document_title: Beach

question_text: where would the smallest particles on a beach be found (site 3)

question_tokens: where would the smallest particles on a beach be found ( site 3 )

text: Beach

text: Overview[edit]

text:
Swash zone: is alternately covered and exposed by wave run-up.
Beach face: sloping section below berm that is exposed to the swash of the waves.
Wrack line: the highest reach of the daily tide where organic and inorganic debris is deposited by wave action.
Berm: Nearly horizontal portion that stays dry except during extremely high tides and storms. May have sand dunes.

tag: ol

text: Although the seashore is most commonly associated with the word beach, beaches are also found by lakes and alongside large rivers.

text: Beach may refer to:

text:
small systems where rock material moves onshore, offshore, or alongshore by the forces of waves and currents; or
geological units of considerable size.

tag: ul

text: The former are described in detail below; the larger geological units are discussed elsewhere under bars.

text: There are several conspicuous parts to a beach that relate to the processes that form and shape it. The part mostly above water (depending upon tide), and more or less actively influenced by the waves at some point in the tide, is termed the beach berm. The berm is the deposit of material comprising the active shoreline. The berm has a crest (top) and a face—the latter being the slope leading down towards the water from the crest. At the very bottom of the face, there may be a trough, and further seaward one or more long shore bars: slightly raised, underwater embankments formed where the waves first start to break.

text: The sand deposit may extend well inland from the berm crest, where there may be evidence of one or more older crests (the storm beach) resulting from very large storm waves and beyond the influence of the normal waves. At some point the influence of the waves (even storm waves) on the material comprising the beach stops, and if the particles are small enough (sand size or smaller), winds shape the feature. Where wind is the force distributing the grains inland, the deposit behind the beach becomes a dune.

text: These geomorphic features compose what is called the beach profile. The beach profile changes seasonally due to the change in wave energy experienced during summer and winter months. In temperate areas where summer is characterised by calmer seas and longer periods between breaking wave crests, the beach profile is higher in summer. The gentle wave action during this season tends to transport sediment up the beach towards the berm where it is deposited and remains while the water recedes. Onshore winds carry it further inland forming and enhancing dunes.

text: Conversely, the beach profile is lower in the storm season (winter in temperate areas) due to the increased wave energy, and the shorter periods between breaking wave crests. Higher energy waves breaking in quick succession tend to mobilise sediment from the shallows, keeping it in suspension where it is prone to be carried along the beach by longshore currents, or carried out to sea to form longshore bars, especially if the longshore current meets an outflow from a river or flooding stream. The removal of sediment from the beach berm and dune thus decreases the beach profile.

text: In tropical areas, the storm season tends to be during the summer months, with calmer weather commonly associated with the winter season.

text: If storms coincide with unusually high tides, or with a freak wave event such as a tidal surge or tsunami which causes significant coastal flooding, substantial quantities of material may be eroded from the coastal plain or dunes behind the berm by receding water. This flow may alter the shape of the coastline, enlarge the mouths of rivers and create new deltas at the mouths of streams that had not been powerful enough to overcome longshore movement of sediment.

text: The line between beach and dune is difficult to define in the field. Over any significant period of time, sediment is always being exchanged between them. The drift line (the high point of material deposited by waves) is one potential demarcation. This would be the point at which significant wind movement of sand could occur, since the normal waves do not wet the sand beyond this area. However, the drift line is likely to move inland under assault by storm waves.[1]

text: Beaches and recreation[edit]

text: History[edit]

text: The development of the beach as a popular leisure resort from the mid-19th century was the first manifestation of what is now the global tourist industry. The first seaside resorts were opened in the 18th century for the aristocracy, who began to frequent the seaside as well as the then fashionable spa towns, for recreation and health.[2] One of the earliest such seaside resorts, was Scarborough in Yorkshire during the 1720s; it had been a fashionable spa town since a stream of acidic water was discovered running from one of the cliffs to the south of the town in the 17th century.[2] The first rolling bathing machines were introduced by 1735.

text: The opening of the resort in Brighton and its reception of royal patronage from King George IV, extended the seaside as a resort for health and pleasure to the much larger London market, and the beach became a centre for upper-class pleasure and frivolity. This trend was praised and artistically elevated by the new romantic ideal of the picturesque landscape; Jane Austen's unfinished novel Sanditon is an example of that. Later, Queen Victoria's long-standing patronage of the Isle of Wight and Ramsgate in Kent ensured that a seaside residence was considered as a highly fashionable possession for those wealthy enough to afford more than one home.

text: Seaside resorts for the working class[edit]

text: The extension of this form of leisure to the middle and working class began with the development of the railways in the 1840s, which offered cheap and affordable fares to fast growing resort towns. In particular, the completion of a branch line to the small seaside town Blackpool from Poultron led to a sustained economic and demographic boom. A sudden influx of visitors, arriving by rail, provided the motivation for entrepreneurs to build accommodation and create new attractions, leading to more visitors and a rapid cycle of growth throughout the 1850s and 1860s.[3]

text: The growth was intensified by the practice among the Lancashire cotton mill owners of closing the factories for a week every year to service and repair machinery. These became known as wakes weeks. Each town's mills would close for a different week, allowing Blackpool to manage a steady and reliable stream of visitors over a prolonged period in the summer. A prominent feature of the resort was the promenade and the pleasure piers, where an eclectic variety of performances vied for the people's attention. In 1863, the North Pier in Blackpool was completed, rapidly becoming a centre of attraction for elite visitors. Central Pier was completed in 1868, with a theatre and a large open-air dance floor.[4]

text: Many of the popular beach resorts were equipped with bathing machines because even the all-covering beachwear of the period was considered immodest. By the end of the century the English coastline had over 100 large resort towns, some with populations exceeding 50,000.[5]

text: Expansion around the world[edit]

text: The development of the seaside resort abroad was stimulated by the well developed English love of the beach. The French Riviera alongside the Mediterranean had already become a popular destination for the British upper class by the end of the 18th century. In 1864, the first railway to Nice was completed, making the Riviera accessible to visitors from all over Europe. By 1874, residents of foreign enclaves in Nice, most of whom were British, numbered 25,000. The coastline became renowned for attracting the royalty of Europe, including Queen Victoria and King Edward VII.[6]

text: Continental European attitudes towards gambling and nakedness tended to be more lax than in Britain, so British and French entrepreneurs were quick to exploit the possibilities. In 1863, the Prince of Monaco, Charles III and François Blanc, a French businessman, arranged for steamships and carriages to take visitors from Nice to Monaco, where large luxury hotels, gardens and casinos were built. The place was renamed Monte Carlo.

text: Commercial sea bathing spread to the United States and parts of the British Empire by the end of the 19th century. By the late 1890s, Henry Flagler developed the Florida East Coast Railway, which linked the coastal sea resorts developing at St. Augustine, FL and Miami Beach, FL, to winter travelers from the northern United States and Canada on the East Coast Railway. By the early 20th century surfing was developed in Hawaii and Australia, and then moving to southern California by the early 1960s. By the 1970s cheap and affordable air travel was the catalyst for the growth of a truly global tourism market which benefited areas such as the Mediterranean, Australia, South Africa, and the coastal Sun Belt regions of the United States.

text: Today[edit]

text: Beaches can be popular on warm sunny days. In the Victorian era, many popular beach resorts were equipped with bathing machines because even the all-covering beachwear of the period was considered immodest. This social standard still prevails in many Muslim countries. At the other end of the spectrum are topfree beaches and nude beaches where clothing is optional or not allowed. In most countries social norms are significantly different on a beach in hot weather, compared to adjacent areas where similar behavior might not be tolerated and might even be prosecuted.

text: In more than thirty countries in Europe, South Africa, New Zealand, Canada, Costa Rica, South America and the Caribbean, the best recreational beaches are awarded Blue Flag status, based on such criteria as water quality and safety provision. Subsequent loss of this status can have a severe effect on tourism revenues.

text: Beaches are often dumping grounds for waste and litter, necessitating the use of beach cleaners and other cleanup projects. More significantly, many beaches are a discharge zone for untreated sewage in most underdeveloped countries; even in developed countries beach closure is an occasional circumstance due to sanitary sewer overflow. In these cases of marine discharge, waterborne disease from fecal pathogens and contamination of certain marine species are a frequent outcome.

text: Artificial beaches[edit]

text: Some beaches are artificial; they are either permanent or temporary (For examples see Monaco, Paris, Copenhagen, Rotterdam, Nottingham, Toronto, Hong Kong, Singapore, and Tianjin).

text: The soothing qualities of a beach and the pleasant environment offered to the beachgoer are replicated in artificial beaches, such as "beach style" pools with zero-depth entry and wave pools that recreate the natural waves pounding upon a beach. In a zero-depth entry pool, the bottom surface slopes gradually from above water down to depth. Another approach involves so-called urban beaches, a form of public park becoming common in large cities. Urban beaches attempt to mimic natural beaches with fountains that imitate surf and mask city noises, and in some cases can be used as a play park.

text: Beach nourishment involves pumping sand onto beaches to improve their health. Beach nourishment is common for major beach cities around the world; however the beaches that have been nourished can still appear quite natural and often many visitors are unaware of the works undertaken to support the health of the beach. Such beaches are often not recognized by consumers as artificial. A famous example of beach nourishment came with the replenishment of Waikīkī Beach in Honolulu, Hawaii, where sand from Manhattan Beach, California was transported via ship and barge throughout most of the 20th century in order to combat Waikiki's erosion problems. The Surfrider Foundation has debated the merits of artificial reefs with members torn between their desire to support natural coastal environments and opportunities to enhance the quality of surfing waves. Similar debates surround beach nourishment and snow cannon in sensitive environments.

