question_text: most goals scored by a premier league player

text: Since the Premier League's formation at the start of the 1992–93 season, 28 players have managed to accrue 100 or more goals in the competition.

text: During the 1995–96 season, Alan Shearer became the first player to score 100 Premier League goals, and holds the record for the fewest games taken to reach 100, doing so in 124 appearances. He also holds the record for most goals scored in the Premier League.[1][2] After Shearer, Harry Kane is the second-fastest to 100 goals, doing so in 141 games.[3]

text: Players[edit]

text:
List of Premier League players with 100 or more goals

Rank
Player
Premier League club(s)
Goals
Played
Ratio

1
 Shearer, AlanAlan Shearer
Blackburn Rovers, Newcastle United
260
441
0.59

2
 Rooney, WayneWayne Rooney
Everton, Manchester United
208
491
0.42

3
 Cole, AndyAndy Cole
Newcastle United, Manchester United, Blackburn Rovers, Fulham, Manchester City, Portsmouth
187
414
0.45

4
 Lampard, FrankFrank Lampard
West Ham United, Chelsea, Manchester City
177
609
0.29

5
 Henry, ThierryThierry Henry
Arsenal
175
258
0.68

6
 Fowler, RobbieRobbie Fowler
Liverpool, Leeds United, Manchester City
163
379
0.43

7
 Defoe, JermainJermain Defoe
West Ham United, Portsmouth, Tottenham Hotspur, Sunderland, Bournemouth
162
491
0.33

8
 Owen, MichaelMichael Owen
Liverpool, Newcastle United, Manchester United, Stoke City
150
326
0.46

9
 Ferdinand, LesLes Ferdinand
Queens Park Rangers, Newcastle United, Tottenham Hotspur, West Ham United, Leicester City, Bolton Wanderers
149
351
0.42

10
 Sheringham, TeddyTeddy Sheringham
Nottingham Forest, Tottenham Hotspur, Manchester United, Portsmouth, West Ham United
146
418
0.35

11
 van Persie, RobinRobin van Persie
Arsenal, Manchester United
144
280
0.51

12
 Agüero, SergioSergio Agüero
Manchester City
143
206
0.69

13
 Hasselbaink, Jimmy FloydJimmy Floyd Hasselbaink
Leeds United, Chelsea, Middlesbrough, Charlton Athletic
127
288
0.44

14
 Keane, RobbieRobbie Keane
Coventry City, Leeds United, Tottenham Hotspur, Liverpool, West Ham United, Aston Villa
126
349
0.36

15
 Anelka, NicolasNicolas Anelka
Arsenal, Liverpool, Manchester City, Bolton Wanderers, Chelsea, West Bromwich Albion
125
364
0.34

16
 Yorke, DwightDwight Yorke
Aston Villa, Manchester United, Blackburn Rovers, Birmingham City, Sunderland
123
375
0.33

17
 Gerrard, StevenSteven Gerrard
Liverpool
120
504
0.24

18
 Wright, IanIan Wright
Arsenal, West Ham United
113
213
0.53

19
 Dublin, DionDion Dublin
Manchester United, Coventry City, Aston Villa
111
312
0.36

20
 Heskey, EmileEmile Heskey
Leicester City, Liverpool, Birmingham City, Wigan Athletic, Aston Villa
110
516
0.21

21
 Giggs, RyanRyan Giggs
Manchester United
109
632
0.17

22
 Kane, HarryHarry Kane
Tottenham Hotspur
108
153
0.71

23
 Crouch, PeterPeter Crouch
Aston Villa, Southampton, Liverpool, Portsmouth, Tottenham Hotspur, Stoke City
108
462
0.23

23
 Scholes, PaulPaul Scholes
Manchester United
107
499
0.21

25
 Bent, DarrenDarren Bent
Ipswich Town, Charlton Athletic, Tottenham Hotspur, Sunderland, Aston Villa, Fulham
106
276
0.38

26
 Drogba, DidierDidier Drogba
Chelsea
104
254
0.41

27
 Lukaku, RomeluRomelu Lukaku
West Bromwich Albion, Everton, Manchester United
101
220
0.46

28
 Le Tissier, MattMatt Le Tissier
Southampton
100
270
0.37

Italics show players still playing professional football; Bold shows players still playing in the Premier League.[4]


document_title: 50 First Dates

question_text: song drew barrymore sings in 50 first dates

root

text: 50 First Dates

text: Plot[edit]

text: Henry Roth is a veterinarian at Sea Life Park on the island of Oahu, Hawaii. He has a reputation of womanizing female tourists and does not display any interest in committing to a serious relationship. Henry's closest friends are Ula, a marijuana-smoking Islander; his assistant Alexa, whose gender is unclear; Willy, his pet African penguin; and Jocko, a walrus.

tag: p

text: One day Henry’s boat breaks down while he is sailing around Oahu. He goes to the Hukilau Café to wait for the Coast Guard. There he sees a young woman named Lucy Whitmore, who makes architectural art with her waffles. Henry thinks she is a local, which prevents him from introducing himself, but the next day he comes back. Lucy and he hit it off instantly and she asks him to meet her again tomorrow morning.

text: When Henry goes back to the café, Lucy does not have any recollection of ever meeting him. The restaurant owner Sue (Amy Hill) explains to Henry that in the previous year, Lucy and her father Marlin went up to the North Shore to pick a pineapple for his birthday. On the way back, they had a serious car accident that left Lucy with anterograde amnesia and she wakes up every morning thinking it is October 13, 2002.

text: To spare Lucy the heartbreak of reliving the accident every day, Marlin and Doug, Lucy's lisping steroid-addicted brother, re-enact Marlin's birthday by following a script, including putting out October 13's Sunday newspaper, refilling Lucy's shampoo bottles, re-watching the same Minnesota Vikings game, and re-watching the movie The Sixth Sense where Marlin and Doug halfheartedly say, "Wow. Didn't see that coming," during the famous plot-twist.

text: Despite Sue's warning, Henry invites Lucy to have breakfast with him. Eventually she does, but it ends poorly when Henry unintentionally hurts Lucy’s feelings. He follows her home to apologize where Marlin and Doug instruct Henry to leave Lucy alone. Henry begins concocting ways to run into Lucy on the following days, such as pretending to have car trouble, creating a fake road block, or by having Ula beat him up. Eventually, Marlin and Doug figure this out due to Lucy singing The Beach Boys' "Wouldn't It Be Nice" on the days when she meets Henry.

text: One day, as Henry is about to sit with Lucy at breakfast, she notices a police officer writing her a ticket for her expired plates. Lucy attempts to argue that they are not yet expired, and takes a newspaper to prove herself, but sees that the date on all the newspapers is not October 2002 as she thought. When she rushes home, Marlin and Doug are forced to admit their ruse (and presumably not for the first time; when Marlin sees Lucy's frantic behavior as her truck pulls up to the house, he immediately realizes what happened and loudly announces to Doug that Lucy "had a bad day").

text: Henry comes up with an idea to make a video explaining to Lucy her accident and their relationship. Although Lucy is upset over understanding about her accident and memory loss, Henry believes that she is more upset realizing her life is a lie every day. Because of this, Henry, Marlin and Doug show Lucy the tape every morning and help her spend her days by picking up where the tape says she left off. She spends more time with Henry and goes to see some of her old friends. Lucy decides to erase Henry completely from her life after learning of his decision not to take a sailing trip to Bristol Bay to study walruses, something he has been planning for the past 10 years. Although Henry would rather spend that year making Lucy fall in love with him everyday rather than go on the sailing trip, Lucy is convinced she is a burden on him and is preventing Henry from really living his life. Henry reluctantly helps Lucy destroy her journal entries of their relationship.

text: A few weeks later, Henry is preparing to leave for his sailing trip. Before he departs, Marlin tells him that Lucy is now living at the brain institute and teaching an art class. He also tells him that she sings. Then he gives Henry a Beach Boys CD. Listening to the CD, Henry becomes emotional and curses Marlin for giving him the CD and causing him to miss Lucy. He then remembers that Marlin once told him that Lucy only sings after she meets him. Concluding that Lucy remembers him, he returns home. Henry rushes to the brain institute where Lucy now resides and asks if she knows who he is. Lucy says she does not know him but shows him the pictures she has painted of him, saying she dreams about him every night.

text: Some time later, Lucy wakes up and plays a video tape marked "Good Morning Lucy." It again informs her of her accident, but ends with her and Henry’s wedding. On the tape, Henry says to put a jacket on and come have breakfast when she is ready. Lucy then sees that she is on Henry’s boat, which finally made it to Alaska. She goes up on deck and meets Marlin, Henry and their daughter, Nicole.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Adam Sandler as Henry Roth, a marine veterinarian with a talent for wooing women and a fear of commitment
Drew Barrymore as Lucy Whitmore, Henry's love interest with short-term memory loss
Rob Schneider as Ula, Henry's marijuana-smoking, native Hawaiian assistant and best friend; he is unhappily married to an overweight native woman and has five young, athletically talented children
Sean Astin as Doug Whitmore, Lucy's older brother, a lisping, steroid-dependent bodybuilder
Blake Clark as Marlin Whitmore, Lucy's widowed father, a professional fisherman
Lusia Strus as Alexa, Henry's ambiguously gendered assistant
Dan Aykroyd as Dr. Joseph Keats, a physician specializing in brain disorders
Amy Hill as Sue, the Hukilau café manager and friend of Lucy and her late mother
Pomaika'i Brown as Nick, the Hukilau café chef.
Allen Covert as Ten-Second Tom, a hospital patient with severe memory impairment (reprised as 220 Tom in Blended)
Missi Pyle as Noreen, a tax attorney Henry meets at a bar but then tries to fix up with Alexa
Maya Rudolph as Stacy, pregnant friend of Lucy's at beach party
Kevin James as Factory worker
Lynn Collins as Linda
Joshua Seth (uncredited) as a painter
Greg Cipes (uncredited) as a painter
Dee Bradley Baker (uncredited) as a man at the restaurant
Scott Menville (uncredited) as a man at the restaurant
Jessica DiCicco (uncredited) as a teenager at the zoo

tag: ul

text: Production[edit]

text: The film was originally titled "50 First Kisses".[2] Drew Barrymore, who knew of the original script, wrote a letter to Sandler and suggested it as their next film together. In 2014, Barrymore said it had been more of a drama and was re-written by Sandler and they reworked it into more of a comedy.[3]

text: Locations[edit]

text: Most of the film was shot on location in Kaneohe, Kaʻaʻawa, Wahiawā, Makapuʻu, and Waimānalo, Oahu, as well as in Kāne'ohe Bay. Due to the high cost of filming outside of the studio zone, some interior scenes (such as inside the Whitmore residence) were shot on sets in Los Angeles carefully decorated to look like they were in Hawaii.[4]

text: The walrus tank is actually in Six Flags Discovery Kingdom in Vallejo, California, and the golf course is the Ocean Trails Golf Club in Rancho Palos Verdes, California.

