document_title: Awkward (TV series)

question_text: who wrote the letter to jenna in awkward

text: Awkward (TV series)

text: Plot[edit]

text: Social outcast Jenna Hamilton has an accident, but it looks like she tried to commit suicide after getting a "carefrontation" letter. She begins a blog that helps her deal with different high school issues such as boy troubles, peer-pressure, and trying to fit in. By making changes and embracing her misfortune, she becomes well-known to her peers.

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired

Season premiere
Season finale

1
12
July 19, 2011 (2011-07-19)
September 27, 2011 (2011-09-27)

2
12
June 28, 2012 (2012-06-28)
September 20, 2012 (2012-09-20)

3
20
April 16, 2013 (2013-04-16)
December 17, 2013 (2013-12-17)

4
21
April 15, 2014 (2014-04-15)
November 25, 2014

5
24
August 31, 2015 (2015-08-31)
May 24, 2016 (2016-05-24)

text: Season 1 (2011)[edit]

text: After losing her virginity to the popular Matty McKibben during summer camp, Jenna Hamilton continues a secret relationship with him that only her two best friends Tamara and Ming know about. Upon returning home from camp, Jenna receives a "care-frontation" letter from an anonymous source, brutally criticizing her for being a "loser". When Jenna attempts to get rid of the letter, she falls and breaks her arm, accidentally making it look like a suicide attempt. Gossip spreads fast, which makes Jenna receive unwanted attention at school, especially from nosy guidance counselor, Ms. Marks, and mean girl Sadie Saxton. Jenna decides to take the advice in the care-frontation letter to become bolder and more outgoing, and her popularity increases as a result. Jenna's growing popularity initially creates tension between her and her friends but the three eventually make up. Jenna begins to resent being in a secret relationship with Matty. Later she finds out that Matty's best friend, Jake Rosati, has been hiding a crush on her. Jake breaks up with his beautiful but ditzy girlfriend, Lissa, to ask Jenna to the Winter Formal. Jenna ends her relationship with Matty to be with Jake, with her and Matty keeping their former relationship a secret from Jake. After several false leads, Jenna finds out who wrote her the confrontation letter—her mother, Lacey.

text: Season 2 (2012)[edit]

text: Jake falls in love with Jenna and they begin a relationship, but this leads to awkward tension between her and Matty. The two try to keep any evidence that they were together a secret. Meanwhile, Jenna makes her mother tell her father that she herself wrote the "carefrontation" letter. After that, Kevin moves out and breaks up with Lacey because he can't understand how she could have done something so cruel to her own daughter. Meanwhile, Sadie begins dating Ricky Schwartz, much to Tamara's dismay. Jenna's "Aunt Ally" returns to get married and Jenna worries that Lacey's high school boyfriend, who is invited to the wedding, will ruin her parents' chances of getting back together. Jenna intervenes and eventually Kevin and Lacey make up. Jenna struggles with her feelings for Jake and realizes she is still in love with Matty. Sadie tells Jake about Jenna's previous relationship with Matty and he breaks up with her. On his way to apologize to Jenna, he witness her kissing Matty. The two boys get in a public fistfight but eventually make up and ask Jenna to choose between them. After much deliberation, Jenna chooses Matty over Jake and the two begin their relationship anew although Jenna wonders if she made the right decision by choosing to stay with Matty instead of going to the summer trip to Europe. At the end of the year party, Jake and Tamara kiss and become a couple while Sadie is devastated to find Ricky cheating on her with another guy, Clark.

text: Season 3 (2013)[edit]

text: When school starts again, Jenna is jealous to find out that Tamara has a new look and has become closer with Jake and Valerie. However, Tamara's increased popularity creates tension between her and Jake, especially when they run against each other for student body president. Ming finally finds a boyfriend and becomes head of the "Asian Mafia" although the power quickly goes to her head. Jenna starts taking a creative writing class where she meets Collin, an attractive intellectual. As Jenna gets bored with her relationship with Matty, she starts a fling with Collin.

text: This affair is then revealed on Jenna's 17th birthday party. Matty is willing to forgive Jenna, but she breaks up with him for Collin. Jenna becomes increasingly isolated from her friends as she spends more of her time with Collin, who encourages her to smoke pot. Eventually Jenna and Collin split after she gets suspended and realizes her mistakes. Her friends forgive her, but her actions aren't forgotten.

text: Ming's reign of power in the Asian Mafia eventually ends when she negotiates with Becca to keep her position as the leader as long as she leaves her and her boyfriend, Fred Wu, alone.

text: Season 4 (2014)[edit]

text: Jenna is in her senior year and hoping to make amends for the prior year's mishaps. She attempts being more involved in school, improving her academics, preparing for college and rekindling her relationship with Matty. A new girl, Eva, enrolls in school. Ming has broken up with Fred Wu and moved away to Vermont while Tamara and Jake partake in a sexually active relationship. Jake changes his image during the summer, starts making music and eventually decides to break up with Tamara. Sadie lives with her adoptive parent, Ally, while working nights at a food truck. Matty gets a job and continues to be friends with Jenna. They end up having sex and his evasion afterwards leads Jenna to think he is embarrassed to be with her. He is actually grieving over the fact that he's adopted and quits his job in rebellion. In sympathy, Matty and Jenna become friends with benefits. Jenna eventually ends it and becomes romantically involved with Luke, a college freshman. This causes more friction between Matty and Jenna and to compensate, Jenna tries to get him and Eva together. Jenna realizes that she hasn't truly let Matty go, which puts strain on her relationship with Luke as Matty and Jenna argue whenever they see each other due to Eva causing trouble. Eva black-mails Sadie so Austin breaks up with her and tries to make Jenna jealous, including by leaving her underwear in Jenna's bed, so that it looks like she and Matty slept together. The mid-season ends with Luke and Jenna breaking up, Eva being caught in her lies, Tamara and Jake becoming friends, and Mr. Hamilton being injured.

text: On New Years, Matty, Jenna, Jake and Tamara get together and decide to crash Sadie's aunt's party. While there, Matty reconciles with his mother and Jenna finds a new guy to kiss at midnight, a guy she later finds out is a sophomore. Meanwhile, college acceptances are rolling in and it seems as though everyone's been accepted except Jenna. Jenna attempts to get into Lockard University, but while she doesn't get accepted, her mother does. On Matty's 18th birthday, Jenna competes with his new girlfriend Gabby, only to realize Gabby is genuinely nice and means no harm. Jenna confesses to Matty that she feels like Gabby's virginity is worth waiting for, and that her own wasn't. Matty argues and tells her that he didn't want to be alone when he opened a letter which would tell him who his birth parents are, which showed how much Jenna means to him. After Matty's disappointment of discovering that his birth mother does not want to be found, Jenna comforts him and the two end up kissing. Jenna tells him she can't because he needs to be loyal to Gabby but Matty says, "It's us. It's kinda different, goes a bit beyond the rules of high school." During spring break, Jenna locates Matty's father and they plan to meet him in Mexico. Gabby shows up and goes with Matty instead. While in Mexico, Tamara gets engaged to a man named Adam whom she meets in a bar. Adam is in basic military training and she accepts his proposal, thinking that he is going to serve somewhere far away but in reality, he will be in California. Meanwhile, Mrs. Hamilton discovers she is pregnant and considers not going to college. Later, it is revealed that Gabby slept with Jake and Jenna finally lets go of Matty as she begins dating a friend of Adam. Matty goes to the beach to get away from things but instead sees Jenna and her new date in the distance. Jake then shows up on the beach, initially wanting to confess about him and Gabby but decides to keep quiet instead. The season ends with Matty staring at Jenna in the distance on the beach, wondering whether he has lost his chance of true love.

text: Season 5 (2015–2016)[edit]

text: Awkward was renewed for a fifth season on October 8, 2014. It is planned to be split in two parts (like Seasons 3 and 4), with the first half telling the story of their graduation and the second half telling the story after their freshman year of college. Executive producers Chris Alberghini and Mike Chessler revealed that they are hopeful that the show will be renewed for a sixth season.

