document_title: Cabinet of the United States

question_text: the members of american cabinet are appointed after the approval of

text: Cabinet of the United States

text: History[edit]

text: The tradition of the Cabinet arose out of the debates at the 1787 Constitutional Convention regarding whether the president would exercise executive authority singly or collaboratively with a cabinet of ministers or a privy council. As a result of the debates, the Constitution (Article II, Section 1, Clause 1) vests "all executive power" in the president singly, and authorizes—but does not compel—the president (Article II, Section 2, Clause 1) to "require the Opinion, in writing, of the principal Officer in each of the executive Departments, upon any Subject relating to the Duties of their respective Offices".[1][2] The Constitution does not specify what the executive departments will be, how many there will be, or what their duties should be.

text: George Washington, the first U.S. President, organized his principal officers into a Cabinet, and it has been part of the executive branch structure ever since. Washington's Cabinet consisted of five members: himself, Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson, Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton, Secretary of War Henry Knox and Attorney General Edmund Randolph. Vice President John Adams was not included in Washington's Cabinet because the position was initially regarded as a legislative officer (President of the Senate).[3] It was not until the 20th century that Vice Presidents were regularly included as members of the Cabinet and came to be regarded primarily as a member of the executive branch.

text: Presidents have used Cabinet meetings of selected principal officers but to widely differing extents and for different purposes. Secretary of State William H. Seward and then Professor Woodrow Wilson advocated use of a parliamentary-style Cabinet government. But President Abraham Lincoln rebuffed Seward, and Woodrow Wilson would have none of it in his administration. In recent administrations, Cabinets have grown to include key White House staff in addition to department and various agency heads. President Ronald Reagan formed seven subcabinet councils to review many policy issues, and subsequent Presidents have followed that practice.[2]

text: Federal law[edit]

text: In 3 U.S.C. § 302 with regard to delegation of authority by the President, it is provided that "nothing herein shall be deemed to require express authorization in any case in which such an official would be presumed in law to have acted by authority or direction of the President." This pertains directly to the heads of the executive departments as each of their offices is created and specified by statutory law (hence the presumption) and thus gives them the authority to act for the President within their areas of responsibility without any specific delegation.

text: Under the 1967 Federal Anti-Nepotism statute, federal officials are prohibited from appointing their immediate family members to certain governmental positions, including those in the Cabinet.[4]

text: Under the Federal Vacancies Reform Act of 1998, an incoming administration may appoint acting heads of department from employees of the relevant department. These may be existing high-level career employees, from political appointees of the outgoing administration, or sometimes lower-level appointees of the incoming administration.[5]

text: Confirmation process[edit]

text: The heads of the executive departments and all other federal agency heads are nominated by the President and then presented to the Senate for confirmation or rejection by a simple majority (although before the use of the "nuclear option" during the 113th US Congress, they could have been blocked by filibuster, requiring cloture to be invoked by 3⁄5 supermajority to further consideration). If approved, they receive their commission scroll, are sworn in and then begin their duties.

text: An elected Vice President does not require Senate confirmation, nor does the White House Chief of Staff, which is an appointed staff position of the Executive Office of the President.

text:
Office

Senate Confirmation Review Committee

Secretary of State

Foreign Relations Committee

Secretary of the Treasury

Finance Committee

Secretary of Defense

Armed Services Committee

Attorney General

Judiciary Committee

Secretary of the Interior

Energy and Natural Resources Committee

Secretary of Agriculture

Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry Committee

Secretary of Commerce

Commerce, Science, and Transportation Committee

Secretary of Labor

Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions Committee

Secretary of Health and Human Services

Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions Committee (consult)Finance Committee (official)

Secretary of Housing and Urban Development

Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs Committee

Secretary of Transportation

Commerce, Science, and Transportation Committee

Secretary of Energy

Energy and Natural Resources Committee

Secretary of Education

Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions Committee

Secretary of Veterans Affairs

Veterans Affairs Committee

Secretary of Homeland Security

Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs Committee

Trade Representative

Finance Committee

Director of National Intelligence

Select Committee on Intelligence

Ambassador to the United Nations

Foreign Relations Committee

Office of Management and Budget

Budget CommitteeHomeland Security and Governmental Affairs Committee

Director of the Central Intelligence Agency

Select Committee on Intelligence

Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency

Environment and Public Works Committee

Administrator of the Small Business Administration

Small Business and Entrepreneurship Committee

text: Salary[edit]

text: The heads of the executive departments and most other senior federal officers at cabinet or sub-cabinet level receive their salary under a fixed five level pay plan known as the Executive Schedule, which is codified in Title 5 of the United States Code. 21 positions, including the heads of the executive departments and others, receiving Level I pay are listed in 5 U.S.C. § 5312, and those 46 positions on Level II pay (including the number two positions of the executive departments) are listed in 5 U.S.C. § 5313. As of January 2016, the Level I annual pay was set at $205,700.[6]

text: The annual salary of the Vice President is $235,300.[6] The salary level was set by the Government Salary Reform Act of 1989, which also provides an automatic cost of living adjustment for federal employees. The Vice President does not automatically receive a pension based on that office, but instead receives the same pension as other members of Congress based on his ex officio position as President of the Senate.[7]

text: Current Cabinet and Cabinet-rank officials[edit]

text: The individuals listed below were nominated by President Donald Trump to form his Cabinet and were confirmed by the United States Senate on the date noted, or are serving as acting department heads by his request pending the confirmation of his nominees. For a full list of people nominated for Cabinet positions, see Formation of Donald Trump's Cabinet.

text: Vice President and the Heads of the Executive Departments[edit]

text: The Cabinet includes the Vice President and the heads of 15 executive departments, listed here according to their order of succession to the Presidency. These 15 positions are the core "cabinet member" seats, as distinct from other Cabinet-level seats for other various top level White House staffers and heads of other government agencies, none of whom are in the presidential line of succession and not all of whom are Officers of the United States.[8] Note that the Speaker of the House and the President pro tempore of the Senate follow the Vice President and precede the Secretary of State in the order of succession, but both are in the legislative branch and are not part of the Cabinet.

text:
Cabinet
hide

Office(Constituting instrument)

Incumbent

Term began

Vice President(Constitution, Art. II, Sec. I)

Mike Pence

January 20, 2017

Secretary of State(22 U.S.C. § 2651a)

Mike Pompeo

April 26, 2018

Secretary of the Treasury(31 U.S.C. § 301)

Steven Mnuchin

February 13, 2017

Secretary of Defense(10 U.S.C. § 113)

James Mattis

January 20, 2017

Attorney General(28 U.S.C. § 503)

Jeff Sessions

February 9, 2017

Secretary of the Interior(43 U.S.C. § 1451)

Ryan Zinke

March 1, 2017

Secretary of Agriculture(7 U.S.C. § 2202)

Sonny Perdue

April 25, 2017

Secretary of Commerce(15 U.S.C. § 1501)

Wilbur Ross

February 28, 2017

Secretary of Labor(29 U.S.C. § 551)

Alex Acosta

April 28, 2017

Secretary of Health and Human Services(Reorganization Plan No. 1 of 1953, 67 Stat. 631 and 42 U.S.C. § 3501)

Alex Azar

January 29, 2018

Secretary of Housing and Urban Development(42 U.S.C. § 3532)

Ben Carson

March 2, 2017

Secretary of Transportation(49 U.S.C. § 102)

Elaine Chao

January 31, 2017

Secretary of Energy(42 U.S.C. § 7131)

Rick Perry

March 2, 2017

Secretary of Education(20 U.S.C. § 3411)

Betsy DeVos

February 7, 2017

Secretary of Veterans Affairs(38 U.S.C. § 303)

Robert Wilkie

July 30, 2018

Secretary of Homeland Security(6 U.S.C. § 112)

Kirstjen Nielsen

December 6, 2017

text: Cabinet-level officials[edit]

text: The following officials hold positions that are considered to be Cabinet-level positions. Cabinet-level officials attend Cabinet meetings, but are not official Cabinet Members:

text:
Cabinet-level Officials

Office

Incumbent

Term began

White House Chief of Staff(Pub.L. 76–19, 53 Stat. 561, enacted April 3, 1939, Executive Order 8248, Executive Order 10452, Executive Order 12608)

John F. Kelly

July 31, 2017

Trade Representative(19 U.S.C. § 2171)

Robert Lighthizer

May 15, 2017

Director of National Intelligence[9][10](50 U.S.C. § 3023)

Dan Coats

March 16, 2017

Ambassador to the United Nations(22 U.S.C. § 287, Executive Order 9844, Executive Order 10108)

