document_title: Sleepless in Seattle

question_text: where does tom hanks live in sleepless in seattle

text: Sleepless in Seattle

text: Plot[edit]

text: After Chicago architect Sam Baldwin loses his wife Maggie to cancer, he and his eight-year-old son Jonah start a new life in Seattle, Washington, but Sam continues to grieve. A year and a half later, on Christmas Eve 1992, Jonah—who wants his father to find a new wife—calls in to a radio talk show. Jonah persuades a reluctant Sam to go on the air to talk about how much he misses Maggie. Hundreds of women from around the country who hear the program and are touched by the story write to Sam. One of the listeners is Annie Reed, a Baltimore Sun reporter who is engaged to amiable Walter but feels there is something missing from their cordial relationship. After watching the film An Affair to Remember, Annie impulsively writes a letter suggesting that Sam meet her on top of the Empire State Building on Valentine's Day. She does not intend to mail it, but her friend and editor Becky does it for her and agrees to send Annie to Seattle.

text: Sam begins dating a co-worker Victoria, whom Jonah dislikes. Jonah, a baseball fan, reads Annie's letter and likes that it mentions the Baltimore Orioles, but he fails to convince his father to go to New York to meet Annie. On the advice of his playmate Jessica, Jonah replies to Annie, agreeing to the New York meeting. While dropping Victoria off at the airport for a flight, Sam sees Annie exiting from her plane and is mesmerized by her, although he has no idea who she is. Annie later secretly watches Sam and Jonah playing on the beach together but mistakes Sam's sister for his girlfriend. He recognizes her from the airport and says "Hello," but Annie only responds with another "Hello" before fleeing. She decides she is being foolish and goes to New York to meet Walter for Valentine's Day.

text: With Jessica's help, Jonah flies to New York without his father's permission and goes to the Empire State Building searching for Annie. Distraught, Sam follows Jonah and finds him on the observation deck. Meanwhile, Annie sees the skyscraper from the Rainbow Room where she is dining with Walter and confesses her doubts to him, amicably ending their engagement. She rushes to the Empire State Building just moments after the doors to the down elevator close with Sam and Jonah inside.

text: In spite of the observation deck being deserted, Annie discovers a backpack that Jonah left behind. As she pulls out Jonah's teddy bear from the backpack, Sam and Jonah emerge from the elevator, and the three meet for the first time. On the advice of the elevator operator, Sam indicates they should go and offers his hand to Annie. The three then enter the elevator together before the door closes.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Tom Hanks as Sam Baldwin
Meg Ryan as Annie Reed
Bill Pullman as Walter
Ross Malinger as Jonah Baldwin
Rob Reiner as Jay
Rosie O'Donnell as Becky
Gaby Hoffmann as Jessica
Victor Garber as Greg
Rita Wilson as Suzy
Barbara Garrick as Victoria
Carey Lowell as Maggie Baldwin
David Hyde Pierce as Dennis Reed
Dana Ivey as Claire
Kevin O'Morrison as Cliff Reed
Caroline Aaron as Dr. Marcia Fieldstone

text: Hanks and Ryan had previously acted together in Joe Versus the Volcano (1990) and would later star together in You've Got Mail (1998) and Ithaca (2015). Julia Roberts and Kim Basinger were reportedly offered the role of Annie Reed, but both turned it down.[3][4]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text:
Sleepless in Seattle

Soundtrack album by Various Artists

Released
June 15, 1993

Genre
Pop

Length
36:22

Label
Epic Soundtrax

Producer
Marc Shaiman

text: The film was originally to have been scored by John Barry, but when given a list of twenty songs he had to put in the film, he quit.[5]

text:
"As Time Goes By" by Jimmy Durante – 2:28
"A Kiss to Build a Dream On" by Louis Armstrong – 3:01
"Stardust" by Nat King Cole – 3:15
"Makin' Whoopee" by Dr. John featuring Rickie Lee Jones – 4:09
"In the Wee Small Hours of the Morning" by Carly Simon – 3:16
"Back in the Saddle Again" by Gene Autry – 2:36
"Bye Bye Blackbird" by Joe Cocker – 3:30
"A Wink and a Smile" by Harry Connick, Jr. – 4:08
"Stand by Your Man" by Tammy Wynette – 2:41
"An Affair to Remember" by Marc Shaiman – 2:31
"Make Someone Happy" by Jimmy Durante – 1:52
"I'll Never Break Your Heart" by Backstreet Boys – 4:48

tag: ol

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Sleepless in Seattle opened theatrically on June 25, 1993 in 1,579 venues, earning $17,253,733 in its opening weekend, ranking second in the North American box office behind the third weekend of Jurassic Park.[7] At the end of its run, the film grossed $126,680,884 in the United States and Canada, as well as $101,119,000 internationally, for a worldwide total of $227,799,884.[2]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: The film received positive reviews from critics. The review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports that 72% out of 45 professional critics gave the film a positive review, with a rating average of 6.5/10.[8] On Metacritic, the film has a 72 out of 100 rating, based on 17 critics, indicating "generally positive reviews".[9]

text: Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times lauded, "Sleepless in Seattle is as ephemeral as a talk show, as contrived as the late show, and yet so warm and gentle I smiled the whole way through." He added:

text: The actors are well-suited to this material. Tom Hanks keeps a certain detached edge to his character, which keeps him from being simply a fall guy. Meg Ryan, who is one of the most likable actresses around and has a certain ineffable Doris Day innocence, is able to convince us of the magical quality of her sudden love for a radio voice, without letting the device seem like the gimmick it assuredly is.[10]

text: Vincent Canby of The New York Times similarly called it "a feather-light romantic comedy" and wrote, "It's a stunt, but it's a stunt that works far more effectively than anybody in his right mind has reason to expect. Not since Love Story has there been a movie that so shrewdly and predictably manipulated the emotions for such entertaining effect."[11]

text: Awards[edit]

text: The film received two nominations for awards in the 66th Academy Awards (held in 1994), but did not win either of them. It lost out to The Piano for Best Original Screenplay while the song "A Wink and a Smile" lost out to "Streets of Philadelphia" (from Philadelphia, another Tom Hanks movie) for Best Original Song. The film was nominated for three Golden Globe Awards: one for Best Actor – Musical or Comedy (Tom Hanks) another for Best Actress – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy (Meg Ryan) and a third for Best Motion Picture Musical or Comedy.

text: The film won four awards at different ceremonies. Ryan won the award for Funniest Actress in a Leading Role at the American Comedy Awards. At the 1994 Young Artist Awards, Malinger won the award for Best Actor Under Ten in a Motion Picture and the film itself won Outstanding Family Motion Picture for Comedy.[12]

text:
Award
Category
Winner/Nominee
Won

66th Academy Awards
Best Original Song
"A Wink and a Smile"
Nominated

Best Original Screenplay
Nora Ephron, David S. Ward and Jeff Arch

48th BAFTA Film Awards
Best Score
Marc Shaiman
Nominated

Best Screenplay
Nora Ephron, David S. Ward and Jeff Arch

American Comedy Awards
Funniest Actress in a Leading Role
Meg Ryan
Won

51st Golden Globe Awards
Best Film – Musical or Comedy
Nominated

Best Actor – Musical or Comedy
Tom Hanks

Best Actress – Musical or Comedy
Meg Ryan

1994 MTV Movie Awards
Best Breakthrough Performance
Ross Malinger
Nominated

Best Female Performance
Meg Ryan

Best Movie Song
"When I Fall in Love" (Celine Dion and Clive Griffin)

Best On-Screen Duo
Tom Hanks & Meg Ryan

Young Artist Awards
Best Actor Under Ten in a Motion Picture
Ross Malinger
Won

Outstanding Family Motion Picture – Comedy

text: Musical adaptation[edit]

text: In 2009, development began on a musical version of Sleepless in Seattle. David Shor was announced as the musical's producer, with a book being written by Jeff Arch, Shor's longtime partner and original story writer for the motion picture. Leslie Bricusse was initially attached to the project, but withdrew due to "creative differences with the show's producer and director".[13] Michelle Citrin, Michael Garin and Josh Nelson were announced to be working on the music and lyrics, with Shor discovering Citrin via YouTube.[14] The musical was initially set to release in 2010,[15] with the premiere date later being moved to 2011 and June 2012.[16] In February 2012 Shor announced that the musical would not premiere until the 2012-13 season and that the show would "undergo a top-to-bottom overhaul" and would have a new creative team.[17][18] With a new score by composer Ben Toth and lyricist Sam Forman, the musical version premiered at the Pasadena Playhouse in May 2013.[19] In 2015, producer David Shor teamed with British producer Michael Rose and announced that they plan to open the show together with a revamped creative team in London during the 2016-2017 season. In March 2016 the show was workshopped at the English Touring Theatre in London and both Shor and Rose declared the workshop a resounding success. Plans are underway for the casting and opening of the show.


document_title: List of Modern Family episodes

question_text: when is the next modern family episode airing

root

text: List of Modern Family episodes

text: Series overview[edit]

tag: table

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Season 1 (2009–10)[edit]

text:
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateProd.codeU.S. viewers(millions)11"Pilot"Jason WinerSteven Levitan & Christopher LloydSeptember 23, 2009 (2009-09-23)1ARG7912.60[10]
22"The Bicycle Thief"Jason WinerBill WrubelSeptember 30, 2009 (2009-09-30)1ARG029.99[11]
33"Come Fly with Me"Reginald HudlinDan O'ShannonOctober 7, 2009 (2009-10-07)1ARG048.82[12]
44"The Incident"Jason WinerSteven LevitanOctober 14, 2009 (2009-10-14)1ARG059.35[13]
55"Coal Digger"Jason WinerChristopher LloydOctober 21, 2009 (2009-10-21)1ARG038.66[14]
66"Run for Your Wife"Jason WinerPaul Corrigan & Brad WalshOctober 28, 2009 (2009-10-28)1ARG019.32[15]
77"En Garde"Randall EinhornDanny ZukerNovember 4, 2009 (2009-11-04)1ARG068.77[16]
88"Great Expectations"Jason WinerJoe LawsonNovember 18, 2009 (2009-11-18)1ARG079.16[17]
99"Fizbo"Jason WinerPaul Corrigan & Brad WalshNovember 25, 2009 (2009-11-25)1ARG097.12[18]
1010"Undeck the Halls"Randall EinhornDan O'ShannonDecember 9, 2009 (2009-12-09)1ARG119.67[19]
1111"Up All Night"Michael SpillerChristopher LloydJanuary 6, 2010 (2010-01-06)1ARG1010.22[20]
1212"Not in My House"Chris KochCaroline WilliamsJanuary 13, 2010 (2010-01-13)1ARG087.83[21]
1313"Fifteen Percent"Jason WinerSteven LevitanJanuary 20, 2010 (2010-01-20)1ARG129.83[22]
1414"Moon Landing"Jason WinerBill WrubelFebruary 3, 2010 (2010-02-03)1ARG139.19[23]
1515"My Funky Valentine"Michael SpillerJerry CollinsFebruary 10, 2010 (2010-02-10)1ARG169.84[24]
1616"Fears"Reginald HudlinSteven LevitanMarch 3, 2010 (2010-03-03)1ARG188.01[25]
1717"Truth Be Told"Jason WinerJoe LawsonMarch 10, 2010 (2010-03-10)1ARG178.95[26]
1818"Starry Night"Jason WinerDanny ZukerMarch 24, 2010 (2010-03-24)1ARG159.18[27]
1919"Game Changer"Kevin SullivanStory by : Vanessa McCarthy & Joe Lawson Teleplay by : Joe Lawson & Alex HerschlagMarch 31, 2010 (2010-03-31)1ARG219.51[28]
2020"Benched"Chris KochDanny ZukerApril 14, 2010 (2010-04-14)1ARG208.88[29]
2121"Travels with Scout"Seth GordonPaul Corrigan & Brad WalshApril 28, 2010 (2010-04-28)1ARG1410.01[30]
2222"Airport 2010"Jason WinerDan O'Shannon & Bill WrubelMay 5, 2010 (2010-05-05)1ARG199.48[31]
2323"Hawaii"Steven LevitanPaul Corrigan & Brad WalshMay 12, 2010 (2010-05-12)1ARG2310.34[32]
2424"Family Portrait"Jason WinerIlana WernickMay 19, 2010 (2010-05-19)1ARG2210.14[33]

