document_title: X-Men Origins: Wolverine

question_text: who did will i am play in wolverine

question_tokens: who did will i am play in wolverine

text: X-Men Origins: Wolverine

text: Plot[edit]

text: In 1845, James Howlett, a boy living in Canada, witnesses his father being killed by groundskeeper Thomas Logan. The anxiety activates the boy's mutation: bone claws protrude from his knuckles, and he impales Thomas, who reveals that he is James's birth father before dying. James flees along with Thomas's other son Victor Creed, who is thus James's half-brother and has a healing factor mutation like James. They spend the next century as soldiers, fighting in the American Civil War, both World Wars, and the Vietnam War. In Vietnam, the increasingly violent Victor attempts to rape a Vietnamese woman, and kills a senior officer who tries to stop him. James happens upon the fight and defends Victor, resulting in the pair being sentenced to execution by firing squad, which they survive due to their mutant healing abilities. Major William Stryker approaches them in military custody and offers them membership in Team X, a group of mutants including Agent Zero, Wade Wilson, John Wraith, Fred Dukes, and Chris Bradley. They join the team for a few years, with James now using the alias Logan, but Victor and the group's lack of empathy for human life causes Logan to leave.

text: Six years later, Logan is working as a logger in Canada, where he lives with his girlfriend Kayla Silverfox. Stryker and Zero approach Logan at work. Stryker reports that Wade and Bradley have been killed, and he thinks someone is targeting the team's members. Logan refuses to rejoin Stryker, but after finding Kayla's bloodied body in the woods, Logan realizes Victor is responsible. He finds him at a local bar, but Logan loses the subsequent fight. Afterward, Stryker explains that Victor has gone rogue, and offers Logan a way to become strong enough to get his revenge. Logan undergoes a painful operation to reinforce his skeleton with adamantium, a virtually indestructible metal. Once the procedure is complete, Stryker attempts to betray Logan by ordering that his memory be erased so he can be used as Stryker's personal weapon, but Logan overhears this and escapes to a nearby farm, where an elderly couple take him in. Zero kills them the following morning and tries to kill Logan, but Logan takes down Zero's helicopter and swears to kill both Stryker and Victor.

text: Logan locates John and Fred at a boxing club. Fred explains that Victor is still working for Stryker, hunting down mutants for Stryker to experiment on at his new laboratory, located at a place called "The Island". Fred mentions Remy "Gambit" LeBeau, the only one who escaped from the island and therefore knows its location. John and Logan find LeBeau in New Orleans, then both fight Victor, who kills John and extracts his DNA. Agreeing to help release mutants that Stryker has captured, Gambit takes Logan to Stryker's facility on Three Mile Island. Logan learns that Kayla is alive, having been forced by Stryker into surveilling him in exchange for her sister's safety. However, Stryker refuses to release her sister and denies Victor the adamantium bonding promised for his service, claiming that test results revealed Victor would not survive the operation. Stryker activates Wade, now known as Weapon XI, a "mutant killer" with the powers of multiple mutants.

text: While Logan and Victor join forces to fight off Weapon XI, Kayla is mortally wounded leading the captive mutants to Professor Charles Xavier and safety. After Logan kills Weapon XI, Stryker arrives and shoots Logan in the head with adamantium bullets, rendering Logan unconscious. Before Stryker can shoot Kayla, she grabs him and uses her mutant power to persuade him to turn around and walk away until his feet bleed. Logan regains consciousness but has lost his memory. He notices his dog tags read "Logan" on one side and "Wolverine" on the other. He pauses upon noticing Kayla's body, but does not recognize her, and leaves the island.

text: In a mid-credits scene, Stryker is detained for questioning by some MPs in connection with the death of his superior, General Munson, whom Stryker had murdered to protect his experiment. There were two alternate post-credits scenes that were shown at different screenings. One post-credit scene reveals a surprise twist on the fate of Weapon XI/Deadpool where he is revealed to have survived his decapitation. The other post-credit scene shows Logan in Japan where he tells a barmaid he is "drinking to remember."

text: Cast[edit]

text: Hugh Jackman as Logan / Wolverine:

text: Troye Sivan as Young Logan:

text: Liev Schreiber as Victor Creed:

text: Michael James Olsen as Young Victor Creed

text: Danny Huston as Stryker:

text: Lynn Collins as Kayla Silverfox:

text: Taylor Kitsch as Remy LeBeau:

text: Ryan Reynolds as Wade Wilson:

text: Scott Adkins as Weapon XI:

text: Will.i.am as John Wraith:

text: Kevin Durand as Fred Dukes:

text: Dominic Monaghan as Bradley:

text: Daniel Henney as Agent Zero:

text: Additionally, Tim Pocock portrays a young Scott Summers / Cyclops. Max Cullen and Julia Blake portrayed Travis and Heather Hudson, an elderly couple who take care of Wolverine after his adamantium bonding. The Hudsons are heavily adapted from the comics' James MacDonald and Heather Hudson.

text: Tahyna Tozzi portrays Emma, a mutant with the power to turn her skin into diamond, who in the film is Silverfox's sister.[32] The film depiction of Emma was originally intended to be Emma Frost. However it was noted that she does not exhibit the character's traditional telepathic abilities. It is later revealed by Bryan Singer that this character is actually not Emma Frost, but instead a mutant with similar abilities.[33]

text: Wolverine's parents also appeared in the film; Aaron Jeffery portrayed Thomas Logan while Alice Parkinson portrayed Elizabeth Howlett. Peter O'Brien appeared as John Howlett, James' alleged father.

text: The film includes numerous cameo appearances of younger versions of characters from the previous films, including Jason Stryker (William Stryker's lobotomized telepathic son whom he keeps in cryogenic suspension).[34] There was a cameo for a young Storm, which can be seen in the trailer, but it was removed from the released film.[35]

text: A digitally rejuvenated Patrick Stewart also makes an uncredited cameo as a younger Charles Xavier who appeared to not yet lose the use of his legs.[36] However, with timeline and story inconsistencies within the film series, Singer developed an idea to tie all the films together and fix the continuity. In X-Men: First Class Xavier loses the use of his legs at a much younger age, than he appears in Origins. As an explanation, Xavier can be seen walking in X-Men: Days of Future Past (which chronologically takes place prior to the events of this film), by creating the illusion that he is standing in various scenes, when in reality the character is only present by telepathic projection.[37][38]

text: Asher Keddie played Dr. Carol Frost.[39] Poker player Daniel Negreanu has a cameo. Phil Hellmuth wanted to join him but was unable because he committed to an event in Toronto.[40] X-Men co-creator Stan Lee said he would cameo, but Lee ended up not appearing in the film as he could not attend filming in Australia.[41][42]

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: David Benioff, a comic book fan, pursued the project for almost three years before he was hired to write the script in October 2004.[43][44] In preparing to write the script, he reread Barry Windsor-Smith's "Weapon X" story, as well as Chris Claremont and Frank Miller's 1982 limited series on the character (his favorite storyline).[43][45] Also serving as inspiration was the 2001 limited series Origin, which reveals Wolverine's life before Weapon X.[46] Jackman collaborated on the script, which he wanted to be more of a character piece compared with the previous X-Men films.[47] Skip Woods, who had written Hitman for Fox, was later hired to revise and rewrite Benioff's script.[48] Benioff had aimed for a "darker and a bit more brutal" story, writing it with an R rating in mind, although he acknowledged the film's final tone would rest with the producers and director.[43]

text: Deadpool had been developed for his own film by Reynolds and David S. Goyer at New Line Cinema in 2003, but the project fell apart as they focused on Blade: Trinity and an aborted spin-off.[19] Benioff wrote the character into the script in a manner Jackman described as fun, but would also deviate from some of his traits. Similarly, Gambit was a character who the filmmakers had tried to put in the previous X-Men films. Jackman liked Gambit because he is a "loose cannon" like Wolverine, stating their relationship echoes that of Wolverine and Pyro in the original trilogy.[6] David Ayer contributed to the script.[49] Benioff finished his draft in October 2006, and Jackman stated there would be a year before shooting,[50] as he was scheduled to start filming Australia during 2007.[51] Before the 2007–2008 Writers Guild of America strike began, James Vanderbilt and Scott Silver were hired for a last-minute rewrite.[52]

text: Gavin Hood was announced as director of the project in July 2007 for a 2008 release.[53] Previously, X-Men and X2 director Bryan Singer and X-Men: The Last Stand director Brett Ratner were interested in returning to the franchise,[54][55] while Alexandre Aja and Len Wiseman also wanted the job.[56][57] Zack Snyder, who was approached for The Last Stand, turned down this film because he was directing Watchmen.[58] Jackman saw parallels between Logan and the main character in Hood's previous film Tsotsi.[12] Hood explained that while he was not a comic book fan, he "realized that the character of Wolverine, I think his great appeal lies in the fact that he's someone who in some ways, is filled with a great deal of self-loathing by his own nature and he's constantly at war with his own nature".[59] The director described the film's themes as focusing on Wolverine's inner struggle between his animalistic savagery and noble human qualities. Hood enjoyed the previous films, but set out to give the spin-off a different feel.[60] Hood also suggested to make the implied blood relation of Wolverine and Sabretooth into them explicitly being half brothers, as it would help "build up the emotional power of the film".[61] In October, Fox announced a May 1, 2009, release date and the X-Men Origins prefix.[14]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Preliminary shooting took place at the Fox Studios Australia in Sydney, during late 2007.[62] Principal photography began on January 2008 in New Zealand.[63] One of the filming locations that was selected was Dunedin.[64] Controversy arose as the Queenstown Lakes District Council disputed the Department of Labour's decision to allow Fox to store explosives in the local ice skating rink. Fox moved some of the explosives to another area.[65] The explosives were used for a shot of the exploding Hudson Farm, a scene which required thirteen cameras.[66] Jackman and Palermo's Woz Productions reached an agreement with the council to allow recycling specialists on set to advise the production on being environmentally friendly.[67] According to Hood, the screenplay was still incomplete as filming begun, with the production in Australia receiving regularly new script pages from Los Angeles, at times in the night before shooting.[68]

text: Filming continued at Fox (where most of the shooting was done) and New Orleans, Louisiana.[14] Cockatoo Island was used for Stryker's facility; the enormous buildings there saved money on digitally expanding a set.[12] Production of the film was predicted to generate A$60 million for Sydney's economy.[69] Principal photography ended by May 23. The second unit continued filming in New Zealand until March 23, and were scheduled to continue filming for two weeks following the first unit's wrap.[70] This included a flashback to Logan during the Normandy Landings, which was shot at Blacksmiths, New South Wales.[71]

text: Hood and Fox were in dispute on the film's direction. One of the disputes involved the depiction of Wolverine as an Army veteran with post-traumatic stress disorder, with the executives arguing that audiences would not be interested in such heavy themes.[72] The studio had two replacements lined up before Richard Donner, husband of producer Lauren Shuler Donner, flew to Australia to ease on-set tensions.[73] Hood remarked, "Out of healthy and sometimes very rigorous debate, things get better. [...] I hope the film's better because of the debates. If nobody were talking about us, we'd be in trouble!"[12] Hood added he and Thomas Rothman were both "forceful" personalities in creative meetings but they had never had a "stand-up" argument.[74] In January 2009, after delays due to weather and scheduling conflicts, such as Hugh Jackman's publicity commitments for Australia, production moved to Vancouver, mostly at Kitsilano Secondary School and in University of British Columbia.[75][76] Work there included finishing scenes with Ryan Reynolds, who had been working on two other films during principal photography.[77]

text: Gavin Hood has announced that multiple "secret endings" exist for the film and that the endings will differ from print to print of the film.[78] One version shows Wolverine drinking in a Japanese bar. The bartender asks if he is drinking to forget, to which Logan replies that he is drinking to remember.[79] The other ending shows Weapon XI on the rubble of the destroyed tower, trying to touch his severed head.[80]

text: Effects[edit]

text: More than 1,000 shots of Wolverine have visual effects in them, which required three effects supervisors and seventeen different companies to work on the film.[81] The most prominent was Hydraulx, who had also worked in the X-Men trilogy and was responsible for the battle in Three Mile Island and Gambit's powers. Many elements were totally generated through computer-generated imagery, such as the adamantium injection machine, the scene with Gambit's plane and Wolverine tearing through a door with his newly enhanced claws.[81] CG bone claws were also created for some scenes because the props did not look good in close-ups.[82] Extensive usage of matte paintings was also made, with Matte World Digital creating five different mattes for the final scene of the film—a pullback depicting the destroyed Three Mile Island—and Gavin Hood handing company Hatch Productions pictures of favelas as reference for the Africa scenes.[81][82]

text: Music[edit]

text:
X-Men Origins: Wolverine

Film score by Harry Gregson-Williams

Released
April 28, 2009 (2009-04-28)[83]

