document_title: Card security code

question_text: where do you find the security code on a visa debit card

text: Card security code

text: Description[edit]

text: The codes have different names:

text:
"CID": "Card Id", "Card Identification Number", or "Card Identification Code" – Discover, American Express (four digits on front of card)[a][3]
"CSC" or "Card Security Code" – debit cards,[which?] American Express (three digits on back of card)[3]
"CVC2" or "Card Validation Code" – MasterCard
"CVD" or "Card Verification Data" – Discover, sometimes used as the common initialism for this kind of code
"CVE" or "Elo Verification Code" – Elo in Brazil
"CVN2" or "Card Validation Number 2" – China UnionPay
"CVV2" or "Card Verification Value 2" – Visa

text: Types of codes[edit]

text: There are several types of security codes:

text:
The first code, called CVC1 or CVV1, is encoded on track two of the magnetic stripe of the card and used for card present transactions. The purpose of the code is to verify that a payment card is actually in the hand of the merchant. This code is automatically retrieved when the magnetic stripe of a card is swiped on a point-of-sale (card present) device and is verified by the issuer. A limitation is that if the entire card has been duplicated and the magnetic stripe copied, then the code is still valid. (See credit card fraud § skimming.)
The second code, and the most cited, is CVV2 or CVC2. This code is often sought by merchants for card not present transactions occurring by mail, fax, telephone or Internet. In some countries in Western Europe, card issuers require a merchant to obtain the code when the cardholder is not present in person.[citation needed]
Contactless cards and chip cards may supply their own electronically generated codes, such as iCVV or a dynamic CVV.

text: Location of code[edit]

text: The card security code is typically the last three or four digits printed, not embossed like the card number, on the signature strip on the back of the card. On American Express cards, the card security code is the four digits printed (not embossed) on the front towards the right. The card security code is not encoded on the magnetic stripe but is printed flat.

text:
American Express cards have a four-digit code printed on the front side of the card above the number.
Diners Club, Discover, JCB, MasterCard, and Visa credit and debit cards have a three-digit card security code. The code is the final group of numbers printed on the back signature panel of the card.
New North American MasterCard and Visa cards feature the code in a separate panel to the right of the signature strip.[4] This has been done to prevent overwriting of the numbers by signing the card.

text: Security benefits[edit]

text: As a security measure, merchants who require the CVV2 for "card not present" payment card transactions are required by the card issuer not to store the CVV2 once the individual transaction is authorized.[5]  This way, if a database of transactions is compromised, the CVV2 is not included, and the stolen card numbers are less useful. Virtual terminals and payment gateways do not store the CVV2 code, therefore employees and customer service representatives with access to these web-based payment interfaces who otherwise have access to complete card numbers, expiration dates, and other information still lack the CVV2 code.

text:
The Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard (PCI DSS) also prohibits the storage of CSC (and other sensitive authorisation data) post transaction authorisation.  This applies globally to anyone who stores, processes or transmits card holder data.[6]
Since the CSC is not contained on the magnetic stripe of the card, it is not typically included in the transaction when the card is used face to face at a merchant. However, some merchants in North America, such as Sears and Staples, require the code. For American Express cards, this has been an invariable practice (for "card not present" transactions) in European Union (EU) countries like Ireland and the United Kingdom since the start of 2005.  This provides a level of protection to the bank/cardholder, in that a fraudulent merchant or employee cannot simply capture the magnetic stripe details of a card and use them later for "card not present" purchases over the phone, mail order or Internet.  To do this, a merchant or its employee would also have to note the CVV2 visually and record it, which is more likely to arouse the cardholder's suspicion.

text: Supplying the CSC code in a transaction is intended to verify that the customer has the card in their possession. Knowledge of the code proves that the customer has seen the card, or has seen a record made by somebody who saw the card.

text: Limitations[edit]

text:
The use of the CSC cannot protect against phishing scams, where the cardholder is tricked into entering the CSC among other card details via a fraudulent website. The growth in phishing has reduced the real-world effectiveness of the CSC as an anti-fraud device. There is now also a scam where a phisher has already obtained the card account number (perhaps by hacking a merchant database or from a poorly designed receipt) and gives this information to the victims (lulling them into a false sense of security) before asking for the CSC (which is all that the phisher needs).[7]
Since the CSC may not be stored by the merchant for any length of time[5] (after the original transaction in which the CSC was quoted and then authorized), a merchant who needs to regularly bill a card for a regular subscription would not be able to provide the code after the initial transaction. Payment gateways, however, have responded by adding "periodic bill" features as part of the authorization process.
Some card issuers do not use the CSC. However, transactions without CSC are possibly subjected to higher card processing cost to the merchants,[citation needed] and fraudulent transactions without CSC are more likely to be resolved in favour of the cardholder.[citation needed]
It is not mandatory for a merchant to require the security code for making a transaction,[citation needed] hence the card may still be prone to fraud even if only its number is known to phishers.
It is possible for a fraudster to guess the CSC by using a distributed attack.[8]

