document_title: Inspector Gadget (1983 TV series)

question_text: what is the dog's name on inspector gadget

question_tokens: what is the dog 's name on inspector gadget

text: Inspector Gadget (1983 TV series)

text: Background[edit]

text: Premise[edit]

text: Inspector Gadget is a famous cyborg police inspector with a seemingly endless amount of gadgets he can summon by saying "Go-Go-Gadget" then the gadget's name. Although he has all this equipment, Gadget is ultimately incompetent and clueless (in a manner similar to Maxwell Smart of "Get Smart" – who was also played by Don Adams – and the Inspector Clouseau character of the Pink Panther series), and overcomes obstacles and survives perilous situations and malfunctioning gadgets often by sheer good luck. His niece, Penny, and intelligent dog, Brain, secretly help him solve each case. His nemesis is Dr. Claw, the head of the criminal organization M.A.D.

text: Almost every episode of the first season follows a set formula, with little variation (though many of these elements were tinkered with in season 2). The beginning of each episode follows this pattern:

text:
Gadget, Penny, and Brain will be doing something together.
A phone rings, which Gadget identifies as the Top Secret Gadgetphone.
Gadget answers the call with his hand, into which the Gadgetphone is built. The calls consist mostly of the following conversation: "Is that you, Chief? You're where? Right away, Chief."
Gadget has a rendezvous with Chief Quimby, who is usually either hiding or in disguise. He receives a brief containing his assignment, which ends with "this message will self-destruct."
Gadget accepts the mission, usually with the exclamation "You can count on me/Don't worry, Chief, I'm always on duty!" He then crumples the message up and tosses it back toward Quimby, apparently forgetting the self-destruct warning. The message blows up in Quimby's face, after which he usually asks himself, "Why do I put up with him?"

text: The episode then usually takes Gadget to some exotic locale and somehow Penny and Brain find a way to accompany him. Brain keeps Gadget out of trouble from M.A.D. agents (who Gadget usually mistakes for friendly locals; ironically, Gadget often takes the disguised Brain for a MAD agent), while Penny solves the case.

text: Frequently, Penny herself lands in trouble with M.A.D. agents – who often truss her up and leave her in a death trap or similar perilous situation (a nod to The Man From U.N.C.L.E.). She occasionally extricates herself at the last possible moment, but more often she is forced to call Brain, who rescues her in the nick of time. With the help of Penny and Brain, Gadget inadvertently saves the day, Dr. Claw escapes, and Chief Quimby arrives to congratulate Gadget on a job well done.

text: Each episode ends (as many cartoons did in the 1980s) with Gadget (and usually Penny and Brain also) giving a public service announcement – in direct contrast with his dangerous job and risk-taking behavior in the show, with most of the tips having a connection with problems Gadget had experienced during the episode. For example, in one episode, Gadget tries to hitchhike saying he hopes the approaching motorist doesn't mind him doing so, with the ending PSA making very clear how dangerous hitchhiking can be. In another, Gadget and Penny use the story of the Trojan Horse to relate the danger of dealing with strangers. And another where Gadget gets drunk during an auto race and end the episode with a tip about the danger of drinking and driving.

text: Characters[edit]

text: Inspector Gadget (Inspecteur Gadget in French):

text: is the title character and main protagonist of the series and movies. He dresses like Inspector Clouseau, drives a minivan that can be converted into a police hatchback, and acts like Maxwell Smart, who was portrayed by Gadget's primary voice actor Don Adams. The clueless Gadget frequently bungles his cases and gets himself into danger, but he always gets out of trouble either by using his gadgets (sometimes inadvertently), through Penny and/or Brain's unseen assistance, or by pure luck. Gadget cares about his family often takes risks to protect them, especially Penny. Another trait of Gadget's personality is that he does not believe in the supernatural. One of his most famous catch-phrases in the series is "Wowsers!" While he would never succeed in completing a mission by himself without Penny and Brain, they usually would not succeed in completing a mission themselves without Inspector Gadget and his gadgets unintentionally foiling the M.A.D. agents' plans. It is never clarified in the original series if "Gadget" is his code name or his actual name. The 1999 live film names him "John Brown", indicating it to be a code name.

text: Penny (Sophie in French):

text: is Gadget's precocious and intelligent niece. She is a master of investigation and technology who is the one truly responsible for foiling M.A.D.'s schemes, a fact only Brain knows. Using a computer disguised as a book and a utility wristwatch, she monitors her Uncle Gadget's activities, communicates with Brain and foils M.A.D.'s plots. Penny often gets captured by M.A.D. agents before calling Brain for help or escaping by herself.

text: Brain (Finot in French):

text: is Inspector Gadget's and Penny's pet dog and companion. He is bipedal and intelligent, in the same way as a human. He assists Penny in keeping Gadget out of danger and solving crime. Brain uses a variety of disguises which always fool Gadget, although Gadget usually mistakes him for one of the M.A.D. agents. Brain's collar is outfitted with a retractable video communications system linked to a computer wristwatch Penny wears that allows her to relay information on Gadget's activity or warn Brain as to the whereabouts of M.A.D. agents. Brain can communicate with humans through a gruff, Scooby-Doo-like "dog" voice (Frank Welker, Brain's voice artist, would eventually take over that role as well after the death of Don Messick), or pantomime and physical gestures.

text: Doctor Claw (Docteur Gang in French):

text: is the main antagonist of the series and leader of the evil M.A.D. organization. In early advertisements, as well as early merchandise for the show, it was revealed that M.A.D. stood for Mean And Dirty.[7] Throughout the entire series, Dr. Claw's real name is never revealed and his full body is never seen. Only his arms and gauntlet-clad hands are visible, leaving the viewer to guess as to his face and body. He is usually at a computer terminal where he monitors his various schemes, often in a creepy old castle. Although he is aware of Gadget's idiocy, he believes the Inspector to be his greatest enemy, never fully realizing that it is actually Penny and Brain who foil his plots in each episode (although he or his M.A.D. agents have captured Penny and sometimes Brain a number of times). Dr. Claw's preferred mode of transportation/escape is the M.A.D. Mobile, a black and red vehicle that can transform into a jet or a submarine. He is always seen with his fat pet cat M.A.D. Cat, (a nod to James Bond villain Ernst Stavro Blofeld and his cat[8]) who reaps the benefits of his brief victories and bears the brunt of his defeats. Dr. Claw's catch-phrase is "I'll get you next time, Gadget! Next time!" It is heard at the end of every episode, during the credits, and is followed by a loud meow from M.A.D. Cat.

text: Chief Quimby (Chef Gontier in French):

text: is Inspector Gadget's short-tempered boss and the chief of police of Metro City. He has a mustache and is usually seen with a pipe in his mouth. Accompanied by his own theme music, he appears disguised and/or hidden at the beginning of each episode to deliver Gadget his mission only to be blown up by the self-destructing message (a parody of the Mission: Impossible messages) because of Gadget's obliviousness; he appears again at the end of most episodes to congratulate Gadget on a job well done, but he never realizes that it is Penny who is truly the one responsible for foiling Doctor Claw's plots (even though she often alerts him using her watch).

text: Corporal Capeman, voiced by Townsend Coleman, is a recurring character introduced in the second season as Inspector Gadget's sidekick. Capeman is a self-proclaimed superhero who acts in the manner of a stereotypical crime fighter. Though he is more observant of details than the Inspector, he is equally as inept at interpreting them. Capeman is obsessed with learning to fly and often mistakenly believes he has miraculously acquired the power of flight while in the midst of dire circumstances. Gadget almost always mispronounces Capeman's name as "Capman."

text: Conception[edit]

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text: The series was created by Andy Heyward, Jean Chalopin, and Bruno Bianchi. The three developed the project for DIC Entertainment.[9] The initial idea for Inspector Gadget came from Heyward, who also wrote the pilot episode with the help of Jean Chalopin in 1982 ("Winter Olympics", often syndicated as episode #65, Gadget in Winterland). Chalopin, who at the time owned the DIC Audiovisual studio, helped develop the format and concept for the rest of the episodes together with Bruno Bianchi, who designed the main characters and served as supervising director. Part of the project's existence was to recoup costs incurred by DiC and TMS when their planned project, a spin-off of Lupin III called Lupin VIII was halted in the middle of production.

