document_title: LG Electronics

question_text: lg electronic traces its origin to which company

text: LG Electronics

text: History[edit]

text: In 1958, LG Electronics was founded as GoldStar (Hangul:금성). It was established in the aftermath of the Korean War to provide the rebuilding nation with domestically-produced consumer electronics and home appliances. LG Electronics produced South Korea's first radios, TVs, refrigerators, washing machines, and air conditioners. Gold Star was one of the LG groups with a brethren company, Lak-Hui (pronounced "Lucky") Chemical Industrial Corp. which is now LG Chem and LG Households. GoldStar merged with Lucky Chemical and LG Cable on February 28, 1995, changing the corporate name to Lucky-Goldstar, and then finally to LG Electronics.

text: In 1978, LG Electronics earned US$100 million in revenue from exports for the first time in its history. Rapid growth by globalization saw the company establish its first overseas production, based in the United States, in 1982. In 1994, GoldStar officially adopted the LG Electronics brand and a new corporate logo. LG Electronics acquired the US-based TV manufacturer Zenith. In 1995, LG Electronics made the world's first CDMA digital mobile handsets and supplied Ameritech and GTE in the US. The company was also awarded UL certification in the US.[6] In 1998, LG developed the world's first 60-inch plasma TV, and in 1999 established a joint venture with Philips – LG Phillips LCD – which now goes by the name LG Display.

text: In order to create a holding company, the former LG Electronics was split off in 2002, with the "new" LG Electronics being spun off and the "old" LG Electronics changing its name to LG EI. It was then merged with and into LG CI in 2003 (the legal successor of the former LG Chem), so the company that started as Goldstar does not currently exist.

text: LG Electronics plays a large role in the global consumer electronics industry; it was the second-largest LCD TV manufacturer worldwide as of 2013.[7] By 2005, LG was a Top 100 global brand, and in 2006 LG recorded a brand growth of 14%.[8] Its display manufacturing affiliate, LG Display, as of 2009 was the world's largest LCD panel manufacturer.[9] In 2010, LG Electronics entered the smartphone industry. Since, LG Electronics continued to develop various electronic products, such as releasing the world's first 84-inch ultra-HD TV for retail sale.[10]

text: On 5 December 2012, the antitrust regulators of the European Union fined LG Electronics and several other major companies for fixing prices of TV cathode-ray tubes in two cartels lasting nearly a decade.[11]

text: On June 11, 2015, LG Electronics found itself in the midst of a human rights controversy when The Guardian published an article by Rosa Moreno, a former employee of an LG television assembly factory.[12]

text: At the end of 2016, LG Electronics merged its German branch (situated in Ratingen) and European headquarter (situated in London) together in Eschborn a suburb of Frankfurt am Main.[13]

text: In March 2017, LG Electronics was sued for its handling of hardware failures with recent smartphones such as the LG G4.[14]

text: Operations[edit]

text: LG Electronics has four business units: Home Entertainment, Mobile Communications, Home Appliances & Air Solutions, and Vehicle Components. The company has 128 operations worldwide, employing 83,000 people. LG Electronics owns Zenith and controls 37.9 percent of LG Display.[15]

text: Products[edit]

text: LG Electronics' products include televisions, home theater systems, refrigerators, washing machines, computer monitors, wearable devices, smart appliances, and smartphones.

text: Televisions[edit]

text: LG Electronics launched an OLED TV in 2013 and 65-inch and 77-inch sizes in 2014.[16][17] LG Electronics introduced its first Internet TV in 2007, originally branded as "NetCast Entertainment Access" devices. They later renamed the 2011 Internet televisions to "LG Smart TV" when more interactive television features were added, that enable the audience to receive information from the Internet while at the same time watching conventional TV programming.

text: In November 2013, a blogger discovered that some of LG's smart TVs silently collect filenames from attached USB storage devices and program viewing data, and transmit the information to LG's servers and LG-affiliated servers.[18][19] Shortly after this blog entry went live, LG disabled playback on its site of the video, explaining how its viewer analytics work, and closed the Brightcove account the video was hosted on.

text: LG's remote uses Hillcrest Labs' Freespace technology to allow users to change channels using gestures[20] and Dragon NaturallySpeaking technology for voice recognition.[21]

text: As of 2014, LG is using webOS with a ribbon interface with some of its smart TVs. LG reported that in the first eight months after release, it had sold over 5 million webOS TVs.[22]

text: In 2016, exclusively to India, Indian arm of South Korea's LG Electronics Inc started selling a TV that would reject mosquitoes.[23] It uses ultrasonic waves that are silent to humans but cause mosquitoes to fly away.[23] It was released on June 16, 2016. The technology was also used in air conditioners and washing machines.[23] The TV is aimed for lower-income consumers living in conditions that would make them susceptible to mosquitoes.[23]

text: Mobile devices[edit]

text: Mobile phones[edit]

text: LG Electronics manufactures a wide range of smartphones and tablet devices.[24] Other than the G3, LG officially unveiled the curved smartphone, G Flex, on 27 October 2013. LG has released it in South Korea in November 2013, and later announced releases in Europe, the rest of Asia, and North America.[25][26] At Consumer Electronics Show in January 2014, LG announced a U.S. release for the G2 across several major carriers.[27] In 2015, LG has released LG G4 globally in late May through early June.[28] On 7 September 2016, LG unveiled the V20.[29] LG G6 has been officially announced during MWC 2017 on 26 February 2017.[30] The V30 was announced on 31 August 2017.

text: Tablet computers[edit]

text: In 2014, LG revealed three new additions to the G series of tablets, which each include LG's Knock Code feature, allowing users to unlock devices with a series of taps. The tablets also feature Q Pair which allows tablets to sync up with a smartphone, and for phone calls and text messages passed on to the tablet in real time.[31]

text: Smart watches[edit]

text: LG and Google announced the Android Wear-based smartwatch, the LG G Watch, that was in June 2014.[32] In August 2014, the LG G Watch R that has a circular face (similar to the Moto 360) was released.[33] The LG Watch Urbane that LG's third Android Wear-based smart watch has released in April 2015. This is the first device to support new features such as Wi-Fi, and new parts of Android Wear's software interface, like the ability to draw emoji to friends.[34]

text: Rolly keyboard[edit]

text: In 2015, LG announced the first Bluetooth keyboard that folds up along the four rows of keys that can be tossed in a purse or pocket. The Rolly keyboard is made of solid plastic. Two tiny plastic arms fold out from the end of the keyboard to support a tablet or smartphone, and it can toggle between two different Bluetooth-connected devices at a time. Battery life is an expected three months on a single AAA battery.[35]

text: Home appliances[edit]

text: LG manufactures and sells home appliances such as refrigerators, washing machines and tumble dryers, vacuum cleaners, kitchen appliances, and air conditioners and even microwave ovens In June 2014, LG Electronics also announced the launch of its smart appliances with HomeChat messaging service in South Korea. HomeChat employs LINE, the mobile messenger app from Korean company 'Naver', to let homeowners communicate, control, monitor and share content with LG’s smart appliances.[36] Users can send simple messages, such as "start washing cycle," in order to control their washing machines.[37]

text: Marketing and public relations[edit]

text: Sponsorships[edit]

text: In August 2013, LG Electronics announced that it would sponsor German Bundesliga club Bayer 04 Leverkusen for the next three years with an option to extend for one more year. In the U.S., LG Electronics' brand and product advertisements can be seen in Dodger Stadium of the Los Angeles Dodgers and Great American Ball Park of the Cincinnati Reds. LG sponsors the International Cricket Council, the world governing body for cricket, and also sponsors ICC Awards.[38] LG also sponsors two Korean professional golf players Ja-young Kim and Bomi Lee.

text: From 2009 to 2013, LG Electronics sponsored Formula One for 5 years as a Global Partner and Technology Partner of Formula One.[39] until 2013. LG was also an official supplier to Virgin Racing and Lotus Racing team, plus engine manufacturer Cosworth from 2010-2012.[40]

text: LG Electronics sponsored the English football club Weyside Rovers (Guildford) from 2000 until 2002 and the English football club Fulham F.C until July 2010. LG sponsored the Brazilian football club Sao Paulo FC from 2001 to 2009, during which time the club were the winners of the 2005 FIFA Club World Championship. LG currently[when?] sponsor the Australian Football League team Fremantle Football Club, the Costa Rican football club Liga Deportiva Alajuelense, the Australian National Rugby League team Cronulla Sharks(now[when?] discontinued), and the Argentinian club Boca Juniors. LG also sponsors London Fashion Week and the LG Arena in Birmingham.[41]

text: During the period 2001–2003, LG sponsored the snooker Grand Prix. During these years the tournament was known as the LG Cup. In 2008 LG became sponsors of the Extreme Sport 'FSO4 Freeze' festival.[42] LG sponsored the LG Mobile World Cup texting competition.[43]

text: Environmental record[edit]

text: Choice magazine, in independent tests of popular LG fridge models in 2010, found the energy consumption in two models was higher than claimed by LG. LG was aware of the problem and had offered compensation to affected customers.[44] In 2004, LG made 4A-rated water efficiency claims for numerous washing machines before they were certified. LG gave undertakings to the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (ACCC) to provide appropriate corrective notices and upgrade and maintain its trade practices compliance program. In 2006, LG overstated energy efficiency on five of its air conditioner models and was again required to offer consumers rebates to cover the extra energy costs.[44]

text: Proposed United States headquarters[edit]

text: LG Electronics USA had proposed to build a new headquarters in the borough of Englewood Cliffs in Bergen County, New Jersey, including a 143 ft (44 m) tall building that would stand taller than the tree line of the Hudson Palisades, a US National Natural Landmark.[46][47][48] The company proposed to build an environmentally friendly facility in Englewood Cliffs, incidental to Bergen County's per-capita leading Korean American population, having received an initially favorable legal decision concerning building height issues.[49] The plan, while approved by the local government, met with resistance from the segments of the general public as well as government officials in New Jersey and adjacent New York.[50][51][52][53][54][55][56][57] The initial court decision upholding the local government approval was overturned by a New Jersey appellate court in 2015, and LG subsequently submitted a revised, scaled-down, 64-foot building for approval by the borough of Englewood Cliffs in 2016.[45] LG broke ground on the new US$300 million Englewood Cliffs headquarters on February 7, 2017, to be completed in late 2019.[58]

text: Slogans[edit]

text:
"We put people first" (1997–1999)
"Digitally Yours" (1999–2004)
"Life's Good" (2004–present)