Nikki Haley

January 27, 2017

Director of the Office of Management and Budget(31 U.S.C. § 502, Executive Order 11541, Executive Order 11609, Executive Order 11717)

Mick Mulvaney

February 16, 2017

Director of the Central Intelligence Agency[9](50 U.S.C. § 3036)

Gina Haspel

April 26, 2018

Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency(5 U.S.C. § 906, Executive Order 11735)

Andrew Wheeler (acting)

July 9, 2018

Administrator of the Small Business Administration(15 U.S.C. § 633)

Linda McMahon

February 14, 2017

text: Former executive and Cabinet-level departments[edit]

text:
Department of War (1789–1947), headed by the Secretary of War: renamed Department of the Army by the National Security Act of 1947.
Department of the Navy (1798–1949), headed by the Secretary of the Navy: became a military department within the Department of Defense.
Post Office Department (1829–1971), headed by the Postmaster General: reorganized as the United States Postal Service, an independent agency.
National Military Establishment (1947–1949), headed by the Secretary of Defense: created by the National Security Act of 1947 and recreated as the Department of Defense in 1949.
Department of the Army (1947–1949), headed by the Secretary of the Army: became a military department within the Department of Defense.
Department of the Air Force (1947–1949), headed by the Secretary of the Air Force: became a military department within the Department of Defense.

text: Renamed heads of the executive departments[edit]

text:
Secretary of Foreign Affairs: created in July 1781 and renamed Secretary of State in September 1789.[11]
Secretary of War: created in 1789 and was renamed as Secretary of the Army by the National Security Act of 1947. The 1949 Amendments to the National Security Act of 1947 made the Secretary of the Army a subordinate to the Secretary of Defense.
Secretary of Commerce and Labor: created in 1903 and renamed Secretary of Commerce in 1913 when its labor functions were transferred to the new Secretary of Labor.
Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare: created in 1953 and renamed Secretary of Health and Human Services in 1979 when its education functions were transferred to the new Secretary of Education.

text: Other positions no longer of Cabinet rank[edit]

text:
Director of the Federal Emergency Management Agency (1996–2001): created as an independent agency in 1979, raised to Cabinet rank in 1996,[12] and dropped from Cabinet rank in 2001.[13]
Director of Central Intelligence (1995–2001)[14][15][16]
Director of the Office of National Drug Control Policy (1993–2009)[17][18]
Chair of the Council of Economic Advisers (2009–2017)[19][20]

text: Proposed Cabinet departments[edit]

text:
"Department of Industry and Commerce", proposed by Secretary of the Treasury William Windom in a speech given at a Chamber of Commerce dinner in May 1881.[21]
"Department of Natural Resources", proposed by the Eisenhower administration,[22] President Richard Nixon,[23] the 1976 GOP national platform,[24] and by Bill Daley (as a consolidation of the Departments of the Interior and Energy, and the Environmental Protection Agency).[25]
"Department of Peace", proposed by Senator Matthew Neely in the 1930s, Congressman Dennis Kucinich, and other members of the U.S. Congress.[26][27]
"Department of Social Welfare", proposed by President Franklin Roosevelt in January 1937.[28]
"Department of Public Works", proposed by President Franklin Roosevelt in January 1937.[28]
"Department of Conservation" (renamed Department of Interior) proposed by President Franklin Roosevelt in January 1937.[28]
"Department of Urban Affairs and Housing", proposed by President John F. Kennedy.[29]
"Department of Business and Labor", proposed by President Lyndon Johnson.[30]
"Department of Community Development", proposed by President Richard Nixon; to be chiefly concerned with rural infrastructure development.[23][31]
"Department of Human Resources" proposed by President Richard Nixon; essentially a revised Department of Health, Education, and Welfare.[23]
"Department of Economic Affairs" proposed by President Richard Nixon; essentially a consolidation of the Departments of Commerce, Labor, and Agriculture.[32]
"Department of Environmental Protection", proposed by Senator Arlen Specter and others.[33]
"Department of Intelligence", proposed by former Director of National Intelligence Mike McConnell.[34]
"Department of Global Development", proposed by the Center for Global Development.[35]
"Department of Arts", proposed by Quincy Jones.[36]
"Department of Business", proposed by President Barack Obama as a consolidation of the U.S. Department of Commerce’s core business and trade functions, the Small Business Administration, the Office of the U.S. Trade Representative, the Export-Import Bank, the Overseas Private Investment Corporation, and the U.S. Trade and Development Agency.[37][38]
"Department of Education and the Workforce" proposed by President Donald Trump as a consolidation of the Departments of Education and Labor. [39]

text: Gallery[edit]

text:
James K. Polk and his Cabinet in 1846. The first Cabinet to be photographed.

President Buchanan and his Cabinet

Abraham Lincoln met with his Cabinet for the first reading of the Emancipation Proclamation draft (July 26, 1862).

President Theodore Roosevelt's Cabinet

President William H. Taft's second cabinet, 1912(photographed by Harris & Ewing photo studio)

The Nixon Cabinet, 1969

President Gerald R. Ford meeting with his Cabinet (June 25, 1976)

President Jimmy Carter's Cabinet meeting (February 13, 1978)

President Reagan and his Cabinet (September 11, 1986)

President George H. W. Bush and his Cabinet in the Cabinet Room (September 5, 1989).

The Clinton Cabinet, in 1993.

The Bush Cabinet (February 2008).

The first Obama Cabinet (September 2009).


document_title: Gilligan's Island

question_text: who sang the original gilligan island theme song

question_tokens: who sang the original gilligan island theme song

root

text: Gilligan's Island

text: Premise[edit]

text: The two-man crew of the charter boat SS Minnow and five passengers on a "three-hour tour" from Honolulu run into a tropical storm and are shipwrecked on an uncharted island somewhere in the Pacific Ocean.

tag: p

text: Uncharted island[edit]

text: The island was close enough to Hawaii to clearly pick up Hawaiian AM radio transmissions on a portable receiver. The location given in the series varies.

text: In the first-season episode "'X' Marks the Spot", the radio warns that the Air Force will test launch an armed missile to strike a location near 140° latitude, 10° longitude (note: this is an impossible location—latitude goes only up to 90°, which is at the poles) The Skipper calculates this as their island's location, based on their starting point when the storm hit before they "... drifted for that three days ... with the prevailing western current ...", meaning the deadly missile will hit the island.[2]

text: Later in the first season, the episode "Big Man on Little Stick" has the Professor giving the position as "approximately 110° longitude and 10° latitude".[3]

text: In the third-season episode "The Pigeon", the island is placed about 300 miles (480 km) southeast of Honolulu.