text: According to the DVD bonus film "Wowsers", a retrospective featurette with co-creators Andy Heyward and Mike Maliani on the four-disc DVD set Inspector Gadget: The Original Series, Gadget went through approximately 350 sketches before reaching his final design. Gadget's design also included a mustache in the pilot before it was dropped for the rest of the series, due to DiC being sued by MGM. A fourth version of the pilot was recorded where lines were added to explain the mustache away.(Penny:"You know uncle, I really like your new mustache" Inspector Gadget:"It's so that nobody will recognize me. I'm on vacation absolutely, totally and completely off duty")

text: Analysis[edit]

text: The titular character of the series, Inspector Gadget, is both a police inspector and a cyborg.[10] Gadget is dressed in a Mackintosh raincoat and trilby hat. When he uses the phrase "go-go gadget", various "useful bionic gadgets" are activated and emerge from underneath his coat and hat.[10] The gadgets are built into his body.[9] The gadgets often malfunction.[11]

text: Inspector Gadget is a bionic man with enhancements attached to his body. Dan Roberts finds him similar to Steve Austin, the bionic man introduced in the novel Cyborg (1972). Unlike Steve Austin, Inspector Gadget has no origin story to explain his bionic enhancements. The original television series gave no background for him.[10] The spin-off television series Gadget Boy & Heather (1995-1998) gives an origin story for him. In this version, Gadget was conceived as a bionic child who has the mind of an adult detective. His bionic enhancements are creations of Myron Dabble, an inventor who lives in Switzerland.[10]

text: The various hidden appliances within Gadget render him a cyborg equivalent of a Swiss Army knife, a multi-tool. The enhancements were intended to grant him status as a "super sleuth". His body has been upgraded, but his intellect has received no equivalent enhancements.[11] Gadget has access to many different weapons and gadgets, but seems to lack in intellectual skills. Gadget habitually blunders his way through cases, in a style similar to Inspector Clouseau.[10] Terry Rowan describes Gadget as "clumsy" and "dimwitted".[9] Despite his advanced equipment, Gadget is clueless and incompetent. He constantly faces obstacles and perils, but manages to survive by either his own good luck or covert help by Penny and Brain.[9]

text: Gadget dresses in a style similar to Inspector Clouseau from The Pink Panther movies, but also has similarities in behavior to Maxwell Smart, the protagonist of the television series Get Smart (1965-1970). The original voice actor for Gadget was Don Adams, who also portrayed Maxwell Smart.[9] The car which Gadget drives is recognizable as a Matra Murena.[9]

text: Gadget's boss is Chief Quimby.[9] Gadget is covertly assisted by his niece Penny, who is typically the person who actually solves their cases. Penny is a master of investigation and technology. Her main technological devices are a computer in the form of a book, and a wristwatch that is actually a device with multiple uses. She secretly monitors her uncle's activities and intervenes to help him. She foils the plans of M.A.D. Due to the secrecy of her activities, she never receives credit for them and only her dog is aware of them.[9]

text: Penny herself is assisted by her pet dog Brain. Brain has human-level intellect and seems to be bipedal. Brain is often tasked with keeping Gadget safe and uses various disguises.[9] The second season of the series also introduced an actual sidekick for Gadget, called Corporal Capeman.[9]

text: The main opponents to Gadget and his supporting cast are the members of the evil organization M.A.D. Gadget's archenemy is Dr. Claw, the leader of the organization. Claw serves mostly as an unseen character. Typically only his hands and arms are visible. His hands are covered by gauntlets. Claw is depicted sitting in front of a computer terminal, from where he monitors the developments of his various schemes. The location of his headquarters seems to be an old castle.[9]

text: Niall Richardson and Adam Locks, cultural studies scholars, cite Inspector Gadget as an example of the "physical cyborg" concept. These types of characters are part man, and part machine.[12] The concept was popularized by cinema and television. The writers cite as other examples of this type Steve Austin, Darth Vader, Iron Man, and RoboCop.[12]

text: In their published book You Might Be a Zombie and Other Bad News (2010), the editors of Cracked.com interpret the series as implying serious problems for Penny.[13] The parents of Penny never appear in the television series and are not even mentioned. The implication is that the parents have either disappeared or are deceased. Like many child characters from "classic cartoons", Penny is an orphan. Inspector Gadget is her legal guardian.[13] While Penny is referred to as Gadget's "niece" and not as his ward, the editors question whether the two characters are biologically related. There is no resemblance in the physical features of Gadget and Penny. Penny also differs from Gadget in behavior and in her superior competence.[13]

text: The editors view Gadget as a "retarded" version of RoboCop. A running gag of the series is how Gadget handles explosives. He disposes clearly-labeled explosive devices by "carelessly tossing" them away. The devices always end up exploding in proximity to Gadget's employer.[13] The editors see Gadget as incapable of surviving on his own and point that his machinery tends to malfunction.[13] A recurring situation in the series, is Gadget warning Penny not to follow him on a mission supposedly too dangerous for her. The editors view Penny as having no choice in actually ignoring the warnings. If she fails to ensure Gadget's survival, she will lose her legal guardian and end up in an orphanage.[13]

text: According to the A Dictionary of Sociology, Inspector Gadget is a science fiction series. It is one of several works in this genre to be inspired by the concept of the cyborg, as defined in the 1960s by electronic engineers Manfred Clynes and Nathan S. Kline. The term referred to organisms with cybernetic enhancements which would be capable of surviving in extraterrestrial environments. The idea was that advancements in engineering would enable human functions to be replaced with mechanical parts and computer-controlled systems.[2] Clynes and Kline were not science fiction writers, but their concept inspired "much science fiction writing". Besides Inspector Gadget and its eponymous character, other examples cited in the dictionary include RoboCop, Steve Austin, Luke Skywalker, and the Borg.[2]

text: Animation historian David Perlmutter places the series in its historical content for American television animation. He considers the original Inspector Gadget television series to be the first production of DIC Entertainment intended for American television and the most famous creation of this production company. He states that the series set the company on the course that it would follow for the next three decades, but he considers most of its subsequent series to be less successful.[14]

text: Despite being an inspector, Gadget is depicted more as a "globe-trotting secret agent" than a detective.[14] The series was action-oriented, but much of the action was intended to be comical. It managed to effectively blend elements of action fiction and comedy, in a manner that was unusual for the 1980s.[14] The series was created for the syndication market and turned out to be a profitable hit. A total of 86 episodes were produced. In part, its success was fueled by good publicity. In the United States, the series received unusually extensive press coverage for a work of television animation. The attention of the press was attracted by the casting of Don Adams in the title role.[14]

text: Besides his own ineptness, Gadget's effectiveness as a detective was undermined by his cheerful optimism. As conceived by Andy Heyward, from Gadget's view of the world, the Sun is always shining. He is usually unable to perceive danger.[14] Gadget's villains are similarly ineffective. Their attempts to get rid of Gadget are as flawed as those of Boris Badenov to get rid of his own opponents.[14]

text: Penny is a more effective character than her uncle. Despite being a pre-teen girl, she is the one actually conducting investigations and solving cases. She was often kidnapped, but this did not reduce the importance of the character to the series. Perlmutter considers Penny to be an unusually resourceful and intelligent female character, by the standards of the 1980s.[14] Penny's "computer book" was effectively a handheld computer, an electronic organizer, and a mobile phone. Perlmutter considers this element of the series to have anticipated real-life technological advancements in these fields.[14]

text: Brain seems to have a super-human intellect and is a master of disguise. He acts more like Penny's field agent than her pet dog.[14] M.A.D. is depicted as an efficient criminal cartel, and its leader Dr. Claw is seemingly an effective administrator. However, most of Claw's agents are depicted as buffoons, and Perlmutter finds them similar to the characters depicted by the Three Stooges.[14] Claw himself is the most menacing figure among them. At the end of episodes, Claw's wrathful and intimidating voice is heard, threatening to "get" Gadget when their paths next cross.[14]

text: Besides the main cast of the series, the episodes feature another recurring character, Chief Quimby. His scenes typically involve a running gag inspired by the television Mission: Impossible (1966-1973). The Chief informs Gadget about his assignments through self-destructing paper messages. Inevitably, the messages blow up the Chief himself. The explosions are played for laughs.[14]

text: Due to various recurring elements in the series, often the basic plot of each episode was the same. The geographic location of each episode differed, however, and provided for some variety in the series. The series effectively provided viewers with both comedic and dramatic moments. Despite the censorship standards for American animated series in effect during the 1970s and 1980s, the series also included elements of slapstick comedy. This was nearly forbidden at the time, but the censorship was less strict for syndication series and the studio got away with it.[14] The success of Inspector Gadget encouraged DIC Entertainment to invest in the production of more animated series for the American market, starting with The Littles (1983). Multiple new series were produced in 1984.[14]

text: Production[edit]

text: Writers[edit]

text: Nelvana writer Peter Sauder was the head writer for season 1, which was co-produced by DiC and the Canadian Studio Nelvana.[15] As Nelvana was no longer part of the production by season 2, the show was written by the D.I.C studio employees Eleanor Burian-Mohr, Mike O'Mahony, Glen Egbert and Jack Hanrahan[15] (a former Get Smart writer, among much else). Hanrahan and Burian-Mohr would later write the Christmas special Inspector Gadget Saves Christmas[16] as well as many episodes of the Gadget Boy spinoff series, and Burian-Mohr additionally wrote dialogue for the educational show Inspector Gadget's Field Trip.

