question_text: what percentage of the us population has a phd

text: General attainment of degrees/diplomas[edit]

text:
Educational attainment in the United States (2014)[3]

Education
Age 25 and over
Age 25-29

High school diploma or GED
88.31%
90.83%

Some college
58.57%
64.31%

Associate and/or bachelor's degree
41.89%
44.08%

Bachelor's degree
31.96%
34.04%

Master's and/or doctorate and/or professional degree
11.77%
7.57%

Doctorate and/or professional degree
3.27%
1.70%

Doctorate
1.77%
0.89%

text: In 2003, over four-fifths (85 percent) of all adults 25 years or older reported they had completed at least high school, or obtained a GED/high school equivalency certificate. Over one in four adults (27 percent) had attained at least a bachelor's degree. Both of these measures are all time highs. In 2003, the percentage of the adult population who had completed high school or had not completed high school but obtained a GED increased for the first time since 2000, when it was 84 percent. This increase follows a general trend that the Current Population Survey has shown since educational attainment was first measured in 1947.[2]

text: In 2015, among adults aged 65 and older, 84 percent had either completed high school or more education, or had failed to complete high school but obtained at least a GED certification, compared to 91 percent of adults aged 25 to 34 and 89 percent of adults aged 35 to 44 years or 45 to 64 years. In addition, 27 percent of the population aged 65 and older reported a bachelor's degree or more education compared to 36 percent of adults 25 to 34 years old and 32 percent of adults aged 45 to 64 years.[4]

text: Since 1983 the percentage of people either graduating from high school or failing to complete high school but getting a GED certification has increased from 85% to 88%. The greatest increases in educational attainment were documented in the 1950s, 60s and 70s. In the 1950s and much of the 1960s high school graduates constituted about 50% of those considered adults (25 and above). For young adults aged between 25 and 29, the percentage of either high school graduates or GED obtainers was roughly 50% in 1950 versus 90% today.[2]

text: Gender[edit]

text: For the past fifty years, there has been a gap in the educational achievement of males and females in the United States, but which gender has been disadvantaged has fluctuated over the years. In the 1970s and 1980s, data showed girls trailing behind boys in a variety of academic performance measures, specifically in test scores in math and science.[5]

text: Data in the last twenty years shows the general trend of girls outperforming boys in academic achievement in terms of class grades across all subjects and college graduation rates, but boys scoring higher on standardized tests and being better represented in the higher-paying and more prestigious STEM fields (science, technology, engineering, and math).[5]

text: Gender gap in literacy[edit]

text: Traditionally, girls have outperformed boys in reading and writing. Although this gap may be minimal in kindergarten, it grows as students continue their education. According to the 2004 National Reading Assessment measured by the US Department of Education, the gap between boys and girls, only slightly noticeable in 4th grade, left boys 14 points behind girls during their 12th grade year.[6] On the 2008 test, female students continued to have higher average reading scores than male students at all three ages. The gap between male and female 4th graders was 7 points in 2008. By 12th grade, there was an 11-point gap between males and females.[6]

text: On the 2002 National Writing Assessment, boys scored on average 17 points lower than girls in 4th grade. The average gap increased to 21 points by 8th grade and widened to 24 points by senior year in high school.[7] In the more recent 2007 National Assessment of Writing Skills, female students continued to score higher than male students, though margins closed slightly from previous assessments. The average score for female eighth-graders was 20 points higher than males, down 1 point from the 2002 score. For twelfth-graders, females outscored males by 18 points as opposed to 24 points in 2002.[8]

text: All of these assessments were conducted on a 100-point scale.[6][7][8]

text: Graduation rates[edit]

text: Overall, women have surpassed men in terms of completing secondary and post-secondary education with the gender gap almost completely reversed. In 2006, 10.3% of males and 8.3% of females dropped out of high school.[9] In 2005/2006, women earned 62% of associate degrees, 58% of bachelor's degrees, 60.0% of master's degrees, and 48.9% of Doctorates.[10]

text: According to recent datawhen?, 55 percent of college students are females and 45 percent are males. From 1995 until 2005, the number of males enrolled in college increased by 18 percent, while the number of female students rose by 27 percent.[11] Males are enrolling in college in greater numbers than ever before, yet fewer than two-thirds of them are graduating with a bachelor's degree. The numbers of both men and women receiving a bachelor's degree have increased significantly, but the increasing rate of female college graduates exceeds the increasing rate for males.[12]

text: In 2007, the United States Census Bureau estimated that 18,423,000 males over the age of 18 held a bachelor's degree, while 20,501,000 females over the age 18 held one. In addition, fewer males held master's degrees: 6,472,000 males compared to 7,283,000 females. However, more men held professional and doctoral degrees than women. 2,033,000 males held professional degrees compared to 1,079,000, and 1,678,000 males had received a doctoral degree compared to 817,000 females.[13]

text: In 2015, the United States Census Bureau estimated that 36.1% of individuals between the ages of 25 to 34 had a bachelor's degree, with 36.3% in individuals aged 35 to 44, 32% in individuals 45 to 64, and 26.7% in individuals 65 and older.

text: In 2016/2017, women are projected to earn 64.2% of associate degrees, 59.9% of bachelor's degrees, 62.9% of master's degrees, and 55.5% of Doctorates.[14]

text: Ethnicity and race[edit]

text: While the educational attainment of all races increased during the 1990s, with the gap between African Americans and non-Hispanic whites decreasing, differences between the races remain, especially among those with a bachelor's degree or higher. Asian Americans had the highest educational attainment of any race, followed by whites who had a higher percentage of high school graduates but a lower percentage of college graduates. Persons identifying as Hispanic or Latino, without regard to race, had the lowest educational attainment. The gap was the largest between foreign-born Asian Americans, over half (50.1%) of whom had a bachelor's degree or higher and foreign-born Hispanics, 9.8% of whom had a four-year college degree.[2]

text: Hispanics and Latinos also trailed far behind in terms of graduating from high school; it was the only major group for which high school graduates constituted less than 80% of the population. This large inequality might partially be explained by the influx of uneducated foreign-born Hispanic Americans who had not been offered the chance to complete secondary education in their home country and who had not completed secondary education in the United States.

text: Overall nearly half (49.8%) of Asian Americans, nearly a third (30%) of non-Hispanic Whites, 17.3% of non-Hispanic Blacks, and just over a tenth (11.4%) of Hispanics or Latinos had a four-year college degree. The same differences decrease significantly at the high school level with 89.4% of non-Hispanic whites, 87.6% of Asian Americans, 80.0% of African Americans, and 57% of Hispanics or Latinos having graduated from high school.[2]

text: The Racial achievement gap in the United States refers to these educational disparities between minority students and Caucasian students. Evidence of the racial achievement gap remains present today because not all groups of students are advancing at the same rates. The racial achievement gap has many individual and economic implications and there have been many efforts in education reform to narrow this gap.

text: Foreign born and immigrants[edit]

text: A trend becomes visible when comparing the foreign-born to the native-born populace of some races. Foreign-born Asian, European, and African immigrants had a higher educational attainment in terms of having earned a four-year college degree than their native-born counterparts. According to the U.S census about 43.8 percent of African immigrants achieved the most college degrees, compared to 42.5 percent of Asian-Americans, 28.9 percent for immigrants from Europe, Russia and Canada and 23.1 percent of the U.S. population as a whole.[15][16][17]

text: The opposite is true on the high school level and among Hispanics, where the dramatically lower educational attainment of the foreign-born population decreased the educational attainment of the general Hispanophone populace, statistically.[2]

text:
The percentage of the foreign born with a high school diploma (67 percent) was dramatically lower than that of the native population (88 percent), but paradoxically, the percentage with a bachelor's degree was the same (27 percent)... At the bachelor's level, foreign born Blacks and non-Hispanic Whites fared better than their native counterparts. Foreign-born Hispanics, in contrast, had a smaller proportion with a bachelor's degree than the native population... The low educational attainment of foreign-born Hispanics, who compose more than 50 percent of the Hispanic population, contributes to the low attainment levels of the entire Hispanic population.
— US Census Bureau, 2003

text: Only among Hispanics and Latinos was the proportion of college graduates larger among the native born population. In the general population the proportion of persons with a bachelor's degree or higher was the same among the foreign-born and native-born population (27.2%). As stated above fewer foreign born Americans completed high school than native born Americans. Overall 87.5% of the native born population had graduated from high school, versus 67.2%. Among whites the difference was three percentage points, the same as for African Americans. Among Asian Americans the difference was five percentage points. It was thirty percentage points among Hispanics or Latinos.[2]

text: African immigrants have been among the more highly educated group in the United States since the 1990s.[18][19] This phenomenon is related to the large "brain drain" in Africa.[20]

text: Income[edit]

text: Educational attainment is strongly correlated with income in the United States. Although the incomes of both men and women are associated with higher educational attainment (higher incomes for higher educational attainment), large income gaps linked to race and gender remained at each educational level. In 2003, average incomes ranged from $13,459 for a male high-school dropout to $90,761 for a male with an advanced degree. The most significant average income difference was between those who had some college education or an Associates degree and those who had a Bachelor's degree. While those with some college averaged $31,046, those with a bachelor's degree averaged $51,194, over $20,000 (64.9%) a year more.[2]

text: The second most dramatic difference in average income was between those with a Bachelor's degree with $51,940 and those with an advanced degree who made $72,824, roughly $21,000 (42.2%) more. The least significant difference was between those who had graduated from high school and those who had either some college or an Associates degree. Here the difference was a mere $3,766 or 13.8%. The difference between those with a high school diploma ($30,000) and those who did not complete high school ($18,826) was $8,454 or 45%. Overall, the income in the United States for all sexes, races and levels of educational attainment was $36,308 annually.[2]

text: Even though African immigrants are claimed to have higher educational attainment rates than any other group, they were the hardest hit during the most recent recession beginning in 2007.[21][16][22][23][24] This shows that race and/or ethnicity may play a role in income levels and job selection.[22]

text:
Criteria
Overall
Less than 9th grade
High school drop-out
High school graduate
Some college
Associates degree
Bachelor's degree
Bachelor's degree or more
Master's degree
Professional degree
Doctorate degree

Median individual income
Male, age 25+
$33,517
$15,461
$18,990
$28,763
$35,073
$39,015
$50,916
$55,751
$61,698
$88,530
$73,853

Female, age 25+
$19,679
$9,296
$10,786
$15,962
$21,007
$24,808
$31,309
$35,125
$41,334
$48,536
$53,003

Median household income
$45,016
$18,787
$22,718
$36,835
$45,854
$51,970
$68,728
$73,446
$78,541
$100,000
$96,830

text: SOURCE: US Census Bureau, 2003[25][26]

text: The change in median personal and household income since 1991 also varied greatly with educational attainment. While both the overall median personal and household income increased since 1991, this increase did not take place on all levels of educational attainment. The overall income increased over the course of the 1990s, reaching its high in 1999, but has been decreasing ever since. In 1991 the median household income in the US was $40,873 in 2003 dollars, while the median household income in 2003 was $45,016. In 1999, however, the median household income was $46,236, 2.7% higher than today. While this trend held true for all levels of educational attainment the extent of chorinical fluctuations in income were greatly influenced by educational attainment.[25][26]

text: Overall the median household and personal income decreased for those with more than a 9th grade education but less than a four-year college degree since 1991. In other words, the median household income decreased for households and individuals at the high school drop-outs and graduate, some-college, and an Associates degree level. Income did, however, increase for those with a Bachelor's degree or more. The following table shows the median household income according to the educational attainment of the householder. All data is in 2003 dollars and only applies to householders whose householder is aged twenty-five or older. The highest and lowest points of the median household income are presented in bold face.[25][26]

text:
Year
Overall Median
Less than 9th grade
High school drop-out
High school graduate
Some college
Associates degree
Bachelor's degree
Bachelor's degree or more
Master's degree
Professional degree
Doctorate degree

1991
$40,873
$17,414
$23,096
$37,520
$46,296
$52,289
$64,150
$68,845
$72,669
$102,667
$92,614

1993
$40,324
$17,450
$22,523
$35,979
$44,153
$49,622
$64,537
$70,349
$75,645
$109,900
$93,712

1995
$42,235
$18,031
$21,933
$37,609
$44,537
$50,485
$63,357
$69,584
$77,865
$98,302
$95,899

1997
$43,648
$17,762
$22,688
$38,607
$45,734
$51,726
$67,487
$72,338
$77,850
$105,409
$99,699

1999
$46,236
$19,008
$23,977
$39,322
$48,588
$54,282
$70,925
$76,958
$82,097
$110,383
$107,217

2001
$45,300
$18,830
$24,162
$37,468
$47,605
$53,166
$69,796
$75,116
$81,993
$103,918
$96,442

2003
$45,016
$18,787
$22,718
$36,835
$45,854
$51,970
$68,728
$73,446
$78,541
$100,000
$96,830