text: Critical reception [edit]

text: The film received mixed reviews from critics. Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a score of 48% based on 172 reviews, and the site's consensus states [that the] "Gross-out humor overwhelms the easy chemistry between Adam Sandler and Drew Barrymore, who bring some energy and yucks to this tale of a girl with short-term memory loss and the guy who tries to get her to love him."[5]

text: Critics who enjoyed the film (such as The New York Times reviewer A.O. Scott) praised the uplifting story while lamenting the seemingly excessive and incongruous amount of crude humor and drug references.[6] Roger Ebert gave it three out of four stars, saying "The movie is sort of an experiment for Sandler. He reveals the warm side of his personality, and leaves behind the hostility, anger and gross-out humor... The movie doesn't have the complexity and depth of Groundhog Day... but as entertainment it's ingratiating and lovable."[7]

text: Sandler and Barrymore won the award for Best On-Screen Team at the MTV Movie Awards. The two actors, who had previously worked together in the popular film The Wedding Singer, are said to regard 50 First Dates as one of their favorite personal efforts.[citation needed]

text: Fictional medical condition[edit]

text: In an article in the BMJ on depictions of amnesia in film, clinical neuropsychologist Sallie Baxendale writes that 50 First Dates "maintains a venerable movie tradition of portraying an amnesic syndrome that bears no relation to any known neurological or psychiatric condition".[8] A 2010 article in the Daily Mail newspaper claimed a similar condition afflicted a UK woman who cannot remember anything after 1994 as a result of two car accidents (one in 1985 and the other in 1990).[9] The article quotes Dr. Peter Nestor, a neuroscience specialist at Cambridge University, who said "It is reasonably rare to have this kind of amnesia but it does exist."

text: In 2010, researchers described a woman who developed the kind of memory impairment after she was involved in a car accident. She described that her memory was normal for events on the same day and that overnight memories for the previous day were lost. However, a neuropsychological test did reveal some improvement in recall for tasks which she had, unknowingly, performed the previous day. Though the woman claimed not to have seen 50 First Dates prior to her 2005 accident (but has watched it several times since), she stated that Drew Barrymore was her favorite actress, leading researchers to conclude that her condition might have been influenced by some knowledge of the film's plot, and its impact upon her understanding of amnesia.[10] Similarly, in the Truman Show delusion, patients believe that they are living inside a reality television show, as in the 1998 film The Truman Show.

text: In July 2015, two people were discovered to be afflicted with a form of anterograde amnesia that resembles the one depicted in the movie. One is a man in the UK, originally from Germany. He wakes up every day thinking it is March 14, 2005, because that is the day he underwent anesthesia for a dental procedure which led to this condition as a rare, unexplained complication.[11] The other is a woman named Nikki Pegram who believes every day is October 15, 2014. Nikki used to be a pub manager and was visiting Kettering General Hospital for a kickboxing injury when she slipped and hit her head on a metal pole.[12]

text: Ten-second-Tom's ten-second memory is similar to the second-to-second consciousness of Clive Wearing, a British man whose long- and short-term memory centers were destroyed from a viral infection of the brain caused by the herpes virus.

text: Real world application[edit]

text: The Hebrew Home of Riverdale, New York has started an experimental program in which residents with early dementia watch a video every morning in which they see comforting messages and reminders from family members that they may still know. After April 2015, the program may include more residents. Robert Abrams of NewYork–Presbyterian Hospital considered this idea "both innovative and thoughtful." Charlotte Dell, director of social services for the home, said the program was inspired by 50 First Dates.[13]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text:
50 First Dates: Love songs from the Original Motion Picture

Soundtrack album by Various Artists

Released
February 3, 2004 (2004-02-03)

Genre
Ska, reggae, new wave

Length
49:37

Label
Maverick

Producer
Nick Hexum

tag: table

text: The soundtrack contains cover versions of songs that were originally recorded in the 1980s. This includes mostly reggae covers, due to their emphasized upbeat that gives a tropical or Hawaiian feel. It was a moderate commercial hit, reaching #30 on the Billboard 200 and #1 on the Top Soundtracks chart and Top Reggae Albums chart in the United States.

text: Despite being prominently featured in the film, neither Israel Kamakawiwoʻole's "Somewhere Over the Rainbow"/"What a Wonderful World" nor The Beach Boys' "Wouldn't It Be Nice" were included on the soundtrack.

text: The soundtrack was produced by 311's frontman, Nick Hexum. 311 provided a cover of The Cure's Lovesong for the soundtrack. It is heard over the film's end credits.

text:
No.
Title
Writer(s)
Artist
Length

1.
"Hold Me Now" (Thompson Twins)
Tom Bailey, Alannah Currie, Joe Leeway
Wayne Wonder
4:12

2.
"Lovesong" (The Cure)
Robert Smith, Simon Gallup, Porl Thompson, Boris Williams, Roger O'Donnell
311
3:28

3.
"Lips Like Sugar" (Echo & the Bunnymen)
Will Sergeant, Ian McCulloch, Les Pattinson
Seal featuring Mikey Dread
5:00

4.
"Your Love (L.O.V.E. Reggae Mix)" (The Outfield)
John Spinks
Wyclef Jean featuring Eve
4:13

5.
"Drive" (The Cars)
Ric Ocasek
Ziggy Marley of Ziggy Marley and the Melody Makers
4:26

6.
"True" (Spandau Ballet)
Gary Kemp
will.i.am & Fergie of The Black Eyed Peas
4:24

7.
"Slave to Love" (Roxy Music)
Ferry
Elan Atias
3:55

8.
"Every Breath You Take" (The Police)
Sting
UB40
3:55

9.
"The Ghost in You" (The Psychedelic Furs)
Richard Butler, Tim Butler
Mark McGrath of Sugar Ray
3:01

10.
"Friday I'm in Love" (The Cure)
Smith, Gallup, Thompson, Williams, Perry Bamonte
Dryden Mitchell of Alien Ant Farm
3:21

11.
"Breakfast in Bed" (Dusty Springfield)
Eddie Hinton, Donnie Fritts
Nicole Scherzinger of The Pussycat Dolls
3:36

12.
"I Melt With You" (Modern English)
Robbie Grey, Gary McDowell, Stephen Walker, Michael Conroy, Richard Brown
Jason Mraz
3:36

13.
"Forgetful Lucy"
Sandler, Allen Covert, Tim Herlihy
Adam Sandler
1:51

Total length:
49:37

text:
The Beach Boys – "Wouldn't It Be Nice"
The Cure – "Boys Don't Cry"
The English Beat – "Hands Off She's Mine"
The Flaming Lips – "Do You Realize??"
Wyclef Jean – "Baby"
Israel Kamakawiwo'ole – "Somewhere Over the Rainbow"/"What a Wonderful World" medley (Originally recorded by Judy Garland/Louis Armstrong)
The Maile Serenaders – "My Sweet Sweet"
The Makaha Sons of Ni'Ihau – "Aloha Ka Manini"
Manfred Mann – "Blinded by the Light"
Bob Marley & The Wailers – "Could You Be Loved" and "Is This Love"
Paul McCartney & Linda McCartney – "Another Day"
No Doubt – "Underneath It All"
O-Shen – "Throw Away The Gun"
Harve Presnell – "They Call the Wind Mariah"
Leon Redbone & Ringo Starr – "My Little Grass Shack In Kealakekua, Hawaii"
Adam Sandler and Rob Schneider – "Ula's Luau Song"
Snoop Dogg – "From tha Chuuuch to da Palace"
311 – "Amber" and "Rub A Dub"
Toots & the Maytals – "Pressure Drop"
The Ventures – "Hawaii Five-O"
Patty and Mildred Hill – "Happy Birthday to You"


document_title: Finding Dory

question_text: what is the name of the shark in finding dory

text: Finding Dory

text: Plot[edit]

text: Dory, a regal blue tang, gets separated from her parents as a child. As she grows up, Dory attempts to search for them, but gradually forgets them due to her short-term memory loss. In the flashback of the previous film, Finding Nemo, she joins Marlin – a clownfish looking for his missing son Nemo – after accidentally swimming into him.

text: One year later, Dory is living with Marlin and Nemo on their reef. One day, Dory has a flashback and remembers that she has parents. She decides to look for them, but her memory problem is an obstacle. She eventually remembers that they lived at the Jewel of Morro Bay across the ocean in California, thanks to Nemo mentioning its name.

text: Marlin and Nemo accompany Dory. With the help of Crush, their sea turtle friend, they ride a water current to California. Upon arrival, they explore a shipwreck full of destroyed cargo, where Dory accidentally awakens a giant squid, who immediately pursues them and almost devours Nemo. Marlin berates Dory for endangering them. Her feelings hurt, Dory travels to the surface to seek help and is captured by staff members from the nearby Marine Life Institute after getting entangled in six pack rings.

text: Dory is placed in the quarantine section and tagged. There she meets a grouchy, but well-meaning octopus named Hank. Dory's tag shows that she will be sent to an aquarium in Cleveland. Due to a traumatic ocean life, Hank wants to live in the aquarium instead of being released back into the ocean, so he agrees to help Dory find her parents in exchange for her tag. In one exhibit, Dory encounters her childhood friend Destiny, a nearsighted whale shark, who used to communicate with Dory through pipes, and Bailey, a beluga whale, who mistakenly believes he has lost his ability to echolocate. Dory subsequently has flashbacks of life with her parents, and struggles to recall details. She finally remembers how she was separated from her parents: she overheard her mother crying one night, left to retrieve a shell to cheer her up, and was pulled away by an undertow current.

text: Marlin and Nemo attempt to rescue Dory. With the help of two California sea lions named Fluke and Rudder and a disfigured common loon named Becky, they manage to get into the institute and find her in the pipe system. Other blue tangs tell them that Dory's parents escaped from the institute a long time ago to search for her and never came back, leaving Dory believing that they have died. Hank retrieves Dory from the tank, accidentally leaving Marlin and Nemo behind. He is then apprehended by one of the employees and unintentionally drops Dory into the drain, flushing her out to the ocean. While wandering aimlessly, she comes across a trail of shells; remembering that when she was young, her parents had set out a similar trail to help her find her way back home, she follows it. At the end of the trail, Dory finds an empty brain coral with multiple shell trails leading to it. As she turns to leave, she sees her parents Jenny and Charlie in the distance. They tell her they spent years laying down the trails for her to follow in the hopes that she would eventually find them.

text: Marlin, Nemo, and Hank end up in the truck taking various aquatic creatures to Cleveland. Destiny and Bailey escape from their exhibit to help Dory rescue them. Once on board the truck, Dory persuades Hank to return to the sea with her, and together, they hijack the truck and drive it over busy highways, creating havoc, before crashing it into the sea, freeing all the fish. Dory, along with her parents and new friends, return to the reef with Marlin and Nemo.

text: In a post-credits scene, the tank gang from the first film, still trapped inside their (now algae-covered) plastic bags, reach California one year after floating across the Pacific Ocean. They are eventually picked up by staff members from the Marine Life Institute.