text: Animation[edit]

text: After the pilot, the first 64 22½-minute episodes were written, designed, storyboarded and voice-recorded in Canada at Nelvana Animation Studio (which co-produced the series under DiC's supervision), with creative supervision by Jean Chalopin. Bruno Bianchi was the Supervising Director. Most of these episodes were animated in Tokyo, Japan by Tokyo Movie Shinsha, the studio that animated most DiC cartoons of the 1980s, while a few episodes were animated in Taiwan by Cuckoo's Nest Studio (or also known as Wang Film Productions Co. Ltd.), before being finished in post production by DiC and Nelvana. The pilot episode, "Winter Olympics" (a.k.a. "Gadget in Wonderland"[15]), was animated by Telecom Animation Film and had a slightly higher budget than the rest of the episodes.

text: In the second season, the show was animated by DiC's own then-new Japanese-based animation facilities.

text: Voice cast[edit]

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text: The role of Gadget went through two different voice actors for the pilot episode before Don Adams was cast. In the first version of the pilot episode, the voice of Gadget was provided by Jesse White. This version has not been seen since its initial production. A second version of the pilot was made with the only difference being Gary Owens re-recording all of White's dialogue with a deep-toned English accent. Eventually, producers decided to cast actor Don Adams in the role,[15] re-recording all of Gadget's dialogue in the pilot to make it more reminiscent of Maxwell Smart of Get Smart (also played by Don Adams), one of the series' inspirations. A fourth version of the pilot was made for broadcast with Frank Welker re-recording one line as Gadget to explain away the mustache.

text: Gadget's nemesis Doctor Claw – as well as his pet cat M.A.D. Cat and Gadget's loyal dog Brain – were voiced by Frank Welker.[15] Welker and Adams recorded their dialogue in separate recordings in Los Angeles, while the rest of the first season's cast recorded in Toronto. Don Francks initially replaced Welker as Dr. Claw for about 25 episodes following the pilot before Welker was called in to replace him for those episodes, and onward. However, Welker was unable to re-record a few episodes, where Francks' voice remained.[17] Francks remained with the show, however, and usually performed the voice of a henchman of Dr. Claw. Sometimes Francks would portray a secondary M.A.D. agent, with Welker (who usually performed the voices of the agents otherwise) as the other in episodes where Francks' voice was necessary. Penny was originally voiced by Mona Marshall in the pilot and was subsequently portrayed by Don Francks' daughter, Cree Summer, for the rest of the first season in her first voice acting role. Chief Quimby was voiced by John Stephenson in the original pilot, and later by Dan Hennessey for the remainder of the first season.

text: When production of Inspector Gadget moved from Nelvana in Toronto to DiC's headquarters in Los Angeles for the second season, all of the Canadian-based voice artists were replaced. Holly Berger replaced Cree Summer Francks as the voice of Penny while Maurice LaMarche replaced Dan Hennessey as the voice of Chief Quimby. Occasionally, LaMarche would fill in for Don Adams as Gadget whenever necessary.

text: Music[edit]

text: The theme music was inspired by Edvard Grieg's movement "In the Hall of the Mountain King" and was composed by Shuki Levy.[18] For many years, Levy had a partnership with his friend Haim Saban, with Levy composing the music and Saban running the business. Their records company, Saban Records, (now Saban Music Group) has provided music for many DiC cartoons and children's shows in the 1980s and 1990s, and is still running today.[4]

text: Many of the background music cues were some sort of variation of the Gadget melody. Even at festivals or dances in the cartoon, the Gadget theme was often played. Occasionally during an episode, such as in Launch Time and Ghost Catchers, Inspector Gadget would hum his theme. Levy also had a range of other musical cues for each character, as well as cues for the various moods of the scenes. Penny and Brain each had several different versions of their respective musical themes.

text: The theme song was sampled in the song "I'll Be Your Everything," performed by Youngstown, which served as the theme song for the live-action Inspector Gadget film starring Matthew Broderick as both Inspector John Brown-Gadget and a robotic impostor of him whom Dr. Claw creates. It was also sampled in "The Show" by Doug E. Fresh and Slick Rick and "Rockin' to the P.M." by Raw Fusion on the album Live from the Styleetron.

text: In her book Robot Takeover: 100 Iconic Robots of Myth, Popular Culture & Real Life, Scissor Sisters singer Ana Matronic says she considers the theme music to be widely recognizable around the world. The series was a "global hit" and its theme song became "iconic". However, she notes that copies of the original television soundtrack had become extremely rare by the 2010s.[11]

text: History[edit]

text: Season 1[edit]

text: The pilot episode featured a slightly different opening and closing credits and a moustached Gadget. In a later version of the pilot, dialogue by Penny and Gadget was re-dubbed explaining Gadget's mustache as a disguise for the holiday. Since DiC was a French company looking to expand its operations to the US, the show was produced for release in both France and the USA. It was broadcast in North America in September 1983, 9 months after the Pilot was previewed on five stations. A month or so later, the series premiered in France, whose version also featured a theme song with French lyrics and the French title Inspecteur Gadget appearing in front of the episode.

text: The first season was aired from September to December 1983, comprising sixty-five 22½-minute long episodes. After the first season, the show was a worldwide hit.

text: In the first season, nearly every episode saw the introduction of some new supervillain who had come to be employed by Dr. Claw to commit a crime suited to their special skills. They are typically arrested at the end of the episode and do not appear again in the series.

text: Season 2[edit]

text: The first-season episodes were repeated during the 1984–1985 season, with 21 new episodes airing on Saturdays for the second and last season of Inspector Gadget from September 1985 to February 1986 making 86 in all. Several changes were made to the established formula.

text: The format of the show changed significantly. In the second season, the episodes would feature three episodes in a row sharing the same general theme and often the same villains, who more often than not, were still not arrested by the end of their 3rd and final episode. Many of the episodes simply revolved around M.A.D. trying to get rid of Gadget, rather than Dr. Claw's spectacular crimes and plots to dominate the world from the first season.

text: New characters and settings were introduced. Gadget, Penny, and Brain moved into a high-tech house filled with many gadgets, where a few of the episodes were actually located. Penny spent much less screen time solving M.A.D.'s crimes. In the season's fourth episode, Corporal Capeman was introduced as Gadget's sidekick. The Catillac Cats from another DiC cartoon, Heathcliff and the Catillac Cats, made a few cameo appearances in the second season, just as Gadget had cameos in their show.

text: Merchandise[edit]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text: A soundtrack LP to accompany the series, named Inspecteur Gadget: Bande Originale de la Serie TV, was released in France in 1983 by Saban Records. The LP is extremely rare.

text: The soundtrack features the following tracks:

text:
Inspector Gadget (with French vocals)
Penny's Theme (with French vocals)
Brain The Dog — The Song (with French vocals)
Gadget on Mars
Ghost
Mad Art in Museum
Gadget in Japan
Chocolate Factory
Rodeo
M.A.D's Theme
Heroes in African Jungle
Gadget with the Incas
Look Out Penny
Gadget in Trouble
Arabian Desert
Sophisticated Gadget
Train Machine
Kingdom
Car Race
Pharaohs
Penny's Theme (Instrumental)
Inspector Gadget (Instrumental)

tag: ol

text: With the exception of the first three-song tracks and the tracks "M.A.D's Theme" and "Penny's Theme", all the music on this album is background scores for the TV series. The album is far from a complete soundtrack, as there were probably several hours of source music used in the series. Some tracks on the album are more location/episode-specific or for special sequences. There were also at least two other records released by Saban Records (both in French). One of these was the single of the theme music (with French vocals, released both in 1983 and 1985 with different sleeve covers), and another was an audio story named "La Malediction du roi Touthankarton", based on the episode "Curse of the Pharaohs". French title is a word play with the name of Pharaoh "TouthankAMon. In french, "TouthankARTon" sounds like "Tout en carton" (all in carton). An English-language soundtrack LP, entitled "Inspector Gadget – The Music", was released in Australia in 1986 through ABC Records. While many of its tracks overlapped with those of the French LP, 5 tracks were exclusive to the Australian LP: "Inspector Gadget Theme" (an extended version of Inspector Gadget's American opening theme), "Brain The Dog" (an instrumental background music version of Brain's theme), "Max's theme" (a misspelling of "Mad's theme", this is an alternate version of the same composition on the French LP, with slightly different orchestrations), "Italian Gadget" (a piece of background music) and "Gadget Closing" (the American end credits theme for the show).

text: Home video releases[edit]

text: North America[edit]

text: UAV Entertainment released two single disc collections on DVD in 2004. Inspector Gadget: The Gadget Files, released on July 6, 2004, contains the first five episodes of the series and an interview with Andy Heyward answering 10 questions voted upon by fans.