text: Generation[edit]

text: The CSC for each card (form 1 and 2) is generated by the card issuer when the card is issued. It is calculated by encrypting the bank card number and expiration date (two fields printed on the card) with encryption keys known only to the card issuer, and decimalising the result.[9][10]


document_title: List of NCAA Division I men's basketball career scoring leaders

question_text: who has scored the most points in college basketball

root

text: In basketball, points are the sum of the score accumulated through free throw or field goal.[1] In National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I basketball, where a player's career is at most four seasons long, it is considered a notable achievement to reach the 1,000-points scored threshold. In even rarer instances, players have reached the 2,000- and 3,000-point plateaus (no player has ever scored 4,000 or more points at the Division I level). The top 25 highest scorers in NCAA Division I men's basketball history are listed below. The NCAA did not split into its current divisions format until August 1973.[2] From 1906 to 1955, there were no classifications to the NCAA nor its predecessor, the Intercollegiate Athletic Association of the United States (IAAUS).[2] Then, from 1956 to spring 1973, colleges were classified as either "NCAA University Division (Major College)" or "NCAA College Division (Small College)".[2][3]

tag: p

text: Some of the top 25 scorers in Division I history played before the three-point line was officially instituted in 1986–87. All of the players with a dash through the three-point field goals made column were affected by this rule. Hank Gathers of Loyola Marymount is the only three-point shot era player on this list who did not make a single three-point shot. From the 1986–87 season through the 2007–08 season, the three-point perimeter was marked at 19 ft 9 in (6.02 m) for both men's and women's college basketball.[4] On May 3, 2007, the NCAA men's basketball rules committee passed a measure to extend the distance of the men's three-point line back to 20 ft 9 in (6.32 m); the women's line would remain at the original distance until it was moved to match the men's distance effective in 2011–12.[4]

text: Additionally, several of the players on this list played during an era when college freshmen were ineligible to compete at the varsity level and were forced to participate on either freshman or junior varsity teams. Since freshman and junior varsity points do not count toward official NCAA records, three players—Pete Maravich, Oscar Robertson and Elvin Hayes—only had three seasons to compile their totals. Larry Bird redshirted (sat out) his freshman year, and therefore, like Maravich, Robertson, and Hayes, his totals also cover only three seasons (though in Bird's case, unlike the others, it was his own choice not to play a fourth season at the college level). With the added benefits of a three-point line and a full extra year of varsity eligibility, their already-historical statistics would have been much higher. Maravich, a guard from LSU, not only owns the three highest single season averages in Division I history, but also the highest career total. Remarkably, he scored 3,667 points (over 400 more than the next closest player) in a mere 83 games. His record is considered nearly unbreakable; the only player who could have potentially overtaken him as the top scorer in Division I history is Stephen Curry of Davidson, who had scored 2,635 points through his first three seasons of college basketball. However, Curry opted to forgo his final year of NCAA eligibility and moved on to the National Basketball Association (NBA) following his junior season in 2008–09.

text: Five players on this list are enshrined in the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame: Pete Maravich,[5] Oscar Robertson,[6] Elvin Hayes,[7] Larry Bird[8] and David Robinson.[9]

text: Key[edit]

text:
Pos.
G
F
C
Ref.

Position
Guard
Forward
Center
References

*

Elected to the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame

Team (X)

Denotes the number of times a player from that team appears on the list

tag: table

text: Career scoring leaders[edit]

text:
Player

Pos.

Team

Careerstart

Careerend

Gamesplayed

Field goalsmade

3-point field  goals made

Free throws made

Points

PPG

Ref.

