document_title: When We First Met

question_text: where did they film where we first met

question_tokens: where did they film where we first met

text: When We First Met

text: Plot[edit]

text: During Avery Martin's (Alexandra Daddario) engagement party, Noah Ashby (Adam DeVine) recalls his and Avery's first meeting during a Halloween party three years earlier and is sad to see her engaged to perfect Ethan (Robbie Amell) instead of him. Drunk and being driven home by Avery's photographer roommate Carrie Grey (Shelley Hennig), Noah admits he is secretly in love with Avery but, on the night they met, Avery only saw him as a good friend and met Ethan the next day.

text: Carrie deposits him with Max (Andrew Bachelor), his successful vice president best friend, at the piano bar where Noah works. Noah drunkenly uses the photo booth where he and Avery shared a moment and falls asleep. He awakens in his bed and soon discovers he has traveled back in time to the day he met Avery. Noah tries to re-do their meeting, using his knowledge of her to his advantage, but Carrie, whom he met earlier and claimed he knew her and Avery well, comes home early and the two deduce he is a stalker and attack him. He wakes up back in the present thinking it was only a dream, but when he goes to Avery's house he realizes he is repeating the day of Avery's engagement party, but this time she recognizes him as the stalker from three years ago. Noah realizes he can use the photo booth to go back in time to re-do their meeting and will wake up to the consequences three years later.

text: Noah goes back a second time and seeks Max's help impressing Avery. Max convinces him to be a rude and cynical alpha male, and while Avery is initially disgusted by his attitude, she is aroused during their argument and they end up having sex. Noah wakes up in the present and learns that he and Avery's relationship is unrequited and, for Avery, is purely sexual while she and Carrie are part of an exercise group with Ethan. Noah learns from Carrie that Avery is attracted to stable and dependable men, and Noah goes back a third time. He asks Max, still a low-ranking employee at the company, to ask his boss for a job for him and then acts kinder and more maturely during his first meeting with Avery. He wakes up to find himself engaged to Avery, living a wealthy lifestyle, and is the successful vice president of the company. However, he learns that he and Max have become work enemies, is a workaholic that neglects Avery and has abandoned his piano hobbies, and, despite Ethan switching roles with him during his engagement party, Avery still loves Ethan more than him. While confiding in Carrie, Noah realizes Ethan and Avery are meant to be together and how he and Carrie end up learning more about each other in every alternate present.

text: Noah goes back in time, this time bringing Ethan with him to the party to meet Avery while he spends time with Carrie. Noah learns that the things he likes about Avery is because of Carrie's influence on her. He also learns that "Doctor Jello-Shot," the man Carrie is seen kissing in all alternate pasts, is her ex-boyfriend with whom she is having an unstable breakup with. He shares a photo booth round with Avery, Carrie, and Ethan and wakes up in the present. He learns that Avery and Ethan are engaged, but Carrie ended up leaving him to return to her ex-boyfriend, only for them to break up. Noah goes to Avery and Carrie's house and finds out that, since Avery and Ethan met a day earlier, their engagement party was the day before, and Carrie is off to a date. She rejects Noah's pleas to try again and leaves. Noah tries to return to the photo booth, but finds a modern replacement in its place. Ethan and Avery arrive in the piano bar and inform him that they bought the old photo booth for him years ago, and Noah realizes he initially met Carrie through Avery, and he goes back and replays his meeting with Avery the original way.

text: He wakes up to the original present, this time happy for Ethan and Avery during their engagement party. He and Carrie spend time together and decide to leave the party. A photo montage follows of Noah and Carrie's relationship.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Adam DeVine as Noah Ashby[2]
Alexandra Daddario as Avery Martin[2]
Shelley Hennig as Carrie Grey[3]
Andrew Bachelor as Max, Noah's friend[1]
Robbie Amell as Ethan[4]

text: Production[edit]

text: In May 2016 Ari Sandel was reported to direct the film from a script by John Whittington and Adam DeVine, while producers on the film would be Adam Saunders of Footprint Features, Mason Novick of MXN Entertainment, with Mary Viola and McG of Wonderland Sound and Vision.[2]

text: Principal photography on the film began in mid-July 2016 in New Orleans.[4][5]

text: Reception[edit]

text: The neutrality of this section is disputed. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met. (March 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 33% based on 15 reviews, with an average rating of 4.7/10.[6] On Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating to reviews, the film has a weighted average score of 35 out of 100, based on 5 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews".[7]

text: Filmink praised the characters for being "not only well cast but change organically through the story; there are no big corny dialogue rom-com turning points, and the characters develop gradually, you know, like normal humans do."[8]

text: The Daily Caller's David Hookstead gave the film a positive review and wrote in part, "Daddario was excellent, it was a fun idea, and Devine crushed it. Plus it’s interesting to think about what we would do if we found ourselves in the same situation." He further went on to praise Devine, calling him a "rare talent."[9]

text: Decider's Lea Palmieri wrote: "Devine's ability to be charming and endearing shouldn't be underestimated here, and you'll be rooting for him before you know it",[10] whilst Age of the Nerd exclaimed that he "carries the whole movie on his shoulders with perfection."[11]


document_title: Ballon d'Or

question_text: who won the most ballon d'or in history

question_tokens: who won the most ballon d'or in history

root

text: Ballon d'Or

text: History

text: Stanley Matthews of Blackpool was the inaugural winner of the Ballon d'Or.[4] Prior to 1995, the award was often known in English language media as the European Footballer of the Year award. Milan's George Weah, the only African recipient, became the first non-European to win the award in the year the rules of eligibility were changed.[2] Ronaldo of Internazionale became the first South American winner two years later.[2] Lionel Messi and Cristiano Ronaldo have won the award a record five times. Three players have won the award three times each: Johan Cruyff of Ajax and Barcelona, Michel Platini of Juventus and Marco van Basten of Milan. With seven awards each, Dutch and German players won the most Ballons d'Or. Spanish club Barcelona has the most winners, with 11 wins.[5]

tag: p

text: Between 2010 and 2015 inclusive the award was merged with a similar award, the FIFA World Player of the Year award, to create the FIFA Ballon d'Or, which was awarded to the world's best male player, before FIFA and France Football broke the merging agreement.[6] After 2011, UEFA created the UEFA Best Player in Europe Award to maintain the format of the original Ballon d'Or.[7]

text: Winners

text:
Key

Indicates player also won the FIFA World Player of the Year (1991–2009) or The Best FIFA Men's Player (2016–) in the same year

tag: table

text:
Year
Rank
Player
Team
Points

Ballon d'Or (1956–2009)

