document_title: Sara Tancredi

question_text: when does sara tancredi come back in prison break

text: Sara Tancredi

text: Background[edit]

text: Raised in Chicago, Sara Tancredi's ambitions to be a doctor began when she was very young. While at Northwestern University, where she was a Phi Beta Kappa, she was introduced to the works of Mahatma Gandhi and decided to become a humanitarian, which later influenced her decision to work at Fox River State Penitentiary.[1] Another factor which contributed to her occupational choice was her past morphine addiction, culminating in being unable to help a boy after he was run over, because she was high, which was revealed in a flashback episode of the first season, "Brother's Keeper". At 29 years old, Dr. Sara Tancredi was one of the few doctors working at Fox River. Her chosen occupation became a constant source of stress for her father. Sara is the only child of the Governor of Illinois, Frank Tancredi (portrayed by John Heard). Due to her father's hectic political career and vastly differing beliefs, she did not have a close relationship with him. In episode "Buried", it was revealed that her mother has already died.

text: Appearances[edit]

text: In the first season, Sara is mostly featured in scenes with Michael Scofield, while in the second season, Sara has mainly appeared in scenes with Frank Tancredi, Paul Kellerman or by herself. She has appeared in every episode of seasons 1, 2 and 4 except for second season episodes, "Otis" and "John Doe".Her death was faked early in the third season, apparently beheaded by Gretchen Morgan, and her "head" was delivered in a box to Lincoln Burrows. In season 4 it is discovered that the head was a ploy and that Sara is alive.

text: Season 1[edit]

text: Sara is introduced to the series when Michael Scofield first visits the infirmary in the pilot episode. In the first and second episode, their interactions are cordial but formal. However, Sara's curiosity is awakened when he attempts to charm her, and after she checks his academic record, she is surprised that he had graduated with a master's degree. In "Allen", she notices his nervousness as she tests for his glucose count to confirm his diabetes. However, she dismisses it after his test apparently passed (but only because Michael had taken insulin blockers to raise his blood sugar). Michael's regular visits to the infirmary becomes an important plot point, as it represents a major step in his plan. Sara treats Michael after two of his toes are cut off in the episode "Cell Test", and the subsequent bonding between them turns their relationship into a more personal one. Most episodes feature Sara interacting with Michael during these visits, initially careful to deflect all his attempts to charm her. However, after Michael rescues Sara from inmates' intent to rape and kill her in "Riots, Drills, and the Devil", she begins to grow more comfortable around him. This is not without duality, though, as another plot point includes Sara discovering that Michael lied about a PI assignment. However, she is strengthened in her belief that Michael is different from the other prisoners, and several episodes has her trying to obtain information about him, such as when she is required to conduct a medical check-up on Michael's brother Lincoln Burrows (Dominic Purcell), and questions him on Michael's background. She also visits Michael's former psychiatrist in "Tweener". As Sara’s character searches for clues about Michael, and though she knows that something is very suspicious, she can't stop herself from being attracted to him.

text: In later episodes, though, Sara attempts to distance herself from Michael. After she discovers that he is married and had a conjugal visit in the episode "And Then There Were 7", she announces that they will now be doctor-patient only. In the following episodes, her tone with Michael is more distant, though she continues to help him in subsequent episodes despite their relationship. After meeting with Lincoln Burrows' lawyers on his execution day in episode "The Rat", Sara becomes convinced that Lincoln is innocent and attempts to persuade her father to ask him to review Lincoln's case after Michael pleads with her. Her father denies the appeal, but additional information emerges to postpone the execution. Sara's character plays a critical role in the episode "The Key", where Michael must take possession of a key to the infirmary door. He ultimately kisses her as a distraction to steal her keys, but is caught up in the moment and unable to go through with it. Instead, he has his wife meet Sara and steal the keys. His plan backfires when she discovers that Michael’s wife has stolen the keys from her, and becomes very cold towards him. At the end of the episode, she has the locks to the infirmary door changed, thwarting his efforts. Michael is then forced to come clean in "Tonight" and reveals to her his intent to break Lincoln out of prison. Sara is confronted with the decision whether she should help Michael or not. Eventually, Sara returns to Fox River and unlocks the infirmary door. Horribly distressed at what she has done, Sara injects herself with morphine from the infirmary. Suspected for being an accessory to the escape, police officers charge into her apartment with an emergency warrant in the Season Finale to find her nearly dead from a morphine overdose. The character's fate is left unresolved at the end of the first season.

text: Season 2[edit]

text: After recovering from her drug overdose in "Manhunt", Sara loses her medical license and becomes a target of The Company - the mysterious organization behind Lincoln's murder setup. Posing as Lance, a homosexual addict at a Narcotics Anonymous meeting, Agent Kellerman (Paul Adelstein) attempts to befriend Sara to find out the whereabouts of Michael Scofield. Learning that six other convicts joined Michael's escape, Sara feels betrayed by him, and the two characters initially have a strained relationship. After her father alerts her of Kellerman's suspicious identity and her father's subsequent death in episode "Buried", Sara becomes part of the show's conspiracy plot as she holds the key (left by her father) to information that may exonerate Lincoln. Following this, several attempts on Sara's life are made by The Company, which force her to find Michael via his coded messages. She meets with Michael in the episode "Rendezvous" at Gila, New Mexico but their reunion is short-lived when Kellerman and Agent Mahone (William Fichtner) find out about their rendezvous point. At first, Sara is reluctant to leave with Michael to Panama but is captured by Kellerman shortly after. Kellerman proceeds to torture Sara in episode "Bolshoi Booze", in an effort to obtain information about a USB drive he thinks her father gave her. Sara escapes from Kellerman and decides to change her appearance and throws her wallet and ID away.

text: Two episodes later, Sara returns in "The Message". She reunites with Michael in Evansville, Indiana in "Chicago". Together with the brothers, Sara travels to Chicago where her father has hidden the audio file that can help prove Lincoln's innocence. On the train to Chicago, Sara admits to Michael that she has fallen in love with him, and they kiss. Later in the episode, Michael admits he has fallen in love with her. Michael, Sara and Lincoln eventually retrieve the audio file but discover that it’s not legally valid as evidence. They decide to use it to blackmail President Reynolds for a presidential pardon instead. When this fails, Michael and Lincoln are forced to leave the country. When Sara realizes she is being tailed by the FBI, she surrenders herself in order to let the brothers escape. Sara is then faced with a 12-year prison sentence but as she is about to plead guilty, Kellerman comes forward to testify on her behalf. His testimony exonerates Sara and Lincoln in "Sona", and Sara reunites with the brothers in Panama and tells them of the news. However, when Agent Kim suddenly appears and tries to kill Lincoln and capture Michael, Sara shoots Kim in the chest. With nowhere to run, Michael and Sara surrender themselves to the Panamanian police but to Sara's surprise, Michael confesses to Kim's killing instead of her. She is last seen in a crowd by Lincoln.

