document_title: List of Family Guy cast members

question_text: who does mila kunis play in the cleveland show

text: List of Family Guy cast members

text: Current cast[edit]

text: From seasons 1 to 4, Family Guy had four main cast members. Since season 5, there have been five main cast members. The casting of Meg Griffin changed after season 1.

text: Seth MacFarlane[edit]

text: Seth MacFarlane voices three of the show's main characters: Peter Griffin, Brian Griffin, and Stewie Griffin.[1] MacFarlane chose to voice these characters himself, believing it would be easier to portray the voices he had already envisioned than for someone else to attempt it.[2] MacFarlane drew inspiration for the voice of Peter from a security guard he overheard talking while attending the Rhode Island School of Design.[3] Stewie's voice was based on the voice of English actor Rex Harrison,[4] especially his performance in the 1964 musical drama film My Fair Lady.[5] MacFarlane uses his own voice while portraying Brian.[2]

text: MacFarlane also provides the voices for various other recurring and one-time only characters, most prominently those of news anchor Tom Tucker, Lois' father Carter Pewterschmidt and Dr. Hartman.[6] He is the only voice to be in every episode.

text: Alex Borstein[edit]

text: Alex Borstein voices Lois Griffin, Asian correspondent Tricia Takanawa, Loretta Brown and Lois' mother Barbara Pewterschmidt.[7] Borstein was asked to provide a voice for the pilot while she was working on MADtv. She had not met MacFarlane or seen any of his artwork and said it was "really sight unseen".[8] At the time, Borstein performed in a stage show in Los Angeles, in which she played a redhead mother whose voice she had based on one of her cousins.[7][8] The voice was originally slower (and deeper for the original series), but when MacFarlane heard it, he replied "Make it a little less fucking annoying ... and speed it up, or every episode will last four hours."[7]

text: Mila Kunis[edit]

text: Mila Kunis voices Meg Griffin.[6] Kunis won the role after auditions and a slight rewrite of the character, in part due to her performance on That '70s Show.[9] MacFarlane called Kunis back after her first audition, instructing her to speak slower, and then told her to come back another time and enunciate more. Once she claimed that she had it under control, MacFarlane hired her.[9] Kunis described her character as "the scapegoat". She further explained, "Meg gets picked on a lot. But it's funny. It's like the middle child. She is constantly in the state of being an awkward 14-year-old, when you're kind of going through puberty and what-not. She's just in a perpetual mode of humiliation. And it's fun."[10]

text: Seth Green[edit]

text: Seth Green primarily plays Chris Griffin and Neil Goldman.[6][11] Green stated that he did an impression of the "Buffalo Bill" character from the thriller film The Silence of the Lambs during his audition.[12] His main inspiration for Chris' voice came from envisioning how "Buffalo Bill" would sound if he were speaking through a public address system at a McDonald's.[13]

text: Mike Henry[edit]

text: Mike Henry is the voice of Cleveland Brown, John Herbert The Pervert and various other characters. A Family Guy writer and producer, he began acting on the show as part of the recurring cast repertory (see below) but was promoted to main cast member in 2005. Since the cancellation of The Cleveland Show, he also voices Cleveland's step-son Rallo Tubbs on Family Guy.

text: Recurring cast[edit]

text: In addition to both its main cast and guest stars, Family Guy utilizes a deep bench of regularly appearing supporting voice actors. Some appear in nearly every episode each season, while others appear less frequently. Some of these actors specifically play recurring characters, while others mainly play background citizens of Quahog or characters in cutaway gags.

text: The current supporting cast repertory includes the following actors:

text:
Actor
Character(s)
No. of Episodes
(Out of 245 produced)
Notes

Benjamin, H. JonH. Jon Benjamin
Carl
14
Since 2006.

Breckenridge, AlexandraAlexandra Breckenridge
Various women
57
Since 2005. Currently voices most female “extras” not voiced by Alex Borstein.

Brennan, JohnnyJohnny Brennan
Goldman, MortMort Goldman, Horace the bartender
77

Callaghan, SteveSteve Callaghan
Various
37
Also the current showrunner and executive producer of Family Guy and former showrunner/EP of American Dad!. [14]

Garman, RalphRalph Garman
Various
138

Lakin, ChristineChristine Lakin
Kinney, JoyceJoyce Kinney
23
Since 2010.

LaMarr, PhilPhil LaMarr
Williams, OllieOllie Williams and the Quahog judge
56

MacFarlane, RachaelRachael MacFarlane
Olivia and various women
54
Formerly one of the most frequent female voices. She reduced her number of appearances per season after joining American Dad! in 2005 but still appears several times per season. Seth MacFarlane's sister.

Osment, EmilyEmily Osment
Various
14
Since 2012.

Richardson, Kevin MichaelKevin Michael Richardson
Jerome and Cleveland Jr.
30
Since 2009.

Sheridan, ChrisChris Sheridan
Various
33
Also a Family Guy writer.

Smith, DannyDanny Smith
Various, including Evil Monkey, Al Harrington and Ernie, the Giant Chicken
189
Also a Family Guy writer.

Sulkin, AlecAlec Sulkin
Christ, JesusJesus Christ and various others
147
Since 2005, Also a Family Guy writer.

Tatasciore, FredFred Tatasciore
Various
36

Tilly, JenniferJennifer Tilly
Swanson, BonnieBonnie Swanson
42
Has recurred as the Griffin's neighbor since the first season.

Viener, JohnJohn Viener
Various
182
Since 2005, he has been one of the most frequently heard male voices aside from Seth MacFarlane. Also a Family Guy writer.

Warburton, PatrickPatrick Warburton
Swanson, JoeJoe Swanson
163
Has appeared as the Griffins' neighbor since the first season, and usually appears in most episodes each season. Warburton is the most frequently appearing one-character actor in the supporting repertory.

Wingert, WallyWally Wingert
Various
41

text: In addition to the above, the following actors were formerly regularly recurring voice actors in the series:

text:
Actor
Character(s)
No. of Episodes
Notes

Alan, LoriLori Alan
Simmons, DianeDiane Simmons
63
Left the show in season nine when her character was killed off. Was replaced in the series' context by Christine Lakin's Joyce Kinney

Alazraqui, CarlosCarlos Alazraqui
Weed, Mr.Mr. Weed
10
Peter's first boss, Mr. Weed, was killed off early in the series' run.

Barrymore, DrewDrew Barrymore
Russell, JillianJillian Russell
12
Played Jillian, Brian's former girlfriend. The character still appears in background roles

Cole, GaryGary Cole
Various
38
Cole appeared frequently in the earlier seasons, but still pops up now and then to play Meg and Chris' principal, Mr. Shepherd.

Hartman, ButchButch Hartman
Various
8

Henry, MikeMike Henry
Cleveland Brown, Herbert, Bruce, Consuela, and various others

Was promoted to main cast in 2005. Also a Family Guy writer.

Hentemann, MarkMark Hentemann
Opie and various others
45
Recently left Family Guy to work on another Seth MacFarlane project. Also a Family Guy writer.

Fisher, CarrieCarrie Fisher
Angela
19
Has recurred as Peter's boss several times per season since 2005. Died in 2016.

Strong, TaraTara Strong
Various, as well as Meg's singing voice
21
Appeared frequently in the first four seasons. Returned briefly in 2010-2012 and again for one episode in 2014.

Sullivan, NicoleNicole Sullivan
Goldman, MurielMuriel Goldman
27
Muriel was killed off in season nine.

Whitman, MaeMae Whitman
Various
10
Was a recurring younger female voice for several seasons between 2008-2010.

Wild, WellesleyWellesley Wild
Various
14
No longer a recurring voice (since 2013). He was a producer, but left the show.

Wilhoit, LisaLisa Wilhoit
D'Amico, ConnieConnie D'Amico
15
Meg's bully Connie has not appeared in the series since 2013.

West, AdamAdam West
Mayor West, AdamAdam West
93
Played a warped version of himself as the mayor of Quahog. Died in 2017.

text: Recurring guest voices[edit]

text: The recurring guest voices include Adam Carolla as Death, Patrick Stewart as Susie Swanson, Scott Grimes as Kevin Swanson and Sanaa Lathan as Donna Tubbs Brown. Previous recurring guests included Phyllis Diller in three episodes as Peter's Mother, Thelma, and Charles Durning as Peter's father, Francis. Both characters have since died, but Durning returned once to play Francis as a ghost. Early in the show's run, Fred Willard and Jane Lynch had a recurring role as a family of nudists. James Woods as James Woods.

text: Casting changes[edit]

text:
Lacey Chabert voiced Meg for the first production season (14 episodes), but, because of a contractual agreement, was never credited.[15] Chabert left the series due to time constraints with her acting role in Party of Five, as well as schoolwork.[16]
Norm Macdonald voiced the character of Death in a second season episode of Family Guy. He was subsequently replaced by Adam Carolla in all other appearances.
Jon Cryer originally voiced Kevin Swanson in his first appearance, before the role was passed temporarily onto Seth MacFarlane. The character was written out of the series for several years, with Scott Grimes taking over the voice when the character returned.
Fairuza Balk was the original voice of high school bully Connie D'Amico until Lisa Wilhoit took over the character in the third season.

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
Year
Actor
Award
Category
Role
Result
Ref.

