document_title: American Grit

question_text: who went home on american grit last week

text: American Grit

text: Premise[edit]

text: Competitors are divided into four teams of four, each led by a military veteran who is designated as the team's Cadre[9] and compete in a series of Team Challenges. All members of the winning team are safe from elimination and advance to the next round, while a member of each losing team is chosen to participate in an Elimination Challenge. The elimination continues until one contestant quits, fails the challenge, or becomes physically unable to continue, at which point he or she is eliminated from the competition. Eliminated competitors ring a ship's bell on the site before departing, after the tradition of Navy SEAL trainees "ringing out" if they choose to withdraw from the program. In the finale, the remaining competitors take part in an elimination challenge that concludes with a winner being named and receiving a $250,000 cash prize.

text: Season 1[edit]

text: Filmed at the foothills of Mount Rainier in Eatonville, Washington, the first season focuses on "pushing teams to the brink" and features sixteen contestants with a variety of fitness backgrounds. Competitors who lose during Team Challenges, called "Evolutions", are selected by their own Cadre to participate in the Elimination Challenge. As long as a team has at least two members, a contestant cannot be sent to two consecutive Elimination Challenges. The Elimination Challenge begins with an obstacle course, called "The Circus", followed by an endurance test. The obstacle course remains constant, but the endurance test differs in each episode. The endurance test begins once all three participants have completed the obstacle course, with the first- and second-place finishers receiving an advantage over the third-place finisher, and concludes with the elimination of one competitor. As a team-based competition, all surviving members of the last remaining team are eligible to win. The season was won by Clare Painter and Mark Bouquin of Team Noah.

text: Season 2[edit]

text: Taking place in Hampton Island, Georgia in a location referred to as "Camp Grit", the second season focuses on "helping competitors find their grit" and features contestants with various issues "who either have lost their grit or never had it". Seventeen competitors appear at the start of the competition, one of whom is eliminated before the teams are formed. The Cadre of the winning team chooses the members of the losing teams who will be sent to the Elimination Challenge and consecutive appearances are allowed. Only an endurance test is featured in the Elimination Challenge and no advantages are provided to its participants. Depending on the Elimination Challenge, it concludes with one or two contestants being eliminated. The competition eventually becomes contestant-based, with all remaining competitors ultimately competing against each other and only one winner being named. Winning the second season was Gigi Gustin of Team Grady.

text: Cadre[edit]

text: Season 1[edit]

text:
Rorke Denver, a US Navy SEAL Commander who led assault teams worldwide. He also starred in Act of Valor.[10]
Noah Galloway, a US Army member of the 502nd Infantry and 101st Airborne Division, awarded the Purple Heart when he lost his left arm and left leg in a roadside bomb attack[10]
Tawanda "Tee" Hanible, a US Marine Corps Gunnery Sergeant[10]
Nicholas "Nick" Irving, a US Army sniper with the 3rd Ranger Battalion with thirty-three confirmed kills, nicknamed "The Reaper"[10]

text: Season 2[edit]

text:
John Burk, a US Army Infantry Drill Sergeant who served in Iraq and Afghanistan and also trained younger soldiers for battle, now an entrepreneur[11]
Riki Long, a US Marine who was in charge of the legal administration at the largest Marine Corps personnel center, now a fitness nutrition specialist and weightlifter[12]
Chloe Mondesir, a US Marine Ammunition Technician, now working with a non-profit organization to raise money for Veteran Affairs programs[13]
Grady Powell, a US Army Green Beret with the 10th Special Forces Group with tours in Iraq and Africa, now runs a firearms training facility.[14] He also won NBC's reality television program Stars Earn Stripes alongside former WWE Divas Champion Eve Torres.

text: Contestants[edit]

text: Season 1[edit]

text: The contestants of Season 1 range in age from 22 to 54.[15]

text:
Team Nick
     Team Noah

     Team Rorke
     Team Tee

text:
Contestant
Age
Hometown
Nickname
Occupation
Placement

Clare Painter
47
Omak, WA
The Fisherman
Horse trainer and fisherman
Winners

Mark Bouquin
26
Colden, NY
The Lumberjack
Timbersports athlete

Tony Simmons
41
Chicago, IL
Touchdown Tony
Sports performance coach and former NFL player
3rd place

Jim Vaglica
54
Billerica, MA
The Boston Cop
Police officer
4th place

Tabatha "Goldie" Chandler
39
Chattanooga, TN
The Roller Girl
Registered nurse
5th place

David Neville
31
Fort Wayne, IN
The Olympian
College track and field head coach and former Olympic medalist
6th place

Ashley "Haze" Hazlett
31
Cincinnati, OH
The Marine's Daughter
Event coordinator
7th place

Mario Robinson
25
Queens, NY
The Triathlete
Personal Trainer
8th place

Cameron "Cam" Zagami
22
Salem, NH
The Wrestler
Professional wrestler
9th place

Kimberly Joy "KJoy" Lipson
38
Houston, TX
The Yogi
Yoga instructor
10th place

Ivette Saucedo
35
Los Angeles, CA
The Equestrian
Model
11th place

Lisa Traugott
42
Austin, TX
The Bikini Bodybuilder
Trainer and author
12th place

Maria Kang
35
Elk Grove, CA
The No Excuses Mom
Nonprofit founder and author
13th place

Marc Lobliner
35
Elgin, IL
The Machine
CEO of nutrition company
14th place

Brooke Van Paris
25
Indianapolis, IN
The Obstacle Course Junkie
Sales rep
15th place

Chris Krueger
32
Los Angeles, CA
The Hollywood Trainer
Strength and performance coach
16th place

text: Season 2[edit]

text: The second season contains 17 contestants,[16] ranging in age from 20 to 48.[17][18]

text:
Team Chloe
     Team Grady

     Team Burk
     Team Riki

     Eliminated before teams chosen

text:
Contestant
Age
Hometown
Occupation
Placement

Gigi Gustin
20
Glassboro, NJ
Sales associate
Winner

Michael Wilson Morgan
38
Brooklyn, NY
Costume designer
Runner-up

Hannah Koen
23
Newburyport, MA
Housewife
3rd place

Herman Brar
26
Billings, MT
Nurse
4th place

Chris Edom
48
Merrick, NY
Kindergarten teacher
5th place

Alison Kempkey
36
Seattle, WA
Fashion consultant
6th place

George Foreman IV1
28
Houston, TX
Publicist
7th place

Carla Mireles
26
Chino, CA
Account executive
8th place

Richard Mallard
32
Berryville, TX
Vlogger
9th place

Janessa Morgan
36
Los Angeles, CA
Telecommunications manager
10th place

Scarlett Angelina
24
New Brunswick, NJ
Public relations coordinator
11th place

Melanie Mahanna
29
Brooklyn, NY
Tutor
12th place

Shermon Braithwaite
22
Brooklyn, NY
Hotel clerk
13th place

Will Westwater
23
West Hollywood, CA
Swimming instructor
14th place

Gill Morton
36
Vernal, UT
Yoga instructor
15th place

Nathalie Martin
45
Youngsville, LA
Cleaning business owner
16th place

Heather Pincelli
36
Lakeland, FL
Private investigator
17th place

text: ^Note 1 George was originally on Team Grady, but later became a member of Team Burk.

text: Contestant progress[edit]

text: Season 1[edit]

text:
WINNER
The player or players were the winner(s) of American Grit.

 WIN
The player was on the winning team in an Evolution and automatically advanced to the next stage of the competition.

 EXEMPT
The player was on a losing team, but was exempt from the Circus due to having been chosen for it in the previous episode.

 SAFE
The player was on a losing team in an Evolution, but was not chosen for the Circus.

 CIRCUS
The player was on a losing team in an Evolution, competed in the Circus, and advanced.

 OUT
The player competed in the Circus and was eliminated.

text:
Contestants
Episodes

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

Clare
WIN
WIN
WIN
WIN
SAFE
WIN
WIN
SAFE
SAFE
WINNER

Mark
WIN
WIN
WIN
WIN
SAFE
WIN
WIN
CIRCUS
EXEMPT
WINNER

Tony
SAFE
SAFE
CIRCUS
EXEMPT
CIRCUS
EXEMPT
CIRCUS
WIN
WIN
OUT

Jim
CIRCUS
EXEMPT
SAFE
SAFE
WIN
CIRCUS
EXEMPT
SAFE
CIRCUS
OUT

Goldie
CIRCUS
EXEMPT
SAFE
SAFE
SAFE
CIRCUS
EXEMPT
CIRCUS
EXEMPT
OUT

David
WIN
WIN
WIN
WIN
SAFE
WIN
WIN
SAFE
CIRCUS
OUT

Haze
SAFE
CIRCUS
EXEMPT
CIRCUS
EXEMPT
SAFE
SAFE
SAFE
SAFE
OUT

Mario
SAFE
SAFE
SAFE
SAFE
CIRCUS
EXEMPT
CIRCUS
EXEMPT
OUT

Cam
SAFE
SAFE
CIRCUS
EXEMPT
WIN
SAFE
SAFE
OUT

KJoy
SAFE
CIRCUS
EXEMPT
SAFE
WIN
SAFE
OUT

Ivette
SAFE
SAFE
SAFE
CIRCUS
EXEMPT
OUT

Lisa
WIN
WIN
WIN
WIN
OUT

Maria
SAFE
SAFE
SAFE
OUT

Marc
SAFE
SAFE
OUT

Brooke
SAFE
OUT

Chris
OUT

text: Season 2[edit]

text:
WINNER
The player was the winner of American Grit.