text: Season 3[edit]

text: In this season, standbys are used to portray the character, including Katie A. Keane in the photographs for the episode "Call Waiting". She is revealed to have been kidnapped by The Company, and is said in "Good Fences" to have been murdered in response to a failed rescue attempt. She was decapitated and her head was sent to Lincoln Burrows in a box. Michael swears to avenge her death.

text: Season 4[edit]

text: In Season 4, Sara’s death is retconned and she returns as a main cast member for all 24 episodes. After Gretchen reveals to Michael in the season premiere that Sara's death was faked, Michael contacts Bruce Bennett, the former aide of Governor Tancredi (Sara's father) and asks him for help tracking down Sara. The two are reunited later in the episode. Much of Sara's plotline in the fourth season focuses on the character processing what happened to her in Panama and making a new life with Michael. After they are tracked down by the Company hitman Wyatt, Sara escapes with Michael and Lincoln and accompanies them as they strike a deal with , they must get their hands on Scylla, The Company’s little black book. Sara joins the rest of team as they work to copy the cards, such as in "Breaking and Entering" where she slips, most notably in "Eagles and Angels" where Sara is informed that Bruce Bennett was found dead and goes out to a bar. She manages not to drink, and instead tells the bartender stories from her childhood and the importance Bruce had for her. In the next episode, she realizes that Wyatt is following her back from the bar and manages to lose him. In "Five the Hard Way" Sara's character takes part in holding the general's daughter, Lisa, hostage. The team is then betrayed by Self, who takes Scylla for himself to sell it to a buyer. Other homeland security agents chase after them to arrest them for the murder of Trishanne and Self (Self murdered Trishanne, faked his own death and framed the Scylla team for all of it). Michael offers Sara and Sucre to take a bus back to Chicago, although they decided to stay and help. In the next episode, Sara finds it increasingly difficult to watch as Michael neglects his health to continue chasing after Scylla. Sara urges him to get medical attention, but he resists despite her insistence, and refuses to have the necessary operation until Scylla has been acquired. She is forced to provide temporary relief from his condition through a series of injections. However she warns him that he is developing a tolerance, and that they are no substitute for proper medical attention. Nevertheless, Sara helps the team to track down Gretchen and Self. Despite their best efforts, they are unsuccessful and lose both the missing piece of Scylla, and Michael, who is captured by The Company at the end of "Just Business".

text: In the last third of the season, Sara becomes Michael's only remaining ally, as Lincoln makes a deal with The Company to get Scylla back in exchange for Michael's surgery. Michael refuses to accept this deal, and escapes from The Company's clutches after the surgery with Sara's help. The plot of the next few episodes see Michael and Lincoln's teams working against each other to acquire Scylla. Sara's character gives critical help to Michael, such as distracting a guard at the airport where they capture Vincent Sandinsky, a scientist that appears to have ties to The Company. Sara also attempts to comfort Michael after he learns that his mother, Christina Rose Scofield, is still alive and a Company operative and the buyer of Scylla. In the same episode it is revealed that Sara is pregnant with Michael's child. In "Cowboys and Indians", Michael and Lincoln put their differences aside and work together to steal Scylla from Christina. Meanwhile, Sara is kidnapped by The Company to hold Michael at ransom. In this and the next episode "Rate of Exchange", Sara shares screen-time with T-Bag for the first time. She is almost raped by him, but is rescued by Michael at the last minute. In the series finale, they hand Scylla over to the UN and are all exonerated. Their happiness is short-lived when it is revealed that Michael’s tumor is back. In the epilogue of the series set four years later, Sara is shown living in Panama with her son, Michael Scofield Jr. (presumably she is forced to relocate there after her escape from prison as documented in the Final Break). She then appears at Michael's grave with her son at the reunion of many of the series' principal characters - Lincoln, Mahone and Sucre. She lays flowers on Michael's grave and the series ends with all the characters walking towards the seaside in the sun.

text: Characteristics[edit]

text: Sara is shown in the series as a compassionate yet introverted doctor who treated each one of them with the same cordiality and respect. Given this fact, she has little sense of humour and is incorruptible. In the episode "The Rat", Sara's father questions her motive for helping Lincoln Burrows, to which she replies, "It's my job to advocate for [my patients]."[2] Sarah Wayne Callies, who portrays Sara Tancredi, remarks that the character "feels a certain level of responsibility to these guys. Partly because who her father is... she's the kind of person who would rather take a stand and sleep well at night than have a peaceful family."[3]

text: In the second season, Sara becomes part of the conspiracy plot of the show after her involvement in Michael and Lincoln's escape, and her father's later pursuit of information concerning Lincoln's case. She is continuously chased by covert agents after the death of her father in "Buried". Sara later confides in Michael in episode "Chicago" that the two things keeping her going are her feelings for him and that she wants to seek justice for her father's death. The character is described by Jay Bobbin from Zap2it.com as "gutsy",[4] while TV Guide's Maya Schechter remarks that Sara is "one tough cookie".[5] Regarding her character's change in the second season, Callies says, "She's just someone who has really rushed at life and absorbed experience with real enthusiasm. She's getting a lot more than she bargained for right now, and I certainly don't think she'll be the same person after this."[4]

text: Concept and creation[edit]

text: Character development[edit]

text: Sara Tancredi was introduced to the series as the daughter of the Illinois governor and the prison doctor who the protagonist frequently visits to obtain his insulin shot. The background story of the character, revealed in the sixteenth episode of the first season, was not actually conceived along with the original conception of the series. Callies commented in an interview that it was the "very first inkling" that she had about the character's past. Also in the same interview, the actress mentioned that during the production of the series pilot, she had suggested to Prison Break creator Paul Scheuring that "it would be interesting to play her as a recovering alcoholic".[6]

text: The character's continuation as a major role in the second season was a "surprise" to Callies since the second season revolves around the lives of the eight fugitives outside the prison. The actress states that it is "some of the most creative storytelling for women on TV right now" and that she was given "lot of latitude in establishing a sense of who [the character] is".[4] As the characterization of Sara continues to develop, Scheuring describes the character as "one of [the series'] strongest components".

text: Towards the end of the production of the second season of Prison Break, Callies' pregnancy was announced.[7] With the pregnancy not incorporated into the show, the story was written in such a way to account for Sara's disappearance during Callies' maternity leave. At the time Paul Scheuring commented, "It actually fits into what we were already planning." He also claimed that the original treatment would have included "explanations for why she wasn't in the first [batch] of episodes" of the third season,[7] later revealing that it would set up a planned 13-episode story arc that would ultimately culminate with her character's death.[8]

text: However, due to Callies and the show's producers being unable to agree on a new contract, the character was suddenly "killed off" in the fourth episode, much earlier than planned. Her sparse appearances during the season (including the use of stand-ins with their faces obscured) and her gruesome, off screen death was the result of working around the inability to film additional scenes with the actress, as well as for dramatic and emotional impact.[8]

text: However, Sara's fate was retconned due to "fan backlash" and she returned to the series with an active role in Season 4.[7]

text: Portrayal[edit]

text: The character Sara Tancredi was portrayed by Sarah Wayne Callies who was the first actress the producers saw at the audition for the role.[9] Incidentally, Callies was also the first to become a principal cast member.[10] In season 3, other actresses were used to portray the role, though their faces were never shown on screen.

