document_title: Canary Islands

question_text: when did the canary islands become spanish territory

question_tokens: when did the canary islands become spanish territory

text: Canary Islands

text: Etymology[edit]

text: The name Islas Canarias is likely derived from the Latin name Canariae Insulae, meaning "Islands of the Dogs", a name that was applied only to Gran Canaria. According to the historian Pliny the Elder, the Mauretanian king Juba II named the island Canaria because it contained "vast multitudes of dogs of very large size".[22]

text: Alternatively, it is said that the original inhabitants of the island, Guanches, used to worship dogs, mummified them and treated dogs generally as holy animals.[23] The ancient Greeks also knew about a people, living far to the west, who are the "dog-headed ones", who worshipped dogs on an island.[23] Some hypothesize that the Canary Islands dog-worship and the ancient Egyptian cult of the dog-headed god, Anubis are closely connected[24] but there is no explanation given as to which one was first.

text: Other theories speculate that the name comes from the Nukkari Berber tribe living in the Moroccan Atlas, named in Roman sources as Canarii, though Pliny again mentions the relation of this term with dogs.[citation needed]

text: The connection to dogs is retained in their depiction on the islands' coat-of-arms (shown above).

text: It is considered that the aborigines of Gran Canaria called themselves "Canarios".[25] It is possible that after being conquered, this name was used in plural in Spanish, i.e., as to refer to all of the islands as the Canarii-as.[25]

text: What is certain is that the name of the islands does not derive from the canary bird; rather, the birds are named after the islands.

text: Physical geography[edit]

text: Tenerife is the largest and most populous island of the archipelago. Gran Canaria, with 865,070 inhabitants, is both the Canary Islands' second most populous island, and the third most populous one in Spain after Majorca. The island of Fuerteventura is the second largest in the archipelago and located 100 km (62 mi) from the African coast.

text: The islands form the Macaronesia ecoregion with the Azores, Cape Verde, Madeira, and the Savage Isles. The Canary Islands is the largest and most populated archipelago of the Macaronesia region.[6] The archipelago consists of seven large and several smaller islands, all of which are volcanic in origin.[26]

text: According to the position of the islands with respect to the north-east trade winds, the climate can be mild and wet or very dry. Several native species form laurisilva forests.

text: As a consequence, the individual islands in the Canary archipelago tend to have distinct microclimates. Those islands such as El Hierro, La Palma and La Gomera lying to the west of the archipelago have a climate which is influenced by the moist Canary Current. They are well vegetated even at low levels and have extensive tracts of sub-tropical laurisilva forest. As one travels east toward the African coast, the influence of the current diminishes, and the islands become increasingly arid. Fuerteventura and Lanzarote the islands which are closest to the African mainland are effectively desert or semi desert. Gran Canaria is known as a "continent in miniature" for its diverse landscapes like Maspalomas and Roque Nublo. In terms of its climate Tenerife is particularly interesting. The north of the island lies under the influence of the moist Atlantic winds and is well vegetated, while the south of the island around the tourist resorts of Playa de las Americas and Los Cristianos is arid. The island rises to almost 4,000 m (13,000 ft) above sea level, and at altitude, in the cool relatively wet climate, forests of the endemic pine Pinus canariensis thrive. Many of the plant species in the Canary Islands, like the Canary Island pine and the dragon tree, Dracaena draco are endemic, as noted by Sabin Berthelot and Philip Barker Webb in their epic work, L'Histoire Naturelle des Îles Canaries (1835–50).

text: Climate[edit]

text: The climate is subtropical and desertic, moderated by the sea and in summer by the trade winds. There are a number of microclimates and the classifications range mainly from semi-arid to desert. According to the Köppen climate classification,[27] the majority of the Canary Islands have a hot desert climate represented as BWh. There also exists a subtropical humid climate which is very influenced by the ocean in the middle of the islands of La Gomera, Tenerife and La Palma; where the laurisilva forests grow.

text:
hideClimate data for Gran Canaria Airport 24m (1981–2010)

Month

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Year

Average high °C (°F)

20.8 (69.4)

21.2 (70.2)

22.3 (72.1)

22.6 (72.7)

23.6 (74.5)

25.3 (77.5)

26.9 (80.4)

27.5 (81.5)

27.2 (81)

26.2 (79.2)

24.2 (75.6)

22.2 (72)

24.2 (75.6)

Daily mean °C (°F)

18.1 (64.6)

18.4 (65.1)

19.3 (66.7)

19.5 (67.1)

20.5 (68.9)

22.2 (72)

23.8 (74.8)

24.6 (76.3)

24.3 (75.7)

23.1 (73.6)

21.2 (70.2)

19.3 (66.7)

21.2 (70.2)

Average low °C (°F)

15.3 (59.5)

15.6 (60.1)

16.2 (61.2)

16.3 (61.3)

17.3 (63.1)

19.2 (66.6)

20.8 (69.4)

21.6 (70.9)

21.4 (70.5)

20.1 (68.2)

18.1 (64.6)

16.5 (61.7)

18.2 (64.8)

Average precipitation mm (inches)

25 (0.98)

24 (0.94)

13 (0.51)

6 (0.24)

1 (0.04)

0 (0)

0 (0)

0 (0)

9 (0.35)

16 (0.63)

22 (0.87)

31 (1.22)

151 (5.94)

Average precipitation days (≥ 1 mm)

3

3

2

1

0

0

0

0

1

2

4

5

22

Mean monthly sunshine hours

184

191

229

228

272

284

308

300

241

220

185

179

2,821

Source: World Meteorological Organization (UN),[28] Agencia Estatal de Meteorología[29]

text:
hideClimate data for Santa Cruz 35m (1981–2010)

Month

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Year

Average high °C (°F)

21.0 (69.8)

21.2 (70.2)

22.1 (71.8)

22.7 (72.9)

24.1 (75.4)

26.2 (79.2)

28.7 (83.7)

29.0 (84.2)

28.1 (82.6)

26.3 (79.3)

24.1 (75.4)

22.1 (71.8)

24.6 (76.3)

Daily mean °C (°F)

18.2 (64.8)

18.3 (64.9)

19.0 (66.2)

19.7 (67.5)

21.0 (69.8)

22.9 (73.2)

25.0 (77)

25.5 (77.9)

24.9 (76.8)

23.4 (74.1)

21.3 (70.3)

19.4 (66.9)

21.5 (70.7)

Average low °C (°F)

15.4 (59.7)

15.3 (59.5)

15.9 (60.6)

16.5 (61.7)

17.8 (64)

19.5 (67.1)

21.2 (70.2)

21.9 (71.4)

21.7 (71.1)

20.3 (68.5)

18.4 (65.1)

16.6 (61.9)

18.4 (65.1)

Average rainfall mm (inches)

31.5 (1.24)

35.4 (1.394)

37.8 (1.488)

11.6 (0.457)

3.6 (0.142)

0.9 (0.035)

0.1 (0.004)

2.0 (0.079)

6.8 (0.268)

18.7 (0.736)

34.1 (1.343)

43.2 (1.701)

225.7 (8.887)

Average rainy days (≥ 1.0 mm)

8.0

7.2

6.9

5.5

2.9

0.9

0.2

0.8

2.7

6.1

8.8

9.4

59.4

Mean monthly sunshine hours

178

186

221

237

282

306

337

319

253

222

178

168

2,887

Source: Agencia Estatal de Meteorología[30]

text:
hideClimate data for Tenerife South Airport 64m (1981–2010)

Month

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Year

Average high °C (°F)

21.7 (71.1)

22.0 (71.6)

23.1 (73.6)

23.1 (73.6)

23.9 (75)

25.4 (77.7)

27.7 (81.9)

28.4 (83.1)

27.9 (82.2)

26.8 (80.2)

24.8 (76.6)

22.8 (73)

24.8 (76.6)

Daily mean °C (°F)

18.4 (65.1)

18.5 (65.3)

19.3 (66.7)

19.5 (67.1)

20.4 (68.7)

22.1 (71.8)

24.0 (75.2)

24.7 (76.5)

24.5 (76.1)

23.4 (74.1)

21.5 (70.7)

19.7 (67.5)

21.4 (70.5)

Average low °C (°F)

15.2 (59.4)

15.0 (59)

15.6 (60.1)

16.0 (60.8)

17.0 (62.6)

18.8 (65.8)

20.2 (68.4)

21.1 (70)

21.1 (70)

20.0 (68)

18.2 (64.8)

16.5 (61.7)

17.9 (64.2)

Average rainfall mm (inches)

16.6 (0.654)

19.9 (0.783)

14.7 (0.579)

7.4 (0.291)

1.1 (0.043)

0.1 (0.004)

0.1 (0.004)

1.3 (0.051)

3.6 (0.142)

11.9 (0.469)

26.3 (1.035)

30.3 (1.193)

133.3 (5.248)

Average rainy days (≥ 1.0 mm)

1.8

2.2

1.9

1.1

0.3

0.0

0.0

0.2

0.6

1.6

1.9

3.5

15.1

Mean monthly sunshine hours

193

195

226

219

246

259

295

277

213

214

193

195

2,725

Source: Agencia Estatal de Meteorología[29]

text: Geology[edit]

text:
The seven major islands, one minor island, and several small islets were originally volcanic islands, formed by the Canary hotspot. The Canary Islands is the only place in Spain where volcanic eruptions have been recorded during the Modern Era, with some volcanoes still active (El Hierro, 2011).[31]
Volcanic islands such as those in the Canary chain often have steep ocean cliffs caused by catastrophic debris avalanches and landslides.[32]

text: The Teide volcano on Tenerife is the highest mountain in Spain, and the third tallest volcano on Earth on a volcanic ocean island. All the islands except La Gomera have been active in the last million years; four of them (Lanzarote, Tenerife, La Palma and El Hierro) have historical records of eruptions since European discovery. The islands rise from Jurassic oceanic crust associated with the opening of the Atlantic. Underwater magmatism commenced during the Cretaceous, and reached the ocean's surface during the Miocene. The islands are considered as a distinct physiographic section of the Atlas Mountains province, which in turn is part of the larger African Alpine System division.

