
Pie Shop Owner
"Pie Style"
Runner-up

Russell Jackson
49
San Francisco, CA
Underground Chef
"Seven Culinary Sins"
Runner-up

Stacey Poon-Kinney
34
San Diego, CA
Restaurant Owner
"Vintage with a Modern Twist"
Week 10

Nikki Dinki
29
New York, NY
Food Blogger/Online Host
"Semi-Vegetarian" / "Meat on the Side"
Week 9

Connie "Lovely" Jackson
27
Los Angeles
Caterer
"Party on a Plate"
Week 4 & Week 8 (Winner of Star Salvation)

Chad Rosenthal
37
Ambler, PA
Restaurant Owner
"Jewish BBQ Guy"
Week 7

Chris Hodgson
26
Cleveland, OH
Chef/Restaurateur
"Compassion for Food"
Week 6

Viet Pham
33
Salt Lake City, UT
Chef/Restaurant Owner
"The American Dream"
Week 5

Danushka Lysek
37
New York, NY
Private Chef/Model
"Your Private Chef"
Week 3

Andres Guillama
26
Waynesville, NC
Childhood Obesity Prevention Coach
"Teaching Men to Cook"
Week 2

Daniela Perez-Reyes
28
Haleiwa, HI
Bartender/Caterer
"Peruvian Princess"
Week 1

text: Season ten[edit]

text: The winner was Lenny McNab, decided by an audience vote cast on foodnetwork.com and announced live on August 10, 2014. It is the last season to date where the finale aired live—all subsequent season finales would be filmed months in advance prior to airing.[21]

text: Contestants[edit]

text:
Name
Age
Hometown
Occupation
Culinary P.O.V.
Eliminated

Lenny McNab
42
De Beque, CO
Executive Chef
Gourmet Cowboy
Winner

Luca Della Casa
38
San Antonio, TX (Originally from Turin, Italy)
Restaurateur
Luca's Feast
Episode 2 (Winner of Star Salvation) Runner-up

Nicole Gaffney
29
Atlantic City, New Jersey
Private Chef
Coastal Cuisine
Runner-up

Sarah Penrod
30
League City, TX
Private Chef
Devoted to Date Night/Texas Cuisine
Episode 10

Loreal Gavin
26
Indianapolis, IN
Butcher
Butcher Babe
Episode 9

Emma Frisch
30
Ithaca, NY
Farmer
Farm-to-Table
Episode 8

Chris Kyler
32
Stafford, VA
Caterer
elevating classics
Episode 7

Reuben Ruiz
27
Miami, FL
Restaurant Owner
Flavors of Miami
Episode 6

Christopher Lynch
39
New Orleans, LA
Executive Chef
New Orleans Inspired
Episode 5

Aryen Moore-Alston
31
Memphis, TN
Home Cook
International Cuisine Made Easy
Episode 4

Kenny Lao
36
New York, NY
Food Truck Chef
Fast-Casual
Episode 3

Donna Sonkin Shaw
42
New York, NY
Nutritionist
Healthy Comfort Food
Episode 1

text: Season eleven[edit]

text: Beginning with this season, Alton Brown no longer appeared as a judge. The winner was Eddie Jackson.[22]

text: Contestants[edit]

text:
Name
Age
Hometown
Occupation
Culinary P.O.V.
Eliminated

Eddie Jackson
34
Houston, TX
Food Truck Owner
Caribbean
Winner

Jay Ducote
33
Baton Rouge, LA
Radio Host
Louisiana
Runner up

Dominick "Dom" Tesoriero
31
Staten Island, NY
Food Truck Owner
Italian
Week 8 (Winner of Star Salvation; returned for semi-final) Runner up

Arnold Myint
38
Nashville, TN
Restaurant Owner
Effortless Home Entertainment
Week 10

Alex McCoy
31
Washington, D.C.
Chef, Restaurant Owner
Fusion Sandwiches
Week 9

Michelle Karam
39
Santa Barbara, CA
Food Blogger
Mediterranean
Week 7 (Withdrew)

Emilia Cirker
36
Reston, VA
Culinary Instructor
Spice Class
Week 6

Rue Rusike
26
Brooklyn, NY
Private Chef
South African
Week 5

Rosa Graziano
38
Los Angeles
Food Truck Owner
Southern Italian
Week 4

Sita Lewis
47
New York, NY
Culinary Instructor
Italian Soul
Week 3

Matthew Grunwald
22
Scottsdale, AZ
Restaurant Chef
Hashtag
Week 2

Christina Fitzgerald
29
St. Louis, MO
Executive Chef
Around The World
Week 1

text: Season twelve[edit]

text: Martita Jara originally competed in the eighth season of the series; she returned after winning the pre-season competition Comeback Kitchen.[23]

text: Contestants[edit]

text:
Name
Age
Hometown
Occupation
Eliminated

Tregaye Fraser
31
Atlanta, Georgia
Caterer
Winner

Jernard Wells
37
Executive chef
Runner-up

Damiano Carrara
30
Moorpark, California
Pastry chef

Yaku Moton-Spruill[A]
33
San Francisco, California
Basketball player, sous chef
Week 4 /
Week 10

Ana Quincoces
49
Coral Gables, Florida
Cookbook writer, attorney
Week 9

Erin Campbell
24
Woodbury, Minnesota
Baker
Week 8

Joy Thompson
40
Thomasville, North Carolina
Baker, restaurateur
Week 7

Rob Burmeister
45
Staten Island, New York
School lunch administrator
Week 6

Monterey Salka
26
Nashville, Tennessee
Caterer
Week 5

Martita Jara
39
San Diego, California
Home cook
Week 3

Aaron Crumbaugh
36
Spokane, Washington
Caterer
Week 2

Melissa Pfeister
34
Los Angeles, California
Basketball player

Havird Usry
28
Augusta, Georgia
Restaurateur
Week 1

text: Season thirteen[edit]

text: Matthew Grunwald originally competed in season 11. He returned for a second chance after winning the Comeback Kitchen competition.