Average
$43,376
$18,183
$23,013
$37,620
$46,109
$51,934
$66,997
$72,376
$78,094
$104,368
$94,487

text: SOURCE: US Census Bureau, 2003 Yellow indicates the year with the lowest median income while green indicates the year with the highest reported median income.[25]

text: Among the races, educational attainment retains its dramatic effect on average income which varies significantly at each educational level. European Americans (White Americans) had the highest average income at every level of educational attainment. However, the proportion of those having college degrees is greater among Asian Americans than among non-Hispanic whites, and the overall highest average income is found among Asians. All races except Whites ranked last on at least one level with African Americans ranking last on the non-high school, high school and advanced degree level.[2]

text: Asians were second highest on the college graduate level and had the highest overall income among the general population. They also had the lowest average annual income for those with some college education or an Associates degree. Racial income difference were also significant at every level of educational attainment with the largest racial inequality being between European and African Americans who did not complete high school and those with advanced college degrees.[2]

text: Overall European Americans with an advanced degree had the highest average annual income with $74,122. Asian Americans had the second highest with $72,852. Hispanics and African Americans had the lowest annual incomes among those with advanced degrees averaging $67,679 and $59,944 annually. The largest racial inequity was between European Americans with a Bachelor's degree who made $53,185 and Hispanics who made $12,263 or 29.9% less with an average annual income of $40,949.[2] However, Asian Americans as a whole earn more than any other race due to a greater percentage of them being educated overall, an example of Simpson's paradox.

text: Occupation[edit]

text: The educational attainment varied significantly among the different types of occupations. The highest occupational attainment was among those in the Professional and related fields followed by those Business, Management and financial related occupations. The professional/managerial fields were the only two occupational fields where college graduates with a Bachelor's degree or higher represented the majority. Among professional occupations, 99.1% of the population graduated from high school, 90.2% had some college education or an Associates degree and over two thirds, 68.2% had a Bachelor's degree or higher.[2]

text: Business and managerial occupations were second with 97.8% having graduated from high school, 79.5% having some college or an associates degree and just over half, 53.4% having a Bachelor's degree or higher. While nearly all employment fields feature a population where over 80% had graduated from high school with over a third having some college education or an Associates degree, the fields relating to agriculture, construction, manufacturing, and transportation did not. These, often described as blue collar, fields featured a labor force where less than a tenth of the population had a Bachelor's degree or higher, less than half had some college or an Associates, and less than 80% had graduated from high school.[2]

text: Overall the least educated occupational field was agriculture, ranking last on all educational levels. Here 55.4% had graduated from high school, roughly one fifth (20.8%) had some college education or an Associates degree and 6.8% had a Bachelor's degree or higher. While the largest occupational field, that consisting of professionals and relating occupations was also the largest field, the fields with lower educational attainment combined were larger than the professional and managerial fields combined. Overall 38.02% were employed in the professional and managerial fields while 61.89% were employed in the other white and blue collar fields were those with a bachelor's degree or higher constituted less than a third of the work force.[2]

text: Geography[edit]

text: Educational attainment among the population aged 25 and above varied rather slightly with geography region. The population of the Northeastern United States, which had the smallest population of any region with thirty-six million residents, had the highest percentage of high-school and college graduates. The western United States had the highest percentage of those with some college or an Associates degree and ranked second for college graduates. The South which had by far the largest population with roughly sixty-six million people had the lowest educational attainment at every level.[2]

text: The proportion of high school graduates was the largest in the Midwest while the proportion of those with some college or an Associates degree was the second and that of those with a Bachelor's degree or higher was the third largest of any region.

text: Social class and education[edit]

text: Educational attainment is one of the primary indicators of social class in the United States.[27] While the American social class system is a vaguely defined concept with many contradicting theories,[28][29] educational attainment emerges as one of the top assessments of social class. Not only is a high educational attainment a status symbol by itself, but it is also very closely related to the other two main indicators of social class: occupation and income. A graduate degree and the roughly seven to eight years of post-secondary education serve as the main requirement for entering the "professions" and becoming part of the professional middle class.[27]

text: Education is a major key in becoming a more privileged member of the American middle class.[27][29] Overall, educational attainment is the main entrance barrier into more privileged parts of the middle class as it is not only of high value but is also the requirement for becoming a professional and earning the corresponding income.[27] This corresponding income is typically significantly higher than that of someone without this higher level of educational attainment in the United States. Exceptions include some entrepreneurs who can rank anywhere in the class system but are usually not referred to as professional middle class unless they are of the professions.

text: In the United States, it is also important to differentiate between the statistical middle class, often defined as consisting of those who are neither rich nor poor, and the professional middle class. Recent research has shown that not only is the statistical middle of society (those with income roughly 80% to 120% of the national median or members of the mid-quintile) no longer able to afford the lifestyle indicative of the middle class,[30] but there also seems to be a widening income gap in between those who may be described as being middle class.

text: Education is not only the main requirement for becoming a member of the professional middle class, it is also key to a comfortable lifestyle and economic security.[27] Those in the statistical middle may have to fear lay-offs and cost-cutting downsizing as well as out-sourcing, while some of those in the professional middle class are less subject to economic fluctuations and are more likely to enjoy upper-middle range incomes even in the face of recessions. Increasingly however even the professional middle class is facing lay-offs and job elimination due to downsizing and replacement of full-time workers with part-time workers—this is particularly evident in colleges and universities where, by 2009, half of the faculty were part-time; another 25% were full-time but with short-term contracts, thus showing that advanced education is not necessarily associated with high salaries and economic stability.[31]

text:
Academic class models

Dennis Gilbert, 2002
William Thompson & Joseph Hickey, 2005
Leonard Beeghley, 2004

Class
Typical characteristics
Class
Typical characteristics
Class
Typical characteristics

Capitalist class (1%)
Top-level executives, high-rung politicians, heirs. Ivy League education common.
Upper class (1%)
Top-level executives, celebrities, heirs; income of $500,000+ common. Ivy league education common.
The super-rich (0.9%)
Multi-millionaires whose incomes commonly exceed $350,000; includes celebrities and powerful executives/politicians. Ivy League education common.

Upper middle class[1] (15%)
Highly-educated (often with graduate degrees), most commonly salaried, professionals and middle management with large work autonomy.
Upper middle class[1] (15%)
Highly-educated (often with graduate degrees) professionals & managers with household incomes varying from the high 5-figure range to commonly above $100,000.
The rich (5%)
Households with net worth of $1 million or more; largely in the form of home equity. Generally have college degrees.

Middle class (plurality/
majority?; ca. 46%)
College-educated workers with considerably higher-than-average incomes and compensation; a man making $57,000 and a woman making $40,000 may be typical.

Lower middle class (30%)
Semi-professionals and craftsmen with a roughly average standard of living. Most have some college education and are white-collar.
Lower middle class (32%)
Semi-professionals and craftsmen with some work autonomy; household incomes commonly range from $35,000 to $75,000. Typically, some college education.

Working class (30%)
Clerical and most blue-collar workers whose work is highly routinized. Standard of living varies depending on number of income earners, but is commonly just adequate. High school education.

Working class (32%)
Clerical, pink- and blue-collar workers with often low job security; common household incomes range from $16,000 to $30,000. High school education.
Working class
(ca. 40–45%)
Blue-collar workers and those whose jobs are highly routinized with low economic security; a man making $40,000 and a woman making $26,000 may be typical. High school education.

Working poor (13%)
Service, low-rung clerical and some blue-collar workers. High economic insecurity and risk of poverty. Some high school education.

Lower class (ca. 14–20%)
Those who occupy poorly-paid positions or rely on government transfers. Some high school education.

Underclass (12%)
Those with limited or no participation in the labor force. Reliant on government transfers. Some high school education.
The poor (ca. 12%)
Those living below the poverty line with limited to no participation in the labor force; a household income of $18,000 may be typical. Some high school education.

References: Gilbert, D. (2002) The American Class Structure: In An Age of Growing Inequality. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, ISBN 0534541100. (see also Gilbert Model);
Thompson, W. & Hickey, J. (2005). Society in Focus. Boston, MA: Pearson, Allyn & Bacon; Beeghley, L. (2004). The Structure of Social Stratification in the United States. Boston, MA: Pearson, Allyn & Bacon.
1 The upper middle class may also be referred to as "Professional class" Ehrenreich, B. (1989). The Inner Life of the Middle Class. NY, NY: Harper-Collins.

text: Educational attainment in social theory[edit]

text: Bourdieu and cultural capital[edit]

text: Many scholars have studied educational attainment in the US as a form of social reproduction and stratification. In 1977, Pierre Bourdieu presented the idea that education leads to social reproduction and a stratified society by honoring the cultural capital of elite classes. Students who possess the valued cultural capital, according to Bourdieu, are rewarded with high academic achievement.[32]

text: When elite class members enter the workforce, they are channeled into high paying jobs and powerful positions within society, while those who did not achieve the same level of academic success fall into subordinate occupations and status levels. By rewarding the desired cultural capital with high academic achievement, upper classes are able and prepared to reach higher levels of educational attainment. Members of the working class, on the other hand, are not rewarded for their cultural capital in schools, and are instead socialized for working class jobs.

text: Lareau and concerted cultivation[edit]

text: Annette Lareau also addresses the factors that lead to social stratification in educational attainment. Lareau's idea of concerted cultivation refers to an active involvement of parents in a child's learning and development experiences by creating and controlling organized activities for their children. According to Lareau, middle-class parents engage in concerted cultivation to teach their children, while lower- and working-class parents do not. Laureau further explains that schools firmly encourage and expect parents to use concerted cultivation as a child-rearing strategy.[33]

text: The child-rearing practices of lower- and working-class families thus do not comply with the standards of educational institutions. As a result, lower- and working-class students develop a sense of "distance, distrust, and constraint" in educational institutions, while children of middle-class families gain a sense of entitlement. These differences in child-rearing practices lead to children of lower- and working-class families to lack the necessary life skills that the children of the middle class possess, further isolating them from educational opportunities. In the United States, education attainment typically is viewed as a sign of social status.

text: Collins and credentialism[edit]

text: Randall Collins contributed the idea of credentialism to the study of class-based differences in educational attainment. Collins maintains that public schools are socializing institutions that teach and reward middle-class values of competition and achievement. In this view, elites are selectively separated from other students and placed into prestigious schools and colleges, where they are trained to hold positions of power.[34]

text: By teaching middle-class culture through the public education system, the elite class ensures a monopoly over positions of power, while others acquire the credentials to compete in a subordinate job market and economy. In this way, schools of medicine, law, and elite institutions have remained closed to members of lower classes.


document_title: Pillar of Fire (theophany)

question_text: god lead the israelites with pillars of cloud and

root

text: Pillar of Fire (theophany)

text: A Pillar of Fire was one of the manifestations of the presence of the God of Israel in the Torah, the five books ascribed to Moses which conventionally appear at the beginning of the Bible's Old Testament. According to Exodus, the pillar of fire provided light so that the Israelites could travel by night during the Exodus from Egypt (perhaps at the time of the 18th Dynasty; see dating of the Exodus). Scripture traditionally pairs a pillar of fire with the manifestation of the divine presence by day as the Pillar of Cloud. The combination meant that the Children of Israel "could travel by day or night".[1] YHWH, the God of the Bible, manifested himself in this pillar of fire or cloud in order to directly guide and comfort the Israelites while he rescued them from their Egyptian slavery.[citation needed] Throughout the Israelite's time in the desert, traveling from Egypt to Canaan (the Promised Land), YHWH continually used this pillar of fire and cloud to lead his people and to remind them of his presence. When the pillar of God moved forward, the people of Israel would pack up their camp and follow behind it. Similarly, when the pillar of God's presence stopped, the Israelites would set up camp underneath it. The Levites would set up the Tabernacle of the Lord directly underneath the cloud of the Lord. This way, God's presence was visibly in the center of the camp at all times.[citation needed] YHWH's holy and awesome manifestation in the cloud among the people would inspire a righteous fear as well as a blessed assurance of their safety and favor.

tag: p

text: The visible light of God's presence with his people in the Old Testament prefigures his visible return and presence in the "new heaven and new earth" to be brought about at the end of time.[citation needed] The apostle John of the New Testament prophesies in the Book of Revelation about a day when God will return to earth and "make all things new". A part of this new creative order, according to Revelation 21, is that there will be "no need of sun or moon to shine on it, for the glory of God gives it light". The fear-inspiring presence of the Israelite's God, YHWH, in the Old Testament through this pillar of cloud and fire was a limited foreshadowing of the intimate reunion between God's glory and his people that will come in the end of days.[citation needed] In Revelation 21:3, John hears YHWH speak as he brings his new creative order into reality: "And I heard a loud voice from the throne saying, “Behold, the dwelling place of God is with man. He will dwell with them, and they will be his people, and God himself will be with them as their God."