text: On August 31, 2004, UAV Entertainment released the 1992 special Inspector Gadget Saves Christmas and episodes 56, 61 and 62 of the original series: "Weather in Tibet", "Birds of a Feather" and "So It is Written".

text: In 2006, Shout! Factory acquired the rights to the series and subsequently released Inspector Gadget: The Original Series, a four disc set featuring the first 22 episodes of the series on DVD on April 25, 2006, with Sony BMG Music Entertainment.[19] There are errors on the box concerning which episodes are on each disc. The last episode listed on each disc is actually the first episode on the next disc. 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment would later acquire the home video rights for the series. This release has been discontinued and is now out of print.

text: On September 9, 2009, 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment released a single disc DVD, Inspector Gadget: The Go Go Gadget Collection which features ten episodes from the series.[20]

text: On May 24, 2013, TV Shows on DVD noted that New Video Group had acquired the home video rights to the series.[21] New Video Group released the complete series on DVD in Region 1 for the very first time in 4 volume sets on October 8, 2013. They also re-released Inspector Gadget Saves Christmas on October 29, 2013.

text: The series is also available on Amazon on demand and iTunes (in US and Canada) for purchase.

text: Australia[edit]

text: All season one episodes except for Quizz Master were released on a trio of 3 disc box sets by Magna Pacific on November 9, 2006, July 3, 2007, and October 11, 2007. These are named Inspector Gadget – The Original Series: Box Set 1, ...2 and ...3, respectively. Box Set 1 contains the first known DVD release of the Gary Owens-voiced version of the "Winter Olympics" pilot episode, where Owens gives Gadget a very different vocal interpretation than Don Adams would later on. On Box Set 3, three of the episodes were edited: "Funny Money", "Tree Guesses" and "Fang the Wonderdog" all had small edits made to them. For instance, in "Tree Guesses", a scene with a lumberjack M.A.D. agent throwing numerous axes at Gadget were cut out.

text: All three box sets (64 episodes in total) were packaged together as Inspector Gadget: 25th Anniversary Collection (9 Disc Box Set), released in Australia by MagnaPacific on November 5, 2008.

text: Europe[edit]

text: Inspektor Gadget: Die komplette Staffel 1 (eng. Inspector Gadget: The complete Season 1) was released in Germany by More Music and Media on March 19, 2010. The 10 disc set includes all 65 episodes from the first Season, but with only German Audio. The complete series has yet to be released in Britain, but some episodes are available on DVD. In Hungary, Dr.Claw is called "Doktor Fondor", it is actually the first two syllables of "fondorlat", meaning intrigue, deviousness, or fraud. In the UK Platform Entertainment Ltd. released these episodes on DVD.

text: Legacy and spin-off incarnations[edit]

text: Inspector Gadget was adapted into a 1999 live-action Disney film starring Matthew Broderick as the title character (real name: John Brown), his WarGames co-star Dabney Coleman as Chief Quimby, Michelle Trachtenberg as Penny, Rupert Everett as Doctor Claw (real name: Sanford Scolex) – whose face was totally visible this time – and even Don Adams as the voice of Brain. It scored 21% on Rotten Tomatoes.[22]

text: A direct-to-video sequel was released in 2003. Broderick did not reprise his role as the title character and was replaced by French Stewart from 3rd Rock from the Sun. Elaine Hendrix was the lead female character as G2 replacing Joely Fisher as Dr. Brenda Bradford, Caitlin Wachs replacing Michelle Trachtenberg as Penny. D. L. Hughley reprises his role as the Gadgetmobile; he is the only star from the first movie who performs in the sequel. However, Cree Summer and Frank Welker performed parodies of their Inspector Gadget roles for the animated sketch show Robot Chicken in a segment of the episode "Adoption's an Option". The Inspector Gadget role was voiced by Joe Hanna (Don Adams had died in 2005) and Chief Quimby was voiced by Seth Green.

text: In January 2009, IGN named Inspector Gadget as the 54th best in the Top 100 Best Animated TV Shows.[23]

text: In 2011, a new Inspector Gadget comic book was published in the United States by Viper Comics. Written by Dale Mettam and illustrated by José Cobá, the style of the book is based on the original 1983 television show. A preview comic was released on May 7, 2011, as part of the Free Comic Book Day, before the entire story was officially published as a 48-page book in August.[24]

text: A new CGI-animated Inspector Gadget TV series has been in development since at least the start of 2012, possibly earlier. It was commissioned by Teletoon Canada, which will air the show, and put into preproduction by The Cookie Jar Company. In January 2012, the in-development show was mentioned by Ray Sharma, the CEO of XMG Studio, which produced the hit mobile game "Inspector Gadget: M.A.D. Dash". Sharma described how the success of the game had resulted in a new TV series being in the making: "We did 1 million downloads in a week, and it's reinvigorated the TV brand with a new TV series in production."[25] In September 2012, Cookie Jar issued a short press release about the upcoming series, as part of the advertising for it during the MIPCOM market that October, stating: "Cookie Jar Entertainment is celebrating Inspector Gadget's 30th anniversary with the launch of a brand-new series with its Canadian broadcast partner TELETOON. The series will again revolve around the iconic bionic bumbling detective."[26] On June 9, 2013, Teletoon officially announced the reboot show with two press pictures of Gadget's new look as well as a press release[27] The 26 episode series is produced by DHX Media, which purchased Cookie Jar in 2012. It's currently airing on Boomerang in Europe and Australia as of 2015. The series can also be found on Netflix.


document_title: Extracellular fluid

question_text: what are at least two critical functions that fluid within the body provides

root

text: Extracellular fluid

text: Components[edit]

text: The main component of the extracellular fluid is the interstitial fluid which surrounds the cells in the body. The other major component of the ECF is the intravascular fluid of the circulatory system called blood plasma. The interstitial fluid and the plasma make up about 97% of the ECF, and a small percentage of this is lymph. The remaining small percentage of ECF includes the transcellular fluid. These constituents are often called compartments. The transcellular fluid includes the aqueous humour in the eye, the synovial fluid in the joints, the cerebrospinal fluid in the brain and spinal cord, the serous fluid in the serous membranes lining body cavities and in the saliva and other gut fluids (gastric juice, pancreatic juice and other intestinal secretions), as well as the perilymph and endolymph in the inner ear.

tag: p

text: The volume of extracellular fluid in a young adult male of 70 kg, is 20% of body weight – about fourteen litres. Eleven litres is interstitial fluid and the remaining three litres is plasma.[5]

text: Function[edit]

text: The extracellular fluid provides the medium for the exchange of substances between the ECF and the cells, and this can take place through dissolving, mixing and transporting in the fluid medium.[6] Substances in the ECF include dissolved gases, nutrients, and electrolytes, all needed to maintain life.[7] The ECF also contains materials secreted from cells in soluble form, but which quickly coalesces into fibres (e.g. collagen, reticular, and elastic fibres) or precipitates out into a solid or semisolid form (e.g. proteoglycans which form the bulk of cartilage, and the components of bone). These and many other substances occur, especially in association with various proteoglycans to form the extracellular matrix or the "filler" substance between the cells throughout the body.[8] These substances occur in the extracellular space, and are therefore all bathed or soaked in ECF, without being part of the ECF.

text: Regulation[edit]

text: The internal environment is stabilised in the process of homeostasis. Complex homeostatic mechanisms operate to regulate and keep the composition of the ECF stable. Individual cells can also regulate their internal composition by various mechanisms.[9]

text: There is a significant difference between the concentrations of sodium and potassium ions inside and outside the cell. The concentration of sodium ions is considerably higher in the extracellular fluid than in the intracellular fluid.[10] The converse is true of the potassium ion concentrations inside and outside the cell. These differences cause all cell membranes to be electrically charged, with the positive charge on the outside of the cells and the negative charge on the inside. In a resting neuron (not conducting an impulse) the membrane potential is known as the resting potential, and between the two sides of the membrane is about -70 mV.[11]

text: This potential is created by sodium-potassium pumps in the cell membrane, which pump sodium ions out of the cell, into the ECF, in return for potassium ions which enter the cell from the ECF. The maintenance of this difference in the concentration of ions between the inside of the cell and the outside, is critical to keep normal cell volumes stable, and also to enable some cells to generate action potentials.[12]

text: In several cell types voltage-gated ion channels in the cell membrane can be temporarily opened under specific circumstances for a few microseconds at a time. This allows a brief inflow of sodium ions into the cell (driven in by the sodium ion concentration gradient that exists between the outside and inside of the cell). This causes the cell membrane to temporarily depolarize (lose its electrical charge) forming the basis of action potentials.

