document_title: List of longest rivers of the United States (by main stem)

question_text: what are the two longest rivers in the united states

text: Table[edit]

text: The primary source for watershed and discharge data in the table below is Rivers of North America. Conflicting data from other sources, if the difference is greater than 10 percent, is reported in the notes. Discharge refers to the flow at the mouth.[n 1] In the "States, provinces, and image" column, the superscripts "s" and "m" indicate "source" and "mouth". Non-U.S. states appear in italics. Except in the "States, provinces, and image" column, abbreviations are as follows: "km" for "kilometer", "mi" for "mile", "s" for "second", "m" for "meter", and "ft" for "foot".

tag: p

text:
Key

 River is not entirely within the United States.

 Watershed is not entirely within the United States.

text:
Longest main-stem rivers of the United States

#
Name
Mouth[5]
Length
Source
coordinates[11]
Mouth
coordinates[11]
Watershed
area[12]
Discharge[12]
States, provinces, and image[5][11]

1
Missouri River
Mississippi River
7003234100000000000♠2,341 mi
3,768 km[13]
45°55′39″N 111°30′29″W / 45.92750°N 111.50806°W / 45.92750; -111.50806 (Missouri River (source))[14]
38°48′49″N 90°07′11″W / 38.81361°N 90.11972°W / 38.81361; -90.11972 (Missouri River (mouth))
7005529353000000000♠529,353 mi2
1,371,017 km2[15]
[n 2]
7004691000000000000♠69,100 ft3/s
1,956 m3/s
[n 3]
Montanas, North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, Iowa, Kansas, Missourim

2
Mississippi River
Gulf of Mexico
7003220200000000000♠2,202 mi
3,544 km[17]
[n 4]
47°14′22″N 95°12′29″W / 47.23944°N 95.20806°W / 47.23944; -95.20806 (Mississippi River (source))[18]
29°09′04″N 89°15′12″W / 29.15111°N 89.25333°W / 29.15111; -89.25333 (Mississippi River (mouth))
7006126000000000000♠1,260,000 mi2
3,270,000 km2[19]
[n 5]
7005650000000000000♠650,000 ft3/s
18,400 m3/s
Minnesotas, Wisconsin, Iowa, Illinois, Missouri, Kentucky, Tennessee, Arkansas, Mississippi, Louisianam

3
Yukon River
Bering Sea
7003197900000000000♠1,979 mi
3,185 km[6]
[n 6]
59°35′00″N 133°47′00″W / 59.58333°N 133.78333°W / 59.58333; -133.78333 (Yukon River (source))[20]
62°35′55″N 164°48′00″W / 62.59861°N 164.80000°W / 62.59861; -164.80000 (Yukon River (mouth))[21]
7005324000000000000♠324,000 mi2
839,200 km2[22]
[n 7]
7005224000000000000♠224,000 ft3/s
6,340 m3/s
British Columbias, Yukon Territory, Alaskam

4
Rio Grande
Gulf of Mexico
7003175900000000000♠1,759 mi
2,830 km[23]
[n 8]
37°47′52″N 107°32′18″W / 37.79778°N 107.53833°W / 37.79778; -107.53833 (Rio Grande (source))[25]
25°57′22″N 97°08′43″W / 25.95611°N 97.14528°W / 25.95611; -97.14528 (Rio Grande (mouth))
7005340000000000000♠340,000 mi2
870,000 km2[26]
[n 9]
7003130000000000000♠1,300 ft3/s
37 m3/s
Colorados, New Mexico, Texasm, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo León, Tamaulipasm

5
Colorado River
Gulf of California
7003145000000000000♠1,450 mi
2,330 km[16]
[n 10]
40°28′20″N 105°49′34″W / 40.47222°N 105.82611°W / 40.47222; -105.82611 (Colorado River (source))[29]
31°48′57″N 114°48′22″W / 31.81583°N 114.80611°W / 31.81583; -114.80611 (Colorado River (mouth))[30]
7005248000000000000♠248,000 mi2
642,000 km2[10]
[n 11]
7003140000000000000♠1,400 ft3/s
40 m3/s
Colorados, Utah, Arizona, Nevada, California, Sonoram, Baja Californiam

6
Arkansas River
Mississippi River
7003144300000000000♠1,443 mi
2,322 km
[n 12]
39°15′30″N 106°20′38″W / 39.25833°N 106.34389°W / 39.25833; -106.34389 (Arkansas River (source))[32]
33°46′30″N 91°04′15″W / 33.77500°N 91.07083°W / 33.77500; -91.07083 (Arkansas River (mouth))
7005160200000000000♠160,200 mi2
414,910 km2[33]
7004355000000000000♠35,500 ft3/s
1,004 m3/s
Colorados, Kansas, Oklahoma, Arkansasm

7
Columbia River
Pacific Ocean
7003124300000000000♠1,243 mi[6]
2,000 km
[n 13]
50°13′00″N 115°51′00″W / 50.21667°N 115.85000°W / 50.21667; -115.85000 (Columbia River (source))[34]
46°14′39″N 124°03′29″W / 46.24417°N 124.05806°W / 46.24417; -124.05806 (Columbia River (mouth))[35]
7005279548000000000♠279,548 mi2
724,024 km2[36]
[n 14]
7005273000000000000♠273,000 ft3/s
7,730 m3/s
British Columbias, Washingtonm, Oregonm

8
Red River
Atchafalaya and Mississippi rivers
7003112500000000000♠1,125 mi
1,811 km
[n 15]
34°34′35″N 99°57′54″W / 34.57639°N 99.96500°W / 34.57639; -99.96500 (Red River (source))[40]
31°01′10″N 91°44′52″W / 31.01944°N 91.74778°W / 31.01944; -91.74778 (Red River (mouth))
7004655900000000000♠65,590 mi2
169,890 km2[41]
[n 16]
7004301000000000000♠30,100 ft3/s
852 m3/s
[n 17]
Oklahomas, Texas, Arkansas, Louisianam

9
Snake River
Columbia River
7003104000000000000♠1,040 mi
1,674 km[16]
44°07′49″N 110°13′10″W / 44.13028°N 110.21944°W / 44.13028; -110.21944 (Snake River (source))[42]
46°11′10″N 119°01′43″W / 46.18611°N 119.02861°W / 46.18611; -119.02861 (Snake River (mouth))
7005108000000000000♠108,000 mi2
281,000 km2[43]
7004553000000000000♠55,300 ft3/s
1,565 m3/s
Wyomings, Idaho, Oregon, Washingtonm

10
Ohio River
Mississippi River
7002979000000000000♠979 mi
1,575 km[44]
40°26′34″N 80°01′02″W / 40.44278°N 80.01722°W / 40.44278; -80.01722 (Ohio River (source))[45]
36°59′12″N 89°07′50″W / 36.98667°N 89.13056°W / 36.98667; -89.13056 (Ohio River (mouth))
7005204000000000000♠204,000 mi2
529,000 km2[46]
7005308400000000000♠308,400 ft3/s
8,733 m3/s
Pennsylvanias, Ohio, West Virginia, Indiana, Illinois, Kentuckym

11
Colorado River of Texas
Gulf of Mexico
7002970000000000000♠970 mi
1,560 km[47]
32°40′47″N 101°43′51″W / 32.67972°N 101.73083°W / 32.67972; -101.73083 (Colorado River of Texas (source)))[48]
28°35′41″N 95°58′59″W / 28.59472°N 95.98306°W / 28.59472; -95.98306 (Colorado River of Texas (mouth))
7004399000000000000♠39,900 mi2
103,341 km2[49]
7003260000000000000♠2,600 ft3/s
75 m3/s
Texass, m

12
Tennessee River
Ohio River
7002935000000000000♠935 mi
1,504 km[50]
35°57′33″N 83°51′01″W / 35.95917°N 83.85028°W / 35.95917; -83.85028 (Tennessee River (source))[51]
37°04′02″N 88°33′53″W / 37.06722°N 88.56472°W / 37.06722; -88.56472 (Tennessee River (mouth))
7004408800000000000♠40,880 mi2
105,870 km2[52]
7004710000000000000♠71,000 ft3/s
2,000 m3/s
Tennessees, Alabama, Kentuckym

13
Canadian River
Arkansas River
7002906000000000000♠906 mi
1,458 km[16]
37°01′11″N 105°04′33″W / 37.01972°N 105.07583°W / 37.01972; -105.07583 (Canadian River (source))[53]
35°27′12″N 95°01′58″W / 35.45333°N 95.03278°W / 35.45333; -95.03278 (Canadian River (mouth))
7004471300000000000♠47,130 mi2
122,070 km2[54]
7003610000000000000♠6,100 ft3/s
174 m3/s
Colorados, New Mexico, Texas, Oklahomam

14
Brazos River
Gulf of Mexico
7002860000000000000♠860 mi
1,390 km[55]
33°16′07″N 100°00′37″W / 33.26861°N 100.01028°W / 33.26861; -100.01028 (Brazos River (source))[56]
28°52′33″N 95°22′42″W / 28.87583°N 95.37833°W / 28.87583; -95.37833 (Brazos River (mouth))
7004446200000000000♠44,620 mi2
115,566 km2[57]
7003880000000000000♠8,800 ft3/s
249 m3/s
Texass, m

15
Green River
Colorado River
7002760000000000000♠760 mi
1,230 km[58]
43°09′13″N 109°40′18″W / 43.15361°N 109.67167°W / 43.15361; -109.67167 (Green River (source))[59]
38°11′21″N 109°53′07″W / 38.18917°N 109.88528°W / 38.18917; -109.88528 (Green River (mouth))
7004449000000000000♠44,900 mi2
116,200 km2[60]
7003610000000000000♠6,100 ft3/s
172 m3/s
Wyomings, Colorado, Utahm

16
Pecos River
Rio Grande
7002730000000000000♠730 mi
1,175 km[61]
35°58′34″N 105°33′29″W / 35.97611°N 105.55806°W / 35.97611; -105.55806 (Pecos River (source))[62]
29°41′59″N 101°22′17″W / 29.69972°N 101.37139°W / 29.69972; -101.37139 (Pecos River (mouth))
7004440000000000000♠44,000 mi2
113,960 km2[63]
7001710000000000000♠71 ft3/s
2 m3/s
New Mexicos, Texasm

17
White River (Arkansas)
Mississippi River
7002720000000000000♠720 mi
1,159 km[64]
35°50′20″N 93°36′16″W / 35.83889°N 93.60444°W / 35.83889; -93.60444 (White River (source))[65]
33°57′05″N 91°04′53″W / 33.95139°N 91.08139°W / 33.95139; -91.08139 (White River (mouth))
7004278720000000000♠27,872 mi2
72,189 km2[66]
7004346000000000000♠34,600 ft3/s
979 m3/s
Arkansass, m, Missouri

18
James River
[n 18]
Missouri River
7002710000000000000♠710 mi
1,140 km[67]
47°28′53″N 99°51′32″W / 47.48139°N 99.85889°W / 47.48139; -99.85889 (James River (source))[68]
42°52′17″N 97°17′26″W / 42.87139°N 97.29056°W / 42.87139; -97.29056 (James River (mouth))
7004209420000000000♠20,942 mi2
54,240 km2[69]
7002854000000000000♠854 ft3/s
24.2 m3/s[69]
[n 19]
North Dakotas, South Dakotam

