document_title: I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK TV series)

question_text: where is i'm a celebrity filmed uk

question_tokens: where is i 'm a celebrity filmed uk

text: Format[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: In return for their appearance on I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!, the celebrities are asked to nominate a charity to which the producers, ITV Studios, make donations. The celebrities themselves are also paid a fee to compensate them for possible loss of earnings while they are in the jungle. The producers of the show keep the precise details of the celebrities' contracts private, prompting much speculation from the media. The money is raised by allowing viewers to vote by phone, text message, or the "red button" (a colloquialism popular in the UK for TV interactive services) for the celebrity they would like to complete a "Bushtucker Trial" — a physical task usually involving snakes, spiders or other creepy-crawlies found in the jungle — and, later in each series, to vote for the celebrity they would like to see win the show. The last remaining celebrity after all others have been evicted is declared the winner of the show, and is branded "King/Queen of the Jungle".

text: Bushtucker trial[edit]

text: Bushtucker trials are used in the show to allow the contestants to gain food and treats for camp. Bushtucker Trials take two formats: eating trials, or physical/mental tasks.

text: In the eating trials, contestants are required to eat a variety of different "jungle" foods. Each dish successfully eaten will gain the contestants one star, which equals one meal for camp (although the number of meals per star can vary). These trials generate the most viewer responses according to the ITV website.[citation needed] The foods that are required to be eaten can include: crickets (in a variety of forms, such as cooked into biscuits, blended into drinks or eaten alive or dead), green ants, mealworms, witchetty grub, roasted spider or tarantulas, kangaroo testicles, kangaroo penis, kangaroo vaginal parts, crocodile penis, cockroach (prepared in various ways such as being cooked into biscuits, blended into drinks, eaten alive or dead). Other past foods include beach worms, bull's tongues, the anus of various animals, vomit fruits, cooked pigs' brains, various animal testicles, raw fish eyes, sheep eyes, blended rats or mice tails.

text: The second type of challenge is more of a physical or mental task that requires the contestants to perform activities to gain stars. These can include searching through dung, going through tunnels, negotiating obstacles on high wires, or performing other tasks.

text: Dingo Dollar Challenge/Dingo Dimes[edit]

text: One way of camp can earn treats is by doing extra tasks in Bushtucker trials or in general. Dingo Dimes can be used in the vending machine in Croc Creek. Dingo Dimes only featured in the 2015 series.

text: Another way camp can earn treats is to do what is known as the "Dingo Dollar Challenge". This involves two or more celebrities going into the jungle to perform a task that releases an item to open a container with an amount of dingo dollars. Once that has been completed and the dollars have been retrieved, it is taken to a small woodshack shop, with shopkeeper 'Kiosk Keith'. They can exchange the dollars for a necessity such as a hammock or a treat such as chocolate chip cookies. Kiosk Keith calls camp and the celebrities then have a question usually relating to a celebrity or a piece of trivia. The "Celebrity Chest" was abandoned for the first time in the 2012 series, in favour of the Dingo Dollar Challenge, which involves the celebrities collecting 'dingo dollars' and subsequently answering a question correctly in order to win a treat for the camp, if they win they will receive their prize however if the celebrities get it wrong, Kiosk Keith takes the dingo dollars and shuts up shop, leaving nothing for the camp.

text: Formerly, 'The Celebrity Chest' had a question with a choice of answers, similar to the Dingo Dollar Challenge, the two celebrities who took part in the challenge would bring the chest back to camp and collaborate over the question with the other camp members. If correct, they would win a treat, if incorrect, they would be told what the treat was.

text: In Dingo Dollars if the camp members answer correctly they get a choice of two treats.

text: Filming location[edit]

text: The first series of the show was filmed near Cairns, in Queensland, Australia.[3] Since the second series, the programme has been filmed in Springbrook National Park, near Murwillumbah, New South Wales, Australia.