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text:
Ashley Rickards as Jenna Hamilton, the titular "awkward" girl with an irreverent, optimistic outlook on life. The series begins with her receiving a brutal "care-frontation" letter that urges her to become less invisible. Jenna loses her virginity to and has a complicated on-off relationship with Matty McKibben. She is also an aspiring writer. Her best friends are Tamara Kaplan and (in earlier seasons) Ming Huang.
Beau Mirchoff as Matty McKibben, Jenna's main love interest. He initially appears to be a typical popular jock but over the course of the series reveals a deeper, more sensitive side. He struggles when he is out of his comfort zone, as he normally doesn't have to try very hard to be well-liked or accepted. He has a complicated relationship with his parents, and discovered he was adopted mid-series. He later meets his birth father, who, like Jenna's parents, had Matty at a very young age. Matty's best friend is Jake Rosati.
Nikki DeLoach as Lacey Hamilton, Jenna's young, appearance-obsessed mother who had Jenna as a teenager. She secretly wrote Jenna the brutal "care-frontation" letter in an ill-advised attempt to make her daughter more happy and popular. Once revealed, Jenna stopped speaking to her and Jenna's dad, Kevin, moved out of the family home. They later reconciled. She and Jenna seem to be polar opposites at times, but she has displayed genuine love and concern for her throughout the series. Her best friends are Ally Saxton and Val Marks.
Jillian Rose Reed as Tamara Kaplan, Jenna's best friend and a perky, type A personality who is as obsessed with her own brand of slang as she is with becoming popular. Tamara is seen as fun and outgoing but also often bossy and annoying because of her loud antics. A recurring theme of the series is Tamara succeeding much easier at being well-liked (as a cheerleader, then later as Sadie Saxton's friend) than Jenna. She also tends to lead a disastrous love life.
Brett Davern as Jake Rosati, Matty's best friend and a brief love interest for Jenna. Jake is popular like Matty, but for different reasons; he's the class president, known for his smarts and tends to be well-liked by everyone for his caring nature. Later, Jake and Tamara date but break up over Tamara's bossy personality. Jake goes through identity crises throughout the series, rejecting his goody two-shoes image to become a "cooler" singer and later as a "townie," electing to take a gap year from college to work in Palos Hills. His most frequent love interest is Lissa Miller.
Molly Tarlov as Sadie Saxton, one of the most popular girls in school, though mostly because everyone fears her. She is head cheerleader despite being overweight at the beginning of the series. Sadie is known for wit, particularly when it comes to caustic barbs that are usually followed by a sarcastic "You're welcome." She has an immense dislike for Jenna, and the feeling is mutual. Later, her father goes to jail because of a Ponzi scheme and her family loses all their riches, with her mother eventually abandoning Sadie. Her only serious relationship is with Sergio, who likes her despite how cruel she can be.
Desi Lydic as Valerie Marks (seasons 1–5A; appeared in the 5B finale only), the incompetent but well-intentioned guidance counselor at Palos Hills High. Jenna begins seeing her after her accident in the pilot is misinterpreted as a suicide attempt. Val displays extreme lapses in judgment both in her counseling of the students (particularly Jenna) as well as her own personal life. She sees Jenna as more of a close friend (often referring to her as "my girl") and later forms friendships with Lacey and Ally. Val dates a professional mascot named "Biggie." After the kids graduate, Val quits to "find herself."
Greer Grammer as Lissa Miller (seasons 3–5; recurring seasons 1–2), a dimwitted cheerleader and Sadie's best friend, though she often serves as a clueless sidekick. Lissa is deeply religious, and often relates (and misinterprets) the teachings of Christianity to even the smallest things. Lissa's family is rocked by scandal when her dad admits he is gay. She also has an on-off relationship with Jake.
Jessica Lu as Ming Huang (season 3; recurring seasons 1–2), Jenna's other best friend. She bucks Asian stereotypes because she, at first, has very little interaction with the other Asian students at Palos Hills, much to their confusion and derision. She's also demonstrated to have average at best grades. At first displaying more of a hipster, tomboy style (frequently accompanied by hats and beanies), Ming adopts a radical makeover in season 3 once she takes control of the "Asian Mafia," wearing her hair in blonde curls. She dates Fred Wu, ex-boyfriend of her nemesis Becca, but leaves before season 4 to attend a boarding school.

text: Conception[edit]

text:
"The first season is really about identity and an exploration of 'Who am I?' through the eyes of Jenna as she's exploring who she is. This season [season 2] the driving theme is, 'Who do I want to be with?' and that doesn't just pertain to romantic entanglements but also to friendships and family for everyone. The driving force of Season 3 will be 'Who do I want to be?' and making a choice in the decision of identity."

Lauren Iungerich on Awkward's themes[12]

tag: div

text: Series creator Lauren Iungerich spent time with actual high school students to elaborate the teen dialogue of the show.[13][14] She also met them to talk about their lives and to make sure the show reflects the reality.[12]

text: Citing her writing influences, Iungerich said she likes Friday Night Lights: "What Jason Katims did in five seasons was utterly beautiful. The story and who the people truly were came first. That's what I sort of took away from it; to be so bold as to graduate people, and wrap up story lines or allow them to come back in organic ways and to fall in love with the new characters. I want to take a lesson from that. Moving forward, I'm going to take a note from the brave things that he did in that show."[12]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: Awkward mostly received positive reviews for its first season.[15] At Metacritic, which assigns a weighted mean rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the TV series received an average score of 74, based on 13 reviews, which indicates "generally favorable reviews".[15] The Wall Street Journal's Dorothy Rabinowitz explained Awkward is a "series about a high-school girl that's neither maudlin nor alarming nor conceived with intent to preach or to shock. It's further distinguished by its focus on entirely recognizable teenage pains, as endured by an entirely recognizable teenager, Jenna (Ashley Rickards). Its other distinction: strong echoes of an older kind of storytelling, the sort whose characters grow and acquire depth. This is a lot to expect these days from TV writing of any kind, much less a series about teenagers—it's relief enough when it's not about vampires."[16] Hank Stuever of The Washington Post found that series "funny", which was "a pleasant surprise from MTV, the maker of so many lame teen comedies that I've lost count."[17] The New York Times called Awkward as "a wry show about longing—for love, certainly, but also for consistency, that great intangible in the ever-morphing world of high school life".[18] John Kubicek of BuddyTV website wrote "Just like Easy A, Mean Girls or other strong, female-centric teen comedies, Awkward has a quick wit and a very distinct vision of the world. It's the perfect blend of comedy and painful teenage awkwardness, and in the end, the title says it all." He concluded "The result is one of the most enjoyable and earnest teen comedies TV has produced".[19] Writing for the San Francisco Chronicle, David Wiegand described the show as "a very smart mix of realism and satirical exaggeration" and praised the writing for being sharp.[20] Curt Wagner of RedEye stated Awkward is "whip-smart and hilarious" while lauding the sharpness of the writing.[21]

text:
"With the right amount of exaggerated realism, creator Lauren Iungerich turns all the yearning, pain and, well, awkwardness of high school into a frothy, funny satire that should make anyone feel better about their own fumbling ways."