19
Kuskokwim River
Bering Sea
7002702000000000000♠702 mi
1,130 km[70]
63°05′16″N 154°38′33″W / 63.08778°N 154.64250°W / 63.08778; -154.64250 (Kuskokwim River (source))[71]
60°04′59″N 162°20′02″W / 60.08306°N 162.33389°W / 60.08306; -162.33389 (Kuskokwim River (mouth))
7004480000000000000♠48,000 mi2
124,319 km2[72]
7004670000000000000♠67,000 ft3s
1,900 m3/s
Alaskas, m

20
Cimarron River
Arkansas River
7002698000000000000♠698 mi
1,123 km[73]
36°54′24″N 102°59′12″W / 36.90667°N 102.98667°W / 36.90667; -102.98667 ("Cimarron River (source))[74]
36°10′14″N 96°16′19″W / 36.17056°N 96.27194°W / 36.17056; -96.27194 (Cimarron River (mouth))
7004195100000000000♠19,510 mi2
50,540 km2[75]
7003150000000000000♠1,500 ft3/s
42 m3/s
Oklahomas, m, Colorado, Kansas

21
Cumberland River
Ohio River
7002696000000000000♠696 mi
1,120 km[76]
36°50′42″N 83°19′26″W / 36.84500°N 83.32389°W / 36.84500; -83.32389 (Cumberland River (source))[77]
37°08′36″N 88°24′27″W / 37.14333°N 88.40750°W / 37.14333; -88.40750 (Cumberland River (mouth))
7004179300000000000♠17,930 mi2
46,430 km2[78]
7004304000000000000♠30,400 ft3/s
862 m3/s

Kentuckys, m, Tennessee

22
Yellowstone River
Missouri River
7002678000000000000♠678 mi
1,091 km[79]
43°59′18″N 109°55′45″W / 43.98833°N 109.92917°W / 43.98833; -109.92917 (Yellowstone River (source))[80]
47°58′42″N 103°58′56″W / 47.97833°N 103.98222°W / 47.97833; -103.98222 (Yellowstone River (mouth))
7004704000000000000♠70,400 mi2
182,336 km2[81]
7004128000000000000♠12,800 ft3/s
362 m3/s
Wyomings, Montana, North Dakotam

23
North Platte River
Platte River
7002665000000000000♠665 mi
1,070 km[82]
40°38′23″N 106°24′19″W / 40.63972°N 106.40528°W / 40.63972; -106.40528 (North Platte River (source))[83]
41°06′50″N 100°40′33″W / 41.11389°N 100.67583°W / 41.11389; -100.67583 (North Platte River (mouth))
7004348850000000000♠34,885 mi2
90,352 km2[82]
7002770000000000000♠770 ft3/s
21.9 m3/s
Colorados, Wyoming, Nebraskam

24
Milk River
Missouri River
7002625000000000000♠625 mi
1,005 km[6][n 20]
48°51′20″N 113°01′10″W / 48.85556°N 113.01944°W / 48.85556; -113.01944 (Milk River (source))[85]
48°03′26″N 106°19′07″W / 48.05722°N 106.31861°W / 48.05722; -106.31861 (Milk River (mouth))
7004223320000000000♠22,332 mi2
57,839 km2[86]
[n 21]
7002670000000000000♠670 ft3/s
18.9 m3/s
Alberta, Montanas, m

25
Ouachita River
Black River
7002605000000000000♠605 mi
974 km[87]
31°41′56″N 94°19′57″W / 31.69889°N 94.33250°W / 31.69889; -94.33250 (Ouachita River (source))[88]
31°37′53″N 91°48′25″W / 31.63139°N 91.80694°W / 31.63139; -91.80694 (Ouachita River (mouth))
7004248860000000000♠24,886 mi2
64,454 km2[89]
7004298000000000000♠29,800 ft3/s
843 m3/s
Arkansass, Louisianam

26
Saint Lawrence River
Gulf of Saint Lawrence
7002600000000000000♠600 mi
965 km[90]
[n 22]
44°05′55″N 76°23′28″W / 44.09861°N 76.39111°W / 44.09861; -76.39111 (St. Lawrence River (source))[92]
49°40′00″N 64°30′00″W / 49.66667°N 64.50000°W / 49.66667; -64.50000 (Saint Lawrence River (mouth))[93]
7005620000000000000♠620,000 mi2
1,600,000 km2[94]
[n 23]
7005440000000000000♠440,000 ft3/s
12,600 m3/s
[n 24]
New Yorks, Ontarios, Quebecm

27
Gila River
Colorado River
7002600000000000000♠600 mi
960 km[95]
33°10′47″N 108°12′22″W / 33.17972°N 108.20611°W / 33.17972; -108.20611 (Gila River (source))[96]
32°43′11″N 114°33′19″W / 32.71972°N 114.55528°W / 32.71972; -114.55528 (Gila River (mouth))
7004578500000000000♠57,850 mi2
149,832 km2[97]
[n 25]
7002210000000000000♠210 ft3/s
6 m3/s
[n 26]
New Mexicos, Arizonam

28
Sheyenne River
Red River of the North
7002591000000000000♠591 mi
951 km[98]
47°41′46″N 100°29′52″W / 47.69611°N 100.49778°W / 47.69611; -100.49778 (Sheyenne River (source))[99]
47°01′25″N 96°49′31″W / 47.02361°N 96.82528°W / 47.02361; -96.82528 (Sheyenne River (mouth))
7003880000000000000♠8,800 mi2
23,000 km2
[n 27]
7002288000000000000♠288 ft3/s
8.2 m3/s
[n 28]
North Dakotas, m

29
Tanana River
Yukon River
7002584000000000000♠584 mi
940 km
[n 29]
63°02′57″N 141°51′52″W / 63.04917°N 141.86444°W / 63.04917; -141.86444 (Tanana River (source))[103]
65°09′38″N 151°57′37″W / 65.16056°N 151.96028°W / 65.16056; -151.96028 (Tanana River (mouth))
7004440000000000000♠44,000 mi2
114,000 km2[104]
7004418000000000000♠41,800 ft3/s
1,185 m3/s
Alaskas, m

30
Smoky Hill River
Kansas River
7002576000000000000♠576 mi
927 km[98]
38°57′01″N 102°34′49″W / 38.95028°N 102.58028°W / 38.95028; -102.58028 (Smoky Hill River (source))[105]
39°03′36″N 96°48′04″W / 39.06000°N 96.80111°W / 39.06000; -96.80111 (Smoky Hill (mouth))
7004192600000000000♠19,260 mi2
49,900 km2
[n 30]
7003154200000000000♠1,542 ft3/s
43.7 m3/s
[n 31]
Colorados, Kansasm

31
Niobrara River
Missouri River
7002568000000000000♠568 mi
914 km[98]
42°49′15″N 104°38′50″W / 42.82083°N 104.64722°W / 42.82083; -104.64722 (Niobrara River (source))[107]
42°45′58″N 98°02′50″W / 42.76611°N 98.04722°W / 42.76611; -98.04722 (Niobrara River (mouth))
7004126000000000000♠12,600 mi2
32,600 km2[108]
7003170000000000000♠1,700 ft3/s
49 m3/s
Wyomings, Nebraskam

32
Little Missouri River
Missouri River
7002560000000000000♠560 mi
900 km[109]
44°32′25″N 104°59′57″W / 44.54028°N 104.99917°W / 44.54028; -104.99917 ("Little Missouri River (source))[110]
47°36′38″N 102°52′24″W / 47.61056°N 102.87333°W / 47.61056; -102.87333 (Little Missouri River (mouth))
7003831000000000000♠8,310 mi2
21,500 km2[111]
[n 32]
7002450000000000000♠450 ft3/s
13 m3/s[111]
[n 33]
Wyomings, Montana, South Dakota, North Dakotam

33
Sabine River
Gulf of Mexico
7002553000000000000♠553 mi
890 km[112]
32°48′29″N 95°55′14″W / 32.80806°N 95.92056°W / 32.80806; -95.92056 (Sabine River (source))[113]
29°59′08″N 93°47′26″W / 29.98556°N 93.79056°W / 29.98556; -93.79056 (Sabine River (mouth))
7003975600000000000♠9,756 mi2
25,268 km2[114]
7003840000000000000♠8,400 ft3/s
238 m3/s
Texass, Louisianam

34
Red River of the North
Lake Winnipeg
7002550000000000000♠550 mi
890 km[115]
[n 34]
46°15′52″N 96°35′55″W / 46.26444°N 96.59861°W / 46.26444; -96.59861 (Red River of the North (source))[117]
50°23′47″N 96°48′39″W / 50.39639°N 96.81083°W / 50.39639; -96.81083 (Red River (mouth))[118]
7005111000000000000♠111,000 mi2
287,500 km2[119]
[n 35]
7003830000000000000♠8,300 ft3/s
236 m3/s
North Dakotas, Minnesotas, Manitobam

35
Des Moines River
Mississippi River
7002525000000000000♠525 mi
845 km[120]
44°05′02″N 95°41′17″W / 44.08389°N 95.68806°W / 44.08389; -95.68806 (Des Moines (source))[121]
41°22′52″N 91°25′21″W / 41.38111°N 91.42250°W / 41.38111; -91.42250 (Des Moines River (mouth))
7004120180000000000♠12,018 mi2
31,127 km2[122]
7003640000000000000♠6,400 ft3/s
182 m3/s
Minnesotas, Missouri, Iowam

36
White River (Missouri River)
Missouri River
7002506000000000000♠506 mi
815 km[123]
42°41′10″N 103°50′14″W / 42.68611°N 103.83722°W / 42.68611; -103.83722 (White River (source))[124]
43°42′50″N 99°28′01″W / 43.71389°N 99.46694°W / 43.71389; -99.46694 (White River (mouth))
7004102000000000000♠10,200 mi2
26,418 km2[125]
7002570000000000000♠570 ft3/s
16 m3/s
Nebraskas, South Dakotam

37
Trinity River
Galveston Bay
7002506000000000000♠506 mi
815 km[126]
32°47′54″N 96°53′52″W / 32.79833°N 96.89778°W / 32.79833; -96.89778 (Trinity River (source))[127]
29°44′35″N 94°42′12″W / 29.74306°N 94.70333°W / 29.74306; -94.70333 (Trinity River (mouth))
7004179700000000000♠17,970 mi2
46,540 km2[128]
7003780000000000000♠7,800 ft3/s
222 m3/s
Texass, m