text: Inside the entrance to the filming location is an open area allocated to buildings which accommodate on-site medical facilities, containers for the storage of props, and other back-stage facilities. Families and friends of the celebrities are housed here each morning during evictions. From this area, a restricted access road climbs to the site of the studios. The road then heads down into a valley via four-wheel drive access to the set of the show.

text: Some of these areas are viewable from Google Earth, although it is difficult to view the suspension bridges and open-air studio that Ant & Dec broadcast from. While the roof of the main building is bright red, when filming is out of season, this whole area is covered with hessian to obscure the aerial view.[clarification needed] The creeks and camp areas are situated directly below the main suspension bridges. As they are so close to the celebrities, the crew have to be careful during filming to keep voices and music down. Many of the Bushtucker Trials are not performed here; in fact, some are performed well away from the area.

text: Once out of the jungle, the contestants stay at the five-star hotel Palazzo Versace Australia.[4] The health and well-being of the celebrities and crew are looked after by medic Bob McCarron and his team from EMS. McCarron is also responsible for all of the creatures and food in the challenges.

text: Popularity and criticism[edit]

text: The finals of the second and third UK series were seen by 12.73 and 14.99 million people respectively[citation needed] — in both cases well over half of all people watching television in the country at the time.

text: The site in which the celebrities stay appears to be open to the elements, but is largely covered by sheets above the view of the cameras. In one episode, a celebrity had to swim in a swamp apparently infested with crocodiles. Marksmen were shown ready to shoot the animals if they attacked. In actuality, the area where this was filmed does not have crocodiles because it is too far south.

text: In Series 9 it was revealed that Katie Price was being paid almost four times as much as the other contestants, which sparked some criticism. It was also reported that, as a result, cash-strapped ITV were unable to provide any more money for the series, and that the quality of the trials had gone down.[5]

text: Controversies[edit]

text: ITV apologised in 2006 after confusion over the instructions for telephone and red-button interactive voting led to allegations in the media that the wrong person had been evicted in the run-off vote in Series 6 between Toby Anstis and Dean Gaffney.[6]

text: The show was forced to enhance its procedures after Ofcom found that after complaints, on 23 November 2006 episode, the show had breached Rule 1.16 of the Broadcasting Code for airing bad language before the watershed.[7]

text: 30 November 2006 episode was ruled to have breached Rule 2.2 of the Broadcasting Code after an investigation launched as part of the wider UK television public voting controversy. Due to late running, seven percent of phone and text votes for that episode of the show were not counted, although this did not affect the result.[8]

text: Sarah Matravers blamed the show for the breakdown of her relationship with contestant Marc Bannerman after he flirted with Cerys Matthews in Series 7.[9] Matthews and Bannerman later alleged the show footage had been edited by ITV to look like more than it was.[10]

text: Former Sex Pistols manager, Malcolm McLaren, who was due to appear on Series 7 but pulled out at the last minute, alleged that the show and the choice of winner was fixed, and the trials posed no real danger. He alleged that the show doctor told him that "'Things are so safe, I would send my own kids in to do the show'. There is nothing bad in there. They're hoodwinking the public".[11]

text:
ITV apologised in 2009 for not having properly advised the contestants in Series 9 of the relevant Australian legislation regarding animal cruelty.[12] Gino D'Acampo and Stuart Manning were charged by New South Wales Police after RSPCA Australia complained over their killing and eating of a rat during the show.[13]
In 2012, the decision by Nadine Dorries to enter the show was the source of criticism, which led to her suspension from the Conservative Party due to allegations she did not seek permission from the party whip Andrew Mitchell, resulting in an inquiry by the Parliamentary Commissioner for Standards.[14]