Curt Wagner of RedEye[21]

text: The New York Post writer Linda Stasi gave the show a three stars rating out of four commenting "aside from the gratuitous sexual stuff, Awkward is a really good, funny, fun show". However, Stasi mentioned "this just isn't the kind of thing you'd want to watch with your kids—nor want your kids to watch."[22] According to The Philadelphia Daily News, "Awkward, like Glee, deals gently and semicomically with issues of sexuality and bullying but never really draws blood".[23] HitFix's Daniel Fienberg gave the show a B rating commenting "Not only are high school horrors pretty universal, even if the specifics change, but I can find a way to fit Awkward into a tradition of hyper-literal high school comedies like Pretty in Pink or Heathers or Mean Girls or Juno. It's not as good as any of those, but it's not as bad as Jawbreaker, which is in the same tradition."[24] Variety's Brian Lowry was less enthusiastic about the show: "While the premise is refreshingly gimmick-free compared with RJ Berger or Teen Wolf, the situations aren't compelling enough to make this much more than a latter-day Doogie Howser, M.D. with a gender switch."[25]

text: The character of Jenna Hamilton has received positive feedback. Entertainment Weekly wrote Jenna "navigates the sharky waters of high school, friends, mean cheerleaders, and cute boys with a snarky voice-over that makes her—and Awkward.—easy to fall in love with."[25] The Huffington Post deemed Jenna's voice-overs "witty" as "[they] make this high-school dark comedy stand out from a crowd of stereotypical high school prime-time soaps."[26] David Hinckley of the Daily News gave the show a four stars rating out of five and wrote "Awkward is very good". He explained "For all the times we've seen the high school outcast who feels alternately ignored and humiliated by her peer group, she has rarely been played better than Ashley Rickards plays Jenna Hamilton." and went on "If the dramas are exaggerated, Jenna makes the trauma feel legitimate, and her narration gives everything a knowing undertone of humor and self-awareness that keeps the most uncomfortable moments from being painful."[27] Stasi compared Ashley Rickards to Juno actress Ellen Page: "Rickards is a great teen actress of the Ellen Page variety—the kind of kid whose pretty face and adorable bearing is swamped by her ability to look awkward and offbeat."[22] The Washington Post wrote of Rickards: "Following the well-trod path of Molly Ringwald's Sixteen Candles and Claire Danes's My So-Called Life, she effortlessly manages to elevate the unfresh premise of MTV's new Tuesday night comedy series, Awkward, to something that is tawdry yet honest.[17]

text: Other characters' performances were also well received by critics. Kubicek appreciated that the show's villain, Sadie Saxton, is not "the typical perfect skinny girl" but "an overweight cheerleader who is popular only thanks to her parents."[19]

text: Critics' top ten lists[edit]

text: Following its first season, Awkward was included in various critics' top ten lists.

text:
The Daily Beast (unranked list)[28]
The Huffington Post (unranked alphabetical list)[29]
IMDb (unranked list)[30]
The New York Daily News (unranked list)[31]
The New York Times (unranked alphabetical list)[32]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Year
Award
Category
Recipients and nominees
Outcome

2012
Young Artist Award[33]
Best Performance in a TV Series – Leading Young Actress
Jillian Rose Reed
Nominated

2012
Critics' Choice Television Awards
Best Comedy Actress
Ashley Rickards
Nominated

2012
Teen Choice Awards[34]
Summer TV Star: Female
Nominated

2012
TV Breakout Star: Male
Beau Mirchoff
Won

2013
People's Choice Awards
Favorite Cable TV Comedy
Awkward
Won

2013
Young Artist Award[35]
Best Performance in a TV Series – Guest Starring Young Actor 11–13
Robbie Tucker
Nominated

2014
People's Choice Awards
Favorite Cable TV Comedy
Awkward
Nominated

2015
People's Choice Awards
Favorite TV Dramedy
Awkward
Nominated

text: DVD release dates[edit]

text:
DVD release dates for Awkward

Name
Release dates
Ep #
Additional information

Region 1
Region 2
Region 4

Season One
November 15, 2011[36]
October 4, 2012[37]
October 17, 2012[38]
12
The two disc set contains all 12 episodes of season one as well as special features including Webisodes, Behind-the-scenes tours of the set, Wardrobe trailer and Cast interviews.

Season Two
October 16, 2012
TBA
TBA
12

Season Three, Part One
August 3, 2013
TBA
TBA
10

Seasons One and Two
October 1, 2013
TBA
TBA
24

Season Three, Part Two
June 3, 2014
TBA
TBA
10

Season Three
August 5, 2014
TBA
TBA
20

Season Four
July 30, 2015[39]
TBA
TBA
21


document_title: List of military engagements of World War II

question_text: what was the last major battle of the war in europe

root

text: Battles[edit]

text:
• Invasion of Poland

Battle of the Bzura
Battle of Mława
Battle of Tomaszów Lubelski
Battle of Kock
Siege of Warsaw

Poland invaded by Nazi Germany.

• Soviet invasion of Poland
Battle of Lwów
Battle of Wilno
Battle of Grodno
Battle of Szack
Battle of Wytyczno

Poland invaded by Soviet Union.

• Slovak invasion of Poland
Poland invaded by Slovakia

• Saar Offensive
French attack on Saarland.

• Winter War
Battle of Tolvajärvi
Battle of Suomussalmi

Finland invaded by the Soviet Union and, initially, resists successfully.

• First Battle of Changsha
First Japanese attempt to take Changsha in China during the Second Sino-Japanese War.

• 1939–40 Winter Offensive
First large-scale Chinese counter-offensive operation.

• Battle of the River Plate
The Admiral Graf Spee chased into Montevideo harbour and later scuttled.

tag: table

text:
• Battle of the Atlantic
Name given to the conflicts in the Atlantic Ocean between 1940 and 1945.

• Winter War
Battle of Kollaa
Battle of Honkaniemi

The only tank battle during the Winter War.

• German invasion of Denmark

• Battle of Drøbak Sound
Took place on the first day of the German invasion of Norway.

• Battles of Narvik
Minor Allied victory in Norway.

• Battle of Namsos
Failed Allied attempt to halt the Germans in Norway.

• Invasion of Iceland

• Battle of the Netherlands
Germany defeats the Dutch in Europe during the opening stages of the first operation of the Battle of France, "Case Yellow" (Fall Gelb).

• Battle of Belgium
Germany defeats Belgium during the continuation of Fall Gelb.

• Battle of France
Battle of Dunkirk
Battle of Arras
Battle of Boulogne

• Attack on Mers-el-Kébir
Operation "Catapult". Feared by the possibility of some French ships moored in the French Algeria could fall in Axis hands, the Royal Navy proceed to a bombardment of Mers-El-Kebir. One French warship is sunk and three others damaged. The operation is in fine a failure as most of the French ships leave to Toulon, southern France.

• Battle of Britain
The German Air Force (Luftwaffe) fails to defeat the British Royal Air Force as the precondition for the invasion of Britain.

• British Somaliland

Italian conquest of British Somaliland

• First Battle of French Indochina
The forces of Imperial Japan successfully invade French Indochina but leave the Vichy French forces in control.

• Battle of Dakar
An unsuccessful attempt by the Allies to capture the strategic port of Dakar from Vichy French control.

• Greco-Italian War
Battle of Pindus

Italian forces invade Greece from Albania and are repelled.  Greek counter-attack drives Italians back into Albania.