text: Restrictions on access[edit]

text: Public access to beaches is restricted in some parts of the world.[7][8] For example, most beaches on the Jersey Shore are restricted to people who can purchase beach tags.[9] Some beaches also restrict dogs for some periods of the year.[10]

text: Private beaches[edit]

text: Also, private beaches such as those along the shores, may belong to the neighborhood association nearby. Signs are usually posted the entrance. A permit or special use occasion event may be granted upon executing the proper channels to legally obtain one.

text: Public beaches[edit]

text: Public access to beaches is protected by law in the U.S. State of Oregon, thanks to a 1967 state law, the Oregon Beach Bill, which guaranteed public access from the Columbia River to the California state line, "so that the public may have the free and uninterrupted use".[11]

text: Beach formation[edit]

text: Beaches are the result of wave action by which waves or currents move sand or other loose sediments of which the beach is made as these particles are held in suspension. Alternatively, sand may be moved by saltation (a bouncing movement of large particles).

text: Beach materials come from erosion of rocks offshore, as well as from headland erosion and slumping producing deposits of scree. Some of the whitest sand in the world, along Florida's Emerald Coast, comes from the erosion of quartz in the Appalachian Mountains.

text: A coral reef offshore is a significant source of sand particles. Some species of fish that feed on algae attached to coral outcrops and rocks can create substantial quantities of sand particles over their lifetime as they nibble during feeding, digesting the organic matter, and discarding the rock and coral particles which pass through their digestive tracts.

text: The composition of the beach depends upon the nature and quantity of sediments upstream of the beach, and the speed of flow and turbidity of water and wind.

text: Sediments are moved by moving water and wind according to their particle size and state of compaction. Particles tend to settle and compact in still water. Once compacted, they are more resistant to erosion. Established vegetation (especially species with complex network root systems) will resist erosion by slowing the fluid flow at the surface layer.

text: When affected by moving water or wind, particles that are eroded and held in suspension will increase the erosive power of the fluid that holds them by increasing the average density, viscosity and volume of the moving fluid.

text: The nature of sediments found on a beach tends to indicate the energy of the waves and wind in the locality. Coastlines facing very energetic wind and wave systems will tend to hold only large rocks as smaller particles will be held in suspension in the turbid water column and carried to calmer areas by longshore currents and tides. Coastlines that are protected from waves and winds will tend to allow finer sediments such as clays and mud to precipitate creating mud flats and mangrove forests.

text: The shape of a beach depends on whether the waves are constructive or destructive, and whether the material is sand or shingle.

text: Waves are constructive if the period between their wave crests is long enough for the breaking water to recede and the sediment to settle before the succeeding wave arrives and breaks. Fine sediment transported from lower down the beach profile will compact if the receding water percolates or soaks into the beach. Compacted sediment is more resistant to movement by turbulent water from succeeding waves.

text: Conversely, waves are destructive if the period between the wave crests is short. Sediment that remains in suspension when the following wave crest arrives will not be able to settle and compact and will be more susceptible to erosion by longshore currents and receding tides.

text: Constructive waves move material up the beach while destructive waves move the material down the beach. During seasons when destructive waves are prevalent, the shallows will carry an increased load of sediment and organic matter in suspension.

text: On sandy beaches, the turbulent backwash of destructive waves removes material forming a gently sloping beach. On pebble and shingle beaches the swash is dissipated more quickly because the large particle size allows greater percolation, thereby reducing the power of the backwash, and the beach remains steep.

text: Compacted fine sediments will form a smooth beach surface that resists wind and water erosion. During hot calm seasons, a crust may form on the surface of ocean beaches as the heat of the sun evaporates the water leaving the salt which crystallises around the sand particles. This crust forms an additional protective layer that resists wind erosion unless disturbed by animals, or dissolved by the advancing tide.

text: Cusps and horns form where incoming waves divide, depositing sand as horns and scouring out sand to form cusps. This forms the uneven face on some sand shorelines.

text: Beach erosion and accretion[edit]

text: Natural erosion and accretion[edit]

text: Causes[edit]

text: Beaches are changed in shape chiefly by the movement of water and wind. Any weather event that is associated with turbid or fast flowing water, or high winds will erode exposed beaches. Longshore currents will tend to replenish beach sediments and repair storm damage. Tidal waterways generally change the shape of their adjacent beaches by small degrees with every tidal cycle. Over time these changes can become substantial leading to significant changes in the size and location of the beach.

text: Effects on flora[edit]

text: Changes in the shape of the beach may undermine the roots of large trees and other flora. Many beach adapted species (such as coconut palms) have a fine root system and large root ball which tends to withstand wave and wind action and tends to stabilize beaches better than other trees with a lesser root ball.

text: Effects on adjacent land[edit]

text: Erosion of beaches can expose less resilient soils and rocks to wind and wave action leading to undermining of coastal headlands eventually resulting in catastrophic collapse of large quantities of overburden into the shallows. This material may be distributed along the beach front leading to a change in the habitat as sea grasses and corals in the shallows may be buried or deprived of light and nutrients.

text: Manmade erosion and accretion[edit]

text: Coastal areas settled by man inevitably become subject to the effects of man-made structures and processes. Over long periods of time these influences may substantially alter the shape of the coastline, and the character of the beach.

text: Destruction of flora[edit]

text: Beach front flora plays a major role in stabilizing the foredunes and preventing beach head erosion and inland movement of dunes. If flora with network root systems (creepers, grasses and palms) are able to become established, they provide an effective coastal defense as they trap sand particles and rainwater and enrich the surface layer of the dunes, allowing other plant species to become established. They also protect the berm from erosion by high winds, freak waves and subsiding flood waters.

text: Over long periods of time, well stabilized foreshore areas will tend to accrete, while unstabilized foreshores will tend to erode, leading to substantial changes in the shape of the coastline. These changes usually occur over periods of many years. Freak wave events such as tsunami, tidal waves, and storm surges may substantially alter the shape, profile and location of a beach within hours.

text: Destruction of flora on the berm by the use of herbicides, excessive pedestrian or vehicle traffic, or disruption to fresh water flows may lead to erosion of the berm and dunes. While the destruction of flora may be a gradual process that is imperceptible to regular beach users, it often becomes immediately apparent after storms associated with high winds and freak wave events that can rapidly move large volumes of exposed and unstable sand, depositing them further inland, or carrying them out into the permanent water forming offshore bars, lagoons or increasing the area of the beach exposed at low tide. Large and rapid movements of exposed sand can bury and smother flora in adjacent areas, aggravating the loss of habitat for fauna, and enlarging the area of instability. If there is an adequate supply of sand, and weather conditions do not allow vegetation to recover and stabilize the sediment, wind-blown sand can continue to advance, engulfing and permanently altering downwind landscapes.

text: Sediment moved by waves or receding flood waters can be deposited in coastal shallows, engulfing reed beds and changing the character of underwater flora and fauna in the coastal shallows.

text: Burning or clearance of vegetation on the land adjacent to the beach head, for farming and residential development, changes the surface wind patterns, and exposes the surface of the beach to wind erosion.

text: Farming and residential development are also commonly associated with changes in local surface water flows. If these flows are concentrated in storm water drains emptying onto the beach head, they may erode the beach creating a lagoon or delta.

text: Dense vegetation tends to absorb rainfall reducing the speed of runoff and releasing it over longer periods of time. Destruction by burning or clearance of the natural vegetation tends to increase the speed and erosive power of runoff from rainfall. This runoff will tend to carry more silt and organic matter from the land onto the beach and into the sea. If the flow is constant, runoff from cleared land arriving at the beach head will tend to deposit this material into the sand changing its color, odor and fauna.

text: Creation of beach access points[edit]

text: The concentration of pedestrian and vehicular traffic accessing the beach for recreational purposes may cause increased erosion at the access points if measures are not taken to stabilize the beach surface above high-water mark. Recognition of the dangers of loss of beach front flora has caused many local authorities responsible for managing coastal areas to restrict beach access points by physical structures or legal sanctions, and fence off foredunes in an effort to protect the flora. These measures are often associated with the construction of structures at these access points to allow traffic to pass over or through the dunes without causing further damage.

text: Concentration of runoff[edit]

text: Beaches provide a filter for runoff from the coastal plain. If the runoff is naturally dispersed along the beach, water borne silt and organic matter will be retained on the land and will feed the flora in the coastal area. Runoff that is dispersed along the beach will tend to percolate through the beach and may emerge from the beach at low tide.

text: The retention of the fresh water may also help to maintain underground water reserves and will resist salt water incursion. If the surface flow of the runoff is diverted and concentrated by drains that create constant flows over the beach above the sea or river level, the beach will be eroded and ultimately form an inlet unless longshore flows deposit sediments to repair the breach.

text: Once eroded, an inlet may allow tidal inflows of salt water to pollute areas inland from the beach and may also affect the quality of underground water supplies and the height of the water table.

text: Deprivation of runoff[edit]

text: Some flora naturally occurring on the beach head requires fresh water runoff from the land. Diversion of fresh water runoff into drains may deprive these plants of their water supplies and allow sea water incursion, increasing the saltiness of the ground water. Species that are not able to survive in salt water may die and be replaced by mangroves or other species adapted to salty environments.

