document_title: History of the National Park Service

question_text: when did hot springs become a national park

question_tokens: when did hot springs become a national park

text: History of the National Park Service

text: Beginnings[edit]

text: National Parks 1864–1891[edit]

text: The national park idea has been credited to the artist George Catlin. In 1832 he traveled the northern Great Plains of the United States, where he became concerned about the destruction of the Indian civilization, wildlife, and wilderness as eastern settlements spread westward. He wrote, "by some great protecting policy of government... in a magnificent park... a nation's park, containing man and beast, in all the wild[ness] and freshness of their nature's beauty!" [2]

text: Catlin's vision had no immediate effect. In the east, romantic portrayals of nature by James Fenimore Cooper and Henry David Thoreau and painters Thomas Cole and Frederick Edwin Church began to compete with prevailing view of wilderness as a challenge to overcome. Slowly unspoiled nature and spectacular natural areas of the West became better known, the idea of saving such places became of interest.

text: In California, several state leaders sought to protect Yosemite Valley. In 1864, Sen. John Conness of California sponsored an act to transfer the valley and nearby Mariposa Big Tree Grove to the state so they might "be used and preserved for the benefit of mankind". President Abraham Lincoln signed this act of Congress on June 30, 1864. California was granted the valley and the grove on condition that They would "be held for public use, resort, and recreation...inalienable for all time."[2]

text: The Yellowstone country was first "officially" explored by David E. Folsom, Henry D. Washburn, and Ferdinand Hayden in 1869-71. A myth evolved that near the end of the Washburn expedition, discussion around the campfire led several of the members to suggest that the area be set aside for public use and not allow it to be sold to private individuals. This myth was successfully exploited by National Park advocates but eventually was debunked by historians.[3] An early ally in promoting a public reservation was the Northern Pacific Railroad Company. They were seeking major destinations for their route through Montana.[2] In an effort to reduce poaching and other misuse of the park, the U.S. Army established a fort in the area in 1881 and began park protection, establishing a pattern that would be continued by later park rangers.

text: In 1875, Mackinac National Park was created on a resort island in Lake Huron in Michigan, the second national park. As at Yellowstone, the army garrison at Fort Mackinac were in charge of supervising and improving the park. The fort and the national park were turned over to state control in 1895.

text: U.S. cavalry units took up a position in California-controlled Yosemite Park in 1891 and took over some management duties. In 1906 the park was completely taken into federal control.

text: National Monument line I, 1906–1916[edit]

text: While early emphasis had been on the creation of National Parks, there was another movement seeking to preserve the cliff dwellings, pueblo ruins, and early missions throughout the west and southwest. Often local ranchers would try to protect these ruins from plunder, but pot-hunters vandalized many sites. The effort began in Boston and spread to Washington, New York, Denver, and Santa Fe, during the 1880s and 1890s. Rep. John Fletcher Lacey of Iowa and Senator Henry Cabot Lodge of Massachusetts, created the Antiquities Act of 1906.[1]

text: The Antiquities Act of 1906 was designed to protect antiquities and objects of scientific interest on the public domain. It authorized the President, "to declare by public proclamation historic landmarks, historic and prehistoric structures, and other objects of historic or scientific interest" that existed on public lands in the United States. The Act declared these sites to be National Monuments. It prohibited the excavation or removal of objects on Federal land unless a permit had been issued by the appropriate department.[1] Between 1906 and 1933 three Federal agencies, the Departments of Interior, Agriculture and War, initiated and administered separate groups of National Monuments.

text: President Theodore Roosevelt signed the Antiquities Act on June 8, 1906. As early as 1889 Congress authorized the President to reserve the land on which the well known Casa Grande Ruin was located. In 1904, Dr. Edgar Lee Hewett made a review of all the Indian ruins on Federal lands in Arizona, New Mexico, Colorado, and Utah. He recommended many sites for protection. Based on Hewett's report and many individual request and reports from throughout the west, between 1906 and 1916 the Interior Department recommended and Presidents Roosevelt, William Howard Taft, and Woodrow Wilson proclaimed twenty National Monuments.[1]

text: On September 24, 1906, President Theodore Roosevelt proclaimed Devils Tower as the first National Monument. Devils Tower is a Wyoming landmark, a 600-foot (180 m) high tower of rock, visible for nearly 100 miles (160 km). It has been a guidepost and a religious site. In December of that year, three more National Monuments were created. El Morro, New Mexico, is a wayside in the rugged desert lands used by Indians settlers and travelers for centuries as a watering hole and a place to leave their marks. The site includes prehistoric petroglyphs and hundreds of inscriptions from 17th century Spanish explorers and 19th century American emigrants and settlers. Montezuma Castle, Arizona, is one of the best preserved cliff dwellings. Petrified Forest, Arizona, is world-renowned for its petrified wood, Indian ruins and petroglyphs. Three of these original National Monuments later became the core of National Parks. Mukuntuweap became Zion, Sieur de Monts grew into Acadia, and Petrified Forest which was expanded by Congress to become a National Park of the same name. Three of the smaller areas were later abolished, those being Lewis and Clark Caverns, Shoshone Cavern, and Papago Saguaro.[1]

text: Mineral Springs line, 1832–1916[edit]

text: Mineral springs have been used for their medicinal properties since ancient times. By 1800, places like Saratoga Springs, New York, Berkeley Springs and White Sulphur Springs, West Virginia, and French Lick, Indiana, were becoming popular American resorts. In 1832 Hot Springs, Arkansas, was set aside as a Federal reservation to protect 47 hot springs. In 1870 the area was protected by Congress as the Hot Springs Reservation and in 1921 it was made a National Park. Hot Springs National Park is a health resort and spa rather than a scenic area.

text: In 1902 the Federal Government purchased 32 mineral springs near Sulphur, Oklahoma, from the Choctaw and Chickasaw Indians. The Sulphur Springs Reservation was placed under the jurisdiction of the Secretary of the Interior who shortly acquired some additional land. In 1906 Congress created Platt National Park which included the Sulphur Springs Reservation.[1]

text: Establishment, 1916[edit]

text: Forty-four years after the establishment of Yellowstone, President Woodrow Wilson created the National Park Service on August 25, 1916. For years J. Horace McFarland, President of the American Civic Association; Secretaries of the Interior Walter Fisher and Franklin K. Lane; Presidents William Howard Taft and Woodrow Wilson; Frederick Law Olmsted Jr..; Representatives William Kent and John E. Raker of California; Senator Reed Smoot of Utah; Stephen T. Mather and Horace M. Albright had been seeking the creation of separate agency to manage the National Parks and Monuments.[1]

text: Reorganization of 1933[edit]

text:
On June 10, 1933, President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed Executive Order 6166 which consolidated all National Parks and National Monuments, National Military Parks, the eleven National Cemeteries, National Memorials, and the National Capital Parks into a single National Park System. The National Park Service was directed to oversee all of these areas.[4]
There were three significant results of this action:

text:
it made the National Park Service the sole Federal agency responsible for all Federally owned public parks, monuments, and memorials;
it enlarged the National Park System idea to include at least four types of areas not clearly included in the System concept before 1933 — National Memorials, like the Washington Monument and the Statue of Liberty; National Military Parks, like Gettysburg and Antietam with their adjoining National Cemeteries; National Capital Parks, a great urban park system as old as the nation itself; and the first recreational area — George Washington Memorial Parkway;
the reorganization substantially increased the number of areas in the System by adding 12 natural areas in 9 western states and Alaska and 57 historical areas located in 17 predominantly eastern states and the District of Columbia.[1]

text: National Capital Parks line, 1790–1933[edit]

text: National Capital Parks are the oldest parks in the National Park System. These parks began with the founding of the District of Columbia in 1790. The President appointed three Federal Commissioners to design a district ten miles (16 km) square on the Potomac River for the permanent seat of the Federal Government. The current National Capital Parks office is a direct lineal descendant of the original office established by the first commissioners of the District of Columbia in 1791.[5]

text: President George Washington engaged Major Pierre Charles L'Enfant to design the new capital city. The L'Enfant Plan proposed a city of beauty. The plan was designed around a series of boulevards, parks and The Mall. Additionally, L'Enfant envisaged a Congress Garden and a President's Park; embellished with statues, columns, or obelisks; grand fountains; an equestrian statue of Washington; a Naval Column; and a zero milestone.

text: Rock Creek Park was authorized on September 27, 1890, two days after Sequoia and three days before Yosemite. Congress carried over some of the language of the Yellowstone Act into all three acts. Like Yellowstone, Rock Creek Park was "dedicated and set apart as a public park or pleasure ground for the benefit and enjoyment of the people of the United States," where all timber, animals, and curiosities were to be retained "in their natural condition, as nearly as possible." Though not a 'National Park', Rock Creek Park is a major urban park of the nation.[1]

text: National Memorials line, 1776–1933[edit]

text: The first memorial was authorized by the Continental Congress on January 25, 1776, to honor General Richard Montgomery, killed during an assault on the heights of Quebec in the midst of a snowstorm on the night of December 31, 1775. Montgomery commanded New York troops sent a few months before on an expedition designed to win Canada to the Revolutionary cause. It failed before Quebec, and Montgomery, became one of the first Revolutionary generals to lose his life on the field of battle. The Montgomery Memorial is not a part of the National Park System. But the chapel where it is located, St. Paul's Chapel, is a National Historic Landmark.

text: The Continental Congress climaxed its commemorative actions in August 1783 by resolving "that an equestrian statue of General Washington be erected where the residence of Congress shall be established." The equestrian statue of Washington is executed by Clark Mills, placed in Washington Circle on Pennsylvania Avenue, and dedicated in 1859.

text: When the centennial of Washington's birth came in 1832 with no satisfactory monument to in the National Capital, George Watterston, Librarian of Congress, and other civic leaders organized the Washington Monument Society, to erect an appropriate monument from private subscriptions. In 1848 Congress transferred a site on the Mall to the Society, and the cornerstone of the Washington Monument was laid on July 4. Slow progress was made worse by the Civil War. When the nation's first centennial came around in 1876 the Washington Monument was only a third completed. The United States Congress passed legislation authorizing the transfer of the Monument and site to the United States for completion and maintenance as a National Memorial. The Washington Monument was dedicated on February 21, 1885.