• Battle of Gabon
Free French forces under General Charles De Gaulle take Libreville, Gabon, from Vichy French forces.

• Battle of Taranto
British carrier-based planes destroy the Italian fleet in Taranto Harbor.

• Hundred Regiments Offensive
Major offensive by the Chinese Red Army against the Imperial Japanese Army.

• Battle of Sidi Barrani
The first he first big British attack of the Western Desert campaign.

text:
• Battle of Ko Chang
Vichy French naval victory against naval forces of Thailand during French-Thai War.

• Battle of the Litani River
Australian forces cross the Litani River to begin the Syria-Lebanon Campaign against Vichy French forces.

• Battle of Damascus
Commonwealth and Allied forces take Damascus from the Vichy French.

• Battle of Beirut
Commonwealth and Allied forces take Beirut and the Vichy French surrender all forces in Syria and Lebanon.

• Battle of Keren
Commonwealth and Allied forces defeat Italian forces at Keren in the decisive battle of the East African Campaign.

• Battle of Cape Matapan
British fleet defeats Italian fleet.

• Battle of Denmark Strait
The German battleship Bismarck sinks HMS Hood.

• Last battle of the battleship Bismarck
The German battleship Bismarck is sunk by the Royal Navy in response to the sinking of HMS Hood.

• Invasion of Yugoslavia
Germany and Axis allies invade Yugoslavia via Germany, Italy, Hungary, Bulgaria, and Albania.

• Battle of Greece
Battle of the Metaxas Line
Battle of Vevi
Battle of Thermopylae

• Battle of Crete
German paratroopers capture Crete, but suffer many casualties.

• Operation Barbarossa
Battle of Smolensk
Battle of Kiev
Battle of Moscow

German invasion of the Soviet Union.
The German advance is halted, albeit temporarily.

The German Army Group Centre is driven back from Moscow.

• Battle of Gondar
The final defeat of organized Italian forces in Italian East Africa by Commonwealth and Allied forces.

• Attack on Pearl Harbor
Surprise Japanese attack destroys almost all the US Pacific Fleet.

• Second Battle of Changsha
Japan's second unsuccessful attempt to take Changsha in China.

• Battle of Shanggao
Japanese 11th army attacked the headquarters of the Chinese 19th army.

• Battle of Thailand
Japan successfully invades and occupies Thailand.

• Battle of Hong Kong
Japan captures the British colony of Hong Kong.

• Battle of Guam (1941)
Japan successfully capture the American territory of Guam.

• Battle of Wake Island
Japan captures the atoll of Wake Island.

• Malayan Campaign
Japanese Invasion of Malaya
Operation Krohcol
Bombing of Singapore
Battle of Jitra
Battle of Kampar
Battle of Slim River
Battle of Muar
Battle of Gemas
Battle off Endau

• Sinking of Prince of Wales and Repulse
Japanese defeated British naval forces.

text:
• Battle of Bataan

• Battle of Dražgoše
First direct engagement between Slovenian partisans and German occupying forces.

• Battle of Makassar Strait
Japanese aircraft raid an American and Dutch convoy.

• Battle of Singapore
Battle of Sarimbun Beach
Battle of Kranji
Battle of Bukit Timah
Battle of Pasir Panjang

• Battle of the Java Sea
Japanese forces wipe out an Allied naval squadron.

• Battle of Badung Strait
Heavily outnumbered Japanese forces defeat an Allied night-time naval attack.

• Battle of Java
Japanese forces invade the island of Java

• Indian Ocean raid
Allied naval forces and shipping incur heavy losses during Japan's Fast Carrier Strike Force sortie.

• Battle of Christmas Island
The Japanese occupy Christmas Island without any resistance.

• Battle of Corregidor
Philippines lost to Japan.

• Japanese capture of Burma
Burma lost to Japan.

• Battle of Nanos
Eight hundred Italian soldiers lay siege to fifty Slovene partisans.

• Doolittle Raid
First air raid on Tokyo.

• Battle of the Coral Sea
First aircraft-carrier vs. aircraft-carrier battle. Japan wins tactically, but loses strategically.

• Battle of Gazala
German offensive in the desert south of Tobruk anticipated and nearly defeated, but ended with heavy losses to British armour, forcing a withdrawal. In a surprise strike, Tobruk was taken in a day. Rommel exploited the success by pursuing the British into Egypt, denying them time to recover from the defeat but was checked at El Alamein.

• Battle of Midway
Key defeat of Japanese naval forces in the Pacific; the Japanese lose four aircraft-carriers.

• Convoy PQ-17
A convoy of thirty-five ships leaves Iceland on June 17, bound for Murmansk. Eleven arrive on July 5.

•Battle of the Aleutian Islands
Japanese invade and occupy two islands of Alaska's Aleutian archipelago as part of a feint designed to cover the Imperial Fleet's intended trap at Midway. Foreign troops are not expelled from US soil until the following

•Attack on Sydney Harbour
Japanese midget submarines attack Sydney harbour.

•First Battle of El Alamein
British Eighth Army stops Rommel's Axis forces invading Egypt.

•Second Battle of El Alamein
Montgomery's Eighth Army forces Rommel out of Egypt.

•Battle of Sevastopol
Captured by Germans after eight-month siege.

•Battle of Changsha (1942)
Chinese claim victory over Japanese.

•Kokoda Track Campaign
Australians and U.S. for the first time in World War II stop a Japanese offensive, this one to capture Port Moresby.

•Battle of Guadalcanal
Beginning of Allied action in Solomon Islands.

•Battle of Savo Island
Japanese sink four US cruisers.

•Battle of Dieppe
"Operation Jubilee" was an Allied amphibious raid on the German occupied port of Dieppe in France. A tactical disaster for the Allies. However lessons learned applied to later amphibious operations including D-Day.

•Battle of Stalingrad
City besieged by Paulus' German Sixth Army; from November 23 the Sixth Army is surrounded and destroyed by Soviets; bloodiest battle in history, 1.8 millions dead approx.

•Battle of the Eastern Solomons
Japanese aircraft carrier Ryūjō sunk.

•Battle of Milne Bay
First time Japanese landing force had been driven back into sea.

•Battle of Buna-Gona
Australians and U.S. defeat Japanese on north coast of New Guinea.

•Battle of Wau
Australians defeat Japanese attempts to capture Wau, New Guinea.

•Battle of the Bismarck Sea
U.S. and Royal Australian Air Force planes attacked and sink most of a Japanese convoy carrying troops to reinforce Lae, New Guinea.

•Salamaua-Lae campaign
Australian and U.S. forces capture two major Japanese bases at Lae and at Salamaua.

•Operation Cartwheel
Operation to neutralize the major Japanese base at Rabaul.

•Battle of Cape Esperance
near Guadalcanal

•Battle of the Santa Cruz Islands
near Guadalcanal, USS Hornet (CV-8) sunk.

•Operation Torch
Allied landings in North Africa and successful Putsch of French Resistance in Algiers to prevent Vichyist forces opposition.

•Naval Battle of Guadalcanal
US defeats Japan, a turning point.

•Battle of Tassafaronga
off Guadalcanal

•Second Battle of Kharkov
Failed Soviet attempt to retake Kharkov.

•Battle of Changsha (1942)
Second Sino-Japanese War

•Battle of Madagascar
Allies capture Madagascar from Vichy France.

text:
• Battle of Osankarica
About 2000 Germans massacred all 69 men and women of the Pohorje battalion. Germans lost 19 men dead and had 31 wounded.

• Battle of Rennell Island
Japanese bombers sink a cruiser.