text: Contestants[edit]

text:
Name
Age
Hometown
Occupation
Eliminated

Jason Smith
39
Grayson, Kentucky
Cafeteria manager
Winner

Rusty Hamlin
42
Atlanta, Georgia
Executive chef
Runner-up

Cory Bahr
40
Monroe, Louisiana
Chef[B]

Matthew Grunwald
24
Scottsdale, Arizona
Restaurant chef
Week 10

Amy Pottinger
32
Honolulu, Hawaii
Food blogger
Week 9

David Rose
35
Atlanta, Georgia
Caterer
Week 7

Addie Gundry
30
Lake Forest, Illinois
Cookbook author; chef
Week 6

Caodan Tran
29
Dallas, Texas
Personal chef
Week 5

Trace Barnett
27
Brilliant, Alabama
Food blogger
Week 4

Suzanne Lossia
42
Detroit, Michigan
Personal chef
Week 3

Toya Boudy
34
New Orleans, Louisiana
Week 2

Nancy Manlove
65
Texas City, Texas
Chef

Blake Baldwin
30
Flemington, New Jersey
Marketing manager; home cook
Week 1

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ Yaku Moton-Spruill returned to the competition in Week 10 of season 12 after winning Star Salvation, but was again eliminated midway through the latter episode.
Jump up ^ Cory Bahr returned to the competition in Week 10 of season 13 after winning Star Salvation.

tag: ol


document_title: The Skye Boat Song

question_text: who sings the skye boat song in outlander

text: The Skye Boat Song

text: Content[edit]

text: The song tells how Bonnie Prince Charlie, disguised as a serving maid, escaped in a small boat after the defeat of his Jacobite rising of 1745, with the aid of Flora MacDonald. The song is a traditional expression of Jacobitism and its story has also entered Scotland as a national legend.[1]

text: Origin[edit]

text: The lyrics were written by Sir Harold Boulton, 2nd Baronet, to an air collected in the 1870s by Anne Campbelle MacLeod (1855–1921), who became Lady Wilson by marriage to Sir James Wilson, KSCI (1853–1926), in 1888. The song was first published in Songs of the North by Boulton and MacLeod, London, 1884, a book that went into at least fourteen editions.[1] In later editions MacLeod's name was dropped and the ascription "Old Highland rowing measure arranged by Malcolm Lawson" was substituted. It was quickly taken up by other compilers, such as Laura Alexandrine Smith's Music of the Waters (published 1888). Lawson was the elder brother of artist Cecil Gordon Lawson.

text: According to Andrew Kuntz, a collector of folk music lore, MacLeod was on a trip to the isle of Skye and was being rowed over Loch Coruisk (Coire Uisg, the "Cauldron of Waters") when the rowers broke into a Gaelic rowing song Cuachag nan Craobh ("The Cuckoo in the Grove"). MacLeod set down what she remembered of the air, with the intention of using it later in a book she was to co-author with Boulton, who later added the section with the Jacobite associations. "As a piece of modern romantic literature with traditional links it succeeded perhaps too well, for soon people began "remembering" they had learned the song in their childhood, and that the words were 'old Gaelic lines'," Andrew Kuntz has observed.[2]

text: The song was not in any older books of Scottish songs, though it is in most miscellanies like The Fireside Book of Folk Songs. It is often sung as a lullaby, in a slow rocking 6/8 time.

text: Recording history and covers[edit]

text: It was extremely popular in its day, and from its first recording by Tom Bryce on April 29, 1899,[3] became a standard among Scottish folk and dance musicians. It was even more widely known from the 1960s onwards and has remained popular in mainstream music genres. It was performed to great acclaim and recorded by artist and social activist Paul Robeson in 1959 and 1960.[4]

text: Tom Jones recorded a version, which was arranged by Lee Lawson and Harold Boulton, on his debut album Along Came Jones in 1965. The same album, released in the U.S. as "It's Not Unusual" (and carrying only 12 of the original 16 tracks), did not give attribution for the arrangement but did characterize the song as "Trad.—2:57."[5]

text: Fans of Rangers FC in Glasgow used to sing a version of the song in praise of Danish player Kai Johansen (played 1965–70).

text: Among later renditions which became well known were Peter Nelson and The Castaways from New Zealand, who released a version in 1966, as did West Australian artist Glen Ingram. Both versions were in the Australian hit parade in 1966. Calum Kennedy also included a version on Songs of Scotland and Ireland (Beltona 1971).

text: Rod Stewart recorded two versions of the song with The Atlantic Crossing Drum & Pipe Band during the sessions for Atlantic Crossing, between 1974 and 1975. They were given an official release on the deluxe re-release of the album in 2009.

text: This song can be heard at the beginning of "Who Stole the Bagpipes," the second episode in season one of the early 1980s British cartoon Dangermouse.

text: Roger Whittaker's duet version with Des O'Connor, released in 1986, combined O'Connor's vocals with Whittaker's whistling version, a part of his repertoire since at least the mid-1970s. The track was recorded at London's Holland Park Lansdowne Studios (fr) (now a high-end residential underground property) with session drummer Peter Boita along with all the high-profile studio session players of the day. The cellist Julian Lloyd Webber recorded an instrumental version of the song in 1986 on the album Encore! / Travels With My Cello Volume 2.

text: The Shadows played an instrumental version of the song on their 1987 album Simply Shadows.

text: Singer Tori Amos covered the song as part of a song trilogy entitled "Etienne Trilogy" on her debut album Y Kant Tori Read (1988).

text: Scottish singer, Barbara Dickson, recorded this song in 2006.

text: James Galway and The Chieftains recorded an instrumental version (which was used as background music for a Johnnie Walker commercial) in February 1990 at Studios 301, Sydney, Australia, released on the album Over the Sea to Skye - The Celtic Connection. There is also a version on The Corries "In Concert / Scottish Love Songs" album (Track 19).

text: Stellan Skarsgård's character plays this song on the cello in the 1992 film Wind.

