document_title: Michael Jackson: The Experience

question_text: who is the dancer in the michael jackson experience

text: Michael Jackson: The Experience

text: Gameplay[edit]

text: The Wii, PS3, and Kinect versions of the game feature Just Dance style gameplay. There are three modes of play in both the Wii and PS3 version of the game. The first is "Classic" where everybody follows the on-screen Michael Jackson avatar. The second is "Duo" which is used for duets (such as "The Girl Is Mine") or videos with two main characters (such as "The Way You Make Me Feel" and "In the Closet") The player(s) can choose to dance as either Michael or the other character. The third mode of gameplay is "Crew", which features Michael and two backup dancers (five during some songs.) Players can opt to dance as any of the three. After performing songs, players will be able to unlock training videos in the "Dance School" where they are taught some of the more difficult moves from several of Michael Jackson's music videos and stage performances.

text: Four player multiplayer is available on the Wii and Move enabled PlayStation 3 but the Kinect will be limited to one player at a time. The game will also feature singing on the Kinect version on Xbox 360, and optional on-screen lyrics on the PlayStation 3 with will also feature singing and Wii versions. The DS version features gameplay similar to Elite Beat Agents. In this version, there is a cartoon version of Michael on the top screen and the player follows along by tapping the bottom screen with the stylus to the rhythm of the music. Also on Nintendo DS version, there is an anti-piracy feature created by Ubisoft that will freeze the game and replace the audio with the sound of vuvuzelas (popularized by the South Africans in World Cup 2010) if the player is playing a pirated or ROM version of the game.[6] It was also revealed that on the Wii version players can play as Jackson or the Back-up Dancers. The game was displayed at New York Comic Con at Ubisoft's booth.

text: Kinect features[edit]

text: The Kinect version of the game features full body tracking, and entirely different choreography to the Wii version,[7] along with several other changes and additions. This version uses a technology called Player Projection, which puts the player's own image in the game allowing them to star in their own Michael Jackson video. The Kinect version includes two game modes: "Solo" and "Party". Solo mode features one player. Party mode features 2-4 players. There are two options in Party mode: "Co-Op" and "Battle". Co-Op mode is a "every player for themselves" mode as players take turns jumping in and jumping out in order to complete the song. Battle mode is a team mode where two teams face off to get the highest score. Battle mode is a little different from Co-Op mode as each team performs the song together and the song gets broken down into two parts in which one player dances and the other player sings. Party mode only features Dance Mode, Performance Mode and Master Performance Mode. There are four symbols to represent each player: Michael's glove, Michael's hat, Michael's shades and one of Michael's jackets. Several of the songs in the game will not feature any moves to perform, instead becoming "Singing Only" songs, with "Earth Song" being the first song confirmed as Singing Only. There are certain songs that have moves that can be taught in a practice mode called "MJ School". During each performance, a crown will pop up above the player's head and the player must hit the crown to activate "King Power" before it fades away. The crown, appearing only once per song, will multiply the score by 8. Similar to the Wii version, the player is scored on how well they sing and dance. The player can get five different grades: "Perfect", "Good" and "OK" increases the player's score, while "Almost" and "Miss" make causes the player to lose their current score. Points add up at the end of each song along with the rating of stars the player receives and a photo the player takes during their performance. Players can either use the Kinect's built-in microphone or an attached mic/headset to sing.[7] The game does include the option, however, to choose a "Dance Only" version of the song, which means the player will not be asked to sing.[7] The Kinect version will also feature a mode known as Master Performance, which will require the player to both sing and dance to a set of choreographed moves that are harder than the normal moves, and "as close as possible to the videos".[8]

text: PlayStation 3 and Vita features[edit]

text: In addition to the singing and dancing functionalities found in the Xbox 360 version, the PlayStation 3 version allows the player to sing or dance at the same time as other players.[9] There is also the option to record the video clips or take pictures of the player's performance, and allows the player to save or upload them to sites, such as Facebook. The PlayStation Vita version was ported with Improved graphics in HD, Multiplayer (AD-Hoc), Trophy Support, Motion Sensor support, Multi-touch support, and instead of taking off the On-screen notes, it was replaced with the ability to use the Rear touch pad for an even harder challenge and since its use the multi-touch, the difficulty has been given an upgrade to increase the challenge. The PS Vita version, compared to the 3DS version, has been given an whole new look in graphics and on resolution, with the player being able to use their finger instead of a 3DS stylus. The Vita version doesn't have any downloadable content.

text: List of songs[edit]

text:
Song
Album
Year
Wii
DS
PSP
Vita, 3DS and iOS
PS3 and 360
Mac OS X
iPad 2
iPhone
Difficulty

"Bad"
Bad
1987
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Medium / Medium

"Beat It"
Thriller
1982
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Medium / Hard

"Billie Jean"
Thriller
1982
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Medium

"Black or White"
Dangerous
1991
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Hard / Medium

"Don't Stop 'Til You Get Enough"
Off the Wall
1979
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Medium / Medium

"Leave Me Alone"
Bad
1987
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Easy

"Smooth Criminal"
Bad
1987
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Medium / Easy

"Thriller"
Thriller
1982
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Inhuman (Nightmare difficulty on PS3 version) / Hard

"Way You Make Me Feel !The Way You Make Me Feel"*
Bad
1987
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
Yes
Medium / Medium

"Remember the Time"
Dangerous
1991
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Hard / Hard

"Ghosts"
Blood on the Dance Floor: HIStory in the Mix
1997
Yes
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Hard / Medium

"Another Part of Me"
Bad
1987
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
No
No
No
Medium

"Rock with You"
Off the Wall
1979
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
No
Easy

"Heal the World"
Dangerous
1991
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
No
No
Easy

"Wanna Be Startin' Somethin'"*
Thriller
1982
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
No
No
No
Medium

"Speed Demon"
Bad
1987
Yes
No
No
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Hard / Hard

"Streetwalker"
Bad: Special Edition
2001
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
No
No
No
Easy

"Who Is It"
Dangerous
1991
Yes
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Easy

"Blood on the Dance Floor"
Blood on the Dance Floor: HIStory in the Mix
1997
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Hard

"Will You Be There"
Dangerous
1991
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
Medium / Easy

"Girl Is Mine !The Girl Is Mine" (feat. Paul McCartney)
Thriller
1982
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
No
No
Easy / Easy

"I Just Can't Stop Loving You" (feat. Siedah Garrett)
Bad
1987
Yes
No
No
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
Easy / Easy

"They Don't Care About Us"
HIStory: Past, Present and Future, Book I
1995
Yes
No
No
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
Hard / Medium

"Hollywood Tonight"
Michael
2010
No
No
No
Yes
No
No
Yes
Yes
Hard

"Working Day and Night"
Off the Wall
1979
Yes
No
No
No
Yes
No
No
No
Medium

"Dirty Diana"
Bad
1987
Yes
No
No
No
Yes
No
No
No
Easy / Medium

"In the Closet"
Dangerous
1991
Yes
No
No
No
Yes
No
No
No
Medium / Medium

"Money"
HIStory; Past, Present and Future Book I
1995
Yes
No
No
No
Yes
No
No
No
Medium

"Earth Song"
HIStory: Past, Present and Future, Book I
1995
Yes
No
No
No
Yes
No
No
No
Medium

"Stranger in Moscow"
HIStory: Past, Present and Future, Book I
1995
No
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
No
No
Easy

"Sunset Driver"
Ultimate Collection !The Ultimate Collection
2004
Yes
No
No
No
Yes
No
No
No
Hard

text:
A "*" indicates that there is a dance teaching video of that song.
A "**" indicates that there is a three-part dance teaching video of that song.
A "***" indicates that the song is only available for the 360 and PS3 consoles in the Walmart version of the game

text: In the Wii console version of the game, "Money" is incorrectly credited as a song from the album Blood on the Dance Floor: HIStory in the Mix which was released in 1997. This would be true if the song in the game was the remix but it is the original version of the song, released on HIStory: Past, Present and Future, Book I in 1995.

text: Reception[edit]

text:
Reception

Aggregate scores

Aggregator
Score

GameRankings
(X360) 65.34%[10]
(NDS) 64.25%[11]
(PS3) 62.88%[12]
(3DS) 62.00%[13]
(Wii) 59.92%[14]
(Vita) 59.73%[15]
(PSP) 42.50%[16]

Metacritic
(PS3) 66/100[17]
(NDS) 64/100[18]
(X360) 63/100[19]
(3DS) 59/100[20]
(Vita) 57/100[21]
(Wii) 56/100[22]

Review scores

Publication
Score

Destructoid
6/10

Eurogamer
8/10[9]

GameSpot
6.5/10 [23]

GameTrailers
5.1[24]

IGN
6.5/10

ONM
59%[25]

OPM (UK)
6/10[26]

Play
2.6[27]

PSM3
85[28]

VideoGamer.com
7/10

The Guardian
3/5[29]

Daily Mail
3/5[30]

Daily Star
75%[31]

The Sun
4/5[32]

text: The Michael Jackson Experience was met with generally positive reviews, with most of them citing the varied differences between the different versions of the game. The reviews for the DS and PSP versions were above average, with a slightly better score for the DS version. IGN gave a 6.5/10 for DS[33] and 5.5/10 for the PSP.[34] Destructoid gave a 6/10 for the DS version.[35]

text: IGN gave the Wii version a 3.5 saying that it does not give clear instructions on how to dance and also criticized the controls.[34] Metro gave it 5/10, describing it as "perfectly good party fun if you don’t care that the controls don't work."[36] The game received positive reviews from tabloids that had previously been anti-Jackson.[32][31] Videogamer.com gave the review a 7/10, stating that the music overplays the responsiveness difficulty.[37] CNET gave the game 5/5, writing that the game is "extremely easy to pick up and play" and "the choreography is amazing"[38] The Escapist gave the game 4/5, noting that the game "is not meant to be played by yourself."[39]

text: Eurogamer thought that the Xbox dance routines "feel a little slower and more simplistic than those in the PS3 game",[9] while the Daily Star said that "the Move seems a touch more sensitive".[31]


document_title: Michigan Wolverines men's basketball

question_text: when's the last time michigan won the national championship in basketball

question_tokens: when 's the last time michigan won the national championship in basketball

root

text: Michigan Wolverines men's basketball

text: Michigan's history[edit]

text: Early years (1908–19)[edit]

