document_title: Tennis scoring system

question_text: where did the scoring of tennis come from

text: Tennis scoring system

text: Game score[edit]

text: Description[edit]

text: A game consists of a sequence of points played with the same player serving, and is won by the first side to have won at least four points with a margin of two points or more over their opponent. Normally the server's score is always called first and the opponent's score second. Score calling in tennis is unusual in that each point has a corresponding call that is different from its point value.

text:
Number of points won
Corresponding call[1]

0
"love"

1
"15"

2
"30"

3
"40"

4
Game= winner

text: For instance if the server has won three points so far in the game, and the non-server has won one, the score is "40-15".

text: When both sides have won the same number of points then: when each side has won one, or two, points, the score is described as "15-all" and "30-all" (or "15-up" and "30-up"), respectively. However, if each player has won three points, the score is called as "deuce", not "40–all". From that point on in the game, whenever the score is tied, it is described as "deuce", regardless of how many points have been played.

text: In standard play, scoring beyond a "deuce" score, in which both players have scored three points each, requires that one player must get two points ahead in order to win the game. This type of tennis scoring is known as "advantage scoring" (or "ads"). The side which wins the next point after deuce is said to have the advantage. If they lose the next point, the score is again deuce, since the score is tied. If the side with the advantage wins the next point, that side has won the game, since they have a lead of two points. When the server is the player with the advantage, the score may be called as "advantage in". When the server's opponent has the advantage, the score may be called as "advantage out". These phrases are sometimes shortened to "ad in" or "van in" (or "my ad") and "ad out" (or "your ad"). Alternatively, the players' names are used: in professional tournaments the umpire announces the score in this format (e.g. "advantage Federer" or "advantage Murray").

text: In the USTA rule book (but not the ITF rules) there is the comment: ‘"Zero," "one," "two," and "three," may be substituted for "Love," "15," "30," and "40." This is particularly appropriate for matches with an inexperienced player or in which one player does not understand English.’[2]

text: For tie-breaks the calls are simply the number of points won by each player.

text:
Tie break point score examples
Corresponding call

1–0
"One, zero"

4–3
"Four, three"

4–4, 5–5, 6–6, etc.
"Four-all", "five-all", "six-all", etc.

4–7, 10–8, etc.
"set"

text: The current point score is announced orally before each point by the judge, or by the server if there is no judge. When stating the score, the server's score is stated first. If the server (or the judge) announces the score as "30–love", for example, it means that the server has won two points and the receiver none.

text: History[edit]

text: The origins of the 15, 30, and 40 scores are believed to be medieval French. The earliest reference is in a ballad by Charles D'Orleans in 1435 which refers to quarante cinque (which gave rise to modern 40) and in 1522 there is a sentence in Latin "we are winning 30, we are winning 45". The first recorded theories about the origin of 15 were published in 1555 and 1579. However the origins of this convention remain obscure.[3]

text: It is possible that clock faces were used on court, with a quarter move of the hand to indicate a score of 15, 30, and 45. When the hand moved to 60, the game was over. However, in order to ensure that the game could not be won by a one-point difference in players' scores, the idea of "deuce" was introduced. To make the score stay within the "60" ticks on the clock face, the 45 was changed to 40. Therefore, if both players have 40, the first player to score receives ten and that moves the clock to 50. If the player scores a second time before the opponent is able to score, they are awarded another ten and the clock moves to 60. The 60 signifies the end of the game. However, if a player fails to score twice in a row, then the clock would move back to 40 to establish another "deuce".[4][5]

text: Although this suggestion might sound attractive, the medieval period ran until the end of the 15th century (i.e. until 1500), at which time clocks recorded only the hours (1 to 12). It wasn't until 1690 that clocks regularly had minute hands when the pendulum system was invented and such a valuable piece of delicate equipment would not have been on an early tennis court where it could easily have been damaged. So the concept of tennis scores originating from the clock face, could not have come from medieval times.[6]

text: Another theory is that the scoring nomenclature came from the French game jeu de paume (a precursor to tennis which initially used the hand instead of a racket). Jeu de paume was very popular before the French revolution, with more than 1,000 courts in Paris alone. The traditional court was 90 ft (pied du roi) in total with 45 ft on each side. When the server scored, he or she moved forward 15 ft. If the server scored again, he or she would move another 15 ft. If the server scored a third time, he or she could only move 10 ft closer.[7]

text: The origin of the use of "love" for zero is also disputed. It is possible that it derives from the French expression for "the egg" (l'œuf) because an egg looks like the number zero.[8][9] This is similar to the origin of the term "duck" in cricket, supposedly from "duck's egg", referring to a batsman who has been called out without completing a run. One possibility comes from the Dutch expression iets voor lof doen, which means to do something for praise, implying no monetary stakes.[10] Another theory on the origins of the use of "love" comes from the acceptance that, at the start of any match, when scores are at zero, players still have "love for each other".[11]

text: Alternative ("no-ad") game scoring[edit]

text: A popular alternative to advantage scoring is "no-advantage" (or "no-ad") scoring, created by James Van Alen in order to shorten match playing time.[12] No-advantage scoring is a scoring method in which the first player to reach four points wins the game. No-ad scoring eliminates the requirement that a player must win by two points. Therefore, if the game is tied at deuce, the next player to win a point wins the game. This method of scoring is used in most World TeamTennis matches.[13][14] When this style of play is implemented, at deuce, the receiver then chooses from which side of the court he or she desires to return the serve. However, in no-ad mixed doubles play gender always serves to the same gender at game point and during the final point of tiebreaks.[15]

text: Set score[edit]

text: Description[edit]

text: In tennis, a set consists of a sequence of games played with alternating service and return roles. There are two types of set formats that require different types of scoring.[16]

text: An advantage set is played until a player or team wins 6 games and that player or team has a 2-game lead over their opponent(s). The set continues, without tiebreak(er), until a player or team wins the set by 2 games. Advantage sets are no longer played under the rules of the United States Tennis Association,[17] however they are still used in the final sets in men's and women's draws in singles of the Australian Open, French Open, Wimbledon and Fed Cup. Mixed doubles at the Grand Slams except for Wimbledon are a best-of-three format with the final set being played as a "Super Tie Break" (sometimes referred to as a "best of two" format) except at Wimbledon, which still plays a best-of-three match with the final set played as an advantage set and the first two played as tie-break sets.

text: A tie-break set is played with the same rules as the advantage set, except when the score is tied at 6–6, a tie-break game (or tiebreaker) is played. Typically, the tie-break game continues until one player wins seven points by a margin of two or more points. However, many tie-break games are played with different tiebreak point requirements, such as 8 or 10 points.

text: The score of games within a set is counted in the ordinary manner, except when a player or team has a score of no games it is read as "love". The score is written using digits separated by a dash. This score is announced by the judge or server at the start of each game.

text:
Example set scores
Corresponding verbal set score

0–0
"love – love"

7–5
"set"

3–6
"set"

text: In doubles, service alternates between the teams. One player serves for an entire service game, with that player's partner serving for the entirety of the team's next service game. Players of the receiving team receive the serve on alternating points, with each player of the receiving team declaring which side of the court (deuce or ad side) they will receive serve on for the duration of the set.

text: Comparison[edit]

text: Advantage sets have a tendency to go significantly longer than tie-break sets. The 2010 Wimbledon first-round match between John Isner and Nicolas Mahut, which is the longest professional tennis match in history, notably ended with Isner winning the 5th set, 70–68. The match lasted in total 11 hours and 5 minutes with the 5th set alone lasting 8 hours, 11 minutes.

text: Nevertheless, even tie-break sets can last a long time. For instance, once players reach 6–6 set score and also reach 6–6 tiebreaker score, play must continue until one player has a 2-point advantage, which can take a considerable time. Sets decided by tiebreakers, however, are typically significantly shorter than extended advantage sets.

text: The set is won by the first player (or team) to have won at least six games and at least two games more than his or her opponent. Traditionally, sets would be played until both these criteria had been met, with no maximum number of games. To shorten matches, James Van Alen created a tie-breaker system, which was widely introduced in the early 1970s. If the score reaches 6–5 (or 5-6), one further game is played. If the leading player wins this game, the set is won 7–5 (or 5-7). If the trailing player wins the game, the score is tied at 6–6 and a special tiebreaker game is played. The winner of the tiebreak wins the set by a score of 7–6 (or 6-7).

text: The tiebreak is sometimes not employed for the final set of a match and an advantage set is used instead. Therefore, the deciding set must be played until one player or team has won two more games than the opponent. This is true in three of the four major tennis championships, all except the US Open where a tiebreak is played even in the deciding set (fifth set for the men, third set for the women) at 6–6. A tiebreak is not played in the deciding set in the other three majors — the Australian Open, the French Open, and Wimbledon. (When the tiebreak was first introduced at Wimbledon in 1971, it was invoked at 8–8 rather than 6–6.)

text: Scoring a tiebreak game[edit]

text: At a score of 6–6, a set is often determined by one more game called a "twelve point tiebreaker". Only one more game is played to determine the winner of the set; the score of the set is always 7–6 (or 6–7). Points are counted using ordinary numbering. The set is decided by the player who wins at least seven points in the tiebreak but also has two points more than his or her opponent. For example, if the score is 6 points to 5 points and the player with 6 points wins the next point, he or she wins the tiebreak and the set. If the player with 5 points wins the point, the tiebreak continues and cannot be won on the next point, since no player will be two points better. In the scoring of the set, sometimes the tiebreak points are included as well as the game count, for example 7–6(7–5). Another way of listing the score of the tiebreak is to list only the loser's points. For example, if the set score is listed as 7–6(8), the tiebreak score was 10–8 (since 8 is the loser's points, and the winner must win by two points). Similarly, 7–6(3) means the tiebreak score was 7–3.

text: The player who would normally be serving after 6–6 is the one to serve first in the tiebreak, and the tiebreak is considered a service game for this player. The server begins his or her service from the deuce court and serves one point. After the first point, the serve changes to the first server's opponent. Each player then serves two consecutive points for the remainder of the tiebreak. The first of each two-point sequence starts from the server's advantage court and the second starts from the deuce court. In this way, the sum of the scores is even when the server serves from the deuce court. After every six points, the players switch ends of the court; note that the side-changes during the tiebreak will occur in the middle of a server's two-point sequence. At the end of the tiebreak, the players switch ends of the court again, since the set score is always odd (13 games).