text: Season 2 (2010–11)[edit]

text:
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateProd.codeU.S. viewers(millions)251"The Old Wagon"Michael SpillerBill WrubelSeptember 22, 2010 (2010-09-22)2ARG0512.67[34]
262"The Kiss"Scott EllisAbraham HigginbothamSeptember 29, 2010 (2010-09-29)2ARG0411.92[35]
273"Earthquake"Michael SpillerPaul Corrigan & Brad WalshOctober 6, 2010 (2010-10-06)2ARG0111.44[36]
284"Strangers on a Treadmill"Scott EllisDanny ZukerOctober 13, 2010 (2010-10-13)2ARG0211.45[37]
295"Unplugged"Michael SpillerSteven LevitanOctober 20, 2010 (2010-10-20)2ARG0611.97[38]
306"Halloween"Michael SpillerJeffrey RichmanOctober 27, 2010 (2010-10-27)2ARG0913.14[39]
317"Chirp"Michael SpillerDan O'ShannonNovember 3, 2010 (2010-11-03)2ARG0312.24[40]
328"Manny Get Your Gun"Michael SpillerStory by : Christopher Lloyd Teleplay by : Danny ZukerNovember 17, 2010 (2010-11-17)2ARG1112.09[41]
339"Mother Tucker"Michael SpillerPaul Corrigan & Brad WalshNovember 24, 2010 (2010-11-24)2ARG0710.57[42]
3410"Dance Dance Revelation"Gail MancusoIlana WernickDecember 8, 2010 (2010-12-08)2ARG0811.07[43]
3511"Slow Down Your Neighbors"Gail MancusoIlana WernickJanuary 5, 2011 (2011-01-05)2ARG1211.83[44]
3612"Our Children, Ourselves"Adam ShankmanDan O'Shannon & Bill WrubelJanuary 12, 2011 (2011-01-12)2ARG1011.12[45]
3713"Caught in the Act"Michael SpillerSteven Levitan & Jeffrey RichmanJanuary 19, 2011 (2011-01-19)2ARG1310.94[46]
3814"Bixby's Back"Chris KochDanny ZukerFebruary 9, 2011 (2011-02-09)2ARG1613.16[47]
3915"Princess Party"Michael SpillerElaine KoFebruary 16, 2011 (2011-02-16)2ARG1710.57[48]
4016"Regrets Only"Dean ParisotAbraham HigginbothamFebruary 23, 2011 (2011-02-23)2ARG1410.17[49]
4117"Two Monkeys and a Panda"Beth McCarthy-MillerCarol LeiferMarch 2, 2011 (2011-03-02)2ARG1510.11[50]
4218"Boys' Night"Chris KochSteven Levitan & Jeffrey RichmanMarch 23, 2011 (2011-03-23)2ARG2010.90[51]
4319"The Musical Man"Michael SpillerPaul Corrigan & Brad WalshApril 13, 2011 (2011-04-13)2ARG199.61[52]
4420"Someone to Watch Over Lily"Michael SpillerBill WrubelApril 20, 2011 (2011-04-20)2ARG189.95[53]
4521"Mother's Day"Michael SpillerDan O'Shannon & Ilana WernickMay 4, 2011 (2011-05-04)2ARG219.90[54]
4622"Good Cop Bad Dog"Fred SavageStory by : Abraham Higginbotham Teleplay by : Abraham Higginbotham & Jeffrey RichmanMay 11, 2011 (2011-05-11)2ARG2210.15[55]
4723"See You Next Fall"Steven LevitanDanny ZukerMay 18, 2011 (2011-05-18)2ARG2410.30[56]
4824"The One That Got Away"Jim BagdonasPaul Corrigan & Brad Walsh & Dan O'ShannonMay 25, 2011 (2011-05-25)2ARG2310.31[57]

text: Season 3 (2011–12)[edit]

text:
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateProd.codeU.S. viewers(millions)491"Dude Ranch"Jason WinerPaul Corrigan & Brad Walsh & Dan O'ShannonSeptember 21, 2011 (2011-09-21)3ARG0314.52[58]
502"When Good Kids Go Bad"Michael SpillerJeffrey RichmanSeptember 21, 2011 (2011-09-21)3ARG0214.54[58]
513"Phil on Wire"Jason WinerStory by : Bianca Douglas & Danny Zuker Teleplay by : Danny ZukerSeptember 28, 2011 (2011-09-28)3ARG0113.45[59]
524"Door to Door"Chris KochBill WrubelOctober 5, 2011 (2011-10-05)3ARG0413.24[60]
535"Hit and Run"Jason WinerElaine KoOctober 12, 2011 (2011-10-12)3ARG0613.65[61]
546"Go Bullfrogs!"Scott EllisAbraham HigginbothamOctober 19, 2011 (2011-10-19)3ARG0713.04[62]
557"Treehouse"Jason WinerSteven LevitanNovember 2, 2011 (2011-11-02)3ARG0813.37[63]
568"After the Fire"Fred SavageDanny ZukerNovember 16, 2011 (2011-11-16)3ARG0912.91[64]
579"Punkin Chunkin"Michael SpillerBen KarlinNovember 23, 2011 (2011-11-23)3ARG0512.72[65]
5810"Express Christmas"Michael SpillerCindy ChupackDecember 7, 2011 (2011-12-07)3ARG1012.20[66]
5911"Lifetime Supply"Chris KochJeffrey Richman & Bill WrubelJanuary 4, 2012 (2012-01-04)3ARG1114.03[67]
6012"Egg Drop"Jason WinerPaul Corrigan & Brad WalshJanuary 11, 2012 (2012-01-11)3ARG1212.12[68]
6113"Little Bo Bleep"Chris KochCindy ChupackJanuary 18, 2012 (2012-01-18)3ARG1411.89[69]
6214"Me? Jealous?"Michael SpillerBen KarlinFebruary 8, 2012 (2012-02-08)3ARG1312.90[70]
6315"Aunt Mommy"Michael SpillerAbraham Higginbotham & Dan O'ShannonFebruary 15, 2012 (2012-02-15)3ARG1511.23[71]
6416"Virgin Territory"Jason WinerElaine KoFebruary 22, 2012 (2012-02-22)3ARG1711.54[72]
6517"Leap Day"Gail MancusoDanny ZukerFebruary 29, 2012 (2012-02-29)3ARG1911.63[73]
6618"Send Out the Clowns"Steven LevitanSteven Levitan & Jeffrey Richman & Bill WrubelMarch 14, 2012 (2012-03-14)3ARG1610.60[74]
6719"Election Day"Bryan CranstonBen KarlinApril 11, 2012 (2012-04-11)3ARG2010.35[75]
6820"The Last Walt"Michael SpillerDan O'Shannon & Paul Corrigan & Brad WalshApril 18, 2012 (2012-04-18)3ARG2110.21[76]
6921"Planes, Trains and Cars"Michael SpillerPaul Corrigan & Brad WalshMay 2, 2012 (2012-05-02)3ARG1810.06[77]
7022"Disneyland"James BagdonasCindy ChupackMay 9, 2012 (2012-05-09)3ARG2210.58[78]
7123"Tableau Vivant"Gail MancusoElaine Ko & Jeffrey Richman & Bill WrubelMay 16, 2012 (2012-05-16)3ARG239.36[79]
7224"Baby on Board"Steven LevitanAbraham HigginbothamMay 23, 2012 (2012-05-23)3ARG2410.07[80]

text: Season 4 (2012–13)[edit]

text:
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateProd.codeU.S. viewers(millions)731"Bringing Up Baby"Steven LevitanPaul Corrigan & Brad WalshSeptember 26, 2012 (2012-09-26)4ARG0114.44[81]
742"Schooled"Jeff MelmanSteven Levitan & Dan O'ShannonOctober 10, 2012 (2012-10-10)4ARG0312.08[82]
753"Snip"Gail MancusoDanny ZukerOctober 10, 2012 (2012-10-10)4ARG0212.31[82]
764"The Butler's Escape"Beth McCarthy-MillerBill WrubelOctober 17, 2012 (2012-10-17)4ARG0412.28[83]
775"Open House of Horrors"Jim BagdonasElaine KoOctober 24, 2012 (2012-10-24)4ARG0612.52[84]
786"Yard Sale"Gail MancusoAbraham HigginbothamOctober 31, 2012 (2012-10-31)4ARG0510.62[85]
797"Arrested"Gail MancusoBecky Mann & Audra SielaffNovember 7, 2012 (2012-11-07)4ARG0712.43[86]
808"Mistery Date"Beth McCarthy-MillerJeffrey RichmanNovember 14, 2012 (2012-11-14)4ARG0811.89[87]
819"When a Tree Falls"Steven LevitanBen KarlinNovember 28, 2012 (2012-11-28)4ARG0912.01[88]
8210"Diamond in the Rough"Gail MancusoDan O'Shannon & Becky Mann & Audra SielaffDecember 12, 2012 (2012-12-12)4ARG1110.94[89]
8311"New Year's Eve"Fred GossAbraham Higginbotham & Jeffrey RichmanJanuary 9, 2013 (2013-01-09)4ARG1312.04[90]
8412"Party Crasher"Fred SavageDanny Zuker & Christopher LloydJanuary 16, 2013 (2013-01-16)4ARG1011.01[91]
8513"Fulgencio"Lev L. SpiroBill WrubelJanuary 23, 2013 (2013-01-23)4ARG1210.83[92]
8614"A Slight at the Opera"Jim BagdonasPaul Corrigan & Brad WalshFebruary 6, 2013 (2013-02-06)4ARG149.83[93]
8715"Heart Broken"Beth McCarthy-MillerDanny ZukerFebruary 13, 2013 (2013-02-13)4ARG1810.05[94]
8816"Bad Hair Day"Gail MancusoElaine KoFebruary 20, 2013 (2013-02-20)4ARG1610.62[95]
8917"Best Men"Steven LevitanStory by : Dan O'Shannon & Abraham Higginbotham & Bianca Douglas Teleplay by : Dan O'Shannon & Abraham HigginbothamFebruary 27, 2013 (2013-02-27)4ARG1510.53[96]
9018"The Wow Factor"Steven LevitanBen KarlinMarch 27, 2013 (2013-03-27)4ARG179.09[97]
9119"The Future Dunphys"Ryan CaseElaine KoApril 3, 2013 (2013-04-03)4ARG2010.88[98]
9220"Flip Flop"Gail MancusoJeffrey Richman & Bill WrubelApril 10, 2013 (2013-04-10)4ARG1910.38[99]
9321"Career Day"Jim HenszPaul Corrigan & Brad WalshMay 1, 2013 (2013-05-01)4ARG219.64[100]
9422"My Hero"Gail MancusoAbraham HigginbothamMay 8, 2013 (2013-05-08)4ARG229.02[101]
9523"Games People Play"Alisa StatmanStory by : Danny Zuker Teleplay by : Ben KarlinMay 15, 2013 (2013-05-15)4ARG2410.03[102]
9624"Goodnight Gracie"Steven LevitanSteven Levitan & Jeffrey RichmanMay 22, 2013 (2013-05-22)4ARG2310.01[103]

