document_title: Energy in the United States

question_text: what sector of the u.s. economy consumes the greatest percentage of petroleum

question_tokens: what sector of the u.s. economy consumes the greatest percentage of petroleum

text: Energy in the United States

text: History[edit]

text: From its founding until the late 18th century, the United States was a largely agrarian country with abundant forests. During this period, energy consumption overwhelmingly focused on readily available firewood. Rapid industrialization of the economy, urbanization, and the growth of railroads led to increased use of coal, and by 1885 it had eclipsed wood as the nation's primary energy source.[citation needed]

text: Coal remained dominant for the next seven decades, but by 1950, it was surpassed in turn by both petroleum and natural gas. The 1973 oil embargo precipitated an energy crisis in the United States.[8][9] In 2007, coal consumption was the highest it has ever been, with it mostly being used to generate electricity.[10] Natural gas has replaced coal as the preferred source of heating in homes, businesses and industrial furnaces, which burns cleaner and is easier to transport.[citation needed]

text: Although total energy use increased by approximately a factor of 50 between 1850 and 2000, energy use per capita increased only by a factor of four. As of 2009, United States per capita energy use had declined to 7075 (kilograms of oil-equivalent), 12% less than 2000, and through 2010 (most recent available) is at levels not seen since 1960s usage levels.[11] At the beginning of the 20th century, petroleum was a minor resource used to manufacture lubricants and fuel for kerosene and oil lamps. One hundred years later it had become the preeminent energy source for the U.S. and the rest of the world. This rise closely paralleled the emergence of the automobile as a major force in American culture and the economy.

text: While petroleum is also used as a source for plastics and other chemicals, and powers various industrial processes, today two-thirds of oil consumption in the U.S. is in the form of its derived transportation fuels.[12] Oil's unique qualities for transportation fuels in terms of energy content, cost of production, and speed of refueling all contributed to it being used over other fuels.[citation needed]

text: In June 2010, the American Energy Innovation Council, a group which includes Bill Gates, founder of Microsoft; Jeffrey R. Immelt, chief executive of General Electric; and John Doerr,[13] has urged the government to more than triple spending on energy research and development, to $16 billion a year. Gates endorsed the administration's goal of reducing greenhouse gas emissions by 80 percent by 2050, but said that was not possible with today's technology or politicism. He said that the only way to find such disruptive new technology was to pour large sums of money at the problem.[citation needed] The group notes that the federal government spends less than $5 billion a year on energy research and development, not counting one-time stimulus projects. About $30 billion is spent annually on health research and more than $80 billion on military research and development.[citation needed] They advocate a jump in spending on basic energy research.[14]

text: US CO2 emissions have dropped about 1% per year through greater efficiency and a sluggish economy since 2008.[citation needed]

text: Current consumption[edit]

text:
Energy in the United States[15]

Capita
Prim. energy
Production
Import
Electricity
CO2-emission

Million
TWh
TWh
TWh
TWh
Mt

2004
294.0
27,050
19,085
8,310
3,921
5,800

2007
302.1
27,214
19,366
8,303
4,113
5,769

2008
304.5
26,560
19,841
7,379
4,156
5,596

2009
307.5
25,155
19,613
6,501
3,962
5,195

2010
310.1
25,776
20,056
6,205
4,143
5,369

2012
312.0
25,484
20,757
5,322
4,127
5,287

2012R
314.3
24,895
21,009
4,360
4,069
5,074

2013
316.5
25,451
21,876
3,586
4,110
5,120

Change 2004-2010
5.5%
-4.7%
5.1%
-25.3%
5.7%
-7.4%

Mtoe = 11.63 TWh>, Prim. energy includes energy losses that are 2/3 for nuclear power[16]
2012R = CO2 calculation criteria changed, numbers updated

text: Primary energy use in the United States was 25,155 TWh or about 81,800 kWh per person in 2009. Primary energy use was 1,100 TWh less in the US than in China in 2009. Same year the share of energy import in the US was 26% of the primary energy use. The energy import declined ca 22% and the annual CO2 emissions ca 10% in 2009 compared to 2004.[17]

text: Consumption by sector[edit]

text: The U.S. Department of Energy tracks national energy consumption in four broad sectors: industrial, transportation, residential, and commercial. The industrial sector has long been the country's largest energy user, currently representing about 33% of the total. Next in importance is the transportation sector, followed by the residential and commercial sectors.

text:
Sector Summary

Sector Name
Description
Major uses[18][19][20]

Industrial
Facilities and equipment used for producing and processing goods.
22% chemical production
16% petroleum refining
14% metal smelting/refining

Transportation
Vehicles which transport people/goods on ground, air, or water.
61% gasoline fuel
21% diesel fuel
12% aviation

Residential
Living quarters for private households.
32% space heating
13% water heating
12% lighting
11% air conditioning
8% refrigeration
5% electronics
5% wet-clean (mostly clothes dryers)

Commercial
Service-providing facilities and equipment (businesses, government, other institutions).
25% lighting
13% heating
11% cooling
6% refrigeration
6% water heating
6% ventilation
6% electronics

text: Consumption by source[edit]

text: The breakdown of energy consumption by source is given here:

text:
Fuel type
2006 US consumption in PWh[21]
2006 World consumption in PWh[22]

Oil
11.71
50.33

Gas
6.50
31.65

Coal
6.60
37.38

Hydroelectric
0.84
8.71

Nuclear
2.41
8.14

Geothermal, wind,
solar, wood, waste
0.95
1.38

Total
29.26
138.41

text: U.S, Primary Energy Consumption by Source and Sector in 2008 is tabled as following:

text:
Consumption Summary'[23]

Supply Sources
Percent of Source
Demand Sectors
Percent of Sector

Petroleum
37.1%
71% Transportation
23% Industrial
5% Residential and Commercial
1% Electric Power
Transportation
27.8%
95% Petroleum
2% Natural Gas
3% Renewable Energy

Natural Gas
23.8%
3% Transportation
34% Industrial
34% Residential and Commercial
29% Electric Power
Industrial
20.6%
42% Petroleum
40% Natural Gas
9% Coal
10% Renewable Energy

Coal
22.5%
8% Industrial
<1% Residential and Commercial
91% Electric Power
Residential and Commercial
10.8%
16% Petroleum
76% Natural Gas
1% Coal
1% Renewable Energy

Renewable Energy
7.3%
11% Transportation
28% Industrial
10% Residential and Commercial
51% Electric Power
Electric Power
40.1%
1% Petroleum
17% Natural Gas
51% Coal
9% Renewable Energy
21% Nuclear Electric Power

Nuclear Electric Power
8.5%
100% Electric Power

text: Note: Sum of components may not equal 100 percent due to independent rounding.

text: Total Primary Consumption Historical Evolution in U.S until 2011.

text: Total Consumption until 2011 in Mtoe :[24]

text:
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000

1,914
1,929.6
1,967.5
2,000.9
2,041.3
2,067.3
2,118.4
2,140.7
2,167.2
2,215.9
2,279.6

text:
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2010-2011
CAGR 2001-11

2,235.8
2,270.6
2,265.2
2,311
2,324.6
2,304.5
2,340.4
2,301.4
2,201.4
2,249
2,225
-1.1%
-0.04%

text: CAGR = Compound Annual Growth Rate Note: Total energy includes coal, gas, oil, electricity, heat and biomass.

text: Regional variation[edit]

text: Household energy use varies significantly across the United States. An average home in the Pacific region (consisting of California, Oregon, and Washington) consumes 35% less energy than a home in the South Central region. Some of the regional differences can be explained by climate. The heavily populated coastal areas of the Pacific states experience generally mild winters and summers, reducing the need for both home heating and air conditioning. The warm, humid climates of the South Central and South Atlantic regions lead to higher electricity usage, while the cold winters experienced in the Northeast and North Central regions result in much higher consumption of natural gas and heating oil. The state with the lowest per capita energy use is New York, at 205 million Btu/yr,[27] and the highest is Wyoming, at slightly over 1 billion Btu/yr.[28]

text: Other regional differences stem from energy efficiency measures taken at the local and state levels. California has some of the strictest environmental laws and building codes in the country, leading its per-household energy consumption to be lower than all other states except Hawaii.

text: The land-use decisions of cities and towns also explain some of the regional differences in energy use. Townhouses are more energy efficient than single-family homes because less heat, for example, is wasted per person. Similarly, areas with more homes in a compact neighborhood encourage walking, biking and transit, thereby reducing transportation energy use. A 2011 U.S. E.P.A. study found that multi-family homes in urban neighborhoods, with well-insulated buildings and fuel-efficient cars, can save more than 2/3 of the energy used by conventionally built single-family houses in suburban areas (with standard cars).[29]

text: Oil[edit]

text: For most of the twentieth century and the early part of the twenty-first century, the majority of energy consumed has been from oil - fossil fuel provided 81% of the world's energy in 2009, with oil the largest contribution.[30] The United States became a world power in the early 20th century as they increased development of oil production and influenced world oil reserves for growth and development.[31] As the 20th century developed, petroleum gained increasing importance by providing heating and power to the commercial and industrial sectors. Oil was also used in transportation; first for railroads and later for motor vehicles.[32]

text: As automobiles became more affordable, demand for oil quickly rose. Since the rise of the automobile industry, oil price, demand, and production have all increased. From 1900 to 1980, fuel was directly correlated with Gross National Product (GNP), oil shocks have often coincided with recessions, and the government has responded to oil shocks with a variety of methods.[33] In the 1920s, oil prices were peaking and many commentators believed that oil supplies were running out. Congress was confronted by requests to augment supplies, so a generous depletion allowance was enacted for producers in 1926, which increased investment returns substantially. This change induced additional exploration activity, and subsequently the discovery of large new oil reservoirs.[34]

text: The next decade the situation was reversed, with prices low and dropping. This led to demands for more "orderly" competition and set minimum oil prices. Rather than repealing the previous policies enacted in the 1920s, Congress enacted a price-support system. Similar cycles have occurred in the 1950s and 1970s.[34]

text: Price[edit]

text: With the exception of one, every US recession since World War II experienced a sharp increase in the price of oil. This correlation strongly signifies the US dependency of oil for the economy, as well as oil's importance in US development for most of the time since the war. Many of the key cases of crude oil price increases in the post-war period were associated with political upheaval from oil rich countries.[35] Domestic production and consumption were outpaced by US demand toward the end of the 1960s, and Middle Eastern nations gained a significant amount of political leverage in controlling prices based on their production.[33] Price increases have been directly related to increased investment and subsequent production in oil. Following World War II, European reconstruction was the primary objective of the United States economy, and investment eventually rose after a long-term price increase at the end of the war. During the 1950s, there were strikes by oil workers, production restrictions imposed by the Texas Railroad Commission, as well as the Suez Crisis and Korean War—all creating steep price increases, with prices only falling after production was able to meet demand. Peak Oil in the United States resulted in a definite decline of US reserves and even more strikes by oil workers. Additional singular events such as the OPEC embargo, the rupture of the Trans-Arabian Pipeline, and Iranian Nationalization of the oil industry led to further price increases that were never before seen. Each case was followed by a marked recession in the US economy.[35]