text: An alternative tie-break system called the "Coman Tie-Break" is sometimes used by the United States Tennis Association. Scoring is the same, but end changes take place after the first point and then after every four points. This approach allows the servers of doubles teams to continue serving from the same end of the court as during the body of the set. It also reduces the advantage the elements (e.g. wind and sun) could give playing the first six points of a seven-point tiebreak on one side of the court.

text: History of the tiebreak[edit]

text: The tiebreaker — more recently shortened to just "tiebreak", though both terms are still used interchangeably — was invented by James Van Alen and unveiled in 1965 as an experiment at the pro tournament he sponsored at Newport Casino, Rhode Island,[18] after an earlier, unsuccessful attempt to speed up the game by the use of his so-called "Van Alen Streamlined Scoring System" ("VASSS"). For two years before the Open Era, in 1955 and 1956, the United States Pro Championship in Cleveland, Ohio, was played by VASSS rules. The scoring was the same as that in table tennis, with sets played to 21 points and players alternating five services, with no second service. The rules were created partially to limit the effectiveness of the powerful service of the reigning professional champion, Pancho Gonzales. Even with the new rules, however, Gonzales beat Pancho Segura in the finals of both tournaments. Even though the 1955 match went to 5 sets, with Gonzales barely holding on to win the last one 21–19, it is reported to have taken 47 minutes to complete.[19] The fans attending the matches preferred the traditional rules, however, and in 1957 the tournament reverted to the old method of scoring.

text: Van Alen called his innovation a "tiebreaker", and he actually proposed two different kinds or versions of it: best-five-of-nine-points tiebreaker and best-seven-of-12-points tiebreaker.[20] The first lasts a maximum of 9 points, and awards victory in the set to whichever player or team first reaches 5 points — even if the other player or team already has 4; the margin of victory can be a single point. Because this "9-point" tiebreaker must end after a maximum of 9 points, even if neither player or team has a 2-point (or greater) margin, Van Alen also called it a "sudden-death tiebreaker" (If and when the score reached four points all, both players faced simultaneous set point and/or match point.). This type of tiebreaker had its Grand Slam debut at 1970 US Open and was employed there until 1974. Apart from being used for 5 years at US Open it was also used 1 year at Wimbledon and for a while on the Virginia Slims circuit and in American Colleges.

text: The other type of tiebreaker Van Alen introduced is the "12-point" tiebreaker that is most familiar and widely used today. Because it ends as soon as either player or team reaches 7 points — provided that that player or team leads the other at that point by at least two points — it can actually be over in as few as 7 points. However, because the winning player or team must win by a margin of at least two points, a "12-point" tiebreaker may go beyond 12 points — sometimes well beyond. That is why Van Alen derisively likened it to a "lingering death", in contrast to the 9-point (or fewer) "sudden-death tiebreaker" that he recommended and preferred.

text: The impetus to use some kind of a tie-breaking procedure gained force after a monumental 1969 struggle at Wimbledon between Pancho Gonzales and Charlie Pasarell. This was a 5-set match that lasted five hours and 12 minutes and took 2 days to complete. In the fifth set the 41-year-old Gonzales won all seven match points that Pasarell had against him, twice coming back from 0–40 deficits. The final score was 22–24, 1–6, 16–14, 6–3, 11–9 for Gonzales.

text: The tiebreaker gave tennis a definite "finish line".

text: In 1971, the nine-point tiebreaker was introduced at Wimbledon (the first scoring change at Wimbledon in 94 years).[21]

text: In 1972, Wimbledon put into effect a 12-point tiebreaker when the score in a set reached 8–8 in games unless the set was one in which one of the players could achieve a match victory by winning it.[22]

text: In 1979, Wimbledon changed their rules so that a (12-point) tiebreak would be played once any set except the final set reached 6–6 in games.

text: In 1989, the Davis Cup adopted the tie-break in all sets except for the final set, and then extended it to the final set starting in 2016.

text: In 2001, the Australian Open replaced the deciding third set of mixed doubles with an eighteen-point "match tiebreak" (first to ten points and win by two points wins the match).[23] Despite some criticism of the change by fans and former pros,[24] the US Open and the French Open have since gone on to join the Australian Open in using the same format for mixed doubles. Wimbledon continues to play a traditional best of three match, requiring an advantage set for the third set.

text: Tie-break sets are now nearly universal in all levels of play, for all sets in a match; however, the tie-break is not a compulsory element in any set, and the actual formatting of sets and tie-breaks depends on the tournament director in tournaments, and, in private matches, on the players' agreement before play begins. Tie-breaks are not used in the final set in the Australian Open for singles, the French Open for singles, Wimbledon, or the Fed Cup, nor were they used for final sets in Davis Cup play or the Olympics before 2016. The US Open now uses a tiebreak in the final set, both in singles and in doubles, and is the only major tournament to use a tiebreak in the final set for singles. However, the Australian Open and French Open do now use a final set tiebreak in both men's and women's doubles.

text: Alternative set scoring format[edit]

text: While traditional sets continue until a player wins at least six games by a margin of at least two games there are some alternative set scoring formats in use. A common alternative set format is the eight or nine game pro set. Instead of playing until one player reaches six games with a margin of two games, one plays until one player wins eight or nine games with a margin of two games. A tie-break is then played at eight or nine games all. While the format is not used in modern professional matches or recognized by the ITF rules, it was supposedly used in early professional tours. It is commonly utilized in various amateur leagues and high school tennis as a shorter alternative to a best of three match, but longer than a traditional tie-break set. In addition, eight game pro sets were used during doubles for all Division I college dual matches, until the 2014-2015 season.[25]

text: Another alternative set format are so called "short sets" where the first to four games to win by two games. In this format a tie-break is played at four games all. The ITF experimented with this format in low level Davis Cup matches, but the experiment was not continued. Nevertheless, this alternative remains as an acceptable alternative in the ITF rules of Tennis.[26]

text: Another alternative set format is seen in World Team Tennis where the winner of a set is the first to win five games and a nine-point tie-break is played at 4–4.

text: Match score[edit]

text: Description[edit]

text: Most singles matches consist of an odd number of sets, the match winner being the player who wins more than half of the sets. The match ends as soon as this winning condition is met. Men's singles and doubles matches may consist of up to five sets (the winner being the first to take the majority of total allocated sets) while women's singles matches are usually best of three sets. Doubles matches (including mixed doubles) are usually best of three sets, with a Super Tiebreak to ten points played if the score reaches a set all.

text: While the alternation of service between games continues throughout the match without regard to sets, the ends are changed after each odd game within a set (including the last game). If, for example, the second set of a match ends with the score at 6–3, 1–6, the ends are changed as the last game played was the 7th (odd) game of the set and in spite of it being the 16th (even) game of the match. Notably, in situations where a set ends with an odd game, back to back games see change of ends—i.e., ends are changed before and after the first game of the following set. A tiebreaker game is treated as a single game for the purposes of this alternation. Since tiebreakers always result in a score of 7–6, there is always a court change after the tiebreaker.

text: The score of a complete match may be given simply by sets won, or with the scores of each set given separately. In either case, the match winner's score is stated first. In the former, shorter form, a match might be listed as 3–1 (i.e. three sets to one). In the latter form, this same match might be further described as "7–5, 6–7(4–7), 6–4, 7–6(8–6)". (As noted above, an alternate form of writing the tiebreak score lists only the loser's score—e.g., "6–7(4)" for the second set in the example.) This match was won three sets to one, with the match loser winning the second set on a tiebreaker. The numbers in parentheses, normally included in printed scorelines but omitted when spoken, indicate the duration of the tiebreaker following a given set. Here, the match winner lost the second-set tiebreaker 7–4 and won the fourth-set tiebreaker 8–6.

text: Total points won[edit]

text: Because tennis is scored set by set and game by game, a player may lose a match despite winning the majority of points and/or games played.

text: Consider a player who wins six games in each of two sets, all by a score of game–30. The winner has scored 4×12 = 48 points and the loser 2×12 = 24. Suppose also that the loser wins four games in each set, all by a score of game-love. The loser has scored 4×8 = 32 points and the winner zero in those games. The final score is a win by 6–4, 6–4; total points 48–56.

text: An example of this in actual practice was the record-breaking Isner-Mahut match in the Wimbledon first round, 22–24 June 2010. American John Isner beat Nicolas Mahut of France 6–4, 3–6, 6–7(7–9), 7–6(7–3), 70–68 — Mahut winning a total of 502 points to Isner's 478.[27]

text: Total games won[edit]

text: Likewise, a player may lose a match despite winning the majority of games played (or win a match despite losing the majority of games). Roger Federer won the 2009 Wimbledon final over Andy Roddick (5–7, 7–6(8–6), 7–6(7–5), 3–6, 16–14) despite Roddick's winning more games (39, versus Federer's 38).

text: Announcing the score[edit]

text: If there is no judge to announce the score of a match, there is a specific protocol for stating the score. During a game, the server has the responsibility to announce the game score before serving. This is done by announcing the server's score first. If, for example, the server loses the first three points of his or her service game, he or she would say "love–40". This convention is used consistently. After a set is complete, the server, before serving for the first game of the next set, announces the set scores so far completed in the match, stating his or her own scores first. If the server has won the first two sets and is beginning the third, he or she would say, "two–love, new set." If the server had lost the first two sets, he or she would say, "love–two, new set." Finally, after the completion of the match, either player, when asked the score, announces his or her own scores first.

text: As an example, consider a match between Victoria Azarenka and Ana Ivanovic. Azarenka wins the first set 6–4, Ivanovic wins the next set 7–6(7–4), and Azarenka wins the final set 6–0.

text: At the end of each set, the umpire would announce the winner of each set:

text: At the completion of the match, the result would be announced as:

text: The result would be written as:

text: The score is always written and announced in respect to the winner of the match. The score of the tiebreak is not included in announcing the final result; it is simply said "seven–six" or "six–seven" regardless of the score in the tiebreak.

text: If a match ends prematurely due to one player retiring or being disqualified (defaulting), the partial score at that point is announced as the final score, with the remaining player as the nominal winner. For instance, the result in the final of the 2012 Aegon Championships is written:

text: Variations and slang[edit]

text: During informal play of tennis, especially at tennis clubs in the U.S. (also in other English speaking countries), score announcements are frequently shortened with the use of abbreviations. For example, a score 15 is replaced with "five", or in some cases "fif". Similarly, the scores of 30 and 40 may sometimes be spoken as "three" or "four" respectively. A score of 15-all may sometimes be announced as "fives." To further confuse score announcements, a score of 30-all (30–30) may often be called "deuce", and the following point referred to as "ad in" or "ad out" (or "my ad" or "your ad"), depending on which player (or team) won the point. The logic for this is that a 30-all score is effectively the same as deuce (40–40).[28]

text: Scorecards[edit]

text: For formal scorekeeping, the official scoring the match (e.g. the chair umpire) fills out a scorecard, either on paper or electronically. The scorecard allows the official to record details for each point, as well as rule violations and other match information. Standard markings for each point are:[29]

text:
⁄ – point won
A – point won via ace
D – point won via double-fault
C – point won via code violation
T – point won via time violation

text: An additional dot is marked in a score box to indicate a missed first serve fault.