text: Usage[edit]

text:
Exodus 13:21-22. By day the Lord went ahead of them in a pillar of cloud to guide them on their way and by night in a pillar of fire to give them light, so that they could travel by day or night. Neither the pillar of cloud by day nor the pillar of fire by night left its place in front of the people.
Exodus 14:24. During the last watch of the night the Lord looked down from the pillar of fire and cloud at the Egyptian army and threw it into confusion.
Numbers 14:14. And they will tell the inhabitants of this land about it. They have already heard that you, O LORD, are with these people and that you, O Lord, have been seen face to face, that your cloud stays over them, and that you go before them in a pillar of cloud by day and a pillar of fire by night.
Deuteronomy 1:33 Who went in the way before you, to search you out a place to pitch your tents in, in fire by night, to shew you by what way ye should go, and in a cloud by day.
Nehemiah 9:12. By day you led them with a pillar of cloud, and by night with a pillar of fire to give them light on the way they were to take.
Nehemiah 9:19. "Because of your great compassion you did not abandon them in the desert. By day the pillar of cloud did not cease to guide them on their path, nor the pillar of fire by night to shine on the way they were to take.
Exodus 40:34-38. "Then the cloud covered the tent of meeting, and the glory of the Lord filled the tabernacle. Moses could not enter the tent of meeting because the cloud had settled on it, and the glory of the Lord filled the tabernacle. In all the travels of the Israelites, whenever the cloud lifted from above the tabernacle, they would set out; but if the cloud did not lift, they did not set out—until the day it lifted. So the cloud of the Lord was over the tabernacle by day, and fire was in the cloud by night, in the sight of all the Israelites during all their travels."

tag: ul


document_title: Fight for My Way

question_text: hwang bo ra di fight for my way

question_tokens: hwang bo ra di fight for my way

text: Fight for My Way

text: Synopsis[edit]

text: Follow the story about underdogs with big dreams and third-rate specs just struggling to survive, and craving for success for the career they're under-qualified for. The long time friendship blossoming into romance between two immature friends Ko Dong-man (Park Seo-joon) and Choi Ae-ra (Kim Ji-won) whose childish dynamic hasn't changed despite reaching adulthood.[5]

text: Cast[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text: The Crazy Fantastic Four[edit]

text: They are four individuals who are considered to be "third-rate lives" for their lack of abilities, but eventually in the series, they will grow as both individuals and friends.[6]

text:
Park Seo-joon as Ko Dong-man[7]
Jo Yeon-ho as young Ko Dong-man

text:
Kim Ji-won as Choi Ae-ra[8]
Lee Han-seo as young Choi Ae-ra

text: Ahn Jae-hong as Kim Joo-man[9]

text:
Song Ha-yoon as Baek Seol-hee[9]
Kim Ha-eun as young Baek Seol-hee

text: Supporting[edit]

text: People related to Dong-man[edit]

text: Son Byong-ho as Go Hyung-shik

text: Kim Ye-ryeong as Park Soon-yang

text:
Jo Eun-yoo as Go Dong-hee
Go Na-hee as young Go Dong-hee

text: Lee Elijah as Park Hye-ran[10]

text: Kim Sung-oh as Hwang Jang-ho[11]

text: People related to Ae-ra[edit]

text: Jeon Bae-soo as Choi Cheon-gap

text: Jin Hee-kyung as Hwang Bok-hee

text: The Fantastic Four’s landlady

text: Kang Ki-dong as Jang Kyung-goo

text: People related to Joo-man[edit]

text: Pyo Ye-jin as Jang Ye-jin[12]

text: Kim Hee-chang as Head of Department Choi

text: People related to Seol-hee[edit]

text: Lee Jung-eun as Geum-bok

text: Kim Hak-sun as Baek Jang-soo

text: Others[edit]

text: Jin Hee-kyung as Hwang Bok-hee

text: Kim Kun-woo as Kim Tak-su

text: Chae Dong-hyun as Yang Tae-hee

text: Yang Ki-won as Choi Won-bo

text:
Lee Chae-eun
Gong Sang-ah
Lee Seo-hwan
Baek Ji-won
Kim Jae-cheol
Jung Bo-ram
Yoo Min-joo
Park Ye-jin
Yoon Yeo-hak
Cha Sang-mi
Kim Se-joon
Park Seung-chan
Han Geu-rim
Ji Sung-geun
Choi Na-moo
Kim Tae-rang (Voice appearance)
Yoon Ji-yeon (Voice appearance)

text: Special appearances[edit]

text: Kwak Dong-yeon as Kim Moo-ki[14] (Ep. 1)

text: Jin Ji-hee as Jang Bo-ram (Ep. 1 & 7)

text: Choi Woo-shik as Park Moo-bin[15] (Ep. 1-7)

text: Jung Soo-young as Young-sook (Ep. 1)

text: Hwang Bo-ra as Park Chan-sook[16] (Ep. 1 & 2)

text:
Kim Dae-hwan
In Gyo-jin as Kim In-gyo[17]

text: Jo Mi-ryung as Lee Ji-sook (Ep. 5)

text: Z.Hera as Sonya (Ep. 6, 8)

text:
Shin Yong-moon as Ring Announcer (Ep. 8)
Kwak Si-yang as Kim Nam-il (Ep. 11-16)

text: Julien Kang as John Karellas (Ep. 13-14, 16)

text: Production[edit]

text:
The drama is directed by Lee Na-jeong (The Innocent Man) and written by Im Sang-choon (Becky's Back).
First script reading took place March 24, 2017 at the KBS Annex Building in Yeouido, Seoul, South Korea.[18][19]
It was confirmed that the cast and crew of Fight For My Way would be taking a reward vacation to Jeju Island after the conclusion of the drama.[20][21][22]

text: Original soundtrack[edit]

text:
Fight For My WayOST AlbumSoundtrack album by Various artistsReleased
2017Genre
K-pop, soundtrackLanguage
KoreanLabel
Pan/RIAK/Warner

tag: table

text: OST Part 1[edit]

text: No.TitleLyricsMusicArtistLength1."Dumbhead"Lee Jong-sooKim Hyo-shinLee Hyun-jooMiste.LeeLee Jong-sooLee Han-minArie Band03:192."Dumbhead" (Inst.) Lee Jong-sooLee Han-min 03:19Total length:06:38

text: OST Part 2[edit]

text: No.TitleLyricsMusicArtistLength1."Good Morning" (굿모닝)Park Woo-sangPark Woo-sangKassy03:072."Good Morning" (Inst.) Park Woo-sang 03:07Total length:06:14

text: OST Part 3[edit]

text: No.TitleLyricsMusicArtistsLength1."Fight for My Way" (쌈,마이웨이)Eom Ki-yeobEom Ki-yeobHerCheck (Super Kidd)2morrow03:342."Fight for My Way" (Inst.) Eom Ki-yeob 03:34Total length:07:08

text: OST Part 4[edit]

text: No.TitleLyricsMusicArtistsLength1."Ambiguous" (알듯 말듯해)August08Key UWild BoarAugust08Seo Eunkwang, Im Hyun-sik, Yook Sung-jae (BtoB)03:452."Ambiguous" (Inst.) Key UWild BoarAugust08 03:45Total length:07:30

text: OST Part 5[edit]

text: No.TitleLyricsMusicArtistLength1."Night Is Gone, Again" (또 밤이 지나버렸네)Eom Ki-yeobLee Young-jooL.a.VRyu Ji-hyun03:302."Night Is Gone, Again" (Inst.) L.a.V 03:30Total length:07:00

text: OST Special Track[edit]

text: No.TitleLyricsMusicArtistsLength1."I Miss U"Kim Bum-jooCha YeoulKim Bum-jooCha YeoulCha Yeoul03:232."I Miss U" (Inst.) Kim Bum-jooCha Yeoul 03:23Total length:06:46

text: Charted songs[edit]

text:
Title

Year

Peak chart positions

Sales

Remarks

KORGaon

"Good Morning"(Kassy)

2017

89

KOR: 21,935+[23]

Part 2

"Ambiguous"(Seo Eunkwang, Im Hyun-sik, Yook Sung-jae (BtoB))

37

KOR: 81,845+[24]

Part 4

text: Ratings[edit]

text:
In the table below, the blue numbers represent the lowest ratings and the red numbers represent the highest ratings.
NR denotes that the drama did not rank in the top 20 daily programs on that date

text:
Ep.

Broadcast Date

Average audience share

TNmS Ratings[25]

AGB Nielsen[26]

Nationwide

Seoul

Nationwide

Seoul

1

May 22, 2017

5.6% (NR)

6.4% (NR)

5.4% (NR)

6.2% (NR)

2

May 23, 2017

6.4% (NR)

6.7% (18th)

6.0% (NR)

6.3% (NR)

3

May 29, 2017

9.1% (11th)

10.2% (6th)

10.7% (7th)

11.4% (5th)

4

May 30, 2017

9.0% (9th)

10.9% (4th)

10.0% (6th)

10.5% (5th)

5

June 5, 2017

8.3% (11th)

9.7% (6th)

10.6% (5th)

11.5% (4th)

6

June 6, 2017

9.4% (8th)

11.4% (4th)

11.4% (5th)

12.1% (4th)

7

June 12, 2017

8.7% (12th)

9.2% (5th)

10.9% (5th)

11.3% (4th)

8

June 13, 2017

8.7% (13th)

10.1% (4th)

9.8% (6th)

10.1% (5th)

9

June 19, 2017

9.9% (8th)

12.0% (4th)

12.1% (4th)

13.5% (4th)

10

June 20, 2017

10.3% (6th)

11.3% (4th)

11.2% (5th)

11.9% (4th)

11

June 26, 2017

10.5% (5th)

12.7% (4th)

12.0% (5th)

13.2% (4th)

12

June 27, 2017

8.5% (12th)

9.4% (5th)

11.9% (4th)

13.1% (4th)

13

July 3, 2017

11.2% (8th)

11.6% (4th)

12.6% (4th)

13.5% (4th)

14

July 4, 2017

11.4% (6th)

11.5% (4th)

13.0% (4th)

14.2% (4th)

15

July 10, 2017

12.0% (5th)

12.5% (4th)

12.9% (4th)

13.8% (4th)

16

July 11, 2017

11.4% (9th)

11.4% (4th)

13.8% (4th)

14.4% (4th)

Average

9.4%

10.4%

10.9%

11.7%

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
Year

Award

Category

Recipient

Result

Ref.

2017

Brand of the Year Awards

Drama of the Year

Fight for My Way

Won

[27]

10th Korea Drama Awards

Excellence Award, Actor

Ahn Jae-hong

Nominated

[28]

Excellence Award, Actress

Song Ha-yoon

Won

1st The Seoul Awards

Best Drama

Fight for My Way

Nominated

[29]

Best Supporting Actor

Ahn Jae-hong

Nominated

Best Supporting Actress

Song Ha-yoon

Nominated

2nd Asia Artist Awards

Fabulous Award

Park Seo-joon

Won

Best Star Award

Won

9th Melon Music Awards

Best OST

Kassy ("Good Morning")

Nominated

31st KBS Drama Awards

Top Excellence Award, Actor

Park Seo-joon

Nominated

Top Excellence Award, Actress

Kim Ji Won

Nominated

Excellence Award, Actor in a Miniseries

Park Seo-joon

Won

Excellence Award, Actress in a Miniseries

Kim Ji Won

Won

Best Supporting Actor

Kim Sung-oh

Won

Best Supporting Actress

Song Ha-yoon

Nominated

Best New Actor

Ahn Jae-hong

Won

Best New Actress

Pyo Ye-jin

Nominated

Netizen Award – Male

Park Seo-joon

Won

Netizen Award – Female

Kim Ji Won

Won

Best Couple Award

Park Seo-joon & Kim Ji Won

Won

Ahn Jae-hong & Song Ha-yoon

Nominated

Best Young Actor

Jo Yeon-ho

Nominated

Best Young Actress

Lee Han-seo

Nominated

Best OST

Seo Eunkwang, Im Hyun-sik, Yook Sung-jae (BTOB) ("Ambiguous")

Won

2018

30th Korea Producer Awards

Best Drama

Fight for My Way

Won

[30]

54th Baeksang Arts Awards

Nominated

[31]

Best Screenplay

Im Sang-choon

Nominated

Best Actor

Park Seo-joon

Nominated

Best Supporting Actor

Ahn Jae-hong

Nominated

Best Supporting Actress

Song Ha-yoon

Nominated

KBS WORLD Global Fan Awards

Best Couple

Park Seo-joon & Kim Ji-won

Won

[32]

13th Seoul International Drama Awards

Excellence Award for Korean Drama

Fight for My Way

Won

[33]