text: In 1933 these National Memorials were added to the National Park System and the National Memorial function assigned to the National Park Service, except Perry's Victory Memorial, which was administered by a commission until it was added to the System in 1936. Also, the fiscal functions of the Mount Rushmore National Memorial Commission were assigned to the National Park Service in 1933 and the Memorial itself in 1938.[1]

text: National Military Parks line, 1781–1933[edit]

text: The National Military Park line, including early battlefield monuments, began in 1781. Between 1890 and 1933 the War Department developed it into a National Military Park System. In 1933, there were twenty areas, 11 National Military Parks and 9 National Battlefield Sites.

text: The line started on October 29, 1781, when the Continental Congress authorized the first official on-site battlefield monument. It resolved: "That the United States in Congress assembled, will cause to be erected at York, in Virginia, a marble column, adorned with emblems of the alliance between the United States and His Most Christian Majesty; and inscribed with a succinct narrative of the surrender...."

text: In 1823 in Boston; Daniel Webster, Edward Everett, and other prominent citizens formed the Bunker Hill Battle Monument Association to save part of the historic field and erect on it a great commemorative monument. The cornerstone was laid on June 17, 1825. During the Revolutionary Centennial years, 1876–83, Congress appropriated federal funds to match local funds for Revolutionary battle monuments, and through this means imposing monuments were erected at Bennington Battlefield, Vermont; Saratoga, Newburgh, and Oriskany, New York; Cowpens, South Carolina; Monmouth, New Jersey; and Groton, Connecticut. Of these, Cowpens is now a unit in the National Park System, and Bunker Hill, Bennington, Oriskany, and Monmouth are National Historic Landmarks.

text: April 30, 1864, in the midst of the Civil War, Pennsylvania chartered the Gettysburg Battlefield Memorial Association to commemorate "the great deeds of valor... and the signal events which render these battlegrounds illustrious." This association was among the earliest historic preservation organizations in the country. By 1890 it had acquired several hundred acres of land on the battlefield including areas in the vicinity of Spangler's Spring, the Wheatfield, Little Round Top, and the Peach Orchard as well as the small white frame house General Meade had used as headquarters.

text: With interest and support from both North and South Congress decided to go beyond the former battlefield monument concept to authorize the first four National Military Parks — Chickamauga & Chattanooga in 1890, Shiloh in 1894, Gettysburg in 1895, and Vicksburg in 1899. These areas were not selected at random but constituted, almost from the beginning, a rational system, designed to preserve major battlefields for historical and professional study and as lasting memorials to the great armies of both sides.

text:
The National Military Park System was approaching maturity under the War Department in 1933 when all these battlefields were transferred to the National Park Service to become a significant and unique element in the National Park System.[1]
All of the exhibits are permanent, and will always be shown in the museum.

text: National Cemetery line, 1867–1933[edit]

text: The National Cemeteries in the National Park System are closely related to the National Military Parks. The battle of Gettysburg was scarcely over when Governor Andrew Y. Curtin (Pennsylvania) hastened to the field to assist local residents in caring for the dead or dying. More than 6,000 soldiers had been killed in action, and among 21,000 wounded hundreds more died each day. Initially interred in improvised graves on the battlefield, Curtin approved plans for a Soldier's National Cemetery.

text: William Saunders planned Gettysburg National Cemetery. He enclosed it with a massive stone wall, the lawns were framed by trees and shrubs. The graves were laid out in a great semicircle, state by state, around the site for a sculptured central feature, a Soldier's National Monument. The Soldier's National Cemetery, as it was then called, was dedicated by President Abraham Lincoln on November 19, 1863. The speaker's platform occupied the site set aside for the Soldier's National Monument, then awaiting future design. The immortal words of Lincoln's Gettysburg Address gave this spot a historical and patriotic association. Gettysburg National Cemetery became the honored property of the nation on May 1, 1872, now a century ago.

text: Congress recognized the importance of honoring and caring for the remains of the war dead by enacting general legislation in 1867 which provided for a system of National Cemeteries developed by the War Department. Eleven of the National Cemeteries established under that authority were added to the National Park System in 1933. The act of 1867 also provided authority for preserving an important battlefield of the Indian wars when, on January 29, 1879, the Secretary of War designated "The National Cemetery of Custer's Battlefield Reservation."[1]

text: National Monument line II, 1910–1933; War Department[edit]

text: The Antiquities Act of 1906 authorized the President to proclaim National Monuments not only on western public lands but on any lands owned or controlled by the United States. Between 1906 and 1933 successive Presidents proclaimed ten National Monuments on military reservations;

text:
Year

Monument

1910

June 23

Big Hole Battlefield, MT

1913

Oct. 14

Cabrillo, CA

1923

March 2

Mound City, OH (now Hopewell Culture National Historical Park)

Fort Marion, FL (now Castillo de San Marcos National Monument)

1924

Oct. 15

Fort Matanzas, FL

Fort Pulaski, GA

Castle Pinckney, SC (abolished 3/29/56)

Statue of Liberty, NY

1925

Feb. 6

Meriwether Lewis, TN (now part of Natchez Trace Parkway)

1925

Sept. 5

Father Millet Cross, NY (abolished March 29, 1956)

text: The authority to proclaim National Monuments on military reservations is still valid, no others have been proclaimed. Instead, historic but obsolete fortifications are declared surplus by the United States Department of Defense and transferred to the National Park Service, the States, or other political subdivisions following Congressional authorization.[1]

text: National Monument line III, 1907–1933; Department of Agriculture[edit]

text: Between 1907 and 1933, six presidents proclaimed 21 National Monuments on National Forest lands administered by the U.S. Department of Agriculture:

text:
Lassen Peak, Calif. included in Lassen Volcanic National Park
Cinder Cone, Calif.
Gila Cliff Dwellings, N. Mex.
Tonto, Ariz.
Grand Canyon, Ariz.
Pinnacles, Calif. (trans. to Interior Dept. Dec. 12, 1910)
Jewel Cave, S. Dak.
Wheeler, Colo. (abolished Aug. 3, 1950)
Mount Olympus, Wash. included in Olympic National Park
Oregon Caves, Ore.
Devils Postpile, Calif.
Walnut Canyon, Ariz.
Bandelier, N. Mex. (trans. to N.P.S. Feb. 25, 1932)
Old Kassan, Alaska (abolished July 26, 1955)
Lehman Caves, Nev. became the nucleus of Great Basin National Park in 1986.
Timpanogos Cave, Utah
Bryce Canyon, Utah
Chiricahua, Ariz.
Holy Cross, Colo. (abolished Aug. 3, 1950)
Sunset Crater, Ariz.
Saguaro, Ariz.

text: The first two National Monuments in the Department of Agriculture were Lassen Peak and Cinder Cone, created within Lassen Peak National Forest, California, on May 6, 1907, to preserve evidence of what was then the most recent volcanic activity in the United States south of Alaska. In 1916 these two monuments formed the nucleus for Lassen Volcanic National Park.

text: Fourteen of the other Department of Agriculture National Monuments were established to preserve "scientific objects". Moved by a report of plans to build an electric railway along its rim, President Theodore Roosevelt proclaimed Grand Canyon National Monument on lands within the Grand Canyon National Forest, Arizona, on January 11, 1908. In 1919 the National Monument became the nucleus of Grand Canyon National Park.

text: Two days before leaving office, on March 2, 1909, Roosevelt proclaimed Mount Olympus National Monument, from lands in the Olympic National Forest, Washington. It was established to protect the Olympic elk and important stands of Sitka spruce, western hemlock, Douglas-fir, and Alaska cedar and redcedar. It formed the nucleus for Olympic National Park in 1938.

text: The authority to proclaim National Monuments on National Forest lands is still valid, only two others have been created between the Reorganization of 1933 and 1974. Both were placed under the jurisdiction of the National Park Service, Cedar Breaks, Utah (August 22, 1933), and Jackson Hole, Wyoming (March 13, 1943).[1]

text: National Park System areas by category following the reorganization of 1933[edit]

text:
Date

Natural Areas

Historical Areas

Recreation Areas

National Cap. Parks

Others

Total Areas in N.P. System

1916

27

9

1

37

1933 before Reorg.

47

20

67

After Reorg.

58

77

1

1

137

text: Growth, 1933–1966[edit]

text: The long period between 1933 and 1964, began with the need to assimilate 71 diverse areas into the System. Among many other measures in 1933, President Franklin D. Roosevelt instituted a broad program of natural resource conservation implemented in large part through the newly created Civilian Conservation Corps. At the program's peak in 1935, the Service had 600 CCC camps, 118 of them assigned to National Park System areas and 482 to State Parks, employing approximately 120,000 enrollees and 6,000 professionally trained supervisors.

text: By mid-century, a great and growing backlog of deferred park maintenance and development projects, posed vast new problems for the Service and System. It was an era marked by the dramatic inauguration and prosecution of Mission 66, the emergence of a national "crisis in outdoor recreation," creation of the Outdoor Recreation Resources Review Commission and the Bureau of Outdoor Recreation, and mounting national concern for better preservation of America's vanishing wilderness.

text: Between the Reorganization of 1933 and the Reorganization of 1964, 102 areas were added to the System as defined today, increasing the total number from 137 to 239 The distribution of the new areas among categories is significant. Of the new additions, 11 were "Natural Areas", increasing their number from 58 to 69 or 19%. Seventy-five were "Historical Areas", increasing their number from 77 to 152 or 96%. Fifteen were "Recreation Areas", increasing their number from one to 16, or 1500%. It is clear that during this period the growth rate for Natural Areas noticeably diminished from previous levels and by comparison with the rate for other categories, even though very important additions of natural lands were still being made. On the other hand, the growth rates for Historical and Recreation Areas accelerated sharply. It took the Service a generation, from 1933 to 1964, to assimilate these 102 diverse new areas and the 71 areas added by the Reorganization of 1933 and incorporate them securely into one National Park System.

text: Natural areas, 1933–1966[edit]

text:
Date

Park[1]

1933, Aug 22

Cedar Breaks N.M., Utah

1934, May 30

Everglades N.P., Florida

1935, June 20

Big Bend N.P., Texas

1936, Aug 16

Joshua Tree N.M., Calif

1937, April 13

Organ Pipe Cactus N.M., Ariz

1937, Aug 2

Capitol Reef N.M., Utah

1938, April 26

Channel Islands N.M., Calif.