text: Voice cast[edit]

text:
Ellen DeGeneres as Dory, a regal blue tang, who suffers from short-term memory loss.
Sloane Murray as young Dory. Murray is the seven-year-old daughter of producer Lindsey Collins.[12]
Lucia Geddes as teen Dory.
Albert Brooks as Marlin, an overprotective ocellaris clownfish, Nemo's father and Dory's friend.
Hayden Rolence as Nemo, a young optimistic clownfish and Marlin's son. He was previously voiced by Alexander Gould in the first film.
Ed O'Neill as Hank, a cranky East Pacific red octopus, who previously lost a tentacle.
Kaitlin Olson as Destiny, a near-sighted whale shark and Dory's childhood friend.
Ty Burrell as Bailey, a beluga whale, who temporarily lost echolocation due to a concussion.
Diane Keaton as Jenny, Dory's mother.
Eugene Levy as Charlie, Dory's father.
Idris Elba as Fluke, a California sea lion and Rudder's friend.
Dominic West as Rudder, a California sea lion and Fluke's friend.
Bob Peterson as Mr. Ray, a spotted eagle ray and Nemo's schoolteacher.
Andrew Stanton as Crush, a green sea turtle.
Sigourney Weaver as herself, the announcer for the recorded messages broadcast over the institute's public address system.
Bill Hader as Stan, a kelp bass and husband fish.
Kate McKinnon as Stan's wife fish.
Alexander Gould as Passenger Carl, a delivery truck driver who works for the institute. Gould previously voiced Nemo in the first film.
Torbin Xan Bullock as Gerald, a California sea lion, who wishes to lie on the rock occupied by Fluke and Rudder only to be constantly repelled by them, and Becky, a loon who helps Marlin and Nemo.
Katherine Ringgold as Chickenfish, named Kathy.
Bennett Dammann as Squirt, Crush's son.
John Ratzenberger as Husband Crab (Bill).
Angus MacLane as Sunfish "Charlie Back-and-Forth."
Willem Dafoe as Gill, a Moorish idol, the leader of the "Tank Gang."
Brad Garrett as Bloat, a pufferfish.
Allison Janney as Peach, a pink starfish.
Austin Pendleton as Gurgle, a royal gramma.
Stephen Root as Bubbles, a yellow tang.
Vicki Lewis as Deb (& Flo), a four-striped damselfish.
Jerome Ranft as Jacques, a cleaner shrimp.

text: Production[edit]

text: Prior to work on Finding Dory, Disney had planned to make a Finding Nemo sequel without Pixar's involvement, through Circle 7 Animation, a studio Disney announced in 2005 with the intention to make sequels to Pixar properties.[13][14] However, due to the 2006 acquisition of Pixar by Disney, Circle 7 was shut down by Disney without ever having produced a film.[15]

text: In July 2012, it was reported that Andrew Stanton was developing a sequel to Finding Nemo,[16] with Victoria Strouse writing the script and a release date scheduled for 2016.[17] However, the same day the news of a potential sequel broke, Stanton posted a message on his personal Twitter calling into question the accuracy of these reports. The message said, "Didn't you all learn from Chicken Little? Everyone calm down. Don't believe everything you read. Nothing to see here now. #skyisnotfalling."[18] According to a report by The Hollywood Reporter published in August 2012, Ellen DeGeneres was in negotiations to reprise her role of Dory.[19] In September 2012, it was confirmed by Stanton, saying: "What was immediately on the list was writing a second Carter movie. When that went away, everything slid up. I know I'll be accused by more sarcastic people that it's a reaction to Carter not doing well, but only in its timing, but not in its conceit."[20] In February 2013, it was confirmed by the press that Albert Brooks would reprise the role of Marlin in the sequel.[21]

text: In April 2013, Disney announced the sequel, Finding Dory, for November 25, 2015, confirming that DeGeneres and Brooks would be reprising their roles as Dory and Marlin, respectively.[22] Following a long campaign for a sequel on The Ellen DeGeneres Show, DeGeneres stated:

text: I have waited for this day for a long, long, long, long, long, long time. I'm not mad it took this long. I know the people at Pixar were busy creating Toy Story 16. But the time they took was worth it. The script is fantastic. And it has everything I loved about the first one: It's got a lot of heart, it's really funny, and the best part is—it's got a lot more Dory.[22]

text: In a July 2013 interview with Los Angeles Times, Stanton spoke of the sequel's origin: "There was polite inquiry from Disney [about a Finding Nemo sequel]. I was always 'No sequels, no sequels.' But I had to get on board from a VP standpoint. [Sequels] are part of the necessity of our staying afloat, but we don't want to have to go there for those reasons. We want to go there creatively, so we said [to Disney], 'Can you give us the timeline about when we release them? Because we'd like to release something we actually want to make, and we might not come up with it the year you want it.'"[23]

text: In a 2016 interview Stanton stated how the film's story came to be; "I don't watch my films that often after they're done because I have to watch them so many times before they come out. So about 2010 when we were getting Finding Nemo ready for the 10-year re-release in 3D, it was interesting to watch again after all that time. Something kind of got lodged in the back of my brain and started to sort of stew. I started to think about how easily Dory could get lost and not find Marlin and Nemo again. She basically was in the same state that she was when Marlin found her. I didn't know where she was from. I knew that she had spent most of her youth wandering the ocean alone, and I wanted to know that she could find her new family, if she ever got lost again. It's almost like the parental side of me was worried." Stanton additionally stated: "I knew if I ever said Finding Dory or mentioned a sequel to Finding Nemo out loud, I'd be done, [T]here would be no way I'd be able to put that horse back in the barn. So I kept it very quiet until I knew I had a story that I thought would hold, and that was in early 2012. So I pitched it to John Lasseter and he was all into it. Then I got a writer, and once we had a treatment that we kind of liked, I felt comfortable calling Ellen."[24]

text: Stanton selected Victoria Strouse to write the screenplay. She later said, "It was always collaborative with Andrew, but really the screenwriting was me. Of course, Andrew would do passes, and he and I would brainstorm a lot together and then we would bring it to the group of story artists. People would weigh in and share ideas."[25] She pointed to Dory's forgetfulness as a challenge when writing the script, adding, "You don't realize until you sit down to write a character who can't remember things how integral memory is to absolutely everything we do, and that's what creates a narrative that people can follow. When a main character can't self-reflect and can't tell a story, that character is very difficult to design because she can't really lead. To get her to be able to lead and to get an audience to be able to trust her was the hardest thing to do."[25]

text: The fictional Marine Life Institute depicted extensively in the film is based on the production team's research trips to the Monterey Bay Aquarium, the Marine Mammal Center and the Vancouver Aquarium.[26]

text: The film's ending was revised after Pixar executives viewed Blackfish, a 2013 documentary film which focuses on the dangers of keeping orca whales in captivity. Initially, some of the characters were to end up in a SeaWorld-like marine park, but the revision gave them an option to leave.[27][28] On September 18, 2013, it was announced that the film would be pushed back to a June 17, 2016, release. Pixar's The Good Dinosaur was moved to the November 25, 2015, release window to allow more time for production of the film.[29]

text: Angus MacLane was one of the first people to whom Stanton revealed his idea for the sequel. Together, with Bob Peterson, they discussed about different ideas for places Dory would visit during her journey — one of those ideas was the touch pool sequence. Later, during the Brave (2012) wrap party, Stanton invited Angus to join him in his first co-directing duty. Stanton described Angus' role as a "jack of all trades", particularly utilizing his experience in animation and story, as well as in production, having created a few short films himself.[30]

text: In August 2015, at Disney's D23 Expo, it was announced that Hayden Rolence would voice Nemo, replacing Alexander Gould from the first film, whose voice has deepened since reaching adulthood (Gould voiced a minor character in the sequel instead).[31][32] At the D23 expo they also announced that Ed O'Neill would be the voice of Hank.[31]

text: To make the light more realistic, RenderMan was completely re-engineered, its biggest change in 25 years.[33]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text:
Finding DorySoundtrack album by Thomas NewmanReleased
June 14, 2016Recorded
2015–16Studio
DeepSleep StudiosNewman Scoring StageSony Pictures StudiosThe VillageGenre
SoundtrackLength
68:20Label
Walt DisneyProducer

Thomas Newman
Bill Bernstein
Thomas Newman chronology

Spectre(2015)

Finding Dory(2016)

Passengers(2016)

Pixar film soundtrack chronology

The Good Dinosaur(2015)

Finding Dory(2016)

Cars 3(2017)

Singles from Finding Dory

"Unforgettable"Released: May 27, 2016

text: The film's soundtrack entitled Finding Dory was composed by Thomas Newman and released on June 17, 2016.[34][35] Louis Armstrong's version of "What a Wonderful World" is played during the scene in which fish are released into the ocean as the truck Dory and Hank are driving crashes into the water.[36] On May 20, 2016, Sia performed a cover of Nat King Cole's "Unforgettable" on The Ellen DeGeneres Show following an announcement that it would be featured in the film.[36]

text: Track listing[edit]

text: No.TitlePerformerLength1."Kelpcake" 0:462."Finding Dory (Main Title)" 0:553."Lost at Sea" 1:364."One Year Later" 2:245."Migration Song" 0:356.""O, We're Going Home"" 1:387."Jewel of Morro Bay" 2:008."Gnarly Chop" 1:399."Squid Chase" 1:2810."Sigourney Weaver" 1:2111."Hank" 3:1912."Nobody's Fine" 3:2913."Rebecca Darling" 1:5414."Meet Destiny" 1:0715."Joker at Work" 1:1616."Becky Flies" 3:5317."Hands!" 2:2418."Almost Home" 2:0119."Open Ocean" 3:1820."Two Lefts and a Right" 3:5721."Everything About You" 1:4122."Quarantine" 2:4123."Warp" 1:0324."All Alone" 0:5325."...Shells" 4:4726."No Walls" 2:2527."Okay with Crazy" 1:5028."Hide and Seek" 1:5129."Quite a View" 1:2530."Unforgettable (End Title)"Sia3:1731."Three Hearts (End Title)" 3:2932."Loon Tune" 1:2033."Fish Who Wander" 1:1834."Release" 1:13

text: Release[edit]

text: Finding Dory premiered at the El Capitan Theatre in Los Angeles on June 8, 2016, and was theatrically released in the United States on June 17, 2016, in 2D, Disney Digital 3-D and RealD 3D.[5][6] It was also released to select IMAX 3D theaters.[37] In April 2016, it was announced that a new Pixar short, Piper, directed by Alan Barillaro and with music by Adrian Belew, would be shown in front of the film.[38] It had its UK premiere at the Edinburgh International Film Festival on June 18, 2016.[39][40]

text: The film was re-released for Labor Day weekend in 2016.[41]

text: Home media[edit]

text: Finding Dory was released by Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment on Blu-ray (2D and 3D) and DVD in the United States on November 15, 2016, with a digital release on October 25. In addition to Piper, the bonus features also included a short film, titled Marine Life Interviews, featuring interviews with the inhabitants of the Marine Life Institute about their encounters with Dory.[42]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Finding Dory grossed $486.3 million in the U.S. and Canada and $542.3 million in other countries for a worldwide total of $1.029 billion, against a budget of $200 million.[4] It had a worldwide opening of $185.7 million, which is the third-biggest of all time for an animated film behind Incredibles 2 ($235.8 million) and Ice Age: Dawn of the Dinosaurs ($218.4 million), and an IMAX global opening of $6.4 million.[43][44][45] On August 16, it became the fourth film of 2016 to earn $900 million in ticket sales,[46] and on October 9—its seventeenth weekend—it passed the $1 billion threshold, becoming the third film of 2016 after Captain America: Civil War and Zootopia to reach that mark, the second Pixar film (after Toy Story 3), the fifth animated film (after Toy Story 3, Frozen, Minions, and Zootopia), the twelfth Disney film (fourth Disney animated film), and the twenty-seventh film overall in cinematic history.[47][48]

text: Worldwide, it is the third-highest-grossing film of 2016 (behind Civil War and Rogue One),[49] the highest-grossing animated film of 2016,[49] the third-highest-grossing Pixar film ever (behind Toy Story 3 and Incredibles 2),[50] the sixth-highest-grossing animated film of all time, and the 31st-highest-grossing film of all time. Deadline Hollywood calculated the net profit of the film to be $296.6 million, when factoring together all expenses and revenues for the film, making it the fourth-most profitable release of 2016.[51]

text: North America[edit]