Genre
Film score

Length
45:32

Label
Varèse Sarabande, catalog #066967

Harry Gregson-Williams chronology

The Chronicles of Narnia: Prince Caspian
(2008)The Chronicles of Narnia: Prince Caspian2008
X-Men Origins: Wolverine
(2009)
The Taking of Pelham 123
(2009)The Taking of Pelham 1232009

X-Men soundtrack chronology

X-Men: The Last Stand
(2006) X-Men: The Last Stand2006
X-Men Origins: Wolverine
(2009) X-Men Origins: Wolverine2009
X-Men: First Class
(2011) X-Men: First Class2011

text: Composed by Harry Gregson-Williams, the score for X-Men Origins: Wolverine was mixed by Malcolm Luker, engineered by Costa Kotselas, and featured Martin Tillman on the electric cello.[84]

text: In a 2008 interview with Christopher Coleman of Tracksounds.com, Gregson-Williams said that Hood attracted him to the project, adding: "I happened to meet him at the Golden Globes dinner about three years ago. That night we were both nominees, but both losers. He had been nominated for Tsotsi and during the dinner I had spoken to him and he seemed like a really smart and creative guy...and into music. So I was really delighted when I got a call to meet him and discuss the possibilities for Wolverine."[85]

text: In late March 2009, Jon Burlingame of Variety was at the Newman Scoring Stage at 20th century-Fox to listen and report on the recording of the score.[86] Gregson-Williams conducted "a 78-piece orchestra and a 40-voice choir (20 male, 20 female)" to achieve the sound.[86] At the time of his visit, Burlingame noted that the choir was singing "stanzas from an ancient Norse poem in Old Icelandic" to underscore what would be first track, "Logan Through Time."[86] Director Gavin Hood commented on Gregson-Williams' style, saying: "Harry's challenge is to give us operatic scale, but also keep it intimate and human. Harry's music has a kind of muscular confidence and strength that is very useful for the action, but he also has tremendous soul."[86] Hood also called the recording performance "frigging brilliant!"[86]

text: Release[edit]

text: Leaked workprint[edit]

text: On March 31, 2009, a full-length DVD-quality workprint of the film without a timecode or watermark, with some unfinished effects shots, a different typeface for titles and casting, and alternate sound effects was leaked online.[87][88][89] The studio said it would be able to determine the source of the leak using forensic marks in the workprint. The FBI and MPAA began investigating the illegal posting.[88] Fox estimated the workprint was downloaded roughly 4.5 million times by the time Wolverine was released in theaters.[90] As of 2014, Fox estimates that a minimum of 15 million people downloaded it.[91]

text: The print contained a reference to Rising Sun Pictures, an Australian visual effects company working on the film.[87] The company denied that they ever had a full copy of the film.[92] Executive producer Thomas Rothman noted the leaked version lacked the ten minutes added during pick-ups in January 2009.[89][92] However, the theatrical version of the film has no extra scenes that were not included in the leaked workprint.[93] Both versions run exactly 107 minutes, but director Gavin Hood said "another ending exists that features the film's villain."[89] The leak was traced down to a Bronx man named Gilberto Sanchez, who had bought an unlicensed DVD copy from a Korean man and later uploaded it under the name "SkillyGilly".[94][95]

text: Roger Friedman, a gossip reporter for Fox News—a channel also owned by Fox's parent company News Corporation—was fired for writing a review of the film using the leaked copy he downloaded from the Internet.[96] He described how easy it was to find and download the film even if the original source of the leak was no longer available on the web. The article he wrote for his column on the Fox News website was immediately removed.[97]

text: Marketing[edit]

text: Among the companies which provided tie-in merchandising were 7-Eleven,[98] Papa John's Pizza,[99][100] and Schick.[101] Hugh Jackman also posed as Wolverine for the Got Milk? campaign.[102] In February 2009, Hasbro released a film-related toyline, featuring action figures and a glove with retractable claws.[103] In April, Marvel debuted a new comic series, Wolverine: Weapon X, which writer Jason Aaron said that while not directly influenced by the film, was written considering people who would get interested in Wolverine comics after watching the film.[104]

text: In December 2009, Hot Toys released the 12 inch highly detailed figure of Wolverine based on the movie with Hugh Jackman's likeness.

text: Video game[edit]

text: Raven Software developed a video game based on the film with the same name, which Activision Blizzard published.[105] Marc Guggenheim wrote the script,[106] while Hugh Jackman, Liev Schreiber,[107] and will.i.am voiced their characters from the film.[108] The storyline goes beyond the one from the film, including other villains from the comics such as the Sentinels and the Wendigo,[109] as well as the appearance of Mystique, who was in the other three X-Men films.[110]

text: Theatrical run[edit]

text: X-Men Origins: Wolverine was released on April 29, 2009, in the UK, Denmark, South Africa, and Australia; April 30, 2009 in the Philippines and in the Dominican Republic; and May 1, 2009 in the United States and Canada. A contest was held on the official website to determine the location of the world premiere on April 27. In the end, the Harkins at the Tempe Marketplace in Tempe, Arizona won the premiere.[111] The release in Mexico was delayed until the end of May due to an outbreak of H1N1 flu in the country.[112] On April 22, nine days before the release of the film, it was reported that X-Men Origins: Wolverine was outselling Iron Man "3-to-1 at the same point in the sales cycle (nine days prior to the film’s release)."[113]

text: During its first day of wide release, Wolverine took in an estimated $35 million,[114] with almost $5 million of that from midnight showings.[115] The earnings placed the film as the 16th highest-grossing opening day ever (22nd with ticket-price inflation).[114] It went on to be number one film at the box office with a total of $85 million.[116][117] Among summer kick-offs, it ranked fifth behind Spider-Man, X2, Spider-Man 3, and Iron Man and it was in the top ten of comic book adaptations.[117] The opening was lower than the last film in the franchise, X-Men: The Last Stand, as well as X2, but higher than X-Men, the first film in the series.[117]

text: The worldwide opening was over $158.1 million, but Fox stated that some markets underperformed, mostly due to the leaked workprint in countries with illegal downloading problems.[90] However, in an article for the "piracy issue" of Screen International magazine, film critic John Hazelton was doubtful of this explanation, writing that the film's initial performance was "uncertain" as the outbreak of swine flu in territories with the worst copyright infringement problems means that other territories did not compare at all.[118]

text: While it has received mixed reviews from critics, the film has been a financial success at the box office. According to Box Office Mojo Wolverine has grossed approximately $179,883,157 in the United States and Canada. It took in another $193,179,707 in other territories, giving it a worldwide total of $373,062,864.[3]

text: Home media[edit]

text: On September 15, 2009, 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment released X-Men Origins: Wolverine on DVD and Blu-ray disc. The two-disc Blu-ray includes commentary by Hood, another commentary by producers Lauren Shuler Donner and Ralph Winter, the featurette "The Roots of Wolverine: A Conversation with X-Men creators Stan Lee and Len Wein", the featurette "Wolverine Unleashed: The Complete Origins", 10 character chronicles, two more featurettes, a trivia track, deleted scenes with commentary from Hood, two alternate sequences, a Fox Movie Channel premiere featurette and imdb BD Live technology. Disc two of the set includes a digital copy.[119] In addition, a Wal-Mart exclusive 3-disc set, which includes a standard DVD copy of the film was also released.[120] The two-DVD special edition includes the two commentaries, the featurette with Stan Lee and Len Wein, an origins featurette, deleted and alternate scenes, and an anti-smoking PSA on disc one; disc two has a digital copy of the film. The single-disc DVD release has the origins featurette and anti-smoking PSA.[119]

text: Wolverine was the highest selling and most rented DVD release of the week, selling over three million copies,[121] 850,000 of them on Blu-ray.[122] Through its first six weeks the DVD has sold 3.79 million copies, generating $64.27 million in sales.[123]

text: Reception[edit]

text: On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 38% based on 252 reviews, with an average rating of 5.1/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Though Hugh Jackman gives his all, he can't help X-Men Origins: Wolverine overcome a cliche-ridden script and familiar narrative."[124] On Metacritic the film has a score of 40 out of 100, based on 39 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[125] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B+" on an A+ to F scale.[126]

text: Richard Corliss of TIME commented on the film's standing among other Marvel films, saying that it is "an O.K., not great, Marvel movie that tells the early story of the prime X-Man, and attempts to make it climax in a perfect coupling with the start of the known trilogy." He also said that "superhero mythologies can be so complicated, only a lonely comic-book-reading kid could make sense of it all."[127] James Mullinger of GQ also commented on the structure of the story in saying that the "film clumsily tries to explain the origins of James [Howlett], AKA Wolverine, which had wisely only ever been briefly referred to in the original X-Men saga. In doing so, it creates a fairly bland plot which is full of holes."[128] Lou Lumenick of the New York Post was generally more favorable towards Origins, stating "Fortunately, Jackman is well-matched with Schreiber, who can sneer with the best of them and wears fangs well. The two have three spectacular battles together before squaring off against a formidable enemy atop a nuclear reactor."[129] Peter Rainer of The Christian Science Monitor also praised Jackman's performance, saying that "Hugh Jackman demonstrates that you can segue effortlessly from a tuxedoed song-and-dance man at the Oscars to a feral gent with adamantium claws and berserker rage."[130] Claudia Puig of USA Today considered the movie "well-acted, with spectacular action and witty one-liners".[131]