Pete Maravich*

G

LSU

1967

1970

83

1,387

—

893

3,667

44.2

[10]

Freeman Williams

F/G

Portland State

1974

1978

106

1,369

—

511

3,249

30.7

[11]

Lionel Simmons

F

La Salle

1986

1990

131

1,244

56

673

3,217

24.6

[12]

Alphonso Ford

G

Mississippi Valley State

1989

1993

109

1,121

333

590

3,165

29.0

[13]

Doug McDermott

F

Creighton

2010

2014

145

1,141

274

594

3,150

21.7

[14]

Harry Kelly

F

Texas Southern

1979

1983

110

1,234

—

598

3,066

27.9

[15]

Keydren Clark

G

Saint Peter's

2002

2006

118

967

435

689

3,058

25.9

[16]

Hersey Hawkins

G

Bradley

1984

1988

125

1,100

118

690

3,008

25.5

[17]

Oscar Robertson*

G

Cincinnati

1957

1960

88

1,052

—

869

2,973

33.8

[18]

Danny Manning

F

Kansas

1984

1988

147

1,216

10

509

2,951

20.1

[19]

Alfredrick Hughes

G

Loyola (IL)

1981

1985

120

1,226

—

462

2,914

24.3

[20]

Elvin Hayes*

C/F

Houston

1965

1968

93

1,215

—

454

2,884

31.0

[21]

Tyler Hansbrough

F

North Carolina

2005

2009

142

939

12

982

2,872

20.2

[22]

Larry Bird*

F

Indiana State

1976

1979

94

1,154

—

542

2,850

30.3

[23]

Otis Birdsong

G

Houston (2)

1973

1977

116

1,176

—

480

2,832

24.4

[24]

Kevin Bradshaw

G

Bethune-Cookman / U.S. International

1987

1991

111

1,027

132

618

2,804

25.3

[3]

Allan Houston

G/F

Tennessee

1989

1993

128

902

346

651

2,801

21.9

[25]

J. J. Redick

G

Duke

2002

2006

139

825

457

662

2,769

19.9

[26]

Hank Gathers

F/C

Southern California /Loyola Marymount

1985

1990

117

1,127

0

469

2,723

23.3

[27]

Tyler Haws

G

BYU

2009

2015[n 1]

139

917

162

724

2,720

19.6

[28]

Reggie Lewis

F

Northeastern

1983

1987

122

1,043

30

592

2,709

22.2

[29]

Daren Queenan

G/F

Lehigh

1984

1988

118

1,024

29

626

2,703

22.9

[30]

Byron Larkin

G

Xavier

1984

1988

121

1,022

51

601

2,696

22.3

[31]

Bo McCalebb

G

New Orleans

2003

2008

128

977

115

610

2,679

20.9

[32]

David Robinson*

C

Navy

1983

1987

127

1,032

1

604

2,669

21.0

[33]

text: All-time conference scoring leaders[edit]

text: The following list contains current and defunct Division I conferences' all-time scoring leaders. The "conference founded" column indicates when each respective conference first began intercollegiate athletic competition, not necessarily when they began basketball. For example, the Great West Conference was established as a football-only conference in 2004 but became an all-sports conference in 2008 (with basketball actually beginning in 2009–10).[34] Also note that some of the schools on this list are no longer in the conference in which they are identified. Utah, for instance, is currently a member of the Pac-12 Conference, but when Keith Van Horn set the scoring record they were still a member of the Western Athletic Conference. Similarly, BYU is currently in the West Coast Conference, but their final four seasons in the Mountain West Conference were the years in which Jimmer Fredette played at the school and set that conference's scoring record.

text:
Conference

Conferencefounded

Conferencedisbanded

Player

School

Careerstart

Careerend

Points

Ref.

America East

1979

—

Reggie Lewis

Northeastern

1983

1987

2,709

[35]

American Athletic

2013[n 2]

—

Rob Gray

Houston

2015

2018

1,710

[38]

American South

1987

1991

Kevin Brooks

Southwestern Louisiana

1987

1991

2,294

Atlantic 10

1976

—

Mark Macon

Temple

1987

1991

2,609

[39]

ACC

1953

—

Tyler Hansbrough

North Carolina

2005

2009

2,872

[40]

Atlantic Sun

1978

—

Willie Jackson

Centenary

1980

1984

2,535

[41]

Big 12

1996

—

Buddy Hield

Oklahoma

2012

2016

2,291

[42]

Big East

1979[n 2]

—

Troy Bell[n 3]

Boston College

1999

2003

2,632

[44]

Big Eight

1907

1996

Danny Manning

Kansas

1984

1988

2,951

[45]

Big Sky

1963

—

Bogdan Bliznyuk

Eastern Washington

2014

2018

2,169

[46]