document_title: Meghan, Duchess of Sussex

question_text: when does megan markle show up in suits

question_tokens: when does megan markle show up in suits

root

text: Meghan, Duchess of Sussex

text: Early life and education

text: Rachel Meghan Markle was born on August 4, 1981, in Los Angeles, California,[1] at West Park Hospital in Canoga Park.[2] As of 2017, her mother, Doria Ragland, a social worker and yoga instructor lives in View Park–Windsor Hills, California.[1][3] Markle has often described a very close friendship with her mother.[4]  Her father, Thomas Markle Sr., who lives in Rosarito, Mexico,[5][6] is a retired television director of photography and lighting director, whose profession resulted in his young daughter often visiting the set of Married...with Children.[7][8] Markle's parents divorced when she was six years old.[9][10] She has two older paternal half-siblings, Samantha Markle and Thomas Markle Jr., from whom she is reportedly estranged.[11]

tag: p

text: Describing her heritage in a 2015 essay for Elle, Markle states that her "dad is Caucasian and my mom is African American. I'm half black and half white ... While my mixed heritage may have created a grey area surrounding my self-identification, keeping me with a foot on both sides of the fence, I have come to embrace that. To say who I am, to share where I'm from, to voice my pride in being a strong, confident mixed-race woman."[12]

text: Markle grew up in Hollywood.[13] She was educated at private schools, beginning at age two at the Hollywood Little Red Schoolhouse.[14][15] At age 11, her successful campaign to get Procter & Gamble to change a national television commercial she viewed as sexist was profiled by Linda Ellerbee on Nick News.[16] Though she was raised as a Protestant,[17] Markle attended Immaculate Heart High School, an all-girl Catholic private school in Los Angeles.[18] She then attended Northwestern University, where she joined Kappa Kappa Gamma sorority and participated in community service and charity projects.[19][20] Markle graduated from Northwestern's School of Communication in 2003 with a bachelor's degree and a double major in theater and international studies.[21][22] She also served an internship at the American embassy in Buenos Aires, Argentina,[22] and studied for a semester in Madrid, Spain.[20]

text: Acting career

text: Early in her career, Markle worked as a freelance calligrapher to support herself between acting jobs.[7] Her first on-screen appearance was a small role as a nurse in an episode of the daytime soap opera General Hospital.[23][24] Markle had small guest roles on the television shows Century City (2004), The War at Home (2006), and CSI: NY (2006).[24] She also took on several contract acting and modeling jobs, including a stint as a "briefcase girl" on the US game show Deal or No Deal.[7] She appeared in Fox's series Fringe as Junior Agent Amy Jessup in the first two episodes of its second season.[25] Markle had some difficulty getting roles early in her career. In 2015, she wrote: "Being 'ethnically ambiguous', as I was pegged in the industry, meant I could audition for virtually any role ... Sadly, it didn't matter: I wasn't black enough for the black roles and I wasn't white enough for the white ones, leaving me somewhere in the middle as the ethnic chameleon who couldn't book a job."[26]

text: In July 2011, Markle joined the cast of the USA Network show Suits, playing Rachel Zane. The character began as a paralegal and eventually became an attorney. She completed work on the seventh season in late 2017.[27] According to a critique in The Irish Times, Markle deftly and "actively re-positioned" her character from ingenue to "the show's moral conscience" and gave viewers the unique portrayal of a daughter, whose African-American father is in a position to help her career and advance her "desire to crack both racial and gender glass ceilings".[28] She appeared in two 2010 films, Get Him to the Greek and Remember Me, and one 2011 film, Horrible Bosses.[29] She also appeared in episodes of Cuts; Love, Inc.; 90210; Knight Rider; Without a Trace; The League; and Castle.[24][30]

text: From 2014 to 2017, she was founder and editor-in-chief of the lifestyle website The Tig,[31][32] a name she derived from Tignanello red wine.[33] One of The Tig's features was "Tig Talk", a column that profiled women including Jessica Alba,[34] Gail Simmons,[35] Ella Woodward,[36] Daphne Oz,[37] Elizabeth Hurley,[38] Lauren Bush,[39] Ivanka Trump,[40] Dianna Agron[41] and Jessica Stam.[42]  She closed The Tig in April 2017,[43] and in January 2018, she deleted all of her social media accounts. At the time of its closing, her Instagram account had 1.9 million followers.[44] In a statement issued by Kensington Palace, Markle thanked "everyone who has followed her social media accounts over the years".[45][46]

text: In November 2016, Markle and Canadian clothing company Reitmans released lines of women's fashion workwear and casual-wear.[47] The lines, based on her personal style, and that of her Suits character, described as "aspirational girl next door", quickly sold out.[44] In 2010, Markle was paid $187,000 for her role in Remember Me and $171,429 for her role in the short film The Candidate.[48] For her role on Suits, Fortune magazine estimated that Markle was paid $50,000 per episode, amounting to an annual salary of about $450,000.[49] In addition, it was estimated that as a lifestyle blogger she earned about $80,000 annually from endorsements and sponsorships.[48] In 2017, her total net worth was estimated at $5 million.[48] In 2018, she was among the nominees for the 2018 Teen Choice Awards in the category Choice Style Icon.[50]

text: Personal life

text: Markle began a relationship with actor and producer Trevor Engelson in 2004.[51][52] They married in Ocho Rios, Jamaica, on September 10, 2011,[53] and separated through a no-fault divorce in August 2013,[54] citing irreconcilable differences.[55] Markle's subsequent relationship with celebrity chef and restaurateur Cory Vitiello lasted almost two years, ending in May 2016.[56]

text: In June 2016, Markle began a relationship with Prince Harry,[57][58] who was then fifth in line to the British throne.[59] Markle and Prince Harry met on a blind date set up by a mutual friend.[60] The press began to report on the relationship in October 2016.[61] On November 8, 2016, the British royal family's communications secretary released an official statement that addressed a "wave of abuse and harassment" directed toward Markle.[62] The statement described sexism, racism and defamatory stories directed at her.[63][64][65] During a September 2017 interview with Vanity Fair, Markle spoke in public for the first time about her love for Prince Harry.[66] Later that month, they made their first public appearance together at an official royal engagement at the Invictus Games in Toronto.[67][68]

text: While working on Suits, Markle lived in a rented house in the Seaton Village neighborhood of Toronto, where the show is filmed.[69] She lived in Canada for nine months each year, making a few close friends.[44] She moved out in late November 2017 after work on the seventh season had been completed.[70]

text: Royal marriage

text: Markle's engagement to Prince Harry was announced on November 27, 2017 by Clarence House and Kensington Palace.[57][71] By then, she had met Queen Elizabeth II, Harry's paternal grandmother, several times.[72] The engagement announcement prompted generally positive comment about the possible social significance of a mixed-race member of the royal family.[73] The ring Harry gave Markle was made by Cleave & Company Ltd., and consists of a large central diamond from Botswana, with two smaller diamonds from the jewellery collection of his mother, Diana, Princess of Wales.[74] Markle revealed in the couple's engagement interview that they were having a quiet night at home, "roasting chicken", when Prince Harry got down on one knee and proposed.[75]

text: Following the engagement, Markle announced she would retire from acting,[76][77] and began the years-long process of becoming a British citizen.[78] In preparation for the wedding, the Archbishop of Canterbury, Justin Welby, baptized Markle and confirmed her into the Church of England on March 6, 2018.[79] The private ceremony, performed with water from the River Jordan, took place in the Chapel Royal at St James's Palace.[79] The marriage ceremony was held on May 19, 2018, at St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle.[80]

text: The Duke and Duchess live at Nottingham Cottage in London, in the grounds of Kensington Palace.[81] They are expecting their first child, who would be seventh in line to the throne, in 2019.[82]

text: Public life

text: Markle accompanied Harry for the first time during an official public appearance after their engagement at a walkabout in Nottingham on December 1, 2017,[83][84] in connection with World AIDS Day.[85] The Queen invited them to celebrate Christmas 2017 with the royal family at her Sandringham estate.[86] In early 2018, Markle accompanied Harry on his engagements in Brixton,[85] Cardiff,[87] Goldsmiths' Hall,[88] and Edinburgh.[89] On February 28, 2018, Markle attended an official engagement at the first annual forum of The Royal Foundation, "Making a Difference Together" with the prince.[90] She became the fourth patron, alongside Harry and the Duke and Duchess of Cambridge, after her marriage into the royal family.[91] Markle and Harry marked International Women's Day by attending an event in Birmingham hosted by the Stemettes.[92] Along with the Queen and other members of the royal family, she attended the Commonwealth Day service at Westminster Abbey on March 12, 2018.[93] The couple made their first visit to Northern Ireland on March 23, 2018.[94] Markle carried out a total of 26 public engagements prior to the wedding.[95]

text: The Duchess's first official engagement after the wedding came on May 22 when she and her husband attended Prince Charles' 70th birthday garden party to celebrate his charity work.[96] Her first trip abroad at the request of the British government was to Dublin, Ireland, in July 2018.[97][98] According to a review in The Irish Times, her visit became a unique national obsession.[99] In June 2018, Kensington Palace announced that the Duke and Duchess would tour Australia, Fiji, Tonga and New Zealand around the time of the Invictus Games which will be held in Sydney in October 2018.[100][101] On September 25, 2018, the Duchess undertook her first solo event on a visit to the Royal Academy of Arts to see the exhibition "Oceania", which featured artifacts from different regions of the Pacific Ocean.[102]

text: Fashion and style

text: Markle cited Emmanuelle Alt as her style inspiration in 2017.[103][104] In an interview with Glamour, the Duchess said that she favored "that French way of styling, where if your outfit is pulled together, then something's got to be dishevelled—your hair, your make-up".[103] In her youth, Markle's "sensibility had always been relaxed California girl style" consisting of jeans, cut-offs and flip-flops.[104] She usually prefers "streamlined dresses" with "neutral colors" and boat-neck necklines,[105][106] and likes "monochromatic and tonal dressing".[104] She has worn outfits and ensembles by many fashion designers.[103] The media takes note of the labels she wears.[103]

text: In December 2017, Markle caused a surge in interest in Scottish retailer Strathberry after carrying one of their handbags to a public event shortly after her engagement.[107][108] This was reported as an indication that her fashion choices would produce her own version of the Kate effect.[107][109] It has been speculated that Markle's effect would be greater, as she has a strong appeal in America.[109] After Markle and Prince Harry's first appearance as a couple, brands Mackage, Birks, R&R Jewelers, Crown Jewelers and Everlane noted an upswing in their website hits and sales.[110][111][108] In 2018, Tatler named her on its list of Britain's best dressed people, praising her for redefining "modern royal style with every subsequent appearance".[112] Following the announcement of her pregnancy, the Duchess of Sussex appeared in a Karen Gee dress which resulted in the breakdown of the designer's website.[113] Stylist Alex Longmore predicted that due to her American links, the Duchess could have even more influence on the international maternity wear market compared to her sister-in-law the Duchess of Cambridge during the latter's pregnancies.[113]