text: In the United States and Canada, Finding Dory opened on June 17, 2016, alongside Central Intelligence, with projections having the film grossing $110–120 million[52][53][54][55] in its opening weekend, with some estimates going as high as $130 million.[56][57] It received the widest release for a Pixar film (4,305 theaters, breaking Brave's record), of which 3,200 venues were in 3D, along with 425 premium large format locales, approximately 100 IMAX theaters and a handful of Dolby Cinema sites.[54] It was Fandango's top pre-selling animated film of all time, outselling the previous record-holder, Minions.[58] The film grossed $9.2 million from Thursday night previews, a record for both Pixar and any animated film,[59][60] and $54.7 million on its opening day, marking both the biggest opening day and single-day for an animated film. This also marks the first time that an animated film has grossed over $50 million in a single day.[61][62] It went on to gross $135.1 million in its opening weekend, finishing first at the box office and setting the record for the highest opening weekend for both Pixar (breaking Toy Story 3's record) and any animated film (out-grossing Shrek the Third's record, later out-grossed by Incredibles 2) and became the third-biggest adjusted for inflation.[63] It is also the third-highest opening (excluding Marvel and Star Wars films) for Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures behind Beauty and the Beast ($174.8 million) and Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest ($135.6 million), and is the studio's ninth-biggest debut overall.[43][64][65] It also became the fifth animated film and the fifth film of 2016 to open above $100 million.[66] Moreover, its opening also marked the second-biggest for the month of June, behind only Jurassic World.[67] Its opening was 93.8% above Finding Nemo's $70.3 million debut.[68] It further broke the record for the biggest PLF and Cinemark XD opening for an animated film with $10.4 million and $2.6 million, respectively. In IMAX, it made $5 million from 211 theaters,[45] the third-best animated IMAX opening behind Zootopia ($5.2 million) and Toy Story 3 ($8.4 million).[69]

text: Following its record-breaking openings, it scored the biggest Monday for Pixar by grossing $19.6 million (breaking Toy Story 3's $15.6 million) and the best Monday in June for an animated film. However, among all animated films, it is ranked second—behind 2004's Shrek 2, which made $23.4 million on its first Monday,[70][71] and it is also the biggest Tuesday for an animated film with $23.2 million, besting Minions' $16.8 million.[72] It jumped 18.5% over its Monday gross, a rare achievement for a film.[73] It crossed the $200 million mark in its first seven days, becoming the first (and fastest) animated film to pass the said milestone in just a week.[74] It fell only 46% in its second weekend earning $73 million to record the biggest second weekend for an animated film (breaking Shrek 2's $72.2 million previous record), the biggest for Disney and 2016 (surpassing Captain America: Civil War's $72.6 million), and the eighth-biggest second weekend gross of all time overall.[75][76] This was despite facing stiff competition from newcomer Independence Day: Resurgence.[77] It crossed $300 million in 12 days—a new record for an animated film, surpassing the previous record held by Shrek 2 and Toy Story 3 (both of which took 18 days),[78] and became the second animated film of 2016 (after Zootopia), the fourth Disney film of 2016, and the sixth overall film of the year to cross the milestone.[79] It continued to dominate the box office for the third straight weekend, despite competitions from three new wide releases—The Legend of Tarzan, The Purge: Election Year, and fellow Disney release The BFG—after witnessing a 42% decline to $41.8 million in three days and $51.4 million in four days, respectively, during the Independence Day holiday frame.[80] This made it the second time in two years and just the third time since 1992, the July 4 holiday box office was topped by a film in its third weekend of release.[81] It broke another record as it passed the $400 million mark in 21 days, which is the fastest for an animated film, the fastest of 2016, the fastest for the studio, and the fifth-fastest of all time overall. Morever, it became the second film of 2016 (after Captain America: Civil War), the fifth animated film, the ninth film for the studio, and the twenty-fourth film overall to pass the milestone.[82][83] On the following day (July 8), it surpassed Civil War to become the biggest film of the year up until Rogue One took that title in January 2017.[84][85] It dropped out of the top ten in its eighth week.[86]

text: Although the film was finally overtaken by The Secret Life of Pets (and The Legend of Tarzan in second place) in its fourth weekend, it nevertheless passed The Lion King to become the highest-grossing Disney animated film of all time in the same weekend, surpassing the latter which held the record for 15 non-consecutive years.[87] In just 30 days, it overtook Shrek 2 ($441.2 million) to become the highest-grossing animated film of all time, breaking the latter's record of 12 years.[88][89] Four days later, on July 20, it became the first-ever animated film in cinematic history to cross the $450 million mark.[90] As with its predecessor Finding Nemo, the studio expanded the theater count for the film during the Labor Day weekend from 345 theaters to 2,075 theaters, an addition of 1,730 theaters. In 2003, Nemo was expanded from 838 sites to 1,053 locations.[91][92]

text: It became the second-highest-grossing film of 2016 (behind Rogue One),[93] the highest-grossing Pixar film,[50] the second-highest-grossing Walt Disney Pictures release (behind Beauty and the Beast), the highest-grossing Disney animated film, the highest-grossing animated film overall,[94] and the ninth-highest-grossing film of all time.[95]

text: Outside North America[edit]

text: Internationally, Finding Dory received a staggered release in a span of four months from June to September, with Germany being the last country. This was done in order take advantage of key holidays and competitive dates around the world.[96][97] It was released across 29 countries—which is 32% of its entire international release territories—the same weekend as its U.S. premiere. It made an estimated $50.7 million to take the No. 1 spot at the international box office.[45] In its second weekend, it added $38.7 million from 37 markets, falling in third place behind Independence Day: Resurgence and Now You See Me 2.[96] In the same weekend along with its $73 million take in North America, the film helped Pixar cross the $10 billion mark worldwide since Toy Story (1995).[96] By its fourth weekend, the animated film helped Disney push past the $3 billion mark internationally and $5 billion globally.[98][99]

text: It had the biggest opening for an animated film in Brazil ($7.1 million) and the Netherlands ($2.1 million),[97] and the biggest of all time for a Disney animated or Pixar film in Australia ($7.7 million), the Philippines ($2.1 million), Singapore ($1.3 million), India ($1 million), Indonesia, Peru and Central America, and in Russia it opened with $3.2 million,[45][97] and the second-biggest in the United Kingdom and Ireland ($10.7 million), Mexico ($9.4 million) and Argentina ($3.5 million), and that's despite amidst the latter country's Copa America soccer match, and Colombia ($2.1 million), behind Monsters University.[45][100][101] In the UK and Ireland, the film recorded the second-biggest animated opening of the year with £8.1 million ($10.7 million) from 580 theaters, behind only The Secret Life of Pets. However, if previews are excluded, Finding Dory is ahead. Moreover, it also posted the second-biggest Disney/Pixar opening, behind only Toy Story 3 (fourth-biggest if previews are included), and the seventh-biggest animated opening of all time overall based on pure Friday-to-Sunday gross alone.[101][102][103] It added an additional 43 theaters in its second weekend, after which it added another £3.98 million ($5.1 million) at the weekend, thereby passing the £20 million mark in just 10 days (among Pixar films, only Toy Story 3 reached £20 million faster). It made an impressive £8.15 million during weekdays, from Monday to Thursday resulting in a £2.03 million daily-average gross. According to The Guardian, this was because of the school holidays that prevailed on the weekdays. Otherwise, family films earn the vast majority of their takings on Saturday and Sunday, and showtimes typically reduce on weekdays.[104] It returned to the top of the box office in its fourth weekend[105] and went on to become the highest-grossing film of the summer that year.[106] In Brazil, in addition to recording the biggest Disney/Pixar opening ever, almost twice the previous record held by The Good Dinosaur, it also set a new record for an all-time animated opening, on par with Minions in local currency.[97] In South Korea, it had the biggest opening for a Pixar film with $7.1 million, which is also the second-biggest for a Disney animated film, behind Frozen.[98] In Japan, the film had a two-day weekend opening of $7 million on Saturday and Sunday from 511 screens on 571,000 admissions. For the entire three-day holiday weekend, including Marine Day on Monday July 18, the film earned $11 million on 922,000 admissions. This made it the top western release of the weekend and the biggest foreign opening-weekend in the country of that year.[100][107] It had further number-one openings in Spain ($4.9 million), France ($4.7 million), Hong Kong ($1.9 million; $2.8 million including previews), Taiwan ($1.9 million), Sweden, Norway, and Denmark.[96][98][100] It topped the box office in the Netherlands for three[100] and in Spain and Australia for four consecutive weekends.[98] In Italy, it scored the biggest animated opening of the year with $5.8 million.[108]

text: In China, where Pixar films have been struggling to find broad audiences and accrue lucrative revenues, the film was projected to make around $30 million in its opening weekend.[109] The film ended up grossing $17.7 million—the highest Pixar opening in the country's history—debuting in second place behind Warcraft.[45] It surpassed Monsters University in just seven days to become the biggest Pixar film there with $38.1 million.[97][98] It opened in Germany—its last market—on September 29, where the film delivered a robust opening of $8.4 million, the biggest for any film of 2016 in the country. The film continued to benefit from German Unity Day on October 3.[110] It went on to top the box office there for three straight weekends, tying with Inferno in its third weekend.[111]

text: It is now the highest-grossing Disney animated or Pixar film in Australia (where it is also the second-highest-grossing animated film of all time behind Shrek 2), Bolivia, Brazil, Central America, Colombia, India, Indonesia, New Zealand, Peru, the Philippines, and Trinidad.[98][100][112] It also became the second-highest-grossing Pixar release of all time in South Korea behind Inside Out.[113] Elsewhere, the biggest markets in terms of total earnings were Japan ($66 million), followed by the UK ($56.3 million), China ($38.1 million), Australia ($36.3 million), and Brazil ($34.5 million).[48]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, Finding Dory has an approval rating of 94% based on 302 reviews and an average rating of 7.6/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "Funny, poignant, and thought-provoking, Finding Dory delivers a beautifully animated adventure that adds another entertaining chapter to its predecessor's classic story."[114] On Metacritic, the film has a score of 77 out of 100, based on 48 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[115] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A" on an A+ to F scale, while PostTrak reported filmgoers gave it a 91% overall positive score and an 81% "definite recommend".[116]

text: Mike Ryan of Uproxx gave the film a positive review, saying: "I never thought I wanted a sequel to Finding Nemo, but here we are and I'm pretty happy it exists. And, for me, it was a more emotional experience than the first film. Finding Dory got me—it made me cry."[117] A. O. Scott of The New York Times said that while the film lacks "dazzling originality", he overall wrote, "it more than makes up for in warmth, charm and good humor".[118] In his review for Variety, Owen Gleiberman wrote, "It's a film that spills over with laughs (most of them good, a few of them shticky) and tears (all of them earned), supporting characters who are meant to slay us (and mostly do) with their irascible sharp tongues, and dizzyingly extended flights of physical comedy."[119] Joe Morgenstern of The Wall Street Journal said that "Finding Dory can be touching, sweet and tender, but it's compulsively, preposterously and steadfastly funny."[120] Peter Travers of Rolling Stone gave the film three-and-a-half stars out of four and said that the film "brims with humor, heart and animation miracles", despite lacking "the fresh surprise of its predecessor".[121]

text: Todd McCarthy of The Hollywood Reporter gave the film a negative review, writing, "Its heroine may suffer from short-term memory loss, but viewers with any memory at all will realize that Finding Dory falls rather short of its wondrous progenitor."[122] Writing for the Los Angeles Times, Kenneth Turan said that, "As the 13-year gap between "Nemo" and "Dory" indicates, this was not a concept that cried out to be made."[123]

text: Environmental controversies and issues[edit]

text: Conservationists warned that, very much like Finding Nemo, the film could lead to uninformed customers buying blue tangs for home aquariums.[124] Blue tangs cannot be bred in captivity and have to be caught in the wild.[125] They are related to surgeonfish and exhibit razor-sharp spines on both sides of the tail that can inflict formidable wounds.[126]

text: While promoting the film, actress Ellen DeGeneres reminded audiences that Nemo and Dory's real-life home, the Great Barrier Reef, is under enormous threat,[127] mostly due to coral bleaching, a process induced by climate change, which has killed coral reefs on an enormous scale.[128]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
List of awards and nominations