text: In the summer of 2011 a series of low-magnitude earthquakes occurred beneath El Hierro. These had a linear trend of northeast-southwest. In October a submarine eruption occurred about 2 km (1 1⁄4 mi) south of Restinga. This eruption produced gases and pumice, but no explosive activity was reported.

text: The following table shows the highest mountains in each of the islands:

text:
Mountain

Elevation

Island

m

ft

Teide

3,718

12,198

Tenerife

Roque de los Muchachos

2,426

7,959

La Palma

Pico de las Nieves

1,949

6,394

Gran Canaria

Pico de Malpaso

1,501

4,925

El Hierro

Garajonay

1,487

4,879

La Gomera

Pico de la Zarza

812

2,664

Fuerteventura

Peñas del Chache

670

2,200

Lanzarote

Aguja Grande

266

873

La Graciosa

Caldera de Alegranza

289

948

Alegranza

Caldera de Lobos

126

413

Lobos

La Mariana

256

840

Montaña Clara

text: Natural symbols[edit]

text: The official natural symbols associated with Canary Islands are the bird Serinus canaria (canary) and the Phoenix canariensis palm.[37]

text:
Serinus canaria

Phoenix canariensis

text: National parks[edit]

text: Four of Spain's thirteen national parks are located in the Canary Islands, more than any other autonomous community. Teide National Park is the most visited in Spain, and the oldest and largest within the Canary Islands. The parks are:

text:
Park
Island

Parque Nacional de la Caldera de Taburiente

La Palma

Garajonay National Park
La Gomera

Teide National Park
Tenerife

Timanfaya National Park
Lanzarote

text: The Canary Islands have four national parks, of which two have been declared World Heritage Site by UNESCO, and the other two declared a World Biosphere Reserve, these national parks are:[38]

text:
Caldera de Taburiente National Park (La Palma): Created in 1954, it was declared a World Biosphere Reserve in 2002. It covers an area of 46.9 km2 (18.1 sq mi).
Garajonay National Park (La Gomera): Created in 1981, it was declared in 1986 a World Heritage Site. Its area is 3986 hectares at the core and some areas north of the island.
Timanfaya National Park (Lanzarote): Created in 1974, it was declared a Biosphere Reserve in 1993, together with the whole island. Occupies an area of 51.07 km2 (19.72 sq mi), is located in the southwest of the island.
Teide National Park (Tenerife): Created in 1954, it was declared a World Heritage Site in 2007. It covers an area of 18,990 hectares, is the oldest and largest national park in the Canary Islands and one of the oldest in Spain. The Teide in 2010 became the most visited national park in Europe and second worldwide.[33][34] Located in the geographic center of the island is the most visited National Park in Spain. The highlight is the Teide at 3,718 meters altitude, the highest elevation of the country and the third largest volcano on Earth from its base. Teide National Park was declared in 2007 as one of the 12 Treasures of Spain.

text: Politics[edit]

text: Governance[edit]

text: The islands have 13 seats in the Spanish Senate. Of these, 11 seats are directly elected, 3 for Gran Canaria, 3 for Tenerife, 1 for each other island; 2 seats are indirectly elected by the regional Autonomous Government. The local government is presided over by Fernando Clavijo, the current President of the Canary Islands.[39]

text: Canarian nationalism[edit]

text: There are some pro-independence political parties, like the National Congress of the Canaries (CNC) and the Popular Front of the Canary Islands, but these parties are non-violent, and their popular support is almost insignificant, with no presence in either the autonomous parliament or the cabildos insulares.

text: According to "Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas" (Sociological Research Center)[citation needed] in 2010, 43.5% of the population of the Canary Islands feels more Canarian than Spanish (37.6%), of which 7.6% only Canarian, compared to 5.4% that feels more Spanish than Canarian (2.4%) or only Spanish (3%). The most popular choice was of those who feel equally Spanish and Canarian, with 49.9%. With these data, one of the Canary recorded levels of identification with higher autonomy from Spain.[clarification needed]

text: Political geography[edit]

text: The Autonomous Community of the Canary Islands consists of two provinces, Las Palmas and Santa Cruz de Tenerife, whose capitals (Las Palmas de Gran Canaria and Santa Cruz de Tenerife) are capitals of the autonomous community. Each of the seven major islands is ruled by an island council named Cabildo Insular.

text: The international boundary of the Canaries is the subject of dispute between Spain and Morocco. Morocco's official position is that international laws regarding territorial limits do not authorise Spain to claim seabed boundaries based on the territory of the Canaries, since the Canary Islands enjoy a large degree of autonomy. In fact, the islands do not enjoy any special degree of autonomy as each one of the Spanish regions is considered an autonomous community. Under the Law of the Sea, the only islands not granted territorial waters or an Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) are those that are not fit for human habitation or do not have an economic life of their own, which is not the case of the Canary Islands.[citation needed]

text: The boundary determines the ownership of seabed oil deposits and other ocean resources. Morocco and Spain have been unable to agree on a compromise regarding the territorial boundary, since neither nation wants to cede its claimed right to the vast resources whose ownership depends upon the boundary. In 2002, for example, Morocco rejected a unilateral Spanish proposal.[40]

text: History[edit]

text: Ancient and pre-colonial times[edit]

text: Before the arrival of humans, the Canaries were inhabited by prehistoric animals; for example, the giant lizard (Gallotia goliath) and the Tenerife and Gran Canaria giant rats.[41] Also the giant prehistoric tortoises; Geochelone burchardi and Geochelone vulcanica.

text: The islands may have been visited by the Berbers, Phoenicians, the Greeks, and the Carthaginians. King Juba II, Caesar Augustus's Numidian protégé, is credited with discovering the islands for the Western world. According to Pliny the Elder, Juba found the islands uninhabited, but found "a small temple of stone" and "some traces of buildings".[42] Juba dispatched a naval contingent to re-open the dye production facility at Mogador in what is now western Morocco in the early first century AD.[43] That same naval force was subsequently sent on an exploration of the Canary Islands, using Mogador as their mission base.[citation needed]

text:
Roman names for individual islands

Roman name(s)
Modern name

Ninguaria or Nivaria
Tenerife

Canaria
Gran Canaria

Pluvialia or Invale
Lanzarote

Ombrion
La Palma

Planasia
Fuerteventura

Iunonia or Junonia
El Hierro

Capraria
La Gomera

text: When the Europeans began to explore the islands in the late Middle Ages, they encountered several indigenous peoples living at a Neolithic level of technology. Although the prehistory of the settlement of the Canary Islands is still unclear, linguistic and genetic analyses seem to indicate that at least some of these inhabitants shared a common origin with the Berbers on the nearby North African coast.[44] The precolonial inhabitants came to be known collectively as the Guanches, although Guanches had been the name for only the indigenous inhabitants of Tenerife.[45] From the 14th century onward, numerous visits were made by sailors from Majorca, Portugal and Genoa. Lancelotto Malocello settled on Lanzarote in 1312. The Majorcans established a mission with a bishop in the islands that lasted from 1350–1400.

text: Castilian conquest[edit]

text: In 1402, the Castilian conquest of the islands began, with the expedition of French explorers Jean de Béthencourt and Gadifer de la Salle, nobles and vassals of Henry III of Castile, to Lanzarote. From there, they conquered Fuerteventura (1405) and El Hierro. Béthencourt received the title King of the Canary Islands, but still recognised King Henry III as his overlord.  It was not a simple military enterprise, given the aboriginal resistance on some islands. Neither was it politically, since the particular interests of the nobility (determined to strengthen their economic and political power through the acquisition of the islands) and the states, particularly Castilla, in the midst of territorial expansion and in a process of strengthening of the Crown against the nobility.[46]

text: For their study, historians distinguish two periods in the conquest of the Canary Islands:

text:
Stately conquest It is known by this name to the conquest carried out by the nobility, for their own benefit and without direct participation of the Crown, which grants the right of conquest in exchange for a pact of vassalage of the noble conqueror to the Crown. We will distinguish within it the one known as Conquest Betancuriana or Normandy, carried out by Jean de Bethencourt and Gadifer de la Salle between 1402 and 1405 and that affected the islands of Lanzarote, El Hierro and Fuerteventura. The other phase is known as Castilian Conquest, carried out by Castilian nobles who appropriated, through purchases, assignments and marriages, the first conquered islands and incorporated the island of La Gomera around 1450.
Real conquest. This term defines the conquest carried out directly by the Crown of Castile, during the reign of the Catholic Monarchs who armed and partly financed the conquest of the islands that were still to be dominated: Gran Canaria, La Palma and Tenerife. In the year 1496, the conquest came to an end with the dominion of the island of Tenerife, integrating the Canary Archipelago in the Crown of Castile. The royal conquest took place between 1478 and 1496.

text: By 1520, European military technology combined with the devastating epidemics such as bubonic plague and pneumonia brought by the Castilians and enslavement and deportation of natives led to the extinction of the Guanches[citation needed].