text: Season 5 (2013–14)[edit]

text:
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateProd.codeU.S. viewers(millions)971"Suddenly, Last Summer"James BagdonasJeffrey RichmanSeptember 25, 2013 (2013-09-25)5ARG0111.71 [104]
982"First Days"Steven LevitanPaul Corrigan & Brad WalshSeptember 25, 2013 (2013-09-25)5ARG0211.65[104]
993"Larry's Wife"Jeffrey WalkerBill WrubelOctober 2, 2013 (2013-10-02)5ARG0511.12[105]
1004"Farm Strong"Alisa StatmanElaine KoOctober 9, 2013 (2013-10-09)5ARG0410.64[106]
1015"The Late Show"Beth McCarthy-MillerAbraham HigginbothamOctober 16, 2013 (2013-10-16)5ARG0610.94[107]
1026"The Help"Jim HenszDanny ZukerOctober 23, 2013 (2013-10-23)5ARG0710.32[108]
1037"A Fair to Remember"Beth McCarthy-MillerEmily SpiveyNovember 13, 2013 (2013-11-13)5ARG0910.75[109]
1048"ClosetCon '13"Fred SavageBen KarlinNovember 20, 2013 (2013-11-20)5ARG0810.19[110]
1059"The Big Game"Beth McCarthy-MillerMegan GanzDecember 4, 2013 (2013-12-04)5ARG039.47[111]
10610"The Old Man & the Tree"Bryan CranstonPaul Corrigan & Brad WalshDecember 11, 2013 (2013-12-11)5ARG1010.61[112]
10711"And One to Grow On"Gail MancusoJeffrey RichmanJanuary 8, 2014 (2014-01-08)5ARG129.51[113]
10812"Under Pressure"James BagdonasElaine KoJanuary 15, 2014 (2014-01-15)5ARG119.14[114]
10913"Three Dinners"Steven LevitanAbraham Higginbotham, Steven Levitan & Jeffrey RichmanJanuary 22, 2014 (2014-01-22)5ARG159.59[115]
11014"iSpy"Gail MancusoAbraham HigginbothamFebruary 5, 2014 (2014-02-05)5ARG139.87[116]
11115"The Feud"Ryan CaseStory by : Christopher Lloyd Teleplay by : Dan O'ShannonFebruary 26, 2014 (2014-02-26)5ARG148.52[117]
11216"Spring-a-Ding-Fling"Gail MancusoBen KarlinMarch 5, 2014 (2014-03-05)5ARG169.22[118]
11317"Other People's Children"Jim HenszMegan GanzMarch 12, 2014 (2014-03-12)5ARG179.39[119]
11418"Las Vegas"Gail MancusoPaul Corrigan & Brad Walsh & Bill WrubelMarch 26, 2014 (2014-03-26)5ARG1810.09[120]
11519"A Hard Jay's Night"Beth McCarthy-MillerMegan Ganz & Ben KarlinApril 2, 2014 (2014-04-02)5ARG209.00[121]
11620"Australia"Steven LevitanElaine Ko & Danny ZukerApril 23, 2014 (2014-04-23)5ARG219.59[122]
11721"Sleeper"Ryan CasePaul Corrigan, Brad Walsh & Bill WrubelApril 30, 2014 (2014-04-30)5ARG228.39[123]
11822"Message Received"Jeffrey WalkerSteven LevitanMay 7, 2014 (2014-05-07)5ARG198.55[124]
11923"The Wedding (Part 1)"Steven LevitanAbraham Higginbotham, Ben Karlin & Jeffrey RichmanMay 14, 2014 (2014-05-14)5ARG239.08[125]
12024"The Wedding (Part 2)"Alisa StatmanMegan Ganz, Christopher Lloyd & Dan O'ShannonMay 21, 2014 (2014-05-21)5ARG2410.45[126]

text: Season 6 (2014–15)[edit]

text:
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateProd.codeU.S. viewers(millions)1211"The Long Honeymoon"Beth McCarthy-MillerDanny ZukerSeptember 24, 2014 (2014-09-24)6ARG0111.38[127]
1222"Do Not Push"Gail MancusoMegan GanzOctober 1, 2014 (2014-10-01)6ARG0210.56[128]
1233"The Cold"Jim HenszRick Wiener & Kenny SchwartzOctober 8, 2014 (2014-10-08)6ARG0310.30[129]
1244"Marco Polo"Fred SavageElaine KoOctober 15, 2014 (2014-10-15)6ARG059.71[130]
1255"Won't You Be Our Neighbor"Gail MancusoPaul Corrigan & Brad WalshOctober 22, 2014 (2014-10-22)6ARG0410.16[131]
1266"Halloween 3: AwesomeLand"Gail MancusoPaul Corrigan & Brad Walsh & Abraham HigginbothamOctober 29, 2014 (2014-10-29)6ARG069.92[132]
1277"Queer Eyes, Full Hearts"Jason WinerStephen LloydNovember 12, 2014 (2014-11-12)6ARG089.83[133]
1288"Three Turkeys"Beth McCarthy-MillerJeffrey RichmanNovember 19, 2014 (2014-11-19)6ARG0910.88[134]
1299"Strangers in the Night"Fred SavageChuck TathamDecember 3, 2014 (2014-12-03)6ARG079.02[135]
13010"Haley's 21st Birthday"Alisa StatmanAbraham HigginbothamDecember 10, 2014 (2014-12-10)6ARG109.69[136]
13111"The Day We Almost Died"James BagdonasDanny ZukerJanuary 7, 2015 (2015-01-07)6ARG139.29[137]
13212"The Big Guns"Jeffrey WalkerVali ChandrasekaranJanuary 14, 2015 (2015-01-14)6ARG149.44[138]
13313"Rash Decisions"Jim HenszStory by : Anthony Lombardo & Clint McCray Teleplay by : Daisy GardnerFebruary 4, 2015 (2015-02-04)6ARG169.87[139]
13414"Valentine's Day 4: Twisted Sister"Fred SavageJeffrey RichmanFebruary 11, 2015 (2015-02-11)6ARG159.77[140]
13515"Fight or Flight"Steven LevitanAbraham HigginbothamFebruary 18, 2015 (2015-02-18)6ARG188.80[141]
13616"Connection Lost"Steven LevitanSteven Levitan & Megan GanzFebruary 25, 2015 (2015-02-25)6ARG129.32[142]
13717"Closet? You'll Love It!"Ryan CaseElaine KoMarch 4, 2015 (2015-03-04)6ARG119.61[143]
13818"Spring Break"Gail MancusoPaul Corrigan & Brad WalshMarch 25, 2015 (2015-03-25)6ARG178.71[144]
13919"Grill, Interrupted"James BagdonasPaul Corrigan & Brad Walsh & Jeffrey RichmanApril 1, 2015 (2015-04-01)6ARG219.43[145]
14020"Knock 'Em Down"Beth McCarthy-MillerRick Wiener & Kenny SchwartzApril 22, 2015 (2015-04-22)6ARG208.85[146]
14121"Integrity"Chris KochStephen Lloyd & Chuck TathamApril 29, 2015 (2015-04-29)6ARG198.00[147]
14222"Patriot Games"Alisa StatmanVali ChandrasekaranMay 6, 2015 (2015-05-06)6ARG228.57[148]
14323"Crying Out Loud"Ryan CaseMegan Ganz & Stephen Lloyd & Chuck TathamMay 13, 2015 (2015-05-13)6ARG238.13[149]
14424"American Skyper"Steven LevitanElaine KoMay 20, 2015 (2015-05-20)6ARG247.20[150]

text: Season 7 (2015–16)[edit]

text:
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateProd.codeU.S. viewers(millions)1451"Summer Lovin'"Jim HenszAbraham HigginbothamSeptember 23, 2015 (2015-09-23)7ARG019.46[151]
1462"The Day Alex Left for College"Jeffrey WalkerDanny ZukerSeptember 30, 2015 (2015-09-30)7ARG028.72[152]
1473"The Closet Case"Beth McCarthy-MillerPaul Corrigan & Brad WalshOctober 7, 2015 (2015-10-07)7ARG037.99[153]
1484"She Crazy"Gail MancusoElaine KoOctober 14, 2015 (2015-10-14)7ARG047.88[154]
1495"The Verdict"Alisa StatmanChuck TathamOctober 21, 2015 (2015-10-21)7ARG057.80[155]
1506"The More You Ignore Me"Gail MancusoVali ChandrasekaranNovember 11, 2015 (2015-11-11)7ARG068.15[156]
1517"Phil's Sexy, Sexy House"Beth McCarthy-MillerStephen LloydNovember 18, 2015 (2015-11-18)7ARG088.38[157]
1528"Clean Out Your Junk Drawer"Steven LevitanSteven LevitanDecember 2, 2015 (2015-12-02)7ARG077.35[158]
1539"White Christmas"Gail MancusoAndy Gordon & Jon PollackDecember 9, 2015 (2015-12-09)7ARG118.20[159]
15410"Playdates"Claire ScanlonJeffrey RichmanJanuary 6, 2016 (2016-01-06)7ARG098.35[160]
15511"Spread Your Wings"James BagdonasVanessa McCarthy & Ryan WallsJanuary 13, 2016 (2016-01-13)7ARG108.17[161]
15612"Clean for a Day"Beth McCarthy-MillerPaul Corrigan & Brad WalshFebruary 10, 2016 (2016-02-10)7ARG137.80[162]
15713"Thunk in the Trunk"Phil TraillElaine KoFebruary 17, 2016 (2016-02-17)7ARG127.48[163]
15814"The Storm"James BagdonasDanny ZukerFebruary 24, 2016 (2016-02-24)7ARG168.10[164]
15915"I Don't Know How She Does It"Ryan CaseJeffrey RichmanMarch 2, 2016 (2016-03-02)7ARG148.22[165]
16016"The Cover-Up"Jim HenszChuck TathamMarch 16, 2016 (2016-03-16)7ARG158.14[166]
16117"Express Yourself"Alisa StatmanAbraham HigginbothamMarch 23, 2016 (2016-03-23)7ARG187.69[167]
16218"The Party"Steven LevitanVali ChandrasekaranApril 6, 2016 (2016-04-06)7ARG177.51[168]
16319"Man Shouldn't Lie"Gail MancusoAndy GordonApril 13, 2016 (2016-04-13)7ARG197.44[169]
16420"Promposal"Ken WhittinghamStephen LloydMay 4, 2016 (2016-05-04)7ARG207.42[170]
16521"Crazy Train"Jim HenszJon Pollack & Ryan WallsMay 11, 2016 (2016-05-11)7ARG217.16[171]
16622"Double Click"James BagdonasElaine KoMay 18, 2016 (2016-05-18)7ARG226.79[172]