text: As a result of public and alumni demand for a basketball team, Michigan fielded a team of members of the then-current student body and achieved a 1–4 record for the 1908–09 season. However, after three years of demanding a basketball program, the student body did not attend the games and the program was terminated due to low attendance.[9] Basketball returned in 1917 in what was considered the inaugural season of varsity basketball. The team was coached by Elmer Mitchell who instituted the intramural sports program at Michigan. The team finished 6–12 overall (0–10, Big Ten). The following year Mitchell led the team to a 16–8 (5–5) record.[9]

tag: p

text: Mather era (1919–28)[edit]

text: E. J. Mather coached the team to three Big Ten titles in his nine seasons as coach. After inheriting Mitchell's team, which he led to a 10–13 overall (3–9, Big Ten) record during the 1919–20 season, he led the team to an 18–4 overall (8–4, Big Ten) record during the 1920–21 season.[9] This 1921 team won its first eight and last eight games to tie the Wisconsin Badgers and Purdue Boilermakers for the Big Ten title.[10] The team won back-to-back championships in 1925–26 and 1926–27.[9] The 1926 squad, which was captained by Richard Doyle who became the team's first All-American, tied with Purdue, the Iowa Hawkeyes and Indiana Hoosiers for the conference championship. The 1927 team had a new All-American, Bennie Oosterbaan, and won the school's first back-to-back championships and first outright championship with a 14–3 overall (10–2, Big Ten) record.[9][10] Mather died after a lengthy battle with cancer in August 1928.[9]

text: Veenker era (1928–31)[edit]

text: George F. Veenker compiled the highest overall and highest Big Ten winning percentages of any coach in school history during his three years as coach. He earned 1st(tied), 3rd and 2nd(tied) finishes during his three seasons, which included the 1928–29 conference championship. During Veenker's first season his team compiled a 13–3 overall (10–2, Big Ten) record to win the conference, and Veenker continues to be the only coach in school history to win a conference championship in his first season.[10][11] The championship team, which finished tied with Wisconsin, was captained by the school's third All-American Ernie McCoy.[10] Veenker resigned to become the Iowa State Cyclones football head coach.[11]

text: Cappon era (1931–38)[edit]

text: Franklin Cappon had a long history of association with Michigan athletics starting with his service as a four-time letterman in football and basketball from 1919 to 1923. In 1928, he became assistant football and basketball coach and in 1929 he served as Fielding H. Yost's assistant Athletic Director.[12] Although the highlight of Cappon's tenure as coach was a 16–4 (9–3) third place 1936–37 Big Ten finish, he coached John Townsend who in his 1937–38 senior season became last All-American for at least 10 years.[4][13] The team finished third in two other seasons with less impressive records of 10–8 overall (8–4, Big Ten) in 1932–33 and 15–5 overall (7–5, Big Ten) 1935–36,[14] and Cappon's overall record was 78–57 overall (44–40, Big Ten).[12] A notable captain during the Cappon era was 1933–34 captain Ted Petoskey, a two-time football All-American end and eventual Major League Baseball player.[15]

text: Oosterbaan era (1938–46)[edit]

text: In 1938 Michigan coaching duties were assumed by one of its greatest athletes. Bennie Oosterbaan had been an All-American in both football and basketball and held various coaching positions at Michigan in both of those sports as well as baseball. In basketball, he implemented a fast-paced attack as coach, and his teams' best overall record was 13–7 in 1939–40. That season he tied with his final season for his best Big Ten record at 6–6. He resigned after eight seasons to concentrate on his football coaching duties.[12]

text: Cowles era (1946–48)[edit]

text: Under Ozzie Cowles, during the 1947–48 season, Michigan ended the longest (19 years) consecutive year period without a conference championship in school history. They also became the first contestants in the NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament during Cowles second of two seasons.[16] The 1947–48 team posted a 16–6 overall (10–2, Big Ten) record. This team also posted the first undefeated home performance in school history with a 9–0 overall (6–0, Big Ten) record.[14]

text: McCoy era (1948–52)[edit]

text: Ernie McCoy became the second former All-American Wolverine player to coach the team.[3] Like Oosterbaan before him, he became a football and baseball coach at Michigan. He also served as assistant Athletic Director under Fritz Crisler. During his four seasons as basketball coach, Michigan's best finish was during the 1948–49 season when they finished 15–6 overall (7–5, Big Ten) and earned a third place Big Ten Conference finish. He coached Michigan's first All-Big Ten basketball players that season in Pete Elliot and captain Bob Harrison who were both selected to the first team.[17] Harrison returned the following season as the first repeat first-team All-Big Ten basketball player and Elliot was a second-team honoree.[18] McCoy served as a football scout at the same time.[17]

text: Perigo era (1952–60)[edit]

text: Bill Perigo took over the Michigan coaching job after having served three seasons as Western Michigan basketball coach. Despite previous success as a conference basketball champion coach at Western and subsequent success as a Michigan High School Athletic Association (MHSAA) champion basketball coach, his Michigan teams endured several mediocre seasons.[17] His best Big Ten records came in 1956–57 and 1958–59 when his teams compiled 8–6 conference records. The latter team was tied for second in the conference and was 15–7 overall (8–6, Big Ten).[19] It also had Perigo's only first-team All-Big Ten athlete in M. C. Burton.[18] Team captain and two-time football consensus All-American Ron Kramer was third-team All-Big Ten in 1957 after being second-team All-Big Ten in both 1955 and 1956.[18]

text: Strack era (1960–68)[edit]

text: Dave Strack, a former team 1945–46 captain, had become the freshman basketball team coach in 1948 and later had become a variety assistant to Perigo.[20] He led the team to three consecutive Big Ten Championships from 1963–66 and a third-place finish in the 1964 NCAA tournament. During 1964–65 the team compiled a 24–4 overall (13–1, Big Ten) record while completing an undefeated 11–0 overall (7–0, Big Ten) home season and was the national runner-up, falling to John Wooden's UCLA in the 1965 championship game. Strack earned United Press International (UPI) National Coach of the Year honors. The team ended the season listed number one in both the UPI and Associated Press (AP) national rankings. He recruited All-Americans Russell and Buntin to anchor his mid-1960s teams.[20] Tomjanovich also became a Wolverine at the end of Strack's career and became second team All-Big Ten in 1968 subsequent later stardom.[18] The 1964 team, which went 23–5 overall (11–3, Big Ten), tied with Ohio State with sophomore Russell and junior Buntin. In 1965, Buntin became the first Wolverine to be drafted by the NBA. In 1966, Russell led the team to its third straight conference championship and NCAA selection on his way to National Player of the Year honors.[16]

text: Orr era (1968–80)[edit]

text: In Johnny Orr's twelve seasons, he twice (1973–74 and 1976–77) earned Big Ten Coach of the Year honors with Big Ten championships. His teams earned four consecutive NCAA selections from 1974–77. The 25–7 overall (14–4, Big Ten) 1976 team lost to an undefeated Indiana team in the NCAA championship game, and Orr earned National Association of Basketball Coaches Coach of the Year honors that season. The 26–4 overall (16–2, Big Ten) 1977 team finished first in both the AP and UPI national rankings, and Orr won Basketball Weekly National Coach of the Year honors.[21] During Orr's tenure, six players earned a total of seven All-American recognitions, which is the most of any Michigan coach.[3] Steve Grote became Michigan's only three-time first-team Academic All-American from 1975–77 and with a second team All Big Ten as well as three honorable mentions was the first four-time All-Big Ten honoree.[22]

text: Frieder era (1980–89)[edit]

text: Bill Frieder, who had been an assistant coach for seven years, took over from Orr in 1980. He coached the school's first post-season basketball champions during the 1983–84 season and the following two teams were back-to-back conference champions. The 1983–84 team compiled a 24–9 overall (11–7, Big Ten) record on their way to a NIT championship victory over Notre Dame. The 1984–85 team went 26–4 overall (16–2, Big Ten), which earned Frieder Big Ten and AP National Coach of the Year honors. The 1985–86 team, which finished 28–5 overall (14–4, Big Ten), started the season with sixteen victories to make a total of thirty-three consecutive regular season victories. Frieder earned five of Michigan's six consecutive NCAA births from 1985–90, currently the longest streak in program history.[23] Roy Tarpley led the 1985 team as Big Ten MVP.[23] Frieder resigned, upon request,[24] immediately prior to the 1989 NCAA tournament to assume the coaching job for the Arizona State Sun Devils men's basketball team.[25]

text: Fisher era (1989–97)[edit]

text: Steve Fisher assumed the coaching position immediately before the 1989 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament from Frieder after having served and led the team to six straight victories and the championship. Fisher also signed the most famous recruiting class known as the Fab Five (Chris Webber, Juwan Howard, Jalen Rose, Jimmy King and Ray Jackson). He would take these players to the NCAA championship game as Freshmen and Sophomores.[26] In their sophomore 1992–93 season they compiled a 31–5 overall (15–3, Big Ten) record,[26] which has since been vacated. Fisher also won the 1997 NIT tournament with a team that compiled a 25–9 overall (11–5) record.[26][27] Many of Fisher's accomplishments were tarnished by NCAA sanctions. He left the job due to the University of Michigan basketball scandal.[28]

text: Ellerbe era (1997–2001)[edit]

text: Brian Ellerbe assumed the title of interim coach less than five months after becoming an assistant coach. He was named full-time coach following the 25–9 (11–5) 1997–98 season in which he led the team to victories over Iowa, Minnesota and Purdue to capture the Big Ten Conference Men's Basketball Tournament championship. His subsequent teams never finished better than seventh in the conference.[29]

text: Amaker era (2001–07)[edit]

text: Tommy Amaker inherited a team that imposed sanctions on itself after his first year at the helm of the program.[30] Nonetheless, he coached the team to the postseason three times including both an NIT championship in 2004 and a runner-up finish in 2006. During the 2005–06, when the team compiled a 22–11 overall (8–8, Big Ten) record, he led them to their first national ranking in eight years when they reached the #20 position.[31] Despite his successes, the team never won a Big Ten Championship and never made the NCAA tournament, which led to his firing after six seasons.[7]

text: Beilein era (2007–present)[edit]

text: John Beilein's 10–22 overall (5–13 Big Ten) inaugural season featured the most losses in Michigan's history. However, in Beilein's second season, the team posted impressive non-conference victories over top-five ranked opponents UCLA and Duke. Beilein led Michigan to the 2009 NCAA Tournament, its first appearance since 1998 and the first that was not vacated since 1995.[32] After upsetting Clemson in the first round, the Wolverines were eliminated by Oklahoma in Round 2 by a final score of 73–63.[33]

text: Following a disappointing 15–17 season in 2009–10, the Wolverines bounced back to return to the NCAA Tournament in 2011, advancing to the round of 32 before losing to top-seeded Duke, 73–71. The 2010–11 Wolverines, who swept rival Michigan State for the first time since 1997, finished the season 21–14. In the 2011–12 season, Michigan split the season series with both Ohio State and Michigan State and went on to be co-Big Ten champs along with the Buckeyes and Spartans. It was the program's first Big Ten title for Michigan since 1986. The Wolverines finished the season 24-10 and 13-5 in conference play, losing in the opening round of the NCAA Tournament.