text: Béthencourt also established a base on the island of La Gomera, but it would be many years before the island was truly conquered. The natives of La Gomera, and of Gran Canaria, Tenerife, and La Palma, resisted the Castilian invaders for almost a century. In 1448 Maciot de Béthencourt sold the lordship of Lanzarote to Portugal's Prince Henry the Navigator, an action that was not accepted by the natives nor by the Castilians. Despite Pope Nicholas V ruling that the Canary Islands were under Portuguese control, a crisis swelled to a revolt which lasted until 1459 with the final expulsion of the Portuguese. In 1479, Portugal and Castile signed the Treaty of Alcáçovas. The treaty settled disputes between Castile and Portugal over the control of the Atlantic, in which Castilian control of the Canary Islands was recognised but which also confirmed Portuguese possession of the Azores, Madeira, and the Cape Verde islands, and gave them rights to lands discovered and to be discovered, and any other island which might be found and conquered from the Canary Islands beyond toward Guinea.

text: The Castilians continued to dominate the islands, but due to the topography and the resistance of the native Guanches, they did not achieve complete control until 1495, when Tenerife and La Palma were finally subdued by Alonso Fernández de Lugo. After that, the Canaries were incorporated into the Kingdom of Castile.

text: After the conquest[edit]

text: After the conquest, the Castilians imposed a new economic model, based on single-crop cultivation: first sugarcane; then wine, an important item of trade with England. In this era, the first institutions of colonial government were founded. Gran Canaria, a colony of the Crown of Castile since 6 March 1480 (from 1556, of Spain), and Tenerife, a Spanish colony since 1495, each had its own governor.

text: The cities of Santa Cruz de Tenerife and Las Palmas de Gran Canaria became a stopping point for the Spanish conquerors, traders, and missionaries on their way to the New World. This trade route brought great prosperity to some of the social sectors of the islands. The islands became quite wealthy and soon were attracting merchants and adventurers from all over Europe. Magnificent palaces and churches were built on La Palma during this busy, prosperous period. The Church of El Salvador survives as one of the island's finest examples of the architecture of the 16th century.

text: The Canaries' wealth invited attacks by pirates and privateers. Ottoman Turkish admiral and privateer Kemal Reis ventured into the Canaries in 1501, while Murat Reis the Elder captured Lanzarote in 1585.

text: The most severe attack took place in 1599, during the Dutch Revolt. A Dutch fleet of 74 ships and 12,000 men, commanded by Pieter van der Does, attacked the capital Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (the city had 3,500 of Gran Canaria's 8,545 inhabitants). The Dutch attacked the Castillo de la Luz, which guarded the harbor. The Canarians evacuated civilians from the city, and the Castillo surrendered (but not the city). The Dutch moved inland, but Canarian cavalry drove them back to Tamaraceite, near the city.

text: The Dutch then laid siege to the city, demanding the surrender of all its wealth. They received 12 sheep and 3 calves. Furious, the Dutch sent 4,000 soldiers to attack the Council of the Canaries, who were sheltering in the village of Santa Brígida. 300 Canarian soldiers ambushed the Dutch in the village of Monte Lentiscal, killing 150 and forcing the rest to retreat. The Dutch concentrated on Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, attempting to burn it down. The Dutch pillaged Maspalomas, on the southern coast of Gran Canaria, San Sebastián on La Gomera, and Santa Cruz on La Palma, but eventually gave up the siege of Las Palmas and withdrew.

text: In 1618 the Barbary pirates attacked Lanzarote and La Gomera taking 1000 captives to be sold as slaves.[47] Another noteworthy attack occurred in 1797, when Santa Cruz de Tenerife was attacked by a British fleet under Horatio Nelson on 25 July. The British were repulsed, losing almost 400 men. It was during this battle that Nelson lost his right arm.

text: 18th to 19th century[edit]

text: The sugar-based economy of the islands faced stiff competition from Spain's American colonies. Low prices in the sugar market in the 19th century caused severe recessions on the islands. A new cash crop, cochineal (cochinilla), came into cultivation during this time, saving the islands' economy. During this time the Canarian-American trade was developed, in which Canarian products such as cochineal, sugarcane and rum are sold in American ports, such as Veracruz, Campeche, La Guaira and Havana among others.[48]

text: By the end of the 18th century, Canary Islanders had already emigrated to Spanish American territories, such as Havana, Veracruz, Santo Domingo,[49] San Antonio, Texas[50] and St. Bernard Parish, Louisiana.[51][52] These economic difficulties spurred mass emigration, primarily to the Americas, during the 19th and first half of the 20th century. Between 1840 and 1890 as many as 40,000 Canary Islanders emigrated to Venezuela. Also, thousands of Canarians moved to Puerto Rico where the Spanish monarchy felt that Canarians would adapt to island life better than other immigrants from the mainland of Spain. Deeply entrenched traditions, such as the Mascaras Festival in the town of Hatillo, Puerto Rico, are an example of Canarian culture still preserved in Puerto Rico. Similarly, many thousands of Canarians emigrated to the shores of Cuba.[53] During the Spanish–American War of 1898, the Spanish fortified the islands against a possible American attack, but no such event took place.

text: Romantic period and scientific expeditions[edit]

text: Sirera and Renn (2004)[54] distinguish two different types of expeditions, or voyages, during the period 1770–1830, which they term "the Romantic period":

text: First are "expeditions financed by the States, closely related with the official scientific Institutions. characterised by having strict scientific objectives (and inspired by) the spirit of Illustration and progress". In this type of expedition, Sirera and Renn include the following travellers:

text:
J. Edens, whose 1715 ascent and observations of Mt. Teide influenced many subsequent expeditions.
Louis Feuillée (1724), who was sent to measure the meridian of El Hierro and to map the islands.
Jean-Charles de Borda (1771, 1776) who more accurately measured the longitudes of the islands and the height of Mount Teide
the Baudin-Ledru expedition (1796) which aimed to recover a valuable collection of natural history objects.

text: The second type of expedition identified by Sirera and Renn is one that took place starting from more or less private initiatives. Among these, the key exponents were the following:

text:
Alexander von Humboldt (1799)
Buch and Smith (1815)
Broussonet
Webb
Sabin Berthelot.

text: Sirera and Renn identify the period 1770–1830 as one in which "In a panorama dominated until that moment by France and England enters with strength and brio Germany of the Romantic period whose presence in the islands will increase".

text: Early 20th century[edit]

text: At the beginning of the 20th century, the British introduced a new cash-crop, the banana, the export of which was controlled by companies such as Fyffes.

text: The rivalry between the elites of the cities of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria and Santa Cruz de Tenerife for the capital of the islands led to the division of the archipelago into two provinces in 1927. This has not laid to rest the rivalry between the two cities, which continues to this day.

text: During the time of the Second Spanish Republic, Marxist and anarchist workers' movements began to develop, led by figures such as Jose Miguel Perez and Guillermo Ascanio. However, outside of a few municipalities, these organisations were a minority and fell easily to Nationalist forces during the Spanish Civil War.

text: Franco regime[edit]

text: In 1936, Francisco Franco was appointed General Commandant of the Canaries. He joined the military revolt of 17 July which began the Spanish Civil War. Franco quickly took control of the archipelago, except for a few points of resistance on La Palma and in the town of Vallehermoso, on La Gomera. Though there was never a war in the islands, the post-war suppression of political dissent on the Canaries was most severe.[55]

text: During the Second World War, Winston Churchill prepared plans for the British seizure of the Canary Islands as a naval base, in the event of Gibraltar being invaded from the Spanish mainland.

text: Opposition to Franco's regime did not begin to organise until the late 1950s, which experienced an upheaval of parties such as the Communist Party of Spain and the formation of various nationalist, leftist parties.

text: Self-governance[edit]

text: After the death of Franco, there was a pro-independence armed movement based in Algeria, the Movement for the Independence and Self-determination of the Canaries Archipelago (MAIAC). In 1968, the Organisation of African Unity recognized the MAIAC as a legitimate African independence movement, and declared the Canary Islands as an African territory still under foreign rule.[56]

text: After the establishment of a democratic constitutional monarchy in Spain, autonomy was granted to the Canaries via a law passed in 1982, with a newly established autonomous devolved government and parliament. In 1983, the first autonomous elections were held. The Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) won. In the 2007 elections, the PSOE gained a plurality of seats, but the nationalist Canarian Coalition and the conservative Partido Popular (PP) formed a ruling coalition government.[57]

text: Demographics[edit]

text: Population history[58]YearPop.±% p.a. 1768 155,763—     1787 168,928+0.43% 1797 173,865+0.29% 1842 241,266+0.73% 1860 237,036−0.10% 1887 301,983+0.90% 1900 364,408+1.46% 1920 488,483+1.48% 1940 687,937+1.73% 1960 966,177+1.71% 1981 1,367,646+1.67% 1990 1,589,403+1.68% 2000 1,716,276+0.77% 2010 2,118,519+2.13% 2011 (Census)[59]2,082,655−1.69% 2014[60] 2,104,815+0.35% 2015[61]2,128,647+1.13% 2017 2,154,905+0.61%

text: The Canary Islands have a population of 2,117,519 inhabitants (2011), making it the eighth most populous of Spain's autonomous communities, with a density of 282.6 inhabitants per square kilometre. The total area of the archipelago is 7,493 km2 (2,893 sq mi).[62]

text:
Demographics ofthe Canary Islands – 2014[60][63][63]