text: Season 8 (2016–17)[edit]

text:
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateProd.codeU.S. viewers(millions)1671"A Tale of Three Cities"Chris KochElaine KoSeptember 21, 2016 (2016-09-21)8ARG018.24[173]
1682"A Stereotypical Day"Ryan CaseVali ChandrasekaranSeptember 28, 2016 (2016-09-28)8ARG037.41[174]
1693"Blindsided"Jim HenszChristy Stratton & Danny ZukerOctober 5, 2016 (2016-10-05)8ARG026.97[175]
1704"Weathering Heights"Gail MancusoPaul Corrigan & Brad WalshOctober 12, 2016 (2016-10-12)8ARG047.50[176]
1715"Halloween IV: Revenge of Rod Skyhook"Chris KochStephen LloydOctober 26, 2016 (2016-10-26)8ARG067.38[177]
1726"Grab It"Beth McCarthy-MillerJeffrey RichmanNovember 9, 2016 (2016-11-09)8ARG057.23[178]
1737"Thanksgiving Jamboree"Steven LevitanJon Pollack & Chuck TathamNovember 16, 2016 (2016-11-16)8ARG087.33[179]
1748"The Alliance"James BagdonasAndy Gordon & Ryan WallsNovember 30, 2016 (2016-11-30)8ARG096.81[180]
1759"Snow Ball"Beth McCarthy-MillerChristy Stratton & Stephen LloydDecember 14, 2016 (2016-12-14)8ARG106.81[181]
17610"Ringmaster Keifth"Jim HenszVali ChandrasekaranJanuary 4, 2017 (2017-01-04)8ARG117.57[182]
17711"Sarge & Pea"James BagdonasAbraham HigginbothamJanuary 11, 2017 (2017-01-11)8ARG077.59[183]
17812"Do You Believe in Magic"Gail MancusoJon PollackFebruary 8, 2017 (2017-02-08)8ARG157.34[184]
17913"Do It Yourself"Jeffrey WalkerPaul Corrigan & Brad WalshFebruary 15, 2017 (2017-02-15)8ARG126.92[185]
18014"Heavy is the Head"Ken WhittinghamDanny ZukerFebruary 22, 2017 (2017-02-22)8ARG146.65[186]
18115"Finding Fizbo"James BagdonasAbraham Higginbotham & Chuck TathamMarch 1, 2017 (2017-03-01)8ARG166.41[187]
18216"Basketball"Jim HenszElaine KoMarch 8, 2017 (2017-03-08)8ARG136.49[188]
18317"Pig Moon Rising"Chris KochPaul Corrigan & Brad WalshMarch 15, 2017 (2017-03-15)8ARG176.12[189]
18418"Five Minutes"Gail MancusoElaine KoMarch 29, 2017 (2017-03-29)8ARG186.79[190]
18519"Frank's Wedding"Beth McCarthy-MillerAndy GordonApril 5, 2017 (2017-04-05)8ARG196.25[191]
18620"All Things Being Equal"Michelle MacLarenChristy Stratton & Ryan WallsMay 3, 2017 (2017-05-03)8ARG205.65[192]
18721"Alone Time"Jim HenszAbraham Higginbotham, Stephen Lloyd & Danny ZukerMay 10, 2017 (2017-05-10)8ARG215.71[193]
18822"The Graduates"Steven LevitanJon Pollack, Jeffrey Richman & Chuck TathamMay 17, 2017 (2017-05-17)8ARG226.20[194]

text: Season 9 (2017–18)[edit]

text:
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateProd.codeU.S. viewers(millions)1891"Lake Life"James BagdonasElaine KoSeptember 27, 2017 (2017-09-27)9ARG037.01[195]
1902"The Long Goodbye"Jim HenszPaul Corrigan & Brad WalshOctober 4, 2017 (2017-10-04)9ARG026.36[196]
1913"Catch of the Day"Fred SavageJeffrey RichmanOctober 11, 2017 (2017-10-11)9ARG016.27[197]
1924"Sex, Lies and Kickball"John RiggiAbraham HigginbothamOctober 18, 2017 (2017-10-18)9ARG056.22[198]
1935"It's the Great Pumpkin, Phil Dunphy"Beth McCarthy-MillerJon PollackOctober 25, 2017 (2017-10-25)9ARG045.96[199]
1946"Ten Years Later"Fred SavageDanny ZukerNovember 1, 2017 (2017-11-01)9ARG085.51[200]
1957"Winner Winner Turkey Dinner"Beth McCarthy-MillerBill WrubelNovember 15, 2017 (2017-11-15)9ARG065.96[201]
1968"Brushes with Celebrity"Jeffrey WalkerVali ChandrasekaranNovember 29, 2017 (2017-11-29)9ARG096.15[202]
1979"Tough Love"John RiggiStephen LloydDecember 6, 2017 (2017-12-06)9ARG105.81[203]
19810"No Small Feet"James BagdonasTeleplay by: Ryan WallsStory by: Ryan Walls & Matt PlonskerDecember 13, 2017 (2017-12-13)9ARG075.89[204]
19911"He Said, She Shed"Jim HenszJeffrey Richman & Ryan WallsJanuary 3, 2018 (2018-01-03)9ARG115.90[205]
20012"Dear Beloved Family"Gail MancusoBill WrubelJanuary 10, 2018 (2018-01-10)9ARG125.81[206]
20113"In Your Head"Steven LevitanJack BurdittJanuary 17, 2018 (2018-01-17)9ARG136.24[207]
20214"Written in the Stars"Jaffar MahmoodAbraham Higginbotham & Jon PollackFebruary 28, 2018 (2018-02-28)9ARG154.96[208]
20315"Spanks for the Memories"James BagdonasPaul Corrigan & Brad WalshMarch 7, 2018 (2018-03-07)9ARG145.25[209]
20416"Wine Weekend"Beth McCarthy-MillerElaine KoMarch 21, 2018 (2018-03-21)9ARG165.56[210]
20517"Royal Visit"Gail MancusoStory by : Jeffrey Richman Teleplay by : Jack Burditt & Jessica PoterMarch 28, 2018 (2018-03-28)9ARG175.43[211]
20618"Daddy Issues"Chris KochVali Chandrasekaran & Stephen LloydApril 4, 2018 (2018-04-04)9ARG185.61[212]
20719"CHiPs and Salsa"Gail MancusoPaul Corrigan & Brad Walsh & Bill WrubelApril 11, 2018 (2018-04-11)9ARG194.97[213]
20820"Mother!"[214]Eric Dean SeatonStory by: Abraham HigginbothamTeleplay by: Jon Pollack & Ryan WallsMay 2, 2018 (2018-05-02)9ARG20TBD
20921"The Escape"[215]TBATBAMay 9, 2018 (2018-05-09)9ARG21TBD
21022"Clash of Swords"[216]TBATBAMay 16, 2018 (2018-05-16)9ARG22TBD


document_title: Treaty of Waitangi

question_text: where is the original copy of the treaty of waitangi held

question_tokens: where is the original copy of the treaty of waitangi held

text: Treaty of Waitangi

text: Early history[edit]

text: The first contact between the Māori and Europeans was in 1642, when Dutch explorer Abel Tasman arrived and was fought off, and again in 1769 when the English navigator Captain James Cook claimed New Zealand for Britain at the Mercury Islands. Nevertheless, the British government showed little interest in following up this claim for over half a century.[11] The first mention of New Zealand in British statutes is in the Murders Abroad Act of 1817,[12] which clarified that New Zealand was not a British colony (despite being claimed by Captain Cook) and "not within His Majesty's dominions."[13] Between 1795 and 1830 a steady flow of sealing and then whaling ships visited New Zealand, mainly stopping at the Bay of Islands for food supplies and recreation. Many of the ships came from Sydney. Trade between Sydney and New Zealand increased as traders sought kauri timber and flax and missionaries purchased large areas of land in the Bay of Islands.[14] This trade was seen as mutually advantageous, and Māori tribes competed for access to the services of Europeans that had chosen to live on the islands because they brought goods and knowledge that were essential to the local iwi (the Māori word for the social unit often called "tribe" or "people"). At the same time, Europeans living in New Zealand needed the protection that Māori chiefs could provide.[15] As a result of trade, Māori society changed drastically up to the 1840s. They changed their society from one of subsistence farming and gathering to cultivating useful trade crops.[15]

tag: p

text: The Māori generally respected the British, partially due to encouragement from missionaries and also due to British status as a major maritime power, which had been made apparent to Māori travelling outside New Zealand.[15] The other major powers in the area around the 1830s included American whalers, whom the Māori accepted as cousins of the British, and French Catholics who came for trade and as missionaries. The Māori were still deeply distrustful of the French, due to a massacre of 250 people that had occurred in 1772, when they retaliated for the killing of Marion du Fresne and some of his crew.[15] While the threat of the French never materialised, in 1831 it prompted thirteen rangatira (major chiefs) from the far north of the country to meet at Kerikeri to compose a letter to King William IV asking for help to guard their lands. It is the first known plea for British intervention written by Māori.[16] In response, the British government sent James Busby in 1832 to be the British Resident in New Zealand. In 1834 Busby drafted a document known as the Declaration of the Independence of New Zealand which he and 35 northern Māori chiefs signed at Waitangi on 28 October 1835, establishing those chiefs as representatives of a proto-state under the title of the "United Tribes of New Zealand". This document was not well received by the Colonial Office in Britain, and it was decided that a new policy for New Zealand was needed.[17]

text: From May to July 1836, Royal Navy officer Captain William Hobson, under instruction from Sir Richard Bourke, visited New Zealand to investigate claims of lawlessness in its settlements. Hobson recommended in his report that British sovereignty be established over New Zealand, in small pockets similar to the Hudson's Bay Company in Canada.[18] Hobson's report was forwarded to the Colonial Office. From April to May 1838, the House of Lords held a select committee into the "State of the Islands of New Zealand". The New Zealand Association (later the New Zealand Company), missionaries, Joel Samuel Polack, and the Royal Navy made submissions to the committee.[19]

text: On 15 June 1839 new Letters Patent were issued to expand the territory of New South Wales to include the entire territory of New Zealand, from latitude 34° South to 47° 10' South, and from longitude 166° 5' East to 179° East.[20] Governor of New South Wales George Gipps was appointed Governor over New Zealand.[21] This was the first clear expression of British intent to annex New Zealand.[21]