text: Charity work

text: Markle was a counselor for international charity One Young World. She attended its 2014 and 2016 summits.[114] At the 2014 summit in Dublin, she spoke on the topics of gender equality and modern-day slavery.[115] Also in 2014, she traveled to Afghanistan and Spain as part of the United Service Organizations Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Holiday Tour.[116][117][118]

text: In 2016, Markle became a global ambassador for World Vision Canada, traveling to Rwanda for the Clean Water Campaign, the agency's campaign to provide safe, clean drinking water,[119][120][26] and she traveled to India to raise awareness of issues concerning women.[121] Upon returning from India, she penned an op-ed for Time magazine concerning stigmatization of women in regard to menstrual health.[122] She has also worked with the United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women as an Advocate.[119][123] The Duchess is a vocal feminist and likely to use her role as a member of the royal family to continue supporting women's rights and social justice.[124]

text: In September 2018, the Duchess announced her support for a charity cookbook (for which she wrote the Foreword) titled Together: Our Community Cookbook.[125][126] The book, which is written by women from the Grenfell community, features recipes from around the world.[127] Meghan, who has regularly visited the Hubb Community Kitchen since January 2018,[127] said in a statement: "Through this charitable endeavour, the proceeds will allow the kitchen to thrive and keep the global spirit of community alive."[125]

text: In 2018, Time magazine included Markle on its list 100 Most Influential People in the World.[128][129] She was also chosen as one of the most influential women in the United Kingdom by Vogue magazine.[130]

text: Titles, styles, and arms

text: Titles and styles

text: Upon her marriage to Prince Harry, Meghan Markle became a princess of the United Kingdom entitled to the style of Royal Highness, as well as Duchess of Sussex, Countess of Dumbarton and Baroness Kilkeel.[131][132] She is styled as "Her Royal Highness The Duchess of Sussex",[133] and she is the first person to hold that title.[134]

text: Arms

text:
Coat of arms of the Duchess of Sussex
show

Notes
Meghan bears the arms of her husband impaled with her own. Thomas Woodcock, Garter King of Arms, the senior officer of the College of Arms, helped the Duchess with the design, which was approved by the Queen.[135][136]
Adopted
May 25, 2018
Coronet
Coronet of a child of the heir apparent[135]
Escutcheon
Quarterly 1st and 4th Gules three lions passant guardant in pale Or armed and langed Azure (England), 2nd Or a lion rampant Gules armed and langued Azure within a double tressure flory counterflory (Scotland), 3rd Azure a harp Or stringed Argent (Ireland), the whole differenced by a label of five points Argent, the first, third and fifth points charged with an escallop Gules (Prince Harry); Impaled with a shield Azure a feather bendwise Argent quilled Or between two bendlets Or all between two like feathers Argent quilled Or (Markle).[137]
Supporters
On the dexter side the lion used as a supporter by the Duke of Sussex and to the sinister a songbird Argent wings spread, unguled Or and gorged with the coronet of the Duke of Sussex.
Compartment
Below the shield, a mount of grass with golden poppies and wintersweet in flower.
Symbolism
The blue background of the shield represents the Pacific Ocean off the California coast, while the two golden rays across the shield are symbolic of the sunshine of the Duchess's home state. The three quills represent communication and the power of words. Beneath the shield on the grass sits a collection of golden poppies, California's state flower, and wintersweet, which grows at Kensington Palace. The songbird with wings elevated as if flying and an open beak represents the power of communication.[135][136]

tag: table

text: Ancestry

text: On her mother's side, the Duchess of Sussex is descended from African Americans enslaved in Georgia,[138] and on her father's side from German,[139] English,[140] and Irish settlers.[141] One of her possible forefathers, Heinrich Martin Merckel, emigrated to the United States from Lampertsloch, an historically German-speaking town in Alsace, and later changed the spelling of his name to Markle.[139] Among her father's distant ancestors are Captain Christopher Hussey, King Robert I of Scotland, Sir Philip Wentworth, and Edward III of England.[142][143]

text: Filmography

text: Television

text:
Year

Title

Role

Notes

2002

General Hospital

Jill

1 episode (aired November 14, 2002)[23][24]

2004

Century City

Natasha

"A Mind is a Terrible Thing to Lose" (season 1: episode 4)

2005

Cuts

Cori

"My Boyfriend's Back" (season 1: episode 5)

2005

Love, Inc.

Teresa Santos

"One on One" (season 1: episode 9)

2006

1 vs. 100

Herself

Mob member number 7

2006

The War at Home

Susan

"The Seventeen-Year Itch" (season 1: episode 17)

2006

CSI: NY

Veronica Perez

"Murder Sings the Blues" (season 3: episode 7)

2006

Deceit

Gwen

TV film

2006

Deal or No Deal

Herself

Holder of Case #24; 34 episodes[144]

2008

Good Behavior

Sadie Valencia

TV film

2008

90210

Wendy

"We're Not in Kansas Anymore" (season 1: episode 1)"The Jet Set" (season 1: episode 2)

2008

'Til Death

Tara

"Joy Ride" (season 3: episode 2)

2008

The Apostles

Kelly Calhoun

TV film

2009

Knight Rider

Annie Ortiz

"Fight Knight" (season 1: episode 14)

2009

Without a Trace

Holly Shepard

"Chameleon" (season 7: episode 15)

2009

Fringe

Junior FBI Agent Amy Jessup

"A New Day in the Old Town" (season 2: episode 1)"Night of Desirable Objects" (season 2: episode 2)

2009

The League

Random Girl

"The Bounce Test" (season 1: episode 2)

2010

CSI: Miami

Officer Leah Montoya

"Backfire" (season 8: episode 20)

2010

The Boys & Girls Guide to Getting Down

Dana

TV film

2012

Castle

Charlotte Boyd/Sleeping Beauty

"Once Upon a Crime" (season 4: episode 17)

2014

When Sparks Fly

Amy Peterson

Hallmark Channel TV film

2016

Dater's Handbook

Cassandra Brand

Hallmark Channel TV film

2011–2018

Suits

Rachel Zane

Series regular (seasons 1–7)

text: Film

text:
Year

Title

Role

Notes

2005

A Lot like Love

Passenger on plane

2010

Remember Me

Megan

2010

Get Him to the Greek

Tatiana

Uncredited

2010

The Candidate

Kat

Short film

2011

Horrible Bosses

Jamie

2012

Dysfunctional Friends

Terry

2013

Random Encounters

Mindy

UK Title: A Random Encounter

2015

Anti-Social

Kirsten


document_title: On My Own (Les Misérables)

question_text: which character in les miserables sings on my own

text: On My Own (Les Misérables)

text: This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: "On My Own" is a solo from the musical Les Misérables for the part of Éponine. Beginning in the key of D major, modulating to Bb major, then ending in F major, this is the most important song for the role of Éponine. In the song, she expresses her unrequited love for the character Marius, and how she dreams of being at his side but knows his love is for Cosette and not for her.

text: The solo did not exist in the original French show that opened in 1980. When the English version was written, the music for "On My Own" was adapted from the original French solo "L'Air de la Misère" which was sung by Fantine about her misery and suffering. In turn, Éponine's original French solo, "L'un Vers L'autre", was dropped in the English version. In the later 1991 Parisian version, the title was "Mon Histoire" (My story). However, "On My Own" has become one of the most famous and popular songs in the musical, and Éponine has become one of its most popular characters.

text: The first actress to play Éponine (English version) on stage was Frances Ruffelle; her version of "On My Own" is preserved on both the Original London and Broadway cast albums.

text: It has appeared in many famous events outside of Les Misérables.

text: Michelle Kwan skated to "On My Own" during the 1997 Skate America competition as well as the 1998 Tokyo Golden Gala.

text: The character of Joey Potter in Dawson's Creek, played by Katie Holmes, sang this song at a talent show phase of a beauty show, (Season 1, Episode 12) in which she participated. In the pilot episode of Glee, the character of Rachel Berry, played by Lea Michele, sang this song as her audition piece for the New Directions glee club, this version charted at number 42 in Ireland and 73 in the UK.[1] Singer Joey Sontz recorded "On My Own" for his debut album "Chasing The Dream" in 2012.

text: For her audition for Miss Saigon, the then 17-year-old Lea Salonga chose to sing the song and was later asked to sing "Sun and Moon" from Miss Saigon, impressing the audition panel.[2] Salonga has sometimes credited "On My Own" as the starting point of her international career.[3]


document_title: List of Attack on Titan episodes

question_text: when does season 3 episode 7 of attack on titan come out

text: List of Attack on Titan episodes

text: Series overview[edit]

text: SeasonEpisodesOriginally airedFirst airedLast aired125April 7, 2013 (2013-04-07)September 29, 2013 (2013-09-29)212April 1, 2017 (2017-04-01)June 17, 2017 (2017-06-17)312July 23, 2018 (2018-07-23)TBA

text: Episode list[edit]

text: Each episode contains one or two panels entitled "Information Available for Public Disclosure" presenting data about human society or the Titans.