text: In 2008, oil prices rose briefly, to as high as $145/barrel,[36] and U.S. gasoline prices jumped from $1.37 to $2.37/gallon in 2005,[37] leading to a search for alternate sources, and by 2012, less than half of US oil consumption was imported. However, as of January 2015, the price of oil has collapsed to around $50/barrel.[38]

text: Consumption and production[edit]

text: In the twentieth century, oil production became of more value, as the US industrialized and developed commercial transportation, such as railroads and motor vehicles. Furthermore, oil consumption also increased due to electricity. After electricity, oil became more important in commercial, manufacturing and residential sectors such as heating and cooking. Therefore, during this period, the growth of oil consumption indicates that the United States was becoming dependent on oil and it aided the growth of the domestic oil industry. However, U.S oil domestic production could not cover the growing demand in the U.S market, which led the U.S to look for a new supply internationally.[32]

text: U.S. consumption of oil increased 53% between 1915 and 1919, followed by another increase of 27% in 1920. The first shock of the transportation era occurred in 1920 and lasted for about a year. The shortage of oil devastated the entire West Coast with hour-long lines for gasoline, and in many places fuel was not available for at least a week. Finally, big production from Texas, California and Oklahoma took the shortage of oil away causing oil prices to fall 40% between 1920 and 1926. The Great Depression in 1929 was a time with growing supply and falling demand causing the price of oil to decrease about 66% from 1926 to 1931.[32]

text: Toward the end of World War II, the automotive era settled rapidly, and the U.S. demand of oil increased 12% between 1945 and 1947 while motor vehicle registrations increased by 22%. Around 1948, demand of oil exceeded supply of oil, leading the U.S. to start importing oil. Therefore, the U.S. quickly became a major importer of oil, instead of being the major exporter.[32]

text: In 1952, due to a strike by US oil refinery workers, the United States and the United Kingdom cut 30% of fuel delivery to civilian flights, while Canada postponed all private flights. Until the 1960s, the price of oil was relatively stable and the world market could cover the excess demand of oil in the U.S. However, in 1973, the price of oil increased due to the Arab oil embargo against the U.S., following United States support of Israel in the Yom Kippur War. During that time, Arab oil producers reduced production 4.4mb/d for two months, 7.5% of global output. During this time, people reduced their consumption of oil by turning down thermostats and carpooling to work, which together with the lower demand due to the 1973-75 recession, resulted in a reduction in oil consumption.[32]

text: After the Crisis of 1973, price of oil increased again between 1979 and 1980 due to the Iranian revolution. This crisis was related to political instability in a major oil-exporting region. During this period, oil consumption decreased due to new efficiency. Cars at that time were developed so less oil was required and industrialization was also advanced to reduce the consumption of oil. This led to a decline in U.S. demand of oil and reduced the amount of international imports. The last energy crises in the U.S occurred in 1990. This occurred because Iraq invaded Kuwait. Similar to the previous crisis, price of oil increased and oil consumption decreased but by a smaller amount and had a smaller effect.[32]

text: In 2010, 70.5% of petroleum consumption in the U.S. was for transportation. Approximately 2/3 of transportation consumption was gasoline.[39] Today, U.S is still dependent on oil as oil is an important player socially, economically and politically. U.S. demand of oil is increasing exponentially causing the U.S. to continue to rely on foreign countries.[32]

text: Policy[edit]

text: Regulation of the oil market has been a major player in oil history. Policies affect the market in a variety of ways such as; price, production, consumption, supply and demand. The Oil market has a history of booms and troughs, which caused producers to demand government intervention. Many times this government involvement only made the situation worse, and many of the regulations were quickly ruled illegal and removed. Before World War II, many of the problems within the oil market were related to changing prices. During the 1920s, oil prices were beginning to peak leading to fears of oil depletion. In response to these fears, during Coolidge's term, Congress enacted a depletion allowance to producers which led to a surge of investment in the oil business and the discovery of many new, large oil reservoirs. The next decade consisted of falling prices due to the new investment and overproduction. The declining prices led producers to demand some form of price support system. One example of how prices were propped up was a pro-rationing order made by the Texas Railroad Commission, which restricted oil production and increased price. This order was soon ruled illegal by federal district court in 1931. The 1930s was the beginning of large federal intervention in the oil industry and began with the creation of the National Industrial Recovery Act, in 1933. This act allowed for natural price competition, instead of agreements between the major producers. However, this act was ruled unconstitutional in 1934.

text: While the time before World War II was filled with issues regarding price, the post war era consisted of increasing oil imports partly due to the price support established during the 1920s and 1930s. The artificially high domestic prices led to a surge of imports from lower priced foreign producers. In 1955, a clause was added to the Reciprocal Trade Act Amendments which gave the president the power to limit imports of a specific commodity, if that particular commodity was harmful to the security of the nation. This clause allowed Eisenhower to enact oil import quotas in 1959 which ultimately caused international oil prices to decline. These import quotas restricted international oil companies from the US market, and led them to form OPEC. During the 1970s, Richard Nixon put in place many phrases of price controls. After many new regulations that altered the original price control system, President Carter eventually began removing these controls in 1979.[34] During the Carter administration, in response to an energy crisis and hostile Iranian and Soviet Union relations, President Jimmy Carter announced the Carter Doctrine which declared that any interference with U. S. interests in the Persian Gulf would be considered an attack on U.S. vital interests.[40] Ronald Reagan later expanded this doctrine.[41] Since the 1990s, the oil market has been free of most regulations.[34]

text: Electrical energy[edit]

text: The United States of America (USA) is the world's second largest producer and consumer of electricity.[42] It consumes about 20%[43] of the world's supply of electricity. This section provides a summary of the consumption and generation of the USA Electric industry, based upon data mined from US DOE Energy Information Administration/Electric Power Annual 2015 files.[44] Data was obtained from the most recent DOE Energy Information Agency (EIA) files. Consumption is detailed from the residential, commercial, industrial, and other user communities. Generation is detailed for the major fuel sources of coal, natural gas, nuclear, petroleum, hydro and the other renewables of wind, wood, other biomass, geothermal and solar. Changes to the electrical energy fuel mix and other trends are identified. Progress in wind and solar contributions to the energy mix are addressed. Expected changes in the generation environment during the next 5 years are discussed.

text: Consumption[edit]

text: Electricity consumption data in this section is based upon data mined from US DOE Energy Information Administration/Electric Power Annual 2015 files[44] In 2015 the total US consumption of electric energy was 4,144.3 Terawatt hours (TWh) (or million MWh or billion kWh). This was essentially flat from 2014. This is broken down as:

text: Residential customers (129.81 million) directly consumed 1,404.1 Terawatt hours or 33.88% of the total. This was essentially the same as in 2014. An average residential customer used 901.4 kWh/ month and with the average US commercial cost of $0.1265/kWh the average monthly electrical bill would be $114.02.

text:
Commercial customers (17.985 million) directly consumed 1,360.8 Terawatt hours or 32.83% of the total. This was just a little more than in 2014. An average commercial customer used 6305 kWh/month and with the average US commercial electric cost of $0.1074/kWh the average monthly electrical bill would be $670.83.
Industrial customers (835.6 thousand) directly consumed 986.5 Terawatt hours or 23.8% of the total. This was a little less than in 2014 (-1.1%).
Transportation customers (78) directly consumed 7.64 Terawatt hours or 0.18% of the total. This was a little lower than in 2014.
System loss throughout the total electrical grid infrastructure by direct use of the suppliers (141.2 TWh)[45] and for transmission and other system losses and for unaccounted for loads (244.1 TWh) amounts to 385.3 TWh or 9.7% of the total which is 0.09% up from 2014. Thus, one could say that the US electric distribution system is 90.7% efficient and efficiency has decreased slightly over the last year.

text: A profile of the electric energy consumption [46] for 2015 is shown in the following graph. The April minimum of 300 G kWhs to the July peak of 406 G kWhs shows the range of consumption variations.

text: The following table derived from data mined from Electric Power Annual.[48][49] identifies those states which must import electrical energy from neighboring states to meet their consumption needs. Each state's total electric generation for 2015 is compared with the states consumption and its share of the system loss and the difference between the generated electric energy and its total consumption (including its share of the system loss) is the amount of energy it imports. For Hawaii (HI) total consumption equals generated energy. For the other states, multiplying their direct consumption by 1.084811845 (4067481441/3749481038), results in USA supply (including net imports) being equal to USA total consumption. The following chart provides the details. The graphic shows each import states situation with respect to electric energy consumption being greater than its generation.

text:
States Not Generating Enough Electric Energy (MWh) to Meet Their Consumption in 2015.[48][49]

STATE
CONSUMPTION
GENERATION
STATE IMPORTS

Retail Sales (MWh)
Total Usage (MWh)
MWh's
% 2015
% 2014
Improvement

CA
261,170,437
283,320,784
196,703,858
86,616,926
30.57%
34.40%
↑

OH
149,213,224
161,868,273
121,893,401
39,974,872
24.70%
20.90%
↓

VA
112,009,045
121,508,739
84,411,592
37,097,147
30.53%
41.30%
↑

TN
99,632,108
108,082,091
75,214,636
32,867,455
30.41%
30.80%
↑

MD
61,781,719
67,021,541
36,365,544
30,655,997
45.74%
48.80%
↑

MA
54,621,088
59,253,603
32,085,969
27,167,634
45.85%
53.00%
↑

NY
148,913,655
161,543,297
138,627,721
22,915,576
14.19%
17.10%
↑

GA
135,878,215
147,402,297
128,817,898
18,584,399
12.61%
17.50%
↑

FL
235,599,398
255,581,018
237,412,633
18,168,385
7.11%
8.40%
↑

NC
133,847,523
145,199,378
128,388,445
16,810,933
11.58%
13.90%
↑

MN
66,579,234
72,225,942
56,979,768
15,246,174
21.11%
27.20%
↑

DC
11,291,233
12,248,863
53,750
12,195,113
99.56%
109.60%
↑

IN
104,514,518
113,378,587
104,019,275
9,359,312
8.25%
2.30%
↓

ID
23,058,814
25,014,475
15,667,095
9,347,380
37.37%
44.80%
↑

WI
68,698,932
74,525,415
66,360,183
8,165,232
10.96%
22.30%
↑

NJ
75,489,623
81,892,037
74,608,860
7,283,177
8.89%
18.00%
↑

CO
54,116,046
58,705,728
52,393,077
6,312,651
10.75%
9.30%
↓

MO
81,504,081
88,416,592
83,640,067
4,776,525
5.40%
5.40%
__

DE
11,498,205
12,473,389
7,810,006
4,663,383
37.39%
42.20%
↑

VT
5,521,109
5,989,364
1,982,047
4,007,317
66.91%
12.70% EXPORT
↓

SD
12,101,979
13,128,370
9,633,033
3,495,337
26.62%
21.20%
↓

RI
7,664,718
8,314,777
6,939,019
1,375,758
16.55%
28.00%
↑

ME
11,888,168
12,896,425
11,741,265
1,155,160
8.96%
0.20%
↓

AK
6,159,204
6,681,577
6,284,937
396,640
5.94%
12.10%
↑

NV
36,019,690
39,074,586
39,046,784
27,802
0.07%
7.50%
↑

SUM
1,968,771,966
2,135,747,149
1,717,080,863
418,666,286

text: Generation[edit]