1938, June 29

Olympic N.P., Washington

1940, March 4

Kings Canyon N.P., Calif.

1943, March 15

Jackson Hole N.M., Wyoming

1950, Sept 14

Grand Teton N.P., Wyoming

1956, Aug 2

Virgin Islands N.P., V.I.

1958, March 28

Petrified Forest N.P., Arizona

1960, Sept 13

Haleakala N.P., Hawaii

1961, Dec 28

Buck Island Reef N.M., V.I.

text: Jackson Hole, had been talked of as a possible addition to Yellowstone as early as 1892, and from 1916 onward the Service and Department of the Interior actively sought its preservation in the National Park System. It was John D. Rockefeller Jr., however, who rescued Jackson Hole. In 1926 he visited the area and discovered the cheap commercial development, on private lands, in the midst of superlative natural beauty. There were dance halls, hot dog stands, filling stations, rodeo grand stands, and billboards, blocking the view of the Teton Range.

text: Rockefeller began a land acquisition program. In a few years he held over 33,000 acres (130 km2) in Jackson Hole. He offered these lands as a gift to the United States. Meanwhile, opposition developed among cattlemen, dude ranchers, packers, hunters, timber interests, and local Forest Service officials. By 1943, there was still no park legislation. Rockefeller indicated he might dispose of the property if no action was pending. On March 15, 1943, President Franklin D. Roosevelt proclaimed the Jackson Hole National Monument, consolidating 33,000 acres (130 km2) donated by Rockefeller with 179,000 acres (720 km2) withdrawn from Teton National Forest. Thus, Grand Teton National Park was created.

text: President Roosevelt's proclamation unleashed a storm of criticism which had been brewing for years among western members of Congress. Rep. Frank A. Barrett of Wyoming and others introduced bills to abolish the monument and to repeal Section 2 of the Antiquities Act containing the President's authority to proclaim National Monuments. A bill to abolish the monument passed Congress in 1944 but was vetoed by President Roosevelt. The President noted in his veto that Presidents of both political parties, beginning with Theodore Roosevelt, had established ample precedents by proclaiming 82 National Monuments, seven of which were larger than Jackson Hole. The proclamation was nevertheless also contested in court, where it was strongly defended by the Departments of Justice and Interior and upheld. A compromise was worked out and embodied in legislation approved by President Harry S Truman on September 14, 1950. It combined Jackson Hole National Monument and the old Grand Teton National Park in a "new Grand Teton National Park" containing some 298,000 acres (1,210 km2), with special provisions regarding taxes and hunting. It also prohibited establishing or enlarging National Parks or Monuments in Wyoming in the future except by express authorization of Congress.[1]

text: Historical areas, 1933–1966[edit]

text: Seventy-five Historical Areas were added to the National Park System between 1933 and 1964, including nine National Historic Sites and one International Park in non-federal ownership. Areas represented nine historic themes: I. The Original Inhabitants (6); II. European Exploration & Settlement (12): III. Development of the English Colonies, 1700-1775 (2); IV. Major American Wars (10): V. Political and Military Affairs (16); VI. Westward Expansion 1763-1898 (15); VII America At Work (9): VIII The Contemplative Society (0); IX Society and Social Conscience (5).

text: Much of this would not have happened without the Historic Sites Act of 1935, a logical follow-up to the Reorganization of 1933. On November 10, 1933, President Franklin D. Roosevelt invited his friend and neighbor, Major Gist Blair, to give consideration "to some kind of plan which would coordinate the broad relationship of the Federal Government to State and local interest in the maintenance of historic sources and places throughout the country.

text: The Act declared "that it is a national policy to preserve for public use historic sites, buildings and objects of national significance for the inspiration and benefit of the people of the United States'." This new and greatly broadened national policy has been the cornerstone of the Federal Government's historic preservation program ever since 1935, reaffirmed both in the Act of October 26, 1949, which created the National Trust for Historic Preservation, and in the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966. To carry out the policy, the Act assigned broad powers, duties and functions to the Secretary of the Interior to be exercised through the National Park Service, among them:

text:
make a national survey of historic and archaeological sites, buildings, and objects to determine which have "exceptional value as commemorating or illustrating the history of the United States;"
acquire real or personal property for the purpose of the Act;
contract or make cooperative agreements with states, municipal subdivisions, corporations, associations, or individuals to preserve historic properties.

text: The Act established an Advisory Board on National Parks, Historic Sites, Buildings and Monuments.

text: Some of the most important historical additions to the system between 1933 and 1964 are almost lost to sight in this long thematic list. Gateway Arch National Park, at first known as the Jefferson National Expansion Memorial, was the first National Historic Site established under authority of the Historic Sites Act. More importantly, its 37 square blocks embraced a key urban area on the historic St. Louis waterfront — the first major effort of the NPS, after National Capital Parks, to conserve and develop a large and important urban historic site. Some architectural monuments, including the Old St. Louis Post Office and the Cathedral, have been carefully preserved, but the main feature of the area is the only major national memorial of modern design in the United States, and one of a small number in the world — Eero Saarinen's stainless steel Arch.

text: In 1948 Congress authorized another major urban project, the Independence National Historical Park in Philadelphia, the most important historical area in the United States, embracing Independence Hall and Square, Congress Hall, Carpenters Hall, and many other sites and buildings associated with independence and the establishment of a government under the Constitution. The method of analyzing complex urban problems was used in Boston, where it led to authorization of Minute Man National Historical Park in 1959 and other sites, including the Bunker Hill Monument, Faneuil Hall, and the Old Boston State House. A commission was established for New York City, where a complex of urban monuments were added, including Federal Hall National Memorial, Castle Clinton, Grant Memorial, Hamilton Grange, Theodore Roosevelt's Birthplace, and Sagamore Hill, to the previously authorized Statue of Liberty National Monument, whose boundaries were extended to include Ellis Island.

text: The Historic American Buildings Survey was organized in 1933 upon the initiative of Charles E. Peterson of the National Park Service in cooperation with officials of the Library of Congress and the American Institute of Architects. Since 1933 the HABS has gathered more than 30,000 measured drawings, 40,000 photographs, and 13,000 pages of documentation for more than 13,000 of the Nation's historic buildings.

text:
.
The National Survey of Historic Sites and Buildings was organized after passage of the Historic Sites Act in 1935. Beginning in 1960, the responsibilities of this Survey staff were extended to include recommendation of an important series of National Historic Landmarks, officially designated by the Secretary of the Interior. On October 9, 1960 Secretary of the Interior Fred A. Seaton announced the first official list of 92 historic sites and buildings eligible for designation as National Historic Landmarks.

text: The Inter-Agency Archaeological Salvage Program was organized by the National Park Service in 1946 at the request of the Committee for Recovery of Archaeological Remains to coordinate the salvage of irreplaceable pre-historic and historic Indian artifacts from projected reservoir sites in river valleys throughout the United States, before flooding. This program, which has been conducted for a quarter of a century in cooperation with the Smithsonian Institution and universities, museums, and research institutions throughout the country, has enormously deepened knowledge of American prehistory.[1]

text: Recreation areas, 1933–1966[edit]

text: The Service responded to the emerging social and economic forces of the New Deal era, by expanding its cooperative relationships with the States, securing enactment of the comprehensive Park, Parkway and Recreation Area Study Act of 1936, and initiating four new types of Federal park areas — National Parkways, National Recreation Areas, National Seashores and Recreational Demonstration Areas. By the end of this period, fifteen of the over 50 such areas remained under the administration of the National Park Service. Because they had much in common, they were collectively designated Recreation Areas in the Reorganization of 1964.[1]

text:
National Parkways

1933 Blue Ridge, VA-NC
1934 Natchez Trace, MS-AL-TN
1949 Suitland, DC-MD
National Seashores

1937 Cape Hatteras, NC
1961 Cape Cod, MA
1962 Point Reyes, CA
1962 Padre Island, TX
1965 Assateague Island, MD-VA

Recreational Demonstration Areas

1936 Catoctin Mountain Park, MD
1936 Prince William Forest Park, VA
Reservoir-related Recreation Areas

1936 Lake Mead, AZ-NV
1946 Coulee Dam, WA
1952 Shadow Mountain, CO
1958 Glen Canyon, AZ-UT
1962 Whiskeytown-Shasta-Trinity, CA

text: The origin of Recreation Areas as a category in the National Park System stemmed in important part from widened responsibilities assigned to the Service beginning in the 1930s. A central feature of these new responsibilities was administration of hundreds of Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) camps located in State Parks. The National Park Service had actively encouraged the state park movement ever since Stephen Tyng Mather helped organize the National Conference on State Parks at Des Moines, Iowa, in 1921. It was natural for the Service to be asked to assume national direction of Emergency Conservation Work in state parks when that program was launched in 1933. Fortunately for the Service an exceptional administrator, Conrad L. Wirth, was available to lead this complex nationwide program. It was a large and dynamic undertaking, at its peak involving administration of 482 CCC camps allotted to state parks employing almost 100,000 enrollees on work projects guided by a technical and professional staff numbering several thousand.

text: As this program got under way it became painfully evident that in the 1930s most states lacked any kind of comprehensive plans for state park systems. In 1941 the Service published its first comprehensive report, A Study of the Park and Recreation Problem in the United States, a careful review of the whole problem of recreation and of national, state, county, and municipal parks in the United States. Interrupted by World War II, Director Wirth arranged for these studies to be resumed with the inception of Mission 66, and a second comprehensive report was published in 1964 entitled Parks for America, A Survey of Park and Related Resources in the Fifty States and a Preliminary Plan. Numerous land planning studies of individual areas, river basins, and regions accompanied and supported these comprehensive reports. The four new types of Federal Recreation Areas added to the System between 1933 and 1964 were generally consistent with recommendations in these studies.[1]

text: National Parkways[edit]

text: The modern parkway, fruit of the automobile age, appears to have its origins in the Westchester County Parkways, New York, built between 1913 and 1930. At first, Congress also applied the idea locally — in the District of Columbia — but later undertook projects more clearly national in scope. Congress authorized its first parkway project in 1913, the four-mile (6 km) Rock Creek and Potomac Parkway, to connect Potomac Park with Rock Creek Park and the National Zoological Park. In 1928, Congress authorized the Mount Vernon Memorial Highway to link the District of Columbia with Mount Vernon in commemoration of the bicentennial of Washington's birth. In 1930 this highway was renamed the George Washington Memorial Parkway, and enlarged in concept to extend from Mount Vernon all the way to Great Falls in Virginia, and from Fort Washington to Great Falls in Maryland (Alexandria and the District of Columbia excepted).[1]

text: During World War II Congress extended the National Capital parkway network by authorizing the Suitland Parkway to provide an access road to Andrews Air Force Base, and the Baltimore-Washington Parkway, whose initial unit provided access to Fort George G. Meade.