Year

Award

Category

Recipient(s)

Result

Ref(s)

2016

Alliance of Women Film Journalists

Best Animated Film

Andrew Stanton and Angus MacLane

Nominated

[129][130]

Best Animated Female

Ellen DeGeneres

British Academy Children's Awards

BAFTA Kids' Vote

Finding Dory

[131][132]

Critics' Choice Awards

Best Animated Feature

[133]

Hollywood Music in Media Awards

Best Original Score – Animated Film

Thomas Newman

[134][135]

San Francisco Film Critics Circle

Best Animated Feature

Finding Dory

[136][137]

St. Louis Gateway Film Critics Association

Best Animated Film

[138]

Teen Choice Awards

Choice Summer Movie

Won

[139]

Choice Summer Movie Star: Female

Ellen DeGeneres

Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association

Best Animated Feature

Finding Dory

Nominated

[140]

Best Voice Performance

Ellen DeGeneres

Women Film Critics Circle

Best Animated Female

Finding Dory

[141]

2017

Annie Awards

Best Animated Feature

[142]

Outstanding Achievement, Character Animation in a Feature Production

Erick Oh

Outstanding Achievement, Storyboarding in an Animated Feature Production

Trevor Jimenez

Black Reel Awards

Outstanding Voice Performance

Idris Elba

[143]

British Academy Film Awards

Best Animated Film

Andrew Stanton

[144]

Cinema Audio Society

Outstanding Achievement in Sound Mixing for a Motion Picture – Animated

Scott Curtis, Doc Kane, Nathan Nance, Michael Semanick and Thomas Vicari

Won

[145]

Empire Awards

Best Animated Film

Finding Dory

[146]

Georgia Film Critics Association

Best Animated Film

Andrew Stanton and Lindsey Collins

Nominated

[147]

Golden Tomato Awards

Best Wide Release 2016

Finding Dory

7th place

[148]

Best Animated Movie 2016

2nd Place

Houston Film Critics Society

Best Animated Feature Film

Nominated

[149][150]

2017 Kids' Choice Awards

Favorite Animated Movie

Won

[151]

Favorite Voice From an Animated Movie

Ellen DeGeneres

Most Wanted Pet

Nominated

#Squad

Ellen DeGeneres, Albert Brooks, Kaitlin Olson, Hayden Rolence, Willem Dafoe, Ed O'Neill, Ty Burrell and Eugene Levy

Won

NAACP Image Awards

Outstanding Character Voice-Over Performance

Idris Elba

Nominated

[152]

Online Film Critics Society

Best Animated Film

Finding Dory

[153]

People's Choice Awards

Favorite Movie

Won

[154]

Favorite Family Movie

Favorite Animated Movie Voice

Ellen DeGeneres

Producers Guild of America

Best Animated Motion Picture

Lindsey Collins

Nominated

[155]

Satellite Awards

Best Animated or Mixed Media Feature

Finding Dory

[156]

Saturn Awards

Best Animated Film

Won

[157]

Village Voice Film Poll

Best Animated Feature

7th place

[158]

Visual Effects Society

Outstanding Visual Effects in an Animated Feature

Chris J. Chapman, Lindsey Collins, John Halstead and Angus MacLane

Nominated

[159]

Outstanding Animated Performance in an Animated Feature

Hank – Jonathan Hoffman, Steven Clay Hunter, Mark Piretti and Audrey Wong

Won

Outstanding Created Environment in an Animated Feature

Open Ocean Exhibit – Stephen Gustafson, Jack Hattori, Jesse Hollander and Michael Rutter

Nominated

Outstanding Effects Simulations in an Animated Feature

Stephen Gustafson, Allen Hemberger, Joshua Jenny and Matthew Kiyoshi Wong

text: Possible sequel[edit]

text: In June 2016, director Andrew Stanton talked about the possibility of a sequel, saying that he would never exclude it because of the introduction of new characters, citing the Toy Story films as guides for how to expand a world through sequels.[160]


document_title: A Wise Old Owl

question_text: where does the saying wise old owl come from

text: A Wise Old Owl

text:
"A Wise Old Owl"

The US wartime poster using the rhyme

Nursery rhyme

Songwriter(s)
Unknown

text: "A Wise Old Owl" is an English language nursery rhyme. It has a Roud Folk Song Index number of 7734 and in The Oxford Dictionary of Nursery Rhymes, 2nd Ed. of 1997, as number 394. The rhyme is an improvement of a traditional nursery rhyme "There was an owl lived in an oak, wisky, wasky, weedle."

text: Lyrics[edit]

text:
A wise old owl lived in an oak
The more he saw the less he spoke
The less he spoke the more he heard.
Why can't we all be like that wise old bird?[1]

text: This version was first published in Punch, April 10, 1875, and ran as follows:

text:
There was an owl liv'd in an oak
The more he heard, the less he spoke
The less he spoke, the more he heard.

text: One version was published upon bookmarks during the mid-1930s, and goes as follows:

text:
A wise old owl lived in an oak,
The more he saw, the less he spoke
The less he spoke, the more he heard,
Now, wasn't he a wise old bird?

text: History[edit]

text: The rhyme refers to the traditional image of owls as the symbol of wisdom. It was recorded as early as 1875 and is apparently older than that.[2] It was quoted by John D. Rockefeller in 1915[1] and is frequently misattributed to Edward Hersey Richards.[3][4][5]

text: During World War II, the United States army used the rhyme on a poster with the tweaked ending, "Soldier.... be like that old bird!" with the caption "Silence means security."[6]f

text: Notes[edit]

text:
^ Jump up to: a b c I. Opie and P. Opie, The Oxford Dictionary of Nursery Rhymes (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1951, 2nd edn., 1997), p. 403.
Jump up ^ Punch Vol. LXVIII. 10 April 1875. Retrieved 2012-10-28.
Jump up ^ "Edward Hersey Richards". PoemHunter.com. Retrieved 4 August 2013.
Jump up ^ "A Wise Old Owl". LibertyandLife. Retrieved 4 August 2013.
Jump up ^ "Quotes By Edward Hersey Richards". QuotePixel. Retrieved 4 August 2013.
Jump up ^ "World War II Poster: Wise Old Owl Sat in an Oak". About, Inc. Retrieved 2007-04-11.

tag: ol

text: Roud Folk Song Index songsAmerican nursery rhymesFictional owlsSongs about birdsSongwriter unknown1870s songsYear of song unknown


document_title: Plumbing

question_text: when did the us stop using lead pipes

question_tokens: when did the us stop using lead pipes

text: Plumbing

text: History

text:
Plumbing originated during ancient civilizations such as the Greek, Roman, Persian, Indian, and Chinese cities as they developed public baths and needed to provide potable water and wastewater removal, for larger numbers of people.[6] Standardized earthen plumbing pipes with broad flanges making use of asphalt for preventing leakages appeared in the urban settlements of the Indus Valley Civilization by 2700 BC.[7] The Romans used lead pipe inscriptions to prevent water theft.
The word  "plumber" dates from the Roman Empire.[8] The Latin for lead is plumbum.  Roman roofs used lead in conduits and drain pipes[9] and some were also covered with lead, lead was also used for piping and for making baths.[10]

text: Plumbing reached its early apex in ancient Rome, which saw the introduction of expansive systems of aqueducts, tile wastewater removal, and widespread use of lead pipes. With the Fall of Rome both water supply and sanitation stagnated—or regressed—for well over 1,000 years.  Improvement was very slow, with little effective progress made until the growth of modern densely populated cities in the 1800s. During this period, public health authorities began pressing for better waste disposal systems to be installed, to prevent or control epidemics of disease. Earlier, the waste disposal system had merely consisted of collecting waste and dumping it on the ground or into a river. Eventually the development of separate, underground water and sewage systems eliminated open sewage ditches and cesspools.

text: Most large cities today pipe solid wastes to sewage treatment plants in order to separate and partially purify the water, before emptying into streams or other bodies of water. For potable water use, galvanized iron piping was commonplace in the United States from the late 1800s until around 1960. After that period, copper piping took over, first soft copper with flared fittings, then with rigid copper tubing utilizing soldered fittings.

text: The use of lead for potable water declined sharply after World War II because of increased awareness of the dangers of lead poisoning. At this time, copper piping was introduced as a better and safer alternative to lead pipes.[11]

text: Systems

text: The major categories of plumbing systems or subsystems are:[12]

text:
potable cold and hot tap water supply
plumbing drainage venting
sewage systems and septic systems with or without hot water heat recycling and graywater recovery and treatment systems
Rainwater, surface, and subsurface water drainage[relevant?  – discuss]
fuel gas piping
hydronics, i.e. heating and cooling systems utilizing water to transport thermal energy, as in district heating systems, like for example the New York City steam system.

text: Water pipes

text: A water pipe is a pipe or tube, frequently made of plastic or metal,[a] that carries pressurized and treated fresh water to a building (as part of a municipal water system), as well as inside the building.

text: History

text: For many centuries, lead was the favoured material for water pipes, because its malleability made it practical to work into the desired shape. (Such use was so common that the word "plumbing" derives from plumbum, the Latin word for lead.) This was a source of lead-related health problems in the years before the health hazards of ingesting lead were fully understood; among these were stillbirths and high rates of infant mortality. Lead water pipes were still widely used in the early 20th century, and remain in many households. In addition, lead-tin alloy solder was commonly used to join copper pipes, but modern practice uses tin-antimony alloy solder instead, in order to eliminate lead hazards.[13]

text: Despite the Romans' common use of lead pipes, their aqueducts rarely poisoned people. Unlike other parts of the world where lead pipes cause poisoning, the Roman water had so much calcium in it that a layer of plaque prevented the water contacting the lead itself. What often causes confusion is the large amount of evidence of widespread lead poisoning, particularly amongst those who would have had easy access to piped water.[14] This was an unfortunate result of lead being used in cookware and as an additive to processed food and drink, for example as a preservative in wine.[15] Roman lead pipe inscriptions provided information on the owner to prevent water theft.

text: Wooden pipes were used in London and elsewhere during the 16th and 17th centuries. The pipes were hollowed-out logs, which were tapered at the end with a small hole in which the water would pass through.[16] The multiple pipes were then sealed together with hot animal fat.  They were often used in Montreal and Boston in the 1800s, and built-up wooden tubes were widely used in the USA during the 20th century. These pipes, used in place of corrugated iron or reinforced concrete pipes, were made of sections cut from short lengths of wood. Locking of adjacent rings with hardwood dowel pins produced a flexible structure. About 100,000 feet of these wooden pipes were installed during WW2 in drainage culverts, storm sewers and conduits, under highways and at army camps, naval stations, airfields and ordnance plants.