• Third Battle of Kharkov
Germans retake Kharkov.

• Battle of the Kasserine Pass
Battle between US and German armored forces in Tunisia.

• Battle of Neretva
German Army offensive in southern Bosnia.  Offensive launched to encircle and destroy the Yugoslavian Communist Partisan forces found there.  Supporting the German forces in this effort were Italian, Ustaše, and Serbian Royalist Chetnik units.  The partisans were badly mauled but managed to escape encirclement.

• Battle of the Komandorski Islands
Naval engagement between US and Japan in the Bering Sea.
·(Battle of the Ruhr)March 5,1943-July 31,1943– The Battle of the Ruhr of 1943 was a 5-month British campaign of strategic bombing during the Second World War against the Nazi Germany Ruhr Area, which had coke plants, steelworks, and 10 synthetic oil plants. The campaign bombed 26 major Combined Bomber Offensive targets.[8] The targets included the Krupp armament works (Essen), the Nordstern synthetic-oil plant (Gelsenkirchen), and the Rheinmetal–Borsig plant in Düsseldorf. The latter was safely evacuated during the Battle of the Ruhr.[5]Although not strictly part of the Ruhr area, the battle of the Ruhr included other cities such as Cologne which were within the Rhine-Ruhr region[9] and considered part of the same "industrial complex".[4] Some targets were not sites of heavy industrial production but part of the production and movement of materiel.

• Battle of Bismarck Sea
United States sinks Japanese transports.

• Battle of the Bering Sea
United States and Japanese navies fight an inconclusive battle.

• Battle of Attu
United States troops defeat and drive the Japanese off the Aleutian Islands of Alaska.

• Warsaw Ghetto Uprising
5,000 Jews and 2,000 Germans die, Jews confined.

• Battle of Sutjeska
Another attempt by German forces in Yugoslavia, this time supported by Italian, Bulgarian, and Serbian units, to encircle and destroy the Yugoslavian Communist Partisan forces in southern Bosnia.  Again, the partisans were mauled but escaped.

• Battle of Castle Turjak
Slovene partisans took the castle guarded by the Slovene village sentries.

• Battle of Kursk
Germans attack Kursk salient at Orel and Belgorod, Russians drive them back. Arguably the largest tank battle ever fought.

• Allied invasion of Sicily
Allies take Sicily from the Italians and German armies.

• Allied invasion of Italy
Landings at Calabria, Taranto and Salerno.

• Dodecanese Campaign
Battle of Kos
Battle of Leros

Allied and German scramble to occupy the Dodecanese Islands.
German amphibious and airborne operation to capture Kos.
German amphibious and airborne operation to capture Leros.

• Battle of Smolensk
The Soviets attack 850,000 German troops near Smolensk Fortified Region, drive them back inflicting severe losses.

• Battle of Kiev (1943)
Kiev retaken by Soviets.

• Raid on Schweinfurt
milestone air battle between the Luftwaffe and the USAAF known as "Black Thursday."

• Schweinfurt-Regensburg mission
another major daylight air battle, first shuttle mission.

• Battle of Berlin
Allied failed to defeat the Luftwaffe

• Battle of Tarawa
First major American amphibious landing in the Pacific.

• Battle of Makin
Americans capture the atoll of Makin Atoll.

• Battle of the Bernhardt Line
U.S. 5th Army sustains 16,000 casualties fighting through the Mignano Gap to reach the Cassino defenses.

• Moro River Campaign
Battle of Ortona

text:
• Battle of Meiktila

• Battle of Monte Cassino
Four battles in Italy Jan - May. Allies finally breakthrough towards Rome.

• Battle of Monte Castelo
Also called Operation Encore, 25 November 1944 - 22 February 1945. The battle marked the Brazilian Expeditionary Force's entry into the land war in Europe.

• Battle of Anzio
Battle of Cisterna

• Battle of Kwajalein
American forces assault the islands of Kwajalein and Roi-Namur.

• Battle of the Admin Box
Japanese attempt a local counter-attack against an Allied offensive.

• Battle of Eniwetok
Battle between American and Japanese on Eniwetok Atoll.

• Battle of Imphal and Battle of Kohima
Attempted Japanese invasion of India fails with heavy losses.

• U Go offensive
Allied successfully defend Manipur from the Axis

• Operation Ichi-Go
Successful Japanese campaign to capture American air bases in China capable of sending bombers to Japan.

• Operation Rösselsprung
German attempt to capture Tito using airborne troops.

• Battle of Normandy
Allies invade northern France (Operation Overlord), hard fighting from Cherbourg to Caen, Germans surrounded and destroyed at Falaise.

• Battle of Saipan
The battle was fought on the island of Saipan in the Mariana Islands and resulted disastrous for Japanese forces since most died.

• Second Battle of Guam
American forces capture back Guam.

• Battle of Tinian
American forces capture Tinian.

• Operation Bagration
Soviet offensive destroys German Army Group Center on the Eastern Front.

• Battle of Philippine Sea
Major carrier battle; US lose 123 planes and destroy 315 Japanese planes.

• Battle of Tali-Ihantala
Finnish stop Soviet offensive.

• Warsaw Uprising
20,000 armed Poles against 55,000 Wehrmacht and SS. 90% of city destroyed, more than 250,000 casualties.

• Operation Dragoon
Allied invasion of Southern France.

• Battle of Debrecen
Soviets gain ground in Hungary but German and Hungarian forces manage to withdraw relatively intact after both sides suffer similar losses.

• Gothic Line offensive
British 8th Army and U.S. 5th Army attempt unsuccessfully to break into the north Italian plains.

• Battle of Arnhem
The major battle of Operation Market Garden; Allies reach but fail to cross the Rhine; British First Airborne Division destroyed.

• Battle of Peleliu
A fight to capture an airstrip on a speck of coral in the western Pacific.

• Battle of Aachen
Aachen was the first major German city to face invasion during World War II.

• Battle of the Scheldt
Decisive Canadian victory, solved the logistical problems of the Allies, and opened the port of Antwerp for supplies directly to the front.

• Battle of Crucifix Hill
The 18th Infantry, U.S. 1st Infantry Division take Crucifix Hill, a crucial position to help surround Aachen. Cpt. Bobbie E. Brown is awarded the Medal of Honor for his heroics.

• Battle of Angaur
American forces capture an island in Palau.

• Battle of Hurtgen Forest
Stubborn German defense, appalling losses to US army.

• Battle of Leyte
American and Filipino guerrillas forces capture Leyte.

• Battle of Leyte Gulf
The largest air-sea battle in history.

• Operation Queen
was a joint British-American operation during World War II at the Western Front between Aachen and the Rur river.

• Battle of Mindoro

• Battle of the Bulge
German counterattack in Ardennes; General McAuliffe says "NUTS" at Bastogne.

text:
• Operation Elephant
Allied offensive against a German bridgehead at Kapelsche Veer in the Netherlands.

• Raid at Cabanatuan
US Army Rangers rescue Bataan and Corregidor POWs from Japanese prison camp.

• Prague Offensive
1st, 4th, and 2nd Ukrainian Fronts of the Soviet Army crushed the last concentration of German troops (over 1,000,000 men in two army groups) in southeastern Germany and Czechoslovakia. These troops were Army Group Centre and the remnants of Army Group Ostmark.

• Operation Spring Awakening
The last desperate German offensive of the war, launched around Lake Balaton, in Hungary.

• Battle of Bataan
U.S. and Philippine Forces retake the historic Bataan Peninsula.

• Battle of Manila
City totally devastated after month-long battle between the American, Filipino and Japanese forces; 100,000 civilians killed.