text: Production details[edit]

text: A newspaper article about Sara Tancredi is visible and readable in the Pilot episode of the series (as one of the many that Michael tears off the walls of his apartment). The article gives Sara's middle name as "Wayne" (the same as that of the actress portraying her). It also says that she is the "second-eldest daughter of Frank Tancredi" (later retconned in the episode "Buried").


document_title: Alice Through the Looking Glass (2016 film)

question_text: when was alice through the looking glass filmed

root

text: Plot[edit]

text: Alice Kingsleigh has spent the past three years following in her father's footsteps and sailing the high seas. Upon her return to London from China, Alice discovers that her ex-fiancé, Hamish Ascot, has married her look-alike and taken over her father's company and plans to have her sell him her father's ship, "the Wonder", in exchange for her family home. Unable to make a choice, Alice runs away, and comes across her butterfly friend Absolem, who disappears through a mysterious mirror in one of the upstairs rooms, returning to Wonderland.

tag: p

text: There, Alice is greeted by Mirana of Marmoreal the White Queen, Nivens McTwisp the White Rabbit, the Tweedles, Mallymkun the Dormouse, Thackery Earwicket the March Hare, Bayard, and the Cheshire Cat. They inform her that Tarrant Hightopp the Mad Hatter is in poor health because his family is missing following the Attack of the Jabberwocky. The attack occurred shortly after his father, Zanik, a hat retailer, seemed to reject Tarrant's gift of a hat creation.

text: The White Queen persuades Alice to convince Time himself to save the Mad Hatter's family in the past, believing her to be the only one who can save the Hatter. However, she cautions Alice about Time, and that if her past self sees her future self, everything will be history. As Alice sets out, she ends up in a dreary castle, where Time himself, a demigod that is part-human, part-clock, resides. As Alice tries to consult Time, she finds the Chronosphere, an object that powers all time in Wonderland and will allow her to travel to any time in the past.

text: Alice ignores Time's warning that the past is unchangeable, and steals the Chronosphere, shortly after finding Iracebeth of Crims, the exiled Red Queen, in the care of Time. Alice accidentally flies to the day of Iracebeth's coronation, where a younger Mad Hatter mocks the Red Queen when the royal crown doesn't fit on her abnormally large head. This causes Iracebeth to melt down, and her father deems her emotionally unqualified to rule and passes the title of queen to her younger sister, the White Queen.

text: Alice learns of an event in Iracebeth's and Mirana's past that caused friction between the two and travels back in time again, hoping it will change Iracebeth's ways and stop the Jabberwocky from killing the Hatter's family. She learns that the hat that the Mad Hatter thought his father threw away was actually treasured by him. Meanwhile, at the White Queen and Red Queen's castle, at the time they are children, Mirana steals a tart from her mother and eats it. When confronted by their mother, Mirana lies about eating the tart, and Iracebeth is accused, causing her to run out of the castle. Alice sees that Iracebeth is about to run into a clock, thinking that's the event that deforms her head and personality. Alice prevents that collision but fails to change the past, as Iracebeth trips and slams her head into a stone wall instead.

text: A weakened Time then confronts Alice after relentless searching, and scolds her for putting all of time in danger. Out of panic, Alice runs into a nearby mirror back in the real world, where she wakes up in a mental hospital, diagnosed with female hysteria. As Dr. Addison Bennett, a psychiatric doctor, tries to inject her with a sedative, with her mother Helen's encouragement and help, she escapes and returns to Wonderland via the mirror, where she travels to Horevendush Day, when the Hightopp family was killed. Alice discovers that the Mad Hatter's family was captured by the Red Queen instead and never died. Returning to the present, however, Alice discovers that the Mad Hatter is on the brink of death.

text: Alice, close to tears, says that she believes him, and Tarrant transforms back to his normal self. The Wonderlandians go to the Red Queen's new organic plant castle, where the Mad Hatter finds his family shrunk and trapped in an ant farm. However, the Red Queen apprehends them and steals the Chronosphere from Alice. Ignoring Time's warning, she takes her sister back to the day she lied about the tart. By the time the Mad Hatter and Alice get there, the Red Queen and her younger self have seen each other. Time becomes a paradox, and Wonderland begins to freeze in rust. As a powerless Time's pleas, Alice and the Mad Hatter, with the White Queen and now-frozen Red Queen, use the Chronosphere to race back to the present as the rust proceeds to spread all over the ocean of Time and the castle, where Alice places the Chronosphere in its original place in time.

text: With the Chronosphere stabilized, Wonderland, including those frozen, are reverted to normal. The Mad Hatter reunites with his family, and the White Queen and Red Queen make amends, while Time forgives Alice for the trouble she caused, but forbids her to return. Alice bids farewell to her friends and returns to the real world through another mirror. Alice finds her mother, Helen, about to sign over the Wonder to Hamish and reassures her that it's only a ship. Helen decides to support her daughter regardless. Hamish seizes the Kingsleigh family home but not the ship. Alice and her mother set out to travel the world together with their own shipping company.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Johnny Depp as Tarrant Hightopp, the Mad Hatter.[5]

Louis Ashbourne Serkis as a young Tarrant Hightopp[6]

Anne Hathaway as Mirana of Marmoreal, the White Queen.[5]

Amelia Crouch as a young Mirana[7]

Mia Wasikowska as Alice Kingsleigh[5]
Helena Bonham Carter as Iracebeth of Crims, the Red Queen.[5]

Leilah de Meza as a young Iracebeth[8]

Sacha Baron Cohen as Time, a powerful Father Time-godlike human/clockwork hybrid who speaks in a German accent and rules over all of time "himself" in Underland using the Chronosphere in his castle.[5]
Rhys Ifans as Zanik Hightopp, the Hatter's father.[5]
Matt Lucas as Tweedledum and Tweedledee[5]
Lindsay Duncan as Helen Kingsleigh, Alice's mother.
Leo Bill as Hamish Ascot, now "Lord Ascot" following his father's death.
Geraldine James as Lady Ascot, Hamish's mother.
Andrew Scott as Dr. Addison Bennett,[9] a cruel psychiatric doctor.
Ed Speleers as James Harcourt,[5] an employee of the Ascots.
Richard Armitage as King Oleron, Iracebeth and Mirana's father.
Hattie Morahan as Queen Elsemere, Iracebeth and Mirana's mother.
Joanna Bobin as Lady Alexandra Ascot, Hamish's wife.
Simone Kirby as Tyva Hightopp, the Hatter's mother.
Joe Hurst as Bim Hightopp