Outstanding Korean Actor

Park Seo-joon

Won

text: International Broadcast[edit]

text:
Philippines – Episodes of the drama were aired on KBS World TV several hours after the original South Korean broadcast with English subtitles[34] and are available to stream on Viu Philippines and iflix.[35][36] The series aired on a major broadcasting station (GMA Network) on February 19 to April 10, 2018 dubbed in Filipino language.[37]
 Japan – WOWOW (January 2018)[38]
 Malaysia - KBS World TV (May 2017 – July 2017), 8TV (11 November 2017 - January 2018)
 Singapore - KBS World TV (May 2017 – July 2017), Mediacorp Channel U (8 March 2018 - April 2018)
 Indonesia - Sony One (2018) (Upcoming)


document_title: Samuel Adams (beer)

question_text: when does sam adams summer ale come out

question_tokens: when does sam adams summer ale come out

text: Samuel Adams (beer)

text: Samuel Adams Boston Lager[edit]

text: Following Jim Koch’s great-great grandfather’s recipe, Samuel Adams continued to use traditional brewing processes, including decoction mash (a four vessel process) and krausening (a secondary fermentation). Boston Lager is also dry hopped using the Hallertau Mittelfrueh and Tettnang Tettnanger hops.[4]

text: Seasonal offerings[edit]

text: In addition to year-round offerings, Samuel Adams also has four seasonal offerings. The spring seasonal beers are Cold Snap, a Witbier and Escape Route, a Kölsch. The spring seasonals are sold from January to March. The Summer offerings are available from April through August and include Summer Ale, a wheat ale and Porch Rocker, a radler. The Autumn seasonal beers are available August through October and are Octoberfest, a Marzen and Pumpkin Batch, a saison. The Winter/Holiday seasonal beers are available November through December and are, Winter Lager, a Bock and White Christmas an Ale.[5]

text: Samuel Adams also offers seasonal variety packs which include a mix of year-round and seasonal offerings.[5][6]

text: Other variants[edit]

text: Samuel Adams Rebel IPA[edit]

text: First brewed in 2014, Samuel Adams Rebel IPA is a West Coast style India Pale Ale. The beer is brewed with five American hops - American Cascade, Simcoe, Chinook, Centennial, and Amarillo.[7] In early 2015, Samuel Adams released Rebel Rouser, a double India Pale Ale, and Rebel Rider, a session India Pale Ale. There are five flavor options in the Rebel Family; Rebel Juiced IPA, Rebel Grapefruit IPA, Rebel Rouser IPA, Rebel Cascade IPA, and Rebel Raw IPA.

text: Sam Adams Light[edit]

text: Introduced in 2001 Sam Adams Light was the second light beer the company brewed. The company previously sold Boston Lightship which was introduced in 1993.[8]

text: Samuel Adams Barrel Room Collection[edit]

text: These Belgian style beers are left in large wood barrels to age and pick up some of the flavors of the wood.[9] The beers in this collection include American Kriek, New World, Stony Brook Red, Thirteenth Hour and Tetravis.[10]

text: Hopscape[edit]

text: There are currently nine brews of this variant available: Fresh as Helles, Ella Blanc IPL, Noble Pils, Winter Lager, White Christmas, Octoberfest, Cold Snap, Summer Ale, and Porch Rocker.[11]

text: Nitro Project[edit]

text: Originally brewed in a nano brewery in 2014, the Nitro Project is a collection of two styles that are infused with nitrogen gas in the carbonation process. The two brews are Nitro Coffee Stout and Nitro White Ale. There was also a third style, Nitro IPA, which is not currently brewed. In a Boston Globe article, Jim Koch describes the process of infusing the nitrogen as "difficult".[12]

text: Samuel Adams Utopias[edit]

text: In 2002 the company released Utopias; at 24% abv, it was marketed as the strongest commercial beer in the world (a mark that has since been challenged). The company subsequently released new "vintages" of Utopias annually, increasing the alcoholic content to 27% abv by 2007.

text: Utopias is made with caramel, Vienna, Moravian and Bavarian smoked malts, and four varieties of noble hops: Hallertauer Mittelfrüh, Tettnanger, Spalter, and Saaz hops. The beer is matured in scotch, cognac and port barrels for the better part of a year. A limited number of bottles are released each year; in 2007, only 12,000 bottles were produced, and in 2009, only 9,000 bottles were released.[13][14] Sold in a ceramic bottle resembling a copper-finished brewing kettle, a single bottle of Utopias cost $100 in 2002, and $150 in 2009.

text: Because of legal restrictions, Utopias is not offered in the states of Alabama, Georgia, Idaho, New Hampshire, North Carolina, Oregon, South Carolina, Vermont, or West Virginia.[15]

text: Collections[edit]

text:
Collections
Brews
Style
Availability

Boston Lager
1
Lager
Year Round

Hopscape
9
Wheat Ale
Seasonal

Rebel IPA
5
India Pale Ale
Year Round

Nitro Project
2
Coffee Stout
Year Round

Boston Ale
6
Stock Ale
Year Round

Utopias
4

Limited Release

Cosmic Mother Funk Grand Cru
5
Belgian Style Ale
Limited Release

text: Official beer of the Red Sox[edit]

text: Starting in the 2018 season, Boston Beer Company's Samuel Adams became the official beer of the Boston Red Sox replacing Budweiser. The eight-year deal will last through the 2025 season and include signage and a Sam roof deck. The agreement also allows Boston Beer to use the Red Sox Logo for marketing purposes, run Red Sox related contests with tickets to games.[16]

text: The Brewery[edit]

text: The Boston Brewery opened in 1989 and it is where every beer was first made, aside from the Boston Lager. There are two other breweries in Cincinnati, OH and Lehigh Valley, PA. Only the Boston Brewery is open for public tours and tastings.[17] The Boston Brewery tour is free, and only guests 21 years of age and older are allowed to sample on the tour. [18]

text: Media[edit]

text: Samuel Adams beer has gained attention in the media for its various beers. In a list of "Best Christmas/Winter Beer in Each State", Samuel Adams' Fezziwig brew won in the state of Massachusetts.[19] Additionally, Samuel Adams brewery itself was named the best brewery in all of Massachusetts according to a Yelp-based Buzzed article.[20]


document_title: The Man Who Invented Christmas (film)

question_text: who played tara in the man who invented christmas

text: The Man Who Invented Christmas (film)

text: Synopsis[edit]

text: Two years after the success of Oliver Twist, Charles Dickens (Dan Stevens) is suffering financial hardship from the failure of his last three books. Rejected by his publishers, he sets out to write a new book to restore his finances. Seeing inspiration around London, most notably a rich man's funeral that is largely unattended, he begins writing A Christmas Carol, due in six weeks in order to be published by Christmas. As Charles begins to develop his story, he interacts with the characters he is writing about, most notably Ebenezer Scrooge (Christopher Plummer). Helping Dickens is one of his servants, Tara, an Irish immigrant who is literate and able to provide advice.

text: While writing his book, Charles is greeted by the arrival of his father, John Dickens (Jonathan Pryce), who views him as immature and fiscally irresponsible. Charles's relationship with his family is increasingly strained as he struggles to finish the book in time, as he is unable to resolve Scrooge's story. Hearing that Charles intends to let Tiny Tim die, Tara suggests a resolution for Scrooge by having him save Tiny Tim instead. Charles rejects her help, and soon sends her away from his house in a fit of rage. Additionally, Charles has a falling out with his father and sends him away upon learning that he has been selling Charles's signature.

text: It is revealed that much of Charles's animosity towards his father is from his childhood embarrassment of working in a blacking factory after his family was taken to debtor's prison. Returning to the long-abandoned factory, Charles is forced to confront his own insecurities through Scrooge. Charles realizes that his story should be one of redemption, and races home to finish his manuscript. As he leaves to submit it to his illustrator, he encounters Tara, and invites her back. His wife suggests he do the same with his father, who is about to board a train to leave London. Reconnecting with his family, Charles submits the manuscript in time for publishing before Christmas. The film ends with the Dickens family celebrating the holidays, while a title text explains the overnight success of A Christmas Carol, and its lasting impact on the Christmas holiday.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Dan Stevens as Charles Dickens

Ely Solan as young Charles

Christopher Plummer as Ebenezer Scrooge
Jonathan Pryce as John Dickens, Charles Dickens' father
Simon Callow as John Leech, an illustrator
Donald Sumpter as Jacob Marley
Miriam Margolyes as Mrs. Fisk
Morfydd Clark as Kate Dickens
Justin Edwards as John Forster/Ghost of Christmas Present
Miles Jupp as William Makepeace Thackeray
Ian McNeice as Edward Chapman
Bill Paterson as Mr. Grimsby
John Henshaw as Mr. Fezziwig
Annette Badland as Mrs. Fezziwig
Anna Murphy as Tara/Ghost of Christmas Past
Jasper Hughes-Cotter as Walter Dickens
Eddie Jackson as Scam Artist
Neil Slevin as Italian Workman
Paul Kealyn as Warren's Foreman
Aleah Lennon as Mamie Dickens
Ger Ryan as Elizabeth Dickens
Valeria Bandino as Tart

text: Release[edit]

text: The film was released in the United States in 500 theaters on 22 November 2017.[6]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 80% based on 149 reviews, with an average rating of 6/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "The Man Who Invented Christmas adds holiday magic to the writing of A Christmas Carol, putting a sweetly revisionist spin on the story behind a classic yuletide tale."[7] On Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating to reviews, the film has a weighted average score 60 out of 100, based 32 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[8]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Award
Date of ceremony
Category
Recipient(s) and nominee(s)
Result
Ref.

Saturn Awards
June 2018
Best International Film
The Man Who Invented Christmas
Pending
[9]


document_title: List of the verified oldest people

question_text: what age is the oldest living person in the world

text: List of the verified oldest people

text: This is a list of the 100 verified oldest people, arranged in descending order of each individual's age in years and days. A year typically refers to a calendar year, the time between two dates of the same name. However, years can be of different lengths due to the presence or absence of a leap day within the year, or to the conversion of dates from one calendar to another.

text: The oldest person ever whose age has been verified is Jeanne Calment (1875–1997) of France, who died at the age of 122 years, 164 days.

text: There are eight living people on this list, all of whom are women and the oldest of whom is Nabi Tajima of Japan, aged 117 years, 258 days.

text: Since all the people on this list have lived to at least the age of 110, all of them have been, or still are, supercentenarians.

text: 100 verified oldest people[edit]

text:
Deceased   Living
†^ denotes age at death, or, if living, age as of 19 April 2018

text:
Rank
Name
Sex
Birth date
Death date
Age [†]
Place of death or residence

1
Jeanne Calment[1]
F
000000001875-02-21-000021 February 1875
000000001997-08-04-00004 August 1997
122 years, 164 days
France

2
Sarah Knauss[2]
F
000000001880-09-24-000024 September 1880
000000001999-12-30-000030 December 1999
119 years, 97 days
United States

3
Nabi Tajima[3]
F
000000001900-08-04-00004 August 1900
Living[3]
117 years, 258 days
Japan

4
Lucy Hannah[4]
F
000000001875-07-16-000016 July 1875
000000001993-03-21-000021 March 1993
117 years, 248 days
United States

5
Marie-Louise Meilleur[5]
F
000000001880-08-29-000029 August 1880
000000001998-04-16-000016 April 1998
117 years, 230 days
Canada

6
Violet Brown[3]
F
000000001900-03-10-000010 March 1900
000000002017-09-15-000015 September 2017
117 years, 189 days
Jamaica

7
Emma Morano[3][6]
F
000000001899-11-29-000029 November 1899
000000002017-04-15-000015 April 2017
117 years, 137 days
Italy

8
Misao Okawa[3]
F
000000001898-03-05-00005 March 1898
000000002015-04-01-00001 April 2015
117 years, 27 days
Japan

9
Chiyo Miyako[3]
F
000000001901-05-02-00002 May 1901
Living[3]
7004427210000000000♠116 years, 352 days
Japan

10
María Capovilla[7]
F
000000001889-09-14-000014 September 1889
000000002006-08-27-000027 August 2006
116 years, 347 days
Ecuador

11
Susannah Mushatt Jones[3]
F
000000001899-07-06-00006 July 1899
000000002016-05-12-000012 May 2016
116 years, 311 days
United States

12
Gertrude Weaver[3]
F
000000001898-07-04-00004 July 1898
000000002015-04-06-00006 April 2015
116 years, 276 days
United States

13
Tane Ikai[8]
F
000000001879-01-18-000018 January 1879
000000001995-07-12-000012 July 1995
116 years, 175 days
Japan

14
Elizabeth Bolden[9]
F
000000001890-08-15-000015 August 1890
000000002006-12-11-000011 December 2006
116 years, 118 days
United States

15
Besse Cooper[3]
F
000000001896-08-26-000026 August 1896
000000002012-12-04-00004 December 2012
116 years, 100 days
United States