2000
Seth MacFarlane
Primetime Emmy Award
Outstanding Voice-Over Performance
Stewie Griffin
Won
[17]

2009
Seth MacFarlane
Primetime Emmy Award
Outstanding Voice-Over Performance
Peter Griffin
Won
[18]

2006
Seth MacFarlane
Annie Award
Best Voice Acting in an Animated Television Production
Stewie Griffin
Won
[19]

2007
Mila Kunis
Annie Award
Voice Acting in an Animated Television Production
Meg Griffin
Won
[20]


document_title: Wifey (song)

question_text: who sings the song will you be my wifey

question_tokens: who sings the song will you be my wifey

root

text: Wifey (song)

text:
"Wifey"

Single by Next

from the album Welcome II Nextasy

Released
May 16, 2000

Format
CD single

Recorded
1998–1999

Genre
Contemporary R&B

Length
4:03

Label
Arista

Songwriter(s)
Cynthia "Lil' Mo" Loving
Eddie Berkeley
Kaygee Gist
Robert Lavelle Huggar

Next singles chronology

"I Still Love You"
(1998)
"Wifey"
(2000)
"Beauty Queen"
(2000)

"I Still Love You"
(1998)
"Wifey"
(2000)
"Beauty Queen"
(2000)

tag: table

text: "Wifey" is the first single from the contemporary R&B group "Next's" album Welcome II Nextasy. It featured additional uncredited vocals by Lil' Mo and was released on May 16, 2000. The song's peak lasted for one week at #1 on the U.S. R&B chart and peaked at #7 on the U.S. pop chart on August 29, 2000, after reaching the Top 40 on June 6, 2000. In 2001, the song won an ASCAP Rhythm & Soul Award for "Award-Winning R&B/Hip-Hop Songs".[1]

tag: p

text: Music video[edit]

text: Directed by Jeff Richter, the video shows imagery of the band members treating their significant women with care as the video cuts to a stage where the guys along with three female dancers appear and perform on the stage. It then shows each member of the group attracting a woman ranging from velvet ropes outside a club, the bedroom and in the bathroom when the woman soaks in the bathtub.

text: Charts[edit]

text:
Charts (2000–2001)
Peak
position

UK (Official Singles Chart)[2]
19

U.S. Billboard Hot 100[3]
7

U.S. Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs[3]
1

text:
End of year chart (2000)
Position

U.S. Billboard Hot 100[4]
53


document_title: Fiddler on the Roof (film)

question_text: who played the tailor in fiddler on the roof

text: Fiddler on the Roof (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: The film's plot largely follows that of the musical from which it is adapted.

text: Act 1[edit]

text: In 1905, Tevye, a poor Jewish milkman living in the Ukrainian village of Anatevka, a typical shtetl in the Pale of Settlement of Imperial Russia, compares the lives of the Jews of Anatevka to a fiddler on the roof, using tradition to "scratch out a pleasant, simple tune" without breaking their necks. In town, Tevye meets Perchik, a radical Marxist from Kiev. Tevye invites Perchik to stay with his family, and offers him food in exchange for Perchik tutoring his daughters.

text: Tevye arranges for his oldest daughter, Tzeitel, to marry Lazar Wolf, a wealthy butcher. Tzeitel is in love with her childhood sweetheart, Motel Kamzoil, and begs her father not to make her marry Lazar Wolf. Although he is initially angry, Tevye realizes that Tzeitel loves Motel and yields to his daughter's demands. In order to convince his wife Golde that Tzeitel should not be married to Lazar Wolfe, Tevye claims to have had a nightmare. He says that Golde's deceased grandmother told him Tzeitel is supposed to marry Motel, and that Lazar Wolf's late wife, Fruma-Sarah, threatened to kill Tzeitel if the two are married. Golde concludes that the dream was a message from their ancestors, and Tzeitel and Motel arrange to be married.

text: Meanwhile, Tevye's second daughter, Hodel, and Perchik begin to fall in love. They argue over the story of Leah and the place of old religious traditions in a changing world. The two dance together, which is considered forbidden by Orthodox Jewish tradition. Perchik tells Hodel that they just changed an old tradition.

text: At Tzeitel and Motel's wedding, An argument breaks out after Lazer Wolf, who is persuaded by his male friends, to gives the newlyweds gifts, when Tevya wants to say something to him, about what the good book says, Lazer refuses to listen to him, arguing that the wedding should have been his all along, until the Rabbi advises everyone to sit down. Minutes later, another argument breaks out over whether a girl should be able to choose her own husband. Perchik addresses the crowd and says that, since they love each other, it should be left for the couple to decide. He creates further controversy by asking Hodel to dance with him. The crowd gradually warms to the idea and Tevye and Golde, then Motel and Tzeitel, join in dancing. The wedding proceeds with great joy. Suddenly, the military presence in the town and the constable arrive and begin a pogrom. The constable stops the attack on the wedding celebration after Perchik is wounded in the scuffle with the Tsar's men; however, he allows the men to continue destroying property in the village. Tevye and the immediate family stand still, until Tevye angrily orders them to clean up instead of standing around. Tevye silently asks why God allowed this to happen to them.

text: Intermission[edit]

text: In its original theatrical release, the film was shown with an intermission and entr'acte music. [4]

text: Act 2[edit]

text: Months later, Perchik prepares to leave Anatevka for the revolution. He proposes to Hodel, and she accepts. When they tell Tevye, he is furious that they have decided to marry without his permission, but he again relents because they love each other. Tevye tells Golde his reasons for consenting to their daughter's marriage, which leads them to re-evaluate their own arranged marriage. Tevye and Golde ultimately realize that, despite having been paired by a matchmaker, they do love each other.

text: Weeks later, Perchik is arrested in Kiev and is exiled to Siberia. Hodel decides to join him there. She promises Tevye that she and Perchik will be married under a canopy. Meanwhile, Tzeitel and Motel become parents, and Motel finally buys the sewing machine for which he has long scrimped and saved.

text: Tevye's third daughter Chava falls in love with a Russian Orthodox Christian named Fyedka. Tevye tells Chava to be distant friends with Fyedka, because of the difference in their religions. When Chava eventually works up the courage to ask Tevye's permission to marry Fyedka, Tevye tells her that marrying outside the family's faith is against tradition. He forbids her from having any contact with Fyedka or from even mentioning his name. The next morning, Fyedka and Chava elope and are married in a Russian Orthodox church. Golde learns of the marriage when she meets up with the priest. When a grief-stricken Golde tells Tevye about the marriage, he tells her that Chava is dead to the family and that they shall forget her altogether. Chava asks Tevye to accept her marriage. In a soliloquy, Tevye concludes that he cannot accept Chava marrying a non-Jew. He accuses her of abandoning the Jewish faith and disowns her.

text: One winter day, the Jews of Anatevka are notified that they have three days to leave the village or be forced out by the government. Tevye, his family and friends begin packing up to leave, heading for various parts of Europe, Palestine, and the United States. Lazer Wolf plans to emigrate to Chicago, to live with his former sister in law, whom he detests, but has no other living options. Lazer and Tevya share one last embrace before departing. Yente, the Matchmaker, plans to emigrate to Jerusalem, Palestine, and says goodbye to Golde with an embrace before departing. Tevye receives letters from Hodel mentioning that she is working hard while Perchik stays in the Siberian prison. It is hoped that when Perchik is released, they will join the others in the United States. Chava and her husband Fyedka come to Tevye's house and tell the family that they are leaving, being unable to stay in a place that would force innocent people out. They head to Kraków, Poland. Tevye shows signs of forgiving Chava by murmuring under his breath "And God be with you," silently urging Tzeitel to repeat his words to Chava. Golde calls out to Chava and Fyedka, telling them where they will be living in New York.

text: The Constable silently watches as the mass evacuation of Anatevka takes place. The community forms their circle at a crossroad one last time before scattering in different directions. Tevye spots the fiddler and motions to him to come along, symbolizing that even though he must leave his town, his traditions will always be with him.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Topol as Tevye
Norma Crane as Golde, his wife
Rosalind Harris as Tzeitel, the oldest daughter
Michele Marsh as Hodel, the second daughter
Neva Small as Chava, the third daughter
Molly Picon as Yente, the matchmaker
Paul Mann as Lazar Wolf, the butcher, Tzeitel's older suitor
Leonard Frey as Motel Kamzoil, the tailor, Tzeitel's eventual husband
Michael Glaser as Perchik, the revolutionary, Hodel's eventual husband
Raymond Lovelock as Fyedka, a Christian, Chava's eventual husband
Elaine Edwards as Shprintze, the fourth daughter
Candy Bonstein as Bielke, the fifth daughter
Shimen Rushkin as Mordcha
Zvee Scooler as Rabbi
Louis Zorich as Constable
Alfie Scopp as Avram
Howard Goorney as Nachum
Barry Dennen as Mendel
Ruth Madoc as Fruma-Sarah, the butcher's late wife
Patience Collier as Grandmother Tzeitel
Tutte Lemkow as Fiddler
Marika Rivera as Rifka
Aharon Ipale as Sheftel
Roger Lloyd Pack as Sexton
Vernon Dobtcheff as Russian official
Kenneth Waller (uncredited)[5]

tag: ul

text: Norman Jewison: (uncredited) as the Rabbi in the "Tevye's Dream" sequence (singing "Mazel Tov")

text: Musical numbers[edit]

text:
"Prologue / Tradition" – Tevye and Company
"Matchmaker" – Tzeitel, Hodel, Chava, Shprintze, and Bielke
"If I Were a Rich Man" – Tevye
"Sabbath Prayer" – Tevye, Golde, and Chorus
"To Life" – Tevye, Lazar Wolf, and Male Company
"Tevye's Monologue (Tzeitel and Motel)" – Tevye
"Miracle of Miracles" – Motel
"Tevye's Dream" – Tevye, Golde, Grandmother Tzeitel, Rabbi, Fruma-Sarah, and Chorus
"Sunrise, Sunset" – Tevye, Golde, Perchik, Hodel, and Chorus
"Wedding Celebration / The Bottle Dance"
"Entr'acte" – Orchestra
"Tevye's Monologue (Hodel and Perchik)" – Tevye
"Do You Love Me?" – Tevye and Golde
"Far from the Home I Love" – Hodel
"Chava Ballet Sequence (Little Bird, Little Chavaleh)" – Tevye
"Tevye's Monologue (Chava and Fyedka)" – Tevye
"Anatevka" – Tevye, Golde, Lazar Wolf, Yente, Mendel, Mordcha, and Company

tag: ol

text: Production[edit]

text: The decision to cast Topol, instead of Zero Mostel, as Tevye was a somewhat controversial one, as the role had originated with Mostel and he had made it famous. Years later, Jewison explained that he felt Mostel's larger-than-life personality, while fine on stage, would cause film audiences to see him as Mostel, rather than the character of Tevye.

text: Principal photography was done at Pinewood Studios in Buckinghamshire, England. Most of the exterior shots were done in SFR Yugoslavia—specifically in Mala Gorica, Lekenik, and Zagreb within the Yugoslav constituent republic of Croatia. Isaac Stern provided the violin solos.

text: Director Norman Jewison has a cameo as a rabbi during Tevya's dream sequence.[citation needed]

text: Differences from the Broadway musical[edit]

text: The film follows the plot of the stage play very closely, retaining nearly all of the play's dialogue, although it omits the songs "Now I Have Everything" and "The Rumor (I Just Heard)".[6][7] Lyrical portions of "Tevye's Dream (Tailor Motel Kemzoil)", were omitted to avoid repetition. Changes were also made in the song "Tradition," with the film omitting the dialogue between Reb Nachum the beggar (who, in the film, cannot speak) and Lazar Wolf as well as dialogue spoken by Yente and Avram. In addition, in the film, two men argue about whether a horse claimed to be six years old was actually twelve, rather than whether the horse was actually a mule.

text: Seven additional scenes were added to the film:

text:
The Constable gets orders from his superior for a "demonstration" against the Jews (referred to by the superior as "Christ-killers") in Anatevka.
Perchik is arrested at a workers' rally in Kiev.
Golde goes to the priest to look for Chava (described by her in the stage production).
Motel gets dressed for his upcoming wedding to Tzeitel.
The Rabbi and his students inside the synagogue receive news of the arrival of Motel's new sewing machine.
The Rabbi takes the Torah out of the ark inside the synagogue for the last time. He weeps and chants quietly about having to abandon the synagogue.
Tevye feeds his animals in the barn for the final time. He tells his lame horse to take care of his leg and to treat his new owner and master well.