text: The Colonial Parkway in Virginia was the first authorized by Congress beyond the District of Columbia vicinity. It provided a landscaped 23-mile (37 km) roadway link between Jamestown Island, Colonial Williamsburg, and Yorktown Battlefield as part of Colonial National Monument, authorized in 1930.

text: A new era for National Parkways began with authorization of the Blue Ridge and Natchez Trace Parkways during the 1930s. These were not fairly short county or metropolitan parkways serving a variety of local and national traffic but protected recreational roadways traversing hundreds of miles of scenic and historic rural landscape. These different National Parkways started out as public works projects during the New Deal and were transformed into units of the National Park System.

text: The Skyline Drive in Shenandoah National Park served as a prototype for the Blue Ridge Parkway. President Herbert Hoover conceived the idea of the Skyline Drive during vacations at his Rapidan Camp. It was planned in 1931 and begun as a relief project in 1932.

text: Following President Roosevelt's election Congress quickly enacted the National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933 to stimulate the economy. Among other provisions it authorized the Public Works Administrator, Secretary of the Interior Harold L. Ickes, to prepare a comprehensive program of public works. Senator Harry F. Byrd of Virginia, aided by others, seized the opportunity to propose the construction of a scenic roadway linking Shenandoah and Great Smoky Mountains National Park as a public works project.[1]

text: The Blue Ridge Parkway is considered by many to be a Service triumph in parkway design, providing the motorist with a serene environment conducive to leisurely travel and enjoyment while affording him many insights into the beauty, history, and culture of the Southern Highlands. The 469-mile (755 km) parkway, sometimes called a grand balcony, alternates sweeping views of mountain and valley with intimate glimpses of the fauna and flora of the Blue Ridge and close-up views of typical mountain structures, like Mabry's Mill, built of logs by pioneers and still operating.

text: The Natchez Trace Parkway is the second major National Parkway, a projected 450-mile (720 km) roadway through a protected zone of forest, meadow, and field which generally follows the route of the historic Natchez Trace from Nashville, Tennessee, to Natchez, Mississippi. The Old Natchez Trace was once an Indian path, then a wilderness road, and finally from 1800 to 1830 a highway binding the old Southwest to the Union. The parkway was completed in 2003 with the final link south of Nashville, Tennessee. The parkway links historic and natural features including Mount Locust, the earliest inn on the Trace, Emerald Mound, one of the largest Indian ceremonial structures in the United States, Chickasaw Village and Bynum Mounds in Mississippi, and Colbert's Ferry and Metal Ford in Tennessee.[1]

text: Recreational demonstration areas[edit]

text: Like the Blue Ridge Parkway, two other Recreation Areas in today's National Park System trace their origin back to the National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933 — Catoctin Mountain Park, Maryland, and Prince William Forest Park, Virginia.

text: Among many other features, the National Industrial Recovery Act authorized federal purchases of land considered submarginal for farming but valuable for recreation purposes. By 1936, 46 projects containing 397,000 acres (1,610 km2) had been set up in 24 different states, mostly near metropolitan centers, to provide outdoor recreation for people from crowded cities. It was intended from the beginning that most of these projects would be turned over to states and cities for operation and in 1942 Congress provided the necessary authority. By 1946 most of the conveyances had been completed. The National Park Service retained Catoctin Mountain Park, site of Camp David, but 4,500 of its acres were transferred to Maryland. Prince William Forest Park (formerly Chopawamsic) was retained as a unit administrated by National Capital Parks.

text: Some recreational demonstration lands were also added to Acadia, Shenandoah, White Sands, and Hopewell Village. Now largely forgotten, recreational demonstration projects left several permanent marks on the National Park System and illustrated again the ability of the Service to help meet changing social and economic conditions in the nation.[1]

text: Reservoir-related Recreation Areas[edit]

text: Five National Recreation Areas were added to the System between 1933 and 1964. This new type of federal park area grew out of large scale reclamation projects like Hoover Dam and multi purpose river basin development programs like the Tennessee Valley Authority which began in the 1930s and spread to river valleys in all parts of the country after World War II.

text: Lake Mead was the first National Recreation Area. The Boulder Canyon Project Act, passed in 1928, authorized the Bureau of Reclamation to construct Hoover Dam on the Colorado River. Work began in 1931 and the dam, highest in the Western Hemisphere, was completed in 1935. The next year, under provisions of an agreement with the Bureau of Reclamation, the National Park Service assumed responsibility for all recreational activities at Lake Mead.

text: Coulee Dam National Recreation Area (now called Lake Roosevelt National Recreation Area) was established in 1946, under an agreement with the Bureau of Reclamation patterned after Lake Mead. Construction of Grand Coulee Dam began in 1933 and the dam went into operation in 1941. It impounds a huge body of water named Franklin D. Roosevelt Lake, 151 miles (243 km) long with 660 miles (1,060 km) of shoreline.

text: Although Millerton Lake, California, Lake Texoma, Oklahoma-Texas, and the north unit of Flaming Gorge, Utah-Wyoming were administered by the Service for a time, the first was subsequently turned over to the State of California, the second to the Army Corps of Engineers, and the last to the Forest Service.

text: Three more National Recreation Areas established during the 1950s are still in the National Park System today. Shadow Mountain, adjoining the west entrance to Rocky Mountain National Park, embraces the recreational features of Lake Granby and Shadow Mountain Lake, two units of the Colorado-Big Thompson Project. Glen Canyon was established in 1958 to provide for recreational activities on Lake Powell formed behind Glen Canyon Dam on the Colorado River, one of the highest dams in the world. The Whiskeytown-Shasta-Trinity National Recreation Area, California, was established by Act of Congress in 1962. The National Park Service, however, administers the recreational facilities only at Whiskeytown Reservoir, while the Forest Service takes care of similar, more extensive facilities at Shasta and Trinity.

text: By 1964, application of the National Recreation Area concept to major impoundments behind Federal dams, whether constructed by the Bureau of Reclamation or the Corps of Engineers, appeared to be well accepted by Congress. Eight more reservations of this type were authorized as additions to the National Park System between 1964 and 1972.

text: National Seashores[edit]

text: The first seashore recreation survey in the mid-1930s resulted in a recommendation that 12 major stretches of unspoiled Atlantic and Gulf Coast shoreline, with 437 miles (703 km) of beach, be preserved. World War II intervened and no action occurred before 1954. Then only one of the proposed areas was created: Cape Hatteras National Seashore, North Carolina. All but one — Cape Cod — had become commercial developments. A new shoreline surveys resulted in several major reports including Our Vanishing Shoreline (1955); A Report on the Seashore Recreation Survey of the Atlantic and Gulf Coasts (1955); Our Fourth Shore, Great Lakes Shoreline Recreation Area Survey (1959); and Pacific Coast Recreation Area Survey (1959). By 1972 fruits of this program included eight National Seashores and four National Lakeshores of which the first four were authorized before 1964.

text: The National Seashore concept reached the Pacific Coast in 1962 with authorization of Point Reyes, California, embracing more than forty miles of shoreline including historic Drakes Bay, Tomales Point, and Point Reyes itself. The National Seashore concept reached the Gulf Coast in 1962 also with authorization of Padre Island, Texas. This great shore island stretches for 113 miles (182 km) along the Texas coast from Corpus Christi on the north almost to Mexico on the south, and varies in width from a few hundred yards to about three miles (4.8 km). There is some private development at each end of the island.

text: The second 50 years; 1966–2016[edit]

text: The 1960s brought about public awareness of America's natural and historical wealth. The Johnson Administration became the start of a 'park's for people' mindset.[6]  Director Hartzog was the superintendent of the Gateway Arch National Park, then known as the Jefferson National Expansion Memorial, in St. Louis and was a supporter of public involvement and publicly accessible parks. It was the second 50 years that saw a significant increase in parks accessible to the general populations.[6]

text: Redwood amendment[edit]

text: During the 1960s numerous legal challenges arose over the mission of the National Park Service. Using the court decisions, Congress supplemented and clarified the Organic Act of 1916 through the General Authorities Act of 1970. Additional challenges during the 1970s required that Congress again clarify the mission of the National Park Service. The 1979 amendment to the General Authorities Act of 1970 has been come known as the "Redwood amendment", as it also contained language expanding Redwood National Park. The key part of that act, as amended, is:

text: Congress declares that the national park system, which began with establishment of Yellowstone National Park in 1872, has since grown to include superlative natural, historic, and recreation areas in every major region of the United States, its territories and island possessions; that these areas, though distinct in character, are united through their inter-related purposes and resources into one national park system as cumulative expressions of a single national heritage; that, individually and collectively, these areas derive increased national dignity and recognition of their superlative environmental quality through their inclusion jointly with each other in one national park system preserved and managed for the benefit and inspiration of all the people of the United States; and that it is the purpose of this Act to include all such areas in the System and to clarify the authorities applicable to the system. Congress further reaffirms, declares and directs that the promotion and regulation of the various areas of the National Park system, as defined in section Ic of this title, shall be consistent with and founded in the purpose established by section I of this title (the Organic Act provisions), to the common benefit of all the people of the United States. The authorization of activities shall be construed and the protection, management, and administration of these areas shall be conducted in light of the high public value and integrity of the National Park System and shall not be exercised in derogation of the values and purposes for which these various areas have been established, except as may have been or shall be directly and specifically provided by Congress.