text: Inappropriate beach nourishment[edit]

text: Beach nourishment is the importing and deposition of sand or other sediments in an effort to restore a beach that has been damaged by erosion. Beach nourishment often involves excavation of sediments from riverbeds or sand quarries. This excavated sediment may be substantially different in size and appearance to the naturally occurring beach sand.

text: In extreme cases, beach nourishment may involve placement of large pebbles or rocks in an effort to permanently restore a shoreline subject to constant erosion and loss of foreshore. This is often required where the flow of new sediment caused by the longshore current has been disrupted by construction of harbors, breakwaters, causeways or boat ramps, creating new current flows that scour the sand from behind these structures, and deprive the beach of restorative sediments. If the causes of the erosion are not addressed, beach nourishment can become a necessary and permanent feature of beach maintenance.

text: During beach nourishment activities, care must be taken to place new sediments so that the new sediments compact and stabilize before aggressive wave or wind action can erode them. Material that is concentrated too far down the beach may form a temporary groyne that will encourage scouring behind it. Sediments that are too fine or too light may be eroded before they have compacted or been integrated into the established vegetation. Foreign unwashed sediments may introduce flora or fauna that are not usually found in that locality.

text: Brighton Beach, on the south coast of England, is a shingle beach that has been nourished with very large pebbles in an effort to withstand erosion of the upper area of the beach. These large pebbles made the beach unwelcoming for pedestrians for a period of time until natural processes integrated the naturally occurring shingle into the pebble base.

text: Beach access design[edit]

text: Beach access is an important consideration where substantial numbers of pedestrians or vehicles require access to the beach. Allowing random access across delicate foredunes is seldom considered good practice as it is likely to lead to destruction of flora and consequent erosion of the fore dunes.

text: A well designed beach access should:

text:
provide a durable surface able to withstand the traffic flow;
aesthetically complement the surrounding structures and natural landforms;
be located in an area that is convenient for users and consistent with safe traffic flows;
be scaled to match the traffic flow (i.e. wide and strong enough to safely carry the size and quantity of pedestrians and vehicles intended to use it);
be maintained appropriately; and
be signed and lit to discourage beach users from creating their own alternative crossings that may be more destructive to the beachhead.

text: Concrete ramp or steps[edit]

text: A concrete ramp should follow the natural profile of the beach to prevent it from changing the normal flow of waves, longshore currents, water and wind. A ramp that is below the beach profile will tend to become buried and cease to provide a good surface for vehicular traffic. A ramp or stair that protrudes above the beach profile will tend to disrupt longshore currents creating deposits in front of the ramp, and scouring behind. Concrete ramps are the most expensive vehicular beach accesses to construct requiring use of a quick drying concrete or a coffer dam to protect them from tidal water during the concrete curing process. Concrete is favored where traffic flows are heavy and access is required by vehicles that are not adapted to soft sand (e.g. road registered passenger vehicles and boat trailers). Concrete stairs are commonly favored on beaches adjacent to population centers where beach users may arrive on the beach in street shoes, or where the foreshore roadway is substantially higher than the beach head and a ramp would be too steep for safe use by pedestrians. A composite stair ramp may incorporate a central or side stair with one or more ramps allowing pedestrians to lead buggies or small boat dollies onto the beach without the aid of a powered vehicle or winch. Concrete ramps and steps should be maintained to prevent buildup of moss or algae that may make their wet surfaces slippery and dangerous to pedestrians and vehicles.

text: Corduroy (beach ladder)[edit]

text: A corduroy or beach ladder (or board and chain) is an array of planks (usually hardwood or treated timber) laid close together and perpendicular to the direction of traffic flow, and secured at each end by a chain or cable to form a pathway or ramp over the sand dune. Corduroys are cheap and easy to construct and quick to deploy or relocate. They are commonly used for pedestrian access paths and light duty vehicular access ways. They naturally conform to the shape of the underlying beach or dune profile, and adjust well to moderate erosion, especially longshore drift. However, they can cease to be an effective access surface if they become buried or undermined by erosion by surface runoff coming from the beach head. If the corduroy is not wide enough for vehicles using it, the sediment on either side may be displaced creating a spoon drain that accelerates surface run off and can quickly lead to serious erosion. Significant erosion of the sediment beside and under the corduroy can render it completely ineffective and make it dangerous to pedestrian users who may fall between the planks.

text: Fabric ramp[edit]

text: Fabric ramps are commonly employed by the military for temporary purposes where the underlying sediment is stable and hard enough to support the weight of the traffic. A sheet of porous fabric is laid over the sand to stabilize the surface and prevent vehicles from bogging. Fabric Ramps usually cease to be useful after one tidal cycle as they are easily washed away, or buried in sediment.

text: Foliage ramp[edit]

text: A foliage ramp is formed by planting resilient species of hardy plants such as grasses over a well formed sediment ramp. The plants may be supported while they become established by placement of layers of mesh, netting, or coarse organic material such as vines or branches. This type of ramp is ideally suited for intermittent use by vehicles with a low wheel loading such as dune buggies or agricultural vehicles with large tyres. A foliage ramp should require minimal maintenance if initially formed to follow the beach profile, and not overused.

text: Gravel ramp[edit]

text: A gravel ramp is formed by excavating the underlying loose sediment and filling the excavation with layers of gravel of graduated sizes as defined by John Loudon McAdam. The gravel is compacted to form a solid surface according to the needs of the traffic. Gravel ramps are less expensive to construct than concrete ramps and are able to carry heavy road traffic provided the excavation is deep enough to reach solid subsoil. Gravel ramps are subject to erosion by water. If the edges are retained with boards or walls and the profile matches the surrounding beach profile, a gravel ramp may become more stable as finer sediments are deposited by percolating water.

text: Longest beaches[edit]

text: Amongst the world's longest beaches are:

text:
Eighty Mile Beach (220 kilometres [140 mi]) in north-west Australia;
Praia do Cassino (212 kilometres [132 mi]) in Brazil;
Ninety Mile Beach, Victoria (151 kilometres [94 mi]) in Victoria, Australia;
Cox's Bazar, Bangladesh (125 kilometres [78 mi] unbroken);
90 Mile Beach in New Zealand (88 kilometres [55 mi]);
Fraser Island beach (about 65 kilometres [40 mi]) in Queensland, Australia;
Troia-Sines Beach (63 kilometres [39 mi]) in Portugal;
the Jersey Shore, 204 km/127 miles; and
Long Beach, Washington (which is about 40 kilometres [25 mi]).
Padre Island beach (about 182 kilometres [113 mi]) in Gulf of Mexico, Texas.
Playa Novillera beach (about 90 kilometres [56 mi]) in Mexico.

text: Beach wildlife[edit]

text: A beach is an unstable environment that exposes plants and animals to changeable and potentially harsh conditions. Some animals burrow into the sand and feed on material deposited by the waves. Crabs, insects and shorebirds feed on these beach dwellers. The endangered piping plover and some tern species rely on beaches for nesting. Sea turtles also bury their eggs in ocean beaches. Seagrasses and other beach plants grow on undisturbed areas of the beach and dunes.

text: Ocean beaches are habitats with organisms adapted to salt spray, tidal overwash, and shifting sands. Some of these organisms are found only on beaches. Examples of these beach organisms in the southeast US include plants like sea oats, sea rocket, beach elder, beach morning glory (Ipomoea pes-caprae), and beach peanut, and animals such as mole crabs (Hippoidea), coquina clams (Donax), ghost crabs, and white beach tiger beetles.[1]


document_title: List of National Football League career scoring leaders

question_text: who has the most career points in nfl history

root

text: The top 25 scorers in National Football League history are listed below. All players listed are placekickers and all statistics include regular season scoring only.

tag: p

text: Active players are listed in bold (age in parentheses).

text: Statistics are accurate as of Week 8 of the 2018 season.[1]

text:
Rank

Player

Career

Points

1

Adam Vinatieri (45)

1996–present

2,550

2

Morten Andersen

1982–2007

2,544

3

Gary Anderson

1982–2004

2,434

4

Jason Hanson

1992–2012

2,150

5

John Carney

1988–2010

2,062

6

Matt Stover

1991–2009

2,004

7

George Blanda

1949–1975

2,002

8

Jason Elam

1993–2009

1,983

9

John Kasay

1991–2011

1,970

10

Sebastian Janikowski (40)

2000–present

1,844

11

Phil Dawson (43)

1999–present

1,841

12

Norm Johnson

1982–1999

1,736

13

David Akers

1998–2013

1,721

14

Nick Lowery

1978–1996

1,711

15

Jan Stenerud

1967–1985

1,699

16

Stephen Gostkowski (34)

2006–present

1,690

17

Ryan Longwell

1997–2011

1,687

18

Matt Bryant (43)

2000–present

1,667

19

Lou Groza

1946–1967

1,608

20

Eddie Murray

1980–2000

1,594

21

Al Del Greco

1984–2000

1,584

22

Olindo Mare

1997–2012

1,555

23

Steve Christie

1990–2004

1,476

24

Pat Leahy

1974–1991

1,470

25

Robbie Gould (35)

2005–present

1,463

tag: table

text: Non-kickers[edit]

text: The top five scoring non-kickers in NFL history are listed here with their overall scoring rank. Note that only one non-kicker is in the top 50 scorers of all-time (although George Blanda played as both a quarterback and a kicker, 1,966 of his 2,002 points were scored as a kicker).

text:
Rank

Player

Position

Career

Points

37

Jerry Rice

Wide receiver

1985–2004

1,256

53

Emmitt Smith

Running back

1990–2004

1,052

62

LaDainian Tomlinson

Running back

2001–2011

972

69

Randy Moss

Wide receiver

1998–2012

950

71

Terrell Owens

Wide receiver

1996–2010

942


document_title: Magic Tree House

question_text: when did the first magic tree house book come out

text: Magic Tree House

text: Magic Tree House Books[edit]

text: Magic Tree House Books are for Beginning Chapter Book Readers. Adventures with Jack and Annie, for readers ages 6–9 who are just starting to read chapter books.[1]

text:
#
Title
Published
Story Arc
Place Origin
Plot Summary/Notes

1
Dinosaurs Before Dark (UK Title: Valley of the Dinosaurs)
000000001992-07-28-0000July 28, 1992
In the mystery of the Treehouse #1
Jack and Annie discover the tree house and, using the magical books there, they travel back to the late Cretaceous period (65 million years ago) where they meet a Pteranodon that saves them from a Tyrannosaurus rex. Jack finds a gold medallion with the letter "M" on it. Companion book: #1, Dinosaurs.