16
Jiroemon Kimura[3]
M
000000001897-04-19-000019 April 1897
000000002013-06-12-000012 June 2013
116 years, 54 days
Japan

17
Ana María Vela Rubio[3]
F
000000001901-10-29-000029 October 1901
000000002017-12-15-000015 December 2017
116 years, 47 days
Spain

18
Jeralean Talley[3]
F
000000001899-05-23-000023 May 1899
000000002015-06-17-000017 June 2015
116 years, 25 days
United States

19
Giuseppina Projetto[3]
F
000000001902-05-30-000030 May 1902
Living[3]
7004423280000000000♠115 years, 324 days
Italy

20
Maggie Barnes[10]
F
000000001882-03-06-00006 March 1882
000000001998-01-19-000019 January 1998
115 years, 319 days
United States

21
Dina Manfredini[3]
F
000000001897-04-04-00004 April 1897
000000002012-12-17-000017 December 2012
115 years, 257 days
United States[a]

22
Christian Mortensen[11]
M
000000001882-08-16-000016 August 1882
000000001998-04-25-000025 April 1998
115 years, 252 days
United States[b]

23
Charlotte Hughes[12]
F
000000001877-08-01-00001 August 1877
000000001993-03-17-000017 March 1993
115 years, 228 days
United Kingdom

24
Edna Parker[13]
F
000000001893-04-20-000020 April 1893
000000002008-11-26-000026 November 2008
115 years, 220 days
United States

25
Mary Ann Rhodes[14]
F
000000001882-08-12-000012 August 1882
000000001998-03-03-00003 March 1998
115 years, 203 days
Canada

26
Anonymous of Tokyo[3]
F
000000001900-03-15-000015 March 1900
000000002015-09-27-000027 September 2015
115 years, 196 days
Japan

27
Margaret Skeete[15]
F
000000001878-10-27-000027 October 1878
000000001994-05-07-00007 May 1994
115 years, 192 days
United States

28
Bernice Madigan[16]
F
000000001899-07-24-000024 July 1899
000000002015-01-03-00003 January 2015
115 years, 163 days
United States

29
Gertrude Baines[17]
F
000000001894-04-06-00006 April 1894
000000002009-09-11-000011 September 2009
115 years, 158 days
United States

30
Emiliano Mercado del Toro[11]
M
000000001891-08-21-000021 August 1891
000000002007-01-24-000024 January 2007
115 years, 156 days
Puerto Rico

31
Bettie Wilson[18]
F
000000001890-09-13-000013 September 1890
000000002006-02-13-000013 February 2006
115 years, 153 days
United States

32
Julie Winnefred Bertrand[19]
F
000000001891-09-16-000016 September 1891
000000002007-01-18-000018 January 2007
115 years, 124 days
Canada

33
Maria de Jesus[20]
F
000000001893-09-10-000010 September 1893
000000002009-01-02-00002 January 2009
115 years, 114 days
Portugal

34
Marie Josephine Gaudette[3][21]
F
000000001902-03-25-000025 March 1902
000000002017-07-13-000013 July 2017
115 years, 110 days
Italy[c]

35
Susie Gibson[22]
F
000000001890-10-31-000031 October 1890
000000002006-02-16-000016 February 2006
115 years, 108 days
United States

36
Kane Tanaka[3]
F
000000001903-01-02-00002 January 1903
Living[3]
7004421110000000000♠115 years, 107 days
Japan

37
Augusta Holtz[23]
F
000000001871-08-03-00003 August 1871
000000001986-10-21-000021 October 1986
115 years, 79 days
United States[d]

38
Hendrikje van Andel-Schipper[24]
F
000000001890-06-29-000029 June 1890
000000002005-08-30-000030 August 2005
115 years, 62 days
Netherlands

39
Maude Farris-Luse[25]
F
000000001887-01-21-000021 January 1887
000000002002-03-18-000018 March 2002
115 years, 56 days
United States

40
Marie Brémont[26]
F
000000001886-04-25-000025 April 1886
000000002001-06-06-00006 June 2001
115 years, 42 days
France

41
Maria Giuseppa Robucci[3]
F
000000001903-03-20-000020 March 1903
Living[3]
7004420340000000000♠115 years, 30 days
Italy

42
Koto Okubo[27]
F
000000001897-12-24-000024 December 1897
000000002013-01-12-000012 January 2013
115 years, 19 days
Japan

43
Antonia Gerena Rivera[3]
F
000000001900-05-19-000019 May 1900
000000002015-06-02-00002 June 2015
115 years, 14 days
United States[e]

44
Chiyono Hasegawa[28]
F
000000001896-11-20-000020 November 1896
000000002011-12-02-00002 December 2011
115 years, 12 days
Japan

45
Annie Jennings[29]
F
000000001884-11-12-000012 November 1884
000000001999-11-20-000020 November 1999
115 years, 8 days
United Kingdom

46
Iso Nakamura[3]
F
000000001903-04-23-000023 April 1903
Living[3]
7004420000000000000♠114 years, 361 days
Japan

47
Eva Morris[30]
F
000000001885-11-08-00008 November 1885
000000002000-11-02-00002 November 2000
114 years, 360 days
United Kingdom

48
Kama Chinen[31]
F
000000001895-05-10-000010 May 1895
000000002010-05-02-00002 May 2010
114 years, 357 days
Japan

49
Maria Gomes Valentim[32]
F
000000001896-07-09-00009 July 1896
000000002011-06-21-000021 June 2011
114 years, 347 days
Brazil

50
Mary Bidwell[33]
F
000000001881-05-19-000019 May 1881
000000001996-04-25-000025 April 1996
114 years, 342 days
United States

51
Shimoe Akiyama[3]
F
19 May 1903
Living[3]
7004419740000000000♠114 years, 335 days
Japan

52
Mary Josephine Ray[34]
F
000000001895-05-17-000017 May 1895
000000002010-03-07-00007 March 2010
114 years, 294 days
United States[f]

53
Goldie Steinberg[3][35][36]
F
000000001900-10-30-000030 October 1900
000000002015-08-16-000016 August 2015
114 years, 290 days
United States[g]

54
Kiyoko Ishiguro[3]
F
000000001901-03-04-00004 March 1901
000000002015-12-05-00005 December 2015
114 years, 276 days
Japan

55
Maria do Couto Maia-Lopes[11]
F
000000001890-10-24-000024 October 1890
000000002005-07-25-000025 July 2005
114 years, 274 days
Portugal

Eudoxie Baboul[3]
F
000000001901-10-01-00001 October 1901
000000002016-07-01-00001 July 2016
114 years, 274 days
France (French Guiana)

57
Ramona Trinidad Iglesias-Jordan[37]
F
000000001889-08-31-000031 August 1889
000000002004-05-29-000029 May 2004
114 years, 272 days
Puerto Rico

58
Yukie Hino[3]
F
000000001902-04-17-000017 April 1902
000000002017-01-13-000013 January 2017
114 years, 271 days
Japan

59
Eugénie Blanchard[38]
F
000000001896-02-16-000016 February 1896
000000002010-11-04-00004 November 2010
114 years, 261 days
France (Saint Barthélemy)

60
Venere Pizzinato-Papo[39]
F
000000001896-11-23-000023 November 1896
000000002011-08-02-00002 August 2011
114 years, 252 days
Italy[h]

61
Neva Morris[40]
F
000000001895-08-03-00003 August 1895
000000002010-04-06-00006 April 2010
114 years, 246 days
United States

62
Delphine Gibson[3]
F
17 August 1903
Living[3]
7004418840000000000♠114 years, 245 days
United States

63
Hide Ohira[11]
F
000000001880-09-15-000015 September 1880
000000001995-05-09-00009 May 1995
114 years, 236 days
Japan

64
Blanche Cobb[41][42]
F
000000001900-09-08-00008 September 1900
000000002015-05-01-00001 May 2015
114 years, 235 days
United States

65
Ethel Lang[3]
F
000000001900-05-27-000027 May 1900
000000002015-01-15-000015 January 2015
114 years, 233 days
United Kingdom

66
Mathew Beard[11]
M
000000001870-07-09-00009 July 1870
000000001985-02-16-000016 February 1985
114 years, 222 days
United States

67
Yone Minagawa[43]
F
000000001893-01-04-00004 January 1893
000000002007-08-13-000013 August 2007
114 years, 221 days
Japan

68
María Antonia Castro[44]
F
000000001881-06-10-000010 June 1881
000000001996-01-16-000016 January 1996
114 years, 220 days
Spain

69
Carrie Lazenby[11]
F
000000001882-02-09-00009 February 1882
000000001996-09-14-000014 September 1996
114 years, 218 days
United States

Ura Koyama[45]
F
000000001890-08-30-000030 August 1890
000000002005-04-05-00005 April 2005
114 years, 218 days
Japan

71
Myrtle Dorsey[46]
F
000000001885-11-22-000022 November 1885
000000002000-06-25-000025 June 2000
114 years, 216 days
United States

72
Anna Eliza Williams[47]
F
000000001873-06-02-00002 June 1873
000000001987-12-27-000027 December 1987
114 years, 208 days
United Kingdom

73
Walter Breuning[11]
M
000000001896-09-21-000021 September 1896
000000002011-04-14-000014 April 2011
114 years, 205 days
United States

74
Eunice Sanborn[48]
F
000000001896-07-20-000020 July 1896
000000002011-01-31-000031 January 2011
114 years, 195 days
United States

75
Grace Clawson[49]
F
000000001887-11-15-000015 November 1887
000000002002-05-28-000028 May 2002
114 years, 194 days
United States[i]

76
Mitsue Toyoda[3]
F
000000001902-02-15-000015 February 1902
000000002016-08-25-000025 August 2016
114 years, 192 days
Japan

77
Tase Matsunaga[50]
F
000000001884-05-11-000011 May 1884
000000001998-11-18-000018 November 1998
114 years, 191 days
Japan

78
Yukichi Chuganji[11]
M
000000001889-03-23-000023 March 1889
000000002003-09-28-000028 September 2003
114 years, 189 days
Japan

79
Kame Nakamura[51]
F
000000001898-03-08-00008 March 1898
000000002012-09-12-000012 September 2012
114 years, 188 days
Japan

80
Lydie Vellard[11]
F
000000001875-03-18-000018 March 1875
000000001989-09-17-000017 September 1989
114 years, 183 days
France

Wilhelmina Kott[52]
F
000000001880-03-07-00007 March 1880
000000001994-09-06-00006 September 1994
114 years, 183 days
United States

Adelina Domingues[53]
F
000000001888-02-19-000019 February 1888
000000002002-08-21-000021 August 2002
114 years, 183 days
United States[j]

83
Mitoyo Kawate[54]
F
000000001889-05-15-000015 May 1889
000000002003-11-13-000013 November 2003
114 years, 182 days
Japan

84
Charlotte Benkner[55]
F
000000001889-11-16-000016 November 1889
000000002004-05-14-000014 May 2004
114 years, 180 days
United States[k]

Camille Loiseau[56]
F
000000001892-02-13-000013 February 1892
000000002006-08-12-000012 August 2006
114 years, 180 days
France

86
Anne Primout[57]
F
000000001890-10-05-00005 October 1890
000000002005-03-26-000026 March 2005
114 years, 172 days
France[l]

87
Ettie Mae Greene[58]
F
000000001877-09-08-00008 September 1877
000000001992-02-26-000026 February 1992
114 years, 171 days
United States

88
Dominga Velasco[3]
F
000000001901-05-12-000012 May 1901
000000002015-10-11-000011 October 2015
114 years, 152 days
United States[m]

89
Toshie Yorimitsu[3]
F
000000001901-09-30-000030 September 1901
000000002016-02-28-000028 February 2016
114 years, 151 days
Japan

90
Irene Frank[11]
F
000000001881-10-01-00001 October 1881
000000001996-02-28-000028 February 1996
114 years, 150 days
United States

91
Christina Cock[59]
F
000000001887-12-25-000025 December 1887
000000002002-05-22-000022 May 2002
114 years, 148 days
Australia[n]

92
Olivia Patricia Thomas[60]
F
000000001895-06-29-000029 June 1895
000000002009-11-16-000016 November 2009
114 years, 140 days
United States

93
Tae Ito[3]
F
000000001903-07-11-000011 July 1903
000000002017-11-13-000013 November 2017
114 years, 125 days
Japan

94
Anna Henderson[61]
F
000000001900-03-05-00005 March 1900
000000002014-07-01-00001 July 2014
114 years, 118 days
United States

95
Emma Verona Johnston[62]
F
000000001890-08-06-00006 August 1890
000000002004-12-01-00001 December 2004
114 years, 117 days
United States

Mamie Rearden[63]
F
000000001898-09-07-00007 September 1898
000000002013-01-02-00002 January 2013
114 years, 117 days
United States

97
Bettie Chatmon[11]
F
000000001884-04-30-000030 April 1884
000000001998-08-16-000016 August 1998
114 years, 108 days
United States