text: Data in this section is based upon data mined from US DOE Energy Information Administration/Electric Power Annual(EPA) 2015[44]

text: United States 1,064.1 Gigawatt power infrastructure [50] produced[51] 4,077.6 Billion kWhs (B kWhs) in 2015. USA imports [52] minus exports was 66.7 B kWhs for a total of 4,144.3 B kWh of electrical energy for U.S. use. Electrical energy generated from Coal was 1,352.40 B kWhs (32.63%); Natural and other Gases, 1,346.60 B kWhs (32.49%); Nuclear, 797.18 B kWhs (19.24%); Hydro, 249.08 B kWhs (6.01%); Renewables (other than Hydro), 295.16 B kWhs (7.12%); Imports less exports, 66.7 B kWh (1.3%); Petroleum, 28.25 B kWhs (0.68%); and Misc (including pumped storage) 8.94 B kWhs (0.1%). United States' renewable fuels (Hydro reported separately) are Wind, 190.72 B kWhs (4.60%); Wood, 41.93 B kWh (1.01%); other Biomass, 21.70 B kWhs (0.52% ); Geothermal, 15.92 B kWhs (0.38%) and Solar, 24.89 B kWhs (0.60%). The following tables summarize the electrical energy generated by fuel source for the United States. Data from Electric Power Annual 2015[44] was used throughout this section.

text:
Electrical Production in the United States for 2015[53][54]

Power Source
Generators
Summer Capacity (GW)
% of total Capacity
Capacity factor
Annual Energy (billion kWh)
% of Total US

Coal
968
279.72
26.29
0.552
1,352.4
32.63

Nat Gas+
5,874
441.9
41.53
0.348
1346.6
32.49

Nuclear
99
98.7
9.28
0.922
797.2
19.24

Hydro
4,020
79.7
7.49
0.357
249.1
6.01

Other Renewables
2,674
90.5
8.47
0.357
295.15
7.12

Petroleum
3,550
36.83
3.46
0.088
28.25
0.68

Other
117
1.8
0.17
0.890
14.03
0.34

Storage
156
22.6
2.12
-0.026
-5.1
-0.12

Net Imports

66.67
1.61

Total
20,068
1064.1
100
0.445
4,144.3
100

text:
Electric Production by Renewables in 2015[55]

Power Source
Summer Capacity (GW)
% of Renewable Capacity
% of Total Capacity
Capacity Factor
Annual Energy (billion kWh)
% of Renewable Energy
% of US Generation

Hydro
79.66
43.64
7.49
0.36
249.08
45.77
6.11

Wind
72.57
39.76
6.82
0.30
190.72
35.04
4.68

Biomass
14.09
7.72
1.32
0.52
63.63
11.69
1.56

Solar
13.66
7.48
1.28
0.21
24.89
4.57
0.61

GeoThermal
2.54
1.39
0.24
0.73
15.92
2.93
0.39

Total
182.52
100.00
17.15
0.35
544.24
100.00
13.35

text: Note: Biomass includes wood and wood derived fuel, landfill gas, biogenic municipal solid waste and other waste biomass.

text: The following provides yearly summaries of electrical energy generation by fuel source.

text:
Yearly Electric Energy (B kWh (or Twh) per year) by Fuel Source:.[51][56]

Year
Fossil Fuel
Nuclear
Renewable
Misc
Total

Coal
Oil
Gas
sub
total
Hydro
Geo
Thermal
Solar
Wind
Wood
Bio
other
sub
total

2016
1,240.11
23.90
1,393.30
2,657.31
805.33
265.83
17.42
36.75
226.87
40.50
22.07
609.44
7.00+
4,079.08+

Proportion 2016
30.40%
0.58%
34.16%
65.14%
19.74%
6.52%
0.43%
0.90%
5.56%
00.99%
0.54%
14.94%
0.17%
100.0%

2015
1,352.40
28.25
1,346.60
2,727.25
797.18
249.08
15.92
24.89
190.72
41.93
21.70
544.24
75.61
4,144.27

Proportion 2015
32.63%
0.68%
32.49%
65.81%
19.24%
6.01%
0.38%
0.60%
4.6%
01.01%
0.52%
13.13%
1.82%
100.0%

2014
1,581.71
30.23
1,138.63
2,750.57
797.17
259.37
15.88
17.69
181.655
42.34
21.65
538.58
60.50
4,146.2

2013
1,581.12
27.16
1,137.69
2,745.97
789.02
268.57
15.78
9.04
167.84
40
20.83
522.07
55.64
4,112.7

2012
1,514.04
23.19
1,237.79
2,775.02
769.33
276.24
15.56
4.33
140.82
37.8
19.82
494.57
56.1
4095

2011
1,733.4
30.2
1,025.3
2,788.9
790.2
319.4
15.3
1.82
120.2
37.4
19.2
513.32
46
4138.4

2010
1,847.3
37.1
999.0
2,883.4
807.0
260.2
15.2
1.21
94.7
37.2
18.9
427.4
33.3
4,151.0

Proportion 2010
44.5%
0.9%
24.1%
69.5%
19.4%
6.3%
0.37%
0.029%
2.3%
0.9%
0.5%
10.3%
0.8%
100.0%

2009
1,755.9
38.9
931.6
2,726.5
798.9
273.4
15.0
0.89
73.9
36.1
18.4
417.7
41.4
3,984.4

2008
1,985.8
46.2
894.7
2,926.7
806.2
254.8
14.8
0.86
55.4
37.3
17.7
380.9
38.3
4,152.2

2007
2,016.5
65.7
910.0
2,992.2
806.4
247.5
14.6
0.61
34.5
39.0
16.5
352.7
36.6
4,188.0

2000
1,966
111
615
2,692
754
260
14
0.49
5.6
37.6
23
318.7
38.6
3,836

Proportion 2000
51.3%
2.9%
16.0%
70.2%
19.7%
7.2%
0.37%
0.013%
0.15%
1.0%
0.6%
9.3%
0.9%
100.0%

1999
1,881
118
57l
2,570
728
319.5
14.8
0.50
4.5
37
22.6
392.8
55
3,723.8

text: Notes:

text:
Gas includes natural gas and other gases.
Solar includes photovoltaics and thermal.
Bio other includes waste, landfill gas, and other.
Hydro excludes pumped storage (not an energy source, used by all sources, other than hydro).
Misc includes misc generation, pumped storage, and net imports.
Total includes net imports.
2016 data is from Electric Power Monthly and does not include import-export data.[56]

text: Using the data from the US DOE Energy Information Administration/Electric Power Annual 2015 files[57] Data was obtained from the most recent DOE Energy Information Agency (EIA) full year files.[58] The following table derived from data mined from Electric Power Annual .[48][49] identifies those states which generate more electrical energy than they need to meet their consumption needs. They supply those that need additional energy. Each states total electric generation for 2015 is compared with the states consumption and its share of the system loses and the difference between the generated electric energy and its total consumption (including its share of the system loses) is the amount of energy it exports. For Hawaii (HI), total consumption equals generated energy. For the other states multiplying their direct consumption by 1.1084811845 (4077600939/3758992390) results in USA supply (including net imports) being equal to USA total consumption usage. State export is determined by subtracting the state's total consumption from its generation.

text:
States with excess Electric Generation (MWh) for use by others in 2015[48][49]

STATE
GENERATION
CONSUMPTION
STATE EXPORTS

Retail Sales (Mwh)
Total Usage (Mwh)
Mwh's
% 2015
% 2014
Change

AL
152,477,427
88,845,543
96,380,697
56,096,730
36.8%
33.3%
↑

PA
214,572,291
146,344,028
158,755,735
55,816,556
26.0%
26.9%
↓

IL
193,952,040
138,619,970
150,376,585
43,575,455
22.5%
22.9%
↓

WV
72,295,269
32,303,026
35,042,705
37,252,564
51.5%
55.6%
↓

WY
48,966,519
16,924,762
18,360,182
30,606,337
62.5%
62.0%
↑

AZ
113,142,048
77,349,416
83,909,563
29,232,485
25.8%
25.1%
↑

TX
449,826,336
392,337,354
425,612,209
24,214,127
5.4%
1.9%
↑

ND
37,156,612
18,128,948
19,666,498
17,490,114
47.1%
44.9%
↑

MT
29,302,401
14,206,911
15,411,825
13,890,576
47.4%
48.7%
↓

MS
64,757,864
48,691,529
52,821,147
11,936,717
18.4%
1.3%
↑

WA
109,287,458
90,116,086
97,758,998
11,528,460
10.5%
12.8%
↓

OK
76,135,596
61,336,385
66,538,437
9,597,159
12.6%
11.5%
↑

UT
41,949,120
30,192,350
32,753,019
9,196,101
21.9%
24.4%
↓

LA
107,812,354
91,676,489
99,451,741
8,360,613
7.8%
4.2%
↑

SC
96,532,213
81,328,246
88,225,845
8,306,368
8.6%
7.5%
↑

NH
20,015,893
10,999,149
11,932,007
8,083,886
40.4%
38.3%
↑

NE
39,883,391
29,495,073
31,996,605
7,886,786
19.8%
15.6%
↑

NM
32,701,398
23,093,553
25,052,160
7,649,238
23.4%
21.2%
↑

OR
57,866,535
47,263,974
51,272,519
6,594,016
11.4%
13.3%
↓

IA
56,658,918
47,147,293
51,145,942
5,512,976
9.7%
8.5%
↑

CT
37,470,622
29,476,155
31,976,082
5,494,540
14.7%
4.0%
↑

AR
55,559,428
46,465,154
50,405,949
5,153,479
9.3%
15.8%
↓

KS
45,527,124
39,849,127
43,228,805
2,298,319
5.0%
10.1%
↓

MI
113,008,050
102,479,921
111,171,432
1,836,618
1.6%
6.8% imp
↑

KY
83,543,671
76,038,630
82,487,607
1,056,064
1.3%
4.5%
↓

HI
10,119,500
9,511,352
10,119,500
0
0.0%
0.0%
__

SUM
2,360,520,078
1,790,220,424
1,941,853,794
418,666,284

text: Renewable energy[edit]

text: Renewable energy in the United States accounted for 13.2 percent of the domestically produced electricity in 2014,[59] and 11.2 percent of total energy generation.[60] As of 2014, more than 143,000 people work in the solar industry and 43 states deploy net metering, where energy utilities buy back excess power generated by solar arrays.[61]

text: Renewable energy reached a major milestone in the first quarter of 2011, when it contributed 11.7 percent of total U.S. energy production (2.245 quadrillion BTUs of energy), surpassing energy production from nuclear power (2.125 quadrillion BTUs).[62] 2011 was the first year since 1997 that renewables exceeded nuclear in US total energy production.[63]

text: Hydroelectric power is currently the largest producer of renewable power in the U.S. It produced around 6.2% of the nation's total electricity in 2010 which was 60.2% of the total renewable power in the U.S.[64] The United States is the fourth largest producer of hydroelectricity in the world after China, Canada and Brazil. The Grand Coulee Dam is the 5th largest hydroelectric power station in the world.