text: The scene with Hodel and Perchik, where he plans to leave to start a revolution, was extended in the film. A new song intended to be sung by Perchik was recorded ("Any Day Now"), but was omitted from the final print; however, it was included in the 2004 re-released soundtrack. When the film was re-released in 1979, 32 minutes were cut, including the songs "Far from the Home I Love" and "Anatevka".

text: In the film, Tevye and Lazar Wolf discuss Wolf's proposed marriage to Tzeitel in Wolf's home, while in the stage version, the two meet in a tavern. The film shows Wolf's home as filled with golden artifacts. Prior to Wolf entering the scene, Tevye speaks to a female servant, who tells him not to touch anything.

text: Although a faithful adaptation of the original stage version, Fiddler scholar Jan Lisa Huttner has noted several differences between stage and screen.[6][8] She argues that changes in American culture and politics and developments in Israel led the filmmakers to portray certain characters differently and to offer a different version of Anatevka.[6] For example, the Broadway production cast Bea Arthur as a tall, booming Yente, while the film portrays Yente as tiny and timid. Huttner also notes that the "Chagall color palette" of the original Broadway production was exchanged for a grittier, more realistic depiction of the village of Anatevka.[6]

text: Release[edit]

text: Roadshow presentation[edit]

text: Because the film follows the stage musical so closely, and the musical did not have an overture, the filmmakers chose to eliminate the customary film overture played before the beginning of most motion pictures shown in a roadshow-style presentation. However, there is a solo by the Fiddler played over the opening credits (after the conclusion of "Tradition"), there is an intermission featuring entr'acte music, and exit music is played at the end after the closing credits.

text: Reception[edit]

text: The film was a success, earning United Artists profits of $6.1 million, plus distribution profits of $8 million.[9]

text: On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an 81% rating based on 37 reviews, with an average of 7.7/10.[10]

text: Awards and honors[edit]

text:
Year
Award
Category
Recipient(s) and nominee(s)
Result

1972
Academy Awards
Best Picture
Norman Jewison
Nominated

Best Actor
Topol
Nominated

Best Supporting Actor
Leonard Frey
Nominated

Best Director
Norman Jewison
Nominated

Best Art Direction
Art Direction: Robert F. Boyle and Michael Stringer; Set Decoration: Peter Lamont
Nominated

Best Music, Scoring Adaptation and Original Song Score
John Williams
Won

Best Cinematography
Oswald Morris
Won

Best Sound
Gordon K. McCallum and David Hildyard
Won

Golden Globe Awards
Best Motion Picture - Musical or Comedy
Won

Best Actor in a Motion Picture - Musical or Comedy
Topol
Won

Best Supporting Actor in a Motion Picture
Paul Mann
Nominated

Best Director
Norman Jewison
Nominated

BAFTA Awards
Best Cinematography
Oswald Morris
Nominated

Best Editing
Antony Gibbs, Robert Lawrence
Nominated

Best Sound Track
Les Wiggins, David Hildyard, Gordon K. McCallum
Nominated

American Cinema Editors
Best Edited Feature Film
Antony Gibbs, Robert Lawrence
Nominated

British Society of Cinematographers
Oswald Morris
Won

David di Donatello
Best Foreign Actor
Topol
Won

Motion Picture Sound Editors
Best Sound Editor - Dialogue
Won

Sant Jordi Awards
Best Performance in a Foreign Film
Topol
Won

Writers Guild of America Award
Best Comedy Adapted from Another Medium
Joseph Stein
Nominated

2007
Satellite Awards
Best DVD Extras (for the collector's edition)
Nominated

text: American Film Institute recognition

text:
AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs:

Sunrise, Sunset - Nominated
If I Were a Rich Man - Nominated

AFI's 100 Years...100 Cheers - #82


document_title: Electronic cigarette

question_text: when was the first e-cigarette sold in the us

question_tokens: when was the first e-cigarette sold in the us

text: Electronic cigarette

text: Terminology

text: Electronic cigarettes are also known as e-cigarettes, e-cigs, EC,[1] electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) or electronic non-nicotine delivery systems (ENNDS),[2] electronic smoking devices (ESDs),[3] personal vaporizers, or PVs.[4] They are handheld devices, often made to look like conventional cigarettes, and used in a similar way.[2][39] E-liquid[6] or juice are names for the flavored solution that goes inside the e-cigarette.[40] An aerosol, or vapor, is produced by heating the e-liquid.[41] Irish public health discussions refer to NMNDS ("non-medicinal nicotine delivery systems").[42] When the FDA commissioned their 2018 report on ENDS which they label as a Tobacco Product, the authors chose to use the term e-cigarettes for some use e-juice without nicotine.[43]

text: Use

text: Frequency

text: Between their introduction to the market in 2004 and approximately 2015, global usage of e-cigarettes rose exponentially.[33] By 2013, there were several million users globally.[46] Awareness and use of e-cigarettes greatly increased in a relatively short period of time.[47] Growth rates in the US and UK slowed in 2015, although use is still increasing.[48][49]

text: Most users have a history of smoking regular cigarettes.[50] At least 52% of smokers or ex-smokers in one area have vaped.[32] Of smokers who have, one British study reported that less than 15% became everyday e-cigarette users.[7] Though e-cigarette use among those who have never smoked is very low, it continues to rise.[51] One United States survey of e-cigarette users conducted from 2011–2012 found that only 1% of respondents used liquid without nicotine.[52]

text: Everyday use is common among e-cigarette users.[53] Many e-cigarette users are middle-aged men who also smoke traditional cigarettes.[16] E-cigarette use is rising among women.[54]

text: In the US, as of  2014[update], 12.6% of adults had used an e-cigarette at least once and approximately 3.7% were still using them.[55] 1.1% of adults were daily users.[56] Non-smokers and former smokers who had quit more than four years earlier were extremely unlikely to be current users.[56] Former smokers who had recently quit were more than four times as likely to be daily users as current smokers.[56] Experimentation was more common among younger adults, but daily users were more likely to be older adults.[56]

text: In the UK, there were about 2.6 million users in 2015 --- which is about 18% of current smokers and about 5% of the population.[57] 59% of current smokers said they had tried them.[58][34] Among those who had never smoked, 1.1% said they had tried them and 0.2% still use them.[59]

text: In France in 2014, between 7.7 and 9.2 million people have tried e-cigarettes and 1.1 to 1.9 million use them on a daily basis.[60] 67% of French smokers use e-cigarettes to reduce or quit smoking. Of French people who have tried e-cigarettes, 9% have never smoked tobacco.[60] Of the 1.2% who had recently stopped tobacco smoking at the time of the survey, 84% (or 1% of the population surveyed) credited e-cigarettes as essential in quitting.[60]

text: Motivation

text: E-cigarette users report several reasons for use:

text:
Recreational use;[16]
To cut down or quit smoking;[16]
Because they believe vaping is healthier than smoking;[62]
To circumvent smoke-free laws and policies;[23]
Because e-cigarettes are odor-free;[53] or
Because in some jurisdictions, they are cheaper.[53]

text: Marketing aimed at smokers focuses on these motivations.[63] This marketing does influence people to try them.[64]

text: When users were asked why they had first tried e-cigarettes, reasons given were curiosity or experimentation;[65] because a relative was using them; or because they were given or offered one.[66]

text: Some researchers are concerned about vaping during pregnancy.[9]

text: Some users have stopped vaping due to issues with the devices.[53] Dissatisfaction and concerns over safety can also discourage ongoing e-cigarette use.[57]

text: Progression

text: Users may begin by trying a disposable e-cigarette.[67] They often start with e-cigarettes resembling normal cigarettes, subsequently moving to a later-generation device.[68] Most later-generation e-cigarette users shifted to their present device to get a "more satisfying hit",[68] and users may adjust their devices to provide more vapor for better "throat hits".[69]

text: Children

text: Although smoking among young people has declined over the last five years, this has coincided with a growth in the use of alternative nicotine products.[72] Overall frequency of vaping in minors is low.[67] However, among schoolchildren, e-cigarette use surpasses the use of any other nicotine product.[73][74] Some young people who have tried an e-cigarette have never smoked tobacco, so vaping can be a starting point for nicotine use.[23]

text: The evidence on whether e-cigarettes are a gateway to tobacco smoking in later life is mixed and contradictory. In the UK, Public Health England say there is no evidence that e-cigarettes increase teen tobacco smoking, and tentative evidence that e-cigarettes divert young people away from cigarettes;[13] but in the US, researchers say use by young people correlates with increased desire to smoke tobacco,[9] and that teenagers who have used an e-cigarette are more inclined to become smokers than those who had not.[75][76][77][78][79][80][81]

text: Most young people who vape also smoke.[82] Most say that when they vape, they use liquid without nicotine.[83] Motivation for use by minors is not likely to be associated with quitting smoking. It is more likely to be sensation-seeking or symbolic of rebellion.[51][9][84]

text: Some researchers and anti-tobacco advocates are concerned that irresponsible marketing could make e-cigarettes appeal to young people.[85][44] There is also a risk that infants or toddlers could ingest the e-liquid from an improperly-stored device.[86] About 48% of poison control calls involved exposures in children in 2016.[87] In 2016 there were 2,907 total calls specifically regarding e-cigarettes and liquid nicotine for all age ranges. The number of these calls seems to be trending downward after a peak of 4,023 calls for all ages in 2014. For 2018, the total number of calls for these vape related substance exposures is 2,226 for the first three quarters that have been reported.[88]

text: Other uses

text: The emergence of e-cigarettes has given cannabis smokers a new method of inhaling cannabinoids.[89] E-cigarettes, also known as vape pens, cartridges and pens, differ from traditional marijuana cigarettes in several respects.[89] It is assumed that vaporizing cannabinoids at lower temperatures is safer because it produces smaller amounts of toxic substances than the hot combustion of a marijuana cigarette.[89] Recreational cannabis users can discreetly "vape" deodorized cannabis extracts with minimal annoyance to the people around them and less chance of detection, known as "stealth vaping".[89] While cannabis is not readily soluble in the liquid used for e-cigs, recipes containing synthetic cannabinoids which are soluble may be found on the Internet.[89]

text: E-cigarettes may be used with other substances and cartridges can potentially be filled with e-liquid containing substances other than nicotine, thus serving as a new way to deliver other psychoactive drugs,[90] for example THC.[89]

text: Cannabinoid-enriched e-liquids require lengthy, complex processing. Some are available on the Internet despite lack of quality control, expiry date, conditions of preservation, or any toxicological and clinical assessment.[89] The health consequences of vaping cannabis preparations are largely unknown.[89]

