document_title: List of Grounded for Life characters

question_text: who is the mom in grounded for life

question_tokens: who is the mom in grounded for life

root

text: List of Grounded for Life characters

text: Characters[edit]

text: Sean Finnerty[edit]

text:
Sean Finnerty

Grounded for Life character

First appearance
Lily B. Goode

Last appearance
Hello, Goodbye

Information

Nickname(s)
Seany, Cappy

Gender
Male

Occupation
Subway Engineer, Bartender

Family
Walt Finnerty (father)
Eddie Finnerty (brother)

Spouse(s)
Claudia Bustamante

Children
Lily Finnerty (daughter)
Jimmy Finnerty (son)
Henry Finnerty
Rose/Gracie Finnerty (daughter)

tag: table

text: Sean Finnerty (Donal Logue) - Initially in the city lines as a laborer. In the later seasons, he owns and operates The Red Boot Bar with his brother Eddie. A Red Boot Pub dartboard can be found in the Finnerty household in the livingroom. Father of three (later four) kids, Sean also deals with his judgmental father, his irresponsible brother, and the head nun/principal at his children's school, Sister Helen. Sean is often getting into trouble with his irresponsible brother. His nickname for Claudia is baby. In many episodes he is depicted as a hothead and he has a lot of difficulty parenting, on account of the fact that he was only eighteen when Lily was born. He is also shown in many episodes to be a skilled guitar player, with him and Eddie having been in a band together in their youth.

tag: p

text: Claudia Finnerty[edit]

text:
Claudia Finnerty

Grounded for Life character

First appearance
Lily B. Goode

Last appearance
Hello, Goodbye

Information

Nickname(s)
Claud, Baby (by Sean)

Gender
Female

Occupation
Restaurant hostess

Family
Tony Bustamante (father)

Spouse(s)
Sean Finnerty

Children
Lily Finnerty (daughter)
Jimmy Finnerty (son)
Henry Finnerty (son)
Rose/Gracie Finnerty (daughter)

Relatives
Sal Bustamante (uncle)

text: Claudia Finnerty (née Bustamante) (Megyn Price) - Claudia got pregnant with Lily in high school and ended up marrying Lilly's father, Sean Finnerty. She has a job as a hostess at a SoHo restaurant and in later seasons takes classes at Wadsworth College. She is often underappreciated, but is able to make that known. She and Sean's brother, Eddie, run into many conflicts throughout the series. At the beginning of the fifth season, Sean impregnates her again and she gives birth to a girl named Rose in the finale. She seems to be more understanding and forgiving of Lily's mistakes and is generally more level-headed than Sean throughout the series. She is of partial Italian descent. She is also depicted as an extremely attractive character.

text: Eddie Finnerty[edit]

text:
Eddie Finnerty

Grounded for Life character

First appearance
Lily B. Goode

Last appearance
Hello, Goodbye

Information

Gender
Male

Occupation
Bartender

Family
Walt Finnerty (father)
Sean Finnerty (brother)

Relatives
Claudia Finnerty (sister-in-law)
Lily Finnerty (niece)
Jimmy Finnerty (nephew)
Henry Finnerty (nephew)
Rose/Gracie Finnerty (niece)

text: Eddie Finnerty (Kevin Corrigan) - Eddie is Sean's younger brother, he is carefree and often gets himself trouble. He is always in the Finnerty house eating their food and watching their TV. Claudia and Sean once put him out of their home after discovering he filmed a porn film in the house. When he started work at the Red Boot Pub, he planned to burn it down for the insurance money. It is implied throughout the series that he is involved in illegal activity.

text: Lily Finnerty[edit]

text:
Lily Finnerty

Grounded for Life character

First appearance
Lily B. Goode

Last appearance
Hello, Goodbye

Information

Nickname(s)
Lillipop

Gender
Female

Family
Sean Finnerty (father)
Claudia Finnerty (mother)
Jimmy Finnerty (brother)
Henry Finnerty (brother)
Rose/Gracie Finnerty (sister)

Relatives
Walt Finnerty (grandfather)
Tony Bustamante (grandfather)
Eddie Finnerty (uncle)
Sal Bustamante (greatuncle)

text: Lily Finnerty (Lynsey Bartilson)(14–18 years old) - The airheaded selfish teenager who is often at odds with her parents. She usually blames her parents for all her problems mostly on the grounds that they had her so young, and that her mom is still attractive. Although she first finds him annoying, she later falls in love with her next door neighbor, Brad O'Keefe, and they have an on-again, off-again relationship. Lily meets a boy named Dean in the episode Bang on the Drum and begins to date him from then to the eleventh episode of season three in which she gets together with Brad on Lily's sixteenth birthday. They continue to date throughout the rest of the show, and their relationship, and its problems, are often central points of the episodes. Throughout the series, it is shown that she loves to dance.

text: James/Jimmy Finnerty[edit]

text:
Jimmy Finnerty

Grounded for Life character

First appearance
Lily B. Goode

Last appearance
Hello, Goodbye

Information

Nickname(s)
Jimmy, Jim

Gender
male

Family
Sean Finnerty (father)
Claudia Finnerty (mother)
Lily Finnerty (sister)
Henry Finnerty (brother)
Rose/Gracie Finnerty (sister)

Relatives
Walt Finnerty (grandfather)
Tony Bustamonte (grandfather)
Eddie Finnerty (uncle)
Sal Bustamonte (great-uncle)

text: James Francis "Jimmy" Finnerty (Griffin Frazen)(11–15 years old) - The black sheep of the family, Jimmy's choices are not always accepted by his parents (such as choosing to become a vegetarian). Thus, he often confides in his Uncle Eddie. Many comparisons are made between the two characters on the show, most notably in the third season episode Who Are You? where he pretends to shoplift in a desperate grab for attention. The reason he gets so little attention is that unlike his siblings he causes the least trouble. He is arguably the most sensible and intelligent of the characters.

text: Henry Finnerty[edit]

text:
Henry Finnerty

Grounded for Life character

First appearance
Lily B. Goode

Last appearance
Space Camp Oddity

Information

Gender
Male

Family
Sean Finnerty (father)
Claudia Finnerty (mother)
Lily Finnerty (sister)
Jimmy Finnerty (brother)
Rose/Gracie Finnerty (sister)

Relatives
Walt Finnerty (grandfather)
Tony Bustamante (grandfather)
Eddie Finnerty (uncle)
Sal Bustamante (great-uncle)

text: Henry Finnerty (Jake Burbage)(8–12 years old) - The youngest son of the family, Henry, disappeared at the beginning of the fifth season when actor Jake Burbage left to move back east with his family. He is actually never seen during the fifth season, but he is, however, mentioned several times, notably in the episode "Hello, Goodbye" when Claudia says to Walt that Henry is "...around here someplace,". [1] Henry is named to be a "loose cannon", often getting himself into trouble for being extremely impressionable and curious.

text: Brad O'Keefe[edit]

text:
Bradley 'Brad' O'Keefe

Grounded for Life character

First appearance
Lily B. Goode

Last appearance
Hello, Goodbye

Information

Gender
Male

Family
Dan O'Keefe (father)
Connie O'Keefe (mother)

text: Bradley 'Brad' O'Keefe (Bret Harrison)(14–18 years old) - The sweet, smart but socially inept neighbor, who later becomes Lily's boyfriend at the end of the third season. He is a science nerd and is part of the school club "Sciencenauts".

text: Walt Finnerty[edit]

text:
Walt Finnerty

Grounded for Life character

First appearance
Lily B. Goode

Last appearance
Hello, Goodbye

Information

Gender
Male

Family
Sean Finnerty (son)
Eddie Finnerty (son)

Relatives
Lily Finnerty (granddaughter)
Jimmy Finnerty (grandson)
Henry Finnerty (grandson)
Rose/Gracie Finnerty (granddaughter)

text: Walt Finnerty (Richard Riehle) is Sean and Eddie's father. He's a widower and often comes to the house or the bar to see his kids and grandkids. He's very judgmental, especially of his own sons and is shown to be all but the ideal father and lacks in parental skills (scaring his children when they were young or making his two grandsons dig a deep hole for no reason).

text: Rose/Gracie Finnerty[edit]

text:
Rose/Gracie Finnerty

Grounded for Life character

First appearance
Hello, Goodbye

Last appearance
Hello, Goodbye

Information

Gender
Female

Family
Sean Finnerty (father)
Claudia Finnerty (mother)
Lily Finnerty (sister)
Jimmy Finnerty (brother)
Henry Finnerty (brother)

text: Rose/Gracie Finnerty - The series finale ends with Claudia giving birth to Rose who they later rename Gracie after many wrongfully believe to be named after a certain movie character, bringing the number of Finnerty children to four at the end of the series. She was born on Lily's high school graduation day, in June 2005.


document_title: Cane toads in Australia

question_text: where were cane toads first introduced in australia

text: Cane toads in Australia

text: Introduction and spread[edit]

text: Native to South and mainland Middle America, cane toads were introduced to Australia from Hawaii in June 1935 by the Bureau of Sugar Experiment Stations, now the Sugar Research Australia, in an attempt to control the native grey-backed cane beetle (Dermolepida albohirtum) and Frenchi beetle (Lepidiota frenchi).[3] These beetles are native to Australia and they are detrimental to sugar cane crops, which are a major source of income for Australia. Adult cane beetles eat the crop's leaves, but the main problem is the larvae, who feed on the roots. Adult cane beetles have a heavy exoskeleton and their eggs and larva are often buried underground, making them difficult to exterminate. Furthermore, conventional methods of pest control, such as pesticide use, would eradicate harmless species of insects as well, making it an unsatisfactory method.[4] Cane toads were to replace the use of pesticides like arsenic, pitch and copper. The success of using the moth Cactoblastis cactorum in controlling prickly pears in Australia also contributed to hopes for the cane toad.[5]

text: The cane toads bred immediately in captivity, and by August 1935 more than 102 young toads were released in areas around Cairns, Gordonvale and Innisfail in northern Queensland. More toads were released around Ingham, Ayr, Mackay and Bundaberg. Releases were temporarily limited because of environmental concerns but resumed in other areas after September 1936. Since their release, toads have rapidly multiplied in population and now number over 200 million and have been known to spread diseases affecting local biodiversity.[6] Unfortunately, the introduction of the toads has not only caused large environmental detriment, but there is no evidence that they have affected the cane beetles they were introduced to predate. The toads have steadily expanded their range through Queensland, reaching the border with New South Wales in 1978 and the Northern Territory in 1984. The toads on the western frontier of their advance have evolved larger legs;[7] this is thought to be related to their ability to travel farther. As a consequence of their longer legs, larger bodies, and faster movement, about 10% of the leading edge cane toads have also developed arthritis.[8] It was estimated that cane toads migrate at an average of 40 kilometres (25 miles) per year as of 1994,[9] but new research in 2014 indicated that the migration rate had increased to 60 km per year on the western front.[10]

text: Ecological effects[edit]

text: The long-term effects of toads on the Australian environment are difficult to determine, however some effects include "the depletion of native species that die eating cane toads; the poisoning of pets and humans; depletion of native fauna preyed on by cane toads; and reduced prey populations for native insectivores, such as skinks." [11]

text: Precipitous declines in populations of the northern quoll (Dasyurus hallucatus) have been observed after toads have invaded an area. There are a number of reports of declines in goanna and snake populations after the arrival of toads.[12] For example, local populations of Varanus panoptes dropped by up to 90% when their habitat was invaded by cane toads.[13] The preliminary risk assessment of cane toads in Kakadu National Park stated that the predation of the cane toad by native wildlife is the greatest risk to biodiversity. Other factors, such as competition with native wildlife for resources, and the predation of the cane toad on native wildlife, were considered much lower risk factors[14] but requiring further study.[15] In the Northern Territory, goanna predation on cane toads has been linked to a rise in the amount of undamaged salt water crocodile eggs.[16] Cane toads were present within a few days of the crocodiles hatching in April 2007.[17]