text: Season 1 (2013)[edit]

text:
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air date [2][18]English air date11"To You, in 2000 Years: The Fall of Shiganshina, Part 1""Ni-sen Nen-go no Kimi e -Shiganshina Kanraku (1)-" (二千年後の君へ ―シガンシナ陥落①―)Hiroyuki TanakaTetsurō ArakiYasuko KobayashiApril 7, 2013May 3, 2014
22"That Day: The Fall of Shiganshina, Part 2""Sono Hi -Shiganshina Kanraku (2)-" (その日 ―シガンシナ陥落②―)Masashi KoizukaYasuko KobayashiApril 14, 2013May 10, 2014
33"A Dim Light Amid Despair: Humanity's Comeback, Part 1""Zetsubō no Naka de Nibuku Hikaru -Jinrui no Saiki (1)-" (絶望の中で鈍く光る ―人類の再起①―)Kiyoshi FukumotoHiroshi SekoApril 21, 2013May 17, 2014
44"The Night of the Closing Ceremony: Humanity's Comeback, Part 2""Kaisan Shiki no Yoru -Jinrui no Saiki (2)-" (解散式の夜 ―人類の再起②―)Makoto BesshoYasuko KobayashiApril 28, 2013May 24, 2014
55"First Battle: The Struggle for Trost, Part 1""Uijin -Torosuto-ku Kōbōsen (1)-" (初陣　―トロスト区攻防戦①―)Shinpei EzakiHiroshi SekoMay 5, 2013May 31, 2014
66"The World the Girl Saw: The Struggle for Trost, Part 2""Shōjo ga Mita Sekai -Torosuto-ku Kōbōsen (2)-" (少女が見た世界　―トロスト区攻防戦②―)Tomomi IkedaHiroshi SekoMay 12, 2013June 7, 2014
77"Small Blade: The Struggle for Trost, Part 3""Chiisana Yaiba -Torosuto-ku Kōbōsen (3)-" (小さな刃　―トロスト区攻防戦③―)Yuzuru TachikawaHiroshi SekoMay 19, 2013June 14, 2014
88"I Can Hear His Heartbeat: The Struggle for Trost, Part 4""Shinzō no Kodō ga Kikoeru -Torosuto-ku Kōbōsen (4)-" (心臓の鼓動が聞こえる ―トロスト区攻防戦④―)Satonobu KikuchiShinpei EzakiTatsuma MinamikawaNoboru TakagiMay 26, 2013June 21, 2014
99"Whereabouts of His Left Arm: The Struggle for Trost, Part 5""Hidariude no Yukue -Torosuto-ku Kōbōsen (5)-" (左腕の行方 ―トロスト区攻防戦⑤―)Yoshiyuki FujiwaraYasuko KobayashiJune 2, 2013June 28, 2014
1010"Response: The Struggle for Trost, Part 6""Kotaeru -Torosuto-ku Kōbōsen (6)-" (応える ―トロスト区攻防戦⑥―)Hiroyuki TanakaHiroshi SekoJune 9, 2013July 12, 2014[19]
1111"Idol: The Struggle for Trost, Part 7""Gūzō -Torosuto-ku Kōbōsen (7)-" (偶像 ―トロスト区攻防戦⑦―)Kiyoshi FukumotoHiroshi SekoJune 16, 2013July 19, 2014
1212"Wound: The Struggle for Trost, Part 8""Kizu -Torosuto-ku Kōbōsen (8)-" (傷 ―トロスト区攻防戦⑧―)Shintaro ItogaNoboru TakagiJune 23, 2013July 26, 2014
1313"Primal Desire: The Struggle for Trost, Part 9""Genshoteki Yokkyū -Torosuto-ku Kōbōsen (9)-" (原初的欲求 ―トロスト区攻防戦⑨―)Masashi KoizukaNoboru TakagiJune 30, 2013August 2, 2014
13.513.5"Since That Day""Ano Hi kara" (あの日から)Hiroyuki Tanaka—July 7, 2013—
1414"Can't Look Into His Eyes Yet: Eve of the Counterattack, Part 1[20]""Mada Me o Mirenai -Hangeki Zen'ya (1)-" (まだ目を見れない ―反撃前夜①―)Keisuke OnishiShinpei EzakiYasuko KobayashiJuly 14, 2013August 9, 2014
1515"Special Operations Squad: Eve of the Counterattack, Part 2""Tokubetsu Sakusen-han -Hangeki Zen'ya (2)-" (特別作戦班 ―反撃前夜②―)Kiyoshi FukumotoHiroshi SekoJuly 21, 2013August 16, 2014
1616"What Needs to be Done Now: Eve of the Counterattack, Part 3""Ima, Nani o Subeki ka -Hangeki Zen'ya (3)-" (今、何をすべきか ―反撃前夜③―)Keisuke OnishiYasushi MuroyaYasuko KobayashiJuly 28, 2013August 23, 2014
1717"Female Titan: The 57th Exterior Scouting Mission, Part 1""Megata no Kyojin -Dai Gojū-Nana Kai Hekigai Chōsa (1)-" (女型の巨人 ―第57回壁外調査①―)Daisuke TokudoMasashi KoizukaHiroshi SekoAugust 4, 2013September 6, 2014
1818"Forest of Giant Trees: The 57th Exterior Scouting Mission, Part 2""Kyodaiju no Mori -Dai Gojū-Nana Kai Hekigai Chōsa (2)-" (巨大樹の森 ―第57回壁外調査②―)Hiroyuki TanakaShin WakabayashiHiroshi SekoAugust 11, 2013September 13, 2014
1919"Bite: The 57th Exterior Scouting Mission, Part 3""Kamitsuku -Dai Gojū-Nana Kai Hekigai Chōsa (3)-" (噛み付く ―第57回壁外調査③―)Kiyoshi FukumotoTomomi IkedaNoboru TakagiAugust 18, 2013September 20, 2014
2020"Erwin Smith: The 57th Exterior Scouting Mission, Part 4""Eruvin Sumisu -Dai Gojū-Nana Kai Hekigai Chōsa (4)" (エルヴィン・スミス ―第57回壁外調査④―)Shintaro ItogaYasuko KobayashiAugust 25, 2013September 27, 2014
2121"Crushing Blow: The 57th Exterior Scouting Mission, Part 5""Tettsui -Dai Gojū-Nana Kai Hekigai Chōsa (5)-" (鉄槌 ―第57回壁外調査⑤―)Hiroyuki TanakaYasushi MuroyaNoboru TakagiSeptember 1, 2013October 4, 2014
2222"Defeated: The 57th Exterior Scouting Mission, Part 6""Haisha-tachi -Dai Gojū-Nana Kai Hekigai Chōsa (6)-" (敗者達 ―第57回壁外調査⑥―)Makoto BesshoShinpei EzakiNoboru TakagiSeptember 8, 2013October 11, 2014
2323"Smile: Assault on Stohess, Part 1""Hohoemi -Sutohesu-ku Kyūshū (1)-" (微笑み ―ストヘス区急襲①―)Hirokazu YamadaHiroshi SekoSeptember 15, 2013October 18, 2014
2424"Mercy: Assault on Stohess, Part 2""Jihi -Sutohesu-ku Kyūshū (2)-" (慈悲 ―ストヘス区急襲②―)Akitoshi YokoyamaHiroyuki TanakaYasuko KobayashiSeptember 22, 2013October 25, 2014
2525"Wall: Assault on Stohess, Part 3""Kabe -Sutohesu-ku Kyūshū (3)-" (壁 ―ストヘス区急襲③―)Daisuke TokudoMasashi KoizukaShintarō ItogaTetsurō ArakiYasuko KobayashiSeptember 29, 2013November 1, 2014

text: Season 2 (2017)[edit]

text:
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air date [21]English air date261"Beast Titan""Kemono no Kyojin" (獣の巨人)Hiroyuki TanakaYasuko KobayashiApril 1, 2017April 22, 2017[11]
272"I'm Home""Tadaima" (ただいま)Yoshihide IbataYasuko KobayashiApril 8, 2017April 29, 2017
283"Southwestward""Nansei e" (南西へ)Kenji ImuraHiroshi SekoApril 15, 2017May 6, 2017
294"Soldier""Heishi" (兵士)Hitomi EzoeHiroshi SekoApril 22, 2017May 13, 2017
305"Historia""Hisutoria" (ヒストリア)Tetsuya WakanoYasuko KobayashiApril 29, 2017May 20, 2017
316"Warrior""Senshi" (戦士)Hiroyuki TanakaHiroshi SekoMay 6, 2017June 3, 2017
327"Close Combat (Strike・Throw・Submit)""Da - Tō - Kyoku" (打・投・極)Takayuki HiraoHiroshi SekoMay 13, 2017June 10, 2017
338"The Hunters""Oumono" (迫う者)Yūmi KawaiYasuko KobayashiMay 20, 2017June 17, 2017
349"Opening""Kaikō" (開口)Yoshihide IbataYasuko KobayashiMay 27, 2017June 24, 2017
3510"Children""Kodomotachi" (子供達)Kenji ImuraHiroshi SekoJune 3, 2017July 8, 2017
3611"Charge""Totsugeki" (突撃)Hiroyuki TanakaYasuhiro AkamatsuHiroshi SekoJune 10, 2017July 15, 2017
3712"Scream""Sakebi" (叫び)Satonobu KikuchiTakayuki HiraoTetsurō ArakiYoshihide IbataYasuko KobayashiJune 17, 2017July 22, 2017

text: Season 3 (2018–19)[edit]

text:
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air date [22]English air date381"Smoke Signal""Noroshi" (狼煙)Hiroyuki TanakaYasuko KobayashiJuly 23, 2018July 11, 2018[d] August 18, 2018[15]
392"Pain""Itami" (痛み)Shita TaroYasuko KobayashiJuly 30, 2018August 25, 2018
403"Old Story""Mukashibanashi" (昔話)Tomoko HirakataHiroshi SekoAugust 6, 2018September 9, 2018
414"Trust""Shinrai" (信頼)Aiko SakurabaHiroshi SekoAugust 13, 2018September 16, 2018
425"Reply""Kaitō" (回答)Miki KomuroYasuko KobayashiAugust 20, 2018September 23, 2018
436"Sin""Tsumi" (罪)Ryūta KawaharaHiroshi SekoAugust 27, 2018September 30, 2018
447"Wish""Negai" (願い)Hiroyuki TanakaKen AndōHiroshi SekoSeptember 3, 2018October 7, 2018
458"Outside the Walls of Orvud District""Orubudo-ku Gaiheki" (オルブド区外壁)Matsuo AsamiAzuma RyōsukeYasuko KobayashiSeptember 10, 2018October 14, 2018
469"Ruler of the Walls""Kabe no Ō" (壁の王)Yasuhiro AkamatsuHiroshi SekoSeptember 17, 2018October 21, 2018
4710"Friends""Yūjin" (友人)Shintarō ItogaAiko SakurabaHiroshi SekoSeptember 24, 2018October 27, 2018
4811"Bystander""Bōkansha" (傍観者)Matsuo AsamiKen AndōShingo UchidaYasuko KobayashiOctober 8, 2018[e]TBA
4912"Night of the Battle to Retake the Wall""Dakkan Sakusen no Yoru" (奪還作戦の夜)Takashi AndōYasuhiro AkamatsuHiroshi SekoOctober 15, 2018TBA
5013"The Town Where Everything Began""Hajimari no Machi" (はじまりの街)TBATBAApril 2019[25]TBA

text: Special episodes[edit]

text: OVA episodes[edit]

text: The following bonus original video animation episodes were released alongside select volumes of the manga.[26]

text:
No.TitleOriginal air date3.5"Ilse's Notebook: Memoirs of a Recon Corps Member""Iruze no Techō -Aru Chōsa Heidan'in no Shuki-" (イルゼの手帳 ―ある調査兵団員の手記―)December 9, 2013 (2013-12-09)
In the year 850, whilst Eren and the others are in training, the Recon Corps go on a mission, with Hange deciding to pursue a Titan spotted in the forest in the hopes she can capture it. Curiously, as Hange gets the Titan to chase after her, it suddenly retreats to the forest. Hange follows it to the center of the forest, where she finds it banging its head against a certain tree. The Titan turns hostile when Hange gets close to it, but Levi and the others arrive and kill it, much to Hange's dismay. Upon inspecting the scene, they discover the decapitated body of Ilse Langnar, a soldier from the 34th Recon Corps division, resting inside of the tree, and find a notebook belonging to her lying on the ground. The notebook details Ilse's records, as she escaped on foot after her squad was killed by Titans. She eventually became cornered by a Titan, but instead of killing her right away, it started to speak to her in the human language, calling her "Ymir". Ilse attempted to communicate with the Titan, but it inevitably became hostile again and bit off her head, curiously choosing not to devour her body but instead rest it inside the tree. Having read through all of Ilse's notes, Hange uses the notebook as leverage to convince Erwin to approve of operations to capture Titans alive and study them, before returning Ilse's belongings to her grief-stricken family.