text: Notes[edit]

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Jump up ^ Improving your game | Scoring http://www.usta.com/Improve-Your-Game/Rules/Rules-and-Line-Calls/Scoring/
Jump up ^ Rules of Tennis 2010 http://www.itftennis.com/shared/medialibrary/pdf/original/IO_46376_original.PDF
Jump up ^ "Wimbledon Championships Website". Wimbledon.org. 1998-09-21. Retrieved 2014-06-28.
Jump up ^ "Why do club players say "five" not "fifteen" when scoring? - Talk Tennis". Tt.tennis-warehouse.com. Retrieved 2014-06-28.
Jump up ^ USTA Chair Umpire Handbook

tag: ol


document_title: Malchus

question_text: who cut off someone's ear in the bible

question_tokens: who cut off someone 's ear in the bible

root

text: Malchus

text: This is the current revision of this page, as edited by Spicemix (talk | contribs) at 15:11, 4 May 2017 (→top:  ce). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.

tag: table

text: This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: In the Bible, Malchus /ˈmælkəs/ is the servant of the Jewish High Priest Caiaphas who participated in the arrest of Jesus. According to the Bible, one of the disciples, Simon Peter, being armed with a sword, cut off the servant's ear in an attempt to prevent the arrest of Jesus.

tag: p

text: Simon cutting off Malchus' ear is related in all four canonical gospels, in Matthew 26:51, Mark 14:47, Luke 22:50-51, and John 18:10–11, but Simon and Malchus are named only in the Gospel of John. Also, Luke is the only gospel that says Jesus healed the servant. This was Jesus' last recorded miracle prior to His resurrection.

text: The relevant passage in the Gospel of John, KJV, reads:

text:
10 Then Simon Peter having a sword drew it, and smote the high priest's servant, and cut off his right ear. The servant's name was Malchus.
11 Then said Jesus unto Peter, Put up thy sword into the sheath: the cup which my Father hath given me, shall I not drink it?

text: James F. McGrath suggests that this account reflects an event that did happen, in that early Christians would hardly have invented a story portraying themselves as violent.[2]

text: Later in Chapter 18, John records that a relative of Malchus witnessed Peter's assault in the Garden of Gethsemane, and identified Peter as a follower of Christ. Peter denied this.

text: Thornton Wilder wrote a short play entitled, "The Servant's Name Was Malchus". It appeared in the collection The Angel That Troubled the Waters and Other Plays.

text: Malchus was portrayed by Paul Brightwell in the 2013 TV miniseries The Bible.

text: "Malchus" is a book by W. G. Griffiths published in 2002 by RiverOaks Publishing.


document_title: List of highest individual scores in ODIs

question_text: sachin tendulkar highest score in one day cricket

text: One Day International (ODI) cricket is played between international cricket teams who are Full Members of the International Cricket Council (ICC) as well as the top six Associate and Affiliate members.[1] Unlike Test matches, ODIs consist of one innings per team, having a limit in the number of overs.

text: The limit of overs is currently 50 overs per innings, although in the past this has been 55 or 60 overs.[2] ODI cricket is List-A cricket, so statistics and records set in ODI matches also count toward List-A records. The earliest match now recognised as an ODI was played between England and Australia in January 1971;[3] since then there have been over 3,000 ODIs played by 26 teams. The frequency of matches has steadily increased, partly because of the increase in the number of ODI-playing countries, and partly as the cricket boards of those nations seek to maximise their revenue.[4]

text: Before breaking the 200 mark, the highest ODI score was 194 jointly held by Pakistani Saeed Anwar and Zimbabwean Charles Coventry. In One Day Internationals, the first man to score a double century was Indian batsman Sachin Tendulkar, who scored 200 not out against South Africa at [Captain Roop Singh Stadium] in [Gwalior, Madhya pradesh, India]. The following table lists the best 20 highest scores in ODIs history.

text: Highest ODI individual scores[edit]

text:
Rank
Name
Score
Strike Rate
Innings
Team
Opponent
Venue
Date
Result

1
Sharma, RohitRohit Sharma
264
152.60
1
 India
 Sri Lanka
Eden Gardens, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
13 November 2014
Won[5]

2
Guptil, MartinMartin Guptil
237*
145.39
1
 New Zealand
 West Indies
Westpac Stadium, Wellington, New Zealand
21 March 2015
Won[6]

3
Sehwag, VirenderVirender Sehwag
219
146.97
1
 India
 West Indies
Holkar Cricket Stadium, Indore
8 December 2011
Won[7]

4
Gayle, ChrisChris Gayle
215
146.25
1
 West Indies
 Zimbabwe
Manuka Oval, Canberra
24 February 2015
Won[8]

5
Sharma, RohitRohit Sharma
209
132.28
1
 India
 Australia
M. Chinnaswamy Stadium, Bangalore
2 November 2013
Won[9]

6
Tendulkar, SachinSachin Tendulkar
200*
136.05
1
 India
 South Africa
Captain Roop Singh Stadium, Gwalior
24 February 2010
Won[10]

7
Charles Coventry
194*
124.36
1
 Zimbabwe
 Bangladesh
Queens Sports Club, Bulawayo
16 August 2009
Lost[11]

8
Saeed Anwar
194
132.88
1
 Pakistan
 India
M. A. Chidambaram Stadium, Chennai
21 May 1997
Won[12]

9
Vivian Richards
189*
111.18
1
 West Indies
 England
Old Trafford Cricket Ground, Manchester
31 May 1984
Won[13]

10
Martin Guptill
189*
121.94
1
 New Zealand
 England
Rose Bowl, Southampton
2 June 2013
Won[14]

11
Jayasuriya, SanathSanath Jayasuriya
189
117.39
1
 Sri Lanka
 India
Sharjah Cricket Association Stadium, Sharjah
29 October 2000
Won[15]

12
Kirsten, GaryGary Kirsten
188*
118.24
1
 South Africa
 United Arab Emirates
Rawalpindi Cricket Stadium, Rawalpindi
16 February 1996
Won[16]

13
Sachin Tendulkar
186*
124.00
1
 India
 New Zealand
Lal Bahadur Shastri Stadium, Hyderabad
8 November 1999
Won[17]

14
Watson, ShaneShane Watson
185*
192.71
2
 Australia
 Bangladesh
Sher-e-Bangla National Cricket Stadium, Dhaka
11 April 2011
Won[18]

15
du Plessis, FafFaf du Plessis
185
131.20
1
 South Africa
 Sri Lanka
Newlands Cricket Ground, Cape Town
7 February 2017
Won[19]

16
Dhoni, M. S.M. S. Dhoni
183*
126.21
2
 India
 Sri Lanka
Sawai Mansingh Stadium, Jaipur
31 October 2005
Won[20]

17
Ganguly, SouravSourav Ganguly
183
115.82
1
 India
 Sri Lanka
County Ground, Taunton
26 May 1999
Won[21]

18
Kohli, ViratVirat Kohli
183
123.65
2
 India
 Pakistan
Sher-e-Bangla National Cricket Stadium, Dhaka
18 March 2012
Won[22]

19
Hayden, MatthewMatthew Hayden
181*
109.03
1
 Australia
 New Zealand
Seddon Park, Hamilton
20 February 2007
Lost[23]

20
Vivian Richards
181
144.80
1
 West Indies
 Sri Lanka
National Stadium, Karachi
13 October 1987
Won[24]

21
Martin Guptill
180*
130.43
2
 New Zealand
 South Africa
Seddon Park, Hamilton
1 March 2017
Won[25]

22
David Warner
179
139.84
1
 Australia
 Pakistan
Adelaide Oval, Adelaide
26 January 2017
Won[26]

23
Masakadza, HamiltonHamilton Masakadza
178*
106.58
1
 Zimbabwe
 Kenya
Harare Sports Club, Harare
18 October 2009
Won[27]

24
David Warner
178
133.83
1
 Australia
 Afghanistan
WACA Ground, Perth
4 March 2017
Won[28]

25
de Kock, QuintonQuinton de Kock
178
132.09
1
 South Africa
 Australia
SuperSport Park, Centurion
30 September 2016
Won[29]

Source Cricinfo. Last updated 2 May 2017.

text: * indicates not out


document_title: Las Vegas Strip

question_text: how did the las vegas strip get its name

text: Las Vegas Strip

text: Boundaries[edit]

text: Historically, the casinos that were not in Downtown Las Vegas along Fremont Street were limited to outside of the city limits on Las Vegas Boulevard. In 1959 the Welcome to Fabulous Las Vegas sign was constructed exactly 4.5 miles (7.2 km) outside of the city limits. The sign is today about 0.4 miles (0.64 km) south of the southernmost entrance to Mandalay Bay (the southernmost casino).[6]

text: In the strictest sense, "the Strip" refers only to the stretch of Las Vegas Boulevard that is roughly between Sahara Avenue and Russell Road, a distance of 4.2 miles (6.8 km).[7][8] However, the term is often used to refer not only to the road but also to the various casinos and resorts that line the road, and even to properties that are not on the road but in proximity. Phrases such as Strip Area, Resort Corridor or Resort District are sometimes used to indicate a larger geographical area, including properties 1 mile (1.6 km) or more away from Las Vegas Boulevard, such as the Hard Rock, Rio, Palms, and Hooters casinos.

text: The traditional definition considers the Strip's northern terminus as the SLS, though travel guides typically extend it to include the Stratosphere, 0.4 miles (0.64 km) to the north. Mandalay Bay, located just north of Russell Road, is the southernmost resort considered to be on the Strip (the Klondike was the southernmost until 2006, when it was closed, although it was not included in Las Vegas Strip on some definitions and travel guides).

text: Because of the number and size of the resorts, the Resort Corridor can be quite wide. Interstate 15 runs roughly parallel and 0.5 to 0.8 miles (0.80 to 1.29 km) to the west of Las Vegas Boulevard for the entire length of the Strip. Paradise Road runs to the east in a similar fashion, and ends at St. Louis Avenue. The eastern side of the Strip is bounded by McCarran International Airport south of Tropicana Avenue.