text: Canadian Punk band, The Real McKenzies covered this song on their 1995 debut album The Real McKenzies.

text: Sir Michael Tippett originally included "Over the Sea to Skye" in his arrangements of Four Songs from the British Isles for unaccompanied four-part chorus in 1957, in response to a commission from North West German Radio, Bremen, for a festival of European folk song. But the amateur choir for which they were intended found the songs too difficult, and the first performance took place only in July 1958, given by the London Bach Group, conducted by John Minchinton, at Royaumont in France. The recently published volume of Tippett’s Selected Letters, edited by Thomas Schuttenhelm, includes a progress report on the Four Songs to the composer’s German publisher, dated 28 July 1957, in which he says that he proposes to replace "Over the Sea to Skye" because it is “too strictly held by a publisher here”. It was only rediscovered after Tippett’s death in the offices of his London publishers Schott’s; it was published at the end of 2002, and first performed the following July in Dublin.

text: Marc Gunn recorded this song for the 2013 album Scottish Songs of Drinking & Rebellion.

text: Bear McCreary adapted the song as the opening titles of the 2014 TV series Outlander, sung by Raya Yarbrough, changing the text of Robert Louis Stevenson's poem Sing Me a Song of a Lad That Is Gone (1892) to fit the story.[6][7][1]

text: Patrick Troughton as the second Doctor on the British science-fiction television series Doctor Who played the song repeatedly on his recorder in Episode 6, Scene 10 of "The Web of Fear" (broadcast 9 March 1968).[8][9]

text: It can also be heard playing background instrumental in several episodes of the American serial killer television series Dexter.

text: Lyrics[edit]

text: Original lyrics[edit]

text:
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
The Skye Boat Song lyrics

text:
[Chorus:]
Speed, bonnie boat, like a bird on the wing,
Onward! the sailors cry;
Carry the lad that's born to be King
Over the sea to Skye.

Loud the winds howl, loud the waves roar,
Thunderclaps rend the air;
Baffled, our foes stand by the shore,
Follow they will not dare.

[Chorus]

Though the waves leap, soft shall ye sleep,
Ocean's a royal bed.
Rocked in the deep, Flora will keep
Watch by your weary head.

[Chorus]

Many's the lad fought on that day,
Well the claymore could wield,
When the night came, silently lay
Dead on Culloden's field.

[Chorus]

Burned are their homes, exile and death
Scatter the loyal men;
Yet ere the sword cool in the sheath
Charlie will come again.

text: Stevenson's poem[edit]

text: Robert Louis Stevenson's 1892 poem, which has been sung to the tune, has the following text:[10]

text:
[Chorus:] Sing me a song of a lad that is gone,
Say, could that lad be I?
Merry of soul he sailed on a day
Over the sea to Skye.

Mull was astern, Rùm on the port,
Eigg on the starboard bow;
Glory of youth glowed in his soul;
Where is that glory now?

[Chorus]

Give me again all that was there,
Give me the sun that shone!
Give me the eyes, give me the soul,
Give me the lad that's gone!

[Chorus]

Billow and breeze, islands and seas,
Mountains of rain and sun,
All that was good, all that was fair,
All that was me is gone.

text: Other versions[edit]

text: There has also been a hymn adaptation of the tune, known as "Spirit of God Unseen as the Wind"; some of the lyrics vary.[11][12]

text: "The Skye Boat Song" has been parodied in song by Dawn French and Jennifer Saunders on their comedy series French and Saunders.

text: A modified version "The Skye Boat Song" is used as the theme music for the TV Series Outlander sung by Raya Yarbrough and arranged by Bear McCreary. Notably, the word "lad" used in the version by Robert Louis Stevenson is replaced by "lass" to reflect the story.


document_title: Angel Flying Too Close to the Ground

question_text: who wrote angel flying to close to the ground

text: Angel Flying Too Close to the Ground

text:
"Angel Flying Too Close to the Ground"

Single by Willie Nelson

from the album Honeysuckle Rose

B-side
"I Guess I've Come to Here in Your Eyes"

Released
January 1981

Genre
Country

Length
4:27

Label
Columbia

Songwriter(s)
Willie Nelson

Producer(s)
Willie Nelson

Willie Nelson singles chronology

"On the Road Again"
(1980)
"Angel Flying Too Close to the Ground"
(1981)
"Mona Lisa"
(1981)

"On the Road Again"
(1980)
"Angel Flying Too Close to the Ground"
(1981)
"Mona Lisa"
(1981)

text: "Angel Flying Too Close to the Ground" is a 1981 single from the film Honeysuckle Rose. "Angel Flying Too Close to the Ground" was written and performed by Willie Nelson. The single was Willie Nelson's seventh number one on the country chart as a solo artist and stayed at number one for one week and spent a total of fourteen weeks on the country chart.[1]

text: This song is commonly believed to have been written about Charlie "Magoo" Tinsley, a good friend of Nelson's who happened to also be a member of The Hells Angels.[citation needed] This has never been confirmed or denied by Nelson who usually says he's not going to argue with a load of bikers.[citation needed] He did once claim the song was about his wife Connie.[citation needed]

text: Charts[edit]

text:
Chart (1981)
Peak
position

US Hot Country Songs (Billboard)[2]
1

Canadian RPM Country Tracks
1

text: Cover versions[edit]

text:
Bob Dylan covered the song during the recording sessions for his 1983 album Infidels. The song appeared as the B-side to four different international single releases in support of the album.
Cross Canadian Ragweed covered the song on their tenth album, Happiness and All the Other Things.
Raul Malo covered the song on his 2006 album You're Only Lonely.
The Smoking Popes included a cover of the song on the re-issue of their 1995 album Born to Quit.
The King of the Hill soundtrack included a version of this on which Nelson duets with Mark McGrath. Oddly enough, the original, not this version, appeared in "Wings of the Dope" (the episode in which Luanne's deceased boyfriend reappears as an angel).
Alison Krauss recorded a cover of the song and included it on the Target Corporation exclusive version of her 2017 release Windy City.