Information Available for Public Disclosure: Titan Biology.
3.25"The Sudden Visitor: The Torturous Curse of Youth""Totsuzen no Raihōsha -Sainamareru Seishun no Noroi-" (突然の来訪者 ―苛まれる青春の呪い―)April 9, 2014 (2014-04-09)
In the year 849, Jean returns home after two years in training. After Jean gets into a dispute with Sasha following a training exercise, Commander Pyxis suggests they settle things in a cooking contest. With Armin and Annie joining Jean's team and Reiner and Conny teaming up with Sasha, the two groups head into the forest in search of a notorious giant boar to use as meat. Sasha's group come across the boar first and engage it in battle, with Sasha managing to kill it and claim it for her group. Later, after Jean is visited by his mother, shouting at her when he feels she is embarrassing him, he concocts a plan to steal some quality beef from the office so he can beat Sasha, but Armin and Annie refuse to help him. After inevitably giving up on his plan, Jean opens a lunchbox his mother left him containing an omelette, remembering all the times his mother stood by him. The cooking contest soon takes place, with Sasha presenting a prime boar steak whilst Jean presents a humble omelette. Although wowed by the taste of the steak, Pyxis declares Jean the winner as he showed more skill in cooking. Content with his victory, Jean considers paying a visit to his mother.
3.75"Distress""Konnan" (困難)August 8, 2014 (2014-08-08)
In the year 848, the recruits are split into two groups for a wilderness exercise to learn how to sustain themselves in times of peace. Marco has trouble leading his group due to the arrogance of both Eren and Jean. Meanwhile, Mikasa's group learns of the presence of a gang of thieves, who managed to steal their omni-directional mobility gear. That night, the thieves ambush Eren's group, taking Christa hostage along with their equipment. Putting aside their petty squabbles in order to rescue her, the group discover the thieves' hideout, using each of their talents to come up with a plan to ambush them. After Eren and Jean manage to recover the group's maneuver equipment and put a stop to the thieves' wagons, the thieves hold Christa at knifepoint, but she is rescued by the arrival of Mikasa and Annie after Armin had signalled for help. As the thieves are arrested, with no casualties taken, Armin wonders if the thieves' attack was part of the exercise all along.

Information Available for Public Disclosure: The Wasteland Navigation Exercise.

text: Bonus shorts[edit]

text: Chibi Theater: Fly, Cadets, Fly! (ちみキャラ劇場 とんでけ！訓練兵団, Chimi Kyara Gekijō – Tondeke! Kunren Heidan) is a series of flash animated gag shorts included with the Blu-ray Disc/DVD releases, featuring the characters in chibi form based on designs by Yuupon.[citation needed]

text:
No.TitleOriginal air date1"Day 01 / Day 02""Ichinichime / Futsukame" (01日目 / 02日目)July 17, 2013 (2013-07-17)
Eren has trouble getting to school on time, before he and Armin find themselves in the nurse's office.
2"Day 03 / Day 04""Mikkame / Yokkame" (03日目 / 04日目)August 21, 2013 (2013-08-21)
Eren tries to make a strong impression before his instructor, whilst Jean becomes jealous of Eren's closeness with Mikasa.
3"Day 05 / Day 06 / Day 07""Itsukame / Muikame / Nanokame" (05日目 / 06日目 / 07日目)September 18, 2013 (2013-09-18)
Sasha is accused of a crime she didn't commit, whilst Armin finds a rather dubious book. Later, Eren and Mikasa try to learn about the Titan's weakness.
4"Day 08 / Day 09 / Day 10""Yōkame / Kokonokame / Tōkame" (8日目 / 9日目 / 10日目)October 16, 2013 (2013-10-16)
Eren accidentally stumbles into the classroom as the girls were taking off their clothes, Mikasa competes against Ymir for Eren's pudding, Christa and Ymir discuss who they should spend the day with.
5"Day 11 / Day 12 / Day 13""Jūichinichime / Jūninichime / Jūsannichime" (11日目 / 12日目 / 13日目)November 20, 2013 (2013-11-20)
Eren attempts to improve his body by following Reiner's every move, Bertholdt tries to improve his confidence, Mikasa and Annie compete to see who can inflict more pain on Eren.
6"Day 14 / Day 15 / Day 16""Jūyokkame / Jūgonichime / Jūrokunichime" (14日目 / 15日目 / 16日目)December 18, 2013 (2013-12-18)
Conny and Sasha attempt to prank Shadis, Eren decides to shave his hair, Armin tutors Eren, Sasha, and Conny when they failed their test.
7"Day 17 / Day 18 / Day 19""Jūshichinichime / Jūhachinichime / Jūkunichime" (17日目 / 18日目 / 19日目)January 15, 2014 (2014-01-15)
Eren struggles to balance himself on the omni-directional mobility gear, Jean gets lost during training, Marco sneaks into the Girl's Dormitory to return a lost pink bag.
8"Day 20 / Day 21 / Day 22""Nijūnichime / Nijūichinichime / Nijūninichime" (20日目 / 21日目 / 22日目)February 19, 2014 (2014-02-19)
Franz and Hannah try to help Eren reconcile with Mikasa after an argument, Mikasa tries to act on her feelings with Eren, and Hange tries to communicate with a Titan.
9"Day 23 / Day 24 / Day 25""Nijūsannichime / Nijūyonnichime / Nijūgonichime" (23日目 / 24日目 / 25日目)March 19, 2014 (2014-03-19)
Erwin tries to change his appearance to appeal to cadets, Levi analyzes himself from another's point of view, and the graduation ceremony of the 104th Cadet Corps takes place.


document_title: List of Orange Is the New Black episodes

question_text: when did orange is the new black season 5 come out

text: Series overview[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally released

1
13
July 11, 2013 (2013-07-11)

2
13
June 6, 2014 (2014-06-06)

3
13
June 11, 2015 (2015-06-11)

4
13
June 17, 2016 (2016-06-17)

5
13
June 9, 2017 (2017-06-09)

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Season 1 (2013)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Featured character(s)
Original release date

1
1
"I Wasn't Ready"
Michael Trim
Liz Friedman & Jenji Kohan
Piper
July 11, 2013 (2013-07-11)

2
2
"Tit Punch"
Uta Briesewitz
Marco Ramirez
Red & Piper
July 11, 2013 (2013-07-11)

3
3
"Lesbian Request Denied"
Jodie Foster
Sian Heder
Sophia & Piper
July 11, 2013 (2013-07-11)

4
4
"Imaginary Enemies"
Michael Trim
Gary Lennon
Miss Claudette
July 11, 2013 (2013-07-11)

5
5
"The Chickening"
Andrew McCarthy
Nick Jones
Aleida & Daya
July 11, 2013 (2013-07-11)

6
6
"WAC Pack"
Michael Trim
Lauren Morelli
Nicky & Piper
July 11, 2013 (2013-07-11)

7
7
"Blood Donut"
Matthew Penn
Sara Hess
Watson
July 11, 2013 (2013-07-11)

8
8
"Moscow Mule"
Phil Abraham
Marco Ramirez
Red
July 11, 2013 (2013-07-11)

9
9
"Fucksgiving"
Michael Trim
Sian Heder
Alex
July 11, 2013 (2013-07-11)

10
10
"Bora Bora Bora"
Andrew McCarthy
Nick Jones
Piper & Tricia
July 11, 2013 (2013-07-11)

11
11
"Tall Men with Feelings"
Constantine Makris
Lauren Morelli
Piper & Alex
July 11, 2013 (2013-07-11)

12
12
"Fool Me Once"
Andrew McCarthy
Sara Hess
Pennsatucky
July 11, 2013 (2013-07-11)

13
13
"Can't Fix Crazy"
Michael Trim
Tara Herrmann & Jenji Kohan
none
July 11, 2013 (2013-07-11)

text: Season 2 (2014)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Featured character(s)
Original release date

14
1
"Thirsty Bird"
Jodie Foster
Tara Herrmann & Jenji Kohan
Piper
June 6, 2014 (2014-06-06)

15
2
"Looks Blue, Tastes Red"
Michael Trim
Jenji Kohan
Taystee
June 6, 2014 (2014-06-06)

16
3
"Hugs Can Be Deceiving"
Michael Trim
Lauren Morelli
Suzanne
June 6, 2014 (2014-06-06)

17
4
"A Whole Other Hole"
Phil Abraham
Sian Heder
Morello
June 6, 2014 (2014-06-06)

18
5
"Low Self Esteem City"
Andrew McCarthy
Nick Jones
Gloria
June 6, 2014 (2014-06-06)

19
6
"You Also Have a Pizza"
Allison Anders
Stephen Falk
Poussey
June 6, 2014 (2014-06-06)

20
7
"Comic Sans"
Andrew McCarthy
Sara Hess
Black Cindy
June 6, 2014 (2014-06-06)

21
8
"Appropriately Sized Pots"
Daisy von Scherler Mayer
Alex Regnery & Hartley Voss
Rosa
June 6, 2014 (2014-06-06)

22
9
"40 Oz. of Furlough"
S. J. Clarkson
Lauren Morelli
Red
June 6, 2014 (2014-06-06)