text: Hobson was called to the Colonial Office on the evening of 14 August 1839 and given instructions to take the constitutional steps needed to establish a British colony.[22] He was appointed Consul to New Zealand and was instructed to negotiate a voluntary transfer of sovereignty from the Māori to the British Crown as the House of Lords select committee had recommended in 1837. Normanby gave Hobson three instructions – to seek a cession of sovereignty, to assume complete control over land matters, and to establish a form of civil government, but he did not provide a draft of the Treaty.[23][24] Normanby wrote at length about the need for British intervention as essential to protect Māori interests, but this was somewhat deceptive.[15] Hobson's instructions gave no provision for Māori government of any kind nor any Māori involvement in the administrative structure of the new colony.[15]

text: Historian Claudia Orange argues that prior to 1839 the Colonial Office had initially planned a "Māori New Zealand" in which European settlers would be accommodated without a full colony.[15] Where Māori might retain ownership and authority over much of the land and cede some land to settlers as part of a colony governed by the Crown.[15][25] However, Normanby's instructions in 1839 show that the Colonial Office had shifted their stance toward colonisation and "a settler New Zealand in which a place had to be kept for Māori", primarily due to pressure from increasing numbers of British colonists.[15][25] The Colonial Office was forced to accelerate its plans because of both the New Zealand Company's hurried dispatch of the Tory to New Zealand on 12 May 1839 to purchase land,[26] and plans by French Captain Jean François L'Anglois to establish a French colony in Akaroa.[27] After examining Colonial office documents and correspondence (both private and public) of those who developed the policies that led to the development of the Treaty, historian Paul Moon similarly argues that Treaty was not envisioned with deliberate intent to assert sovereignty over Māori, but that the Crown originally only intended to apply rule over British subjects living in the fledgling colony, and these rights were later expanded by subsequent governors through perceived necessity.[28]

text: Hobson left London on 15 August 1839 and was sworn in as Lieutenant-Governor in Sydney on 14 January, finally arriving in the Bay of Islands on 29 January 1840. Meanwhile, a second New Zealand Company ship, the Cuba, had arrived in Port Nicholson on 3 January with a survey party to prepare for settlement.[29] The Aurora, the first ship carrying immigrants, arrived on 22 January.[30]

text: On 30 January 1840 Hobson attended the Christ Church at Kororareka (Russell) where he publicly read a number of proclamations. The first was the Letters Patent 1839, in relation to the extension of the boundaries of New South Wales to include the islands of New Zealand. The second was in relation to Hobson's own appointment as Lieutenant-Governor of New Zealand. The third was in relation to land transactions (notably on the issue of pre-emption).[31]

text: Drafting of the Treaty[edit]

text: Without a draft document prepared by lawyers or Colonial Office officials, Hobson was forced to write his own treaty with the help of his secretary, James Freeman, and British Resident James Busby, neither of whom was a lawyer.[15] Historian Paul Moon believes certain articles of the Treaty resemble the Treaty of Utrecht (1713), the British Sherbro Agreement (1825) and the treaty between Britain and Soombia Soosoos (1826).[32]

text: The entire Treaty was prepared in four days,[33] in which it underwent many revisions.[15] There were doubts even during the drafting process that the Māori chiefs would be able to understand the concept of relinquishing 'sovereignty'.[15]

text: Realising that a treaty in English could not be understood, debated or agreed to by Māori, Hobson instructed missionary Henry Williams and his son Edward Marsh Williams, who was more proficient in Te Reo, the Māori language, to translate the document, and this was done overnight on 4 February.[34] The translation of the Treaty was reviewed by James Busby, and he proposed the substitution of the word whakaminenga for huihuinga, to describe the "Confederation" or gathering of the chiefs.[35][15] This no doubt was a reference to the northern confederation of chiefs with whom Hobson preferred to negotiate, who eventually made up the vast majority of signatories to the Treaty.[15] Hobson believed that elsewhere in the country the Crown could exercise greater freedom over the rights of 'first discoverers', which proved unwise as it led to future difficulties with other tribes in the South Island.[15]

text: Debate and signing[edit]

text: On 5 February the original English version treaty and its translation into Māori[36] were put before a gathering of northern chiefs inside a large marquee on the lawn in front of Busby's house at Waitangi. Hobson read the Treaty aloud in English and Williams read his Māori version.[37] Māori chiefs (rangatira) then debated the Treaty for five hours, much of which was recorded and translated by the Paihia missionary station printer, William Colenso.[38] Rewa, a Catholic chief, who had been influenced by the French Catholic Bishop Pompallier, said "The Māori people don't want a governor! We aren't European. It's true that we've sold some of our lands. But this country is still ours! We chiefs govern this land of our ancestors". Moka 'Kainga-mataa' argued that all land unjustly purchased by Europeans should be returned.[39] Whai asked: "Yesterday I was cursed by a white man. Is that the way things are going to be?". Protestant Chiefs such as Hōne Heke, Pumuka, Te Wharerahi, Tamati Waka Nene and his brother Eruera Maihi Patuone were accepting of the Governor.[39] Hōne Heke said:

text: Governor, you should stay with us and be like a father. If you go away then the French or the rum sellers will take us Māori people over. How to you. Some of you tell Hobson to go. But that's not going to solve our difficulties. We have already sold so much land here in the north. We have no way of controlling the Europeans who have settled on it. I'm amazed to hear you telling him to go! Why didn't you tell the traders and grog-sellers to go years ago? There are too many Europeans here now and there are children that will unite our races[39]

text: Bishop Pompallier, who had been counselling the many Catholic Māori in the north concerning the Treaty, urged them to be very wary of the Treaty and not to sign anything. He left after the initial discussions and was not present when the chiefs signed.[37][40]

text: For Māori chiefs, the signing at Waitangi would have needed a great deal of trust. Nonetheless, expected benefits of British protection must have outweighed their fears. In particular, the French were also interested in New Zealand, and there were fears that if they did not side with the British that the French would put pressure on them in a similar manner to that of other Pacific Islanders farther north in what would become French Polynesia. Māori at the signing were further encouraged by English Missionaries, who believed that British regulation would be invaluable to the future welfare of Māori as European settlers continued to arrive.[15]

text: Afterward, the chiefs then moved to a river flat below Busby's house and lawn and continued deliberations late into the night. Busby's house would later become known as the Treaty House and is today New Zealand's most visited historic building.[41]

text: Hobson had planned for the signing to occur on 7 February however on the morning of 6 February, 45 chiefs[38] were waiting ready to sign. Around noon a ship carrying two officers from HMS Herald arrived and were surprised to hear they were waiting for the Governor so a boat was quickly despatched back to let him know.[38] Although the official painting of the signing shows Hobson wearing full naval regalia, he was in fact not expecting the chiefs that day and was wearing his dressing gown[42] or "in plain clothes, except his hat".[38] The Treaty signing began in the afternoon.

text: Hobson headed the British signatories. Hōne Heke was the first of the Māori chiefs who signed that day.[37] As each chief signed, Hobson said "He iwi tahi tātou", meaning "We are [now] one people".[39] Two chiefs, Marupō and Ruhe, protested strongly against the Treaty as the signing took place but they eventually signed[43] and after Marupō shook the Governor's hand, seized hold of his hat which was on the table and gestured to put it on.[38]

text: Later signings[edit]

text: Hobson considered the signing at Waitangi to be highly significant, he noted that twenty-six of the forty-six 'head chiefs' had signed.[15] Hobson had no intention of requiring the unanimous assent of Māori to the Treaty, but was willing to accept a majority, as he reported that the signings at Waitangi represented "Clear recognition of the sovereign rights of Her Majesty over the northern parts of this island".[15] However, those that signed at Waitangi did not even represent the north as a whole; an analysis of the signatures shows that most were from the Bay of Islands only, and that not many of the chiefs of the highest rank had signed on that day.[15] Hobson considered the initial signing at Waitangi to be the "de facto" treaty, while later signings merely "ratified and confirmed it",[15]

text: To enhance the Treaty's authority, eight additional copies were sent around the country to gather additional signatures:[44]

text:
the Manukau-Kawhia copy,
the Waikato-Manukau copy,
the Tauranga copy,
the Bay of Plenty copy,
the Herald-Bunbury copy,
the Henry Williams copy,
the Tūranga (East Coast) copy, and
the Printed copy.

tag: ul

text: About 50 meetings were held from February to September 1840 to discuss and sign the copies, and a further 500 signatures were added to the Treaty. While most did eventually sign, especially in the far north where most Māori lived, a number of chiefs and some tribal groups ultimately refused, including Pōtatau Te Wherowhero (Waikato iwi), Tuhoe, Te Arawa and Ngāti Tuwharetoa and possibly Moka 'Kainga-mataa'. A number of non-signatory Waikato and Central North Island chiefs would later form a kind of confederacy with an elected monarch called the Kīngitanga.[15] (The Kīngitanga Movement would later form a primary anti-government force in the New Zealand Wars.) While copies were moved around the country to give as many tribal leaders as possible the opportunity to sign, some missed out, especially in the South Island, where inclement weather prevented copies from reaching Otago or Stewart Island.[15] Assent to the Treaty was unanimous in Kaitaia, as well as possibly the Wellington to Whanganui region, but there were at least some holdouts in every other part of New Zealand.[15]

text: Nonetheless, on 21 May 1840, Lieutenant-Governor Hobson proclaimed sovereignty over the whole country, (the North Island by Treaty and the South Island and Stewart Island by discovery) and New Zealand was constituted as a colony separate from New South Wales on 16 November 1840.[45] The British government was told that the North Island had been ceded with "unanimous adherence" (which was not accurate) and while Hobson claimed the South Island by discovery based on the "uncivilised state of the natives", in actuality he had no basis to make such a claim.[15] In reality, Hobson issued the proclamation because he felt it was forced on him by settlers from the New Zealand Company who had attempted to form an independent settlement government at Port Nicholson and claimed legality from local chiefs.[15] Hobson also failed to report to the British government that the Māori version of the Treaty was substantially different from the English one (which he might not have known at the time) and also reported that both versions had received 512 signatures, where in truth the majority of signatures had been on the Māori copies that had been sent around the country, rather than on the single English copy.[15] Basing their decision on this information, on October 2, 1840, the Colonial Office approved Hobson's proclamation. They did not have second thoughts when later reports revealed more detail about the inadequacies of the Treaty negotiations, and they did not take issue with the fact that large areas of the North Island had not signed. The government had never asked for Hobson to obtain unanimous agreement from the indigenous people.[15]

text: Extant copies[edit]

text: In 1841, Treaty documents, housed in an iron box, narrowly escaped damage when the government offices at Official Bay in Auckland were destroyed by fire.[44] They disappeared from sight until 1865 when a Native Department officer worked on them in Wellington at the request of parliament and produced an erroneous list of signatories. The papers were fastened together and then deposited in a safe in the Colonial Secretary's office.[46]

text: In 1877, the English language rough draft of the Treaty was published along with photolithographic facsimiles, and the originals were returned to storage. In 1908, historian and bibliographer Dr Thomas Hocken, searching for historical documents, found the Treaty papers in poor condition, damaged at the edges by water and partly eaten by rodents.[44] The papers were restored by the Dominion Museum in 1913 and kept in special boxes from then on. In February 1940, the Treaty documents were taken to Waitangi for display in the Treaty House during the Centenary celebrations.[44] It was possibly the first time the Treaty document had been on public display since it was signed.[46] After the outbreak of war with Japan, they were placed with other state documents in an outsize luggage trunk and deposited for secure custody with the Public Trustee at Palmerston North by the local MP, who did not tell staff what was in the case. However, as the case was too large to fit in the safe, the Treaty documents spent the war at the side of a back corridor in the Public Trust office.