text: The sodium ions in the ECF also play an important role in the movement of water from one body compartment to the other. When tears are secreted, or saliva is formed, sodium ions are pumped from the ECF into the ducts in which these fluids are formed and collected. The water content of these solutions results from the fact water follows the sodium ions (and accompanying anions) osmotically.[13][14] The same principle applies to the formation of many other body fluids.

text: Calcium ions have a great propensity to bind to proteins.[15] This changes the distribution of electrical charges on the protein, with the consequence that the 3D (or tertiary) structure of the protein is altered.[16][17] The normal shape, and therefore function of very many of the extracellular proteins, as well as the extracellular portions of the cell membrane proteins is dependent on a very precise ionized calcium concentration in the ECF. The proteins that are particularly sensitive to changes in the ECF ionized calcium concentration are several of the clotting factors in the blood plasma, which are functionless in the absence of calcium ions, but become fully functional on the addition of the correct concentration of calcium salts.[10][15] The voltage gated sodium ion channels in the cell membranes of nerves and muscle have an even greater sensitivity to changes in the ECF ionized calcium concentration.[18][19] Relatively small decreases in the plasma ionized calcium levels (hypocalcemia) cause these channels to leak sodium into the nerve cells or axons, making them hyper-excitable, thus causing spontaneous muscle spasms (tetany) and paraesthesia (the sensation of "pins and needles") of the extremities and round the mouth.[16][19][20] When the plasma ionized calcium rises above normal (hypercalcemia) more calcium is bound to these sodium channels having the opposite effect, causing lethargy, muscle weakness, anorexia, constipation and labile emotions.[20][21]

text: The tertiary structure of proteins is also affected by the pH of the bathing solution. In addition, the pH of the ECF affects the proportion of the total amount of calcium in the plasma which occurs in the free, or ionized form, as opposed to the fraction that is bound to protein and phosphate ions. A change in the pH of the ECF therefore alters the ionized calcium concentration of the ECF. Since the pH of the ECF is directly dependent on the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the ECF, hyperventilation, which lowers the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the ECF, produces symptoms that are almost indistinguishable from low plasma ionized calcium concentrations.[16]

text: The extracellular fluid is constantly “stirred” by the circulatory system, which ensures that the watery environment which bathes the body’s cells is virtually identical throughout the body. This means that nutrients can be secreted into the ECF in one place (e.g. the gut, liver, or fat cells) and will, within about a minute, be evenly distributed throughout the body. Hormones are similarly rapidly and evenly spread to every cell in the body, regardless of where they are secreted into the blood. Oxygen taken up by the lungs from the alveolar air is also evenly distributed at the correct partial pressure to all the cells of the body. Waste products are also uniformly spread to the whole of the ECF, and are removed from this general circulation at specific points (or organs), once again ensuring that there is generally no localized accumulation of unwanted compounds or excesses of otherwise essential substances (e.g. sodium ions, or any of the other constituents of the ECF). The only significant exception to this general principle is the plasma in the veins, where the concentrations of dissolved substances in individual veins differs, to varying degrees, from those in the rest of the ECF. However this plasma is confined within the waterproof walls of the venous tubes, and therefore does not affect the interstitial fluid in which the body's cell live. When the blood from all the veins in body mixes in the heart and lungs, the differing compositions cancel out (e.g. acidic blood from active muscles is neutralized by the alkaline blood homeostatically produced by the kidneys). From the left atrium onward, to every organ in the body, the normal, homeostatically regulated values of all of the ECF’s components are therefore restored.

text: Interaction between the blood plasma, interstitial fluid and lymph[edit]

text: The arterial blood plasma, interstitial fluid and lymph interact at the level of the blood capillaries. The capillaries are permeable and water can move freely in and out. At the arteriolar end of the capillary the blood pressure is greater than the hydrostatic pressure in the tissues.[22][10] Water will therefore seep out of the capillary into the interstitial fluid. The pores through which this water moves are large enough to allow all the smaller molecules (up to the size of small proteins such as insulin) to move freely through the capillary wall as well. This means that their concentrations across the capillary wall equalize, and therefore have no osmotic effect (because the osmotic pressure caused by these small molecules and ions – called the crystalloid osmotic pressure to distinguish it from the osmotic effect of the larger molecules than cannot move across the capillary membrane – is the same on both sides of capillary wall).[22][10]

text: The movement of water out of the capillary at the arteriolar end causes the concentration of the substances that cannot cross the capillary wall to increase as the blood moves to the venular end of the capillary. The most important substances that are confined to the capillary tube are plasma albumin, the plasma globulins and fibrinogen. They, and particularly the plasma albumin, because of its molecular abundance in the plasma, are responsible for the so called ”oncotic” or "colloid" osmotic pressure which draws water back into the capillary, especially at the venular end.[22] (See the diagrams on the right.)

text: The net effect of all of these processes is that water moves out of and back into the capillary, while the crystalloid substances in the capillary and interstitial fluids equilibrate. Since the capillary fluid is constantly and rapidly renewed by the flow of the blood, its composition dominates the equilibrium concentration that is achieved in the capillary bed. This ensures that the watery environment of the body’s cells is always close to their ideal environment (set by the body’s homeostats).

text: A small proportion of the solution that leaks out of the capillaries is not drawn back into the capillary by the colloid osmotic forces. This amounts to between 2-4 liters per day for the body as a whole. This water is collected by the lymphatic system and is ultimately discharged into the left subclavian vein, where it mixes with the venous blood coming from the left arm, on its way to the heart.[10] The lymph flows through lymph capillaries to lymph nodes where bacteria and tissue debris are removed from the lymph, while various types white blood cells (mainly lymphocytes) are added to the fluid. In addition the lymph which drains the small intestine contains fat droplets called chylomicrons after the ingestion of a fatty meal.[15] This lymph is called chyle which has a milky appearance, and imparts the name lacteals (referring to the milky appearance of their contents) to the lymph vessels of the small intestine.[23]

text: Electrolytic constituents[edit]

text: Main cations:[24]

text:
Sodium (Na+) 136–151 mM
Potassium (K+) 3.4–5.2 mM
Calcium (Ca2+) 1.4–1.5 mM

tag: ul

text: Main anions:[24]

text:
Chloride (Cl−) 99–110 mM
Bicarbonate (HCO3−) 22–28 mM
Phosphate (HPO42−) 0.8-1.4 mM

text: Description[edit]

text: The interstitial fluid component of the ECF is an almost colorless solution, which is salty to the taste. The plasma, which contains the plasma proteins which are largely absent from the interstitial fluid is generally straw colored. It also tastes salty, and has a "sticky" feel due its protein content. Plasma will clot if left standing for more than a few minutes, due to the presence of clotting factors, which are activated by contact with any wettable surface such as the glass of a test tube or simply by stagnation (through an unknown mechanism). Lymph can be almost colorless, but tends to have a slightly turbid appearance due to its content of cells (mainly white blood cells) or fat globules when it drains the intestines after a meal.


document_title: Goa liberation movement

question_text: who amended its constitution and declared goa as its state

text: Goa liberation movement

text: Portuguese possessions in India[edit]

text: The Portuguese colonised India in 1510, conquering many parts of the western coast and establishing several colonies in the east. By the end of the 19th century, Portuguese colonies in India were limited to Goa, Daman, Diu, Dadra, Nagar Haveli and Anjediva Island.

text: Revolts against Portuguese rule[edit]

text: Many Goans living under colonial rule resented  Portuguese rule due to policies perceived as brutal as well as mandates and relentless government campaigns to convert the predominantly Hindu Goans to Christianity.[4] Despite 14 revolts against Portuguese rule (the final attempt in 1912),[5] none of these uprisings were successful in ending the colonial era. The failure of these uprisings to effect meaningful change was attributed to the lack of a broad, active support base and their localised nature.

text: The independence movement[edit]

text: Early 20th century[edit]

text: The abolition of the Portuguese monarchy in 1910 raised hopes that the colonies would be granted self-determination; however, when Portuguese colonial policies remained unchanged, an organised and dedicated anti-colonial movement emerged.[5] Luís de Menezes Bragança founded O Heraldo, the first Portuguese language newspaper in Goa, which was critical of Portuguese colonial rule.[citation needed] In 1917, the "Carta Organica" law was passed, overseeing all civil liberties in Goa.