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text:
Bob Denver is Gilligan, the inept, accident-prone First Mate (affectionately known as "Little Buddy" by "the Skipper") of the SS Minnow. Denver was not the first choice to play Gilligan; actor Jerry Van Dyke was offered the role, but he turned it down, believing that the show would never be successful. He chose instead to play the lead in My Mother the Car, which premiered the following year and was cancelled after one season. The producers looked to Bob Denver, the actor who had played Maynard G. Krebs, the goofy but lovable beatnik in The Many Loves of Dobie Gillis. None of the show's episodes ever specified Gilligan's full name or clearly indicated whether "Gilligan" was the character's first name or his last. In the DVD collection, Sherwood Schwartz states that he preferred the full name of "Willy Gilligan" for the character. Denver, on various television/radio interviews (The Pat Sajak Show; KDKA radio), said that "Gil Egan" was his choice. The actor reasoned that because everyone yelled at the first mate, it ran together as "Gilligan." In the unaired pilot episode, whether Lovey Howell refers to Gilligan as "Stewart" or steward is unclear. On Rescue from Gilligan's Island, the writers artfully dodged Gilligan's full name when the other names are announced. Little is revealed about Gilligan's past, except his occasional reference to best friend Skinny Mulligan and a one-time reference to his older brother.
Alan Hale Jr. is The Skipper/Captain Jonas Grumby, the captain of the S.S. Minnow. Alan Hale Jr. was a longtime actor in B-Westerns and the look-alike son of Alan Hale Sr., a legendary movie character actor. Hale so loved his role that, long after the show went off the air, he still appeared in character in his Los Angeles restaurant, Alan Hale's Lobster Barrel.[4] Although the Skipper was a father figure to Gilligan, Hale was only 14 years older than Denver. Gilligan pushed the Skipper out of the way of a loose depth charge when they were both serving in the United States Navy. Skipper is a World War II veteran, and served in the Seventh Fleet. In one episode, he describes his participation in the Battle of Guadalcanal. In the episode "They're Off and Running" (season 1 episode 28), Ginger is reading from a horoscope magazine and asks the Skipper his birthday, to which he responds, "May 5th." In moments of exasperation, the Skipper would swat Gilligan on the head with his cap. Just as often, the Skipper endearingly called Gilligan "Little Buddy". While everybody else called him "Skipper", the Howells usually called him "Captain". In addition, Hale wore his Skipper outfit when four other Gilligan's Island cast members and he appeared on a few celebrity Family Feud shows.
Jim Backus is Thurston Howell III, the millionaire. Backus was already a well-known character actor when he took the part. The origin of the super-rich Howell character dates back to 1949 radio when Backus portrayed "Hubert Updike III" on The Alan Young Show. Also, in the inaugural 1962–1963 season (episode 31) of The Beverly Hillbillies, Backus basically plays the same character, this time as the eccentric millionaire Martin von Ransohoff. In the classic 1963 comedy It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World, Backus played another Howell-like character, Tyler Fitzgerald, a boozy and rich airplane owner who briefly gets caught up in the race for the stolen money. Backus was perhaps best known as the voice of cartoon character Mr. Magoo. He reused some of the voice inflections and mannerisms of Magoo in the Howell role. He was well known for his ad-libs on the set. The character Howell was a Harvard graduate, a Republican, and a multibillionaire until his losses in the Great Depression left him a mere multimillionaire.
Natalie Schafer is "Lovey" Wentworth Howell, Thurston's wife, whom he affectionately called "Lovey". Schafer had it written into her contract that no close-ups would be made of her, but after a while in the series it was forgotten. Schafer was 63 when the pilot was shot, although reportedly no one on the set or in the cast knew her real age and she refused to divulge it. Originally, she only accepted the role because the pilot was filmed on location in Hawaii. She looked at the job as nothing more than a free vacation, as she was convinced that a show this silly would "never go".[5]
Tina Louise is Ginger Grant, the movie star. Louise clashed with producer Sherwood Schwartz because she believed that she was hired as the central character. Her character was originally written as a hard-nosed, sharp-tongued temptress, but Louise argued that this portrayal was too harsh and refused to play it as written. A compromise was reached; Louise agreed to play her as a Marilyn Monroe/Jayne Mansfield type. Louise continued to clash with producers over her role and was the only cast member who refused to return for any of the post-series TV movies, saying that the role had killed her career as a serious actress. She did, however, appear in a reunion of the cast on a late-night television talk show in 1988 and on an episode of Roseanne in 1995 when the Roseanne cast re-enacted Gilligan's Island. In the first season, Ginger often wore gowns that looked as if they were tailored from Minnow tarpaulins or similar substitute cloth (some had the name of the vessel stenciled on them). In the pilot episode, the character of Ginger, no last name, (then a secretary) was played by actress Kit Smythe.
Russell Johnson is Professor Roy Hinkley, Ph.D. Actor John Gabriel was originally cast, but the network thought he looked too young to have all the degrees attributed to the Professor. Actually, "the Professor" was in fact a high school science teacher, not a university professor. In the first episode, the radio announcer describes him as a research scientist and well known scoutmaster. Johnson, who served as a bombardier in the Pacific during World War II, stated that he had some difficulty remembering his more technically oriented lines. Originally, he was not interested in the role, and was waiting for a TV show of his own, but his agent talked him into auditioning. He had done previous movies like It Came from Outer Space, This Island Earth, and a classic western where he shot Ronald Reagan in the shoulder. Johnson's role in the series was spoofed in a Bloom County comic strip for the Professor's technical expertise being unable to get the castaways off the island. This odd contradiction was played up in "Weird Al" Yankovic's parody song, "Isle Thing", when the Professor, who is brilliant enough to "make a nuclear reactor from a couple of coconuts" cannot "build a lousy raft".
Dawn Wells is Mary Ann Summers. Wells was a former Miss Nevada when she auditioned for the role. Her competition included Raquel Welch and Pat Priest. The pilot episode had a different character ("Bunny") played by actress Nancy McCarthy. After it was shot, the network decided to recast the roles of the Professor and the two young women. Mary Ann became a simple farm girl from Winfield, Kansas. In 1993, Wells published Mary Ann's Gilligan's Island Cookbook with co-writers Ken Beck and Jim Clark, including a foreword by Bob Denver. In February 2007, she starred as Lovey Howell in Gilligan's Island: The Musical, a musical stage adaptation of the TV show.
Charles Maxwell was the uncredited voice of the "Radio Announcer" (1964–1965). The castaways listened to his plot-advancing radio news bulletins in many episodes and usually with perfect timing to tune in at the exact moment the news they needed to hear was being broadcast. Maxwell often paused between sentences, allowing the characters to react to his news and sometimes even responding to their comments.[6]

tag: ul

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired

First aired
Last aired

1
36
September 26, 1964 (1964-09-26)
June 12, 1965 (1965-06-12)

2
32
September 16, 1965 (1965-09-16)
April 28, 1966 (1966-04-28)

3
30
September 12, 1966 (1966-09-12)
April 17, 1967 (1967-04-17)

Television films
4
October 14, 1978 (1978-10-14)
October 14, 2001 (2001-10-14)

tag: table

text: Pilot episode[edit]

text: The pilot episode, titled "Marooned", was filmed in November 1963.

text: The pilot featured seven characters (as in the series), but only four of the characters — and their associated actors — were carried forward into the series: Gilligan (Denver), the Skipper (Hale), and the two Howells (Backus and Schafer). As it happens, only these four characters/actors were featured in the opening theme song "cast list" used in the pilot, with the remaining three characters only mentioned as "the other tourists", although the earlier part of the song gave brief descriptions of all passengers.

text: Due to the three significant character and casting changes between the pilot episode and the first series episode, the pilot was not shown before the series first aired on 26 September 1964. The original pilot eventually aired over 29 years later (on TBS 16 October 1992).

text: The three characters who did not carry forward from the pilot were two secretaries and a high school teacher. In the pilot, the scientifically inclined Professor was instead a high school teacher played by John Gabriel. Ginger the movie star was still red haired Ginger, but worked as a secretary, played by Kit Smythe. Mary Ann the Kansas farm girl was instead Bunny, Ginger's co-worker, played as a cheerful "dumb blonde" by Nancy McCarthy.

text: The pilot's opening and ending songs were two similar Calypso-styled tracks written by John Williams and performed by Sherwood Schwartz impersonating singer Sir Lancelot. The lyrics of both were quite different from those of the TV series and the pilot's opening theme song was longer. The short scenes during this initial music include Gilligan taking the Howells' luggage to the boat before cast-off and Gilligan attempting to give a cup of coffee to the Skipper during the storm that would ultimately maroon the boat.

text: After the opening theme song and credits end, the pilot proper begins with the seven castaways waking up on the beached SS Minnow and continues with them performing various tasks, including exploring the island, attempting to fix the transmitter, building huts, and finding food. Contrary to some descriptions, the pilot's storylines contained no detailed accounts of the pilot characters' backgrounds. The pilot concludes with the ending theme song and credits.

text: The background music and even the laugh tracks of the pilot appear all but identical to those used during the series.

text: First broadcast episode[edit]

text: The first episode actually broadcast, "Two on a Raft", is sometimes wrongly referred to as the series pilot. This episode begins with the same scene of Gilligan and the Skipper awakening on the boat as in the pilot (though slightly differently cut, to eliminate most shots of the departed actors) and continues with the characters sitting on the beach listening to a radio news report about their disappearance. No equivalent scene or background information is in the pilot, except for the description of the passengers in the original theme song. Rather than reshooting the rest of the pilot story for broadcast, the show just proceeded on. The plot thus skips over the topics of the pilot; the bulk of the episode tells of Gilligan and the Skipper setting off on a raft to try to bring help, but unknowingly landing back on the other side of the same island.

text: The scene with the radio report is one of two scenes that reveal the names of the Skipper (Jonas Grumby) and the Professor (Roy Hinkley); the names are used in a similar radio report early in the series. The name Jonas Grumby appears nowhere else in the series except for an episode in which the Maritime Board of Review blames the Skipper for the loss of the ship. The name Roy Hinkley is used one other time when Mr. Howell introduces the Professor as Roy Huntley and the professor corrects him, to which Mr. Howell replies, "Brinkley, Brinkley."

text: The plot for the pilot episode was eventually recycled into that season's Christmas episode, "Birds Gotta Fly, Fish Gotta Talk", in which the story of the pilot episode, concerning the practical problems on landing, is related through a series of flashbacks. Footage featuring characters that had been recast was reshot using the current actors. For scenes including only Denver, Hale, Backus, and Schafer, the original footage was reused.