text: In 1956, the Department of Internal Affairs placed the Treaty documents in the care of the Alexander Turnbull Library and they were displayed in 1961. Further preservation steps were taken in 1966, with improvements to the display conditions.[44] From 1977 to 1980, the library extensively restored the documents before the Treaty was deposited in the Reserve Bank.[44]

text: In anticipation of a decision to exhibit the document in 1990 (the sesquicentennial of the signing), full documentation and reproduction photography was carried out. Several years of planning culminated with the opening of the climate-controlled Constitution Room at the National Archives by Mike Moore, Prime Minister of New Zealand, in November 1990.[44] It was announced in 2012 that the nine Treaty of Waitangi sheets would be relocated to the National Library of New Zealand in 2013.[47]

text: Treaty text, meaning and interpretation[edit]

text: English version[edit]

text:
Preamble:
HER MAJESTY VICTORIA Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland regarding with Her Royal Favor the Native Chiefs and Tribes of New Zealand and anxious to protect their just Rights and Property and to secure to them the enjoyment of Peace and Good Order has deemed it necessary in consequence of the great number of Her Majesty's Subjects who have already settled in New Zealand and the rapid extension of Emigration both from Europe and Australia which is still in progress to constitute and appoint a functionary properly authorised to treat with the Aborigines of New Zealand for the recognition of Her Majesty's Sovereign authority over the whole or any part of those islands – Her Majesty therefore being desirous to establish a settled form of Civil Government with a view to avert the evil consequences which must result from the absence of the necessary Laws and Institutions alike to the native population and to Her subjects has been graciously pleased to empower and to authorise me William Hobson a Captain in Her Majesty's Royal Navy Consul and Lieutenant-Governor of such parts of New Zealand as may be or hereafter shall be ceded to her Majesty to invite the confederated and independent Chiefs of New Zealand to concur in the following Articles and Conditions.
Article the first:
The Chiefs of the Confederation of the United Tribes of New Zealand and the separate and independent Chiefs who have not become members of the Confederation cede to Her Majesty the Queen of England absolutely and without reservation all the rights and powers of Sovereignty which the said Confederation or Individual Chiefs respectively exercise or possess, or may be supposed to exercise or to possess over their respective Territories as the sole sovereigns thereof.
Article the second:
Her Majesty the Queen of England confirms and guarantees to the Chiefs and Tribes of New Zealand and to the respective families and individuals thereof the full exclusive and undisturbed possession of their Lands and Estates Forests Fisheries and other properties which they may collectively or individually possess so long as it is their wish and desire to retain the same in their possession; but the Chiefs of the United Tribes and the individual Chiefs yield to Her Majesty the exclusive right of Preemption over such lands as the proprietors thereof may be disposed to alienate at such prices as may be agreed upon between the respective Proprietors and persons appointed by Her Majesty to treat with them in that behalf.
Article the third:
In consideration thereof Her Majesty the Queen of England extends to the Natives of New Zealand Her royal protection and imparts to them all the Rights and Privileges of British Subjects.
(signed) William Hobson, Lieutenant-Governor.
Now therefore We the Chiefs of the Confederation of the United Tribes of New Zealand being assembled in Congress at Victoria in Waitangi and We the Separate and Independent Chiefs of New Zealand claiming authority over the Tribes and Territories which are specified after our respective names, having been made fully to understand the Provisions of the foregoing Treaty, accept and enter into the same in the full spirit and meaning thereof in witness of which we have attached our signatures or marks at the places and the dates respectively specified. Done at Waitangi this Sixth day of February in the year of Our Lord one thousand eight hundred and forty.[48]

tag: div

text: The Treaty itself is short, consisting of a preamble and three articles.[48]

text: The English version (from which the Māori version is translated) starts with the preamble and presents Queen Victoria "being desirous to establish a settled form of Civil Government", and invites Māori chiefs to concur in the following articles. The first article of the English version grants the Queen of England "absolutely and without reservation all the rights and powers of Sovereignty" over New Zealand. The second article guarantees to the chiefs full "exclusive and undisturbed possession of their Lands and Estates Forests Fisheries and other properties." It also specifies that Māori will sell land only to the Crown (Crown pre-emption). The third article guarantees to all Māori the same rights as all other British subjects.[48]

text: Māori version[edit]

text:
(Preamble):
KO WIKITORIA te Kuini o Ingarani i tana mahara atawai ki nga Rangatira me nga Hapu o Nu Tirani i tana hiahia hoki kia tohungia ki a ratou o ratou rangatiratanga me to ratou wenua, a kia mau tonu hoki te Rongo ki a ratou me te Atanoho hoki kua wakaaro ia he mea tika kia tukua mai tetahi Rangatira – hei kai wakarite ki nga Tangata maori o Nu Tirani – kia wakaaetia e nga Rangatira Maori te Kawanatanga o te Kuini ki nga wahikatoa o te wenua nei me nga motu – na te mea hoki he tokomaha ke nga tangata o tona Iwi Kua noho ki tenei wenua, a e haere mai nei.
Na ko te Kuini e hiahia ana kia wakaritea te Kawanatanga kia kaua ai nga kino e puta mai ki te tangata Maori ki te Pakeha e noho ture kore ana.
Na kua pai te Kuini kia tukua a hau a Wiremu Hopihona he Kapitana i te Roiara Nawi hei Kawana mo nga wahi katoa o Nu Tirani e tukua aianei amua atu ki te Kuini, e mea atu ana ia ki nga Rangatira o te wakaminenga o nga hapu o Nu Tirani me era Rangatira atu enei ture ka korerotia nei.
Ko te tuatahi (Article 1):
Ko nga Rangatira o te wakaminenga me nga Rangatira katoa hoki ki hai i uru ki taua wakaminenga ka tuku rawa atu ki te Kuini o Ingarani ake tonu atu – te Kawanatanga katoa o o ratou wenua.
Ko te tuarua (Article 2):
Ko te Kuini o Ingarani ka wakarite ka wakaae ki nga Rangitira ki nga hapu – ki nga tangata katoa o Nu Tirani te tino rangatiratanga o o ratou wenua o ratou kainga me o ratou taonga katoa. Otiia ko nga Rangatira o te wakaminenga me nga Rangatira katoa atu ka tuku ki te Kuini te hokonga o era wahi wenua e pai ai te tangata nona te Wenua – ki te ritenga o te utu e wakaritea ai e ratou ko te kai hoko e meatia nei e te Kuini hei kai hoko mona.
Ko te tuatoru (Article 3):
Hei wakaritenga mai hoki tenei mo te wakaaetanga ki te Kawanatanga o te Kuini – Ka tiakina e te Kuini o Ingarani nga tangata maori katoa o Nu Tirani ka tukua ki a ratou nga tikanga katoa rite tahi ki ana mea ki nga tangata o Ingarani.
(signed) William Hobson, Consul and Lieutenant-Governor.
Na ko matou ko nga Rangatira o te Wakaminenga o nga hapu o Nu Tirani ka huihui nei ki Waitangi ko matou hoki ko nga Rangatira o Nu Tirani ka kite nei i te ritenga o enei kupu, ka tangohia ka wakaaetia katoatia e matou, koia ka tohungia ai o matou ingoa o matou tohu.
Ka meatia tenei ki Waitangi i te ono o nga ra o Pepueri i te tau kotahi mano, e waru rau e wa te kau o to tatou Ariki.[49]

text: The Māori version has the same overall structure, with a preamble and three articles. The first article indicates that the Māori chiefs "give absolutely to the Queen of England for ever the complete government over their land" (according to a modern translation by Hugh Kāwharu).[50][51] With no adequate word available to substitute for 'sovereignty', as it was not a concept in Māori society at the time, the translators instead used kāwanatanga (governorship or government). The second article guarantees all Māori "chieftainship over their lands, villages and all their treasures" (translated), with 'treasures' here translating from taonga to mean more than just physical possessions (as in the English version), but also other elements of cultural heritage. The second article also says: "Chiefs will sell land to the Queen at a price agreed to by the person owning it and by the person buying it (the latter being) appointed by the Queen as her purchase agent" (translated), which does not accurately convey the pre-emption clause of the English version. The third article gives Māori the "same rights and duties of citizenship as the people of England" (translated); roughly the same as the English version.

text: Differences[edit]

text: The English and Māori versions differ.[15] As a translation of the document originally penned in English, the Māori text generally fails to convey the meaning of the English version.[15]

text: The differences between the two version of the text have made it difficult to interpret the Treaty and continues to undermine its effect. The most critical difference between the texts revolves around the interpretation of three Māori words: kāwanatanga (governorship), which is ceded to the Queen in the first article; rangatiratanga (chieftainship) not mana (leadership) (which was stated in the Declaration of Independence just five years before the Treaty was signed), which is retained by the chiefs in the second; and taonga (property or valued possessions), which the chiefs are guaranteed ownership and control of, also in the second article. Few Māori involved with The Treaty negotiations understood the concepts of sovereignty or "governorship", as they were used by 19th-century Europeans, and lawyer Moana Jackson has stated that "ceding mana or sovereignty in a treaty was legally and culturally incomprehensible in Māori terms".[52]

text: Furthermore, kāwanatanga is a loan translation from 'governorship' and was not part of the Māori language. The term had been used by Henry Williams in his translation of the Declaration of the Independence of New Zealand which was signed by 35 northern Māori chiefs at Waitangi on 28 October 1835.[53] The Declaration of Independence of New Zealand had stated "Ko te Kīngitanga ko te mana i te w[h]enua" to describe "all sovereign power and authority in the land".[53] There is considerable debate about what would have been a more appropriate term. Some scholars, notably Ruth Ross, argue that mana (prestige, authority) would have more accurately conveyed the transfer of sovereignty.[54] However, it has more recently been argued by others, including Judith Binney, that mana would not have been appropriate. This is because mana is not the same thing as sovereignty, and also because no-one can give up their mana.[55]

text: The English-language version recognises Māori rights to "properties", which seems to imply physical and perhaps intellectual property. The Māori version, on the other hand, mentions "taonga", meaning "treasures" or "precious things". In Māori usage the term applies much more broadly than the English concept of legal property, and since the 1980s courts have found that the term can encompass intangible things such as language and culture.[56][57][58] Even where physical property such as land is concerned, differing cultural understandings as to what types of land are able to be privately owned have caused problems, as for example in the foreshore and seabed controversy of 2003–04.

text: The pre-emption clause is generally not well translated.[15] While pre-emption was present in the Treaty from the very first draft, it was translated to hokonga, a word which simply meant 'to buy, sell, or trade'.[15] Many Māori apparently believed that they were simply giving the British Queen first offer on land, after which they could sell it to anyone.[59][15] Another, less important, difference is that Ingarani, meaning England alone, is used throughout in the Māori version, whereas "the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland" is used in the first paragraph of the English.