Country of birth

Population

Percent

Spain
1.726.927
82.5%

Foreign born
377.888
17.5%

Total
2,104,815
100%

text: The Canarian population includes long-tenured residents and new waves of mainland Spanish immigrants, as well as Portuguese, Italians, Flemings and Britons. Of the total Canarian population in 2009 (2,098,593) 1,799,373 were Spanish and 299,220 foreigners. Of these, the majority are Europeans (55%), including Germans (39,505), British (37,937) and Italians (24,177). There are also 86,287 inhabitants from the Americas, mainly Colombians (21,798), Venezuelans (11,958), Cubans (11,098) and Argentines (10,159). There are also 28,136 African residents, mostly Moroccans (16,240).[64]

text: Population of the individual islands[edit]

text: The population of the islands according to the 2010 data are:[65]

text:
Tenerife – 906,854
Gran Canaria – 845,676
Lanzarote – 141,437 (including the population of La Graciosa)
Fuerteventura – 103,492
La Palma – 86,324
La Gomera – 22,776
El Hierro – 10,960

text: Religion[edit]

text: The Roman Catholic branch of Christianity has been the majority religion in the archipelago for more than five centuries, ever since the Conquest of the Canary Islands. However, there are other religious communities.

text: Roman Catholic Church[edit]

text: The overwhelming majority of native Canarians are Roman Catholic (85%)[66] with various smaller foreign-born populations of other Christian beliefs such as Protestants from northern Europe.

text: The appearance of the Virgin of Candelaria (Patron of Canary Islands) was credited with moving the Canary Islands toward Christianity. Two Catholic saints were born in the Canary Islands: Peter of Saint Joseph de Betancur[67] and José de Anchieta.[68] Both born on the island of Tenerife, they were respectively missionaries in Guatemala and Brazil.

text: The Canary Islands are divided into two Catholic dioceses, each governed by a bishop:

text:
Diócesis Canariense: Includes the islands of the Eastern Province: Gran Canaria, Fuerteventura and Lanzarote. Its capital was San Marcial El Rubicón (1404) and Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (1483–present). There was a previous bishopric which was based in Telde, but it was later abolished.
Diócesis Nivariense: Includes the islands of the western province: Tenerife, La Palma, La Gomera and El Hierro. Its capital is San Cristóbal de La Laguna (1819–present).

text: Other religions[edit]

text: Separate from the overwhelming Christian majority are a minority of Muslims.[69] Among the followers of Islam, the Islamic Federation of the Canary Islands exists to represent the Islamic community in the Canary Islands as well as to provide practical support to members of the Islamic community.[70]

text: Other religious faiths represented include Jehovah Witnesses, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints as well as Hinduism.[69] Minority religions are also present such as the Church of the Guanche People which is classified as a neo-pagan native religion.[69] Also present are Buddhism,[69] Judaism,[69] Baha'i,[69] Afro-American religion,[69] and Chinese religions.[69]

text: Statistics[edit]

text: The distribution of beliefs in 2012 according to the CIS Barometer Autonomy was as follows:[71]

text:
Catholic 84.9%
Atheist/Agnostic/Unbeliever 12.3%
Other religions 1.7%

text: Population genetics[edit]

text: Islands[edit]

text: Ordered from west to east, the Canary Islands are El Hierro, La Palma, La Gomera, Tenerife, Gran Canaria, Fuerteventura and Lanzarote. In addition, north of the latter are the island of La Graciosa, the islets of Montaña Clara, Alegranza, Roque del Este and Roque del Oeste, belonging to the Chinijo Archipelago, and northeast of Fuerteventura is the islet of Lobos. There are also a series of small adjacent rocks in the Canary Islands: the Roques de Anaga, Garachico and Fasnia in Tenerife, and those of Salmor and Bonanza in El Hierro.

text: El Hierro[edit]

text: El Hierro, the westernmost island, covers 268.71 km2 (103.75 sq mi), making it the smallest of the major islands, and the least populous with 10,753 inhabitants. The whole island was declared Reserve of the Biosphere in 2000. Its capital is Valverde. Also known as Ferro, it was once believed to be the westernmost land in the world.

text: Fuerteventura[edit]

text: Fuerteventura, with a surface of 1,660 km2 (640 sq mi), is the second-most extensive island of the archipelago. It has been declared a Biosphere reserve by Unesco. It has a population of 100,929. Being also the most ancient of the islands, it is the one that is more eroded: its highest point is the Peak of the Bramble, at a height of 807 metres (2,648 feet). Its capital is Puerto del Rosario.

text: Gran Canaria[edit]

text: Gran Canaria has 845,676 inhabitants. The capital, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (377,203 inhabitants), is the most populous city and shares the status of capital of the Canaries with Santa Cruz de Tenerife. Gran Canaria's surface area is 1,560 km2 (600 sq mi). In center of the island lie the Roque Nublo 1,813 metres (5,948 feet) and Pico de las Nieves ("Peak of Snow") 1,949 metres (6,394 feet). In the south of island are the Maspalomas Dunes (Gran Canaria), these are the biggest tourist attractions.

text: La Gomera[edit]

text: La Gomera has an area of 369.76 km2 (142.77 sq mi) and is the second least populous island with 22,622 inhabitants. Geologically it is one of the oldest of the archipelago. The insular capital is San Sebastian de La Gomera. Garajonay's National Park is located on the island.

text: Lanzarote[edit]

text: Lanzarote is the easternmost island and one of the most ancient of the archipelago, and it has shown evidence of recent volcanic activity. It has a surface of 845.94 km2 (326.62 sq mi), and a population of 139,506 inhabitants, including the adjacent islets of the Chinijo Archipelago. The capital is Arrecife, with 56,834 inhabitants.

text: Chinijo Archipelago[edit]

text: The Chinijo Archipelago includes the islands La Graciosa, Alegranza, Montaña Clara, Roque del Este and Roque del Oeste. It has a surface of 40.8 km2 (15.8 sq mi), and a population of 658 inhabitants all of them on La Graciosa. With 29 km2 (11 sq mi), La Graciosa, is the smallest inhabited island of the Canaries, and the major island of the Chinijo Archipelago.

text: La Palma[edit]

text: La Palma, with 86,528 inhabitants covering an area of 708.32 km2 (273.48 sq mi), is in its entirety a biosphere reserve. It shows no recent signs of volcanic activity, even though the volcano Teneguía entered into eruption last in 1971. In addition, it is the second-highest island of the Canaries, with the Roque de los Muchachos 2,423 metres (7,949 feet) as highest point. Santa Cruz de La Palma (known to those on the island as simply "Santa Cruz") is its capital.

text: Tenerife[edit]

text: Tenerife is, with its area of 2,034 km2 (785 sq mi), the most extensive island of the Canary Islands. In addition, with 906,854 inhabitants it is the most populated island of the archipelago and Spain. Two of the islands' principal cities are located on it: The capital, Santa Cruz de Tenerife and San Cristóbal de La Laguna (a World Heritage Site). San Cristóbal de La Laguna, the second city of the island is home to the oldest university in the Canary Islands, the University of La Laguna. The Teide, with its 3,718 metres (12,198 feet) is the highest peak of Spain and also a World Heritage Site. Tenerife is the site of the worst air disaster in the history of aviation, in which 583 people were killed in the collision of two Boeing 747s on 27 March 1977.

text: Data[edit]

text:
Flag
Coat of arms
Island
Capital
Area (km2)
Population (2010)
Population Density (people/km2)

El Hierro

Valverde

268.71

10,960

40.79

Fuerteventura

Puerto del Rosario

1,660

103,492

62.34

Gran Canaria

Las Palmas de Gran Canaria

1,560.1

845,676

542.07

La Gomera

San Sebastián

369.76

22,776

61.6

Lanzarote

Arrecife

845.94

141,437

167.2

La Palma

Santa Cruz de La Palma

708.32

86,324

121.87

Tenerife

Santa Cruz de Tenerife

2,034.38

906,854

445.76

-

-

La Graciosa

Caleta de Sebo

29.05

658

22.65

-

-

Alegranza

-

10.3

-

-

-

-

Isla de Lobos

-

4.5

-

-

-

-

Montaña Clara

-

1.48

-

-

-

-

Roque del Este

-

0.06

-

-

-

-

Roque del Oeste

-

0.015

-

-

text: Economy[edit]

text:
Tourism in the Canary Islands[72]

Year

Visitors

2009(Jan–Jun)
4,002,013

2008
9,210,509

2007
9,326,116

2006
9,530,039

2005
9,276,963

2004
9,427,265

2003
9,836,785

2002
9,778,512

2001
10,137,205

2000
9,975,977

1993
6,545,396

Largest byCountry (2008)

Population

Germany
2,498,847

United Kingdom
3,355,942

text: The economy is based primarily on tourism, which makes up 32% of the GDP. The Canaries receive about 12 million tourists per year. Construction makes up nearly 20% of the GDP and tropical agriculture, primarily bananas and tobacco, are grown for export to Europe and the Americas. Ecologists are concerned that the resources, especially in the more arid islands, are being overexploited but there are still many agricultural resources like tomatoes, potatoes, onions, cochineal, sugarcane, grapes, vines, dates, oranges, lemons, figs, wheat, barley, maize, apricots, peaches and almonds.

text: The economy is € 25 billion (2001 GDP figures). The islands experienced continuous growth during a 20-year period, up until 2001, at a rate of approximately 5% annually. This growth was fueled mainly by huge amounts of Foreign Direct Investment, mostly to develop tourism real estate (hotels and apartments), and European Funds (near €11 billion euro in the period from 2000 to 2007), since the Canary Islands are labelled Region Objective 1 (eligible for euro structural funds).[citation needed] Additionally, the EU allows the Canary Islands Government to offer special tax concessions for investors who incorporate under the Zona Especial Canaria (ZEC) regime and create more than five jobs.[citation needed]

text: Spain gave permission in August 2014 for Repsol and its partners to explore oil and gas prospects off the Canary Islands, involving an investment of €7.5 billion over four years, to commence at the end of 2016. Repsol at the time said the area could ultimately produce 100,000 barrels of oil a day, which would meet 10 percent of Spain's energy needs.[73] However, the analysis of samples obtained did not show the necessary volume nor quality to consider future extraction, and the project was scrapped.[74]

text: The Canary Islands have great natural attractions, climate and beaches make the islands a major tourist destination, being visited each year by about 12 million people (11,986,059 in 2007, noting 29% of Britons, 22% of Spanish, not residents of the Canaries, and 21% of Germans). Among the islands, Tenerife has the largest number of tourists received annually, followed by Gran Canaria and Lanzarote.[8][9] The archipelago's principal tourist attraction is the Teide National Park (in Tenerife) where the highest mountain in Spain and third largest volcano in the world (Mount Teide), receives over 2.8 million visitors annually.[75]

text: The combination of high mountains, proximity to Europe, and clean air has made the Roque de los Muchachos peak (on La Palma island) a leading location for telescopes like the Grantecan.