text: U.S. wind power installed capacity now exceeds 65,000 MW and supplies 4% of the nation's electricity.[65][66] Texas is firmly established as the leader in wind power development, followed by Iowa and California.[67]

text: The U.S. has some of the largest solar farms in the world. Solar Star is a 579 megawatt (MWAC) farm near Rosamond, California.[68] The Desert Sunlight Solar Farm is a 550 MW solar power plant in Riverside County, California[69] and the Topaz Solar Farm, a 550 MW photovoltaic power plant, is in San Luis Obispo County, California.[70] The solar thermal SEGS group of plants in the Mojave Desert has a total generating capacity of 354 MW.[71]

text: The Geysers in Northern California is the largest complex of geothermal energy production in the world.

text: The development of renewable energy and efficient energy use marks "a new era of energy exploration" in the United States, according to President Barack Obama.[72] Studies suggest that if there is enough political will it is feasible to supply the total United States with 100% renewable energy by 2050.[73][74]

text: Trends[edit]

text: In 2015 USA's electrical energy usage was 1.6% more than in 2005. It was 1% less than the peak in 2007. It was 0.05% less than in 2014. Per capita consumption has decreased about 7% since its peak in 2007 and every year since has shown a decrease in individual consumption. Conservation efforts are helping. At least, for the next decade, coal, natural gas, and nuclear will remain the top three fuels for electric energy generation in the USA. Coal will continuously decrease its contribution with natural gas increasing its contribution. Nuclear will have some downs (decommissionings) and ups (new online plants) but probably remain about constant. Hydro will maintain. Petroleum will continue to decrease in importance. Wind and solar will continue to grow in importance; their combined generation was 5.29% of US electric generation for 2015 or 5.20% of total US consumption.

text: Projections[edit]

text: From the beginning of the United States until 1973, total energy (including electrical) use increased by about 3%/year, while population increased an average of 2.2%/year. Per capita energy use from 1730 to 1870 was about 100 million Btu/person. In the 20th century this increased to 300 million (332 million Btu/person/year, 97 thousand kWh/person/year in 1981).[75]

text: In 2001, Vice President Dick Cheney said the US would need "at least 1,300 new power plants over the next 20 years."[76]

text: Efficiency improvements could cause energy use to drop considerably.

text: A concentrating solar array (CSP) with thermal storage has a practical capacity factor of 33%[77] and could provide power 24 hours a day. Prior to 2012, in six southwestern states (Arizona, California, Colorado, Nevada, New Mexico, and Utah) the US Bureau of Land Management (BLM) owned nearly 98 million acres (an area larger than the state of Montana) that was open to proposals for solar power installations. To streamline consideration of applications, the BLM produced a Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement (PEIS). By the subsequent Record of Decision in October 2012, the BLM withdrew 78 percent of its land from possible solar development, leaving 19 million acres still open to applications for solar installations, an area nearly as large as South Carolina. Of the area left open to solar proposals, the BLM has identified 285 thousand acres in highly favorable areas it calls Solar Energy Zones.[78] In Spain, with natural gas backups, CSP has reached a capacity factor of 66%, with 75% being a theoretical maximum.[79][not in citation given]

text: Energy consumption of computers in the USA [edit]

text: Visible or embedded (i. e. hidden) computers are found everywhere: in all sectors listed in the above chapter, as well as in all subsectors listed in the column entitled Major uses in the above tables. In 1999, a study by Mark. P. Mills[80] of the Green Earth Society reported that computers consumed 13% of the entire US supply. Numerous researchers questioned Mills' methodology and it was later demonstrated that he was off by an order of magnitude; for example, Lawrence Berkeley Labs concluded that the figure was nearer three percent of US electricity use. Although the Mills study was inaccurate,[81][82][83] it helped drive the debate to the national level, and in 2006 the US Senate started a study of the energy consumption of Server farms.

text: Fossil-fuel equivalency[edit]

text: The total energy consumption reported above from the Annual Energy Review has been adjusted by a fossil-fuel equivalency factor in order to estimate how much oil would be required to supply all of the energy used. While there is 3,412 Btu per kWh, a factor of 10,460 Btu/kWh was used for nuclear and 9,760 Btu/kWh for renewable energy, for 2010, to reflect how much oil would be required. This inflates the reported total energy consumption, and roughly triples the apparent share from non-fossil fuel sources. As oil is less important, this adjustment may be removed, as is largely the case in other countries.[84][85]


document_title: High School Musical

question_text: where is high school musical supposed to take place

root

text: High School Musical

text: Plot[edit]

text: On New Year's Eve, high school juniors Troy Bolton (Zac Efron) and Gabriella Montez (Vanessa Hudgens) meet at a party while both teens are at a ski lodge during winter break. At the party, the two are called upon to sing karaoke together ("Start of Something New"). They find that they have a connection and decide to exchange numbers before going their separate ways.

tag: p

text: On the first day back at school after Christmas break, Troy sees Gabriella in his classroom and she explains that she just moved to Albuquerque, New Mexico, and transferred to East High School over the break. Troy then shows Gabriella around school. Drama Club president Sharpay Evans (Ashley Tisdale) arrives and assumes that Gabriella is interested in auditioning. Wanting to eliminate competition, Sharpay investigates the new girl and has the scholastic decathlon captain and Chem Club president, Taylor McKessie (Monique Coleman), find out about Gabriella's past academic achievements, which results in her and Gabriella becoming great friends.

text: During basketball practice, Troy has trouble focusing because his thoughts are on Gabriella and the idea that he might enjoy singing in addition to basketball ("Get'cha Head in the Game"). Gabriella and Troy go to the musical auditions where Sharpay and her twin brother Ryan Evans (Lucas Grabeel) perform ("What I've Been Looking For"), but Troy and Gabriella are both too shy to audition. When Gabriella finally gains the confidence to step forward once the auditions are unofficially "over", Troy offers to sing with her, but drama teacher Ms. Darbus (Alyson Reed) tells them that they are too late and leaves. Kelsi Nielsen (Olesya Rulin), the musical's composer, trips and drops her music all over the stage. Troy and Gabriella rush to help her, and they sing together as Kelsi plays piano ("What I've Been Looking For (Reprise)"). Ms. Darbus overhears them and gives them a callback audition.

text: When the callback list is posted, Sharpay discovers that she has competition for the lead in the musical, and the rest of the Wildcats are shocked that Troy has auditioned. Other students confess their own secret passions and talents ("Stick to the Status Quo"), alarming Taylor and Troy's best friend Chad Danforth (Corbin Bleu). Since Gabriella has agreed to join the scholastic decathlon team, both Taylor and Chad want their teammates to focus on their upcoming competitions rather than the musical. In the locker room, Troy is tricked by his teammates into saying that Gabriella is not important while she watches through a video conference that the scholastic decathlon team had set up through a hidden webcam in cahoots with the basketballers. Gabriella gets extremely upset by his betrayal ("When There Was Me and You") and decides not to audition for the musical.

text: Troy is left confused as to why Gabriella did not want to audition anymore and is unable to concentrate on the game. Gabriella is also seen to be in low spirits. Realizing their mistake, Chad and the basketball team tell Troy what happened and offer to support him in callbacks. Troy goes to Gabriella's house and they reconcile.

text: After overhearing Gabriella and Troy practicing, Sharpay has Ms. Darbus change the callback time to coincide with both the basketball championship and the scholastic decathlon to interfere with Gabriella and Troy's participation. Kelsi overhears the conversation and the basketball team and the decathlon team work together to come up with a plan. On the day of the competitions, Taylor and Gabriella use the school's computers to delay the championship game and the decathlon, by messing with the power in the gym and causing a chemical reaction that forces an evacuation. Troy and Gabriella rush to the auditorium while Sharpay and Ryan finish performing their callback song ("Bop to the Top"), confident that their plan worked. After Gabriella and Troy audition ("Breaking Free"), Ms. Darbus gives the two the lead roles, making Sharpay and Ryan understudies.

text: Both teams win their respective competitions and the entire school gathers in the gym to celebrate ("We're All In This Together"). Chad asks Taylor out, and Sharpay makes peace with Gabriella.