 RUNNER-UP
The player finished in second place and was the runner-up of American Grit.

 WIN
The player was on the winning team in a Team Challenge and automatically advanced to the next stage of the competition.

 SAFE
The player was on a losing team in a Team Challenge, but was not chosen for the Elimination Challenge.

 LOW
The player was on a losing team in a Team Challenge, competed in the Elimination Challenge, and advanced.

 OUT
The player competed in the Elimination Challenge and was eliminated.

 CHOSEN
The player was saved by being chosen to be on a team by one of the Cadre.

 OUT
The player was eliminated before teams were chosen, being the sole contestant to not be chosen for a team.

text:
Contestants
Episodes

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

Gigi
CHOSEN
SAFE
WIN
WIN
SAFE
SAFE
WIN
SAFE
WIN
SAFE
WINNER

Michael
CHOSEN
SAFE
WIN
WIN
SAFE
SAFE
WIN
SAFE
WIN
WIN
RUNNER-UP

Hannah
CHOSEN
WIN
LOW
SAFE
SAFE
WIN
SAFE
SAFE
LOW
SAFE
OUT

Herman
CHOSEN
SAFE
WIN
WIN
LOW
LOW
WIN
LOW
WIN
OUT

Chris
CHOSEN
WIN
SAFE
SAFE
SAFE
WIN
LOW
SAFE
OUT

Alison
CHOSEN
SAFE
SAFE
SAFE
WIN
SAFE
LOW
WIN
OUT

George
CHOSEN
LOW
WIN
WIN
SAFE
SAFE
SAFE
OUT

Carla
CHOSEN
SAFE
SAFE
LOW
LOW
SAFE
SAFE
OUT

Richard
CHOSEN
SAFE
SAFE
SAFE
SAFE
SAFE
OUT

Janessa
CHOSEN
SAFE
LOW
SAFE
WIN
OUT

Scarlett
CHOSEN
SAFE
SAFE
SAFE
SAFE
OUT

Melanie
CHOSEN
WIN
SAFE
SAFE
OUT

Shermon
CHOSEN
SAFE
SAFE
OUT

Will
CHOSEN
WIN
SAFE
OUT

Gill
CHOSEN
LOW
OUT

Nathalie
CHOSEN
OUT

Heather
OUT

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Season 1 (2016)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(million)

1
1
"Ruck Up"
April 14, 2016 (2016-04-14)
2.35[19]

Sixteen competitors are split into teams of four. Led by the Cadre, four retired military members, the teams face the Evolution, which challenges their team skills. Team Noah wins the Evolution, an obstacle course where a log must be carried through holes in walls, carried over three miles, and placed in a locked hole. The other three teams pick Chris (Tee), Goldie (Rorke), and Jim (Nick). The three must hold a rope weighted with a sandbag. Chris drops the bag first, and rings out.

ELIMINATED: Chris Krueger

2
2
"Ice Cubed"
April 21, 2016 (2016-04-21)
2.17[20]

After Chris' departure, the members of Team Tee find themselves one person down. The Evolution involves collecting a raft after climbing over a wall. They must row across a cold lake. Once on the other side, the teams must get a paddle back across the lake, either by opening a locked box, or by bringing the 100-pound lockbox. Team Noah wins again, followed by Team Tee. Tee sends Brooke to the Circus competition, Nick send KJoy, and Rorke sends Haze. Haze sets the record for the fastest time in the Circus. The endurance test is to do ten burpees, then submerge themselves in ice water. After many cycles of doing this, Brooke passes out and is eliminated.

ELIMINATED: Brooke Van Paris

3
3
"Moving Camp"
April 28, 2016 (2016-04-28)
2.10[21]

The teams are challenged to move a full camp and set it up exactly the way they found it. Tee's group, being two members down, finds an advantage because they only have to set up two tents, while the other teams set up four. After packing the equipment into big suitcases, the teams must swim across the lake, build a wheelbarrow, and take all the wheelbarrow parts to the new campsite. Team Noah wins, followed by Team Tee, in the closest finish so far in the season. Tee sends Tony to the Circus, Rorke sends Marc, and Nick sends Cam. The endurance test is to stand on a wooden post, then switch to a higher and narrower post fifteen minutes later. Marc falls off while transitioning to the third and final post, and is eliminated.

ELIMINATED: Marc Lobliner

4
4
"Charlie Foxtrot"
May 5, 2016 (2016-05-05)
1.77[22]

The teams must find and remember eight pictures to put on a board. Team Noah wins once again, extending the winning streak to four. In the Circus, Ivette must go because Tony went the previous week. Nick sends Maria, and Rorke sends Haze (who was the only person to previously face the Circus). Ivette arrives first after rolling over and passing Haze. The endurance portion is to hold onto a band of a pole, then switching to a lower band after 20 minutes. Maria is eliminated after slipping while adjusting back to the higher post.

ELIMINATED: Maria Kang

5
5
"Double Time"
May 12, 2016 (2016-05-12)
1.78[23]

The teams must show survival skills by setting up a tent, purifying water, and making fire tall enough to ignite two flares. Cena then reveals there are two paths: a longer one with easier steps, and a shorter one with harder, longer steps. Team Nick breaks Team Noah's winning streak, by finishing first. In the Circus, Tony is forced to enter, Rorke chooses Mario, and Noah chooses Lisa. The endurance portion is to run laps between logs in under twenty seconds. The time shortens to 15 seconds after the fifteenth lap, and 10 seconds after the twentieth lap. After lap 25, Lisa is unable to touch the log in under ten seconds. She rings out and leaves.

ELIMINATED: Lisa Traugott

6
6
"Squat Till You Drop"
May 19, 2016 (2016-05-19)
1.88[24]

The Evolution involves the teams using supplies to build bridges across various obstacles strewn across a 60-foot long field without their feet touching the ground. If a member's feet touch the ground, they must restart that portion of the obstacle. Team Noah wins the event and regains their confidence. They win a weightlifting workout with Cena as a reward. For the Circus, Team Tee is forced to send Ivette, Team Rorke sends Goldie, and Team Nick sends Jim. The endurance portion involves squatting to fit inside of a three-foot by five-foot frame while balancing a small cylinder on a plank. The first person to drop the cylinder or leave the frame is eliminated. Eventually, Ivette's cylinder falls, and she rings out and leaves.

ELIMINATED: Ivette Saucedo

7
7
"Dawn Patrol"
May 26, 2016 (2016-05-26)
1.73[25]

All the teams receive land navigation compasses, and most teams struggle to learn to use them, but Mark from Team Noah has land nav experience and teaches the rest of the team how to use the device. Early the next morning, the teams are all blindfolded and taken to an unknown location in the woods. From there, they must use the compass and gear they are supplied to locate a checkpoint, solve a navigation problem at the checkpoint to get a map, then carry their gear to the finish. In a close finish, Team Noah wins again and is rewarded with massages. Rorke gives his team gifts of custom ammo shells to help inspire them. At the Circus, Tony is forced to go, while Rorke sends Mario and Nick sends KJoy. The endurance challenge involves carrying sandbags uphill and over a set of steps, and they must move at a constant pace. If a contestant stops or slows down too much, they will be eliminated. After over an hour of this endurance, KJoy cannot go any further and she quits, ringing out and going home.

ELIMINATED: Kimberly Joy "KJoy" Lipson

8
8
"Barricade the Bunker"
June 2, 2016 (2016-06-02)
1.96[26]

At base camp, the teams are told the winners of the next Evolution will win visits from their loved ones. The Evolution involves one team member building a barricade with various materials in thirty minutes around a bunker with flags inside it. After thirty minutes, another team member must attempt to breach an opponent's bunker with a pair of pliers and retrieve their flag. Tony, on his own, barely beats out Mario and wins immunity and a visit from his family. Cam and Haze have a date and Nick is concerned that Haze is playing with Cam's emotions. Tony surprises Haze by sacrificing his reward so that she can visit her father instead. For the Circus, Nick chooses Cam, Rorke chooses Goldie, and Noah chooses Mark. Cena reveals that for this Circus, the military Cadre cannot assist. The endurance challenge involves stilts held together at the top with chains and three sets of increasingly smaller footholds on them. The contestants must climb the stilts and switch to the higher and narrower footholds at Cena's signal. After 45 minutes of this endurance, Cam slips and falls, and he is forced to ring out and go home.