text: The islands are outside the European Union customs territory and VAT area, though politically within the EU and Schengen Area. Instead of VAT there is a local Sales Tax (IGIC) which has a general rate of 7%, an increased tax rate of 13.5%, a reduced tax rate of 3% and a zero tax rate for certain basic need products and services. Consequently, some products are subject to import tax and VAT if being exported from the islands into mainland Spain or the rest of the EU.

text: Canarian time is Western European Time (WET) (or GMT; in summer one hour ahead of GMT). So Canarian time is one hour behind that of mainland Spain and the same as that of the UK, Ireland and Portugal all year round.

text: Tourism statistics[edit]

text: In 2017, 15,976,000 tourists visited the Canary Islands. The statistics per destination island were:[76]

text:
Number of tourists who visited the Canary Islands by air in 2017, by island of destination

Rank

Island

Number of Visitors

1

Tenerife

5,928,000

2

Gran Canaria

4,478,000

3

Lanzarote

2,929,000 (extremely popular with Irish holiday makers all year round)[citation needed]

4

Fuerteventura

2,219,000

5

La Palma

294,000

6

La Gomera and El Hierro

128,000

text: Transport[edit]

text: The Canary Islands have eight airports altogether, two of the main ports of Spain, and an extensive network of autopistas (highways) and other roads. For a road map see multimap.[77]

text: There are large ferry boats that link islands as well as fast ferries linking most of the islands. Both types can transport large numbers of passengers and cargo (including vehicles). Fast ferries are made of aluminium and powered by modern and efficient diesel engines, while conventional ferries have a steel hull and are powered by heavy oil. Fast ferries travel relatively quickly (in excess of 30 knots) and are a faster method of transportation than the conventional ferry (some 20 knots). A typical ferry ride between La Palma and Tenerife may take up to eight hours or more while a fast ferry takes about 2 and a half hours and between Tenerife and Gran Canaria can be about one hour.

text: The largest airport is the Gran Canaria Airport. Tenerife has two airports, Tenerife North Airport and Tenerife South Airport.[78] The island of Tenerife gathers the highest passenger movement of all the Canary Islands through its two airports.[79] The two main islands (Tenerife and Gran Canaria) receive the greatest number of passengers.[80] Tenerife 6,204,499 passengers and Gran Canaria 5,011,176 passengers.[81]

text: The port of Las Palmas is first in freight traffic in the islands,[82] while the port of Santa Cruz de Tenerife is the first fishing port with approximately 7,500 tons of fish caught, according to the Spanish government publication Statistical Yearbook of State Ports. Similarly, it is the second port in Spain as regards ship traffic, only surpassed by the Port of Algeciras Bay.[83] The port's facilities include a border inspection post (BIP) approved by the European Union, which is responsible for inspecting all types of imports from third countries or exports to countries outside the European Economic Area. The port of Los Cristianos (Tenerife) has the greatest number of passengers recorded in the Canary Islands, followed by the port of Santa Cruz de Tenerife.[84] The Port of Las Palmas is the third port in the islands in passengers and first in number of vehicles transported.[84]

text: The SS America was beached at the Canary islands, in the nineties. However, the ocean liner fell apart after some years and parts of the ship washed away.

text: Rail transport[edit]

text: The Tenerife Tram opened in 2007 and the only one in the Canary Islands, travelling between the cities of Santa Cruz de Tenerife and San Cristóbal de La Laguna. It is currently planned to have three lines in the Canary Islands (two in Tenerife and one in Gran Canaria). The planned Gran Canaria tram route will be from Las Palmas de Gran Canaria to Maspalomas (south).[85]

text: Airports[edit]

text:
Tenerife South Airport – Tenerife
Tenerife North Airport – Tenerife
Lanzarote Airport – Lanzarote
Fuerteventura Airport – Fuerteventura
Gran Canaria Airport – Gran Canaria
La Palma Airport – La Palma
La Gomera Airport – La Gomera
El Hierro Airport – El Hierro[86]

text: Ports[edit]

text:
Port of Puerto del Rosario – Fuerteventura
Port of Arrecife – Lanzarote
Port of Playa Blanca—Lanzarote
Port of Santa Cruz de La Palma – La Palma
Port of San Sebastián de La Gomera – La Gomera
Port of La Estaca – El Hierro
Port of Las Palmas – Gran Canaria
Port of Agaete – Gran Canaria
Port of Los Cristianos – Tenerife
Port of Santa Cruz de Tenerife – Tenerife
Port of Garachico – Tenerife
Port of Granadilla – Tenerife

text: Health[edit]

text: The Servicio Canario de Salud is an autonomous body of administrative nature attached to the Ministry responsible for Health of the Government of the Canary Islands. The majority of the archipelago's hospitals belong to this organization:[87]

text:
Hospital Nuestra Señora de los Reyes - El Hierro
Hospital General de La Palma - La Palma
Hospital Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe - La Gomera
Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria - Tenerife
Hospital Universitario de Canarias - Tenerife
Hospital del Sur de Tenerife - Tenerife
Hospital del Norte de Tenerife - Tenerife
Hospital Universitario de Gran Canaria Doctor Negrín - Gran Canaria
Hospital Universitario Insular de Gran Canaria - Gran Canaria
Hospital General de Lanzarote Doctor José Molina Orosa - Lanzarote
Hospital General de Fuerteventura - Fuerteventura

text: Wildlife[edit]

text: Prehistoric fauna[edit]

text: Before the arrival of the Aborigines, the Canary Islands was inhabited by endemic animals, such as some extinct; giant lizards (Gallotia goliath), giant rats (Canariomys bravoi and Canariomys tamarani)[88] and giant tortoises (Geochelone burchardi and Geochelone vulcanica),[89] among others.

text: Terrestrial wildlife[edit]

text: With a range of habitats, the Canary Islands exhibit diverse plant species. The bird life includes European and African species, such as the black-bellied sandgrouse; and a rich variety of endemic (local) taxa including the:

text:
Canary
Graja, a subspecies of red-billed chough endemic to La Palma
Blue chaffinch (endemic to Tenerife and Gran Canaria)
Canary Islands chiffchaff
Fuerteventura chat
Tenerife goldcrest
La Palma chaffinch
Canarian Egyptian vulture
Bolle's pigeon
Laurel pigeon
Plain swift
Houbara bustard
Spiders
Snakes
Scorpions
Canary Islands oystercatcher (extinct)

text: Terrestrial fauna includes geckos, wall lizards, and three endemic species of recently rediscovered and critically endangered giant lizard: the El Hierro giant lizard (or Roque Chico de Salmor giant lizard), La Gomera giant lizard, and La Palma giant lizard. Mammals include the Canarian shrew, Canary big-eared bat, the Algerian hedgehog (which may have been introduced) and the more recently introduced mouflon. Some endemic mammals, the lava mouse, Tenerife giant rat and Gran Canaria giant rat, are extinct, as are the Canary Islands quail, long-legged bunting, the eastern Canary Islands chiffchaff and the giant prehistoric tortoises; Geochelone burchardi and Geochelone vulcanica.

text: Marine life[edit]

text: The marine life found in the Canary Islands is also varied, being a combination of North Atlantic, Mediterranean and endemic species. In recent years, the increasing popularity of both scuba diving and underwater photography have provided biologists with much new information on the marine life of the islands.

text: Fish species found in the islands include many species of shark, ray, moray eel, bream, jack, grunt, scorpionfish, triggerfish, grouper, goby, and blenny. In addition, there are many invertebrate species, including sponge, jellyfish, anemone, crab, mollusc, sea urchin, starfish, sea cucumber and coral.

text: There are a total of five different species of marine turtle that are sighted periodically in the islands, the most common of these being the endangered loggerhead sea turtle.[90] The other four are the green sea turtle, hawksbill sea turtle, leatherback sea turtle and Kemp's ridley sea turtle. Currently, there are no signs that any of these species breed in the islands, and so those seen in the water are usually migrating. However, it is believed that some of these species may have bred in the islands in the past, and there are records of several sightings of leatherback sea turtle on beaches in Fuerteventura, adding credibility to the theory.

text: Marine mammals include the large varieties of cetaceans including rare and not well-known species (see more details in the Marine life of the Canary Islands). Hooded seals[91] have also been known to be vagrant in the Canary Islands every now and then. The Canary Islands were also formerly home to a population of the rarest pinniped in the world, the Mediterranean monk seal.

text: Native flora gallery[edit]

text:
Arbutus canariensis

Argyranthemum frutescens

Bosea yervamora

Canarina canariensis

Digitalis canariensis

Echium wildpretii

Euphorbia canariensis

Gonospermum elegans

Lavatera acerifolia var. acerifolia

Lavatera phoenicea

Lotus berthelotii

Pericallis webbii

Persea indica

Phoenix canariensis

Sonchus palmensis

Spartocytisus supranubius

text: Holidays[edit]

text: Some holidays of those celebrated in the Canary Islands are international and national, others are regional holidays and others are of insular character. The official day of the autonomous community is Canary Islands Day on May 30. The anniversary of the first session of the Parliament of the Canary Islands, based in the city of Santa Cruz de Tenerife, held on May 30, 1983, is commemorated with this day.

text: The common festive calendar throughout the Canary Islands is as follows:[92]

text:
Date

Name

Data

January 1
New Year
International festival.