2
The Knight at Dawn (UK title: Castle of Mystery)
000000001993-02-16-0000February 16, 1993
In the mystery of the Tree house #2
In England during the Middle Ages, Jack and Annie explore a castle and meet a brave knight. Companion book: #2, Knights and Castles.

3
Mummies in the Morning (UK title: Secret of the Pyramid)
000000001993-08-24-0000August 24, 1993
In the mystery of the Tree house #3
In Ancient Egypt, Jack and Annie help Queen Hutepi find her missing Book of the Dead. Companion book: #3, Mummies and Pyramids.

4
Pirates Past Noon (UK title: Pirates' Treasure!)
000000001994-03-08-0000March 8, 1994
In the mystery of the Tree house #4
Jack and Annie encounter some pirates in the Caribbean Sea and meet Morgan le Fay, who turns out to be the mysterious "M". Companion book: #4, Pirates.

5
Night of the Ninjas
000000001995-03-21-0000March 21, 1995
In the mystery of the Magic spell #1
Morgan le Fay is under a spell. Jack and Annie must find four magical objects to reverse the spell, with the help of a mouse named Peanut. In ancient Japan, Jack and Annie encounter ninjas and samurai and get a moonstone. Companion book: #30, Ninjas and Samurai.

6
Afternoon on the Amazon (UK title: Adventure on the Amazon)
000000001995-08-29-0000August 29, 1995
In the mystery of the Magic spell #2
Jack and Annie search the Amazon rainforest for a second magical object for Morgan le Fay, which turns out to be a mango. Companion book: #5, Rain Forests.

7
Sunset of the Sabertooth (UK title: Mammoth to the Rescue)
000000001996-04-14-0000April 14, 1996
In the mystery of the Magic spell #3
In the last Ice Age, Jack and Annie encounter Cro-Magnons, wooly mammoths, and a saber-toothed cat while looking for the third object to help Morgan - a mammoth bone flute. Companion book: #12, Sabertooths and the Ice Age.

8
Midnight on the Moon (UK title: Moon Mission)
000000001996-10-29-0000October 29, 1996
In the mystery of the Magic spell #4
Thirty-five years into their future (2031), Jack and Annie travel to the moon to look for the fourth object needed to help Morgan le Fay. Companion book: #6, Space.

9
Dolphins at Daybreak (UK title: Diving with Dolphins)
000000001997-04-29-0000April 29, 1997
In the mystery of the Ancient riddles #1 in
Set in the Pacific Ocean with bottlenose dolphins. Companion book: #9, Dolphins and Sharks.

10
Ghost Town at Sundown (UK title: A Wild West Ride)
000000001997-09-16-0000September 16, 1997
In the mystery of the Ancient riddles #2
Set in the American Wild West, where Jack and Annie meet a cowboy named Slim. Companion book: #38, Wild West.

11
Lions at Lunchtime (UK title: Lions on the Loose)
000000001998-02-12-0000February 12, 1998
In the mystery of the Ancient riddles #3
Jack and Annie are on a mission on the African Savannah.

12
Polar Bears Past Bedtime (UK title: Icy Escape)
000000001998-04-24-0000April 24, 1998
In the mystery of the Ancient riddles #4
Set in the North Pole, Jack and Annie meet an Inuit. Companion book: #16, Polar Bears and the Arctic.

13
Vacation Under The Volcano (UK title: Racing with Gladiators)
000000001998-06-20-0000June 20, 1998
In the mystery of the Lost stories #1
Jack and Annie travel to Pompeii on the eve of the eruption of Mt. Vesuvius. Companion book: #14: Ancient Rome and Pompeii.

14
Day of the Dragon King (UK title: Palace of the Dragon King)
000000001998-08-11-0000August 11, 1998
In the mystery of the Lost stories #2
Jack and Annie travel to China as it was 2,000 years in their past. The Dragon King is also known as Emperor Qin. Companion book: #31, China: Land of the Emperor's Great Wall.

15
Viking Ships at Sunrise (UK title: Voyage of the Vikings)
000000001998-10-20-0000October 20, 1998
In the mystery of the Lost stories #3
In medieval Ireland, Jack and Annie encounter Vikings. Companion book: #33, Vikings.

16
Hour of the Olympics (UK title: Olympic Challenge!)
000000001998-12-17-0000December 17, 1998
In the mystery of the Lost stories #4
Jack and Annie travel to Ancient Greece and see the first Olympic games. Companion book: #10, Ancient Greece and the Olympics.

17
Tonight on the Titanic
000000001999-03-23-0000March 23, 1999
In the mystery of the Enchanted dog arc #1
Jack and Annie travel back to 1912 and are on the RMS Titanic during her fateful voyage. In this arc the two are assisted by a dog named Teddy that they must find gifts to free. Companion book: #7, Titanic.

18
Buffalo Before Breakfast
000000001999-05-18-0000May 18, 1999
In the mystery of the Enchanted dog arc #2
In the American Old West, Jack and Annie encounter a Lakota boy on the Great Plains.

19
Tigers at Twilight
000000001999-08-17-0000August 17, 1999
In the mystery of the Enchanted dog arc #3
Jack and Annie explore the Indian jungles of the past.

20
Dingoes at Dinnertime
000000002000-03-14-0000March 14, 2000
In the mystery of the Enchanted dog arc #4
Set in Australian Outback. Jack and Annie receive the final gift and return home where Morgan removes the spell on the dog who is revealed to be a boy named Teddy, a young magician who trapped himself under a spell causing him to become a dog.

21
Civil War on Sunday
000000002000-05-23-0000May 23, 2000
In the Morgan's library arc #1
In the American Civil War, Jack and Annie encounter Clara Barton.

22
Revolutionary War on Wednesday
000000002000-09-26-0000September 26, 2000
In the Morgan's library arc #2
Jack and Annie cross the Delaware River with George Washington. Companion book: #11, American Revolution.

23
Twister on Tuesday
000000002001-03-27-0000March 27, 2001
In the Morgan's library arc #3
In the 1870s, Jack and Annie encounter pioneer settlement of the Midwestern prairie. They have to save a teacher and some kids before they are hit by a tornado. Companion book: #8, Twisters and Other Terrible Storms.

24
Earthquake in the Early Morning
000000002001-08-24-0000August 24, 2001
In the Morgan's library arc #4
In 1906, Jack and Annie experience the San Francisco earthquake. The two are able to use what they find to inspire King Arthur to battle Mordred, although in a later book it is shown that he wins without dying in these stories.

25
Stage Fright on a Summer Night
000000002002-03-12-0000March 12, 2002
In the Type of magic arc #1
In Elizabethan England, Jack and Annie meet William Shakespeare

26
Good Morning Gorillas
000000002002-08-23-0000August 23, 2002
In the Type of magic arc #2
In the Congo rainforest, Jack and Annie encounter gorillas.

27
Thanksgiving on Thursday
000000002002-10-24-0000October 24, 2002
In the Type of magic arc #3
In Plymouth in 1621, Jack and Annie share the first Thanksgiving with the Pilgrims and Wampanoag Indians. Companion book: #13, Pilgrims.

28
High Tide in Hawaii
000000002003-03-25-0000March 25, 2003
In the Type of magic arc #4
Jack and Annie travel to the Hawaii of the past and almost get caught in a tsunami. They also make two friends who share an adventure with them. Companion book: #15, Tsunamis and Other Natural Disasters.

29
A Big Day For Baseball
000000002017-08-01-0000August 1, 2017

Jack & Annie are whisked back to Brooklyn's Ebbets Field on April 15, 1947, to witness Jackie Robinson's Major League debut. Companion book: #37, Baseball.