text: Cast iron and ductile iron pipe was long a lower-cost alternative to copper, before the advent of durable plastic materials but special non-conductive fittings must be used where transitions are to be made to other metallic pipes, except for terminal fittings, in order to avoid corrosion owing to electrochemical reactions between dissimilar metals (see galvanic cell).[17]

text: Bronze fittings and short pipe segments are commonly used in combination with various materials.[18]

text: Difference between pipes and tubes

text: The difference between pipes and tubes is simply in the way it is sized. PVC pipe for plumbing applications and galvanized steel pipe for instance, are measured in IPS (iron pipe size). Copper tube, CPVC, PeX and other tubing is measured nominally, which is basically an average diameter. These sizing schemes allow for universal adaptation of transitional fittings. For instance, 1/2" PeX tubing is the same size as 1/2" copper tubing. 1/2" PVC on the other hand is not the same size as 1/2" tubing, and therefore requires either a threaded male or female adapter to connect them.  When used in agricultural irrigation, the singular form "pipe" is often used as a plural.[19]

text: Pipe is available in rigid "joints", which come in various lengths depending on the material. Tubing, in particular copper, comes in rigid hard tempered "joints" or soft tempered (annealed) rolls. PeX and CPVC tubing also comes in rigid "joints" or flexible rolls. The temper of the copper, that is whether it is a rigid "joint" or flexible roll, does not affect the sizing.[19]

text: The thicknesses of the water pipe and tube walls can vary.  Pipe wall thickness is denoted by various schedules or for large bore polyethylene pipe in the UK by the Standard Dimension Ratio (SDR), defined as the ratio of the pipe diameter to its wall thickness. Pipe wall thickness increases with schedule, and is available in schedules 20, 40, 80, and higher in special cases. The schedule is largely determined by the operating pressure of the system, with higher pressures commanding greater thickness. Copper tubing is available in four wall thicknesses: type DWV (thinnest wall; only allowed as drain pipe per UPC), type 'M' (thin; typically only allowed as drain pipe by IPC code), type 'L' (thicker, standard duty for water lines and water service), and type 'K' (thickest, typically used underground between the main and the meter). Because piping and tubing are commodities, having a greater wall thickness implies higher initial cost. Thicker walled pipe generally implies greater durability and higher pressure tolerances.

text: Wall thickness does not affect pipe or tubing size.[20] 1/2" L copper has the same outer diameter as 1/2" K or M copper. The same applies to pipe schedules. As a result, a slight increase in pressure losses is realized due to a decrease in flowpath as wall thickness is increased. In other words, 1 foot of 1/2" L copper has slightly less volume than 1 foot of 1/2 M copper.[citation needed]

text: Materials

text: Water systems of ancient times relied on gravity for the supply of water, using pipes or channels usually made of clay, lead, bamboo, wood, or stone. Hollowed wooden logs wrapped in steel banding were used for plumbing pipes, particularly water mains. Logs were used for water distribution in England close to 500 years ago. US cities began using hollowed logs in the late 1700s through the 1800s.  Today, most plumbing supply pipe is made out of steel, copper, and plastic; most waste (also known as "soil")[21] out of steel, copper, plastic, and cast iron.[21]

text: The straight sections of plumbing systems are called "pipes" or "tubes". A pipe is typically formed via casting or welding, whereas a tube is made through extrusion. Pipe normally has thicker walls and may be threaded or welded, while tubing is thinner-walled and requires special joining techniques such as brazing, compression fitting, crimping, or for plastics, solvent welding.  These joining techniques are discussed in more detail in the piping and plumbing fittings article.

text: Steel

text: Galvanized steel potable water supply and distribution pipes are commonly found with nominal pipe sizes from 3⁄8 inch (9.5 mm) to 2 inches (51 mm). It is rarely used today for new construction residential plumbing. Steel pipe has National Pipe Thread (NPT) standard tapered male threads, which connect with female tapered threads on elbows, tees, couplers, valves, and other fittings. Galvanized steel (often known simply as "galv" or "iron" in the plumbing trade) is relatively expensive, and difficult to work with due to weight and requirement of a pipe threader.   It remains in common use for repair of existing "galv" systems and to satisfy building code non-combustibility requirements typically found in hotels, apartment buildings and other commercial applications. It is also extremely durable and resistant to mechanical abuse.  Black lacquered steel pipe is the most widely used pipe material for fire sprinklers and natural gas.

text: Most typical single family home systems won't require supply piping larger than 3⁄4 inch (19 mm) due to expense as well as steel piping's tendency to become obstructed from internal rusting and mineral deposits forming on the inside of the pipe over time once the internal galvanizing zinc coating has degraded. In potable water distribution service, galvanized steel pipe has a service life of about 30 to 50 years, although it is not uncommon for it to be less in geographic areas with corrosive water contaminants.

text: Copper

text: Copper pipe and tubing was widely used for domestic water systems in the latter half of the twentieth century. Demand for copper products has fallen due to the dramatic increase in the price of copper, resulting in increased demand for alternative products including PEX and stainless steel.

text: Plastic

text:
Plastic pipe is in wide use for domestic water supply and drain-waste-vent (DWV) pipe. Principal types include:
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) was produced experimentally in the 19th century but did not become practical to manufacture until 1926, when Waldo Semon of BF Goodrich Co. developed a method to plasticize PVC, making it easier to process. PVC pipe began to be manufactured in the 1940s and was in wide use for Drain-Waste-Vent piping during the reconstruction of Germany and Japan following WWII. In the 1950s, plastics manufacturers in Western Europe and Japan began producing acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) pipe. The method for producing cross-linked polyethylene (PEX) was also developed in the 1950s. Plastic supply pipes have become increasingly common, with a variety of materials and fittings employed.

text:
PVC/CPVC – rigid plastic pipes similar to PVC drain pipes but with thicker walls to deal with municipal water pressure, introduced around 1970. PVC stands for polyvinyl chloride, and it has become a common replacement for metal piping. PVC should be used only for cold water, or for venting. CPVC can be used for hot and cold potable water supply. Connections are made with primers and solvent cements as required by code.[22]
PP – The material is used primarily in housewares, food packaging, and clinical equipment,[23] but since the early 1970s has seen increasing use worldwide for both domestic hot and cold water. PP pipes are heat fused, being unsuitable for the use of glues, solvents, or mechanical fittings. PP pipe is often used in green building projects.[24]
PBT – flexible (usually gray or black) plastic pipe which is attached to barbed fittings and secured in place with a copper crimp ring. The primary manufacturer of PBT tubing and fittings was driven into bankruptcy by a class-action lawsuit over failures of this system.[citation needed]  However, PB and PBT tubing has since returned to the market and codes, typically first for "exposed locations" such as risers.
PEX – cross-linked polyethylene system with mechanically joined fittings employing barbs, and crimped steel or copper rings.
Polytanks – plastic polyethylene cisterns, underground water tanks, above ground water tanks, are usually made of linear polyethylene suitable as a potable water storage tank, provided in white, black or green.
Aqua – known as PEX-Al-PEX, for its PEX/aluminum sandwich, consisting of aluminum pipe sandwiched between layers of PEX, and connected with modified brass compression fittings. In 2005, a large number of these fittings were recalled.[further explanation needed]

text: Present-day water-supply systems use a network of high-pressure pumps, and pipes in buildings are now made of copper,[25] brass, plastic (particularly cross-linked polyethylene called PEX, which is estimated to be used in 60% of single-family homes[26]), or other nontoxic material. Due to its toxicity, most cities moved away from lead water-supply piping by the 1920s in the United States,[27] although lead pipes were approved by national plumbing codes into the 1980s,[28] and lead was used in plumbing solder for drinking water until it was banned in 1986.[27] Drain and vent lines are made of plastic, steel, cast-iron, or lead.[29][30]

text: Gallery

text:
Monument to water pipe in Mytishchi (Russia)

A specific water pipe made for use with pressure vessels. The pipe can sustain high pressure-water and is relatively small

Concrete water pipe

Connecting to an existing water line (white pipe) with a stainless steel tapping sleeve and valve (red). A concrete thrust block is being formed behind the new connection.

text: Components

text: In addition to lengths of pipe or tubing, pipe fittings are used in plumbing systems, such as valves, elbows, tees, and unions.[31] Pipe and fittings are held in place with pipe hangers and strapping.

text: Plumbing fixtures are exchangeable devices using water that can be connected to a building's plumbing system.  They are considered to be "fixtures", in that they are semi-permanent parts of buildings, not usually owned or maintained separately.  Plumbing fixtures are seen by and designed for the end-users.  Some examples of fixtures include water closets[32] (also known as toilets), urinals, bidets, showers, bathtubs, utility and kitchen sinks, drinking fountains, ice makers, humidifiers, air washers, fountains, and eye wash stations.

text: Sealants

text: Threaded pipe joints are sealed with thread seal tape or pipe dope. Many plumbing fixtures are sealed to their mounting surfaces with plumber's putty.[33]

text: Equipment and tools

text: Plumbing equipment includes devices often hidden behind walls or in utility spaces which are not seen by the general public. It includes water meters, pumps, expansion tanks,   back flow preventers, water filters, UV sterilization lights, water softeners, water heaters, heat exchangers, gauges, and control systems.

text: There are many tools a plumber needs to do a good plumbing job. While many simple plumbing tasks can be completed with a few common hand held tools, other more complex jobs require specialised tools, designed specifically to make the job easier.

text: Specialized plumbing tools include pipe wrenches, flaring pliers, pipe vise, pipe bending machine, pipe cutter, dies, and joining tools such as soldering torches and crimp tools.  New tools have been developed to help plumbers fix problems more efficiently. For example, plumbers use video cameras for inspections of hidden leaks or problems, they use hydro jets, and high pressure hydraulic pumps connected to steel cables for trench-less sewer line replacement.

text: Flooding from excessive rain or clogged sewers may require specialized equipment, such as a heavy duty pumper truck designed to vacuum raw sewage.[citation needed]

text: Problems

text:
Bacteria have been shown to live in "premises plumbing systems". The latter refers to the "pipes and fixtures within a building that transport water to taps after it is delivered by the utility".[34] Community water systems have been known for centuries to spread waterborne diseases like  typhoid and cholera, however "opportunistic premises plumbing pathogens" have been recognized only more recently; Legionella pneumophila discovered in 1976, Mycobacterium avium, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa are the most commonly tracked bacteria, which people with depressed immunity can inhale or ingest and may become infected with.[35]
These opportunistic pathogens can grow for example in faucets, shower heads, water heaters and along pipe walls. Reasons that favor their growth are "high surface-to-volume ratio, intermittent stagnation, low disinfectant residual, and warming cycles". A high surface-to-volume ratio, i.e. a relatively large surface area allows the bacteria to form a biofilm, which protects them from disinfection.[35]

text: Regulation

text: Much of the plumbing work in populated areas is regulated by government or quasi-government agencies due to the direct impact on the public's health, safety, and welfare. Plumbing installation and repair work on residences and other buildings generally must be done according to plumbing and building codes to protect the inhabitants of the buildings and to ensure safe, quality construction to future buyers. If permits are required for work, plumbing contractors typically secure them from the authorities on behalf of home or building owners.[citation needed]

text: In the United Kingdom the professional body is the Chartered Institute of Plumbing and Heating Engineering (educational charity status) and it is true that the trade still remains virtually ungoverned;[36] there are no systems in place to monitor or control the activities of unqualified plumbers or those home owners who choose to undertake installation and maintenance works themselves, despite the health and safety issues which arise from such works when they are undertaken incorrectly; see Health Aspects of Plumbing (HAP) published jointly by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the World Plumbing Council (WPC).[37][38] WPC has subsequently appointed a representative to the World Health Organization to take forward various projects related to Health Aspects of Plumbing.[39]

text: In the United States, plumbing codes and licensing are generally controlled by state and local governments. At the national level, the Environmental Protection Agency has set guidelines about what constitutes lead-free plumbing fittings and pipes, in order to comply with the Safe Drinking Water Act.[40]

text: Some widely used Standards in the United States are:[citation needed]

text:
ASME A112.6.3 – Floor and Trench Drains
ASME A112.6.4 – Roof, Deck, and Balcony Drains
ASME A112.18.1/CSA B125.1 – Plumbing Supply Fittings
ASME A112.19.1/CSA B45.2 – Enameled Cast Iron and Enameled Steel Plumbing Fixtures
ASME A112.19.2/CSA B45.1 – Ceramic Plumbing Fixtures


document_title: List of people considered father or mother of a scientific field

question_text: who is known as father of modern physics

text: Natural sciences[edit]

text: Biology[edit]

text:
Field
Person/s
considered "father" or "mother"
Rationale

Bacteriology
Robert Koch / Ferdinand Cohn[4] / Louis Pasteur
First to produce precise, correct descriptions of bacteria.