Big South

1983

—

Reggie Williams

VMI

2004

2008

2,556

[47]

Big Ten

1896

—

Calbert Cheaney

Indiana

1990

1993

2,613

[48]

Big West

1969

—

Lucious Harris

Long Beach State

1989

1993

2,312

[49]

CAA

1982

—

David Robinson*

Navy

1983

1987

2,669

[50]

C-USA

1995

—

Stefon Jackson

UTEP

2005

2009

2,456

[51]

East Coast

1958

1994

Daren Queenan

Lehigh

1984

1988

2,703

Great Midwest

1990

1995

Erwin Claggett

Saint Louis

1991

1995

1,910

[52]

Great West

2004

2013

Chris Flores

NJIT

2009

2013

1,726

Horizon

1979

—

Alfredrick Hughes

Loyola (IL)

1981

1985

2,914

[53]

Ivy

1901

—

Bill Bradley*

Princeton

1962

1965

2,503

[54]

MAAC

1980

—

Lionel Simmons

La Salle

1986

1990

3,217

[55]

Metro

1975

1995

Bimbo Coles

Virginia Tech

1986

1990

2,484

[56]

MAC

1946

—

Bonzi Wells

Ball State

1994

1998

2,485

[57]

MEAC

1970

—

Tom Davis

Delaware State

1987

1991

2,275

[58]

Missouri Valley

1907

—

Hersey Hawkins

Bradley

1984

1988

3,008

[59]

Mountain West

1999

—

Jimmer Fredette

BYU

2007

2011

2,599

[60]

NEC

1981

—

Terrance Bailey

Wagner

1983

1987

2,591

[61]

OVC

1948

—

Henry Domercant

Eastern Illinois

1999

2003

2,602

[62]

Pac-12

1959

—

Don MacLean

UCLA

1988

1992

2,608

[63]

Patriot

1986

—

C. J. McCollum

Lehigh

2009

2013

2,361

[64]

SEC

1933

—

Pete Maravich*

LSU

1967

1970

3,667

[65]

Southern

1921

—

Stephen Curry

Davidson

2006

2009

2,635

[66]

Southland

1963

—

Joe Dumars*[n 4]

McNeese State

1981

1985

2,607

[68]

Summit

1982

—

Caleb Green

Oral Roberts

2003

2007

2,504

[69]

Sun Belt

1976

—

Bo McCalebb

New Orleans

2003

2008

2,679

[70]

Southwest

1914

1996

Terrence Rencher

Texas

1991

1995

2,306

[71]

SWAC

1920

—

Alphonso Ford

Mississippi Valley State

1989

1993

3,165

West Coast

1952

—

Hank Gathers

Loyola Marymount

1987

1990

2,490[n 5]

[72]

WAC

1962

—

Keith Van Horn

Utah

1993

1997

2,542

[73]

text: Footnotes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ After playing as a freshman in 2009–10, Haws spent two years on a Mormon mission and did not play his sophomore season until 2012–13.

^ Jump up to: a b The original Big East Conference, founded in 1979 with basketball competition starting at that time, split along football lines in July 2013. The seven schools that did not sponsor Division I FBS football reorganized as a new Big East Conference, while the FBS football schools that had not left for other conferences, plus several new members, began operating as the American Athletic Conference. The American now considers its basketball history to have begun with the 2013 split,[36] while the current Big East maintains the basketball history of the original Big East.[37]

Jump up ^ The Big East Conference recognizes Lawrence Moten, who played at Syracuse between 1991 and 1995, as its all-time conference scoring leader, using the criterion of points scored in regular-season conference games only. Moten scored 1,405 points in games that counted toward the record.[43] Troy Bell, who is technically second on the list with 1,388 points, scored more career points than Moten when all games are taken into account. The above conference scoring leaders list uses overall career totals, not conference-career totals, as its criterion.

Jump up ^ The Southland Conference recognizes Dwight "Bo" Lamar, who played at Southwestern Louisiana (now Louisiana) between 1968 and 1972, as their all-time conference scoring leader, using the criterion of points scored against conference opponents only.[67] He scored 1,054 points in conference games.[67] Additionally, Southwestern Louisiana did not join the Southland Conference until 1971, so all of Lamar's points prior to then do not count toward Southland Conference scoring. Joe Dumars, who is technically second on the list with 819 points, actually scored more career points than Lamar since McNeese State was a member of the Southland Conference for the duration of Dumars' career. The above conference scoring leaders list uses overall career totals, not conference-career totals, as its criterion.