• Battle of Luzon
The battle where Mexico entered World War II, contributing pilots to help the United States and the Philippines defeat Japan in the South Pacific, with a loss of 37,870 Allied soldiers and 217,000 Japanese soldiers, resulting in an Allied victory

• Battle of Corregidor
Spectacular combined U.S. and Philippine assault retakes island bastion from Japanese forces.

• Raid at Los Baños
U.S. Airborne Task Force rescues more than 2,000 Allied POWs and civilian internees held by Japanese.

• Battle of Mindanao
U.S. Eighth Army together with the Philippine Commonwealth troops completes the recapture of Southern Philippines.

• Operation Varsity
134 Allied gliders land troops in Weisel.

• Battle of the Visayas
U.S. Eighth Army together with the Philippine Commonwealth troops retakes central Philippine islands.

• Battle of Meiktila and Mandalay
Japanese defeated in decisive battle in Central Burma

• Battle of Iwo Jima
After a month, U.S. Forces take main offshore Japanese island.

• Battle of West Henan–North Hubei
Indecisive battle between China and Japan.  Japan controls airbases after battle.

• Battle of Halbe
Part of Battle of Berlin, Germans unable to break out.

• Battle of Berlin
Soviet forces encircle and capture German capital; Hitler commits suicide.

• Battle of Hamburg
British forces capture German city.

• Battle of Triest
British army and Yugoslav capture the city.

• Battle of Tarakan
Allied attack as part of the Borneo campaign.

• Battle of Poljana
(14–15 May 1945) Battle between Yugoslav partisans and HOS (Croatia),  German wehrmacht, Slovene Home Guard...

• Battle of Odžak
Last battle of World War II in Europe. Between Yugoslav partisans and HOS (Croatia) from 19 April to 25 May 1945.

• Battle of West Hunan
Chinese victory in final battle to expel Japan.

• Battle of Okinawa
US takes Japanese Island in the Ryūkyūs; many casualties to both sides.

• Battle of North Borneo
Australian victory during final stages of World War II in the Pacific.

• Battle of Balikpapan
Allied victory over Japan.

• Battle of Manchuria
Soviet forces liberate Manchuria.

text: Sieges[edit]

text:
Siege of Warsaw
Siege of Leningrad
Siege of Lwów
Siege of Modlin
Siege of Novorossiysk
Siege of Odessa
Siege of Sevastopol
Siege of Tobruk
Siege of Budapest
Siege of Breslau
Siege of Bastogne
Siege of Budapest (1945)

tag: ul

text: Naval engagements[edit]

text: General

tag: p

text:
Arctic Convoys
Battle of the Atlantic - the name given to the conflict in the Atlantic Ocean between 1939 and 1945.
see also Timeline of the Battle of the Atlantic (1939-1945)
Battle of the Mediterranean
Battle of the Indian Ocean

text:
Specific
1939

text: The Battle of the River Plate

text:
First Battle of Narvik
Second Battle of Narvik

text:
Battle of Cape Matapan
Battle of Pearl Harbor

text:
Battle of the Coral Sea
Battle of Midway
Battle of Guadalcanal

text: Battle of the Komandorski Islands

text: Battle of Leyte Gulf

text: Operation Ten-Go

text: Major bombing campaigns[edit]

text: General

text:
Strategic bombing during World War II
Strategic bombing survey for the overall impact of the bombing.

text: Specific

text:
Baedeker raids
Chungking
Coventry
Operation Retribution (1941) - bombing of Belgrade during 1941.
Broome - Japanese raid on the town of Broome, targeting the airfield.
Dresden
Darwin - Japanese target the harbour.
Hamburg
Helsinki - February 1944, was mostly ineffective due to air defence and deception.
Hiroshima - One nuclear weapon, Little Boy dropped from a B-29, devastating a city.
Kassel
London - "The Blitz" and the V-1 and V-2 campaigns
Lübeck
Nagasaki - One nuclear weapon, Fat Man dropped from a B-29, devastating a city.
Narva - March 1944. Evacuated town was destroyed by Soviet ADD.
Pearl Harbor
Rostock - Heinkel Airplane Construction Plant, Seaport, and City
Rotterdam
Stalingrad - 23 August 1942
Tallinn - February - March 1944. Bombed by Soviet ADD. Large-scale damage.
Tokyo - Several devastating raids.
Warsaw

text: Operations[edit]

text: Raids[edit]

text: Small to medium-sized raiding operations were carried out by both Allied and Axis armies during World War II. The modus operandi used included guerrilla attacks by partisans in occupied territory and/or combined operations involving the landing and removal of specialised light infantry, such as commandos, by means of small boats.

text:
Allied
Operation Colossus
10 February 1941
Experimental raid by 38 British Commandos on a fresh water aqueduct near Calitri in southern Italy.
Operation Claymore
4 March 1941
1000 Men from the British Commandos and belonging to the Norwegian Independent Company 1 destroy fish oil factories on the remote islands off the coast of Norway.
Operation Archery
27 December 1941
570 men from the British Commandos and belonging to the Norwegian Independent Company 1 raid  and attack German positions on Vågsøy Island in Norway.
Battle of Timor
19 February 1942 – 10 February 1943
Continuous raids from Australian commandos against the occupying Japanese.
Operation Chariot
28 March 1942
196 Royal Navy and Army Commando units raid and destroy the heavily defended docks of St. Nazaire in occupied France.
Dieppe Raid
19 August 1942
Over 6,000 infantrymen, mostly Canadian attempted to seize and hold the port of Dieppe.
Makin Island raid, 17–18 August 1942
Operation Jaywick, September 1943
Operation Jedburgh, 1944
Operation Roast, April 1945
Axis
Operation Greif, December 1944

text: Raiding units

text:
Allied
Multinational
Chindits
Devil's Brigade
Z Special Unit
Popski's Private Army
Gideon Force
Australia
Australian Army Independent Companies
France
Far East French Expeditionary Forces
Intervention Light Corps
Greece
Sacred Band
United Kingdom
Long Range Desert Group
Special Air Service
Royal Marines
Special Operations Executive
British Army Commandos
Layforce
British Paratroopers
United States
Marine Raiders
US Army Rangers
Alamo Scouts
Merrill's Marauders
Axis
Nazi Germany
Brandenburger Regiment
Waffen-SS (commando force led by Otto Skorzeny).
Fascist Italy
Decima Flottiglia MAS
Empire of Japan
Special Naval Landing Forces

text: Defensive lines[edit]

text:
Atlantic Wall
Caesar Line
GHQ Line
Gothic Line
Gustav Line
Maginot Line
Mannerheim Line
Metaxas Line
Siegfried Line
Taunton Stop Line

text: Contemporaneous wars[edit]

text:
Anglo-Iraqi War
Chinese Civil War
Ecuadorian-Peruvian War
Greek Civil War
Second Italo-Abyssinian War
Sino-Japanese War (1937-1945)
Soviet-Japanese Border War (1939)
Spanish Civil War
Winter War (Russo-Finnish War), Continuation War, Lapland War


document_title: Cam Brainard

question_text: who is the guy who talks on disney channel

text: Cam Brainard

text: Voice Over Talent[edit]

text: As a voice talent, Brainard is known as the main announcer for the Disney Channel from July 2001 until 2016. He first gained notoriety as the "smart aleck" narrator with a cult-following on the syndicated television show Maximum Exposure, also known as "Max X." As a sports announcer, Brainard hosted "This Week In Baseball" on FOX (taking over for the late Mel Allen) from 2000 until the show ended its run after more than 30 years in 2011. He also narrated "Breed All About It" for Animal Planet and was the promo voice for the TV series Friends in syndication.[1] He took over the voice of Rotor the Walrus on the ABC Television show Sonic the Hedgehog during its run.