text: National Lakeshores[edit]

text: The first national lakeshores were created in 1966 from some of the remaining unspoiled or unique coastlines of the Great Lakes. The first lakeshores were Pictured Rocks National Lakeshore in the Upper Penninsla of Michigan and the Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore in Indiana as a part of the Chicago area.[6]  In 1970, two additional lakeshores were added.  Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore on Michigans western shore of Lake Michigan, and Apostle Islands National Lakeshore on Wisconsins Lake Superior shore.[6]

text: National Heritage Area[edit]

text: Heritage areas were first established to identify regions having a common cultural impact on the development of the United States. The Potomac Heritage National Scenic Trail in the Virginia, Maryland and District of Columbia was established on March 28, 1983. Fourteen areas exited by November 12, 1996.[6]  Initially, all the heritage areas were in the east and northeast. Today, they exist from coast to coast. The entire State of Tennessee has been designated as the Tennessee Civil War Heritage Area[8]

text: Urban recreation areas[edit]

text: During the Richard Nixon presidency, public parks expanded with the creation of the two gateway parks.  Golden Gate National Recreation Area in San Francisco became the western book end to Gateway National Recreation Area in New York City. Both were specifically created to serve these two major urban areas and create open space, rather than to preserve a specific scenic or cultural value.[6]

text: On August 15, 1978, President Jimmy Carter signed into law the creation of the Chattahoochee River National Recreation Area, comprising 15 park units, ranging over 5,000 acres, and included 48 miles of the Chattahoochee River, in the Atlanta metropolitan area.

text: The Alaska expansion[edit]

text: In 1977, President Jimmy Carter created a dozen national monuments, in Alaska. The controversy that ensued lead to the passage of the Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act (ANILCA). Through this act, Congress affirmed the Executive Order, adding to it. The act set aside 47 million acres (190,000 km2) to the National Park System and 54 acres (220,000 m2) to the National Wildlife Refuge System.[6]  The act provided for the creation or expansion of Denali National Park, Wrangell–St. Elias National Park and Preserve, Gates Of The Arctic National Park and Preserve, Lake Clark National Park and Preserve, Kobuk Valley National Park, Katmai National Park and Preserve, Glacier Bay National Park and Preserve, Kenai Fjords National Park, Kenai National Wildlife Refuge, Cape Krusenstern National Monument, Admiralty Island National Monument, Misty Fjords National Monument, Aniakchak National Monument and Preserve, Bering Land Bridge National Preserve, Noatak National Preserve, Yukon-Charley Rivers National Preserve, Yukon Delta National Wildlife Refuge, Yukon Flats National Wildlife Refuge, and made significant changes to the notable Arctic National Wildlife Refuge.

text: Reagan years (1981–1989)[edit]

text: President Ronald Reagan added eighteen new units to the National Park System during his eight years in the White House.[9]

text:
Date

Authority

Park Unit

Action

12/26/1988

P.L 100-534

Gauley River National Recreation Area, WV

new unit

10/26/1988

P.L 100-534

Bluestone National Scenic River, WV

new unit

11/18/1988

P.L. 100-696

Hagerman Fossil Beds National Monument, ID

new unit

11/18/1988

P.L. 100-696

City of Rocks National Reserve, ID

new unit

11/18/1988

P.L. 100-696

Mississippi National River and Recreation Area, MN

new unit

10/31/1988

P.L. 100-560

Poverty Point National Monument, LA

new unit

10/31/1988

P.L. 100-571

National Park of American Samoa, AS

new unit

10/7/1988

P.L. 100-479

Natchez National Historical Park, MS

new unit

9/8/1988

P.L. 100-421

Charles Pinckney National Historic Site, SC

new unit

6/27/1988

P.L. 100-348

San Francisco Maritime National Historical Park, CA

new unit

2/16/1988

P.L. 100-249

Timucuan Ecological and Historic Preserve, FL

new unit

12/31/1987

P.L. 100-225

El Malpais National Monument, NM

new unit

12/23/1987

P.L. 100-206

Jimmy Carter National Historic Site, GA

new unit

9/30/1987

Pennsylvania Avenue National Historic Site, DC

new unit

10/30/1986

P.L. 99-591

Steamtown National Historic Site, PA

new unit

5/23/1983

P.L. 98-32

Harry S Truman National Historic Site, MO

new unit

3/28/1983

P.L. 98-11

Natchez Trace National Scenic Trail, MS

new unit

3/28/1983

P.L. 98-11

Potomac Heritage National Scenic Trail, MD, DC, VA, & PA

new unit

text: Bush years (1989–1993)[edit]

text: President George H. W. Bush added fourteen new units to the National Park System during his four years in the White House.[9]

text:
Date

Authority

Park Unit

Action

10/27/1992

P.L. 102-543

Keweenaw National Historical Park, MI

new unit

10/27/1992

P.L. 102-536

Great Egg Harbor Scenic and Recreational River, NJ

new unit

10/26/1992

P.L. 102-525

Dry Tortugas National Park, FL

incorporated Fort Jefferson National Monument

10/26/1992

P.L. 102-525

Brown v. Board of Education National Historic Site, KS

new unit

10/21/1992

P.L. 102-427

Little River Canyon National Preserve, AL

new unit

10/16/1992

P.L. 102-419

Dayton Aviation Heritage National Historical Park, OH

new unit

08/26/1992

P.L. 102-350

Marsh-Billings National Historical Park, VT

new unit

03/03/1992

P.L. 102-248

Manzanar National Historic Site, CA

new unit

02/24/1992

P.L. 102-247

Salt River Bay National Historical Park and Ecological Preserve, VI

new unit

12/11/1991

P.L. 102-211

Mary McLeod Bethune Council House National Historic Site, DC

new unit

05/24/1991

P.L. 102-50

Niobrara National Scenic River, NE

new unit

10/31/1990

P.L. 101-485

Weir Farm National Historic Site, CT

new unit

06/27/1990

P.L. 101-313

Petroglyph National Monument, NM

new unit

06/27/1990

P.L. 101-313

Pecos National Historical Park, NM

incorporated Pecos National Monument

10/02/1989

P.L 101-106

Ulysses S. Grant National Historic Site, MO

new unit

text: Clinton years (1993–2000)[edit]

text: President Bill Clinton added nineteen new units to the National Park System, and de-authorized one during his eight years in the White House.[9]

text:
Date

Authority

Park Unit

Action

01/20/2001

Proclamation 7402

Governors Island National Monument, NY

new unit

01/17/2001

Proclamation 7399

Virgin Islands Coral Reef National Monument, VI

new unit

01/17/2001

Proclamation 7395

Minidoka Internment National Monument, ID

new unit

11/22/2000

P.L. 106-530

Great Sand Dunes National Preserve, CO

new unit

10/24/2000

P.L. 106-352

Rosie the Riveter / World War II Home Front National Historical Park, CA

new unit

10/11/2000

P.L. 106-291

Cuyahoga Valley National Park, OH

redesignated from a National Recreation Area

10/11/2000

P.L. 106-291

First Ladies National Historic Site, OH

new unit

11/29/1999

P.L. 106-115

Minuteman Missile National Historic Site, SD

new unit

10/21/1999

P.L. 106-076

Black Canyon of the Gunnison National Park, CO

Redesignated from a National Monument

11/06/1998

P.L. 105-355

Tuskegee Airmen National Historic Site, AL

new unit

11/06/1998

P.L. 105-356

Little Rock Central High School National Historic Site, AR

new unit

11/02/1998

P.L. 105-342

Adams National Historic Park, MA

Redesignated from Adams National Historical Site

10/21/1998

 P.L. 105-277

Marsh-Billings-Rockefeller National Historical Park, VT

Redesignated from Marsh-Billings National Historical Park

10/09/1997

P.L. 105-058

Oklahoma City National Memorial, OK

new unit

05/02/1997

P.L. 84-372

Franklin Delano Roosevelt Memorial, DC

new unit

01/01/1997

Lake Roosevelt National Recreation Area, WA

renamed from Coulee Dam National Recreation Area

11/12/1996

P.L. 104-333

Washita Battlefield National Historic Site, OK

new unit

11/12/1996

P.L. 104-333

Tallgrass Prairie National Preserve, KS

new unit

11/12/1996

P.L. 104-333

Nicodemus National Historic Site, KS

new unit

11/12/1996

P.L. 104-333

New Bedford Whaling National Historical Park, MA

new unit

11/12/1996

P.L. 104-033

Boston Harbor Islands National Recreation Area, MA

new unit

10/01/1995

P.L. 103-279

John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts, DC

De-authorized as a park

07/27/1995

P.L. 99-572

Korean War Veterans Memorial, DC

new unit

11/02/1994

P.L. 103-449

Cane River Creole National Historical Park, LA

new unit

10/31/1994

P.L. 103-433

New Orleans Jazz National Historical Park, LA

new unit

10/31/1994

P.L. 103-433

Mojave National Preserve, CA

new unit

10/31/1994

P.L. 103-433

Joshua Tree National Park, CA

Incorporated Joshua Tree National Monument

10/31/1994

P.L. 103-433

Death Valley National Park, CA

incorporated Death Valley National Monument

10/14/1994

P.L. 103-364

Saguaro National Park, AZ

incorporated Saguaro National Monument

text: Bush years (2001–2008)[edit]

text: President George W. Bush approved/created seven new units of the national park service during his eight years. In that period he also approved the deauthorization of the Oklahoma City National Memorial in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma.[9]

text:
Date

Authority

Park Unit

Action

12/05/2008

Proclamation 8327

World War II Valor in the Pacific National Monument

incorporated USS Arizona Memorial

05/08/2008

P.L. 110-229

Minidoka National Historic Site, ID

Re-designated from Minidoka Internment National Monument

04/27/2007

P.L. 106-464

Sand Creek Massacre National Historic Site, CO

new unit

02/27/2006

Proclamation 7984

African Burial Ground National Monument, NY

new unit

02/27/2006

P.L. 108-192

Carter G. Woodson Home National Historic Site, DC

new unit

10/30/2004

P.L. 108-387

Lewis & Clark National Historical Park, OR

incorporates Fort Clatsop National Monument

09/24/2004

P.L. 106-530

Great Sand Dunes National Park, CO

redesignated from a National Monument

05/29/2004

P.L. 107- 011

National World War II Memorial, DC

new unit

01/23/2004

P.L. 108-199

Oklahoma City National Memorial, OK

deauthorized as a park

11/10/2003

P.L. 108-108

Congaree National Park, SC

incorporated Congaree Swamp National Monument

12/19/2002

P.L. 107-373

Cedar Creek and Belle Grove National Historical Park, VA

new unit

09/24/2002

P.L. 107-226

Flight 93 National Memorial, PA

new unit

08/21/2002

P.L. 107-219

Wolf Trap National Park for the Performing Arts, VA

name change

08/21/2002

P.L. 107-213

Craters of the Moon National Preserve, ID

new unit

text: Obama years (2009–2017)[edit]

text: President Barack Obama has approved nineteen new National Park Units since taking office in January 2009 (through February 2016). As of January, 2011, five parks have been authorized by Congress with the intention of adding them to the National Park system upon land acquisition or monument completion.[9] The National Park Service will end furloughs, known as sequestration, for US Park Police on June 1, 2013.[10]

text:
Date

Authority

Park Unit

Action

2/12/2016

Proclamation 9394

Castle Mountains National Monument, CA

new unit

11/10/2015

P.L. 113-291

Manhattan Project National Historical Park, TN, NM, WA

new unit

7/10/2015

Proclamation 9299

Waco Mammoth National Monument, TX

new unit

2/24/2015

Proclamation 9234

Honouliuli National Monument, HI

new unit

2/19/2015

Proclamation 9233

Pullman National Monument, IL

new unit

12/19/2014

P.L. 113-291

Blackstone River Valley National Historical Park, MA, RI

new unit

12/19/2014

P.L 113-291

Valles Caldera National Preserve, NM

new unit

12/19/2014

P.L. 113-291

World War I Memorial, DC

new unit

12/19/2014

P.L. 113-291

Tule Springs Fossil Beds National Monument, NV

new unit

12/19/2014

P.L. 113-291

First State National Historical Park, DE

redesignated from First State National Monument

12/19/2014

P.L. 113-291

Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad National Historical Park, MD

redesignated from Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad National Monument