text:
The fifteenth series saw Ferne McCann eat a live water spider as part of a bushtucker trial. Ofcom reportedly received 694 complaints from the public over allegations of 'animal cruelty for entertainment'. ITV also received a further 500 complaints. In January 2016, it was revealed no further action would be taken.[15][16]
Ant was accused of racism following a joke during the show aimed at the Australian crew, which saw Ant joke that they get "paid in..." following a word that was construed by many viewers as "abos" an offensive term for Aboriginal Australians. A spokesperson later responded, stating that Ant had actually said "Avo's which is short for avocados".[17]
Viewers regularly complained that camp mate Iain Lee was the subject of bullying and isolation from other camp mates during the seventeenth series, and there were concerns raised as to the adverse affect this could have on his mental health. There have been calls for Rebekah Vardy to be cut as a mental health ambassador, due to her alleged role in the 'bullying'. On the ITV show Good Morning Britain the day after her eviction, she defended herself for remarks she made about Iain in Extra Camp, the ITV2 spin-off series stating that she was she "under pressure", and that they were taken out of context. After his eviction from the camp, Dennis Wise also claimed on Good Morning Britain that he and Iain were on friendly terms, and insisted that ITV would not allow bullying on the show. He latter accused of show of 'editing him' to look like a bully. Following his third place eviction, Iain directly addressed his relationship those accused of 'picking on him', stating that he has "loves them" and that there's "no beef between [them]". He also addressed claims that he had a "game plan", stating that he was just being himself.[18][19][20][21][22][23]

text: Series details[edit]

text: Winners are crowned King or Queen of their respective year. To date, there have been 10 Kings and 7 Queens of the Jungle.

text: Key:

text:
Series

Start date

End date

UK sponsor

Days in camp

Campmates

Honour places

Avg. viewers(millions)

Winner

Second place

Third place

1

25 August 2002 (2002-08-25)

8 September 2002 (2002-09-08)

N/A

15

8

Tony Blackburn

Tara Palmer-Tomkinson

Christine Hamilton

7.58

2

28 April 2003 (2003-04-28)

12 May 2003 (2003-05-12)

V

10

Phil Tufnell

John Fashanu

Linda Barker

8.55

3

26 January 2004 (2004-01-26)

9 February 2004 (2004-02-09)

First Choice

16

Kerry Katona

Jennie Bond

Peter Andre

11.02

4

21 November 2004 (2004-11-21)

1 December 2004 (2004-12-01)

18

11

Joe Pasquale

Paul Burrell

Fran Cosgrave

8.66

5

20 November 2005 (2005-11-20)

5 December 2005 (2005-12-05)

12

Carol Thatcher

Sheree Murphy

Sid Owen

9.32

6

13 November 2006 (2006-11-13)

1 December 2006 (2006-12-01)

Iceland

19

Matt Willis

Myleene Klass

Jason Donovan

7.96

7

12 November 2007 (2007-11-12)

30 November 2007 (2007-11-30)

20

11

Christopher Biggins

Janice Dickinson

Jason "J" Brown

7.45

8

16 November 2008 (2008-11-16)

5 December 2008 (2008-12-05)

21

12

Joe Swash

Martina Navratilova

George Takei

8.78

9

15 November 2009 (2009-11-15)

4 December 2009 (2009-12-04)

13

Gino D'Acampo

Kim Woodburn

Jimmy White

9.37

10

14 November 2010 (2010-11-14)

4 December 2010 (2010-12-04)

Stacey Solomon

Shaun Ryder

Jenny Eclair

10.37

11

13 November 2011 (2011-11-13)

3 December 2011 (2011-12-03)

Dougie Poynter

Mark Wright

Fatima Whitbread

10.08

12

11 November 2012 (2012-11-11)

1 December 2012 (2012-12-01)

12

Charlie Brooks

Ashley Roberts

David Haye

10.49

13

17 November 2013 (2013-11-17)

8 December 2013 (2013-12-08)

22

Kian Egan

David Emanuel

Lucy Pargeter

11.14

14

16 November 2014 (2014-11-16)

7 December 2014 (2014-12-07)

23

Carl "Foggy" Fogarty

Jake Quickenden

Melanie Sykes

10.26

15

15 November 2015 (2015-11-15)

6 December 2015 (2015-12-06)

Aunt Bessie's

22

13

Vicky Pattison

George Shelley

Ferne McCann

9.86

16

13 November 2016 (2016-11-13)

4 December 2016 (2016-12-04)

12

Scarlett Moffatt

Joel Dommett

Adam Thomas

10.42

17

19 November 2017 (2017-11-19)

10 December 2017 (2017-12-10)

Tombola Arcade

Georgia "Toff" Toffolo

Jamie Lomas

Iain Lee

9.96

text: Sponsors in the Republic of Ireland includes holiday firm MultiTrip.com, online fashion store M and M Direct and more recently car company, Kia.