text: Currently, Brainard is the voice of television's "World Access"[2] on the Travel Channel, as well as many television and radio commercials. Audiences also hear his voice on more than 500 radio stations in the U.S. and Canada, and growing. His formats range from AC to Hot AC, Christian Radio to Country, and from Rock to Adult Hits.

text: SiriusXM The Highway[edit]

text: Brainard has one of the largest daily audiences of any country music radio personality in North America, as the weekday afternoon host on "The Highway," SiriusXM radio's new country channel 56 based in Nashville. As of Winter 2014, Sirius XM had 27 million subscribers.[3]

text: With a live audience of hundreds weekly, Cam "Buzz Brainard" hosts the "Music Row Happy Hour" on SiriusXM The Highway most Friday afternoons from Jimmy Buffett's Margaritaville Cafe in downtown Nashville. He is credited with discovering a number of country music hitmakers.[4] As host of the weekly SiriusXM music discovery program "On The Horizon," Brainard showcases unsigned and up-and-coming country artists. [5]

text: Los Angeles radio audiences were the first to hear "Buzz Brainard" as co-host of the Morning show on KZLA-FM. Later, he hosted the syndicated "Music City Saturday Night" show [6] and "GAC Nights Radio"[7] live from Nashville.

text: Acting[edit]

text: Acting credits include Clear and Present Danger, Face/Off, Parting Glances and The Net.

text: Personal life[edit]

text: Brainard was born in Clio, Michigan and raised in Flint, Michigan. He married with Sandy Brainard and together they have a son, Hank. He was educated at Central Michigan University. He used to resides in Los Angeles, California and Nashville, Tennessee.


document_title: Rock 'n' Roller Coaster Starring Aerosmith

question_text: how many loops in rock n roller coaster

question_tokens: how many loops in rock n roller coaster

text: History[edit]

text: Cast member previews for the ride were initially held the last week of June, 1999. On 29 July 1999, the ride officially opened with a special, invitation-only party, with Aerosmith as the guests of honor. Winners rode to Disney's Hollywood Studios in stretch limousines and were treated to an all-you-can-eat buffet and bar. After a special performance by painter Denny Dent, winners got the chance to ride the roller coaster with one of the Aerosmith band members. At the exit of the ride, outside of the gift shop, there hangs a picture from the special event. The paintings Denny Dent made of the five band members hang in various employee office locations on Walt Disney World property.

text: The pre-show has changed from when the attraction first opened. Currently, band member Joe Perry would ask "Chris" to "grab my black Les Paul." A Disney cast member in the pre-show area would then pick up and remove a black guitar signed by Joe Perry from the set. The script uses the unisex name "Chris" so either a male or female could play the part. Although not used as often as when the ride first opened, the position is still used from time to time (generally, if the attraction is overstaffed). The film also includes a roadie saying "Hey Joe, I'll get it for ya" as a backup, in the event that a cast member is not available for the part.

text: In 2007, the queue was modified to accommodate single riders in addition to FASTPASS.

text: Ride experience[edit]

text: Queue[edit]

text: Guests begin the queue by entering through a small and narrow tent, with boxes designed like instrument cases decorating the scene. The guests then wait in an unshaded, gridded-queue area (if the queue is long), and then proceed to a ramp that takes them back and forth, to curve around the front of the building, behind the giant electric guitar, and into the "G-Force Records" recording studio. Guests then enter a circular room with a high ceiling decorated with a giant record. Guests can see posters featuring artists Disney has signed, other miscellaneous and famous bands/singers and even the guests themselves. These posters are displayed via LCD screens and are able to display a guest's name to customize the visual as they walk past.[3] Guests then continue immediately to enter a small room with doors covered in marbles and a small exhibit of recording instruments. Guests can interact with the marble doors and often do, and if they take the time to look at the exhibit, they will see various funny parts (i.e. the person who organized and presented the exhibit is named Mike Rofone). Guests are then called by a Cast Member to join other guests (this is where the Fastpass+ line and Stand-by lines merge) to enter the studio that Aerosmith is recording in. Guests wait for the recording to stop, and the automatic doors eventually open. As guests enter, the song "Walk This Way" plays, except, after the introduction is played, the drums, vocals, and guitar cuts out, leaving only the bassline (the guitar occasionally comes back in). Guests see Aerosmith recording and wait momentarily, until the band is interrupted by their manager (played by Illeana Douglas). The manager tells the band that they have a show to get to, and they can't stay with the guests any longer. Steven Tyler expresses discontent with this outcome and suggests to his manager to get the guests to their concert, along with backstage passes. The manager reluctantly accepts, after a few seconds of persuasion. After she accepts to give the ride and tickets to the show, the guests see her call her assistant "Sal," who she tells to get a "stretch" limo. After a few seconds of thinking, she takes it back and instead asks for a "super stretch." She then tells the guests that she has gotten a "really fast car" for them to ride to the concert because the show is all the way across town. Guests then see the limo with the band in it already peel out of the lot, leaving the manager behind.

text: The automatic doors open to the outdoor parking garage, where guests will be boarding their limos. As the doors open, the audio for "Walk This Way" plays as guests exit. Guests walk along a fence that separates them from the limos. Immediately after entering the garage, guests see the limos that are ready to be launched off from 0 to 57 MPH in 2.8 seconds. As cars launch off, guests hear echoed and intense screaming, and extra added sound effects. Guests then proceed from here through a short line to board their limo.

text: Ride[edit]

text: While the guests wait for the ride to begin, a radio DJ presents the safety spiel, followed by a traffic report. The highway sign flashes humorous messages like: "Traffic bug you? Then STEP on it!" Guests wait for the car ahead of them to finish the ride, and eventually they hear an introduction (which varies, and includes messages such as "We're only just getting started!" or "Hold on, here we go!"). After this introduction, Steven Tyler alternates between each ear the countdown of "Five, four, three, two", as they hear the introduction of the song they're about to hear. As Tyler gets to 2 in the countdown, he skips 1 and guests suddenly begin to accelerate from 0 to 57 MPH in less than 2.8 seconds. During this initial second, the on-ride camera takes the photo of the guests. After a long straightway, the car proceeds to do a Roll Over (sea serpent) roll, which is a two inversion element,[4] and then some less intense maneuvers. During the ride, there are neon signs on the side of the track, designed to mimic road signs. The car continues along the track, until it reaches the third and final inversion, a corkscrew. Finally, guests perform a humpback as they enter the "VIP parking" section for the fictitious concert. Guests wait in a tunnel at a stop for a moment, then proceed to the VIP backstage area, where they're greeted by a red carpet and monitors displaying their ride photos. Guests then exit through the gift shop.