98
Odie Matthews[11]
F
000000001878-12-28-000028 December 1878
000000001993-04-14-000014 April 1993
114 years, 107 days
United States

99
Chiyo Shiraishi[3]
F
000000001895-08-06-00006 August 1895
000000002009-11-19-000019 November 2009
114 years, 105 days
Japan

100
Asa Takii[64]
F
000000001884-04-28-000028 April 1884
000000001998-07-31-000031 July 1998
114 years, 94 days
Japan

text:
a^ Manfredini was born in Italy.
b^ Mortensen was born in Denmark.
c^ Gaudette was born in the United States.
d^ Holtz was born in the German Empire; her birthplace is now in Poland.
e^ Gerena was born in Puerto Rico.
f^ Ray was born in Canada.
g^ Steinberg was born in Kishinev, then part of the Russian Empire. It is now the capital of Moldova.
h^ Pizzinato-Papo was born in Ala, which was then part of Austria-Hungary; it is now located in Italy.
i^ Clawson was born in the United Kingdom.
j^ Domingues was born in Cape Verde, at that time a colony of Portugal.
k^ Benkner was born in Germany.
l^ Primout was born in French Algeria; it is now Algeria.
m^ Velasco was born in Mexico.
n^ Cock was born in the former British colony Victoria, which is now part of Australia.


document_title: List of supporting characters in ER

question_text: who played mark greene's mother on er

question_tokens: who played mark greene 's mother on er

text: List of supporting characters in ER

text: Desk clerks and other non-medical hospital staff[edit]

text:
Actor/Actress
Character Position
Character Name
Years of Appearance

Aylesworth, ReikoReiko Aylesworth
Hospital Chaplain
Julia Dupree
2007–2008

Benrubi, AbrahamAbraham Benrubi
Desk Clerk
Jerry Markovic
1994–1999; 2002–2006; 2008–2009

Borrego, JesseJesse Borrego
Desk Clerk
Javier
2007–2008

Bowen, AndrewAndrew Bowen
Desk Clerk Temp
Andrew "Andy"
1999–2000

Busia, AkosuaAkosua Busia
Hospital cafeteria worker and wife of Mobalage
Kobe "Kubby" Ekabo
1999

Calloway, JordanJordan Calloway
Volunteer
K.J. Thibeaux
2005–2006

Delpy, JulieJulie Delpy
Runner for Central Supplies and Luka's girlfriend
Nicole
2001

Evans, TroyTroy Evans
Desk Clerk
Frank Martin
2000–2009

Gebel, MałgorzataMałgorzata Gebel
ER Aide/Desk Clerk; Former Vascular Surgeon in Poland
Bogdana "Bob" Liwecki
1994–1995

Gossett, RobertRobert Gossett
Hospital Board Member
Dr Everett Daniels
2008

Hargitay, MariskaMariska Hargitay
Desk Clerk, also Mark Greene's lover
Hooper, CynthiaCynthia Hooper
1997–1998

Hounsou, DjimonDjimon Hounsou
Custodian
Mobalage Ekabo
1999

Joyner, DavidDavid Joyner
Dialysis Technician

2004–2006

Minter, KristinKristin Minter
Desk Clerk
Miranda "Randi" Fronczak
1995–2003

Molina, RolandoRolando Molina
Desk Clerk
Rolando
1995–1996

Noland, CharlesCharles Noland
Desk Clerk/Trainee Nurse
E Ray Bozman
1995–1997

Plummer, GlennGlenn Plummer
Desk Clerk
Timmy Rawlins
1994–1995, 2006–2007

Price, MoiraMoira Price
Surgical Night Clerk
Liza
2005

Sinha, PamelaPamela Sinha
Desk Clerk
Amira
1999–2001, 2003–2005

Zane, LisaLisa Zane
Risk Management Administrator & Doug Ross's girlfriend
Diane Leeds
1995

text: Family members and friends[edit]

text:
Actor/Actress
Character Position
Character Name
Years of Appearance

Alexander, KhandiKhandi Alexander
Sister to Peter Benton
Jackie Robbins
1995–2001

Bartlett, BonnieBonnie Bartlett
Mother of Mark Greene. Died early in Season 6.
Ruth Greene
1997–1998

Beach, MichaelMichael Beach
Husband of Jeanie Boulet. Contracted HIV, unwittingly passed it on to Jeanie, died offscreen of AIDS in 2008.
Al Boulet (role played earlier by Bodison)
1995–1997

Bodison, WolfgangWolfgang Bodison
Husband of Jeanie Boulet
Al Boulet (role later played by Beach)
1995

Bowen, JulieJulie Bowen
Girlfriend of John Carter. In Season 5, Carter dated her but then contrived an excuse to break up with her.
Roxanne Please
1998–1999

Carson, Lisa NicoleLisa Nicole Carson
Girlfriend of Peter Benton. Claimed he was the father of her baby, later said he wasn't (which was true) and tried to take Reese away from him but failed to. Later became erratic and vindictive before she died in an auto accident.
Carla Reece
1996–2001

Chinh, KieuKieu Chinh
Mother of Jing-Mei Chen
Lin Chen
2003

Cheung, George KeeGeorge Kee Cheung
Father of Jing-Mei Chen (later played by Henry O)
Mr. Chen. Suffered permanently debilitating injuries in a car crash in China that killed his wife. Later euthanized by Jing-Mei.
2003–2004

Cullum, JohnJohn Cullum
Father of Mark Greene, a military veteran who finally reconciled with his son before dying late in Season 6.
David Greene
1997–2000

Culp, StevenSteven Culp
Boyfriend of Elizabeth Corday
Dave Spencer
2004

Davis, OliverOliver Davis
Son of Samantha Taggart
Alex Taggart (later played by Dominic Janes)
2003–2005

Mornay, Rebecca DeRebecca De Mornay
Carter's cousin's ex-wife
Elaine Nichols
1999

Dillahunt, GarretGarret Dillahunt
Ex-husband of Samantha Taggart (Earlier played by Cole Hauser)
Steve Curtis
2005–2006

Dooley, PaulPaul Dooley
Father of Susan Lewis, proved to be a much better parent than his asshole wife.
Henry Lewis
1995–1996; 2004

Farentino, JamesJames Farentino
Father of Doug Ross
Ray Ross. A charming man with issues not unlike the son he was never a father to. Died in a car accident in 1997.
1996

Field, SallySally Field
Mother of Abby Lockhart
Maggie Wyczenski
2000–2006

Fisher, FrancesFrances Fisher
Mother of Kerry Weaver
Helen Kingsley. A born-again Christian who gave Kerry up for adoption after giving birth as a teenager. Could not accept Kerry's homosexuality, leading Kerry to not pursue any further contact with her.
2005

Freeman, PaulPaul Freeman
Father of Elizabeth Corday
Dr Charles Corday
1998, 2001–2002

Glover, DannyDanny Glover
Father of Greg Pratt
Charlie Pratt. Greg's long-lost father, who Greg located and tried to forgive for abandoning him, but ultimately couldn't do so.
2005

Gregorio, RoseRose Gregorio
Mother of Carol Hathaway, who initially hated Doug and constantly undermined and fought with her daughter, but later was a good and loved parent.
Helen Hathaway
1996–1999

Gross, MichaelMichael Gross
Father of John Carter. Ineffectual man whom his son loved but didn't respect.
John "Jack" Carter Jr.
2001–2004

Curtis-Hall, VondieVondie Curtis-Hall
Husband of Carla Reece (Earlier played by Victor Williams)
Roger McGrath
2001

Harris, EstelleEstelle Harris
Mother of Jerry Markovic
Mrs. Markovic
2006

Harnos, ChristineChristine Harnos
Mark Greene's wife, then ex-wife
Jennifer "Jenn" Greene-Simon. Constantly bemoaned Mark's low-paying, high stress ER career and his refusal to take lucrative jobs elsewhere. Eventually left him, filed for divorce, and married someone else. Not much of a mother to Rachel, disappeared for good after Mark died.
1994–1996, 1996–1998, 2001–2002

Hauser, ColeCole Hauser
Ex-husband of Samantha Taggart
Steve Curtis
2004

Hazlewood, Rebecca JaneRebecca Jane Hazlewood
Cousin of Neela Rasgotra
Jaspreet
2008

Helgenberger, MargMarg Helgenberger
Doug Ross's girlfriend & his father's boss
Karen Hines
1996

Hirsh, HalleeHallee Hirsh
Daughter of Mark Greene (Earlier played by Yvonne Zima)
Rachel Greene
2001–2002; 2004; 2009

Hudson, ErnieErnie Hudson
Father of Michael Gallant
Colonel James Gallant
2006

Hurd, MichelleMichelle Hurd
Girlfriend of Kerri Weaver
Courtney Brown
2006–2007

Janes, DominicDominic Janes
Son of Samantha Taggart
Alex Taggart
2005–2009

Keach, StacyStacy Keach
Father of Tony Gates
Mike Gates
2007

Greenfield, ChloeChloe Greenfield
Daughter of Tony Gates
Sarah Gates
2006–2009

Kher, AnupamAnupam Kher
Father of Neela Rasgotra
Ajay Rasgotra
2004

Kher, KironKiron Kher
Mother of Neela Rasgotra
Mrs. Rasgotra
2004

Kwan, NancyNancy Kwan
Mother of Jing-Mei Chen
Lin Chen
2000

Laurie, PiperPiper Laurie
Mother of Doug Ross
Sarah Ross
1995–1996

Madigan, AmyAmy Madigan
Mother of Samantha Taggart
Mary Taggart
2009

Mayeux, RosaleeRosalee Mayeux
Mother of Ray Barnett
Jacy Barnett
2007

McDonnell, MaryMary McDonnell
Mother of John Carter
Eleanor Carter (née Ferguson)
2001

McFarlane, AndrewAndrew McFarlane
Nephew of Peter Benton
Jesse Robbins
2000

Morgan, TrevorTrevor Morgan
Son of Donald Anspaugh
Scott Anspaugh
1998

Newton, ThandieThandie Newton
Girlfriend and later wife of John Carter
Makemba "Kem" Likasu-Carter. Met John on a medical relief mission in the Congo. Fell in love with him and planned to be with him in Chicago, but their relationship never recovered after their son died in utero.
2003–2005; 2009

Nozick, BruceBruce Nozick
2nd husband of Jennifer "Jenn" Greene-Simon
Craig Simon
1995–1996

Parfitt, JudyJudy Parfitt
Mother of Elizabeth Corday
Isabelle Corday
2000–2002

Parker, AndreaAndrea Parker
Girlfriend of Doug Ross
Linda Farrell
1994–1995

Perrine, ValerieValerie Perrine
Mother of Susan Lewis
Cookie Lewis. A selfish, self-centered woman who constantly enabled Chloe and disappointed Susan.
1995

Radanovich, ZoranZoran Radanovich
Brother of Luka Kovač
Niko Kovač
2007

Ralph, Sheryl LeeSheryl Lee Ralph
Mother of Michael Gallant
Gloria Gallant
2006

Richards, BeahBeah Richards
Mother of Peter Benton
Mae Benton
1994–1995

Rhames, VingVing Rhames
Brother-in-law to Peter Benton
Walter Robbins
1994–1996

Scarfe, JonathanJonathan Scarfe
Cousin of John Carter
Chase Carter. Spoiled rotten young man who fell into heroin addiction and was left nearly vegetative after an overdose, but was last shown having improved greatly and being able to function in a limited manner.
1997–1998, 2001

Scott, Tom EverettTom Everett Scott
Brother of Abby Lockhart
Eric Wyczenski
2002–2003

Smith, LoisLois Smith
Grandmother of Samantha Taggart
Gracie
2007

Sternhagen, FrancesFrances Sternhagen
Grandmother of John Carter
Millicent "Gamma" Carter
1997–2003

Thedford, MarcelloMarcello Thedford
Brother of Greg Pratt
Leon Pratt
2002–2003

Valley, MarkMark Valley
Ex-husband of Abby Lockhart
Richard Lockhart
2000–2003

Victor, RenéeRenée Victor
Mother-in-law of Kerry Weaver
Florina Lopez
2004

Walsh, GwynythGwynyth Walsh
Mother of Lucy Knight
Barbara Knight
2000

Ward, FredFred Ward
Father of Abby Lockhart
Eddie Wyczenski
2006–2007

Watkins, MatthewMatthew Watkins
Son of Peter Benton
Reese Benton
1999–2001; 2009

Wilhoite, KathleenKathleen Wilhoite
Sister of Susan Lewis
Chloe Lewis
1994–1996; 2002

Williams, VictorVictor Williams
Husband of Carla Reece (Later played by Vondie Curtis-Hall)
Roger McGrath
1998–2001