text: In a post-credits scene, Zeke Baylor (Chris Warren Jr.) paces alone in the gym as Sharpay runs in declaring the cookies she rejected from him earlier "genius". She then hugs him and he says he will make her a crème brûlée. Zeke smiles in victory.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Zac Efron as Troy Bolton, Gabriella's boyfriend, the most popular male student at East High School, and the captain of the varsity basketball team. On New Year's Eve, after singing with Gabriella, he finds himself developing a crush on her. Drew Seeley provides the singing voice of Troy Bolton, but Efron sings very briefly in five songs: "Start of Something New", "What I've Been Looking For (Reprise)", "Breaking Free", "We're All in This Together" and "I Can't Take My Eyes Off of You".
Vanessa Hudgens as Gabriella Montez, Troy's girlfriend, a new student and one of the brainiacs on the scholastic decathlon team. She develops a love for Troy after meeting him at a New Year's party.
Lucas Grabeel as Ryan Evans, Sharpay's twin brother. He is very easily pushed around by his sister but is not as mean as her, despite going along with her plans to sabotage Troy and Gabriella. He is also shown to not be particularly smart, such as not knowing how to spell "drama", never understanding Sharpay's plans and is admired by Kelsi.
Ashley Tisdale, as Sharpay Evans, Ryan's twin sister and an energetic and proud student with a love of theatre. She is very easily pushed around by her brother and is mean, unlike him, but enjoys being the center of attention, particularly Troy's and is admired by Zeke.
Corbin Bleu as Chad Danforth, Troy's friend, Taylor's love interest, and is very good friends with Jason and Zeke. He likes the status quo but later ends up dating Decathlon captain Taylor.
Monique Coleman as Taylor McKessie, Gabriella's friend, Chad's love interest, and is very good friends with Martha and Kelsi. She is captain of the school's scholastic decathlon team, and despises the basketball players and cheerleaders, believing them to be airheads, although she later ends up going out with Chad.
Joey Miyashima as Dave Matsui, a principal at East High. He does the morning announcements everyday.
Bart Johnson as Jack Bolton, Troy's father and the coach of the basketball team. He has a mutual dislike with Ms. Darbus, thinks that theater is worthless, and also believes that Gabriella is a distraction to Troy's basketball career. However, he eventually comes around to it.
Olesya Rulin as Kelsi Nielsen, a friend of Gabriella and Taylor and a student at East High. She is a pianist and composer. She is very shy and is constantly bossed around by Sharpay, but in the end, she learns to stand up for herself and not get bossed around by Sharpay. She also enjoys composing and is an admirer of Ryan.
Chris Warren Jr. as Zeke Baylor, a friend of Troy and Chad who plays for the basketball team. He also enjoys baking and is an admirer of Sharpay.
Ryne Sanborn as Jason Cross, Martha's love interest, one of the jocks on the scholastic decathlon team and plays for the basketball team. He also tends to ask mundane questions in Ms. Darbus' class. He is good friends with Troy, Chad, and Zeke.
Kaycee Stroh as Martha Cox, Jason's love interest and a peppy brainiac who enjoys hip-hop. She is good friends with Gabriella, Taylor, and Kelsi.
Alyson Reed as Ms. Darbus, the stern drama teacher at East High. She despises sports and cell phones but takes her job very seriously, though she can be overdramatic. She clashes frequently with Jack Bolton.
Socorro Herrera as Lisa Montez, Gabriella's mother. Her job has caused her to be transferred frequently from city to city, but she has been guaranteed that she and Gabriella will be able to stay in Albuquerque until Gabriella graduates from high school.
Leslie Wing Pomeroy as Lucille Bolton, Troy's mother. She serves food for Troy at his house but is more sufficient for Troy to love her.
Joyce Cohen as Ms. Falstaff, the librarian at East High. She keeps Chad quiet in the library and gets a book for Gabriella and Sharpay to read but takes her work very carefully.
Dutch Whitlock as Ripper, one of the dudes and dudettes on the scholastic decathlon team.
Ryan Templeman as Mongo, one of the dudes and dudettes on the scholastic decathlon team.
Irene Santiago-Baron as Ms. Tenny, the chemistry teacher at East High. Gabriella tells her that the equation has to be 16 over pi.
Anne Kathryn Parma as Susan, a girl who auditions for the winter musicale but did not get the role even though Ms. Darbus was impressed with some hand gestures she made. She is the first singer in the auditorium.
Nick Whitaker as Alan, a boy who auditions for the winter musicale but did not get the role. He is the second singer in the auditorium.
Falcon Grace as Cyndra, a girl who auditions for the winter musicale and is not happy when she does not get the role. She is the fourth singer in the auditorium.
Sami Roe as a weird kid.
Melissa Hildebrant as another weird kid.
Sarah K. Aezer as a girl.
Amanda Garrett as another girl.
Charles Klapow as a Basketball Player.
Carlton Bluford as another Basketball Player.
Brad Tobler as another Basketball Player
Jared Murillo as another Basketball Player.
Sabra Johnson as a Skaterdude Dancer.
Shawn Carter as another Skaterdude Dancer.
Malinda Money as another Skaterdude Dancer.
Bayli Baker as a Cheerleader Dancer.
Allison Holker as another Cheerleader Dancer.
Britt Stewart as another Cheerleader Dancer.
Kelli Baker as another Cheerleader Dancer.
Thayne Jasperson as a Brainiac Dancer.
Mollee Gray as another Brainiac Dancer.

tag: ul

text: Musical numbers[edit]

text: The soundtrack was released on January 10, 2006, and debuted at number 133 on the Billboard 200, selling 7,469 copies in its first week. In the album's third week, for the chart dated February 11, 2006, it climbed to number ten, and has since risen to number one on the Billboard 200 twice (on March 1 and 22) and had shipped 3.8 million copies on December 5, 2006. Out of those copies, more than 3 million copies have been sold by August 2006; it was certified quadruple platinum by the RIAA.[16]

text:
Song
Primary singer(s)
Other singers
Scene

"Start of Something New"
Troy and Gabriella
None
Mountain Ski Resort

"Get'cha Head in the Game"
Troy
Basketball Players
East High's Gym

"What I've Been Looking For"
Sharpay and Ryan
None
East High's Auditorium/Auditions

"What I've Been Looking For (Reprise)"
Troy and Gabriella
None
East High's Auditorium/Auditions

"Stick to the Status Quo"
Sharpay, Ryan, Zeke, Martha, and Ripper
Jocks, Brainiacs, Skater Dudes, Wildcats, Dudes and Dudettes
East High's Cafeteria

"When There Was Me and You"
Gabriella
None
East High's Science Lab, Hallways and Corridors

"Start of Something New (Reprise)"
Troy
None
Gabriella's balcony

"Bop to the Top"
Sharpay and Ryan
None
East High's Auditorium/Callbacks

"Breaking Free"
Troy and Gabriella
None
East High's Auditorium/Callbacks

"We're All in This Together"
Troy, Gabriella, Ryan, Sharpay, Chad and Taylor
Wildcats, Jocks, Brainiacs, Skater Dudes, Dudes and Dudettes
East High's Gym

"I Can't Take My Eyes Off of You"
Troy, Gabriella, Ryan and Sharpay
None
East High's Cafeteria

"Get'cha Head in The Game"
B5
None
End credits of High School Musical

tag: table

text: Reception[edit]

text: On its premiere, the film was a success with 7.7 million viewers.[17] However, the reviews were mixed. On Rotten Tomatoes, it has a rating of 56%,[18] while Common Sense Media rated it at 4/5 stars.[19]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: Kevin Carr gave the film a score of 3/5 saying, "The filmmakers were just trying to tell a story. Sex, drugs and violence just didn't factor into that equation."[20] On the other hand, David Nusair gave the film a negative review with a score of 1.5/4 saying, "...it's difficult to imagine even the most die-hard fan of musicals finding anything here worth embracing."[21] Scott Weinberg also gave the film a negative review saying, "A schmaltzy little piece of obvious fluff that's directed in truly horrendous fashion and populated by cardboard characters who spit out simplistic platitudes and breathy pop tunes."[22]

text: Home media[edit]

text: The DVD was released on May 23, 2006, under the title, High School Musical: Encore Edition. It created a sales record when 1.2 million copies were sold in its first six days, making it the fastest-selling television film of all time.[23] It is, however, the second DCOM (Disney Channel Original Movie) on DVD to be certified Platinum in DVD sales, the first being The Cheetah Girls. The High School Musical DVD was also released in Australia on July 12, 2006, through Walt Disney and was released on European Region 2 on December 4, 2006, where it went on to reach number one in the UK DVD charts. It was also shown on Disney Channel South Africa, the latest Disney channel at that time in the southern hemisphere. It was the top-selling DVD in Australia in August 2006. In addition, the Region 3 DVD was released on October 10 in Hong Kong. It also released in Taiwan on December 15, 2006. This is the first Region 3 DCOM DVD ever released. It was released in Mexico on November 10 and in Brazil on December 6 to coincide with Christmas and the Rede Globo broadcast of the film. It was released in New Zealand on July 12, 2006, and was awarded most popular pre-teen movie in New Zealand for 2006

text: High School Musical was the first feature-length video content from the iTunes Store in mid-March 2006. At the time it was available as a 320x240 resolution 487MB download for $9.99 after initially being mistakenly listed for $1.99.[24][25][26]

text: The Remix Edition, a 2-disc Special Edition, was released on December 5, 2006.[27] The Remix DVD was released in France on June 20, 2007.[28] and in Germany on September 13, 2007.[29] The Remix DVD was released in the UK on September 10, 2007.[30]

text: Despite being filmed in the 1.85:1 aspect ratio, both the original and Remix Edition DVD releases featured a 1.33:1 "full screen" version (though not pan and scan as the camera stays directly in the center of the image), the format of the film as shown on the Disney Channel. The widescreen, high definition version is available exclusively on Disney Blu-ray in North America and has subsequently been showing in the UK & Ireland on BBC One and BBC HD, and RTÉ One.[31] The HD version is also available on PlayStation StoreVideo section and Sony Entertainment on line for the US market.[32]

text: Other media[edit]

text: Sequels[edit]

text: High School Musical 2 (2007)[edit]

text: High School Musical 2 is the first sequel. It debuted on August 17, 2007, on Disney Channel in the U.S., and on Family in Canada. The premiere brought in a total of 17.3 million viewers in the United States—almost 10 million more than its predecessor—making it (at the time of its airing) the highest-rated Disney Channel Movie to date and the most viewed television film to date.[33][34]

text: High School Musical 3: Senior Year (2008)[edit]

text: High School Musical 3: Senior Year is the third installment in Disney's High School Musical franchise. It was released to theaters across the United States on October 24, 2008. Kenny Ortega returned as director and choreographer, as did all six primary actors.[35][36]

text: Sharpay's Fabulous Adventure (2011)[edit]

text: Sharpay's Fabulous Adventure is a spin-off and direct-to-DVD film starring Ashley Tisdale.[37][38] The film features Sharpay Evans trying to get a role in a Broadway show following graduation.[39] The film was released as a Blu-ray and DVD combination pack on April 19, 2011.[40]

text: Bad Lip Reading version[edit]

text: On July 11, 2016, Disney XD released a half-hour overdubbed version of High School Musical to its YouTube channel in collaboration with Bad Lip Reading, a popular YouTube channel known for making parody dubs of various clips from films, TV shows, songs, sports, and political news stories that perfectly matches the lip movements of the targets. The story in this version is essentially similar to the original with new dialogue, the lead characters now being "Chorky" and "Lumpkinella", the latter secretly being a robot who escaped from a secure government facility.

text: Foreign adaptations[edit]

text: Argentina[edit]

text: High School Musical: El desafio (Argentina) is a spin-off for the Argentine market, based on the book "Battle of the Bands". The film arrived in Argentine theaters on July 17, 2008.