text: Construction

text: Design

text: The main components of an e-cigarette are a mouthpiece, a cartridge (tank), a heating element/atomizer, a microprocessor, a battery, and possibly an LED light on the end.[91] The only exception to this are mechanical e-cigarettes (mods) which contain no electronics; the circuit is closed by a mechanical action switch.[92] An atomizer comprises a small heating element, or coil, that vaporizes e-liquid and wicking material that draws liquid onto the coil.[93] When the user pushes a button,[65] or (in some variations) activates a pressure sensor by inhaling, the heating element atomizes the liquid solution.[16] The e-liquid reaches a temperature of roughly 100-250 °C within a chamber to create an aerosolized vapor,[94] which the user then inhales, rather than cigarette smoke.[24] The aerosol provides a flavor and feel similar to tobacco smoking.[95]

text: There are three main types of e-cigarettes: cigalikes, looking like cigarettes; eGos, bigger than cigalikes with refillable liquid tanks; and mods, assembled from basic parts or by altering existing products.[9] As the e-cigarette industry continues to evolve, new products are quickly developed and brought to market.[96] First generation e-cigarettes tend to look like tobacco cigarettes and so are called "cigalikes".[97] Most cigalikes look like cigarettes but there is some variation in size.[98] A traditional cigarette is smooth and light while a cigalike is rigid and slightly heavier.[95] Second generation devices are larger overall and look less like tobacco cigarettes.[99] Third generation devices include mechanical mods and variable voltage devices.[97] The fourth generation includes Sub ohm tanks and temperature control devices.[100] The power source is the biggest component of an e-cigarette,[33] which is frequently a rechargeable lithium-ion battery.[101]

text: E-Liquid

text: E-liquid is the mixture used in vapor products such as e-cigarettes[102] and generally consists of propylene glycol, glycerin, water, nicotine, and flavorings.[21] While the ingredients vary[7][67][102] the liquid typically contains 95% propylene glycol and glycerin.[103] There are many e-liquids manufacturers in the US and worldwide,[104] and upwards of 8,000 flavors.[38] Industry standards have been created and published by the American E-liquid Manufacturing Standards Association (AEMSA).[105]

text: As of 8 August 2016, the FDA extended its regulatory power to include e-cigarettes, e-liquid and all related products.[106] Under this ruling the FDA will evaluate certain issues, including ingredients, product features and health risks, as well their appeal to minors and non-users.[107] The FDA rule also bans access to minors.[107] As of August 2017, regulatory compliance deadlines relating to premarket review requirements for most e-cigarette and e-liquid products have been extended from November 2017 to 2022.[108][109]

text: Health effects

text: Positions of medical organizations

text: Smokers will get the maximum health benefit if they completely quit all nicotine use.[22] The second-best option for smokers is to switch to approved, regulated nicotine replacement therapy. Most medical organizations, including international organizations such as the WHO and those in the US, feel there is insufficient evidence to routinely recommend electronic cigarettes for use in smoking cessation.[22][47][110][111] Other medical organizations, particularly British ones, state e-cigarettes are a reasonable third-best alternative for those who smoke, are unable to quit, and unwilling to switch to conventional NRT.[112][113]

text: In 2015, Public Health England stated that e-cigarettes are estimated to be 95% less harmful than smoking.[114] In 2016, The Royal College of Physicians stated that with the current devices on the market a long term vapor should experience under 5% of the harm they would have otherwise been subject to if they continued smoking analog cigarettes.[115]

text: In 2018 the American Cancer Society released a position statement encouraging support for people who choose to use e-cigarettes over traditional clinical methods of smoking cessation.[116]

text: In 2018 the CDC reported that vaping has the potential to benefit current adult smokers who are not pregnant if they are a complete substitute for combustible cigarettes and other smoked tobacco products.[117]

text: Smoking cessation

text: The available research on e-cigarette use for smoking cessation is limited to three randomized controlled trials and some user surveys, case reports, and cohort studies.[119] The most recent Cochrane review concludes, with low confidence, that there is evidence that electronic cigarettes can help smokers quit in the long term compared to placebos,[120] but studies pertaining to their potential impact on smoking cessation and reduction are very limited.[121]

text: Some medical authorities recommend that e-cigarettes have a role in smoking cessation, and others disagree. On the one hand, Public Health England recommends that stop-smoking practitioners should (1) advise people who want to quit to try e-cigarettes if they are failing with conventional nicotine replacement therapy (NRT); and (2) advise people who cannot or do not want to quit to switch to e-cigarettes.[28] On the other hand, the United States Preventive Services Task Force advised only use of conventional NRT products in smoking cessation and found insufficient evidence to recommend e-cigarettes for this purpose.[4]

text: A 2016 meta-analysis based on 20 different studies found that smokers who vaped were 28% less likely to quit than those who had not tried electronic cigarettes. This finding persisted whether the smokers were initially interested in quitting or not.[122]  A 2015 meta-analysis on clinical trials found that nicotine-containing e-liquids are more effective than nicotine-free ones for quitting smoking. They compared their finding that nicotine-containing e-cigarettes helped 20% of people quit with the results from other studies that found conventional NRT helps 10% of people quit.[123] There has only been one study directly comparing first generation e-cigarettes to conventional NRT as smoking cessation tools, so the comparative effectiveness is not known.[123] Two 2016 reviews found a trend towards benefit of e-cigarettes with nicotine for smoking cessation, but the evidence was of low quality.[124][125] Another 2016 review found that the combined abstinence rate among smokers using e-cigarettes in prospective studies was 29.1%. The same review noted that few clinical trials had yet been conducted on their effectiveness, and only one had included a group using other cessation methods.[126]

text: In the US, e-cigarettes have not been subject to the same efficacy testing as nicotine replacement products. Several authorities, including the World Health Organisation, feel there is not enough evidence to recommend e-cigarettes for quitting smoking,[4] and there are studies showing a decline in smoking cessation among dual users.[122] A 2014 review found that e-cigarettes do not seem to improve cessation rates compared to regulated nicotine replacement products, and a trial found 29% of e-cigarette users were still vaping at 6 months, but only 8% of patch users still wore patches at 6 months.[50] There is low-quality evidence that vaping assists smokers to quit smoking in the long-term compared with nicotine-free vaping.[127] Nicotine-containing e-cigarettes were associated with greater effectiveness for quitting smoking than e-cigarettes without nicotine.[123] E-cigarettes without nicotine may reduce tobacco cravings because of the smoking-related physical stimuli.[128]

text: Harm reduction

text: Tobacco harm reduction (THR) is replacing tobacco cigarettes with lower risk products to reduce death and disease.[129] E-cigarettes can reduce smokers' exposure to carcinogens and other toxic substances found in tobacco,[128][130] and are very likely less harmful than tobacco cigarettes.[128][131] This is a motivation for many e-cigarette users.[25]

text: Hazards associated with products currently on the market are certainly much lower than smoking. However, harms could be reduced further through appropriate product standards.[25] The British Medical Association encourages health professionals to recommend conventional nicotine replacement therapies, but for patients unwilling to use or continue using such methods, health professionals may present e-cigarettes as a lower-risk option than tobacco smoking.[132] The American Association of Public Health Physicians (AAPHP) suggests those who are unwilling to quit tobacco smoking or unable to quit with medical advice and pharmaceutical methods should consider other nicotine containing products such as electronic cigarettes and smokeless tobacco for long term use instead of smoking.[133]

text:
Tobacco smoke contains 100 known carcinogens, and 900 potentially cancer causing chemicals,[102] none of which has been found in more than trace quantities in e-cigarette vapor.[128]
A core concern is that smokers who could have quit completely will develop an alternative nicotine addiction instead.[128] A 2014 review stated that promotion of vaping as a harm reduction aid is premature,[134] but they could help to lower tobacco-related death and disease if examined more thoroughly.[21] Another review found that compared with cigarettes, e-cigarettes are likely to be much less, if at all, harmful to users or bystanders.[29] The authors warned against the potential harm of excessive regulation and advised health professionals to consider advising smokers who are reluctant to quit by other methods to switch to e-cigarettes as a safer alternative to smoking.[29] A 2015 Public Health England report concluded that e-cigarette use "releases negligible levels of nicotine into ambient air with no identified health risks to bystanders".[135] A 2014 review recommended that regulations for e-cigarettes could be similar to those for dietary supplements or cosmetic products to not limit their potential for harm reduction.[136] A 2012 review found e-cigarettes could considerably reduce traditional cigarettes use and they likely could be used as a lower risk replacement for traditional cigarettes, but there is not enough data on their safety and efficacy to draw definite conclusions.[95]

text: In an interview, the director of the Office on Smoking and Health for the U.S. federal agency Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) believes that there is enough evidence to say that using e-cigarettes is likely less harmful than smoking conventional cigarettes.[137] However, due to the lack of regulation of the contents of e-cigarettes and the presence of nicotine, the CDC has issued warnings.[137] A 2014 WHO report concluded that some smokers will switch completely to e-cigarettes from traditional tobacco but a "sizeable" number will use both.[22] This report found that such "dual use" of e-cigarettes and tobacco "will have much smaller beneficial effects on overall survival compared with quitting smoking completely."[22]

text: Safety

text: The safety of electronic cigarettes is uncertain.[9][4][10] However, they are likely substantially safer than tobacco cigarettes,[7][139][140] since there is no ash, tar, carbon and carbon monoxide entering inhaler's lungs.[141] There is considerable variation between vaporizers and in quality of their liquid ingredients and thus the contents of the vapor.[23][142][143] Reviews on the safety of electronic cigarettes, analyzing almost the same studies, resulted in substantially different conclusions.[144] In July 2014 the World Health Organization (WHO) report cautioned about potential risks of using e-cigarettes.[22] Regulated US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) products such as nicotine inhalers are probably safer than e-cigarettes.[134] A 2014 systematic review concluded that the risks of e-cigarettes have been exaggerated by health authorities and stated that while there may be some remaining risk, the risk of e-cigarette use is likely small compared to smoking tobacco.[26]

text: The long-term effects of e-cigarette use are unknown.[65][16][127] Improvements in lung function and pulmonary health have been demonstrated among smokers who have switched to e-cigarettes.[145][146] A 2014 Cochrane review found no serious adverse effects reported in clinical trials.[7] Less serious adverse effects from e-cigarette use include throat and mouth irritation, vomiting, nausea, and cough.[23] The evidence suggests they produce less harmful effects than tobacco.[147] A 2014 WHO report said, "ENDS use poses serious threats to adolescents and fetuses."[22] Nicotine exposure can lead to adverse health consequences such as impaired brain and lung development in children.[148] It is also thought that nicotine can create an increased risk of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). Other adverse outcomes include disruptive behavioral disorders, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, reduced respiratory compliance, forced expiratory flow, and impaired lung function.[148] It is also thought that electronic cigarette use can expose individuals to oxidants. Some studies have associated electronic cigarette use with an increased oxidative stress.[149] Aside from toxicity, there are also risks from misuse or accidents[26] such as contact with liquid nicotine,[150] fires caused by vaporizer malfunction,[23] and explosions as result from extended charging, unsuitable chargers, or design flaws.[26] Battery explosions are caused by an increase in internal battery temperature and some have resulted in severe skin burns.[9] There is a small risk of battery explosion in devices modified to increase battery power.[94]