Oliver Hawkes as a young Bim Hightopp

Siobhan Redmond as Bumalic Hightopp
Frederick Warder as Poomally Hightopp
Eve Hedderwick Turner as Baloo Hightopp
Tom Godwin as Pimlick Hightopp

tag: ul

text: Voice cast[edit]

text:
Alan Rickman as Absolem, the Butterfly.[5]
Stephen Fry as Cheshire, the Cheshire Cat.[5]
Michael Sheen as Nivens McTwisp, the White Rabbit.[5]
Timothy Spall as Bayard, the Bloodhound.[5]

Kyle Hebert as a young Bayard[10]

Barbara Windsor as Mallymkun, the Dormouse.[5]
Matt Vogel as Wilkins, Time's long-suffering manservant. Toby Jones was originally announced in the role.[11]
Paul Whitehouse as Thackery Earwicket, the March Hare.[5]
Wally Wingert as Humpty Dumpty. John Sessions was originally slated to voice the character.[12]
Meera Syal as Nobody
Edward Petherbridge as Gentleman Fish
Owain Rhys Davies as Delivery Frog
Paul Hunter as the White Chess King, a chess piece.

text: Production[edit]

text: The film was announced via Variety in December 2012.[13] Bobin was first approached about the project while doing post-production work on Muppets Most Wanted,[14] Of being asked, Bobin has said that "I just couldn't pass it up", as he has a passion for the works of Lewis Carroll as well as history in general.[15] In July 2013, it was announced that Johnny Depp would return as the Hatter,[16] with Mia Wasikowska's return confirmed the following November.[17] In January 2014 Sacha Baron Cohen joined the cast to play Time.[18] In May 2014, Rhys Ifans joined the cast to play Zanik Hightopp, the Mad Hatter's father.[19] In developing the character of "Time", Bobin sought to avoid creating a "straight-up bad guy", noting that it would be "a bit dull", and also that the role in that universe already existed in the form of The Red Queen.[14] Instead, Bobin sought to make Time a "Twit", further explaining that "There's no one better at playing the confident idiot trope than Sacha Baron Cohen", and adding that "it was very much with Sacha in mind".[14]

text: Principal photography began on August 4, 2014, at Shepperton Studios.[20] In August 2014, filming took place in Gloucester Docks, which included the use of at least four historic ships: Kathleen and May, Irene, Excelsior, and the Earl of Pembroke, the last of which was renamed The Wonder for filming.[21][22][23][24][25] Principal photography ended on October 31, 2014.[26]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text:
Alice Through the Looking Glass: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack

Film score by Danny Elfman

Released
May 27, 2016

Recorded
2016

Studio
Abbey Road Studios

Genre
Orchestral, pop rock

Length
76:53

Label
Walt Disney

Producer
Danny Elfman

Danny Elfman film scores chronology

Goosebumps
(2015)Goosebumps2015
Alice Through the Looking Glass
(2016)
Before I Wake
(2016)Before I Wake2016

Singles from Alice Through the Looking Glass: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack

"Just Like Fire"
Released: April 15, 2016
"Alice"
Released: May 27, 2016
"Saving the Ship"
Released: May 27, 2016
"Looking Glass"
Released: June 1, 2016
"Truth"
Released: July 28, 2016
"Story of Time"
Released: August 7, 2016
"The Red Queen"
Released: October 18, 2016
"The Chronosphere"
Released: October 20, 2016

tag: table

text: The film’s score was composed by Danny Elfman. The soundtrack was released on May 27, 2016, by Walt Disney Records. Pink recorded the song "Just Like Fire" for the film, and also covered Jefferson Airplane's "White Rabbit", only used in the film's promotional material.

text: Track listing[edit]

text: All music composed by Danny Elfman.

text:
No.
Title
Length

1.
"Alice"
6:35

2.
"Saving the Ship"
3:40

3.
"Watching Time"
5:10

4.
"Looking Glass"
3:30

5.
"To the Rescue"
0:56

6.
"Hatter House"
3:47

7.
"The Red Queen"
2:29

8.
"The Chronosphere"
4:15

9.
"Warning Hightopps"
2:23

10.
"Tea Time Forever"
1:45

11.
"Oceans of Time"
1:15

12.
"Hat Heartbreak"
2:27

13.
"Asylum Escape"
4:06

14.
"Hatter's Deathbed"
3:22

15.
"Finding the Family"
2:04

16.
"Time Is Up"
4:24

17.
"World's End"
1:50

18.
"Truth"
4:09

19.
"Goodbye Alice"
2:13

20.
"Kingsleigh & Kingsleigh"
1:19

21.
"Seconds Song"
0:11

22.
"Friends United"
1:06

23.
"Time's Castle"
1:49

24.
"The Seconds"
1:55

25.
"Clock Shop"
0:50

26.
"They're Alive"
2:23

27.
"Story of Time"
3:03

28.
"Just Like Fire" (performed by Pink)
3:35

Total length:
76:53

text: Release[edit]

text: Alice Through the Looking Glass premiered in London on May 10, 2016, and was theatrically released on May 27, 2016, in the United States by Walt Disney Pictures.

text: Home media[edit]

text: Alice Through the Looking Glass was released on Blu-ray, DVD and digital download on October 18, 2016, by Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment.[27][28] It debuted at No. 2 in the Blu-ray Disc sales charts.[29]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Alice Through the Looking Glass grossed $77 million in the United States and Canada and $222.4 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $299.5 million, against a budget of $170 million.[1]

text: North America[edit]

text: Alice Through the Looking Glass opened in the United States and Canada on May 27, 2016, alongside X-Men: Apocalypse, and was initially projected to gross $55–60 million from 3,763 theaters over its four-day Memorial Day opening weekend, but projections were continuously revised downwards due to poor word of mouth.[30] It had the added benefit of playing in over 3,100 3D theaters, 380 IMAX screens, 77 premium large formats and 79 D-box locations.[31][32] It made $1.5 million from Thursday previews (to the first film's $3.9 million)[33] and just $9.7 million on its first day, compared to the $41 million opening Friday of its predecessor.[34] Through its opening weekend, it earned $27 million, which when compared to its predecessor's $116 million opening is down 70%.[30] While 3D represented 71% ($82 million) of the original film's opening gross, 3D constituted only 41% ($11 million) for this sequel, with 29% coming from traditional 3D shows, 11% from IMAX, and 1% from premium large formats.[35] It became the studio's third Memorial Day opening flop following Tomorrowland in 2015 and Prince of Persia: The Sands of Time in 2010.[35] During its first week, the film grossed $40.1 million.[36] In its second weekend, the film grossed $11.3 million (a 55.1% drop), finishing 4th at the box office.[37]

text: Other countries[edit]