text: Numerous native species have been reported as successfully preying on toads. Some birds, such as the black kite (Milvus migrans),[18] have learned to attack the toad's belly, avoiding the poison-producing glands on the back of the head. Anecdotal reports in the Northern Territory suggest that a native frog, Dahl's aquatic frog (Litoria dahlii), is able to eat the tadpoles and live young of the toad without being affected by the poison that often kills other predators.[19] This may account for slower than expected infestations of toads in certain areas of the Northern Territory, although later research carried out jointly by several Australian Universities casts doubt on these reports.[20] Some snakes species have been reported to have adapted smaller jaws so that they are unable to swallow large cane toads which have large quantities of poison.[21]

text: Another study, however, notes that the cane toad is adapting to a wider environmental range and may in the future be spreading into habitats currently not available.[22]

text: In 2009 it was found that the native meat ant is immune to the toad's poison and can successfully prey upon young cane toads. Whereas native frogs and toads have natural reflexes to avoid the meat ants, the cane toads do not tend to try to escape the ants, rather standing still when attacked waiting for the toxin to kill the attacker.[23]

text: New research has indicated that cane toads predate dung beetles by nestling in cowpats and waiting for the beetles, eating up to 150 in one meal. In areas where cane toads have free access to water in dams, there are 9.6 times fewer dung beetles. This indicates that the cane toad has the potential to economically affect the cattle industry through increased disease in cattle.[24]

text: Predator effects[edit]

text: Predators in Australia are not adapted to their toxin, which is the toad's main defense mechanism. Because of this, toads do not tend to hide and are usually targeted by predators, who then expose themselves to the toxic effects.[25] One study suggests Australian reptiles are greatly threatened by invasion of the cane toad, more so than any other group.[1] Seventy-five species of crocodiles and freshwater turtles were found to be at risk of invasion, and all species studied were found capable of eating a toad large enough to kill them.[1] All freshwater turtles and crocodiles are predicted to share part of their future distribution with the invasive species by 2030.[1] Australia’s varanids and agamids are also at a great risk.[1] It is reported that one native freshwater turtle species, Myuchelys latisternum (saw-shelled turtle), which ranges along rivers and streams from Cape York Peninsula to northern New South Wales, is one of the few native animals which is a successful predator of cane toads.[26] The larger the animal, or predator, is the better chance they have of survival, as their body weight effectively dilutes the concentration of the toxin in their body. One native species, the Torresian crow, has learned how to kill and eat cane toads without ingesting the poison by flipping it onto its back and using its powerful bill to deliver a lethal blow to the throat where the toad's skin is thinner, giving the crow access to the toad's non-toxic innards.[27] In 2014 researchers found evidence that the Australian dwarf crocodile had learned to eat just the hind legs of cane toads.[28]

text: There is evidence for native predator species adapting to the presence of the cane toad, through learning or evolutionary selection. However, the initial drop in population is often steep and can reduce biodiversity on a population level. One proposed solution is to use "teacher toads", or smaller toads which are less likely to kill predators. These toads would allow predators to learn not to eat the toads while mitigating mortality. Some have even proposed adding some chemical to make the toads distasteful to further discourage predation. These efforts have shown some promising results so far.[25]

text: A study to be published in the Ecology journal states that the invasion of cane toads in a case study area caused a trophic cascade over a period of five years. The resident predators, the monitor lizards, ate the cane toads and died, which resulted in a boom in the population of the lizards' typical prey, the crimson finches.[29]

text: Richard Shine is using behavioural conditioning techniques to teach the northern quoll to avoid cane toads.[30]

text: Methods to control invasion[edit]

text: Currently, most attempts to curtail the invasion of cane toads have been unsuccessful. Many of these strategies involve the physical trapping of toads, but these methods also capture unintended native species.[25] Since the largest selective pressure on cane toads currently is intraspecies competition, these physical removals often only improve the conditions for untrapped toads. Also, since migration is high, any area purged of toads would most likely be reinvaded quickly.

text: Many new ideas have been proposed to control the cane toad population. Some have suggested introducing a native viral or bacterial pest of the toads, but this has potential to once again invade native species. Two similar strategies have been proposed, both of which focus on fecundity. One involves the release of sterile males into the population. These males would compete for resources with other males, while themselves not being able to reproduce. A second strategy would be to insert a gene in female toads which would allow them to only create male offspring. In theory, this would limit the reproductive rates and control the population. It is difficult to determine the efficacy and dangers of these approaches, as these methods have never been attempted, especially on a large scale.[25] In the 1950s, cane toads were used in pregnancy tests.[31]

text: On 13 June 2012 news reports cited a new research breakthrough regarding cane toad control. Research has confirmed that cane toad tadpoles are attracted to the toxin produced by adults and spawn. Tadpoles are believed to cannibalize toad spawn as a food source. Researchers used cane toad toxin to successfully lure cane toad tadpoles, implying that in controlled areas tadpoles could be captured and eradicated.[32]

text: New research has indicated that in semi-arid areas where water is scarce the construction of toad proof fences around dams can severely affect toad survival rates by denying their access to water.[33]

text: The RSPCA has guidelines[34] for the humane culling of cane toads. Inhumane ways include spraying with Dettol, Phenyl and using golf clubs and cricket bats to bludgeon them to death[35], but these are illegal in most states and territories (for NT, QLD and NSW there are no laws against inhumane ways just recommendations).[citation needed] Due to concerns over potential harm to other Australian wildlife species, the use of Dettol as pest control was banned in Western Australia by the Department of Environment and Conservation in 2011.[36]

text: Large predators like the yellow-spotted monitors and sand goannas are being fed young, small, cane toads by researchers to create a "food poisoning"-like experience for the predators, in the hope that they will avoid eating adult toads which might kill them.[37]

text: Poisonous sausages containing toad meat are being trialed in the Kimberley (Western Australia) to try to protect native animals from cane toads' deadly impact. The Western Australian Department of Environment and Conservation has been working with the University of Sydney to develop baits to train native animals not to eat the toads. By blending bits of toad with a nausea-inducing chemical, the baits train the animals to stay away from the amphibians. Researcher David Pearson says trials run in laboratories and in remote parts of the Kimberley region of WA are looking promising, although the baits will not solve the cane toad problem altogether.[38]

text: In popular culture[edit]

text: The introduction and subsequent migration of the cane toad in Australia was popularised by the film Cane Toads: An Unnatural History (1988), which tells the tale with a humorous edge and is often shown in Environmental Science courses. Don Spencer, a popular children's entertainer, sang the song "Warts 'n' All", which was used in the documentary. A longer sequel, Cane Toads: The Conquest, by the same filmmaker, was made in 2010.

text: Attempts have been made to make use of dead cane toads, which can number in the thousands and cause hygiene problems. This includes processing the carcasses into liquid fertilisers.[39] Their skin can be made into leather, and novelty cane-toad purses made of the fore-body and abdomen are sometimes seen (e.g. see accompanying photo).

text: In Australian states where the cane toad is common, some "sports" have developed, such as cane toad golf and cane toad cricket, where cane toads are used as balls. In April 2005, Dave Tollner, a Northern Territory Member of Parliament, called for legalisation of attacks on cane toads. This was criticised by many animal and conservation groups who claim freezing is a more humane way to kill cane toads than hitting them with cricket bats.[40] The short film Cane Toad - What happened to Baz? displays an Australian attitude towards the cane toad. This film won the "Best Comedy" award at the 2003 St Kilda Film Festival.

text: A controversial commercial for Tooheys beer company showed people from New South Wales standing at the New South Wales-Queensland Border with golf clubs and lights, attracting cane toads just so they could hit them back across the border with the golf clubs.[41][42]

text: The cane toad has been listed by the National Trust of Queensland as a state icon of Queensland, alongside the Great Barrier Reef, and past icons, the Royal Flying Doctor Service and the backyard mango tree (also an introduced species).[43]

text: "Cane toad" is also a colloquial term for an inhabitant of Queensland, particularly the state's State of Origin rugby league team members and supporters.[44]

text: The Cane Toad Times was a satirical humour magazine based in Brisbane, Queensland.

text: Cane toad races are popular in some towns and pubs. Toads are given humorous names and punters can bid or buy a toad or bet on them like horse racing. It is common for entrants or the winner to have to kiss their toad.[45][46]

text: The invasive nature of cane toads was referenced in The Simpsons episode "Bart vs. Australia".[47] It was also parodied in the episode "Bart the Mother" [48] in which after killing a bird, Bart incubates its eggs, only to discover that they were actually from an invasive lizard which replaces the bird eggs with its own. Concerned about the invasive species, the townspeople try to kill the lizards, but Bart helps them escape. The town realizes that the lizards are the solution to their pigeon problem and thank Bart. When Lisa asks what they will do about their new lizard problem, Principal Skinner tells her that they will deal with that by releasing Chinese needle snakes to kill the lizards, and then snake-eating gorillas to eat the snakes, and finally, the gorillas will freeze to death during the winter.

text: In the video game Ty the Tasmanian Tiger 2: Bush Rescue, cane toads appear as enemies. They wear spiked collars, have poisonous tongues (in contrast to real world cane toads), are about the size of medium-sized dogs, and will chase Ty down upon seeing him.

text: In Final Fantasy XIV: A Realm Reborn video game, there's a quest titled "You Call That a Toad", the player has to kill a group of enemies called "Cane Toad" after local wheat farmers brought these toads from foreign continent to devour the locusts but the cane toads have no natural predators on the new land and have taken over the region, leaving the farmers with no choice but to slay them all.

text: Townsville holds an annual "Toad Day Out" where the community learn about and catch cane toads, with prizes for the largest toad caught, and the heaviest weight of toads caught. In 2015, 143.6 kilograms of toads were caught.[49] In 2016, a drier year, 92 kilograms of toads were caught.[50]


document_title: List of solar eclipses visible from the United States

question_text: when is the last time the united states had a full eclipse

text:
June 28, 1908

Annular
June 8, 1918

Total
November 22, 1919

Annular
September 10, 1923

Total

January 24, 1925

Total
June 29, 1927

Total
April 28, 1930

Hybrid
August 31, 1932

Total

April 19, 1939

Annular
April 7, 1940

Annular
February 4, 1943

Total
July 9, 1945

Total

May 9, 1948

Annular

text:
September 1, 1951

Annular
June 30, 1954

Total
October 2, 1959

Total
July 20, 1963

Total

March 7, 1970

Total
July 10, 1972

Total
February 26, 1979

Total
May 30, 1984

Annular

July 22, 1990

Total
July 11, 1991

Total
January 4, 1992

Annular
May 10, 1994

Annular

text:
May 20, 2012[1]

Annular
August 21, 2017[2]

Total
October 14, 2023[3]

Annular
April 8, 2024[4]

Total

March 30, 2033[5]

Total
June 21, 2039[6]

Annular
August 23, 2044[7]

Total
August 12, 2045[8]

Total

February 5, 2046[9]

Annular
June 11, 2048[10]

Annular

text:
[show]

v
t
e

Solar eclipses

Lists of eclipses

By century

Antiquity
20th BC
19th BC
18th BC
17th BC
16th BC
15th BC
14th BC
13th BC
12th BC
11th BC
10th BC
9th BC
8th BC
7th BC
6th BC
5th BC
4th BC
3rd BC
2nd BC
1st BC
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
8th
9th
10th
11th
12th
13th
14th
15th
16th
17th
18th
19th
20th
21st
22nd
23rd
24th
25th
26th
27th
28th
29th
30th

Saros series

110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162

Visibility

Australia
China
Philippines
Russia
Ukraine
United Kingdom
United States

Historical

Mursili's eclipse (1312 BC)
Assyrian eclipse (763 BC)
Eclipse of Thales (585 BC)