text: North of this point, the Resort Corridor can be considered to extend as far east as Paradise Road, although some consider Koval Lane as a less inclusive boundary. Interstate 15 is sometimes considered the western edge of the Resort Corridor from Interstate 215 to Spring Mountain Road. North of this point, Industrial Road serves as the western edge.

text: The famous "Welcome to Fabulous Las Vegas" sign is located in the median just south of Russell Road, across from the now-demolished Klondike Hotel & Casino. Another similar (and newer) "Welcome to Fabulous Downtown Las Vegas" sign is in the median a mile north of the Strip at the intersection of Las Vegas Blvd and South 4th St. Newer resorts such as South Point and the M Resort are on Las Vegas Boulevard South as distant as 8 miles south of the "Welcome to Las Vegas" sign. Marketing for these casinos usually states that they are on southern Las Vegas Boulevard and not "Strip" properties.

text: History[edit]

text: Early years (1930s–1990s)[edit]

text: The first casino to be built on Highway 91 was the Pair-o-Dice Club in 1931, but the first on what is currently the Strip was the El Rancho Vegas, opening on April 3, 1941, with 63 rooms. That casino stood for almost 20 years before being destroyed by a fire in 1960. Its success spawned a second hotel on what would become the Strip, the Hotel Last Frontier, in 1942. Organized crime figures such as New York's Bugsy Siegel took interest in the growing gaming center leading to other resorts such as the Flamingo, which opened in 1946, and the Desert Inn, which opened in 1950. The funding for many projects was provided through the American National Insurance Company, which was based in the then notorious gambling empire of Galveston, Texas.[9][10]

text: Las Vegas Boulevard South was previously called Arrowhead Highway, or Los Angeles Highway. The Strip was named by Los Angeles police officer and businessman Guy McAfee, after his hometown's Sunset Strip.[11]

text: Caesars Palace was established in 1966. In 1968, Kirk Kerkorian purchased the Flamingo and hired Sahara Hotels Vice President Alex Shoofey as President. Alex Shoofey brought along 33 of Sahara's top executives. The Flamingo was used to train future employees of the International Hotel, which was under construction. Opening in 1969, the International Hotel, with 1,512 rooms, began the era of mega-resorts. The International is known as Westgate Las Vegas today. The first MGM Grand Hotel and Casino, also a Kerkorian property, opened in 1973 with 2,084 rooms. At the time, this was one of the largest hotels in the world by number of rooms. The Rossiya Hotel built in 1967 in Moscow, for instance, had 3,200 rooms; however, most of the rooms in the Rossiya Hotel were single rooms of 118 sq. ft (roughly 1/4 size of a standard room at the MGM Grand Resort). On November 21, 1980, the MGM Grand suffered the worst resort fire in the history of Las Vegas as a result of electrical problems, killing 87 people. It reopened eight months later. In 1986, Kerkorian sold the MGM Grand to Bally Manufacturing, and it was renamed Bally's.

text: The Wet 'n Wild water park opened in 1985 and was located on the south side of the Sahara hotel. The park closed at the end of the 2004 season and was later demolished. The opening of The Mirage in 1989 set a new level to the Las Vegas experience, as smaller hotels and casinos made way for the larger mega-resorts. The Rio and the Excalibur opened in 1990. These huge facilities offer entertainment and dining options, as well as gambling and lodging. This change affected the smaller, well-known and now historic hotels and casinos, like The Dunes, The Sands, the Stardust, and the Sahara.

text: The lights along the Strip have been dimmed in a sign of respect to six performers and one other major Las Vegas figure upon their deaths. They are Elvis Presley (1977), Sammy Davis Jr. (1990),[12] Dean Martin (1995), George Burns (1996), Frank Sinatra (1998), former UNLV basketball head coach Jerry Tarkanian (2015), [13] and Don Rickles (2017). [14] In 2005, Clark County renamed a section of Industrial Road (south of Twain Avenue) as Dean Martin Drive, also as a tribute to the famous Rat Pack singer, actor, and frequent Las Vegas entertainer.

text: In an effort to attract families, resorts offered more attractions geared toward youth, but had limited success. The (current) MGM Grand opened in 1993 with MGM Grand Adventures Theme Park, but the park closed in 2000 due to lack of interest. Similarly, in 2003 Treasure Island closed its own video arcade and abandoned the previous pirate theme, adopting the new ti name.[15]

text: In addition to the large hotels, casinos and resorts, the Strip is home to a few smaller casinos and other attractions, such as M&M World, Adventuredome and the Fashion Show Mall. Starting in the mid-1990s, the Strip became a popular New Year's Eve celebration destination.

text: Recent years (2000–present)[edit]

text: With the opening of Bellagio, Venetian, Palazzo, Wynn and Encore resorts, the strip trended towards the luxurious high end segment through most of the 2000s, while some older resorts added major expansions and renovations, including some de-theming of the earlier themed hotels. High end dining, specialty retail, spas and nightclubs increasingly became options for visitors in addition to gambling at most Strip resorts. There was also a trend towards expensive residential condo units on the strip.

text: In 2004, MGM Mirage announced plans for CityCenter, a 66-acre (27 ha), $7 billion multi-use project on the site of the Boardwalk hotel and adjoining land. It consists of hotel, casino, condo, retail, art, business and other uses on the site. City Center is currently the largest such complex in the world. Construction began in April 2006, with most elements of the project opened in late 2009. Also in 2006, the Las Vegas Strip lost its longtime status as the world's highest-grossing gambling center, falling to second place behind Macau.[16]

text: In 2012, the High Roller Ferris wheel and a retail district called The LINQ Promenade broke ground, in an attempt to diversify attractions beyond that of casino resorts. Renovations and rebrandings such as The Cromwell Las Vegas and the SLS Las Vegas continued to transform The Strip in 2014. The Las Vegas Festival Grounds opened in 2015. In 2016, the T-Mobile Arena, The Park, the Lucky Dragon Hotel and Casino, and the Park Theatre opened. Smaller changes and developments are taking place as well.[17]

text: Future developments[edit]

text:
The Monte Carlo Resort and Casino will undergo a two-year, $450 million makeover to be completed by end of 2018.[18]
The Wynn Resorts board approved phase one of the Wynn Paradise Park.[19] Construction will be phased with the lagoon and beach amenities expected to be completed by early 2019.[20]

tag: ul

text: Construction of the All Net Resort and Arena started in March 2017 and is expected to be complete by end of 2019.[21]

text:
Work on the Las Vegas Stadium is planned to begin in 2017 and be completed in time for the 2020 NFL season.
Genting Group bought the site of the Stardust in 2013 with plans to build and open Resorts World Las Vegas in 2020.[22]
The unfinished Fontainebleau was sold in August 2017, but it is not yet known what will happen to it.[23]
The unfinished Skyvue ferris wheel is for sale,[24] as is the land of the former La Concha Motel[25] and the site of the New Frontier after plans to build the Alon Las Vegas were abandoned in May 2017.[26]

text: Transportation[edit]

text: RTC Transit (previously Citizens Area Transit, or CAT) provides bus service on the Strip with double decker buses known as The Deuce. The Deuce runs between Mandalay Bay at the southern end of the Strip (and to the Welcome to Fabulous Las Vegas sign and South Strip Transfer Terminal after midnight) to the Bonneville Transit Center (BTC) and the Fremont Street Experience in Downtown Las Vegas, with stops near every casino. RTC also operates an express bus called the Strip and Downtown Express (SDX). This route connects the Strip to the Las Vegas Convention Center and Downtown Las Vegas to the north, with stops at selected hotels and shopping attractions (Las Vegas Premium Outlets North & South).

text: While not on the Strip itself, the Las Vegas Monorail runs on the east side of the Strip corridor from Tropicana Avenue to Sahara Avenue.[27]

text: Several free trams operate on the west side of the Strip:

text:
Mandalay Bay Tram connecting the Mandalay Bay, Luxor, and Excalibur
Aria Express connecting the Monte Carlo, Crystals (also stop for Aria), and Bellagio
Between Treasure Island and The Mirage

text: Prior to CAT bus service beginning operations in 1992, mass transit on the Strip was provided by a private transit company, Las Vegas Transit. The Strip route was their only profitable route and supported the whole bus system.[citation needed]

text:
The Deuce bus (CAT Enviro500)

Aria Express

Mandalay Bay Tram

text: Pedestrian traffic[edit]

text: Concerning pedestrian safety and to help alleviate traffic congestion at popular intersections, several pedestrian footbridges were erected in 1990s. Some feature designs that match the theme of the nearby resorts. The Tropicana – Las Vegas Boulevard footbridges were the first to be installed, and based on the success of this project additional footbridges have been built on Las Vegas Boulevard at the Flamingo Road intersection connecting Bellagio, Caesars Palace, Bally's, and The Cromwell; between The Mirage/Treasure Island and The Venetian, and at the Las Vegas Boulevard-Spring Mountain and Sands Avenue intersection connecting the Wynn with the Fashion Show Mall, The Palazzo and Treasure Island. The latest to be completed connects Planet Hollywood, CityCenter and The Cosmopolitan at the Harmon Avenue intersection.[28]

text: According to the Las Vegas Convention and Visitors Authority's annual Las Vegas Visitor Profile Study, only 36% of people said they walked around the Strip, a figure that is a drop from 2013 (52%). [29]

text: Attractions on the Strip[edit]

text: Golf[edit]

text: In 2000, Bali Hai Golf Club opened just south of Mandalay Bay and the Strip.[30]

text: In recent years, all golf courses on the Strip but the Desert Inn Golf Course have been removed to make way for building projects. Even though many golf courses along the Strip were being torn down, such as the Tropicana Country Club and the Dunes golf course, developer Steve Wynn, founder of previously owned Mirage Resorts, purchased the Desert Inn and golf course for his new company Wynn Resorts. The Wynn Golf Club is "...the only golf course attached to a resort on the Las Vegas Strip...".[31] In 2005, he opened Wynn Las Vegas, complete with remodeled golf course providing tee times to hotel guests only.