30
Hurricane Heroes in Texas
000000002018-08-07-0000August 7, 2018

Jack and Annie are on a mission! When the magic tree house whisks them back to Galveston, Texas, in 1900, they find out that a big storm is coming. But even though there is rain and wind, no one believes there is any danger. As the storm grows, seawater floods the city. Now everyone needs help! Jack and Annie have a little bit of magic and a lot of hope—but will it be enough?

text: Magic Tree House Merlin Mission Books[edit]

text: Magic Tree House Merlin Mission Books 1-27 were written for more advanced readers. They are more challenging adventures for readers ages 7–10.[1]

text: The Magic Tree House Merlin Missions were originally ordered sequentially, starting at Book #29 (Christmas in Camelot). With the 25th anniversary re-prints, the books have been separated into their own distinct series and re-numbered starting at Merlin Mission #1.[1]

text:
Original #
Merlin Mission #
Title
Published
Story Arc
Plot Summary/Notes

29
1
Christmas in Camelot
000000002001-10-10-0000October 10, 2001
In the Quest to save Camelot arc #1
Jack and Annie go on a quest to save Camelot, a quest that will prove to a beleaguered King Arthur that children and imagination really can make a difference. Eventually Jack and Annie break the spell over Camelot and meet the Knights of the Round Table most notably Sir Lancelot. This is also the first story where Merlin the Magician sends Jack and Annie on an adventure instead of Morgan, having learned of their abilities from Morgan Le Fay.

30
2
Haunted Castle on Hallow's Eve
000000002003-06-18-0000June 18, 2003
In the Quest to save Camelot arc #2
Jack, Annie, and Teddy must restore order to a duke's castle, on the outer realm of Camelot, for Merlin. Jack and Annie reunite with Teddy from the Enchanted Dog arc who becomes a recurring character in the rest of the books. It is also the first book where Jack and Annie perform their own magic. Jack and Annie are able to use the power of a magic hazel twig to transform themselves back to humans from ravens and Jack is able to tap into its power to defeat the Evil Raven King by turning him into a baby raven. This new ability of theirs is likely foreshadowing of later books when they start to make magic of their own.

31
3
Summer of the Sea Serpent
000000002004-03-09-0000March 9, 2004
In the Quest to save Camelot arc #3
Jack and Annie must retrieve the Sword of Light for Merlin for all the good of Camelot. Jack and Annie meet Kathleen who, along with Teddy, becomes a recurring character in the books, acting as their sidekick. In this book Jack and Annie retrieve the Sword of Light and earn the right to wield it, learning later that the sword is in fact Excalibur and they retrieved it from Camelot's past so King Arthur can one day get it.

32
4
Winter of the Ice Wizard
000000002004-09-28-0000September 28, 2004
In the Quest to save Camelot arc #4
Jack and Annie must go on a mission for the evil Ice Wizard, which is retrieving one of his eyes, in order to free Merlin and Morgan.

33
5
Carnival at Candlelight
000000002005-03-08-0000March 8, 2005
In the Using magic wisely arc #1
Jack and Annie must go and save Venice, Italy from a flood disaster, but Merlin's instructions are confusing. The next four books are part of an arc where Jack and Annie complete missions to prove to Merlin that they can use magic wisely.

34
6
Season of the Sandstorms
000000002005-06-26-0000June 26, 2005
In the Using magic wisely arc #2
Jack and Annie must help the caliph of ancient Baghdad spread wisdom to the world.

35
7
Night of the New Magicians
000000002006-03-14-0000March 14, 2006
In the Using magic wisely arc #3
Jack and Annie travel to the Paris Exposition Universelle of 1889 in the Magic Tree House. They have to save four new magicians (Alexander Graham Bell, Louis Pasteur, Thomas Edison, and Gustave Eiffel), before an evil sorcerer kidnaps them and steals the secrets of their magic. As it turns out, there is no evil sorcerer and the only one that shows up is Merlin himself who had wanted Jack and Annie to meet the four.

36
8
Blizzard of the Blue Moon
000000002006-09-26-0000September 26, 2006
In the Using magic wisely arc #4
Jack and Annie travel in the Magic Tree House to the New York City of the Great Depression in 1938. They must help a unicorn under a spell. However, two evil sorcerers in training, Balor and Grinda, are up to the same challenge. In this book, Jack and Annie are given the power to make magic on their own via a magic wand.

37
9
Dragon of the Red Dawn
000000002007-02-27-0000February 27, 2007
In the Happiness arc #1
Jack and Annie travel back in the Magic Tree House to feudal Japan to find the first of four secrets of happiness for Merlin the magician because Morgan has noticed that he does not feel well, does not eat or sleep, and is tired. To do this, they must spend the day with famous Japanese haiku poet Matsuo Bashō.

38
10
Monday with a Mad Genius
000000002007-08-28-0000August 28, 2007
In the Happiness arc #2
Jack and Annie travel back in the Magic Tree House to Florence, Italy, to find the second of four secrets of happiness. To do this, they must help Leonardo da Vinci all day, "morning, noon, and afternoon, till the night bird sings its song." Companion book: #19, "Leonardo da Vinci"

39
11
Dark Day in the Deep Sea
000000002008-03-25-0000March 25, 2008
In the Happiness arc #3
The magic tree house takes Jack and Annie to a deserted island, in the 1870s, looking for another secret of happiness. They get rescued by scientists on the HMS Challenger (1858), in the Atlantic Ocean, and end up helping the scientists, who are looking for a sea monster. Will they be able to help the scientist and find the secret of happiness? This book is 144 pages long, making it the longest book in the series. Companion book: #17, "Sea Monsters"

40
12
Eve of the Emperor Penguin
000000002008-09-23-0000September 23, 2008
In the Happiness arc #4
Jack and Annie go to Antarctica to try to find their last secret of happiness, but they only find penguins. Only the penguins have the answer to this question. This is the only book where it is specifically stated that Jack and Annie did not travel through time. They also use the wand to make magic twice: once to find the penguins and a second time to teleport to Mount Erebus, the only time they use its power twice. Companion book: #18, "Penguins and Antarctica"

41
13
Moonlight on the Magic Flute
000000002009-03-10-0000March 10, 2009
In the Inspiring arc #1
Jack and Annie head to 18th-century Austria, where they must find and help a musician by the name of Mozart. Decked out in the craziest outfits they’ve ever worn—including a wig for Jack and a giant hoopskirt for Annie, the two siblings search an entire palace to no avail. Their hunt is further hampered by the appearance of a mischievous little boy who is determined to follow them everywhere. But when the boy lets the animals out of the palace zoo, Jack and Annie have to use the only magic at their disposal to save themselves and the naughty little boy. The party is in the Summer Palace at five o'clock in the evening on October 13, 1762. When Jack and Annie use their magic flute (In Inspiring #1, 2, 3, and 4, the Wand of Dianthus changes into instruments.) Mozart makes a song called The Magic Flute.

42
14
A Good Night for Ghosts
000000002009-07-28-0000July 28, 2009
In the Inspiring arc #2
Jack and Annie are on their second mission to find—and inspire—artists to bring happiness to millions. After traveling to New Orleans, Jack and Annie come head to head with some real ghosts, as well as discover the world of jazz when they meet a young Louis Armstrong. Companion book: #20, "Ghosts"

43
15
Leprechaun in Late Winter
000000002010-01-12-0000January 12, 2010
In the Inspiring arc #3
The kids meet a girl in their third mission to put "artists" on the right path. She is sad because she believes in leprechauns and faerie, but cannot find any. The girl grows up to be Lady Gregory, a famous legend teller of the Irish lore. Can the kids save her from sadness and put the third artist on the right path? This is the first time that something that one of the kids has written has been used to travel through time: the kids time travel by wishing using Jack's notes on where they are traveling to. They travel to 1862 to go to Ireland. Companion book: #21, "Leprechauns and Irish Folklore"

44
16
A Ghost Tale for Christmas Time
000000002010-09-14-0000September 14, 2010
In the Inspiring arc #4
The kids are whisked back to Victorian England to help famed author Charles Dickens. The kids know Charles had everything he wants. Will the kids find the thing Charles wants? The kids are thrown in jail, only to be saved by Charles Dickens! To find Charles' secret, they will need help from three ghosts and get to know Charles very, very, well. Companion book: #22, "Rags and Riches: Kids in the Time of Charles Dickens"

45
17
A Crazy Day with Cobras
000000002011-01-11-0000January 11, 2011
In the Penny's spell arc #1
When Penny, Merlin's beloved penguin (from Eve of the Emperor Penguin), is accidentally turned to stone by Teddy, the kids must travel to an Indian desert and find an ingredient to a spell before Merlin comes back. Jack and Annie have to escape a swarm of king cobras and meet the infamous All-Power Great Mogul. To start their quest, Jack and Annie must find an emerald rose to find the first piece of breaking Penny's spell. Companion book: #23, Snakes and Other Reptiles.

46
18
Dogs in the Dead of Night
000000002011-08-09-0000August 9, 2011
In the Penny's spell arc #2
Jack and his sister Annie travel to Swiss Alps to get the second magical object to break the spell on the beloved baby penguin, Penny. They face a dog rescue and many other adventures. Companion book: #24, Dog Heroes.

47
19
Abe Lincoln At Last!
000000002011-12-27-0000December 27, 2011
In the Penny's spell arc #3
Jack and Annie travel to the time of the Civil War, and they must help a friend of Abe's in order to find the third gift for breaking Penny's spell. The friend is an orphan named Sam. It's a race against time as Jack and Annie try to decide what is right. Companion book: #25, Abraham Lincoln.

48
20
A Perfect Time For Pandas
000000002012-07-24-0000July 24, 2012
In the Penny's spell arc #4
Jack and Annie visit China during the Great Sichuan Earthquake of 2008. Companion book: #26, Pandas and Other Endangered Species.

49
21
Stallion by Starlight
000000002013-03-26-0000March 26, 2013
In the Greatness arc #1
Jack and Annie go back to Ancient Macedonia and an adventure with Alexander the Great when he was a child and his famous stallion: Bucephalus. Companion book: #27, Horse Heroes.