Total/hybrid eclipses

→ symbol denotes
next total/hybrid eclipse

1560 Aug 21
1598 Mar 7
1652 Apr 8
1654 Aug 12
1673 Aug 12
1699 Sep 23
1715 May 3
1724 May 22
1766 Feb 9
1778 Jun 24
1780 Oct 27
1806 Jun 16
1816 Nov 19
1824 Jun 26
1842 Jul 8
1851 Jul 28
1853 Nov 30
1857 Mar 25
1858 Sep 7
1860 Jul 18
1865 Apr 25
1867 Aug 29
1868 Aug 18
1869 Aug 7
1870 Dec 22
1871 Dec 12
1874 Apr 16
1875 Apr 6
1878 Jul 29
1882 May 17
1883 May 6
1885 Sep 8
1886 Aug 29
1887 Aug 19
1889 Jan 1
1889 Dec 22
1893 Apr 16
1896 Aug 9
1898 Jan 22
1900 May 28
1901 May 18
1903 Sep 21
1904 Sep 9
1905 Aug 30
1907 Jan 14
1908 Jan 3
1908 Dec 23
1909 Jun 17
1910 May 9
1911 Apr 28
1912 Apr 17
1912 Oct 10
1914 Aug 21
1916 Feb 3
1918 Jun 8
1919 May 29
1921 Oct 1
1922 Sep 21
1923 Sep 10
1925 Jan 24
1926 Jan 14
1927 Jun 29
1928 May 19
1929 May 9
1930 Apr 28
1930 Oct 21
1932 Aug 31
1934 Feb 14
1936 Jun 19
1937 Jun 8
1938 May 29
1939 Oct 12
1940 Oct 1
1941 Sep 21
1943 Feb 4
1944 Jan 25
1944 Jul 20
1945 Jul 9
1947 May 20
1948 Nov 1
1950 Sep 12
1952 Feb 25
1954 Jun 30
1955 Jun 20
1956 Jun 8
1957 Oct 23
1958 Oct 12
1959 Oct 2
1961 Feb 15
1962 Feb 5
1963 Jul 20
1965 May 30
1966 Nov 12
1967 Nov 2
1968 Sep 22
1970 Mar 7
1972 Jul 10
1973 Jun 30
1974 Jun 20
1976 Oct 23
1977 Oct 12
1979 Feb 26
1980 Feb 16
1981 Jul 31
1983 Jun 11
1984 Nov 22
1985 Nov 12
1986 Oct 3
1987 Mar 29
1988 Mar 18
1990 Jul 22
1991 Jul 11
1992 Jun 30
1994 Nov 3
1995 Oct 24
1997 Mar 9
1998 Feb 26
1999 Aug 11
2001 Jun 21
2002 Dec 4
2003 Nov 23
2005 Apr 8
2006 Mar 29
2008 Aug 1
2009 Jul 22
2010 Jul 11
2012 Nov 13
2013 Nov 3
2015 Mar 20
2016 Mar 9
2017 Aug 21
→ 2019 Jul 2
2020 Dec 14
2021 Dec 4
2023 Apr 20
2024 Apr 8
2026 Aug 12
2027 Aug 2
2028 Jul 22
2030 Nov 25
2031 Nov 14
2033 Mar 30
2034 Mar 20
2035 Sep 2
2037 Jul 13
2038 Dec 26
2039 Dec 15
2041 Apr 30
2042 Apr 20
2043 Apr 9
2044 Aug 23
2045 Aug 12
2046 Aug 2
2048 Dec 5
2049 Nov 25
2050 May 20
2052 Mar 30
2053 Sep 12
2055 Jul 24
2057 Jan 5
2057 Dec 26
2059 May 11
2060 Apr 30
2061 Apr 20
2063 Aug 24
2064 Aug 12
2066 Dec 17
2067 Dec 6
2068 May 31
2070 Apr 11
2071 Sep 23
2072 Sep 12
2073 Aug 3
2075 Jan 16
2076 Jan 6
2077 May 22
2078 May 11
2079 May 1
2081 Sep 3
2082 Aug 24
2084 Dec 27
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document_title: Portal:World War I/Selected event

question_text: what was the turning point of world war 1

text: Portal:World War I/Selected event

text: Selected events

text:
The 1916 Battle of the Somme was one of the largest battles of the First World War, with more than one million casualties, and also one of the bloodiest battles in human history. The Allied forces attempted to break through the German lines along a 25-mile (40 km) front north and south of the River Somme in northern France. One purpose of the battle was to draw German forces away from the Battle of Verdun; however, by its end the losses on the Somme had exceeded those at Verdun.
While Verdun would bite deep in the national consciousness of France for generations, the Somme would have the same effect on generations of Britons. The battle is best remembered for its first day, 1 July 1916, on which the British suffered 57,470 casualties, including 19,240 dead — the bloodiest day in the history of the British Army to this day. As terrible as the battle was for the British Empire troops who suffered there, it naturally affected the other nationalities as well. One German officer famously described it as "the muddy grave of the German field army." By the end of the battle, the British had learnt many lessons in modern warfare while the Germans had suffered irreplaceable losses. British official historian Sir James Edmonds stated, "It is not too much to claim that the foundations of the final victory on the Western Front were laid by the Somme offensive of 1916."
For the first time the home front in Britain was exposed to the horrors of modern war with the release of the propaganda film The Battle of the Somme, which used actual footage from the first days of the battle.

text: The Battle of Verdun, fought from 21 February to 19 December 1916 around the city of Verdun-sur-Meuse in northeast France, was one of the most important battles in World War I on the Western Front. The battle was fought between the German and French armies.

text: It resulted in more than a quarter of a million deaths and about half a million wounded. It was the longest battle and one of the bloodiest in World War I. In both France and Germany it has come to represent the horrors of war, similar to the Somme in Britain.

text: The battle popularised the phrase "Ils ne passeront pas" ("They shall not pass"), uttered by Robert Nivelle, but often incorrectly attributed to Pétain.

text: The Treaty of Versailles (1919) was the peace treaty which officially ended World War I between the Allied and Central Powers and the German Empire. After six months of negotiations, which took place at the Paris Peace Conference, the treaty was signed as a follow-up to the armistice signed on November 11th, 1918 in the Compiègne Forest (which had put an end to the actual fighting). Although there were many provisions in the treaty, one of the more important and recognized provisions required Germany to accept full responsibility for causing the war and, under the terms of articles 231-247, make reparations to certain countries that had formed the Allies.

text: The Brusilov Offensive (Russian: Брусиловский прорыв) was the greatest Russian feat of arms during World War I, and among the most lethal battles in world history. It was a major offensive against the armies of the Central Powers on the Eastern Front, launched on June 4, 1916 and lasting until early August. It took place in what today is Ukraine, in the general vicinity of the towns of Lemberg, Kovel, and Lutsk. The offensive was named after the Russian commander in charge of the Southwestern Front, Aleksei Brusilov.

text: The Battle of Tannenberg in 1914 was a decisive engagement between the Russian Empire and the German Empire in the first days of The Great War, fought by the Russian First and Second Armies and the German Eighth Army between August 17 and September 2, 1914. The battle resulted in the almost complete destruction of the Russian Second Army. A series of follow-up battles kept the Russians off-balance until the spring of 1915. The battle is notable particularly for a number of rapid movements of complete corps by train, allowing the single German Army to present a single front to both Russian Armies.

text: The Battle of Arras was an offensive during World War I by forces of the British Empire between 9 April and 16 May 1917. British, Canadian, and Australian troops attacked German trenches near the French city of Arras.

text: At this stage of the war, the Western Front was a continuous line of trenches stretching from the Belgian coast to the Swiss border. With minor adjustments caused by the ebb and flow of asaults and counter-assaults, this corresponded roughly to the final line of confrontation in the last phase of the war of movement of 1914. From behind barbed wire and fortifications, about 100 German divisions faced about 150 French and British Empire divisions in seeming deadlock. In its simplest terms, the Allied objective from early 1915 onwards was to break through the German defences into the open ground beyond and engage the numerically inferior German army in open battle.

text: The Battle of Arras was planned in conjunction with the French High Command, who were planning a massive attack (the Nivelle Offensive) about eighty kilometres to the south. This had the stated aim of ending the war in forty-eight hours. At Arras, the British Empire's immediate objectives were more modest: (i) to draw German troops away from the ground chosen for the French attack and (ii) to take the German-held high ground that dominated the plain of Douai.

text: When the battle officially ended on 16 May, British Empire troops had made significant advances, but had been unable to achieve a major breakthrough at any point. New tactics had been battle-tested, particularly in the first phase, and had demonstrated that set-piece assaults against heavily fortified positions could be successful. This sector then reverted to the stalemate that typified most of the war on the Western Front.

text: The Armenian Genocide (Armenian: Հայոց Ցեղասպանութիւն, Turkish: Ermeni Soykırımı) — also known as the Armenian Holocaust, "Great Calamity" (Մեծ Եղեռն) or the Armenian Massacre — refers to the forced mass evacuation and related deaths of hundreds of thousands to over a million Armenians, during the government of the Young Turks from 1915 to 1917 in the Ottoman Empire.

text: Today, the Republic of Turkey rejects the notion that the event constituted a genocide and instead claims that the deaths among the Armenians were a result of inter-ethnic strife, disease and famine during the turmoil of World War I.  However, most Armenian, Russian, Western, and an increasing number of Turkish scholars believe that it was indeed a genocide, or campaign of state-sponsored ethnic cleansing and mass extermination. For example, some Western sources point to the sheer scale of the death toll as evidence for a systematic, organized plan to eliminate the Armenians. The event is also said to be the second-most studied case of genocide, and often draws comparison with the Holocaust. To date 21 countries have here officially recognised it as genocide.

text: The Battle of Jutland (German: Skagerrakschlacht (Battle of the Skagerrak); Danish: Søslaget ved Jylland / Søslaget om Skagerrak), was the largest naval battle of World War I, and the only full-scale clash of battleships in that war. It was fought on May 31–June 1, 1916, in the North Sea near Jutland, the mainland of Denmark. The combatants were the Kaiserliche Marine’s High Seas Fleet commanded by Vice Admiral Reinhard Scheer and the Royal Navy’s Grand Fleet commanded by Admiral of the Fleet Sir John Jellicoe. The intention of the German fleet was to break the British naval blockade of the North Sea and allow German mercantile shipping to operate again.

text: On the afternoon of 31 May, Beatty and Hipper encountered each other, and in a running battle to the south Hipper drew the British into the path of the High Seas Fleet. Beatty turned and fled towards the Grand Fleet and from 18:30 until nightfall at about 20:30 the two huge fleets — totaling 250 ships between them — were heavily engaged. Fourteen British and eleven German ships were sunk with great loss of life. Jellicoe tried to cut the Germans off from their base in the hope of continuing the battle in the morning, but under cover of darkness Scheer crossed the wake of the British fleet and returned to port.

text: The First Battle of the Marne (also known as the Miracle of the Marne) was a World War I battle fought from September 5 to September 12, 1914. It was a Franco-British victory against the German army under German Chief of Staff Helmuth von Moltke the Younger.

text: The battle of the Marne was a major turning point of World War I. By the end of August 1914, the whole Allied army on the Western Front had been forced into a general retreat back towards Paris. Meanwhile the two main German armies continued through France. It seemed that Paris would be taken as both the French and the British fell back towards the Marne River.

text: The Battle of Gallipoli (sometimes referred to as the first D-Day) took place on the Turkish peninsula of Gallipoli from April 1915 to January 1916 during the First World War. A joint British and French operation was mounted in order to eventually capture the Ottoman capital of Istanbul. The attempt failed, with heavy casualties on both sides.

text: In Turkey the campaign is known as the Çanakkale Savaşları, after the province of Çanakkale. In the United Kingdom it is called the Dardanelles Campaign or Gallipoli, and in France, Australia, New Zealand and Newfoundland it is usually known as the "Gallipoli Campaign".

text: Read more...