text: Amusement parks and rides[edit]

text: The strip is home to many amusement parks and rides. These include:

text:
Big Shot
X-Scream
SkyJump Las Vegas
Adventuredome
The Roller Coaster
High Roller

text: Shopping[edit]

text:
Bonanza Gift Shop is billed as the "World's Largest Gift Shop", with over 40,000 square feet (3,700 m2) of shopping space.
The Shoppes at The Palazzo feature luxury stores including the only Barneys New York department store in Las Vegas.
Fashion Show Mall is adjacent to Treasure Island and opposite Wynn Las Vegas.
Grand Canal Shoppes is a luxury mall connected to The Venetian with canals, gondolas and singing gondoliers.
The LINQ Promenade is an open-air retail, dining, and entertainment district located between The Linq and Flamingo resorts that began a soft open in January 2014. It leads from a Strip-side entrance to the High Roller.
Miracle Mile Shops is part of the Planet Hollywood hotel.
The Forum Shops at Caesars is a luxury mall connected to Caesars Palace, with more than 160 shops and 11 restaurants.
Crystals at CityCenter is a luxury high-fashion mall at CityCenter.
Harmon Corner is a three story retail center located next to Planet Hollywood with shops and restaurants.
Showcase Mall is next to MGM Grand, and displays a 100-foot Coca-Cola bottle.[32]
The Park, a short east-west street between the Monte Carlo and New York-New York resorts is a park-like boulevard lined with retail shops and restaurants, leading to T-Mobile Arena.[33]

text: Entertainment[edit]

text: The Las Vegas Strip is well known for its lounges, showrooms, theaters and nightclubs;[34] most of the attractions and shows on the Strip are located on the hotel casino properties. Some of the more popular free attractions visible from the Strip include the water fountains at Bellagio, the volcano at The Mirage, and the Fall of Atlantis and Festival Fountain at Caesars Palace. There are several Cirque du Soleil shows, such as Kà at the MGM Grand, O at Bellagio, Mystère at Treasure Island, Zumanity (for ages 18 and older) at New York-New York, Criss Angel Mindfreak at the Luxor, and Michael Jackson: One at Mandalay Bay.[35]

text: Many notable artists have performed in Las Vegas, including Elvis Presley, Frank Sinatra, Judy Garland, Wayne Newton, Liza Minnelli, Dean Martin, Sammy Davis Jr. and Liberace,[36] and in more recent years Celine Dion, Britney Spears, Barry Manilow, Cher, Elton John, Bette Midler, Donny and Marie Osmond, Garth Brooks, Jennifer Lopez, Reba McEntire, Mariah Carey and Olivia Newton-John have had residencies in the various resorts on the Strip. Currently, the only movie theatre directly on the Strip is the 10-screen Regal Showcase Theatre in the Showcase Mall next to the MGM Grand (opened in 1997 and operated by Regal Entertainment Group).[37]

text: Gambling has become less of a mainstay in recent years with only 4% of visitors in 2016 saying they came to Las Vegas to gamble, down from 15% in 2013, 12% in 2014 and 10% in 2015.[29]

text: Venues[edit]

text: The Strip is home to many entertainment venues. Most of the resorts have a showroom, nightclub and/or live music venue on the property and a few have large multipurpose arenas. Major venues include:

text:
All Net Resort and Arena (planned)
The AXIS
The Colosseum at Caesars Palace
Las Vegas Festival Grounds
Las Vegas Stadium (planned)
Mandalay Bay Events Center
MGM Grand Garden Arena
T-Mobile Arena

text: Locations of major landmarks[edit]

text: Current landmarks[edit]

text:
North towards Fremont Street
↑

Stratosphere

Aztec Inn

Allure, Bonanza Gift Shop

Sahara Avenue
Sahara Avenue

Festival Grounds
SLS

Hilton Grand Vacations Club
All Net Resort and Arena (construction)

Sky

Circus Circus
Fontainebleau (construction), Turnberry

Slots-A-Fun
Global Business District (construction)

Resorts World (construction)
Guardian Angel Cathedral

Desert Inn Road
Desert Inn Road

Trump, Alon (abandoned)
Encore

Fashion Show Mall
Wynn

Spring Mountain Road
Sands Avenue

Treasure Island
Palazzo, Sands Expo

Venetian

Mirage
Casino Royale

Harrah's

Linq, High Roller

Flamingo

Caesars Palace
Cromwell, Westin

Flamingo Road
Flamingo Road

Bellagio
Bally's

Paris

Cosmopolitan
Planet Hollywood

Harmon Corner

Harmon Avenue
Harmon Avenue

CityCenter (Aria, Vdara, Mandarin Oriental)
Grand Chateau, Signature

Monte Carlo
Showcase Mall

T-Mobile Arena, New York-New York
MGM Grand

Tropicana Avenue
Tropicana Avenue

Excalibur
Tropicana, Hooters

Luxor

Delano, Mandalay Bay
Skyvue (abandoned)

Russell Road
The Little Church of the West

↓
Welcome to Fabulous Las Vegas sign
South towards Interstate 215

text: Former hotel/casino locations[edit]

text:
North towards Fremont Street
↑

Vegas World/Million Dollar Casino

Jackpot Casino/Money Tree Casino
Holy Cow/Foxy's Firehouse

Sahara Avenue
Sahara Avenue

El Rancho Vegas
Sahara/Club Bingo

Wet 'n Wild

Thunderbird/Silverbird/El Rancho

Riviera

Westward Ho
La Concha Motel

Silver City/Riata

Stardust/Royal Nevada

Desert Inn Road
Desert Inn Road

Silver Slipper/Golden Slipper

New Frontier/Last Frontier/Frontier
Desert Inn

Spring Mountain Road
Sands Avenue

Sands

Castaways
Nob Hill Casino

Holiday Casino, Holiday Inn

Flamingo Capri/Imperial Palace/Quad

O'Sheas Casino

Barbary Coast/Bill's

Flamingo Road
Flamingo Road

Dunes
MGM Grand

Aladdin/Tally Ho/King's Crown

Boardwalk
Harmon Avenue

Marina

Tropicana Avenue
Tropicana Avenue

Hacienda

Russell Road
Glass Pool Inn

Klondike/Kona Kai

↓
South towards Interstate 215

text: Demolished or closed Strip casinos and hotels[edit]

text:
Aladdin Hotel & Casino: Opened in 1963 as the Tally Ho, became the King's Crown in 1965, the Aladdin in 1966, and was demolished in 1998, and reopened in 2000. In 2007, the Aladdin was renamed Planet Hollywood.
Big Red's Casino: Opened in 1981 and closed in 1982. Property developed for CBS Sports World Casino in 1997. Changed name to Sports World Casino after CBS threatened to sue.[38] Closed in 2001, now a shopping center.
Barbary Coast Hotel and Casino: Closed in 2007, now The Cromwell.
Boardwalk Hotel and Casino: Closed on January 6, 2006, demolished May 9, 2006 to make way for CityCenter.
Castaways Hotel and Casino: Opened in 1957 as the San Souci Hotel and became the Castaways in 1963 and was demolished in 1987. Now The Mirage.
Desert Inn: Closed on August 28, 2000, demolished in 2004, now Wynn Las Vegas and Encore Las Vegas; Desert Inn golf course was retained and improved.
Dunes Hotel and Casino: Closed on January 26, 1993, demolished in 1993, now Bellagio. The Dunes golf course is now occupied by parts of Monte Carlo, New York-New York, CityCenter, Cosmopolitan, and T-Mobile Arena.
El Rancho (formerly Thunderbird/Silverbird): Closed in 1992 and demolished in 2000. Now the unfinished Fontainebleau.
El Rancho Vegas: Burned down in 1960. The Hilton Grand Vacations Club timeshare now exists on the south edge of the site where the resort once stood; the remainder is now the Las Vegas Festival Grounds.
Hacienda: Closed in 1996, demolished in 1996, now Mandalay Bay. Until 2015, a separate Hacienda operated outside of Boulder City, formerly the Gold Strike Inn.
Holiday Casino: Opened in 1973 and closed in 1992. Now Harrah's Las Vegas.
Holy Cow Casino and Brewery: First micro brewery in Las Vegas. Closed in 2002, property currently vacant.
Imperial Palace Hotel and Casino: Opened in 1959 as the Flamingo Capri and became the Imperial Palace in 1979 and The Quad in 2012. Now The Linq.
Jackpot Casino: Closed in 1977, now part of Bonanza Gift Shop
Klondike Hotel & Casino: Closed in 2006, demolished in 2008.
Little Caesars Casino: Opened in 1970 and closed in 1994. Paris Las Vegas now occupies the area.[39]
MGM Grand Hotel and Casino: Closed in 1986 and now Bally's Las Vegas.
Money Tree Casino: Closed in 1979, now Bonanza Gift Shop.
Marina Hotel and Casino: Closed, adapted into MGM Grand, now the West Wing of the MGM Grand.
New Frontier: Closed July 16, 2007, demolished November 13, 2007. Currently being redeveloped as Alon Las Vegas.
Nob Hill Casino: Opened in 1979 and closed in 1990. Now Best Western + Casino Royale
Riviera Hotel and Casino: Opened in 1955; Closed in May 2015 to make way for the Las Vegas Global Business District.
Sahara Hotel and Casino: Closed on May 16, 2011. Reopened August 23, 2014 as SLS Las Vegas.
Sands Hotel and Casino: Closed on June 30, 1996, demolished in 1996, now The Venetian.
Silver City Casino: Closed in 1999, now the Silver City Plaza Shopping Center.
Silver Slipper Casino: Opened in 1950 and closed and demolished in 1988. It became the parking lot for the New Frontier until its closure and demolition in 2007.
Stardust Resort & Casino: Closed on November 1, 2006, demolished on March 13, 2007. Currently being redeveloped as Resorts World Las Vegas.
Vegas World: Opened in 1979 and closed in 1995. Now the Stratosphere Las Vegas
Westward Ho Hotel and Casino: Closed in 2005, demolished in 2006. Currently being redeveloped as Resorts World Las Vegas.

text: Gallery[edit]

text:
The iconic Welcome to Las Vegas sign was built in 1959.

The Strip in 2009.

A view of the southern end of the Strip. Looking northward from Tropicana Avenue.

View of the Strip from the Eiffel Tower of the Paris Las Vegas.

Photo taken May 21, 2010, a view of the Strip from the Renaissance Hotel.