12/19/2014

P.L. 113-291

Oregon Caves National Monument and Preserve, OR

redesignated from Oregon Caves National Monument

03/25/2013

Proclamation 8945

Charles Young Buffalo Soldiers National Monument, OH

new unit

03/25/2013

Proclamation 8944

First State National Monument, DE

new unit

03/25/2013

Proclamation 8943

Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad National Monument, MD

new unit

01/10/2013

Proclamation 7266

Pinnacles National Park, CA

redesignated from National Monument

10/08/2012

Proclamation 8884

Cesar E. Chavez National Monument, CA

new unit

11/07/2011

P.L. 111- 11

Paterson Great Falls National Historical Park, NJ

new unit

11/01/2011

Proclamation 8750

Fort Monroe National Monument, VA

new unit

08/28/2011

P.L. 104-333

Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial, DC

new unit

12/22/10

P.L 111-333

Longfellow House-Washington's Headquarters National Historic Site, MA

renamed from Longfellow National Historic Site

12/14/2010

P.L. 111- 11

President William Jefferson Clinton Birthplace Home National Historic Site, AR

new unit

10/22/2010

P.L. 111- 11

River Raisin National Battlefield Park, MI

new unit

10/28/2009

P.L. 111- 84

Port Chicago Naval Magazine National Memorial, CA

new unit

03/30/09

P.L. 111-11

Thomas Edison National Historical Park, NJ

Re-designated from a national historic site with name change

03/30/09

P.L. 111-11

Palo Alto Battlefield National Historical Park, TX

Re-designated from a national historic site

03/30/09

P.L. 111-11

Abraham Lincoln Birthplace National Historical Park, KY

Re-designated from a national historic site

12/28/16

Proclamation 9558

Bears Ears National Monument, UT

New Unit

12/28/16

Proclamation 9559

Gold Butte National Monument, NV

New Unit

01/12/17

Proclamation 9565

Birmingham Civil Rights National Monument, AL

New Unit


document_title: Juliet O'Hara

question_text: when do shawn and juliet start dating in psych

root

text: Juliet O'Hara

text:
Juliet O'Hara

Psych character

Maggie Lawson as Juliet O'Hara

First appearance
"Spellingg Bee"

Last appearance
"The Breakup"

Created by
Steve Franks

Portrayed by
Maggie Lawson

Information

Nickname(s)
Jules (by Shawn), Jewel (by her father), Mrs. Tostig, Maniac, Crazy Cat Lady

Aliases
Mary Lou Baumgartner (1.15), Maniac (3.07), Helene (7.02)

Gender
Female

Occupation
San Francisco Police Department Head Detective (2014–present)
SBPD Junior Detective (2006–14)
Miami Police Department Police Officer (?–2006)

Family
Frank O'Hara (father) [1]
Maryanne O'Hara (mother)[1]
Lloyd French (stepfather)[1]
Ewan O'Hara (brother)

Significant other(s)
Scott Seaver (1999–2003)
Cameron Luntz (formerly)
Declan Rand (2010)
Shawn Spencer (2010–present) (Husband)

Relatives
Unnamed sister-in-law
Drake O'Hara (nephew)
Finn O'Hara (nephew)
Isaac O'Hara (nephew)

tag: table

text: Head Detective Juliet Lynn "Jules" O'Hara is a character on the American comedy Psych played by Maggie Lawson. She attended the University of Miami.

tag: p

text: Fictional biography[edit]

text: Juliet O'Hara first appears undercover in the show's second episode, "Spelling Bee", as a recently transferred junior detective from Miami Beach where she attended the University of Miami, replacing Lucinda Barry as Head Detective Carlton Lassiter's partner. Born in 1981,[1] she was raised in a family of brothers and is shown to be close with both her parents and her siblings.[2] Although she is initially frustrated by her coworkers not taking her seriously enough due to her relatively young age,[3] as the series progresses she is given more responsibility, being left in charge in the absence of Lassiter and then Interim Chief Karen Vick.[4] She has grown more assertive with her partner, and actors Maggie Lawson and Timothy Omundson (who plays Lassiter) both suggest that a strange mutual respect has developed between them.[5]

text: Juliet seems to present a gentle counterpoint to Lassiter's gruff, rigid style. She reminds her partner repeatedly to "be sensitive" with the media, the victims, and the witnesses of their cases. Unlike Lassiter, she is friendly with Shawn Spencer and more willing to work with him and Burton Guster. Lawson says that, although Juliet is bemused by Shawn at first, she has slowly gained respect for him and by the second season, Juliet reveals a "very friendly, comfortable relationship".[5] The actress says she thinks that, despite some skepticism, Juliet does believe that Shawn is psychic. By the end of the fifth season, Shawn and Juliet are romantically involved. By the middle of the sixth season, Shawn is ready for marriage. Her older brother Ewan, played by John Cena, is an army soldier whom she had to arrest when he attempted to murder an actual killer to protect the army. Ewan was supposed to go to prison but his high level bosses made him vanish. Juliet claims Ewan was the reason she became a cop, that him joining the military gave her enough confidence to join the police force. Her estranged con artist father Frank O'Hara is played by William Shatner.[1] She seems to be Irish-Scots[6]

text: Relationship with Shawn Spencer[edit]

text: Season One

text:
"Spellingg Bee" (1.02) - Shawn and Juliet meet for the first time when Juliet unknowingly steals his seat in a diner. Shawn attempts to flirt with her, but Juliet's reception is cool. Shawn eventually figures out that Juliet is a cop and that she is staking out the diner.
"Speak Now or Forever Hold Your Piece" (1.03) - When Shawn "reads" Juliet's palm, the two have a moment of mutual understanding. They agree to help each other out on the case, thus beginning their camaraderie.
"Weekend Warriors" (1.06) - Shawn called Juliet "Jules" for the first time, when they are both watching a Civil War reenactment
"Shawn vs. the Red Phantom" (1.08) - At the beginning of the episode, Shawn calls Juliet apparently from somewhere he can see her. She asks Shawn where he is, and he responds by asking if she really wants to know the answer. She says, "I don't ask questions I don't want to know the answer to." Shawn then advises her not to ask "your boyfriend if he thinks your sister's hot." She informs him she does not have a sister, to which he asks, "How about a boyfriend?" Shawn then takes on a missing person's case as a "favor" to Juliet, informing Gus that he hopes for bigger favors in the future, ones that he can't share "with nuns and men of the cloth."
"From the Earth to the Starbucks" (1.10) - Shawn and Juliet team up to solve a case for Lassiter. Juliet admits that Shawn does makes her laugh... occasionally.
"He Loves Me, He Loves Me Not, He Loves Me, Oops He's Dead" (1.11) - When Shawn and Juliet go undercover at a speed dating event, the hostess informs them that their personality questionnaires were a 100% compatibility match, "a speed dating first." Shawn later claims to have copied hers verbatim. Shawn is also clearly jealous when he runs into Juliet on a date at the bowling alley.

tag: ul

text: Season Two

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"Meat Is Murder, But Murder Is Also Murder" (2.06) - Shawn goes undercover as a horoscope writer at the newspaper where the victim worked. He directs his horoscopes at specific people, like Detective Lassiter and his dad. In the one meant for Juliet, he writes, "Your one true love will be wearing sneakers and an Apple Jacks T-shirt." Shawn then wears sneakers and an Apple Jacks T-shirt, and Jules seems to get the message, though she doesn't say anything. After solving the case Juliet says to Shawn "Looks like you're finally able to communicate your visions again" and Shawn says "Im having another vision right now,You and me celebrating over dinner and drinks" Juliet replies "Hmm. Sounds like you're still a little off" and Shawn took her rejection pretty well.
"Rob-a-Bye Baby" (2.08) - While investigating a nanny agency, Shawn and Juliet go undercover as a married couple.
"Bounty Hunters!" (2.09) - When Juliet makes a mistake that results in a suspected murderer escaping custody, Shawn saves the day by re-apprehending the prisoner. When Juliet thanks Shawn, he assures her that it was a mistake and "that's what friends are for." Shawn leans in to kiss Juliet, but she refuses to kiss him, saying it would be "a mistake." Shawn pulls away, respecting her wishes, but nevertheless walks away smiling. Once alone, Juliet disassembles and reassembles her gun, a stress-relieving exercise she learned in the police academy.
"Gus' Dad May Have Killed An Old Guy" (2.10) - Shawn and Gus are going around the station giving everyone Christmas presents, but after giving Juliet hers, Shawn states that it's just from him. She then makes him think that she's going to give him a hug and he opens his arms to hug her back and is visibly disappointed when she brushes past him.