text: Last broadcast episode[edit]

text: The last episode of the show, "Gilligan the Goddess", aired on April 17, 1967, and ended just like the rest, with the castaways still stranded on the island. It was not known at the time that it would be the series finale, as a fourth season was expected but then cancelled.[7]

text: In its last year, Gilligan's Island was the lead-in program for the CBS Monday night schedule. It was followed for the first 16 weeks by the sitcom Run, Buddy, Run. The time slot from 7:30 to 8:30 p.m. Eastern was filled in the 1967–1968 season by Gunsmoke, moved from its traditional Saturday 10 p.m. time slot.

text: Typical plots[edit]

text: The shipwrecked castaways desperately want to leave the remote island, and various opportunities are frequently presenting themselves. They typically fail owing to some bumbling error committed by Gilligan (with the notable exception of "The Big Gold Strike", where everyone except Gilligan is responsible for their failed escape). Sometimes this would result in Gilligan saving the others from some unforeseen flaw in their plan.[8]

text: Recurring elements center on one of five primary themes. The first deals with life on the island. A running gag is the castaways' ability to fashion a vast array of useful objects from bamboo and other local material. Some are simple everyday things, while others are stretches of the imagination. Russell Johnson noted in his autobiography that the production crew enjoyed the challenge of building these props. Some bamboo items include framed huts with thatched grass sides and roofs, along with bamboo closets strong enough to withstand hurricane-force winds and rain; the communal dining table and chairs, pipes for Gilligan's hot water, a stethoscope, and a pedal-powered car. Many scenes occur at the dining table, where the castaways enjoy a large number of dishes that Ginger and Mary Ann prepare while the radio provides news and entertainment. Gilligan and the Skipper often catch fish, and the island has citrus trees to avoid scurvy and a good supply of fresh water to drink and to prepare tropical drinks. . While most are explained due to the Professor (or occasionally Gilligan's) ingenuity, sometimes they are also explained due to the being washed up on shore or falling off cargo ships. Naturally, despite their obvious skill and inventiveness, the castaways never quite manage to put together a functional raft out of bamboo (or repair the holes in the Minnow, though the entire ship fell apart in the eighth episode, "Goodbye Island"[9]). In the television movie Rescue from Gilligan's Island, the castaways tie all their huts together and use that as a raft for escape, taking advantage of a tsunami's propulsion.

text: The second theme involves visitors to the "uncharted" island. One challenge to a viewer's suspension of disbelief is the remarkable frequency with which the island is visited by an assortment of people who repeatedly fail to assist the castaways in leaving the island. Some have hidden motives for not aiding the castaways. Others are simply unable to help, are incompetent, or are foiled in their efforts to help by Gilligan's bumbling. Gilligan, Ginger and Mr. Howell each had feature episodes in which look-alikes visit the island (who were played by the actors in dual roles, or made use of spiltscreen camera or stand-ins in the event the doppelgangers appeared on simultaneously). The island itself is also home to an unusual assortment of animal life, some native, some visiting.

text: The third recurring theme is the use of dream sequences in which one of the castaways "dreams" he or she is some character related to that week's storyline. All of the castaways appeared as other characters within the dream. In later interviews and memoirs, nearly all of the actors stated that the dream episodes were among their personal favorites.

text: The fourth recurring theme is a piece of news concerning the castaways arriving from the outside world that causes discord among them. Then, a second piece of news arrives that says the first was incorrect. An exception to the latter part of this statement is the episode "The Postman Cometh", where Gilligan and the Skipper hear over the radio that Mary Ann's boyfriend eloped and the three single men try to cheer her up by wooing her; Mary Ann actually lied about having a boyfriend, and she created a romance with "a real creep" so that the others would think she had someone waiting for her back home.

text: The fifth recurring theme is the appearance or arrival of strange objects, like a WWII mine, a crate of radioactive vegetable seeds or a "Mars Rover" that the scientists back in the USA think is sending them pictures of Mars, and in one episode a meteorite.

text: Most of the slapstick comedic sequences between Hale and Denver were heavily inspired by Laurel and Hardy, particularly by Hale breaking the fourth wall by looking directly into the camera expressing his frustration with Denver's clumsiness as Oliver Hardy often did.[10]

text: Production[edit]

text: Filming of the show took place at the CBS Radford Studios complex in Studio City, Los Angeles.[11] The same stage was later used for The Mary Tyler Moore Show and Roseanne, which featured Gilligan's Island prominently on one episode. The lagoon was drained and used as a parking lot during the show's off-season and was the last surviving element of the show when it was demolished in 1997 as part of an expansion project.[12]

text: Four different boats played the part of the SS Minnow. One was used in the opening credits and rented in Ala Wai Yacht Harbor in Honolulu. Another boat, the Bluejacket, was used in the opening credits shown during the second and third seasons and eventually turned up for sale on Vancouver Island in August 2006, after running aground on a reef in the Hecate Strait on the way south from Alaska. One boat was used for beach scenes after being towed to Kauai in Hawaii. The fourth Minnow was built on the CBS Studios set in the second season.[13] The Minnow was named in reference to Newton Minow, chairman of the U.S. FCC, who was most famous for describing television as "a vast wasteland".[14]

text: The final day of filming the pilot was Friday, November 22, 1963, the day of the assassination of President John F. Kennedy.[15] The cast and crew found out about the assassination late that morning, Hawaii time.[15] Between the filming of scenes, they crowded around a radio, listening to news bulletins.[15] A reminder of the tragedy appears in the opening sequence of the show's first season, when the theme song is played. As the Minnow is leaving the harbor and heading out to sea, an American flag flying at half staff can be seen briefly in the background.[15][16]

text: The United States Coast Guard occasionally received telegrams from concerned citizens, who apparently did not realize it was a scripted show, pleading for them to rescue the people on the deserted island. The Coast Guard simply forwarded these telegrams to producer Sherwood Schwartz.[17] In homage to those telegrams, the film Rescue from Gilligan's Island showed the successful rescue where Gilligan lights a fire aboard the castaways' makeshift raft and is chastised for a thoughtless, dangerous action by the others. However, the resultant smoke attracts the attention of a US Coast Guard helicopter, whose pilot commends Gilligan's fire; otherwise the castaways would have been adrift and unnoticed.

text: Theme song[edit]

text: The music and lyrics for the theme song, "The Ballad of Gilligan’s Isle", were written by Sherwood Schwartz and George Wyle. One version was used for the first season and another for the second and third seasons. In the original song, the Professor and Mary Ann, originally considered "second-billed co-stars", were referred to as "the rest", but with the growing popularity of those characters, their names were inserted into the lyrics. The Gilligan theme song underwent this one major change due to star Bob Denver, who personally went to the studio executives and asked that Johnson and Wells be added to the theme song's opening credits.[18] When the studio at first refused, saying it would be too expensive to reshoot, Denver insisted, even going so far as to state that if Johnson and Wells were not included, he wanted his name out of the song, as well. The studio caved in, and "the Professor and Mary Ann" were added.[19][20][21]

text: The first-season version was recorded by the folk group The Wellingtons. The second-season version, which incorporated more of a sea shanty sound, was uncredited, but according to Russell Johnson in his book Here on Gilligan's Isle, it was performed by a group called the Eligibles.[22]

text: The show's original pilot episode featured a Calypso theme song by future film composer John Williams, and different lyrics. The original length of the voyage was "a six-hour ride", not "a three-hour tour".[23] John Williams (or Johnny Williams as he was often listed in the show credits) also started out as the composer of the incidental music for the show (from 1964 to 1965), but was replaced by Gerald Fried for the remaining seasons (1965–1967).[24]

text: Later parody and homage[edit]

text: The band Little Roger and the Goosebumps recorded "Stairway to Gilligan's Island," a parody of Led Zeppelin's "Stairway to Heaven", substituting the words to the Gilligan's Island theme song.[25] "Weird Al" Yankovic recorded a song called "Isle Thing", a parody of Tone Lōc's "Wild Thing", about a rapper whose girlfriend introduces him to the show. Yankovic also used one verse from the closing theme lyrics in "Amish Paradise" (1996), a parody of Coolio's "Gangsta's Paradise" (1995). The song has also been covered by many bands, including Bowling for Soup for the TBS show The Real Gilligan's Island.[26] Israel Kamakawiwoʻole also recorded a comic tribute to the theme song on his album E Ala E.

text: Cancellation[edit]

text: During the 1966–1967 television season, Gilligan's Island aired on Monday nights at 7:30 p.m. Though the sitcom's ratings had fallen well out of the top-30 programs, during the last few weeks of its third season, the series was more than holding its own against its chief competitor, The Monkees, which aired at the same time on NBC-TV. Therefore, CBS assured Sherwood Schwartz that Gilligan's Island would definitely be picked up for a fourth year.