document_title: Death in Paradise (TV series)

question_text: who have been the detectives in death in paradise

text: Death in Paradise (TV series)

text: Synopsis[edit]

text: British detective Richard Poole (Ben Miller) is assigned to investigate the murder of a British police officer on the fictional Caribbean island of Saint Marie.[5] After he successfully finds the murderer, he is reluctantly required by his supervisors to replace the victim and stay on as the detective inspector (DI) of the island, solving new cases as they appear, and being the object of many fish-out-of-water jokes.[6] At the start of Series 3, Poole is killed and maladroit London detective Humphrey Goodman (Kris Marshall) arrives to investigate the death of his strait-laced predecessor. He then stays in the job as chief investigator on the island. In the second half of Series 6, he resigns so he can stay in London with his new girlfriend Martha Lloyd. His replacement on Saint Marie is DI Jack Mooney, played by Ardal O'Hanlon.

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
Series
Episodes
Originally aired
Ave. UK viewers
(millions)[7]

First aired
Last aired

1
8
25 October 2011 (2011-10-25)
13 December 2011 (2011-12-13)
5.89

2
8
8 January 2013 (2013-01-08)
26 February 2013 (2013-02-26)
7.67

3
8
14 January 2014 (2014-01-14)
4 March 2014 (2014-03-04)
8.46

4
8
8 January 2015 (2015-01-08)
26 February 2015 (2015-02-26)
9.03

5
8
7 January 2016 (2016-01-07)
25 February 2016 (2016-02-25)
8.67

6
8
5 January 2017 (2017-01-05)
23 February 2017 (2017-02-23)
9.10

7
8
4 January 2018 (2018-01-04)
22 February 2018 (2018-02-22)
8.34

text: Format[edit]

text: While Death in Paradise has continued to be in the top three most popular programmes on British television, critics have called the crime drama "unremarkable" and "an undemanding detective show, with nice Caribbean scenery".[8] The show is known for its formulaic approach to its plots[9] with each episode roughly the same in both style and narrative structure.

text: Each episode begins with a pre-credits sequence showing the events leading up to a murder, and often the discovery of the body afterwards; this sequence also serves to introduce that particular episode's guest characters.[10] The police force of Saint Marie are subsequently informed of the murder, preliminary investigations and interviews take place to establish the suspects and photographs of the suspects and crime scene are placed on the whiteboard at police headquarters.[11]

text: Often towards the end, the lead DI will have a moment of realisation, perhaps brought on by something that someone says or does or by some occurrence. In this moment, the how, why, and who of the murder are comprehended by the DI, but are not revealed to the audience. The suspects are then all gathered together and the DI talks through the evidence; often, flashbacks are used to show what happened. The murderer and the motive are revealed in the dénouement of the episode.[12]

text: Normally, each episode ends with a comedic scene or a celebratory trip by the police force to Catherine's bar.[13] The final episode of most series has included a subplot wherein the lead DI is tempted to return to the UK by the prospect of a job offer or personal relationship, but in the end, he decides to remain on the island. This format was subverted in the sixth series when the two-part storyline in the fifth and sixth episodes saw the team travel to London to follow up on a current case, resulting in then-lead detective Humphrey Goodman deciding to remain to be with his new girlfriend; D.I. Jack Mooney travelled back to Saint-Marie, initially as a holiday, but decided to remain as the new detective inspector of the island in the series finale.

text: Setting[edit]

text: Saint Marie[edit]

text: Death in Paradise is set on the fictional Caribbean island of Saint Marie, described in Episode 3.3 as a "pretty island" that is "situated in the Eastern Caribbean Sea" and "one-tenth the size of its north-west neighbour Guadeloupe"; this would make Saint Marie about 63 square miles (160 km2) in size. Saint Marie is a British Overseas Territory, but about 30% of its people are French, due to previous history, with the language still widely spoken.

text: The back-story appears to be a blend of two real-world islands near to Guadeloupe, with size and location aligning with Marie-Galante and history and language aligning with Dominica.

text: In the TV show, the fictional Saint Marie island has a volcano, rainforest, sugar plantations, a fishing harbour, an airport, a university, a convent, approximately 100 public beaches and a Crown Court. It also has its own newspaper, The Saint Marie Times. Honoré, the main town, has a leisure/commercial marina, market, bars, and restaurants as well as the police station. The neighbouring town to Honoré is named as Port Royal. Saint Marie's main economic ties are to Guadeloupe, the UK, and France. The island's main religions are Catholicism and Voodoo, with several religious festivals featuring in the programme, including the Saint Ursula Festival (in reality, a major festival of the Virgin Islands) and some Voodoo festivals.

text: Other locations[edit]

text: Episode 3.7 is largely set on an islet just off Saint Marie; it is privately owned and relatively small. This episode was actually filmed on the island of Kahouanne, around 1.2 miles (1.9 km) off the north-west coast of Guadeloupe where the series is normally filmed. It can often be seen in the background from a beach on Saint Marie.

text: Episodes 6.5 and 6.6 are largely set in London when DI Goodman, DS Cassell and Officer Myers form a liaison team in order to track down suspects in a murder investigation in Saint Marie and later to investigate the murder of one of the suspects.

text: Characters[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Character
Actor
Position
Series

1
2
3
4
5
6
7

Richard Poole
Ben Miller
DI
Main
Guest

Camille Bordey
Sara Martins
DS
Main

Dwayne Myers
Danny John-Jules
Officer
Main

Fidel Best
Gary Carr
Officer/Sergeant
Main

Selwyn Patterson
Don Warrington
Commissioner
Main

Catherine Bordey
Élizabeth Bourgine
Restaurateur, Mayor (Series 7-)
Recurring
Main

Humphrey Goodman
Kris Marshall
DI

Main

Florence Cassel
Joséphine Jobert
Sergeant/DS

Main

JP Hooper
Tobi Bakare
Officer

Main

Martha Lloyd
Sally Bretton

Guest
Main

Jack Mooney
Ardal O'Hanlon
DI

Main

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Character
Actor
Years
Series