text: Roger Ebert gave the film two stars out of four and asked about the title character, "Why should I care about this guy? He feels no pain and nothing can kill him, so therefore he's essentially a story device for action sequences."[132] James Berardinelli gave Wolverine two and a half stars out of four, calling the action scenes competently executed but not memorable, and considering that when dealing with Wolverine's past "there's little creativity evident in the way those blanks are filled in", and that the revelations made Wolverine "less compelling".[133] Comparatively, Bill Gibron of AMC's Filmcritic.com website gave the film a positive "4.0 out of 5 stars," saying that although Hugh Jackman is "capable of carrying even the most mediocre effort, he singlehandedly makes X-Men Origins: Wolverine an excellent start to the summer 2009 season." He predicted "there will be purists who balk at how Hood and his screenwriters mangle and manipulate the mythology;" and further said that "any ending which leaves several characters unexplained and unaccounted for can't really seal the full entertainment deal."[134]

text: Regarding Wolverine within the context of the X-Men film series, Tom Charity of CNN commented: "Serviceable but inescapably redundant, this Wolverine movie does just enough to keep the X-Men franchise on life support, but the filmmakers will have to come up with some evolutionary changes soon if it's going to escape X-tinction."[135] Similarly, A. O. Scott of The New York Times expressed that "X-Men Origins: Wolverine will most likely manage to cash in on the popularity of the earlier episodes, but it is the latest evidence that the superhero movie is suffering from serious imaginative fatigue."[136] On a more negative note, Philip French of The Observer said that the film's "dull, bone-crushing, special-effects stuff" is "of interest only to hardcore fans who've probably read it all in Marvel comics."[137]

text: Sukhdev Sandhu of The Daily Telegraph stated that "Wolverine is an artificial stimulus package of the most unsatisfying kind. Aggressively advertised and hyped to the hills, it will no doubt attract full houses at first; after that though, when word-of-mouth buzz-kill goes into overdrive, there’s bound to be widespread deflation and a palpable feeling of being conned."[138] Similarly, Orlando Parfitt of IGN (UK) praised the performances of the actors and the action scenes, but stated that the film felt underdeveloped: "There's an enjoyable time to be had with Wolverine, but it's also somewhat unsatisfying."[139] Furthermore, Scott Mendelson of The Huffington Post gave the film a grade of "D", noting that "Wolverine was the lead character of [the X-Men] films, and we've already learned everything we need to know from the films in said franchise," adding that "the extra information given here actually serves to make the character of Logan/Wolverine less interesting."[140] Steven Rea also felt that the film injured the character by proving that "how the hero acquired his special powers turns out to be a whole lot less interesting than what he does with them", while also being "a mash-up of meaningless combat sequences (meaningless because Logan/Wolverine is just about unstoppable), sub-par visual effects, template backstory, and some goofy Liev Schreiber-as-a-villain thespianizing".[141]

text: Hugh Jackman later confessed being unhappy with the final result of X-Men Origins: Wolverine. The actor wanted primarily a film that would deepen the Wolverine character, but “somehow the first Wolverine movie ended up looking like the fourth X-Men — just with different characters.” He tried to avert the same results while doing the next solo film for the character, 2013's The Wolverine.[142]

text: In Literature[edit]

text: Two cases [143][144] exist of adolescents injecting themselves with elemental mercury after having seen X-Men Origins: Wolverine and incorrectly believing this would convert their bones metal similar to Wolverine.

text: Sequels[edit]

text: Wolverine was set to be the first of a series of X-Men Origins prequels, with the other being focused on Magneto.[145] However, X-Men Origins: Magneto entered development hell and was eventually canceled. X-Men: First Class, released in 2011, was another prequel to the series. Set in 1962, the film features a young Professor X and Magneto and the foundation of the X-Men.[146][147] In 2013, a second Wolverine film was released titled The Wolverine, set years after the events of X-Men: The Last Stand, but mostly serving as a stand-alone sequel.[148] The follow-up to First Class, 2014's X-Men: Days of Future Past, was confirmed to erase the events of X-Men Origins: Wolverine through retroactive continuity, save for the opening sequence.[149]

text: A third Wolverine film titled Logan was released on March 3, 2017. It is Hugh Jackman's last time portraying the character.[150] The 2016 spin-off film Deadpool features Ryan Reynolds reprising his role as the title character. Several jokes are aimed at the expense of Reynolds' version of Deadpool in X-Men Origins due to the negative reaction of the character's portrayal.[151]


document_title: 2018 Formula One World Championship

question_text: when does the 2018 formula one season start

root

text: 2018 Formula One World Championship

text: Entries[edit]

text: The following teams and drivers have been entered in the 2018 FIA Formula One World Championship. Teams compete with tyres supplied by Pirelli.

tag: p

text:
Entrant
Constructor
Chassis
Power unit
Race drivers
Free Practice drivers

No.
Driver name
Rounds
No.
Driver name

 Scuderia Ferrari
Ferrari
SF71H
Ferrari 062 EVO
5
 Sebastian Vettel
1–7
N/A

7
 Kimi Räikkönen
1–7

 Sahara Force India F1 Team
Force India-Mercedes
VJM11
Mercedes M09 EQ Power+
11
 Sergio Pérez
1–7
34
 Nicholas Latifi

31
 Esteban Ocon
1–7

 Haas F1 Team
Haas-Ferrari
VF-18
Ferrari 062 EVO
8
 Romain Grosjean
1–7
N/A

20
 Kevin Magnussen
1–7

 McLaren F1 Team
McLaren-Renault
MCL33
Renault R.E.18
2
 Stoffel Vandoorne
1–7
N/A

14
 Fernando Alonso
1–7

 Mercedes AMG Petronas Motorsport
Mercedes
F1 W09 EQ Power+
Mercedes M09 EQ Power+
44
 Lewis Hamilton
1–7
N/A

77
 Valtteri Bottas
1–7

 Aston Martin Red Bull Racing
Red Bull Racing-TAG Heuer
RB14
TAG Heuer[note 1]
3
 Daniel Ricciardo
1–7
N/A

33
 Max Verstappen
1–7

 Renault Sport Formula One Team
Renault
R.S.18
Renault R.E.18
27
 Nico Hülkenberg
1–7
N/A

55
 Carlos Sainz Jr.
1–7

 Alfa Romeo Sauber F1 Team
Sauber-Ferrari
C37
Ferrari 062 EVO
9
 Marcus Ericsson
1–7
N/A

16
 Charles Leclerc
1–7

 Red Bull Toro Rosso Honda
Scuderia Toro Rosso-Honda
STR13
Honda RA618H
10
 Pierre Gasly
1–7
N/A

28
 Brendon Hartley
1–7

 Williams Martini Racing
Williams-Mercedes
FW41
Mercedes M09 EQ Power+
18
 Lance Stroll
1–7
40
 Robert Kubica

35
 Sergey Sirotkin
1–7

Sources:[2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13]

tag: table

text: Team changes[edit]

text: McLaren terminated their engine partnership with Honda and instead signed a three-year deal for power units supplied by Renault.[14] The team cited Honda's repeated failure to supply a reliable and competitive power unit as the reason for ending the partnership.[14]

text: Toro Rosso parted ways with Renault—allowing McLaren to finalise their agreement with Renault—and came to an agreement to use Honda power units.[15] As part of the deal, Red Bull Racing loaned Toro Rosso driver Carlos Sainz Jr. to Renault's works team.[16][17]

text: Sauber renewed their partnership with Ferrari, upgrading to current-specification power units after using year-old power units in 2017.[18][19]

text: Driver changes[edit]

text: Toro Rosso signed 2016 GP2 Series champion Pierre Gasly and two-time World Endurance champion Brendon Hartley as their full-time drivers for 2018.[20] Both Gasly and Hartley made their Formula One débuts with the team in the latter stages of the 2017 championship.[20] Daniil Kvyat left the team and the Red Bull driver programme, securing a development role with Ferrari.[21]

text: Charles Leclerc, the reigning Formula 2 champion, made his competitive début with Sauber.[22] Leclerc, who had previously driven in Friday practice sessions in 2016 and 2017, was hired by the team to replace Pascal Wehrlein.[22] Wehrlein was ultimately unable to secure a race seat and was instead enlisted as one of Mercedes's test and reserve drivers while racing full-time in the Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters series.[23][24][25]

text: Williams driver Felipe Massa retired from Formula One at the end of the 2017 championship.[26] Massa was replaced by former Renault test driver and SMP Racing driver Sergey Sirotkin, who made his competitive début with the team.[27]

text: Calendar[edit]

text: The following twenty-one Grands Prix are due to be run as part of the 2018 World Championship:

text:
Round
Grand Prix
Circuit
Date

1
Australian Grand Prix
 Melbourne Grand Prix Circuit, Melbourne
25 March

2
Bahrain Grand Prix
 Bahrain International Circuit, Sakhir
8 April

3
Chinese Grand Prix
 Shanghai International Circuit, Shanghai
15 April

4
Azerbaijan Grand Prix
 Baku City Circuit, Baku
29 April

5
Spanish Grand Prix
 Circuit de Barcelona-Catalunya, Montmeló
13 May

6
Monaco Grand Prix
 Circuit de Monaco, Monte Carlo
27 May

7
Canadian Grand Prix
 Circuit Gilles Villeneuve, Montreal
10 June

8
French Grand Prix
 Circuit Paul Ricard, Le Castellet
24 June

9
Austrian Grand Prix
 Red Bull Ring, Spielberg
1 July

10
British Grand Prix
 Silverstone Circuit, Silverstone
8 July

11
German Grand Prix
 Hockenheimring, Hockenheim
22 July

12
Hungarian Grand Prix
 Hungaroring, Mogyoród
29 July

13
Belgian Grand Prix
 Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps, Stavelot
26 August

14
Italian Grand Prix
 Autodromo Nazionale Monza, Monza
2 September

15
Singapore Grand Prix
 Marina Bay Street Circuit, Singapore
16 September

16
Russian Grand Prix
 Sochi Autodrom, Sochi
30 September

17
Japanese Grand Prix
 Suzuka International Racing Course, Suzuka
7 October

18
United States Grand Prix
 Circuit of the Americas, Austin, Texas[note 2]
21 October

19
Mexican Grand Prix
 Autódromo Hermanos Rodríguez, Mexico City
28 October

20
Brazilian Grand Prix
 Autódromo José Carlos Pace, São Paulo
11 November

21
Abu Dhabi Grand Prix
 Yas Marina Circuit, Abu Dhabi
25 November

Source:[29]

text: Calendar changes[edit]

text: The French Grand Prix returned to the calendar for the first time since 2008. The race is due to return to the Circuit Paul Ricard, which last hosted the French Grand Prix in 1990 before the event moved to the Circuit de Nevers Magny-Cours.[30][note 3] The race is scheduled to be run in June, with the Azerbaijan Grand Prix brought forward to April to accommodate the change and to avoid clashing with celebrations for centenary of the Azerbaijan republic.[31] The German Grand Prix also returned to the championship after a one-year absence, with the Hockenheimring scheduled to host the race.[32]

text: The Malaysian Grand Prix—which was part of the championship from 1999 to 2017—was discontinued.[33] The Russian Grand Prix was moved from April to September, filling the vacancy left by the Malaysian Grand Prix.[34]

text: Changes[edit]

text: Sporting regulations[edit]