text: Season Three

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"Murder? ... Anyone? ... Anyone? ... Bueller?" (3.02) - While talking to his high school crush Abigail Lytar at their reunion, Shawn spots Juliet across the gymnasium and murmurs "Pretty much perfect."
"The Greatest Adventure in the History of Basic Cable" (3.04) - When Shawn won't stop cracking jokes in the interrogation room, Juliet leans across the table and demands that he share what he knows. To which Shawn marvels, "My God that was so hot." When Shawn leaves the room with the supposed men of the Spanish government, he hands Jules a paper, telling her the truth about the "Spanish." He also wrote "You smell nice" on the paper. Later, after Juliet leads the SBPD to Shawn's and Gus' rescue, Shawn and Juliet share a meaningful glance.
"Talk Derby to Me" (3.07) - Shawn sets up a romantic dinner for himself and Juliet, complete with music, candles, and flowers. She cannot stay, however, because she has to follow a lead. When that lead turns out to be a red herring, Shawn takes the blame for the mistake. After the case is closed, Shawn and Juliet go on a couples skate alone at the roller rink and brush hands several times and as the camera zooms out you can see their hands pressed together, though they're not actually holding hands.
"Gus Walks into a Bank" (3.08) - Shawn and Juliet have a minor squabble about her decision to date Cameron Luntz, the head of SWAT. Shawn eventually tells her it's okay, he just wants her to be happy. When Juliet's date with Luntz for that evening is canceled, she finds Shawn at the Psych office. The two take a stroll on the boardwalk with hot dogs.
"Christmas Joy" (3.09) - Shawn, while discussing an old flame with Juliet, says "Don't worry, it was long before I knew you." Juliet insists that it's irrelevant, meaning that from her point of view there is no relationship between them. Shawn, however, does not seem convinced.
"Six Feet Under the Sea" (3.10) - Juliet befriends a woman named April who expresses an interest in Shawn and asks for Juliet's opinion of him. Juliet's reaction implies that she has feelings for Shawn. Later, Shawn asks April out, but she turns him down because she doesn't want to "get in the way." She wishes Shawn good luck, leaving him confused.
"Lassie Did a Bad, Bad Thing" (3.11) - Officer Drimmer asks Shawn if he and Juliet are an item. He then proceeds to tell Shawn that Juliet talks about him a lot, calling him "witty and urbane."
"Any Given Friday Night at 10PM, 9PM Central" (3.13) - Juliet is checking out one of the football players as he runs out onto the field. When he turns around, Juliet is astonished to discover that it's Shawn! Later, Juliet smiles widely as she watches Shawn leading a football team out onto the field, but quickly hides it when Gus notices.
"Tuesday the 17th" (3.15) - When Shawn is introducing Juliet, he calls her "one of Santa Barbara's finest, both literally and figuratively", and Juliet is flattered rather than annoyed. Also, after Juliet saves Shawn's life by shooting his assailant in the hand, Shawn tells her, "That level of markmanship is easily one of the sexiest things that I've ever-" Juliet cuts him off, but smiles softly nonetheless.
"An Evening with Mr. Yang" (3.16) - Juliet finally asks out Shawn on a date, and owns up to the fact that she has been sending mixed signals. Unfortunately, Shawn tells her the timing is awful, as he's on a date with his old high school flame, Abigail. When Shawn explains the situation, Juliet understands. She kisses him on the cheek and leaves. Shawn is obviously affected by the kiss, but rejoins Abigail.

text: Season Four

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"Extradition: British Columbia" (4.01) - Shawn doesn't know how to act around Juliet, now that he's dating Abigail. He tells Juliet, "I refuse to feel uncomfortable around you. It's silly. You mean too much to me, and I am perfectly capable of keeping this [their friendship] platonic, as long as you are." Juliet replies, "I am too! Great!" As she walks away, Shawn questions, "But how?" They also take what feels like a romantic stroll, as pointed out by Juliet, on a suspension bridge overlooking a river.
"High Noon-ish" (4.03) - Shawn tips his cowboy hat at Juliet and winks at her. Juliet smiles but quickly looks down as if embarrassed.
"Bollywood Homicide" (4.06) - When Shawn asks if Juliet believes in love curses, she says whenever someone is looking for their soulmate, it can feel like outsides forces are conspiring against them. Shawn moves closer to Juliet, and she leans back, probably thinking that Shawn is going to kiss her. She asks, "Shawn, what are you doing?" Shawn does not answer the question, instead pointing out a clue that he had been looking at while they were moving toward each other. When Raj and Juliet go on their pretend date, Shawn, watching from a car, is clearly jealous when Raj starts to hold Juliet's hand, as noted by Gus and Lassiter. Later, Shawn rescues Juliet from an unstable suspect threatening her with a knife. Abigail tells Shawn that she was very impressed that he would risk his life for a random co-worker. Shawn glances over at Juliet and says, "She's not random." So Abigail wouldn't get the wrong impression, Shawn quickly corrects himself, saying he would do that for anyone.
"Shawn Takes a Shot in the Dark" (4.09) - After Shawn's kidnapping, Juliet goes to his apartment with Gus to search for clues. When she sees Abigail's toothbrush and some items, she becomes very curious if Abigail moved in. Gus replies that they've reached the "he has a drawer, she has a toothbrush" stage to which Juliet seems affected. Shawn, who has been shot and kidnapped, tells one of his kidnappers that he has a girlfriend named Abigail and that he wants to call her to say goodbye before they kill him. Shawn then calls Juliet and proceeds to give her clues about his whereabouts. The kidnapper tells Shawn to tell "Abigail" that he loves her. Shawn does. Juliet, believing the profession of love to be real, responds by saying, "Shawn, I think I..." Shawn interrupts her by saying, "Goodbye, Abigail." He hangs up. Juliet is clearly confused, but is able to use his clues to track down his whereabouts and is saved. After the ordeal, Shawn discusses with Gus the possibility that Juliet was going to say "I love you" back. Although Gus states the possibility that she was just doing what she had to do, Shawn does not seem convinced.
"You Can't Handle This Episode" (4.10) - Juliet's brother, Ewan O'Hara, reveals that Juliet has said a lot of good things about Shawn. Later, Ewan says explicitly that Juliet "likes [Shawn] a lot", and he puts his stamp of approval on Shawn as well. Meanwhile, Abigail leaves for Uganda.
"A Very Juliet Episode" (4.12) - Juliet receives news that her college boyfriend Scott might be dead. After receiving the awful news, she and Shawn take a long walk together through the park, during which Shawn gives Juliet a friendly hug. Shawn then searches high and low for Scott, who turns out to be in witness protection. Once the couple is reunited, Shawn is clearly jealous. Shawn bargains with the criminal Scott put in jail to not have Scott harmed if Shawn will prove the criminal's innocence. Shawn holds up his end of the bargain, and even though Scott was no longer in danger, he and Juliet parted ways, agreeing to meet again in a year.
"Death Is in the Air" (4.13) - At the beginning of the episode, Shawn and Gus are talking about all the things Shawn can do since he's single and doesn't need to impress anyone—but then Juliet walks up and he immediately throws away his stinky snack- obviously he wants to impress Juliet. More importantly, Juliet gets exposed to the Thornburg virus and Shawn rushes to find the antidote. Upon returning Shawn explains to Gus that the threat of Juliet's mortality made him realize he doesn't have as much time as he thought: he has to tell her how he feels. Gus informs them both that Juliet has not contracted the virus after all, but Shawn tries to go through with his admission anyway. He ultimately stumbles and fails to tell Juliet how he feels, which is immediately followed by Lassiter's entry into the room, effectively killing the moment.
"Mr. Yin Presents" (4.16) - A serial killer named Mr. Yin kidnaps both Juliet and Abigail, who just returned from Uganda. Yin forces Shawn to choose one of them to save but only has Juliet read him the clue to save her life. Juliet tries to tell Shawn he can save Abigail but Yin cuts her off. Shawn gets the clue to save Abigail from Yang's book and sends Gus with Lassie to save Juliet saying the only way he would be able to not be there for Jules is if he knows that Gus is. Lassiter and Gus arrive and they are able to save Juliet in time while Shawn is able to save Abigail. At the end, Juliet breaks down sobbing as Lassiter hugs her. Abigail tells Shawn she can't handle the danger and breaks up with him.