Aidan Miles
Adrian Dunbar
2011
1.7–1.8

Sally Goodman
Morven Christie
2014
3.1a, 3.8

Martin Goodman, QC
James Fox
2015
4.7a–4.8

Rosey Hooper (née Fabrice)
Fola Evans-Akingbola[14][15]
2016
5.3, 5.5–5.6, 5.8

Nelson Myers
Ram John Holder
2017-2018
6.5–6.6, 7.7–7.8

Siobhan Mooney
Grace Stone
2017-2018
6.6–7.1

Darlene Curtis
Ginny Holder
2018-
7.3–7.5, 7.7

text: ^a Made a voice cameo in this episode.

text: Production[edit]

text: The series is filmed on the French island of Guadeloupe in the Lesser Antilles, mainly in the commune of Deshaies (which doubles for the town of Honoré on the fictional island of Saint Marie), with the help of the Bureau d’accueil des tournages de la Région Guadeloupe.[16] The site of the Honoré police station is a church hall in Deshaies with the priest's office appearing as the incident room.[17]

text: Miller left the series at the start of series 3, as he felt he was spending too much time away from his family since his wife was unable to join him on the island during production. Marshall's family joined him on the island during his first three six-month shoots and his son Thomas enrolled at a local school. When his family did not join him during the filming of the sixth season, following the birth of his baby daughter Elsie, it left him feeling "bereft and empty" and he quit the show.[18] From episode 7 of the sixth season the lead role was taken by Ardal O'Hanlon playing DI Jack Mooney, a London colleague.[19]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Viewing figures[edit]

text: Regarding British TV ratings, Death in Paradise has gained in popularity over time.

text: Series 1 (2011) has been the least-watched to date, averaging 5.89 million viewers, with the 5.3 million viewers for the sixth episode, “An Unhelpful Aid” the lowest the show has had. Even so, each episode was among the top five most-watched programmes of the day, and in the top forty most-watched programmes of the week.

text: Series 2 (2013) averaged 7.67 million viewers, almost 2 million more than the previous series. Each episode was among the top two most-watched programmes of the day, and in the top fifteen most-watched programmes of the week.

text: Series 3 (2014) averaged 8.46 million viewers. Each episode was among the top two most-watched programmes of the day, and in the top ten most-watched programmes of the week.

text: Season 4 (2015) averaged 9.03 million viewers. Based on consolidated figures, each episode was among the top three most-watched programmes of the day, and in the top ten most-watched programmes of the week.

text: Season 5 (2016) averaged 8.67 million viewers. Based on consolidated figures, each episode was the most-watched programme of the day, and in the top four most-watched programmes of the week.

text: Season 6 (2017) has been the most-watched so far, averaging 9.1 million viewers. The season premiere, “Erupting in Murder” is the most-watched episode of the show to date with 9.81 million viewers. Based on consolidated figures, each episode of Series 6 was the most-watched programme of the day, and in the top four most-watched programmes of the week.

text: Series 7 (2018) averaged 8.34 million viewers. Based on consolidated figures, each episode was the most-watched programme of the day, and in the top ten most-watched programmes of the week.[20]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: The series has received mixed reviews from critics, with most criticism directed towards its formulaic structure. The first series was praised for its refreshing style and setting. Kris Marshall's introduction at the start of series 3 was particularly well received, with Rebecca Smith of The Daily Telegraph citing Marshall as a "winning addition" to the cast.[21] The series 4 premiere was described as "a little piece of escapism" and was generally praised. Mark Monahan of The Daily Telegraph criticised the laid-back tone of the series, calling it too methodical with nothing unique about it besides the setting.[22]

text: Awards[edit]

text: Red Planet Pictures was nominated for, and won, the "Diversity in a Drama Production Award" for Death In Paradise. Sara Martins, Danny John-Jules, Don Warrington and Tobi Bakare collected the award at a ceremony supported by the BBC and ITV that took place on 15 February 2015.[23]

text: DVD release[edit]

text:
Series
Region 2
Region 1
Region 4
Discs
Extras

1
8 October 2012[24]
17 June 2014[25]
2 August 2012 [26]
2
N/A

2
4 March 2013
16 September 2014[27]
3 July 2013 [28]
3
N/A

3
10 March 2014
5 May 2015[29]
25 May 2014 [30]
3
The Making of Death in Paradise on disc three. Seven short insights into the making of Death in Paradise.

4
2 March 2015[31]
N/A
18 March 2015 [32]
3
N/A

5
29 February 2016
N/A
16 March 2016 [33]
3
The Making Of Death In Paradise
Creating The Puzzle
Harry The Lizzard
Tour Of Honoré Police Station
The Vehicles

1–5
29 February 2016
N/A
16 March 2016 [34]
14
same extras that were on series 3 and 5 (no extra were made for series 1–2 and 4)

6
27 February 2017
N/A
29 March 2017 [35]
3
N/A

1–6
N/A
N/A
29 March 2017 [36]
17
same extras that were on series 3 and 5

7
26 February 2018
N/A
14 March 2018 [37]
3

1–7
N/A
N/A
14 March 2018 [38]
20

text: Broadcast[edit]

text: In the U.K., all series were shown on BBC One. The first series was broadcast in late 2011. The second series was broadcast in January 2013, with subsequent series filling the same January slot; all series were shown in a 9:00–10:00 pm slot.[a] The series has also been shown on repeat on the Alibi channel, although with each episode missing the pre-intro sequence and a few expendable scenes due to the need for adverts on Alibi.

text: In France the programme is broadcast on France 2.

text: In the U.S., many, but not all, member stations of PBS broadcast Death In Paradise. Series 1 and 2 were broadcast in the San Francisco Bay Area on KQED Mystery Night in 2013.[39] Series 1 aired in January and February 2013 and series 2 aired in April and May 2013.