text: Following widespread criticism of the grid penalty system in 2017 that regularly saw multiple drivers start races outside their qualifying positions, the FIA introduced a revised set of regulations for 2018. In the event that a driver changes a power unit component, they are still subject to a five- or ten-place grid penalty depending on the component being changed; however, should they then replace a second component, they will be moved to the back of the starting grid.[35] If multiple drivers are moved to the back of the grid, their starting positions are determined by the order that components were changed based on the most recent change made by each driver.[35]

text: The rules governing starting procedures were changed for 2018, granting race stewards the power to issue penalties for improper race starts even if a driver's start does not trigger the automated detection system.[36] The changes were introduced following two incidents during 2017: at the Chinese Grand Prix, Sebastian Vettel positioned his car too far across his grid slot to be registered by the detection system; while at the Austrian Grand Prix, Valtteri Bottas's start was called into question for his reaction time despite the detection system recognising it as legal.[36]

text: In the event that a race is suspended due to a red flag, it will be restarted with a standing start. Drivers will return to the starting grid in the positions they held at the time of the suspension and the race director will repeat the race start procedure. If circuit conditions are suitable for racing but the race director deems a standing start inappropriate, the race will resume with a rolling start where the safety car returns to pit lane and drivers proceed around the circuit in single file until they are shown the green flag.[37]

text: The FIA introduced tighter restrictions on racing licences issued to drivers taking part in free practice sessions. Candidate drivers are required to complete a minimum number of Formula 2 races or earn twenty-five superlicense points over a three-year period. The changes were introduced to address concerns about drivers who would not be able to meet the standards required to compete in Formula One having access to Formula One cars.[38]

text: The schedule of a Grand Prix weekend was changed, with the start time of most European races pushed back by one hour in a bid to try and accommodate a larger television audience. All races are scheduled to start at ten minutes past the hour so as to allow broadcasters the opportunity for pre-race coverage when their broadcast of the race starts on the hour.[39]

text: Finally, the mid-season test, which was held in Bahrain in 2017, was moved to Barcelona.[40][41]

text: Technical regulations[edit]

text: Power unit suppliers are required to provide all teams using their engines with an identical specification of power units. The change was introduced to ensure parity after Mercedes works team was observed to have access to additional engine performance settings that were not available to their customer teams.[42]

text: The quantity of power unit components a driver may use during the season was reduced from four complete power units during the entire season in 2017 to a new system where each of the power unit components is considered separately.[43] Therefore, in 2018, each driver is permitted to use up to three each of internal combustion engines (ICE), heat motor generator units (MGU-H), and turbochargers (TC); and two each of the kinetic motor generator units (MGU-K), energy stores (ES), and control electronics (CE).[43]

text: Restrictions against the practice of oil burning, where engine oils are burned as fuel to boost performance, were also introduced. The practice, which was first used in 2017 saw teams burning as much as 1.2 litres per one hundred kilometres. For the 2018 championship, this figure was revised down to a maximum of 0.6 litres per one hundred kilometres.[44] The rules were further amended to restrict teams to using a single specification of oil, which must be declared before the race. These oils are subject to stricter definitions of what is considered "oil" in order to prevent teams from using exotic blends designed to boost performance. Teams are also required to inform the stewards of the mass of oil in each oil tank before the race.[45][note 4]

text: Further changes to the technical regulations require the temperature of air in the plenum chamber—adjacent to the turbocharger—to be no more than 10°C above the ambient air temperature. The rule was introduced in a bid to stop teams from artificially heating or cooling air for possible performance gains.[45] Active control valves, which electronically regulate the flow of fluids between power unit components, will also be banned.[45]

text: The FIA banned the use of "shark fins", a carbon fibre extension to the engine cowling aimed at directing airflow over the rear wing.[46][47] The use of "T-wings", a horizontal secondary wing mounted forward of and above the rear wing, was also banned.[46]

text: Driver safety[edit]

text: Following a series of serious incidents in open-wheel racing—including the fatal accidents of Henry Surtees and Justin Wilson—in which drivers were struck in the head by tyres or debris, the FIA announced plans to introduce additional mandatory cockpit protection with 2018 given as the first year for its introduction. Several solutions were tested, with the final design subject to feedback from teams and drivers.[48] Each design was created to deflect debris away from a driver's head without compromising their visibility or the ability of safety marshals to access the cockpit and extract a driver and their seat in the event of a serious accident or medical emergency,[49] with a series of serious accidents—such as the fatal accidents of Jules Bianchi and Dan Wheldon—recreated to simulate the ability of devices to withstand a serious impact.[49] The FIA ultimately settled on the "halo", a wishbone-shaped frame mounted above and around the driver's head and anchored to the monocoque forward of the cockpit.[50] Seventeen accidents were examined as case studies, with the FIA concluding that the halo would have prevented injuries in fifteen of them. In the other two instances—most notably Jules Bianchi's fatal accident—the FIA concluded that although the halo would not have prevented driver injuries, it would not have contributed to or complicated the outcome of the accidents.[51] Once introduced, the halo concept is scheduled to be applied to other FIA-sanctioned open-wheel racing categories including Formula 2, Formula 3 and Formula E,[52][53][54][55] with 2020 earmarked as the deadline for all FIA-sanctioned open-wheel racing series to adopt the halo.

text: Following criticisms over the aesthetic value of the device, the FIA revealed plans to allow teams some design freedom in the final version of the halo,[56] with the teams permitted to attach a thin single-plane wing atop the halo to control airflow over the top of the car and into the airbox to assist with engine cooling. Where the test models of the halo had been attached to an existing monocoque structure, teams were required to incorporate the final build of the halo into the chassis design from its inception rather than attached once the design was completed. The minimum weight of the chassis was raised to 734 kg (1,618.2 lb), in order to accommodate the additional weight of the halo.[57] The mandatory crash tests that each chassis must pass were adjusted to include a new static load test. In order to simulate a serious accident, a tyre was mounted to a hydraulic ram and fired at the crash structure; to pass the test, the chassis and the mounting points for the halo had to remain intact.[58] In order to prevent teams from exploiting the halo for aerodynamic gain and potentially compromising its purpose, the FIA banned teams from developing their own devices and instead required them to purchase pre-fabricated models from approved suppliers.[58] The technical regulations were updated mid-season to allow teams to mount rear view mirrors to the halo instead of affixing them to the bodywork. The changes were introduced in response to criticism that the halo obstructed the driver's view of the mirrors; however, halo-mounted designs were also criticised for allowing teams to exploit a loophole and introduce aerodynamic device, in the form of winglets above the mirrors, into an area where aerodynamic development was prohibited under the pretense of improving driver visibility,[59] and the regulations were rewritten once more to ban the practice of mounting anything besides mirrors on the halo.[60]

text: The FIA made several changes to its trackside procedures to further accommodate the halo. The time limit on the extraction test—the test of a driver extracting himself from the survival cell of a crashed car—was extended to allow drivers more time to escape.[citation needed] The starting gantries at circuits were also lowered to improve the visibility of the starting lights.[61]

text: Tyres[edit]

text: Tyre supplier Pirelli provides teams with two new tyre compounds in 2018.[62] Each of the 2017 compounds was made softer, with a new "hypersoft" tyre becoming the softest of the nine and a new "superhard" tyre to be the hardest.[63] The hypersoft compound is marked by a pink sidewall, while the superhard will be orange. The hard compound, which previously used orange markings, will now be changed to ice blue.[64] The hypersoft compound made its début at the Monaco Grand Prix.[65] The rules dictating which tyres are available were relaxed to allow Pirelli to supply a wider range of compounds. Previously, Pirelli had to provide sequential compounds; for example, ultrasoft, supersoft and soft.[66] In 2018, Pirelli is able to supply compounds with up to two steps of difference between them; for example, the ultrasoft, supersoft and hard tyres. Pirelli is required to manufacture an additional tyre compound that is not intended for competition. This tyre is to be supplied to teams for use in demonstration events to prevent teams from using demonstration events as informal—and illegal—testing.[35]

text: Season report[edit]

text: Opening rounds[edit]

text: The championship started in Melbourne with the Australian Grand Prix. The race ended with a victory for Ferrari and Sebastian Vettel, who used a timely virtual safety car period—triggered by the stricken Haas of Romain Grosjean—to pass Mercedes's Lewis Hamilton and he successfully defended the position until the finish.[67] Kimi Räikkönen finished third in the other Ferrari ahead of Red Bull Racing's Daniel Ricciardo.[67] McLaren ended the first race of their partnership with Renault with a fifth and ninth place for Alonso and Vandoorne respectively.[68] Max Verstappen finished sixth after an early spin ahead of Nico Hülkenberg. Valtteri Bottas was eighth, having started fifteenth when he took a penalty for a gearbox change after a heavy crash in qualifying. Carlos Sainz Jr. completed the points-scoring positions in tenth. Charles Leclerc and Sergey Sirotkin both made their competitive débuts for Sauber and Williams respectively.[69][70] Leclerc finished thirteenth while Sirotkin retired with a brake failure.[71][70]

text: Vettel then won the next round in Bahrain, ahead of Valtteri Bottas and Lewis Hamilton.

text: However, in China, Vettel's winning run was broken, with Daniel Ricciardo's 2 stop strategy helping the Australian to his 6th career victory, ahead of Valtteri Bottas and Kimi Räikkönen with Riccardo pitting from 6th on to ultrasofts with 10 laps to go under safety car, he then fought his way to the lead.

text: Hamilton took his first win of the year in Azerbaijan and with it, the lead of the drivers' championship. Räikkönen finished 2nd while Sergio Pérez claimed 3rd. With 10 laps to go Bottas was leading (but still needing to make a pitstop) followed by Vettel and Hamilton when the Red Bulls crashed bringing out the safety car, Bottas pitted under safety car and came out still leading but a puncture on the penultimate lap caused him to retire. Vettel then made a mistake braking with cold tyres on the restart, allowing the remaining top three to pass.

text: European races[edit]

text: Hamilton took pole and won comfortably in Spain, extending his lead to seventeen points. Bottas finished second while Verstappen finished third, his first podium of the season. Ricciardo took pole in Monaco and won the event despite developing an engine problem mid-race that left him severely down on power. Vettel finished second and Hamilton finished 3rd. Vettel closed his points deficit to Hamilton, while Ricciardo gained two spots in the Drivers' Championship to be third overall.

text: In Canada Vettel won from pole taking the world championship lead by one point from Hamilton. Bottas finished 2nd for the fourth time this season as Verstappen finished third, his qualifying position. The race result was counted back to the standings at the end of lap 68 (of 70) after the chequered flag was waved a lap early in error - although this did not impact the standings.

text: Results and standings[edit]

text: Grands Prix[edit]

text:
Round
Grand Prix
Pole position
Fastest lap
Winning driver
Winning constructor
Report