38
Wabash River
Ohio River
7002503000000000000♠503 mi
810 km[98]
40°21′07″N 84°45′57″W / 40.35194°N 84.76583°W / 40.35194; -84.76583 (Wabash River (source))[129]
37°47′53″N 88°01′38″W / 37.79806°N 88.02722°W / 37.79806; -88.02722 (Wabash River (mouth))
7004329500000000000♠32,950 mi2
85,340 km2[130]</ref>
7003100100000000000♠1,001 ft3/s
28 m3/s
Ohios, Indianam, Illinoism

text: Map[edit]


document_title: La Marseillaise

question_text: where did the french national anthem come from

root

text: La Marseillaise

text: History[edit]

text: As the French Revolution continued, the monarchies of Europe became concerned that revolutionary fervor would spread to their countries. The War of the First Coalition was an effort to stop the revolution, or at least contain it to France. Initially, the French army did not distinguish itself, and Coalition armies invaded France.  On 25 April 1792, baron Philippe-Frédéric de Dietrich, the mayor of Strasbourg, requested his guest Rouget de Lisle compose a song "that will rally our soldiers from all over to defend their homeland that is under threat".[1] That evening, Rouget de Lisle wrote "Chant de guerre pour l'Armée du Rhin"[2] (English: "War Song for the Army of the Rhine"), and dedicated the song to Marshal Nicolas Luckner, a Bavarian in French service from Cham.[3] A plaque on the building on Place Broglie where De Dietrich's house once stood commemorates the event.[4] De Dietrich was executed the next year during the Reign of Terror. [5]

text: The melody soon became the rallying call to the French Revolution and was adopted as "La Marseillaise" after the melody was first sung on the streets by volunteers (fédérés in French) from Marseille by the end of May. These fédérés were making their entrance into the city of Paris on 30 July 1792 after a young volunteer from Montpellier called François Mireur had sung it at a patriotic gathering in Marseille, and the troops adopted it as the marching song of the National Guard of Marseille.[2] A newly graduated medical doctor, Mireur later became a general under Napoléon Bonaparte and died in Egypt at age 28.[6]

text: The song's lyric reflects the invasion of France by foreign armies (from Prussia and Austria) that were under way when it was written. Strasbourg itself was attacked just a few days later. The invading forces were repulsed from France following their defeat in the Battle of Valmy. As the vast majority of Alsatians did not speak French, a German version ("Auf, Brüder, auf dem Tag entgegen") was published in October 1792 in Colmar.[7]

text: The Convention accepted it as the French national anthem in a decree passed on 14 July 1795, making it France's first anthem.[8] It later lost this status under Napoleon I, and the song was banned outright by Louis XVIII and Charles X, only being re-instated briefly after the July Revolution of 1830.[9] During Napoleon I's reign, "Veillons au salut de l'Empire" was the unofficial anthem of the regime, and in Napoleon III's reign, it was "Partant pour la Syrie". During the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, "La Marseillaise" was recognised as the anthem of the international revolutionary movement; as such, it was adopted by the Paris Commune in 1871, albeit with new lyrics under the title "La marseillaise de la Commune". Eight years later, in 1879, it was restored as France's national anthem, and has remained so ever since.[citation needed]

text: Musical[edit]

text: Several musical antecedents have been cited for the melody:

text:
Mozart's Allegro maestoso of Piano Concerto No. 25[10]
the credo of the fourth mass of Holtzmann of Mursberg,[11] but this has been refuted by Edgar Istel (de) in 1922.[12]
the oratorio Esther by Jean Baptiste Lucien Grison[13]
One Italian musicologist claims it is based on "Tema e variazioni in Do maggiore", composed in 1781 by the Italian violinist Giovanni Battista Viotti.[14]

tag: ul

text: Rouget de Lisle himself never signed the Marseillaise score.

text: Lyrics[edit]

text: Only the first verse (and sometimes the forth and sixth) and the first chorus are sung today in France. There are some slight historical variations in the lyrics of the song; the following is the version listed at the official website of the French presidency.[15]

text:
Allons enfants de la Patrie,
Le jour de gloire est arrivé!
Contre nous de la tyrannie
L'étendard sanglant est levé, (bis)
Entendez-vous dans les campagnes
Mugir ces féroces soldats?
Ils viennent jusque dans vos bras
Égorger vos fils, vos compagnes!

Aux armes, citoyens,
Formez vos bataillons,
Marchons, marchons!
Qu'un sang impur
Abreuve nos sillons!

Que veut cette horde d'esclaves,
De traîtres, de rois conjurés?
Pour qui ces ignobles entraves,
Ces fers dès longtemps préparés? (bis)
Français, pour nous, ah! quel outrage
Quels transports il doit exciter!
C'est nous qu'on ose méditer
De rendre à l'antique esclavage!

Aux armes, citoyens...

Quoi! des cohortes étrangères
Feraient la loi dans nos foyers!
Quoi! Ces phalanges mercenaires
Terrasseraient nos fiers guerriers! (bis)
Grand Dieu! Par des mains enchaînées
Nos fronts sous le joug se ploieraient
De vils despotes deviendraient
Les maîtres de nos destinées!

Aux armes, citoyens...

Tremblez, tyrans et vous perfides
L'opprobre de tous les partis,
Tremblez! vos projets parricides
Vont enfin recevoir leurs prix! (bis)
Tout est soldat pour vous combattre,
S'ils tombent, nos jeunes héros,
La terre en produit de nouveaux,
Contre vous tout prêts à se battre!

Aux armes, citoyens...

Français, en guerriers magnanimes,
Portez ou retenez vos coups!
Épargnez ces tristes victimes,
À regret s'armant contre nous. (bis)
Mais ces despotes sanguinaires,
Mais ces complices de Bouillé,
Tous ces tigres qui, sans pitié,
Déchirent le sein de leur mère!

Aux armes, citoyens...

Amour sacré de la Patrie,
Conduis, soutiens nos bras vengeurs
Liberté, Liberté chérie,
Combats avec tes défenseurs! (bis)
Sous nos drapeaux que la victoire
Accoure à tes mâles accents,
Que tes ennemis expirants
Voient ton triomphe et notre gloire!

Aux armes, citoyens...

(Couplet des enfants)[16]
Nous entrerons dans la carrière
Quand nos aînés n'y seront plus,
Nous y trouverons leur poussière
Et la trace de leurs vertus (bis)
Bien moins jaloux de leur survivre
Que de partager leur cercueil,
Nous aurons le sublime orgueil
De les venger ou de les suivre

Aux armes, citoyens...

text:
Arise, children of the Fatherland,
The day of glory has arrived!
Against us, tyranny's
Bloody standard is raised, (repeat)
Do you hear, in the countryside,
The roar of those ferocious soldiers?
They're coming right into your arms
To cut the throats of your sons, your women!

To arms, citizens,
Form your battalions,
Let's march, let's march!
Let an impure blood
Water our furrows!

What does this horde of slaves,
Of traitors and conspiring kings want?
For whom have these vile chains,
These irons, been long prepared? (repeat)
Frenchmen, for us, ah! What outrage
What furious action it must arouse!
It is to us they dare plan
A return to the old slavery!

To arms, citizens...

What! Foreign cohorts
Would make the law in our homes!
What! These mercenary phalanxes
Would strike down our proud warriors! (repeat)
Great God! By chained hands
Our brows would yield under the yoke!
Vile despots would themselves become
The masters of our destinies!

To arms, citizens...

Tremble, tyrants and you traitors
The shame of all parties,
Tremble! Your parricidal schemes
Will finally receive their prize! (repeat)
Everyone is a soldier to combat you,
If they fall, our young heroes,
Will be produced anew from the ground,
Ready to fight against you!

To arms, citizens...

Frenchmen, as magnanimous warriors,
Bear or hold back your blows!
Spare those sorry victims,
For regretfully arming against us. (repeat)
But these bloodthirsty despots,
These accomplices of Bouillé,
All these tigers who mercilessly
Tear apart their mother's breast!

To arms, citizens...

Sacred love of the Fatherland,
Lead, support our avenging arms
Liberty, cherished Liberty,
Fight with thy defenders! (repeat)
Under our flags may victory
Hurry to thy manly accents,
So that thy expiring enemies
See thy triumph and our glory!

To arms, citizens...

(Children's Verse)
We shall enter the (military) career
When our elders are no longer there,
There we shall find their dust
And the trace of their virtues (repeat)
Much less keen to survive them
Than to share their coffins,
We shall have the sublime pride
To avenge or follow them.

To arms, citizens...

text: Additional verses[edit]

text: These verses were omitted from the national anthem.

text:
Dieu de clémence et de justice
Vois nos tyrans, juge nos coeurs
Que ta bonté nous soit propice
Défends-nous de ces oppresseurs (bis)
Tu règnes au ciel et sur terre
Et devant Toi, tout doit fléchir
De ton bras, viens nous soutenir
Toi, grand Dieu, maître du tonnerre.

Aux armes, citoyens...

Peuple français, connais ta gloire;
Couronné par l'Égalité,
Quel triomphe, quelle victoire,
D'avoir conquis la Liberté! (bis)
Le Dieu qui lance le tonnerre
Et qui commande aux éléments,
Pour exterminer les tyrans,
Se sert de ton bras sur la terre.

Aux armes, citoyens...

Nous avons de la tyrannie
Repoussé les derniers efforts;
De nos climats, elle est bannie;
Chez les Français les rois sont morts. (bis)
Vive à jamais la République!
Anathème à la royauté!
Que ce refrain, partout porté,
Brave des rois la politique.

Aux armes, citoyens...

La France que l'Europe admire
A reconquis la Liberté
Et chaque citoyen respire
Sous les lois de l'Égalité; (bis)
Un jour son image chérie
S'étendra sur tout l'univers.
Peuples, vous briserez vos fers
Et vous aurez une Patrie!

Aux armes, citoyens...

Foulant aux pieds les droits de l'Homme,
Les soldatesques légions
Des premiers habitants de Rome
Asservirent les nations. (bis)
Un projet plus grand et plus sage
Nous engage dans les combats
Et le Français n'arme son bras
Que pour détruire l'esclavage.

Aux armes, citoyens...

Oui! Déjà d'insolents despotes
Et la bande des émigrés
Faisant la guerre aux Sans-culottes
Par nos armes sont altérés; (bis)
Vainement leur espoir se fonde
Sur le fanatisme irrité,
Le signe de la Liberté
Fera bientôt le tour du monde.

Aux armes, citoyens...

À vous ! Que la gloire environne,
Citoyens, illustres guerriers,
Craignez, dans les champs de Bellone,
Craignez de flétrir vos lauriers! (bis)
Aux noirs soupçons inaccessibles
Envers vos chefs, vos généraux,
Ne quittez jamais vos drapeaux,
Et vous resterez invincibles.

Aux armes, citoyens...

(Couplet des enfants)
Enfants, que l'Honneur, la Patrie
Fassent l'objet de tous nos vœux!
Ayons toujours l'âme nourrie
Des feux qu'ils inspirent tous deux. (bis)
Soyons unis! Tout est possible;
Nos vils ennemis tomberont,
Alors les Français cesseront
De chanter ce refrain terrible:

Aux armes, citoyens...

text:
God of mercy and justice
See our tyrants, judge our hearts
Thy goodness be with us
Defend us from these oppressors (repeat)
You reign in heaven and on earth
And before You all must bend
In your arms, come support us
You Great God, Lord of the thunder.

To arms, citizens...

French people know thy glory
Crowned by Equality,
What a triumph, what a victory,
To have won Freedom! (repeat)
The God who throws thunder
And who commands the elements,
To exterminate the tyrants
Uses your arm on the ground.

To arms, citizens...

Of tyranny, we have
Rebuffed the final efforts;
It is banished from our climes;
In France the kings are dead. (repeat)
Forever live the Republic!
Anathema to royalty!
May this refrain sung everywhere,
Defy the politics of kings.

To arms, citizens...

France that Europe admires
Has regained Liberty
And every citizen breathes
Under the laws of Equality, (repeat)
One day its beloved image
Will extend throughout the universe.
Peoples, you will break your chains
And you will have a Fatherland!

To arms, citizens...

Trampling on the rights of man,
soldierly legions
The first inhabitants of Rome
enslave nations. (repeat)
A larger project and wiser
We engage in battle
And the Frenchman does not arm himself
But to destroy slavery.

To arms, citizens...

Yes! Already insolent despots
And the band of emigrants
Waging war on the sans-culottes [lit. without-breeches]
By our weapons are withered; (repeat)
Vainly their hope is based
On piqued fanaticism
The sign of Liberty
Will soon spread around the world.

To arms, citizens...

To you! Let glory surround
Citizens, illustrious warriors,
Fear in the fields of Bellona,
Fear the sullying of your laurels! (repeat)
As for dark unfounded suspicions
Towards your leaders, your generals,
Never leave your flags,
And you will remain invincible.

To arms, citizens...