text: The 2012–13 Michigan team earned a #1 ranking in the AP Poll on January 28, 2013, marking the first time since November 30, 1992, that Michigan held that position.[34] The team also made program history for the best season start, at 21–2. On March 31, The Wolverines defeated Florida by a score of 79–59 to make their first Final Four appearance since the 1992–93 season. The Wolverines then defeated Syracuse by a score of 61–56 in the Final Four. In the 2013 National Championship game, the Wolverines lost against Louisville by the score of 82–76.

text: The 2013–14 team had another strong season, winning Michigan's first outright Big Ten championship since 1986 and advancing to the Elite Eight of the NCAA tournament, where it lost to Kentucky, 75–72.

text: During the 2016–17 season, Beilein became the winningest coach in school history, passing Johnny Orr with his 210th win, 75–55 over Illinois on March 9 in the opening round of the 2017 Big Ten Tournament. Michigan went on to win the tournament, its first since the vacated 1998 title, winning four games in four days as the #8 seed and capping it off with a 71–56 championship victory over Wisconsin.

text: During the 2017–18 season, Beilein's Wolverines again won four games in four days to win back-to-back Big Ten Tournament championships for the first time in school history. The team went on to win the West regional title and advance to the Final Four following its win over Florida State, 58-54. The win improved the team's record to 32-7, marking a new school record for victories. The 2017–18 Michigan Wolverines men's basketball team moved on to the NCAA tournament championship, where they lost against Villanova to a score of 79-62.

text: Coaching Staff[edit]

text: As of March 3, 2018

text:
Name
Position coached
Consecutive season at
Michigan in current position

John Beilein
Head coach
11th

Saddi Washington
Assistant Coach
2nd

DeAndre Haynes
Assistant Coach
1st

Luke Yaklich
Assistant Coach
1st

Chris Hunter
Director of Basketball Operations
1st

Jon Sanderson
Head Strength and Conditioning Coach
7th

Alex Wong, Mississippi, AT, ATC
Athletic Trainer
3rd

Bryan Smothers
Graduate Assistant

Devon Mulry
Graduate Manager

Reference:[35]

tag: table

text: Championships[edit]

text: NCAA National Championships[edit]

text:
Year
Coach
Opponent
Score
Site
Overall Record
Big Ten Record

1989
Steve Fisher
Seton Hall
80–79 (OT)
Seattle
30–7
12–6

National Championships
1

text: Big Ten Regular Season Championships[edit]

text:
Year
Coach
Overall Record
Conference Record

1921§
E. J. Mather
18–4
8–4

1926§
E. J. Mather
12–5
8–4

1927
E. J. Mather
14–3
10–2

1929§
George Veenker
13–3
10–2

1948
Ozzie Cowles
16–6
10–2

1964§
Dave Strack
23–5
11–3

1965
Dave Strack
24–4
13–1

1966
Dave Strack
18–8
11–3

1974§
Johnny Orr
22–5
12–2

1977
Johnny Orr
26–4
16–2

1985
Bill Frieder
26–4
16–2

1986
Bill Frieder
28–5
14–4

2012§
John Beilein
24–10
13–5

2014
John Beilein
28–9
15–3

Big Ten Regular Season Championships
14

text: § – Conference co-champions

text: Big Ten Tournament Championships[edit]

text:
Year
Coach
Opponent
Score
Site
Overall Record
Big Ten Record

2017
John Beilein
Wisconsin
71–56
Washington, D.C.
26–12
10–8

2018
John Beilein
Purdue
75–66
New York City
33–8
13–5

Big Ten Tournament Championships
2

text: *Later vacated by NCAA

text: Rivalries[edit]

text:
Duke–Michigan basketball rivalry
Michigan–Michigan State basketball rivalry
Michigan–Ohio State basketball rivalry

tag: ul

text: Record against Big Ten opponents[edit]

text:
Opponent
Series record

Illinois
84*–87 (80–87)

Indiana
61*–106 (58–106)

Iowa
94*–63 (90–63)

Maryland
6–6

Michigan State
100*–81 (93–81)

Minnesota
93*–66 (87–66)

Nebraska
15*–3 (14–3)

Northwestern
112*–59 (106–59)

Ohio State
78*–102 (72–102)

Penn State
35*–12 (29–12)

Purdue
71*–88 (66–88)

Rutgers
10–0

Wisconsin
94*–71 (87–71)

Total
853*–745 (798–745)

text: Totals through March 4, 2018

text: Fab Five[edit]

text: The Fab Five, the 1991 recruiting class of five freshman starters, were Chris Webber, Juwan Howard, Jalen Rose, Jimmy King, and Ray Jackson. They were notable for having gone to the championship game of the 1992 and 1993 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament as freshmen and sophomores, for having started the trend of wearing baggy gym shorts,[36][37] which was later popularized by Michael Jordan,[38] and for wearing black athletic socks.[38][39] Due to the Ed Martin scandal, the records from their 1992 Final Four appearance and the entire following season have been forfeited.[38] Although Webber was the only member of the Fab Five officially implicated with the scandal, the reputation of the whole group has been tarnished.[40] Webber (1993), Howard (1994) and Rose (1992, 1994) were college basketball All-Americans.[3][41] and both King (1995 3rd team and 1993 & 1994 honorable mention) and Jackson (1995 2nd team & 1994 honorable mention) achieved All-Big Ten honors.[18] All but Jackson played in the NBA.[42] They were the subject of Mitch Albom's book entitled Fab Five: Basketball, Trash Talk, the American Dream,[43] which at one point was under development by Fox Television as a made-for-television movie.[44] In March 2011 ESPN broadcast a documentary, Fab Five, that was the network's highest-rated in its history.

text: Ed Martin scandal[edit]

text: During the University of Michigan basketball scandal the Big Ten Conference, National Collegiate Athletic Association, Federal Bureau of Investigation, Internal Revenue Service, and United States Department of Justice investigated the relationship between the University of Michigan, its men's basketball teams and basketball team booster Ed Martin. The program was punished for NCAA rules violations, principally involving payments booster Martin made to several players to launder money from an illegal gambling operation. It is one of the largest incidents involving payments to college athletes in American collegiate history.[45] It was described as one of the three or four worst violations of NCAA bylaws in history up to that time by the NCAA infractions committee chairman and the largest athlete payment scandal ever by ESPN.[45][46]

text: The case began when the investigation of an automobile rollover accident during Mateen Cleaves' 1996 Michigan Wolverines recruiting trip revealed a curious relationship between Martin and the team. Several Michigan basketball players were implicated over the next few years and by 1999 several were called before a federal grand jury. Four eventual professional basketball players (Chris Webber, Maurice Taylor, Robert Traylor and Louis Bullock) were discovered to have borrowed a total of $616,000 from Martin.[45] During the investigation, Webber claimed not to have had any financial relationship with Martin. Eventually he confessed to having accepted some of the money he was charged with having borrowed. For his perjury during a federal grand jury investigation, he was both fined in the legal system and briefly suspended by National Basketball Association after performing public service.[47][48]

text: In 2002, the University punished itself when it became apparent that its players were guilty by declaring itself ineligible for post season play immediately, returning post season play monetary rewards, vacating five seasons of games, removing commemorative banners, and placing itself on a two-year probation.[49] The following year, the NCAA accepted these punishments, doubled both the probation period and the post-season ineligibility, penalized the school one scholarship for four seasons, and ordered disassociation from the four guilty players until 2012.[46][50] The disasociation formally ended on May 8, 2013.[51] The additional year of post-season ineligibility was overturned on appeal.[52][53]

text: The punishment cost the 17–13 2002–03 team its post-season eligibility, cost past teams the 1997 National Invitation Tournament and the 1998 Big Ten Tournament championships as well as 1992 and 1993 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament Final Four recognition. It cost Traylor his MVP awards in the 1997 NIT and 1998 Big Ten Tournament, as well as Bullock's standing as the school's third all-time leading scorer and all-time leader in 3-point field goals. Steve Fisher lost his job as Michigan head coach as a result of the scandal.[8]

text: Coaching records[edit]

text:
Overall
Conference

Coach
Years
Record
Pct.
Record
Pct.
Note

George D. Corneal
1908–09
1–4
.200

Elmer Mitchell
1917–19
22–20
.524
5–15
.250

E. J. Mather
1919–28
108–53
.671
64–43
.598
3 Western (Big Nine) Conference Championships (1921, 1926, 1927)[10]

George Veenker
1928–31
35–12
.745
24–10
.706
1929 Western (Big Nine) Conference Championship[10]

Frank Cappon
1931–38
78–57
.578
44–40
.524

Bennie Oosterbaan
1938–46
81–72
.529
40–59
.404

Osborne Cowles
1946–48
28–14
.667
16–8
.667
1948 Western (Big Nine) Conference Championship[16]

Ernest McCoy
1948–52
40–47
.460
18–34
.346

William Perigo
1952–60
78–100
.438
38–78
.328

Dave Strack
1960–68
113–89
.559
58–54
.518
3 Big Ten Conference Championships (1964, 1965, 1966), 2 Final Fours (1964, 1965)[16]

Johnny Orr
1968–80
209–113
.649
120–72
.625
2 Big Ten Conference Championships (1974, 1977), 1976 Final Four[23]

Bill Frieder
1980–89
191–87
.687
98–64
.605
1984 National Invitation Tournament Championship, 2 Big Ten Conference Championships (1985, 1986)[23]

Steve Fisher
1989–97
184*–82*
108–53
.692*
.671
88*–56*
54–36
.611*
.600
1989 NCAA Tournament Championship, 3 Final Fours (1989, 1992*, 1993*), 1997 National Invitation Tournament Championship*[27]

Brian Ellerbe
1997–2001
62*–60*
25–32
.508*
.439
26*–38*
10–22
.406*
.313
1998 Big Ten Tournament Championship*[54]

Tommy Amaker
2001–07
109–83
.568
43–53
.448
2004 National Invitation Tournament Championship[27]

John Beilein
2007–present
248–143
.634
111–87
.561
2 Big Ten Conference Championships (2012, 2014), 2 Final Fours (2013, 2018), 2 Big Ten Tournament Championships (2017, 2018)