text: Brazil[edit]

text: High School Musical: O Desafio is a spin-off of the American film High School Musical. The Brazilian spin-off is based on the book Battle of the Bands. The film was released in Brazilian theaters on February 5, 2010.

text: China[edit]

text: Disney High School Musical China (歌舞青春),[41] also called High School Musical China: College Dreams is a Chinese version of the American series, released in North America on DVD under the Disney World Cinema Brand.[42] Film Business Asia critic Derek Elley rated the adaptation three points out of ten and called the choreography by former Madonna dancer, Ruthy Inchaustegui, and songs "bland". However, Elley picked the three songs as "half-memorable": "the ballad 'Rainy Season' (梅雨季) [sung by] two lead[ing characters,] the glitzy 'Perfection' (完美) [by] the college rich-bitch[,] and [the] climatic 'I Can Fly' (我飛故我在), which doesn't quite succeed at being an anthemnal [sic], uplifting ballad."[41]

text: On stage performances[edit]

text: Concert tour[edit]

text: The "High School Musical: The Concert" tour started on November 29, 2006, kicking off in San Diego, California. The tour continued until January 28, 2007, performing in major cities around the United States, Canada, and Latin America. The concert featured all of the original cast members except for Zac Efron, who was shooting Hairspray. Efron was replaced by Drew Seeley (whose voice was blended with Efron's during the film). The concert featured the original songs from the film, as well as songs from Vanessa Hudgens, Ashley Tisdale, and Corbin Bleu.

text: Stage musical[edit]

text: On August 1, 2006, Playbill announced that the Stagedoor Manor summer theater camp, featured in the film Camp, would be the first venue to produce High School Musical on-stage.

text: North Shore Music Theater in Beverly, MA had a stage production of High School Musical running until the end of July 2007, featuring Broadway actor Andrew Keenan-Bolger and Kate Rockwell, a semi-finalist on Grease: You're the One that I Want!, as Sharpay. Pacific Repertory Theatre's School of Dramatic Arts staged the California premiere in 2007 (which it revived in 2008), and presented the West Coast premiere of High School Musical 2 in January 2009.[43]

text: Theater of the Stars in Atlanta, Georgia was the first professional company to put on High School Musical.

text: Ice tour[edit]

text: "Feld Entertainment" produced global tour titled, High School Musical: The Ice Tour which had its world premiere in New York City on September 29, 2007.[44] The cast included 2004 World Junior Bronze Medalist Jordan Brauninger and 2004–2005 Australian national champion Bradley Santer. The show contained elements and songs from both the original film and its sequel, High School Musical 2 and featured a special preview of High School Musical 3: Senior Year when the movie of the same name premiered in theaters.

text: Book series[edit]

text: In June 2006, Disney Press published High School Musical: The Junior Novel, the novelization of the successful film. This novel hit number one on the New York Times best-selling list and remained on the list for sixteen weeks.[45] As of August 2007, the novel has sold more than 4.5 million copies, with 1 million copies of the novel's follow-up, High School Musical 2: The Junior Novel, being shipped to American retailers.[45] High School Musical 3: Senior Year: The Junior Novel came out on September 23, 2008. Shortly after the success of the original novel, Disney announced that a book series, entitled Stories from East High, would be published in February 2007 with a new book being published every 60 days until July 2008.

text: Video games[edit]

text: Disney Interactive Studios has produced 6 video games based on the High School Musical series, all taking the guise of music video games incorporating songs and plots from the films.

text: Reality series[edit]

text: During July and August 2008, ABC broadcast a reality competition based on the series, High School Musical: Get in the Picture [46] hosted by Nick Lachey. The winner of the show appeared in a music video during the credits of High School Musical 3.[47] The series premiered to poor ratings, with the show coming in fourth place in its timeslot.[48] In the UK, a reality show titled Hairspray: The School Musical premiered in 2008 on Sky1. It saw a team of vocal coaches, acting coaches and choreographers hold auditions at a regular comprehensive school where a mix of students could audition for a West End production of the hit Broadway musical, Hairspray. Although the musical being performed was not High School Musical, the film was the inspiration behind the show. The show was presented by Denise Van Outen and was credited, along with High School Musical, for inspiring a generation of children in the United Kingdom to get into theatrical work.

text: Awards[edit]

text:
Year
Award
Category
Result

2006
American Music Award
Best Pop Album
(High School Musical (soundtrack))
Nominated

ASTRA Awards
Favorite International Program
Won

Billboard Music Award
Soundtrack Album of the Year
(High School Musical (soundtrack))
Won

Album of the Year
(High School Musical (soundtrack))
Nominated

Humanitas Prize
Children's Live Action Category
(Peter Barsocchini)
Won

Imagen Foundation Awards
Best Actress – Television
(Vanessa Hudgens)
Nominated

Nickelodeon Australian Kids' Choice Awards
Fave Movie
Won

Nickelodeon UK Kids' Choice Awards
Best TV Actor
(Zac Efron)
Won

Primetime Emmy Award
Outstanding Choreography
(Kenny Ortega, Charles Klapow, and Bonnie Story)
Won

Outstanding Children's Program
(Don Schain, Bill Borden, and Barry Rosenbush)
Won

Outstanding Directing for a Miniseries, Movie, or a Special
(Kenny Ortega)
Nominated

Outstanding Casting for a Miniseries, Movie, or a Special
(Jason La Padura and Natalie Hart)
Nominated

Outstanding Original Music and Lyrics
(Get'cha Head in the Game sung by Zac Efron and written by Ray Cham, Greg Cham, and Drew Seeley)
Nominated

Outstanding Original Music and Lyrics
(Breaking Free sung by Zac Efron and Vanessa Hudgens and written by Jamie Houston)
Nominated

Satellite Award
Best Motion Picture Made for Television
Nominated

Television Critics Association Awards
Outstanding Achievement in Programming
Won

Teen Choice Award
Television – Choice Breakout Star
(Zac Efron)
Won

Television – Choice Chemistry
(Vanessa Hudgens and Zac Efron)
Won

Television – Choice Comedy or Musical Show
Won

Television – Choice Breakout Star
(Vanessa Hudgens)
Nominated

2007
Casting Society of America
Best Children's TV Programming
(Jason La Padura and Natalie Hart)
Won

Costume Designers Guild Awards
Outstanding Made for Television Movie or Miniseries
(Tom McKinley)
Nominated

Directors Guild of America Award
Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Children's Program
(Kenny Ortega, Don Schain, Matias Alvarez and Tobijah Tyler)
Won

Golden Reel Award
Best Sound Editing in Music for Television – Long Form
(Carli Barber and Michael Dittrick)
Won

Image Award
Outstanding Children's Program
Nominated

Outstanding Performance in a Youth/Children's Program – Series or Special
(Corbin Bleu)
Nominated

PGA Awards
Outstanding Producer of Long–Form Television
(Bill Borden and Barry Rosenbush)
Nominated

Young Artist Award
Best Performance in a TV Movie, Miniseries or Special (Comedy or Drama) – Leading Young Actor
(Zac Efron)
Nominated

Best Performance in a TV Movie, Miniseries or Special (Comedy or Drama) – Leading Young Actress
(Vanessa Hudgens)
Nominated

Best Performance in a TV Movie, Miniseries or Special (Comedy or Drama) – Supporting Young Actor
(Corbin Bleu)
Nominated

Best Family Television Movie or Special
Nominated

Nominated


document_title: Charmed (season 6)

question_text: when does phoebe find out who chris is

question_tokens: when does phoebe find out who chris is

text: Charmed (season 6)

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Alyssa Milano as Phoebe Halliwell
Rose McGowan as Paige Matthews
Holly Marie Combs as Piper Halliwell
Brian Krause as Leo Wyatt
Drew Fuller as Chris Halliwell[a]
Dorian Gregory as Darryl Morris[b]

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Jennifer Rhodes as Penny Halliwell
James Read as Victor Bennett
Rebecca Balding as Elise Rothman
Sandra Prosper as Sheila Morris
Eric Dane as Jason Dean
Balthazar Getty as Richard Montana
Googy Gress as Spencer Ricks
Jason Shaw as Greg
Gildart Jackson as Gideon
Christopher Neiman as Sigmund
Betsy Randle as Mrs. Winterbourne
Billy Drago as Barbas
Jenya Lano as Inspector Sheridan
Jason and Kristopher Simmons as Wyatt Halliwell

text: Guest[edit]

text:
Melissa George as Freyja
Ivana Miličević as Mist
Evan Marriott as Oscar
Jenny McCarthy as Mitzy Stillman
Rachelle Lefevre as Olivia Callaway
Michael Muhney as Seth
Mako as Potion Sorcerer
Gina Ravera as Mary
Kathryn Joosten as Old Magician's Wife
Keith Szarabajka as Zahn
Johnny Sneed as Larry Henderson
Alla Korot as Margaret Henderson
Marisol Nichols as Bianca
Jake Busey as Nigel
Patrick Cassidy as Allen Halliwell
Eduardo Verástegui as Mr. Right
Sarah Rafferty as Carol
Mark Deklin as Bosk
Rod Rowland as Rick Gittridge
Jodi Lyn O'Keefe as Spider Demon
Scott Adsit as Transformed Male Nymph
Ian Abercrombie as Aramis
Ken Page as Adair
Gabriel Olds as Vincent Right / Vincent Wrong
Jim Pirri as Corr
Elaine Hendrix as Clea
David Ramsey as Upper-Level Demon
Bodhi Elfman as Kyle Donie

text: Special musical guests[edit]

text:
Smash Mouth
Steadman
Ziggy Marley
Andy Stochansky

text: Episode list[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
US viewers
(millions)

112

113
1

2
"Valhalley of the Dolls"
James L. Conway
Brad Kern
September 28, 2003 (2003-09-28)
4301112

4301113
6.3[1]

Even though Leo is gone, Piper is in a surprisingly good 'chipper' mood, leading Paige to suspect that Leo altered Piper's memory. However, Paige's spell to restore Piper's memory clashes with Leo's and causes total amnesia. When calling upon Leo for help, Phoebe and Paige discover that he is being held captive on the Island of Valhalla, a mythical place ruled by warrior-maidens known as Valkyries. Phoebe also discovers she is an empath, where she can feel people's emotions, much to the worry of Chris. The Charmed Ones disguise themselves as Valkyries and infiltrate Valhalla to try to rescue Leo. In order for them to get close to him, they must convince the Valkyries that they are one of them. While Phoebe and Paige go to Darryl to borrow his soul, Chris killed a Valkyrie by crushing her heart through his telekinetic power, to possess a Valkyrie's necklace. The sight of Leo causes Piper's pain to come flooding back, prompting her to stay behind on the island to forget the pain while everyone else escapes.