January 6
Epiphany
Catholic festival.

March or April
Holy Thursday and Holy Friday
Christian festival.

May 1
International Workers' Day
International festival.

May 30
Canary Islands Day
Day of the autonomous community. Anniversary of the first session of the Parliament of the Canary Islands.

August 15
Assumption of Mary
Catholic festival. This day is festive in the archipelago as in all of Spain. Popularly, in the Canary Islands it is known as the day on which the is celebrated of Virgin of Candelaria (Saint Patron of the Canary Islands).[93][94]

October 12
Fiesta Nacional de España (Día de la Hispanidad)
National Holiday of Spain. Commemoration of discovery of the Americas.

November 1
All Saints' Day
Catholic festival.

December 6
Constitution Day
Commemoration of the Spanish constitutional referendum, 1978.

December 8
Immaculate Conception
Catholic festival. The Immaculate Conception is the Saint Patron of Spain.

December 25
Christmas
Christian festival. Commemoration of the birth of Jesus of Nazareth.

text: In addition, each of the islands has an island festival in which it is a holiday only on that island in question. These are the festivities of island patrons saints of each island. Organized chronologically are:[95]

text:
Date

Island

Saint/Virgin

February 2
Tenerife
Our Lady of Candelaria

August 5
La Palma
Our Lady of the Snows

September 8
Gran Canaria
Our Lady of the Pine

September 15
Lanzarote
Our Lady of Dolours

Third Saturday of the month of September
Fuerteventura
Our Lady of the Peña

September 24
El Hierro
Our Lady of the Kings

Monday following the first Saturday of October
La Gomera
Our Lady of Guadalupe

text: The most famous festivals of the Canary Islands is the carnival. It is the most famous and international festival of the archipelago. The carnival is celebrated in all the islands and all its municipalities, perhaps the two busiest are those of the two Canarian capitals; the Carnival of Santa Cruz de Tenerife and the Carnival of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria. But the rest of the islands of the archipelago have their carnivals with their own traditions among which stand out: The Festival of the Carneros of El Hierro, the Festival of the Diabletes of Teguise in Lanzarote, Los Indianos de La Palma, the Carnival of San Sebastián de La Gomera and the Carnival of Puerto del Rosario in Fuerteventura.

text: Sports[edit]

text: A unique form of wrestling known as Canarian wrestling (lucha canaria) has opponents stand in a special area called a "terrero" and try to throw each other to the ground using strength and quick movements.[99]

text: Another sport is the "game of the sticks" where opponents fence with long sticks. This may have come about from the shepherds of the islands who would challenge each other using their long walking sticks.[99]

text: Furthermore, there is the shepherd's jump (salto del pastor). This involves using a long stick to vault over an open area. This sport possibly evolved from the shepherd's need to occasionally get over an open area in the hills as they were tending their sheep.[99]

text: The two main football teams in the archipelago are: the CD Tenerife (founded in 1912) and UD Las Palmas (founded in 1949). As if the 2018/2019 season, both Tenerife and Las Palmas play in Liga Adelante.

text: The mountainous terrain of the Canary Islands also caters to the growing popularity of ultra running and ultramarathons as host of annual competitive long-distance events including Transvulcania on La Palma, Transgrancanaria[100] on Gran Canaria and the Half Marathon des Sables on Fuerteventura.

text: Notable athletes[edit]

text:
Nicolás García Hemme, born 20 June 1988 in Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, 2012 London Olympics, Taekwondo Silver Medalist in Men's Welterweight category (−80 kg).
Alfredo Cabrera, (1881–1964); shortstop for the St. Louis Cardinals in 1913
Sergio Rodríguez, born in San Cristóbal de La Laguna in 1986, played point guard for the Portland Trail Blazers, Sacramento Kings, and New York Knicks
David Silva, born in Arguineguín in 1986, plays association football for Manchester City, member of the 2010 FIFA World Cup champion Spain national football team
Juan Carlos Valerón, born in Arguineguín in 1975, played association football for Deportivo la Coruna and Las Palmas
Pedro, born in Santa Cruz de Tenerife in 1987, plays association football for Chelsea, member of the 2010 FIFA World Cup champion Spain national football team
Carla Suárez Navarro, born in Las Palmas de Gran Canaria in 1988, professional tennis player
Paola Tirados, born in Las Palmas de Gran Canaria in 1980, synchronized swimmer, who participated in the Olympic Games of 2000, 2004 and 2008. She won the silver medal in Beijing in 2008 in the team competition category.
Jesé, born in Las Palmas de Gran Canaria in 1993, plays association football for Stoke City F.C., on loan from Paris Saint-Germain
Christo Bezuidenhout, born in Tenerife in 1970, played rugby union for Gloucester and South Africa.


document_title: Chitty Chitty Bang Bang

question_text: where was the beach scene in chitty chitty bang bang

root

text: Chitty Chitty Bang Bang

text: Plot[edit]

text: The story opens with a montage of European Grand Prix races in which one particular car appears to win every race it runs in from 1907 through 1908. However, in its final 1909 race, the car crashes and catches fire, ending its racing career. The car eventually ends up in an old garage in rural England, where two children, Jeremy and Jemima Potts, have grown fond of it. However, a man in the junkyard intends to buy the car from the garage owner, Mr. Coggins, for scrap. The children, who live with their father Caractacus Potts, an eccentric inventor, and the family's equally peculiar grandfather, implore their father to buy the car, but Caractacus cannot afford it. While playing truant from school, they meet Truly Scrumptious, a beautiful upper-class woman with her own motor car, who brings them home to report their truancy to their father. After she leaves, Caractacus promises the children that he will save the car, but is taken aback at the cost he has committed himself to. He looks for ways to raise money to avoid letting them down.

tag: p

text: Later that evening, Potts discovers that the sweets produced by a machine he has invented can be played like a flute. He tries to sell the "Toot Sweets" to Truly's father, Lord Scrumptious, a major confectionery manufacturer. He is almost successful until the whistle attracts a pack of dogs who overrun the factory, resulting in Caractacus's proposition being rejected.

text: Caractacus next takes his automatic hair-cutting machine to a carnival to raise money, but his invention accidentally ruins the hair of a customer. Potts eludes the man by joining a song-and-dance act. He becomes the centre of the show and earns enough in tips to buy the car and rebuild it. They name the car "Chitty Chitty Bang Bang" for the unusual noise of its engine. In the first trip in the car, Caractacus, the children, and Truly picnic on the beach. Caractacus tells them a tale about nasty Baron Bomburst, the tyrant of fictional Vulgaria, who wants to steal Chitty Chitty Bang Bang.

text: As Potts tells his story, the quartet and the car are stranded by high tide and are attacked by pirates working for the Baron. All of a sudden, Chitty deploys huge flotation devices and transforms into a power boat, and they escape Bomburst's yacht and return to shore. The Baron sends two spies to capture the car, but they capture Lord Scrumptious, then Grandpa Potts, mistaking each for the car's creator. Caractacus, Truly, and the children see Grandpa being taken away by airship, and they give chase. When they accidentally drive off a cliff, Chitty sprouts wings and propellers and begins to fly. They follow the airship to Vulgaria and find a land without children; the Baroness Bomburst abhors them and imprisons any she finds. Grandpa has been ordered by the Baron to make another floating car, and he bluffs his abilities to avoid being executed. The Potts' party is hidden by the local Toymaker, who now works only for the childish Baron. Chitty is discovered and taken to the castle. While Caractacus and the toymaker search for Grandpa and Truly searches for food, the children are caught by the Baroness’ Child Catcher.

text: The Toymaker takes Truly and Caractacus to a grotto beneath the castle where the townspeople have been hiding their children. They concoct a scheme to free the children and the village from the Baron. The Toymaker sneaks them into the castle disguised as life-size dolls for the Baron's birthday. Caractacus snares the Baron, and the children swarm into the banquet hall, overcoming the Baron's palace guards and guests. In the ensuing chaos, the Baron, Baroness, and the evil Child Catcher are captured. The Potts family and Truly fly back to England. When they arrive home, Lord Scrumptious surprises Caractacus with an offer to buy the Toot Sweet as a canine confection. Caractacus, realising that he will be rich, rushes to tell Truly the news. They kiss, and Truly agrees to marry him. As they drive home, he acknowledges the importance of pragmatism, as the car takes off into the air again.

text: Cast[edit]

text: The cast includes:[5]

text:
Dick Van Dyke as Caractacus Potts
Sally Ann Howes as Truly Scrumptious
Adrian Hall as Jeremy Potts
Heather Ripley as Jemima Potts
Lionel Jeffries as Grandpa Bungie Potts
Gert Fröbe as Baron Bomburst
Anna Quayle as Baroness Bomburst
Benny Hill as the Toymaker
James Robertson Justice as Lord Scrumptious
Robert Helpmann as the Child Catcher
Barbara Windsor as Blonde
Davy Kaye as Admiral
Stanley Unwin as the Chancellor
Peter Arne as the Captain of Bomburst's Army
Desmond Llewelyn as Mr. Coggins
Victor Maddern as Junkman
Arthur Mullard as Big Man
Max Wall as Inventor
Gerald Campion as Minister
Max Bacon as Orchestra Leader
Alexander Doré as First Spy
Bernard Spear as Second Spy
Richard Wattis as Secretary at Sweet Factory  (uncredited)
Phil Collins as Vulgarian Child (scene cut)

tag: ul

text: The part of Truly Scrumptious had originally been offered to Julie Andrews, to reunite her with Van Dyke after their success in Mary Poppins. Andrews rejected the role specifically because she considered that the part was too close to the Poppins mould.[6] Instead, Sally Ann Howes was given the role. Dick Van Dyke was cast after he turned down the role of Fagin from another 1968 musical Oliver! (which ended up going to Ron Moody).