1956
1st
 Stanley Matthews
 Blackpool
47

2nd
 Alfredo Di Stéfano
 Real Madrid
44

3rd
 Raymond Kopa
 Real Madrid
33

1957
1st
 Alfredo Di Stéfano[note 1]
 Real Madrid
72

2nd
 Billy Wright
 Wolverhampton Wanderers
19

3rd
 Duncan Edwards
 Manchester United
16

 Raymond Kopa
 Real Madrid

1958
1st
 Raymond Kopa
 Real Madrid
71

2nd
 Helmut Rahn
 Rot-Weiss Essen
40

3rd
 Just Fontaine
 Stade de Reims
23

1959
1st
 Alfredo Di Stéfano
 Real Madrid
80

2nd
 Raymond Kopa
 Real Madrid
42

3rd
 John Charles
 Juventus
24

1960
1st
 Luis Suárez
 Barcelona
54

2nd
 Ferenc Puskás
 Real Madrid
37

3rd
 Uwe Seeler
 Hamburg
33

1961
1st
 Omar Sívori[note 2]
 Juventus
46

2nd
 Luis Suárez
 Internazionale
40

3rd
 Johnny Haynes
 Fulham
22

1962
1st
 Josef Masopust
 Dukla Prague
65

2nd
 Eusébio
 Benfica
53

3rd
 Karl-Heinz Schnellinger
 Köln
33

1963
1st
 Lev Yashin
 Dynamo Moscow
73

2nd
 Gianni Rivera
 Milan
53

3rd
 Jimmy Greaves
 Tottenham Hotspur
33

1964
1st
 Denis Law
 Manchester United
61

2nd
 Luis Suárez
 Internazionale
43

3rd
 Amancio
 Real Madrid
38

1965
1st
 Eusébio
 Benfica
67

2nd
 Giacinto Facchetti
 Internazionale
59

3rd
 Luis Suárez
 Internazionale
45

1966
1st
 Bobby Charlton
 Manchester United
81

2nd
 Eusébio
 Benfica
80

3rd
 Franz Beckenbauer
 Bayern Munich
59

1967
1st
 Flórián Albert
 Ferencváros
68

2nd
 Bobby Charlton
 Manchester United
40

3rd
 Jimmy Johnstone
 Celtic
39

1968
1st
 George Best
 Manchester United
61

2nd
 Bobby Charlton
 Manchester United
53

3rd
 Dragan Džajić
 Red Star Belgrade
46

1969
1st
 Gianni Rivera
 Milan
83

2nd
 Luigi Riva
 Cagliari
79

3rd
 Gerd Müller
 Bayern Munich
38

1970
1st
 Gerd Müller
 Bayern Munich
77

2nd
 Bobby Moore
 West Ham United
70

3rd
 Luigi Riva
 Cagliari
65

1971
1st
 Johan Cruyff
 Ajax
116

2nd
 Sandro Mazzola
 Internazionale
57

3rd
 George Best
 Manchester United
56

1972
1st
 Franz Beckenbauer
 Bayern Munich
81

2nd
 Gerd Müller
 Bayern Munich
79

 Günter Netzer
 Borussia Mönchengladbach

1973
1st
 Johan Cruyff[note 3]
 Barcelona
96

2nd
 Dino Zoff
 Juventus
47

3rd
 Gerd Müller
 Bayern Munich
44

1974
1st
 Johan Cruyff
 Barcelona
116

2nd
 Franz Beckenbauer
 Bayern Munich
105

3rd
 Kazimierz Deyna
 Legia Warsaw
35

1975
1st
 Oleg Blokhin
 Dynamo Kyiv
122

2nd
 Franz Beckenbauer
 Bayern Munich
42

3rd
 Johan Cruyff
 Barcelona
27

1976
1st
 Franz Beckenbauer
 Bayern Munich
91

2nd
 Rob Rensenbrink
 Anderlecht
75

3rd
 Ivo Viktor
 Dukla Prague
52

1977
1st
 Allan Simonsen
 Borussia Mönchengladbach
74

2nd
 Kevin Keegan[note 4]
 Hamburg
71

3rd
 Michel Platini
 Nancy
70

1978
1st
 Kevin Keegan
 Hamburg
87

2nd
 Hans Krankl
 Barcelona
81

3rd
 Rob Rensenbrink
 Anderlecht
50

1979
1st
 Kevin Keegan
 Hamburg
118

2nd
 Karl-Heinz Rummenigge
 Bayern Munich
52

3rd
 Ruud Krol
 Ajax
41

1980
1st
 Karl-Heinz Rummenigge
 Bayern Munich
122

2nd
 Bernd Schuster
 Barcelona
34

3rd
 Michel Platini
 Saint-Étienne
33

1981
1st
 Karl-Heinz Rummenigge
 Bayern Munich
106

2nd
 Paul Breitner
 Bayern Munich
64

3rd
 Bernd Schuster
 Barcelona
39

1982
1st
 Paolo Rossi
 Juventus
115

2nd
 Alain Giresse
 Bordeaux
64

3rd
 Zbigniew Boniek
 Juventus
39

1983
1st
 Michel Platini
 Juventus
110

2nd
 Kenny Dalglish
 Liverpool
26

3rd
 Allan Simonsen
 Vejle
25

1984
1st
 Michel Platini
 Juventus
110

2nd
 Jean Tigana
 Bordeaux
57

3rd
 Preben Elkjær
 Hellas Verona
48

1985
1st
 Michel Platini
 Juventus
127

2nd
 Preben Elkjær
 Hellas Verona
71

3rd
 Bernd Schuster
 Barcelona
46

1986
1st
 Igor Belanov
 Dynamo Kyiv
84

2nd
 Gary Lineker[note 5]
 Barcelona
62

3rd
 Emilio Butragueño
 Real Madrid
59

1987
1st
 Ruud Gullit[note 6]
 Milan
106

2nd
 Paulo Futre[note 7]
 Atlético Madrid
91

3rd
 Emilio Butragueño
 Real Madrid
61

1988
1st
 Marco van Basten
 Milan
129

2nd
 Ruud Gullit
 Milan
88

3rd
 Frank Rijkaard[note 8]
 Milan
45

1989
1st
 Marco van Basten
 Milan
129

2nd
 Franco Baresi
 Milan
80

3rd
 Frank Rijkaard
 Milan
43

1990
1st
 Lothar Matthäus
 Internazionale
137

2nd
 Salvatore Schillaci
 Juventus
84

3rd
 Andreas Brehme
 Internazionale
68

1991
1st
 Jean-Pierre Papin
 Marseille
141

2nd
 Dejan Savićević
 Red Star Belgrade
42

 Darko Pančev
 Red Star Belgrade

 Lothar Matthäus
 Internazionale

1992
1st
 Marco van Basten
 Milan
98

2nd
 Hristo Stoichkov
 Barcelona
80

3rd
 Dennis Bergkamp
 Ajax
53

1993
1st
 Roberto Baggio
 Juventus
142

2nd
 Dennis Bergkamp
 Internazionale
83

3rd
 Eric Cantona
 Manchester United
34

1994
1st
 Hristo Stoichkov
 Barcelona
210

2nd
 Roberto Baggio
 Juventus
136

3rd
 Paolo Maldini
 Milan
109

1995
1st
 George Weah[note 9]
 Milan
144

2nd
 Jürgen Klinsmann
 Bayern Munich
108

3rd
 Jari Litmanen
 Ajax
67

1996
1st
 Matthias Sammer
 Borussia Dortmund
144

2nd
 Ronaldo[note 10]
 Barcelona
143

3rd
 Alan Shearer
 Newcastle United
107

1997
1st
 Ronaldo[note 11]
 Internazionale
222

2nd
 Predrag Mijatović
 Real Madrid
68

3rd
 Zinedine Zidane
 Juventus
63

1998
1st
 Zinedine Zidane
 Juventus
244

2nd
 Davor Šuker
 Real Madrid
68

3rd
 Ronaldo
 Internazionale
66

1999
1st
 Rivaldo
 Barcelona
219

2nd
 David Beckham
 Manchester United
154

3rd
 Andriy Shevchenko
 Milan
64

2000
1st
 Luís Figo[note 12]
 Real Madrid
197

2nd
 Zinedine Zidane
 Juventus
181

3rd
 Andriy Shevchenko
 Milan
85

2001
1st
 Michael Owen
 Liverpool
176

2nd
 Raúl
 Real Madrid
140

3rd
 Oliver Kahn
 Bayern Munich
114

2002
1st
 Ronaldo[note 13]
 Real Madrid
169

2nd
 Roberto Carlos
 Real Madrid
145

3rd
 Oliver Kahn
 Bayern Munich
110

2003
1st
 Pavel Nedvěd
 Juventus
190

2nd
 Thierry Henry
 Arsenal
128

3rd
 Paolo Maldini
 Milan
123

2004
1st
 Andriy Shevchenko
 Milan
175

2nd
 Deco[note 14]
 Barcelona
139

3rd
 Ronaldinho
 Barcelona
133

2005
1st
 Ronaldinho
 Barcelona
225

2nd
 Frank Lampard
 Chelsea
148

3rd
 Steven Gerrard
 Liverpool
142

2006
1st
 Fabio Cannavaro[note 15]
 Real Madrid
173

2nd
 Gianluigi Buffon
 Juventus
124

3rd
 Thierry Henry
 Arsenal
121

2007
1st
 Kaká
 Milan
444

2nd
 Cristiano Ronaldo
 Manchester United
277

3rd
 Lionel Messi
 Barcelona
255

2008
1st
 Cristiano Ronaldo
 Manchester United
446

2nd
 Lionel Messi
 Barcelona
281

3rd
 Fernando Torres
 Liverpool
179

2009
1st
 Lionel Messi
 Barcelona
473

2nd
 Cristiano Ronaldo[note 16]
 Real Madrid
233

3rd
 Xavi
 Barcelona
170

FIFA Ballon d'Or (2010–2015)

2010
1st
 Lionel Messi
 Barcelona
22.65%

2nd
 Andrés Iniesta
 Barcelona
17.36%

3rd
 Xavi
 Barcelona
16.48%

2011
1st
 Lionel Messi
 Barcelona
47.88%

2nd
 Cristiano Ronaldo
 Real Madrid
21.60%

3rd
 Xavi
 Barcelona
9.23%

2012
1st
 Lionel Messi
 Barcelona
41.60%

2nd
 Cristiano Ronaldo
 Real Madrid
23.68%

3rd
 Andrés Iniesta
 Barcelona
10.91%

2013
1st
 Cristiano Ronaldo
 Real Madrid
27.99%

2nd
 Lionel Messi
 Barcelona
24.72%

3rd
 Franck Ribéry
 Bayern Munich
23.36%

2014
1st
 Cristiano Ronaldo
 Real Madrid
37.66%

2nd
 Lionel Messi
 Barcelona
15.76%

3rd
 Manuel Neuer
 Bayern Munich
15.72%

2015
1st
 Lionel Messi
 Barcelona
41.33%

2nd
 Cristiano Ronaldo
 Real Madrid
27.76%

3rd
 Neymar
 Barcelona
7.86%

Ballon d'Or (2016–present)

2016
1st
 Cristiano Ronaldo
 Real Madrid
745

2nd
 Lionel Messi
 Barcelona
316

3rd
 Antoine Griezmann
 Atlético Madrid
198

2017
1st
 Cristiano Ronaldo
 Real Madrid
946

2nd
 Lionel Messi
 Barcelona
670

3rd
 Neymar[note 17]
 Paris Saint-Germain
361

text: Wins by player

text: One-time winners are only included if they have also finished 2nd or 3rd in another year.

text:
Player
1st
2nd
3rd

 Lionel Messi[note 18]
5 (2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2015)
5 (2008, 2013, 2014, 2016, 2017)
1 (2007)

 Cristiano Ronaldo[note 19]
5 (2008, 2013, 2014, 2016, 2017)
5 (2007, 2009, 2011, 2012, 2015)
—

 Michel Platini
3 (1983, 1984, 1985)
—
2 (1977, 1980)

 Johan Cruyff
3 (1971, 1973, 1974)
—
1 (1975)

 Marco van Basten
3 (1988, 1989, 1992)
—
—

 Franz Beckenbauer
2 (1972, 1976)
2 (1974, 1975)
1 (1966)

 Ronaldo
2 (1997, 2002)
1 (1996)
1 (1998)

 Alfredo Di Stéfano
2 (1957, 1959)
1 (1956)
—

 Kevin Keegan
2 (1978, 1979)
1 (1977)
—

 Karl-Heinz Rummenigge
2 (1980, 1981)
1 (1979)
—

 Luis Suárez
1 (1960)
2 (1961, 1964)
1 (1965)

 Eusébio
1 (1965)
2 (1962, 1966)
—

 Bobby Charlton
1 (1966)
2 (1967, 1968)
—

 Raymond Kopa
1 (1958)
1 (1959)
2 (1956, 1957)

 Gerd Müller
1 (1970)
1 (1972)
2 (1969, 1973)

 Zinedine Zidane
1 (1998)
1 (2000)
1 (1997)

 Gianni Rivera
1 (1969)
1 (1963)
—

 Ruud Gullit
1 (1987)
1 (1988)
—

 Lothar Matthäus
1 (1990)
1 (1991)
—

 Roberto Baggio
1 (1993)
1 (1994)
—

 Hristo Stoichkov
1 (1994)
1 (1992)
—

 Andriy Shevchenko
1 (2004)
—
2 (1999, 2000)

 George Best
1 (1968)
—
1 (1971)

 Allan Simonsen
1 (1977)
—
1 (1983)

 Ronaldinho
1 (2005)
—
1 (2004)

text: Wins by country

text:
Country
Players
Total

 Germany
5
7

 Netherlands
3
7

 Portugal
3
7

 France
4
6

 Italy
5
5

 Brazil
4
5

 England
4
5

 Argentina
1
5

 Soviet Union
3
3

 Spain
2
3

 Czech Republic
1
1

 Czechoslovakia
1
1

 Bulgaria
1
1

 Denmark
1
1

 Hungary
1
1

 Liberia
1
1

 Northern Ireland
1
1

 Scotland
1
1

 Ukraine
1
1

text: Wins by club

text:
Club
Players
Total

 Barcelona
6
11

 Real Madrid
6
10

 Juventus
6
8

 Milan
6
8

 Bayern Munich
3
5

 Manchester United
4
4

 Dynamo Kyiv
2
2

 Internazionale
2
2

 Hamburg
1
2

 Ajax
1
1

 Benfica
1
1

 Blackpool
1
1

 Borussia Dortmund
1
1

 Borussia Mönchengladbach
1
1

 Dukla Prague
1
1

 Dynamo Moscow
1
1

 Ferencváros
1
1

 Liverpool
1
1

 Marseille
1
1

text: Additional awards

text: A special Ballon d'Or, under the name Super Ballon d'Or, was awarded to Alfredo Di Stéfano in 1989, after he surpassed Johan Cruyff and Michel Platini in France Football's voting.[10] A decade later, France Football elected Pelé the Football Player of the Century after consulting their former Ballon d'Or recipients. Among the 34 previous winners, 30 cast their votes; Stanley Matthews, Omar Sívori and George Best abstained, and Lev Yashin had died. Each voter was allotted five votes worth up to five points; however, Di Stéfano only chose a first place, Platini a first and second place, and George Weah two players for fifth place. Pelé was named the greatest by 17 voters, receiving almost double the number of points earned by the runner-up, Diego Maradona.[11]

text:
Football Player of the Century

Player
Pts
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th

 Pelé (BRA)
122
17
5
4
2
1

 Diego Maradona (ARG)
65
3
6
5
5
1

 Johan Cruyff (NED)
62
1
4
7
9
2

 Alfredo Di Stéfano (ESP)
44
4
3
3
1
1

 Michel Platini (FRA)
40
1
5
1
3
6

text: To coincide with the 60th anniversary of the Ballon d'Or in 2016, France Football published a reevaluation of the awards presented before 1995, when only European players were eligible to win the award. 12 out of the 39 Ballons d'Or presented during this time period would have been awarded to South American players; in addition to Pelé and Diego Maradona, Garrincha, Mario Kempes, and Romário were retrospectively recognized as worthy winners. The original recipients, however, remain unchanged.[12] Maradona and Pelé received honorary Ballons d'Or for their services to football in 1996 and 2013, respectively.[13][14]

text:
Le nouveau palmarès (the new winners)