ELIMINATED: Cameron "Cam" Zagami

9
9
"Tired Out"
June 9, 2016 (2016-06-09)
2.11[27]

The Evolution involves obstacles over a five mile course: a tire shuffle, freeing a tire from a puzzle, crawling through a mud pit, and solving another tire puzzle, while each time grabbing a tire and carrying it back to a post at the start/finish line, and teams with multiple members must travel together. Tony wins his second Evolution in a row, guaranteeing him a spot in the finals. The Cadre each bring in a guest military member to give inspirational stories to their teams. Jim is forced to go to the Circus, while Noah sends Mark and Rorke sends Mario, which means by default that Clare and Haze are automatically in the finals, while Mark and Goldie are also automatically in due to being exempt from the Circus this week. The endurance trial involves a ladder that contestants must constantly climb down, under, up, and over within one minute. At the top of the ladder is a button which must be pressed, and the contestants must wait for all other contestants to press the button before the next cycle begins. In a rain-soaked Circus, Mario finishes the course first, but after over 71 rotations, he forgets to hit the button and is eliminated, ringing out and going home. Cena then reveals that the remaining contestants have only 30 minutes to gear up and get ready for the next challenge.

ELIMINATED: Mario Robinson

10
10
"Over the Falls"
June 9, 2016 (2016-06-09)
2.11[27]

The contestants must cross a suspended traverse line hand-over-hand that spans over a 125-foot high waterfall, and for teams with multiple members, the average time of the team will be what counts, with the winning team earning an advantage in the final Circus. Team Noah wins this challenge. Cena explains that the final Circus has been expanded, and he spends some time thanking the remaining contestants before bringing in their family members for a visit. Cena explains that all seven remaining contestants must run the tougher Circus twice, with a fifteen-minute endurance in between the two runs. The endurance involves a rope suspended from a pole with two knots tied into it. After the first run, contestants must hold on via the top knot, and after the second run, they must hold on via the bottom knot. Contestants will be eliminated one after another until one team remains and the remaining members of that team will be the winners. Team Noah's advantage is a one-minute head start in the first run, which they use to gain the advantage in the first endurance. All teams make it through to the second run, and Tony from Team Tee finishes it first, Jim from Team Nick finishes second, Team Noah is third, and Team Rorke finishes fourth. Haze drops out in seventh place, David finishes in sixth, Goldie drops out in fifth and eliminates Team Rorke. Jim drops out next in fourth and eliminates Team Nick. After over 90 minutes of endurance, Tony drops out in third place eliminating Team Tee, and giving the win and the $250,000 prize to both Clare and Mark from Team Noah.

ELIMINATED: Ashley "Haze" Hazlett, David Neville, Tabatha "Goldie" Chandler, Jim Vaglica, Tony Simmons
WINNERS: Clare Painter and Mark Bouquin

text: Season 2 (2017)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(million)

11
1
"Find Your Grit"
June 11, 2017 (2017-06-11)
1.11[28]

At the new location known as Camp Grit, John Cena and the new Cadre meet the 17 new competitors. Cena tells them that there are only 16 beds in the cabin, and that one contestant will go home before the team challenges start. The contestants race around a lake to claim one of the beds. The next day, the contestants are hung upside down over a lake, and the first person to give up will be eliminated. After over 30 minutes of the players being repeatedly dunked in the lake, no one gives up, and Cena ends the contest with no one eliminated. On day three, the contestants must spin a beach ball over their heads until the Cadre pick them for a team and only 16 players will be on the teams. Eventually, Heather is not chosen for a team and she is eliminated.

ELIMINATED: Heather Pincelli

12
2
"Cena Does the Dishes"
June 18, 2017 (2017-06-18)
1.67[29]

The four teams must complete a relay race where they must pass through a gate and get a flag then plant the flags at the finish line. In addition, when a gate is reached, one of the team members must complete a task of either putting on a shock collar, drinking a liquefied alligator tail, or stripping naked. Team Burk wins the race, but Cena tells them they will not be immune unless the fourth member who did not complete a task has their head shaved. Melanie agrees to have her head shaved and thus Team Burk wins immunity and Burk gets to choose one member of the other three teams for the Elimination Challenge. He chooses Nathalie, George, and Gill. The Elimination Challenge has the contestants hold a bar while standing inside a frame suspended over the lake. Every 15 minutes, the frame will be tilted forward. The first person to drop will be eliminated. Nathalie drops out first, ending her day.

ELIMINATED: Nathalie Martin

13
3
"Liar Liar"
June 25, 2017 (2017-06-25)
1.00[30]

The Team Challenge has the four teams blindfolded and in a canoe race where they must navigate a series of gates while being led by one member designated as team captain who is able to see. Team Grady wins the race and Grady chooses the other three team captains, Gill, Janessa, and Hannah, for the Elimination Challenge. In this challenge, the contestants have a set of four wheels slightly separate from one another which they must constantly keep spinning. The first contestant to have a wheel stop spinning is eliminated. After over an hour of endurance, one of Gill's wheels stops turning and she is eliminated.

ELIMINATED: Gill Morton

14
4
"Secrets Are Revealed"
July 2, 2017 (2017-07-02)
1.04[31]

Cena advises the contestants that this week will have a double elimination. The Team Challenge has the members tethered together at the waist by a rope and they must complete a muddy race through a swamp. Team Grady wins the challenge, but Hannah from Team Burke is injured. She receives medical attention and is okay the next day. Grady selects Carla, Shermon, and Will for the Elimination Challenge. This challenge has the contestants balance on a platform while holding a ball over their heads suspended over the lake. When the ball is let go, it will swing into a bell to signal the elimination of that contestant. After an hour, Will loses control of the ball and is eliminated. After three hours, Shermon loses control of the ball and is also eliminated.

ELIMINATED: Will Westwater and Shermon Braithwaite

15
5
"Camp Love"
July 9, 2017 (2017-07-09)
1.10[32]

The Team Challenge has the members releasing triangle-shaped puzzle pieces that must be placed on stakes to spell out the words love, money, or power. If the winning team spells love, they win a visit from their families, while spelling money wins the team $1,000 each, and spelling power gives the team the ability to move members around. Team Chloe wins by spelling out love, and they earn a visit from their families. Chloe chooses Carla, Herman, and Melanie for the Elimination Challenge. In this challenge, there is an hourglass filled with sand which will slowly drain out. The competitors must repeatedly cross a balance beam and refill the sand using either a small bag or a larger bucket with holes in it. They also have one bucket of sand near the hourglass for a single use. The contestant whose hourglass drains out first is eliminated. Eventually, Melanie's hourglass empties and she is sent home.

ELIMINATED: Melanie Mahanna

16
6
"Selfish vs. Selfless"
July 16, 2017 (2017-07-16)
0.95[33]

Cena tells the Cadre that they will not be beside their team for the challenge. The challenge tasks each individual to pick whether they would choose to do something for the team (worth more points) or something personally for themselves (worth less points). Team Burk wins and also gets the reward to steal someone from another team, while Carla secures a safety which grants her next week free of elimination. Chris, having won the reward for his team, takes George from Grady's team. Burk sends Janessa, Scarlett, and Herman to the Elimination Challenge, which is a double elimination this week. The challenge is to hold on to an outcrop on a 45° slope with water running down it. Scarlett slides into the water and has to ring out, while an hour later, Janessa does too. Cena then reveals if all of one Cadre's team has rung out, the Cadre too must ring out.

ELIMINATED: Scarlett Angelina and Janessa Morgan

17
7
"Role Reversal"
July 23, 2017 (2017-07-23)
1.14[34]

This week's challenge looks nearly identical to the last Elimination Challenge in that there is a 45° slope with water running down it and a handle at the top, but this time, the Cadre are the ones who will participate. Grady wins the challenge and his team selects Richard, Alison, and Chris for the Elimination Challenge. In this challenge, three floating balls are under ropes, and the contestants must balance on the balls while using the ropes to prevent floating away. The first one to drop will be eliminated. Richard falls quickly and is sent home.