23
10
"Little Mustachioed Shit"
Jennifer Getzinger
Sian Heder
Piper & Alex
June 6, 2014 (2014-06-06)

24
11
"Take a Break from Your Values"
Constantine Makris
Nick Jones
Sister Ingalls
June 6, 2014 (2014-06-06)

25
12
"It Was the Change"
Phil Abraham
Sara Hess
Vee
June 6, 2014 (2014-06-06)

26
13
"We Have Manners. We're Polite."
Constantine Makris
Jenji Kohan
none
June 6, 2014 (2014-06-06)

text: Season 3 (2015)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Featured character(s)
Original release date

27
1
"Mother's Day"
Andrew McCarthy
Jenji Kohan
various
June 11, 2015 (2015-06-11)

28
2
"Bed Bugs and Beyond"
Constantine Makris
Jim Danger Gray
Bennett
June 11, 2015 (2015-06-11)

29
3
"Empathy Is a Boner Killer"
Michael Trim
Nick Jones
Nicky
June 11, 2015 (2015-06-11)

30
4
"Finger in the Dyke"
Constantine Makris
Lauren Morelli
Big Boo
June 11, 2015 (2015-06-11)

31
5
"Fake It Till You Fake It Some More"
Nicole Holofcener
Tara Herrmann
Flaca
June 11, 2015 (2015-06-11)

32
6
"Ching Chong Chang"
Anthony Hemingway
Sara Hess
Chang
June 11, 2015 (2015-06-11)

33
7
"Tongue-Tied"
Julie Anne Robinson
Sian Heder
Norma
June 11, 2015 (2015-06-11)

34
8
"Fear, and Other Smells"
Mark A. Burley
Nick Jones
Alex
June 11, 2015 (2015-06-11)

35
9
"Where My Dreidel At"
Andrew McCarthy
Jordan Harrison
Leanne
June 11, 2015 (2015-06-11)

36
10
"A Tittin' and a Hairin'"
Jesse Peretz
Lauren Morelli
Pennsatucky
June 11, 2015 (2015-06-11)

37
11
"We Can Be Heroes"
Phil Abraham
Sian Heder
Caputo
June 11, 2015 (2015-06-11)

38
12
"Don't Make Me Come Back There"
Uta Briesewitz
Sara Hess
Aleida & Daya
June 11, 2015 (2015-06-11)

39
13
"Trust No Bitch"
Phil Abraham
Jim Danger Gray & Jenji Kohan
various
June 11, 2015 (2015-06-11)

text: Season 4 (2016)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Featured character(s)
Original release date

40
1
"Work That Body for Me"
Andrew McCarthy
Jenji Kohan
none
June 17, 2016 (2016-06-17)

41
2
"Power Suit"
Constantine Makris
Sara Hess
Maria
June 17, 2016 (2016-06-17)

42
3
"(Don't) Say Anything"
Andrew McCarthy
Jim Danger Gray
Soso
June 17, 2016 (2016-06-17)

43
4
"Doctor Psycho"
Erin Feeley
Carly Mensch
Healy
June 17, 2016 (2016-06-17)

44
5
"We'll Always Have Baltimore"
Tricia Brock
Jordan Harrison
Maritza
June 17, 2016 (2016-06-17)

45
6
"Piece of Shit"
Uta Briesewitz
Lauren Morelli
none
June 17, 2016 (2016-06-17)

46
7
"It Sounded Nicer in My Head"
Mark A. Burley
Nick Jones
Lolly
June 17, 2016 (2016-06-17)

47
8
"Friends in Low Places"
Phil Abraham
Alex Regnery & Hartley Voss
none
June 17, 2016 (2016-06-17)

48
9
"Turn Table Turn"
Constantine Makris
Sara Hess
Blanca
June 17, 2016 (2016-06-17)

49
10
"Bunny, Skull, Bunny, Skull"
Phil Abraham
Carly Mensch
none
June 17, 2016 (2016-06-17)

50
11
"People Persons"
Lev L. Spiro
Nick Jones
Suzanne
June 17, 2016 (2016-06-17)

51
12
"The Animals"
Matthew Weiner
Lauren Morelli
Bayley
June 17, 2016 (2016-06-17)

52
13
"Toast Can't Never Be Bread Again"
Adam Bernstein
Tara Herrmann & Jenji Kohan
Poussey
June 17, 2016 (2016-06-17)

text: Season 5 (2017)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Featured character(s)
Original release date

53
1
"Riot FOMO"
Andrew McCarthy
Jenji Kohan
none
June 9, 2017 (2017-06-09)

54
2
"Fuck, Marry, Frieda"
Constantine Makris
Jordan Harrison
Frieda
June 9, 2017 (2017-06-09)

55
3
"Pissters!"
Phil Abraham
Rebecca Angelo & Lauren Schuker Blum
Linda
June 9, 2017 (2017-06-09)

56
4
"Litchfield's Got Talent"
Nick Sandow
Josh Koenigsberg, Jenji Kohan & Tara Herrmann
Alison
June 9, 2017 (2017-06-09)

57
5
"Sing It, White Effie"
Phil Abraham
Molly Smith Metzler
Watson
June 9, 2017 (2017-06-09)

58
6
"Flaming Hot Cheetos, Literally"
Andrew McCarthy
Lauren Morelli
Taystee
June 9, 2017 (2017-06-09)

59
7
"Full Bush, Half Snickers"
Uta Briesewitz
Anthony Natoli
none
June 9, 2017 (2017-06-09)

60
8
"Tied to the Tracks"
Michael Trim
Carolina Paiz
Daya
June 9, 2017 (2017-06-09)

61
9
"The Tightening"
Erin Feeley
Jordan Harrison
Red
June 9, 2017 (2017-06-09)

62
10
"The Reverse Midas Touch"
Laura Prepon
Rebecca Angelo & Lauren Schuker Blum
Piscatella
June 9, 2017 (2017-06-09)

63
11
"Breaking the Fiberboard Ceiling"
Wendey Stanzler
Lauren Morelli
none
June 9, 2017 (2017-06-09)

64
12
"Tattoo You"
Mark A. Burley
Tara Herrmann & Carolina Paiz
Piper & Alex
June 9, 2017 (2017-06-09)

65
13
"Storm-y Weather"
Jesse Peretz
Lauren Morelli
none
June 9, 2017 (2017-06-09)


document_title: Escape from Mr. Lemoncello's Library (film)

question_text: where was escape from mr lemoncello's library filmed

question_tokens: where was escape from mr lemoncello 's library filmed

text: Plot[edit]

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (November 2017)

text: Game creator Luigi Lemoncello (Russell Roberts) has created a high tech library. He issues a challenge to any 12 year olds to take part in an escape challenge where they must find the escape clues in each of the library's sections in order to get out of the library.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Casey Simpson as Kyle Keeley
Breanna Yde as Akimi
Klarke Pipkin as Sierra
A.J. Louis Rivera Jr. as Andrew Peckleman
Ty Nicolas Consiglio as Charles Chiltington
Russell Roberts as Mr. Luigi Lemoncello
Patti Allan as Mrs. Tobin
Katey Hoffman as Dr. Zinchenko
Sean Campbell as Mr. Keeley
Tanya Champoux as Mrs. Keeley
Graham Verchere as Curtis Keeley
Samuel Braun as Mike Keeley
Hannah Cheramy as Rose Vermette
Dylan Kingwell as Sean Keegan
Lily Killam as Bridgette Wadge
Anantjot S Aneja as Miguel Fernandez
Jena Skodje as Yasmeen Smith-Snyder
Simon Pidgeon and Devyn Dalton as Hansel and Gretel
John DeSantis as Frankenstein's monster
Brin Alexander as Werewolf
Alexander Mandra as Count Dracula
Breanna Watkins as Wicked Witch of the East

tag: ul

text: Voices[edit]

text:
Dana Snyder as Troll from Three Billy Goats Gruff
Kari Wahlgren as Charlotte from Charlotte's Web

text: Production[edit]

text: Filming for this film was done in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.[1][2]


document_title: Conor Maynard

question_text: when did jack maynard start his youtube channel

text: Conor Maynard

text: Biography[edit]

text: 1992–2011: Early life and career[edit]

text: Conor Maynard was born in Brighton, England, to Gary and Helen Maynard, a builder and office worker, respectively. He has a younger brother, Jack who is a YouTuber and briefly appeared on the 2017 series of I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!. Maynard has his own Youtube Channel as well. His younger sister Anna has appeared in some of his covers on YouTube, including "Run" and "If I Were A Boy".[5][6] He attended Cardinal Newman Catholic School in Hove. On 19 May 2006, he signed up to the online video-sharing website YouTube and uploaded his very first video of him singing "Breathe", by fellow British musician Lee Carr.[7]

text: In 2006, Maynard starred as a young Casper Rose in the Sky 1 television series Dream Team.[8]

text: Since 2009, Maynard has uploaded cover versions of songs with rapper and close friend, Anthony "Anth" Melo, who resides in Virginia. Together they have covered a variety of songs, including: Taio Cruz ("Dynamite"), Rihanna ("Only Girl (In the World)"). Maynard came to label attention when American singer/songwriter Ne-Yo watched a cover version of his track "Beautiful Monster" – who contacted the musician soon afterwards, and Ne-Yo became Maynard's mentor.[9] He signed to EMI/Parlophone and Turn First management.[10]

text: Turn First were responsible for developing the artist.[10] CEO Sarah Stennett told HitQuarters that rather than telling him what songs to sing, they guided him through the songwriting process, finding what music he was listening to and what was inspiring him, and then matched him up with producers The Invisible Men and songwriter Sophie Stern.[10] These sessions eventually resulted in first single "Can't Say No". Stennett described the song as "a tastemaker track. It sounded like something he was listening to, which was urban radio."[10]

text: In November 2011, Maynard received a nomination for MTV's Brand New for 2012 award, competing alongside Delilah, Michael Kiwanuka, Lana Del Rey and Lianne La Havas.[11] It was announced on 31 January 2012 that Maynard had been crowned winner of the award, having received approximately 48% of the public vote.[4] February 2012 saw the reveal that Maynard had been signed to label EMI subsidiary, Parlophone in late 2011 and that work would begin in the coming months on his debut studio album, Contrast.[2] He released the music video for his debut single "Can't Say No" on 1 March 2012,[12] which by September 2012 had already surpassed fourteen million views.