text: CBS, however, had signaled its intention to cancel the long-running Western series Gunsmoke, which had been airing late on Saturday nights during the 1966–1967 television season. Under pressure from CBS network president William S. Paley and his wife Babe, along with many network affiliates and longtime fans of Gunsmoke, CBS rescheduled the Western to an earlier time slot on Monday evenings at 7:30 p.m. As a result, Gilligan's Island was quietly cancelled at practically the last minute, while the cast members were all on vacation. Some of the cast had bought houses based on Sherwood Schwartz's verbal confirmation that the series would be renewed for a fourth season.[27]

text: Nielsen ratings/television schedule[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
Season
Ep#
Season premiere
Season finale
Time slot
Rank
Rating
Households

1) 1964–1965
36
September 26, 1964
June 12, 1965
Saturday nights at 8:30 p.m.
#18
24.7 (tie)
13,227,700

2) 1965–1966
32
September 16, 1965
April 28, 1966
Thursday nights at 8:00 p.m.
#22
22.1
11,900,850

3) 1966–1967
30
September 12, 1966
April 17, 1967
Monday nights at 7:30 p.m.
#49[28]
N/A
N/A

text: Film sequels[edit]

text: In a 1978 made-for-television movie, Rescue from Gilligan's Island, the castaways do successfully leave the island, but have difficulty reintegrating into society. During a reunion cruise on the first Christmas after their rescue, fate intervenes and they find themselves wrecked on the same island at the end of the film. It starred the original cast, except for Tina Louise, who refused to participate due to her disputes with the producers and was replaced by Judith Baldwin. The plot involved Soviet agents seeking a memory disc from a spy satellite that landed on the island and facilitated their rescue.

text: In a 1979 sequel, The Castaways on Gilligan's Island, they are rescued once again, and the Howells convert the island into a getaway resort with the other five castaways as "silent partners". Ginger was again played by Judith Baldwin.

text: In a second sequel, The Harlem Globetrotters on Gilligan's Island (1981), villains played by Martin Landau and then-wife Barbara Bain try to take over the island to gain access to a vein of "supremium", a valuable but volatile element. This time, Ginger was played by Constance Forslund. They are thwarted by the timely intervention of the Harlem Globetrotters. Jim Backus, who was in poor health at the time, was written out of the script by saying Thurston Howell III was tending to Howell Industries back on the mainland. David Ruprecht played the role of his son, Thurston Howell IV, who was asked to manage the resort. However, Backus insisted on keeping continuity, and made a cameo appearance at the end of the film.

text: Spin-offs[edit]

text: The New Adventures of Gilligan was a Filmation-produced animated remake that aired on ABC on Saturday mornings from September 7, 1974, to September 4, 1977, for 24 episodes (16 installments airing in 1974–75 and eight new ones combined with repeats in 1975–76). The voices were provided by the original cast except for Ginger and Mary Ann (both were voiced by Jane Webb). Dawn Wells could not participate due to her appearing in an on-the-road play.[citation needed] An additional character was Gilligan's pet Snubby the Monkey.

text: Gilligan's Planet was an animated science-fiction version produced by Filmation and starring the voices of the Gilligan's Island cast, save for Tina Louise (Dawn Wells voiced both Mary Ann and Ginger). In a follow-up to The New Adventures of Gilligan, the castaways escape from the island by building a spaceship, and get shipwrecked on a distant planet. Only 12 episodes aired on CBS between September 18, 1982, and September 3, 1983. In the episode "Let Sleeping Minnows Lie", they travel to an island, get shipwrecked there, and Gilligan observes, "First we were stranded on an island, then we were stranded on a planet, and now we're stranded on an island on a planet."

text: Reunions and documentaries[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Good Morning America featured a Gilligan's Island reunion presided over by guest host Kathie Lee Gifford on November 26, 1982. The entire cast was present, save Jim Backus who was unable to attend. Backus appeared via a live video remote from Los Angeles.

text: All seven of the original cast members (along with Sherwood Schwartz) reunited on television for one last time on a 1988 episode of The Late Show with Ross Shafer.

text: Gilligan's Island: Underneath the Grass Skirt is a 1999 documentary featuring Denver and Louise.

text: E! True Hollywood Story presented a backstage history of the show in 2000, featuring interviews with some of the stars or their widows.

text: Surviving Gilligan's Island (2001) was a docudrama in which Bob Denver, Dawn Wells, and Russell Johnson reminisce about the show.

text: Related productions[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
Gilligan's Island: The Musical was first produced in the early 1990s, with a script by Lloyd Schwartz, Sherwood Schwartz's son, and songs by Schwartz's daughter and son-in-law, Hope and Laurence Juber. After extensive revisions, since 2001 it has been produced at
Gilligan's Wake is a 2003 parallel novel loosely based on the 1960s CBS sitcom, from the viewpoints of the seven major characters, written by Esquire film and television critic Tom Carson. The title is derived from the title of the TV show and Finnegans Wake, the seminal work of Irish novelist James Joyce.
On November 30, 2004, the TBS network launched a reality series titled The Real Gilligan's Island, which placed two groups of people on an island, leaving them to fend for themselves in the manner of Survivor – the catch being that each islander matched a character type established in the original series (a klutz, a sea captain, a movie star, a millionaire's wife, etc.). While heavily marketed by TBS, the show turned out to be a flop with a very Survivor-like feel, but little of its success. A second season began June 8, 2005, with two-hour episodes for four weeks. TBS announced in July 2005 that a third season of the show would not be produced.

text: Syndication[edit]

text: Syndication is handled by Warner Bros. Television (under Turner Entertainment Co., which in 1986 acquired UA's share of the series as part of the classic Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer library). It has aired on TBS from 1990 to 2003, where it also aired with colorization on season one for a while. TNT aired it at some point in the 1990s, and also aired the colorized season one. Nick at Nite later aired the series from 2000 to 2001. It then shifted to TV Land, where it aired from 2001 to 2003 (and again from January to June 2014). Then, in 2004, it aired on Hallmark Channel.

text: As of 2015, the show aired nationally on both TV Land and MeTV.[1]

text: DVD releases[edit]

text: Warner Home Video released all three seasons of Gilligan's Island on DVD in Region 1 between 2004 and 2005. The Complete First Season features all 36 episodes unedited with the original theme song. And, unlike other releases of older sitcoms, the episodes are in their original black-and-white format. The special features include the rare pilot episode with commentary with creator Sherwood Schwartz, and three other featurettes.

text: The Complete Second Season includes all 32 season-two episodes and mentions in an interesting way that this season is in color. Bonuses for this set include: a season-two introduction with Russell Johnson and Sherwood Schwartz and audio commentary on the season's third episode, "The Little Dictator".

text: The Complete Third Season includes all 30 season-three episodes and uses words from the theme song on the back: "Just sit right back... for the final season!" Special features include a season introduction with Russell Johnson and Sherwood Schwartz, commentary on the season's fourth episode, "The Producer", guest-starring Phil Silvers, and a 15-minute documentary entitled Gilligan's Island: A Pop Culture Phenomenon.

text: The Complete Series Collection contains all the same bonuses and featurettes, no added features for a complete series box set. All these releases were double-sided discs (which require flipping disc over), and came in boxed sets, containing three discs per season.

text: In April 2012, the series was reissued in new DVD releases, with six episodes per disc and six discs per season, except for season 3, which only has five.

text:
DVD name
Ep#
Release date

The Complete First Season
36
February 3, 2004

The Complete Second Season
32
January 11, 2005

The Complete Third Season
30
July 26, 2005

The Complete Series Collection
98
November 6, 2007

text: Remastered in High Definition[edit]

text: In August 2006, an executive at Warner Bros. announced plans that Gilligan's Island, in addition to other classic TV series owned by the studio, would be re-mastered in HD.[29] The original TV series was shot on high resolution film, but scaled down for broadcast.

text: On January 20, 2014, TV Land became the first network to air HD remastered episodes of Gilligan's Island. This marked the first time the WB remastered episodes were seen by fans and the general public.[30]

text: At present, a release on Blu-ray or other physical media has not yet been announced. However the HD remastered episodes of Gilligan's Island are currently available for purchase through streaming media sources, such as Amazon Video and the iTunes Store.

text: In other media[edit]

text: A video game based on the series called The Adventures of Gilligan's Island was released for the Nintendo Entertainment System in July 1990. The game features the likenesses of all the original castaways except for Ginger, who is completely absent from the game.

text: A pinball machine, manufactured by BALLY, based on the show was released in May 1991.