document_title: Voting age

question_text: when was the voting age lowered to 18 in the uk

question_tokens: when was the voting age lowered to 18 in the uk

text: Voting age

text: History[edit]

text: Before the Second World War, the voting age in almost all countries was 21 years or higher. Czechoslovakia was the first to reduce the voting age to 20 years in 1946, and by 1968 a total of 17 countries had lowered their voting age.[1] Many countries, particularly in Western Europe, reduced their voting ages to 18 years during the 1970s, starting with the United Kingdom (1970),[2] with the United States (26th Amendment) (1971), Canada, Germany (1972), Australia (1974), France (1974) and others following soon afterwards. By the end of the 20th century, 18 had become by far the most common voting age. However, a few countries maintain a voting age of 20 years or higher. It was argued that 18-year-old men could be drafted to go to war, and many people felt they should be able to vote at the age of 18.[3]

text: In the late 20th and early 21st centuries voting ages were lowered to 18 in India, Switzerland, Austria and Morocco. Japan was due to make the change to 18 in 2016.[4] A dispute is continuing in the Maldives.[5][6]

text: Debate on lowering voting age to 16[edit]

text: Around the year 2000 a number of countries began to consider whether the voting age ought to be reduced further, with arguments most often being made in favour of a reduction to 16. The earliest moves came during the 1990s, when the voting age for municipal elections in some States of Germany was lowered to 16. Lower Saxony was the first state to make such a reduction, in 1995, and four other states did likewise.[7]

text: Arguments against lowering the voting age to sixteen include lack of political maturity and arguments for include encouraging interest in politics in young people.

text: During the 2000s several proposals for a reduced voting age were put forward in U.S. states, including California, Florida and Alaska,[8] but none was successful. A national reduction was proposed in 2005 in Canada[9] and in the Australian state of New South Wales,[10] but these proposals were not adopted. In May 2009, Danish Member of Parliament Mogens Jensen presented an initiative to the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe in Strasbourg to lower the voting age in Europe to 16.[11]

text: Austria[edit]

text: In 2007, Austria became the first member of the European Union to adopt a voting age of 16 for most purposes.[12] The voting age had been reduced in Austria from 19 to 18 at all levels in 1992. At that time a voting age of 16 was proposed by the Green Party, but was not adopted.[13]

text: The voting age for municipal elections in some states was lowered to 16 shortly after 2000.[7] Three states had made the reduction by 2003 (Burgenland, Carinthia and Styria),[7] and in May 2003 Vienna became the fourth.[14] Salzburg followed suit,[15][16] and so by the start of 2005 the total had reached at least five states out of nine.[17] As a consequence of state law, reduction of the municipal voting age in the states of Burgenland, Salzburg and Vienna resulted in the reduction of the regional voting age in those states as well.[16]

text: After the 2006 election, the winning SPÖ-ÖVP coalition announced on 12 January 2007 that one of its policies would be the reduction of the voting age to 16 for elections in all states and at all levels in Austria.[18] The policy was set in motion by a Government announcement on 14 March,[19] and a bill proposing an amendment to the Constitution was presented to the legislature on 2 May.[20][21] On 5 June the National Council approved the proposal following a recommendation from its Constitution Committee.[12][13][22] During the passage of the bill through the chamber relatively little opposition was raised to the reduction, with four out of five parties explicitly supporting it; indeed, there was some dispute over which party had been the first to suggest the idea. Greater controversy surrounded the other provisions of the bill concerning the Briefwahl, or postal vote, and the extension of the legislative period for the National Council from four to five years.[13] A further uncontroversial inclusion was a reduction in the candidacy age from 19 to 18. The Federal Council approved the Bill on 21 June, with no party voting against it.[23] The voting age was reduced when the Bill's provisions came into force on 1 July 2007.[24] Austria thus became the first member of the European Union, and the first of the developed world democracies, to adopt a voting age of 16 for all purposes.[12] Lowering the voting age encouraged political interest in young people in Austria. More sixteen and seventeen year olds voted than eighteen to twenty-one year olds in Austria.

text: Brazil[edit]

text: Brazil lowered the voting age from 18 to 16 in the 1988 constitution. The presidential election of 1989 was the first with the lower voting age. People between the ages 18 and 70 are required to vote.

text: Malta[edit]

text: On 20 November 2013, Malta lowered the voting age from 18 to 16 for local elections starting from 2015. The proposal had wide support from both the government and opposition, social scientists and youth organizations.

text: On Monday 29 January 2018, the Maltese Parliament will be debating to lower the voting age to 16 for General Elections, European Parliament Elections and referenda.

text: On Monday, 5 March 2018, the Maltese Parliament unanimously voted in favour of ammeding the constitution, lowering the official voting age from 18 to 16, making Malta the second state in the EU to lower its voting age to 16.[25]

text: United Kingdom[edit]

text: The Representation of the People Act 1969 lowered the voting age from 21 to 18, with effect from 1970 and remained in force until the Scottish Independence Referendum Act 2013 which allowed 16 year olds to vote for the first time, but only in Scotland and only in that particular referendum. The Scottish Parliament reduced the voting age to 16 for its own and Scottish local elections in 2015.[26]

text: Men in military service who turned 19 during the first world war were entitled to vote in 1918 irrespective of their age as part of the Representation of the People Act 1918 which also allowed some women over the age of 30 to vote. The Representation of the People (Equal Franchise) Act 1928[27] brought the voting age for women down to 21.

text: The reduction of the voting age to 16 in the United Kingdom was first given serious consideration on 15 December 1999, when the House of Commons considered in Committee an amendment proposed by Simon Hughes to the Representation of the People Bill.[28] This was the first time the reduction of a voting age below 18 had ever been put to a vote in the Commons.[29] The Government opposed the amendment, and it was defeated by 434 votes to 36.[29]

text: The Votes at 16 coalition, a group of political and charitable organisations supporting a reduction of the voting age to 16, was launched on 29 January 2003.[30] At that time a Private Member's Bill was also proposed in the House of Lords by Lord Lucas, and received a Second Reading on 9 January.[31]

text: In 2004, the UK Electoral Commission conducted a major consultation on the subject of the voting and candidacy ages, and received a significant response. In its conclusions it recommended that the voting age remain at 18.[32] On 29 November 2005 the House of Commons voted 136-128 (on a free vote) against a Private Member's Bill for a reduction in the voting age to 16 proposed by Liberal Democrat MP Stephen Williams. Parliament chose not to include a provision reducing the voting age in the Electoral Administration Act during its passage in 2006.

text: On 27 February 2006, the report of the Power Inquiry called for a reduction of the voting age, and of the candidacy age for the House of Commons, to 16.[33] On the same day the Chancellor of the Exchequer, Gordon Brown, indicated in an article in The Guardian that he favoured a reduction provided it was made concurrently with effective citizenship education.[34]

text: The UK Ministry of Justice published on 3 July 2007 a Green Paper entitled The Governance of Britain, in which it proposed the establishment of a "Youth Citizenship Commission".[35] The Commission would examine the case for lowering the voting age. On launching the Paper in the House of Commons, PM Gordon Brown said: "Although the voting age has been 18 since 1969, it is right, as part of that debate, to examine, and hear from young people themselves, whether lowering that age would increase participation."[36]

text: The Scottish National Party's conference voted unanimously on 27 October 2007 for a policy of reducing the voting age to 16, as well as in favour of a campaign for the necessary power to be devolved to the Scottish Parliament.[37]

text: During the Youth Parliament debates of 30 October 2009 in the House of Commons, Votes at 16 was debated and young people of that age group voted for it overwhelmingly as a campaign priority. Since that debate the issue has been raised in Prime Minister's Questions and has also gained the widespread support of the major political parties.[citation needed]

text: In April 2015, Labour announced that it would support the policy if it won an overall majority in the 2015 general election.[38]

text: There was some criticism about not reducing the voting age to 16 years for the referendum on the membership in the European Union in 2016.[39][40]

text: Scotland[edit]

text: In September 2011, it was announced that the voting age was likely to be reduced from 18 to 16 for the Scottish independence referendum.[41] This was approved by the Scottish Parliament in June 2013.[42]

text: In June 2015, the Scottish Parliament voted unanimously to reduce the voting age to 16 for Scottish Parliament elections and Scottish local government elections.[26]

text: Crown dependencies[edit]

text: Moves to lower the voting age to 16 were successful in each of the three British Crown dependencies from 2006 to 2008. The Isle of Man was the first to amend its law, when in July 2006 it reduced the voting age to 16 for its general elections, with the House of Keys approving the move by 19 votes to 4.[43]

text: Jersey followed suit on 4 July 2007, when it approved in principle a reduction of the voting age to 16. The States of Jersey voted narrowly in favour, by 25 votes to 21,[44] and the legislative amendments were adopted on 26 September.[45] The law was sanctioned by Order in Council on 12 December,[46][47] and was brought into force on 1 April, in time for the general elections in late 2008.[48][49]

text: On 31 October 2007, a proposal[50][51] for a reduction made by the House Committee of the States of Guernsey, and approved by the States' Policy Committee, was adopted by the assembly by 30 votes to 15.[51][52] An Order in Council sanctioning the law was made on 12 December,[46] and it was registered at the Court of Guernsey on 19 December. It came into force immediately, and the voting age was accordingly reduced in time for the Guernsey general election, 2008.[53]

text: Alderney and Sark, each part of the Bailiwick of Guernsey, have autonomy in deciding the question. Both have yet to favour a reduction to 16.

text: United States[edit]

text: In the United States, the debate about lowering voting age from 21 to 18 began during World War II and intensified during the Vietnam War, when most of those subjected to the draft were too young to vote, and the image of young men being forced to risk their lives in the military without the privileges of voting successfully pressured legislators to lower the voting age nationally and in many states. By 1968, several states had lowered the voting age below 21 years: Alaska and Hawaii's minimum age was 20, Kentucky's was 19, and Georgia's was 18.[54] In 1970, the Supreme Court in Oregon v. Mitchell ruled that Congress had the right to regulate the minimum voting age in federal elections; however, not at local and state level.

text: The 26th Amendment (passed and ratified in 1971)[55] set the voting age for federal and state elections at 18 years, but does not prevent states from establishing a lower voting age.[56] Except for the express limitations provided for in Amendments XIV, XV, XIX and XXVI, voter qualifications for House and Senate elections are largely delegated to the States under Article I, Section 2 and Amendment XVII of the United States Constitution, which respectively state that "The House of Representatives shall be composed of Members chosen every second Year by the People of the several States, and the Electors in each State shall have the Qualifications requisite for Electors of the most numerous Branch of the State Legislature." and "The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from each State, elected by the people thereof, for six years; and each Senator shall have one vote. The electors in each State shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the State legislatures."[57]

text: 21 states permit 17-year-olds to vote in primary elections and caucuses if they will be 18 by election day: Alaska, Connecticut, Hawaii, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Maine, Maryland, Mississippi, Nebraska, Nevada, New Mexico,[58] North Dakota, North Carolina, Ohio, Oregon, Virginia, Vermont, and Washington. Alaska, Kansas, North Dakota and Washington allow 17-year-olds to participate in Democrat caucuses, but not in the Republican caucus. Minnesota allows 17-year-olds to participate in presidential caucuses, but may not vote in primary elections for other offices.[59] New Hampshire allows anyone who will be 18 years old by the time of next election to register, meaning some 17-year-olds can register to vote in this state.[60]

text: Currently, the Maine Green Independent Party, the state branch of the Green Party of the United States, calls for the lowering of the voting age to 17.[61] Youth suffrage appears to be gaining ground in Massachusetts; three of the four Democratic United States Senate candidates in 2010 supported lowering the voting age.[62]

text: In 2013, the City of Takoma Park, Maryland became the first place in the United States to lower its voting age to 16, for local (but not general) elections and referendums.[63][64]

text: Iran[edit]

text: Iran had been unique in awarding suffrage at 15, but raised the age to 18 in January 2007 despite the opposition of the Government.[65] In May 2007 the Iranian Cabinet proposed a bill to reverse the increase.[66][67]

text: Switzerland[edit]

text: On 6 May 2007, the Swiss Canton of Glarus reduced the voting age from 18 to 16 for cantonal and local elections.[68][69]

text: New Zealand[edit]

text: The New Zealand Green Party MP Sue Bradford announced on 21 June 2007 that she intended to introduce her Civics Education and Voting Age Bill on the next occasion upon which a place became available for the consideration of Members' Bills.[70] When this happened on 25 July Bradford abandoned the idea, citing an adverse public reaction.[71] The Bill would have sought to reduce the voting age to 16 in New Zealand and make civics education part of the compulsory curriculum in schools.