text: The film was released across 43 countries (72% of its total market place) the same weekend as the US, and was estimated to gross $80–100 million in its opening weekend. It faced competition from Warcraft and X-Men: Apocalypse.[38] It ended up grossing $62.7 million, which is well below the projections of which $4.1 million came from IMAX shows.[39] It had an opening weekend gross in Mexico ($4.5 million), Brazil ($4.1 million), and Russia ($3.9 million).[39] In the United Kingdom and Ireland, it had an unsuccessful opening by grossing just £2.23 million ($3.1 million) during its opening weekend, a mere 21% of the first film's £10.56 million ($15.2 million) opening from 603 theaters. It debuted in second place behind X-Men: Apocalypse which was on its second weekend of play.[40] In China, it had an opening day of an estimated $7.3 million[41] and went on to score the second biggest Disney live-action (non-Marvel or Lucasfilm) opening ever with $26.6 million, behind only The Jungle Book.[39] However, this was down from its $35–45 million projections.[42] It debuted at the No. 1 spot among newly released film in Japan with $5.2 million and $4.1 million on Saturday and Sunday. By comparison, the first film opened with $14 million on its way to a $133.6 million a total.[43][44]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 30% based on 227 reviews, and an average rating of 4.6/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Alice Through the Looking Glass is just as visually impressive as its predecessor, but that isn't enough to cover for an underwhelming story that fails to live up to its classic characters."[45] On Metacritic, the film has a score of 34 out of 100 based on 42 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews".[46] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A–" on an A+ to F scale, the same grade earned by its predecessor.[47]

text: Stephen Holden of The New York Times wrote in his review, "What does all this have to do with Lewis Carroll? Hardly anything" and that overall, "It's just an excuse on which to hang two trite overbearing fables and one amusing one".[48] Ty Burr of The Boston Globe gave the movie 1.5 out of 4 stars and called the film, "gaudy, loud, complacent, and vulgar."[49] Stephen Whitty of New York Daily News called the film "hugely expensive and extravagantly stupid" and that, overall, the movie "is just one more silly Hollywood mashup, an innocent fantasy morphed into a noisy would-be blockbuster".[50]

text: Matt Zoller Seitz of RogerEbert.com was deeply critical of Through the Looking Glass, describing it as "the most offensive kind of film...one that spends an enormous amount of money yet seems to have nothing on its mind but money. You give it, they take it. And you get nothing in return but assurances that you're seeing magic and wonder. The movie keeps repeating it in your ear, and flashing it onscreen in big block letters: MAGIC AND WONDER. MAGIC AND WONDER. But there is no magic, no wonder, just junk rehashed from a movie that was itself a rehash of Lewis Carroll, tricked out with physically unpersuasive characters and landscapes and 'action scenes', with blockbuster 'journey movie' tropes affixed to every set-piece as blatantly as Post-It Notes."[51]

text: Kyle Smith of New York Post gave the film a positive review: "The screenplay (by Linda Woolverton) isn't exactly heaving with brilliant ideas, but it works well enough as a blank canvas against which the special-effects team goes bonkers".[52] Matthew Lickona of San Diego Reader said that while he found the visual effects to be "stupidly expensive" and the story familiar, he called it, "a solid kids’ movie in the old style".[53]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
List of awards and nominations

Award
Category
Recipient(s)
Result
Ref(s)

Golden Raspberry Awards
Worst Prequel, Remake, Rip-off or Sequel
Alice Through the Looking Glass
Nominated
[54]

Worst Supporting Actor
Johnny Depp

Worst Screen Combo
Johnny Depp and His Vomitously Vibrant Costume

Golden Trailer Awards
Best Animation Family
"Poem"
[55]

The Don LaFontaine Award for Best Voice Over
"Poem"

Best Fantasy Adventure TV Spot
"Grammys"

Best Original Score TV Spot
"Grammys"

Grammy Awards
Best Song Written For Visual Media
"Just Like Fire" – Oscar Holter, Max Martin, Pink and Shellback
[56]

Hollywood Music in Media Awards
Best Song – Sci-Fi/Fantasy Film
"Just Like Fire" – Oscar Holter, Max Martin, Pink and Shellback
Won
[57][58]

People's Choice Awards
Favorite Family Movie
Alice Through the Looking Glass
Nominated
[59]

Satellite Awards
Best Art Direction and Production Design
Dan Hennah
[60]

Best Costume Design
Colleen Atwood

Saturn Awards
Best Costume Design
Colleen Atwood
[61]

Teen Choice Awards
Choice Music: Song from a Movie or TV Show
"Just Like Fire" by Pink
[62]

Visual Effects Society Awards
Outstanding Effects Simulations in a Photoreal Feature
Jacob Clark, Joseph Pepper, Klaus Seitschek and Cosku Turhan
[63]


document_title: Shameless (season 5)

question_text: who plays fiona's boss on shameless season 5

question_tokens: who plays fiona 's boss on shameless season 5

text: Shameless (season 5)

text: Overview[edit]

text: The season picks up from the season 4 finale two to three months after the events of finding out Ian's bipolarity and Fiona's release from prison.[4][5][6] Fiona begins a new relationship with a skilled member of a rock 'n' roll band while juggling her new job at Patsy's Pies, where she has flirtatious encounters with her boss, Sean. Lip is home from college for the summer, and is torn between two worlds as his loyalty to the South Side is questioned while gentrification comes to the neighborhood. Ian's declining mental health raises the concerns of Mickey and the rest of the Gallaghers, yet he remains in denial of his condition. Debbie continues to struggle with the pains of adolescence and Carl begins a new business venture as a drug-dealer. Sammi becomes more involved in the lives of her half-brothers and sisters while Frank struggles with sobriety following his recent liver transplant.[7]

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
William H. Macy as Frank Gallagher
Emmy Rossum as Fiona Gallagher Pfender
Jeremy Allen White as Philip "Lip" Gallagher
Ethan Cutkosky as Carl Gallagher
Shanola Hampton as Veronica "V" Fisher
Steve Howey as Kevin "Kev" Ball
Emma Kenney as Debbie Gallagher
Cameron Monaghan as Ian Gallagher
Noel Fisher as Mickey Milkovich
Emily Bergl as Samantha "Sammi" Slott

text: Special guest stars[edit]

text:
Joan Cusack as Sheila Gallagher
Dermot Mulroney as Sean Pierce
Steve Kazee as Gus Pfender
Justin Chatwin as Jimmy Lishman/Steve
Sasha Alexander as Helene Runyon Robinson

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Kellen Michael as Chuckie Slott
Bojana Novakovic as Bianca Samson
Chloe Webb as Monica Gallagher
Isidora Goreshter as Svetlana
Nichole Bloom as Amanda
Emma Greenwell as Mandy Milkovich
Dichen Lachman as Angela
Alessandra Balazs as Jackie Scabello
Axle Whitehead as Davis
Michael Patrick McGill as Tommy
Patrick Fischler as Wade Shelton
Stacy Edwards as Laura Shelton
Michael Reilly Burke as Theo Wallace Robinson
Luca Oriel as Derek
Danika Yarosh as Holly Herkimer
Vanessa Bell Calloway as Carol Fisher
J. Michael Trautmann as Iggy Milkovich
Shel Bailey as Kenyatta
Stephen Rider as G-Dogg
James Allen McCune as Matty
Miguel Izaguirre as Paco

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

49
1
"Milk of the Gods"
Christopher Chulack
Nancy M. Pimental
January 11, 2015 (2015-01-11)
1.77[8]

It's summer once again in Chicago. Fiona is engrossed in her job at Patsy's Pie diner, Lip returns home from college to find his friends the same, but the neighborhood moving swiftly toward gentrification. Frank, still recovering from his liver transplant, is living with his wife Sheila and working on a secret project in her basement. At the Milkovich house, Ian helps a pregnant Svetlana take care of baby Yevgeny while Mickey and his brothers run a moving truck scam. Veronica, frustrated by her newborn babies and Kevin's obsession with them, goes to work at The Alibi. Meanwhile, Debbie helps Frank gather supplies for his project. Ian, hypersexual as a result of his condition, has a few anonymous sexual encounters.