ELIMINATED: Richard Mallard

18
8
"Shady Grady"
July 30, 2017 (2017-07-30)
1.15[35]

For this week's Team Challenge there is a rotating set of four basketball hoops on one end of a court, a pile of colored balls on another, and large bungee cords in the middle. The contestants must run with the bungee attached to them to grab a ball then shoot it into an opponent's colored basket. The first three teams that have five balls in their baskets will go to elimination, which this week is another double elimination. Alison secures the win for Team Chloe. By default, Carla is sent to elimination while Allison selects George and Herman. In this challenge, the competitors are harnessed to an underwater pulley system which supports a box that holds 50% of each competitor's weight. They must hold on to a rope while in the water to support the box. The first two competitors to let go will both be eliminated. Carla drops out first, eliminating Team Riki altogether. After over 50 minutes, George loses his grip and is eliminated.

ELIMINATED: Carla Mireles and George Foreman IV

19
9
"Cena Says"
August 6, 2017 (2017-08-06)
1.01[36]

With Riki's team being eliminated, Riki becomes the first-ever Cadre to ring out. Cena visits the contestants and shares with them a story with details about his life. For the Team Challenge, Cena quizzes the contestants about details of his story, and they must slide down a ramp into a mud pit to grab a tile with the correct answer, then return it to the start. The first team with four correct answers is safe from another double elimination. Team Grady wins the challenge. All members of the other teams must compete in the Elimination Challenge. This challenge has the contestants balance a weighted ball on a shelf while also balancing themselves on an unstable platform. After ten minutes, they must transition to another platform that is more unstable. The first two contestants to drop their balls will be eliminated. After about 36 minutes, Alison drops her ball, thus also eliminating Team Chloe. A few minutes later, Chris drops his ball and is also eliminated.

ELIMINATED: Alison Kempkey and Chris Edom

20
10
"Who's Got Grit?"
August 6, 2017 (2017-08-06)
1.01[36]

Cena tells the remaining contestants that they are now competing as individuals and their Cadre can no longer assist them. In the first challenge, the contestants have a puzzle where every piece is the face of a former contestant, and they must put them in the order that they were eliminated. Michael solves the puzzle first, and he gets to choose two other people to compete with him in the finals. He chooses Hannah and Gigi to move on, thus eliminating Herman.

ELIMINATED: Herman Brar

For the final challenge, the contestants are suspended over the lake while holding on to a crossbar. They will be quizzed on facts that occurred during the course of the season, and must answer them by releasing either their left or right hand. Getting a wrong answer results in a penalty of holding the bar with one hand for three minutes. The last competitor to hold on will be the winner. After over an hour, Hannah loses her grip and is eliminated in third place. After over two hours, Cena runs out of trivia questions and forces the two contestants to hold on with one hand for the remainder. Michael loses his grip and is eliminated, making Gigi the winner of season two of American Grit and the $250,000 prize.

ELIMINATED: Hannah Koen
RUNNER-UP: Michael Wilson Morgan
WINNER: Gigi Gustin

text: Ratings[edit]

text: Season 1 (2016)[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Air date
Rating/share
(18–49)
Viewers
(millions)
DVR
(18–49)
DVR viewers
(millions)
Total
(18–49)
Total viewers
(millions)

1
"Ruck Up"
April 14, 2016 (2016-04-14)
0.8/3
2.35[19]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

2
"Ice Cubed"
April 21, 2016 (2016-04-21)
0.7/2
2.17[20]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

3
"Moving Camp"
April 28, 2016 (2016-04-28)
0.7/2
2.10[21]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

4
"Charlie Foxtrot"
May 5, 2016 (2016-05-05)
0.6/2
1.77[22]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

5
"Double Time"
May 12, 2016 (2016-05-12)
0.6/2
1.78[23]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

6
"Squat Till You Drop"
May 19, 2016 (2016-05-19)
0.6/2
1.88[24]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

7
"Dawn Patrol"
May 26, 2016 (2016-05-26)
0.5/2
1.73[25]
0.2
0.53
0.7
2.26[37]

8
"Barricade the Bunker"
June 2, 2016 (2016-06-02)
0.6/2
1.96[26]
0.3
0.55
0.9
2.51[38]

9
"Tired Out"
June 9, 2016 (2016-06-09)
0.7/3
2.11[27]
0.2
0.47
0.9
2.58[39]

10
"Over the Falls"
June 9, 2016 (2016-06-09)
0.7/3
2.11[27]
0.2
0.47
0.9
2.58[39]

text: Season 2 (2017)[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Air date
Rating/share
(18–49)
Viewers
(millions)
DVR
(18–49)
DVR viewers
(millions)
Total
(18–49)
Total viewers
(millions)

1
"Find Your Grit"
June 11, 2017 (2017-06-11)
0.4/2
1.11[28]
0.2
0.47
0.6
1.58[40]

2
"Cena Does the Dishes"
June 18, 2017 (2017-06-18)
0.5/2
1.67[29]
0.2
0.47
0.7
2.14[41]

3
"Liar Liar"
June 25, 2017 (2017-06-25)
0.4/2
1.00[30]
0.1
0.44
0.5
1.43[42]

4
"Secrets Are Revealed"
July 2, 2017 (2017-07-02)
0.4/2
1.04[31]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

5
"Camp Love"
July 9, 2017 (2017-07-09)
0.4/2
1.10[32]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

6
"Selfish vs. Selfless"
July 16, 2017 (2017-07-16)
0.4/2
0.95[33]
0.1
0.44
0.5
1.39[43]

7
"Role Reversal"
July 23, 2017 (2017-07-23)
0.4/2
1.14[34]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

8
"Shady Grady"
July 30, 2017 (2017-07-30)
0.4/2
1.15[35]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

9
"Cena Says"
August 6, 2017 (2017-08-06)
0.4/2
1.01[36]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

10
"Who's Got Grit?"
August 6, 2017 (2017-08-06)
0.4/2
1.01[36]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A


document_title: System Restore

question_text: where does system restore save files windows 7

root

text: System Restore

text: Overview[edit]

text: In System Restore, the user may create a new restore point manually (as opposed to the system creating one automatically), roll back to an existing restore point, or change the System Restore configuration. Moreover, the restore itself can be undone. Old restore points are discarded in order to keep the volume's usage within the specified amount. For many users, this can provide restore points covering the past several weeks. Users concerned with performance or space usage may also opt to disable System Restore entirely. Files stored on volumes not monitored by System Restore are never backed up or restored.

tag: p

text: System Restore backs up system files of certain extensions (.exe, .dll, etc.) and saves them for later recovery and use.[6] It also backs up the registry and most drivers.

text: Resources monitored[edit]

text: Starting with Windows Vista, System Restore takes a snapshot of all volumes it is monitoring. However, on Windows XP, it only monitors the following:[7][8]

text:
Windows Registry
Files in the Windows File Protection folder (Dllcache)
Local user profiles
COM+ and WMI databases
IIS metabase
Specific file types monitored[6]

tag: ul

text: The list of file types and directories to be included or excluded from monitoring by System Restore can be customized on Windows Me and Windows XP by editing %windir%\system32\restore\Filelist.xml.[9]

text: Disk space consumption[edit]

text: The amount of disk space System Restore consumes can be configured. Starting with Windows XP, the disk space allotted is configurable per volume and the data stores are also stored per volume. File are stored using NTFS compression and a Disk Cleanup handler allows deleting all but the most recent Restore Point to free up disk space. System Restore can be disabled completely to regain disk space. It automatically disables itself if the disk free space is too low for it to operate.

text: Restore points[edit]

text: Windows creates restore points:

text:
When software is installed using Windows Installer or other installers that are aware of System Restore[10]
When Windows Update installs new updates
When the user installs a driver that is not digitally signed by Windows Hardware Quality Labs
Periodically. By default:

Windows XP creates a restore point every 24 hours[11]
Windows Vista creates a restore point if none is created within the last 24 hours[11]
Windows 7 creates a restore point if none has been created within the last seven days[11]

On user's command

text: Windows XP stores restore-point files in a hidden folder named "System Volume Information" on the root of every drive, partition or volume, including most external drives and some USB flash drives.[3]

text: The operating system deletes older restore points per the configured space constraint on a first in, first out basis.

text: Implementation differences[edit]

text: There are considerable differences between how System Restore works under Windows XP and later Windows versions.