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek[5]

Biogeography
Alfred Russel Wallace
"...Often described as the Father of Biogeography, Wallace shows the impact of human activity on the natural world."[6]

Biology[n 1]
Aristotle
0.25em|

Ecology
Carl Linnaeus / Ernst Haeckel / Eugenius Warming[7]
Linnaeus founded an early branch of ecology that he called The Economy of Nature (1772), Haeckel coined the term "ecology" (German: Oekologie, Ökologie) (1866), Warming authored the first book on plant ecology. Plantesamfund (1895).

Entomology
Jan Swammerdam
[8]

Johan Christian Fabricius[9]
Fabricius described and published information on over 10,000 insects and refined Linnaeus's system of classification.

William Kirby
[10]

Ethology
Nikolaas Tinbergen
Karl von Frisch
Konrad Lorenz
The modern discipline of ethology is generally considered to have begun during the 1930s with the work of Nikolaas Tinbergen, Konrad Lorenz and Karl von Frisch, joint awardees of the 1973 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.[11]

Evolution
Natural selection

Charles Darwin[12][13][14]
On the Origin of Species (1859).

Genetics
Gregor Mendel
For his study of the inheritance of traits in pea plants, which forms the basis for Mendelian inheritance.[15]

William Bateson
Proponent of Mendelism.[16]

Ichthyology
Peter Artedi
"Far greater than either of these… was he who has been justly called the Father of Ichthyology, Petrus (Peter) Artedi (1705–35)."[17]

Lichenology
Erik Acharius
"Erik Acharius, the father of lichenology..."[18]

Microbiology
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek / Louis Pasteur[19]
The first to microscopically observe micro-organisms in water and the first to see bacteria.

Molecular biology
Linus Pauling
[20]

Molecular biophysics
Gopalasamudram Narayana Iyer Ramachandran[21]
Founded the [world's first?] molecular biophysics unit (1970).

Paleontology
Leonardo da Vinci
George Cuvier
[22]

Parasitology
Francesco Redi
The founder of experimental biology and the first person to challenge the theory of spontaneous generation by demonstrating that maggots come from eggs of flies.[23]

Protozoology
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek[5]
First to produce precise, correct descriptions of protozoa.

Taxonomy
Carl Linnaeus[24]
Devised the system of naming living organisms that became universally accepted in the scientific world.

Virology
Dmitry Ivanovsky
Martinus Beijerinck
The first men to discover viruses (1892).

text: Chemistry[edit]

text:
Field
Person/s
considered "father" or "mother"
Rationale

Atomic theory (early)
Democritus[25]
Founder of atomism in cosmology.

Atomic theory (modern)
Father Roger Boscovich[26]
First coherent description of atomic theory.

John Dalton[27]
First scientific description of the atom as a building block for more complex structures.

Chemical thermodynamics (modern)
Gilbert Lewis / Willard Gibbs / Merle Randall / Edward Guggenheim[28]
Thermodynamics and the Free Energy of Chemical Substances (1923) and Modern Thermodynamics by the Methods of Willard Gibbs (1933), which made a major contribution to the use of thermodynamics in chemistry.

Chemistry (early)
Jabir ("Geber") ibn Hayyan (died 815)[29][30][31][32]
Introduced the experimental method to Islamic alchemy.

Chemistry (modern)
Antoine Lavoisier[33]
Elements of Chemistry (1787)

Robert Boyle[33]
The Sceptical Chymist (1661)

Jöns Berzelius[34][35]
Development of chemical nomenclature (1800s)

John Dalton[33]
Revival of atomic theory (1803)

Green chemistry
Paul Anastas[36]
Design and manufacture of chemicals that are non-hazardous and environmentally benign.

Nuclear chemistry
Otto Hahn[37]

Applied Radiochemistry (1936)
First person to split an atomic nucleus (nuclear fission, 1938)
Nobel Prize in Chemistry for this discovery (1944)

Periodic table
Dmitri Mendeleev[38]
Arranged the sixty-six elements known at the time in order of atomic weight by periodic intervals (1869).

Physical chemistry
Mikhail Lomonosov
The first to read lectures in physical chemistry and coin the term (1752).

Jacobus van 't Hoff
Jacobus van 't Hoff is considered to be one of the founders of the discipline of physical chemistry. His work helped found the discipline as it is today.[39][40][41]

Svante Arrhenius[42]
Devised much of the theoretical foundation for physical chemistry. On the Equilibrium of Heterogeneous Substances (1876), Thermodynamik chemischer Vorgange (1882).

Wilhelm Ostwald
"Wilhelm Ostwald is considered one of the founders of the discipline of physical chemistry..."[43]

Hermann von Helmholtz
[citation needed]

text: Earth sciences[edit]

text:
Field
Person/s
considered "father" or "mother"
Rationale

Geochemistry (modern)
Victor Goldschmidt
For developing the Goldschmidt classification of elements.

Early geodesy (mathematical geography)
Eratosthenes[44][45]
Eratosthenes was first to write the word Geography (from Geo- and -graphy, literally "writing about the Earth")

Modern geodesy
Al-Biruni[46][47]

Geology (modern)

Father Nicholas Steno[48]
James Hutton[49]

For setting down most of the principles of modern geology.
For formulating uniformitarianism and the Plutonic theory.

Limnology (modern)
G. Evelyn Hutchinson
[50]

Mineralogy
Georgius Agricola
[51]

Meteorology
Naval oceanography (modern)

Matthew Fontaine Maury
[52]

Plate tectonics
Alfred Wegener
[citation needed]

Acoustical oceanography
Leonid Brekhovskikh
[53]

Stratigraphy
Father Nicholas Steno
[48]

Speleology
Édouard-Alfred Martel
Began the first systematic exploration of cave systems and promoted speleology as a field separate from geology.

text: Medicine and physiology[edit]

text:
Field
Person/s
considered "father" or "mother"
Rationale

Anatomy (modern)
Marcello Malpighi

Biophysics
Hermann von Helmholtz

Biomechanics
Christian Wilhelm Braune
First to describe the methodology of human gait walking.

Bioelectromagnetics
Luigi Galvani
First to discover animal electricity through a series of experiments.

Cognitive therapy
Aaron T. Beck

"In developing ways to do this, Beck became the father of cognitive therapy, one of the most important developments in psychotherapy in the last 50 years."[54]
The Prospect of Immortality (1962)

Cryonics
Robert Ettinger
[55]

Dentistry (modern)
Pierre Fauchard
[56]

Electrophysiology
Emil du Bois-Reymond
The discoverer of nerve action potential.

Emergency medicine

Peter Safar[57][58]
Frank Pantridge

Safar pioneered CPR, intensive-care units and developed standards for EMT, ambulance design and equipment.
Pantridge: [59]

Epidemiology (modern)
John Snow

Fitness
Jack LaLanne
[60]

Gynaecology
J. Marion Sims
[61][62]

Histology
Marcello Malpighi

Human anatomy (modern)
Vesalius[63]
De humani corporis fabrica (1543)

Medical genetics
Victor McKusick[64]
Mendelian Inheritance in Man

Medicine (early)

Imhotep[65]
Charaka[66]
Hippocrates[67][68]

None.
Wrote the Charaka Samhitā and founded the Ayurveda system of medicine.
Prescribed professional practices for physicians through the Hippocratic Oath.

Medicine (modern)

Sir William Osler

Neurosurgery
Harvey Cushing[69]
Developed techniques that considerably reduced the risks involved with brain surgery in the early 20th Century.[69]

Nursing (modern)
Florence Nightingale
See Nursing#History.

Nutrition (modern)

Justus von Liebig
Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier

"Justus Von Liebig, the 'father of modern nutrition', developed the perfect infant food. It consisted of [...]"[70]
"In addition to being known as the Father of Modern Chemistry, Lavoisier is also considered the Father of Modern Nutrition, as the first to discover the metabolism that occurs inside the human body..."[71]

Organ transplantation
Thomas Starzl[72]
Performed the first human liver transplant and established the clinical utility of anti-rejection drugs including ciclosporin. Developed major advances in organ preservation, procurement and transplantation.

Orthopedic surgery (modern)
Hugh Owen Thomas[73]
He stressed the importance of rest in treatment and was responsible for many landmark contributions to orthopaedic surgery. He was especially celebrated for his design and use of splints; the famous Thomas knee splint was still in wide use at the end of World War II.

Psychology (experimental)
Wilhelm Wundt[74]
Founded the first laboratory for psychological research.

Pediatrics
Muhammad ibn Zakarīya Rāzi ("Rhazes")[75]
Wrote The Diseases of Children, the first book to deal with pediatrics as an independent field.

Physiology
Claude Bernard[76]
An Introduction to the Study of Experimental Medicine (1865)

Physical culture
Bernarr Macfadden
"It delighted the heart of our old friend Bernarr Macfadden, 'the Father of Physical Culture,' when we told him how much athletic activity and good sportsmanship had to do with the rehabilitation of boys."[77]

Plastic surgery

Sushruta[78][79]
Harold Gillies

Wrote the Sushruta Samhita.

Psychoanalysis
Sigmund Freud
[80]

Psychophysics

Ernst Heinrich Weber
Gustav Fechner[81]

Elements of Psychophysics (1860)

Space medicine
Hubertus Strughold
"After Wernher von Braun, he was the top Nazi scientist employed by the American government, and he was subsequently hailed by NASA as the 'father of space medicine'"[82]

Surgery (early)
Sushruta[78][79]
Wrote the Sushruta Samhita.

Surgery (modern)

Abu al-Qasim ("Abulcasis") al-Zahrawi[83]
Guy de Chauliac[84]
Ambroise Paré
John Hunter
Joseph Lister
William Stewart Halsted
See also Father of modern surgery

Kitab al-Tasrif (1000 AD).
Chirurgia magna
Leader in surgical techniques, especially the treatment of wounds.[85]
Experimental, scientific approach to surgery.[86][87]
Use of carbolic acid as an antiseptic.[88][89]
Introduction of residency system in the United States.[90]

Toxicology
Paracelsus
[91]

text: Physics and astronomy[edit]

text:
Field
Person/s
considered "father" or "mother"
Rationale

Acoustics
Ernst Chladni[92]
For important research in vibrating plates

Atomic bomb
Enrico Fermi
J. Robert Oppenheimer
Leslie Groves
Edward Teller
For their role in the Manhattan Project

Aerodynamics
Nikolai Zhukovsky
George Cayley[93]
Zhukovsky was the first to undertake the study of airflow, was the first engineer scientist to explain mathematically the origin of aerodynamic lift. Cayley Investigated theoretical aspects of flight and experimented with flight a century before the first airplane was built

Physical cosmology
Albert Einstein (founder)
Henrietta Leavitt (mother)[94]
Edwin Hubble (father)[94]

Leavitt discovered Cepheid variables, the "Standard Candle" by which Hubble later determined galactic distances. Einstein's general theory of relativity is usually recognized as the theoretic foundation of modern cosmology.