text: The single was met with positive reviews, with Lewis Corner (of Digital Spy) describing it as "playful, fun and immediately leaves you wanting another go",[13] while others compared Maynard to Canadian singer Justin Bieber. Maynard largely disputed this comparison, stating "I'm not like Justin Bieber", but allowed that both gained popularity from being young and from being found through YouTube.[14]

text: 2012–2013: Contrast[edit]

text: Maynard's debut single, "Can't Say No", was released in the United Kingdom on 15 April 2012 – debuting at number two on the UK Singles Chart for the week ending 28 April with 74,792 copies sold.[15] The track also saw chart success in Ireland, where it peaked at number thirteen.[16] On 1 May, Maynard released the album track "Drowning" as a free download for any fans who pre-ordered the upcoming studio album, Contrast.[17] On 5 May, he performed "Can't Say No" at the 7th annual edition of the TRL Awards in Italy.[18] On 9 June 2012, Maynard performed "Can't Say No" at the Capital Summertime Ball[19] in front of an 80,000 strong crowd.

text: Maynard released his second single, "Vegas Girl", on 21 July 2012 in the UK – it debuted and peaked at number 4 on the UK Singles Chart. On 30 July, he released Contrast, which debuted at number 1 on the UK Album Chart on 11 August 2012. The album sold only 17,000 copies in its debut week. He released the third single from the album "Turn Around", featuring Ne-Yo. It peaked at number 8 on the UK singles chart.[citation needed]

text: 2013–present: Take Off and new album[edit]

text: It was revealed in June 2013 that Maynard would release a book offering fans an insight into his rise to fame, entitled Take Off; it was released in October 2013.[20] Maynard is currently preparing for the release of his second studio album. He has promised a new sound for the album[21] and has confirmed that he has worked with Labrinth and Travie McCoy on the album.[22]

text: On 23 August, Maynard confirmed that his new single would be called "R U Crazy", which was produced by Labrinth.[23] The song premiered on radio on 25 August, as well as the music video appearing on 27 August.[24]

text: In March 2014, Maynard took part in recording England's 2014 World Cup song. He collaborated with the likes of fellow pop stars Melanie C, Eliza Doolittle, Emma Bunton, Katy B, Kimberley Walsh and Pixie Lott, on "Greatest Day", a track originally performed by British band, Take That. The track was produced by Gary Barlow and recorded at Sarm Studios in London. The track also featured past footballers such as Gary Lineker, Michael Owen, Geoff Hurst, David Seaman, Peter Shilton, Glenn Hoddle and Dion Dublin on backing vocals.[25]

text: On 1 March 2015 Conor released his new single "Talking About", the second single from the upcoming album. The single debuted at number 44 on the UK Singles Chart, becoming not only Maynard's first single to miss the top-ten, but also his first to miss the top-forty altogether.[26] Within a month Conor released his third single called "Royalty". The single is extracted from his second upcoming album, which is predicted to be released at the beginning of 2016.

text: On 22 January 2016, the single "I'm Famous" by Marcus Butler was released featuring Maynard. It peaked at number 85 on the UK Singles Chart top 100, failing to reach the top 40.[27] The single spent only one week on the chart. Maynard was also featured alongside Butler in the music video for the same song.

text: Conor performed at the Hertfordshire Summer Ball on 13 May 2016, along with other acts such as Becky Hill.

text: In July 2016, due to the success of his covers on YouTube, Conor announced he would be releasing an album of covers with one original track. A few of the covers included "Pillowtalk", "One Dance", "Hello" and "Stitches". The original was called "This Is My Version" and was written about a relationship he had previously been in. The album was released on 5 August 2016.

text: Maynard featured on a dance track called "Dancing in the Headlights" by DJ Antoine. Maynard also featured on a track called "Catch Me Here" by Drumsound and Bassline Smith which Conor had already written for 2 years. On 23 December 2016 he released the single "Are You Sure?" with Kris Kross Amsterdam featuring vocals from Ty Dolla Sign.

text: Discography[edit]

text: Albums[edit]

text:
Title
Details
Peak chart positions
Certifications

UK
[15]
AUS
[28]
BEL
(Fl)
[29]
CAN
[30]
DEN
[31]
NL
[32]
IRE
[16]
NZ
[33]
SWI
[34]
US
[30]

Contrast

Released: 30 July 2012[35]
Label: Parlophone
Formats: Digital download, CD

1
48
34
10
37
73
10
27
40
34

BPI: Silver[36]

Covers

Released: 5 August 2016
Label: Parlophone[37]
Formats: Digital download

—
—
—
—
—
54
79
—
—
—

"—" denotes an album that did not chart or was not released in that territory.

text: Singles[edit]

text: As lead artist[edit]

text:
Title
Year
Peak chart positions
Certifications
Album

UK
[15]
AUS
[28]
BEL
(Fl)
[29]
CAN
[30]
GER
[38]
NL
[32]
IRE
[16]
NZ
[33]
US
[39]
US
Pop
[30]

"Can't Say No"
2012
2
38
35
75
63
—
13
21
—
—

BPI: Silver[36]

Contrast

"Vegas Girl"
4
75
57
—
63
55
22
—
111
27

"Turn Around"
(featuring Ne-Yo)
8
43
26
—
76
20
14
28
117
32

BPI: Silver[36]

"Animal"
(featuring Wiley)
2013
6
—
60
—
—
—
27
—
—
—

"R U Crazy"
4
—
99
—
—
—
18
—
—
—

BPI: Silver[36]

Non-album singles

"Talking About"
2015
44
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—

"Royalty"
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—

"Are You Sure?"
(with Kris Kross Amsterdam featuring Ty Dolla Sign)
2016
—
—
—
—
—
25
—
—
—
—

"Understand Me"[40]
(with CMC$)
2017
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—

"—" denotes a single that did not chart or was not released in that territory.

text: As featured artist[edit]

text:
Title
Year
Peak chart positions
Album

UK
[15]

"I'm Famous"
(Marcus Butler featuring Conor Maynard)
2016
85
Non-album Singles

"Dancing in the Headlights"
(DJ Antoine featuring Conor Maynard)
—

"Catch Me Here"
(Drumsound & Bassline Smith featuring Conor Maynard)
—

"All My Love"
(Cash Cash featuring Conor Maynard)
2017
—

"—" denotes a single that did not chart or was not released in that territory.

text: Other charted songs[edit]

text:
Title
Year
Peak chart positions
Album

UK
[15]

"Better than You"
(featuring Rita Ora)
2012
105
Contrast

text: Promotional singles[edit]

text:
Title
Year
Album

"Drowning"[17]
2012
Contrast

"Pictures"[41]
2013

text: Filmography[edit]

text: As actor[edit]

text: Television[edit]

text:
Year
Film
Role
Notes

2006
Dream Team
Casper Rose
Season 9, Episode 11


document_title: Steam power during the Industrial Revolution

question_text: where was the steam engine invented industrial revolution

text: Thomas Savery's steam pump[edit]

text: The industrial use of steam power started with Thomas Savery in 1698. He constructed and patented in London the first engine, which he called the "Miner's Friend" since he intended it to pump water from mines. Early versions used a soldered copper boiler which burst easily at low steam pressures.  Later versions with iron boiler were capable of raising water about 46 meters (150 feet). The Savery engine had no moving parts other than hand-operated valves. The steam once admitted into the cylinder was first condensed by an external cold water spray, thus creating a partial vacuum which drew water up through a pipe from a lower level; then valves were opened and closed and a fresh charge of steam applied directly on to the surface of the water now in the cylinder, forcing it up an outlet pipe discharging at higher level. The engine was used as a low-lift water pump in a few mines and numerous water works, but it was not a success since it was limited in pumping height and prone to boiler explosions.[1]

text: Thomas Newcomen's steam engine[edit]

text: The first practical mechanical steam engine was introduced by Thomas Newcomen in 1712. Newcomen apparently conceived his machine quite independently of Savery, but as the latter had taken out a very wide-ranging patent, Newcomen and his associates were obliged to come to an arrangement with him, marketing the engine until 1733 under a joint patent.[2] Newcomen's engine appears to have been based on Papin's experiments carried out 30 years earlier, and employed a piston and cylinder, one end of which was open to the atmosphere above the piston. Steam just above atmospheric pressure (all that the boiler could stand) was introduced into the lower half of the cylinder beneath the piston during the gravity-induced upstroke; the steam was then condensed by a jet of cold water injected into the steam space to produce a partial vacuum; the pressure differential between the atmosphere and the vacuum on either side of the piston displaced it downwards into the cylinder, raising the opposite end of a rocking beam to which was attached a gang of gravity-actuated reciprocating force pumps housed in the mineshaft. The engine's downward power stroke raised the pump, priming it and preparing the pumping stroke. At first the phases were controlled by hand, but within ten years an escapement mechanism had been devised worked by of a vertical plug tree suspended from the rocking beam which rendered the engine self-acting.

text: A number of Newcomen engines were successfully put to use in Britain for draining hitherto unworkable deep mines, with the engine on the surface; these were large machines, requiring a lot of capital to build, and produced about 5 hp. They were extremely inefficient by modern standards, but when located where coal was cheap at pit heads, opened up a great expansion in coal mining by allowing mines to go deeper. Despite their disadvantages, Newcomen engines were reliable and easy to maintain and continued to be used in the coalfields until the early decades of the nineteenth century. By 1729, when Newcomen died, his engines had spread to France, Germany, Austria, Hungary and Sweden. A total of 110 are known to have been built by 1733 when the joint patent expired, of which 14 were abroad.  In the 1770s, the engineer John Smeaton built some very large examples and introduced a number of improvements. A total of 1,454 engines had been built by 1800.

text: James Watt's steam engines[edit]

text: A fundamental change in working principles was brought about by James Watt. With the close collaboration of Matthew Boulton, he had succeeded by 1778 in perfecting his steam engine which incorporated a series of radical improvements, notably, the use of a steam jacket around the cylinder to keep it at the temperature of the steam and, most importantly, a steam condenser chamber separate from the piston chamber.  These improvements increased engine efficiency by a factor of about five, saving 75% on coal costs.

text: The Newcomen engine could not, at the time, be easily adapted to drive a rotating wheel, although Wasborough and Pickard did succeed in doing so in about 1780. However, by 1783 the more economical Watt steam engine had been fully developed into a double-acting rotative type with a centrifugal governor, parallel motion and flywheel which meant that it could be used to directly drive the rotary machinery of a factory or mill. Both of Watt's basic engine types were commercially very successful.