text: The e-liquid has a low level of toxicity, but contamination with various chemicals has been found.[151] The majority of toxic chemicals found in tobacco smoke are absent in e-cigarette vapor.[25][26] Those which are present are mostly below 1% of the corresponding levels in tobacco smoke, and far below safety limits for occupational exposure.[27][152] Metal parts of e-cigarettes in contact with the e-liquid can contaminate it with metals.[26] Normal usage of e-cigarettes generates very low levels of formaldehyde.[153] Later-generation e-cigarettes can generate high levels of formaldehyde, but only when they thermally degrade under conditions that bear very little resemblance to how the devices are actually used.[65][154][153][13] Users detect the "dry puff" and avoid it, and the report concluded that "There is no indication that EC users are exposed to dangerous levels of aldehydes."[13] E-cigarette users who use e-cigarettes that contain nicotine are exposed to its potentially harmful effects.[24] Nicotine is associated with cardiovascular disease, potential birth defects, and poisoning.[155] In vitro studies of nicotine have associated it with cancer, but carcinogenicity has not been demonstrated in vivo.[155] There is inadequate research to demonstrate that nicotine is associated with cancer in humans.[156] The risk is probably low from the inhalation of propylene glycol and glycerin.[29] No information is available on the long-term effects of the inhalation of flavors.[151] Most of the cardiovascular effects of ECs are consistent with those of nicotine. According to a 2017 review, it is possible that ECs may have adverse cardiovascular effects on users, especially those who already have cardiovascular disease. However, this review also concluded that "the risk is thought to be less than that of cigarette smoking based on qualitative and quantitative comparisons of EC aerosol versus cigarette smoke constituents."[157]

text: E-cigarettes create vapor that consists of ultrafine particles, with the majority of particles in the ultrafine range.[23] The vapor has been found to contain flavors, propylene glycol, glycerin, nicotine, tiny amounts of toxicants, carcinogens, heavy metals, and metal nanoparticles, and other harmful chemicals.[23][29][158] Exactly what comprises the vapor varies in composition and concentration across and within manufacturers.[24] There is a concern that some of the mainstream vapor exhaled by e-cigarette users can be inhaled by bystanders, particularly indoors.[33] E-cigarette use by a parent might lead to inadvertent health risks to offspring.[148] A 2014 review recommended that e-cigarettes should be regulated for consumer safety.[136] There is limited information available on the environmental issues around production, use, and disposal of e-cigarettes that use cartridges.[159]

text: Nicotine

text: Use of e-cigarettes containing nicotine harms the developing adolescent brain. Human and animal studies have found that nicotine exposure from e-cigarettes during adolescence adversely affects cognitive development,[148] and animal research suggests that it has more severe impacts on the most vulnerable parts of the brain.[160] One such region adversely affected by nicotine within the adolescent brain is the limbic system, which modulates drug reward, cognition, and emotion.[160] Exposure to nicotine during adolescence has also been related to changes in neural circuits.[148] Consequently, brain chemistry and neurobehavior is adversely influenced by nicotine exposure.[148]

text: Nicotine is poisonous, and e-cigarette use or misuse can lead to nicotine poisoning via ingestion, inhalation, or absorption of nicotine via the skin or eyes,[67] especially for young children.[86] However, 92.5% of American children were exposed through ingestion.[161] The risk of accidental nicotine exposure from e-cigarettes is most severe in children under age 6,[150] who have a lower median lethal dose than adolescents or adults,[161] and it is worst for 1-year-olds.[161] Early signs of accidental nicotine exposure include quickened heart rate (tachycardia), sweating (diaphoresis), nausea, and vomiting,[86] late effects include low blood pressure (hypotension) and reduced breathing (respiratory depression or hypoventilation),[86] and rare effects include coma, seizure, sustained inability to breath (respiratory arrest), heart attack (cardiac arrest), and death.[161] Two children in the US[161] and four adults in the US and Europe have died from ingesting liquid nicotine.[162]

text: As the usage of e-cigarettes increased between 2012 and 2015, the nicotine exposure rate increased by 1398.2% in the US.[161] In December 2014 for instance, e-cigarette sales in the US were roughly equivalent to just 3.5% of traditional cigarette sales, but e-cigarettes represented 44% of all e-cigarette and traditional cigarette calls to US poison control centers.[163] The accidental nicotine exposure rate in the US has since decreased by 18.9% between July 2016, when the Child Nicotine Poisoning Prevention Act of 2015, a federal law requiring child-resistant packaging for e-liquid, came into effect, and April 2017.[161] According to a regression discontinuity design study by Govindarajan et al. (2018), the 32 states without a preexisting law similar to the Child Nicotine Poisoning Prevention Act experienced a significant drop in the average number of exposures during the 9 months before the Act went into effect compared with the 9 months after.[161] In addition to lack of child-resistant packaging, other factors that the FDA[164] and CDC[163] have attributed to the rise in child ingestion of e-liquid are dessert and candy flavored e-liquids and misbranded e-liquids. Misbranded e-liquids are often sold in packaging that resembles kid-friendly foods, beverages, or candies.[164] Some e-liquids are sold in packaging closely resembling Tree Top-brand juice boxes, Reddi-wip whipped cream, or Sour Patch Kids gummy candy, for example,[165] and children have accidentally drank these misbranded e-liquids and become sick.[164]

text: Passive vaping

text: The World Health Organization's view regarding second hand aerosol (SHA) is "that while there are a limited number of studies in this area, it can be concluded that SHA is a new air contamination source for particulate matter, which includes fine and ultrafine particles, as well as 1,2-propanediol, some VOCs [volatile organic compounds], some heavy metals, and nicotine" and "[i]t is nevertheless reasonable to assume that the increased concentration of toxicants from SHA over background levels poses an increased risk for the health of all bystanders".[166] Public Health England has concluded that "international peer-reviewed evidence indicates that the risk to the health of bystanders from secondhand e-cigarette vapor is extremely low and insufficient to justify prohibiting e-cigarettes".[167] A systematic review concluded, "the absolute impact from passive exposure to EC [electronic cigarette] vapor has the potential to lead to adverse health effects. The risk from being passively exposed to EC vapor is likely to be less than the risk from passive exposure to conventional cigarette smoke."[168]

text: Addiction

text: Nicotine, a key ingredient in most e-liquids, is a highly addictive substance, on a level comparable to heroin and cocaine.[169] Nicotine stimulates regions of the cortex associated with reward, pleasure and reducing anxiety.[94] When nicotine intake stops, withdrawal symptoms include cravings for nicotine, anger/irritability, anxiety, depression, impatience, trouble sleeping, restlessness, hunger or weight gain, and difficulty concentrating.[51][170] It is not clear whether e-cigarette use will decrease or increase overall nicotine addiction,[171] but the nicotine content in e-cigarettes is adequate to cause or sustain nicotine dependence.[172]

text: E-cigarettes have been advanced as a strategy to reduce the addictive levels of nicotine in cigarettes.[148] Evidence suggests adjusting nicotine levels in paraphernalia can influence addiction, however the negative health effects of nicotine are often ignored.[148] In September 2018, US FDA Commissioner Dr. Scott Gottlieb stated the FDA's position that "the developing adolescent brain is particularly vulnerable to nicotine addiction."[173] Ninety percent of smokers began during adolescence (before 18 years of age).[160]

text: The World Health Organization is concerned about addiction for non-smokers,[22] and the National Institute on Drug Abuse said e-cigarettes could maintain nicotine addiction in those who are attempting to quit.[75] The limited available data suggests that the likelihood of abuse from e-cigarettes is smaller than traditional cigarettes.[174] A 2014 systematic review found that the concerns that e-cigarettes could lead non-smokers to start smoking are unsubstantiated.[26] No long-term studies have been done on the effectiveness of e-cigarettes in treating tobacco addiction,[134] but some evidence suggests that dual use of e-cigarettes and traditional cigarettes may be associated with greater nicotine dependence.[65]

text: Nicotine yield

text: Smoking a traditional cigarette yields between 0.5 and 1.5 mg of nicotine,[172] but the nicotine content of the cigarette is only weakly correlated with the levels of nicotine in the smoker's bloodstream.[175] The amount of nicotine in the e-cigarette aerosol varies widely either from puff-to-puff or among products of the same company.[24] In practice e-cigarette users tend to reach lower blood nicotine concentrations than smokers, particularly when the users are inexperienced or using earlier-generation devices.[97] Nicotine in tobacco smoke is absorbed into the bloodstream rapidly, and e-cigarette vapor is relatively slow in this regard.[97] The concentration of nicotine in e-liquid ranges up to 36 mg/mL.[25] New EU regulations cap this at a maximum of 2% (20 mg/mL), but this is an arbitrary ceiling based on limited data.[9] In practice the nicotine concentration in an e-liquid is not a reliable guide to the amount of nicotine that reaches the bloodstream.[25]

text: History

text: The earliest e-cigarette can be traced to Herbert A. Gilbert,[176] who in 1963 patented "a smokeless non-tobacco cigarette" that involved "replacing burning tobacco and paper with heated, moist, flavored air".[177][178] This device produced flavored steam without nicotine.[178] The patent was granted in 1965.[179] Gilbert's invention was ahead of its time.[180] There were prototypes, but it received little attention[181] and was never commercialized[178] because smoking was still fashionable at that time.[182] Gilbert said in 2013 that today's electric cigarettes follow the basic design set forth in his original patent.[179]

text: Hon Lik, a Chinese pharmacist and inventor who worked as a research pharmacist for a company producing ginseng products, is credited with the invention of the modern e-cigarette.[30] Lik quit smoking after his father, also a heavy smoker, died of lung cancer.[30] In 2001, he thought of using a high frequency, piezoelectric ultrasound-emitting element to vaporize a pressurized jet of liquid containing nicotine.[183] This design creates a smoke-like vapor.[30] Lik said that using resistance heating obtained better results and the difficulty was to scale down the device to a small enough size.[183] Lik's invention was intended to be an alternative to smoking.[183]

text: Hon Lik registered a patent for the modern e-cigarette design in 2003.[183] The e-cigarette was first introduced to the Chinese domestic market in 2004.[30] Many versions made their way to the U.S., sold mostly over the Internet by small marketing firms.[30] E-cigarettes entered the European market and the US market in 2006 and 2007.[53] The company that Lik worked for, Golden Dragon Holdings, registered an international patent in November 2007.[184] The company changed its name to Ruyan (如烟, literally "Resembling smoking") later the same month[185] and started exporting its products.[30] Many US and Chinese e-cig makers copied his designs illegally, so Lik has not received much financial reward for his invention (although some US manufacturers have compensated him through out of court settlements).[186] Ruyan later changed its company name to Dragonite International Limited.[185] Most e-cigarettes today use a battery-powered heating element rather than the earlier ultrasonic technology design.[139]