text:
Configuration UI - In Windows XP, there is a graphical slider to configure the amount of disk space allotted to System Restore. In Windows Vista, the GUI to configure the disk space is not available. Using the command-line tool Vssadmin.exe or by editing the appropriate registry key,[12][13] the space reserved can be adjusted. Starting with Windows 7, the slider is available once again.
Maximum space - In Windows XP, System Restore can be configured to use up to a maximum of 12% of the volume's space for most disk sizes;[8] however, this may be less depending on the volume's size. Restore points over 90 days old are automatically deleted, as specified by the registry value RPLifeInterval (Time to Live - TTL) default value of 7776000 seconds. In Windows Vista and later, System Restore is designed for larger volumes.[14] By default, it uses 15% of the volume's space.[10]
File paths monitored - Up to Windows XP, files are backed up only from certain directories. On Windows Vista and later, this set of files is defined by monitored extensions outside of the Windows folder, and everything under the Windows folder.[15]
File types monitored - Up to Windows XP, it excludes any file types used for users' personal data files, such as documents, digital photographs, media files, e-mail, etc. It also excludes the monitored set of file types (.DLL, .EXE etc.) from folders such as My Documents. Microsoft recommends that if a user is unsure as to whether certain files will be modified by a rollback, they should keep those files under My Documents.[8] When a rollback is performed, the files that were being monitored by System Restore are restored and newly created folders are removed. However, on Windows Vista and later, it excludes only document file types; it does not exclude any monitored system file type regardless of its location.
Configuring advanced System Restore settings - Windows XP supports customizing System Restore settings via Windows Registry and a file at %windir%\system32\restore\Filelist.xml.[9][16] Windows Vista and later no longer support this.[17]
FAT32 volume support: On Windows Vista and later, System Restore no longer works on FAT32 disks and cannot be enabled on disks smaller than 1 GB.[14]

text: Restoring the system[edit]

text: Up to Windows XP, the system can be restored as long as it is in an online state, that is, as long as Windows boots normally or from Safe mode. It is not possible to restore the system if Windows is unbootable without using a 3rd-party bootable recovery media such as ERD Commander. Under Windows Vista and later, the Windows Recovery Environment can be used to launch System Restore and restore a system in an offline state, that is, in case the Windows installation is unbootable.[5] Since the advent of Microsoft Desktop Optimization Pack, Diagnostics and Recovery Toolset from it can be used to create a bootable recovery disc that can log on to an unbootable Windows installation and start System Restores. The toolset includes ERD commander for Windows XP that was previously a 3rd-party product by Wininternals.

text: Limitations and complications[edit]

text: A bug existed in System Restore that shipped with Windows Millennium Edition wherein the rollback procedure does not work after 8 September 2001 due to the limitations of the algorithm used to generate checkpoints. Microsoft had created an update to address this issue.[18]

text: A limitation which applies to System Restore in Windows versions prior to Windows Vista is that only certain file types and files in certain locations on the volume are monitored, therefore unwanted software installations and especially in-place software upgrades may be incompletely reverted by System Restore.[19] Consequently, there may be little or no practical beneficial impact. Certain issues may also arise when attempting to run or completely uninstall that application. In contrast, various other utilities have been designed to provide much more complete reversal of system changes including software upgrades. However, beginning with Windows Vista, System Restore monitors all system file types on all file paths on a given volume, so there is no issue of incomplete restoration.

text: It is not possible to create a permanent restore point. All restore points will eventually be deleted after the time specified in the RPLifeInterval registry setting is reached or earlier if allotted disk space is insufficient. Even if no user or software triggered restore points are generated allotted disk space is consumed by automatic restore points.[8] Consequently, in systems with little space allocated, if a user does not notice a new problem within a few days, it may be too late to restore to a configuration from before the problem arose.

text: For data integrity purposes, System Restore does not allow other applications or users to modify or delete files in the directory where the restore points are saved. On NTFS volumes, the Restore Points are protected using ACLs. Since its method of backup is fairly simplistic, it may end up archiving malware such as viruses, for example in a restore point created before using antivirus software to clean an infection. Antivirus software is usually unable to remove infected files from System Restore;[20] the only way actually to delete the infected files is to disable System Restore, which will result in losing all saved restore points; otherwise they will remain until Windows deletes the affected restore points. However stored infected files in themselves are harmless unless executed; they will only pose a threat if the affected restore point is reinstated. Windows System Restore is not compatible with restore points made by third party applications.

text: Changes made to a volume from another OS (in case of dual-boot OS scenarios) cannot be monitored. In addition, dual-booting different versions of Windows can disrupt the operation of System Restore. Specifically, Windows XP and Windows Server 2003 delete the checkpoints created by Windows Vista and later.[21] Also, checkpoints created by Windows 8 may be destroyed by previous versions of Windows.[22]


document_title: Jim J. Bullock

question_text: who played monroe on too close for comfort

text: Jim J. Bullock

text: Early life[edit]

text: Bullock was born in Casper, Wyoming, and raised in Odessa, Texas (although he is listed as an alumnus of Natrona County High School (Casper, Wyoming), and was raised in a Southern Baptist home.[1] As a youth, Bullock planned to study to become an evangelical Christian minister.[1] He received a music scholarship to attend Oklahoma Baptist University in Shawnee, Oklahoma, but left school without graduating.[2]

text: Career[edit]

text: Bullock became a notable entertainment figure in the 1980s when he co-starred on the sitcom Too Close for Comfort as Monroe Ficus (credited as "Jm J. Bullock") and was a regular "square" on John Davidson's updated version of Hollywood Squares (1986–1989), also substituting for Davidson as host on occasion.[3] He also appeared as a semi-regular on Battlestars. He later became a semi-regular on ALF (from 1989 to 1990) as Neal Tanner. He guest-hosted a special episode of Super Sloppy Double Dare in 1989 where host Marc Summers and announcer Harvey played against each other. The game ended with both Summers and Harvey playing the Obstacle Course and successfully winning all eight prizes for their respective civilian teammates. Stage assistants Robin Marrella and Dave Shikiar guest-announced that episode.

text: After ALF went off the air, Bullock remained active with theatre, television, and film work. He briefly hosted a syndicated talk show with ex-televangelist Tammy Faye Messner. The Jim J. and Tammy Faye Show debuted in 1996, but Messner exited the program a few months later following a cancer diagnosis. Bullock continued with new co-host, Ann Abernathy, and the show became The Jim J. and Ann Show until it was canceled.

text: Bullock was the voice of Queer Duck in the animated series of cartoons of the same name which have appeared on both the internet and the cable TV network Showtime. In 2000, Bullock was a regular panelist on the revival of I've Got a Secret. He also performed on the national tour of the Broadway production Hairspray as Wilbur Turnblad, a role he took to the Broadway stage starting September 18, 2007. Some of his other noteworthy roles include the pilled-up narcoleptic Prince Valium in the 1987 Mel Brooks movie Spaceballs, and the "Not-Quite-Out-of-the-Closet" character in the date montage at the beginning of 2001's Kissing Jessica Stein. From 2004 to 2007, he had a recurring role as Mr. Monroe, a teacher at the fictional James K. Polk Middle School on the Nickelodeon live action sitcom Ned's Declassified School Survival Guide.

text: Personal life[edit]

text: In 1985, while Too Close For Comfort was being retooled as The Ted Knight Show, Bullock learned that he was HIV positive. In a 1985 appearance on the game show Body Language, host Tom Kennedy described him as looking "like you're in the pink of health and all of that", to which a flustered Bullock responded "I'm, I'm...no, I'm about to die, actually. But let's not talk about that now, OK? Fabulous." Kennedy then remarked that "If you've got about four days left in you, we'll make it till Thursday", and Bullock replied "I've got four days, yeah."[citation needed]

text: In 1996, Bullock's partner of six years, John Casey, died from AIDS-related complications.[1][2] Bullock is a longtime survivor of the virus and, as of 2011, was still healthy due in part to antiretroviral drugs.[1][4]

text: On February 17, 1999, Bullock was arrested outside a bar in West Hollywood, California, for possession of crystal meth, and was sentenced to probation.[2][5]

text: Filmography[edit]

text:
Genre
Year
Title
Role
Episodes
Notes

TV series
1980–1987
Too Close for Comfort
Monroe Ficus

118 episodes

Film
1981
Full Moon High
Eddie

credited as Jm. Bullock
Alternative title: Moon High

Film
1987
Spaceballs
Prince Valium

credited as JM J. Bullock

Film
1988
DeGarmo & Key: Rock Solid...The Rock-u-mentary!
News Reporter

TV series
1989
Super Sloppy Double Dare
Himself/Guest Host

TV series
1989–1990
ALF
Neal Tanner
"He Ain't Heavy, He's Willie's Brother"
"The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face"
"Break Up to Make Up" "Happy Together"
"Love on the Rocks"
005 episodes total

Film
1991
Switch
PsychicThe Psychic

TV series
1992
Seinfeld
Attendant #1
"Airport, TheThe Airport"

TV series
1994–1995
Boogies Diner
Gerald

unknown episodes

Animated TV series
1994
Duckman: Private Dick/Family Man

"Cellar Beware"
voice actor

TV series
1996
Roseanne
Al
"Satan, Darling"

Animated TV series
1999
Queer Duck
Adam Seymour "Queer Duck" Duckstein

voice actor; 20 episodes

TV series
2000
E! True Hollywood Story
Himself
"Jim J. Bullock"
documentary

Documentary
2000
Eyes of Tammy Faye, TheThe Eyes of Tammy Faye
Himself

Film
2000
Get Your Stuff
Tom

Film
2001
10 Attitudes
Tex

Film
2001
Kissing Jessica Stein
Not-Yet-Out Gay Guy (Craig)