(Children's Verse)
Children, let Honour and Fatherland
be the object of all our wishes!
Let us always have souls nourished
With fires that might inspire both. (repeat)
Let us be united! Anything is possible;
Our vile enemies will fall,
Then the French will cease
To sing this fierce refrain:

To arms, citizens...

text: Notable arrangements[edit]

text: "La Marseillaise" was arranged for soprano, chorus and orchestra by Hector Berlioz in about 1830.[17]

text: Franz Liszt wrote a piano transcription of the anthem.[18]

text: During World War I, bandleader James Reese Europe played a jazz version of "La Marseillaise", which can be heard on part 2 of the Ken Burns TV documentary Jazz.

text: Serge Gainsbourg recorded a reggae version in 1978, titled "Aux armes et cætera".[19]

text: Jacky Terrasson also recorded a jazz version of "La Marseillaise", included in his 2001 album A Paris.[citation needed]

text: Adaptations in other musical works[edit]

text:
During the French Revolution, Giuseppe Cambini published Patriotic Airs for Two Violins, in which the song is quoted literally and as a variation theme, with other patriotic songs.
Ludwig van Beethoven quotes "La Marseillaise" in his Wellington's Victory overture, Op. 91, composed in 1813.
Gioachino Rossini quotes "La Marseillaise" in his 1813 opera, L'italiana in Algeri, during the choral introduction to Isabella's 2nd act aria "Pensa alla patria" and in the second act of his opera Semiramide (1823).
Robert Schumann used part of "La Marseillaise" for "Die beiden Grenadiere" (The Two Grenadiers), his 1840 setting (Op. 49, No. 1) of Heinrich Heine's poem "Die Grenadiere".  The quotation appears at the end of the song when the old French soldier dies. Schumann also incorporated "La Marseillaise" as a major motif in his overture Hermann und Dorothea, inspired by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, and quotes it, in waltz rhythm, in the first movement of Faschingsschwank aus Wien, for solo piano.
Richard Wagner also quotes from "La Marseillaise" in his 1839–40 setting of a French translation of Heine's poem.
In Orphée aux enfers (1858), Jacques Offenbach quotes it in the "Choeur de la Révolte" (Revolutionary Chorus) in act 1, scene 2.
Giuseppe Verdi quotes from "La Marseillaise" in his patriotic anthem Hymn of the Nations, which also incorporates "God Save the King" and "Il Canto degli Italiani". In his 1944 film, the Italian conductor Arturo Toscanini also incorporated "The Internationale" for the Soviet Union and "The Star-Spangled Banner" representing the United States.
Greek composer Pavlos Carrer quotes "La Marseillaise" in the overture of his 1873 opera Maria Antonietta (libretto by Count Georgios Romas).
Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky quotes "La Marseillaise" to represent the invading French army in his 1812 Overture (1882). He also quotes the Russian national anthem he was familiar with, to represent the Russian army. However, neither of these anthems was actually in use in 1812.
In 1896, Umberto Giordano briefly quotes the anthem in his opera Andrea Chénier.
Claude Debussy quotes a fragment of the anthem marked "de très loin" in the dreamlike and dissonant coda of his piano prelude, Feux d'artifice.
Flemish composer Peter Benoit quotes "La Marseillaise" in the overture of his 1876 opera Charlotte Corday.
Edward Elgar quotes the opening of "La Marseillaise" in his choral work The Music Makers, Op. 69 (1912), based on Arthur O'Shaughnessy's Ode, at the line "We fashion an empire's glory", where he also quotes the opening phrase of "Rule, Britannia!".
Felix Weingartner incorporated fragments of the "Marseillaise", as well as of the Russian anthem God Save the Tsar!, the Kaiser's anthem Heil dir im Siegerkranz and of the Austrian anthem Gott erhalte Franz den Kaiser in his concert overture Aus ernster Zeit, reflecting the major opponents of World War I.
Heitor Villa-Lobos quotes "La Marseillaise" in his 3rd ("War") and 4th ("Victory") Symphonies (both 1919). In the finale of No. 3, fragments of it form a collage with the Brazilian national anthem.
Dmitri Shostakovich quotes "La Marseillaise" at some length during the fifth reel of the film score he composed for the 1929 silent movie, The New Babylon (set during the Paris Commune), where it is juxtaposed contrapuntally with the famous "Infernal Galop" from Offenbach's Orpheus in the Underworld.[20]
Gottfried Huppertz quotes "La Marseillaise" in his score for the 1927 film Metropolis over scenes of rioting workers.
Max Steiner weaves quotes from "La Marseillaise" throughout his score for the 1942 film Casablanca. It also forms an important plot element when patrons of Rick's Café Américain, spontaneously led by Czech underground leader Victor Laszlo, sing the actual song to drown out Nazi officers who had started singing "Die Wacht am Rhein", thus causing Rick's to be shut down. The scene is reminiscent of one in Jean Renoir's La Grande Illusion, in which French and British prisoners of war performing amateur theatricals to a mixed audience of guards and fellow-prisoners sing the song aggressively at the Germans upon hearing of a minor French victory.
Django Reinhardt uses the theme in "Échos de France".
The Beatles hit single of 1967, "All You Need Is Love", uses the opening bars of "La Marseillaise" as an introduction.
The Slovenian music group Laibach released the album Volk in 2006, which featured interpretations of various national anthems and included "Francia", a song inspired by "La Marseillaise".
In Peru and Chile, both the Partido Aprista Peruano ("La Marsellesa Aprista"),[21] and the Socialist Party of Chile ("La Marsellesa Socialista"),[22] wrote their own versions of "La Marseillaise" to be their anthems. Both use the original tune.
The Canadian post-hardcore band Silverstein uses the English translation of the first two choruses of "La Marseillaise" in their song "La Marseillaise". The song is featured on their album Short Songs.
Hip hop group A Tribe Called Quest uses a sample of "La Marseillaise," taken from The Beatles song "All You Need Is Love," as an intro to their song "Luck of Lucien" on their 1990 album People's Instinctive Travels and the Paths of Rhythm.
American song parodist and comedian Allan Sherman, on his album My Son, the Nut, uses the tune of "La Marseillaise" as part of the opening of his song "You Went the Wrong Way, Old King Louie" (a French Revolution-themed parody of "You Came a Long Way from St. Louis"), solemnly intoning "Louis the Sixteenth was the king of France, in 17–89..."
Indonesian composer R. Soerardjo used the tone of first two lines of La Marseillaise for his song Dari Sabang sampai Merauke (From Sabang to Merauke). The song becomes one of Indonesian national song.

text: Notable use in other media[edit]

text:
Stefan Zweig narrates the creation of the anthem by Rouget De Lisle in one of the Decisive Moments in History, as does Alexandre Dumas in The Countess de Charny, claiming his account comes from Rouget de Lisle's own mouth.
Abel Gance's film Napoléon (1927) features Harry Krimer as Rouget de Lisle and dramatizes the adoption of his song as the revolution's anthem at the Club of the Cordeliers in 1792.
The 1938 film La Marseillaise shows the Marseille fédérés marching to Paris and singing the anthem.
In the RKO film Joan of Paris (1942), "La Marseillaise" is sung by a classroom full of young schoolchildren as the Gestapo hunts their teacher, a French Resistance operative.
"La Marseillaise" was famously used in Casablanca (1942) at the behest of Victor Laszlo (Paul Henreid) to drown out a group of German soldiers singing "Die Wacht am Rhein". It was also played during the closing card of the movie. Earlier, it appeared in Jean Renoir's La Grande Illusion in a similar defiant fashion, sung by French and British POWs.
The British sitcom 'Allo 'Allo! spoofed Casablanca by having the patriotic French characters start singing "La Marseillaise", only to switch to Deutschlandlied when Nazi officers enter their café.
On the January 24, 1977, episode of the Steve Allen PBS fantasy/history talk show Meeting of Minds, Empress Marie Antoinette (played by Allen's wife Jayne Meadows) is introduced and walks onstage to "La Marseillaise", and immediately expresses outrage and distress, explaining that the anthem was that of the revolutionary movement that dethroned and executed herself and husband Louis XVI. Allen as host apologizes profusely for the faux pas.
Vanessa Redgrave sings "La Marsellaise" (in French) in the closing scene of Playing for Time, a 1980 CBS television film about the Auschwitz concentration camp.
In the biopic La Vie en rose, chronicling the life of Édith Piaf, ten-year-old Édith is urged by her acrobat father to "do something" in the middle of a lackluster show, and she amazes the audience with an emotional rendition of "La Marseillaise".
The carillon of the town hall in the Bavarian town of Cham plays "La Marseillaise" every day at 12.05 pm to commemorate the French Marshal Nicolas Luckner, who was born there.[23]
In the Stanley Kubrick film Paths of Glory (1957), "La Marseillaise" is played instrumentally during the opening credits.
The Brisbane Lions Australian Rules football team's theme song has been set to "La Marseillaise" since 1962. Numerous other minor Australian rules football teams also use the song.[24][25]

text: Historical use in Russia[edit]

text:
"La Marseillaise"

Performed on a synthesizer
Problems playing this file? See media help.

tag: table

text: In Russia, "La Marseillaise" was used as a republican revolutionary anthem by those who knew French starting in the 18th century, almost simultaneously with its adoption in France. In 1875 Peter Lavrov, a narodist revolutionary and theorist, wrote a Russian-language text (not a translation of the French one) to the same melody. This "Worker's Marseillaise" became one of the most popular revolutionary songs in Russia and was used in the Revolution of 1905. After the February Revolution of 1917, it was used as the semi-official national anthem of the new Russian republic. Even after the October Revolution, it remained in use for a while alongside The Internationale.[26]

text: Criticism and controversy[edit]

text: The English philosopher and reformer Jeremy Bentham, who was declared an honorary citizen of France in 1791 in recognition of his sympathies for the ideals of the French Revolution, was not enamoured of "La Marseillaise". Contrasting its qualities with the "beauty" and "simplicity" of "God Save the King", he wrote in 1796:

text: The War whoop of anarchy, the Marseillais Hymn, is to my ear, I must confess, independently of all moral association, a most dismal, flat, and unpleasing ditty: and to any ear it is at any rate a long winded and complicated one. In the instance of a melody so mischievous in its application, it is a fortunate incident, if, in itself, it should be doomed neither in point of universality, nor permanence, to gain equal hold on the affections of the people.[27]

text: Valéry Giscard d'Estaing, a former President of France, has said that it is ridiculous to sing about drenching French fields with impure Prussian blood as a German Chancellor takes the salute in Paris.[28] A 1992 campaign to change the words of the song involving more than 100 prominent French citizens, including Danielle Mitterrand, wife of then-President François Mitterrand, was unsuccessful.[29]

text: The historian Simon Schama discussed "La Marseillaise" on BBC Radio 4's Today programme on 17 November 2015 (in the immediate aftermath of the Paris attacks), saying it was "... the great example of courage and solidarity when facing danger; that's why it is so invigorating, that's why it really is the greatest national anthem in the world, ever. Most national anthems are pompous, brassy, ceremonious, but this is genuinely thrilling. Very important in the song ... is the line 'before us is tyranny, the bloody standard of tyranny has risen'. There is no more ferocious tyranny right now than ISIS, so it's extremely easy for the tragically and desperately grieving French to identify with that".[30]


document_title: Black and White (novel)

question_text: where does the book black and white take place

text: Black and White (novel)

text:
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text: Black and White is a 2009 book written by Jackie Kessler and Caitlin Kittredge and published by Spectra Trade Paperbacks. The book is a superhero novel, similar to Soon I Will Be Invincible. It is the first book in the Icarus Project series. The second book, Shades of Gray, was released in June 2010.