Year
Original
Alternative

1958
 Raymond Kopa (FRA)
 Pelé (BRA)

1959
 Alfredo Di Stéfano (ESP)
 Pelé (BRA)

1960
 Luis Suárez (ESP)
 Pelé (BRA)

1961
 Omar Sívori (ITA)
 Pelé (BRA)

1962
 Josef Masopust (TCH)
 Garrincha (BRA)

1963
 Lev Yashin (URS)
 Pelé (BRA)

1964
 Denis Law (SCO)
 Pelé (BRA)

1970
 Gerd Müller (FRG)
 Pelé (BRA)

1978
 Kevin Keegan (ENG)
 Mario Kempes (ARG)

1986
 Igor Belanov (URS)
 Diego Maradona (ARG)

1990
 Lothar Matthäus (GER)
 Diego Maradona (ARG)

1994
 Hristo Stoichkov (BUL)
 Romário (BRA)


document_title: Old Sparky

question_text: when did florida stop using the electric chair

text: Old Sparky

text: Connecticut[edit]

text: Connecticut legislated lethal injection as its sole method of execution in 1995.[2] The last person executed by electrocution was Joseph "Mad Dog" Taborsky in May 1960.[3] Connecticut's "Old Sparky" has not been tested since it was moved from Wethersfield to the Northern Correctional Institution in Somers in 1962, and prison officials claim the prison's electrical system cannot handle it.[4]

text: Florida[edit]

text: It was the sole means of execution in Florida from 1924 until 2000, when the Florida State Legislature, under pressure from the U.S. Supreme Court, signed lethal injection into law. Although no one has been executed in this manner since 1999, prisoners awaiting execution on Florida's death row may still be electrocuted at their request. It is currently located in Florida State Prison on the outskirts of Starke. It was notorious for frequent malfunctions in the 1990s, namely in the cases of Jesse Tafero (executed May 4, 1990), Pedro Medina (executed March 25, 1997) and Allen Lee Davis (executed July 8, 1999). Reportedly, six-inch flames shot out of Tafero's head and 12-inch flames shot out of Medina's head, raising the question whether use of the electric chair was cruel and unusual punishment. After the Medina execution, Florida Attorney General Bob Butterworth commented, "People who wish to commit murder, they'd better not do it in the state of Florida because we may have a problem with the electric chair."[5]

text: The malfunctions were probably due to practices of the prison staff and not because of the electric chair itself. The wooden chair had been replaced in early 1999 to accommodate Davis's girth. The electrical components remained the same for the system.

text: To assure proper contact between the inmate's head and the electrode, a saline-soaked sponge stuffed between the two was necessary. In the Tafero incident, a natural sponge was replaced with a synthetic sponge that caught fire during the execution. In the Medina incident, prison officials apparently did not properly soak the sponge in saline and it caught fire as well. Photographs that surfaced after Davis's execution clearly showed that his nose had been severely compressed by a misfitted head strap.

text: Davis execution[edit]

text: This article contains weasel words: vague phrasing that often accompanies biased or unverifiable information. Such statements should be clarified or removed. (March 2010)

text: The 1999 execution of Allen Lee Davis incited outrage after witnesses saw his white shirt rapidly turn red with blood during his execution. Prison officials later determined the blood came from an unusually profuse nosebleed most likely caused by an improperly fitted head strap. The source of the blood was not evident to witnesses during execution, because Davis's head was covered with a traditional hood. A prison inspector general took photographs of Davis's body, still bloody and strapped in the chair, shortly after execution. These photographs later became key evidence in several cases mounting yet another challenge to the constitutionality of the electric chair. These lawsuits ultimately came to the Florida Supreme Court in the fall of 1999, when a bare majority (4 of the 7 Justices) found that the electric chair was constitutional in a case brought by death row inmate Thomas Provenzano. One of the dissenting Justices, Leander J. Shaw, Jr., took the extraordinary step of attaching to his opinion three color photographs of Davis's bloody body strapped in the chair. This publication marked the first time those photographs had surfaced on the Internet or, for that matter, anywhere outside court and prison files.

text: The effect was to create an immediate and sometimes macabre international debate over capital punishment in general and Florida's adherence to electrocution in particular. The Florida Supreme Court's web servers repeatedly crashed under the demand for access to the photographs, reputed to be the first actual photographs of an American state execution in decades. The photos were used during a protest demonstration in Madrid in support of a Spaniard on Florida's death row. Some death penalty supporters in the United States viewed the photographs as a deterrent, apparently believing they had been posted on the Website as a warning to all potentially dangerous criminals.

text: Political response[edit]

text: Some Florida politicians vowed never to eliminate the electric chair despite the debate, but events rapidly changed after the U.S. Supreme Court agreed to hear an appeal from the Florida Supreme Court's split decision upholding electrocution. This action shocked some in Florida's leadership. The nation's high court had declined to review appeals after the prior three malfunctions, so observers concluded that the nation's high court now had come to view Florida's death penalty problems more dimly. Partly on the advice of Attorney General Butterworth, Florida's Governor Jeb Bush summoned the legislature into special session and in early 2000 it quickly approved lethal injection as the means of execution that must be used unless the inmate requests electrocution. The Attorney General then notified the Federal court and it agreed to dismiss the case based on the change in law.

text: Georgia[edit]

text: Georgia's electric chair, known as "Old Sparky", located at Georgia State Prison was installed in 1924 following the state's abolition of hanging and was the sole method of execution in Georgia until October 25, 2001. The original chair, which was painted white, was replaced in 1980 and sent from the Georgia Diagnostic and Classification Center back to Reidsville, while a squat, varnished replacement was constructed to replace it. Between 1924 and 1998, Georgia electrocuted 441 prisoners. Today the original chair is on public display at Georgia State Prison, while its replacement is situated in a closet near the death chamber at the Georgia Diagnostic and Classification Center.[6] It was famously used in the 1945 execution of Lena Baker.[7] In 1996, Georgia State Representative Doug Teper[8] unsuccessfully sponsored a bill to replace the state's electric chair with a guillotine in order to facilitate the use of the condemned prisoners' remains in organ donation.[9]

text: Kentucky[edit]

text: Kentucky's electric chair, known as "Old Sparky", is located at the Kentucky State Penitentiary in Eddyville, Kentucky. It was first used on July 8, 1911; the first inmate to die in the chair was James Buckner, convicted of killing a police officer several weeks earlier.[10] On July 13, 1928, Kentucky set a record by electrocuting eight men in its chair, each immediately after the other, more than any other state has electrocuted in a single day. The state has decommissioned the electric chair except for those whose capital crimes were committed prior to March 31, 1998 and choose death by electrocution rather than death by lethal injection. Prior to this legislated date, 163 deaths had occurred in Kentucky's electric chair. The last such execution by electric chair occurred on July 1, 1997, when convicted murderer Harold McQueen was executed in it.

text: New York[edit]

text: In 1887, New York State established a committee to determine a new, more humane system of execution to replace hanging. Alfred P. Southwick, a member of the committee, developed the idea of putting electric current through a device after hearing about how relatively painlessly and quickly a drunken man died after touching exposed power lines. As Southwick was a dentist accustomed to performing procedures on sitting subjects, his electrical device appeared in the form of a chair.[11]

text: On June 4, 1888, Governor David B. Hill authorized the introduction of the electric chair. It was first used two years later when William Kemmler became the first person in the world to be executed by electricity at Auburn Prison, Auburn, New York on August 6, 1890.

text: "Old Sparky" was first used at Sing Sing prison for a mass execution on July 7, 1891. The order of execution, which would start at 4:30 a.m., was listed as James J. Slocum, Harris Smiler, Shibuya Jugiro, and Joseph Wood.[12] The chair was situated in a purpose-built building known as the Death House which was a prison within the high-security Sing Sing prison. The block, which had its own hospital, kitchen, visiting room, and exercise yard, had 24 single cells plus an additional three cells for condemned women. A chamber where a prisoner spent their last day was nicknamed the "Dance Hall". A corridor, known as the "Last Mile", connected the ante-room to the execution chamber.

text: Executions at Sing Sing were traditionally carried out at 11 p.m. on Thursdays. Condemned prisoners would be brought into the execution room escorted by seven guards and the prison chaplain. Already waiting in the room would be the warden of Sing Sing, the state electrician, two doctors and twelve state appointed witnesses. After the condemned prisoner was strapped into the chair and the electrodes attached, the warden would step forward and read out the final decision on the sentence. The prisoner would be asked for any last words or for a benediction. With a signal, the execution would then begin. Witnesses would leave once both doctors had confirmed that death had occurred.

text: In its 75 years of operation, a total of 695 men and women were executed by the electric chair in New York state (614 at Sing Sing alone). From 1914, all executions were conducted at Sing Sing prison using "Old Sparky". Eddie Mays would become the last person to be executed on August 15, 1963. Two years later New York state abolished capital punishment. The state would later reinstate the practice in 1995 using lethal injection, but the practice was abolished again in 2004, after the Court of Appeals ruled in People v. LaValle that it violated the state constitution. No inmates were executed during the nine years that capital punishment was reinstated in New York.

text: Ohio[edit]

text: Ohio stopped using the electric chair in 2001, and now exclusively utilizes lethal injection in executions. Prior to this, Ohio, the second state to adopt the electric chair as a means of execution, executed 315 people between 1897 and its last use in 1963.

text: South Carolina[edit]

text: The state installed the "Old Sparky" in 1912 at the Central Correctional Institution (CCI) in Columbia.[13] In 1944 it was used to execute 14-year-old George Stinney, the youngest person to be sentenced to death in the United States for more than a century.[14] In 1990 the chair was relocated to the newly built Broad River Correctional Institution. It is managed by the South Carolina Department of Corrections.

text: In 1997 all death row inmates were relocated from Broad River to the Lieber Correctional Institution. The move provided better management controls and ensured correctional staff who dealt with condemned prisoners on a daily basis were not the same officers given the responsibility of carrying out the death sentence.[15]

text: The most recent use of "Old Sparky" was in June 21, 2008 when convicted murderer James Earl Reed opted for this method of execution.

text: Texas[edit]

text: The Texas electric chair to which the name "Old Sparky" is applied was in use from 1924 to 1964. During that time, it saw the deaths of 361 prisoners sentenced to die by judicial electrocution. It was built by incarcerated craftsmen in 1924.[16] Following its decommissioning, it was originally relegated to a prison dump before being rescued. Today, it is on public display as part of a replica death chamber at the Texas Prison Museum in Huntsville, Texas, along with tubing and straps used in Texas' first execution by lethal injection.[17][18]

text: In 1971, the Greater Dallas Crime Commission, a business organization, circulated a petition to recommission Texas' "Old Sparky". The petition received 10,620 endorsements.[19]

text: West Virginia[edit]

text: The now-decommissioned electric chair known as "Old Sparky" at the now-closed West Virginia State Penitentiary in Moundsville, West Virginia was installed in a facility originally used for hanging. It was in use from 1951 until 1959, during which time nine condemned prisoners were executed in the chair. The chair was bolted to a low platform which covered what had previously been the trapdoor of the gallows used in the state's judicial hangings. Its control apparatus was designed in such a way that three push-button switches were to be simultaneously pressed by three members of the execution team; only one of these switches actually completed the circuit, allowing each member of the execution team to reassure himself that perhaps he had not been the one who had actually initiated the death of the condemned.[20]

text: In popular culture[edit]

text:
The Green Mile by Stephen King and its film adaptation use Old Sparky as the official method of execution.
In an episode of King of the Hill, Dale Gribble, excited about being on the executioner list as a new employee of a local prison, asks the prison warden where Old Sparky is. The warden explains that Old Sparky is no longer, replaced by lethal injection. Dale then asks where Old Squirty is, a variation on the original title.
In the Showtime series Dexter and in the related novels, serial killer Dexter Morgan frequently cites "Old Sparky" as the consequence of his being caught.
In the 2005 horror suspense film Constantine, Club owner and neutral angel Papa Midnite, and John Constantine make use of the Old Sparky chair from Sing Sing prison to help John locate the Spear of Destiny.
Old Sparky also appeared in the 2002 film, Ted Bundy directed by Matthew Bright which dramatizes the serial killings of Ted Bundy portrayed by Michael Reilly Burke. His execution is also depicted in the film but it is carried out inaccurately.