Total
1908–09
1917–present
1587–1038*
1474–1034
.605*
.588
793*–711*
744–711
.527*
.511

text: Honored players and coaches[edit]

text: Below are lists of important players and coaches in the history of Michigan Wolverines men's basketball. It includes lists of major awards and retired numbers. The honors include: Helms Foundation Player of the Year, UPI Player of the Year, Sporting News Player of the Year, Naismith Trophy, Wooden Award, Associated Press Player of the Year, NABC Player of the Year, Oscar Robertson Trophy, NCAA Tournament MOP, National Invitation Tournament MVP, Big Ten Tournament MVP, Chicago Tribune Silver Basketball, Big Ten Player of the Year, All-America, Wayman Tisdale Award, Bob Cousy Award, UPI Coach of the Year, Henry Iba Award, NABC Coach of the Year, AP Coach of the Year.

text: Retired numbers[edit]

text:
Michigan Wolverines retired numbers

No.
Player
Position
Career
No. retirement

22
Bill Buntin
PF, C
1962–65
January 7, 2006

33
Cazzie Russell
SG, SF
1963–66
December 11, 1993

35
Phil Hubbard
PF, C
1975–79
January 11, 2004

41
Glen Rice
SF
1985–89
February 20, 2005[55]

45
Rudy Tomjanovich
PF
1967–70
February 8, 2003

text: Awards[edit]

text:
National Player of the Year

1966 – Cazzie Russell (AP, USBWA, UPI, Helms, The Sporting News)
2013 – Trey Burke (AP, USBWA, NABC, Naismith, Wooden)

Wayman Tisdale Award

1992 – Chris Webber

Bob Cousy Award

2013 – Trey Burke

NCAA Tournament MOP

1989 – Glen Rice

National Invitation Tournament MVP

1984 – Tim McCormick
1997 – Robert Traylor*
2004 – Daniel Horton

Big Ten Tournament MVP

1998 – Robert Traylor*
2017 – Derrick Walton
2018 – Moe Wagner

Chicago Tribune Silver Basketball

1965 – Cazzie Russell
1966 – Cazzie Russell
1974 – Campy Russell
1985 – Roy Tarpley
1988 – Gary Grant
1989 – Glen Rice

Big Ten Player of the Year

1985 – Roy Tarpley
1988 – Gary Grant
1989 – Glen Rice
2013 – Trey Burke
2014 – Nik Stauskas

Big Ten Freshman of the Year

1985 – Gary Grant
1992 – Chris Webber
1995 – Maurice Taylor
2000 – LaVell Blanchard
2003 – Daniel Horton
2012 – Trey Burke

Big Ten Defensive Player of the Year

1987 – Gary Grant
1988 – Gary Grant

All-Americans

1924 – Harry Kipke (c 1924)
1926 – Richard Doyle (c 1926)
1927–28 – Bennie Oosterbaan (c 1927, 1928)
1929 – Ernie McCoy
1929 – Joseph Truskowski
1937–38 – John Townsend
1948 – Pete Elliott
1957 – Ron Kramer
1964–65 – Bill Buntin
1964–66 – Cazzie Russell (c 1965, 1966)
1970– Rudy Tomjanovich
1971–72 – Henry Wilmore
1974 – Campy Russell
1975 – C.J. Kupec
1976–77 – Rickey Green (c 1977)
1977 – Phil Hubbard
1981 – Mike McGee
1981 – Eric Turner
1985–86 – Roy Tarpley
1987–88 – Gary Grant (c 1988)
1988–89 – Glen Rice
1990 – Terry Mills
1990 – Rumeal Robinson
1990 – Loy Vaught
1992 – Jalen Rose
1992–93 – Chris Webber (c 1993)
1994 – Juwan Howard
1994 – Jalen Rose
1998 – Louis Bullock
1998 – Robert Traylor
2012–13 – Trey Burke (c 2013)
2014 – Nik Stauskas

National Coach of the Year

1965 – Dave Strack (UPI)
1976 – Johnny Orr (NABC, USBWA)
1977 – Johnny Orr (Basketball Weekly)
1985 – Bill Frieder (AP, Basketball Weekly)
1992 – Steve Fisher (Basketball Times)

Big Ten Coach of the Year

1974 – Johnny Orr
1977 – Johnny Orr
1985 – Bill Frieder
2014 – John Beilein

text: Postseason[edit]

text: NCAA Tournament results[edit]

text: The University of Michigan has an all-time 59–27* (52–23) record overall and 1–6* (1–4) championship game record in the NCAA Tournaments in 28* (24) appearances.[56][57][58] Glen Rice holds the NCAA single-tournament scoring record with 184 points in 1989.[59] The 1992 Final Four and all 1993, 1996, & 1998 games have been forfeited due to NCAA sanctions.[56]

text:
Year
Round
Opponent
Result

1948
Elite Eight
Regional Third Place
Holy Cross
Columbia
L 43–63
W 66–49

1964
Sweet Sixteen
Elite Eight
Final Four
National Third Place
Loyola Chicago
Ohio
Duke
Kansas State
W 84–80
W 69–57
L 80–91
W 100–90

1965
Sweet Sixteen
Elite Eight
Final Four
National Championship
Dayton
Vanderbilt
Princeton
UCLA
W 98–71
W 87–85
W 93–76
L 80–91

1966
Sweet Sixteen
Elite Eight
Western Kentucky
Kentucky
W 80–79
L 77–84

1974
Sweet Sixteen
Elite Eight
Notre Dame
Marquette
W 77–68
L 70–72

1975
First Round
UCLA
L 91–103OT

1976
First Round
Sweet Sixteen
Elite Eight
Final Four
National Championship
Wichita State
Notre Dame
Missouri
Rutgers
Indiana
W 74–73
W 80–76
W 95–88
W 86–70
L 68–86

1977
First Round
Sweet Sixteen
Elite Eight
Holy Cross
Detroit
Charlotte
W 92–81
W 86–81
L 68–75

1985
First Round
Second Round
Fairleigh Dickinson
Villanova
W 59–55
L 55–59

1986
First Round
Second Round
Akron
Iowa State
W 70–64
L 69–72

1987
First Round
Second Round
Navy
North Carolina
W 97–82
L 97–109

1988
First Round
Second Round
Sweet Sixteen
Boise State
Florida
North Carolina
W 63–58
W 108–85
L 69–78

1989
First Round
Second Round
Sweet Sixteen
Elite Eight
Final Four
National Championship
Xavier
South Alabama
North Carolina
Virginia
Illinois
Seton Hall
W 92–87
W 91–82
W 92–87
W 102–65
W 83–81
W 80–79OT

1990
First Round
Second Round
Illinois State
Loyola Marymount
W 76–70
L 115–149

1992
First Round
Second Round
Sweet Sixteen
Elite Eight
Final Four
National Championship
Temple
East Tennessee State
Oklahoma State
Ohio State
Cincinnati
Duke
W 73–66
W 102–90
W 75–72
W 75–71
W 76–72
L 51–71

1993
First Round
Second Round
Sweet Sixteen
Elite Eight
Final Four
National Championship
Coastal Carolina
UCLA
George Washington
Temple
Kentucky
North Carolina
W 84–53
W 86–84OT
W 72–64
W 77–72
W 81–78OT
L 71–77

1994
First Round
Second Round
Sweet Sixteen
Elite Eight
Pepperdine
Texas
Maryland
Arkansas
W 78–74OT
W 84–79
W 78–71
L 68–76

1995
First Round
Western Kentucky
L 76–82OT

1996
First Round
Texas
L 76–80

1998
First Round
Second Round
Davidson
UCLA
W 80–61
L 82–85

2009
First Round
Second Round
Clemson
Oklahoma
W 62–59
L 63–73

2011
Second Round
Third Round
Tennessee
Duke
W 75–45
L 71–73

2012
Second Round
Ohio
L 60–65

2013
Second Round
Third Round
Sweet Sixteen
Elite Eight
Final Four
National Championship
South Dakota State
VCU
Kansas
Florida
Syracuse
Louisville
W 71–56
W 78–53
W 87–85OT
W 79–59
W 61–56
L 76–82

2014
Second Round
Third Round
Sweet Sixteen
Elite Eight
Wofford
Texas
Tennessee
Kentucky
W 57–40
W 79–65
W 73–71
L 72–75

2016
First Four
First Round
Tulsa
Notre Dame
W 67–62
L 63–70

2017
First Round
Second Round
Sweet Sixteen
Oklahoma State
Louisville
Oregon
W 92–91
W 73–69
L 68–69

2018
First Round
Second Round
Sweet Sixteen
Elite Eight
Final Four
National Championship
Montana
Houston
Texas A&M
Florida State
Loyola–Chicago
Villanova
W 61–47
W 64–63
W 99–72
W 58–54
W 69–57
L 62–79

text:
1989 NCAA Tournament Results[60]

Round
Opponent
Score

Round #1
# 14 Xavier
92–87

Round #2
# 11 South Alabama
91–82

Sweet 16
# 2 North Carolina
92–87

Elite 8
# 5 Virginia
102–65

Final 4
# 1 Illinois
83–81

Championship
# 3 Seton Hall
80–79 (OT)

text: NCAA Tournament seeding history[edit]

text: The NCAA began seeding the NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament with the 1979 edition.[61] The 64-team field started in 1985, which guaranteed that a championship team had to win six games.[62]

text:
Years →
'85
'86
'87
'88
'89
'90
'92
'93
'94
'95
'96
'98
'09
'11
'12
'13
'14
'16
'17
'18

Seeds →
1
2
9
3
3
3
6
1
3
9
7
3
10
8
4
4
2
11
7
3

text: NCAA Tournament round history[edit]

text:
Round
Record
Most Recent Appearance

National Championship
1–6
2018

National Third Place
1–0
1964

Final Four
7–1
2018

Elite Eight
8–6
2018

Regional Third Place
1–0
1948

Sweet Sixteen
13–2
2018

Round of 32
11–8
2018

Round of 64
17–4
2018

First Four
1–0
2016

text: NIT results[edit]

text: In 10* (9) National Invitation Tournament appearances, Michigan is 25*–7 (20–7) overall all-time and 3*–1 (2–1) in the championship game. 16*–0 (14–0) at Crisler Arena and 8*–2 (6–2) at Madison Square Garden.[27] The 1997 tournament was forfeited due to NCAA sanctions.[27]

text:
Year
Round
Opponent
Result

1971
First Round
Quarterfinals
Syracuse
Georgia Tech
W 86–76
L 70–78

1980
First Round
Second Round
Quarterfinals
Nebraska
UTEP
Virginia
W 76–69
W 75–65
L 68–79

1981
First Round
Second Round
Quarterfinals
Duquesne
Toledo
Syracuse
W 74–58
W 80–68
L 76–91

1984
First Round
Second Round
Quarterfinals
Semifinals
Finals
Wichita State
Marquette
Xavier
Virginia Tech
Notre Dame
W 94–70
W 83–70
W 63–62
W 78–75
W 83–63