text: When e-cigarettes entered the international market, some users were dissatisfied with their performance,[187][188] and the e-cigarette continued to evolve from the first generation three-part device.[98] In 2007 British entrepreneurs Umer and Tariq Sheikh invented the cartomizer.[189] This is a mechanism that integrates the heating coil into the liquid chamber.[189] They launched this new device in the UK in 2008 under their Gamucci brand,[188] and the design is now widely adopted by most "cigalike" brands.[98] Other users tinkered with various parts, such as 18650 flashlights, to produce more satisfactory homemade devices, and the hobby of "modding" was born.[187] The first mod to replace the e-cigarette's case to accommodate a longer-lasting battery, dubbed the "screwdriver", was developed by Ted and Matt Rogers[187] in 2008.[101] Other enthusiasts built their own mods to improve functionality or aesthetics.[187] When pictures of mods appeared at online vaping forums many people wanted them, so some mod makers produced more for sale.[187]

text: The demand for customizable e-cigarettes prompted some manufacturers to produce devices with interchangeable components that could be selected by the user.[101] In 2009, Joyetech developed the eGo series[189] which offered the power of the screwdriver model and a user-activated switch to a wide market.[101] The clearomizer was invented in 2009.[189] Originating from the cartomizer design, it contained the wicking material, an e-liquid chamber, and an atomizer coil within a single clear component.[189] The clearomizer allows the user to monitor the liquid level in the device.[189] Soon after the clearomizer reached the market, replaceable atomizer coils and variable voltage batteries were introduced.[189] Clearomizers and eGo batteries became the best-selling customizable e-cigarette components in early 2012.[101]

text: International tobacco companies dismissed e-cigarettes as a fad at first.[190] However, recognizing the development of a potential new market sector that could render traditional tobacco products obsolete,[191] they began to produce and market their own brands of e-cigarettes and acquire existing e-cigarette companies.[192] blu eCigs, a prominent US e-cigarette manufacturer, was acquired by Lorillard Inc. in 2012.[193] British American Tobacco was the first tobacco business to sell e-cigarettes in the UK.[194] They launched Vype in 2013, while Imperial Tobacco's Fontem Ventures acquired the intellectual property owned by Hon Lik through Dragonite International Limited for $US 75 million in 2013 and launched Puritane in partnership with Boots UK.[195] On 1 October 2013 Lorillard Inc. acquired another e-cigarette company, this time the UK based company SKYCIG.[196] SKY was rebranded as blu.[197] On 3 February 2014, Altria Group, Inc. acquired popular electronic cigarette brand Green Smoke for $110 million.[198] The deal was finalized in April 2014 for $110 million with $20 million in incentive payments.[198] Altria also markets its own e-cigarette, the MarkTen, while Reynolds American has entered the sector with its Vuse product.[192] Philip Morris, the world's largest tobacco company, purchased UK's Nicocigs in June 2014.[199] On 30 April 2015, Japan Tobacco bought the US Logic e-cigarette brand.[200] Japan Tobacco also bought the UK E-Lites brand in June 2014.[200] On 15 July 2014, Lorillard sold blu to Imperial Tobacco as part of a deal for $7.1 billion.[201]

text: In 2014, dollar sales of customizable e-cigarettes and e-liquid surpassed sales of cigalikes in the US, despite the fact that customizables are less expensive.[202]

text: Society and culture

text: Consumers of e-cigarettes, sometimes called "vapers", have shown passionate support for e-cigarettes that other nicotine replacement therapies did not receive.[25][203] This suggests e-cigarettes have potential mass appeal that could challenge combustible tobacco's market position.[25]

text: A subculture of "vapers" has emerged.[203][204] Members of this emerging subculture often see e-cigarettes as a safer alternative to smoking,[29] and some view it as a hobby.[205] The online forum Electronic Cigarette Forum was one of the first major communities.[187] It and other online forums, such as UKVaper.org, were the origins of the hobby of modding.[187] There are also groups on Facebook and Reddit.[206] Online forums based around modding have grown in the vaping community.[207] Vapers energetically embrace activities associated with e-cigarettes and sometimes act as unpaid evangelists according to a 2014 review.[69] A 2014 Postgraduate Medical Journal editorial stated that e-cigarette companies have a substantial online presence, as well as many individual vapers who blog and tweet about e-cigarette related products.[208] The editorial stated that vapers "also engage in grossly offensive online attacks on anyone who has the temerity to suggest that ENDS are anything other than an innovation that can save thousands of lives with no risks".[208] A 2014 review stated that tobacco and e-cigarette companies interact with consumers for their policy agenda.[23] The companies use websites, social media, and marketing to get consumers involved in opposing bills that include e-cigarettes in smoke-free laws.[23] The same review said this is similar to tobacco industry activity going back to the 1980s.[23] These approaches were used in Europe to minimize the EU Tobacco Product Directive in October 2013.[23] True grassroots lobbying also influenced the TPD decision.[209] Rebecca Taylor, a member of the European Parliament, stated, "to say it's an orchestrated campaign is absolute rubbish."[209] Contempt for "big tobacco" is part of vaping culture.[210][211]

text: In the United States, vaping has become a major part of youth culture since 2015, especially among teenagers in high school, even though use of e-cigarettes by a minor is illegal.[212] The most popular vaporizer used by American youth is the JUUL: 80 percent of regular teenager e-cigarette users report using JUUL.[213] Teenagers use the verb "Juuling" to describe their use of JUUL,[214] and Juuling is a large part of internet culture for young people and the subject of many memes on social media.[212][215] In 2017, about 13 percent of 8th graders, 24 percent of 10th graders, and nearly 28 percent of 12th graders at American schools reported vaping in the past year, according to research sponsored by the National Institutes of Health.[83] Survey data suggests that teens use e-cigarettes substantially more than cigarettes[83] and that teenagers tend to perceive as e-cigarettes as safer than cigarettes or harmless.[213] Boys are twice as likely to use e-cigarettes than girls.[83] Vaping frequently takes place in bathroom stalls at school,[214] and some students are able to vape in class undetected by teachers.[216] There has been an increasing trend in vaping among adolescent. In 2011 The National Youth Tobacco Survey (NYTS) began surveying vaping use. Lifetime use among middle school aged students in 2011 was 1.4% and increased 3% by 2013.[82][76] Ongoing use (use within 30 days) among middle school students in 2011 was 0.6% and increased to 3.9% by 2014.[82][76] Among high school students, Lifetime use in 2011 was 4.7% and increased to 11.9% by 2013, and ongoing use was 1.5% in 2011 and increased to 13.4% by 2014.[82][76] The percentage of electronic-cigarette lifetime use in adults in 2010 was 3.3% and increased to 8.5% by 2013, and ongoing use in 2010 was 1% and increased to 2.6% by 2013.[217]

text: Large gatherings of vapers, called vape meets, take place around the US.[203] They focus on e-cig devices, accessories, and the lifestyle that accompanies them.[203] Vapefest, which started in 2010, is an annual show hosted by different cities.[206] People attending these meetings are usually enthusiasts that use specialized, community-made products not found in convenience stores or gas stations.[203] These products are mostly available online or in dedicated "vape" storefronts where mainstream e-cigarettes brands from the tobacco industry and larger e-cig manufacturers are not as popular.[219] Some vape shops have a vape bar where patrons can test out different e-liquids and socialize.[220] The Electronic Cigarette Convention in North America which started in 2013, is an annual show where companies and consumers meet up.[221]

text: A subclass of vapers configure their atomizers to produce large amounts of vapor by using low-resistance heating coils.[222] This practice is called "cloud-chasing"[223][224] By using a coil with very low resistance, the batteries are stressed to a potentially unsafe extent.[223] This could present a risk of dangerous battery failures.[223] As vaping comes under increased scrutiny, some members of the vaping community have voiced their concerns about cloud-chasing, claiming the practice gives vapers a bad reputation when doing it in public.[225] The Oxford Dictionaries' word of the year for 2014 was "vape".[226]

text: Regulation

text: Regulation of e-cigarettes varies across countries and states, ranging from no regulation to banning them entirely.[227] Others have introduced strict restrictions and some have licensed devices as medicines such as in the UK.[228] As of  2015[update], around two thirds of major nations have regulated e-cigarettes in some way.[229] Because of the potential relationship with tobacco laws and medical drug policies, e-cigarette legislation is being debated in many countries.[35] The companies that make e-cigarettes have been pushing for laws that support their interests.[230] In 2016 the US Department of Transportation banned the use of e-cigarettes on commercial flights.[231] This regulation applies to all flights to and from the US.[231] In 2018, the Royal College of Physicians asked that a balance is found in regulations over e-cigarettes that ensure product safety while encouraging smokers to use them instead of analogs, as well as keep an eye on any effects contrary to the control agencies for tobacco.[232]

text: The legal status of e-cigarettes is currently pending in many countries.[23] Many countries such as Brazil, Singapore, the Seychelles, Uruguay, and Norway have banned e-cigarettes.[228] In Canada, they are technically illegal to sell, as no nicotine-containing e-fluid is approved by Health Canada, but this is generally unenforced and they are commonly available for sale Canada-wide.[233] In the US and the UK, the use and sale to adults of e-cigarettes are legal.[234]:US[235]:UK As of 8 August 2016, the FDA extended its regulatory power to include e-cigarettes.[37] Under this ruling the FDA will evaluate certain issues, including ingredients, product features and health risks, as well their appeal to minors and non-users.[236] The FDA rule also bans access to minors.[236] A photo ID is required to buy e-cigarettes,[237] and their sale in all-ages vending machines is not permitted in the US.[236] In May 2016 the FDA used its authority under the Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act to deem e-cigarette devices and e-liquids to be tobacco products, which meant it intended to regulate the marketing, labelling, and manufacture of devices and liquids; vape shops that mix e-liquids or make or modify devices were considered manufacturing sites that needed to register with FDA and comply with good manufacturing practice regulation.[19] E-cigarette and tobacco companies have recruited lobbyists in an effort to prevent the FDA from evaluating e-cigarette products or banning existing products already on the market.[238]

text: In February 2014 the European Parliament passed regulations requiring standardization and quality control for liquids and vaporizers, disclosure of ingredients in liquids, and child-proofing and tamper-proofing for liquid packaging.[36][239] In April 2014 the FDA published proposed regulations for e-cigarettes along similar lines.[240][241] In the US some states tax e-cigarettes as tobacco products, and some state and regional governments have broadened their indoor smoking bans to include e-cigarettes.[63] As of 9 October 2015, at least 48 states and 2 territories banned e-cigarette sales to minors.[242]