tag: ul


document_title: Indian Premier League

question_text: who has won maximum number of ipl titles

text: Indian Premier League

text: History[edit]

text: Background[edit]

text: The Indian Cricket League (ICL) was founded in 2007, with funding provided by Zee Entertainment Enterprises.[10] The ICL was not recognised by the Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI) or the International Cricket Council (ICC) and the BCCI were not pleased with its committee members joining the ICL executive board.[11] To prevent players from joining the ICL, the BCCI increased the prize money in their own domestic tournaments and also imposed lifetime bans on players joining the ICL, which was considered a rebel league by the board.[12][13]

text: Foundation[edit]

text:
"The IPL has been designed to entice an entire new generation of sports fans into the grounds throughout the country. The dynamic Twenty20 format has been designed to attract a young fan base, which also includes women and children."
“
”

— Modi during the launch of the IPL.[14]

tag: div

text: On 13 September 2007, the BCCI announced the launch of a franchise-based Twenty20 cricket competition called Indian Premier League whose first season was slated to start in April 2008, in a "high-profile ceremony" in New Delhi. BCCI vice-president Lalit Modi, said to be the mastermind behind the idea of IPL, spelled out the details of the tournament including its format, the prize money, franchise revenue system and squad composition rules. It was also revealed that the IPL would be run by a seven-man governing council composed of former India players and BCCI officials, and that the top two teams of the IPL would qualify for that year's Champions League Twenty20. Modi also clarified that they had been working on the idea for two years and that IPL was not started as a "knee-jerk reaction" to the ICL.[14] The league's format was similar to that of the Premier League of England and the NBA in the United States.[13]

text: In order to decide the owners for the new league, an auction was held on 24 January 2008 with the total base prices of the franchises costing around $400 million.[13] At the end of the auction, the winning bidders were announced, as well as the cities the teams would be based in: Bangalore, Chennai, Delhi, Hyderabad, Jaipur, Kolkata, Mohali, and Mumbai.[13] In the end, the franchises were all sold for a total of $723.59 million.[15] The Indian Cricket League soon folded in 2008.

text: Expansions and terminations[edit]

text: On 21 March 2010, it was announced that two new franchises – Pune Warriors India and Kochi Tuskers Kerala – would join the league before the fourth season in 2011.[16] Sahara Adventure Sports Group bought the Pune franchise for $370 million while Rendezvous Sports World bought the Kochi franchise for $333.3 million.[16] However, one year later, on 11 November 2011, it was announced that the Kochi Tuskers Kerala side would be terminated following the side breaching the BCCI's terms of conditions.[17]

text: Then, on 14 September 2012, following the team not being able to find new owners, the BCCI announced that the 2009 champions, the Deccan Chargers, would be terminated.[18] The next month, on 25 October, an auction was held to see who would be the owner of the replacement franchise, with Sun TV Network winning the bid for the Hyderabad franchise.[19] The team would be named Sunrisers Hyderabad.[20]

text: On 14 June 2015, it was announced that two-time champions, Chennai Super Kings, and the inaugural season champions, Rajasthan Royals, would be suspended for two seasons following their role in a match-fixing and betting scandal.[21] Then, on 8 December 2015, following an auction, it was revealed that Pune and Rajkot would replace Chennai and Rajasthan for two seasons.[22] The two teams were the Rising Pune Supergiant and the Gujarat Lions.

text: Organization[edit]

text: Tournament format[edit]

text: Currently, with eight teams, each team plays each other twice in a home-and-away round-robin format in the league phase. At the conclusion of the league stage, the top four teams will qualify for the playoffs. The top two teams from the league phase will play against each other in the first Qualifying match, with the winner going straight to the IPL final and the loser getting another chance to qualify for the IPL final by playing the second Qualifying match. Meanwhile, the third and fourth place teams from league phase play against each other in an eliminator match and the winner from that match will play the loser from the first Qualifying match. The winner of the second Qualifying match will move onto the final to play the winner of the first Qualifying match in the IPL Final match, where the winner will be crowned the Indian Premier League champions.

text: Player acquisition, squad composition and salaries[edit]

text: A team can acquire players through any of the three ways: the annual player auction, trading players with other teams during the trading windows, and signing replacements for unavailable players. Players sign up for the auction and also set their base price, and are bought by the franchise that bids the highest for them. Unsold players at the auction are eligible to be signed up as replacement signings. In the trading windows, a player can only be traded with his consent, with the franchise paying the difference if any between the old and new contract. If the new contract is worth more than the older one, the difference is shared between the player and the franchise selling the player. There are generally three trading windows–two before the auction, and one after the auction but before the start of the tournament. Players can not be traded outside the trading windows or during the tournament, whereas replacements can be signed before or during the tournament.

text: Some of the team composition rules are as follows:

text:
The squad strength must be between 16 and 27 players, with a maximum of 9 overseas players
A team can play a maximum of 4 overseas players in their playing eleven
Salary cap of the entire squad must not exceed ₹66 crore (as of 2017)[23]
Under-19 players can not be picked unless they have previously played first-class or List A cricket

text: The term of a player contract is one year, with the franchise having the option to extend the contract by one or two years. Since the 2014 season, the player contracts are denominated in the Indian rupee, before which the contracts were in U.S. dollars. Overseas players can be remunerated in the currency of the player's choice at the exchange rate on either the contract due date or the actual date of payment.[24] Prior to the 2014 season, Indian domestic players were not included in the player auction pool and could be signed up by the franchises at a discrete amount while a fixed sum of ₹10 to 30 lakh would get deducted per signing from the franchise's salary purse. This received significant opposition from franchise owners who complained that richer franchises were "luring players with under-the-table deals" following which the IPL decided to include domestic players in the player auction.[25]

text: According to a 2015 survey by Sporting Intelligence and ESPN The Magazine, the average IPL salary when pro-rated is US$4.33 million per year, the second highest among all sport leagues in the world. Since the players in IPL are only contracted for the duration of the tournament (less than two months), the weekly IPL salaries are extrapolated pro rata to obtain average annual salary, unlike other sport leagues in which players are contracted by a single team for the entire year.[26]

text: Prize money[edit]

text: The 2015 season of the IPL offered a total prize money of ₹40 crore (US$6.2 million), with the winning team netting ₹15 crore (US$2.3 million).[27] The first and second runners up received 10 and 7.5 crores, respectively, with the fourth placed team also winning 7.5 crores. The others teams are not awarded any prize money. The IPL rules mandate that half of the prize money must be distributed among the players.[28]

text: Rules[edit]

text: IPL games utilise television timeouts and hence there is no time limit in which teams must complete their innings. However, a penalty may be imposed if the umpires find teams misusing this privilege. Each team is given a two-and-a-half-minute "strategic timeout" during each innings; one must be taken by the bowling team between the ends of the 6th and 9th overs, and one by the batting team between the ends of the 13th and 16th overs.[29]

text: Teams[edit]

text: Current teams[edit]

text:
Team
City
Home ground
Founded
Coach
Captain

Chennai Super Kings
Chennai, Tamil Nadu
M. A. Chidambaram Stadium
2008
TBA
TBA

Delhi Daredevils
Delhi
Feroz Shah Kotla
2008
Paddy Upton
Zaheer Khan

Kings XI Punjab
Mohali, Punjab
PCA Stadium
2008
Virender Sehwag
Glenn Maxwell

Kolkata Knight Riders
Kolkata, West Bengal
Eden Gardens
2008
Jacques Kallis
Gautam Gambhir

Mumbai Indians
Mumbai, Maharashtra
Wankhede Stadium
2008
Mahela Jayawardene
Rohit Sharma

Rajasthan Royals
Jaipur, Rajasthan
Sawai Mansingh Stadium
2008
TBA
TBA

Royal Challengers Bangalore
Bangalore, Karnataka
M. Chinnaswamy Stadium
2008
Daniel Vettori
Virat Kohli

Sunrisers Hyderabad
Hyderabad, Telangana
Rajiv Gandhi Cricket Stadium
2012[a]
Tom Moody
David Warner

text: Former teams[edit]

text:
Team
City
Home ground
Founded
Dissolved
Current status

Deccan Chargers
Hyderabad, Telangana
Rajiv Gandhi Cricket Stadium
2008
2012
Defunct

Gujarat Lions
Rajkot, Gujarat
SCA Stadium
2015[b]
2017
Defunct

Kochi Tuskers Kerala
Kochi, Kerala
Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium
2010[c]
2011
Defunct

Pune Warriors India
Pune, Maharashtra
MCA Stadium
2010[d]
2013
Defunct

Rising Pune Supergiant
Pune, Maharashtra
MCA Stadium
2015[e]
2017
Defunct

text: Tournament seasons and results[edit]

text: Out of the thirteen teams those have played in the Indian Premier League since its inception, one team has won the competition three times, two teams have won the competition twice each and three other teams have won it once each. The Mumbai Indians are the most successful team in league's history in terms of the number of titles won. The Chennai Super Kings and Kolkata Knight Riders have won two titles each, and the other three teams who have won the tournament are the Deccan Chargers, Rajasthan Royals and Sunrisers Hyderabad. The Chennai Super Kings is the only team to have won the tournament and then defended it the next season, winning in 2010 and winning again in 2011, thus becoming the first and only team to win the IPL at their home ground, the MA Chidambaram Stadium. Also the Chennai Super Kings has the better win-loss ratio among all the teams and have qualified to semifinals/Play-offs in every season the team participated. The Chennai Super Kings have also made it to the IPL finals a record 6 times in the 8 years they have played.

text: The current champions are Mumbai Indians who beat Rising Pune Supergiant in the final of the 2017 season to secure their third title and thus became the most successful team in IPL history ever.

text:
IPL season results[30][31]

Season
Final
Final venue
Number of teams
Player of the series

Winner
Winning margin
Runner-up

2008
Details
Rajasthan Royals[32]
164/7 (20 overs)
Won by 3 wickets
(Scorecard)
Chennai Super Kings[32]
163/5 (20 overs)
DY Patil Stadium[32]
8[33]
Shane Watson[32]

2009
Details
Deccan Chargers[34]
143/6 (20 overs)
Won by 6 runs
(Scorecard)
Royal Challengers Bangalore[34]
137/9 (20 overs)
Wanderers Stadium[34]
(South Africa)
8[35]
Adam Gilchrist[34]

2010
Details
Chennai Super Kings[36]
168/5 (20 overs)
Won by 22 runs
(Scorecard)
Mumbai Indians[36]
146/9 (20 overs)
DY Patil Stadium[36]
8[37]
Sachin Tendulkar[36]

2011
Details
Chennai Super Kings[38]
205/5 (20 overs)
Won by 58 runs
(Scorecard)
Royal Challengers Bangalore[38]
147/8 (20 overs)
M. A. Chidambaram Stadium[38]
10[39]
Chris Gayle[38]