text: Venezuela[edit]

text: A request to lower the voting age to 16 was made during consideration of revisions to the Constitution of Venezuela in 2007. Cilia Flores, president of the National Assembly, announced that the Mixed Committee for Constitutional Reform had found the idea acceptable.[72] Following approval in the legislature[73] the amendment formed part of the package of constitutional proposals, and was defeated in the 2007 referendum.

text: Australia[edit]

text: A report suggesting that consideration be given to reducing the voting age to 16 in the Australian Capital Territory in Canberra, Australia was tabled in the territorial legislature on 26 September 2007 and defeated.[74]

text: In 2015, federal Opposition Leader Bill Shorten said that the voting age should be lowered to 16.[75]

text: Luxembourg[edit]

text: Luxembourg has compulsory voting from the age of 18. A proposal by the government to introduce optional voting for those aged 16 and 17 was rejected by 81% of voters in a June 2015 referendum.

text: Voting ages around the world[edit]

text: Eighteen is the most common voting age, with a small minority of countries differing from this rule. Those with a national minimum age of 17 include East Timor, Greece, Indonesia, North Korea, South Sudan and Sudan. The minimum age is 16 in Argentina, Austria, Brazil, Cuba, Ecuador, Nicaragua and the Isle of Man, Jersey and Guernsey (three self-governing British Crown Dependencies). People aged 16–18 can vote in Bosnia, Serbia and Montenegro if employed. The highest minimum voting age is 21 in several nations. Some countries have variable provision for the minimum voting age, whereby a lower age is set for eligibility to vote in state, regional or municipal elections.

text: The only known maximum voting age is in the Holy See, where the franchise for electing a new Pope is restricted to Cardinals under the age of 80.

text: Alphabetical list of countries[edit]

text: The following is an alphabetical list of voting ages in the various countries of the world.[76]

text: A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

tag: ul

text: A[edit]

text:
Afghanistan: 18
Albania: 18
Algeria: 18
American Samoa: 18
Andorra: 18
Angola: 18
Anguilla: 18
Antigua and Barbuda: 18
Argentina: 16, 16 to 18 and 70+ optional.
Armenia: 18
Aruba:18
Australia: 18, voting is compulsory
Austria: 16[24]
Azerbaijan: 18

text: B[edit]

text:
Bahamas: 18
Bahrain: 20[77]
Bangladesh: 18
Barbados: 18
Belarus: 18
Belgium: 18 (compulsory)
Belize: 18
Benin: 18
Bermuda: 18
Bhutan: 18
Bolivia: 18, universal and compulsory
Bosnia and Herzegovina: 18, 16 if employed
Botswana: 18
Brazil: 16, compulsory for 18 to 70; optional for illiterate citizens.
British Virgin Islands: 18
Brunei: 18 (village elections only)
Bulgaria: 18
Burkina Faso: 18
Burundi: 18

text: C[edit]

text:
Cambodia: 18
Cameroon: 21
Canada: 18
Cape Verde: 18
Cayman Islands: 18
Central African Republic: 18
Chad: 18
Chile: 18
China: 18
Cocos (Keeling) Islands: 18
Colombia: 18
Comoros: 18
Democratic Republic of the Congo: 18
Republic of the Congo: 18
Cook Islands: 18
Costa Rica: 18
Côte d'Ivoire: 18
Croatia: 18
Cuba: 16
Curaçao: 18
Cyprus: 18
Czech Republic: 18

text: D[edit]

text:
Denmark: 18
Djibouti: 18
Dominica: 18
Dominican Republic: 18, compulsory; married persons regardless of age (members of the armed forces and national police cannot vote)

text: E[edit]

text:
East Timor: 17
Ecuador: 16; universal, compulsory for literate persons ages 18–65, optional for other eligible voters
Egypt: 18
El Salvador: 18
England: 18
Equatorial Guinea: 18
Eritrea: 18
Estonia: 18; 16 for local elections
Ethiopia: 17
European Union: 18

text: F[edit]

text:
Falkland Islands: 18
Faroe Islands: 18
Fiji: 18, as of 2013 Constitution
Finland: 18
France: 18
French Polynesia: 18

text: G[edit]

text:
Gabon: 18
Gambia: 18
Georgia: 18
Germany: 18

Voting age 16 for state elections:  Brandenburg,  Bremen,  Hamburg and  Schleswig-Holstein.
Voting age 16 for municipal elections:  Baden-Württemberg,  Berlin,  Brandenburg,  Bremen,  Hamburg,  Mecklenburg-Vorpommern,  Lower Saxony,  North Rhine-Westphalia,  Saxony-Anhalt and  Schleswig-Holstein.[78]

Ghana: 18
Gibraltar: 18; universal, plus other British citizens who have been residents six months or more
Greece: 17 from 3 August 2016 onwards,[79] was 18 before 3 August 2016
Greenland: 18
Grenada: 18
Guadeloupe: 18
Guam: 18; US citizens, but do not vote in US presidential elections
Guatemala: 18; active-duty members of the armed forces may not vote and are restricted to their barracks on election day.
Guernsey: 16[80]
Guinea: 18
Guinea-Bissau: 18
Guyana: 18

text: H[edit]

text:
Haiti: 18
Honduras: 18
Hong Kong: direct election 18 years of age; universal for permanent residents living in the territory of Hong Kong for the past seven years; indirect election limited to about 220,000 members of functional constituencies and a 1,200-member election committee drawn from broad regional groupings, municipal organizations, and central government bodies
Hungary: 18

text: I[edit]

text:
Iceland: 18
India: 18
Indonesia: 17; no threshold for married persons, except for the military and police
Iran: 18 (changed from 15 to 18 in 2007, returned to 15 in 2009 and returned to 18 in 2011)[65][81][82][83]
Iraq: 18
Ireland: 18
Isle of Man: 16
Israel: 18 (17 for municipal elections)
Italy: 18 (25 for Senate elections)

text: J[edit]

text:
Jamaica: 18
Japan: 18 (changed from 20 in 2016)[4]
Jersey: 16
Jordan: 18

text: K[edit]

text:
Kazakhstan: 18
Kenya: 18
Kiribati: 18
North Korea: 17; members of the military have the right to vote, regardless of age[84]
South Korea: 19
Kosovo (disputed): 18
Kuwait: 21 for those not in the military or police forces; all voters must have been citizens for 20 years; current proposal for reduction to 18[85]
Kyrgyzstan: 18

text: L[edit]

text:
Laos: 18
Latvia: 18
Lebanon: 21. Attempt to amend to 18 on 22 February 2010 failed to pass.[86]
Lesotho: 18
Liberia: 18
Libya: 18
Liechtenstein: 18
Lithuania: 18
Luxembourg: 18, compulsory until the age of 75. A proposal to lower the voting age to 16 was rejected in 2015 in a nationwide referendum (81% "no"-votes)

text: M[edit]

text:
Macau: direct election 18 years of age, universal for permanent residents living in Macau for the past seven years; indirect election limited to organizations registered as "corporate voters" (973 are currently registered) and a 300-member Election Committee drawn from broad regional groupings, municipal organizations, and central government bodies
Republic of Macedonia: 18
Madagascar: 18
Malawi: 18
Malaysia: 21
Maldives: 18
Mali: 18
Malta: 16
Marshall Islands: 18
Martinique: 18
Mauritania: 18
Mauritius: 18
Mayotte: 18
Mexico: 18
Federated States of Micronesia: 18
Moldova: 18
Monaco: 18
Mongolia: 18
Montenegro: 18
Montserrat: 18
Morocco: 18
Mozambique: 18
Myanmar (Burma): 18

text: N[edit]

text:
Namibia: 18
Nauru: 20
Nepal: 18
Netherlands: 18
New Caledonia: 18
New Zealand: 18
Nicaragua: 16
Niger: 18
Nigeria: 18
Niue: 18
Norfolk Island: 18
Northern Mariana Islands: 18; indigenous inhabitants are US citizens but do not vote in US presidential elections
Norway: 18; however, persons 17 years of age are permitted to vote in parliamentary elections if they will be 18 years of age in the year the election is held.

text: O[edit]

text: Oman: 21, except for members of the military and police.

text: P[edit]

text:
Pakistan: 18; joint electorates and reserved parliamentary seats for women and non-Muslims
Palau: 18
Panama: 18
Papua New Guinea: 18
Paraguay: 18; universal and compulsory until the age of 75
Peru: 18; universal and compulsory until the age of 70; (members of the military and national police could not vote until a Constitutional Reform in 2005[87])
Philippines: 18

For youth councils: 18 to 30; previously from 15 to 18. Incumbents are allowed to keep their positions if they surpass the legal age.

Pitcairn Islands: 18; universal with three years' residency
Poland: 18
Portugal: 18
Puerto Rico: 18; island residents are US citizens but do not vote in US presidential elections.

text: Q[edit]

text: Qatar: 18

text: R[edit]

text:
Réunion: 18
Romania: 18
Russia: 18
Rwanda: 18

text: S[edit]

text:
Saint Helena: 18
Saint Kitts and Nevis: 18
Saint Lucia: 18
Saint Pierre and Miquelon: 18
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines: 18
Samoa: 21
San Marino: 18
São Tomé and Príncipe: 18
Saudi Arabia: 18
Scotland: 16
Senegal: 18
Serbia: 18[88]
Seychelles: 18[89]
Sierra Leone: 18
Singapore: 21
Sint Maarten: 18
Slovakia: 18
Slovenia: 18
Solomon Islands: 21
Somalia: 18
South Africa: 18
South Sudan: 17
Spain: 18 (16 only for Catalonia's 9N Referendum)
Sri Lanka: 18
Sudan: 17
Suriname: 18
Swaziland: 18
Sweden: 18
Switzerland: 18 (16 for cantonal and municipal elections in the canton of Glarus[68][69] [1/26])
Syria: 18

text: T[edit]

text:
Taiwan (Republic of China): 18
Tajikistan: 18
Tanzania: 18
Thailand: 18 (being a Thai citizen since birth, or at least 5 years)
Togo: 18
Tokelau: 21
Tonga: 21
Trinidad and Tobago: 18
Tunisia: 18 (with some exceptions)[90]
Turkey: 18
Turkmenistan: 18
Turks and Caicos Islands: 18
Tuvalu: 18

text: U[edit]

text:
Uganda: 18
Ukraine: 18[91]
United Arab Emirates: none[92] but at least 25 (the minimum age is decided by the ruler of each Emirate and may vary from one Emirate to another)[93]
United Kingdom: 18 (16 for the Scottish independence referendum, Scottish Parliament elections and Scottish local government elections.[26])
United States: 18; however, in many states, persons 17 years of age are permitted to vote in primary elections if they will be 18 years of age on or before the day of the general election.
Uruguay: 18
Uzbekistan: 18[94]

text: V[edit]

text:
Vanuatu: 18
Venezuela: 18
Vietnam: 18
Virgin Islands of the United States: 18; island residents are U.S. citizens but do not vote in U.S. presidential elections.

text: W[edit]

text:
Wallis and Futuna: 18
Western Sahara: none (18 for residents of Moroccan-controlled Western Sahara in Moroccan elections) [92]

text: Y[edit]

text: Yemen: 18

text: Z[edit]

text:
Zambia: 18
Zimbabwe: 18

text: Chronology of lowering the voting age to 18[edit]

text: The following is a chronological list of the dates upon which countries lowered the voting age to 18; unless otherwise indicated, the reduction was from 21. In some cases the age was lowered decrementally, and so the "staging points" are also given. Some information is also included on the relevant legal instruments involved.