Three fallen warriors follow Paige and Phoebe across dimensions to San Francisco and wreak havoc on the city. Phoebe has to control her new power in order to convince Piper that she belongs with her sisters, not the Valkyries. Meanwhile, Paige takes a job as a dog walker and is amazed when one of her dogs is transformed back into a man. Leo later uncovered evidence that Chris had killed two Valkyries but opted not to use it because Chris had finally earned the Charmed Ones' trust.

114
3
"Forget Me... Not"
John T. Kretchmer
Henry Alonso Myers
October 5, 2003 (2003-10-05)
4301114
5.8[2]

When Wyatt inadvertently brings a dragon to life, the Cleaners, a neutral group dedicated to protecting magic from being exposed, take him away and erase all signs and memories of his existence. Aware that they are forgetting something important but not sure of what it is, Piper, Phoebe, and Paige cast a spell to return their memory. The sisters then set out to expose magic, to strike up a deal with the Cleaners.

115
4
"The Power of Three Blondes"
John Behring
Daniel Cerone
October 12, 2003 (2003-10-12)
4301115
5.4[3]

When three evil sisters magically steal the Charmed Ones' identities and powers, Piper, Phoebe, and Paige must convince Chris that they are the real Charmed Ones in order to get their lives back. Meanwhile, Piper realizes that Wyatt needs time with Leo, who continues on his quest to find out who put him on the Island of Valhalla.

116
5
"Love's a Witch"
Stuart Gillard
Jeannine Renshaw
October 19, 2003 (2003-10-19)
4301116
5.4[4]

When Paige's latest temp job puts her in the middle of an ongoing feud between two magical families, the Montanas and the Callaways, she falls for Richard Montana and urges both families to consider a truce. Paige, Phoebe, and Piper hold a séance with both families and everyone is stunned to learn that Richard's first love, Olivia Callaway, is the one who has been escalating the feud to avenge her death. Paige becomes possessed by Olivia's spirit, and Phoebe and Piper must banish Olivia in order to save Paige and the two families. However, Paige's abduction of Richard while possessed and the near death of his mother, cause the families to end the feud, having decided they want no more death. Olivia's dad and Richard's mom lead Phoebe and Piper to Olivia's grave where Paige tries to attack, but is prevented by Piper. Phoebe and Piper go to vanquish her but are stopped by Paige who felt Olivia's intense pain while possessed by her and Paige and Richard are able to convince her to move on peacefully. Meanwhile, Leo is suspicious when Chris travels to The Underworld in search of a potion and trails him in secret. The potion turns out to be an empath blocking potion, and Piper and Paige are able to use it to block Phoebe's new power on them, however, when they are gone, Chris secretly uses it on himself too.

117
6
"My Three Witches"
Joel J. Feigenbaum
Scott Lipsey & Whip Lipsey
October 26, 2003 (2003-10-26)
4301117
5.5[5]

Worried that the Charmed Ones are drifting apart by putting their personal lives before their "Charmed" duties, Chris tries to teach them a lesson by enlisting the help of the demon Gith, who creates an alternate reality for the sisters by tapping into their secret desires. Piper's secret desire is to live a normal life, Phoebe feels her boyfriend's, Jason Dean, desire, for her to be a famous celebrity and have her own television show, and Paige's is to not have to hide her magic. Chris tries to kill Gith, but is prevented by when he is shot with a Darklighter arrow. Wyatt ends up becoming seriously ill and when Piper tries to get him to the hospital, she ends up in a car crash while Paige gets attacked by multiple demons and insane fans try to kill Phoebe. Chris manages to put Phoebe into Paige's world and together they manage to channel themselves into Piper's. Gith, desperate, transports himself to Piper's world, but Phoebe fights him off. Gith is vanquished when Piper's SVU explodes and he is consumed in the explosion. His vanquish frees the sisters and Wyatt and they discover a near-death Chris. Piper quickly calls for Leo who heals Wyatt of his illness and Chris of his wound and they return home where the sisters have learned their lesson.

118
7
"Soul Survivor"
Mel Damski
Curtis Kheel
November 2, 2003 (2003-11-02)
4301118
5.2[6]

In an attempt to save her boss' soul, Paige goes behind her sisters backs and makes a deal with a demon. Meanwhile, Piper learns that Wyatt has been sabotaging her dates. Phoebe gets a new writing partner, and Chris and Leo accidentally travel back in time.

119
8
"Sword and the City"
Derek Johansen
David Simkins
November 9, 2003 (2003-11-09)
4301119
5.2[7]

The Lady of the Lake appears before the Charmed Ones, pleading for their help in protecting Excalibur, the legendary Sword in the Stone. A dozen magical beings arrive at the manor to try their hand at pulling the sword from the stone, but it is Piper who pulls Excalibur out, causing a whirlwind that coalesces into a mysterious figure called Mordaunt. Piper is unaware that she is meant to pass it on to Wyatt, heir of Excalibur and the next King Arthur. Richard realizes that Mordaunt cannot be trusted, but before he can intervene, Mordaunt tricks Piper into relinquishing the sword and its power to him.

120
9
"Little Monsters"
James L. Conway
Julie Hess
November 16, 2003 (2003-11-16)
4301120
5.3[8]

After vanquishing a Manticore demon, Piper, Phoebe, and Paige become foster parents to its orphaned half-breed infant, whose human father Derek (Seth Peterson) holds Piper hostage until his son is returned. Upon Chris' plea to vanquish the child, the sisters come to believe that, by raising the child with love, they can change its destiny. Meanwhile, Phoebe surprises her boyfriend Jason when she responds to feelings he has not expressed yet, and Paige gives Darryl a superpower.

121
10
"Chris-Crossed"
Joel J. Feigenbaum
Cameron Litvack
November 23, 2003 (2003-11-23)
4301121
6.0[9]

A mysterious woman from the future named Bianca arrives to take Chris' powers and bring him back with her forcefully. Piper feels that being witches is stopping her sisters from having the life they want, and advises them to move out and follow their hearts. Bianca is revealed to actually be Chris' fiancée who only came back as "he" would have sent someone else if she had not come. Bianca is revealed to have helped Chris come back in time in the first place and apparently met him after the unnamed evil that rules their future sent her to kill him. Chris also reveals some truth about himself after Piper tries to freeze him and Bianca and fails: he is not a true Whitelighter, he is half-Whitelighter, half-witch like Paige and Wyatt. Bianca strips his powers and brings him back to his terrible future where the evil who rules confronts Chris and Bianca alone; an evil Wyatt. Future Wyatt tries to convince Chris to join him, offering to spare his life if he does. Chris refuses and Wyatt tries to kill him, but he is saved by Bianca who switches back to his side to protect him. Using a spell the sisters left in the attic in the present, Chris reclaims his powers and defeats Wyatt temporarily, but Bianca is mortally wounded and dies. Chris manages to open a time portal and escapes as Wyatt recovers, taking the spell with him so that Wyatt cannot send another assassin back in time. In the present, the sisters forgive him and he remains their Whitelighter, but he swears that if he can't prevent Baby Wyatt from becoming evil, then he will stop him permanently.

122
11
"Witchstock"
James A. Contner
Daniel Cerone
January 11, 2004 (2004-01-11)
4301122
5.3[10]

After trying on a pair of her Grams' go-go boots, Paige finds herself transported back in time to an era of free love and free magic. She discovers Grams, a peace-loving hippie, who is on a crusade to rid the world of evil through the magical power of love, preparing for a "magical be-in" at the manor. Meanwhile in present time a magic-sucking slime attacks the manor.

123
12
"Prince Charmed"
David Jackson
Henry Alonso Myers
January 18, 2004 (2004-01-18)
4301123
3.9[11]

After vanquishing a demon from Wyatt's room, Piper has an epiphany and decides to swear off men so that she can devote the rest of her life to raising and protecting Wyatt. Unable to handle Piper's revelation, Paige and Phoebe decide to remind Piper of the importance of love by conjuring up a "Mr. Right" as Piper's birthday present. The Order, a demonic brotherhood, manage to kidnap Wyatt after Chris' meddling with "Prince Charmed's" attractiveness backfires, turning a birthday dinner party into a food fight. The sisters vanquish the Order and with Chris' help restore Wyatt to normal. Doing so apparently earns Wyatt's trust for Chris and Leo confirms later that he still trusts Chris, but Chris needs to earn back the sisters' trust.

124
13
"Used Karma"
John T. Kretchmer
Jeannine Renshaw
January 25, 2004 (2004-01-25)
4301124
4.2[12]

Piper, Phoebe, and Paige inadvertently expose themselves as witches in front of Jason, causing him to leave Phoebe. Richard casts a spell to free himself of his family's negative karma, but accidentally channels the spirit of Mata Hari, a double agent for Germany and France during WWI, into Phoebe. Phoebe decides to get revenge on Jason by arranging for a demonic firing squad to kill him. Meanwhile, Piper and Paige try to vanquish a group of Swarm Demons, the last on Chris' list of the most significant threats to Wyatt.

125
14
"The Legend of Sleepy Halliwell"
Jon Paré
Cameron Litvack
February 8, 2004 (2004-02-08)
4301125
4.8[13]

The three sisters are railing at the complications and deleterious impact magic has on their lives when a portal opens in the middle of their stairway landing. An Elder named Gideon, Leo's old mentor at Magic School, calls upon Piper, Phoebe, and Paige to find out who cast the spell of darkness upon the school and conjured up the Headless Horseman, who has been beheading the teachers. While Piper and Paige tackle a group of surly teenagers, Piper becomes the horseman's next victim and become a functioning head on a table. Meanwhile, Phoebe is sent on a vision quest by a student Enola, who is a young shaman, and gets a glimpse into the demon free future, where she discovers she will have a child and she sees an older Wyatt and a brunette boy. Piper refers to the brunette as Wyatt's little brother. The little boy asks her for help and the vision ends and she sees Chris asking the same question which gives her a revelation. Questioning whether such a future is even possible, she is told she must be herself and accept her bad with the good about who she is and then it can happen—the advice the three sisters give the youth terrorizing the teaching staff. It is revealed that Zachary, a desperately unhappy telepath, is behind the attacks by using his power to tap into others powers. The sisters vanquish the Headless Horseman and convince Zachary to stop. Later at P3, Phoebe confronts Chris about who he really is and asks is he is really Wyatt's brother and thus Piper and Leo's son. For once Chris doesn't lie and confirms this,but only if he can get Piper and Leo back together in time.