2012
Details
Kolkata Knight Riders[40]
192/5 (19.4 overs)
Won by 5 wickets
(Scorecard)
Chennai Super Kings[40]
190/3 (20 overs)
M. A. Chidambaram Stadium[40]
9[41]
Sunil Narine[40]

2013
Details
Mumbai Indians[42]
148/9 (20 overs)
Won by 23 runs
(Scorecard)
Chennai Super Kings[42]
125/9 (20 overs)
Eden Gardens[42]
9[43]
Shane Watson[42]

2014
Details
Kolkata Knight Riders[44]
200/7 (19.3 overs)
Won by 3 wickets
(Scorecard)
Kings XI Punjab[44]
199/4 (20 overs)
M. Chinnaswamy Stadium[44]
8[45]
Glenn Maxwell[44]

2015
Details
Mumbai Indians[46]
202/5 (20 overs)
Won by 41 runs
(Scorecard)
Chennai Super Kings[46]
161/8 (20 overs)
Eden Gardens[46]
8[47]
Andre Russell[46]

2016
Details
Sunrisers Hyderabad[48]
208/7 (20 overs)
Won by 8 runs
(Scorecard)
Royal Challengers Bangalore[48]
200/7 (20 overs)
M. Chinnaswamy Stadium[48]
8[49]
Virat Kohli[48]

2017
Details
Mumbai Indians[50]
129/8 (20 overs)
Won by 1 run
(Scorecard)
Rising Pune Supergiant[50]
128/6 (20 overs)
Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium[50]
8[51]
Ben Stokes[50]

text: Awards[edit]

text: Orange Cap[edit]

text: The Orange Cap is awarded to the top run-scorer in the IPL during a season. It is an ongoing competition with the leader wearing the cap throughout the tournament until the final game, with the eventual winner keeping the cap for the season.[52]

text: Purple Cap[edit]

text: The Purple Cap is awarded to the top wicket-taker in the IPL. It is an ongoing competition with the leader wearing the cap throughout the tournament until the final game, with the eventual winner keeping the cap for the season.[53]

text: Financials[edit]

text: Title sponsorship[edit]

text: From 2008 to 2012, the title sponsor was DLF, India's largest real estate developer, who had secured the rights with a bid of ₹200 crore for five seasons.[54] After the conclusion of the 2012 season, PepsiCo bought the title sponsorship rights for ₹396.8 crore for the subsequent five seasons.[55] However, the company terminated the deal in October 2015 two years before the expiry of the contract, reportedly due to the two-season suspension of Chennai and Rajasthan franchises from the league.[56] The BCCI then transferred the title sponsorship rights for the remaining two seasons of the contract to Chinese smartphone manufacturer Vivo for an undisclosed amount, estimated to be about ₹200 crore.[57] In June 2017, Vivo retained the rights for the next five seasons (2018–2022) with a winning bid of ₹2199 crore, in a deal more expensive than Barclays' Premier League title sponsorship contract between 2013 and 2016.[58][59]

text:
Title sponsor
Period
Sponsorship fee (per year)

DLF
2008–2012
₹40 crore

Pepsi
2013–2015
₹79.2 crore

Vivo
2016–2017
₹100 crore[f]

2018–2022
₹439.8 crore

text: Brand value[edit]

text: The IPL has seen a spike in its brand valuation to US$5.3 billion after the 10th edition, according to global valuation and corporate finance advisor Duff & Phelps.[60] The brand value of IPL was estimated to be US$4.5 billion in 2015 by American Appraisal, a Division of Duff & Phelps.[61] Duff & Phelps added that the value of brand IPL has jumped to $4.16 billion after the 2016 edition, against $3.54 billion in 2015. The 19% jump is despite the fact that the US dollar to Indian rupee currency has depreciated by nearly 10%.[62]

text: Team Valuation as on 2017[63],

text:
Team
Brand Value in US$

Mumbai Indians
106 million

Kolkata Knight Riders
99 million

Royal Challengers Bangalore
88 million

Sunrisers Hyderabad
56 million

Delhi Daredevils
44 million

Kings XI Punjab
41 million

text: Broadcasting[edit]

text: The IPL's broadcast rights were originally held by a partnership between Sony Pictures Networks and World Sport Group, under a ten-year contract valued at US$1.026 billion. Sony would be responsible for domestic television, while WSG would handle international distribution.[64][65] The initial plan was for 20% of these proceeds to go to the IPL, 8% as prize money and 72% would be distributed to the franchisees from 2008 until 2012, after which the IPL would go public and list its shares.[66] However, in March 2010, IPL decided not to go public and list its shares.[citation needed] As of the 2016 season, Sony MAX, Sony SIX, and Sony ESPN served as the domestic broadcasters of the IPL; MAX and SIX aired broadcasts in Hindi, while SIX also aired broadcasts in the Bengali, Tamil, and Telugu languages. Sony ESPN broadcast English-language feeds.[67]

text: The IPL became a major television property within India; Sony MAX typically became the most-watched television channel in the country during the tournament,[68] and by 2016, annual advertising revenue surpassed ₹1,200 crore. Viewership numbers were expected to increase further during the 2016 season due to the industry adoption of the new BARC ratings system, which also calculates rural viewership rather than only urban markets.[69][67] In the 2016 season, Sony's broadcasts achieved just over 1 billion impressions (television viewership in thousands), jumping to 1.25 billion the following year.[68] Sony also broadcast a companion talk show, Extraaa Innings T20.[70]

text: On 4 September 2017, it was announced that the then-current digital rightsholder, Star India (a subsidiary of 21st Century Fox), had acquired the global media rights to the IPL under a five-year contract beginning in 2018. Valued at ₹16,347.5 crore (₹163.475 billion, US$2.55 billion, £1.97 billion), it is a 158% increase over the previous deal, and the most expensive broadcast rights deal in the history of cricket. The IPL sold the rights in packages for domestic television, domestic digital, and international rights; although Sony held the highest bid for domestic television, and Facebook had made an US$600 million bid for domestic digital rights (which U.S. media interpreted as a sign that the social network was interested in pursuing professional sports rights),[71][72] Star was the only bidder out of the shortlist of 14 to make bids in all three categories.[73][74][75]

text: Star CEO Uday Shankar stated that the IPL was a "very powerful property", and that Star would "remain very committed to make sure that the growth of sports in this country continues to be driven by the power of cricket". He went on to say that "whoever puts in that money, they put in that money because they believe in the fans of the sport. The universe of cricket fans, it tells you, continues to very healthy, continues to grow. What was paid in 2008, that was 2008. India and cricket and IPL—all three have changed dramatically in the last 10 years. It is a reflection of that."[74][73][75] The deal led to concerns that Star India now held a monopoly on cricket rights in the country, as it is also the rightsholder of ICC competitions and the Indian national team.[76]

text: International broadcasters[edit]

text:
Territory
Network

 Afghanistan
Lemar TV (2017)

 Africa (Sub-Sahara)
SuperSport (2008–present)[77]

 Australia
Network Ten (2008)
One HD (2009-2010)

 Bangladesh
Maasranga (2014–2016)
Channel 9 (2016 – present)[78]

 Bhutan
SET Max (2008–present)[78]
Sony SIX (2013–present)[78]

 Brunei
Astro (2008–present)[78]

 Canada
Rogers Media (Sportsnet, Omni Television) (2011–2014)[79]Ethnic Channels Group, CricketGateway[80]

 Caribbean
SportsMax (2008–present)[64]

 Hong Kong
PCCW (2010–present)[78]

 India
Sony MAX (2008–2017)[64]
Sony SIX (2013–2017)
Sony ESPN (2016–2017)
Star Sports (2018-2022)

 Malaysia
Astro (2008–present)[78]

 Arab world
OSN Sports (2015–present)[78]

 Nepal
Sony MAX (2008–present)[78]
Sony SIX (2013–present)[78]
Sony ESPN (2016–present)

 New Zealand
Sky Sport (2012–present)[78]

 Pakistan
Geo Super (2008–present)[78]

 Singapore
StarHub (2008–present)[78]
Singtel (2015–present)[78]

 United Kingdom
ITV4 (2011-2014)[81]
Sky Sports (2015–present)[82]

 United States
Willow.tv (2017–present)[83]

Worldwide internet rights
The Times Group (2011–2014)[84]
Hotstar(2015–present)[85]

text: IPL Governing Council[edit]

text: The IPL Governing Council is responsible for all the functions of the tournament. The members are Rajeev Shukla, Ajay Shirke, Sourav Ganguly, Anurag Thakur and Anirudh Chaudhary. In January 2016, the Supreme Court appointed Lodha Committee to recommend separate governing bodies for the Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI) and the Indian Premier League (IPL), where Justice RM Lodha suggested a One State-One Member pattern for the board.[86]


document_title: Friday the 13th (1980 film)

question_text: who does the killing in the first friday the 13th

text: Friday the 13th (1980 film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: In the summer of 1958 at Camp Crystal Lake, two counselors named Barry and Claudette sneak away from a campfire and into a storage barn. They prepare to have sex before an unseen assailant enters and murders them.

text: Twenty one years later, on Friday, June 13, 1979, newly hired counselor Annie Phillips asks for directions to the reopened Camp Crystal Lake. An elderly man, Crazy Ralph, warns her against going, believing that the camp has a "death curse." A friendly truck driver named Enos agrees to give Annie a lift halfway to the camp. During the drive, Enos warns Annie about the camp, informing her that a young boy drowned at Crystal Lake in 1957 and about the two murders the following year. After Enos drops her off, Annie hitches another ride from an unseen assailant, who chases her into the woods and slashes her throat.

text: At the camp, counselors Ned, Jack, Bill, Marcie, Brenda, and Alice, along with the owner Steve Christy, refurbish the cabins and facilities. As a thunderstorm approaches, Steve leaves the campground to stock supplies. Meanwhile, the killer arrives at the camp and begins to murder the counselors one by one. After a few strange incidents, Ned sees someone walk into one of the cabins and follows. As Jack and Marcie have sex in one of the cabin's bunk beds, they are unaware of Ned's body directly above them, with his throat slit. Soon after, Jack is killed when his throat is pierced with an arrow from beneath the bed, and the killer murders Marcie by slamming an axe into her face. Brenda hears a child's voice calling for help and ventures outside her cabin to the archery range, only for the range lights to turn on as she is attacked off-screen. Eventually, Steve returns to the camp and is killed.

text: Alice and Bill are worried by their friends' disappearances, and they leave the main cabin to investigate, only to discover a bloody axe in Brenda's bed, the phones disconnected, and the cars inoperable. When the power goes out, Bill goes to check on the generator. Alice then heads out to look for him. Upon finding Bill's body impaled with arrows to the generator room's door, she flees back to the main cabin to hide only to be traumatized further when Brenda's body is thrown through the window.

text: Alice sees a vehicle pull up and rushes outside, thinking it is Steve. Instead, she is greeted by a middle-aged woman named Mrs. Voorhees, who claims to be an old friend of Steve's. As Alice brings her inside, Mrs. Voorhees reveals that her son Jason was the boy who drowned in 1957. She blames his death on the counselors who were supposed to be watching him but instead were having sex, not paying attention to Jason's drowning. Revealing herself as the killer, Mrs. Voorhees turns violent and rushes toward Alice with a bowie knife, attempting to kill her. In the ensuing chase, Alice finds Annie's body inside Mrs. Voorhees' car and Steve's body hanging from the roof. Following a confrontation in which Mrs. Voorhees is knocked out, Alice escapes to the shore. Just as she begins to relax, Mrs. Voorhees finds her and attempts to kill her again. During the final struggle, Alice decapitates her with a machete. Afterwards, a traumatized Alice boards and falls asleep inside a canoe, which floats out on Crystal Lake.