1991
First Round
Colorado
L 64–71

1997
First Round
Second Round
Quarterfinals
Semifinals
Finals
Miami FL
Oklahoma State
Notre Dame
Arkansas
Florida State
W 76–63
W 75–65
W 67–66
W 77–62
W 82–73

2000
First Round
Notre Dame
L 65–75

2004
First Round
Second Round
Quarterfinals
Semifinals
Finals
Missouri
Oklahoma
Hawaii
Oregon
Rutgers
W 65–64
W 63–52
W 88–73
W 78–53
W 62–55

2006
First Round
Second Round
Quarterfinals
Semifinals
Finals
UTEP
Notre Dame
Miami FL
Old Dominion
South Carolina
W 82–67
W 87–84
W 71–65
W 66–43
L 64–76

2007
First Round
Second Round
Utah State
Florida State
W 68–58
L 66–87

text: Statistics[edit]

text:
Most different players to make a Three-point field goal in game:[63] 9 vs. Eastern Michigan, December 13, 2008 (tied Dartmouth, 1993)
Combined team rebounds:[63] 152, Michigan (57) vs. Indiana (95) March 11, 1961

text:
Single-game rebounds (Since 1973): 26—Phil Hubbard, Michigan vs. Detroit, RSF, Mar 17, 1977[64]
Single-year points 184—Glen Rice, Michigan, 1989 (6 games)[64]
Single-year field goals made 75—Glen Rice, Michigan, 1989 (6 games)[64]
Single-year three-point field goals made 27—Glen Rice, Michigan, 1989 (6 games)[64]
Career three-point field goals percentage (Minimum 30 made) 56.5% (35–62)—Glen Rice, Michigan, 1986–89 (13 games)[64]
Single-game points, Both Teams 264—Loyola Marymount (149) vs. Michigan (115), 2nd R, Mar 18, 1990[64]
Fewest single-game three point field goals made, team (in a final four): 0, *Michigan vs. Kentucky, NSF, March 4, 1993 (ot)[65]
Fewest single-game three point field goals attempted, team (final four): 4, *Michigan vs. Kentucky, NSF, March 4, 1993 (ot)[65]
Single-game assists (in a championship game): 11, Rumeal Robinson, Michigan vs. Seton Hall, March 4, 1989 (ot)[66]
Fewest single-game three point field goals made, team (championship game): 1, *Michigan vs. Duke, CH, June 4, 1992[67]
Fewest single-game free throws made (in a win), team: 0, Michigan vs. Tennessee, Mar 18, 2011
Lowest single-game three point field goal percentage, team (championship game): 9.1% (1–11), *Michigan vs. Duke, CH, June 4, 1992[67]
Biggest margin of victory in 8 vs. 9 match-up: 30, Michigan vs. Tennessee, Mar 18, 2011
Single-year two-game assists (final four): 23, Rumeal Robinson, Michigan, 1989[68]

text:
Single-game free throws made (final four): 15, Bill Buntin, Michigan vs. Kansas State, N3d, Mar 21, 1964 (broken Mar 20, 1965)[69]
Fewest single-game three point field goals made, team (final four): 1, *Michigan vs. Duke, CH, June 4, 1992 (broken March 4, 1993)[65]
Lowest single-game three point field goal percentage, team (final four): 9.1% (1–11), *Michigan vs. Duke, CH, June 4, 1992 (broken January 4, 2006)[65]
Most single-game players disqualified, team (championship game): 3, Michigan vs. UCLA, Mar 20, 1965 (broken Mar 31, 1997)[67]
Single-year two-game assists, team (final four): 42, Michigan, 1989 (broken 1990)[68]

text: Team field goal percentage:[70] 54.6% (1198 of 2196), 1988; 56.6% (1325 of 2341), 1989

text:
30-win seasons:[71] 2018 (33), 2013 (31), 1993* (31), 1989 (30)
1989 team continues to rank second in single-season team field goal percentage: 56.6% (1325 of 2341).[72]

text:
Career field goals attempted: Mike McGee (2077, 1978–81)[73]
Career three point field goals made: Louis Bullock (339*, 1996–99)[73]
Single-game three point field goals percentage (100% most made): Glen Rice (7 of 7, vs. Wisconsin February 25, 1989)[73]
Single-season points, team: (3393, 1988–89)[74]
Single-game field goals made, team: (55, vs. Iowa October 3, 1990)[74]
Single-season field goals made, team: (1325, 1988–89)[74]
Single-season field goals attempted, team: (2341, 1988–89)[74]
Single-season field goal percentage, team: (.566, 1,325 of 2,341, 1988–89)[74]
Single-season field goal percentage, team (conference games only): (.561, 606 of 1,080, 1988–89)[75]
Single-game three point field goals attempted, team: (42, vs. Florida Gulf Coast December 22, 2008)[74]
Single-game three point field goals attempted, team (conference games only): (40, at Indiana 1/7/09)[75]
Single-season three point field goals attempted, team: (912, 2008–09)[74]
Single-season three point field goals attempted, team (conference games only): (471, 2008–09)[75]
Single-season rebounds, team: (1521, 1964–65)[76]
Single-game assists, team: (37, vs. Western Michigan July 12, 1987 and vs. Eastern Michigan December 12, 1987)[76]
Single-game assists, team (conference games only): (36, vs. Iowa March 2, 1988)[77]
Single-season assists, team: (745, 1988–89)[76]
Single-game blocked shots, team: (18, vs. Florida Southern July 12, 1985)[76]
Single-season free throw percentage (conference games only): Daniel Horton (.978 (89 of 91), 2006)[78]
Single-season personal fouls, team: (456, 1953)[77]
Single-season overtime games: (6, 1981)[77]

text:
Career points: Mike McGee (2439, 1977–81, broken in 1989), Glen Rice (2442, 1985–89, broken in 1993)[73]
Career points (conference games only): McGee (1503, 1977–81, broken in 1995)[79]
Single-game field goals made: John Tidwell (20, vs. Minnesota April 3, 1961, broken February 16, 1963)[73]
Single-season field goals made: Cazzie Russell (308, 1965–66, broken 1981), McGee (309, 1980–81, broken in 1986)[73]
Career field goals made: Russell (839, 1964–66, broken 1970), McGee (1010, 1978–81, broken in 1993)[73]
Single-game three point field goals made: Garde Thompson (9, vs. Navy December 3, 1987, broken February 23, 2003)[73]
Single-game points, team: 128 (vs. Purdue February 19, 1966, broken December 30, 2006)[74]
Single-game field goals made, team: (52, vs. Purdue February 19, 1966, broken December 19, 1972)[74]
Single-season field goals made, team: (1198, 1987–88, broken 1989)[74]
Single-season assists, team: (694, 1987–88, broken 1989)[76]
Single-season blocked shots, team: (193, 1992–93*, surpassed 2000)[76]
Single-season field goals made per game (conference games only): Russell (13.0 (182 in 14), 1966, broken 1969)[78]
Single-season rebounds (total and per game) (conference games only): M. C. Burton (249 in 14 games, 1959, broken 1960)[78]
Single-season points per game, team (conference games only): 92.9 (1965 (1,300 in 14), broken 1966)[75]
Single-season points per game, team (conference games only): 95.4 (1966 (1,336 in 14), broken 1969)[75]
Single-season three point field goals attempted, team (conference games only): (434, 2007–08)[75]
Single-game three point field goal percentage, team (conference games only):.875 (7 of 8, vs. Iowa March 2, 1988, broken April 2, 1988)[75]

text:
Scoring (Conference games only until 1990):[80] 1928 Bennie Oosterbaan 129; 1959 M.C. Burton 22.6; 1966 Cazzie Russell 33.2; 1974 Campy Russell 24.0; 1988 Glen Rice 22.9; 1989 Rice 24.8
Field goal Percentage (Conference games only until 1990):[80] 1966 Cazzie Russell .542; 1967 Dave McClellan .588; 1971 Ken Brady .617; 1975 John Robinson .603; 1979 Marty Bodnar .603; 1989 Loy Vaught .677; 2001 Chris Young .640 (all games); 2006 Courtney Sims .633 (all games)
Three point field goals: 1989 Glen Rice 55 (conference games); 1991 Demetrius Calip 48 (conference games); 1998 Louis Bullock 51* (conference games); 1999 Robbie Reid 49 (conference games); 1997 Louis Bullock 101* (all games); 1998 Louis Bullock 93* (all games)[81]
Three point field goal percentage: 1998 Louis Bullock .481* (conference games); 1999 Robbie Reid .458 (conference games); 2003 LaVell Blanchard .433 (conference games)[81]
Free throw percentage: 1975 C.J. Kupec .880 (conference games); 1997 Louis Bullock .893* (conference games); 2006 Daniel Horton .978 (conference games); 2007 Dion Harris .873 (conference games); 1998 Louis Bullock .911* (all games); 1999 Louis Bullock .864* (all games); 2006 Daniel Horton .901 (all games)[81]
Rebounds: 1959 M.C. Burton 17.8 (conference games); 1963 Bill Buntin 15.4 (conference games); 1969 Rudy Tomjanovich 12.8 (conference games); 1970 Rudy Tomjanovich 16.2 (conference games); 1985 Roy Tarpley 9.9 (conference games); 1990 Loy Vaught 10.7 (conference games); 1992 Chris Webber-FR 9.8* (conference games); 1993 Chris Webber 9.7* (conference games); 1990 Loy Vaught 11.2; 1992 Chris Webber-FR 10.0*; 1993 Chris Webber 10.1*[81][82]
Assists: 1988 Gary Grant 6.5 (conference games); 1990 Rumeal Robinson 6.1 (all games); 2013 Trey Burke 6.7 (all games)[82]
Steals: 1987 Gary Grant 2.67 (conference games); 1988 Gary Grant 2.72 (conference games)[82]
Blocked shots: 1986 Roy Tarpley 2.50 (conference games); 1989 Terry Mills 1.22 (conference games); 2008 Ekpe Udoh 2.67 (conference games); 2004 Courtney Sims 2.00 (all games); 2008 Ekpe Udoh 2.88 (all games)[82]