Classical mechanics
Isaac Newton (founder)[95]
Described laws of motion and law of gravity in Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica (1687)

Electricity
William Gilbert[96]
Michael Faraday[97]
Book: De Magnete (1600)
Discovered electromagnetic induction (1831)

Electrodynamics
André-Marie Ampère[98]
Book: Memoir on the Mathematical Theory of Electrodynamic Phenomena, Uniquely Deduced from Experience (1827)

Energetics
Willard Gibbs[99]
Publication: On the Equilibrium of Heterogeneous Substances (1876)

Experimental physics (founder)
Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen)[100][101]
For introducing experimental method into physics with his Book of Optics (1021)

Modern astronomy
Nicolaus Copernicus[102]
Developed the first explicit heliocentric model in De revolutionibus orbium coelestium (1543)

Nuclear physics
Ernest Rutherford[103]
Developed the Rutherford atom model (1909)

Nuclear science
Marie Curie
Pierre Curie[104]

Optics
Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen)[105]
Correctly explained vision and carried out the first experiments on light and optics in the Book of Optics (1021).

Physics (early)
Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen)[106]
Francis Bacon[107]
Alhazen developed rigorous experimental methods of controlled scientific testing to verify theoretical hypotheses and substantiate inductive conjectures.
Developed Baconian method in his Novum Organum (1620).

Physics (modern)
Galileo Galilei[108]
His development and extensive use of experimental physics, e.g. the telescope

Plasma physics
Irving Langmuir
Hannes Alfvén[109]
Langmuir first described ionised gas as plasma and observed fundamental plasma vibrations, Langmuir waves.
Alfvén pioneered the theoretical description of plasma by developing magnetohydrodynamics.

Quantum mechanics
Max Planck (founder)[110]
Werner Heisenberg
Stated that electromagnetic energy could be emitted only in quantized form

Relativity
Albert Einstein (founder)[111]
Pioneered special relativity (1905) and general relativity (1915)

Spaceflight (rocketry)
Robert Hutchings Goddard
Konstantin Tsiolkovsky
Hermann Oberth
Goddard launched the first liquid-fueled rocket.
Tsiolkovsky created the Tsiolkovsky rocket equation.

Thermodynamics
Sadi Carnot (founder)[112]
Publication: On the Motive Power of Fire and Machines Fitted to Develop that Power (1824)

text: Formal sciences[edit]

text: Mathematics[edit]

text:
Field
Person/s
considered "father" or "mother"
Rationale

Algebra
(see also The father of algebra)
Muhammad Al-Khwarizmi (Algorismi)[113] Brahmagupta[114]
Diophantus[115][116]
Full exposition of solving quadratic equations in his Al-Jabr and recognized algebra as an independent discipline.
First use of symbolism (syncopation) in his Arithmetica.

Algebraic topology
Henri Poincaré[117]
Published Analysis Situs in 1895,[118] introducing the concepts of homotopy and homology, which are now considered part of algebraic topology.

Analysis
Augustin-Louis Cauchy[119]
Karl Weierstrass[120]

Analytic geometry
René Descartes
Pierre de Fermat[121] (founders)
For their independent invention of the Cartesian Coordinate System

Calculus
Isaac Newton[122]
Gottfried Leibniz
See Leibniz and Newton calculus controversy.

Classical analysis
Madhava of Sangamagrama[123]
Developed Taylor series expansions of trigonometric functions

Computer science
Charles Babbage
Alan Turing
In the history of computer science Babbage is often regarded as one of the first pioneers of computing and Turing invented the principle of the modern computer and the stored program concept that almost all modern day computers use.

Computer programming
Ada Lovelace
Work on Charles Babbage's proposed mechanical general-purpose computer, the Analytical Engine

Cryptanalysis
Al-Kindi[124][125][126]
Developed the first code breaking algorithm based on frequency analysis. He wrote a book entitled "Manuscript on Deciphering Cryptographic Messages", containing detailed discussions on statistics.

Descriptive geometry
Gaspard Monge[127]
(founder)
Developed a graphical protocol that creates three-dimensional virtual space on a two-dimensional plane

Fractal geometry
Benoît B. Mandelbrot

Geometry
Euclid[128]
Euclid's Elements deduced the principles of Euclidean geometry from a set of axioms.

Graph theory
Leonhard Euler[129]
See Seven Bridges of Königsberg

Italian school of algebraic geometry
Corrado Segre[130]
Publications and students developing algebraic geometry

Modern algebra
Emmy Noether[131]
Provided the first general definitions of a commutative ring, and suggested that topology be studied algebraically.[132] Combined the structure theory of associative algebras and the representation theory of groups into a single arithmetic theory of modules and ideals in rings satisfying ascending chain conditions.[133]

Non-Euclidean geometry
János Bolyai,
Nikolai Lobachevsky[134](founders)
Independent development of hyperbolic geometry in which Euclid's fifth postulate is not true

Number theory
Pythagoras[135]

Probability
Gerolamo Cardano, Pierre de Fermat, Blaise Pascal, Christiaan Huygens[136] (founders)
Fermat and Pascal co-founded probability theory, about which Huygens wrote the first book

Projective geometry
Girard Desargues[137](founder)
By generalizing the use of vanishing points to include the case when these are infinitely far away

Tensor calculus
Gregorio Ricci-Curbastro[138]
(founder)
Book: The Absolute Differential Calculus

Trigonometry
Hipparchus[139][140]
Constructed the first trigonometric table.

Vector algebra,
vector calculus
Willard Gibbs[141]
Oliver Heaviside[142]
(founders)
For their development and use of vectors in algebra and calculus

text: Systems theory[edit]

text:
Field
Person/s
considered "father" or "mother"
Rationale

Chaos theory
Henri Poincaré[143]
Mary Cartwright[144][145]
Edward Lorenz[146]
Poincaré's work on the three-body problem was the first discovered example of a chaotic dynamical system. Cartwright made the first mathematical analysis of dynamical systems with chaos. Lorenz introduced strange attractor notation.

Cybernetics
Norbert Wiener[147]
Book Cybernetics: Or the Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine. 1948.

Dynamic programming
Richard E. Bellman

Fuzzy logic
Lotfi Asker Zadeh

Information theory
Claude Shannon[148]
Article: A Mathematical Theory of Communication (1948)

Optimal control
Arthur E. Bryson[149]
Book: Applied Optimal Control[150]

Robust control
George Zames[citation needed]
Small gain theorem and H infinity control.

Stability theory
Alexander Lyapunov[citation needed]
Lyapunov function

System dynamics
Jay Wright Forrester[151]
Book: Industrial dynamics (1961)

text: Social sciences[edit]

text:
Field
Person/s
considered "father" or "mother"
Rationale

Anthropology
Herodotus[152]
Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī[153][154]

Bibliometrics
Paul Otlet
The term bibliométrie was first used by Paul Otlet in 1934[155] and defined as "the measurement of all aspects related to the publication and reading of books and documents."[156]

Demography
Ibn Khaldun[157]
Muqaddimah (Prolegomena) (1377)

Egyptology
Father Athanasius Kircher[158]
Jean-François Champollion[citation needed]

First to identify the phoenetic importance of the hieroglyph, and he demonstrated Coptic as a vestige of early Egyptian, before the Rosetta stone's discovery.
Translated parts of the Rosetta Stone.

Historiography
Ibn Khaldun
Wrote several essential books

History
Herodotus (who also coined the term)

Indology
Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī[154]
Wrote the Indica

International law
Alberico Gentili
Francisco de Vitoria
Hugo Grotius
Influential contributions to the theory of international law, war and human rights

Linguistics (early)
Panini
Wrote the first descriptive grammar (of Sanskrit)

Linguistics (modern)
Ferdinand de Saussure
Noam Chomsky

Sociology
Ibn Khaldun[157][159]
Adam Ferguson[160]
Auguste Comte (who also coined the term)[161]
Marquis de Condorcet (founder)[162]
Wrote the first sociological book, the Muqaddimah (Prolegomena).
"Father of modern sociology"
Introduced the scientific method into sociology.

text: Economics[edit]

text:
Field
Person(s)
considered "father" or "mother"
Rationale

Accounting and bookkeeping
Luca Pacioli[163]
Establisher of accounting and the first person to publish a work on bookkeeping.[163]

Economics (early)
Ibn Khaldun[164]
Chanakya / Kautilya[165]
Publication: Muqaddimah (1370)
Publication: Arthashastra (400 BCE - 200 CE)

Economics (modern)

Richard Cantillon[166]
Anders Chydenius[167]
Adam Smith[168]

First specific treatise on economics.
The National Gain (1765), a pamphlet that included key ideas about free trade.[169]
The Wealth of Nations (1776).

Evolutionary economics
Ecological economics
Thermoeconomics
bioeconomics

Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen[170][171][172][173][174]
The Entropy Law and the Economic Process (1971)

Macroeconomics
John Maynard Keynes[175]
Author of The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money and groundbreaking economist, Keynes spearheaded a revolution in economic thinking. Prior to Keynes, the general consensus among economists was that the economy was self-fixing. During the Great Depression, when people began to realize that the economy would not fix itself, Keynes proposed that the government needed to intervene to combat excessive boom and bust. This idea was the largest influence in U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal.[176][177]

Mathematical economics
Daniel Bernoulli
Forerunner of the Tableau économique.[178]

Monetary economics

Nicole Oresme (c. 1322–1382)[179]
Irving Fisher (1867–1947)
Milton Friedman (1912–2006)

Oresme's De Moneta.
"Irving Fisher [...] spent his career studying questions about money and the economy - how money affects interest rates, how money affects inflation, and the impact of money on overall economic activity. For this work, he is regarded as the father of monetary economics."[180]
"[...] no less an authority than the University of Chicago's Milton Friedman, the father of monetary economics, [...]"[181]

Microcredit
Muhammad Yunus[182]
Founded Grameen Bank

Personnel economics
Edward Lazear
Published the first paper in the field.

text: Schools of thought[edit]

text:
Field
Person(s)
considered "father" or "mother"
Rationale

Austrian School
Carl Menger[183]

Communism
Karl Marx
Friedrich Engels
David Ricardo[184]

School of Salamanca
Francisco de Vitoria[185]
Highly influential teacher and lecturer on commercial morality

text: Theories[edit]

text:
Field
Person(s)
considered "father" or "mother"
Rationale

Expectations theory
Thomas Cardinal Cajetan[186]
Recognised the effect of market expectations on the value of money

Modern portfolio theory
Harry Markowitz[187]

Social choice theory
Kenneth Arrow
Created the field with his 1951 book Social Choice and Individual Values.

text: Other fields[edit]

text:
Field
Person/s
considered "father" or "mother"
Rationale

Science (modern)
Galileo Galilei[188]
[189][190]
For systemic use of experimentation in science and contributions to scientific method, physics and observational astronomy

Family and consumer science
Ellen Swallow Richards
Founded the American Association of Home Economics, currently the American Association of Family & Consumer Sciences. "Bringing science into the home, Richards hoped to "...attain the best physical, mental, and moral development" for the family, which she believed was the basic unit of civilization."[191]