text: Film remake[edit]

text: Rights to the series were purchased, with an eye towards creating a movie scheduled for release March 30, 2012.[31] When Sherwood Schwartz signed a deal granting all rights to the movie, he reportedly said, "[It] just happened in the last 48 hours. I can’t take this much excitement at my age." Schwartz also said he would love to see Michael Cera as Gilligan and Beyoncé Knowles as Ginger.[32]

text: On December 17, 2013, deadline.com reported that Josh Gad would star and co-write the film with Benji Samit and Dan Hernandez.[33]

text: Ginger or Mary Ann?[edit]

text: The question of which of these two characters men prefer has endured long after the end of the series.[34][35] The question has inspired commercials,[36] essays, videos, and a sermon.[37] By most accounts, the wholesome, down-to-earth Mary Ann has consistently outpolled the glamorous bombshell movie-star Ginger by a sizable margin.[38] Bob Denver admitted he was a Mary Ann fan.[35] According to Bob Denver in a 2001 interview, Wells received 3,000–5,000 fan letters weekly, whereas Louise may have gotten 1,500 or 2,000.[39][40]


document_title: Interleukin 8

question_text: cells attracted to the site of infection by il-8 are

text: Interleukin 8

text: Function[edit]

text: IL-8, also known as neutrophil chemotactic factor, has two primary functions. It induces chemotaxis in target cells, primarily neutrophils but also other granulocytes, causing them to migrate toward the site of infection. IL-8 also induces phagocytosis once they have arrived. IL-8 is also known to be a potent promoter of angiogenesis. In target cells, IL-8 induces a series of physiological responses required for migration and phagocytosis, such as increases in intracellular Ca2+, exocytosis (e.g. histamine release), and the respiratory burst.

text: IL-8 can be secreted by any cells with toll-like receptors that are involved in the innate immune response. Usually, it is the macrophages that see an antigen first, and thus are the first cells to release IL-8 to recruit other cells. Both monomer and homodimer forms of IL-8 have been reported to be potent inducers of the chemokine receptors CXCR1 and CXCR2. The homodimer is more potent, but methylation of Leu25 can block the activity of homodimers.

text: IL-8 is believed to play a role in the pathogenesis of bronchiolitis, a common respiratory tract disease caused by viral infection.[citation needed]

text: IL-8 is a member of the CXC chemokine family. The genes encoding this and the other ten members of the CXC chemokine family form a cluster in a region mapped to chromosome 4q.[6][8]

text: CXCL-8 mediated chemotaxis of the neutrophil[edit]

text: CXCL8 is the primary cytokine involved in the recruitment of neutrophils to the site of damage or infection; in a process called chemotaxis. A number of variables are essential for the successful chemotaxis of neutrophils, including the increased expression of high affinity adhesion molecules to secure the neutrophil to the endothelium near the affected site (and is therefore not washed away into the circulatory system), and that the neutrophil can digest its way through the basement membrane and the extracellular matrix (ECM) to reach affected site. CXCL8 plays a key role in inducing the cell signalling necessary to bring about these changes.[9]

text: Firstly, at the site of infection histamine release causes vasodilation of the capillaries near the injured area which slows down the blood flow in the region and encourages leukocytes, such as neutrophils, to come closer to the endothelium, and away from the centre of the lumen where the rate of blood flow is highest. Once this occurs weak interactions are made between the selectins expressed on the neutrophil and endothelial cells (expression of which is also increased through the action of CXCL8 and other cytokines). On the neutrophil these are: L selectins, and on the endothelial cell: P and E selectins. This causes the "rolling" phase of chemotaxis.

text: Once the neutrophil is rolling along the endothelium, it will come into contact with a CXCL8 molecule expressed on the surface which stimulates the cell signalling pathway, mediated through a G-coupled-protein-receptor. The binding of CXCL8 to CXCR1/2 on the neutrophil stimulates the neutrophils to upregulate their expression of the integrin, LFA-1, which takes part in high affinity bonding with ICAM-1 receptors expressed on the endothelium. The expression and affinity of LFA-1 is significantly increased to maximise binding. This causes the neutrophil to slow down more until it is stationary. Another key function of the cell signalling stimulated by CXCL8, is the initiation of the oxidative burst. This process allows the build up of proteolytic enzymes and reactive oxygen species (ROS) which are necessary to break down the ECM and basement membrane. These are released in secretory granules, along with more integrins. The release of ROS and damaging enzymes is regulated to minimise host damage, but continues to reach site of infection at which it will carry out its effector functions.[9]

text: Target cells[edit]

text: While neutrophil granulocytes are the primary target cells of IL-8, there are a relatively wide range of cells (endothelial cells, macrophages, mast cells, and keratinocytes) that respond to this chemokine. The chemoattractant activity of IL-8 in similar concentrations to vertebrates was proven in Tetrahymena pyriformis, which suggests a phylogenetically well-conserved structure and function for this chemokine.[10]

text: Clinical significance[edit]

text: Interleukin-8 is a key mediator associated with inflammation where it plays a key role in neutrophil recruitment and neutrophil degranulation.[11] As an example, it has been cited as a proinflammatory mediator in gingivitis[12] and psoriasis.

text: Interleukin-8 secretion is increased by oxidant stress, which thereby cause the recruitment of inflammatory cells and induces a further increase in oxidant stress mediators, making it a key parameter in localized inflammation.[13] IL-8 was shown to be associated with obesity.[14]

text: IL-8 has also been implied to have a role in colorectal cancer by acting as an autocrine growth factor for colon carcinoma cell lines[15] or the promotion of division and possible migration by cleaving metalloproteinase molecules.[16]

text: If a pregnant mother has high levels of interleukin-8, there is an increased risk of schizophrenia in her offspring.[17] High levels of Interleukin 8 have been shown to reduce the likelihood of positive responses to antipsychotic medication in schizophrenia.[18]

text: IL-8 has also been implicated in the pathology of cystic fibrosis. Through its action as a signalling molecule IL-8 is capable of recruiting and guiding neutrophils to the lung epithelium. Overstimulation and dysfunction of these recruited neutrophils within the airways results in release of a number of pro-inflammatory molecules and proteases resulting in further damage of lung tissue.[19]

text: Nomenclature[edit]

text: IL-8 was renamed CXCL8 by the Chemokine Nomenclature Subcommittee of the International Union of Immunological Societies,.[20] Its approved HUGO gene symbol is CXCL8.

text: Regulation of expression[edit]

text: The expression of IL-8 is negatively regulated by a number of mechanisms. MiRNA-146a/b-5p indirectly represses IL-8 expression by silencing the expression of IRAK1.[21] Additionally, the 3'UTR of IL-8 contains a A/U-rich element that makes it extremely unstable under certain conditions. IL-8 expression is also regulated by the transcription factor NF-κB.[22] NF-κB regulation represents a novel anti-IL-8 therapy for use in inflammatory diseases such as cystic fibrosis.


document_title: List of Boston Red Sox no-hitters

question_text: who threw the last no-hitter for the red sox

text: List of Boston Red Sox no-hitters

text: List of no-hitters in Red Sox history[edit]

text:
¶
Indicates a perfect game

 £
Pitcher was left-handed

 *
Member of the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum

text:
#
Date
Pitcher
Final score
Base-
runners
Opponent
Catcher
Plate umpire
Manager
Notes
Ref

1
000000001904-05-05-0000May 5, 1904
Young, CyCy Young¶* (1)
7000300000000000000♠3–0
0
Philadelphia Athletics
Criger, LouLou Criger (1)
Caruthers, BobBob Caruthers
Collins, JimmyJimmy Collins (1)

First no-hitter in franchise history
First perfect game in Red Sox history and 3rd in MLB history (First in the MLB Modern Era)
First franchise's no-hitter at home
First right-handed pitcher to throw a no-hitter in franchise history

[8]

2
000000001904-08-17-0000August 17, 1904
Tannehill, JesseJesse Tannehill£
7000600000000000000♠6–0
1
Chicago White Sox
Farrell, DukeDuke Farrell
Dwyer, FrankFrank Dwyer
Collins, JimmyJimmy Collins (2)

First left-handed pitcher to throw a no-hitter in franchise history

[8]

3
000000001905-09-27-0000September 27, 1905
Dinneen, BillBill Dinneen
7000200000000000000♠2–0
2
Chicago White Sox
Criger, LouLou Criger (2)
Sheridan, JackJack Sheridan
Collins, JimmyJimmy Collins (3)

First game of a doubleheader
Latest calendar date of franchise's no-hitter
Last no-hitter for Americans as a team name

[9]

4
000000001908-06-30-0000June 30, 1908
Young, CyCy Young* (2)
7000800000000000000♠8–0
1
@ New York Highlanders
Criger, LouLou Criger (3)
O'Laughlin, SilkSilk O'Laughlin (1)
McGuire, DeaconDeacon McGuire