50
2
"I'm the Liver"
Sanaa Hamri
Krista Vernoff
January 18, 2015 (2015-01-18)
1.76[9]

Fiona is officially off house arrest. Lip starts his new job, with taxing consequences. Sheila considers an offer from lesbian land developers who want to buy her home. Frank tries to talk her out of it and begins warning everyone of the neighborhood's impending development. Also, the father of the boy whose liver Frank received invites Frank and Sheila to a special father's day dinner with all the other organ recipients, which Sammi ends up crashing, further enraging Sheila. Meanwhile, a manic Ian plans his revenge, with Mickey and Mandy, against a homophobic military funeral protest. Fiona confronts Sean about her feelings for him. Kev bonds with Svetlana. Debbie continues to struggle with her friends and boys.

51
3
"The Two Lisas"
Peter Segal
Sheila Callaghan
January 25, 2015 (2015-01-25)
1.96[10]

The police raid the Alibi's unlicensed rub & tug. Frank enlists Carl to scare off the lesbians who are buying up the property, while pleading with Sheila not to cave and sell her home. However, Sheila has big plans for her future, with or without Frank. Ian goes on a crazed cleaning spree of the Milkovich house and wants Lip to help convince Mandy not to move to Indiana with her abusive boyfriend, Kenyatta. Lip remains emotionally unavailable and pushes Mandy away. Meanwhile, Debbie throws a wild party at the Gallagher house; she finally loses her virginity but also loses Matty. Carl discovers a hidden talent. In exchange for new brewery equipment, Frank sets the owner of a junkyard up with Sammi under the pretense that she'll sleep with him. Fiona agrees to go to a concert with Davis, but when his girlfriend shows up, Fiona makes a play for his bass player, Gus. While in the midst of a huge confrontation with Sammi and Sheila, Frank's beer still ignites and blows up Sheila's house. Sheila jumps in her newly purchased RV and leaves town.

52
4
"A Night to Remem... Wait, What?"
Richie Keen
Davey Holmes
February 1, 2015 (2015-02-01)
1.26[11]

Frank arrives at Lou's to pick up his six figure insurance settlement, but is confounded when told he arrived the previous day. Realizing he has no recollection, he retraces his steps, uncovering a night of insanity. Meanwhile, Fiona and Gus continue to hit it off, so much so that they wind up getting married on a whim. Lip visits Amanda and her family, at their home in Miami. Carl starts a new job as a drug dealer, and quickly realizes he's in over his head. Ian goes overboard when he starts stealing suitcases from the airport baggage claim.

53
5
"Rite of Passage"
Alex Graves
Etan Frankel
February 8, 2015 (2015-02-08)
1.64[12]

Ian's promiscuity and recklessness drives Mickey to the brink, and he demands Ian enter a mental rehabilitation facility. Homeless and penniless once again, Frank takes advantage of his liver donor's parents. Sammi's trailer is impounded. Debbie sets out on the path of revenge. Carl continues to flounder at his newfound business. Lip is caught in defining quandaries. Fiona is rocked when a colleague overdoses on heroin; combined with her increasing worry that her recent decision to marry might have been a hasty one. Things are complicated even further for Fiona when she finds Jimmy sitting at one of her tables. Ian flees, with Mickey's baby in tow.

54
6
"Crazy Love"
Anthony Hemingway
John Wells
February 15, 2015 (2015-02-15)
1.26[13]

Jimmy and Fiona attempt to reconcile their many issues, with Jimmy stating he's still in love with her. Ian's on the lam with Mickey and Svetlana's baby, but he quickly spirals out of control and lands in the hands of the police. Sammi takes charge in the Gallagher household. Frank's recent escapades catch up with him, and he's hospitalized. Lip reestablishes himself at college. Fiona enters into an emotional crisis over Gus and Jimmy. Kev and Veronica decide to split up. Ian is admitted at the psychological evaluation ward.

55
7
"Tell Me You Fucking Need Me"
William H. Macy
Nancy M. Pimental
March 1, 2015 (2015-03-01)
1.44[14]

As Jimmy prepares to depart for Dubai, he presses Fiona for a decision. Lip is met with financial aid difficulties, and his family is responsible as they carelessly left his mail sitting in a window. After being released from the hospital, with a stern warning from the doctor, Frank takes control of his life. Asserting himself at the Gallagher home. Things are grim for Ian in the psyche ward, shunning Fiona and Mickey when they come for a visit. Carl and Chuckie begin a mutually beneficial arrangement at school, that bleeds into home life. Debbie knows what she wants, and she pursues it. A newly homeless Svetlana moves in with a newly separated Kev. Mickey turns to alcohol to dull his longing for Ian. After Fiona discloses her infidelity to Gus, he asks to meet Jimmy. When they meet, Gus instantly dislikes Jimmy, and he punches him in the nose. Jimmy then tells Fiona that he has called off the trip to Dubai, and that he only wants a life with her. After deliberation, Fiona tells Jimmy that he needs to let her let him go. Later, Angela apologies to Fiona for Jack/Jimmy's ways, and says that the employer was the one that canceled the job in Dubai. When their relationship reaches the boiling point, Sammi goes to extreme lengths to prove Frank loves her.

56
8
"Uncle Carl"
Wendey Stanzler
Krista Vernoff
March 8, 2015 (2015-03-08)
1.60[15]

Ian is released from the ward. Carl is tasked with a lofty new job, in which he involves Frank and Chuckie. Short on funds, Lip convinces Kev to revisit their marijuana-selling days. Then, after a heartfelt plea, Lip is able to bide time concerning his financial woes at school. V and Svetlana bond, in more ways than one. Ian flushes his lithium pills down the toilet, causing a stir. Frank humors Sammi while scheming for a way to be rid of her. Mickey's alcoholic denial comes to an end, and he and Ian reunite. Fiona realizes that she wants to fight for Gus, but he's not ready to commit or forgive, and he leaves on an extended tour with his band. After a conniving tip from Frank, things go sideways for Carl's operation, and Chuckie lands in jail. Soon after, Sammi calls the cops and they arrest Carl too. The new Neighborhood Gardening Association requests that the Gallagher's pool be dismantled.