text:
Scoring offense:[83] 1946 55.1, 1965 92.9, 1966 95.4, 1971 88.4, 1972 81.8, 1976 85.8, 1977 83.2, 1987 86.7, 1989 87.8, 1997* 73.3,
Scoring defense:[83] 1948 46.3, 1952 56.2, 1964 75.5
Scoring margin:[83] 1948 7.6, 1964 10.3, 1965 12.2, 1966 9.9, 1977 9.4, 1985 8.8, 1986 10.6, 1989 10.3
Field goal percentage offense:[84] 1966 48.9, 1972 45.3, 1976 52.1, 1989 56.1, 2013 46.9, 2017 48.3
Field goal percentage defense:[84] 1995 39.4
Three point field goals:[84] 1987 89, 1989 103, 1991 118, 1998* 121, 2009 151
Three point field goal percentage:[84] 1998 40.1, 2003 37.5
Free throw percentage:[84] 1958 73.4, 1975 75.8, 2017 77.9
Rebounds:[85] 1963 49.0, 1965 49.5, 1972 51.6, 1983 34.4, 1986 35.1, 1992 38.2, 1993* 40.9
Rebounding margin:[85] 1986 5.8, 1992 5.8, 1993* 7.6, 2004 3.4
Steals:[85] 1986 8.61
Blocked shots:[85] 1986 3.94, 1993* 5.0, 2004 4.31, 2008 4.28
Turnover margin:[85] 2017 3.4

text: Rankings[edit]

text: Michigan teams have spent a total of 22 weeks ranked number 1 with the last time occurring in 2013. Entering the 2013–14 season this ranked 13th and third in the Big Ten behind Indiana (54) and Ohio State (37).[86] Two Michigan teams (December 14, 1964 87–85 over Wichita State at Detroit and December 13, 1997 81–73 over Duke at home) have defeated the number one ranked team.[87]

text: The following table summarizes Michigan history in the AP Poll:[88]

text:
'
Preseason
Peak
Final
Weeks ranked
Weeks @ #1

Top 10 Poll

1963–64
8
2
2
15/15
0

1964–65
1
1
1
15/15
10

1965–66
2
2
9
10/15
0

1966–67
NR
5
NR
3/15
0

Top 20 Poll

1970–71
NR
12
NR
4/16
0

1971–72
13
9
NR
4/16
0

1972–73
19
18
NR
3/16
0

1973–74
NR
6
6
12/18
0

1974–75
17
11
19
8/19
0

1975–76
16
9
9
16/17
0

1976–77
1
1
1
17/17
8

1977–78
13
9
NR
4/17
0

1978–79
8
6
NR
8/17
0

1980–81
NR
9
NR
11/16
0

1983–84
NR
15
NR
2/17
0

1984–85
NR
2
2
12/17
0

1985–86
3
2
5
17/17
0

1987–88
9
7
10
17/17
0

1988–89
3
2
10
18/18
0

Top 25 Poll

1989–90
4
3
13
17/17
0

1991–92
20
11
15
18/18
0

1992–93
1
1
3
18/18
3

1993–94
5
3
11
18/18
0

1994–95
16
13
NR
5/18
0

1995–96
17
16
NR
13/18
0

1996–97
9
4
NR
16/18
0

1997–98
NR
12
12
12/18
0

2005–06
NR
21
NR
2/19
0

2008–09
NR
23
NR
3/19
0

2009–10
15
15
NR
3/20
0

2011–12
18
10
13
19/19
0

2012–13
5
1
T–10
19/19
1

2013–14
7
7
7
13/19
0

2014–15
24
17
NR
4/19
0

2015–16
25
24
NR
2/19
0

2016–17
NR
23
23
2/19
0

2017–18
NR
7
7
9/19
0

text: Notes[edit]

text: ^ a: * designates records and awards forfeited due to the University of Michigan basketball scandal.


document_title: Salmon run

question_text: where do salmon spend most of their lives

text: Salmon run

text: Background[edit]

text: Most salmon are anadromous, a term which comes from the Greek anadromos, meaning "running upward".[3] Anadromous fish grow up mostly in the saltwater in oceans. When they have matured they migrate or "run up" freshwater rivers to spawn in what is called the salmon run.[4]

text: Anadromous salmon are Northern Hemisphere fish that spend their ocean phase in either the Atlantic Ocean or the Pacific Ocean. They do not thrive in warm water. There is only one species of salmon found in the Atlantic, commonly called the Atlantic salmon. These salmon run up rivers on both sides of the ocean. Seven different species of salmon inhabit the Pacific (see table), and these are collectively referred to as Pacific salmon. Five of these species run up rivers on both sides of the Pacific, but two species are found only on the Asian side.[5] In the early 19th century, Chinook salmon were successfully established in the Southern Hemisphere, far from their native range, in New Zealand rivers. Attempts to establish anadromous salmon elsewhere have not succeeded.[6]

text:
Species of anadromous salmon

Oceans
Coasts
Species[5]
Maximum
Comment

length
weight
life span

North Atlantic
Both sides
Atlantic salmon[7]
150 cm
46.8 kg
13 years

North Pacific
Both sides
Chinook salmon[8]
150 cm
61.4 kg
9 years
Also established in New Zealand

Chum salmon[9]
100 cm
15.9 kg
7 years

Coho salmon[10]
108 cm
15.2 kg
5 years

Pink salmon[11]
76 cm
6.8 kg
3 years

Sockeye salmon[12]
84 cm
7.7 kg
8 years

Asian side
Masu salmon[13]
79 cm
10.0 kg

Biwa salmon[14]
44 cm
1.3 kg

text: The life cycle of an anadromous salmon begins and, if it survives the full course of its natural life, usually ends in a gravel bed in the upper reaches of a stream or river. These are the salmon spawning grounds where salmon eggs are deposited, for safety, in the gravel. The salmon spawning grounds are also the salmon nurseries, providing a more protected environment than the ocean usually offers. After 2 to 6 months the eggs hatch into tiny larvae called sac fry or alevin. The alevin have a sac containing the remainder of the yolk, and they stay hidden in the gravel while they feed on the yolk. When the yolk has gone they must find food for themselves, so they leave the protection of the gravel and start feeding on plankton. At this point the baby salmon are called fry. At the end of the summer the fry develop into juvenile fish called parr. Parr feed on small invertebrates and are camouflaged with a pattern of spots and vertical bars. They remain in this stage for up to three years.[15][16]

text: As they approach the time when they are ready to migrate out to the sea the parr lose their camouflage bars and undergo a process of physiological changes which allows them to survive the shift from freshwater to saltwater. At this point salmon are called smolt. Smolt spend time in the brackish waters of the river estuary while their body chemistry adjusts their osmoregulation to cope with the higher salt levels they will encounter in the ocean.[17] Smolt also grow the silvery scales which visually confuse ocean predators. When they have matured sufficiently in late spring, and are about 15 to 20 centimetres long, the smolt swim out of the rivers and into the sea. There they spend their first year as a post-smolt. Post-smolt form schools with other post-smolt, and set off to find deep-sea feeding grounds. They then spend up to four more years as adult ocean salmon while their full swimming ability and reproductive capacity develop.[15][16][17]

text: Then, in one of the animal kingdom's more extreme migrations, the salmon return from the saltwater ocean back to a freshwater river to spawn afresh.[18]

text: Return from the ocean[edit]

text: After several years wandering huge distances in the ocean, most surviving salmon return to the same natal rivers where they were spawned. Then most of them swim up the rivers until they reach the very spawning ground that was their original birthplace.[19]

text: There are various theories about how this happens. One theory is that there are geomagnetic and chemical cues which the salmon use to guide them back to their birthplace. The fish may be sensitive to the Earth's magnetic field, which could allow the fish to orient itself in the ocean, so it can navigate back to the estuary of its natal stream.[20]

text: Salmon have a strong sense of smell. Speculation about whether odours provide homing cues go back to the 19th century.[21] In 1951, Hasler hypothesised that, once in vicinity of the estuary or entrance to its birth river, salmon may use chemical cues which they can smell, and which are unique to their natal stream, as a mechanism to home onto the entrance of the stream.[22] In 1978, Hasler and his students convincingly showed that the way salmon locate their home rivers with such precision was indeed because they could recognise its characteristic smell. They further demonstrated that the smell of their river becomes imprinted in salmon when they transform into smolts, just before they migrate out to sea.[19][23][24] Homecoming salmon can also recognise characteristic smells in tributary streams as they move up the main river. They may also be sensitive to characteristic pheromones given off by juvenile conspecifics. There is evidence that they can "discriminate between two populations of their own species".[19][25]

text: The recognition that each river and tributary has its own characteristic smell, and the role this plays as a navigation aid, led to a widespread search for a mechanism or mechanisms that might allow salmon to navigate over long distances in the open ocean. In 1977, Leggett identified, as mechanisms worth investigating, the use of the sun for navigation, and orientation to various possible gradients, such as temperature, salinity or chemicals gradients, or geomagnetic or geoelectric fields.[26][27]

text: There is little evidence salmon use clues from the sun for navigation. Migrating salmon have been observed maintaining direction at nighttime and when it is cloudy. Likewise, electronically tagged salmon were observed to maintain direction even when swimming in water much too deep for sunlight to be of use.[28]

text: In 1973, it was shown that Atlantic salmon have conditioned cardiac responses to electric fields with strengths similar to those found in oceans. "This sensitivity might allow a migrating fish to align itself upstream or downstream in an ocean current in the absence of fixed references."[29] In 1988, researchers found iron, in the form of single domain magnetite, resides in the skulls of sockeye salmon. The quantities present are sufficient for magnetoception.[30]

text: Tagging studies have shown a small number of fish don't find their natal rivers, but travel instead up other, usually nearby streams or rivers.[31][32] It is important some salmon stray from their home areas; otherwise new habitats could not be colonized. In 1984, Quinn hypothesized there is a dynamic equilibrium, controlled by genes, between homing and straying.[33] If the spawning grounds have a uniform high quality, then natural selection should favour the descendants that home accurately. However, if the spawning grounds have a variable quality, then natural selection should favour a mixture of the descendants that stray and the descendants that home accurately.[20][33]

text: Prior to the run up the river, the salmon undergo profound physiological changes. Fish swim by contracting longitudinal red muscle and obliquely oriented white muscles. Red muscles are used for sustained activity, such as ocean migrations. White muscles are used for bursts of activity, such as bursts of speed or jumping.[34] As the salmon comes to end of its ocean migration and enters the estuary of its natal river, its energy metabolism is faced with two major challenges: it must supply energy suitable for swimming the river rapids, and it must supply the sperm and eggs required for the reproductive events ahead. The water in the estuary receives the freshwater discharge from the natal river. Relative to ocean water, this has a high chemical load from surface runoff. Researchers in 2009 found evidence that, as the salmon encounter the resulting drop in salinity and increase in olfactory stimulation, two key metabolic changes are triggered: there is a switch from using red muscles for swimming to using white muscles, and there is an increase in the sperm and egg load. "Pheromones at the spawning grounds [trigger] a second shift to further enhance reproductive loading."[35]

text: The salmon also undergo radical morphological changes as they prepare for the spawning event ahead. All salmon lose the silvery blue they had as ocean fish, and their colour darkens, sometimes with a radical change in hue. Salmon are sexually dimorphic, and the male salmon develop canine-like teeth and their jaws develop a pronounced curve or hook (kype). Some species of male salmon grow large humps.[36]

text: Obstacles to the run[edit]

text: Salmon start the run in peak condition, the culmination of years of development in the ocean. They need high swimming and leaping abilities to battle the rapids and other obstacles the river may present, and they need a full sexual development to ensure a successful spawn at the end of the run. All their energy goes into the physical rigours of the journey and the dramatic morphological transformations they must still complete before they are ready for the spawning events ahead.