Woodward, ShannonShannon Woodward
Sister of Samantha Taggart
Kelly Taggart
2009

Zima, YvonneYvonne Zima
Daughter of Mark Greene (Later played by Hallee Hirsh)
Rachel Greene
1994–2000

Actress uncredited
Sister of Lucien Dubenko
Victoria Dubenko
2006

text: Fire fighters, paramedics, police officers, and social workers[edit]

text:
Actor/Actress
Character Position
Character Name
Years of Appearance

Amick, MädchenMädchen Amick
Social Worker
Wendall Meade
2004–2005

Amitrano, ChristopherChristopher Amitrano
Police Officer
Officer Hollis
2006–2009

Bonilla, MichelleMichelle Bonilla
Paramedic
Christine Harms
1999—2009

Campbell, Scott MichaelScott Michael Campbell
EMT
Reilly Brown
1996

Claudio, ClaudineClaudine Claudio
Paramedic
Silva
2000–2001

Connor, Brendan PatrickBrendan Patrick Connor
Paramedic
Reidy
2006–2008

III, Elliot DurantElliot Durant III
Paramedic
Anders
2004, 2009

Eads, GeorgeGeorge Eads
Paramedic
Greg Powell
1997–1998

Eldard, RonRon Eldard
Paramedic. Carol's boyfriend in Season 2, before they broke up because the tragic death of his partner led to Shep becoming violent and scary and he refused to get help or deal with it.
Ray "Shep" Shepard
1995–1996

Emery, Julie AnnJulie Ann Emery
Paramedic
Nikki
2001–2003

Genovese, MikeMike Genovese
Police Officer
Al Grabarsky
1995–1996, 1998–2000

Gimpel, EricaErica Gimpel
Social Services Liaison
Adele Newman
1997–2003

Gómez, CarlosCarlos Gómez
Paramedic
Raul Melendez
1995–1996

Henderson, Lynn A.Lynn A. Henderson
Paramedic
Pamela Olbes
1995–2009

Karsian, TaraTara Karsian
Social Worker
Liz Dade
2005–2006, 2007, 2008–2009

Kim, Daniel DaeDaniel Dae Kim
Social Worker
Ken Sung
2003–2004

Lauter, EdEd Lauter
Fire Captain
Dannaker
1998–2002

Lester, BrianBrian Lester
Paramedic
Brian Dumar
1996—2009

Liberti, LouieLouie Liberti
Paramedic
Tony Bardelli
2003—2009

Manganiello, JoeJoe Manganiello
Police Officer
Officer Litchman
2007

McKnight, ChadChad McKnight
Police Officer
Officer Wilson
1995, 1996, 1999–2000, 2001–2004, 2006

Morgan, MicheleMichele Morgan
Paramedic and Dr. Corday's patient
Allison Beaumont
1997—1998

Navarro, DemetriusDemetrius Navarro
Paramedic
Morales
1998—2009

Nish, BobbyBobby Nish
Police officer
Danny Yau
2005–2006

Ruginis, VytoVyto Ruginis
Paramedic
Wright
2006—2007

Russell, MontéMonté Russell
Paramedic
Dwight Zadro
1995—2009

Vidal, LisaLisa Vidal
Firefighter
CFD Lt. Sandy Lopez
2001–2004

Wagner, EmilyEmily Wagner
Paramedic
Doris Pickman
1994—2009

Williams, CressCress Williams
Police officer and boyfriend/husband of Jeanie Boulet
Reggie Moore
1998–2000; 2008

Lowe, “Faceman”“Faceman” Lowe
Paramedic
Chris Lowe
1999?

text: Notable patients[edit]

text:
Actor/Actress
Character Position
Character Name
Years of Appearance

Benjamin, PaulPaul Benjamin
Junk Dealer, Greene's patient
Al Irving
1994, 2002

Buttons, RedRed Buttons
Carter's patient
Jules 'Ruby' Rubadoux. Carter benevolently but foolishly lied to him about his wife Sophie's terminal condition, leading to Ruby refusing to listen to Carter, but 10 years later when Ruby returned to the ER he and Carter were able to mend fences somewhat.
1995, 2005

Clooney, RosemaryRosemary Clooney
Alzheimer's disease patient
Mary Cavanaugh a.k.a. "Madam X"
1994

Cromwell, JamesJames Cromwell
Catholic Bishop and patient of Luka Kovač
Bishop Stewart
2001

Dunst, KirstenKirsten Dunst
Teen prostitute and Doug Ross's patient
Charlene "Charlie" Chiemienga
1996–1997

Gleason, JoannaJoanna Gleason
Allergy patient, Infomercial Director, and briefly Mark Greene's romance interest
Iris
1996

Hedaya, DanDan Hedaya
Lawyer and patient
Herb Spivak. Helped Mark fend off a civil lawsuit, later returned having lost all his money in a dot-com bust.
1997, 2005

Kurtz, SwoosieSwoosie Kurtz
Tele-evangelist and patient
Tina Marie Chambliss
1998

Krumholtz, DavidDavid Krumholtz
Schizophrenic patient who in a psychotic break stabbed both John Carter and Lucy Knight, the wounds leaving Carter injured and with life-long kidney problems and eventually resulted in Lucy's death.
Paul Sobricki
2000, 2002

Mara, MaryMary Mara
Originally a prostitute; later Secretary/Cancer patient
Loretta Sweet
1995–1996

Newhart, BobBob Newhart
Architect who is gradually going blind; patient of Dr. Lewis
Ben Hollander
2003

Vlahos, SamSam Vlahos
Homeless man and frequent patient in ER
Pablo
1997–1998; 2000–2003

Woods, JamesJames Woods
ALS (Lou Gehrig's disease) patient, Abby Lockheart's teacher in medical school
Dr. Nate Lennox
2006

Radnor, JoshJosh Radnor
Alderman Bright's lover who contracted Syphilis and was treated under the table by Kerry Weaver
Keith. Because he was unaware of either Bright's condition or his own allergies, he died after having a bad reaction to penicillin.
2003

Weitz, BruceBruce Weitz
Alderman for City of Chicago and patient of Kerry Weaver for Syphilis
Alderman John Bright
2003

text: Others[edit]

text:
Actor/Actress
Character Position
Character Name
Years of Appearance

Sarandon, SusanSusan Sarandon
Grandmother of a boy who died in an accident. Gave Doug and Carol permission to harvest his kidney, which ended up being used for John Carter's successful transplant.
Nora
2009

Liotta, RayRay Liotta
A dying patient gives an insight into the regrets he has about his wasted life, with Greg Pratt going from hostility towards him (he reminds Pratt of his own, absentee father) to compassion as he dies over the course of an hour.
Charlie Metcalf
2004

Liu, LucyLucy Liu
Mother of a little boy who has AIDS
Mei-Sun Leow
1995

Lloyd, JakeJake Lloyd
Son of the patient Loretta Sweet
Jimmy Sweet
1996

McGregor, EwanEwan McGregor
Holds up a convenience store with hostages including Carol Hathaway
Duncan Stewart
1997

Torry, JoeJoe Torry
Sues Mark Greene after his brother dies; a suspect in Greene's beating but isn't responsible. He and Mark have a heated conversation in which both men admit they're not the reason for the other's misery.
Chris Law
1997

Whitford, BradleyBradley Whitford
Husband of a pregnant patient in Mark Greene's care
Sean O'Brien
1995

Belushi, JamesJames Belushi
Father who was brought in after a car accident with his son
Dan Harris
2001

Padalecki, JaredJared Padalecki
Son who was brought in after a car accident with his father
Paul Harris
2001

text: Shiri Appleby Season 1, Episode 1-Teen with etopic pregnancy

text: Secondary doctors and medical students[edit]

text:
Actor/Actress
Character Position
Character Name
Years of Appearance

Alda, AlanAlan Alda
ER Attending Physician
Dr. Gabriel Lawrence
1999

Anderson, SamSam Anderson
Chief of Cardiology and member of the board. Incredibly acerbic and not friendly to the ER, but good at his job.
Dr. Jack Kayson
1994–2007

Anzilotti, PerryPerry Anzilotti
Anesthesiologist
Perry
1994, 1995–2002, 2003, 2004, 2006, 2008

Appleby, ShiriShiri Appleby
Intern
Dr. Daria Wade
2008–2009

Aquino, AmyAmy Aquino
Chief of Obstetrics & Gynecology. Originally introduced as a shrieking harpy who clashed with the ER and refused to help anyone there, but evolved over time into a likable doctor who helped multiple ER regulars deal with pregnancies.
Dr. Janet Coburn
1994—2009

Arroyo, DannyDanny Arroyo
Medical student
Reid Mooney
2001

Aylward, JohnJohn Aylward
Chief of Staff (1996–1999), General surgeon and member of the board (1999–2006), Chief of Staff (2006–2009)
Dr. Donald Anspaugh
1996—2009

Bach, JillianJillian Bach
Medical Student
Penny Nicholson
2004–2006

Bailey, EionEion Bailey
Medical Student
Jake Scanlon
2004–2005

Benedicto, LourdesLourdes Benedicto
Pediatrics Intern. Briefly dated Carter in Season 7.
Rena Trujillo
2001

Bibb, LeslieLeslie Bibb
Medical Student, flirted with Kovac in Season 9 but was nearly killed in a car accident when he was driving.
Erin Harkins
2002–2003

Blackthorne, PaulPaul Blackthorne
Invasive Radiologist, had a fling with Dr. Corday.
Dr. Jeremy Lawson
2004

Bledel, AlexisAlexis Bledel
Intern who was a key figure in the series finale.
Dr. Julia Wise
2009

Boutsikaris, DennisDennis Boutsikaris
Surgeon
Dr. David Kotlowitz
1999

Joseph Bua
Special Education Student
Boo Bradley
2001

Brisbin, DavidDavid Brisbin
Anesthesiologist who hated Dr. Corday and vice versa.
Dr. Alexander Babcock
1998–2002

Brown, ClancyClancy Brown
SPG Doctor and Kerry Weaver's boyfriend
Dr. Ellis West
1997–1998

Caldwell, L. ScottL. Scott Caldwell
Director of Neo-Natology
Dr. Megan Rabb
2004, 2006

Cheadle, DonDon Cheadle
Medical Student. Turned from a successful business path after being diagnosed with Parkinson's.
Paul Nathan
2002

Cole, MeganMegan Cole
Pathologist
Dr. Alice Upton
1996, 1998, 2000–2001, 2003

Campos, BrunoBruno Campos
Vascular Surgeon
Dr. Eddie Dorset
2003

Fuente, Joel de laJoel de la Fuente
Medical student
Ivan Fu
1997

Doman, JohnJohn Doman
Chief of Psychiatry
Dr. Carl DeRaad
1999–2000, 2001, 2003

Drew, Malaya RiveraMalaya Rivera Drew
Medical Student
Katy Alvaro
2006–2007

Elise, ChristineChristine Elise
Medical Student. Love Interest of Carter in Season 2. Temporarily estranged with Carter after she was drunk and slept with Ross accidentality. Later reconciled with Carter but broke up with him over his behavior when seeking surgical procedures. It was revealed that her med school tuition was sponsored by the US Air Force, so she had to join USAF and serve for 4 years after she graduated from medical school.
Harper Tracy
1995–1996

Epps, OmarOmar Epps
Surgical Intern who constantly suffered Dr. Peter Benton's wrath although Dr. John Carter befriended him. Unfortunately, Benton's constant bullying of Gant drove Gant over the edge so much so that Gant committed suicide by jumping in front of a train. Gant's remains which were badly disfigured were later brought to County for treatment and when Gant was paged, Benton and Carter discovered to their horror that it was Gant that they were working on. Despite their best efforts, Gant eventually succumbed to his wounds and died, his death leaving Carter devastated and angry at himself and Benton for failing to see that there was something wrong with Gant.
Dr. Dennis Gant
1996–1997

Esten, CharlesCharles Esten
Orthopedic Surgeon
Dr. Barry Grossman
2007–2008

Fox, JorjaJorja Fox
ER Intern, later resident
Dr. Maggie Doyle
1996—1999

Gertz, JamiJami Gertz
Psychiatrist
Dr. Nina Pomerantz
1997

Gilbert, SaraSara Gilbert
ER Intern, later resident
Dr. Jane Figler
2004—2008

Glave, MatthewMatthew Glave
Surgeon. Arrogant even by surgical standards, Carter didn't like him and Peter found him to be a creep.
Dr. Dale Edson
1996–1999, 2001–2002

Glazer, JeremyJeremy Glazer
Medical Student
David
2004

Grove, ChristopherChristopher Grove
Orthopeadic Surgeon
Dr. Marty Kline
2002–2003, 2006

Headly, GlenneGlenne Headly
Pediatric Surgeon
Dr. Abby Keaton
1996–1997

Henry, JustinJustin Henry
Medical student
James Sasser
1997

Howerton, GlennGlenn Howerton
ER Resident
Dr. Nick 'Coop' Cooper
2003

Ironside, MichaelMichael Ironside
Chief of Surgery and ER Chief
Dr. William 'Wild Willy' Swift
1995, 1998, 2002