text: In the New England area, WGBH-TV started airing Series 1 and 2 in 2013. Other PBS stations that air the programme as of 2016 include WPBA, WLIW, WTTW, KAET, KUAT and WNED, among others. In Seattle-Tacoma, WA area broadcast on KBTC TV (PBS), Seasons 1-6.

text: All episodes of series 1–5 are available on Netflix for online streaming in the UK. All episodes of series 1–6 are available on Netflix for online streaming in the U.S.

text: In Australia, recent series have aired nationally on Foxtel within a few hours of their UK release. Series 1–6 were broadcast on ABC One a few months behind original broadcast in the U.K. Generally, this was shown in a 7:30pm Saturday timeslot.

text: In Canada, all series have been broadcast on BBC Canada on Thursdays at 9:00 pm. The last two series have been shown about a month after the BBC One showing.

text: Music[edit]

text: Theme music[edit]

text: The theme music is an instrumental version of a Jamaican song from the 1960s, "You're Wondering Now," written by Coxsone Dodd, originally recorded by Andy & Joey in Jamaica. It was later made famous by The Skatalites and in Europe by ska band The Specials and later still by Amy Winehouse as featured on some editions of the deluxe version of her album Back to Black. In the first episode of the third series, the cover version recorded by The Skatalites in 1994 is played at the bar. It appeared on the official Death in Paradise soundtrack, released in January 2015, alongside other music from all four series. In the French version, the opening song is "Sunday Shining" by Finley Quaye.

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text: In January 2015, an official soundtrack compiling 26 songs from the first four series of the show was released by the BBC. It contains original music for Death in Paradise and already extant tunes, though it does not include the theme music from the show.

text: Novels[edit]

text: The creator of the show, Robert Thorogood, signed a three-book deal to write Death in Paradise novels featuring the original characters (D.I. Richard Poole, D.S. Camille Bordey, Officer Dwayne Myers, Sergeant Fidel Best and Comm. Selwyn Patterson). The first of these, A Meditation on Murder (A Death in Paradise novel),[40] was published in January 2015. Early reviews were generally favourable, with the Daily Express in particular being complimentary, giving it four stars.[41] The second book was released in 2016 with the title The Killing of Polly Carter.

text: Notes[edit]

text: Jump up ^ Series 4, episode 7 was shown in an earlier timeslot of 8.25 pm-9.25 pm due to EastEnders Live 30th anniversary celebrations.


document_title: New Amsterdam

question_text: when did the british take over new amsterdam

text: New Amsterdam

text: History[edit]

text: Early settlement (1609–1625)[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: In 1524, nearly a century before the arrival of the Dutch, the site that later became New Amsterdam was named New Angoulême by the Italian explorer Giovanni da Verrazzano, to commemorate his patron King Francis I of France, former Count of Angoulême.[3] The first recorded exploration by the Dutch of the area around what is now called New York Bay was in 1609 with the voyage of the ship Halve Maen (English: "Half Moon"), captained by Henry Hudson[4] in the service of the Dutch Republic, as the emissary of Maurice of Nassau, Prince of Orange, Holland's stadholder. Hudson named the river the Mauritius River. He was covertly attempting to find the Northwest Passage for the Dutch East India Company. Instead, he brought back news about the possibility of exploitation of beaver by the Dutch who sent commercial, private missions to the area the following years.

text: At the time, beaver pelts were highly prized in Europe, because the fur could be felted to make waterproof hats. A by-product of the trade in beaver pelts was castoreum—the secretion of the animals' anal glands—which was used for its medicinal properties and for perfumes. The expeditions by Adriaen Block and Hendrick Christiaensen in 1611, 1612, 1613 and 1614, resulted in the surveying and charting of the region from the 38th parallel to the 45th parallel.[5] On their 1614 map, which gave them a four-year trade monopoly under a patent of the States General, they named the newly discovered and mapped territory New Netherland for the first time. It also showed the first year-round trading presence in New Netherland, Fort Nassau, which would be replaced in 1624 by Fort Orange, which eventually grew into the town of Beverwyck, now Albany.

text: Dominican trader Juan Rodriguez (rendered in Dutch as Jan Rodrigues), born in Santo Domingo of Portuguese and African descent, arrived on Manhattan Island during the winter of 1613–1614, trapping for pelts and trading with the local population as a representative of the Dutch. He was the first recorded non-Native American inhabitant of what would eventually become New York City.[6][7]

text: The territory of New Netherland was originally a private, profit-making commercial enterprise focused on cementing alliances and conducting trade with the diverse Indian tribes. Surveying and exploration of the region was conducted as a prelude to an anticipated official settlement by the Dutch Republic, which occurred in 1624.

text: Pilgrims' attempt to settle in the Hudson River area[edit]

text: In 1620 the Pilgrims attempted to sail to the Hudson River from England. However, the Mayflower reached Cape Cod (now part of Massachusetts) on November 9, 1620, after a voyage of 64 days.[8] For a variety of reasons, primarily a shortage of supplies, the Mayflower could not proceed to the Hudson River, and the colonists decided to settle near Cape Cod, establishing the Plymouth Colony.

text: Dutch return[edit]

text: The mouth of the Hudson River was selected as the ideal place for initial settlement as it had easy access to the ocean while also securing an ice-free lifeline to the beaver trading post near present-day Albany. Here, Indian hunters supplied them with pelts in exchange for European-made trade goods and wampum, which was soon being made by the Dutch on Long Island. In 1621, the Dutch West India Company was founded. Between 1621 and 1623, orders were given to the private, commercial traders to vacate the territory, thus opening up the territory to Dutch settlers and company traders. It also allowed the laws and ordinances of the states of Holland to apply. Previously, during the private, commercial period, only the law of the ship had applied.

text: In May 1624, the first settlers in New Netherland arrived on Noten Eylandt (Nut or Nutten Island, now Governors Island) aboard the ship New Netherland under the command of Cornelius Jacobsen May, who disembarked on the island with thirty families in order to take legal possession of the New Netherland territory.[9] The families were then dispersed to Fort Wilhelmus on Verhulsten Island (Burlington Island) in the South River (now the Delaware River), to Kievitshoek (now Old Saybrook, Connecticut) at the mouth of the Verse River (now the Connecticut River) and further north at Fort Nassau on the Mauritius or North River (now the Hudson River), near what is now Albany.