text: Plot[edit]

text: Two super powered women who were once friends end up on opposite sides of the law. The two battle each other while trying to get to the truth and help make the world better.

text: From the back of the book: They were best friends at an elite academy for superheroes in training, but now Callie Bradford, code name Iridium, and Joannie Greene, code name Jet, are mortal enemies. Jet is a by-the-book hero using her Shadow power to protect the citizens of New Chicago. Iridium, with her mastery of light, runs the city's underworld. For the Past Five Years the two have played an elaborate, and frustrating, game of Cat and Mouse.

text: But now playtime's over. Separately Jet and Iridium uncover clues that point to a looming evil, one that is entwined within the Academy. As Jet works with Bruce Hunter-a normal man with an extraordinary ability to make her weak in the knees-she becomes convinced that Iridium is involved in a scheme that will level the power structure of America itself. And Iridium, teaming with the mysterious vigilante called Taser, uncovers an insidious plot that's been a decade in the making...a plot in which Jet is key.

text: Synopsis[edit]

text: The main story takes place in 2112 with five sections covering earlier events, starting ten years ago, and moving up to as five, with each year covering one of the school years at the academy. Iridium and Jet are two new students starting their first year at the academy, both having events in their past and being assigned to roommates together. The two eventually become friends, making enemies with Hornblower and Dawnlighter, and friends with Frostbite, Samson, and some of the other students. Jet especially develops more of a close relationship with one of their teachers, Night, and becomes enemies with another, Lancer. Later on the two are assigned as partners to each other to work together.

text: When Jet's boyfriend Samson is killed by The Everyman Society on what was supposed to be a safe training exercise, the two start to drift apart as Jet gains early sponsorship from New Chicago for her funeral speech and immerses herself in her school work. The two finally start to patch things up when Jet is sent to talk to Iridium who is upset because Frostbite has been sent to therapy for being in a homosexual relationship.

text: During their final exam, where the teams have to collect gang flags from certain points through a town, Iridium falls from the vehicle and Jet is ordered back to fill the report in person. As Iridium starts to walk toward a place she can get back to the academy from, she comes across a rapist attacking a prostitute who is off duty and refusing. Iridium interrupts, letting the prostitute escape, and is attacked by the rapist, whom she kills, then turns the body over to the police.

text: After Iridium's actions, it is decided that the young woman will be sent to therapy. Jet, hearing this, fears for what it will do to her friend and does not think she will survive it. She stops the people and makes a deal, having Iridium sent to Blackbird penetentary instead. Just before the transfer, Jet sneaks in to talk to Iridium, who attacks her friend, feeling Jet betrayed the friendship, and escapes. Iridium is labeled as a Rabid as she disappears, working toward her own goals in a section of New Chicago called Wrecked City. Jet graduates, becoming the official superhero of New Chicago.

text: Five years later, Iridium is spotted after robbing a bank, and Jet goes after her. The two fight, ending in Iridium escaping with the money. Jet ends up fighting a street gang when her new runner, Bruce Hunter, arrives. Jet finds herself attracted to him and scolds herself some for thinking like that. After an embarrassing appearance on the Jack Goldwater show, Night contacts Jet and asks her to look for Lynda Kidder, as a favor, implies that Corp-Co may not want the reporter found, which Jet has a hard time believing.

text: After dealing with a local gangster who is not playing by her rules, Iridium meets with the leader of a gang called the Undergoths and learns of a vigilante working in her area who she confronts. After fighting, she ends up concluding to partner with him as he seems to be of use in her plan to take down the Ops computer system.

text: As Jet is led down into the underground to find Lynda Kidder, Irridium and the vigilante, Taser, enter the underground to find access to the building where the blueprints of The Academy would be kept. The pair come across Jet fighting Lynda who had been turned into a heavily muscled monster with a simple mind. After defeating the monstrous Lynda, Jet attacks Iridium, believing that the former friend was somehow involved in what had happened to the reporter. Iridium tries to talk sense into Jet, who won't listen, then ends up knocking the hero out and getting away.

text: Jet is shortly found by Bruce and taken to a hospital. Her injuries are healed rapidly by a faith healer, but she is forced to spend two weeks having bed rest. A prospect she does not fully enjoy. Two days before she would be cleared, Jet is caught by Bruce at the window after stopping a purse snatching, and the two end up sleeping together. Jet tries to tell Night the truth about Iridium not being involved in what happened to Lynda, but the former mentor will not listen, and mentions that Corp-Co has a deal with the Everyman Society. Jet ends up realizing that somehow, Corp-Co has managed to brainwash her some without her knowing.

text: After warning a friend of hers, Iridium, along with Taser, shuts down the back up power, then head to the headquarters for the superheroes. The two shut off the power, then head up to the Academy, working through until they reach Ops. They look at the computer for a moment, noticing a strange signal that's always broadcasting, they shut down Ops and destroy the computer. When they finish, Taser knocks out Iridium.

text: In her apartment, Jet worries when Bruce is late, then dons her costume. The power goes out and the heroine ends up being attacked by Taser, who sedates her.

text: Jet wakes up in a small area with power inhibiting bonds next to Iridium. The two argue a moment before finally starting to talk and begin patching things up between them again. Iridium tells Jet her plan, who in turns tell about the brainwashing, which Iridium realizes is what the frequency on the Ops computer was sending through all the superhero ear pieces all along.

text: After the two speak and start working things out, Taser enters, revealing that he is a mercenary who was hired to get close to them both, as well as that he is Bruce Hunter, much to Jet's shock and sadness. It turns out that Taser had been working for Night, who had been planning for years to have Jet blanket the world in absolute darkness. He had tried to have Iridium killed but when it did not work, Night has Jet draw the light power from Iridium to create shadows that will block out the sun. Taser overhears the plan and is not happy about the matter, attacking Night. Eventually Jet is stopped from draining Iridium, freed from the machine and Night is defeated. In a moment of insanity, Jet tries to kill Taser, but Iridium manages to stop her.

text: The two leave, going their own ways some. Jet tells of the brainwashing to one of the other extrahumans, who works at ops and reports that when the computer went down, only three heroes stayed heroes, with the rest either turning rabid or just standing around. Iridium meanwhile is back her the area she has claimed as her own and believes that soon Jet will join their side.

text: Characters[edit]

text: Jet: Real name Joannie Greene. Named after the gemstone jet. At a young age, her father was driven insane by his shadow powers, killing Jet's mother with his power and going after the child for breaking the rules and sneaking cookies before dinner. Her father is stopped before getting to her, but the event left Joannie with a fear, becoming very obsessed with rules and regulations and also following and maintaining such things. Joanie eventually manifested the power of shadow herself, and in so doing started to hear voices coming from the shadows. The two events have left her afraid of the dark, tending to leave all the lights on around her home, even when she sleeps, and keeps background noise going to keep from hearing the voices.

text: Iridium: Real name Callie Bradford. Named after iridium. Her mother left at some point and her father was once a hero who turned rabid. Manifesting the power to manipulate and control light, and through it heat as well, Callie was eventually sent to the academy and roomed with Jet. Although tending to come across as mean to most of the other students, Iridium felt the urge help Jet, protecting the shy quiet girl from others and helping her socialize some. Iridium herself was disliked by most because of her anti-social tendencies and the fact her father had changed sides and was now a criminal. Iridium has a tendency to ignore procedure, doing things her own way. This culminated in the fifth year final when she fell from the ship during the test, which led to her confronting and killing a rapist, which she felt no guilt after. Feeling betrayed by Jet who had Iridium sentenced to going to Blackbird instead of being sent to Therapy, the two fought quickly, after which Iridium escaped. While Jet became the official hero of New Chicago, Iridium was marked as a rabid herself. Since her escape, she has been fighting crime in her own way in what is locally known as Wreck City, allowing some criminal activity to occur within limits herself, and even committing some as well. Iridium also intends to take down Corp-co itself, revealing the truth about it to the world.

text: Taser: Real name Bruce Hunter. Named after a taser due to his power to unleash electrical energy. Taser is a licensed mercenary hired to get close to both Jet and Iridium. As Bruce Hunter, he becomes Jet's new official Runner. Using small bits of his power, he sends electricity to pulse through her body to arouse the hero and make her believe she is attracted to him. As Taser, he poses as a vigilante who dislikes Corp-co, and begins to fight criminal activities in the area Iridium has claimed as her own. Knocking both out in the same night, he takes them to the location chosen by the person who hired them, and reveals the truth to both, much to Jet's heartbreak. When he finds out that the two were being used to black out the sun, he turns on his former employer. When Iridium and Jet are freed, Jet, being manipulated by shadows and angry at him, tries to kill Taser. Being saved by Iridium, he lets the two escape while calling the police to report an altered version of events.

text: 2009 American novelsSuperhero novels2009 science fiction novelsAmerican science fiction novelsNovels set in the 22nd century

text: Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from September 2009All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attentionArticles lacking sources from September 2009All articles lacking sourcesArticles with multiple maintenance issues


document_title: Ubuntu (operating system)

question_text: what is the latest version of linux ubuntu

question_tokens: what is the latest version of linux ubuntu

text: Ubuntu (operating system)

text: History and development process[edit]

text: Ubuntu is built on Debian's architecture and infrastructure, and comprises Linux server, desktop and discontinued phone and tablet operating system versions.[23] Ubuntu releases updated versions predictably every six months,[24] and each release receives free support for nine months (eighteen months prior to 13.04)[25] with security fixes, high-impact bug fixes and conservative, substantially beneficial low-risk bug fixes.[26] The first release was in October 2004.

text: Current long-term support (LTS) releases are supported for five years, and are released every two years.[27][28][29] LTS releases get regular point releases with support for new hardware and integration of all the updates published in that series to date.[30]

text: Ubuntu packages are based on packages from Debian's unstable branch. Both distributions use Debian's deb package format and package management tools (e.g. APT and Ubuntu Software). Debian and Ubuntu packages are not necessarily binary compatible with each other, however; packages may need to be rebuilt from source to be used in Ubuntu.[31] Many Ubuntu developers are also maintainers of key packages within Debian. Ubuntu cooperates with Debian by pushing changes back to Debian,[32] although there has been criticism that this does not happen often enough. Ian Murdock, the founder of Debian, had expressed concern about Ubuntu packages potentially diverging too far from Debian to remain compatible.[33] Before release, packages are imported from Debian unstable continuously and merged with Ubuntu-specific modifications. One month before release, imports are frozen, and packagers then work to ensure that the frozen features interoperate well together.

text: Ubuntu is currently funded by Canonical Ltd. On 8 July 2005, Mark Shuttleworth and Canonical announced the creation of the Ubuntu Foundation and provided an initial funding of US$10 million. The purpose of the foundation is to ensure the support and development for all future versions of Ubuntu. Mark Shuttleworth describes the foundation goal as to ensure the continuity of the Ubuntu project.[34]

text: On 12 March 2009, Ubuntu announced developer support for third-party cloud management platforms, such as those used at Amazon EC2.[35]

text: Since Ubuntu 17.10, GNOME 3 is the default GUI for Ubuntu Desktop,[36][37] while Unity is still the default in older versions,[38][39] including all current LTS versions. However, a community-driven fork of Unity 8, called Yunit, has been created to continue the development of Unity.[40][non-primary source needed] Shuttleworth wrote on 8 April 2017, "We will invest in Ubuntu GNOME with the intent of delivering a fantastic all-GNOME desktop. We're helping the Ubuntu GNOME team, not creating something different or competitive with that effort. While I am passionate about the design ideas in Unity, and hope GNOME may be more open to them now, I think we should respect the GNOME design leadership by delivering GNOME the way GNOME wants it delivered. Our role in that, as usual, will be to make sure that upgrades, integration, security, performance and the full experience are fantastic."[41] Shuttleworth also mentioned that Canonical will cease development for Ubuntu Phone, Tablet, and convergence.[42]

text: Features[edit]

text: A default installation of Ubuntu contains a wide range of software that includes LibreOffice, Firefox, Thunderbird, Transmission, and several lightweight games such as Sudoku and chess.[43][44] Many additional software packages are accessible from the built in Ubuntu Software (previously Ubuntu Software Center) as well as any other APT-based package management tools. Many additional software packages that are no longer installed by default, such as Evolution, GIMP, Pidgin, and Synaptic, are still accessible in the repositories still installable by the main tool or by any other APT-based package management tool. Cross-distribution snap packages and flatpaks are also available,[45] that both allow installing software, such as some of Microsoft's software, in most of the major Linux operating systems (such as any currently supported Ubuntu version and in Fedora).