text: The run up the river can be exhausting, sometimes requiring the salmon to battle hundreds of miles upstream against strong currents and rapids. They cease feeding during the run.[4] Chinook and sockeye salmon from central Idaho must travel 900 miles (1,400 km) and climb nearly 7,000 feet (2,100 m) before they are ready to spawn. Salmon deaths that occur on the upriver journey are referred to as en route mortality.[37]

text: Salmon negotiate waterfalls and rapids by leaping or jumping. They have been recorded making vertical jumps as high as 3.65 metres (12 ft).[38] The height that can be achieved by a salmon depends on the position of the standing wave or hydraulic jump at the base of the fall, as well as how deep the water is.[38]

text: Fish ladders, or fishways, are specially designed to help salmon and other fish to bypass dams and other man made obstructions, and continue on to their spawning grounds further upriver.[39]

text: Skilled predators, such as bears, bald eagles and fishermen can await the salmon during the run. Normally solitary animals, grizzly bears congregate by streams and rivers when the salmon spawn.[2][40] Predation from Harbor seals, California sea lions, and Steller sea lions, can pose a significant threat, even in river ecosystems.[41][42]

text: Black bears also fish the salmon. Black bears usually operate during the day, but when it comes to salmon they tend to fish at night.[43] This is partly to avoid competition with the more powerful brown bears, but it is also because they catch more salmon at night.[44] During the day, salmon are very evasive and attuned to visual clues, but at night they focus on their spawning activities, generating acoustic clues the bears tune into.[43] Black bears may also fish for salmon during the night because their black fur is easily spotted by salmon in the daytime. In 2009, researchers compared the foraging success of black bears with the white-coated spirit bear, a morphed subspecies of the black bear. They found the spirit bear had no more success catching salmon at night time, but had greater success than the black bears during the day.[45]

text: Otters are also common predators. In 2011, researchers showed that when otters predate salmon, the salmon can "sniff them out". They demonstrated that once otters have eaten salmon, the remaining salmon could detect and avoid the waters where otter feces was present.[46][47]

text: The spawning[edit]

text: The term prespawn mortality is used to refer to fish that arrive successfully at the spawning grounds, and then die without spawning. Prespawn mortality is surprisingly variable, with one study observing rates between 3% and 90%.[37][48] Factors that contribute to these mortalities include high temperatures,[49][50] high river discharge rates,[51] and parasites and diseases.[48][52] However, "at present there are no reliable indicators to predict whether an individual arriving at a spawning area will in fact survive to spawn."[37]

text: The eggs of a female salmon are called her roe. To lay her roe, the female salmon builds a spawning nest, called a redd, in a riffle with gravel as its streambed. A riffle is a relatively shallow length of stream where the water is turbulent and flows faster. She builds the redd by using her tail (caudal fin) to create a low-pressure zone, lifting gravel to be swept downstream, and excavating a shallow depression. The redd may contain up to 5,000 eggs, each about the size of a pea, covering 30 square feet (2.8 m2).[53] The eggs usually range from orange to red. One or more males will approach the female in her redd, depositing his sperm, or milt, over her eggs.[54] The female then covers the eggs by disturbing the gravel at the upstream edge of the depression before moving on to make another redd. The female will make as many as seven redds before her supply of eggs is exhausted.[54][55]

text: Male pink salmon and some sockeye salmon develop pronounced humps just before they spawn. These humps may have evolved because they confer species advantages. The humps make it less likely the salmon will spawn in the shallow water at margins of the streambed, which tend to dry out during low water flows or freeze in winter. Further, riffles can contain many salmon spawning simultaneously, as in the image on the right. Predators, such as bears, will be more likely to catch the more visually prominent humped males, with their humps projecting above the surface of the water. This may provide a protective buffer for the females.[56]

text: Dominant male salmon defend their redds by rushing at and chasing intruders. They butt and bite them with the canine-like teeth they developed for the spawning event. The kypes are used to clamp around the base of the tail (caudal peduncle) of an opponent.[56]

text: The condition of the salmon deteriorates the longer they remain in fresh water. Once the salmon have spawned, most of them deteriorate rapidly and die. This programmed senescence is "characterized by immunosuppression and organ deterioration."[37][57][58] The Pacific salmon is the classic example of a semelparous animal. It lives for many years in the ocean before swimming to the freshwater stream of its birth, spawning, and then dying. Semelparous animals spawn once only in their lifetime. Semelparity is sometimes called "big bang" reproduction, since the single reproductive event of semelparous organisms is usually large and fatal to the spawners.[59] Most Atlantic salmon also die after spawning, but not all. About 5 to 10%, mostly female, return to the ocean where they can recover and spawn again.[17]

text: Keystone species[edit]

text: In the Pacific Northwest and Alaska, salmon is a keystone species, supporting wildlife from birds to bears and otters.[60] The bodies of salmon represent a transfer of nutrients from the ocean, rich in nitrogen, sulfur, carbon and phosphorus, to the forest ecosystem.

text: Grizzly bears function as ecosystem engineers, capturing salmon and carrying them into adjacent wooded areas. There they deposit nutrient-rich urine and faeces and partially eaten carcasses. It has been estimated that bears leave up to half the salmon they harvest on the forest floor,[61][62] in densities that can reach 4,000 kilograms per hectare,[63] providing as much as 24% of the total nitrogen available to the riparian woodlands.[2] The foliage of spruce trees up to 500 m (1,600 ft) from a stream where grizzlies fish salmon have been found to contain nitrogen originating from fished salmon.[2]

text:
Salmon continue to surprise us, showing us new ways in which their oceanic migrations eventually permeate entire terrestrial ecosystems. In terms of providing food and nutrients to a whole food web, we like to think of them as North America's answer to the Serengeti's wildebeest.[64]
“
”

tag: div

text: Wolves normally hunt for deer. However, a 2008 study shows that, when the salmon run starts, the wolves choose to fish for salmon, even if plenty of deer are still available.[65] "Selecting benign prey such as salmon makes sense from a safety point of view. While hunting deer, wolves commonly incur serious and often fatal injuries. In addition to safety benefits we determined that salmon also provides enhanced nutrition in terms of fat and energy."[64]

text: The upper reaches of the Chilkat River in Alaska has particularly good spawning grounds. Each year these attract a run of up to half a million chum salmon. As the salmon run up the river, bald eagles arrive in their thousands to feast at the spawning grounds. This results in some of the world's largest congregations of bald eagles. The number of participating eagles is directly correlated with the number of spawning salmon.[66]

text: Residual nutrients from salmon can also accumulate downstream in estuaries. A 2010 study showed the density and diversity of many estuarine breeding birds in the summer "were strongly predicted by salmon biomass in the autumn."[67] Anadromous salmon provide nutrients to these "diverse assemblages ... ecologically comparable to the migrating herds of wildebeest in the Serengeti.[63]

text: Prospects[edit]

text: In 2009, NOAA advised that continued runoff into North American rivers of three widely used pesticides containing neurotoxins, will "jeopardize the continued existence" of endangered and threatened Pacific salmon.[68][69] Global warming could see the end of some salmon runs by the end of the century, such as the Californian runs of Chinook salmon.[70][71] A 2010 United Nations report says increases in acidification of oceans means shellfish such as pteropods, an important component of the ocean salmon diet, are finding it difficult to build their aragonite shells.[72] There are concerns that this too may endanger future salmon runs.[73]

text: Notable runs[edit]

text:
External video

 Grizzly Bears Catching Salmon on YouTube – Nature's Great Events: The Great Salmon Run

 Bald Eagle catches salmon on YouTube – BBC Nature's Great Events - The Great Salmon Run

 The Great Salmon Run on YouTube – BBC Nature's Great Events

 Nimbus Hatchery Fish Ladder on YouTube

 Life Cycle of Salmon on YouTube

 Life Cycle of Salmon on YouTube – Discovery Channel

 The Salmon's Lifecycle Atlantic Salmon Trust

 Sockeye Salmon Run 2010 on YouTube

 Spawning salmon constructing a redd on YouTube

 Raising salmon on YouTube

 Salmon life cycle song on YouTube

text:
Adams River (British Columbia)
Chilkat River (Alaska)
Columbia River (British Columbia, United States)
Copper River (Alaska)
Fraser River (British Columbia)
River Spey (Scotland)
River Tay (Scotland)
River Tweed (border of Scotland and England)
River Tyne (England)
Snake River (United States)
Yukon River (Alaska, Yukon, British Columbia)


document_title: Government of North Korea

question_text: what type of government do they have in north korea

text: Government of North Korea

text: Institutions[edit]

text: The government is also confirmed by the Supreme People's Assembly (SPA). Premier, who appoints three Vice Premiers and the government's ministers. The government is dominated by the ruling Workers' Party of Korea (WPK) and has been since North Korea's inception in 1948.

text: The Cabinet now has the right to supervise and control the Local People's Committee (LPC) with regard to local economies and administration. As the State Administrative Council (SAC) was replaced by the Cabinet, the Local Administrative and Economic Committee (LAEC) was abolished and its functions regarding local politics transferred to the LPC.

text: A party chief secretary no longer concurrently holds the post of LPC chairman Hyun Seo-yeo, which has been taken over by a former LAEC chairman. Thus, the LPC is theoretically independent of the local party and is under the control of the Cabinet. The status of the LPC as the local executive organ, in principle, became higher than before.