text: Production[edit]

text: Hughes said he did not enjoy making the film. "We took too long to make it," he said. "I sweated over it for about a year and really it was a only a children's film. I think such a thing should be made quickly and with enthusiasm. My enthusiasm ran out long before the end."[7]

text: The Caractacus Potts inventions in the film were created by Rowland Emett; by 1976, Time magazine, describing Emett's work, said no term other than "Fantasticator...could remotely convey the diverse genius of the perky, pink-cheeked Englishman whose pixilations, in cartoon, watercolor and clanking 3-D reality, range from the celebrated Far Tottering and Oyster Creek Railway to the demented thingamabobs that made the 1968 movie Chitty Chitty Bang Bang a minuscule classic."[8]

text: Six Chitty-Chitty Bang-Bang cars were created for the film, only one of which was fully functional. At a 1973 auction in Florida, one of them sold for $37,000, equal to $203,972 today.[9] The original "hero" car, in a condition described as fully functional and road-going, was offered at auction on 15 May 2011 by a California-based auction house.[10] The car sold for $805,000, less than the $1–2 million it was expected to reach.[11] It was purchased by New Zealand film director Sir Peter Jackson.[12]

text: Locations[edit]

text:
Feature in film
Location of filming

Scrumptious Sweet Co. factory (exterior)
Kempton Waterworks, Snakey Lane, Hanworth, Greater London, England.[13] This location now includes a steam museum open to the public.

Scrumptious Mansion
Heatherden Hall at Pinewood Studios in Iver Heath, Buckinghamshire, England[13]

Windmill/Cottage
Cobstone Windmill in Ibstone, near Turville, Buckinghamshire, England[13]

Duck Pond
Russell's Water, Oxfordshire, England[13]

Train scene
The Longmoor Military Railway, Hampshire, England

Beach
Cap Taillat, St. Tropez, France

River bridge where spies attempt to blow up Chitty
Iver Bridge, Iver, Buckinghamshire, England

Railway bridge where spies kidnap Lord Scrumptious
Ilmer Bridge, Ilmer, Buckinghamshire, England

White rock spires in the ocean and lighthouse
The Needles stacks, Isle of Wight, England

White cliffs
Beachy Head, East Sussex, England

Baron Bomburst's castle
Neuschwanstein Castle for the exterior.Bavaria, Germany

Vulgarian village
Rothenburg ob der Tauber, Bavaria, Germany

tag: table

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: The film was the tenth most popular at the US box office in 1969.[14]

text: Critical[edit]

text: Time began its review by saying the film is a "picture for the ages—the ages between five and twelve" and ended noting that "At a time when violence and sex are the dual sellers at the box office, Chitty Chitty Bang Bang looks better than it is simply because it's not not all all bad bad"; the film's "eleven songs have all the rich melodic variety of an automobile horn. Persistent syncopation and some breathless choreography partly redeem it, but most of the film's sporadic success is due to Director Ken Hughes's fantasy scenes, which make up in imagination what they lack in technical facility."[15]

text: The New York Times critic Renata Adler wrote, "in spite of the dreadful title, Chitty Chitty Bang Bang ... is a fast, dense, friendly children's musical, with something of the joys of singing together on a team bus on the way to a game"; Adler called the screenplay "remarkably good" and the film's "preoccupation with sweets and machinery seems ideal for children"; she ends her review on the same note as Time: "There is nothing coy, or stodgy or too frightening about the film; and this year, when it has seemed highly doubtful that children ought to go to the movies at all, Chitty Chitty Bang Bang sees to it that none of the audience's terrific eagerness to have a good time is betrayed or lost."[16]

text: Film critic Roger Ebert reviewed the film, writing: "Chitty Chitty Bang Bang contains about the best two-hour children's movie you could hope for, with a marvelous magical auto and lots of adventure and a nutty old grandpa and a mean Baron and some funny dances and a couple of [scary] moments."[17]

text: In 2008 film critic and historian Leonard Maltin considered the picture "one big Edsel, with totally forgettable score and some of the shoddiest special effects ever."[18] In 2013, Entertainment Weekly named Helpmann's depiction of the Child Catcher the 32nd of the "50 Most Vile Movie Villains."[19]

text: As of  5 July 2018[update], the film has a 67% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes, based on 27 reviews with an average rating of 5.6/10.[20]

text: Accolades[edit]

text: The film was nominated for the American Film Institute's 2006 AFI's Greatest Movie Musicals list.[21]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text: The original soundtrack album, as was typical of soundtrack albums, presented mostly songs with very few instrumental tracks. The songs were also edited, with specially recorded intros and outros and most instrumental portions removed, both because of time limitations of the vinyl LP and the belief that listeners would not be interested in listening to long instrumental dance portions during the songs.

text: The soundtrack has been released on CD four times, the first two releases using the original LP masters rather than going back to the original music masters to compile a more complete soundtrack album with underscoring and complete versions of songs. The 1997 Rykodisc release included several quick bits of dialogue from the film between some of the tracks and has gone out of circulation. On 24 February 2004, a few short months after MGM released the movie on a 2-Disc Special Edition DVD, Varèse Sarabande reissued a newly remastered soundtrack album without the dialogue tracks, restoring it to its original 1968 LP format.

text: In 2011, Kritzerland released the definitive soundtrack album, a 2-CD set featuring the Original Soundtrack Album plus bonus tracks, music from the Song and Picture Book Album on disc 1, and the Richard Sherman Demos, as well as six Playback Tracks (including a long version of international covers of the theme song). Inexplicably, this release was limited to only 1,000 units.[22]

text: In April 2013, Perseverance Records re-released the Kritzerland double CD set with expansive new liner notes by John Trujillo and a completely new designed booklet by Perseverance regular James Wingrove.

text: Home video releases[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Chitty Chitty Bang Bang was released numerous times in the VHS format. In 1998 the film saw its first DVD release. The year 2003 brought a two-disc "Special Edition" release. On 2 November 2010, 20th Century Fox released a two-disc Blu-ray and DVD combination set featuring the extras from the 2003 release as well as new features. The 1993 LaserDisc release by MGM/UA Home Video was the first home video release with the proper 2.20:1 Super Panavision 70 aspect ratio.

text: Adaptations[edit]

text: Novelisation of film[edit]

text: The film did not follow Fleming's novel closely. A separate novelisation of the film was published at the time of the film's release. It basically followed the film's story but with some differences of tone and emphasis, e.g. it mentioned that Caractacus Potts had had difficulty coping after the death of his wife, and it made it clearer that the sequences including Baron Bomburst were extended fantasy sequences. It was written by John Burke.[23]

text: Comic book adaption[edit]

text: Gold Key: Chitty Chitty Bang Bang. Gold Key Comics. February 1969. [24]


document_title: Agatha Christie: And Then There Were None

question_text: who was the killer in then there were none

text: Gameplay[edit]

text: And Then There Were None is a point-and-click adventure game, played from a third-person perspective.[8] Most of the interactive elements of And Then There Were None consist of asking other characters questions, and collecting and combining items.[9] The player can carry items using an inventory system, consisting of screens which can show up to twelve items. New items go into the first available slot, and these items can be combined or examined throughout the game.[8][10] The game's cursor is context-sensitive, and changes into a rotating gear when held over an item the player can interact with and use.[8] And Then There Were None features a 2.5D graphics engine, which combines pre-rendered backgrounds with 3D-modelled characters.[10]

text: And Then There Were None is divided into 10 chapters. After completing a certain trigger event, the next chapter begins. The developers ensured that nothing essential to the game could be missed during the player's progression, although large sections of gameplay are optional, and the player may ignore many of the side-quests. This divided progression adds another dimension to gameplay, as not only does the player have to be in the right place to find a clue or solve a puzzle, but must be there at the right time. For example, an empty room in one act could hold a vital clue in the next.[2]

text: And Then There Were None features a journal system to aid in the collection and piecing together of clues.[11] The in-game journal records everything that the player needs to advance in the game, in order to prevent the player wandering aimlessly, unable to proceed.[11][10] For example, the journal records conversations the player has with other characters, so that if they forget what was said, it will still be accessible.[2] The developers also created the journal so that players did not have to use external resources, such as pen and paper.[11] The journal is separated by content into several categories,[2] such as a characters page, which lists all the characters by name and includes details about them, as well as separate pages for important items, documents and books.[2] This information can be referenced at any time by the player.[2]

text: Another feature of And Then There Were None is the "Suspicion Meter", which measures the player's relationship with other characters, starting from a neutral position at the start of the game. There are negative consequences if the player is caught doing things that other characters deem inappropriate, which directly affects the "Suspicion Meter": falling one point for every negative action and raising one point for each positive act. Depending on which of three positions the meter is in regarding a particular character, dialogue actions with that character are affected. The player is also able to regain approval points by solving "Suspicion Meter" puzzles; multiple inventory items and combining items and can be quite complicated.[2]

text: After completing the game, the player is given one final puzzle. Completing it shows the original ending of the novel.

text: Synopsis[edit]

text: Setting and characters[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: And Then There Were None is set in 1939, taking place at "a beautiful mansion on the deserted Shipwreck Island." A quote by one of the characters, Emily Brent, in the first chapter sets the month as August ("This same week of August 4 years ago.") The player can explore the two-story Art Deco-style mansion, which includes a secret room behind a bookcase in the library. The exterior of Shipwreck Island, including a beach, a forest, and an apiary, may also be explored.