text: A fort and sawmill were soon erected at Nut Island. The latter was constructed by Franchoys Fezard and was taken apart for iron in 1648.

text: Fort Amsterdam (1624)[edit]

text: The threat of attack from other European colonial powers prompted the directors of the Dutch West India Company to formulate a plan to protect the entrance to the Hudson River. In 1624, 30 families were sponsord by Dutch West India Company moving from Nut Island to Manhattan Island, where a citadel to contain Fort Amsterdam was being laid out by Cryn Frederickz van Lobbrecht at the direction of Willem Verhulst. By the end of 1625, the site had been staked out directly south of Bowling Green on the site of the present U.S. Custom House. The Mohawk-Mahican War in the Hudson Valley led the company to relocate even more settlers to the vicinity of the new Fort Amsterdam. In the end, colonizing was a prohibitively expensive undertaking, only partly subsidized by the fur trade. This led to a scaling back of the original plans. By 1628, a smaller fort was constructed with walls containing a mixture of clay and sand.

text: The fort also served as the center of trading activity. It contained a barracks, the church, a house for the West India Company director and a warehouse for the storage of company goods.[10] Troops from the fort used the triangle between the Heerestraat and what came to be known as Whitehall Street for marching drills.

text: Verhulst, with his council, was responsible for the selection of Manhattan as a permanent place of settlement and for situating Fort Amsterdam. He was replaced as the company director-general of New Amsterdam by Peter Minuit in 1626. To legally safeguard the settlers' investments, possessions and farms on Manhattan island, Minuit negotiated the "purchase" of Manhattan from a Manahatta band of Lenape for 60 guilders worth of trade goods. According to the writer Nathaniel Benchley, Minuit conducted the transaction with the Lenape chief Seyseys, who was only too happy to accept valuable merchandise in exchange for an island that was actually mostly controlled by the Weckquaesgeeks.[11] The deed itself has not survived, so the specific details are unknown. A textual reference to the deed became the foundation for the legend that Minuit had purchased Manhattan from the Native Americans for 24 dollars' worth of trinkets and beads, the guilder rate at the time being about two and a half to a Spanish dollar. The price of 60 Dutch guilders in 1626 amounts to around $1,100 in 2012 dollars.[12] Further complicating the calculation is that the value of goods in the area would have been different than the value of those same goods in the developed market of the Netherlands.

text: The Dutch exploited the hydropower of existing creeks by constructing mills at Turtle Bay (between present day East 45th- 48th Streets) and Montagne's Kill, later called Harlem Mill Creek (East 108th Street). In 1639 a sawmill was located in the northern forest at what was later the corner of East 74th Street and Second Avenue, at which African laborers cut lumber.[13][14]

text: The New Amsterdam settlement had a population of approximately 270 people, including infants[citation needed]. In 1642 the new director-general Willem Kieft decided to build a stone church within the fort. The work was carried out by recent English immigrants, the brothers John and Richard Ogden. The church was finished in 1645 and stood until destroyed in the Slave Insurrection of 1741.

text: A pen-and-ink view of New Amsterdam,[15][16] drawn on-the-spot and discovered in the map collection of the Austrian National Library in Vienna in 1991, provides a unique view of New Amsterdam as it appeared from Capske (small Cape) Rock in 1648. Capske Rock was situated in the water close to Manhattan between Manhattan and Noten Eylant, and signified the start of the East River roadstead.

text: New Amsterdam received municipal rights on February 2, 1653, thus becoming a city. Albany, then named Beverwyck, received its city rights in 1652. Nieuw Haarlem, now known as Harlem, was formally recognized in 1658.

text: The first Jews known to have lived in New Amsterdam arrived in 1654. First to arrive were Solomon Pietersen and Jacob Barsimson, who sailed during the summer of 1654 directly from Holland, with passports that gave them permission to trade in the colony.[17] Then in early September, 23 Jewish refugees arrived from the formerly Dutch city of Recife, which had been conquered by the Portuguese in January 1654.[18] The director of New Amsterdam, Peter Stuyvesant, sought to turn them away but was ultimately overruled by the directors of the Dutch West India Company in Amsterdam.[19] Asser Levy, an Ashkenazi Jew who was one of the 23 refugees, eventually prospered and in 1661 became the first Jew to own a house in New Amsterdam, which also made him the first Jew known to have owned a house anywhere in North America.[20]

text: In 1661 the Communipaw ferry was founded and began a long history of trans-Hudson ferry and ultimately rail and road transportation.[21] On September 15, 1655, New Amsterdam was attacked by 2,000 Indians as part of the Peach Tree War. They destroyed 28 farms, killed 100 settlers, and took 150 prisoners.

text: English capture[edit]

text: On August 27, 1664, while England and the Dutch Republic were at peace, four English frigates sailed into New Amsterdam's harbor and demanded New Netherland's surrender, whereupon New Netherland was provisionally ceded by Stuyvesant. On September 6, Stuyvesant sent lawyer Johannes De Decker and five other delegates to sign the official Articles of Capitulation. This was swiftly followed by the Second Anglo-Dutch War, between England and the Dutch Republic. In June 1665, New Amsterdam was reincorporated under English law as New York City, named after the Duke of York (later King James II). He was the brother of the English King Charles II, who had been granted the lands.[22]

text: In 1664, Jan van Bonnel built a saw mill on East 74th Street and the East River, where a 13,710-meter long stream that began in the north of today's Central Park, which became known as the Saw Kill or Saw Kill Creek, emptied into the river.[23][24] Later owners of the property George Elphinstone and Abraham Shotwell replaced the saw mill with a leather mill in 1677.[23][25] The Saw Kill was later redirected into a culvert, arched over, and its trickling little stream was called Arch Brook.