Film
2001
Circuit
Mark

TV series
2001
Intimate Portrait
Himself
"Tammy Faye"
documentary

TV series
2001
Popular
Judge
"Brain GameThe Brain Game"

Short film
2002
Gaydar
Maurice's Ex

20 minutes
included in the Direct-to-video compilation film Men's Mix 1: Gay Shorts Collection

TV series
2004
Ned's Declassified School Survival Guide
Mr. Monroe
"First Day & Lockers"
"Bathrooms & Project Partners"
"Teachers & Detention"
"Seating & Tryouts"
"Crushes and Dances"
"Sick Days & Spelling Bee"
"Rumors & Photo Day"
"School Elections & Talent Show"
018 episodes total

TV series
2005
Bold and the Beautiful, TheThe Bold and the Beautiful
Serge, Wedding Planner

002 episodes; 12 episodes total

TV series
2005
Ned's Declassified School Survival Guide
Mr. Monroe
"Notes & Best Friends"
"Cheaters & Bullies"
"Emergency Drills & Late Bus"
"New Semester & Electives"
"Video Projects and School Clubs"
"Vice Principals & Mondays"
018 episodes total

TV series
2006
Ned's Declassified School Survival Guide
Mr. Monroe
"Dares and Bad Habits"
018 episodes total

Animated film
2006
Queer Duck: The Movie
Adam Seymour "Queer Duck" Duckstein

voice actor; Direct-to-video release

TV series
2007
Ned's Declassified School Survival Guide
Mr. Monroe
"Spring Fever & the School Newspaper"
" Health and Jealousy"
"Tests and When You Like Someone Who Is Seeing Someone Else"
018 episodes total

Film
2008
One, Two, Many
Derek

Animated TV series
2008
Rick & Steve: The Happiest Gay Couple in All the World
Jacques-Jean/Emerald Joe
"Wickeder"
voice actor

TV series
2009
Bold and the Beautiful, TheThe Bold and the Beautiful
Serge

010 episodes; 12 episodes total

Short film
2009
Cost of Living
Bill

15 minutes

Film
2009
Fish, TheThe Fish
Jim-Jay "The Star"

Documentary
2010
Frances: A Mother Divine
Himself

Film
2010
Role/Play
Bernie

Film
2012
Ron and Laura Take Back America
Bob Zackie

tag: table


document_title: Vehicle registration plates of Canada

question_text: what does a red license plate mean in ontario

text: Vehicle registration plates of Canada

text: Designs and serial formats[edit]

text: In all provinces and the territory of Yukon, licence plate serials are alphanumeric and usually assigned in ascending order. The letters I, O, Q and U are generally not used to avoid confusion with 1, 0 and V, though there are exceptions. The Northwest Territories and Nunavut use all-numeric serials, which are also assigned in ascending order.

text: Many jurisdictions distinguish their licence plates through distinctive colour schemes and logos. For example, Ontario's plates have featured a crown graphic since 1937 (except 1951), while Yukon's plates have featured a gold prospector graphic since 1952. In the Northwest Territories and until 2012 in Nunavut, all plates are cut in the shape of a polar bear, but meet the standardized mounting guidelines (below).

text: In every jurisdiction except Nunavut, the serial is embossed onto the plate. Nunavut's current rectangular plate, first issued in 2012, has the serial screened; the territory's previous bear-shaped plate had the serial embossed. Other identifying information, such as the name of the issuing jurisdiction and the vehicle class, can be either screened or embossed.

text: In 1956, the Canadian provinces and U.S. states came to an agreement with the American Association of Motor Vehicle Administrators, the Automobile Manufacturers Association and the National Safety Council that standardized the size for licence plates for vehicles (except those for motorcycles) at 6 inches (15 cm) in height by 12 inches (30 cm) in width, with standardized mounting holes.[4] These figures may vary slightly by jurisdiction. Smaller-sized plates are used for motorcycles and, in some jurisdictions, mopeds and certain types of trailers and construction equipment.

text: Showing current registration on plates[edit]

text: Historically, many Canadian plates were replaced every year, although the most common practice in modern times is to send new validation stickers to vehicle owners every year or two, to indicate that the vehicle registration is still valid.

text: Plates that are not up to date quickly attract the attention of law enforcement, because registration "renewal" is a transaction that can usually be undertaken only by the car's registered owner, once certain requirements have been met, and because registration fees are a source of government revenue. A delinquent registration sticker is often an indicator that the vehicle may be stolen, that the vehicle's owner has failed to comply with the applicable law regarding emission inspection or insurance, or that the vehicle's owner has unpaid traffic or parking tickets. Even with the stickers, most provinces previously required that all licence plates be replaced every few years; that practice is being abandoned by many provinces because of the expense of continually producing large numbers of plates.

text: The sticker is usually placed on one corner of the plate, while the month of the year in which the plate would expire is printed in an opposing corner. Some jurisdictions combine the year and month on one sticker. In others, the plate's validation is a decal displayed from the inside of the windshield. The colour of plate stickers and windshield decals often change annually, to allow for easier detection by police. Quebec no longer issues plate stickers and has not done so since 1992. Saskatchewan stopped issuing the stickers on November 1, 2012, as a cost saving measure.[5]

text: Most validation stickers are either serialized (with the serial number recorded on the registration), or are printed by a special printer at the time of registration or renewal with the vehicle's licence plate number on them to discourage fraudulent sticker use, as the sticker will be valid only for the plate for which it was intended.

text: Currently, Québec, Saskatchewan and Manitoba are the only provinces in which decals are not used. Instead, the police rely on the use of cameras and computers that automatically report any plates for which the registration is expired (making the use of fake stickers obsolete), the car has been reported as stolen and/or similar reasons. That said, the Registration Certificate is the only way for the owner to prove that a vehicle has valid registration.

text: Temporary licence plates/Special Permits (temporary permits)[edit]

text: This section's tone or style may not reflect the encyclopedic tone used on Wikipedia. See Wikipedia's guide to writing better articles for suggestions. (February 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Each province issues temporary licence plates differently. Ontario issues 10-day temporary permits available up to twice in a 365-day period[6] when a licence holder purchases a used vehicle, as long as the vehicle was legally registered as 'Fit' with the previous owner. An 'Unfit' vehicle (has not passed safety standards with the previous owner) can not be issued a temporary permit. If a vehicle passes safety standards inspection, but does not pass emissions testing it may be issued up to four 10-day temporary permits. As of 2008,[6] Ontario issues regular licence plates with a registration sticker that is labelled "T" to owners of recently purchased used vehicles. Classic vehicles (older the 25 model years) use the paper printed window temporary plate (as pictured in this article).

text: If you purchase a vehicle in BC, ICBC (Insurance Corporation of British Columbia) will issue you a 15 days permit for approximately $60 CAD which will be a piece of paper you attach to the windshield of the vehicle and this is along with insurance since auto insurance in BC is not privatized but brokerage is. Autoplan brokers are authorized to do this. If you are a BC resident purchasing a vehicle elsewhere in Canada/USA, you may obtain temporary insurance from ICBC directly over the phone (one of the few times you deal with ICBC directly). Likewise is the case for MB & SK.

text: Life cycle[edit]

text: Plates typically stay with the owner rather than the vehicle, and motorists usually transfer plates from their previous vehicle to the new one as a cost-saving measure. For this reason, in Ontario it is possible to see a brand new vehicle with valid 1973-issue licence plates, while a 15-year-old vehicle may have brand new plates if there were no previous plates to transfer.

text: In Newfoundland and Labrador plates typically stay with the vehicle and the registration transferred between owners, with new plates being issued to new vehicles. Exceptions include Veteran, Fire fighter, and Amateur Radio Operator Plates.

text: In Ontario, motorists may apply to transfer licence plates with the approval of the Ministry of Transportation Ontario under special circumstances, such as from one immediate family member to another. Motorists may also purchase Year of Manufacture plates for classic vehicles up to the plate issuing year of 1973 in accordance with the terms and conditions of the Ministry of Transportation Ontario.

text: Various provinces have different schemes for reissuing licence plates, a process known as "replating." In some jurisdictions, plates are issued on a permanent basis and are not replaced unless the owner requests a new plate or that his or her existing plate be remade. These jurisdictions include New Brunswick and Ontario. Other jurisdictions replate on a rolling basis, replacing a particular motorist's plate when it reaches a certain age. Yet other jurisdictions may recall a particular series of plates for reissuance at regular or irregular intervals. This is particularly common in jurisdictions in which only one licence plate series or design is valid at any given time. Optional-issue plates may or may not follow the same rules for replacement as standard-issue plates, depending on the jurisdiction.