50
22
Hurry Up Houdini![2]
000000002013-08-23-0000August 23, 2013
In the Greatness arc #2
Jack and Annie meet magician Harry Houdini.

51
23
High Time for Heroes[3]
000000002014-01-07-0000January 7, 2014
In the Greatness arc #3
Jack and Annie meet Florence Nightingale in Egypt. Companion book: #28, Heroes for All Times.

52
24
Soccer on Sunday[4]
000000002014-05-27-0000May 27, 2014
In the Greatness arc #4
Jack and Annie travel to a soccer field in Mexico. Companion book: #29, Soccer.

53
25
Shadow of the Shark
000000002015-06-23-0000June 23, 2015
none
While on a vacation from Morgan and Merlin, Jack and Annie accidentally travel back in time over a thousand years to ancient Mayan times and meet sharks and Mayan warriors. In this book, Jack and Annie accidentally go to the right place but the wrong time due to pointing to the wrong illustration. Companion book: #32, Sharks and Other Predators.

54
26
Balto of the Blue Dawn
000000002016-01-05-0000January 5, 2016
none
Jack and Annie meet Balto, a jet-black Siberian husky in Alaska, 1925. Companion book: #34, Dogsledding and Extreme Sports.

55
27
Night of the Ninth Dragon
000000002016-07-26-0000July 26, 2016
none
Jack and Annie must help save Merlin, Morgan, Teddy, and Kathleen (trapped in Avalon) and King Arthur (injured) when invaders threaten Camelot. Companion book: #35, Dragons and Mythical Creatures.

text: Magic Tree House Super editions[edit]

text: On January 6, 2015, the first Magic Tree House Super Edition was released. It is 183 pages long. The super editions are longer than the original Magic Tree House books and the Magic Tree House Merlin Missions.

text:
#
Title
Published
Story Arc
Plot Summary/Notes

1
Danger in the Darkest Hour
January 6, 2015
none
The first Magic Tree House Super Edition is called Danger in the Darkest Hour [5]
Jack and Annie going back to World War II shortly before D-Day to rescue Kathleen from behind enemy lines. It also features the first time they have had to deal with a situation using their own talents and with no help from magic since the Merlin Missions began. Companion book: #36, World War II

text: Non-fiction books[edit]

text: The Magic Tree House Fact Trackers (formerly called Magic Tree House Research Guides) are non-fiction companions to the fiction books, written by Mary Pope Osborne, Will Osborne, and Natalie Pope Boyce. They were first released in 2000 by Scholastic and Random House. They provide more in-depth follow-up information on the topics in the series than already covered.[6] As of January 2018,[update] 38 have been published. The first two Fact Trackers were published in August 2000 as companions for the first two stories, then 7 to 8 years old. In 2008 story #39, Dark Day in the Deep Sea and its fact tracker #17, Sea Monsters were the first story and fact tracker to be published simultaneously.

text:
No.
Title
Companion To:
Date Published:

1
Dinosaurs
001 !Magic Tree House #1: Dinosaurs Before Dark
000000002000-08-01-0000August 1, 2000

2
Knights and Castles
002 !Magic Tree House #2: The Knight at Dawn
000000002000-08-01-0000August 1, 2000

3
Mummies and Pyramids
003 !Magic Tree House #3: Mummies in the Morning
000000002001-02-27-0000February 27, 2001

4
Pirates
004 !Magic Tree House #4: Pirates Past Noon
000000002001-05-22-0000May 22, 2001

5
Rain Forests
006 !Magic Tree House #6: Afternoon on the Amazon
000000002001-09-25-0000September 25, 2001

6
Space
008 !Magic Tree House #8: Midnight on the Moon
000000002002-02-26-0000February 26, 2002

7
Titanic
017 !Magic Tree House #17: Tonight on the Titanic
000000002002-08-27-0000August 27, 2002

8
Twisters and Other Terrible Storms
023 !Magic Tree House #23: Twister on Tuesday
000000002003-02-05-0000February 5, 2003

9
Dolphins and Sharks
009 !Magic Tree House #9: Dolphins at Daybreak
000000002003-06-04-0000June 4, 2003

10
Ancient Greece and the Olympics
016 !Magic Tree House #16: Hour of the Olympics
000000002004-06-01-0000June 1, 2004

11
American Revolution
022 !Magic Tree House #22: Revolutionary War on Wednesday
000000002004-09-14-0000September 14, 2004

12
Sabertooths and the Ice Age
007 !Magic Tree House #7: Sunset of the Sabertooth
000000002005-02-01-0000February 1, 2005

13
Pilgrims
027 !Magic Tree House #27: Thanksgiving on Thursday
000000002005-09-01-0000September 1, 2005

14
Ancient Rome and Pompeii
013 !Magic Tree House #13: Vacation Under a Volcano
000000002006-04-25-0000April 25, 2006

15
Tsunamis and Other Natural Disasters
028 !Magic Tree House #28: High Tide in Hawaii
000000002007-02-27-0000February 27, 2007

16
Polar Bears and the Arctic
012 !Magic Tree House #12: Polar Bears Past Bedtime
000000002007-09-25-0000September 25, 2007

17
Sea Monsters
039 !Magic Tree House Merlin Missions #11: Dark Day in the Deep Sea
000000002008-03-25-0000March 25, 2008

18
Penguins and Antarctica
040 !Magic Tree House Merlin Missions #12: Eve of the Emperor Penguin
000000002008-09-23-0000September 23, 2008

19
Leonardo da Vinci
038 !Magic Tree House Merlin Missions #10: Monday with a Mad Genius
000000002009-01-13-0000January 13, 2009

20
Ghosts
042 !Magic Tree House Merlin Missions #14: A Good Night for Ghosts
000000002009-07-28-0000July 28, 2009

21
Leprechauns and Irish Folklore
043 !Magic Tree House Merlin Missions #15: Leprechaun in Late Winter
000000002010-01-12-0000January 12, 2010

22
Rags and Riches: Kids in the Time of Charles Dickens
044 !Magic Tree House Merlin Missions #16: A Ghost Tale for Christmas Time
000000002010-09-14-0000September 14, 2010

23
Snakes and Other Reptiles
045 !Magic Tree House Merlin Missions #17: A Crazy Day with Cobras
000000002011-01-11-0000January 11, 2011

24
Dog Heroes
046 !Magic Tree House Merlin Missions #18: Dogs in the Dead of Night
000000002011-08-09-0000August 9, 2011

25
Abraham Lincoln
047 !Magic Tree House Merlin Missions #19: Abe Lincoln At Last
000000002011-12-27-0000December 27, 2011

26
Pandas and Other Endangered Species
048 !Magic Tree House Merlin Missions #20: A Perfect Time For Pandas
000000002012-07-24-0000July 24, 2012

27
Horse Heroes[7]
049 !Magic Tree House Merlin Missions #21: Stallion by Starlight
000000002013-03-26-0000March 26, 2013

28
Heroes for All Times
052 !Magic Tree House Merlin Missions #23: High Time for Heroes
000000002014-01-07-0000January 7, 2014

29
Soccer[8]
052 !Magic Tree House Merlin Missions #24: Soccer on Sunday
000000002014-05-27-0000May 27, 2014

30
Ninjas and Samurai
005 !Magic Tree House #5: Night of the Ninjas
000000002014-09-23-0000September 23, 2014

31
China: Land of the Emperor's Great Wall
014 !Magic Tree House #14: Day of the Dragon King
000000002014-12-23-0000December 23, 2014

32
Sharks and Other Predators
053 !Magic Tree House Merlin Missions #25: Shadow of the Shark
000000002015-06-23-0000June 23, 2015

33
Vikings
015 !Magic Tree House #15: Viking Ships at Sunrise
000000002015-09-22-0000September 22, 2015

34
Dogsledding and Extreme Sports
054 !Magic Tree House Merlin Missions #26: Balto of the Blue Dawn
000000002016-01-05-0000January 5, 2016

35
Dragons and Mythical Creatures
055 !Magic Tree House Merlin Missions #27: Night of the Ninth Dragon
000000002016-07-26-0000July 26, 2016

36
World War II
Super Edition #01 !Magic Tree House Super Edition #01: World at War, 1944
000000002017-03-14-0000March 14, 2017

37
Baseball
029 !Magic Tree House #29: A Big Day for Baseball
000000002017-08-01-0000August 1, 2017

38
Wild West
010 !Magic Tree House #10: Ghost Town at Sundown
000000002018-01-02-0000January 2, 2018

text: Characters[edit]

text: There are roughly six main characters throughout the Magic Tree House series. These include: Jack, Annie, Merlin, Morgan le Fay, Kathleen, and Teddy. Jack and Annie play the largest role in the series, and they embark on numerous adventures for Merlin and Morgan le Fay throughout the series. They also receive the help of the young magicians Kathleen and Teddy while they embark on their missions.