126
15
"I Dream of Phoebe"
John T. Kretchmer
Curtis Kheel
February 15, 2004 (2004-02-15)
4301126
4.1[14]

Phoebe frees a genie, Jinny (Saba Homayoon), from a bottle, only to find that Jinny is a demon that has tricked her into becoming a genie herself. Anxious to get Leo and Piper back together so he can be conceived, Chris uses Phoebe to make his wish come true, but she takes his instructions too literally. When Chris reveals to Paige that he made the wish to make Piper and Leo sleep together, she calls him a pervert, and he reveals to her that Piper and Leo are his parents and that Piper needs to get pregnant within a few weeks or he will perish. Feeling that he is losing Paige, Richard opportunistically covets the genie's magic and steals the bottle so he can wish Paige back into his life. Paige and Richard reconciled to permanent separation, but Richard must drink a power-stripping potion for his own good.

127
16
"The Courtship of Wyatt's Father"
Joel J. Feigenbaum
Brad Kern
February 22, 2004 (2004-02-22)
4301127
5.0[15]

A Darklighter named Damien sends both Leo and Piper into a trap on the ghostly plane where they are without powers and wounds Leo with his Darklighter crossbow, leaving Phoebe and Paige to fear that they are dead. Meanwhile, Chris is obsessing over the fact that he is out of time, for he must be conceived by Piper and Leo sometime in the next day before he disappears forever having never been conceived. An Angel of Death comes for Chris even as he begins fading but he manages to resist and make a communication bridge between Phoebe and Piper.. The two consult with Gideon who is convinced Leo is doomed, provides a way to access the dimension to rescue Piper thinking Leo will be dead. At the end he convinces Leo to act as an Elder and sunder himself from his family, and Gideon is revealed to have plotted the cross dimensional attack to rid himself of Leo, and to have ill intentions towards Wyatt, his real target. By being trapped on the ghostly plane causes Piper and Leo to temporarily rekindle their relationship and sleep together, conceiving Chris. Piper learns at the end of the episode that Chris is her son and that she is pregnant from Phoebe and Paige who realize what happened as Chris returns to existence.

128
17
"Hyde School Reunion"
Jonathan West
David Simkins
March 14, 2004 (2004-03-14)
4301128
4.8[16]

While preparing for her high school reunion, Phoebe's wild teenage personality takes over her body when she inadvertently casts a spell on herself reading a rhyme she had inscribed in her high school year book. At the reunion, aggravated by an old rival, the teenage Phoebe persona takes over, reconnects with her former gang and finds herself following a suggestion to use her magic to visit another old gang member Rick, who is in jail awaiting trial. Rick, takes advantage of their visit to break out of jail, and uses Phoebe's magic to aid his plans of fleeing justice. Meanwhile, Scabber demons requiring the Power of Three to vanquish are closing in on Chris. Earlier that evening, Piper being increasingly concerned that Chris is staying distant, had asked her father Victor to talk to him. Chris explains that Piper dies when he turns fourteen, and he has been distancing himself from his mother because he believes that to bond with her only to return to a future where she is dead would be too painful. Victor convinces Chris that he needs to spend as much time with Piper as possible so he has more fond memories of her when he goes back. All the while Phoebe is under the dual pressures of knowing one high school friend is seriously, perhaps even grievously wounded, and Rick has hidden one of their female classmates where no-one can ever find her. Both parties arrive back at the manor where Paige casts the appearance changing spell to make him look like Chris. The Scabber Demons spit their acid at what looks like Chris and Rick is melted, but not before he gives up the information on where to find the others.

129
18
"Spin City"
Mel Damski
Andy Reaser & Doug E. Jones
April 18, 2004 (2004-04-18)
456006
3.8[17]

Piper is kidnapped and cocooned by the Spider Demon, a creature that emerges every hundred years to feed off a powerful magical being. During the attack, Chris is infected with the demon's venom, causing him to mutate into a spider demon himself. In need of desperate help, Paige calls Leo. Phoebe then reveals to Leo that Chris is his son. While trying to save him, Chris attacks Leo and starts repeatedly punching Leo, yelling that Leo does not know him. Later, Leo finds Chris on the Golden Gate bridge and begs him to tell him why he hates him so much. Chris replies that Leo was never there for him, but he was there for Piper, Wyatt, and half the world. Leo tells him that maybe he did not come back just to save Wyatt, but to save their relationship as well.

130
19
"Crimes and Witch Demeanors"
John T. Kretchmer
Henry Alonso Myers
April 25, 2004 (2004-04-25)
4301130
3.4[18]

When Phoebe and Paige are caught on tape using their powers by SFPD Inspector Sheridan, the Cleaners, beings who prevent the exposure of magic, cover up the situation by implicating their friend, Detective Darryl Morris, as a murderer and in a huge time jump, end up sending him to death row to cover up the exposure of magic. The Halliwells fight to have the outcome reversed, initially summoning the Cleaners by deliberate acts that would expose magic if left unfixed. Their confrontation proves inconclusive, and they learn that their only recourse is to have a hearing in front of the mysterious Tribunal, which is a council that oversees all magic and made up of demons and Elders with Barbas (Billy Drago) empaneled as the prosecutor. He turns the proceedings around on their head and puts the sisters on trial for recklessly abusing their powers.Meanwhile, Inspector Sheridan, nudged magically by Barbas, takes aim at the sisters with her partner Inspector Miles and begins looking into the trail of disappearances and odd happenings over the last half decade starting with the collection of unsolved homicides SFPD Internal Affairs had harassed Andy Trudeau about. Meanwhile, Leo and Chris work together to help free the sisters and Darryl, but the outcome leaves Phoebe stripped of her active powers as penance for occasional lapses in the past where she used magic to benefit herself.

131
20
"A Wrong Day's Journey into Right"
Derek Johansen
Cameron Litvack
May 2, 2004 (2004-05-02)
4301131
4.1[19]

With Piper away at Magic School and Phoebe without her powers, an overworked Paige re-conjures "Mr. Right" for stress relief, but unknowingly releases his evil twin, a demon called Vincent who immediately hatches a plot to separate the sisters while sending assassins after witches. Appealing to Paige's dark side, Mr. Wrong / Vincent uses his pheromones to trick her into realizing that the only way to achieve her secret desire is to be free and use her magic without fear of consequence, eventually killing her sisters. Chris accidentally gets arrested for stealing a car to chase Vincent and Darryl will not cover. To prevent Paige from executing his plan, Phoebe goes undercover as one of Mr. Wrong's Demonatrix assassins. Paige and Phoebe try to keep Piper out of the situation, but that backfires when Paige, under Vincent's control, kidnaps her so that the Demonatrix assassins can kill her. Phoebe regains confidence in herself when she makes Mr. Right real to test a potion that will make Vincent real so he can be vanquished and infiltrates the Demonatrixes. As the Demonatrixes are about to kill a confused Piper, Phoebe saves her and together they vanquish them. They go after Vincent who is confident they cannot harm him as they do not have the potion to make him real, but Phoebe takes the chance that making Mr. Right real will turn him real too. She proves to be right and Vincent is easily vanquished which breaks his hold over Paige. Later, Leo erases the memory of the car dealership manager to save Chris from having to go to jail.

132
21
"Witch Wars"
David Jackson
Krista Vernoff
May 9, 2004 (2004-05-09)
4301132
2.7[20]

Aware that Piper, Phoebe and Paige are on the verge of discovering that he is after Wyatt, Gideon conspires with two demons to make the girls part of Witch Wars, a new demonic reality television show where demon contestants compete to hunt down the Charmed Ones, with the winning demon acquiring the witches' powers. Gideon makes the girls believe that the game masters, Corr and Clea, are the ones after Wyatt in order to protect himself and his own agenda. In the end they find out, but the two demons grow extremely powerful due to them absorbing the powers of vanquished demon contestants. Phoebe comes up with a plan to vanquish them without the Power of Three as they do not want to risk Piper. Leo vanquishes Clea with a power-sucking athame and Phoebe takes Clea's powers for herself. Using her new powers, Phoebe shimmers to the attic and vanquishes Corr with an energy ball. She then shimmers to a demonic bar where demons have been watching Witch Wars and vanquishes many with energy balls to make a point while the rest flee before she returns home. Paige stabs her with the athame to remove the demonic powers. Later, the group celebrates the victory and believe the threat to Wyatt over. Meanwhile, Gideon's assistant has second thoughts about their plan and goes to tell the sisters the truth, but is murdered by Gideon before he can.

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23
"It's a Bad, Bad, Bad, Bad World"
Jon Paré
Jeannine Renshaw

Curtis Kheel
May 16, 2004 (2004-05-16)
4301133

4301134
4.7[21]

Under the guise of sending Chris back to the future, Gideon creates a portal that puts Chris and Leo in a mirrored world where evil prevails. Phoebe and Paige travel to the parallel universe to rescue Chris and Leo, only to find themselves in a battle with their evil counterparts. Unable to vanquish one another, both sets of sisters realize that Wyatt is unprotected and in danger from Gideon.

Upon returning to their own world, Phoebe and Paige realize that their world is now too good, and every little infraction is a capital offense. The shift between universes causes Piper's memory to be erased, and Gideon tricks Piper into casting a spell on Phoebe and Paige so that they too, forget Gideon's evil intentions. With the Charmed sisters under the spell, and Piper having a complicated delivery, only Leo and Chris are left to stop Gideon from completing his plan. When Chris is left alone with Wyatt in the attic, Gideon attacks just as Chris goes to orb Wyatt out after suspecting something was not right. Gideon summons an athame and disappears. Chris rushes to grab Wyatt, but Gideon reappears and he stabs Chris in the stomach. While Chris lies there wounded, Gideon takes Wyatt to the Underworld. Chris calls out to Leo. When Leo arrives he tries to heal him, but Chris tells him that it will not work because it was Gideon's magic and only he can stop it. He tells Leo to find Gideon and save Wyatt. Unfortunately, Chris dies, sending Leo into a rage. He discovers the inter-dimensional mirror, meets with his analog self and realizes to return balance, a great evil needs to be done in the Charmed One's universe, and when he goes to save Wyatt he kills Gideon while his other self looks on through the mirror which at the end they both destroy, so the universes cannot be linked again in the future. Wyatt is safe, and though future Chris is dead, baby Chris is born healthy.

text: Reception[edit]

text: In 2016, Gavin Hetherington of SpoilerTV ran a series of Charmed articles in the run-up to the 10th anniversary of the series finale. The sixth was a complete season review of season six, in which Gavin comments that the season is his "least favourite".[22] Critical of the season as a whole, Gavin did note the importance of the inclusion of Chris, who called him an "exceptional addition to the cast", and he "helped make a sucky season a lot better".

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ Fuller is only credited for the episodes he appears in.
Jump up ^ Gregory is only credited for the episodes he appears in.

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