text: Mounting[edit]

text: In the Canadian provinces and territories of Alberta, Newfoundland and Labrador, the Northwest Territories, Nova Scotia, Nunavut, Prince Edward Island, Quebec, Saskatchewan, and Yukon, licence plates are currently only required on the rear of the vehicle. The remaining provinces, British Columbia, Manitoba, New Brunswick, and Ontario, require the licence plates to be mounted on both the front and rear of the vehicle. Dealership plate frames or custom plate frames are allowed as long as the frame does not obstruct view of validation stickers or district.

text: Vanity and specialty plates[edit]

text: In each province but Newfoundland and Labrador and Quebec,[7] motorists are given the option of extra-cost vanity plates (also known as "personalized" or "prestige" plates), which are licence plates with a custom serial (sequence of letters and/or numbers). Generally vanity plates are not permitted to have profane or obscene messages on them, although standards vary widely among issuing jurisdictions as to what constitutes an unacceptable message.

text: In some jurisdictions, vehicle owners may also pay extra for specialty plates. With these, the plate serial is chosen by the licensing agency—as with regular plates—but the owners select a plate design that is different from the normal licence plate. For example, an alumnus or student of an area university might purchase a plate with the school's logo, or an outdoorsman might decide to pay extra for a plate depicting a nature scene. A portion of the extra cost of these licence plates often ends up as a donation for a related school or non-profit organization. In 1996 the province of Ontario issued an optional "Star Trek" licence plate. It was discontinued in the early 2000s. Some jurisdictions allow for some or all of their specialty plates to also be vanity plates, usually for an additional fee on top of the cost of the plate.

text: Beginning in 2010, Saskatchewan issued specialty plates[8][9] in celebration of the Saskatchewan Roughriders' centennial. The plates feature the slogan "Pride Lives Here." Plates in the first series begin with an R, followed by four digits (R####); subsequent series begin with a digit, then an R, then three digits (#R###). These plates are also available as five character vanity plates for an additional fee. In the first sixteen months, 22,000 Roughrider plates were issued,[10] resulting in $585,000 profit for the football club. In 2012, SGI made Rider plates available for motorcycles and snowmobiles.[11]

text: Veterans are allowed to have a special licence plate.

text: In addition, provinces may provide commemorative plates as a standard issue. A number of provinces issued plates recognizing the 1967 centennial of the Canadian Confederation during that year. Several provinces have issued plates commemorating milestones in their own province. Provinces often issue plates with their motto or slogan, such as Quebec's "Je me souviens", British Columbia's "Beautiful British Columbia." or Ontario's "Yours To Discover". These are arguably also general commemoratives. Saskatchewan's "Land of Living Skies" slogan may be interpreted as a reference to the province's drastically changing weather within minutes or a nod to the northern lights, aurora borealis.

text: All provinces offer specialized licence plates for licensed amateur radio operators, in many cases at no extra charge or at a discount compared to standard vanity plates. The owner's radio call sign is used instead of a standard-issue serial.

text: Ontario considered issuing purple-on-pink licence plates for vehicles where an ignition interlock system had been installed, but never went through with the plan.[citation needed]

text: In preparation for the 2010 Olympic Winter Games held in Vancouver, the Province of British Columbia and the Insurance Corporation of British Columbia issued special "Olympic" registration plates. The special plates feature an image of the mountain peaks of Garibaldi Provincial park as the background, with the Vancouver 2010 logo in the foreground between the letter and number groups of the registration plate. The plates were optional, requiring an initial fee of $35.00, as well as a yearly renewal fee of $25.00 per year. These "Olympic Plates" were only offered until December 31, 2010, whereby owners could continue to display them on their vehicle as they are an official provincial licence plate.[12]

text: Jurisdiction[edit]

text: Royal and viceregal automobiles[edit]

text: When in Canada, The Queen rides in a car that bears a licence plate showing a gold St. Edward's Crown on a red field. The Governor General's car bears a plate similar to the Flag of the Governor General of Canada, or standard auto plates of the province of Ontario with flags of the Governor General on the front hood.

text: Armed Forces[edit]

text: Vehicles owned by the Canadian Forces and the Department of National Defence are also specially plated, and authorized for movement on all highways and roads. Called a "Canadian Forces Registration" (CFR), these licence plates are white with a green border and the text "Canada" written on them at the top in green, with a red maple leaf on either side of the text at the top. CFR serials are five-digit numbers for vehicles and for trailers. These plates also do not bear any form of validation tag / sticker, as there is no need for annual renewal.

text: British Columbia[edit]

text: The official vehicle for the Lieutenant-Governor of British Columbia does not have a licence plate and instead, an embossed Coat of arms of British Columbia is affixed to the plate area.

text: When the Queen undertook her Golden Jubilee Tour in 2002, her official vehicle bore the embossed Royal Crown on a red background.

text: Ontario[edit]

text: Cars owned by the federal government in Ontario are in the format FDx-123, not in the usual four-letter format, with the first two letters always being "F" and "D" and the third digit being either a letter or a number. Cars owned by the provincial government in Ontario use standard series plates, but with specialized validation stickers exempt from annual registration. These exempt stickers are yellow with black stripes, informally dubbed bumblebee stickers. Ontario plates assigned to Members of Parliament are in the format of MHC-123 for Members of the House of Commons and SEN-123 for Senators. Members of the Canadian Cabinet receive CAN-123 plates, with the Prime Minister assigned CAN-001 and remaining members of cabinet assigned numbers sequentially based on order of precedence. Federal court judges receive FCJ-123. Ontario Superior Court judges receive SCO-123.

text: The Lieutenant-Governor of Ontario receives licence plates that bear an embossed crown rather than a number. Members of Provincial Parliament receive MPP-123 plates. Members of the Ontario Cabinet receive ONT-123 plates, with the premier assigned ONT-001 and remaining members of cabinet assigned numbers sequentially based on order of precedence. Provincial judges receive PJO-123.

text: New Brunswick[edit]

text: Cars and pickup trucks owned by the Province of New Brunswick also use standard series plates, but with black "Permanent" validation stickers exempt from annual registration.

text: Municipally owned vehicles larger than a pickup truck receive plates that begin with M, in the format M12-345.

text: Diplomatic plates are in the format of DP-123.

text: The Lieutenant-Governor of New Brunswick receives a licence plate that bears an embossed crown.

text: Newfoundland and Labrador[edit]

text: All government vehicles (including construction equipment and trailers) in Newfoundland and Labrador are issued plates that begin with G. Depending on the level of government the plate format can be GFx-123 for Federal vehicles, GPx-123 for Provincial, and GMx-123 for Municipal.

text: Government vehicles in Newfoundland and Labrador do not display registration stickers.

text: Nunavut[edit]

text: As of 2012, vehicles owned by Members of the Legislative Assembly of Nunavut receive plates in the format of MLA-123.

text: Saskatchewan[edit]

text: The Lieutenant-Governor of Saskatchewan receives licence plates that bear an embossed crown rather than a number.

text: Official government vehicles do not use distinct licence plate or numbers unlike other provinces within this section of the article. Federal Government vehicles are issued "vehicle class" stickers bearing the letters "GC."

text: General Registration Licence Plates[edit]

text: In Ontario, motor vehicle dealers licensed under the Motor Vehicle Dealers Act use a single portable plate with the word "DEALER" on the left side and red alpha-numeric characters on a white background. It is for exclusive use by motor vehicle dealers only on motor vehicles owned as part of the dealer's inventory of vehicles for sale. It may also be used for private use vehicles that are owned as part of the dealer's inventory of vehicles for sale. The dealer, his/her family or the employee of the dealership or the employee's family may also use such a vehicle for private use.

text: Quebec has a similar scheme. Plate numbers with the prefix "X" followed by five or six digits may be used on any vehicle that is part of a dealer's inventory.

text: Service providers, including anyone who repairs, customizes, modifies, manufactures or transports motor vehicles or trailers use yellow and black DLR series plates (Dealer and Service Plate).

text: A Service Plate may be used:

text:
on a trailer or motor vehicle other than a motorcycle or motor-assisted bicycle for purposes related to the repair, road testing, customization or modification of the vehicle, if the vehicle is in the possession of the person to whom the service plate is issued, or
for the purpose of transporting the vehicle by a person engaged in the business of transporting vehicles, or
for purposes related to the manufacturing or sale of a trailer, or
for the purpose of towing the vehicle by a person engaged in the business of transporting vehicles, or
to tow a vehicle to a location where its load will be removed or to an impound facility.

text: Private use of motor vehicles or trailers with a service plate is not permitted.