View of Monte Carlo Resort and Casino with City Center in the background

The Bellagio Fountains as seen from the hotel

The Cosmopolitan

The Las Vegas High Roller is the tallest Ferris wheel in the world

Las Vegas Boulevard at night

Wynn Las Vegas


document_title: Blood vessel

question_text: name the type of blood vessels which carry blood from organs to the heart

text: Blood vessel

text: Structure[edit]

text: The arteries and veins have three layers, but the middle layer is thicker in the arteries than it is in the veins:

text:
Tunica intima (the thinnest layer): a single layer of simple squamous endothelial cells glued by a polysaccharide intercellular matrix, surrounded by a thin layer of subendothelial connective tissue interlaced with a number of circularly arranged elastic bands called the internal elastic lamina.
Tunica media (the thickest layer in arteries): circularly arranged elastic fiber, connective tissue, polysaccharide substances, the second and third layer are separated by another thick elastic band called external elastic lamina. The tunica media may (especially in arteries) be rich in vascular smooth muscle, which controls the caliber of the vessel. Veins don't have the external elastic lamina, but only an internal one.
Tunica adventitia: (the thickest layer in veins) entirely made of connective tissue. It also contains nerves that supply the vessel as well as nutrient capillaries (vasa vasorum) in the larger blood vessels.

text: Capillaries consist of little more than a layer of endothelium and occasional connective tissue.

text: When blood vessels connect to form a region of diffuse vascular supply it is called an anastomosis (pl. anastomoses). Anastomoses provide critical alternative routes for blood to flow in case of blockages.

text: There is a layer of muscle surrounding the arteries and the veins which help contract and expand the vessels. This creates enough pressure for blood to be pumped around the body. Blood vessels are part of the circulatory system, together with the heart and the blood.

text: Types[edit]

text: There are various kinds of blood vessels:

text:
Arteries
Elastic arteries
Distributing arteries
Arterioles
Capillaries (the smallest blood vessels)
Venules
Veins

Large collecting vessels, such as the subclavian vein, the jugular vein, the renal vein and the iliac vein.
Venae cavae (the two largest veins, carry blood into the heart).

text: They are roughly grouped as arterial and venous, determined by whether the blood in it is flowing away from (arterial) or toward (venous) the heart. The term "arterial blood" is nevertheless used to indicate blood high in oxygen, although the pulmonary artery carries "venous blood" and blood flowing in the pulmonary vein is rich in oxygen. This is because they are carrying the blood to and from the lungs, respectively, to be oxygenated.

text: Physiology[edit]

text: Blood vessels do not actively engage in the transport of blood (they have no appreciable peristalsis), but arteries—and veins to a degree—can regulate their inner diameter by contraction of the muscular layer. This changes the blood flow to downstream organs, and is determined by the autonomic nervous system. Vasodilation and vasoconstriction are also used antagonistically as methods of thermoregulation.

text: Oxygen (bound to hemoglobin in red blood cells) is the most critical nutrient carried by the blood. In all arteries apart from the pulmonary artery, hemoglobin is highly saturated (95–100%) with oxygen. In all veins apart from the pulmonary vein, the hemoglobin is desaturated at about 75%. (The values are reversed in the pulmonary circulation.)

text: The blood pressure in blood vessels is traditionally expressed in millimetres of mercury (1 mmHg = 133 Pa). In the arterial system, this is usually around 120 mmHg systolic (high pressure wave due to contraction of the heart) and 80 mmHg diastolic (low pressure wave). In contrast, pressures in the venous system are constant and rarely exceed 10 mmHg.

text: Vasoconstriction is the constriction of blood vessels (narrowing, becoming smaller in cross-sectional area) by contracting the vascular smooth muscle in the vessel walls. It is regulated by vasoconstrictors (agents that cause vasoconstriction). These include paracrine factors (e.g. prostaglandins), a number of hormones (e.g. vasopressin and angiotensin) and neurotransmitters (e.g. epinephrine) from the nervous system.

text: Vasodilation is a similar process mediated by antagonistically acting mediators. The most prominent vasodilator is nitric oxide (termed endothelium-derived relaxing factor for this reason).

text: Permeability of the endothelium is pivotal in the release of nutrients to the tissue. It is also increased in inflammation in response to histamine, prostaglandins and interleukins, which leads to most of the symptoms of inflammation (swelling, redness, warmth and pain).

text: Factors affecting blood flow resistance[edit]

text: Vascular resistance occurs where the vessels away from the heart oppose the flow of blood. Resistance is an accumulation of three different factors: blood viscosity, blood vessel length, and vessel radius.[2]

text: Blood viscosity is the thickness of the blood and its resistance to flow as a result of the different components of the blood. Blood is 92% water by weight and the rest of blood is composed of protein, nutrients, electrolytes, wastes, and dissolved gases. Depending on the health of an individual, the blood viscosity can vary (i.e. anemia causing relatively lower concentrations of protein, high blood pressure an increase in dissolved salts or lipids, etc.).[2]

text: Vessel length is the total length of the vessel measured as the distance away from the heart. As the total length of the vessel increases, the total resistance as a result of friction will increase.[2]

text: Vessel radius also affects the total resistance as a result of contact with the vessel wall. As the radius of the wall gets smaller, the proportion of the blood making contact with the wall will increase. The greater amount of contact with the wall will increase the total resistance against the blood flow.[3]

text: Disease[edit]

text: Blood vessels play a huge role in virtually every medical condition. Cancer, for example, cannot progress unless the tumor causes angiogenesis (formation of new blood vessels) to supply the malignant cells' metabolic demand. Atherosclerosis, the formation of lipid lumps (atheromas) in the blood vessel wall, is the most common cardiovascular disease, the main cause of death in the Western world.[4]

text: Blood vessel permeability is increased in inflammation. Damage, due to trauma or spontaneously, may lead to hemorrhage due to mechanical damage to the vessel endothelium. In contrast, occlusion of the blood vessel by atherosclerotic plaque, by an embolised blood clot or a foreign body leads to downstream ischemia (insufficient blood supply) and possibly necrosis. Vessel occlusion tends to be a positive feedback system; an occluded vessel creates eddies in the normally laminar flow or plug flow blood currents. These eddies create abnormal fluid velocity gradients which push blood elements such as cholesterol or chylomicron bodies to the endothelium. These deposit onto the arterial walls which are already partially occluded and build upon the blockage.[5]

text: Vasculitis is inflammation of the vessel wall, due to autoimmune disease or infection.


document_title: List of This Is Us characters

question_text: what is randall's daughters name on this is us

question_tokens: what is randall 's daughters name on this is us

text: List of This Is Us characters

text: Main characters[edit]

text: Family tree[edit]

text: The characters in green have regular roles on the show. Dotted lines indicate a parental relationship through adoption, and dashed lines indicate either divorced, or widowed (or similarly separated), characters.

text:
Jack Pearson

Rebecca Pearson

Miguel Rivas

William Hill

Laurel

Sophie

Kevin Pearson

Kate Pearson

Toby Damon

Randall Pearson

Beth Pearson

Tess Pearson

Annie Pearson

Déjà

text: Jack Pearson[edit]

text: Jack Pearson (August 31, 1944 – January 26, 1998),[2][3] portrayed by Milo Ventimiglia, was Rebecca's first husband (until he died), and the father of Kevin, Kate, and Randall.[4] Jack had a brother named Nick.[5]

text: Jack had a rough childhood because of his abusive, alcoholic father Stanley Pearson, causing them to have a strained relationship. Stanley did not know that Jack was married, so when Jack found out that he and Rebecca were expecting triplets, he went to his father asking for money, citing gambling debts, rather than telling him that he intended to buy a house for his family.[6] When Stanley was in the nursing home dying, he met Rebecca and his granddaughter Kate for the first time. Jack was camping with Kevin and Randall when Rebecca contacted him about his father dying, but Jack refused to see him.[5]

text: Jack was drafted into the Army at age 25; he served in the Vietnam War as a mechanic.[7][8] He served along with his brother Nick, who died in the war.[5][9] (After Jack took Randall to Washington, D.C. on a college tour to Howard University, he took Randall to the Vietnam Veterans Memorial, and told him about being drafted and how the war affected him; this may have been the first time that Jack shared about his Vietnam experiences to a member of the Pearson family—including Rebecca.)[8][10]

text: After serving in the war, and working as a manual laborer, Jack became a construction foreman. When he wanted to buy the house for his family, he approached his boss and got a raise to $17,000 a year (equivalent to more than $49,000 in 2016), making him the highest paid foreman at the company.[6] He dreamed of opening his own firm, "Big Three Homes", but put his dreams on hold in order to provide a steady income for his children by getting a desk job.[11] However, he later decided to start the business, though the Big Three were about to start college.[12]

text: Two of the triplets (the third triplet was stillborn) and Randall (who was left at a fire station) were all born on Jack's 36th birthday.[4] Jack always wanted to find out who Randall's biological father was, and never knew that Rebecca had found him.[13]

text: Jack struggled with alcoholism while the children were young, but he stopped drinking to focus more on his family.[14] (Sometimes he'd vent his anger on a punching bag to avoid drinking after a tough day.)[15] However, he relapsed into alcoholism when he had a drink after a disagreement and argument with his wife, who wanted to go on tour with a band with a member she'd once dated.[16] His drinking continued for some time until he decided to deal with the problem by attending AA meetings.[15] His sobriety and AA work continued for at least 6 months.[8]

text: Jack died when his children were 17,[2] and Kate keeps his ashes with her.[17][18] On the night of the Super Bowl, Jack, Rebecca, Kate, and Randall go to bed for the night (Kevin was at a party with his girlfriend Sophie). [19] Previously, a smoke alarm was shown to be missing batteries, and thus be inoperable.[12] An old slow cooker given years previous by a neighbor was shown to have a faulty switch, which sparked and flamed, setting a towel and the house ablaze.