1
 Australian Grand Prix
 Lewis Hamilton
 Daniel Ricciardo
 Sebastian Vettel
 Ferrari
Report

2
 Bahrain Grand Prix
 Sebastian Vettel
 Valtteri Bottas
 Sebastian Vettel
 Ferrari
Report

3
 Chinese Grand Prix
 Sebastian Vettel
 Daniel Ricciardo
 Daniel Ricciardo
 Red Bull Racing-TAG Heuer
Report

4
 Azerbaijan Grand Prix
 Sebastian Vettel
 Valtteri Bottas
 Lewis Hamilton
 Mercedes
Report

5
 Spanish Grand Prix
 Lewis Hamilton
 Daniel Ricciardo
 Lewis Hamilton
 Mercedes
Report

6
 Monaco Grand Prix
 Daniel Ricciardo
 Max Verstappen
 Daniel Ricciardo
 Red Bull Racing-TAG Heuer
Report

7
 Canadian Grand Prix
 Sebastian Vettel
 Max Verstappen[note 5]
 Sebastian Vettel
 Ferrari
Report

8
 French Grand Prix

Report

9
 Austrian Grand Prix

Report

10
 British Grand Prix

Report

11
 German Grand Prix

Report

12
 Hungarian Grand Prix

Report

13
 Belgian Grand Prix

Report

14
 Italian Grand Prix

Report

15
 Singapore Grand Prix

Report

16
 Russian Grand Prix

Report

17
 Japanese Grand Prix

Report

18
 United States Grand Prix

Report

19
 Mexican Grand Prix

Report

20
 Brazilian Grand Prix

Report

21
 Abu Dhabi Grand Prix

Report

text: Scoring system[edit]

text: Points are awarded to the top ten classified finishers in every race, using the following structure:

text:
Position
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
8th
9th
10th

Points
25
18
15
12
10
8
6
4
2
1

text: In order for full points to be awarded, the race winner must complete at least 75% of the scheduled race distance. Half points are awarded if the race winner completes less than 75% of the race distance provided that at least two laps are completed.[note 6] In the event of a tie at the conclusion of the championship, a count-back system is used as a tie-breaker, with a driver's best result used to decide the standings.[note 7]

text: World Drivers' Championship standings[edit]

text:
Pos.
Driver
AUS

BHR

CHN

AZE

ESP

MON

CAN

FRA

AUT

GBR

GER

HUN

BEL

ITA

SIN

RUS

JPN

USA

MEX

BRA

ABU

Points

1
 Sebastian Vettel
1
1
8
4
4
2
1

121

2
 Lewis Hamilton
2
3
4
1
1
3
5

120

3
 Valtteri Bottas
8
2
2
14
2
5
2

86

4
 Daniel Ricciardo
4
Ret
1
Ret
5
1
4

84

5
 Kimi Räikkönen
3
Ret
3
2
Ret
4
6

68

6
 Max Verstappen
6
Ret
5
Ret
3
9
3

50

7
 Fernando Alonso
5
7
7
7
8
Ret
Ret

32

8
 Nico Hülkenberg
7
6
6
Ret
Ret
8
7

32

9
 Carlos Sainz Jr.
10
11
9
5
7
10
8

24

10
 Kevin Magnussen
Ret
5
10
13
6
13
13

19

11
 Pierre Gasly
Ret
4
18
12
Ret
7
11

18

12
 Sergio Pérez
11
16
12
3
9
12
14

17

13
 Esteban Ocon
12
10
11
Ret
Ret
6
9

11

14
 Charles Leclerc
13
12
19
6
10
18
10

10

15
 Stoffel Vandoorne
9
8
13
9
Ret
14
16

8

16
 Lance Stroll
14
14
14
8
11
17
Ret

4

17
 Marcus Ericsson
Ret
9
16
11
13
11
15

2

18
 Brendon Hartley
15
17
20
10
12
19
Ret

1

19
 Romain Grosjean
Ret
13
17
Ret
Ret
15
12

0

20
 Sergey Sirotkin
Ret
15
15
Ret
14
16
17

0

Pos.
Driver
AUS

BHR

CHN

AZE

ESP

MON

CAN

FRA

AUT

GBR

GER

HUN

BEL

ITA

SIN

RUS

JPN

USA

MEX

BRA

ABU

Points

Key

Colour
Result

Gold
Winner

Silver
2nd place

Bronze
3rd place

Green
Other points position

Blue
Other classified position

Not classified, finished (NC)

Purple
Not classified, retired (Ret)

Red
Did not qualify (DNQ)

Did not pre-qualify (DNPQ)

Black
Disqualified (DSQ)

White
Did not start (DNS)

Race cancelled (C)

Blank
Did not practice (DNP)

Excluded (EX)

Did not arrive (DNA)

Withdrawn (WD)

Bold – Pole position
Italics – Fastest lap

text: Notes:

text: – Drivers did not finish the Grand Prix, but were classified as they completed more than 90% of the race distance.

tag: ul

text: World Constructors' Championship standings[edit]

text:
Pos.
Constructor
AUS

BHR

CHN

AZE

ESP

MON

CAN

FRA

AUT

GBR

GER

HUN

BEL

ITA

SIN

RUS

JPN

USA

MEX

BRA

ABU

Points

1
 Mercedes
2
2
2
1
1
3
2

206

8
3
4
14
2
5
5

2
 Ferrari
1
1
3
2
4
2
1

189

3
Ret
8
4
Ret
4
6

3
 Red Bull Racing-TAG Heuer
4
Ret
1
Ret
3
1
3

134

6
Ret
5
Ret
5
9
4

4
 Renault
7
6
6
5
7
8
7

56

10
11
9
Ret
Ret
10
8

5
 McLaren-Renault
5
7
7
7
8
14
16

40

9
8
13
9
Ret
Ret
Ret

6
 Force India-Mercedes
11
10
11
3
9
6
9

28

12
16
12
Ret
Ret
12
14

7
 Scuderia Toro Rosso-Honda
15
4
18
10
12
7
11

19

Ret
17
20
12
Ret
19
Ret

8
 Haas-Ferrari
Ret
5
10
13
6
13
12

19

Ret
13
17
Ret
Ret
15
13

9
 Sauber-Ferrari
13
9
16
6
10
11
10

12

Ret
12
19
11
13
18
15

10
 Williams-Mercedes
14
14
14
8
11
16
17

4

Ret
15
15
Ret
14
17
Ret

Pos.
Constructor
AUS

BHR

CHN

AZE

ESP

MON

CAN

FRA

AUT

GBR

GER

HUN

BEL

ITA

SIN

RUS

JPN

USA

MEX

BRA

ABU

Points

Key

Colour
Result

Gold
Winner

Silver
2nd place

Bronze
3rd place

Green
Other points position

Blue
Other classified position

Not classified, finished (NC)

Purple
Not classified, retired (Ret)

Red
Did not qualify (DNQ)

Did not pre-qualify (DNPQ)

Black
Disqualified (DSQ)

White
Did not start (DNS)

Race cancelled (C)

Blank
Did not practice (DNP)

Excluded (EX)

Did not arrive (DNA)

Withdrawn (WD)

Bold – Pole position
Italics – Fastest lap

text: Notes:

text: Footnotes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ Red Bull Racing uses Renault R.E.18 power units. For sponsorship purposes, these engines are rebadged as "TAG Heuer".[1]
Jump up ^ The United States Grand Prix remains subject to the approval of the local sanctioning body.[28]
Jump up ^ The French Grand Prix used the short 3.81 km (2.37 mi) configuration of the Circuit Paul Ricard between 1986 and 1990; the longer 5.80 km (3.60 mi) circuit was used nine times between 1971 and 1985. The 5.84 km (3.63 mi) layout will be used for the first time in 2018.
Jump up ^ Formula One measures fuel, oil and engine fluids in mass rather than volume as these fluids expand and contract when subject to heat and as a result the volume may change; however, the mass remains the same regardless of heat.
Jump up ^ Daniel Ricciardo set the fastest lap on lap 70, but an error in the chequered flag being waved early saw the race results validated on lap 68. Max Verstappen was officially recognised as setting the fastest lap.[72]
Jump up ^ In the event that two laps cannot be completed, no points are awarded and the race is abandoned.[73]
Jump up ^ In the event that two or more drivers achieve the same best result an equal number of times, their next-best result will be used. If two or more drivers achieve equal results an equal number of times, the FIA will nominate the winner according to such criteria as it sees fit.[73]

tag: ol


document_title: The Parent Trap (1961 film)

question_text: who plays the mom in the parent trap

question_tokens: who plays the mom in the parent trap

text: The Parent Trap (1961 film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: Identical twins Susan Evers and Sharon McKendrick (Hayley Mills) meet at Miss Inch's Summer Camp for Girls, unaware that they are sisters. Their identical appearance initially creates rivalry, and they pull pranks on each other, culminating in the camp dance being ruined. As punishment, Miss Inch decides that they must live together in the isolated "Serendipity" cabin (and eat together at an "Isolation Table") for the remainder of the camp season. After discovering that they both come from single-parent homes, they soon realize they are twin sisters and that their parents, Mitchell "Mitch" Evers (Brian Keith) and Margaret "Maggie" McKendrick (Maureen O'Hara), divorced shortly after their birth, with each parent having custody of one of them. The twins, each eager to meet the parent she never knew, decide to switch places. Susan gives Sharon a matching haircut and has her bite her nails. They also take a crash-course getting to know each other while learning about each other's personalities and ways of life.

text: While Susan is in Boston at their grandparents' house pretending to be Sharon, Sharon goes to California to their father's house, pretending to be Susan. Sharon learns their father is engaged to a child-hating gold digger named Vicky Robinson (Joanna Barnes). Sharon calls Susan to tell her that their father is planning to marry Vicky, who is beautiful and dangerous, and that she must bring their mother to California immediately. Susan eventually reveals to their mother and grandparents the truth about their switching places. They are extremely happy to see Susan again, and Maggie and Susan fly to California. After Mitch and Maggie are reunited, they argue and the twins make their surprise appearance together. Mitch is extremely happy to see Sharon again, and after he tells Vicky the truth about the twins, she is shocked and furious — especially after learning that Maggie plans to spend the night at his house.

text: The girls recreate their parents' first date at the Italian restaurant Martinelli's with a gypsy violinist. The former spouses are gradually drawn together, but have another fight with Maggie telling Mitch that she and Sharon are leaving in the morning, and that she wishes him the best of everything with Vicky. Susan and Sharon try to find a way to delay their return to Boston, so the twins dress and talk alike so their parents are unable to tell them apart. They will reveal who is who only after returning from the annual family camping trip. Mitch and Maggie reluctantly agree. Vicky is furious, so Maggie tricks her into taking her place and letting her know it would give her a chance to get to know the twins better.

text: Mitch was an outdoorsman, but Vicky was not, and she was not used to climbing mountains and being in the woods, so the twins decide to play tricks on her. Vicky spends her time swatting mosquitoes after unknowingly using sugared water instead of mosquito repellent, and being awakened by two bear cubs licking honey off her feet, which the twins had previously placed there. Vicky finally throws a screaming tantrum and screams at Hecky, the ranch foreman, to take her home. After breaking a fishing pole, knocking down the food table and throwing food, she pushes Mitch, with a face full of shaving cream, into the tent. The twins give Vicky the clothes she borrowed from Mitch, and Vicky slaps one of them in the face. Mitch finally sees the truth about Vicky, and after she and Hecky leave, Mitch and the twins return home.

text: Back at the house, the twins apologize for what they did to Vicky, and are forgiven. Maggie makes dinner, and Mitch talks about what their life was like when they were married. They realized they still loved each other, and did not want to grow into a couple of old and lonely people. They share a kiss, and decide to remarry.