text: Ubuntu operates under the GNU General Public License (GPL) and all of the application software installed by default is free software. In addition, Ubuntu installs some hardware drivers that are available only in binary format, but such packages are clearly marked in the restricted component.[46]

text: Security[edit]

text: Ubuntu's goal is to be secure "out-of-the box". By default, the user's programs run with low privileges and cannot corrupt the operating system or other users' files. For increased security, the sudo tool is used to assign temporary privileges for performing administrative tasks, which allows the root account to remain locked and helps prevent inexperienced users from inadvertently making catastrophic system changes or opening security holes.[47] PolicyKit is also being widely implemented into the desktop. Most network ports are closed by default to prevent hacking.[48] A built-in firewall allows end-users who install network servers to control access. A GUI (GUI for Uncomplicated Firewall) is available to configure it.[49] Ubuntu compiles its packages using GCC features such as PIE and buffer overflow protection to harden its software.[50] These extra features greatly increase security at the performance expense of 1% in 32-bit and 0.01% in 64-bit.[51]

text: Ubuntu also supports full disk encryption[52] as well as encryption of the home and Private directories.[53]

text: Installation[edit]

text: The system requirements vary among Ubuntu products. For the Ubuntu desktop release 16.04 LTS, a PC with at least 2 GHz dual-core processor, 2 GB of RAM and 25 GB of free disk space is recommended.[54][55] For less powerful computers, there are other Ubuntu distributions such as Lubuntu and Xubuntu. Ubuntu supports the ARM architecture.[4][56][57][58][59] Ubuntu is also available on Power,[4][60][61][62] older PowerPC architecture was at one point unofficial supported,[63] and now newer Power Architecture CPUs (POWER8) are supported.

text: Live images are the typical way for users to assess and subsequently install Ubuntu. These can be downloaded as a disk image (.iso) and subsequently burnt to a DVD and booted, or run via UNetbootin directly from a USB drive (making, respectively, a live DVD or live USB medium). Running Ubuntu in this way is typically slower than running it from a hard drive, but does not alter the computer unless specifically instructed by the user. If the user chooses to boot the live image rather than execute an installer at boot time, there is still the option to then use an installer called Ubiquity to install Ubuntu once booted into the live environment.[64] Disk images of all current and past versions are available for download at the Ubuntu web site.[65] Various third-party programs such as remastersys and Reconstructor are available to create customized copies of the Ubuntu Live DVDs (or CDs). "Minimal CDs" are available (for server use) that fit on a CD.

text: Additionally, USB flash drive installations can be used to boot Ubuntu and Kubuntu in a way that allows permanent saving of user settings and portability of the USB-installed system between physical machines (however, the computers' BIOS must support booting from USB).[66] In newer versions of Ubuntu, the Ubuntu Live USB creator can be used to install Ubuntu on a USB drive (with or without a live CD or DVD). Creating a bootable USB drive with persistence is as simple as dragging a slider to determine how much space to reserve for persistence; for this, Ubuntu employs casper.[67][68]

text: The desktop edition can also be installed using the Netboot image (a.k.a. netboot tarball) which uses the debian-installer and allows certain specialist installations of Ubuntu: setting up automated deployments, upgrading from older installations without network access, LVM or RAID partitioning, installs on systems with less than about 256 MB of RAM (although low-memory systems may not be able to run a full desktop environment reasonably).[69]

text: Package classification and support[edit]

text: Ubuntu divides most software into four domains to reflect differences in licensing and the degree of support available.[70] Some unsupported applications receive updates from community members, but not from Canonical Ltd.

text:
Free software
Non-free software

Canonical supported software domains
Main
Restricted

Unsupported
Universe
Multiverse

text: Free software includes software that has met the Ubuntu licensing requirements,[70] which roughly correspond to the Debian Free Software Guidelines. Exceptions, however, include firmware, in the Main category, because although some firmware is not allowed to be modified, their distribution is still permitted.[71]

text: Non-free software is usually unsupported (Multiverse), but some exceptions (Restricted) are made for important non-free software. Supported non-free software includes device drivers that can be used to run Ubuntu on some current hardware, such as binary-only graphics card drivers. The level of support in the Restricted category is more limited than that of Main, because the developers may not have access to the source code. It is intended that Main and Restricted should contain all software needed for a complete desktop environment.[70] Alternative programs for the same tasks and programs for specialized applications are placed in the Universe and Multiverse categories.

text: In addition to the above, in which the software does not receive new features after an initial release, Ubuntu Backports is an officially recognized repository for backporting newer software from later versions of Ubuntu.[72] The repository is not comprehensive; it consists primarily of user-requested packages, which are approved if they meet quality guidelines. Backports receives no support at all from Canonical, and is entirely community-maintained.

text: The -updates repository provides stable release updates (SRU) of Ubuntu and are generally installed through update-manager. Each release is given its own -updates repository (e.g. intrepid-updates). The repository is supported by Canonical Ltd. for packages in main and restricted, and by the community for packages in universe and multiverse. All updates to the repository must meet certain requirements and go through the -proposed repository before being made available to the public.[73] Updates are scheduled to be available until the end of life for the release.

text: In addition to the -updates repository, the unstable -proposed repository contains uploads which must be confirmed before being copied into -updates. All updates must go through this process to ensure that the patch does truly fix the bug and there is no risk of regression.[74] Updates in -proposed are confirmed by either Canonical or members of the community.

text: Canonical's partner repository lets vendors of proprietary software deliver their products to Ubuntu users at no cost through the same familiar tools for installing and upgrading software.[75] The software in the partner repository is officially supported with security and other important updates by its respective vendors. Canonical supports the packaging of the software for Ubuntu[76][77][78] and provides guidance to vendors.[75] The partner repository is disabled by default and can be enabled by the user.[79] Some popular products distributed via the partner repository as of 28 April 2013[update] are Adobe Flash Player, Adobe Reader, Skype and Wine are also able to be installed to run Windows software if the user desires.

text: Package Archives[edit]

text: A Personal Package Archive (PPA) is a software repository for uploading source packages to be built and published as an Advanced Packaging Tool (APT) repository by Launchpad.[80] While the term is used exclusively within Ubuntu, Launchpad's host, Canonical, envisions adoption beyond the Ubuntu community.[81]

text: Third-party software[edit]

text: Ubuntu has a certification system for third-party software.[82] Some third-party software that does not limit distribution is included in Ubuntu's multiverse component. The package ubuntu-restricted-extras additionally contains software that may be legally restricted, including support for MP3 and DVD playback, Microsoft TrueType core fonts, Sun's Java runtime environment, Adobe's Flash Player plugin, many common audio/video codecs, and unrar, an unarchiver for files compressed in the RAR file format.

text: Additionally, third-party application suites are available for purchase through Ubuntu Software,[83] including many games such as Braid and Oil Rush,[84] software for DVD playback and media codecs. More games are available through Steam.

text: Releases[edit]

text:
Version
Code name
Release date
Supported until

14.04 LTS
Trusty Tahr[85]
2014-04-17
Older version, yet still supported: 2019-04

14.10
Utopic Unicorn[86]
2014-10-23[87]
Old version, no longer supported: 2015-07-23

15.04
Vivid Vervet[88]
2015-04-23
Old version, no longer supported: 2016-02-04

15.10
Wily Werewolf[89]
2015-10-22[90]
Old version, no longer supported: 2016-07-28[91]

16.04 LTS
Xenial Xerus[92]
2016-04-21[93]
Older version, yet still supported: 2021-04

16.10
Yakkety Yak[94]
2016-10-13[95]
Old version, no longer supported: 2017-07-20[96]

17.04
Zesty Zapus
2017-04-13[97]
Old version, no longer supported: 2018-01-13[98]

17.10
Artful Aardvark
2017-10-19[99]
Older version, yet still supported: 2018-07

18.04 LTS
Bionic Beaver
2018-04-26[100]
Current stable version: 2023-04

18.10
Cosmic Cuttlefish[101]
2018-10
Future release: 2019-07

Legend:
Old version
Older version, still supported
Latest version
Latest preview version
Future release

text: Each Ubuntu release has a version number that consists of the year and month number of the release.[102] For example, the first release was Ubuntu 4.10 as it was released on 20 October 2004. Version numbers for future versions are provisional; if the release is delayed the version number changes accordingly.

text: Ubuntu releases are also given alliterative code names, using an adjective and an animal (e.g. "Xenial Xerus"). With the exception of the first two releases, code names are in alphabetical order, allowing a quick determination of which release is newer, at least until restarting the cycle with the release of Artful Aardvark in October 2017.[103] Commonly, Ubuntu releases are referred to using only the adjective portion of the code name; for example, the 14.04 LTS release is commonly known as "Trusty".

text: Releases are timed to be approximately one month after GNOME releases (which in turn are about one month after releases of X.org). As a result, every Ubuntu release was introduced with an updated version of both GNOME and X. After major releases, the Ubuntu Developer Summit (UDS) is held, at which the Ubuntu community sets the development direction for the next cycle. The latest such event, as of February 2017,[update] was held 5–7 May 2015, after Ubuntu 15.04 and planning 15.10.[104]

text: Upgrades from one LTS release to the next LTS release (e.g. Ubuntu 14.04 LTS to Ubuntu 16.04 LTS) are supported,[105] while upgrades from non-LTS have only supported upgrade to the next release, regardless of its LTS status (e.g. Ubuntu 15.10 to Ubuntu 16.04 LTS).

text: Ubuntu 10.10 (Maverick Meerkat), was released on 10 October 2010 (10–10–10). This departed from the traditional schedule of releasing at the end of October in order to get "the perfect 10",[106] and makes a playful reference to The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy books, since, in binary, 101010 equals decimal 42, the "Answer to the Ultimate Question of Life, the Universe and Everything" within the series.[107]

text: Ubuntu requires a 2 GB or larger installation medium.[108] However, there is an option to install it with a Minimal CD.[109] Server releases still fit on CDs.[110]

text: Variants[edit]

text: The variant officially recommended for most users, and officially supported by Canonical, is Ubuntu Desktop (formally named as Ubuntu Desktop Edition, and simply called Ubuntu), designed for desktop and laptop PCs. From Ubuntu 17.10, it uses GNOME Shell as the default desktop environment. From Ubuntu 11.04 to Ubuntu 17.04, the Unity desktop interface was default, and before Ubuntu 11.04, GNOME 2.[111][112] A number of other variants are distinguished simply by each featuring a different desktop environment. The following are not commercially supported by Canonical:[65]

text:
Ubuntu MATE (with the MATE desktop environment)
Ubuntu Budgie (with the Budgie desktop environment)
Lubuntu (with LXDE)
Kubuntu (with KDE)
Xubuntu (with Xfce)

text: LXDE[113] and Xfce[114] are sometimes recommended for use with older PCs that may have less memory and processing power available.