text: Jack[edit]

text: Jack is the brother of Annie, the other major character in the series. He has short brown hair and wears red-rimmed glasses that have round lenses. Jack is often shy around others, unlike Annie, and he often takes time to get used to new situations. Jack also believes in science and reason much more than Annie does, and he often keeps a small notebook in which he takes notes about their adventures. Jack often wants to read about a place and time and absorb as much information as he can before embarking on their adventure. He is also older than Annie, which may play a role in his maturity. Jack is extremely intelligent for his young age, and his vast knowledge often helps him and Annie complete their missions. This results in him having unexpected knowledge or talents that help complete their missions such as Jack being able to drive a vehicle despite not being old enough to possess the skill. Jack is courageous, willing to risk his own life to help others, and he is compassionate, caring for everything and everyone. He also reveals in Civil War On Sunday #21 that he thinks war is kind of cool until the end. However, he sometimes lacks self-confidence until something motivates him to perform the needed feat. When he is confident in his abilities, Jack is good at doing the tasks. On one occasion, while driving a truckload of kids past a Nazi checkpoint, his confident demeanor was enough to fool the Nazis into thinking he was a regular truck driver and let him pass without an inspection. He completed the feat thanks to Kathleen lying to him that she'd made them invisible and was left stunned at what he was capable of. He also has a growing crush on Kathleen, as he gets shy around her and notes that she is extremely pretty. Her opinion of him matters to Jack greatly enough that if she shows confidence in his ability to perform tasks, he has more confidence in himself if only for the reason of not wanting to let Kathleen down.

text: Annie[edit]

text: Annie is the younger sister of Jack, and she is the second major character in the series. Annie has blond hair tied in pigtails, and has blue eyes. Annie believes in magic much more than Jack does, and Morgan le Fay reveals that Annie's belief in magic helped her see the magic tree house. Annie is often impulsive and not as shy as Jack. However, this often leads to trouble that the pair has to deal with. Annie is younger than Jack, which means that she is less mature. Annie also talks to animals much more than Jack does, and she is kind to them.

text: Morgan le Fay[edit]

text: Morgan le Fay is a witch and Time Librarian from King Arthur's time. She is King Arthur's sister.[9] In Books 1-3, she was in form of a pteranodon, cat, and knight.[10] In Book 4, she transforms from a green parrot into human form.[11] She has since become the kids' mentor and adviser on their quest to become Master Librarians of Time. She is the one who gives Jack and Annie riddles and quests to solve in Books 1 through 28.

text: Teddy[edit]

text: A young sorcerer and apprentice of Morgan. Jack and Annie first meet Teddy when he's trapped in the form of a dog and spend books 17-20 freeing him from the spell. Teddy is not his actual name but the nickname Jack and Annie gave him when he was a dog. His real name is unknown but everyone calls him Teddy, not just Jack and Annie. When he regained human form, he chose to have Jack and Annie continue calling him Teddy as he liked the nickname though he asked for them to call him Ted, something they only did for his brief appearance as a human at the end of book 20. Teddy is kind-hearted but overconfident in his abilities and isn't actually that good at magic usually, requiring Kathleen to aid him in finishing his spells more often than not. Over the course of the books, Teddy gets better but still requires help a lot. His misfortunes with magic resulted in him turning himself into a dog and Penny the Penguin into stone, resulting in Jack and Annie having to help him break the spells.

text: Kathleen[edit]

text: Kathleen is the youngest of 20 sisters, and she is a selkie, or being that can morph herself and others into seals. Kathleen is one of Morgan's apprentices, and she is extremely friendly, quickly befriending Annie, Jack, Morgan, Merlin, and Teddy. Kathleen is free-spirited and playful, probably due to her being a selkie. Kathleen has brown hair that is long and curly and brown eyes. She also wears a seaweed dress. In seal form, she can communicate with other seals as well. Kathleen is also talented in magic spells. She is also very caring as shown when she is sent to rescue two children in Normandy during World War II and instead risks her life to protect ten children. Her empathic nature results in her losing her magic when she loses hope, forcing Jack and Annie to rescue her. Once her hope is restored, so is her magic. Jack has a crush on her, but it is unknown if she shares these feelings.

text: Movies[edit]

text: The animated film Magic Tree House (マジック・ツリーハウス), produced by Media Factory, premiered in Japan in October 2011[12] and was generally released there on January 7, 2012.[13]

text: In 2016, Lionsgate acquired the film rights with a script by Will Osborne and Jenny Laird. The movie will primarily contain plot elements from Book 29, "Christmas in Camelot."[14]


document_title: Booker Prize

question_text: who wrote the gathering the most recent irish winner of the man booker prize

text: Booker Prize

text: History and administration[edit]

text: The prize was originally known as the Booker–McConnell Prize, after the company Booker, McConnell Ltd began sponsoring the event in 1968;[5] it became commonly known as the "Booker Prize" or simply "the Booker".

text: When administration of the prize was transferred to the Booker Prize Foundation in 2002, the title sponsor became the investment company Man Group, which opted to retain "Booker" as part of the official title of the prize. The foundation is an independent registered charity funded by the entire profits of Booker Prize Trading Ltd, of which it is the sole shareholder.[6] The prize money awarded with the Booker Prize was originally £21,000, and was subsequently raised to £50,000 in 2002 under the sponsorship of the Man Group, making it one of the world's richest literary prizes.

text: In 1970, Bernice Rubens became the first woman to win the Booker Prize, for The Elected Member.[7] The rules of the Booker changed in 1971; previously, it had been awarded retrospectively to books published prior to the year in which the award was given. In 1971 the year of eligibility was changed to the same as the year of the award; in effect, this meant that books published in 1970 were not considered for the Booker in either year. The Booker Prize Foundation announced in January 2010 the creation of a special award called the "Lost Man Booker Prize," with the winner chosen from a longlist of 22 novels published in 1970.[8]

text: Alice Munro's The Beggar Maid was shortlisted in 1980, and remains the only short story collection to be shortlisted.[9]

text: Before 2001, each year's longlist of nominees was not publicly revealed.[10]

text: John Sutherland, who was a judge for the 1999 prize, has said,

text: There is a well-established London literary community. Rushdie doesn't get shortlisted now because he has attacked that community. That is not a good game plan if you want to win the Booker. Norman Mailer has found the same thing in the US – you have to "be a citizen" if you want to win prizes. The real scandal is that [Martin] Amis has never won the prize. In fact, he has only been shortlisted once and that was for Time's Arrow, which was not one of his strongest books. That really is suspicious. He pissed people off with Dead Babies and that gets lodged in the culture. There is also the feeling that he has always looked towards America.[11]

text: In 1972, the winning writer John Berger, known for his Marxist worldview, protested during his acceptance speech against Booker McConnell. He blamed Booker's 130 years of sugar production in the Caribbean for the region's modern poverty.[12][13] Berger donated half of his £5,000 prize to the British Black Panther movement, because they had a socialist and revolutionary perspective in agreement with his own.[5][12][14]

text: In 1980, Anthony Burgess, writer of Earthly Powers, refused to attend the ceremony unless it was confirmed to him in advance whether he had won.[5] His was one of two books considered likely to win, the other being Rites of Passage by William Golding. The judges decided only 30 minutes before the ceremony, giving the prize to Golding. Both novels had been seen as favourites to win leading up to the prize, and the dramatic "literary battle" between two senior writers made front page news.[5][15]

text: Judging for the 1983 award produced a draw between J. M. Coetzee's Life & Times of Michael K and Salman Rushdie's Shame, leaving chair of judges Fay Weldon to choose between the two. According to Stephen Moss in The Guardian, "Her arm was bent and she chose Rushdie" only to change her mind as the result was being phoned through.[11]

text: In 1993, two of the judges threatened to walk out when Trainspotting appeared on the longlist; Irvine Welsh's novel was pulled from the shortlist to satisfy them. The novel would later receive critical acclaim, and is now considered Welsh's masterpiece.[16]

text:
The award has been criticised for the types of books it covers. In 1981, nominee John Banville wrote a letter to The Guardian requesting that the prize be given to him so that he could use the money to buy every copy of the longlisted books in Ireland and donate them to libraries, "thus ensuring that the books not only are bought but also read — surely a unique occurrence."[5][17]
In 1994, Guardian literary editor Richard Gott, citing the lack of objective criteria and the exclusion of American authors, described the prize as "a significant and dangerous iceberg in the sea of British culture that serves as a symbol of its current malaise."[5][18]

text: In 1997, the decision to award Arundhati Roy's The God of Small Things proved controversial. Carmen Callil, chair of the previous year's Booker judges, called it an "execrable" book and said on television that it shouldn't even have been on the shortlist. Booker Prize chairman Martyn Goff said Roy won because nobody objected, following the rejection by the judges of Bernard MacLaverty's shortlisted book due to their dismissal of him as "a wonderful short-story writer and that Grace Notes was three short stories strung together."[19]

text: In 2001, A. L. Kennedy, who was a judge in 1996, called the prize "a pile of crooked nonsense" with the winner determined by "who knows who, who's sleeping with who, who's selling drugs to who, who's married to who, whose turn it is".[11]

text: The Booker prized created a permanent home for the archives from 1968 to present at Oxford Brookes University Library. The Archive, which encompasses the administrative history of the Prize from 1968 to date, collects together a diverse range of material, including correspondence, publicity material, copies of both the Longlists and the Shortlists, minutes of meetings, photographs and material relating to the awards dinner (letters of invitation, guest lists, seating plans). Embargoes of ten or twenty years apply to certain categories of material; examples include all material relating to the judging process and the Longlist prior to 2002.[20]

text: Between 2005 and 2008, the Booker Prize alternated between writers from Ireland and India. "Outsider" John Banville began this trend in 2005 when his novel The Sea was selected as a surprise winner:[21] Boyd Tonkin, literary editor of The Independent, famously condemned it as "possibly the most perverse decision in the history of the award" and rival novelist Tibor Fischer poured scorn on Banville's victory.[22] Kiran Desai of India won in 2006. Anne Enright's 2007 victory came about due to a jury badly split over Ian McEwan's novel On Chesil Beach. The following year it was India's turn again, with Aravind Adiga narrowly defeating Enright's fellow Irishman Sebastian Barry.[23]