text: Jack saved Kate and Randall from the fire by guiding them to his and Rebecca's bedroom. He then hoisted them down from the first story roof. Kate was worried about her dog, so Jack went back inside and got the dog and other family pictures. Jack was hospitalized for smoke inhalation, which caused stress on his heart and eventually caused fatal cardiac arrest.[20]

text: Rebecca Pearson[edit]

text: Rebecca Pearson née Malone (born 1950 or 1951), portrayed by Mandy Moore, is Jack's widow, Miguel Rivas' second wife (after Jack died), and the mother of Kevin, Kate, and Randall.[4]

text: She strives to be a better mother to her children,[21] and has issues with Jack's alcoholism.[14] She has always known that William is Randall's father, but kept them apart as she was afraid that he would try to take Randall back.[13]

text: Rebecca always wanted to be a singer, but gave up on her dreams in order to focus on her family.[22] In the mid 1990s, she had a chance to become a singer again by joining a band with her ex-boyfriend. Jack was upset after finding out about their history, which caused a rift between Rebecca and Jack.[16]

text: When the house caught fire and Jack suffered smoke inhalation, at the hospital, since Jack appeared to be fine, Rebecca was making reservations for hotel rooms—unaware that Jack was coding and staff was rushing to him. After making reservations, Rebecca got a candy bar for her and Jack. Rebecca turned around and the doctor explained the cause of Jack's cardiac arrest. In shock, Rebecca took a bite of the candy bar, refusing to believe Jack was dead. She goes to his room to tell him what the doctor said, only to see him lifeless. She immediately shuts down upon seeing him dead. She then drives to Miguel's and tells him the news, then goes in to talk to Kate and Randall. [3]

text: Since she was out of Jack's room when he died, Rebecca got the Pearsons to the funeral early, because she wanted to be present when the urn with Jack's ashes was brought out. After Jack's funeral, Dr. K let Rebecca know that she had always been strong. This encouragement gave her the strength to let Kevin and Randall know that neither of them needed to be "the man of the house", since they were teenagers and should be dating, and to tell Kate not to blame herself for Jack's death because Jack made his own decisions. She also got the courage to drive across a bridge she had feared, while taking the "Big Three" to a Bruce Springsteen concert that Jack had previously obtained tickets for the night of the funeral.[9]

text: At least 10 years after Jack's death, Rebecca posted pictures of Tess, her first grandchild, on Facebook, then got a message from Jack's best friend, Miguel Rivas.[23] Rebecca later married Miguel.[14]

text: Kevin Pearson[edit]

text: Kevin Pearson (born August 31, 1980), portrayed by Justin Hartley (current day), Logan Shroyer (age 15—17), and Parker Bates (ages 8—10), is Jack and Rebecca's son, and Kate and Randall's brother.[4] He is "Number One" of the "Big Three", being the first of the surviving triplets to be born.[4]

text: Shortly before his tenth birthday, Kevin became attracted to Kate's best friend, Sophie, whom he married when they were older. Kevin and Sophie decided that she would stay in New York and he would move to California to pursue acting, believing that their marriage could handle the distance. Kevin and Sophie later divorced, 12 years prior to season 1, due to the distance and Kevin cheating on her.[18][24]

text: Kevin has always struggled with worrying about what people think of him, which caused him to have a strained relationship with Randall as they grew up.[14] Kevin was visibly envious of Randall, who had always excelled in everything and received more attention from their parents, but he didn't realize that Randall has longed for the same attention from him. In high school he played football, as a quarterback, wearing number twelve one year and number one the next[22][25] (His number one jersey was on display with Kevin's trophies when he visited the high school at age 37, for an alumni celebration.)[25] His goal of a football career ended when his knee was injured from a tackle during a game.[25]

text: Kevin was an actor in Los Angeles, starring as the lead on a long-running sitcom called The Manny, a sitcom in the tradition of Who's the Boss and The Nanny. He abruptly quit that show on his 36th birthday, criticizing the script quality, the producer's reluctance to add nuance to the show, and the audience.[4] After quitting his job, Kevin decided to move to New York to pursue a career as a serious stage actor on Broadway.[26] Upon arriving in New York, he got hired as the lead role, David, in Back of an Egg, opposite a cynical actress named Olivia Maine (who thought Kevin did not have the ability, but that Kevin was hired because his being "The Manny" would sell tickets).[26]

text: When Kevin had trouble connecting with the emotions needed for his role, he began spending time with Olivia, who tried to get him to connect with his feelings.[11] Kevin and Olivia briefly dated, but broke up after she brought her ex-boyfriend to the Pearson family cabin.[13] After his breakup with Olivia, Kevin began dating the writer of the play, Sloane Sandburg, attending Hanukkah with her family and inviting her to the Christmas Eve party at Randall's house.[27]

text: Sloane took over as the lead of the play when Olivia disappeared and the play was at risk. Kevin decided to self-fund the performance, in order to save it.[6] After Kevin and Sloane broke up, he reconnected with Sophie and began a relationship with her again.[18][28]

text: Director Ron Howard saw Kevin's play and had him cast in a war movie.[28] Kevin had trouble with his lines when he could not focus after, when Kate (visiting the set) talked with costar Sylvester Stallone about her dad, Stallone talked to Kevin about his dad. Kevin also reinjured his knee (an old football injury) during an explosion scene on the movie set.[29]

text: As a result of the injury, Kevin became addicted to pain medication and alcohol, and allowed his relationship with Sophie to deteriorate by telling her that he saw a future with her as a nightmare, although he failed to specify that this was due to his alcoholism and drug addition.[30] One day after a brief visit with Randall, Kevin was speeding down a road, unaware that Tess was hiding in the back seat; Kevin was pulled over and charged with DUI, and Randall and Beth became angry with Kevin for endangering Tess.[8] The judge ordered Kevin to go to rehab.[2]

text: As part of Kevin's ongoing efforts to rehabilitate, he was determined to make amends with everyone. He settled things with his mom (who was hurt during the rehab family session, tearfully revealing that Kevin was the first to leave after Jack's death.)[6] Kevin found out from Miguel that the thought of his being in love with Rebecca never crossed his mind while Jack was alive, and Miguel reassured him that he loved Rebecca now and was not going anywhere.[12] When Kevin attempted to make things right with Sophie, she told him to not say anything and to just leave her with the memories of how he was at 10, or 17, or when their marriage was good.[31] Kevin reconciled with Randall by helping him fix up the apartment building William lived in, and the two shared with each other how odd it felt that they could outlive their dad.[31] On Super Bowl Sunday, about 20 years after Jack's death, Kevin visited the memorial tree with some of his dad's ashes, to talk with him, vowing to make him proud.[3] (Kevin was at a party with Sophie when the house caught fire.)[31][3]

text: Kate Pearson[edit]

text: Kate Emily Pearson (born August 31, 1980), portrayed by Chrissy Metz (current day), Hannah Zeile (age 15—17), and Mackenzie Hancsicsak (ages 8—10), is Jack and Rebecca's daughter, and Kevin and Randall's sister.[4] She is "Number Two" of the "Big Three", being the second and last of the surviving triplets to be born.[4]

text: Kate is obese and has struggled with issues of self-esteem her entire life, which she greatly attributes to her strained relationship with her mother and the death of her father.[4][28] Her relationship with her mother led to depression, for which she later took Prozac. She discontinued taking this drug due to the side effect of weight gain.[27]

text: Kate lives in Los Angeles and was her brother, Kevin's, personal assistant.[32] When Kevin decided to move to New York, he fired her in order to allow her to build her own life, apart from him.[26] She is an ardent Pittsburgh Steelers fan and has a routine where she watches the games with her dad's ashes.[17] At nine years old, she had her appendix removed on Christmas Eve.[27]

text: Kate decided to join a weight-loss support group, where she met Toby. Despite saying that she was not going to get involved with a fat person, she fell for Toby.[4] When Toby decided to not continue with his diet, Kate broke up with him and decided to go to Randall's for Thanksgiving. During a turbulent plane ride to New Jersey, Kate had an epiphany and decided to have gastric bypass surgery.[33] After consulting with a doctor, she instead decided to enter a fat camp to attempt to lose the weight without surgery.[18] When Toby surprised Kate by showing up at Randall's house for Christmas, he told her that he can live without pizza and junk food, but that he cannot live without her.[27] Toby collapsed from a heart attack, and was taken to the hospital.

text: After Toby's heart surgery, Kate and Toby decided to get engaged.[6] Kate later found out she was pregnant.[34] Kate and Toby announced their pregnancy to Kevin, and planned to get married at city hall, but then considered a big wedding.[30] But Kate lost the baby in a miscarriage.[35] Despite some struggle in their relationship after the miscarriage, Toby eventually came through for Kate.[35] Kate struggled with eating junk food after the miscarriage, which Toby noticed when a trash bag broke.[2]

text: Kate had said that her father's death was her fault,[28] and has a fear of caring for dogs.[31] (Jack went back inside their burning house to save her dog, causing smoke inhalation which led to his death in the hospital. Afterwards, Kate wanted to give away the dog.)[3] She blames herself even though Rebecca told Kate after Jack's funeral not to blame herself, because Jack made his own decisions.[9] Every year on Super Bowl Sunday, Kate would watch the videotape Jack made of her singing for a Berklee College of Music audition.[3]

text: Randall Pearson[edit]

text: Randall Kenneth Pearson (born August 31, 1980), portrayed by Sterling K. Brown (current day), Niles Fitch (ages 15—17), and Lonnie Chavis (ages 8—10), is Jack and Rebecca's (adopted) son, and Kate and Kevin's brother.[4] He is "Number Three" of the "Big Three", being adopted after Kevin and Kate were born.[4] On his 36th birthday, he found his biological father, William, and invited him to his northern New Jersey home.[4]

text: Randall worked at selling commodity futures based on weather patterns, and was shown to be successful and affluent.[11] However, after a nervous breakdown and some time off, he felt that his firm did not appreciate or respect him, and quit.[16][28]

text: On the day that Randall was born, he was dropped off in front of a firehouse by his biological father, William, and then taken to the hospital, where he was adopted by Jack and Rebecca.[4] Jack and Rebecca originally named him Kyle (the name they had intended for their third child, who was stillborn). Taking William's advice, Rebecca decided to give him his own name, naming him after William's favorite poet, Dudley Randall, although she refused to let William see Randall.[4][32] This allowed them to honor both their stillborn son's memory and Randall, rather than essentially replacing one son with the other.