text: Main series results[edit]

text: The first three series of I'm a Celebrity occurred at various different times during the years they were broadcast. From series 4 onwards, the show is broadcast from around mid November until late November/early December.

text: Series 1 (2002)[edit]

text: 8 contestants, 25 August – 8 September 2002:

text:
Celebrity

Famous for

Entered

Exited

Finished

Tony Blackburn
BBC Radio 1 disc jockey
Day 1
Day 15
1st

Tara Palmer-Tomkinson
Socialite, model, columnist & television presenter
Day 1
Day 15
2nd

Christine Hamilton
Author & public speaker
Day 1
Day 14
3rd

Nell McAndrew
Glamour model & television presenter
Day 1
Day 13
4th

Rhona Cameron
Comedian
Day 1
Day 12
5th

Darren Day
Actor, singer & television presenter
Day 1
Day 11
6th

Nigel Benn
Former Middleweight champion boxer
Day 1
Day 10
7th

Uri Geller
Magician, television personality & self-proclaimed psychic
Day 1
Day 9
8th

text: Series 2 (2003)[edit]

text: 10 contestants, 28 April  – 12 May 2003:

text:
Celebrity

Famous for

Entered

Exited

Finished

Phil Tufnell
Former England left-arm orthodox spin bowler
Day 1
Day 15
1st

John Fashanu
Former England striker & television presenter
Day 1
Day 15
2nd

Linda Barker
Changing Rooms presenter & interior designer
Day 1
Day 15
3rd

Wayne Sleep
Royal Ballet dancer
Day 1
Day 14
4th

Antony Worrall Thompson
Celebrity chef
Day 1
Day 13
5th

Toyah Willcox
Singer-songwriter & actress
Day 1
Day 12
6th

Catalina Guirado
Model & reality television star
Day 1
Day 11
7th

Chris Bisson
Holby City & Prime Suspect actor
Day 1
Day 10
8th

Danniella Westbrook
Former EastEnders actress
Day 1
Day 9
9th

Siân Lloyd
Television weather reporter
Day 1
Day 8
10th

text: Series 3 (2004)[edit]

text: 10 contestants, 26 January – 9 February 2004:

text:
Celebrity

Famous for

Entered

Exited

Finished

Kerry Katona
Atomic Kitten singer
Day 1
Day 16
1st

Jennie Bond
BBC royal correspondent
Day 1
Day 16
2nd

Peter Andre
Pop singer
Day 1
Day 16
3rd

Lord Brocket
Television presenter
Day 1
Day 15
4th

Katie Price
Glamour model
Day 1
Day 14
5th

Alex Best
Glamour model
Day 1
Day 13
6th

John Lydon
Sex Pistols band member & presenter
Day 1
Day 11
7th

Neil Ruddock
Former England footballer
Day 1
Day 11
8th

Diane Modahl
Olympic middle distance runner
Day 1
Day 10
9th

Mike Read
Radio DJ & journalist
Day 1
Day 9
10th

text: Series 4 (2004)[edit]

text: 11 contestants, 21 November – 6 December 2004:

text:
Celebrity

Famous for

Entered

Exited

Finished

Joe Pasquale
Comedian
Day 1
Day 18
1st

Paul Burrell
Former Royal Household servant
Day 1
Day 18
2nd

Fran Cosgrave
Nightclub manager, television personality & bodyguard
Day 1
Day 18
3rd