text: Besides Ubuntu Desktop, there are several other official Ubuntu editions, which are created and maintained by Canonical and the Ubuntu community and receive full support from Canonical, its partners and the Community. They included the following:[115][116]

text:
Ubuntu Business Desktop Remix, was a release meant for business users that came with special enterprise software including Adobe Flash, Canonical Landscape, OpenJDK 6 and VMware View, while removing social networking and file sharing applications, games and development/sysadmin tools.[117] The goal of the Business Desktop Remix was not to copy other enterprise-oriented distributions, such as Red Hat Enterprise Linux, but to make it, according to Mark Shuttleworth's blog, "easier for institutional users to evaluate Ubuntu Desktop for their specific needs".[118]
Ubuntu Core,[119] a tiny and transactional version of Ubuntu without GUI for IoT and SoC devices. It runs Linux app packages, known as snaps, that can be upgraded remotely.[120]

text: There are more Ubuntu variants (or derivatives) based on the official Ubuntu editions. These install a default set of packages that differ from the official Ubuntu distributions.

text: The variants recognized by Canonical as contributing significantly towards the Ubuntu project (but not commercially supported[65]) are the following:[116]

text:
Edubuntu, a subproject and add-on for Ubuntu, designed for school environments and home users.[121]
Mythbuntu, designed for creating a home theater PC with MythTV and uses the Xfce desktop environment.
Ubuntu Studio, a distribution made for professional video and audio editing, comes with higher-end free editing software.

text: There are many more variants, created and maintained by individuals and organizations outside of Canonical, and they are self-governed projects that work more or less closely with the Ubuntu community.[115]

text: Chinese derivative Ubuntu Kylin[edit]

text: Since Ubuntu 10.10, a Chinese-language version of Ubuntu Desktop called "Ubuntu Chinese Edition" (later Ubuntu Kylin), had been released alongside the various other editions, up to and including 12.04.[122] However, in 2013, Canonical reached an agreement with the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology of the People's Republic of China to make Ubuntu the new basis of the Kylin operating system (that had used FreeBSD) starting with Raring Ringtail (version 13.04).[123] The first version of Ubuntu Kylin was released on 25 April 2013.[124]

text: Ubuntu Server[edit]

text: Ubuntu has a server edition that uses the same APT repositories as the Ubuntu Desktop Edition. The differences between them are the absence of an X Window environment in a default installation of the server edition (although one can easily be installed, including Unity, GNOME, KDE or Xfce), and some alterations to the installation process.[125] The server edition uses a screen-mode, character-based interface for the installation, instead of a graphical installation process. This enables installation on machines with a serial or "dumb terminal" interface without graphics support.

text: Since version 10.10, the server edition (like the desktop version) supports hardware virtualization and can be run in a virtual machine, either inside a host operating system or in a hypervisor, such as VMware ESXi, Oracle, Citrix XenServer, Microsoft Hyper-V, QEMU, a Kernel-based Virtual Machine, or any other IBM PC compatible emulator or virtualizer. Ubuntu 7.10 and later turn on the AppArmor security module for the Linux kernel by default on key software packages, and the firewall is extended to common services used by the operating system.

text:
Has minimum requirements of: 512 MB RAM, 1 GHz CPU, and 1 GB disk space (1.75 GB for all features to be installed).[125]
Runs on all major architectures –  x86, x86-64, ARM v7, ARM64,[126] POWER8 and IBM System z mainframes via LinuxONE.[127] SPARC is no longer commercially supported.
Supports ZFS, a file system with snapshot capabilities, since Ubuntu 16.04 LTS.[128][129][130]
Has LXD, a hypervisor to manage LXC Linux containers.
Includes the first production release of DPDK for line-speed kernel networking.
Uses Linux 4.4 kernel and systemd service manager.
Is certified as a guest on AWS, Microsoft Azure, Joyent, IBM and HP Cloud.[127]

text: It has up-to-date versions of key server software pre-installed, including: Tomcat (v8), PostgreSQL (v9.5), Docker v(1.10), Puppet (v3.8.5), Qemu (v2.5), Libvirt (v1.3.1), LXC (v2.0), and MySQL (v5.6).[127]

text: Ubuntu Touch[edit]

text: Ubuntu Touch is, by now, an unofficial version of Ubuntu developed for smartphones and tablets which was announced then-official by Canonical on 2 January 2013. Ubuntu Touch was released to manufacturing on 16 September 2014.[131] The first device to run it was the Galaxy Nexus.[132] A concept for a smartphone running Ubuntu for Phones was published[when?] on Ubuntu's official channel on YouTube.[133] The platform allows developing one app with two interfaces: a smartphone UI, and, when docked, a desktop UI; a demo version for higher-end Ubuntu smartphones was shown that could run a full Ubuntu desktop when connected to a monitor and keyboard, which was to ship as Ubuntu for Android.[134] Ubuntu for Tablets was previewed at 19 February 2013. According to the keynote video, an Ubuntu Phone will be able to connect to a tablet, which will then utilize a tablet interface; plugging a keyboard and mouse into the tablet will transform the phone into a desktop; and plugging a television monitor into the phone will bring up the Ubuntu TV interface.[135]

text: On 6 February 2015, the first smartphone running Ubuntu Touch pre-installed was announced. The BQ Aquaris E4.5 Ubuntu Edition features a 4.5-inch (110 mm) qHD display, a 1.3 GHz quad-core Cortex-A7 processor, and 1 GB of RAM. It is currently priced at €169.90, while the 5-inch Aquaris E5 HD Ubuntu Edition is available for €199.90.[136]

text: Mark Shuttleworth, Canonical CEO, announced on 5 April 2017, that Ubuntu Touch would no longer be developed by Canonical Ltd.[137] The project was then picked up by the UBports community.[138][139]

text: Cloud computing[edit]

text: Ubuntu offers Ubuntu Cloud Images which are pre-installed disk images that have been customized by Ubuntu engineering to run on cloud-platforms such as Amazon EC2, OpenStack, Microsoft Azure and LXC.[140] Ubuntu is also prevalent on VPS platforms such as DigitalOcean.[141]

text: Ubuntu 11.04 added support for OpenStack, with Eucalyptus to OpenStack migration tools added by Canonical in Ubuntu Server 11.10.[142][143] Ubuntu 11.10 added focus on OpenStack as the Ubuntu's preferred IaaS offering though Eucalyptus is also supported. Another major focus is Canonical Juju for provisioning, deploying, hosting, managing, and orchestrating enterprise data center infrastructure services, by, with, and for the Ubuntu Server.[144][145]

text: Adoption and reception[edit]

text: Installed base[edit]

text: As Ubuntu is distributed freely and there is no registration process, Ubuntu usage can only be roughly estimated.[146] In 2015, Canonical's Ubuntu Insights page stated "Ubuntu now has over 40 million desktop users and counting".[147]

text: W3Techs Web Technology Surveys estimated in September 2016 that:

text:
Ubuntu is the most popular Linux distribution for running Web servers on, used by 34% of "all the websites" they analyze.[148] Linux distributions are used a little more than Microsoft Windows for websites based on W3Techs numbers, and only Ubuntu and Debian (which Ubuntu is based on, with the same package manager and thus administered the same way) make up 65% of all Linux distributions for web serving use; the usage of Ubuntu surpassed Debian (for such server use), in May 2016.
Ubuntu is the most popular Linux distribution among the top 1000 sites and gains around 500 of the top 10 million websites per day.[149]
Ubuntu is used by 12.4% of all websites analyzed, growing from less than 7% in October 2012.[150]

text: W3Techs analyzes the top 10 million websites only.[151] It considers Linux as a subcategory of Unix and estimated in the same month that 66.7% of the analyzed websites use Unix, under that broad definition.[152]

text: According to TheCloudMarket.com, Ubuntu is on at least 57% of the images it scanned on Amazon EC2 (and Windows at 7.8%).[153]

text: Wikimedia Foundation data (based on user agent) for September 2013 shows that Ubuntu generated the most page requests to Wikimedia sites, including Wikipedia, among recognizable Linux distributions.[154][155]

text: Large-scale deployments[edit]

text: The public sector has also adopted Ubuntu. As of January 2009[update], the Ministry of Education and Science of Republic of Macedonia deployed more than 180,000[156] Ubuntu-based classroom desktops, and has encouraged every student in the country to use Ubuntu-powered computer workstations;[157] the Spanish school system has 195,000 Ubuntu desktops.[156] The French police, having already started using open-source software in 2005 by replacing Microsoft Office with OpenOffice.org, decided to transition to Ubuntu from Windows XP after the release of Windows Vista in 2006.[158] By March 2009, the Gendarmerie Nationale had already switched 5000 workstations to Ubuntu.[158] Based on the success of that transition, it planned to switch 15,000 more over by the end of 2009 and to have switched all 90,000 workstations over by 2015 (GendBuntu project).[158] Lt. Colonel Guimard announced that the move was very easy and allowed for a 70% saving on the IT budget without having to reduce its capabilities.[158] In 2011, Ubuntu 10.04 was adopted by the Indian justice system.[159] The Government of Kerala adopted Ubuntu for the legislators in Kerala and the government schools of Kerala began to use customized IT@School Project Ubuntu 10.04 which contains specially created software for students. Previously, Windows was used in the schools. Textbooks were also remade with an Ubuntu syllabus and are currently used in schools.[160]

text: The city of Munich, Germany, has forked Kubuntu 10.04 LTS and created LiMux for use on the city's computers.[161] After originally planning to migrate 12,000 desktop computers to LiMux, it was announced in December 2013 that the project had completed successfully with the migration of 14,800 out of 15,500 desktop computers,[162] but still keeping about 5000 Windows clients for unported applications. In February 2017 the city decided to evaluate the migration back to Windows[163] – some stated reasons were missing compatibility, bad user acceptance and complexity. In March 2012, the government of Iceland launched a project to get all public institutions using free and open-source software. Already, several government agencies and schools have adopted Ubuntu. The government cited cost savings as a big factor for the decision, and also stated that open source software avoids vendor lock-in. A 12-month project was launched to migrate the biggest public institutions in Iceland to using open-source software, and help ease the migration for others.[164] US president Barack Obama's successful campaign for re-election in 2012 used Ubuntu in its IT department.[165] In August 2014, the city of Turin, Italy, announced its migration from Windows XP to Ubuntu for the 8,300 desktop computers used by the municipality, becoming the first city in Italy to adopt Ubuntu.[166][167]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: Ubuntu was awarded the Reader Award for best Linux distribution at the 2005 LinuxWorld Conference and Expo in London,[168] received favorable reviews in online and print publications,[169][170] and has won InfoWorld's 2007 Bossie Award for Best Open Source Client OS.[171] In early 2008, PC World named Ubuntu the "best all-around Linux distribution available today", though it criticized the lack of an integrated desktop effects manager.[172] Chris DiBona, the program manager for open-source software at Google, said "I think Ubuntu has captured people's imaginations around the Linux desktop," and "If there is a hope for the Linux desktop, it would be them". As of January 2009[update], almost half of Google's 20,000 employees used Goobuntu, a proprietary, slightly modified version of Ubuntu.[156] In 2012, ZDNet reported that Ubuntu was still Google's desktop of choice.[173] In March 2016, Matt Hartley picked a list of best Linux distributions for Datamation; he chose Ubuntu as number one.[174]