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text: Walt Disney Imagineering worked with Aerosmith to produce a special soundtrack for the roller coaster. Each coaster train features different Aerosmith songs.

text:
The songs heard to each ride contain some new lyrics written specifically for the attraction. (Love in an Elevator is sung as "Love in a roller coaster," for example.)
Car license plates and songs heard on each car (Note: Updated Jan 2008 after 2007 refurbishment):

1QKLIMO: "Nine Lives"
UGOBABE: "Love in an Elevator" (Rollercoaster) & "Walk This Way" (Formerly UGOGIRL Pre-2004 Refurbishment)
BUHBYE: "Young Lust", "F.I.N.E.*" & "Love in an Elevator" (Rollercoaster)
H8TRFFC: "Back in the Saddle" & "Dude (Looks Like a Lady)"
2FAST4U: "Sweet Emotion" (live, as featured in A Little South of Sanity)

text: There is a 6th Limo in the fleet of ride vehicles of Rock 'n' Roller Coaster. This vehicle is without a license plate, and is always "in refurbishment." The vehicles are rotated in and out of use after a period of many thousands of laps around the track. However, the maintenance teams will switch out the plate and add the proper song to the new vehicle every time a rotation is made.

text: The ride formerly featured Uncle Joe Benson, a well-known Los Angeles rock radio DJ, as the station's DJ. Currently, Bill Hart (known as Bill St. James), the host of ABC Radio's Flashback, provides the voice for the DJ of "LA's Classic Rock Station."

text: The height requirement on this ride is 48 inches.

text: Walt Disney Studios Park attraction[edit]

text: Rock 'n' Roller Coaster also exists in Disneyland Paris' Walt Disney Studios Park, named "Rock 'n' Roller Coaster avec Aerosmith".

text: Although the track layout is identical to its Orlando counterpart, the theme of the ride differs—instead of guests being taken on the Los Angeles freeways, the Paris version is based around an Aerosmith music video. Lighting rigs, projectors, strobes, and smoke effects are used in place of the road signs that exist in the U.S. version. The name of the record company is Tour de Force (instead of "G-Force") Records, and the vehicles in Paris are called "Soundtrackers" instead of limousines.

text: The story of the Paris version is that Aerosmith, working with engineers, have created a revolutionary new music experience at the Tour De Force Records studios. After watching the pre-show which features Aerosmith's Steven Tyler hyping up the ride, guests are lured into the testing area where they board one of five Soundtrackers, the prototype vehicles for the new experience.

text: A unique aspect of the Walt Disney Studios version is that each Soundtracker has its own theme. There are five different lightshows and five different soundtracks, one for each Soundtracker. The themes are as follows:

text:
Soundtracker 1: green lightshow theme; plays "Back In The Saddle" and "Dude Looks Like A Lady".
Soundtracker 2: purple lightshow theme; plays "Young Lust," "F.I.N.E." and "Love In An Elevator."
Soundtracker 3: multicolour lightshow theme; plays "Love In An Elevator" and "Walk This Way."
Soundtracker 4: red/yellow lightshow theme; plays "Nine Lives."
Soundtracker 5: blue lightshow theme; plays "Sweet Emotion (live)."

text: The minimum height at Parc Walt Disney Studios is 1.2 metres (47 inches).

text: Hidden Mickeys[edit]

text:
One in the pre-show (found on a small chalkboard in the bottom right corner of the sound room (this one was made by a cast member and changes at times)
One in the pre-show (found on the ground, formed by three coils of wire).
One in place of each "Expiration Date" for the license plates on the limos.
Many on the floor in Studio C, hidden in the carpet pattern.
Three on the ride track itself (one found on a yellow sign behind a red limo, two on the ground in a cityscape area).
Two in the tile mosaic in the rotunda before the recording studio near the marble doors.
One in the post show area to the right as one enters this area.
Many on Steven Tyler's shirt on the poster outside.
One on Joe Perry's medallion on the outside poster.

text: Speakers[edit]

text: In each train, there are a total of 120 speakers. There are 7 speakers per seat including 1 subwoofer (under the seat) and 6 located in the headrest. There are 820 speakers located in the ride's show building and launch area (not including the train). This makes a total of about 900 speakers in the attraction.


document_title: Census of India

question_text: in india census is done after a gap of every

text: Census of India

text: The decennial Census of India has been conducted 15 times, As of 2011[update]. While has been conducted every 10 years, beginning in 1872, the first complete census was taken in the year 1881.[1] Post 1949, it has been conducted by the Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India under the Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India. All the census since 1951 are conducted under 1948 Census of India Act.

text: Census of India prior to Independence[edit]

text:
Overview
1871 Census of india
1881 Census of India
1891 Census of India
1901 Census of India
1911 Census of India
1921 Census of India
1931 Census of India
1941 Census of India

text: Census of independent India[edit]

text:
1951 Census of India
1961 Census of India
1971 Census of India
1981 Census of India
1991 Census of India
2001 Census of India
2011 Census of India


document_title: Earth Summit

question_text: first earth summit 1992 was held at which country

text: Earth Summit

text: The United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), also known as the Rio de Janeiro Earth Summit, the Rio Summit, the Rio Conference, and the Earth Summit (Portuguese: ECO92), was a major United Nations conference held in Rio de Janeiro from 3 to 14 June 1992.

text: More than 100 heads of states met in Rio de Janeiro in Brazil...Earth Summit was created as a response for Member States to cooperate together internationally on development issues after the Cold War. Due to conflict relating to sustainability being too big for individual member states to handle, Earth Summit was held as a platform for other Member States to collaborate. Since the creation, many others in the field of sustainability show a similar development to the issues discussed in these conferences, including non-governmental organizations (NGOs).[1]

text: In 2012, the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development was also held in Rio, and is also commonly called Rio+20 or Rio Earth Summit 2012. It was held from 13 to 22 June.

text: The issues addressed included:

text:
systematic scrutiny of patterns of production — particularly the production of toxic components, such as lead in gasoline, or poisonous waste including radioactive chemicals
alternative sources of energy to replace the use of fossil fuels which delegates linked to global climate change
new reliance on public transportation systems in order to reduce vehicle emissions, congestion in cities and the health problems caused by polluted air and smoke
the growing usage and limited supply of water

text: An important achievement of the summit was an agreement on the Climate Change Convention which in turn led to the Kyoto Protocol and the Paris Agreement. Another agreement was to "not to carry out any activities on the lands of indigenous peoples that would cause environmental degradation or that would be culturally inappropriate".

text: The Convention on Biological Diversity was opened for signature at the Earth Summit, and made a start towards redefinition of measures that did not inherently encourage destruction of natural ecoregions and so-called uneconomic growth.

text: Although President George H.W. Bush signed the Earth Summit’s Convention on Climate, his EPA Administrator William K. Reilly acknowledges that U.S. goals at the conference were difficult to negotiate and the agency’s international results were mixed, including the U.S. failure to sign the proposed Convention on Biological Diversity. [2]

text: Twelve cities were also honoured by the Local Government Honours Award for innovative local environmental programs. These included Sudbury in Canada for its ambitious program to rehabilitate environmental damage from the local mining industry, Austin in the United States for its green building strategy, and Kitakyūshū in Japan for incorporating an international education and training component into its municipal pollution control program.

text: The Earth Summit resulted in the following documents:

text:
Rio Declaration on Environment and Development[3]
Agenda 21[4][5]
Forest Principles

text: Moreover, important legally binding agreements (Rio Convention) were opened for signature:

text:
Convention on Biological Diversity[6]
Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)
United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification

text: In order to ensure compliance to the agreements at Rio (particularly the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development and Agenda 21), delegates to the Earth Summit established the Commission on Sustainable Development (CSD). In 2013, the CSD was replaced by the High-level Political Forum on Sustainable Development that meets every year as part of the ECOSOC meetings, and every fourth year as part of the General Assembly meetings.

text: Critics point out that many of the agreements made in Rio have not been realized regarding such fundamental issues as fighting poverty and cleaning up the environment.

text: Green Cross International was founded to build upon the work of the Summit.

text: The first edition of Water Quality Assessments, published by WHO/Chapman & Hall, was launched at the Rio Global Forum.