Jump up ^ Hank Gathers' scoring total in this table includes only games played for WCC member Loyola Marymount; he played his freshman season of 1985–86 at USC in what was then known as the Pacific-10 Conference. He transferred from USC after that season; after sitting out the 1986–87 season due to NCAA transfer rules, he played at Loyola Marymount until his death during his senior season in 1990.

tag: ol


document_title: Pacific Railroad Acts

question_text: when was congress able to pass legislation that authorized a transcontinental railroad

text: Pacific Railroad Acts

text: 1862 Act[edit]

text:
Pacific Railroad Act of 1862
Long title
An Act to aid in the construction of a railroad and telegraph line from the Missouri river to the Pacific ocean, and to secure to the government the use of the same for postal, military, and other purposesEnacted by
the 37th United States CongressCitationsStatutes at Large
12 Stat. 489Legislative history
Signed into law by President Abraham Lincoln on July 1, 1862

text: The original Act's long title was An Act to aid in the construction of a railroad and telegraph line from the Missouri river to the Pacific ocean, and to secure to the government the use of the same for postal, military, and other purposes. It was based largely on a proposed bill originally reported six years earlier on August 16, 1856, to the 34th Congress by the Select Committee on the Pacific Railroad and Telegraph.[2] Signed into law by President Abraham Lincoln on July 1, 1862, the 1862 Act authorized extensive land grants[3] in the Western United States and the issuance of 30-year government bonds (at 6 percent) to the Union Pacific Railroad and Central Pacific Railroad (later the Southern Pacific Railroad) companies in order to construct a continuous transcontinental railroad between the eastern side of the Missouri River at Council Bluffs, Iowa (opposite from Omaha, Nebraska)[4][5] and the navigable waters of the Sacramento River in Sacramento, California.[6] Section 2 of the Act granted each Company contiguous rights of way for their rail lines as well as all public lands within 200 feet (61 m) on either side of the track.[7]

text: Section 3 granted an additional 10 square miles (26 km²) of public land for every mile of grade except where railroads ran through cities or crossed rivers. The method of apportioning these additional land grants was specified in the Act as being in the form of "five alternate sections per mile on each side of said railroad, on the line thereof, and within the limits of ten miles on each side" which thus provided the companies with a total of 6,400 acres (2,600 ha) for each mile of their railroad. (The interspersed non-granted area remained as public lands under the custody and control of the U.S. General Land Office.) [8] The U.S. Government Pacific Railroad Bonds were authorized by Section 5 to be issued to the companies at the rate of $16,000 per mile of tracked grade completed west of the designated base of the Sierra Nevadas and east of the designated base of the Rocky Mountains (UPRR).[9]  Section 11 of the Act provided that the issuance of bonds "shall be treble the number per mile" (to $48,000) for tracked grade completed over and within the two mountain ranges (but limited to a total of 300 miles (480 km) at this rate), and doubled (to $32,000) per mile of completed grade laid between the two mountain ranges[10]

text: The 30-year U.S. government bonds authorized by the act would be issued and backed by the U.S. government, which would then provide the capital raised to the railroad companies upon completion of sections of the railroads in exchange for a lien on that section. The liens covered the railroads and all their fixtures, and all the loans were repaid in full (and with interest) by the companies as and when they became due. Section 10 of the 1864 amending Act (13 Statutes at Large, 356) additionally authorized the two companies to issue their own "First Mortgage Bonds"[11] in total amounts up to (but not exceeding) that of the bonds issued by the United States, and that such company issued securities would have priority over the original Government Bonds.[12]

text: From 1850 to 1871, the railroads received more than 175 million acres (71 million ha) of public land – an area more than one tenth of the whole United States and larger in area than Texas.[13]

text: Railroad expansion provided new avenues of migration into the American interior. The railroads sold portions of their land to arriving settlers at a handsome profit. Lands closest to the tracks drew the highest prices, because farmers and ranchers wanted to locate near railway stations.

text: The act of March 3, 1863 (12 Sta. 807)[14] was:

text: This act set the gauge to be used by the railroads at four feet and eight and one-half inches, a gauge that had previously been used by George Stephenson in England for the Liverpool and Manchester Railway (1830) and was already popular with railroads in the Northeastern states. Due in part to the 1863 Act the gauge would come to be widely (but not universally) adopted in the United States and is known as standard gauge.  A common gauge choice allowed easy transfer of cars between different railroad companies and facilitates trackage rights between companies.