First Red Sox no-hitter on the road
First no-hitter since the franchise was renamed to Red Sox
First pitcher to pitch multiple no-hitters for the Red Sox

[10]

5
000000001911-07-29-0000July 29, 1911
Wood, Smokey JoeSmokey Joe Wood
7000500000000000000♠5–0
4
St. Louis Browns
Carrigan, BillBill Carrigan
O'Laughlin, SilkSilk O'Laughlin (2)
Donovan, PatsyPatsy Donovan

First game of a doubleheader
Last Red Sox no-hitter at Huntington Avenue Grounds

[11]

6
000000001916-06-21-0000June 21, 1916
Foster, RubeRube Foster
7000200000000000000♠2–0
2
New York Yankees
Thomas, PinchPinch Thomas
Hildebrand, GeorgeGeorge Hildebrand
Carrigan, BillBill Carrigan (1)

First no-hitter at Fenway Park

[12]

7
000000001916-08-30-0000August 30, 1916
Leonard, DutchDutch Leonard£ (1)
7000400000000000000♠4–0
2
St. Louis Browns
Thomas, PinchPinch Thomas (1)
Owens, BrickBrick Owens (1)
Carrigan, BillBill Carrigan (2)

[12]

8
000000001917-06-23-0000June 23, 1917
Babe Ruth£* (0 IP)
Shore, ErnieErnie Shore (9 IP)
7000400000000000000♠4–0
1
Washington Senators
Thomas, PinchPinch Thomas (1)
Sam Agnew (1)
Owens, BrickBrick Owens (2)
Barry, JackJack Barry

First combined no-hitter in MLB history. First game of a doubleheader. Ruth and Thomas were ejected for arguing balls and strikes after walking the first batter, who was then caught stealing. Shore retired the next 26 in a row for a no-hitter completely in relief.

[13]

9
000000001918-06-03-0000June 3, 1918
Leonard, DutchDutch Leonard£ (2)
7000500000000000000♠5–0
5
@ Detroit Tigers
Agnew, SamSam Agnew (2)
Dinneen, BillBill Dinneen (1)
Barrow, EdEd Barrow

Last pitcher to pitch multiple no-hitters for the Red Sox

[14]

10
000000001923-09-07-0000September 7, 1923
Ehmke, HowardHoward Ehmke
7000400000000000000♠4–0
1
@ Philadelphia Athletics
Picinich, ValVal Picinich
Dinneen, BillBill Dinneen (2)
Chance, FrankFrank Chance

[15]

11
000000001956-07-14-0000July 14, 1956
Parnell, MelMel Parnell£
7000400000000000000♠4–0
3
Chicago White Sox
White, SammySammy White
Summers, BillBill Summers
Higgins, PinkyPinky Higgins (1)

Second game of a doubleheader

[16]

12
000000001962-06-26-0000June 26, 1962
Wilson, EarlEarl Wilson
7000200000000000000♠2–0
4
Los Angeles Angels
Tillman, BobBob Tillman (1)
Schwarts, HarryHarry Schwarts
Higgins, PinkyPinky Higgins (2)

Wilson hit a home run

[17]

13
000000001962-08-01-0000August 1, 1962
Monbouquette, BillBill Monbouquette
7000100000000000000♠1–0
1
@ Chicago White Sox
Pagliaroni, JimJim Pagliaroni
McKinley, BillBill McKinley
Higgins, PinkyPinky Higgins (3)

Smallest margin of victory in a franchise's no-hitter
Shortest interval between no-hitters in franchise history

[18]

14
000000001965-09-16-0000September 16, 1965
Morehead, DaveDave Morehead
7000200000000000000♠2–0
1
Cleveland Indians
Tillman, BobBob Tillman (2)
Runge, EdEd Runge
Herman, BillyBilly Herman

On the same day, the Red Sox fired Pinky Higgins as their general manager

[19]

15
000000002001-04-04-0000April 4, 2001
Nomo, HideoHideo Nomo
7000300000000000000♠3–0
4
@ Baltimore Orioles
Varitek, JasonJason Varitek (1)
Cooper, EricEric Cooper
Williams, JimyJimy Williams

Made Red Sox debut for Nomo
Game 2 of season
Longest interval between no-hitters in franchise history
Earliest calendar date of franchise's no-hitter
Earliest calendar date of no-hitter in MLB history
First no-hitter thrown at Camden Yards

[20]

16
000000002002-04-27-0000April 27, 2002
Lowe, DerekDerek Lowe
7001100000000000000♠10–0
2
Tampa Bay Devil Rays
Varitek, JasonJason Varitek (2)
Rippley, SteveSteve Rippley
Little, GradyGrady Little

Longest interval between no-hitters at Fenway Park in franchise history
Largest margin of victory in a franchise's no-hitter (tie)

[21]

17
000000002007-09-01-0000September 1, 2007
Buchholz, ClayClay Buchholz
7001100000000000000♠10–0
4
Baltimore Orioles
Varitek, JasonJason Varitek (3)
West, JoeJoe West
Francona, TerryTerry Francona (1)

Second career game for Buchholz
Largest margin of victory in a franchise's no-hitter (tie)

[22]

18
000000002008-05-19-0000May 19, 2008
Lester, JonJon Lester£
7000700000000000000♠7–0
3
Kansas City Royals
Varitek, JasonJason Varitek (4)
Knight, BrianBrian Knight
Francona, TerryTerry Francona (2)

Most recent no-hitter in franchise history
First time since the 1974 California Angels that one team had last two no-hitters in the Majors
Varitek sets the record for most no-hitters caught

[23]


document_title: Iris sphincter muscle

question_text: the circular muscle of the iris uses which parasympathetic receptor

text: Iris sphincter muscle

text: Comparative Anatomy[edit]

text: It is found in vertebrates and some cephalopods.[citation needed]

text: General Structure[edit]

text: Initially, all the myocytes are of the smooth muscle type but, later in life, most cells are of the striated muscle type.[2]

text: Its dimensions are about 0.75 mm wide by 0.15 mm thick.[citation needed]

text: Mode of Action[edit]

text: In humans, it functions to constrict the pupil in bright light (pupillary light reflex) or during accommodation.[citation needed] In lower animals, the muscle cells themselves are photosensitive causing iris action without brain input.[3]

text: Innervation[edit]

text: It is controlled by parasympathetic fibers of the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (M3) that originate from the Edinger-Westphal nucleus, travel along the oculomotor nerve (CN III), synapse in the ciliary ganglion, and then enter the eye via the short ciliary nerves.[citation needed]. The short ciliary nerves then run forward and pierce the sclera at the back of the eye, traveling between the sclera and the choroid to innervate the iris sphincter muscle.


question_text: when was the last time a us president visited vietnam

text: There have been twenty-one United States presidential visits to Southeast Asia by ten U.S. presidents. Dwight D. Eisenhower became the first incumbent president to visit a Southeast Asian country when he visited the Philippines in 1960. Since then, every president, except John F. Kennedy and Jimmy Carter, has travelled to the region. The Philippines, a former U.S. colony (1902–1946) and a close U.S. ally, is the most visited Southeast Asian country with ten visits, followed by Indonesia with eight, and Thailand and Vietnam with seven. Of the eleven sovereign states in the region, all but East Timor have been visited by a sitting American president.

text: Table of visits[edit]

text:
President
Dates
Country
Locations
Purpose / highlights

Dwight D. Eisenhower[1]
01 !June 14–16, 1960
 Philippines
Manila
State visit. Met with President Carlos P. Garcia.

Lyndon B. Johnson[2]
02 !October 24–26, 1966
Manila,
Los Baños,
Corregidor
Attended the Manila Summit Conference on the Vietnam War.[3]

03 !October 26, 1966
 South Vietnam
Cam Ranh Bay
Visited U.S. military personnel.[4]

04 !October 27–30, 1966
 Thailand
Bangkok
State visit. Met with King Bhumibol Adulyadej.

05 !October 30–31, 1966
 Malaysia
Kuala Lumpur
State visit. Met with Prime Minister Tunku Abdul Rahman.

06 !December 23, 1967
 Thailand
Khorat
Visited US. military personnel.

07 !December 23, 1967
 South Vietnam
Cam Ranh Bay
Visited U.S. military personnel.

Richard Nixon[5]
08 !July 26–27, 1969
 Philippines
Manila
State visit. Met with President Ferdinand Marcos.

09 !July 27–28, 1969
 Indonesia
Jakarta
State visit. Met with President Suharto.

10 !July 28–30, 1969
 Thailand
Bangkok
State visit. Met with King Bhumibol Adulyadej.