text: Just as Alice awakens and sees police arriving, Jason's decomposing body suddenly emerges and drags her underwater. She then awakens in a hospital, where a police officer and medical staff tend to her. When she asks about Jason, the officer says that there was no sign of any boy. Alice says, "He's still there," as the lake is shown at peace.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Betsy Palmer as Mrs. Voorhees
Adrienne King as Alice Hardy
Harry Crosby III as Bill Brown
Kevin Bacon as Jack Burrell/Marand
Jeannine Taylor as Marcie Cunningham/Stanler
Laurie Bartram as Brenda Jones
Mark Nelson as Ned Rubenstein
Robbi Morgan as Annie Phillips
Peter Brouwer as Steve Christy
Rex Everhart as Enos
Walt Gorney as Crazy Ralph
Willie Adams as Barry Jackson
Debra S. Hayes as Claudette Hayes
Ari Lehman as Jason Voorhees

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: Friday the 13th was produced and directed by Sean S. Cunningham, who had previously worked with filmmaker Wes Craven on the film The Last House on the Left. Cunningham, inspired by John Carpenter's Halloween, wanted Friday the 13th to be shocking, visually stunning and "[make] you jump out of your seat". Wanting to distance himself from The Last House on the Left, Cunningham wanted Friday the 13th to be more of a "roller-coaster ride".[1]

text: Friday the 13th began its life as nothing more than a title. Initially, A Long Night at Camp Blood was the working title during the writing process, but Cunningham believed in his "Friday the 13th" moniker, and quickly rushed out to place an advertisement in Variety. Worried that someone else owned the rights to the title and wanting to avoid potential lawsuits, Cunningham thought it would be best to find out immediately. He commissioned a New York advertising agency to develop his concept of the Friday the 13th logo, which consisted of big block letters bursting through a pane of glass.[5] In the end, Cunningham believed there were "no problems" with the title, but distributor George Mansour stated, "There was a movie before ours called Friday the 13th: The Orphan. It was moderately successful. But someone still threatened to sue. Either Phil Scuderi paid them off, but it was finally resolved."[6]

text: The film was shot in and around the townships of Hardwick, Blairstown and Hope, New Jersey in September 1979. The camp scenes were shot on a working Boy Scout camp, Camp No-Be-Bo-Sco which is located in Hardwick, New Jersey. The camp is still standing and still works as a summer camp.[7][8]

text: Writing[edit]

text: The script was written by Victor Miller, who later went on to write for several television soap operas, including Guiding Light, One Life to Live and All My Children. Miller delighted in inventing a serial killer who turned out to be somebody's mother, a murderer whose only motivation was her love for her child. "I took motherhood and turned it on its head and I think that was great fun. Mrs. Voorhees was the mother I'd always wanted—a mother who would have killed for her kids." Miller was unhappy about the filmmakers' decision to make Jason Voorhees the killer in the sequels. "Jason was dead from the very beginning. He was a victim, not a villain."[9] The idea of Jason appearing at the end of the film was initially not used in the original script, and was actually suggested by makeup designer Tom Savini. Savini stated that "The whole reason for the cliffhanger at the end was I had just seen Carrie, so we thought that we need a 'chair jumper' like that, and I said, 'let's bring in Jason'".[10]

text: Casting[edit]

text: A New York-based firm, headed by Julie Hughes and Barry Moss, was hired to find eight young actors to play the camp's staff members. Cunningham admits that he was not looking for "great actors", but anyone that was likable, and appeared to be a responsible camp counselor. The way Cunningham saw it, the actors would need to look good, read the dialogue somewhat well, and work cheap. Moss and Hughes were happy to find four actors, Kevin Bacon, Laurie Bartram, Peter Brouwer, and Adrienne King, who had previously appeared on soap operas.[11] The role of "Alice" was set up as an open casting call, a publicity stunt used to attract more attention to the film. King earned an audition primarily because she was the friend of someone working in Moss and Hughes’s office. After she auditioned, Moss recalls Cunningham commenting that they saved the best actress for last. As Cunningham explains, he was looking for people that could behave naturally, and King was able to show that to him in the audition.[12]

text:
I didn't even really think of this movie as a horror film. "To me, this was a small independent film about carefree teenagers who are having a rip-roaring time at a summer camp where they happen to be working as counselors. Then they just happen to get killed."

—Jeannine Taylor on how she viewed Friday the 13th.[12]

text: With King cast in the role of lead heroine Alice, Laurie Bartram was hired to play Brenda. Kevin Bacon, Mark Nelson and Jeannine Taylor, who had known each other prior to the film, were cast as Jack, Ned, and Marcie respectively. It is Bacon and Nelson's contention that, because the three already knew each other, they already had the specific chemistry the casting director was looking for in the roles of Jack, Ned, and Marcie.[11] Taylor has stated that Hughes and Moss were highly regarded while she was an actress, so when they offered her an audition she felt that, whatever the part, it would "be a good opportunity".[12]

text: Friday the 13th was Nelson's first feature film, and when he went in for his first audition the only thing he was given to read were some comedic scenes. Nelson received a call back for a second audition, which required him to wear a bathing suit, which Nelson acknowledges made him start to wonder if something was off about this film. He did not fully realize what was going on until he got the part and was given the full script to read. Nelson explains, "It certainly was not a straight dramatic role, and it was only after they offered me the part that they gave me the full script to read and I realized how much blood was in it."[12] Nelson believes that Ned used humor to hide his insecurities, especially around Brenda, whom the actor believes Ned was attracted to. Nelson recalls an early draft of the script stating that Ned suffered from polio, and his legs were deformed while his upper body was muscular.[13] Ned is believed to have given birth to the "practical joker victim" of horror films. According to author David Grove, there was no equivalent character in John Carpenter's Halloween, or Bob Clark's Black Christmas before that. He served as a model for the slasher films that would follow Friday the 13th.[14]

text:
I went in to audition for [Moss and Hughes] for something else. They said, "you know, Robbi, you're not really right for this, but there's a movie called Friday the 13th and they need an adorable camp counselor."

—Robbi Morgan on how she landed the role of Annie.[12]

text: The part of Bill was handed over to Harry Crosby, son of Bing Crosby. Robbi Morgan, who plays Annie, was not auditioning for the film when she was offered the role. While in her office, Hughes just looked at Morgan and proclaimed "you're a camp counselor". The next day Morgan was on the set.[11] Morgan only appeared on-set for a day to shoot all her scenes. Rex Everhart, who portrays Enos, did not film the truck scenes with Morgan, so she had to either act with an imaginary Enos, or exchange dialogue with Taso Stavrakis—Savini's assistant—who would sit in the truck with her.[15] It was Peter Brouwer's girlfriend that helped him land a role on Friday the 13th. After recently being written off the show Love of Life, Brouwer moved back to Connecticut to look for work. Learning that his girlfriend was working as an assistant director for Friday the 13th, Brouwer asked about any openings. Initially told casting was looking for big stars to fill the role of Steve Christy, it was not until Sean Cunningham dropped by to deliver a message to Brouwer's girlfriend, and saw him working in a garden, that Brouwer was hired.[11]

text: Estelle Parsons was initially asked to portray the film's killer, Mrs. Voorhees, but eventually declined. Her agent cited that the film was too violent, and did not know what kind of actress would play such a part. Hughes and Moss sent a copy of the script to Betsy Palmer, in hopes that she would accept the part. Palmer could not understand why someone would want her for a part in a horror film, as she had previously starred in films such as Mister Roberts, The Angry Man, and The Tin Star. Palmer only agreed to play the role because she needed to buy a new car, even when she believed the film to "be a piece of shit."[11] Stavrakis subbed for Betsy Palmer as well, which involved Morgan's character being chased through the woods by Mrs. Voorhees, although the audience only sees a pair of legs running after Morgan. Palmer had just arrived in town when those scenes were about to be filmed, and was not in the physical shape necessary to chase Morgan around the woods. Morgan's training as an acrobat assisted her in these scenes, as her character was required to leap out of a moving jeep when she discovers that Mrs. Voorhees does not intend to take her to the camp.[15] Betsy Palmer explains how she developed the character of Mrs. Voorhees:

text: "Being an actress who uses the Stanislavsky method, I always try to find details about my character. With Pamela... I began with a class ring that I remember reading in the script that she'd worn. Starting with that, I traced Pamela back to my own high school days in the early 1940s. So it's 1944, a very conservative time, and Pamela has a steady boyfriend. They have sex—which is very bad of course—and Pamela soon gets pregnant with Jason. The father takes off and when Pamela tells her parents, they disown her because having... babies out of wedlock isn't something that good girls do. I think she took Jason and raised him the best she could, but he turned out to be a very strange boy. [She took] lots of odd jobs and one of those jobs was as a cook at a summer camp. Then Jason drowns and her whole world collapses. What were the counselors doing instead of watching Jason? They were having sex, which is the way that she got into trouble. From that point on, Pamela became very psychotic and puritanical in her attitudes as she was determined to kill all of the immoral camp counselors."[16]

text: Cunningham wanted to make the Mrs. Voorhees character "terrifying", and to that end he believed it was important that Palmer not act "over the top". There was also the fear that Palmer's past credits, as more of a wholesome character, would make it difficult to believe she could be scary.[17] Ari Lehman, who had previously auditioned for Cunningham's Manny's Orphans, failing to get the part, was determined to land the role of Jason Voorhees. According to Lehman, he went in very intense and afterward Cunningham told him he was perfect for the part.[11] In addition to the main cast, Walt Gorney came on as "Crazy Ralph", the town's soothsayer. The character of Crazy Ralph was meant to establish two functions: foreshadow the events to come, and insinuate that he could actually be the murderer. Cunningham has stated that he was apprehensive about including the character, and is not sure if he accomplished his goal of creating a new suspect.[12]

text: Music[edit]

text:
Friday the 13th

Soundtrack album by Harry Manfredini

Released
January 13, 2012

Genre
Film score

Length
43:54

Label
Gramavision Records
La-La Land Records

text: When Harry Manfredini began working on the musical score, the decision was made to only play music when the killer was actually present so as to not "manipulate the audience".[18] Manfredini pointed out the lack of music for certain scenes: "There's a scene where one of the girls... is setting up the archery area... One of the guys shoots an arrow into the target and just misses her. It's a huge scare, but if you notice, there's no music. That was a choice."[18] Manfredini also noted that when something was going to happen, the music would cut off so that the audience would relax a bit, and the scare would be that much more effective.