text: In 2008, Jamie Hyneman, co-host of the American television series MythBusters, advocated Linux (giving the example of Ubuntu) as a solution to software bloat.[175] Other celebrity users of Ubuntu include science fiction writer Cory Doctorow[176] and actor Stephen Fry.[177]

text: In January 2014, the UK's authority for computer security, CESG, reported that Ubuntu 12.04 LTS was "the only operating system that passes as many as 9 out of 12 requirements without any significant risks".[178]

text: Ubuntu 14.04 improved battery life, but still lagged other operating systems in the battery life metric.[179]

text: Amazon controversy[edit]

text: One of the new features of Unity in Ubuntu 12.10 was the shopping lens—Amazon search results displayed in the Unity dash. It was alternately described as the "Amazon controversy",[180][181] "privacy fiasco"[182] and "spyware".[183]

text: From October 2012, it sent the user's queries through a secure HTTPS connection from the home lens to productsearch.ubuntu.com,[184] which then polled Amazon.com to find relevant products; Amazon then sent product images directly to the user's computer through HTTP. If the user clicked on one of these results and then bought something, Canonical got a small fraction of the sale.[185]

text: In 2012, many reviewers criticized it: as the home lens is the normal means to search for content on the local machine, reviewers were concerned about the disclosure of queries that were intended to be local, creating a privacy problem.[184] As the feature is active by default instead of opt-in, many users could be unaware of it.[184][185][186][187]

text: Some users chose to turn it off or to remove the feature using a patch.[188] An April 2014 article by Scott Gilbertson stated that the online search components of Ubuntu could be turned off with a couple of clicks in version 14.04.[179]

text: For the move, it was awarded the 2013 Austria Big Brother Award.[189]

text: Since Ubuntu 16.04, the setting is off by default.[190]

text: The Unity desktop environment was discontinued in Ubuntu 17.10, in favour of GNOME, which has no support for Unity lenses.[191] An Amazon shopping icon still appears in the Ubuntu Dock by default, but merely opens the default web browser with Canonical's referral link.

text: Conformity with European data privacy law[edit]

text: Soon after being introduced, doubts emerged on the conformance of the shopping lens with the European Data Protection Directive.[192][193] A petition was later signed by over 50 Ubuntu users and delivered to Canonical demanding various modifications to the feature in order to clearly frame it within European law.[194][self-published source?] Canonical did not reply.

text: In 2013, a formal complaint on the shopping lens was filed with the Information Commissioner's Office (ICO), the UK data privacy office. Almost one year later the ICO ruled in favour of Canonical, considering the various improvements introduced to the feature in the meantime to render it conformable with the Data Protection Directive.[195][self-published source?] According to European rules, this ruling is automatically effective in the entirety of the European Union. However, the ruling also made clear that at the time of introduction the feature was not legal, among other things, since it was missing a privacy policy statement.

text: Local communities (LoCos)[edit]

text: In an effort to reach out to users who are less technical, and to foster a sense of community around the distribution, Local Communities,[196] better known as "LoCos", have been established throughout the world. Originally, each country had one LoCo Team. However, in some areas, most notably the United States and Canada, each state or province may establish a team.[197] A LoCo Council approves teams based upon their efforts to aid in either the development or the promotion of Ubuntu.[198]

text: Hardware vendor support[edit]

text: Ubuntu works closely with OEMs to jointly make Ubuntu available on a wide range of devices.[199] A number of vendors offer computers with Ubuntu pre-installed, including Dell,[200] Hasee,[201] Sharp Corporation,[202] and Cirrus7.[203][204] Specifically, Dell offers the XPS 13 laptop, Developer Edition with Ubuntu pre-installed.[205] Together, Dell, Lenovo, HP, and Acer offer over 200 desktop and over 400 laptop PCs preloaded with Ubuntu.[206] System76 PCs are also sold with Ubuntu.[207] Dell and System76 customers are able to choose between 30-day, three-month, and yearly Ubuntu support plans through Canonical.[208] Dell computers (running Ubuntu 10.04) include extra support for ATI/AMD Video Graphics, Dell Wireless, Fingerprint Readers, HDMI, Bluetooth, DVD playback (using LinDVD), and MP3/WMA/WMV.[209] Asus is also selling some Eee PCs with Ubuntu pre-installed and announced "many more" models running Ubuntu for 2011.[210][211][212] Vodafone has made available a notebook for the South-African market called "Webbook".[213][214][215]

text: Dell sells computers (initially Inspiron 14R and 15R laptops) pre-loaded with Ubuntu in India and China, with 850 and 350 retail outlets respectively.[216][217] Starting in 2013, Alienware began offering its X51 model gaming desktop pre-installed with Ubuntu at a lower price than if it were pre-installed with Windows.[218]

text: While Linux already works in IBM's mainframe system (zLinux), IBM in collaboration with Canonical (and SUSE; "Linux Foundation will form a new Open Mainframe Project") announced Ubuntu support for their z/Architecture (IBM claims their latest system, IBM zEnterprise System, version z13 is the most powerful computer in the world; it is the largest computer by transistor count) for the first time, at the time of their "biggest code drop" ("LinuxOne") in Linux history.[219]

text: In early 2015, Intel launched the Intel Compute Stick small form factor computer available preloaded with Ubuntu or Windows operating systems.[220]

text: Windows subsystem[edit]

text: In March 2016, Microsoft announced that it would support the Ubuntu userland on top of the Windows 10 kernel by implementing the Linux system calls as a subsystem. The focus lies on command-line tools like Bash and is therefore primarily directed towards developers.[221][222][223] As of the Fall Creators Update, this feature is fully available to the public.[224]


document_title: Gothmog (Third Age)

question_text: who is the orc with the missing fingers

question_tokens: who is the orc with the missing fingers

text: Gothmog (Third Age)

text:
Gothmog

Tolkien's legendarium character

Aliases
Lieutenant of Minas Morgul

Book(s)
The Return of the King

text: Middle-earth portal

text: Gothmog is a fictional character from Tolkien's Legendarium. He appears briefly in The Return of the King, the third volume of The Lord of the Rings as originally printed.

text: The only reference to Gothmog in The Lord of the Rings is one sentence in The Return of the King.[1] He served in Sauron's army during the War of the Ring as the lieutenant of Minas Morgul, second-in-command to the Witch-king of Angmar, lord of the nine Nazgûl. He took command of the forces of Morgul during the Battle of the Pelennor Fields after the Witch-king was slain by Éowyn and Meriadoc Brandybuck. In response to the arrival of the Rohirrim and the parallel attack from Minas Tirith, Gothmog throws all of his army's reserves into the fray.[2]

text: His fate is not described, although Tolkien writes that almost all of the servants of Sauron who fought before the gates of Minas Tirith were killed. Tolkien writes nothing else about Gothmog — not even what race he belonged to. In 1971, it was suggested in The Complete Guide to Middle-earth that he was possibly the second highest Nazgûl,[3] but in Unfinished Tales (first published posthumously in 1980), previously unpublished texts by Tolkien called that character Khamûl, "the Black Easterling".[4]

text: Gothmog shares his name with another character, Gothmog, Lord of Balrogs, who is featured in The Silmarillion.

text: In 1988, a new species of Helferella beetles was named Helferella gothmogoides after Gothmog.[5]

text: Adaptations[edit]

text: In the 1977 SPI board game War of the Ring, Gothmog is described as the second-most powerful Nazgûl and chief lieutenant of Minas Morgul.

text: In Middle-earth Collectible Card Game by Iron Crown Enterprises Gothmog is depicted as a half-troll, wielding a flail.

text: In Peter Jackson's The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King film, Gothmog is portrayed by Lawrence Makoare (who also portrays the Witch-king of Angmar and Lurtz) and voiced by Craig Parker who played Haldir of Lorien. Here Gothmog's role is significantly expanded to the point that he is one of the film's main antagonists along with the Witch-king, Sauron, Denethor, and Gollum. Gothmog is interpreted as a deformed Orc general with a stunted arm. He prides himself on self-reliance (brushing off a subordinate's offer of help to dismount) and leads courageously from the front-line. Gothmog is a cunning tactician who possesses a cruel sense of humour, evident when he gives orders for trebuchets to release the "prisoners", and when he impales the dying Madril with a spear. According to Peter Jackson, Gothmog's affliction is an elephantiasis-type disease; he dubbed him "the Elephant Man Orc".[clarification needed] Jackson asked the Weta Workshop designers to make Gothmog look diseased. Knowing his penchant for outrageous creatures, they piled elephantiasis growths onto a model in such a way that they hoped even he would find it excessive. However, to their surprise, Jackson deemed it to be 'just about right', thus giving Gothmog his "Elephant Man"-type appearance.[6] Jackson's adaptation of Gothmog and Makoare's makeup have been called "the most extreme representation" of the "visual horror" that is created by the general appearance of orcs in the film series.[7] The extended edition of the film shows his death at the hands of Aragorn and Gimli as he moves to attack the wounded Éowyn.

text: As revealed in the director's commentary for The Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies, Gothmog was supposed to make a cameo appearance as a juvenile orc and one of Azog's lieutenants during the titular battle. A design for him was even approved. However, due to time restrictions any scenes that he would have appeared in were not filmed.

text: Gothmog is also a playable Mordor hero in Electronic Arts' real-time strategy game The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II: The Rise of the Witch-king, based on Jackson's films as well as Tolkien's writings; Electronic Arts' The Lord of the Rings: Tactics; in the Evil Mode of Electronic Arts' The Lord of the Rings: The Third Age; in Guardians of Middle-earth,[8] and in the 2nd downloadable upgrade for Lord of the Rings: Conquest. In the Fantasy Flight board game "Middle-earth Quest", he is one of five minions of Sauron. In the 'Lords of Middle Earth' Expansion Pack for the 'War of the Ring' board game, he is added as 'minion' of the forces of Sauron.

text: The Lord of the Rings Online depicts Gothmog as the restored Mordirith, who is himself the wraith-form of Eärnur, last king of Gondor.


document_title: You Make Me Feel So Young

question_text: who wrote the song you make me feel so young

text: You Make Me Feel So Young

text:
"You Make Me Feel So Young"

Song

Published
1946

Composer(s)
Josef Myrow

Lyricist(s)
Mack Gordon

text: "You Make Me Feel So Young" is a 1946 popular song composed by Josef Myrow, with lyrics written by Mack Gordon.[1] It was introduced in the 1946 musical film Three Little Girls in Blue, where it was sung by the characters performed by Vera-Ellen and Charles Smith (with voices dubbed by Carol Stewart and Del Porter).[2]

text: In 1951, "You Make Me Feel So Young" served as the title song for the social comedy As Young as You Feel, starring Monty Woolley, Thelma Ritter, David Wayne, Jean Peters, and Marilyn Monroe.[citation needed]

text: Notable recordings[edit]

text:
Frank Sinatra – Songs for Swingin' Lovers (1956)
Chris Connor – Chris Connor (1956)
Jeri Southern – When Your Heart's on Fire (1957)
Chet Baker - (Chet Baker Sings) It Could Happen to You (1958)
Ella Fitzgerald – Get Happy! (1959)
Perry Como – For the Young at Heart (1960)
The Four Freshmen – Voices in Fun (1961)
Michael Bublé – To Be Loved (2013)
Seth MacFarlane – singing in the voice of toddler character Stewie Griffin in Family Guy Series 2 Episode Dammit Janet (2000), shortened to 1 minute 20 seconds on the video clip whereas for example the Sinatra track lasts 2:55

text: Thomas Barbusca performed it as Peter Pan in a 2015 commercial for Geico.