text: E-cigarettes have been listed as drug delivery devices in several countries because they contain nicotine, and their advertising has been restricted until safety and efficacy clinical trials are conclusive.[243] Since they do not contain tobacco, television advertising in the US is not restricted.[244] Some countries have regulated e-cigarettes as a medical product even though they have not approved them as a smoking cessation aid.[245] A 2014 review stated the emerging phenomenon of e-cigarettes has raised concerns in the health community, governments, and the general public and recommended that e-cigarettes should be regulated to protect consumers.[136] It added, "heavy regulation by restricting access to e-cigarettes would just encourage continuing use of much unhealthier tobacco smoking."[136] A 2014 review said these products should be considered for regulation in view of the "reported adverse health effects".[245]

text: Marketing

text: A 2014 review said, "the e-cigarette companies have been rapidly expanding using aggressive marketing messages similar to those used to promote cigarettes in the 1950s and 1960s."[23] E-cigarettes and nicotine are regularly promoted as safe and beneficial in the media and on brand websites.[148] While advertising of tobacco products is banned in most countries, television and radio e-cigarette advertising in some countries may be indirectly encouraging traditional cigarette smoking.[23] There is no evidence that the cigarette brands are selling e-cigarettes as part of a plan to phase out traditional cigarettes, despite some claiming to want to cooperate in "harm reduction".[23] In the US, six large e-cigarette businesses spent $59.3 million on promoting e-cigarettes in 2013.[246] Easily circumvented age verification at company websites enables young people to access and be exposed to marketing for e-cigarettes.[45]

text: A national US television advertising campaign starred Steven Dorff exhaling a "thick flume" of what the ad describes as "vapor, not tobacco smoke", exhorting smokers with the message "We are all adults here, it's time to take our freedom back."[247] The ads, in a context of longstanding prohibition of tobacco advertising on TV, were criticized by organizations such as Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids as undermining anti-tobacco efforts.[247] Cynthia Hallett of Americans for Non-Smokers' Rights described the US advertising campaign as attempting to "re-establish a norm that smoking is okay, that smoking is glamorous and acceptable".[247] University of Pennsylvania communications professor Joseph Cappella stated that the setting of the ad near an ocean was meant to suggest an association of clean air with the nicotine product.[247]

text: According to a 2014 review, e-cigarettes are aggressively promoted in the US, mostly via the internet, as a healthy alternative to smoking.[33] Celebrity endorsements are used to encourage e-cigarette use.[85] "Big tobacco" markets e-cigarettes to young people,[248] with industry strategies including cartoon characters and candy flavors to sell e-cigarettes.[249] E-cigarette companies commonly promote that their products contain only water, nicotine, glycerin, propylene glycol, and flavoring but this assertion is misleading as scientists have found differing amounts of heavy metals in the vapor, including chromium, nickel, tin, silver, cadmium, mercury, and aluminum.[74] The assertion that e-cigarettes emit "only water vapor" is false because the evidence indicates e-cigarette vapor contains possibly harmful chemicals such as nicotine, carbonyls, metals, and organic volatile compounds, in addition to particulates.[250]

text: Economics

text: The number of e-cigarettes sold increased every year[139] from 2003 to 2015, when a slowdown in the growth in usage occurred in both the US and the UK.[48][49] As of  2014[update] there were at least 466 e-cigarette brands.[52] Worldwide e-cigarette sales in 2014 were around US$7 billion.[251] Approximately 30–50% of total e-cigarettes sales are handled on the internet.[33] The consumer preference for e-cigarettes is having a dramatic effect on the tobacco industry.[252]

text: As of  2018[update] most e-cigarette devices were made in China,[31][32] mainly in Shenzhen.[253][254] Chinese companies' market share of e-liquid is low.[255]

text: In the US, established tobacco companies have a significant share of the e-cigarette market.[64][256] In 2015, 80% of all e-cigarette sales in convenience stores in the U.S. were products made by tobacco companies.[257] According to Nielsen Holdings, convenience store e-cigarette sales in the US went down for the first time during the four-week period ending on 10 May 2014.[258] Wells Fargo analyst Bonnie Herzog attributes this decline to a shift in consumers' behavior, buying more specialized devices or what she calls "vapor/tank/mods (VTMs)" that are not tracked by Nielsen.[258] Wells Fargo estimated that VTMs accounted for 57% of the 3.5 billion dollar market in the US for vapor products in 2015.[259] In 2014, the Smoke-Free Alternatives Trade Association estimated that there were 35,000 vape shops in the US, more than triple the number a year earlier.[260] However the 2015 slowdown in market growth affected VTMs as well.[48] The dominance of tobacco companies over the US e-cigarette market has disappeared largely as a result of the rapid rise in popularity of the JUUL e-cigarette,[215] which was introduced in June 2015.[261] As of  August 2018[update], JUUL accounts for over 72% of the US e-cigarette market monitored by Nielsen, and its closest competitor—RJ Reynolds' Vuse—makes up less than 10% of the market.[262] JUUL rose to popularity quickly, growing by 700% in 2016 alone.[214] JUUL is a "pod mod" type device, which exclusively uses "pods" (cartridges) of e-liquid rather than a refillable tank, and its popularity has led to a flood of other pod mod devices hitting the American market.[262]

text: In Canada, e-cigarettes had an estimated value of 140 million CAD in 2015.[263] There are numerous e-cigarette retail shops in Canada.[264] A 2014 audit of retailers in four Canadian cities found that 94% of grocery stores, convenience stores, and tobacconist shops which sold e-cigarettes sold nicotine-free varieties only, while all vape shops stocked at least one nicotine-containing product.[265]

text: In the UK in 2015 the "most prominent brands of cigalikes" were owned by tobacco companies, however, with the exception of one model, all the tank types came from "non-tobacco industry companies".[112] Yet some tobacco industry products, while using prefilled cartridges, resemble tank models.[112]

text: France's electronic cigarette market was estimated by Groupe Xerfi to be €130 million in 2015. Additionally, France's e-liquid market was estimated at €265 million.[266] In December 2015, there were 2,400 vape shops in France, 400 fewer than in March of the same year.[266] Industry organization Fivape said the reduction was due to consolidation, not to reduced demand.[266]

text: Related technologies

text: Other devices to deliver inhaled nicotine have been developed.[89] They aim to mimic the ritual and behavioral aspects of traditional cigarettes.[89]

text: British American Tobacco, through their subsidiary Nicoventures, licensed a nicotine delivery system based on existing asthma inhaler technology from UK-based healthcare company Kind Consumer.[267] In September 2014 a product based on this named Voke obtained approval from the United Kingdom's Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency.[268]

text: In 2011 Philip Morris International (PMI) bought the rights to a nicotine pyruvate technology developed by Jed Rose at Duke University.[269] The technology is based on the chemical reaction between pyruvic acid and nicotine, which produces an inhalable nicotine pyruvate vapor.[270]

text: PAX Labs has developed vaporizers that heats the leaves of tobacco to deliver nicotine in a vapor.[271][272] On 1 June 2015, they introduced JUUL, a type of e-cigarette which delivers 10 times as much nicotine as other e-cigarettes, equivalent to an actual cigarette puff.[261] JUUL was spun off from PAX Labs in December 2017 and is now made by independent company JUUL Labs.[273]

text: BLOW started selling e-hookahs, an electronic version of the hookah, in 2014.[274] Several companies including Canada's Eagle Energy Vapor are selling caffeine-based e-cigarettes instead of nicotine.[275]


document_title: Regions of France

question_text: what is the southern region of france called

text: Regions of France

text: History[edit]

text: The term région was officially created by the Law of Decentralisation (2 March 1982), which also gave regions their legal status. The first direct elections for regional representatives took place on 16 March 1986.[2] In 2016, the number of regions was reduced from 27 to 18 through mergers.

text: Reform and mergers of regions[edit]

text: In 2014, the French parliament passed a law reducing the number of metropolitan regions from 22 to 13 effective 1 January 2016.[3]

text:
Nord-Pas
de Calais
Picardy
Upper
Normandy
Île-de-
France
Champagne-
Ardenne
Lorraine
Alsace
Franche-
Comté
Burgundy
Centre-
Val de Loire
Pays de la
Loire
Brittany
Lower
Normandy
Poitou-
Charentes
Limousin
Auvergne
Rhône-
Alpes
Aquitaine
Midi-Pyrénées
Languedoc-
Roussillon
PACA
Corsica
French Guiana
Guadeloupe
Martinique
Mayotte
Réunion
Belgium
Luxembourg
Germany
Switzerland
Italy
United Kingdom
Andorra
Brazil
Suriname
Spain
Monaco
Channel
Bay of
Biscay
Ligurian
Sea
Mediterranean
Sea

French regions from 2011 to 2015 (Notes: Centre-Val de Loire was called "Centre" until 2015; Mayotte became a region in 2014; the territorial collectivity of Corsica is de facto a region, albeit with a different designation).

text: The law gives interim names for most of the new regions by combining the names of the former regions, e.g. the region composed of Aquitaine, Poitou-Charentes and Limousin is Aquitaine-Limousin-Poitou-Charentes. However, the combined region of Upper and Lower Normandy is simply called "Normandy" (Normandie). Permanent names were to be proposed by the new regional councils by 1 July 2016 and new names confirmed by the Conseil d'État by 30 September 2016.[4][5] The legislation defining the new regions also allowed the Centre region to officially change its name to "Centre-Val de Loire" with effect from January 2015.[6] Two regions, Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes and Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, opted to retain their interim names.[7][8]

text:
Regions that merged:

Former region
New region (interim name)
New region (final name)

Burgundy
Bourgogne-Franche-Comté
Bourgogne-Franche-Comté

Franche-Comté

Aquitaine
Aquitaine-Limousin-Poitou-Charentes
Nouvelle-Aquitaine

Limousin

Poitou-Charentes

Lower Normandy
Normandy
Normandy

Upper Normandy

Alsace
Alsace-Champagne-Ardenne-Lorraine
Grand Est

Champagne-Ardenne

Lorraine

Languedoc-Roussillon
Languedoc-Roussillon-Midi-Pyrénées
Occitanie

Midi-Pyrénées

Nord-Pas-de-Calais
Nord-Pas-de-Calais-Picardie
Hauts-de-France

Picardy

Auvergne
Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes
Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes

Rhône-Alpes

Regions that remained unchanged:

Brittany

Centre-Val de Loire

Corsica

French Guiana

Guadeloupe

Île-de-France

Martinique

Mayotte

Pays de la Loire

Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur

Réunion

text: Overview of region division proposals[edit]

text:
Édouard Balladur's proposal

Manuel Valls's proposal A

Manuel Valls's proposal B

President François Hollande's proposal

Regions as instituted by the National Assembly in 2014

text: Regions and their capitals[edit]

text:
Regions of France

Region
French name
Other local name(s)
Capital
INSEE No.[9]
Derivation or etymology
President