text: Historically, the winner of the Man Booker Prize had been required to be a citizen of the Commonwealth of Nations, the Republic of Ireland, or Zimbabwe. It was announced on 18 September 2013 that future Man Booker Prize awards would consider authors from anywhere in the world, so long as their work was in English and published in the UK.[24] This change proved controversial in literary circles. Former winner A. S. Byatt and former judge John Mullan said the prize risked diluting its identity, whereas former judge A. L. Kennedy welcomed the change.[3] [25] Following this expansion, the first winner not from the Commonwealth, Ireland, or Zimbabwe was American Paul Beatty in 2016. Another American, George Saunders, won the following year.[26] In 2018, publishers sought to reverse the change, arguing that the inclusion of American writers would lead to homogenisation, reducing diversity and opportunities everywhere, including in America, to learn about "great books that haven't already been widely heralded."[27]

text: Judging[edit]

text: The selection process for the winner of the prize commences with the formation of an advisory committee, which includes a writer, two publishers, a literary agent, a bookseller, a librarian, and a chairperson appointed by the Booker Prize Foundation. The advisory committee then selects the judging panel, the membership of which changes each year, although on rare occasions a judge may be selected a second time. Judges are selected from amongst leading literary critics, writers, academics and leading public figures.

text:
The Booker judging process and the very concept of a "best book" being chosen by a small number of literary insiders is controversial for many. The Guardian introduced the "Not the Booker Prize" voted for by readers partly as a reaction to this[28].
Author Amit Chaudhuri wrote "The idea that a “book of the year” can be assessed annually by a bunch of people – judges who have to read almost a book a day – is absurd, as is the idea that this is any way of honouring a writer".[29].

text: The winner is usually announced at a ceremony in London's Guildhall, usually in early October.

text: Winners[edit]

text: The 2017 prize was awarded to George Saunders for Lincoln in the Bardo.[30]

text:
Year

Author

Title

Genre(s)

Country

1969

P. H. Newby[31]

Something to Answer For

Novel

United Kingdom

1970

Bernice Rubens[32]

The Elected Member

Novel

United Kingdom

1970 (retrospective award[a])

J. G. Farrell

Troubles

Novel

United KingdomIreland

1971

V. S. Naipaul[33]

In a Free State

Short story

United KingdomTrinidad and Tobago

1972

John Berger[34]

G.

Experimental novel

United Kingdom

1973

J. G. Farrell[35]

The Siege of Krishnapur

Novel

United KingdomIreland

1974

Nadine Gordimer[36]

The Conservationist

Novel

South Africa

Stanley Middleton[37]

Holiday

Novel

United Kingdom

1975

Ruth Prawer Jhabvala

Heat and Dust

Historical novel

United KingdomGermany

1976

David Storey[38]

Saville

Novel

United Kingdom

1977

Paul Scott[39]

Staying On

Novel

United Kingdom

1978

Iris Murdoch[40]

The Sea, the Sea

Philosophical novel

IrelandUnited Kingdom

1979

Penelope Fitzgerald[41]

Offshore

Novel

United Kingdom

1980

William Golding[42]

Rites of Passage

Novel

United Kingdom

1981

Salman Rushdie[43]

Midnight's Children

Magic realism

United Kingdom

1982

Thomas Keneally[44]

Schindler's Ark

Biographical novel

Australia

1983

J. M. Coetzee[45]

Life & Times of Michael K

Novel

South Africa

1984

Anita Brookner[46]

Hotel du Lac

Novel

United Kingdom

1985

Keri Hulme[47]

The Bone People

Mystery novel

New Zealand

1986

Kingsley Amis[48]

The Old Devils

Comic novel

United Kingdom

1987

Penelope Lively[49]

Moon Tiger

Novel

United Kingdom

1988

Peter Carey[50]

Oscar and Lucinda

Historical novel

Australia

1989

Kazuo Ishiguro[51]

The Remains of the Day

Historical novel

United Kingdom

1990

A. S. Byatt

Possession

Historical novel

United Kingdom

1991

Ben Okri[52]

The Famished Road

Magic realism

Nigeria

1992

Michael Ondaatje[53]

The English Patient

Historiographic metafiction

Canada

Barry Unsworth[54]

Sacred Hunger

Historical novel

United Kingdom

1993

Roddy Doyle

Paddy Clarke Ha Ha Ha

Novel

Ireland

1994

James Kelman[55]

How Late It Was, How Late

Stream of consciousness

United Kingdom

1995

Pat Barker[56]

The Ghost Road

War novel

United Kingdom

1996

Graham Swift[57]

Last Orders

Novel

United Kingdom

1997

Arundhati Roy

The God of Small Things

Novel

India

1998

Ian McEwan[58]

Amsterdam

Novel

United Kingdom

1999

J. M. Coetzee[59]

Disgrace

Novel

South Africa

2000

Margaret Atwood

The Blind Assassin

Historical novel

Canada

2001

Peter Carey

True History of the Kelly Gang

Historical novel

Australia

2002

Yann Martel

Life of Pi

Fantasy and adventure novel

Canada

2003

DBC Pierre

Vernon God Little

Black comedy

Australia

2004

Alan Hollinghurst

The Line of Beauty

Historical novel

United Kingdom

2005

John Banville

The Sea

Novel

Ireland

2006

Kiran Desai

The Inheritance of Loss

Novel

India

2007

Anne Enright

The Gathering

Novel

Ireland

2008

Aravind Adiga[60]

The White Tiger

Novel

India

2009

Hilary Mantel

Wolf Hall

Historical novel

United Kingdom

2010

Howard Jacobson

The Finkler Question

Comic novel

United Kingdom

2011

Julian Barnes

The Sense of an Ending

Novel

United Kingdom

2012

Hilary Mantel

Bring Up the Bodies

Historical novel

United Kingdom

2013

Eleanor Catton

The Luminaries

Historical novel

New Zealand

2014

Richard Flanagan

The Narrow Road to the Deep North

Historical novel

Australia

2015

Marlon James

A Brief History of Seven Killings

Historical/experimental novel

Jamaica

2016

Paul Beatty

The Sellout

Satirical novel

United States of America

2017

George Saunders

Lincoln in the Bardo

Historical/experimental novel

United States of America

text: Jump up ^  In 1971, the nature of the Prize was changed so that it was awarded to novels published in that year instead of in the previous year; therefore, no novel published in 1970 could win the Booker Prize. This was rectified in 2010 by the awarding of the "Lost Man Booker Prize" to J. G. Farrell's Troubles.[61]

text: Special awards[edit]

text: In 1993, to mark the prize's 25th anniversary, a "Booker of Bookers" Prize was given. Three previous judges of the award, Malcolm Bradbury, David Holloway and W. L. Webb, met and chose Salman Rushdie's Midnight's Children, the 1981 winner, as "the best novel out of all the winners."[62]

text: Similarly, The Best of the Booker was awarded in 2008 to celebrate the prize's 40th anniversary. A shortlist of six winners was chosen and the decision was left to a public vote; the winner was again Midnight's Children.[63][64]

text: In 2018, to celebrate the 50 anniversary, the Golden Man Booker was awarded. One book from each decade was selected by a panel of judges: Naipaul's In a Free State (the 1971 winner), Lively's Moon Tiger (1987), Ondaatje's The English Patient (1992), Mantel's Wolf Hall and Saunders' Lincoln in the Bardo. The winner, by popular vote, was The English Patient. [65]

text: Facts and statistics[edit]

text: Each publisher's imprint may submit two titles. In addition, previous winners of the prize and those who have been shortlisted in the previous five years are automatically considered. Books may also be called in: publishers can make written representations to the judges to consider titles in addition to those already entered. In the 21st century the average number of books considered by the judges has been approximately 130.[citation needed]-->

text: Related awards[edit]

text: A separate prize for which any living writer in the world may qualify, the Man Booker International Prize was inaugurated in 2005. Until 2015, it was given every two years to a living author of any nationality for a body of work published in English or generally available in English translation. In 2016, the award was significantly reconfigured, and is now given annually to a single book in English translation, with a £50,000 prize for the winning title, shared equally between author and translator.

text: A Russian version of the Booker Prize was created in 1992 called the Booker-Open Russia Literary Prize, also known as the Russian Booker Prize. In 2007, Man Group plc established the Man Asian Literary Prize, an annual literary award given to the best novel by an Asian writer, either written in English or translated into English, and published in the previous calendar year.

text: As part of The Times' Literature Festival in Cheltenham, a Booker event is held on the last Saturday of the festival. Four guest speakers/judges debate a shortlist of four books from a given year from before the introduction of the Booker prize, and a winner is chosen. Unlike the real Man Booker (1969 through 2014), writers from outside the Commonwealth are also considered. In 2008, the winner for 1948 was Alan Paton's Cry, the Beloved Country, beating Norman Mailer's The Naked and the Dead, Graham Greene's The Heart of the Matter and Evelyn Waugh's The Loved One. In 2015, the winner for 1915 was Ford Madox Ford's The Good Soldier, beating The Thirty-Nine Steps (John Buchan), Of Human Bondage (W. Somerset Maugham), Psmith, Journalist (P. G. Wodehouse) and The Voyage Out (Virginia Woolf).[66]