text: The next morning, when the twins wake up, one of them says she had “the craziest dream” in which their parents get married again.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Hayley Mills as Sharon McKendrick/Susan Evers
Brian Keith as Mitchell "Mitch" Evers
Maureen O'Hara as Margaret "Maggie" McKendrick
Joanna Barnes as Vicky Robinson
Charlie Ruggles as Charles McKendrick
Cathleen Nesbitt as Louise McKendrick
Una Merkel as Verbena the housekeeper
Leo G. Carroll as Reverend Dr. Mosby
Linda Watkins as Edna Robinson
Ruth McDevitt as Miss Abbey Inch
Crahan Denton as Hecky the ranch foreman
Nancy Kulp as Miss Grunecker
Frank De Vol as Mr. Eaglewood
Susan Henning (de) as Sharon McKendrick/Susan Evers (body double) [uncredited][5]

text: Production notes[edit]

text: The film originally called for only a few trick photography shots of Hayley Mills in scenes with herself; the bulk of the film was to be shot using a body double. The film used Disney's proprietary sodium vapor process for compositing rather than the usual chroma key technique. When Walt Disney saw how seamless the processed shots were, he ordered the script reconfigured to include more of the special effect. Disney also wanted Mills to appear on camera as much as possible, knowing that she was having growth spurts during filming.

text: The film was shot mostly at various locales in California. The summer camp scenes were filmed at Bluff Lake Camp (then owned by the Pasadena YMCA, now by Habonim Dror's Camp Gilboa) and the family camping scenes later in the movie at Cedar Lake Camp, both in the San Bernardino Mountains near the city of Big Bear Lake in Southern California. The Monterey scenes were filmed in various California locations, including millionaire Stuyvesant Fish's 5,200 acres (21 km2) ranch in Carmel and Monterey's Pebble Beach golf course. The scenes at the Monterey house were shot at the studio's Golden Oak Ranch in Placerita Canyon, where Mitch's ranch was built.[6] It was the design of this set that proved the most popular, and to this day the Walt Disney Archives receives requests for plans of the home's interior design.[7] In fact, there never was such a house; the set was simply various rooms built on a sound stage. Camp Inch was based on a real girls' camp called Camp Crestridge for Girls at the Ridgecrest Baptist Conference Center near Asheville, North Carolina.

text: Musical numbers[edit]

text: Richard and Robert Sherman provided the songs, which, besides the title song "The Parent Trap", includes "For Now, For Always", and "Let's Get Together". "Let's Get Together" (sung by Annette Funicello) is heard playing from a record player at the summer camp; the tune is reprised by the twins when they restage their parents' first date and that version is sung double-tracked by Hayley Mills. (Hayley's own single of the song, credited to "Hayley Mills and Hayley Mills," reached #8 on the US charts.) The film's title song was performed by Tommy Sands and Annette Funicello, who were both on the studio lot shooting Babes in Toyland at the time.

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text: The film was nominated for two Academy Awards: one for Sound by Robert O. Cook, and the other for Film Editing by Philip W. Anderson.[8] The film and its editor, Philip W. Anderson, won the inaugural 1962 Eddie Award of the American Cinema Editors. [9]

text: Subsequent developments[edit]

text: In 1961 a comic book version of the film was published, adapted and illustrated by Dan Spiegle.[10][11]

text: The film was theatrically re-released in 1968 and earned $1.8 million in rentals.[12]

text: The Disney Studios produced three television sequels The Parent Trap II (1986), Parent Trap III (1989) and Parent Trap: Hawaiian Honeymoon (1989). The original was remade in 1998 starring Lindsay Lohan, Dennis Quaid and Natasha Richardson.

text: In India, there have been several films inspired by The Parent Trap. In 1965, a Tamil language version of the story called Kuzhandaiyum Deivamum, starring Kutty Padmini was released. The following year, it was remade into Telugu as Leta Manasulu also starring Kutty Padmini. A Hindi version Do Kaliyaan starring Neetu Singh in the double role was made in 1968.[13] The 1987 film Pyar Ke Kabil also has a similar storyline, as does the 2001 film Kuch Khatti Kuch Meethi which has Kajol playing the double role of 23-year-old twins.[14]

text: Home media[edit]

text: The film was released on a 2-disc special edition DVD in 2005. Also enclosed in this package is the made-for-television sequel, The Parent Trap II (1986), plus the original film trailer and other bonus features.


document_title: Game of Death

question_text: who played billy lo in game of death

question_tokens: who played billy lo in game of death

text: Game of Death

text: Original film[edit]

text: Plot[edit]

text: The original plot involves Lee playing the role of Hai Tien, a retired champion martial artist who is confronted by Korean underworld gangs. They tell him the story of a pagoda where guns are prohibited, and under heavy guard by highly skilled martial artists who are protecting something (which is not identified at all in any surviving material) held on its top level. The gang boss wants Hai to be a part of a group whose purpose is to retrieve said item. They would be the second group to try to do so as the first attempt with a previous group had failed. When Hai refuses, his younger sister and brother are kidnapped, forcing him to participate. Hai, as well as four other martial artists (two of whom were played by James Tien and Chieh Yuan), then fight their way up a five-level pagoda, encountering a different challenge on each floor. The setting of the pagoda was at Beopjusa temple in Songnisan National Park in South Korea.

text: The pagoda, called Palsang-jon, is the only remaining wooden pagoda in South Korea. At the base of the pagoda they fight 10 people, all black belts in Karate. While inside the pagoda, they encounter a different opponent on each floor, each more challenging than the last. Although his allies try to help out, they are handily defeated, and Hai must face each of the martial artists in one-on-one combat. He defeats Filipino Eskrima master Dan Inosanto, Korean Hapkido master Ji Han-jae, and finally Kareem Abdul-Jabbar, who fights with a free and fluid style mirroring Lee's Jeet Kune Do. Because Abdul-Jabbar's character has great size and strength in addition to a fighting style as potent as Lee's, he can only be defeated once Hai recognises that an unusually high sensitivity to light is his greatest weakness.[1]

text: Immediately after defeating the giant guardian, Hai turns around and descends the staircase, heading out of the pagoda. Despite all the talk of something awaiting up top of the (now unguarded) flight of stairs, there is no mention of anyone going up to retrieve it. No surviving material explains how this will affect Hai or his captive siblings.[2]

text: Production[edit]

text: Although the pagoda was supposed to have five floors, complete scenes were only shot for three of the floors: the "Temple of the Tiger," where Lee faced Inosanto; the "Temple of the Dragon", where he fought Ji Han-jae; and the final floor, where he fought Abdul-Jabbar was the "Temple of the Unknown". Hapkido master Hwang In-Shik was slated to play the guardian of the first floor, a master of a kick-oriented style, while Bruce's long time student and good friend Taky Kimura was asked to play the guardian of the second floor, a stylist of praying mantis kung fu.

text: The goal of the film's plot was to showcase Lee's beliefs regarding the principles of martial arts. As each martial artist is defeated (including Lee's allies), the flaws in their fighting style are revealed. Some, like Dan Inosanto's character, rely too much on fixed patterns of offensive and defensive techniques, while others lack economy of motion. Lee defeats his opponents by having a fighting style that involves fluid movement, unpredictability, and an eclectic blend of techniques. His dialogue often includes comments on their weaknesses.

text: Bruce Lee: A Warrior's Journey[edit]

text: Several years later, Bruce Lee historian John Little released Bruce Lee: A Warrior's Journey, a documentary revealing the original footage and storyline of The Game of Death. The documentary also includes a fairly in-depth biography of Lee and leads into the filming of The Game of Death. Fans still believe there is more footage to be found. Originally meant to be a documentary in its own right, now it can be found on the second disc of the 2004 Special Edition DVD release of Enter the Dragon, along with the documentary Bruce Lee: Curse of the Dragon.

text: Bruce Lee in G.O.D.: Shibōteki Yūgi[edit]

text: In 2000, the Japanese film Bruce Lee in G.O.D 死亡的遊戯 was released on DVD. This film shows Lee's original vision of the film through the existing footage that was shot for the film before he died, interviews, and historical re-enactments of what went on behind the scenes. A "special edition" DVD was released in 2003.

text: Cast[edit]

text: Filmed cast[edit]

text:
Bruce Lee as "Hai Tien" (also called "the Yellow-Faced Tiger")
Kareem Abdul-Jabbar as "Mantis, the 5th Floor Guardian"
James Tien as "Mr. Tien, the Second Fighter"
Chieh Yuan as "Yuan, the Third Fighter"
Dan Inosanto as "Dan, the 3rd Floor Guardian"
Ji Han-jae as "4th Floor Guardian"
Lee Kwan as "Mr. Kuan the Locksmith" (voice is heard at film's end)

text: Unfilmed cast[edit]

text:
Hwang In-shik as "1st Floor Guardian"
Taky Kimura as "2nd Floor Guardian"
Robert Wall as "Mr. Wall, the American Fighter and Hai Tien's ally"
George Lazenby as "Hai Tien's master"
Nora Miao as "Hai Tien's sister"
Uncast Child Actor as "Hai Tien's brother"
Carter Wong as "Mr. Wong"
Shih Kien as "Crime Lord"
Tony Liu as "Huang"
Wan Kam Leung as "Lee Guo Hao, the Fifth Fighter"
Betty Ting Pei as "Hai Tien's wife"
Bolo Yeung as "Black Belt Karate Leader - Ground Floor"
Lam Ching-ying, Yuen Wah, Unicorn Chan, Bee Chan, Wu Ngan, and 14 others as "Black Belt Karate Fighters - Ground Floor"
Han Yin-Chieh as "Thug 1"
Yuen Biao as "Thug 2"
Alan Chui Chung-San as "Thug 3"
Corey Yuen as "Thug 4"
Jackie Chan as "Fan who asks for Hai Tien's autograph"

text: Intended cast[edit]

text:
Wong Shun Leung was originally approached to play the role of the Wing Chun-oriented 2nd Floor Guardian, but he declined, and was replaced by Taky Kimura.
Robert Baker, student of Lee's, was considered for the role eventually given to Robert Wall.[3][4]
Sammo Hung had been cast as the Third Fighter, but by the time Lee was ready to film with him, Hung had moved on to another project; Chieh Yuan took the part in his stead.
Chuck Norris
Jim Kelly
Joe Lewis
Mike Stone

text: Game of Death (1978)[edit]

text:
Game of Death (1978)Traditional Chinese
死亡遊戲Simplified Chinese
死亡游戏
showTranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu Pinyin
Sǐwáng YóuxìIPA
[sɹ̩̀wǎŋ jǒuɕî]Yue: CantoneseIPA
Cantonese pronunciation: [se̬imɔ̏ːŋ jɐ̏uhēi]Jyutping
Sei5 Mong4 Jau4 Hei3

text:
Game of Death
Game of Death film poster
Traditional
死亡遊戲Simplified
死亡游戏
Directed by
Robert ClouseBruce Lee (G.O.D. footage) (action)Sammo Hung (action)Produced by
Raymond ChowWritten by
Jan Spears (Clouse/Chow)Bruce Lee (HK Version Opening Credit)Starring
Bruce LeeKim Tai-jongYuen BiaoGig YoungDean JaggerColleen CampRobert WallHugh O'BrianDan InosantoMel NovakSammo HungKareem Abdul-JabbarJi Han-jaeCasanova WongMusic by
John BarryJoseph KooCinematography
Ho Lan-shanGodfrey A. GodarEdited by
Alan PattilloProductioncompany
Golden HarvestDistributed by
Golden Harvest (HK)Columbia Pictures (US)TriStar Pictures, 20th Century Fox (NA), (Kosovo)Release date
23 March 1978 (1978-03-23) (Hong Kong)