text: Because the killer, Mrs. Voorhees, appears onscreen only during the final scenes of the film, Manfredini had the job of creating a score that would represent the killer in her absence.[18] Manfredini borrows from the 1975 film Jaws, where the shark is likewise not seen for the majority of the film but the motif created by John Williams cued the audience to the shark's invisible menace.[19] Sean S. Cunningham sought a chorus, but the budget would not allow it. While listening to a Krzysztof Penderecki piece of music, which contained a chorus with "striking pronunciations", Manfredini was inspired to recreate a similar sound. He came up with the sound "ki ki ki, ma ma ma" from the final reel when Mrs. Voorhees arrives and is reciting "Kill her, mommy!" The "ki" comes from "kill", and the "ma" from "mommy". To achieve the unique sound he wanted for the film, Manfredini spoke the two words "harshly, distinctly and rhythmically into a microphone" and ran them into an echo reverberation machine.[18] Manfredini finished the original score after a couple of weeks, and then recorded the score in a friend's basement.[19] Victor Miller and assistant editor Jay Keuper have commented on how memorable the music is, with Keuper describing it as "iconographic". Manfredini says, "Everybody thinks it's cha, cha, cha. I'm like, 'Cha, cha, cha? What are you talking about?'"[20]

text: In 1982, Gramavision Records released a LP record of selected pieces of Harry Manfredini's scores from the first three Friday the 13th films.[21] On 13 January 2012, La-La Land Records released a limited edition 6-CD boxset containing Manfredini's scores from the first six films. It sold out in less than 24 hours.[22]

text: Track listing[edit]

text: All tracks written by Harry Manfredini, except where noted.

text:
No.
Title
Length

1.
"Overlay of Evil / Main Title"
3:33

2.
"Banjo Travelin'"
1:12

3.
"Alice Goes to the Lake (Parts 1 and 2)"
0:36

4.
"Back Up to Annie Alone"
1:34

5.
"Mrs. V Watches"
1:09

6.
"Ralph in the Pantry"
1:30

7.
"Don't Smoke in Bed"
1:02

8.
"Not Tonight, I've Got a Headache"
2:52

9.
"Brenda in Lights"
4:33

10.
"The Bed Axe"
1:58

11.
"Alice Runs to Cabin"
5:04

12.
"Mrs. V Comes Clean"
5:57

13.
"Alice Runs to Light"
2:09

14.
"The Last Fight / The Chop to the End"
1:26

15.
"The Boat on the Water - Closing Theme 1 / Jason in the Lake"
2:26

16.
"Closing Theme"
2:42

17.
"Sail Away Tiny Sparrow (by Manfredini, John R. Briggs)"
2:42

Total length:
43:54

text: Box office[edit]

text: Paramount bought Friday the 13th's distribution rights for $1.5 million, after seeing a screening of the film. They spent approximately $500,000 in advertisements for the film, and then an additional $500,000 when the film began performing well at the box office.[23] Friday the 13th opened theatrically on 9 May 1980 across the United States, ultimately expanding its release to 1,100 theaters. It took in $5,816,321 in its opening weekend, before finishing domestically with $39,754,601. It was the 18th highest-grossing film that year, facing stiff horror film competition from such high-profile releases as The Shining, Dressed To Kill, The Fog and Prom Night. The worldwide gross was $59,754,601.[24][25] Friday the 13th was released internationally, which was unusual for an independent film with, at the time, no well-recognized or bankable actors; aside from well-known television and movie actress Betsy Palmer.[26] The film would take in approximately $20 million in international box office receipts.[27] Not factoring in international sales, or the cross-over film with A Nightmare on Elm Street 's Freddy Krueger, the original Friday the 13th is the highest-grossing film of the film series.[28]

text: To provide context with the box office gross of films in 2014, the cost of making and promoting Friday the 13th—which includes the $550,000 budget and the $1 million in advertisement—is approximately $4.5 million. With regard to the US box office gross, the film would have made $177.72 million in adjusted 2017 dollars.[29] On 13 July 2007, Friday the 13th was screened for the first time on Blairstown's Main Street in the very theater which appears shortly after the opening credits.[8] Overflowing crowds forced the Blairstown Theater Festival, the sponsoring organization, to add an extra screening. The event was covered by local media and New York City's Channel 11, WPIX.[30] A 30th Anniversary Edition was released on March 10, 2010.[31] A 35th-anniversary screening was held in the Griffith Park Zoo as part of the Great Horror Campout on March 13, 2015.[32]

text: Reception[edit]

text: The film's most vocal detractor was Gene Siskel, who in his review called Cunningham "one of the most despicable creatures ever to infest the movie business".[33] He also published the address for Charles Bluhdorn, the chairman of the board of Gulf+Western, which owned Paramount, as well as Betsy Palmer's home city and encouraged fellow detractors to write to them and express their contempt for the film.[34] Siskel and Roger Ebert spent an entire episode of their TV show berating the film (and other slasher films of the time) because they felt it would make audiences root for the killer.[35] Leonard Maltin initially awarded the film one star, or 'BOMB', but later changed his mind and awarded the film a star and-a-half "simply because it's slightly better than Part 2" and called it a "gory, cardboard thriller".[36] Variety claimed the film was "low budget in the worst sense—with no apparent talent or intelligence to offset its technical inadequacies—Friday the 13th has nothing to exploit but its title."[37] Rotten Tomatoes gave the film 61% on 51 critic reviews, the consensus reading: “Rather quaint by today’s standards, Friday the 13th still has it’s share of bloody surprises and a ‘70s-holdover aesthetic to slightly compel.”

text: Later on, retrospective reviews were much more positive regarding the film, with praise mainly towards its score, make-up effects, cinematography, charming cast, and Betsy Palmer's role, while it drew criticism for its script and lack of character development. Dave Kehr said that "For all its shoddiness, the film manages, just barely, to achieve its ignoble goals — it delivers what it promises". James Kendrick gave the film a 3 out of 4, calling it "a campfire boogeyman story designed to do little more than build tension and deliver a few well-timed shocks, which it does with precision and even a bit of artistry". Kevin Carr said that "what makes the movie work is that the slasher genre hadn't been set in stone yet, and some choices that director Sean S. Cunningham makes in the film that work against type".

text: The film was nominated for AFI's 100 Years...100 Thrills.[38] The film was nominated twice at the 1st Golden Raspberry Awards for Worst Picture and Worst Supporting Actress for Betsy Palmer, winning neither.[39]

text: Home media[edit]

text: On 3 February 2009, Paramount Home Entertainment released Friday the 13th on an unrated uncut home video version for the first time in the United States (all previous VHS Laserdisc and DVD releases were the rated theatrical version). It is available on both DVD and Blu-ray Disc. The uncut version of the film contains approximately 10 seconds of previously unreleased footage. In 2011, the uncut version of Friday the 13th was released in a 4-disc DVD collection with the first three sequels.[40] The Australia DVD/Blu-ray release was July 1, 2009, and features commentary by Sean S. Cunningham, among several other bonuses.

text: Cultural significance[edit]

text: Contemporary scholars in film criticism, such as Tony Williams, have credited Friday the 13th for initiating the subgenre of the "stalker" or slasher film.[41] Williams views Friday the 13th as "symptomatic of its era," particularly Reagan-era America, and part of a trajectory of films such as The Texas Chain Saw Massacre (1974) and Race with the Devil (1975), which "exemplify a particular apocalyptic vision moving from disclosing family contradictions to self-indulgent nihilism."[41]

text: Cultural critic Graham Thompson also considers the film as a template, along with John Carpenter's Halloween (1978), that "instigated a rush" of films of its type, in which young people away from supervision are systematically stalked and murdered by a masked villain.[42] Film critic Timothy Shary notes in his book Teen Movies: American Youth on Screen (2012) that where Halloween introduced a "more subtle sexual curiosity within its morbid moral lesson," films such as Friday the 13th "capitali[zed] on the reactionary aspect of teen sexuality, slaughtering wholesale those youth who deigned to cross the threshold of sexual awareness."[43]

text: Related works[edit]

text: Sequels[edit]

text: As of 2009, Friday the 13th has spawned nine sequels, including a crossover film with A Nightmare on Elm Street villain Freddy Krueger. Friday the 13th Part 2 (1981) introduced Jason Voorhees, the son of Mrs. Voorhees, as the primary antagonist, which would continue for the remaining sequels (with exception of the fifth movie) and related works. Most of the sequels were filmed on larger budgets than the original. For comparison, Friday the 13th had a budget of $550,000, while the first sequel was given a budget of $1.25 million.[44] At the time of its release, Freddy vs. Jason had the largest budget, at $25 million.[45] All of the sequels repeated the premise of the original, so the filmmakers made tweaks to provide freshness. Changes involved an addition to the title—as opposed to a number attached to the end—like "The Final Chapter" and "Jason Takes Manhattan", or filming the movie in 3-D, as Miner did for Friday the 13th Part III (1982).[46] One major addition that would affect the entire film series was the addition of Jason's hockey mask in the third film; this mask would become one of the most recognizable images in popular culture.[47]

text: A reboot to Friday the 13th came to theaters in February 2009, with Freddy vs. Jason writers Damian Shannon and Mark Swift hired to script the new film.[48] The film focused on Jason Voorhees, along with his trademark hockey mask.[49] The film was produced by Michael Bay, Andrew Form and Brad Fuller through Bay's production company Platinum Dunes, for New Line Cinema.[48] In November 2007, Marcus Nispel, director of the 2003 remake of The Texas Chainsaw Massacre, was hired to direct.[50] The film had its United States release on 13 February 2009.[51]

text: Adaptions and literature[edit]

text: In 1987, seven years after the release of the motion picture, Simon Hawke produced a novelization of Friday the 13th. One of the few additions to the book was Mrs. Voorhees begging the Christy family to take her back after the loss of her son; they agreed.[52] Another addition in the novel is more understanding in Mrs. Voorhees' actions. Hawke felt the character had attempted to move on when Jason died, but her psychosis got the best of her. When Steve Christy reopened the camp, Mrs. Voorhees saw it as a chance that what happened to her son could happen again. Her murders were against the counselors, because she saw them all as responsible for Jason's death.[53]

text: A number of scenes from the film were recreated in Friday the 13th: Pamela's Tale, a two-issue comic book prequel released by WildStorm in 2007. In 2016, the book On Location in Blairstown: The Making of Friday the 13th was released detailing the planning and filming of the movie.[54]


document_title: Beauty YouTubers

question_text: who is the most subscribed beauty guru on youtube

text: Beauty YouTubers

text: Background and trend[edit]

text: In the YouTube beauty community, there are more than 45,000 YouTube channels specializing in fashion and beauty-related content, videos include makeup tutorials, cosmetic/skincare hauls, recommendations etc.[5] Each month, over 50 million people watch over 1.6 billion minutes of consumer-created fashion and beauty videos on YouTube.