text:
Turkey: 20 April 1924 (Previously 25 per the 1876 constitution, reduced to 18 with the 1924 constitution. It was again raised to 22 on 5 December 1934 while granting full women's suffrage, and gradually lowered to 21 in 1961, 20 in 1987 and 18 in 1995)[95][96]
Czechoslovakia: 1946
Poland: 1952[citation needed]
South Africa: 1958 (white voters only; Electoral Law Amendment Act, 1958)[97]
United Kingdom: 1 January 1970 (Representation of the People Act 1969)
Canada: 26 June 1970[98][99] (federal elections, amendment to Canada Elections Act)

text:
Germany: 1970 [104]
Netherlands: 1971 (previous reduction from 23 to 21 in 1965)
United States: 1 July 1971, per the Twenty-sixth Amendment. Previously reduced on 1 January 1971 by the Voting Rights Act Amendments 1970, ss. 302, 305[105] (Prior reductions: Georgia in August 1943,[106] Kentucky in 1955,[107] Guam in 1954[108] and American Samoa in 1965.[108])
Finland: 1972 (from 20; previous reductions were 24 to 21 in 1944 and 21 to 20 in 1968/1969)[109][110]
Sweden: 1972 (from 20) [111]
Ireland: 5 January 1973 (4th Amendment of the Constitution). Women under 30 gained the vote in local elections in 1935[112] and in Dáil elections and referendums in 1922 (Constitution of the Irish Free State[113]). The only popular election (in 1925) to the Free State Seanad had a voting age of 30.[114] (See also History of the franchise in Ireland.)
Australia: 1973 (New South Wales was the first state to do so, in 1970)
France: 5 July 1974 (Act No. 74-631)[115]
New Zealand: November 1974 (from 20; previous reduction from 21 to 20 in 1969)[116][117]
Dominica: 1974[118]
Italy: 1975 (voting age to elect the Senate remained at 25)
Trinidad and Tobago: 1976
Denmark: 19 September 1978 (from 20; 53.8% in referendum; previous reductions were 25 to 23 in 1953, 23 to 21 in 1961 and 21 to 20 in 1971)[119]
Spain: 29 December 1978 (1978 Constitution)[120]
Peru: 1979 Constitution
Belgium: 1981[121]
India: 28 March 1989 (61st Constitution Amendment Act, 1988 read with Act 21 of 1989)[122]
Switzerland: 1991 (from 20; referendum held on 3 March)[123]
Austria: 1992 (from 19; previous reductions were 21 to 20 in 1949 and 20 to 19 in 1970)[124]
Estonia: 29 July 1992 (from 22, according to the 1938 Constitution; was 18 during the Soviet Occupation since 1940 and 16 for the Congress of Estonia in 1990)[125][126]
Hong Kong: 1995 (from 21)[127]
Liechtenstein: 2000 (from 20; LGBl. 2000 No. 55)[128]
Jordan: July 2001 (from 19; Provisional Election Law No. 34/2001)[129]
Pakistan: 21 August 2002 (Legal Framework Order, 2002),[130][131] was 18 under 1973 Constitution, then increased to 21, then lowered back to 18.[132]
Morocco: 11 December 2002 (from 20)[133]
Uzbekistan: July 2012 (from 25)
Saudi Arabia: April 2015 (from 21)[134]
Japan: June 2016 (from 20)[135]

text: Chronology of lowering the voting age to 16[edit]

text: This is a further list, similar to the above but of the dates upon which countries lowered the voting age to 16; unless otherwise indicated, the reduction was from 18.

text:
Nicaragua: November 1984 (from 21)[136][137]
Brazil: 5 October 1988 (Constitution of the Federative Republic of Brazil, 1988)[138]
Estonia: 24 February 1990 (from 22 according to the 1938 Constitution, from 18 during the Soviet occupation); only for the Congress of Estonia, was raised to 18 according to the 1992 Constitution
Isle of Man: 11 July 2006; legislation brought into force in time for general election held on 23 November 2006[139]
Austria: 1 July 2007 (BGBl. No. 1/1930, as amended)[24]
Guernsey: 19 December 2007 (Reform (Guernsey) (Amendment) Law, 2007)[53][80]
Jersey: 1 April 2008 (Public Elections (Amendment No. 2) (Jersey) Law 2008)[47]
Ecuador: 28 September 2008 (New constitution accepted by referendum) for general election on 26 March 2009.
Argentina: 1 November 2012. Voting for teenagers between 16 and 18 years of age became optional.[140]
Malta: 20 November 2013. Motion passed in parliament to lower the voting age to 16 at local council elections starting from 2015.[141]
Scotland: 18 September 2014. 16 & 17 years old were given the vote for the Independence Referendum. This was subsequently extended permanently as of the 2016 parliament election.[142]
Estonia: 6 May 2015 in local elections only.

text: Organizations in favour of lowering the voting age[edit]

text: This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The following are political parties and other campaigning organisations that have either endorsed a lower voting age or who favour its removal.

text: Alphabetical list of countries[edit]

text: Australia[edit]

text:
Australian Democrats
Australian Greens
Australian Labor Party[75]

text: Austria[edit]

text:
The Greens – The Green Alternative
Liberal Forum[143]
Social Democratic Party of Austria[144]
vote4future.at Austrian National Youth Council[145]

text: Belgium[edit]

text:
Ecolo[146]
Groen[146]
Open Vlaamse Liberalen en Democraten[146]

text: Canada[edit]

text:
Communist Party of Canada
Green Party of Canada[147]
New Democratic Party
Parti Québécois[148]
voteto16.ca[149]

text: Denmark[edit]

text:
Social Democrats
Socialist People's Party
Dansk Ungdoms Fællesråd[150]

text: Estonia[edit]

text:
Estonian National Youth Council
Young Social Democrats

text: France[edit]

text: La France Insoumise[151]

text: Germany[edit]

text:
Foundation for the Rights of Future Generations[152]
K.R.Ä.T.Z.Ä. (demanding abolition of any age-based voting restrictions)[153]

text: Greece[edit]

text: Ecologist Greens[154]

text: Ireland[edit]

text:
Green Party[155]
Labour Party[156]
Sinn Féin[157]
Socialist Party[158]

text: In 2013, the Constitutional Convention was asked to consider reducing the voting age to 17 and recommended lowering it to 16.[159] The then government agreed to hold a referendum,[160] but in 2015 postponed it indefinitely to give priority to other referendums.[161]

text: Italy[edit]

text: Five Star Movement[162]

text: Malaysia[edit]

text: No political party had decreed that its members should all follow the party line about lowering voting age policy, resulting in public differences of view. Most parties had splits in their members and supporters, taking different sides.[163]

text:
Malaysian civil societies' demands (to 18)[164]
Coalition for Clean and Fair Elections (BERSIH) (to 18)[165]
Democratic Action Party (to 18)[166]
National Trust Party (to 18)[167]
Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party (to 18)
Parti Gerakan Rakyat Malaysia (to 18)[168]
Parti Sosialis Malaysia (to 18)[169]
People's Justice Party (to 18)

text: Netherlands[edit]

text: GroenLinks

text: New Zealand[edit]

text:
Green Party of Aotearoa New Zealand
New Zealand Labour Party

text: Norway[edit]

text:
Liberal Party[170]
Socialist Left Party[171]

text: Portugal[edit]

text:
Left Bloc
LIVRE/Tempo de Avançar
Socialist Party

text: Romania[edit]

text:
National Liberal Party[172]
National Union for the Progress of Romania[173]

text: Spain[edit]

text: Izquierda Unida

text: Sweden[edit]

text: Green Party[174]

text: United Kingdom[edit]

text:
Green Party of England and Wales[175]
Green Party in Northern Ireland[176]
Liberal Democrats[177]
Liberal Party[178]
National Health Action Party[179]
Plaid Cymru[180]
Scottish Conservative Party
Scottish Green Party
Scottish National Party
Scottish Socialist Party[181]
Social Democratic Labour Party
Ulster Unionist Party
Votes at 16

text: United States[edit]

text:
Americans for a Society Free from Age Restrictions (supports full elimination of voting age)
Future Voters of America[182]
Green Party of Texas[183]
National Youth Rights Association
Rock the Vote
Socialist Party USA (to 15)
FairVote
Vermont Libertarian Party


document_title: List of Wimbledon gentlemen's singles champions

question_text: who holds the record for the most wimbledon titles

text: History[edit]

text: The Wimbledon Championships are played in the last week of June and the first week of July, and has been chronologically the third of the four Grand Slam tournaments of the tennis season since 1987.[2] The event was not held from 1915 to 1918 because of World War I and again from 1940 to 1945 because of World War II.[4]

text: The Gentlemen's Singles' rules have undergone several changes since the first edition. From 1878 until 1921, the event started with a knockout phase, the All Comers' Singles, whose winner then faced the defending champion in a challenge round. The All Comers' winner was automatically awarded the title six times (1879, 1887, 1891, 1895, 1907, 1908) in the absence of the previous year's champion. The challenge round system was abolished with the 1922 edition.[5] Since the first championships, all matches have been played at the best-of-five sets. Between 1877 and 1883, the winner of the next game at five games – all took the set in every match except the All Comers' final, and the challenge round, which were won with six games and a two games advantage. All sets were decided in this advantage format from 1884 to 1970.[5] The lingering death best of 12 points tie-break was introduced in 1971 for the first four sets, played at eight games all until 1978 and at six games all since 1979.[5][6][7]

text: Since 1949, the Gentlemen's Singles champion has received a miniature replica of the event's trophy, a silver-gilt cup created in 1887 with the engraved inscription: "The All England Lawn Tennis Club Single Handed Champion of the World".[8] New singles champions are traditionally elected honorary members of the AELTC by the club's committee.[c][9] In 2017, the Gentlemen's Singles winner received prize money of £2,220,000.[10]

text: In the Amateur Era, William Renshaw (1881–1886, 1889) holds the record for most titles in the Gentlemen's Singles, with seven victories. Renshaw's wins, however, came within the challenge round format, and he won the event only twice after going through a complete draw. Renshaw also holds the record for most consecutive titles with six from (1881 to 1886). The record for most consecutive and most wins post challenge round during the Amateur Era is Fred Perry (1934–1936).[4]

text: In the Open Era, since the inclusion of professional tennis players in 1968, Roger Federer (2003–2007, 2009, 2012, 2017) holds the record for most victories in the Gentlemen's Singles Final with eight. Björn Borg (1976–1980) and Roger Federer (2003–2007) co-hold the record for most consecutive victories with five.[4]

text: This event was won without losing a single set in the entire tournament during the Open Era twice, in 1976 by Björn Borg and in 2017 by Roger Federer.

text: Roger Federer is the only player in history, in both the Amateur and Open Era, to reach the Wimbledon Gentlemen's Singles Final eleven times. He has won on eight occasions and lost on three.

text: Champions[edit]

text:
Regular competition

All Comers' winner, Challenge round winner ‡

Defending champion, Challenge round winner †

All Comers' winner, no Challenge round ◊

text: Amateur era[edit]

text:
Year[d]
Country
Champion
Country
Runner-up
Score in the final[4]