text: The Economist Intelligence Unit listed North Korea in last place as a totalitarian regime in its 2012 Democracy Index assessing 168 countries.[3]

text: Judiciary[edit]

text: North Korea's judiciary is headed by the Supreme Court of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, which consists of a Chief Justice and two People's Assessors; three judges may be present in some cases.[4] Their terms of office coincide with those of the members of the Supreme People's Assembly. Every court in North Korea has the same composition as the Central Court. The judicial system is theoretically held accountable to the SPA and the Presidium of the SPA when the legislature is not in session.

text: The judiciary does not practice judicial review. The security forces so often interfere with the actions of the judiciary that the conclusion of most cases is foregone; experts outside North Korea and numerous defectors confirm this to be a widespread problem.[5] Freedom House states that, "North Korea does not have an independent judiciary and does not acknowledge individual rights...reports of arbitrary detentions, 'disappearances,' and extrajudicial killings are common; torture is widespread and severe"[6]

text: North Korea's fifth and current constitution was approved and adopted in September 1998, replacing the one previously adopted in 1972. The former constitution had last been amended in 1992. Under the new constitution, North Korea is a socialist state representing the interests of all the Korean people.[7] Criminal penalties can be stiff; one of the basic functions of the system is to uphold the power of the regime. Because so little information is available concerning what actually occurs inside of the country, the extent to which there is any rule of law is uncertain. In any case, North Korea is known for its poor human rights situation and regularly detains thousands of dissidents without trial or benefit of legal advice. According to a US Department of State report on human rights practices, the government of North Korea often punishes the family of a criminal along with the perpetrator.[5]

text: Workers' Party of Korea[edit]

text: The Workers' Party of Korea is organized according to the Monolithic Ideological System and the Great Leader, a system and theory conceived by Kim Yong-ju and Kim Jong-il. The highest body of the WPK is formally the Congress, which last convened as the 7th Congress of the Workers' Party of Korea in May 2016. Although the WPK is (in theory) organizationally similar to communist parties, in practice it is far less institutionalized and informal politics plays a larger role than usual. Institutions such as the Central Committee, the Secretariat, the Central Military Commission (CMC), the Politburo and the Presidium have much less power than that formally bestowed on them by the party's charter. Kim Jong-un is the current chairman of the WPK.

text:
Chairman of the Workers' Party of Korea: Kim Jong-un
Chairman of the Central Military Commission: Kim Jong-un

text: State Affairs Commission[edit]

text: In June 2010, Kim appointed his uncle (by marriage), Chang Sung-taek, as vice-chairman of the NDC, in a move seen as propping his own position. Chang was already regarded as the second-most powerful person in North Korea and his appointment strengthened the probability that Kim's third son, Kim Jong-un, would succeed him.[8] However, in December 2013 Chang was fired from all government posts and subsequently executed. Kim Jong Un ordered for his uncle to be executed.[9]

text: In June 2016, following the 7th WPK Conference, the Constitution of North Korea was updated, replacing the National Defence Commission with the State Affairs Commission and placing Kim Jong-un as the Chairman of the State Affairs Commission.[10] This places Kim Jong-un as the official head of state. [11]

text:
Minister of People's Security: Choe Pu-il
Minister of People's Armed Forces: Pak Yong-sik

text: State leaders[edit]

text:
Eternal Leaders

Eternal President: Kim Il-sung
Eternal General Secretary: Kim Jong-il

text: Supreme Leader: Kim Jong-un

text: State Affairs Commission of DPRK[edit]

text:
Chairman: Kim Jong-un
Vice Chairmen:

Vice Marshal of the KPA Hwang Pyong-so, Director of the KPA General Political Bureau
Pak Pong-ju, Premier
Choe Ryong-hae, WPK Vice Chairman for Social Organizations

Members of the Commission:

Kim Ki-nam, WPK Vice Chairman for Propaganda
General of the Army Ri Yong-gil, Minister of the People's Armed Forces
Ri Su-yong, WPK Vice Chairman for International Relations
Ri Man-gon, WPK Vice Chairman for Machine Building
Kim Yong-chol, WPK Vice Chairman for United Front Work
General of the Army Kim Won-hong, Minister of State Security
General of the Army Choe Pu-il, Minister of People's Security
Ri Yong-ho, Foreign Minister
Ri Ryong Nam, Foreign Trade

text: Presidium of the SPA of the DPRK[edit]

text:
President: Kim Yong-nam
Vice presidents: Yang Hyong Sop and Kim Yong Dae
Honorary vice-president: Kim Yong Ju, and Choe Yong Rim (since April 2013)
Secretary general of the Presidium: Hong Son Ok (since April 2013)

text: Supreme People's Assembly[edit]

text:
Chairman: Choe Thae-bok
Vice-chairpersons: An Tong Chun and Ri Hye Jong (April 2014)

text: Cabinet[edit]

text:
Premier: Pak Pong Ju (April 2013)
Vice Premiers: Ro Tu Chol (from April 2009), Ri Mu Yong (April 2014), Kim Yong Jin (April 2014), Ri Chol Man (since April 2012), Kim Tok Hun (April 2014)
Minister of Foreign Affairs: Ri Su Yong (April 2014)
Minister of Finance: Choe Kwang Jin

text: WPK Central Committee (September 2010-May 2016)[edit]

text:
Eternal General Secretary: Kim Jong-il
First secretary of the WPK: Kim Jong-un
Presidium of the Political Bureau of the Workers' Party of Korea Central Committee (since September 2010):

Kim Jong-il
Kim Jong-un (since April 2012)
Kim Yong-nam
Choe Yong Rim
Jo Myong-rok
Ri Yong-ho
Choe Ryong Hae (since April 2012)
Hwang Pyong-so (February 2015)

Members and Alternate Members of Political Bureau (September 2010): Kim Jong-il, Kim Jong-un (2012), Kim Yong-nam, Jo Myong Rok, Ri Yong Ho, Choe Yong Rim, Choe Ryong Hae, Kim Yong Chun, Jon Pyong Ho, Kim Kuk-thae, Kim Ki Nam, Choe Thae-bok, Yang Hyong Sop, Kang Sok Ju, Pyon Yong Rip, Ri Yong Mu, Ju Sang Song, Hong Sok Hyong and Kim Kyong Hui, and since April 2012: Kim Jong-gak, Jang Song-thaek, Pak To Chun, Hyon Chol Hae, Kim Won Hong, Ri Myong-su, and March 2013: Pak Pong Ju, February 2015: Hwang Pyong-so (members),Kim Yang Gon, Kim Yong Il, Ju Kyu Chang, Ri Thae Nam, Kim Rak Hui, Thae Jong Su, Kim Phyong Hae, U Tong Chuk, Kim Jong-gak, Pak Jong Sun, Kim Chang Sop and Mun Kyong Dok and since April 2012: Kwak Pom Gi, O Kuk Ryol, Ro Tu Chol, Ri Pyong Sam and Jo Yon Jun and March 2013:, Hyon Yong Chol, Kim Kyok Sik and Choe Pu Il, and April 2014 O Su Yong, Ri Yong-gil (alternate members)
Secretariat of WPK Central Committee (September 2010): Kim Jong-il, Kim Jong-un (2012), Kim Ki Nam, Choe Thae-bok, Choe Ryong Hae, Mun Kyong Dok, Pak To Chun, Kim Yong Il, Kim Yang Gon, Kim Phyong Hae, Thae Jong Su, Hong Sok-hyong and April 2012: Kim Kyong Hui and Kwak Pom Gi, Kang Sok Ju (April 2014), O Su Yong (April 2014), Vice Marshal Hwang Pyong So, An Jong Su, Kim Su Gil (April 2014 ?)
Central Military Commission of the Workers' Party of Korea: Chairman Kim Jong-un (since 2012), Vice Chairmen Choe Ryong Hae - Vice Marshal and Hyon Yong-chol - Vice Marshal (since 2012), Hwang Pyong-so (since 2014), Members Kim Yong Chun - Vice Marshal, Kim Jong Gak - Vice Marshal, Kim Myong Guk, Kim Kyong Ok, Kim Won Hong, Jong Myong Do, Ri Pyong Chol, Choe Pu Il, Kim Yong Chol, Yun Jong Rin, Ju Kyu Chang, Choe Sang Ryo, Choe Kyong Song, U Tong Chuk, Jang Song Thaek, and since April 2012: Hyon Chol Hae - Vice Marshal, Ri Myong Su and Kim Rak Gyom, February 2013: Kim Kyok Sik, Ri Yong Gil.

text: 7th Central Committee of the Workers' Party of Korea:

text:
Presidium of the Political Bureau: Kim Jong Un, Kim Yong Nam, Hwang Pyong So, Pak Pong Ju and Choe Ryong Hae
Members of the Political Bureau: Kim Jong Un, Kim Yong Nam, Hwang Pyong So, Pak Pong Ju, Choe Ryong Hae, Kim Ki Nam, Choe Thae Bok, Ri Su Yong, Kim Phyong Hae, O Su Yong, Kwak Pom Gi, Kim Yong Chol, Ri Man Gon, Yang Hyong Sop, Ro Tu Chol, Pak Yong Sik, Ri Myong Su, Kim Won Hong and Choe Pu Il and Ri Yong-ho (Ocstober 2017). Alternate Members of the Political Bureau: Kim Su Gil, Kim Nung O, Pak Thae Song, Ri Yong Ho, Im Chol Ung, Jo Yon Jun, Ri Pyong Chol, No Kwang Chol and Ri Yong Gil, and Kim Yo-jong, Kim Jong-sik, Ri Pyong-chol (October 2017)
Executive Policy Bureau of the Party Central Committee:

Chairman of the WPK: Kim Jong Un
Vice-Chairmen of the Party Central Committee: Choe Ryong Hae, Kim Ki Nam, Choe Thae Bok, Ri Su Yong, Kim Phyong Hae, O Su Yong, Kwak Pom Gi, Kim Yong Chol and Ri Man Gon

Central Military Commission:

Chairman: Kim Jong Un
Members: Hwang Pyong So, Pak Pong Ju, Pak Yong Sik, Ri Myong Su, Kim Yong Chol, Ri Man Gon, Kim Won Hong, Choe Pu Il, Kim Kyong Ok, Ri Yong Gil and So Hong Chan

Department Directors of the C.C., the WPK: Kim Ki Nam, Ri Su Yong, Kim Phyong Hae, O Su Yong, Kim Yong Chol, Ri Man Gon, Ri Il Hwan, An Jong Su, Ri Chol Man, Choe Sang Gon, Ri Yong Rae, Kim Jong Im, Kim Jung Hyop, Kim Man Song and Kim Yong Su
Chairman of the Control Commission of the Party Central Committee: Hong In Bom