9 June 1979 (1979-06-09) (USA)

13 March 2009 (2009-03-13) (DVD release, North America, Kosovo)

Running time
103 minutes (Int'l cut)94 minutes (HK cut)125 minutes (HK premiere) 100 minutes (US cut)Country
Hong KongLanguage
CantoneseEnglishBox office
HK$3,436,169

text: Game of Death is a 1978 Hong Kong action film co-written (under the pseudonym Jan Spears along with Raymond Chow) and directed by Robert Clouse. The film stars Bruce Lee, Kim Tai-jong, Yuen Biao, Gig Young, Dean Jagger, Colleen Camp, Robert Wall, Hugh O'Brian, Dan Inosanto, Mel Novak, Sammo Hung, Kareem Abdul-Jabbar, Ji Han-jae and Casanova Wong.

text: Plot[edit]

text: The 1978 version uses portions of the original footage married to an entirely new plot involving a new character, Billy Lo (盧比利), struggling against a racketeering "syndicate" after gaining international success as a martial arts movie star. When Billy refuses to be intimidated by syndicate henchman Steiner (Hugh O'Brian) and his gangs of thugs, syndicate owner Dr. Land (Dean Jagger) orders his assassination to serve as an example to others.

text: Disguised as a stuntman, Land's assassin, Stick (Mel Novak), sneaks onto the set of Billy's new film, and shoots Billy during filming. A fragment of the bullet passes through Billy's face, leaving him alive but in need of plastic surgery which alters his facial features. Billy takes the opportunity to fake his death and disguise himself, exacting revenge against those who wronged him one at a time. When the syndicate threatens and kidnaps his fiancée, Ann Morris (Colleen Camp), Billy is forced to come out of hiding to save her. In the revised film, Bruce Lee's fight scenes inside the pagoda are assumed to take place in the upper floors of the Red Pepper restaurant, where Dr. Land and his thugs have laid an ambush. In the end Billy survives the ambush, rescues Ann, and destroys each of the main mobsters one-by-one.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Bruce Lee as "Billy Lo" (archive footage from incomplete 1st version)
Gig Young as "Jim Marshall"
Dean Jagger as "Dr. Land"
Colleen Camp as "Ann Morris"
Hugh O'Brian as "Steiner"
Robert Wall as "Carl Miller"
Dan Inosanto as "Pasqual"
Ji Han-jae as "Restaurant Fighter"
Kareem Abdul-Jabbar as "Hakim"
Mel Novak as "Stick"
Sammo Hung as "Lo Chen"
James Tien as "Charlie Wang" (US version) / "Fong Chun" (HK version)
Roy Chiao as "(Uncle) Henry Lo" (US version only)
Casanova Wong as "Lau Yea-chun" (HK version only)
Chuck Norris as "Fighter in Film" (archive footage)
Kim Tai-jong as "Billy Lo" (doubling for Bruce Lee)
Yuen Biao as "Billy Lo" (doubling for Bruce Lee in acrobats)
Alan Chui Chung-San (Assistant stunt double, also One of Dr. Land's Guard)
Albert Sham as "Billy Lo" (doubling for Bruce Lee)
Chris Kent as English voice of Billy Lo (dubbing for Bruce Lee)
Tony Leung
Billy McGill
Jim James
Russell Cawthorne
Lam Ching-ying
John Ladalski
David Hu
Don Barry
Jess Hardie
Eddie Dye
Peter Nelson
Peter Gee
Peter Chan
Mars as one of Dr. Land's guards (extra)
Lau Kar-wing
Fung Hak-on as Thug Wearing The Yellow Suit Fighting in Henry Lo's Opera Place (US version only)
Tai San
Jason Williams

text: Production[edit]

text: The revised version of the film uses only 11 minutes and 7 seconds of the footage from the original The Game of Death, and for the vast majority of the film, the role of Billy Lo was shared by Yuen Biao and taekwondo master Kim Tai-jong and was voiced by Chris Kent. The plot of the film allowed Kim and Yuen to spend much of the film in disguises, usually involving false beards and large, dark sunglasses that obscured the fact that they bore little resemblance to Lee. Many scenes, including fight scenes, also included brief close-up bits of stock footage of the real Bruce Lee from his pre-Enter the Dragon films, often only lasting a second or two. These clips are easily recognisable due to the difference in film quality between the old and new footage. At one point in the movie, real footage of Lee's corpse in his open-topped casket is used to show the character Billy Lo faking his death. There is even a scene, taken place in Billy's dressing room, where a cut-out of Lee's face was taped to a mirror, covering the stand-in's own face.

text: Several actors associated with previous Lee movies were included in the re-shoot for the final 1978 film. For example, Robert Wall, a villain in both The Way of the Dragon and Enter the Dragon, plays a kickboxer named Carl Miller who must battle with Billy Lo. Sammo Hung, who appeared in Enter the Dragon, served as the fight coordinator for the re-shoot of Game of Death, and also appears in the scene as a ring opponent for Miller. To maintain continuity with the fight footage taken from the original film, Dan Inosanto (renamed Pasqual) and Ji Han-jae (whose character was unnamed and was not shown until near the end of the film) were given small parts as additional enforcers for the syndicate. Kareem Abdul-Jabbar refused to participate in the re-shoot, with another tall African-American stand-in (renamed Hakim) included instead. Although Chuck Norris is credited as starring in the film, his role is limited to clips from Way of the Dragon inserted into the film.

text: The film quality of the Clouse-directed footage was noticeably higher than that of Lee's earlier Hong Kong films, and John Barry provided an original soundtrack. The film also featured performances by experienced actors as well as up-and-coming stars, including two recipients of the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor (Dean Jagger and Gig Young) and several who have been honoured with a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, including Bruce Lee, Dean Jagger, Chuck Norris, Hugh O'Brian, and Gig Young (in his final film).

text: For Chinese-speaking audiences, the film was dubbed into Cantonese and Mandarin, and had significant changes, such as the inclusion of a fight in a greenhouse with Casanova Wong and a different opening and closing credits sequence, featuring a new theme song, plus a couple of minor scenes. Unlike the English version, they use Lee's actual battle sounds. Several scenes were removed, also, including the fight in the opera house dressing room.

text: In the original Hong Kong version, the fight with Ji Han-jae is included (during the middle of the film though), whilst the ending did not show Billy Lo being arrested. Instead, both he and Ann share their good-byes to Jim as they appear to depart Hong Kong on a boat. The Singaporean version ended with Billy's arrest, and it did not feature the Ji Han-jae fight. This is the version commonly found in Chinese.

text: The Mandarin dubbed version of the film featured a different theme song to that of the Cantonese version. The theme song sounded familiar to the main theme of Way of the Dragon. This version also included the scene where Billy and Ann share their good-byes to Jim. The Cantonese dubbed version shows the commonly found scene where Billy is arrested by the police.

text: Theme song[edit]

text:
Lyrics: James Wong
Composition and Arrangement: Joseph Koo
Performance: Roman Tam

text: The American score was composed by John Barry.

text: Reception[edit]

text: The film was successful at the Hong Kong box office, grossing HK$3,436,169, but was not well received. Criticism of the revised version included the inclusion of scenes that could be considered in bad taste, such as the incorporation of footage of Lee's actual funeral. Another scene, often pointed out by critics of the film, involved a shot of Kim looking at himself in the mirror, with an obvious cardboard cut-out of Lee's face pasted onto the mirror's surface.[5]

text: The action directed by Sammo Hung for the scenes with the Bruce Lee lookalikes and the footage that Lee shot for the original footage with the final three fights helped to alleviate the movie's problems. Apart from the cheesy techniques used to disguise the fact that Lee was being played by stand-ins, the movie enjoyed respectable production values.

text: Bey Logan points out a few logic issues with the 1978 film. In order for the henchmen to remain low key, they should be wearing more casual clothes instead of the multicolored tracksuits seen at various parts of the film. But as a rationale, this explains why Lee wears the yellow tracksuit. Also in the fight between Lee and Kareem Abdul-Jabbar, the scene near the vase in Logan's opinion appears to look choppy along with the short fight with Hugh O'Brian. Perhaps the most important thing on the first half of the English version, Lee's fight sequence has been taken down to a more realistic level and unlike previous films, he is seen to be beaten down instead of making short work of these henchmen.

text: However, despite those major flaws, for the western audiences, the story narrative is easier to follow through compared to his earlier films like The Big Boss, Fist of Fury and Way of the Dragon. Compared to the Hong Kong films, it has western characters and the story structure is more straightforward than the Hong Kong structure which has action, but the story's humor and drama might not work for the people in the west like the US and the UK.[6][7]

text: Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports the film as holding an overall 75% approval rating based on 8 reviews, of these six were fresh and two were rotten.

text: Other Game of Death films[edit]

text: After the death of Bruce Lee, several studios exploited the situation by making their own versions of Game of Death based on what they had learned of the story from production stills and magazine articles. Some of these films pre-dated Robert Clouse's official Game of Death (1978).

text:
Goodbye Bruce Lee: His Last Game of Death (1975)
Enter the Game of Death (1978)
The True Game of Death (1979)
Game of Death II (Tower of Death) (1981)

text: Wong Jing's film City Hunter also has a similar premise. Jackie Chan as Ryu Saeba takes on two tall black men and the film uses clips of Lee's fight scene against Kareem Abdul-Jabbar to get the better of the two.

text: Yellow-and-black tracksuit[edit]

text: The yellow-and-black one-piece tracksuit which Lee wore in the film has come to be seen as something of a trademark for the actor, and is paid homage to in numerous other media. In the Clouse-directed remake, the filmmakers rationalised its presence by including a scene where Billy Lo disguises himself as one of Dr. Land's motorcycle-riding thugs, who all wear striped jumpsuits.

text: In the warehouse scene, Billy Lo wears a pair of yellow Adidas shoes with black stripes and white shelltoes. Towards the end of the film, Billy wears a pair of yellow Onitsuka Tiger shoes, with black stripes. This was because the real Bruce Lee wore the latter when he was filming, and the double wore the former in the 1978 version to resemble his shoes.

text: In film[edit]

text:
Uma Thurman wears a similar suit in Kill Bill: Volume 1 when she travels to Japan to take on an underworld boss and assassin played by Lucy Liu. In homage to both the film and the remake, Thurman wears a two-piece suit and the Onitsuka Tiger sneakers as part of her motorcycle-riding gear, and keeps the suit on during her battle with Liu and her gang, the Crazy 88.
In Shaolin Soccer, a similar suit is worn by the goalie "Empty Hand" (Danny Chan Kwok-kwan), who resembles Lee.
In the Jet Li film High Risk, Jacky Cheung plays an action film star who is losing his fighting ability due to his cowardice. When he regains his courage at the end of the film, he wears a copy of the yellow tracksuit. The role is generally felt to be a parody of Jackie Chan, but the references to Bruce Lee are also obvious.
The 1985 film The Last Dragon, produced by Motown founder Berry Gordy, centred around a Bruce Lee fan, (Taimak), in search of reaching martial arts enlightenment who instructed his students wearing the same tracksuit.
In Revenge of the Nerds, Brian Tochi's character, Toshiro Takashi, wears the yellow jumpsuit while riding a tricycle during the inter-Greek competitions.
In the Wong Jing live-action City Hunter film, Jackie Chan uses the scene with Lee fighting Abdul-Jabbar as a reference to dispatch his own taller opponents.
In Finishing the Game, Breeze Loo, played by Roger Fan, wears a yellow and black striped jumpsuit.
In the 2011 British comedy film On the Ropes, writer and director Mark Noyce added a scene in homage to his idol Bruce Lee which featured Mick Western (played by Ben Shockley) wearing a yellow tracksuit.