1877
 BRI[e]
Gore, SpencerSpencer Gore
 BRI
Marshall, WilliamWilliam Marshall
6–1, 6–2, 6–4

1878
 BRI
Hadow, FrankFrank Hadow ‡
 BRI
Gore, SpencerSpencer Gore
7–5, 6–1, 9–7

1879
 BRI
Hartley, JohnJohn Hartley ◊
 BRI
St. Leger Goold, VereVere St. Leger Goold
6–2, 6–4, 6–2

1880
 BRI
Hartley, JohnJohn Hartley †
 BRI
Lawford, HerbertHerbert Lawford
6–3, 6–2, 2–6, 6–3

1881
 BRI
Renshaw, WilliamWilliam Renshaw ‡
 BRI
Hartley, JohnJohn Hartley
6–0, 6–1, 6–1

1882
 BRI
Renshaw, WilliamWilliam Renshaw †
 BRI
Renshaw, ErnestErnest Renshaw
6–1, 2–6, 4–6, 6–2, 6–2

1883
 BRI
Renshaw, WilliamWilliam Renshaw †
 BRI
Renshaw, ErnestErnest Renshaw
2–6, 6–3, 6–3, 4–6, 6–3

1884
 BRI
Renshaw, WilliamWilliam Renshaw †
 BRI
Lawford, HerbertHerbert Lawford
6–0, 6–4, 9–7

1885
 BRI
Renshaw, WilliamWilliam Renshaw †
 BRI
Lawford, HerbertHerbert Lawford
7–5, 6–2, 4–6, 7–5

1886
 BRI
Renshaw, WilliamWilliam Renshaw †
 BRI
Lawford, HerbertHerbert Lawford
6–0, 5–7, 6–3, 6–4

1887
 BRI
Lawford, HerbertHerbert Lawford ◊
 BRI
Renshaw, ErnestErnest Renshaw
1–6, 6–3, 3–6, 6–4, 6–4

1888
 BRI
Renshaw, ErnestErnest Renshaw ‡
 BRI
Lawford, HerbertHerbert Lawford
6–3, 7–5, 6–0

1889
 BRI
Renshaw, WilliamWilliam Renshaw ‡
 BRI
Renshaw, ErnestErnest Renshaw
6–4, 6–1, 3–6, 6–0

1890
 BRI
Hamilton, WilloughbyWilloughby Hamilton ‡
 BRI
Renshaw, WilliamWilliam Renshaw
6–8, 6–2, 3–6, 6–1, 6–1

1891
 BRI
Baddeley, WilfredWilfred Baddeley ◊
 BRI
Pim, JoshuaJoshua Pim
6–4, 1–6, 7–5, 6–0

1892
 BRI
Baddeley, WilfredWilfred Baddeley †
 BRI
Pim, JoshuaJoshua Pim
4–6, 6–3, 6–3, 6–2

1893
 BRI
Pim, JoshuaJoshua Pim ‡
 BRI
Baddeley, WilfredWilfred Baddeley
3–6, 6–1, 6–3, 6–2

1894
 BRI
Pim, JoshuaJoshua Pim †
 BRI
Baddeley, WilfredWilfred Baddeley
10–8, 6–2, 8–6

1895
 BRI
Baddeley, WilfredWilfred Baddeley ◊
 BRI
Eaves, WilberforceWilberforce Eaves
4–6, 2–6, 8–6, 6–2, 6–3

1896
 BRI
Mahony, HaroldHarold Mahony ‡
 BRI
Baddeley, WilfredWilfred Baddeley
6–2, 6–8, 5–7, 8–6, 6–3

1897
 BRI
Doherty, ReginaldReginald Doherty ‡
 BRI
Mahony, HaroldHarold Mahony
6–4, 6–4, 6–3

1898
 BRI
Doherty, ReginaldReginald Doherty †
 BRI
Doherty, LaurenceLaurence Doherty
6–3, 6–3, 2–6, 5–7, 6–1

1899
 BRI
Doherty, ReginaldReginald Doherty †
 BRI
Gore, ArthurArthur Gore
1–6, 4–6, 6–3, 6–3, 6–3

1900
 BRI
Doherty, ReginaldReginald Doherty †
 BRI
Smith, SydneySydney Smith
6–8, 6–3, 6–1, 6–2

1901
 BRI
Gore, ArthurArthur Gore ‡
 BRI
Doherty, ReginaldReginald Doherty
4–6, 7–5, 6–4, 6–4

1902
 BRI
Doherty, LaurenceLaurence Doherty ‡
 BRI
Gore, ArthurArthur Gore
6–4, 6–3, 3–6, 6–0

1903
 BRI
Doherty, LaurenceLaurence Doherty †
 BRI
Riseley, FrankFrank Riseley
7–5, 6–3, 6–0

1904
 BRI
Doherty, LaurenceLaurence Doherty †
 BRI
Riseley, FrankFrank Riseley
6–1, 7–5, 8–6

1905
 BRI
Doherty, LaurenceLaurence Doherty †
 AUS
Brookes, NormanNorman Brookes
8–6, 6–2, 6–4

1906
 BRI
Doherty, LaurenceLaurence Doherty †
 BRI
Riseley, FrankFrank Riseley
6–4, 4–6, 6–2, 6–3

1907
 AUS
Brookes, NormanNorman Brookes ◊
 BRI
Gore, ArthurArthur Gore
6–4, 6–2, 6–2

1908
 BRI
Gore, ArthurArthur Gore ◊
 BRI
Barrett, Herbert RoperHerbert Roper Barrett
6–3, 6–2, 4–6, 3–6, 6–4

1909
 BRI
Gore, ArthurArthur Gore †
 BRI
Ritchie, MajorMajor Ritchie
6–8, 1–6, 6–2, 6–2, 6–2

1910
 NZL
Wilding, AnthonyAnthony Wilding ‡
 BRI
Gore, ArthurArthur Gore
6–4, 7–5, 4–6, 6–2

1911
 NZL
Wilding, AnthonyAnthony Wilding †
 BRI
Barrett, Herbert RoperHerbert Roper Barrett
6–4, 4–6, 2–6, 6–2, retired[f]

1912
 NZL
Wilding, AnthonyAnthony Wilding †
 BRI
Gore, ArthurArthur Gore
6–4, 6–4, 4–6, 6–4

1913
 NZL
Wilding, AnthonyAnthony Wilding †
 USA
McLoughlin, MauriceMaurice McLoughlin
8–6, 6–3, 10–8

1914
 AUS
Brookes, NormanNorman Brookes ‡
 NZL
Wilding, AnthonyAnthony Wilding
6–4, 6–4, 7–5

1915
No competition (due to World War I)

1916

1917

1918

1919
 AUS
Patterson, GeraldGerald Patterson ‡
 AUS
Brookes, NormanNorman Brookes
6–3, 7–5, 6–2

1920
 USA
Tilden, BillBill Tilden ‡
 AUS
Patterson, GeraldGerald Patterson
2–6, 6–3, 6–2, 6–4

1921
 USA
Tilden, BillBill Tilden †
 SAF
Norton, BrianBrian Norton
4–6, 2–6, 6–1, 6–0, 7–5

1922
 AUS
Patterson, GeraldGerald Patterson
 BRI
Lycett, RandolphRandolph Lycett
6–3, 6–4, 6–2

1923
 USA
Johnston, BillBill Johnston
 USA
Hunter, FrancisFrancis Hunter
6–0, 6–3, 6–1

1924
 FRA
Borotra, JeanJean Borotra
 FRA
Lacoste, RenéRené Lacoste
6–1, 3–6, 6–1, 3–6, 6–4

1925
 FRA
Lacoste, RenéRené Lacoste
 FRA
Borotra, JeanJean Borotra
6–3, 6–3, 4–6, 8–6

1926
 FRA
Borotra, JeanJean Borotra
 USA
Kinsey, HowardHoward Kinsey
8–6, 6–1, 6–3

1927
 FRA
Cochet, HenriHenri Cochet
 FRA
Borotra, JeanJean Borotra
4–6, 4–6, 6–3, 6–4, 7–5

1928
 FRA
Lacoste, RenéRené Lacoste
 FRA
Cochet, HenriHenri Cochet
6–1, 4–6, 6–4, 6–2

1929
 FRA
Cochet, HenriHenri Cochet
 FRA
Borotra, JeanJean Borotra
6–4, 6–3, 6–4

1930
 USA
Tilden, BillBill Tilden
 USA
Allison, WilmerWilmer Allison
6–3, 9–7, 6–4

1931
 USA
Wood, SidneySidney Wood
 USA
Shields, FrankFrank Shields
walkover[h]

1932
 USA
Vines, EllsworthEllsworth Vines
 GBR
Austin, BunnyBunny Austin
6–4, 6–2, 6–0

1933
 AUS
Crawford, JackJack Crawford
 USA
Vines, EllsworthEllsworth Vines
4–6, 11–9, 6–2, 2–6, 6–4

1934
 GBR
Perry, FredFred Perry
 AUS
Crawford, JackJack Crawford
6–3, 6–0, 7–5

1935
 GBR
Perry, FredFred Perry
 GER
Cramm, Gottfried vonGottfried von Cramm
6–2, 6–4, 6–4

1936
 GBR
Perry, FredFred Perry
 GER
Cramm, Gottfried vonGottfried von Cramm
6–1, 6–1, 6–0

1937
 USA
Budge, DonDon Budge
 GER
Cramm, Gottfried vonGottfried von Cramm
6–3, 6–4, 6–2

1938
 USA
Budge, DonDon Budge
 GBR
Austin, BunnyBunny Austin
6–1, 6–0, 6–3

1939
 USA
Riggs, BobbyBobby Riggs
 USA
Cooke, ElwoodElwood Cooke
2–6, 8–6, 3–6, 6–3, 6–2

1940
No competition (due to World War II)

1941

1942

1943

1944

1945

1946
 FRA
Petra, YvonYvon Petra
 AUS
Brown, GeoffGeoff Brown
6–2, 6–4, 7–9, 5–7, 6–4

1947
 USA
Kramer, JackJack Kramer
 USA
Brown, TomTom Brown
6–1, 6–3, 6–2

1948
 USA
Falkenburg, BobBob Falkenburg
 AUS
Bromwich, JohnJohn Bromwich
7–5, 0–6, 6–2, 3–6, 7–5

1949
 USA
Schroeder, TedTed Schroeder
 TCH
Drobný, JaroslavJaroslav Drobný
3–6, 6–0, 6–3, 4–6, 6–4

1950
 USA
Patty, BudgeBudge Patty
 AUS
Sedgman, FrankFrank Sedgman
6–1, 8–10, 6–2, 6–3

1951
 USA
Savitt, DickDick Savitt
 AUS
McGregor, KenKen McGregor
6–4, 6–4, 6–4

1952
 AUS
Sedgman, FrankFrank Sedgman
 EGY
Drobný, JaroslavJaroslav Drobný
4–6, 6–2, 6–3, 6–2

1953
 USA
Seixas, VicVic Seixas
 DEN
Nielsen, KurtKurt Nielsen
9–7, 6–3, 6–4

1954
 EGY
Drobný, JaroslavJaroslav Drobný
 AUS
Rosewall, KenKen Rosewall
13–11, 4–6, 6–2, 9–7

1955
 USA
Trabert, TonyTony Trabert
 DEN
Nielsen, KurtKurt Nielsen
6–3, 7–5, 6–1

1956
 AUS
Hoad, LewLew Hoad
 AUS
Rosewall, KenKen Rosewall
6–2, 4–6, 7–5, 6–4

1957
 AUS
Hoad, LewLew Hoad
 AUS
Cooper, AshleyAshley Cooper
6–2, 6–1, 6–2

1958
 AUS
Cooper, AshleyAshley Cooper
 AUS
Fraser, NealeNeale Fraser
3–6, 6–3, 6–4, 13–11

1959
 USA[j]
Olmedo, AlexAlex Olmedo
 AUS
Laver, RodRod Laver
6–4, 6–3, 6–4

1960
 AUS
Fraser, NealeNeale Fraser
 AUS
Laver, RodRod Laver
6–4, 3–6, 9–7, 7–5

1961
 AUS
Laver, RodRod Laver
 USA
McKinley, ChuckChuck McKinley
6–3, 6–1, 6–4

1962
 AUS
Laver, RodRod Laver
 AUS
Mulligan, MartinMartin Mulligan
6–2, 6–2, 6–1

1963
 USA
McKinley, ChuckChuck McKinley
 AUS
Stolle, FredFred Stolle
9–7, 6–1, 6–4

1964
 AUS
Emerson, RoyRoy Emerson
 AUS
Stolle, FredFred Stolle
6–4, 12–10, 4–6, 6–3

1965
 AUS
Emerson, RoyRoy Emerson
 AUS
Stolle, FredFred Stolle
6–2, 6–4, 6–4

1966
 ESP
Santana, ManuelManuel Santana
 USA
Ralston, DennisDennis Ralston
6–4, 11–9, 6–4

1967
 AUS
Newcombe, JohnJohn Newcombe
 FRG
Bungert, WilhelmWilhelm Bungert
6–3, 6–1, 6–1

text: Open era[edit]

text:
Year[d]
Country
Champion
Country
Runner-up
Score in the final[4]