text: In reaction to growing dissent, the Portuguese government in Goa implemented policies which curtailed civil liberties, including censorship of the press. Strict censorship policies required any material containing printed words, including invitation cards, to be submitted to a censorship committee for screening. The Portuguese governor of Goa was empowered to suspend publication, close down printing presses and impose heavy fines on newspapers which refused to comply with these policies. Many Goans criticised the curtailing of press freedoms, stating that the only newspapers and periodicals the Portuguese permitted them to publish were pro-colonialist propaganda materials.[6]

text: Menezes Bragança organised a rally in Margao denouncing the law and, for some time, the Goans received the same rights as mainland Portuguese.[7] However, the Portuguese Catholic Church strongly supported pro-colonial policies and attempted to influence Goan Christians to oppose the independence movement. The Portuguese Patriarch of the Catholic Church in Goa issued over 60 official letters to the priests of the archdiocese, instructing them to preach to their congregations that salvation lay with the Portuguese and in dissociating themselves from cultural-political relationship with the rest of India.[8]

text: In 1928, Tristão de Bragança Cunha founded the Goa National Congress. At the Calcutta session of the Indian National Congress, the Goa Congress Committee received recognition and representation in the All-India Congress Committee.[citation needed]

text: In May 1930, Portugal passed the "Acto Colonial" (Colonial Act), which restricted political rallies and meetings within all Portuguese colonies. The introduction of this act politically relegated Goa to the status of a colony. The Portuguese also introduced a policy of compulsory conscription in Portuguese India, which contributed significantly to growing resentment against the colonial government.[7]

text: The Portuguese government pressured the Indian National Congress to disaffiliate the National Congress (Goa); however, in 1938, Goans in Bombay city formed the Provisional Goa Congress.[citation needed]

text: By the 1940s, the Goan independence movement had gained momentum, inspired by the Indian independence movement, which had entered its crucial phase, as well as the 1946 British announcement to grant India independence, after which Indian leaders focused their attention on the movements in Portuguese India and French India that sought to join the newly independent Indian state.

text:
When Bragança Cunha was arrested in 1946, A.G. Tendulkar became the president of the Goa Congress and organised a meeting in Londa (outside Goa).[citation needed]
Dr Julião Menezes studied in Goa and after finishing Lyceum, (Portuguese high school) he attended Berlin University in the 1920s and graduated in medicine – MD. He also took courses in Indology in Berlin. It was there that he met Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia, who was studying at the same University.[9]
Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia and Dr Julião Menezes remained in contact and Dr. Menezes even provided him shelter after the ‘Do or Die’ call given by Mahatma Gandhi. It is believed that Dr. Lohia wanted to hide in Goa but decided against it following counselling by Dr. Menezes who was worried that British agents were active in Goa as well. The two met again in 1946 after Dr. Lohia’s release from prison in Lahore where he was taken after his arrest in Mumbai. Dr. Lohia had visited Dr. Menezes for a medical examination in Bombay where the latter advised the former that he rest and invited him to his house in Assolna, Goa.,[9][10]
Accepting the invitation, Dr. Lohia arrived in Goa on 10 June 1946 and stayed at the residence of Menezes at Assolna, where the two stalwarts discussed the situation prevailing in Goa during that period and decided to defy the ban on public meetings imposed by the Portuguese Government. This was the first civil disobedience movement against the then 435-year-old Portuguese rule. The news of Lohia’s arrival spread among Goans and Dr. Menezes’ place in Assolna became the meeting place for Goan intellectuals and political activists, who wanted to consult Dr. Lohia and Dr. Menezes.[10]
On 15 June 1946, Dr. Menezes and Dr. Lohia addressed a gathering of the people in Panjim but the police did not intervene and stop the meeting even as they were posted at the place where the meeting took place.  Buoyed with the success of the meeting, the two entered Margao square in a horse carriage.[10]
On 18 June with thousands of men and women welcoming them and chanting their names "Dr Lohia-ki Jai! Dr Julião Menezes-ki-Jai!". Dr. Lohia's and Dr. Menezes were arrested.   The colonial administration, which was caught off guard, failed to subdue the fervor of the crowd. Julião and Lohia were arrested and removed at the dead of night to the Panjim police station.
The news of their arrest spread throughout Goa, and the people demonstrated in most of the towns. In Margão, next morning, the citizens drove in procession, and in the evening, they gathered in front of the Câmara. Even though the troops sought to disperse the crowd, they squatted resolutely on the ground, shouting in unison at the top of their voices, which resounded throughout the town: Jai Hind!!  Dr. Lohiako shodd do! Dr. Julião Menezesko shodd do!

text: In the end that day, Dr Julião Menezes was released and Dr Lohia was driven outside of Goa and released. Their arrest at this demonstration motivated people to hold large-scale protests in support of the independence movement, which resulted in large-scale arrests and the incarceration of over 1,500 people.[5] Goan leaders, including Bragança Cunha, Purushottam Kakodkar and Laxmikant Bhembre were deported to Portugal for their participation in the independence protests.[7]

text: The Government of Goa, Daman and Diu failed to recognize Dr. Julião’s contribution to the cause when he was alive. Though he was honored on 18 June 1986 after his death, he deserves to be remembered in a monumental way.[9]

text: From October to November 1946, a series of satyagrahas (non-violent civil-disobedience actions) were held in Goa; however, many of the leaders of these actions were arrested. With the arrest of the leadership, much of the momentum of the movement was lost and, subsequently, the Goa Congress began to operate from Bombay.[citation needed]

text: During the mid-1940s, a number of new political parties emerged in Goa, each having a conflicting agenda and perspective in relation to achieving Goan independence and autonomy. These political parties advocated for vastly different policies including Goa's merger with Maharashtra state, Goa's merger with the southern Indian state of Karnataka, independent statehood for Goa and autonomy within Portuguese rule.[citation needed]

text: Mahatma Gandhi sensed that an independence movement with such disparate perspectives would be ineffective and could undermine the struggle for independence; hence, Gandhi suggested that the various independence factions should attempt to unite under the broad guise of civil liberties. In response to Gandhi's suggestion, the different Goan political factions met in Bombay in June 1947 to formally launch a campaign demanding that the Portuguese government "quit India". The Goan leadership believed that with the end of British colonial occupation, an end to Portuguese colonial occupation would logically follow. However, on 3 August 1947, Lohia[clarification needed] announced that Goa's independence  would not coincide with Indian national independence and that the Goans would have to continue their struggle, "not just for civil liberties, but for freedom itself".[citation needed]

text: The failure of Goa to achieve independence within the national independence struggle, in conjunction with mixed signals from the new national Indian leadership in New Delhi and harsh repression by the Portuguese, led to  a temporary lull in the Goan independence movement. Similarly, the partition of India and the Indo-Pakistani War of 1947 diverted the focus of the national Indian leadership from the anti-colonial struggles in the Portuguese and French colonies.[citation needed]

text: Following national Indian independence, a separate demand for independence was raised by Dr. Froilano de Mello, a prominent Goan microbiologist and MP in the Portuguese National Assembly. De Mello sought independence for Goa, Daman and Diu as autonomous state entities within the framework of a Portuguese commonwealth, similar to the British Commonwealth.[11]

text: Demand for autonomy[edit]

text: Within Goa and Portugal, periodic demands for autonomy for Portuguese India continued. In July 1946, a public meeting was held which openly petitioned the Salazar administration to grant autonomy to the Estado da India. The meeting was facilitated by José Inácio de Loyola, and inspired the formation of a committee chaired by Uday Bhembre to pursue autonomy. Bhembre's committee failed to provoke a response from the Portuguese administration, and subsequently the last demand for autonomy was made by Purushottam Kakodkar in early 1961.[12]

text: Diplomatic efforts[edit]

text: In December 1947, independent India and Portugal established diplomatic ties. In January 1948, Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru met the Portuguese consul and raised the issue of Goa's integration into the Indian Union. The Portuguese, who valued their strategic Indian colonial outposts, were unwilling to negotiate and by 1948, the Goan anti-colonial movement had virtually disbanded.[citation needed]

text: In January 1953, the Indian delegation in Portugal (a representative body of the Indian government), sought to negotiate with Portugal on the issue of its territories in India. The Indian government offered a direct transfer; however, the Portuguese refused and diplomatic relations between the two countries deteriorated. On 11 June 1953, the Indian delegation in Lisbon was closed[citation needed] and diplomatic ties were formally severed. In July 1953, Nehru stated that the Indian government's position involved French and Portuguese colonies in India integrating into the Indian Union.[citation needed] Despite Nehru clearly stating India's policy in relation to colonial outposts, Portugal and France refused to cede their colonies. Subsequently, India launched a campaign through the UN in an attempt to persuade the Portuguese to leave India peacefully.[5]

text: Revolutionary groups[edit]