Jablon, MarcMarc Jablon
Intern
Dr. Larry Western
2007–2008

Jaeck, ScottScott Jaeck
Radiologist
Dr. Steve Flint
1994–1996, 1999–2000, 2002

Jones, JuliaJulia Jones
Intern (Prev. Medical Student)
Dr. Kaya Montoya
2008–2009

LeGros, JamesJames LeGros
Pediatrician and ex-boyfriend of Anna Del Amico
Dr. Max Rocher
1998

Leguizamo, JohnJohn Leguizamo
ER attending physician
Dr. Victor Clemente
2005–2006

Lennix, HarryHarry Lennix
Infectious disease specialist and briefly boyfriend of Jeanie Boulet
Dr. Greg Fischer
1997

Ling, JuliaJulia Ling
Surgical Intern
Mae Lee Park
2006–2007

Lowe, ChadChad Lowe
Medical student, assigned to Dr. Carter in Season 4 but had no interest in doing anything ER related with his focus on medical research.
Dr. George Henry
1997, 2005

Macy, William H.William H. Macy
Chief of Surgery and Head of the ER
Dr. David Morgenstern
1994–1998; 2009

Manoux, J. P.J. P. Manoux
Junior Surgical Attending, (Formerly Chief Resident)
Dr. Dustin Crenshaw
2006–2008

Matchett, KariKari Matchett
Acting Chief Of Emergency Medicine
Dr. Skye Wexler
2007–2008

McCormack, MaryMary McCormack
Doctor in Africa
Debbie
2003–2006

McKinney, GilGil McKinney
Intern
Dr. Paul Grady
2007—2009

Mitchell, ElizabethElizabeth Mitchell
Psychiatrist who was in a relationship with Kerry Weaver for a short time before being forced out by Dr. Romano's homophobia.
Dr. Kim Legaspi
2000—2001

Morris, JulianJulian Morris
Surgical Intern
Dr. Andrew Wade
2008–2009

Orser, LelandLeland Orser
Attending Trauma Surgeon; Chief of Surgery. Dr. Corday didn't want him to be hired (for reasons that were never clearly outlined) and he took over her position after she resigned in disgrace.
Dr. Lucien Dubenko
2004–2009

Parker, Steven ChristopherSteven Christopher Parker
Surgical Intern
Dr. Harold Zelinsky
2007—2008

Philipps, BusyBusy Philipps
Medical Student. Devout Christian who inspired Archie Morris in various ways, and dated him for a little while.
Hope Bobeck
2006–2007

Pico, GiovannieGiovannie Pico
Medical Student
Ludlow
2004–2005

Pounder, CCHCCH Pounder
Surgical Attending
Dr. Angela Hicks
1994–1997

Powers, AndyAndy Powers
ER intern
Dr. Howard Ritzke
2004

Rasuk, VictorVictor Rasuk
Intern
Dr. Ryan Sanchez
2008–2009

Ravera, GinaGina Ravera
Radiologist
Dr. Bettina DeJesus
2006–2008

Rifkin, RonRon Rifkin
Senior Cardiovascular Surgeon. Genius and hospital rainmaker, but played with valid data on a key study and inspired action from Peter Benton.
Dr. Carl Vucelich
1995–1996

Rose, EmilyEmily Rose
Intern
Dr. Tracy Martin
2008–2009

Rossovich, RickRick Rossovich
Orthopedic Surgeon
Dr. John "Tag" Taglieri
1994–1995

Salem, DahliaDahlia Salem
Surgical Chief Resident
Dr. Jessica Albright
2005–2006

Shin, EddieEddie Shin
Medical student
Stanley Mao
2001

Silver, Michael B.Michael B. Silver
Psychiatrist
Dr. Paul Myers
1995, 1997–2000, 2003, 2005, 2008

Spellings, BritainBritain Spellings
ER intern
Dr. Sackowitz
2005

Sterling, MauryMaury Sterling
Psychiatrist
Dr. Nelson
2004, 2006

Strauss, KimKim Strauss
Anesthesiologist
Ari
2005–2007

Sutherland, RossifRossif Sutherland
Medical student. In Season 9, was assigned to the ER; the senior staff didn't think he was good there and he vanished without explanation.
Lester Kertzenstein
2003–2004

Terry, JohnJohn Terry
Psychiatrist and boyfriend of Susan Lewis
Dr. David 'Div' Cvetic
1994

Tucci, StanleyStanley Tucci
Chief of Emergency Medicine
Dr. Kevin Moretti
2007–2008

Vieluf, VinceVince Vieluf
Medical Student
Bernard Gamely
1998

Webb, BreshaBresha Webb
Medical Student
Laverne St. John
2008–2009

Winningham, MareMare Winningham
Chief of Emergency Services; ER attending physician who had an unhealthy obsession with Dr. Mark Greene. She was later revealed to be an imposter who had impersonated many other people in various jobs over the last few years.
Dr. Amanda Lee
1998–1999

text: Secondary nurses and other medical staff[edit]

text:
Actor/Actress
Character Position
Character Name
Years of Appearance

Brazelton, Conni MarieConni Marie Brazelton
ER Nurse
Conni Oligario
1994–2003

Cerón, LauraLaura Cerón
ER Nurse
Chuny Marquez
1995–2009

Cervini, CynthiaCynthia Cervini
Nurse
Anna Waldron
2002, 2004, 2005

Chestnut, MorrisMorris Chestnut
ICU nurse & Deb's baby's father
Frank 'Rambo' Bacon
2000

Crawford, EllenEllen Crawford
ER Nurse
Lydia Wright
1994–2003, 2009

D, DeezerDeezer D
ER Nurse
Malik McGrath
1994–2009

Freeman, YvetteYvette Freeman
ER Nurse
Haleh Adams
1994–2009

Hanami, RenRen Hanami
NICU Nurse

2006

Heiss, MaryMary Heiss
ER Nurse
Mary
2000–2008

Hernandez, April LeeApril Lee Hernandez
ER Nurse
Inez
2005–2006

Guzman, MonicaMonica Guzman
Surgical Nurse
Marisol
2008–2009

Johnson, PennyPenny Johnson
Nurse Practitioner
Lynette Evans
1998–1999

Johnston, KristenKristen Johnston
Chief ER Nurse
Eve Peyton
2005

III, Sam JonesSam Jones III
Emergency Medical Technician, Brother of Greg Pratt
Charlie 'Chaz' Pratt, Jr.
2005–2009

Lenney, DinahDinah Lenney
Surgical Charge Nurse
Shirley
1995–2004, 2006—2009

Lentz, PatPat Lentz
Nursing Supervisor
None
2005, 2008

Logan, BellinaBellina Logan
ICU, Pediatrics and Surgical Nurse
Kit
1996–2003; 2005; 2008

Logue, DonalDonal Logue
Flight Nurse and boyfriend/husband/ex-husband of Susan Lewis
Chuck Martin
2003–2005

Mariye, LilyLily Mariye
ER Nurse
Lily Jarvik
1994–2009

Marquez, VanessaVanessa Marquez
ER Nurse
Wendy Goldman
1994–1997

May, DeborahDeborah May
County Nursing Director
Mary Cain
1996–1997, 2002

Moore, Angel LaketaAngel Laketa Moore
ER Nurse
Dawn Archer
2006–2009

O'Hara, JennyJenny O'Hara
ER Nurse
Rhonda Sterling
1996

Pardue, KipKip Pardue
ER Nurse
Ben Parker
2006–2007

Richards, KyleKyle Richards
Nurse
Dori
2000—2006

Rodriguez, LucyLucy Rodriguez
Nurse
Bjerke
1996; 2000–2003

Shazana, NadiaNadia Shazana
Nurse
Jacy
2001–2008

Thalken, MegMeg Thalken
Flight Nurse
Dee McManus
1996, 1999–2001, 2005, 2008

Watanabe, GeddeGedde Watanabe
ER Nurse
Yoshi Takata
1997–2003


document_title: President of the Republic of Texas

question_text: who was the first popularly elected president of texas

text: President of the Republic of Texas

text: History and duties[edit]

text:
Part of a series on the

History of Texas

Timeline

French Texas
1684–1689

Spanish Texas
1690–1821

Mexican Texas
1821–1836

Republic of Texas
1836–1845

Statehood
1845–1860

Civil War Era
1861–1865

Reconstruction
1865–1899

State of Texas

 Texas portal

v
t
e

text: The Republic of Texas was formed in 1836. In the midst of the Texas Revolution, Texan settlers elected delegates to the Convention of 1836, which issued the Texas Declaration of Independence and elected David G. Burnet as interim president of the new country. In May 1836 Burnet and Mexican President Antonio López de Santa Anna, who was at the time a Texan prisoner-of-war, signed the Treaties of Velasco officially recognizing Texas's break from Mexico.

text: The authority and responsibilities of the president was similar to that of the President of the United States: to serve the people of Texas, and to serve as the head of the military and the state. These were detailed in the Constitution of the Republic of Texas of 1836. The Constitution specified a term of two years for the first elected president (Sam Houston) and terms of three years thereafter; the president could not succeed himself, but there were otherwise no term limits. The president was elected separately from the vice president, by popular vote, and there was no requirement to be native-born. A strict reading of the Constitution provided for women's suffrage (that is, both men and women were citizens and could vote for Congress, president, and other offices), but women and preachers or priests were not allowed to serve as president or in Congress. Indians and Africans and those of African descent could not be citizens.

text: The president lived in different towns during the life of the Republic, as the capital was relocated, especially during and immediately after the Texas Revolution. Washington-on-the-Brazos was Texas' first capital in 1836 (provisional), followed quickly by Harrisburg 1836 (provisional), Galveston 1836 (provisional), Velasco 1836 (provisional), Columbia 1836–37, Houston, 1837–39, and finally Austin, the modern capital, 1839–46.

text: The position was abolished with the annexation of Texas, largely due to President Anson Jones, who received the nickname "The architect of Annexation" and served only one year and three months. The amount of power wielded by occupants of the office varied tremendously during the nine years of Texas' independence. Particularly in the beginning, there was a larger military need than in the 1840s, and the president therefore had considerably more power and influence than during years of relative peace. However, there is no record of any president violating or changing the Texas Constitution.[citation needed]

text: As the United States and other countries such as France recognized Texan independence, presidential power functioned without interference from the outside world, though the Republic generally allied itself informally with the United States. Several presidents supported annexation of the Republic by the United States, with direct admission as a state.

text: Under the Constitution the vice president was to succeed the president in the event of the latter's death, resignation or removal by impeachment; however this never happened. The vice president was also the President of the Senate, and had a casting vote in the event of a tie.

text: Oath of office[edit]

text: The oath or affirmation of office for the president was established in the Constitution of the Republic of Texas and was mandatory for a president 'before entering upon the duties' of the office. The wording, very similar to that of the United States' version, was prescribed by Article VI of the Constitution, as follows:

text: "I, A. B., President of the Republic of Texas, do solemnly and sincerely swear [or affirm, as the case may be] that I will faithfully execute the duties of my office, and to the best of my ability preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution of the Republic."

text: List of presidents and vice presidents[edit]

text:
Presidents and Vice Presidents of the Republic of Texas

№
Portrait
President
Term of office
Party
Term
Previous Office
Vice president

—

David G. Burnet
(1788-04-18)April 18, 1788 – (1870-12-05)December 5, 1870
(aged 82)
March 16, 1836
–
October 22, 1836
Nonpartisan
Interim
[1]
Delegate to the
Convention of 1833
Lorenzo de Zavala

1

Sam Houston
(1793-03-02)March 2, 1793 – (1863-07-26)July 26, 1863
(aged 70)
October 22, 1836
–
December 10, 1838
Nonpartisan
1
(1836)
Commander-in-Chief
of the Texian Army
(1836)
Mirabeau B. Lamar

2

Mirabeau B. Lamar
(1798-08-16)August 16, 1798 – (1859-12-19)December 19, 1859
(aged 61)
December 10, 1838
–
December 13, 1841
Nonpartisan
2
(1838)
1st
Vice President of the
Republic of Texas
(1836–1838)
David G. Burnet

3

Sam Houston
(1793-03-02)March 2, 1793 – (1863-07-26)July 26, 1863
(aged 70)
December 13, 1841
–
December 9, 1844
Nonpartisan
3
(1841)
1st
President of the
Republic of Texas
(1836–1838)
Edward Burleson

4

Anson Jones
(1798-01-20)January 20, 1798 – (1858-01-09)January 9, 1858
(aged 59)
December 9, 1844
–
February 19, 1846
Nonpartisan
4
(1844)
11th
Secretary of State
of the Republic of Texas
(1841–1844)
Kenneth Anderson
December 9, 1844 – July 3, 1845