text: The player character is Patrick Narracott. Patrick is the only character not mentioned in Christie's original novel, although his brother — Fred Narracott — is the one who ferries the guests to the island in the original book. The other characters are the guests: Judge Lawrence John Wargrave; Vera Elizabeth Claythorne; Philip Lombard; General John Gordon Mackenzie; Emily Caroline Brent; Dr. Edward George Armstrong; Anthony James Marston; William Henry Blore; the butler, Thomas Rogers; and his wife, Ethel Rogers.

text: Plot[edit]

text: The events of the book, with the exception of the killer's identity and the player character, are closely retained in the game. The game begins with eight of the characters (all but the two servants) arriving at the fictional seaside town of Sticklehaven, where they are to be ferried to Shipwreck Island by Patrick Naracott (who is substituting for his brother who is "under the weather"). When they arrive on the island, the other two characters are introduced, but when Patrick returns to his boat he finds it sabotaged, forcing him to stay on the island. Later, Blore confesses to Patrick that he is the one who damaged the boat, believing Patrick to be his brother Fred, who he thought was a thief. At dinner that night, the guests discover that none of them have met, or are familiar with, "U.N. Owen", the enigmatic host who invited most of them to the party.

text: After dinner, a gramophone record accuses the ten non-player characters of getting away with murder. Moments later, Anthony Marston dies after drinking a poisoned cocktail. That night, Ethel Rogers dies of a drug overdose in her sleep. The deaths are initially thought to be suicides or accidents until, after the death of General MacArthur, Judge Wargrave determines that they are actually murders and that the host, U.N. Owen, is most likely the killer. Wargrave further speculated that Owen must be one of the remaining 8, and is following the pattern of the nursery rhyme over the fireplace, "Ten Little Sailor Boys". After each murder, one of the ten figurines in the dining room goes missing. Naracott is now established as the detective of the group since his presence on the island was not expected by the killer. It is also discovered that Lombard has brought a self-defense revolver to the island.

text: After the deaths of Thomas Rogers' by axe and Emily Brent from anaphylactic shock from a bee sting, Lombard announces that his revolver has been stolen, and a search for it is fruitless. Naracott discovers he has been poisoned with the fictional drug Solidamide, but he obtains a remedy: a bottle of the fictional "Bellman's Universal Application". During a blackout after dinner that night, Wargrave is killed by a shot to the head. In the morning, however, Wargrave's body is missing along with Armstrong, whose drowned body will later wash up on the shore. Wargrave's body also turns up later in the screening room, but looks to have been bludgeoned, rather than shot. Later that day Blore is found to have been killed by having his head caved in by a clock.

text: Naracott returns to the house to find that the killer is Emily Brent, who is really the famous actress Gabrielle Steele. Steele wanted Wargrave killed because he sentenced her true love to death. She would torture him first by killing those around him first, all criminals who had gotten away with their crimes, and she explains how she killed each one. She had faked her own death earlier.

text: There are four different endings depending on whether Vera and Phillip – one, both, or neither – are saved. If Phillip is saved, he will reveal that his name is actually Charles Morley, a friend of Lombard's who assumed his identity when the real Phillip Lombard committed suicide out of guilt for his past crime. If Vera is saved, she and Naracott return to Sticklehaven (with Morley, if he also survives), where Vera explains her innocence of the crime the gramophone accused her of. If either Vera or Morley (or both) are saved, their statements to the police will clear Naracott and his brother. If neither of them survive, the Naracott brothers make their escape from the police. If Vera survives, she and Naracott decide to get married.

text: Following the game's completion, the player is given one last challenge that will reward them with the original ending to the book. The original ending to the book, where Wargrave is the killer. Dying, he wants to mete out justice personally to criminals who have escaped punishment, who he has invited to the island. The alternate ending details the events of the book, And Then There Were None, wherein all the guests on the island are killed by Wargrave except for the last two, Vera and Lombard. Vera then shoots Lombard, thinking him the murderer (since Wargrave has faked his own death), and then hangs herself. Wargrave then shoots himself.

text: Development[edit]

text: And Then There Were None was announced on February 3, 2005, as the first in a series of games based on novels by Agatha Christie.[1] For the release, The Adventure Company collaborated with developer AWE Productions.[1] Lee Sheldon was named Lead Designer and writer for the game,[2] while Scott Nixon, from AWE, was appointed Managing Director.[2] The Adventure Company chose the novel And Then There Were None as the first game, instead of other Christie novels involving famous detectives Hercule Poirot and Miss Marple, for several reasons. Among them was the popularity of the novel, which would help with marketing; and the island nature of the story which would provide a natural barrier, while allowing more freedom of movement for the players within that confined area.[11]

text: One major obstacle in the development of And Then There Were None was gaining the approval of aspects of the game from Chorion, the company which owns the rights to Agatha Christie's works.[11] The development team met with Mathew Prichard, Christie's grandson, and other members of Chorion.[11] While protective of Christie's license, Chorion was quite open about changes to the plot, as long as they were within the style of Christie's novels. These included a change to the identity of the killer, the addition of a player character, and changes to the figurines at the table - renaming them "sailor boys", to fit in with the boat motif of being moored on the island.[11][2][2][2] Chorion did not accept all the changes proposed by the developers, for example rejecting the idea of a one-man submarine the player could operate as not being in the style of Christie's work.[12] The survival of Vera and Lombard, and the change of the General's name from MacArthur to MacKenzie, were both used by Christie herself in a 1943 stage adaption of the novel. Patrick Narracott as the eleventh character was a major plot change, and was done to explore a semi-romance between him and Vera Claythorne, as well as the developers' desire to have players connect to a more human character, rather than a nameless one.[11]

text: The main concern designer Lee Sheldon had was the emphasis placed on story and dialogue,[2] he had considered the idea that the killer could change every time a player played the game; this idea of open-ended, modular gameplay was quickly discarded, as Sheldon thought it didn't pay homage to Christie's work.[2] The orders of the murders forced Sheldon down a linear path, and the numerous cut scenes, cinematics and long dialogues were needed because the novel is composed largely of dialogue.[2] Sheldon strived to make the puzzles a seamless part of the game's environment and plot, and not simply tacked on for the sake of a puzzle.[11]

text: The designers of And Then There Were None decided to leave the game in its original time period, the 1930s.[11] Sheldon was firmly against updating the game to a modern time period, calling this "a futile attempt to attract an audience that really doesn't care anyway."[11] One of the main attractions to the past for Sheldon was the ability to explore its culture and mores.[11] The mansion in the game was researched using architecture and Art Deco books as references.[12] Christie described the mansion in the novel as stark and modern, and this made Sheldon turn to the work of famous architect Frank Lloyd Wright, and in particular his house Fallingwater.[2]

text: And Then There Were None was shipped to North American stores on October 27, 2005.[3] The Adventure Company announced on March 19, 2007, that the game would be ported to the Wii console,[4] which would feature an ability to spin the Wii Remote to turn safe handles, and the ability to unearth clues by imitating a digging action.[4]

text: Reception[edit]

text:
Reception

Review scores

Publication
Score

PC
Wii

Adventure Gamers
[10]

Eurogamer
4/10[13]

Game Revolution

D+[14]

GameSpot
6.4/10[15]

GameSpy
[9]

GameZone
8/10[16]
5/10[17]

IGN
7/10[18]
4.9/10[6]

Nintendo World Report

3.5/10[19]

PC Gamer (US)
73%[20]

VideoGamer.com

6/10[21]

The Times
[22]

Aggregate scores

GameRankings
65.36%[23]
54.96%[24]

Metacritic
68/100[25]
50/100[26]

text: And Then There Were None has received widely varying reviews since its release. Metacritic's weighted average score for the game was 68 out of 100 on the PC and 50 out of 100 on the Wii, indicating "mixed or average reviews", with individual reviews falling between 20% and 90%.[25][26] One aspect of the game which has garnered some criticism are the graphics. 2404 denounced the game's environments, commenting that "there are graphically better games that were made two years ago."[27] An aspect of the game's graphics more heavily criticized was the character models, with GameSpy decrying them, saying: "The 3D models used for Mr. Owen's guests are crude and simplistic, with silly, sausage-like fingers, hair that looks like blocks of wood, lousy animation, poor lip-synching, and bland faces with barely any facial expression."[9]

text: Adventure Gamers found many faults with the character designs, describing them as ugly, and no more realistic than the characters from Sierra's Gabriel Knight 3, released six years previously.[10] However, Just Adventure commented that the characters are nicely designed, with detailed facial expressions during close-ups, but could have been better by current standards.[28] Opinions on the character voice acting were generally positive: praised by Adventure Gamers for injecting life into the wooden character models,[10] and ICGames commented that the voice acting made the characters convincing.[29] However, GameSpy denounced the game for not allowing readers to skip through dialogue, instead forcing them to sit through hours of spoken words.[9] Sound in And Then There Were None received mixed reactions as well, with Game Chronicles calling the sound decent, with realistic weather and animal sounds.[8] 2404, in contrast, said that the game's music is pleasant and unannoying, but never captures the emotions and tensions in the game.[27]

text: The puzzle aspects also received varying reactions. Game Over Online called the few puzzles bad, complaining that often the solutions were obscure and illogical, and did not advance the plot.[30] GameSpot criticized the puzzles, saying that the player is "regularly tasked with backtracking back and forth across the island with only a vague notion of what to do in order to progress the story."[15] 2404 was more encouraging, saying that although the game was formulaic, there was a welcome lack of mazes and slider puzzles in the game, making it more accessible to a wider audience.[27]