text: Azad Gomantak Dal, a revolutionary group, vowed to fight the Portuguese using direct action strategies. Azad Gomantak Dal was founded by  Vishwanath Lawande, Narayan Hari Naik, Dattatraya Deshpande, Prabhakar Sinari who along with  their other  friends carried out series of attacks  on  Portuguese police stations and banks .  all of them  were sentenced to  28–29 years of imprisonment in exile by the Portuguese courts. Narayan Naik and Dattatraya Deshpande suffered about 14 years of imprisonment in prisons in Portugal  and Angola, however they were released after annexation of Goa. Vishwanath Lawande and  Prabhakar Sinari managed to escape the prisons and continued their  armed struggle against the Portuguese rule by forming huge  armed force of  anti-colonial fighters with headquarter on Goa India border at Vazarem .  Azad Gomantak Dal successfully carried out raids on police stations and factories, ambushed military patrols, attacked troops stationed at the border and blew up ammunition dumps. they freed  part of Goa  called "Dadara and Nagarhaveli" vide military action. the leader of the military organisation  Vishwanath Lawande  declared himself  as Governor of  Dadra and Nagarhaveli. However, in response to the group's revolutionary tactics, the Portuguese increased their military presence by bringing in white and African troops to quell the insurgency.[citation needed]

text: The Goa Liberation Army, founded by Shivajirao Desai, an Indian army officer in the 1950s, attempted to utilise revolutionary tactics and direct action strategies to challenge Portuguese colonialism.  It blasted Sesa Goa's Sonshi mine, which caused temporary suspension of the mining activity of the Portuguese.  The Goa Liberation Army was credited with many other blasts and raids, and played a pivotal role in defending the bridges at the time of Indian invasion.[5]

text: 1953 onwards: intensification of Satyagraha movement[edit]

text: In 1953, Tristão de Bragança Cunha formed the Goa Action Committee to coordinate the various anti-colonial groups working independently in Mumbai. Goans and non-Goans offered Satyagraha in solidarity with the struggle.[citation needed]

text: In Goa, the anti-colonial movement had evolved into two camps, which advocated distinct anti-colonial strategies.  The National Congress Goa utilised peaceful satyagraha tactics, while Azad Gomantak Dal advocated revolutionary methods. On 15 August 1954, a mass satyagraha was instigated; however, despite the use of non-violent civil disobedience protest strategies, the Portuguese authorities assaulted and arrested many participants.[5] P.D. Gaitonde was arrested for publicly protesting Portuguese colonialist policy.[citation needed]

text: A year later, another protest was organised on the same date. The Jana Sangh leader, Karnataka Kesari Jagannathrao Joshi, led 3,000 protesters including women, children and Indians from Maharashtra state, through the Goa border. The security forces baton charged the protesters and opened fire on the satyagraha, resulting in several deaths and hundreds of injuries.[5]

text: As Portugal was now a member of NATO, the Indian government was reticent to react to the situation. NATO member nations had a pact to protect each other in the event that any member state came under attack from an external force. Although the NATO treaty did not cover colonies, Portugal insisted that its overseas interests were not colonies but an integral part of the Nation of Portugal. Hence, in order for India to avoid NATO involvement in Goa, the Indian government was impeded from speaking out against Portugal's response to satyagraha protest actions.[citation needed]

text: In 1954, the Goa Vimochan Sahayak Samiti (All-Party Goa Liberation Committee), was formed with the aim of continuing the civil disobedience campaign and providing financial and political assistance to the satyagrahis. The Maharashtra and Gujarat chapters of the Praja Socialist Party assisted the liberation committee, motivated by an agenda for independent Goa to merge into Maharashtra state. The liberation committee and the Praja Socialist Party collaboratively organised several satyagrahas in 1954–55.[citation needed]

text: The Portuguese government appealed to various international powers, charging India with violation of Portugal's territorial sovereignty due to the actions of the Satyagrahas in crossing Portuguese Goan borders. Nehru was subsequently pressured to announce that India formally disapproved of the Satyagrahas.[citation needed]

text: Nehru's denouncement of the Satyagraha severely impacted on the independence movement. Following Nehru's professed lack of support for the satyagrahi, a satyagrahi plan to cross the Goan border at Terekhol Fort attracted very few supporters. Despite the low turnout, a small group managed to cross the Goan border to successfully occupy the Terekhol fort overnight.

text:
With the exception of a small number of satyagrahas and the activities of the All-Goa Political Party Committee,
lacking the support of the national Indian government, the anti-colonial movement lost its momentum.[citation needed] Pro-independence advocacy actions were sporadic and few were willing to involve themselves in the movement. On 18 June 1954, Satyagrahis infiltrated Goa and hoisted the Indian flag; however, the demonstrators and suspected sympathisers were arrested, and anti-colonialist activists Dr. Gaitonde and Shriyut Deshpande were deported to Portugal.[7]

text: Annexation of Dadra and Nagar Haveli[edit]

text: On 21 July 1954, the United Front of Goans (led by Francis Mascarenhas) forced the Portuguese to retreat from the colonial enclave of Dadra, a small landlocked territory bordering Nagar Haveli. A group of volunteers from the National Movement Liberation Organisation (NMLO), an umbrella organisation involving revolutionary groups Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh and Azad Gomantak Dal, led an attack on Nagar Haveli on 28 July 1954, and took it on 2 August.[13] Despite successfully conquering the territories, India did not immediately assimilate these enclaves into the Indian Union. For some time, both enclaves functioned as de facto independent states, administered by the Varishta Panchayat of Free Dadra and Nagar Haveli.

text: The successful annexation of Dadra and Nagar Haveli provided the dormant Goa anti-colonial movement with renewed vigour and motivation to continue the anti-colonial struggle.[citation needed] On 15 August 1954, hundreds of people crossed the Portuguese Goan borders, defying a ban by the Indian government on participating in Satyagrahas. The Portuguese responded to the action by injuring and fatally shooting many Satyagrahis.[7]

text: The Portuguese responded to the Satyagrahas, which continued throughout 1955, by sealing Goa's borders in an attempt to curb the growing support for the movement. By 1955, the Indian government had developed a clear policy on Portuguese Goan territory, which supported the anti-colonial movement. Between 1955 and 1961, six political parties were formed to advocate for an end to Portuguese colonial rule. These parties included Azad Gomantak Dal, Rancour Patriota, the United Front of Goans, Goan People's Party, Goa Liberation Army and Quit Goa Organisation.[citation needed]

text: Many Goans reportedly felt that the Portuguese were deliberately misleading the international community by portraying Goans as Luso-Indian or Portuguese. Following his release from prison, P.D. Gaitonde conducted a series of international lectures to challenge this notion. With increased support from the international community and rebellions in the Portuguese African colonies, the policy position of the India government was able to become more hardline.[citation needed]

text: In 1961, India proclaimed that Goa should join India "either with full peace or with full use of force". In August 1961, India began military preparations and, following Nehru's announcement on 1 December 1961, that India would not remain silent in relation to the Goan situation, Indian troops were strategically stationed close to the Goan border.[citation needed]

text: Annexation of Goa[edit]

text: After failure of diplomacy with the Portuguese, Nehru ordered the Indian Armed Forces to take Goa by force. In a military operation conducted on 18 and 19 December 1961, Indian troops captured Goa with little resistance. The governor-general of Portuguese India signed an instrument of surrender.[5]

text: Subsequent events[edit]

text: Major General Kunhiraman Palat Candeth was appointed military governor of Goa that was first created by British government in 1934. In 1963, the Parliament of India passed the 12th Amendment Act to the Constitution of India, formally integrating the captured territories into the Indian Union.[5] Goa, Daman and Diu became a Union Territory. Dadra and Nagar Haveli,which was previously a part of the Estado da India, but independent between 1954 and 1961, became a separate Union Territory.

text: In October 1962, Panchayat elections were held in Goa, followed by assembly elections in December 1962. On 16 January 1967, a referendum was held in which the people of Goa voted against merger with Maharashtra. Portugal recognised Goa's accession into the Indian union only in 1974. In 1987, Goa was separated from Daman and Diu and made a full-fledged state. Daman and Diu continued as a new Union Territory.[5]

text: Due to an unabated influx of people from all over India to Goa, the native Goan people have begun to fear for their identity and culture. There are growing calls for the government of India to grant Goa Special Status so that the local government can regulate in-migration and stop the sale of land to non-Goans.

text: Films[edit]

text: Saat Hindustani (translation: Seven Indians) is a 1969 film written and directed by Khwaja Ahmad Abbas. The film portrays the story of seven Indians who attempt to liberate Goa from Portuguese colonial rule.

text: "Pukar" (translation : "The Call") is another film based on Goan Feedom Movement. It was directed by Ramesh Behl in 1983, acted by superstar Amitabh Bachchan.