57
9
"Carl's First Sentencing"
Christopher Chulack
Etan Frankel
March 15, 2015 (2015-03-15)
1.62[16]

At college, Lip meets a foxy new professor, and their relationship quickly intensifies. Meanwhile, Kev finds a new calling at Lip's school, that ultimately leads him to wanting V back. Despite effort from Fiona, Carl botches his sentencing hearing, and is sent to a Juvenile Correctional Facility with Chuckie. After, yet, another bipolar induced episode, Mickey is able to convince Ian to get back on his meds; and he gets a job as a dishwasher at Patsy's. Fiona is concerned for her boss, Sean, when he receives disconcerting news regarding his son. While undergoing treatment at the hospital, Frank's doctor, Bianca, reveals she has terminal cancer. The two go on a grand adventure that spans 48 hours.

58
10
"South Side Rules"
Michael Uppendahl
Sheila Callaghan
March 22, 2015 (2015-03-22)
1.67[17]

The Gallagher home is in disarray, with everyone neglecting monetary and practical obligations. Lip adjusts to a new reality; and butts heads with Amanda. Debbie and Derek agree that it's time to consummate their relationship, and after learning of a lifestyle that appeals to her, Debbie makes a potentially life changing decision. Frank falls for Bianca, and begins his own unique form of courting. Ian is feeling lifeless and turns to extreme measures to feel again. He later enlightens Sammi concerning his military insubordination. He and Mickey have a romp over their differences, before making love at an old rendezvous. Kev unwittingly sells synthetic marijuana to a handful of college students that leads to one of them jumping out second story window. Lip turns to his new lover for an assist, and she dishes out some harsh truth. After that debacle, Kev returns to V. After an emotional day with Sean, Fiona drifts further away from Gus. When Mickey and Ian return home, Sammi has a devastating surprise awaiting the latter.

59
11
"Drugs Actually"
Mimi Leder
Davey Holmes
March 29, 2015 (2015-03-29)
1.43[18]

Sammi is on the outs with the rest of her siblings after the stunt she pulled. Mickey and Debbie hatch a plan to make her pay, that takes a turn for the worst. Fiona continues to pull away from Gus, and closer to Sean. Lip enjoys the benefits of his comfy romantic arrangement. A pipe breaking at the Alibi lends itself as a relationship mender for Kev and V. Frank realizes that he's not ready to die along with Bianca. After a failed attempt at trying to get her help, the two head for Costa Rica. The family is able to convince the Army officials to release Ian, after a painful disclosure of his condition. Later, Ian receives a visit from his mother, Monica; who proclaims that no one will ever understand him but her, and the two hitchhike out of the state. After being believed to be dead, Sammi finds herself being shipped out in a moving truck.

60
12
"Love Songs (In the Key of Gallagher)"
Christopher Chulack
John Wells
April 5, 2015 (2015-04-05)
1.55[19]

Bianca and Frank are living the high life in Costa Rica; but it all comes crashing down when she supposedly drowns herself in the ocean. Lip continues to have unconventional relationship mishaps. Fiona and Gus reconnect after he returns from tour, but she ultimately thrusts herself into the arms of Sean. Fiona learns of Debbie's pregnancy, and insists that the baby be aborted, much to Debbie's chagrin. Kev and V tread the water of their rocky marriage. Monica and Ian's road trip ends up at her meth dealing teenage boyfriend's property. Ian leaves and returns home, where he then reunites with his love, yet still citing his disorder. Sammi returns and attempts to shoot Mickey but fails.

text: Development and production[edit]

text: On February 18, 2014, Showtime announced the series would be renewed for a fifth season.[3] Production on the first episode began on July 3, 2014 with the first table read,[20] with principal photography commencing on July 8, 2014.[21][22]


document_title: History of the Incas

question_text: where is it believed that the inca tribe began

text: History of the Incas

text: Origin stories of the Incas[edit]

text: The Inca have four types of origin myths. In one, Tici Viracocha of Colina de las Ventanas in Paqariq Tampu sent forth his four sons and four daughters to establish a village. Along the way, Sinchi Roca was born to Manco and Ocllo, and Sinchi Roca is the person who finally led them to the valley of Cuzco where they founded their new village. There Manco became their leader and became known as Manco Cápac.[1]

text: In another origin myth, the sun god Inti ordered Manco Cápac and Mama Ocllo to emerge from the depths of Lake Titicaca and found the city of Cuzco. They traveled by means of underground caves until reaching Cuzco where they established Hurin Cuzco, or the first dynasty of the Kingdom of Cuzco.

text: In the third origin myth, an Inca sun god told his wife that he was lonely. She proposed that he create a civilization to worship him and keep him company. He saw this as a wise plan and carried it out. The Inca were born from Lake Cusco and populated the Andes and worshiped their sun god.

text: In the last origin myth, Manco Cápac, who was the son of the sun, and his sister Mama Occlo, the daughter of the moon, were sent by the sun to look for a place to build an empire. They were to tell when they were at the right place by carrying a special rod with them at all times. Wherever the rod sank into the ground, this was where they were to create a new city. The rod sank into the ground in Cuzco.

text: The knowledge of these myths is due to oral tradition since the Incas did not have writing. Manco Cápac, who became the leader of his tribe, probably did exist, despite lack of solid evidence. The archeological evidence seems to indicate that the Inca were a relatively unimportant tribe until the time of Sinchi Roca, also called Cinchi Roca, who is the first figure in Inca mythology whose existence can be supported historically.

text: The Inca people began as a tribe in the Cusco area around the 12th century AD. Under the leadership of Manco Cápac, they formed the small city-state of Cusco Quechua Qosqo.

text: In 1438 AD, under the command of Sapa Inca (paramount leader) Pachacuti, whose name meant "world-shaker", they began a far-reaching expansion.  The land Pachacuti conquered was about the size of the Thirteen Colonies of the United States in 1776 and consisted of about half the Andes mountain range.

text: Pachacuti reorganized the kingdom of Cusco into an empire, the Tahuantinsuyu, a federalist system which consisted of a central government with the Inca at its head and four provincial governments with strong leaders: Chinchasuyu (NW), Antisuyu (NE), Kuntisuyu (SW), and Qullasuyu (SE). Pachacuti is also thought to have built Machu Picchu, either as a family home or as a Camp David-like retreat[citation needed].

text: Pachacuti would send spies to regions he wanted in his empire who would report back on their political organization, military might and wealth. He would then send messages to the leaders of these lands extolling the benefits of joining his empire, offering them presents of luxury goods such as high-quality textiles, and promising that they would be materially richer as subject rulers of the Inca. Most accepted the rule of the Inca as a fait accompli and acquiesced peacefully. The ruler's children would then be brought to Cuzco to be taught about Inca administration systems, then return to rule their native lands. This allowed the Inca to indoctrinate the former ruler's children into the Inca nobility, and, with luck, marry their daughters into families at various corners of the empire.