text: In gaming[edit]

text:
The 1984 arcade video game Kung-Fu Master was inspired by Game of Death. The player protagonist fights bosses at the end of each level before climbing the stairs to the next, more difficult stage in a "Devil's Temple" with five floors.
Marshall Law and Forest Law, from the Tekken series of fighting games, resemble Bruce Lee with their move set, whoops and yells and wear a sleeveless version of the tracksuit.
In Dead or Alive 4, Jann Lee's third costume is none other than the tracksuit, and his ending movie includes him watching Bruce Lee films to help him practice Jeet Kune Do.
In the Playmore fighting game Rage of the Dragons, Mr. Jones (who already bears a striking resemblance to Kareem Abdul Jabbar) wears a suit very similar to the famous yellow jump suit.
The suit is present in the MMORPG Anarchy Online as a piece of equipment for powerful martial artist characters.
In Castlevania: Dawn of Sorrow, one equippable item is the "kung fu suit", whose icon is a yellow tracksuit with black vertical stripes along the sides.
Although the suit does not appear in any Street Fighter games, Fei Long wears it in several issues of the UDON Street Fighter comic book and in Masahiko Nakahira's Cammy manga.
In the video game Grand Theft Auto: Liberty City Stories, the main character can wear an identical outfit called the "Dragon Jumpsuit".
In the video game Shadow Hearts Wugui's signature move is called "Game of Death"
In the video game Shadow Hearts: From the New World, talking cat and drunken master Mao confronts the master of cat martial arts, the tracksuit-clad "Bruce Meow".
In WWE SmackDown vs. Raw 2008, the tracksuit is available in the "Create a WWE Superstar" mode.
In Persona 4, the character Chie Satonaka's Persona is dressed in the same yellow jumpsuit, and fights with a combination of spears and Jeet Kun Do.
In Street Fighter IV, the character Rufus wears a yellow and black tracksuit. The suit matches his personality of having a great love for martial arts movies, leading to his style being adopted from imitating martial arts movies and mail order courses.
In the online game Dragon Fist 3: Age of the Warrior, one of the characters from martial arts films is Billy Lo (with Lee being animated out) from this film, dressed in the yellow-and-black jumpsuit, fighting with Jeet Kune Do, using a yellow nunchaku (which is not found in the Character Editor) as a weapon, and the one inch punch as a special move.
In most servers of the Dragonica online game, the gladiator class can summon a Bruce Lee-styled character named Bro Lee who wears the jumpsuit to perform some Kung Fu moves. The players can also buy the suit from the cash shop to equip on their characters.
The yellow-and-black tracksuit can be bought in Mortal Kombat: Armageddon for use in the Kreate-A-Fighter mode.
In Rumble Fighter, Billy's jumpsuit is available in yellow, blue and green under the name "Billy Lo". Jeet Kune Do is also available as a fighting style.
A similar tracksuit can be found and worn in the Capcom game Dead Rising 2.
In Sleeping Dogs, Wei Shen can wear the "Hai Tien Vintage Jumpsuit".
In The Last of Us, one of Ellie's unlockable costumes is the yellow jumpsuit.
In Animal Crossing: New Leaf, there are several pieces of clothing that resemble this iconic outfit. They are referred to as the "Dragon Suit".
In My Talking Tom at level 30, Tom can unlock the "Jumpsuit Fur".
In EA Sports UFC and EA Sports UFC 2 the unlockable Bruce Lee character wears yellow and black compression shorts modeled after the yellow track suit.

text: In music[edit]

text:
A short promotional video for the virtual band, Gorillaz, showed the fictional animated guitarist, Noodle, taking on a pack of thugs while dressed in the tracksuit and imitating Lee's fighting style. Noodle also wore the suit in the Game of Death short clip from Phase One: Celebrity Take Down.
The band, Sugar Ray, in their video for the single "When It's Over", included a segment in which one of the band members fantasizes about having a kung fu battle similar to the fight scene between Lee and Kareem Abdul-Jabbar. The band member wears Lee's tracksuit, his opponent wears a beard, clothes, and sunglasses similar to Abdul-Jabbar's, and the video duplicates the scene in which a seated Kareem kicks Lee in the chest, knocking him down and leaving a huge footprint on his chest.
Topper Headon of The Clash was known to wear a similar jumpsuit at live shows; he is seen wearing in it the 1980 film Rude Boy.[citation needed]
Avant-garde guitarist Buckethead released a cover of "Game of Death" in 2006.[8] He also wore a yellow tracksuit while playing live and performed with nunchakus on stage.
American band, Far East Movement's song, "Satisfaction"[9] featured the yellow jumpsuits in its video, as the song was the soundtrack to the 2007 mockumentary Finishing the Game.
Canadian hard rock duo Indian Handcrafts' song "Bruce Lee" uses the film as lyrical inspiration, while the music video features the two band members performing an over-the-top fight scene, with guitarist Daniel Brandon Allen wearing the signature yellow jumpsuit.
In the Iggy Azalea's song Black Widow featuring Rita Ora music video that is based on Kill Bill, Azelea wears a white & black tracksuit and Ora wears a black & red tracksuit. Both suits resemble Uma Thurman's version of the tracksuit.
In the video for Black Label Society's 2009 song "Overlord", frontman Zakk Wylde wears the iconic tracksuit, and the video pays humorous homage to the film.

text: In manga, anime, and other cartoons[edit]

text:
In "Karate Island", a fourth-season episode of SpongeBob SquarePants (which is itself a take-off of Game of Death), Sandy Cheeks wears a yellow tracksuit similar to Bruce's.
In the Urusei Yatsura episode titled "The Mendo Family's Masquerade War", Ataru was wearing a yellow tracksuit with black stripes while trying to court Mendou's sister who is sporting nunchakus. Both Ataru's yellow tracksuit and the Mendou sister's nunchakus are a homage to Bruce Lee.[1][2]
In the anime/manga Tenjho Tenge, there is a short appearance of a character named "Inosato Dan" who is the leader of the "Jun Fan Gung Fu club" (Jun Fan is Bruce Lee's Chinese name). He resembles Bruce Lee very much, and wears the jumpsuit. However, in the anime the colors of the jumpsuit are switched to a black suit with yellow stripes.
Duel No. 25 of the Yu-Gi-Oh! manga features some references to Bruce Lee. Yugi's fighting-game character of choice is a Bruce Lee clone called Bruce Ryu. His opponent, the villain of the chapter, wears the yellow jumpsuit and calls his fight with Jonouchi a "Game of Death". The subsequent "Death-T" arc then follows a similar structure to the movie with Yugi fighting his way up to the top stage where he has a one on one bout with Seto Kaiba.
The second episode of the anime series Cowboy Bebop, "Stray Dog Strut", further plays homage with the episode's main antagonist being named Abdul Hakim (after Kareem Abdul-Jabbar's character) and bearing a strikingly similar appearance.
The character Mr. Tanaka from Sonic X wears the suit in an episode.
The character Sasshi, from the anime Magical Shopping Arcade Abenobashi, also gets a uniform called the Game of Death suit, later imitating Lee in both appearance and mannerisms.
Another reference is found in Great Teacher Onizuka, where the main character, Onizuka Eikichi, wears the same suits when performing feats of strength like breaking a baseball bat with a kick in front of his class.
In episode 18 of the anime, Gin Tama, Kagura wears a suit similar to Bruce's suit in this movie.
The character, Mandy, from The Grim Adventures of Billy & Mandy wore a yellow jumpsuit in the episode "Modern Primitives / Giant Billy and Mandy All-Out Attack". The episode also had parodies from Akira (Mandy drives a bike similar to Kaneda's in the series), the "Godzilla" franchise (there are several giant monsters that parody monsters from the franchise including the name of the episode), and Kill Bill (a check off list plus a red screened close-up mimicking the bride).
A game sprite resembling an Asian man can be seen wearing Bruce Lee's yellow suit during the first and third seasons of ReBoot.
A Gorillabite from the band Gorillaz is titled Game of Death. In the bite, Noodle, the guitarist, dons the yellow tracksuit to take on Russel.
The cover for the third volume of the American DVD release of the anime, PaniPoni Dash!, features the main character Rebecca Miyamoto wearing a track suit similar to Bruce Lee's. The subtitle for the DVD, "Class of Death", also pays homage to Game of Death.
In episode 20 of Hayate the Combat Butler, Hayate asks Maria if she knows "the art of assassination". She denies it, but Hayate does not believe her and Nagi imagines what Maria would look like wearing a yellow jumpsuit and holding nunchucks.
Episode 100 of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles cartoon depicts Master Splinter's former owner, Hamato Yoshi, wearing the yellow tracksuit.
In The Boondocks episode "Let's Nab Oprah", Oprah's bodyguard Bushido Brown is seen as a reference to Jim Kelly's character, Williams in Enter the Dragon. Brown also tells main character Huey Freeman "You come straight out of a comic book", a reference to Enter the Dragon. However, he wears a Karate gi version of the yellow and black tracksuit in the episode "Stinkmeaner 3: The Hateocracy".
When cosplaying the character Hong Kong from the anime series Hetalia Axis Powers, fans love to portray him wearing the yellow tracksuit.
In episode 11 of HeartCatch PreCure!, the guest characters for the episode, brothers Masato Sakai and Yoshito Sakai, both wear the yellow tracksuit. Masato Sakai styles himself as a Kung Fu master and his brother is his pupil.
In episode 18 of Xiaolin Showdown The character of Kimiko Tohomiko is seen wearing yellow track pants with a black stripe. The rest of her outfit is yellow with long black gloves.
In "Tofu-Town Showdown", an episode of the second season of the TV show Chowder, the character Schnitzel wore a yellow tracksuit and a similar Bruce Lee's haircut, then he turns into a Super Saiyan, making a parody of Dragon Ball.
In Jackie Chan Adventures episode "The Chosen One" a man is dress in a yellow jumpsuit and using nunchucks.
In episode 23 of Kuromukuro, the character Shenmei Liu wore a yellow tracksuit and does a flying kick similar to Bruce Lee's when her friends were filming a movie.
In episode 8 of Akiba's Trip: The Animation, the character Arisa Ahokainen wore a yellow tracksuit during her training days with her master.

text: Home video[edit]

text: As one of Bruce Lee's perennially popular handful of films to receive wide exposure to western audiences, Game of Death has seen many reissues on every home video format. It is particularly widespread on DVD[10] and Blu-ray[11] and in 2016 was released on the latter in a new 4K restoration, scanned from the original negative.[12][13]