text: In 1667 the Treaty of Breda ended the conflict. The Dutch did not press their claims on New Netherland. In return, they were granted the tiny Island of Run in North Maluku, rich in nutmegs, and a guarantee for their de facto possession of Suriname, captured by them that year.

text: In July 1673, during the Third Anglo-Dutch War, the Dutch briefly occupied New York City and renamed it New Orange.[26] Anthony Colve was installed as the first governor. Previously there had only been West India Company directors. After the signing of the Treaty of Westminster in November 1674, the city was relinquished to the English and the name reverted to "New York". Suriname became an official Dutch possession in return.

text: Cartography[edit]

text: The beginnings of New Amsterdam, unlike most other colonies in the New World, were thoroughly documented in city maps. During the time of New Netherland's colonization, the Dutch were the pre-eminent cartographers in Europe. The delegated authority of the Dutch West India Company over New Netherland required maintaining sovereignty on behalf of the States General, generating cash flow through commercial enterprise for its shareholders, and funding the province's growth. Thus its directors regularly required that censuses be taken. These tools to measure and monitor the province's progress were accompanied by accurate maps and plans. These surveys, as well as grassroots activities to seek redress of grievances,[16] account for the existence of some of the most important of the early documents.[27]

text: There is a particularly detailed city map called the Castello Plan produced in 1660. Virtually every structure in New Amsterdam at the time is believed to be represented, and by a fortunate coincidence it can be determined who resided in every house from the Nicasius de Sille List of 1660, which enumerates all the citizens of New Amsterdam and their addresses.[28]

text: The city map known as the Duke's Plan probably derived from the same 1660 census as the Castello Plan. The Duke's Plan includes the earliest suburban development on Manhattan (the two outlined areas along the top of the plan). The work was created for James (1633–1701), the duke of York and Albany, after whom New York City and New York State's capital Albany were named, just after the seizure of New Amsterdam by the British.[29] After that provisional relinquishment of New Netherland, Stuyvesant reported to his superiors that he "had endeavored to promote the increase of population, agriculture and commerce...the flourishing condition which might have been more flourishing if the now afflicted inhabitants had been protected by a suitable garrison...and had been helped with the long sought for settlement of the boundary, or in default thereof had they been seconded with the oft besought reinforcement of men and ships against the continual troubles, threats, encroachments and invasions of the British neighbors and government of Hartford Colony, our too powerful enemies."

text: The existence of these city maps has proven to be very useful in the archaeology of New York City. For instance, the Castello map aided the excavation of the Stadthuys (City Hall) of New Amsterdam in determining the exact location of the building.[30][31]

text: Layout[edit]

text: The maps enable a precise reconstruction of the town. Fort Amsterdam was located at the most southern tip of the island of Manhattan, which today is surrounded by Bowling Green. The Battery is a reference to its batteries, or cannons.

text: Broadway was the main street that led out of town north towards Harlem. The town was surrounded to the north by a wall leading from the eastern to the western shore. The course of this city wall is today Wall Street. A canal led from the harbor inland and was filled in 1676, which today is Broad Street.

text: The layout of the streets was winding, as in a European city. Only starting from Wall Street going toward uptown did the typical grid become enforced long after the town ceased to be Dutch. Most of the Financial District overlaps New Amsterdam and has retained the original street layout.

text: Legacy[edit]

text: The 1625 date of the founding of New Amsterdam is now commemorated in the official Seal of New York City. (Formerly, the year on the seal was 1664, the year of the provisional Articles of Transfer, assuring New Netherlanders that they "shall keep and enjoy the liberty of their consciences in religion", negotiated with the English by Peter Stuyvesant and his council.)

text: Sometimes considered a dysfunctional trading post by the English who later acquired it from the Dutch, Russell Shorto, author of The Island at the Center of the World, suggests that the city left its cultural marks on later New York and, by extension, the United States as a whole.[32]

text: Major recent historical research has been based on a set of documents that have survived from that period, untranslated. They are the administrative records of the colony, unreadable by most scholars. Since the 1970s, a professor named Charles Gehring has made it his life's work to translate this first-hand history of the Colony of New Netherland.

text: The scholarly conclusion has largely been that the settlement of New Amsterdam is much more like current New York than previously thought. Cultural diversity and a mind-set that resembles the American Dream were already present in the first few years of this colony. Writers like Russell Shorto argue that the large influence of New Amsterdam on the American psyche has largely been overlooked in the classic telling of American beginnings, because of animosity between the English victors and the conquered Dutch.

text: The original 17th-century architecture of New Amsterdam has completely vanished (affected by the fires of 1776 and 1835),[33][34] leaving only archaeological remnants. The original street plan of New Amsterdam has stayed largely intact, as have some houses outside Manhattan.

text: The presentation of the legacy of the unique culture of 17th-century New Amsterdam remains a concern of preservationists and educators. The National Park Service celebrated in 2009 the 400th anniversary of Henry Hudson's 1609 voyage on behalf of the Dutch with the New Amsterdam Trail.[35][36]

text: The Dutch-American historian and journalist Hendrik Willem van Loon wrote in 1933 a work of alternative history entitled "If the Dutch Had Kept Nieuw Amsterdam" (in If, Or History Rewritten, edited by J. C. Squire, 1931, Simon & Schuster).

text: A similar theme, at greater length, was taken up by writer Elizabeth Bear, who published the "New Amsterdam" series of detective stories that take place in a world where the city remained Dutch until the Napoleonic Wars and retained its name also afterwards.

text: One of New York Broadway theatres is the New Amsterdam Theatre. The name New Amsterdam is also written on the architrave situated on top of the row of columns in front of the Manhattan Municipal Building, commemorating the name of the Dutch colony.

text: Although no architectural monuments or buildings have survived, the legacy lived on in the form Dutch Colonial Revival architecture. A number of structures in New York city were constructed in the 19th and 20th century in this style, such as Wallabout Market in Brooklyn, South William Street in Manhattan, West End Collegiate Church at West 77th Street, and others.