document_title: Marni Nixon

question_text: who dubbed deborah kerr in the king and i

text: Marni Nixon

text: Early life[edit]

text: Born in Altadena, California to Charles Nixon and Margaret Elsa (née Wittke) McEathron, Nixon was a child film actress who also played the violin and began singing at an early age in choruses, including performing solos with the Roger Wagner Chorale.[1][2] She went on to study singing and opera with, among others, Vera Schwarz, Carl Ebert, Boris Goldovsky and Sarah Caldwell.[1] In 1947, having adopted the stage name Marni Nixon, she made her Hollywood Bowl solo debut in Carmina Burana with the Los Angeles Philharmonic under conductor Leopold Stokowski.[3]

text: Career[edit]

text: Early films and musicals[edit]

text: Nixon's career in film started in 1948 when she sang the voices of the angels heard by Ingrid Bergman in Joan of Arc (1948). The same year, she did her first dubbing work when she provided Margaret O'Brien's singing voice in 1948's Big City and then 1949's The Secret Garden. She sang for Jeanne Crain in Cheaper by the Dozen (1950) and dubbed Marilyn Monroe's high notes in "Diamonds Are a Girl's Best Friend" in Gentlemen Prefer Blondes (1953). Also in 1953, she sang for Ida Lupino in Jennifer. Nixon appeared on Broadway in 1954 in The Girl in Pink Tights.[1][4]

text: In 1956, she worked closely with Deborah Kerr to supply the star's singing voice for the film version of Rodgers and Hammerstein's The King and I and the next year she again worked with Kerr to dub her voice in An Affair to Remember.[1] That year, she also sang for Sophia Loren in Boy on a Dolphin. In 1960, she dubbed Janet Leigh's voice in Pepe[1] and had an on-screen chorus role in Can-Can.[5] In 1961's West Side Story, the studio kept her work on the film (as the singing voice of Natalie Wood's Maria) a secret from the actress,[6][7] and Nixon also dubbed Rita Moreno's singing in the film's "Tonight" quintet. She asked the film's producers for, but did not receive, any direct royalties from her work on the film, but Leonard Bernstein contractually gave her 1/4 of one percent of his personal royalties from it.[8] In 1962, she also sang Wood's high notes in Gypsy.[5][9] For My Fair Lady in 1964, she again worked with the female lead of the film, Audrey Hepburn, to perform the songs of Hepburn's character Eliza.[6] Because of her uncredited dubbing work in these films, Time magazine called her "The Ghostess with the Mostest".[10][11]

text: Nixon made guest appearances with Leonard Bernstein's Young People's Concerts, including in 1960, singing "Improvisation sur Mallarmé I" from Pli selon pli by Pierre Boulez,[2] and on April 9, 1961, in a program entitled "Folk Music in the Concert Hall", singing three "Songs of the Auvergne" by Joseph Canteloube.[12] Before My Fair Lady was released in theatres in 1964, Nixon played Eliza in a revival of the musical at New York City Center.[5] Nixon's first onscreen appearance was as Sister Sophia in the 1965 film The Sound of Music. In the DVD commentary to the film, director Robert Wise comments that audiences were finally able to see the woman whose voice they knew so well.[13] In 1967, she was the singing voice of Princess Serena in a live action and animated version of Jack and the Beanstalk on NBC. Especially in the 1960s, but also earlier and later, Nixon made concert appearances, specializing in contemporary music as a soloist with the New York Philharmonic, and gave recitals at Carnegie Hall, Alice Tully Hall and Town Hall in New York City.[1][14]

text: Later work[edit]

text: Nixon taught at the California Institute of the Arts in Santa Clarita from 1969 to 1971 and joined the faculty of the Music Academy of the West, Santa Barbara, in 1980, where she taught for many years.[15] In the late 1970s and early 1980s, she hosted a children's television show in Seattle on KOMO-TV channel 4 called Boomerang, winning four Emmy Awards as best actress, and made numerous other television appearances on variety shows and as a guest star in prime time series.[16] Nixon's opera repertory included Zerbinetta in Ariadne auf Naxos, Susanna in The Marriage of Figaro, both Blonde and Konstanze in Die Entführung aus dem Serail, Violetta in La traviata, the title role in La Périchole and Philine in Mignon. Her opera credits included performances at Los Angeles Opera, Seattle Opera,[8] San Francisco Opera and the Tanglewood Music Festival among others.[5] In addition to giving recitals, she appeared as an oratorio and concert soloist with the New York Philharmonic under Leonard Bernstein, the Los Angeles Philharmonic, the Cleveland Orchestra, Toronto Symphony Orchestra, the London Symphony Orchestra and the Israel Philharmonic Orchestra among others.[15][16]

text: Nixon also toured with Liberace and Victor Borge and later in her own cabaret shows.[1][2] On stage, in 1984, she originated the role of Edna Off-Broadway in Taking My Turn, composed by Gary William Friedman, receiving a nomination for a Drama Desk Award. She also originated the role of Sadie McKibben in Opal (1992), and she had a 1997 film role as Aunt Alice in I Think I Do.[4][16][17] Under her own name, beginning in the 1980s, Nixon recorded songs by Jerome Kern, George Gershwin and various classical composers.[1][2] She was nominated for two Grammy Awards for Best Classical Performance, Vocal Soloist, one for her Schönberg album and one for her Copland album.[16]

text: In the 1998 Disney film Mulan, Nixon was the singing voice of "Grandmother Fa". She then returned to the stage, touring the United States as Fraulein Schneider in Cabaret in 1997–1998.[16] She eventually sang on more than 50 soundtracks.[3] In 1999, she originated the role of Mrs. Wilson in the premiere of Ballymore, an opera by Richard Wargo at Skylight Opera Theatre in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, which was taped for PBS.[18] In regional theatre and Off-Broadway, she played Nurse in Romeo and Juliet and appeared in productions of The King and I and The Sound of Music.[14] She also continued to teach voice and judge vocal competitions.[16][18]

text: In 2000, after nearly a half century away, she returned to Broadway as Aunt Kate in James Joyce's The Dead.[4][14] In 2001, Nixon replaced Joan Roberts as Heidi Schiller in the Broadway revival of Stephen Sondheim's Follies.[1] She played Eunice Miller in 70, Girls, 70 in a 2002 production in Los Angeles.[14] In 2003, she was again on Broadway as a replacement in role of Guido's mother in the revival of Nine.[19] Nixon appeared as Frau Direktor Kirschner in the 2009 Encores! production of the musical Music in the Air at New York City Center.[20] Her autobiography, I Could Have Sung All Night, was published in 2006.[8] She performed in the 2008 North American Tour of Cameron Mackintosh's UK revival of My Fair Lady in the role of Mrs. Higgins.[21][22]

text: Personal life and death[edit]

text: In 1950, Nixon married the first of her three husbands, Ernest Gold, who composed the theme song to the movie Exodus. They had three children, including singer/songwriter Andrew Gold.[23] They divorced in 1969. She was married to Dr. Lajos "Fritz" Fenster from 1971 to 1975, and to woodwind player Albert Block from 1983 to his death in 2015.[8][14][24]

text: Nixon survived breast cancer in 1985 and 2000 but finally succumbed to the disease. She died on July 24, 2016, in New York, aged 86.[1][3]

text: Honors[edit]

text: On October 27, 2008, Nixon was presented with the Singer Symposium's Distinguished Artist Award in New York City.[16] She was also an honorary member of Sigma Alpha Iota International Women's Music Fraternity.[25]

text: In 2012, Nixon was the recipient of the George Peabody Award for Outstanding Contributions to American Music.[citation needed]

text: Filmography[edit]

text: Film[edit]

text:
Year

Title

Role

Notes

1942

The Bashful Bachelor

Angela Abernathy

1950

Cinderella

Narrator (vocals)

Song: "Cinderella" (uncredited)[citation needed]

1951

 Alice in Wonderland

Singing Flowers (vocals)

Uncredited[citation needed]

1953

Gentlemen Prefer Blondes

Lorelei Lee (vocals)

Diamonds Are a Girl's Best Friend [high notes] (uncredited)

1956

The King and I

Anna Leonowens (vocals)

4 songs (uncredited)[citation needed]

1956

Dance with Me, Henry

Vocals

Song: "Libiamo ne' lieti calici"

1957

An Affair to Remember

Terry McKay (vocals)

3 songs (uncredited)[citation needed]

1961

West Side Story

Maria Nunez (vocals)

7 songs (uncredited)[citation needed]

1964

Mary Poppins

Geese (vocals)

Uncredited[citation needed]

1964

My Fair Lady

Eliza Doolittle (vocals)

10 songs (uncredited)[citation needed]

1965

The Sound of Music

Sister Sophia (vocals)

Song: "Maria"

1997

I Think I Do

Aunt Alice

1998

Mulan

Grandmother Fa (vocals)

Song: "Honor to Us All" (uncredited)[citation needed]

tag: table

text: Television[edit]

text:
Year

Title

Role

Notes

1967

Jack and the Beanstalk

Princess Serena (vocals)

Movie; various songs

1969

The Mothers-in-Law

Herself

Episode: "The Not-So-Grand Opera"

1984

Taking My Turn

Edna

Movie

2001

Law & Order: Special Victims Unit

Edna Dumas

Episode: "Redemption"