11 !July 30, 1969
 South Vietnam
Saigon,
Dĩ An
Met with President Nguyễn Văn Thiệu. Visited U.S. military personnel.

Gerald Ford[6]
12 !December 4–5, 1975
 Indonesia
Jakarta
Official visit. Met with President Suharto.

13 !December 6–7, 1975
 Philippines
Manila
Official visit. Met with President Ferdinand Marcos.

Ronald Reagan[7]
14 !April 29 – May 2, 1986
 Indonesia
Bali
Attended the ASEAN Ministerial Meeting. Met with President Suharto and Philippine Vice President Salvador Laurel.

George H. W. Bush[8]
15 !January 3–5, 1992
 Singapore
Singapore
Met with President Wee Kim Wee and Prime Minister Goh Chok Tong. Attended an ASEAN Business Council meeting.

Bill Clinton[9]
16 !November 12–13, 1994
 Philippines
Manila,
Corregidor
State visit. Met with President Fidel V. Ramos. Visited Corregidor Island.

17 !November 13–16, 1994
 Indonesia
Jakarta,
Bogor
State visit. Attended the APEC Economic Leaders' Meeting in Bogor.

18 !November 24–25, 1996
 Philippines
Manila,
Subic Bay
Attended the APEC Economic Leaders' Meeting. Met with Chinese President Jiang Zemin, Japanese Prime Minister Ryutaro Hashimoto, and South Korean President Kim Young-sam.[10]

19 !November 25–26, 1996
 Thailand
Bangkok
State visit. Met with Prime Minister Banharn Silpa-archa. Received an honorary degree and delivered a speech at Chulalongkorn University.[11]

20 !November 14–16, 2000
 Brunei
Bandar Seri Begawan
Attended the APEC Economic Leaders' Meeting.

21 !November 16–19, 2000
 Vietnam
Hanoi,
Tien Chau,
Ho Chi Minh City
Met with President Trần Đức Lương, Prime Minister Phan Văn Khải and Communist Party General Secretary Lê Khả Phiêu. Visited the Temple of Literature and the Tien Chau village in Hanoi. Viewed a cultural performance at the Hanoi Opera House. Delivered speeches at the Vietnam National University and Saigon Port.[12]

George W. Bush[13]
22 !October 18–19, 2003
 Philippines
Manila
State visit. Addressed a joint session of the Philippine Congress. Met with President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo.[14]

23 !October 19–21, 2003
 Thailand
Bangkok
Attended the APEC Economic Leaders' Meeting.

24 !October 21–22, 2003
 Singapore
Singapore
Official visit. Met with President S. R. Nathan and Prime Minister Goh Chok Tong.[15]

25 !October 22, 2003
 Indonesia
Bali
Met with President Megawati Sukarnoputri and Islamic religious leaders. Paid respects to the victims of the 2002 Bali bombings and the 2003 Marriott Hotel bombing.[16]

26 !November 16–17, 2006
 Singapore
Singapore
Official visit. Met with Acting President J. Y. Pillay and Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong.[17] Delivered a speech at the National University of Singapore.[18]

27 !November 17–20, 2006
 Vietnam
Hanoi,
Ho Chi Minh City
Official visit. Met with President Nguyễn Minh Triết, Prime Minister Nguyễn Tấn Dũng and Communist Party General Secretary Nông Đức Mạnh. Attended the APEC Economic Leaders' Meeting. Visited the Cửa Bắc Church, the Museum of Vietnamese History, Institut Pasteur, and the Ho Chi Minh City Stock Exchange.[19]

28 !November 20, 2006
 Indonesia
Jakarta,
Bogor
Met with President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono at the Bogor Palace.[20]

29 !August 6–7, 2008
 Thailand
Bangkok
Met with Prime Minister Samak Sundaravej and King Bhumibol Adulyadej.[21][22] Dined with Burmese activists involved in the 8888 Uprising.[23]

Barack Obama[24]
30 !November 14–15, 2009
 Singapore
Singapore
Attended the APEC Economic Leaders' Meeting. Met with Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong, Russian President Vladimir Putin, and Indonesian President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono.[25]

31 !November 9–10, 2010
 Indonesia
Jakarta
Met with President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono. Delivered a speech at the University of Indonesia. Visited the Istiqlal Mosque.[26]

32 !November 17–20, 2011
Bali
Attended the Sixth East Asia Summit. Met with Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh, Philippine President Benigno Aquino III, and Malaysian Prime Minister Najib Razak.[27]

33 !November 18–19, 2012
 Thailand
Bangkok
Met with King Bhumibol Adulyadej at Siriraj Hospital and Prime Minister Yingluck Shinawatra at the Government House of Thailand. Toured Wat Pho.[28]

34 !November 19, 2012
 Myanmar (Burma)
Yangon
Met with President Thein Sein, National League for Democracy leader Aung San Suu Kyi, and members of Burmese civil society organizations. Delivered a speech at the University of Yangon.[29][30]

35 !November 19–20, 2012
 Cambodia
Phnom Penh
Met with Prime Minister Hun Sen. Attended the Seventh East Asia Summit, a U.S.-ASEAN Leaders' meeting, and a meeting with Trans-Pacific Partnership leaders.[31]

36 !April 26–28, 2014
 Malaysia
Kuala Lumpur
Met with the Yang di-Pertuan Agong, Sultan Abdul Halim, and Prime Minister Najib Razak. Participated in a town hall meeting with young Southeast Asian leaders at the University of Malaya.[32][33]

37 !April 28–29, 2014
 Philippines
Manila,
Taguig
State visit. Met with President Benigno Aquino III.[34] Conferred the Order of Sikatuna.[35] Met with U.S. and Philippine troops and delivered remarks at Fort Bonifacio.[36] Laid a wreath and toured the Manila American Cemetery and Memorial.[37]

38 !November 12–14, 2014
 Myanmar (Burma)
Naypyidaw,
Yangon
Attended the Ninth East Asia Summit and the U.S.-ASEAN summit meeting in Naypyidaw. Met with President Thein Sein, National League for Democracy leader Aung San Suu Kyi, members of the Assembly of the Union, House of Representatives Speaker Shwe Mann, House of Nationalities Speaker Khin Aung Myint, and Vietnamese Prime Minister Nguyễn Tấn Dũng. Participated in a town hall meeting with young Southeast Asian leaders at the University of Yangon. Toured the Ministers' Building. Also participated in a round table discussion with Burmese civil society organizations.[38][39]

39 !November 17–20, 2015
 Philippines
Manila
Attended the APEC Economic Leaders' Meeting. Met with President Benigno Aquino III, Australian Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull, Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau, and Japanese Prime Minister Shinzō Abe.[40][41] Also met with Trans-Pacific Partnership and Pacific Alliance leaders.[42] Toured the BRP Gregorio del Pilar (PF-15) and announced the U.S. government's donation of the research vessel RV Melville and the USCGC Boutwell (WHEC-719) to the Philippine Navy.[43] Participated in the APEC 2015 CEO Summit with Alibaba founder Jack Ma and SALt lamp inventor Aisa Mijeno.[44]

40 !November 20–22, 2015
 Malaysia
Kuala Lumpur
Attended the Tenth East Asia Summit and the U.S.-ASEAN summit meeting. Visited refugees (mostly Rohingya refugees) at the Dignity for Children Foundation refugee center.[45] Participated in a town hall meeting with young Southeast Asian leaders at Taylor's University.[46] Also participated in a round table meeting with Malaysian civil society groups at the Ritz-Carlton Kuala Lumpur.[47] Met with Lao Prime Minister Thongsing Thammavong and Singaporean Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong.

41 !May 22–25, 2016
 Vietnam
Hanoi,
Ho Chi Minh City
Met with President Trần Đại Quang, Prime Minister Nguyễn Xuân Phúc and Communist Party General Secretary Nguyễn Phú Trọng. Visited the Jade Emperor Pagoda.

42 !September 6–8, 2016
 Laos
Vientiane
Met with President Bounnhang Vorachith. Attended the Eleventh East Asia Summit and the U.S.-ASEAN summit meeting.[48]

Donald Trump
43 !November 10–12, 2017
 Vietnam
Da Nang,
Hanoi
State visit.[49] Attended the APEC Vietnam 2017 in Da Nang.[50][51] Met with President Trần Đại Quang, Prime Minister Nguyễn Xuân Phúc and Communist Party General Secretary Nguyễn Phú Trọng.

44 !November 12–14, 2017
 Philippines
Manila,
Pasay
Attended the 31st ASEAN Summit but skipped the Twelfth East Asia Summit. Met with President Rodrigo Duterte.[52]