text: By 1800, the firm Boulton & Watt had constructed 496 engines, with 164 driving reciprocating pumps, 24 serving blast furnaces, and 308 powering mill machinery; most of the engines generated from 5 to 10 hp.  An estimate of the total power that could be produced by all these engines was about 11,200 hp.  This was still only a small fraction of the total power generating capacity in Britain by waterwheels (120,000 hp) and by windmills (15,000 hp); however, water and wind power were seasonably variable.[3]  Newcomen and other steam engines generated at the same time about 24,000 hp.

text: Development after Watt[edit]

text: The development of machine tools, such as the lathe, planing and shaping machines powered by these engines, enabled all the metal parts of the engines to be easily and accurately cut and in turn made it possible to build larger and more powerful engines.[4]

text: In the early 19th century after the expiration of the Boulton & Watt patent in 1800, the steam engine underwent great increases in power due to the use of higher pressure steam which Watt had always avoided because of the danger of exploding boilers, which were in a very primitive state of development.[4][5]

text: Until about 1800, the most common pattern of steam engine was the beam engine, built as an integral part of a stone or brick engine-house, but soon various patterns of self-contained portative engines (readily removable, but not on wheels) were developed, such as the table engine. Further decrease in size due to use of higher pressure came towards the end of the 18th Century when the Cornish engineer, Richard Trevithick and the American engineer, Oliver Evans, independently began to construct higher pressure (about 40 pounds per square inch (2.7 atm)) engines which exhausted into the atmosphere, although Arthur Wolf working at the Meux Brewery in London was already experimenting with higher pressure steam, in his efforts to save coal. This allowed an engine and boiler to be combined into a single unit compact and light enough to be used on mobile road and rail locomotives and steam boats.[4]

text: Trevithick was a man of versatile talents, and his activities were not confined to small applications. Trevithick developed his large Cornish boiler with an internal flue from about 1812. These were also employed when upgrading a number of Watt pumping engines, by this time Arthur Wolf had already produced high pressure engines whilst working at Meux brewery in London, in his efforts to improve efficiency, thus saving coal, as he had been  trained by Joseph Bramah in the art of quality control, which resulted in him becoming chief engineer at Harveys of Hayle in Cornwall, by far the largest and leading manufacturer of steam engines in the world.

text: The Cornish engine was developed in the 1810s for pumping mines in Cornwall. It was the result of using the exhaust of a high pressure engine to power a condensing engine.  The Cornish engine was notable for its relatively high efficiency.

text: The Corliss Engine[edit]

text: The last major improvement to the steam engine was the Corliss engine.[6]  Named after its inventor, George Henry Corliss, this stationary steam engine was introduced to the world in 1849.  The engine boasted a number of desired features, including fuel efficiency (lowering cost of fuel by a third or more), low maintenance costs, 30% higher rate of power production, high thermal efficiency, and the ability to operate under light, heavy, or varying loads while maintaining high velocity and constant speed.[7][8][9][10] While the engine was loosely based on existing steam engines keeping the simple piston-flywheel design, the majority of these features were brought about by the engine’s unique valves and valve gears.  Unlike most engines employed during the era that were using mainly slide-valve gears, Corliss created his own system that used a wrist plate to control a number of different valves.  Each cylinder was equipped with four valves, with exhaust and inlet valves at both ends of the cylinder.[4] Through a precisely tuned series of events opening and closing these valves, steam is admitted and released at a precise rate allowing for linear piston motion. This provided the engine’s most notable feature, the automatic variable cut-off mechanism.[11]  This mechanism is what allowed the engine to maintain a set speed in response to varying loads without losing efficiency, stalling, or being damaged.  Using a series of cam gears, which could adjust valve timing (essentially acting as a throttle), the engine’s speed and horsepower was adjusted.  This proved extremely useful for most of the engine’s applications.  In the textile industry, it allowed for production at much higher speeds while lowering the likelihood that threads would break.[8][12]   In metallurgy, the extreme and abrupt variations of load experienced in rolling mills were also countered by the technology.  These examples demonstrate that the Corliss engine was able to lead to much higher rates of production, while preventing costly damages to machinery and materials.  It was referred to as “the most perfect regulation of speed.” [13]

text:
Corliss kept a detailed record of the production, collective horsepower, and sales of his engines up until the patent expired.[13]  He did this for a number of reasons, including tracking those who infringed on the patent rights, maintenance and upgrade details, and especially as data used to extend the patent.  With this data, a more clear understanding of the engine’s influence is provided.  By 1869, nearly 1200 engines had been sold, totaling 118,500 horsepower.  Another estimated 60,000 horsepower was being utilized by engines that were created by manufacturers infringing on Corliss’s patent, bringing the total horsepower to roughly 180,000.[8] This relatively small number of engines produced 15% of the United States’ total 1.2 million horsepower.[14] The mean horsepower for all Corliss engines in 1870 was 100, while the mean for all steam engines (including Corliss engines) was 30.  Some very large engines even allowed for applications as large as 1,400 horsepower.  Many were convinced of the Corliss engine’s benefits, but adoption was slow due to patent protection.  When Corliss was denied a patent extension in 1870, it became a prevalent model for stationary engines in the industrial sector.[8] By the end of the 19th century, the engine was already having a major influence on the manufacturing sector, where it made up only 10% of the sector’s engines, but produced 46% of the horsepower.[14]   The engine also became a model of efficiency outside of the textile industry as it was used for pumping the waterways of Pawtucket, Rhode Island in 1878 and by playing an essential role in the expansion of the railroad by allowing for very large-scale operations in rolling mills.[6][8]
Many steam engines of the 19th century have been replaced, destroyed, or repurposed, but the longevity of the Corliss engine is apparent today in select distilleries where they are still used as a power source.[15]

text: Major Applications[edit]

text: Blast furnace power[edit]

text: In the mid 1750s the steam engine was applied to the water power-constrained iron, copper and lead industries for powering blast bellows. These industries were located near the mines, some of which were using steam engines for mine pumping.  Steam engines were too powerful for leather bellows, so cast iron blowing cylinders were developed in 1768.  Steam powered blast furnaces achieved higher temperatures, allowing the use of more lime in iron blast furnace feed.  (Lime rich slag was not free-flowing at the previously used temperatures.)  With a sufficient lime ratio, sulfur from coal or coke fuel reacts with the slag so that the sulfur does not contaminate the iron.  Coal and coke were cheaper and more abundant fuel.  As a result, iron production rose significantly during the last decades of the 18th century.[16]

text: Moving from Water to Steam Power[edit]

text: Water power, the world's preceding supply of power, continued to be an essential power source even during the height of steam engine popularity.[17] The steam engine, however, provided many benefits that couldn’t be realized by relying solely on water power, allowing it to quickly become industrialised nations' dominant power source (rising from 5% to 80% of the total power in the US from 1838-1860).[18]  While many consider the potential for an increase in power generated to be the dominant benefit (with the average horsepower of steam powered mills producing four times the power of water powered mills), others favor the potential for agglomeration.[19][20]  Steam engines made it possible to easily work, produce, market, specialize, viably expand westward without having to worry about the less abundant presence of waterways, and live in communities that weren’t geographically isolated in proximity to rivers and streams.[8] Cities and towns were now built around factories where steam engines served as the foundation for the livelihood of many of the citizens.  By promoting the agglomeration of individuals, local markets were established and often met with impressive success, cities quickly grew and were eventually urbanized, the quality of living increased as infrastructure was put in place, finer goods could be produced as acquisition of materials became less difficult and expensive, direct local competition led to higher degrees of specialization, and labor and capital were in rich supply.[7] In some counties where the establishments utilized steam power, population growths were even seen to increase.[21] These steam powered towns encouraged growth locally and on the national scale, further validating the economic importance of the steam engine.

text: The Steamboat[edit]

text: This period of economic growth, which was ushered in by the introduction and adoption of the steamboat, was one of the greatest ever experienced in the United States. Around 1815, steamboats began to replace barges and flatboats in the transport of goods around the United States. Prior to the steamboat, rivers were generally only used in transporting goods from east to west, and from north to south as fighting the current was very difficult and often impossible.[22] Non-powered boats and rafts were assembled up-stream, would carry their cargo down stream, and would often be disassembled at the end of their journey; with their remains being used to construct homes and commercial buildings.

text:
Following the advent of the steamboat, the United States saw an incredible growth in the transportation of goods and people, which was key in westward expansion. Prior to the steamboat, it could take between three and four months to make the passage from New Orleans to Louisville, averaging twenty miles a day.[22] With the steamboat this time was reduced drastically with trips ranging from twenty-five to thirty-five days. This was especially beneficial to farmers as their crops could now be transported elsewhere to be sold.
The steamboat also allowed for increased specialization. Sugar and Cotton were shipped up north while goods like poultry, grain and pork were shipped south. Unfortunately, the steamboat also aided in the internal slave trade.[23]

text: With the steamboat came the need for an improved river system. The natural river system had features that either wasn't compatible with steamboat travel or was only available during certain months when rivers were higher. Some obstacles included rapids, sand bars, shallow waters and waterfalls. To overcome these natural obstacles, a network of canals, locks and dams were constructed. This increased demand for labor spurred tremendous job growth along the rivers.[24]

text: The economic benefits of the steamboat extended far beyond the construction of the ships themselves, and the goods they transported. These ships led directly to growth in the coal and insurance industries, along with creating demand for repair facilities along the rivers.[25] Additionally the demand for goods in general increased as the steamboat made transport to new destinations both wide reaching and efficient.

text: Steamboat and Water Transport[edit]

text:
After the first steamboat was invented and achieved a number of successful trials, it was quickly adopted and led to an even quicker change in the way of water transport.
In 1814, the city of New Orleans recorded 21 steamboat arrivals, but over the course of the following 20 years that number exploded to more than 1200. The steamboat’s role as a major transportation source was secured.[26]
The transport sector saw enormous growth following the steam engine's application, leading to major innovations in canals, steamboats, and railroads. The steamboat and canal system revolutionized trade of the United States. As the steamboats gained popularity, enthusiasm grew for the building of canals.
In 1816, the US had only 100 miles of canals. This needed to change, however, as the potential increase in traded goods from east to west convinced many that canals were a necessary connection between the Mississippi-Ohio waterways with the Great Lakes.

text: Railroad[edit]

text: The use of steam engines on railroads proved to be extraordinary in the fact that now you could have large amounts of goods and raw materials delivered to cities and factories alike. Trains could deliver these to places far away at a fraction of the cost traveling by wagon. Railroad tracks, which were already in use in mines and various other situations, became the new means of transportation after the first locomotive was invented.