text: The entire issue is further complicated by the fact that, at the time, Māori society was an oral rather than literate one. Māori present at the signing of the Treaty would have placed more value and reliance on what Hobson and the missionaries said, rather than the words of the actual Treaty.[60] At the time of the signing by over 600 "chiefs" only 12 could sign their own name and most of these had a very shaky, uncertain style indicating inexperience with writing. The rest put an X or drew part of their moko (personal facial tattoo).[61]

text: Māori beliefs and attitudes towards ownership and use of land were different from those prevailing in Britain and Europe. The chiefs would traditionally grant permission for the land to be used for a time for a particular purpose. A northern chief, Nōpera Panakareao, also early on summarised his understanding of the Treaty as "Ko te atarau o te whenua i riro i a te kuini, ko te tinana o te whenua i waiho ki ngā Māori" (The shadow of the land will go to the Queen [of England], but the substance of the land will remain with us). Nopera later reversed his earlier statement – feeling that the substance of the land had indeed gone to the Queen; only the shadow remained for the Māori.[62]

text: Role in New Zealand society[edit]

text: Effects on Māori land and rights (1840–1960)[edit]

text: In November 1840 a royal charter was signed by Queen Victoria,[63] establishing New Zealand as a Crown colony separate from New South Wales from May 1841.[64]

text: The short-term effect of the Treaty was to prevent the sale of Māori land to anyone other than the Crown. This was intended to protect Māori from the kinds of shady land purchases which had alienated indigenous peoples in other parts of the world from their land with minimal compensation. However, before the Treaty had been finalised the New Zealand Company had made several hasty land deals and shipped settlers from Great Britain to New Zealand, hoping the British would be forced to accept its land claims as a fait accompli, in which it was largely successful.[15]

text: In part the Treaty was an attempt to establish a system of property rights for land with the Crown controlling and overseeing land sale to prevent abuse. Initially this worked well with the Governor and his representatives having the sole right to buy and sell land from the Māori.[65] Māori were eager to sell land, and settlers eager to buy.[65]

text: The Crown was supposed to mediate the process to ensure that the true owners were properly identified (difficult for tribally owned land) and fairly compensated, by the standards of the time. In particular, the Governor had the responsibility to protect Māori interests.[65] Still, Hobson, as Governor of New Zealand, and his successor Robert FitzRoy both took seriously their duty as protectors of Māori from unscrupulous settlers, working actively to prevent shady land deals.[66] Hobson created a group of 'Protectors of the Aborigines'; officials specifically appointed to verify owners, land boundaries, and sales.[66] Lack of funds often prevented land deals at this time, which created discontent among those who were willing but unable to sell.[15] Combined with a growing awareness of the profit margins that the government was receiving by reselling the land at a profit, there was growing discontent among Māori with the pre-emption clause.[15] At this time Māori and others argued that the government's abuse of the pre-emption clause was incompatible with article three of the Treaty which guaranteed Māori equal rights to those of British subjects.[15] FitzRoy was sympathetic to their pleas and decided to waive the pre-emption clause in 1844, allowing land sales directly to individuals.[15]

text: FitzRoy's successor George Grey was appointed Governor in 1845. He viewed the 'Protectors' as an impediment to land acquisition and replaced them with new officials who's goals were not to protect Māori interests, but rather to purchase as much land as possible.[66] Grey restored pre-emption by passing the Native Land Purchase Act in 1846, which contemporary writers viewed as a "first step towards a negation of the Treaty of Waitangi".[15] This ordinance also tightened government control of Māori lands, prohibiting Māori from leasing their land and restricting the felling of timber and harvesting of flax.[15] A high court case in 1847 (R v Symonds) upheld the Crown's right to pre-emption, and allowed Grey to renegotiate deals made under Fitzroy's waiving of the pre-emption clause.[67][15] Governor Grey set out to buy large tracts of Māori land in advance of settlement at low prices, later selling it to settlers at higher prices and using the difference to develop land access (roads and bridges).[65][66] Donald McLean acted as Grey's intermediary and negotiator, and as early as 1840 was aware that Māori had no concept of the sale of land in British sense.[65] Soon Māori became disillusioned and less willing to sell, while the Crown came under increasing pressure from settlers wishing to buy.[65] Consequently, government land agents were involved in a number of dubious land purchases, agreements were sometimes negotiated with only one owner of tribally owned land and in some cases land was purchased from the wrong people altogether.[65] The whole of the South Island was purchased by 1860 in several large deals, and while many of the sales included provisions of 10 percent of the land set aside for native inhabitants, these land area amounts were not honoured or were later transmuted to much smaller numbers.[66] In some cases Grey or his associates bullied the owners into selling by threatening to drive them out with troops or employ rival chiefs to do so.[66]

text: The growing discontent over sovereignty of the country led to several minor skirmishes and disputes through the 1840s, in which the government cracked down on dissidents.[66][15] The Māori King Movement (Kīngitanga) began in the 1850s partly as a means of focusing Māori power in a manner which would allow them to negotiate with the Governor and Queen on equal footing. Chiefs justified the King's role by the Treaty's guarantee of rangatiratanga (chieftainship).[15] Tensions continued to escalate in the early 1860s, when the government used the Maori King movement as an excuse to invade lands in the eastern parts of the North Island, culminating in the Crown's confiscation of large parts of the Waikato and Taranaki from the Māori there.[68][15] These armed conflicts eventually became known as the New Zealand Wars. The Treaty was used to justify the idea that the chiefs of Waikato and Taranaki were rebels against the Crown.[69]

text: The Native Land Court (later renamed the Māori Land Court) was established under the Native Land Court Act of 1862, which also finally abolished the Crown right to pre-emption. It was through this court that much Māori land was alienated, and the way in which it functioned is much criticised today.[66] A single member of a tribal group could claim ownership of communal tribal land, which would trigger a court battle in which other tribal members were forced to participate in, or else lose out.[66] The accumulation of court fees, lawyers fees, survey costs, and the cost of travelling to attend court proceedings resulted in mounting debts that could only be paid by the eventual sale of the land.[66] In effect, Māori were safe from the court only until a single tribal member broke ranks and triggered a case, which would invariably result in sale of the land.[66] By the end of the century, nearly all of the highest quality Māori land had been sold, with only two million hectares remaining in Māori possession.[66]

text: Although the Treaty had never been incorporated into New Zealand municipal law,[10] its provisions were first incorporated into legislation as early as the Land Claims Ordinance 1841 and the Native Rights Act 1865.[70] However, in the 1877 Wi Parata v Bishop of Wellington judgement, Judge Prendergast argued that the Treaty was a 'simple nullity' in terms of transferring sovereignty from Māori to the United Kingdom.[71] This remained the legal orthodoxy until at least the 1970s.[72] Māori have since argued that Prendergast's decision, as well as laws later based on it were a politically convenient and deliberate ploy to legitimise the seizure of Māori land and other resources.[73]

text: Despite this, Māori frequently used the Treaty to argue for a range of demands, including greater independence and return of confiscated and unfairly purchased land.[69] This was especially the case from the mid-19th century, when they lost numerical superiority and generally lost control of most of the country and had little representation in government or the councils where decisions that impacted their affairs were made.[69][66] Simultaneously, Māori rights over fisheries (guaranteed in article 2 of the Treaty) were similarly degraded by laws passed in the late 19th century.[66][15]

text: Over the longer term, the land purchase aspect of the Treaty declined in importance, while the clauses of the Treaty which deal with sovereignty and Māori rights took on greater importance.[15] In 1938, the judgement of the case Te Heuheu Tukino v Aotea District Maori Land Board considered the Treaty as valid in terms of the transfer of sovereignty, but the judge ruled that as it was not part of New Zealand law it was not binding on the Crown.[74]

text: The Treaty returned to the public eye after the Treaty House and grounds were purchased by the Governor-General, Viscount Bledisloe, in the early 1930s and donated to the nation.[15] The dedication of the site as a national reserve in 1934 was probably the first major event held there since the 1840s. The profile of the Treaty was further raised by the centenary of 1940.[15] For most of the twentieth century, text books, government publicity and many historians touted the Treaty as the moral foundation of colonisation and argued that it set race relations in New Zealand above those of colonies in North America, Africa and Australia.[75] There was some popular acceptance of the idea that the Treaty transferred sovereignty since the early twentieth century. Popular histories of New Zealand and the Treaty often claimed that the Treaty was an example of British benevolence and therefore an honourable contract.[76] However, even though Māori continued to challenge this narrative,[15] its lack of legal significance in 1840 and subsequent breaches tended to be overlooked until the 1970s, when these issues were raised by the Māori protest movement.[75]

text: Resurgence and place in New Zealand Law (1960–present)[edit]

text: The Waitangi Day Act of 1960 was a token gesture towards acknowledging the Treaty of Waitangi, and somewhat proceeded the Māori protest movement as a whole. It established Waitangi Day, although it did not make it a public holiday, and the English version of the Treaty appeared as a schedule of the Waitangi Day Act but this did not make it a part of statute law. Subsequent amendments to the Act, as well as other legislation, eventually acquiesced to campaigns to make Waitangi Day a national holiday in 1976.[15]

text: During the late 1960s and 1970s, the Treaty of Waitangi became the focus of a strong Māori protest movement which rallied around calls for the government to "honour the treaty" and to "redress treaty grievances."[77] Maori boycotted Waitangi Day in 1968 over the Māori Affairs Amendment Act (which was perceived as a further land grab) and Māori expressed their frustration about continuing violations of the treaty and subsequent legislation by government officials, as well as inequitable legislation and unsympathetic decisions by the Māori Land Court continuing alienation of Māori land from its owners.[77] The protest movement can be seen as part of the worldwide civil rights movement, which emerged in the 1960s.[15]

text: As a response to the protest movement, the Treaty finally received limited recognition in 1975 with the passage of the Treaty of Waitangi Act 1975, which established the Waitangi Tribunal, but this initially had very limited powers to make findings of facts and recommendations only.[78] The Act was amended in 1985 to enable it to investigate Treaty breaches back to 1840,[78] and also to increase the Tribunal membership. The membership was further increased in another amendment in 1988.[79]

text: The Treaty was incorporated in a limited way into New Zealand law by the State Owned Enterprises Act 1986. Section 9 of the act said "Nothing in this Act shall permit the Crown to act in a manner that is inconsistent with the principles of the Treaty of Waitangi".[80] The government had proposed a transfer of assets from former Government departments to state-owned enterprises, but because the state-owned enterprises were essentially private firms owned by the government, there was an argument that they would prevent assets which had been given by Māori for use by the state from being returned to Māori by the Waitangi Tribunal and through Treaty settlements.[81] The Act was challenged in court in 1987, and the judgement of New Zealand Maori Council v Attorney-General defined the "Principles of the Treaty" and the proposed sale of government assets was found to be in breach of this proviso. This allowed the courts to consider the Crown's actions in terms of compliance with the Treaty and established the principle that if the Treaty is mentioned in strong terms in a piece of legislation, it takes precedence over other parts of that legislation should they come into conflict.[80] The "Principles of the Treaty" became a common topic in contemporary New Zealand politics,[82] and in 1989, the Fourth Labour Government responded by adopting the "Principles for Crown Action on the Treaty of Waitangi" a similar list of principles to that established in the 1987 court case.[83]