text: Since 2006, there have been over 14.6 billion views on beauty-related videos, with an average of 700 million views per month in 2013.[6] In 2015, 45.3 billion views on these Youtube videos were recorded and more than 10 million total beauty subscriber-ships.[7] And the biggest audiences of YouTube beauty community are teenage girls who act as "prosumers" by creating and consuming content themselves. In the United Kingdom, beauty vlogging is a rapidly-growing industry that attracts 700 million hits per month also noting that two-fifths of British women are viewing online beauty tutorials.[8]

text: Professional and amateur YouTubers[edit]

text: Some beauty vloggers expand their career in the online beauty industry and earn an income by utilizing their channels as a way to branch out and utilize it for business purposes, also executed through collaborating with cosmetic and/or clothing brands to launch new products, while other youtubers choose to abide to the simple uploading of videos as a hobby. Generally, whether these youtubers choose to use their channel as a gateway into creating a name for themselves or as a personal hobby, beauty-related videos generally fall into the following categories: product reviews, makeup tutorials, hauls and personality clips.[9]

text: Within these categories, beauty YouTubers provide viewers with life advice while disclosing stories about personal experiences, share their positive and negative encounters with certain beauty products through trial-and-error, and demonstrate how to perform particular techniques in order to achieve specific makeup looks. While issuing this large amount of information, these channels also provide a forum for feedback.[10] According to the article journal of University of Calgary, one of the most “popular” category of video is “Get Ready With Me"'s. These videos showcase how beauty YouTubers get ready for certain occasions going on in their day-to-day life and their daily rituals, whether it be a trip to the mall, special event, or even to just to go to bed.[11]

text: Besides creating videos, beauty YouTubers typically take part in media events such as "BeautyCon Festivals, an annual beauty festival for brands and Internet celebrities,[12][13] and Vidcon, a conference featuring YouTube stars, brands and media companies.[14][15]

text: The impact that beauty vloggers have had on social media can especially be seen in the magazine world. Just last year, Linda Wells, the founding editor of Allure Magazine, was replaced by a younger editor who was seen as more tech savvy and more in touch with the online presence of beauty vloggers. Michelle Lee, the former editor of Nylon and the current editor in chief of Allure, has said that although there was "animosity" towards beauty vloggers in the magazine world at first, she decided to utilize their voices instead. This was a pivotal decision considering beauty vloggers have a way larger influence (and salary) than beauty editors do in today's times. This change shows that technology is far surpassing paper sales when it comes to the beauty world. Consumers will sooner log onto Youtube and watch a beauty tutorial than they would open up a magazine and view an article on the same topic. The only way that the magazines are able to keep up is by collaborating with the beauty vloggers. Michelle Lee shows that she has embraced the change by working with the beauty vloggers rather than rejecting them, as many of her rival magazine editors have. [16]

text: Video styles and equipment[edit]

text: Through these vloggers' YouTube channels, various playlists can be found where all beauty-related content is divided into specific subcategories in respect to its distinct features. These subcategories include but are not limited to:[17][18]

text:
Makeup Tutorials and Looks
Routines and Get Ready With Me's
Favorites and Hauls
How To's
Hair Tutorials
Q&As and Chit Chats
Vlogs
Fashion Videos
Holiday Tutorials
Halloween Tutorials
Makeup and product reviews
Fall/Winter looks
Spring/Summer looks

text: Beauty YouTubers adopt a casual, friendly tone as they implement a face-to-face approach in their videos, featuring the vlogger seated in front of and speaking to the camera, creating the impression their viewers are sitting across from them. This method is communicative by enacting a realistic interaction with viewers.[19]

text: The medium does not require much in the way of expensive equipment or technological proficiency compared to traditional media. The most basic videos require only a computer with a webcam, an Internet connection, and basic editing software such as iMovie. The accessibility of the means to produce a vlog has contributed to the popularity and widespread production of videos in this format .[20]

text: Notable beauty YouTubers[edit]

text: As of August 2017, the most subscribed beauty YouTuber in the world was Mexico's Mariand Castrejon Castañeda, popularly known as Yuya. The following table lists the 10 most subscribed beauty and style YouTube channels, including country, language, and subscriber count, as of August 2017.[21]

text:
Rank
Channel name
Country
Language
Subscribers
(millions)

1.
Yuya
 Mexico
Spanish
19.19

2.
Zoella
 Great Britain
English
11.97

3.
Bethany Mota
 United States
10.47

4.
Michelle Phan
 United States
8.96

5.
Rosanna Pansino
 United States
8.93

6.
Wengie
 Australia
8.53

7.
MyLifeAsEva
 United States
8.19

8.
grav3yardgirl
 United States
8.09

9.
NikkieTutorials
 Netherlands[22]
7.45

10.
SaraBeautyCorner
 Norway[23]
6.11

text: In April 2017, Forbes magazine released its list of "Top Influencers" in social media for 2017. The following table lists the top 10 beauty "influencers," including country, as chosen by Forbes. Combined, these ten YouTubers had over 46.5 million YouTube subscribers.[24]

text:
Rank
Channel name
Country

1.
Zoella
 Great Britain

2.
Michelle Phan
 United States

3.
Huda Kattan
 United Arab Emirates

4.
NikkieTutorials
 Netherlands

5.
Shannon Harris
 New Zealand

6.
Jeffree Star
 United States

7.
Kandee Johnson
 United States

8.
Manny MUA
 United States

9.
Christen Dominique
 United States

10.
Wayne Goss
 Great Britain

text: The Shorty Awards have honored several beauty YouTubers in the "YouTube Guru" category. The award went to Michelle Phan in 2015[25]; British YouTuber Louise Pentland, popularly known as Sprinkle of Glitter, in 2016[26]; and NikkieTutorials in 2017.[22]


document_title: NBA Coach of the Year Award

question_text: who won coach of the year in nba

question_tokens: who won coach of the year in nba

text: NBA Coach of the Year Award

text: Winners[edit]

text:
^
Denotes head coach who is still active in the NBA

*
Elected to the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame as a coach

Bold
Team won NBA championship for that season

W–L
Win–loss record for that season

Win%
Winning percentage for that season

text:
Season
Coach
Nationality
Team
W–L
Win%

1962–63
Gallatin, HarryHarry Gallatin
 United States
St. Louis Hawks
48–32
.600

1963–64
Hannum, AlexAlex Hannum*
 United States
San Francisco Warriors
48–32
.600

1964–65
Auerbach, RedRed Auerbach*[a]
 United States
Boston Celtics
62–18
.775

1965–66
Schayes, DolphDolph Schayes
 United States
Philadelphia 76ers
55–25
.688

1966–67
Kerr, JohnnyJohnny Kerr
 United States
Chicago Bulls
33–48
.407

1967–68
Guerin, RichieRichie Guerin
 United States
St. Louis Hawks
56–26
.683

1968–69
Shue, GeneGene Shue
 United States
Baltimore Bullets
57–25
.695

1969–70
Holzman, RedRed Holzman*[a]
 United States
New York Knicks
60–22
.732

1970–71
Motta, DickDick Motta
 United States
Chicago Bulls
51–31
.622

1971–72
Sharman, BillBill Sharman*
 United States
Los Angeles Lakers
69–13
.841

1972–73
Heinsohn, TomTom Heinsohn*
 United States
Boston Celtics
68–14
.829

1973–74
Scott, RayRay Scott
 United States
Detroit Pistons
52–30
.634

1974–75
Johnson, PhilPhil Johnson
 United States
Kansas City-Omaha Kings
44–38
.537

1975–76
Fitch, BillBill Fitch[a]
 United States
Cleveland Cavaliers
49–33
.598

1976–77
Nissalke, TomTom Nissalke
 United States
Houston Rockets
49–33
.598

1977–78
Brown, HubieHubie Brown
 United States
Atlanta Hawks
41–41
.500

1978–79
Fitzsimmons, CottonCotton Fitzsimmons
 United States
Kansas City Kings
48–34
.585

1979–80
Fitch, BillBill Fitch[a] (2)
 United States
Boston Celtics
61–21
.744

1980–81
McKinney, JackJack McKinney
 United States
Indiana Pacers
44–38
.537

1981–82
Shue, GeneGene Shue (2)
 United States
Washington Bullets
43–39
.524

1982–83
Nelson, DonDon Nelson*[a]
 United States
Milwaukee Bucks
51–31
.622

1983–84
Layden, FrankFrank Layden
 United States
Utah Jazz
45–37
.549

1984–85
Nelson, DonDon Nelson*[a] (2)
 United States
Milwaukee Bucks
59–23
.720

1985–86
Fratello, MikeMike Fratello
 United States
Atlanta Hawks
50–32
.610

1986–87
Schuler, MikeMike Schuler
 United States
Portland Trail Blazers
49–33
.598

1987–88
Moe, DougDoug Moe
 United States
Denver Nuggets
54–28
.659

1988–89
Fitzsimmons, CottonCotton Fitzsimmons(2)
 United States
Phoenix Suns
55–27
.671

1989–90
Riley, PatPat Riley*[a]
 United States
Los Angeles Lakers
63–19
.768

1990–91
Chaney, DonDon Chaney
 United States
Houston Rockets
52–30
.634

1991–92
Nelson, DonDon Nelson*[a] (3)
 United States
Golden State Warriors
55–27
.671

1992–93
Riley, PatPat Riley*[a] (2)
 United States
New York Knicks
60–22
.732

1993–94
Wilkens, LennyLenny Wilkens*[a]
 United States
Atlanta Hawks
57–25
.695

1994–95
Harris, DelDel Harris
 United States
Los Angeles Lakers
48–34
.585

1995–96
Jackson, PhilPhil Jackson*[a]
 United States
Chicago Bulls
72–10
.878

1996–97
Riley, PatPat Riley*[a] (3)
 United States
Miami Heat
61–21
.744

1997–98
Bird, LarryLarry Bird
 United States
Indiana Pacers
58–24
.707

1998–99
Dunleavy, MikeMike Dunleavy
 United States
Portland Trail Blazers
35–15
.700

1999–00
Rivers, DocDoc Rivers^
 United States
Orlando Magic
41–41
.500

2000–01
Brown, LarryLarry Brown*
 United States
Philadelphia 76ers
56–26
.683

2001–02
Carlisle, RickRick Carlisle^
 United States
Detroit Pistons
50–32
.610

2002–03
Popovich, GreggGregg Popovich^
 United States
San Antonio Spurs
60–22
.732

2003–04
Brown, HubieHubie Brown (2)
 United States
Memphis Grizzlies
50–32
.610

2004–05
D'Antoni, MikeMike D'Antoni^
 United States[b]
Phoenix Suns
62–20
.756

2005–06
Johnson, AveryAvery Johnson
 United States
Dallas Mavericks
60–22
.732

2006–07
Mitchell, SamSam Mitchell
 United States
Toronto Raptors
47–35
.573

2007–08
Scott, ByronByron Scott
 United States
New Orleans Hornets
56–26
.683

2008–09
Brown, MikeMike Brown
 United States
Cleveland Cavaliers
66–16
.805

2009–10
Brooks, ScottScott Brooks^
 United States
Oklahoma City Thunder
50–32
.610

2010–11
Thibodeau, TomTom Thibodeau^
 United States
Chicago Bulls
62–20
.756

2011–12
Popovich, GreggGregg Popovich^ (2)
 United States
San Antonio Spurs
50–16
.758

2012–13
Karl, GeorgeGeorge Karl
 United States
Denver Nuggets
57–25
.695

2013–14
Popovich, GreggGregg Popovich^ (3)
 United States
San Antonio Spurs
62–20
.756

2014–15
Budenholzer, MikeMike Budenholzer^
 United States
Atlanta Hawks
60–22
.732

2015–16
Kerr, SteveSteve Kerr^
 United States
Golden State Warriors
73–9
.890

2016–17
D'Antoni, MikeMike D'Antoni^ (2)
 United States[c]
Houston Rockets
55–27
.670

text: Multi-time winners[edit]

text:
Rank
Coach
Team
No.
Years

1
Don Nelson
Milwaukee Bucks (2) /Golden State Warriors (1)
3
1983, 1985, 1992

Pat Riley
Los Angeles Lakers (1) /New York Knicks (1) /Miami Heat (1)
1990, 1993, 1997

Gregg Popovich
San Antonio Spurs
2003, 2012, 2014

4
Gene Shue
Baltimore Bullets (1) /Washington Bullets (1)
2
1969, 1982

Bill Fitch
Cleveland Cavaliers (1) /Boston Celtics (1)
1976, 1980

Hubie Brown
Atlanta Hawks (1) /Memphis Grizzlies (1)
1978, 2004

Cotton Fitzsimmons
Kansas City Kings (1) /Phoenix Suns (1)
1979, 1989

Mike D'Antoni
Phoenix Suns (1) /Houston Rockets (1)
2005, 2017