1968
 AUS
Laver, RodRod Laver
 AUS
Roche, TonyTony Roche
6–3, 6–4, 6–2

1969
 AUS
Laver, RodRod Laver
 AUS
Newcombe, JohnJohn Newcombe
6–4, 5–7, 6–4, 6–4

1970
 AUS
Newcombe, JohnJohn Newcombe
 AUS
Rosewall, KenKen Rosewall
5–7, 6–3, 6–2, 3–6, 6–1

1971
 AUS
Newcombe, JohnJohn Newcombe
 USA
Smith, StanStan Smith
6–3, 5–7, 2–6, 6–4, 6–4

1972
 USA
Smith, StanStan Smith
 ROM
Năstase, IlieIlie Năstase
4–6, 6–3, 6–3, 4–6, 7–5

1973
 TCH
Kodeš, JanJan Kodeš
 URS
Metreveli, AlexAlex Metreveli
6–1, 9–8(7–5), 6–3

1974
 USA
Connors, JimmyJimmy Connors
 AUS
Rosewall, KenKen Rosewall
6–1, 6–1, 6–4

1975
 USA
Ashe, ArthurArthur Ashe
 USA
Connors, JimmyJimmy Connors
6–1, 6–1, 5–7, 6–4

1976
 SWE
Borg, BjörnBjörn Borg
 ROM
Năstase, IlieIlie Năstase
6–4, 6–2, 9–7

1977
 SWE
Borg, BjörnBjörn Borg
 USA
Connors, JimmyJimmy Connors
3–6, 6–2, 6–1, 5–7, 6–4

1978
 SWE
Borg, BjörnBjörn Borg
 USA
Connors, JimmyJimmy Connors
6–2, 6–2, 6–3

1979
 SWE
Borg, BjörnBjörn Borg
 USA
Tanner, RoscoeRoscoe Tanner
6–7(4–7), 6–1, 3–6, 6–3, 6–4

1980
 SWE
Borg, BjörnBjörn Borg
 USA
McEnroe, JohnJohn McEnroe
1–6, 7–5, 6–3, 6–7(16–18), 8–6

1981
 USA
McEnroe, JohnJohn McEnroe
 SWE
Borg, BjörnBjörn Borg
4–6, 7–6(7–1), 7–6(7–4), 6–4

1982
 USA
Connors, JimmyJimmy Connors
 USA
McEnroe, JohnJohn McEnroe
3–6, 6–3, 6–7(2–7), 7–6(7–5), 6–4

1983
 USA
McEnroe, JohnJohn McEnroe
 NZL
Lewis, ChrisChris Lewis
6–2, 6–2, 6–2

1984
 USA
McEnroe, JohnJohn McEnroe
 USA
Connors, JimmyJimmy Connors
6–1, 6–1, 6–2

1985
 FRG
Becker, BorisBoris Becker
 USA
Curren, KevinKevin Curren
6–3, 6–7(4–7), 7–6(7–3), 6–4

1986
 FRG
Becker, BorisBoris Becker
 TCH
Lendl, IvanIvan Lendl
6–4, 6–3, 7–5

1987
 AUS
Cash, PatPat Cash
 TCH
Lendl, IvanIvan Lendl
7–6(7–5), 6–2, 7–5

1988
 SWE
Edberg, StefanStefan Edberg
 FRG
Becker, BorisBoris Becker
4–6, 7–6(7–2), 6–4, 6–2

1989
 FRG
Becker, BorisBoris Becker
 SWE
Edberg, StefanStefan Edberg
6–0, 7–6(7–1), 6–4

1990
 SWE
Edberg, StefanStefan Edberg
 FRG
Becker, BorisBoris Becker
6–2, 6–2, 3–6, 3–6, 6–4

1991
 GER
Stich, MichaelMichael Stich
 GER
Becker, BorisBoris Becker
6–4, 7–6(7–4), 6–4

1992
 USA
Agassi, AndreAndre Agassi
 CRO
Ivanišević, GoranGoran Ivanišević
6–7(8–10), 6–4, 6–4, 1–6, 6–4

1993
 USA
Sampras, PetePete Sampras
 USA
Courier, JimJim Courier
7–6(7–3), 7–6(8–6), 3–6, 6–3

1994
 USA
Sampras, PetePete Sampras
 CRO
Ivanišević, GoranGoran Ivanišević
7–6(7–2), 7–6(7–5), 6–0

1995
 USA
Sampras, PetePete Sampras
 GER
Becker, BorisBoris Becker
6–7(5–7), 6–2, 6–4, 6–2

1996
 NED
Krajicek, RichardRichard Krajicek
 USA
Washington, MaliVaiMaliVai Washington
6–3, 6–4, 6–3

1997
 USA
Sampras, PetePete Sampras
 FRA
Pioline, CédricCédric Pioline
6–4, 6–2, 6–4

1998
 USA
Sampras, PetePete Sampras
 CRO
Ivanišević, GoranGoran Ivanišević
6–7(2–7), 7–6(11–9), 6–4, 3–6, 6–2

1999
 USA
Sampras, PetePete Sampras
 USA
Agassi, AndreAndre Agassi
6–3, 6–4, 7–5

2000
 USA
Sampras, PetePete Sampras
 AUS
Rafter, PatrickPatrick Rafter
6–7(10–12), 7–6(7–5), 6–4, 6–2

2001
 CRO
Ivanišević, GoranGoran Ivanišević
 AUS
Rafter, PatrickPatrick Rafter
6–3, 3–6, 6–3, 2–6, 9–7

2002
 AUS
Hewitt, LleytonLleyton Hewitt
 ARG
Nalbandian, DavidDavid Nalbandian
6–1, 6–3, 6–2

2003
  SUI
Federer, RogerRoger Federer
 AUS
Philippoussis, MarkMark Philippoussis
7–6(7–5), 6–2, 7–6(7–3)

2004
  SUI
Federer, RogerRoger Federer
 USA
Roddick, AndyAndy Roddick
4–6, 7–5, 7–6(7–3), 6–4

2005
  SUI
Federer, RogerRoger Federer
 USA
Roddick, AndyAndy Roddick
6–2, 7–6(7–2), 6–4

2006
  SUI
Federer, RogerRoger Federer
 ESP
Nadal, RafaelRafael Nadal
6–0, 7–6(7–5), 6–7(2–7), 6–3

2007
  SUI
Federer, RogerRoger Federer
 ESP
Nadal, RafaelRafael Nadal
7–6(9–7), 4–6, 7–6(7–3), 2–6, 6–2

2008
 ESP
Nadal, RafaelRafael Nadal
  SUI
Federer, RogerRoger Federer
6–4, 6–4, 6–7(5–7), 6–7(8–10), 9–7

2009
  SUI
Federer, RogerRoger Federer
 USA
Roddick, AndyAndy Roddick
5–7, 7–6(8–6), 7–6(7–5), 3–6, 16–14

2010
 ESP
Nadal, RafaelRafael Nadal
 CZE
Berdych, TomášTomáš Berdych
6–3, 7–5, 6–4

2011
 SRB
Djokovic, NovakNovak Djokovic
 ESP
Nadal, RafaelRafael Nadal
6–4, 6–1, 1–6, 6–3

2012
  SUI
Federer, RogerRoger Federer
 GBR
Murray, AndyAndy Murray
4–6, 7–5, 6–3, 6–4

2013
 GBR
Murray, AndyAndy Murray
 SRB
Djokovic, NovakNovak Djokovic
6–4, 7–5, 6–4

2014
 SRB
Djokovic, NovakNovak Djokovic
  SUI
Federer, RogerRoger Federer
6–7(7–9), 6–4, 7–6(7–4), 5–7, 6–4

2015
 SRB
Djokovic, NovakNovak Djokovic
  SUI
Federer, RogerRoger Federer
7–6(7–1), 6–7(10–12), 6–4, 6–3

2016
 GBR
Murray, AndyAndy Murray
 CAN
Raonic, MilosMilos Raonic
6–4, 7–6(7–3), 7–6(7–2)

2017
  SUI
Federer, RogerRoger Federer
 CRO
Čilić, MarinMarin Čilić
6–3, 6–1, 6–4

text: Statistics[edit]

text: Multiple Champions[edit]

text: Title defended in the challenge round

text:
Player
Open Era
Amateur Era
All-time
Years

 Federer, RogerRoger Federer (SUI)
8
0
8
2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2012, 2017

 Renshaw, WilliamWilliam Renshaw (BRI)
0
7
7
1881, 1882, 1883, 1884, 1885, 1886, 1889

 Sampras, PetePete Sampras (USA)
7
0
7
1993, 1994, 1995, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000

 Doherty, LaurenceLaurence Doherty (BRI)
0
5
5
1902, 1903, 1904, 1905, 1906

 Borg, BjörnBjörn Borg (SWE)
5
0
5
1976, 1977, 1978, 1979, 1980

 Doherty, ReginaldReginald Doherty (BRI)
0
4
4
1897, 1898, 1899, 1900

 Wilding, AnthonyAnthony Wilding (NZL)
0
4
4
1910, 1911, 1912, 1913

 Laver, RodRod Laver (AUS)
2
2
4
1961, 1962, 1968, 1969

 Baddeley, WilfredWilfred Baddeley (BRI)
0
3
3
1891, 1892, 1895

 Gore, ArthurArthur Gore (BRI)
0
3
3
1901, 1908, 1909

 Tilden, BillBill Tilden (USA)
0
3
3
1920, 1921, 1930

 Perry, FredFred Perry (GBR)
0
3
3
1934, 1935, 1936

 Newcombe, JohnJohn Newcombe (AUS)
2
1
3
1967, 1970, 1971

 McEnroe, JohnJohn McEnroe (USA)
3
0
3
1981, 1983, 1984

 Becker, BorisBoris Becker (GER)
3
0
3
1985, 1986, 1989

 Djokovic, NovakNovak Djokovic (SRB)
3
0
3
2011, 2014, 2015

 Hartley, JohnJohn Hartley (BRI)
0
2
2
1879, 1880

 Pim, JoshuaJoshua Pim (BRI)
0
2
2
1893, 1894

 Brookes, NormanNorman Brookes (AUS)
0
2
2
1907, 1914

 Patterson, GeraldGerald Patterson (AUS)
0
2
2
1919, 1922

 Borotra, JeanJean Borotra (FRA)
0
2
2
1924, 1926

 Lacoste, RenéRené Lacoste (FRA)
0
2
2
1925, 1928

 Cochet, HenriHenri Cochet (FRA)
0
2
2
1927, 1929

 Budge, DonDon Budge (USA)
0
2
2
1937, 1938

 Hoad, LewLew Hoad (AUS)
0
2
2
1956, 1957

 Emerson, RoyRoy Emerson (AUS)
0
2
2
1964, 1965

 Connors, JimmyJimmy Connors (USA)
2
0
2
1974, 1982

 Edberg, StefanStefan Edberg (SWE)
2
0
2
1988, 1990

 Nadal, RafaelRafael Nadal (ESP)
2
0
2
2008, 2010

 Murray, AndyAndy Murray (GBR)
2
0
2
2013, 2016

text: Champions by country[edit]

text:
Country
Amateur Era
Open Era
All-time
First title
Last title

 United Kingdom (UK)[e][k]
35
2
37
1877
2016

 United States (USA)
18
15
33
1920
2000

 Australia (AUS)
15
6
21
1907
2002

  Switzerland (SUI)
0
8
8
2003
2017

 France (FRA)
7
0
7
1924
1946

 Sweden (SWE)
0
7
7
1976
1990

 Germany (GER)[l]
0
4
4
1985
1991

 New Zealand (NZL)
4
0
4
1910
1913

 Serbia (SRB)
0
3
3
2011
2015

 Spain (ESP)
1
2
3
1966
2010

 Croatia (CRO)
0
1
1
2001
2001

 Czechoslovakia (TCH) ¤[m]
0
1
1
1973
1973

 Egypt (EGY)
1
0
1
1954
1954

 Netherlands (NED)
0
1
1
1996
1996

text: Former country ¤