text: Legislation after the State Owned Enterprises case has followed suit in giving the Treaty an increased legal importance.[79] In New Zealand Maori Council v Attorney General (1990) the case concerned FM radio frequencies and found that the Treaty could be relevant even concerning legislation which did not mention it and that even if references to the Treaty were removed from legislation, the Treaty may still be legally relevant.[84][85] Examples include the ownership of the radio spectrum and the protection of the Māori language.[84][85]

text: Some have argued that the Treaty should be further incorporated as a part of the New Zealand constitution, to help improve relations between the Crown, Māori and other New Zealanders.[10] The Fourth Labour Government's Bill of Rights White Paper proposed that the Treaty be entrenched in the New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990. However, this proposal was never carried through to the legislation, with the attitude of many Māori towards it "suspicious, uneasy, doubtful or undecided."[79] Many Māori were concerned that the proposal would relegate the Treaty to a lesser position, and enable the electorate (who under the original Bill of Rights would be able to repeal certain sections by referendum) to remove the Treaty from the Bill of Rights altogether.[86] Geoffrey Palmer commented in 2013 that:

text: We were obliged, due to Māori opposition, to drop the Treaty from the Bill of Rights. That was a great pity and it is a step that I advocate be taken still in the context of having a superior law Bill of Rights.[79]

text: During the 1990s there was broad agreement between major political parties that the settlement of historical claims was appropriate. Some disagreed however, and claims of a "Treaty of Waitangi Grievance Industry", which profits from making frivolous claims of violations of the Treaty of Waitangi, were made by a number of political figures in the late 1990s and early 2000s, including former National Party leader Don Brash in his 2004 "Orewa Speech".[87][88][89] The "Principles of the Treaty of Waitangi Deletion Bill" was introduced in the New Zealand Parliament in 2005 as a private member's bill by New Zealand First MP Doug Woolerton. Winston Peters, the 13th (and current) Deputy Prime Minister of New Zealand, and others supported the bill, which was designed to remove vague references to the Treaty from New Zealand law. The bill failed to pass its second reading in November 2007.[90][91][92][93]

text: In terms of public opinion, a study in 2008 found that among the 2,700 voting age New Zealanders surveyed, 37.4% wanted the Treaty removed from New Zealand law, 19.7% were neutral, and 36.8% wanted the Treaty kept in law; additionally, 39.7% agreed Māori deserved compensation, 15.7% were neutral, and 41.2% disagreed.[94]

text: While the Treaty is still today not specifically part of New Zealand domestic law, it is nevertheless regarded as the founding document of New Zealand.[8][10]

text: Waitangi Tribunal claims[edit]

text: During the early 1990s, the government began to negotiate settlements of historical (pre-1992) claims. As of September 2008[update], there were 23 such settlements of various sizes, totalling approximately $950 million.[96] Settlements generally include financial redress, a formal Crown apology for breaches of the Treaty, and recognition of the group's cultural associations with various sites.[7] The tribunal has, in some cases, established that the claimants had not given up sovereignty,[97] and there are ongoing discussions with regards to the applicability of land seized in conflicts and obtained through Crown pre-emption.[98] However, the Tribunal's findings do not establish that the Crown does not have sovereignty today, since the Crown has de facto sovereignty in New Zealand regardless and the Tribunal has no authority to rule otherwise. Treaty Settlements minister Chris Finlayson emphasised that: "The Tribunal doesn't reach any conclusion regarding the sovereignty the Crown exercises in New Zealand. Nor does it address the other events considered part of the Crown's acquisition of sovereignty or how the Treaty relationship should operate today".[99] Recommendations of the Tribunal are not binding on the Crown, but have often been followed.[7]

text: Commemoration[edit]

text: The anniversary of the signing of the Treaty is a New Zealand public holiday, Waitangi Day, on 6 February. The first Waitangi Day was not until 1947 (although there were some commemorations before that) and the day was not made a public holiday until 1974.[100][101] The commemoration was the focus of protest by Māori from the 1970s through to the 1990s, and today the day is often used as an opportunity to discuss the impacts and history of the Treaty.[102][103] The anniversary is officially commemorated at the Treaty House at Waitangi, where it was first signed.[41]


document_title: Lithodes santolla

question_text: where do southern king crab legs come from

text: Lithodes santolla

text:
Lithodes santolla

Scientific classification

Kingdom:
Animalia

Phylum:
Arthropoda

Subphylum:
Crustacea

Class:
Malacostraca

Order:
Decapoda

Family:
Lithodidae

Genus:
Lithodes

Species:
L. santolla

Binomial name

Lithodes santolla
(Molina, 1782)

Synonyms [1][2]

Lithodes antarcticus Hombron & Jacquinot, 1844
Pseudolithodes zenkevitchi Birstein & Vinogradov, 1972

text: Lithodes santolla, also known as the southern king crab in English or centolla in Peru, Chile and Argentina,[3] is a species of king crab, found off the Pacific coasts of South America, especially from Valdivia at 39° 50' S to Cape Horn at 60° S.[4] It lives in the benthic zone at depths up to 150 metres (490 ft), but south of 40° it has been found at 600 m (2,000 ft).[4]

text: The lucrative centolla fishery around Tierra del Fuego led to an incident in August 1967 when the Argentine schooner Cruz del Sur was found fishing 400 metres (1,300 ft) from Gable Island and had to be escorted out of Chilean waters by the Chilean patrol boat Marinero Fuentealba.[5] This event among many other led to the Beagle conflict in the late 1970s.

text: The United States Food and Drug Administration lists the centolla crab and southern king crab as two separate species: Lithodes antarcticus and Lithodes santolla respectively.[6] Other sources consider Lithodes antarcticus to be a synonym of Lithodes santolla.

text: A recent study has found that L. santolla is capable of withstanding long periods of aerial exposure with no detrimental effect on crab survival, opening the possibility of commercializing L. santolla in the attractive live seafood market.[7]


document_title: Rhyme scheme

question_text: rhyme at the end of every other line

question_tokens: rhyme at the end of every other line

text: Rhyme scheme

text: Function in writing[edit]

text: A basic distinction is between rhyme schemes that apply to a single stanza, and those that continue their pattern throughout an entire poem (see chain rhyme). There are also more elaborate related forms, like the sestina – which requires repetition of exact words in a complex pattern. It is not a must to have the same ryhme scheme, it can be abcd, so it can be different.

text: Examples[edit]

text:
Traditional rhyme: ABAB CDCD EFEF GHGH...
Ballade: Three stanzas of "ABABBCBC" followed by "BCBC".
Boy Named Sue: A,A,B,C,C,(B, or infrequently D).
Chant royal: Five stanzas of "ababccddedE" followed by either "ddedE" or "ccddedE". (The capital letters indicate a line repeated verbatim.)
Cinquain: "A,B,A,B,B"
Clerihew: "A,A,B,B"
Couplet: "A,A", but usually occurs as "A,A, B,B C,C D,D ..."
Enclosed rhyme (or enclosing rhyme): "ABBA"
For 2/14: Canopus[1]: "ABABCBC" - (this example is also an acrostic[2] poem).
"Fire and Ice" stanza: "ABAABCBCB" as used in Robert Frost's poem "Fire and Ice"
Keatsian Ode: "ABABCDECDE" used in Keats' Ode on Indolence, Ode on a Grecian Urn, and Ode to a Nightingale.
Limerick: "AABBA"
Monorhyme: "A,A,A,A,A...", an identical rhyme on every line, common in Latin and Arabic
Onegin stanzas: "aBaBccDDeFFeGG" with the lowercase letters representing feminine rhymes and the uppercase representing masculine rhymes, written in iambic tetrameter
Ottava rima: "A,B,A,B,A,B,C,C"
Quatrains: A,A,B,B or A,B,C,B
The Raven stanza: "ABCBBB", or "AA,B,CC,CB,B,B" when accounting for internal rhyme, as used by Edgar Allan Poe in "The Raven"
Rhyme royal: "ABABBCC"
The Road Not Taken stanza: "ABAAB" as used in Robert Frost's The Road Not Taken, and in Glæde over Danmark by Poul Martin Møller (English translation here).
Rondeau: "ABaAabAB"
Rondelet: "AbAabbA"
Rubaiyat: "AABA"
Scottish stanza: "AAABAB", as used by Robert Burns in works such as "To a Mouse"
Sestina: ABCDEF FAEBDC CFDABE ECBFAD DEACFB BDFECA, the seventh stanza is a tercet where line 1 has A in it but ends with D, line 2 has B in it but ends with E, line 3 has C in it but ends with F
Simple 4-line: "ABCB"
Sonnet ABAB CDCD EFEF GG

Petrarchan sonnet: "ABBA ABBA CDE CDE" or "ABBA ABBA CDC DCD"
Shakespearean sonnet: "ABAB CDCD EFEF GG"
Spenserian sonnet: "ABAB BCBC CDCD EE"

Spenserian stanza: "ABABBCBCC", where the last line is an alexandrine line
Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening form: "AABA BBCB CCDC DDDD" a modified Ruba'i stanza used by Robert Frost for the eponymous poem.
Tanaga: traditional Tagalog tanaga is "AAAA"
Tercets: A,A,A or A,B,A
Terza rima: "ABA BCB CDC ...", ending on "YZY Z", "YZY ZZ", or "YZY ZYZ".
Triplet: "AAA", often repeating like the couplet.
Villanelle: A1bA2 abA1 abA2 abA1 abA2 abA1A2, where A1 and A2 are lines repeated exactly which rhyme with the a lines.

text: In hip-hop music[edit]

text: Hip-hop music and rapping's rhyme schemes include traditional schemes such as couplets, as well as forms specific to the genre,[3] which are broken down extensively in the books How to Rap and Book of Rhymes. Rhyme schemes used in hip-hop music include

text:
Couplets[4]
Single-liners[5]
Multi-liners[6]
Combinations of schemes[7]
Whole verse[8]

text: Couplets are the most common type of rhyme scheme in old school rap[9] and are still regularly used,[4] though complex rhyme schemes have progressively become more frequent.[10][11] Rather than relying on end rhymes, rap's rhyme schemes can have rhymes placed anywhere in the bars of music to create a structure.[12] There can also be numerous rhythmic elements which all work together in the same scheme[13] – this is called internal rhyme in traditional poetry,[14] though as rap's rhymes schemes can be anywhere in the bar, they could all be internal, so the term is not always used.[13] Rap verses can also employ 'extra rhymes', which do not structure the verse like the main rhyme schemes, but which add to the overall sound of the verse.[15]

text: Number of rhyme schemes for a poem with n lines[edit]

text: The number of different possible rhyme schemes for an n-line poem is given by the Bell numbers,[16] which for n = 1, 2, 3, ... are

text: Examples: We find one rhyme scheme for a one-line poem (A), two different rhyme schemes for a two-line poem (AA, AB), and five for a three-line poem: AAA, AAB, ABA, ABB, and ABC.

text: These counts, however, include rhyme schemes in which some lines rhyme with no other line (e.g. a 4-line poem with pattern ABCB), and even the case in which rhyme is not employed at all (ABCD). There are many fewer rhyme schemes when all lines must rhyme with at least one other line; a count of these is given by the numbers,

text: For example, for a three-line poem, there is only one rhyming scheme in which every line rhymes with at least one other (AAA), while for a four-line poem, there are four such schemes (AABB, ABAB, ABBA, and AAAA).