text: British Columbia Demonstration (dealer) plates: In BC, they call it the demonstration plates. Similar regulations are in place which allow the personal use of a dealership's vehicle by the dealer or his/her family or by the employee or employee's family.

text: Diplomatic licence plates[edit]

text: The diplomatic plates are issued by the province in which the consulate or embassy is located. Thus, most plates are issued in Ontario, where the capital Ottawa is located.

text: British Columbia[edit]

text: The provincial government introduced new vehicle plate template for consular officials in 2006. The plates are red background (contrast with blue or white background for regular plates) and white letterings. These plates do not have slogans such as "Beautiful British Columbia" or "Best Place on Earth" that appear on plates for regular plates.

text: Format of the plates are XX ###X where XX can be CC (Consular Officers), HC (Honorary Consuls), CS (Administrative, service or technical staff) and SR (sub-state foreign officials), followed by 3 numbers and a letter.

text: Ontario[edit]

text: This section's factual accuracy is disputed. Relevant discussion may be found on Talk:Vehicle registration plates of Canada. Please help to ensure that disputed statements are reliably sourced. (January 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Ontario plates are colour-coded. Car, motorcycle and trailer plates use blue letters on a white background. Commercial vehicle, bus and farm plates use black on white; diplomat plates are white on red; dealer plates are red on white; and green plates are for electric vehicles and have a 3-number, 3-letter format, coded as follows:

text:
CDx = Diplomat
CCx = Consular
XTx = Non Diplomatic Embassy Staff
XOR = Foreign missions without diplomatic status.

text: Ambassadors or Heads of Missions use plates in the 010 to 019 number series, i.e., starting at 010-CDA.

text: The Taipei Economic and Cultural Office is the main user of XOR plates.

text: Saskatchewan[edit]

text: Saskatchewan Consular Corps plates maintain the colour scheme of standard plates (green on white). "Land of Living Skies" is replaced with "Consular Corps." The plates have a 2-letter, 3-number format, coded as follows:

text: CC = Consular

text: Quebec[edit]

text: Mission holders based in Quebec have a unique format. Plates are XXX ### where XXX can be Y27 (Canadian Diplomat Officers with Mission),Y28 (Foreign Diplomat Officers with Mission), Y29 (Generic Mission Holders), followed by 3 numbers and or letters. The sum of the letters and numbers is a validation. These license plates are only valid for 3 months and can be renewed.


document_title: Due process

question_text: the principle of the rule of the law and the due process of law was first established by

text: Due process

text: By jurisdiction[edit]

text: Magna Carta[edit]

text: In clause 39 of Magna Carta, issued in 1215, John of England promised: "No free man shall be seized or imprisoned, or stripped of his rights or possessions, or outlawed or exiled, or deprived of his standing in any other way, nor will we proceed with force against him, or send others to do so, except by the lawful judgment of his equals or by the law of the land."[4] Magna Carta itself immediately became part of the "law of the land", and Clause 61 of that charter authorized an elected body of 25 barons to determine by majority vote what redress the King must provide when the King offends "in any respect against any man."[4] Thus, Magna Carta established the rule of law in England by not only requiring the monarchy to obey the law of the land but also limiting how the monarchy could change the law of the land. However, in the 13th century, the provisions may have been referring only to the rights of landowners, and not to ordinary peasantry or villagers.[5]

text: Shorter versions of Magna Carta were subsequently issued by British monarchs, and Clause 39 of Magna Carta was renumbered "29."[6] The phrase due process of law first appeared in a statutory rendition of Magna Carta in 1354 during the reign of Edward III of England, as follows: "No man of what state or condition he be, shall be put out of his lands or tenements nor taken, nor disinherited, nor put to death, without he be brought to answer by due process of law."[7]

text: In 1608, the English jurist Edward Coke wrote a treatise in which he discussed the meaning of Magna Carta. Coke explained that no man shall be deprived but by legem terrae, the law of the land, "that is, by the common law, statute law, or custom of England.... (that is, to speak it once and for all) by the due course, and process of law.."[8]

text: Both the clause in Magna Carta and the later statute of 1354 were again explained in 1704 (during the reign of Queen Anne) by the Queen's Bench, in the case of Regina v. Paty.[9] In that case, the British House of Commons had deprived John Paty and certain other citizens of the right to vote in an election and committed them to Newgate Prison merely for the offense of pursuing a legal action in the courts.[10] The Queen's Bench, in an opinion by Justice Powys,[clarification needed] explained the meaning of "due process of law" as follows:

text: [I]t is objected, that by Mag. Chart. c. 29, no man ought to be taken or imprisoned, but by the law of the land. But to this I answer, that lex terrae is not confined to the common law, but takes in all the other laws, which are in force in this realm; as the civil and canon law.... By the 28 Ed. 3, c. 3, there the words lex terrae, which are used in Mag. Char. are explained by the words, due process of law; and the meaning of the statute is, that all commitments must be by a legal authority; and the law of Parliament is as much a law as any, nay, if there be any superiority this is a superior law.[9]

text: Chief Justice Holt dissented in this case because he believed that the commitment had not in fact been by a legal authority. The House of Commons had purported to legislate unilaterally, without approval of the British House of Lords, ostensibly to regulate the election of its members.[11] Although the Queen's Bench held that the House of Commons had not infringed or overturned due process, John Paty was ultimately freed by Queen Anne when she prorogued Parliament.

text: English law and American law diverge[edit]

text: Throughout centuries of British history, many laws and treatises asserted various requirements as being part of "due process" or included in the "law of the land". That view usually held in regards to what was required by existing law, rather than what was intrinsically required by due process itself. As the United States Supreme Court has explained, a due process requirement in Britain was not "essential to the idea of due process of law in the prosecution and punishment of crimes, but was only mentioned as an example and illustration of due process of law as it actually existed in cases in which it was customarily used."[12]

text: Ultimately, the scattered references to "due process of law" in English law did not limit the power of the government; in the words of American law professor John V. Orth, "the great phrases failed to retain their vitality."[13] Orth points out that this is generally attributed to the rise of the doctrine of parliamentary supremacy in the United Kingdom, which was accompanied by hostility towards judicial review as an undemocratic foreign invention.[14]

text: Scholars have occasionally interpreted Lord Coke's ruling in Dr. Bonham's Case as implying the possibility of judicial review, but by the 1870s, Lord Campbell was dismissing judicial review as "a foolish doctrine alleged to have been laid down extra-judicially in Dr. Bonham's Case..., a conundrum [that] ought to have been laughed at."[15] Lacking the power of judicial review, English courts possessed no means by which to declare government statutes or actions invalid as a violation of due process. In contrast, American legislators and executive branch officers possessed virtually no means by which to overrule judicial invalidation of statutes or actions as due process violations, with the sole exception of proposing a constitutional amendment, which are rarely successful.[16] As a consequence, English law and American law diverged. Unlike their English counterparts, American judges became increasingly assertive about enforcing due process of law. In turn, the legislative and executive branches learned how to avoid such confrontations in the first place, by tailoring statutes and executive actions to the constitutional requirements of due process as elaborated upon by the judiciary.

text: In 1977, an English political science professor explained the present situation in England for the benefit of American lawyers:

text: An American constitutional lawyer might well be surprised by the elusiveness of references to the term 'due process of law' in the general body of English legal writing.... Today one finds no space devoted to due process in Halsbury's Laws of England, in Stephen's Commentaries, or Anson's Law and Custom of the Constitution. The phrase rates no entry in such works as Stroud's Judicial Dictionary or Wharton's Law Lexicon.[1]

text: Two similar concepts in contemporary English law are natural justice, which generally applies only to decisions of administrative agencies and some types of private bodies like trade unions, and the British constitutional concept of the rule of law as articulated by A. V. Dicey and others.[1] However, neither concept lines up perfectly with the American conception of due process, which presently contains many implied rights not found in the ancient or modern concepts of due process in England.[2]

text: United States[edit]

text: The Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution each contain a Due Process Clause. Due process deals with the administration of justice and thus the Due Process Clause acts as a safeguard from arbitrary denial of life, liberty, or property by the government outside the sanction of law.[17] The Supreme Court of the United States interprets the clauses as providing four protections: procedural due process (in civil and criminal proceedings), substantive due process, a prohibition against vague laws, and as the vehicle for the incorporation of the Bill of Rights.

text: Others[edit]

text: Various countries recognize some form of due process under customary international law. Although the specifics are often unclear, most nations agree that they should guarantee foreign visitors a basic minimum level of justice and fairness. Some nations have argued that they are bound to grant no more rights to aliens than they do to their own citizens, the doctrine of national treatment, which also means that both would be vulnerable to the same deprivations by the government. With the growth of international human rights law and the frequent use of treaties to govern treatment of foreign nationals abroad, the distinction, in practice, between these two perspectives may be disappearing.