text: At age nine, Randall’s teacher informed Jack and Rebecca that Randall was a gifted child who was not being challenged enough at his current school. They decided to remove him from public school and send him to Hanes Academy.[11] In high school Randall played football, wearing number 36.[22]

text: Randall and Kevin had an estranged relationship and didn't reconnect until they were 36 years old. At some points, Kevin openly despised Randall.[14] At a high school football game, where they played on opposing teams, they got in a fight.[22] However, there were also some moments when they acted like brothers.[5] When they were teenagers, Kevin was there with Kate to comfort Randall when a woman claimed to be his birth mother as a scam to get money.[29] When they were 36, they got in a fight on the street in New York, but Kevin told onlookers they were brothers.[22] When Randall had his nervous breakdown, Kevin left the theater—when opening day was about to start—to comfort Randall.[16]

text: As an adult, Kevin was hurt that Randall didn't seem to care about his acting career.[22] They began to reconnect when Kevin needed Randall's advice, but Randall coldly told him he shouldn't care what he thinks. Eventually, Kevin moved to Randall's house in New Jersey, but they still had some work to do on building their relationship.[26] He loves Thanksgiving and has his family recreate a specific childhood Thanksgiving every year, including a 3.4 mile hike, watching Police Academy 3: Back in Training, and imitating a hotel owner known as "Pilgrim Rick".[33]

text: In season 2, Randall wanted to adopt a baby (to honor his father's legacy), but decided (with Beth's input) to foster an older child who may need help.[7][19] They fostered a 12-year old girl named Deja, whose mother Shauna was incarcerated. She showed signs of physical abuse, but Randall and Beth started to win her trust and get her to open up.[29][34][5] When the charges against Shauna were dropped, Deja went back home with her (over Randall's initial objections). Randall and Beth planned to try fostering again after some time.[8]

text: Beth Pearson[edit]

text: Beth Pearson, portrayed by Susan Kelechi Watson, is Randall's wife, whom he met in college and later married, circa 1999. The couple has two daughters, Annie and Tess.[14] Their marriage is based on honesty where they make an effort not to have secrets from one another. William revealed to Beth that he had met and communicated with Rebecca. This caused Beth to give Rebecca an ultimatum: to either tell Randall or she would. Growing up, Beth lived in a three-bedroom house with 14 other people.[22] After Randall quit his job, Beth took a job so Randall could be a stay-at-home dad.[19] But after a while, Beth thought Randall was in "outer space", and Beth thought working again would be good for Randall.[12]

text: When Annie's pet lizard "Mr. McGiggles" went missing during a Super Bowl Party, she accidentally stepped on him, killing him.[3]

text: Toby Damon[edit]

text: Toby Damon, portrayed by Chris Sullivan is Kate's fiancé[6] Toby was born in Palm Springs, California.[6] Toby began dating Kate after they met at a weight-loss support group.[4] Toby is confident with his own body although obese, and encourages Kate to have better self-esteem. He was previously married to a woman whom Kate views as beautiful and successful, but who treated him badly. Toby gained 90 pounds in the first year after his divorce.[26]

text: Refusing to take Kate's hesitance about the relationship lightly, Toby has continually come up with sweet gestures to win her over.[32] In the beginning, he felt that he had to compete with Kevin for Kate's attention.[32] Despite breaking his weight-loss goals, Toby decided dieting was not for him and went off his diet, resulting in Kate breaking up with him.[13] He surprised Kate by showing up at Randall's house for Christmas Eve, stating that he could live without pizza and junk food, but that he could not live without her.[27] On Christmas Eve, Toby collapsed and ended up in the hospital with an arrhythmia.[27]

text: After Toby's heart surgery, he and Kate decided to get engaged.[6] Kate became pregnant with Toby's child, but she miscarried; afterwards, despite an initial struggle in their relationship, Toby came through for her.[34][35] Kate, around the 20th anniversary of Jack's death, told Toby he strengthens her and Jack would have loved him.[3]

text: William Hill[edit]

text: William H. "Shakespeare" Hill (died 2017), portrayed by Ron Cephas Jones (recent days) and Jermel Nakia (as a young adult), was Randall's biological father.[32]

text: William was a recovering drug addict who was suffering from terminal stage-four stomach cancer in the present.[26] He grew up in Memphis,[18] and after his mother moved to Pittsburgh he stayed in Memphis to play in his cousin Ricky's band, where he played piano, wrote, and sang.[36] William left the band, with the intention of returning, to care for his dying mother. However, after meeting Randall's mother and becoming a drug addict, he never returned.[36] He got clean after he thought he saw a monkey on the streets, realizing that nothing good comes from a person being on the street at 3:30 am. (He also stayed clean for years after being told by a judge, who offered to help him after his first conviction, to picture the judge's face when he was tempted to do the wrong thing.)[30] William returned to Philadelphia to attend a Narcotics Anonymous meeting, hoping to find and reconnect with his former lover—a man named Jessie.[27]

text: William, who was bisexual, and Jesse never officially broke up. Jessie assumed William had died when he vanished one night—the night William moved in with Randall's family.[27]

text: After leaving Randall at the firehouse, he waited outside the hospital to see him being taken home by Jack and Rebecca. Rebecca realized that William was Randall's father, after seeing him getting onto the bus as she left the hospital. She eventually tracked him down,[14] a secret she kept from everyone, including Randall and Jack.[13]

text: William always wanted to have a relationship with his child,[13] but promised Rebecca he would stay away for Randall's benefit.[32] He accidentally revealed this secret to Beth one night when they got high together,[22] and Randall accidentally found out himself, when he found a letter and photo in William's apartment, from Rebecca, while looking for cassette tapes.[33] (William also told Randall about the second time William saw Rebecca; he took a cab to follow her home, hoping he could be in Randall's life, but when he was outside the house, he thought better of it.)[8]

text: William eventually succumbed to his cancer during a road trip back to Memphis with Randall.[36] Prior to his death he left a letter to Randall's girls, asking them to plan a fun memorial for him. He also sent Beth a postcard from Memphis, saying goodbye and calling her the daughter he never had.[28]

text: Miguel Rivas[edit]

text: Miguel Rivas, portrayed by Jon Huertas, was Jack's best friend and is Rebecca's second husband. Miguel was originally married to Shelly, before they divorced.[24] While it originally seemed that his marriage to Rebecca happened shortly after Jack's death, in season 2 it is clarified that the two did not get together until at least ten years after Jack's passing.[23][2] Miguel was initially disliked by Kevin, until Miguel told Kevin how much he is like his father.[16]

text: Miguel told Beth and Toby one day, when Kevin in rehab was meeting with "immediate family", that he felt like a real outsider compared to them and the Pearson family.[2] When Kevin got out of rehab and stayed with Rebecca, Miguel was protective of her after she was hurt by Kevin's arrest, and by Kevin criticizing her in his rehab session with the family.[12] Kevin asked Miguel if he was in love with Rebecca when Jack was alive; Miguel said that idea never occurred to him because everyone saw Jack and Rebecca as one entity rather than two separate individuals. But he stated that he loves Rebecca now, and is not going anywhere.[12]

text: Sophie[edit]

text: Sophie, portrayed by Alexandra Breckenridge (modern day), Amanda Leighton (ages 15-17), and Sophia Coto (age 10), was Kate's childhood best friend and Kevin's childhood love and his ex-wife. Kevin moved to New York and reconciled with her, after his relationships with Olivia and Sloane ended.[18][28] Their relationship initially survived the distance when Kevin was in his movie in L.A., but Kevin broke up with Sophie, admitting that he couldn't be the man that he wanted to be for her.[30] When Kevin got sober, he tried making amends to Sophie; she just wanted to remember Kevin when they were younger.[3]

text: Tess Pearson[edit]

text: Tess Pearson, portrayed by Eris Baker, is Randall and Beth's older daughter. She was promoted to series regular in season two.[37] She was named after the Tessana ceiling fan Randall was going to purchase when hearing about Beth going into labor.[23] Although not noticed acting out previously, she hid in her uncle Kevin's car (claiming she hates it at her house), when he was pulled over for speeding and charged with DUI;[8] she later claimed she was just unhappy that Deja, the foster child, had to go home.[2] Tess admitted one day (on the 20th anniversary of Jack's death) she had tried to prevent social workers from calling, worried that recent changes meant Randall wanted a "new life"; Randall reassured her that he would always be devoted to her.[3] Tess is shown in the future as an adult, working as a social worker, with an older Randall meeting her for dinner like they have done while Tess was younger.[3]

text: Annie Pearson[edit]

text: Annie Pearson, portrayed by Faithe Herman, is Randall and Beth's younger daughter. She was also promoted to series regular in season two.[37] On William's first night at Randall's family's house, when William wanted to step out, Annie convinced William that he might be happy if he stayed. [29]

text: Recurring characters[edit]

text: Introduced in season one[edit]

text: Gerald McRaney as Dr. Nathan Katowski (aka "Dr. K"): The obstetrician who delivered Kate and Kevin.

text: Janet Montgomery as Olivia Maine: a theatre actress, Kevin's former stage partner and ex-girlfriend.

text: Milana Vayntrub as Sloane Sandburg: Kevin's stage partner and ex-girlfriend.

text: Ryan Michelle Bathe as Yvette: A family friend of the Pearsons.

text: Denis O'Hare as Jessie: William's friend and former lover.[27][6]

text: Adam Bartley as Duke: The stable worker at the weight-loss camp Kate attended.

text: Jill Johnson as Laurie: A member of Toby and Kate's weight-loss support group.[4]

text: Peter Onorati as Stanley Pearson: Jack's father.

text: Hari Dhillon as Sanjay Jahiri: Randall's newer former coworker.

text: Caitlin Thompson as Madison: Member of Toby and Kate's support group.

text: Introduced in season two[edit]

text: Lyric Ross as Deja: Randall and Beth's foster child while her mother was incarcerated.[39]

text: Guest stars[edit]

text: The following is a supplementary list of guest stars, some recurring, who appear in lesser roles. The characters are listed, in alphabetical order by actor, by the season in which they first appeared.

text: Introduced in season one[edit]

text:
Susan Blakely as Anne: Dr. K, a widower, dates and marries Anne.[38][9]
Katie Couric as herself: Kevin had a recurring dream about an interview by Katie Couric going badly.[16]
Wynn Everett as Shelly: Shelly was Miguel's first wife until their divorce.[24]
Brad Garrett as Wes Manning: Wes was the television network president tasked with negotiating Kevin's exit from The Manny.[14]
Jami Gertz as Marin Rosenthal: Marin hired Kate to be an event coordinator.[11]
Ron Howard as himself: After Howard saw Kevin's play, he called Kevin to praise his performance and offered to send him a script for a new movie he was producing.[28]
Mario Lopez as himself: Lopez was hosting a talk show discussing Kevin's on-set meltdown.[4]
Seth Meyers as himself: Meyers saw Kevin and Randall fighting on a New York City sidewalk and approached the pair, recognizing Kevin as a showbiz colleague.[22]
Elizabeth Perkins as Janet Malone: Rebecca's overbearing mother.
Katey Sagal as Lanie Schulz: Kevin's Hollywood agent.[14]
Jimmi Simpson as Andy Fannan: Andy was a co-worker whom Randall talked out of committing suicide on Christmas Eve.[27]
Alan Thicke as himself: Thicke was guest-starring on The Manny when Kevin had his on-set meltdown.[4]

text: Introduced in season two[edit]

text:
Kate Burton as Barbara: Psychologist at Kevin's rehab who facilitates his meeting with the family.[40]
Garrett Morris as Lloyd: A resident living in William's old apartment building.[41]
Debra Jo Rupp as Linda: A social worker who worked with Randall and Beth Pearson when they fostered Deja.[42]
Sylvester Stallone as himself: Actor in a movie Kevin was cast in.[43]