text: Season Five

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"Romeo and Juliet and Juliet" (5.01) - Juliet was temporarily reassigned to City Hall sometime shortly after her ordeal with Mr. Yin to deal with the stress from it. Shawn seeks her help on a case his father has barred him from involving a kidnapping within two rival Chinese gangs. Juliet gives him information but does not return to the SBPD. Shawn calls her for back up before confronting kidnapper Teno Tan. He is easily outmatched but Teno surrenders when Juliet arrives before Shawn is killed. They thank each other and agree to hug but Lassiter interrupts. Shawn calls for a rain check.
"Feet Don't Kill Me Now" (5.02) - Henry allows Shawn and Juliet to team up after Lassiter chooses Gus to help on the case. Their partnership doesn't hold up as Shawn realizes he works best with Gus as does Juliet with Lassiter. Shawn and Juliet attend a tap recital together to support their respective partners.
"Shawn 2.0" (5.08) Shawn plans to invite Juliet to a friend's wedding but "criminal profiler" Declan Rand beats him to the punch. Juliet offers to reschedule but Shawn plays it off not wanting her to be forced. Shawn becomes increasingly jealous of Declan whom Gus dubs "Shawn 2.0" because of their similarities. Like Shawn, Declan is a fraud who acquired his profiling expertise from his father. Both threaten to expose each other if either one of them doesn't come clean himself. Like he has the entire episode, Declan beats Shawn making his confession to Juliet first. She forgives Declan and they go for coffee leaving Shawn unable to say anything.
"One, Maybe Two, Ways Out" (5.09) Juliet is now in a serious relationship with Declan, of which Shawn is very jealous. Declan is even planning a vacation for himself and Juliet. After Shawn and Gus cause Nadia's capture, Juliet overhears Shawn telling Gus that he cannot be happy without her, even though he knows he should be glad that she is happily in a relationship. Juliet is visibly affected by his words. After Nadia is freed and Fong is taken into custody, Shawn and Gus again arrive at Declan's residence. Declan tells them to make their visit quick, as he is bidding thirty million euros on an item over the phone. Gus, intrigued by this, follows Declan upstairs. Shawn is left alone in the foyer, at which point Juliet enters the room, surprised to see him. She questions Shawn about how he solved such an intricate case and why there might be 3 creme brulé dishes at Declan's computer, but he does not rat out Declan for helping. Shawn wishes her a great four days off but she corrects that it is two weeks, visibly upsetting him. He makes Juliet promise to enjoy her vacation, and tells her to take many mental photographs. As Shawn starts going off on a tangent, Juliet abruptly kisses him. She then pulls back and both she and Shawn are left speechless from the kiss. Declan and Gus return, and Shawn, too stunned to make any witty remarks, simply wishes them a good vacation. Declan goes to pack as Shawn and Gus leave, and Shawn takes one more look at Juliet before he closes the door. Juliet is left standing in the foyer, alone.
"Extradition II: The Actual Extradition Part" (5.10) Shawn and Gus are invited to visit Despereaux in Canada. Before Shawn leaves his father advises him to speak with Juliet as he overheard Shawn talk about her via butt dialing. Shawn asks after her at the station but Buzz tells him she already has her passport. Juliet and Lassiter arrive to take Despereaux to the United States, to Shawn's visible shock and he asks Juliet to talk. Later, Juliet comes to his hotel room and tells him that she had broken up with Declan, but Shawn cannot talk with her as Gus and Despereaux are inside, resulting in Jules walking away upset. At the end of the episode, Shawn asks Lassiter where Juliet is with the answer "Grabbin' a muffin". He finds her at a platform overlooking the ocean but she is still upset claiming they missed their moment. Shawn does not give up and explains to Juliet that since they met he's thought about replacing his motorcycle, a beloved symbol of freedom, with a car. They kiss passionately but are disrupted by the tourists at the overlook. Then they move to a gift shop where they are interrupted by a customer who calls Juliet a "slut". They then go to a car and are once more interrupted by a cop. Shawn realizes that he has a room before the camera pans to the sky.
"In Plain Fright" (5.11) It is revealed at the beginning of the episode that Shawn and Juliet are officially a couple.
"Dual Spires" (5.12) Shawn and Gus are standing near the lake where their murder victim was found, and the only cell service zone in the town is. When Juliet shows up unexpectedly. Shawn distracts Gus by saying "Dude, labradoodle!" and Juliet and Shawn share a quick kiss.
"Yang 3 in 2D" (5.16) Juliet seems uneasy as Shawn (now her boyfriend) sides with a supposed Yin Kidnap victim. When Shawn and Gus are trapped inside Yin's house, she is the first to get Yang out of confinement and when Yang tries to make a deal with the police, Jules agrees. (1. Yang gets to take an updated picture with Shawn and 2. Juliet is the only person to accompany her into the house.) Juliet does not hesitate to agree to the conditions and the two enter the house. Shawn is saved and after Yang gets her picture she says to Shawn, "Catch up with you later, Mr. Spencer." After finishing his statement on the Yin case, Shawn goes looking for Jules and finds her in the interrogation room. She says she cannot finish her statement because it is like "marking the time 'til the next crazy rolls in." To that Shawn replies that he is there for her and will "always protect her" and she responds the same and Shawn kisses her hand. He then tells her he will see her that night later on and kisses her on the lips. The camera pans to reveal that Lassiter has seen and heard their entire conversation and now knows about their secret romantic relationship.

text: Season Six

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"Shawn Rescues Darth Vader" (6.01) Lassiter hooks Juliet to a lie detector and tries to trick her into admitting she is in a relationship with Shawn. She later confesses she is dating Shawn to Lassiter outright, but he feels their trust has been broken. Lassiter puts Shawn in the same lie detector when it seems the latter was at the crime scene. Shawn declares this has to do with his and Juliet's romantic involvement and he blurts out that he loves her shocking everyone in the room and himself. He also admits while under the lie detector that he is a psychic, which further deepens Juliet's trust in Shawn. Later, Lassiter warns Shawn if he hurts Juliet, he will discharge his weapon...repeatedly.
"Last Night Gus" (6.02) Thanks to some drugged drinks, Shawn forgets a conversation he had with Juliet when she tells him they need to talk about it and saying it was serious causing him to freak out. She reveals that he had asked her to move in and is surprised he doesn't remember. They agree that it's probably too soon.
"The Amazing Psych-Man & Tap Man, Issue #2" (6.04) Shawn quickly becomes jealous as Juliet shows admiration for the Mantis, a vigilante who is competing with the SBPD to catch the Camino Drug Syndicate. When they are on a date, Shawn realizes that Juliet got a text from the SBPD that requires her to leave. Though reluctant, she departs.
"Shawn, Interrupted" (6.06) Juliet shows concern for Shawn when he goes undercover at a mental institution, admitting that her deepest fear was that Shawn wouldn't be able to come out, after Shawn makes an off-hand comment about enjoying it there, "Spoiler. I'm making you a wallet." Shawn reassures her, but Juliet is still not at ease.
"In for a Penny..." (6.07) Shawn invites Juliet's estranged con artist dad, Frank, to her birthday party then hires him to assist on a case. Juliet is furious with Shawn and has no intention of reconciling with her father. She changes her mind when Frank tells her he attended all her recitals and talent shows. At her birthday party, Juliet has made peace with her dad and forgiven Shawn since his heart was in the right place.
"Neil Simon's Lover's Retreat" (6.09) Shawn and Juliet go away on a romantic vacation but they are robbed by their new 'friends', who call themselves, "Barbie and Clive", possibly taken from the 1930s criminals, Bonnie and Clyde. While tracking down the thieves, they come across a murder effectively spoiling their plans. Shawn apologizes since Juliet had "definite expectations" for their vacation including the "M word" causing Juliet to explain that she had not been expecting a marriage proposal since it is too soon and that she was in no way ready to get married and Shawn agrees seemingly relieved. The clerk returns Shawn's stolen Nintendo DS, which Shawn had been having a fit about it throughout the episode when discovering it had been stolen much to Juliet's annoyance and confusion, to Gus who hears a rattle from inside it. He opens the battery case and finds an engagement ring; revealing that Shawn had actually planned to propose to Juliet during their vacation.
"Indiana Shawn and the Temple of the Kinda Crappy, Rusty Old Dagger" (6.10) The episode opens up to Gus confronting Shawn over the ring he found and Gus clearly upset with the fact that Shawn was going to propose to Juliet and he never told Gus about it. Shawn apologizes, telling Gus that he "had to be ready for a Shamu moment." Shawn promises that when he pops the question to Juliet, Gus will be there and offers a fist-bump which Gus ignores, saying, "That's storybook right there."
"Heeeeere's Lassie" (6.11) Shawn keeps looking for a spot to stash the ring since he's not ready to give it to Juliet. Gus suggests putting it back in Henry's drawer if he isn't going to propose. Juliet's dad Frank arrives from Tanzania stating he got Shawn's voicemail saying he had something important to discuss. Shawn left the voicemail when he was considering proposing and wanted to ask Frank for his blessing. He asks for permission to marry Juliet in case he needs it in the future. Frank explains to Shawn he wants his daughter to marry someone honest and asks if Shawn has ever lied to Juliet which Shawn hesitates before answering. Gus answers in the affirmative and Frank leaves without offering or denying his blessing, leaving Shawn confused about whether or not he had Juliet's father's blessing to one day propose to Juliet.
"Shawn and the Real Girl" (6.12) Juliet proves to be jealous as Shawn infiltrate into a reality show in which several men vie for the heart of a woman. Later, Shawn admits to considering himself lucky to have her in his life.
"Santabarbaratown" (6.16) At the ending, Juliet and Shawn are walking by the Station, talking about Shawn moving in with Juliet.

text: Season Seven

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"Juliet Takes a Luvvah" (7.02) Juliet and Shawn decide to live together.
"No Country for Two Old Men" (7.04) After a homewarming party for Juliet and Shawn, her stepfather Lloyd runs into trouble with Mexican gangsters over his gambling debts.
"Deez Nups" (7.07) During Lassiter's wedding reception, Juliet confronts Shawn about inconsistencies that she found in his latest "vision", leading her to deduce that he is a mentalist, not a psychic, which Shawn confirms. Heartbroken, Juliet splashes her drink in Shawn's face, tearfully exiting the scene.
"Right Turn or Left for Dead" (7.08) Juliet tells Shawn to move out.
"Juliet Wears the Pantsuit" (7.09) Shawn moves out, reluctantly. At the end of the episode he helps Juliet repair a window and it is seen that they still have chemistry. However, Juliet isn't ready to forgive him for lying.
"Santa Barbarian Candidate" (7.10) Juliet attends the Founders Gala as Shawn's date. As they dance Juliet learns that Shawn went back to take dancing lessons that he had previously lied about going to when he learned what it meant to her. Juliet asks where "this Shawn" was when they were dating to which he says that he's "right here". After dancing with him, she admits to Shawn that she still has feelings for him, but tells him that he has to tell Chief Vick about his lie about being a psychic. He refuses to as he won't be able to do good or help people's lives like he always has. Juliet tells him that what he does isn't good for everyone. At the end of the episode, Shawn decides to confess his lie to Chief Vick for the sake of smoothing things back over with Juliet. He almost tells Chief Vick that he isn’t a psychic, but Juliet comes in claiming that Shawn led her to Mike’s house to get the photos. She tells Shawn later on that she couldn’t be selfish and have him reveal his lie. It seems like she is slowly beginning to trust him again. Shawn makes an attempt to kiss her, but she says that she isn't ready to get back together yet. Despite telling him this, the two agree to go out to eat together.
"Office Space" (7.11) After going out to eat together from the previous episode, Juliet and Shawn are shown asleep next to each other in bed at her place. While sleeping, he wakes up to Gus tapping on the window and leaves to help him. Later, at the station, she and Shawn are talking and he remarks that they're "back in the saddle". However, Juliet says that nothing is back yet and that what they did was a "one time thing" and that since they were adults "it happens".
"Nip and Suck It" (7.13) At the end of the episode, Shawn tells Gus he and Juliet are officially back together. Shawn remarks that Juliet made him "work" for it, but that they are finally together again.
"No Trout About It" (7.14) Shawn and Juliet make a romantically goofy phone call as revealed by Shawn when re-telling a case to a police consultant, much to Juliet's embarrassment. She later voices her concerns about her position at the department due to intraoffice dating with Shawn which is usually against police regulations.

text: Season Eight

text: "The Break Up" (8.10) Shawn and Juliet get engaged to be married outside a crime scene in San Francisco, only to have the engagement ring get stolen by a mugger.