text: It was traditional for the Inca's son to lead the army; Pachacuti's son Túpac Inca began conquests to the north in 1463 and continued them as Inca after Pachucuti's death in 1471.  His most important conquest was the Kingdom of Chimor, the Inca's only serious rival for the coast of Peru. Túpac Inca's empire stretched north into modern-day Ecuador and Colombia.

text:
Túpac Inca's son Huayna Cápac added significant territory to the south.  At its height, Tahuantinsuyu included Peru and Bolivia, most of what is now Ecuador, a large portion of modern-day Chile, and extended into corners of Argentina and Colombia.
Tahuantinsuyu was a patchwork of languages, cultures, and peoples. The components of the empire were not all uniformly loyal, nor were the local cultures all fully integrated. The portions of the Chachapoya that had been conquered were almost openly hostile to the Inca, and the Inca nobles rejected an offer of refuge in their kingdom after their troubles with the Spanish. For instance, the Chimú used money in their commerce, while the Inca empire as a whole had an economy based on exchange and taxation of luxury goods and labour (it is said that Inca tax collectors would take the head lice of the lame and old as a symbolic tribute).

text: Economic productivity was based on collective labor which was organized in order to benefit the whole community. The ayni was used to help individual members of the community in need, such as a sick member of the community. The Minka or teamwork represented community service and the Mita was the tax paid to the Inca in the form of labor. The Inca did not use currency, economic exchanges were by reciprocity and took place in markets called catus.

text: Spanish conquest and Neo-Inca State[edit]

text:
Spanish colonization of the Americas
History
Inter caetera
Pacific Northwest
California
Inca Empire
Chile
Colombia
Chibcha
Muisca
Florida
Texas
Aztec Empire
Maya
Chiapas
Guatemala
Petén
Yucatán
El Salvador
Honduras
Nicaragua

People
Christopher Columbus
Alonso de Ojeda
Diego de Almagro
Pedro de Alvarado
Bernal Díaz del Castillo
Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar
Sebastián de Belalcázar
Francisco Vázquez de Coronado
Hernán Cortés
Luis de Carabajal y Cueva
Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada
Bartolomé de las Casas
Hernán Pérez de Quesada
Juan Ponce de León
Francisco de Montejo
Pánfilo de Narváez
Juan de Oñate
Francisco de Orellana
Pedro de Portocarrero
Francisco Pizarro
Hernando de Soto
Pedro de Valdivia
Inés de Suárez
Pedro de Candia
Juan Pardo
Tristán de Luna y Arellano
Vasco Núñez de Balboa
Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca

Related
Encomienda
Indian auxiliaries
Spanish missions in the Americas
vte

text: Spanish conquistadors led by Francisco Pizarro explored south from Panama, reaching Inca territory by 1526. It was clear that they had reached a wealthy land with prospects of great treasure, and after one more expedition (1529), Pizarro traveled to Spain and received royal approval to conquer the region and be its viceroy.

text: At the time they returned to Peru, in 1532, a war of succession between Huayna Capac's sons Huáscar and Atahualpa and unrest among newly conquered territories—and perhaps more importantly, smallpox, which had spread from Central America—had considerably weakened the empire.

text: Pizarro did not have a formidable force; with just 170 men, 1 cannon and only 27 horses, he often needed to talk his way out of potential confrontations that could have easily wiped out his party.  Their first engagement was the battle of Puná, near present-day Guayaquil, Ecuador; Pizarro then founded the city of Piura in July 1532. Hernando de Soto was sent inland to explore the interior, and returned with an invitation to meet the Inca, Atahualpa, who had defeated his brother in the civil war and was resting at Cajamarca with his army of 80,000 troops.

text: Pizarro met with the Inca, who had brought only a small retinue, and through interpreters demanded that he convert to Christianity. A widely disputed legend claims that Atahualpa was handed a Bible and threw it on the floor, the Spanish supposedly interpreted this action as adequate reason for war. Though some chroniclers suggest that Atahualpa simply didn't understand the notion of a book, others portray Atahualpa as being genuinely curious and inquisitive in the situation. Regardless,  The Spanish attacked the Inca's retinue (see Battle of Cajamarca), capturing Atahualpa.

text: Pizarro used the capture to gain gold as a ransom. Atahualpa offered the Spaniards enough gold to fill the room he was imprisoned in, and twice that amount of silver. The Incas fulfilled this ransom. Over four months, almost 8 tons of gold was collected. Pizarro was supposed to let the ruler of the Incas free once the ransom was paid, but he refused to release the Inca after that and instead had him strangled in public. During Atahualpa's imprisonment Huáscar was assassinated. The Spanish maintained that this was at Atahualpa's orders; this was one of the charges used against Atahualpa when the Spanish finally decided to put him to death, in August 1533.

text: The Spanish installed his brother Manco Inca Yupanqui in power; for some time Manco cooperated with the Spanish, while the Spanish fought to put down resistance in the north.  Meanwhile, an associate of Pizarro's, Diego de Almagro, attempted to claim Cusco for himself.  Manco tried to use this intra-Spanish feud to his advantage, recapturing Cusco (1536), but the Spanish retook the city.

text: Manco Inca then retreated to the mountains of Vilcabamba and founded the Neo-Inca State, where he and his successors ruled for another 36 years, sometimes raiding the Spanish or inciting revolts against them.  In 1572 the last Inca stronghold was discovered, and the last ruler, Túpac Amaru, Manco's son, was captured and executed, bringing the Inca empire to an end.

text: After the Spanish conquest[edit]

text: After the fall of Tahuantinsuyu, the new Spanish rulers repressed the people and their traditions. Many aspects of Inca culture were systematically destroyed, including their sophisticated farming system.  The Spanish used the Inca mita (mandatory public service) system to get labourers for mines and plantations.  One member of each family was forced to work in the gold and silver mines, the foremost of which was the silver mine at Potosí.  When one family member died, which would usually happen within a year or two, the family would be required to send a replacement.

text: The major languages of the empire, Quechua and Aymara, were employed by the Catholic Church to evangelize in the Andean region. In some cases, these languages were taught to peoples who had originally spoken other indigenous languages. Today, Quechua and Aymara remain the most widespread Amerindian languages.

text: The legend of the Inca has served as inspiration for resistance movements in the region. These include the 1780 rebellion led by Tupac Amaru II against the Spanish, as well as contemporary the guerrilla movements Túpac Amaru Revolutionary Movement (MRTA) and Sendero Luminoso in Peru and Tupamaros in Uruguay.

text: Notes[edit]

text:
^1  Before the official orthography, during the use of Hispanic spellings, it was written as tahuantinsuyo. See: Quechuan and Aymaran spelling shift
^2 Tawantin suyu derives from the Quechua "tawa" (four), to which the suffix "-ntin" (together or united) is added, followed by "suyu" (region or province), which roughly renders as "The land of the four parts together".