Grand Est
Grand Est
German: Großer Osten
Strasbourg
44
The name translates to "Great East," encompassing the three northeastern former regions of Alsace, Champagne-Ardenne, and Lorraine, themselves inspired by former French provinces disbanded in 1790
Jean Rottner (LR)

Nouvelle-Aquitaine
Nouvelle-Aquitaine
Occitan: Nòva Aquitània / Nava Aquitània / Novela Aquitània
Basque: Akitania Berria
Bordeaux
75
Reflects an expanded, or "new," Aquitaine region, which merged with the regions of Limousin and Poitou-Charentes; Aquitaine (later known as Guyenne), Limousin, and Poitou were historic French provinces abolished in 1790
Alain Rousset (PS)

Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes
Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes
Occitan: Auvèrnhe-Ròse-Aups
Arpitan: Ôvèrgne-Rôno-Arpes
Lyon
84
This region is a merger of the former regions of Auvergne and Rhône-Alpes; these were named, respectively, after the historic province of Auvergne abolished in 1790 and after the former region's position along the Rhône river and in the Alps
Laurent Wauquiez (LR)

Bourgogne-Franche-Comté
Bourgogne-Franche-Comté
Arpitan: Borgogne-Franche-Comtât
Dijon
27
The region is a merger of the former regions of Burgundy and Franche-Comté; these regions were themselves based on French provinces abolished in 1790
Marie-Guite Dufay (PS)

Brittany
Bretagne
Breton: Breizh
Gallo: Bertaèyn
Rennes
53
The region covers 80% of the former province of Brittany, abolished 1790
Loïg Chesnais-Girard (PS)

Centre-Val de Loire[10]
Centre-Val de Loire

Orléans
24
Translating to "Centre–Loire Valley," the region's name has no historic basis, but is geographically located in north-central France and straddles the middle of the Loire Valley
François Bonneau (PS)

Île-de-France
Île-de-France

Paris
11
The modern region encompasses much of the former province of Île-de-France, abolished 1790
Valérie Pécresse (LR)

Occitanie
Occitanie
Occitan: Occitània
Catalan: Occitània
Toulouse
76
Encompasses much of the southern areas of France where Occitan, or langue d'oc, dialects are spoken; is a merger of the Languedoc-Roussillon and Midi-Pyrénées regions. Languedoc and Roussillon were historic provinces abolished in 1790; the Midi refers to southern France, and Pyrénées to the region's position in this mountain range
Carole Delga (PS)

Hauts-de-France
Hauts-de-France

Lille
32
Occupying the northern tip of the country, this region's name translates to "Upper France". It is a merger of the former regions of Nord-Pas-de-Calais and Picardy, which recalled a province of France abolished in 1790
Xavier Bertrand (LR)

Normandy
Normandie
Norman: Normaundie
Rouen
28
The region is largely coterminous with the former province of Normandy, abolished 1790; it is a merger of the former regions of Upper Normandy and Lower Normandy
Hervé Morin (UDI)

Pays de la Loire
Pays de la Loire
Breton: Broioù al Liger
Nantes
52
The name translates to "Land(s) of the Loire," as the Loire river is the major waterway in the area; the region has no historic basis, but was created as a zone of influence for the city of Nantes
Christelle Morançais (LR)

Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur (PACA)
Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur (PACA)
Provençal: Provença-Aups-Còsta d'Azur
(Prouvènço-Aup-Costo d'Azur)
Marseille
93
Consists of the former province of Provence as well as some adjacent territories in the French Alps and along the French Riviera (Côte d'Azur)
Renaud Muselier (LR)

Corsica
Corse
Corsican: Corsica
Ajaccio
94
The region is composed entirely of the island of Corsica, a French territorial collectivity
Jean-Guy Talamoni (CL), Gilles Simeoni (Inseme per a Corsica)

The following five overseas departments also have the special status of overseas region.

French Guiana
Guyane

Cayenne
03
Overseas region
Rodolphe Alexandre (PSG)

Guadeloupe
Guadeloupe
Antillean Creole: Gwadloup
Basse-Terre
01
Overseas region
Ary Chalus (GUSR)

Martinique
Martinique
Antillean Creole: Matinik
Fort-de-France
02
Overseas region
Claude Lise (RDM), Alfred Marie-Jeanne (MIM)

Mayotte
Mayotte
Shimaore: Maore
Malagasy: Mahori
Mamoudzou
06
Overseas region
Soibahadine Ibrahim Ramadani (LR)

Réunion
La Réunion
Reunion Creole: La Rényon
Saint-Denis
04
Overseas region
Didier Robert (LR)

text: Regions from 1982 to 2016[edit]

text: Between 1982 and 2015, there were 22 regions in Metropolitan France. Before 2011, there were four overseas regions (French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Martinique, and Réunion); in 2011 Mayotte became the fifth.

text:
Regions in Metropolitan France between 1982 and 2015

[show]Flag[11]
Region
French name
Other local name(s)
Capital
INSEE No.[1]
Derivation or etymology

Alsace
Alsace
Alsatian: Elsàss
German: Elsass
Strasbourg
42
Formerly a coalition of free cities in Holy Roman Empire, attached to Kingdom of France in 1648; annexed by Germany from Franco-Prussian war to the end of World War I and briefly during World War II

Aquitaine
Aquitaine
Occitan: Aquitània
Basque: Akitania
Saintongeais : Aguiéne
Bordeaux
72
Guyenne and Gascony

Auvergne
Auvergne
Occitan: Auvèrnhe / Auvèrnha
Clermont-Ferrand
83
Former province of Auvergne

Brittany
Bretagne
Breton: Breizh
Gallo: Bertaèyn
Rennes
53
Duchy of Brittany

Burgundy
Bourgogne
Burgundian: Bregogne / Borgoégne
Arpitan: Borgogne
Dijon
26
Duchy of Burgundy

Centre-Val de Loire[10]
Centre-Val de Loire

Orléans
24
Located in north-central France; straddles the middle of the Loire Valley

Champagne-Ardenne
Champagne-Ardenne

Châlons-en-
Champagne
21
Former province of Champagne

Franche-Comté
Franche-Comté
Franc-Comtois: Fràntche-Comté
Arpitan: Franche-Comtât
Besançon
43
Free County of Burgundy (Franche-Comté)

Île-de-France
Île-de-France

Paris
11
Province of Île-de-France and parts of the former province of Champagne

Languedoc-Roussillon
Languedoc-Roussillon
Occitan: Lengadòc-Rosselhon
Catalan: Llenguadoc-Rosselló
Montpellier
91
Former provinces of Languedoc and Roussillon

Limousin
Limousin
Occitan: Lemosin
Limoges
74
Former province of Limousin and parts of Marche, Berry, Auvergne, Poitou and Angoumois

Lorraine
Lorraine
German: Lothringen
Lorraine Franconian: Lottringe
Metz
41
Named for Charlemagne's son Lothair I, the kingdom of Lotharingia is etymologically the source for the name Lorraine (duchy), Lothringen (German), Lottringe (Lorraine Franconian)

Lower Normandy
Basse-Normandie
Norman: Basse-Normaundie
Caen
25
Western half of former province of Normandy

Midi-Pyrénées
Midi-Pyrénées
Occitan: Miègjorn-Pirenèus
Occitan: Mieidia-Pirenèus
Toulouse
73
None; created for Toulouse

Nord-Pas-de-Calais
Nord-Pas-de-Calais

Lille
31
Nord and Pas-de-Calais departments

Pays de la Loire
Pays de la Loire
Breton: Broioù al Liger
Nantes
52
None; created for Nantes

Picardy
Picardie

Amiens
22
Former province of Picardy

Poitou-Charentes
Poitou-Charentes
Occitan: Peitau-Charantas
Poitevin and Saintongeais : Poetou-Chérentes
Poitiers
54
Former provinces of Angoumois, Aunis, Poitou and Saintonge

Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur (PACA)
Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur (PACA)
Provençal: Provença-Aups-Còsta d'Azur
(Prouvènço-Aup-Costo d'Azur)
Marseille
93
Former province of Provence

Rhône-Alpes
Rhône-Alpes
Arpitan: Rôno-Arpes
Occitan: Ròse Aups
Lyon
82
Created for Lyon from Dauphiné and Lyonnais provinces and Savoy

Upper Normandy
Haute-Normandie
Norman: Ĥâote-Normaundie
Rouen
23
Eastern half of former province of Normandy

text: Role[edit]

text: Regions lack separate legislative authority and therefore cannot write their own statutory law. They levy their own taxes and, in return, receive a decreasing part of their budget from the central government, which gives them a portion of the taxes it levies. They also have considerable budgets managed by a regional council (conseil régional) made up of representatives voted into office in regional elections.

text: A region's primary responsibility is to build and furnish high schools. In March 2004, the French central government unveiled a controversial plan to transfer regulation of certain categories of non-teaching school staff to the regional authorities. Critics of this plan contended that tax revenue was insufficient to pay for the resulting costs, and that such measures would increase regional inequalities.

text: In addition, regions have considerable discretionary power over infrastructural spending, e.g., education, public transit, universities and research, and assistance to business owners. This has meant that the heads of wealthy regions such as Île-de-France or Rhône-Alpes can be high-profile positions.

text: Proposals to give regions limited legislative autonomy have met with considerable resistance; others propose transferring certain powers from the departments to their respective regions, leaving the former with limited authority.

text: Regional control[edit]

text: Number of regions controlled by each coalition since 1986.

text:
Elections
Presidencies
Map

  Left

  Right

  Other

1986
5
21
–

1992
4
21
1

1998
10
15
1

text:
Elections
Presidencies
Map

  Left

  Right

  Other

2004
23
2
1

2010
23
3
–

2015
7
8
2

text: Overseas regions[edit]

text: Overseas region (French: Région d'outre-mer) is a recent designation, given to the overseas departments that have similar powers to those of the regions of metropolitan France. As integral parts of the French Republic, they are represented in the National Assembly, Senate and Economic and Social Council, elect a Member of the European Parliament (MEP) and use the euro as their currency.

text: Although these territories have had these political powers since 1982, when France's decentralisation policy dictated that they be given elected regional councils along with other regional powers, the designation overseas regions dates only to the 2003 constitutional change; indeed, the new wording of the constitution aims to give no precedence to either appellation overseas department or overseas region, although the second is still virtually unused by French media.

text: The following have overseas region status:

text:
in the Indian Ocean (Africa)

Mayotte
Réunion

in the Americas

French Guiana in South America
Guadeloupe in the Antilles (Caribbean, Central America)
Martinique in the Antilles (Caribbean, Central America)