Janet Street-Porter
Broadcaster & journalist
Day 1
Day 17
4th

Sophie Anderton
Glamour model
Day 1
Day 15
5th

Antonio Fargas
Starsky & Hutch actor
Day 1
Day 14
6th

Sheila Ferguson
The Three Degrees singer
Day 1
Day 13
7th

Vic Reeves
Vic and Bob comedian
Day 5
Day 12
8th

Nancy Sorrell
Model & television presenter
Day 1
Day 11
9th

Natalie Appleton
Former All Saints singer
Day 1
Day 10
10th

Brian Harvey
East 17 singer
Day 2
Day 7
11th

text: Series 5 (2005)[edit]

text: 12 contestants, 20 November – 5 December 2005:

text:
Celebrity

Famous for

Entered

Exited

Finished

Carol Thatcher
Journalist & author
Day 1
Day 18
1st

Sheree Murphy
Emmerdale actress
Day 1
Day 18
2nd

Sid Owen
EastEnders actor & singer
Day 1
Day 18
3rd

Jimmy Osmond
Singer, actor & businessman
Day 1
Day 17
4th

Bobby Ball
Cannon and Ball comedian & actor
Day 6
Day 16
5th

Antony Costa
Former Blue singer
Day 1
Day 15
6th

Jenny Frost
Former Atomic Kitten singer
Day 1
Day 14
7th

David Dickinson
Former Bargain Hunt presenter
Day 1
Day 12
8th

Kimberley Davies
Former Neighbours actress
Day 1
Day 11
9th

Jilly Goolden
Wine critic & journalist
Day 1
Day 11
10th

Tommy Cannon
Cannon and Ball comedian
Day 6
Day 10
11th

Elaine Lordan
Former EastEnders actress
Day 1
Day 1
12th

text: Series 6 (2006)[edit]

text: 12 contestants, 13 November  – 1 December 2006:

text:
Celebrity

Famous for

Entered

Exited

Finished

Matt Willis

Busted band member
Day 1
Day 19
1st

Myleene Klass

Hear'Say singer
Day 1
Day 19
2nd

Jason Donovan

Stage & screen performer
Day 1
Day 19
3rd

David Gest

Music promoter & television producer
Day 1
Day 18
4th

Dean Gaffney

Former EastEnders actor
Day 5
Day 18
5th

Jan Leeming

Journalist & broadcaster
Day 1
Day 17
6th

Malandra Burrows

Emmerdale actress
Day 6
Day 16
7th

Phina Oruche

Footballer's Wives actress
Day 1
Day 15
8th

Lauren Booth

Broadcaster, journalist & activist
Day 1
Day 14
9th

Faith Brown

Comedian & impressionist
Day 1
Day 13
10th

Scott Henshall

Model & fashion designer
Day 1
Day 12
11th

Toby Anstis

Global Radio presenter
Day 1
Day 11
12th

text: Series 7 (2007)[edit]

text: 11 contestants, 12–30 November 2007:

text:
Celebrity

Famous for

Entered

Exited

Finished

Christopher Biggins

Film, television & stage actor
Day 5
Day 20
1st

Janice Dickinson

Supermodel
Day 1
Day 20
2nd

Jason "J" Brown

Former 5ive singer
Day 1
Day 20
3rd

Cerys Matthews

Singer-songwriter
Day 1
Day 19
4th

Gemma Atkinson

Hollyoaks actress & glamour model
Day 1
Day 18
5th

Anna Ryder Richardson

Changing Rooms presenter & interior designer
Day 1
Day 16
6th

Rodney Marsh

Retired England footballer
Day 1
Day 15
7th

John Burton Race

Celebrity chef
Day 1
Day 14
8th

Lynne Franks

Spokeswoman & writer
Day 1
Day 13
9th

Katie Hopkins

The Apprentice contestant
Day 2
Day 12
10th

Marc Bannerman

EastEnders actor
Day 1
Day 11
11th

text: Series 8 (2008)[edit]

text: Series 8: Sunday 16 November –  5 December 2008:

text:
Celebrity

Famous for

Entered

Exited

Finished

Joe Swash

EastEnders actor
Day 1
Day 21
1st

Martina Navratilova

Retired professional tennis player
Day 1
Day 21
2nd

George Takei

Former Star Trek actor
Day 1
Day 21
3rd

David Van Day

Former Dollar singer
Day 5
Day 20
4th

Simon Webbe

Blue singer
Day 1
Day 19
5th

Nicola McLean

Glamour model
Day 1
Day 18
6th

Brian Paddick

Liberal Democrat & retired policeman
Day 1
Day 17
7th

Esther Rantzen

Television presenter & charity campaigner
Day 1
Day 16
8th

Timmy Mallett

Children's television presenter
Day 5
Day 15
9th

Carly Zucker

Personal trainer & model
Day 1
Day 14
10th

Dani Behr

Television presenter, model & singer
Day 1
Day 13
11th

Robert Kilroy-Silk

Former Labour Party politician & television presenter
Day 1
Day 12
12th

text: Series 9 (2009)[edit]

text: Series 9: 15 November –  4 December 2009

text:
Celebrity

Famous for

Entered

Exited

Finished

Gino D'Acampo

Chef & television presenter
Day 1
Day 21
1st

Kim Woodburn

How Clean Is Your House? presenter
Day 1
Day 21
2nd

Jimmy White

Professional snooker player
Day 1
Day 21
3rd

Justin Ryan

Interior designer & television presenter
Day 1
Day 20
4th

Stuart Manning

Former Hollyoaks actor
Day 1
Day 19
5th

Sabrina Washington

Former Mis-Teeq singer
Day 1
Day 18
6th

George Hamilton

Film actor
Day 1
Day 17
7th

Joe Bugner

Heavyweight boxer
Day 4
Day 16
8th

Samantha Fox

Former model & singer
Day 1
Day 14
9th

Colin McAllister

Interior designer & television presenter
Day 1
Day 11
10th

Lucy Benjamin

Former EastEnders actress
Day 1
Day 10
11th

Katie Price

Businesswoman & television personality
Day 2
Day 9
12th

Camilla Dallerup

Strictly Come Dancing professional dancer
Day 1
Day 4
13th

text: Series 10 (2010)[edit]

text: I'm a Celebrity... Get Me out of Here! returned on 14 November 2010 at 9pm on ITV and ITV1 HD for its tenth series, as confirmed by presenters Ant and Dec at the end of the "Coming Out" show at the conclusion of series 9. This is the first series in HD. Series 10 is the only series to have 2 live trials.

text: Series 10: 14 November  – 4 December 2010

text:
Celebrity

Famous for

Entered

Exited

Finished

Stacey Solomon

The X Factor contestant
Day 1
Day 21
1st

Shaun Ryder

Former Happy Mondays singer
Day 1
Day 21
2nd

Jenny Eclair

Comedian & novelist
Day 4
Day 20
3rd

Dom Joly

Comedian
Day 4
Day 19
4th

Kayla Collins

Playboy model
Day 1
Day 19
5th

Aggro Santos

Rapper
Day 1
Day 18
6th

Linford Christie

Retired Olympic sprinter
Day 1
Day 17
7th

Gillian McKeith

Nutritionist, author & television presenter
Day 1
Day 16
8th

Britt Ekland

Actress
Day 1
Day 15
9th

Alison Hammond

This Morning presenter
Day 6
Day 15
10th

Lembit Öpik

Former Liberal Democratic Party MP
Day 1
Day 13
11th

Sheryl Gascoigne

Author
Day 1
Day 12
12th

Nigel Havers

Coronation Street actor
Day 1
Day 9
13th

text: Series 11 (2011)[edit]

text: The eleventh series began on 13 November 2011.[24] The official line-up was confirmed on 9 November 2011.[25]

text: Series 11: 13 November – 3 December 2011

text:
Celebrity

Known for

Entered

Exited

Finished

Dougie Poynter

McFly bassist

Day 1

Day 21

1st

Mark Wright

The Only Way is Essex star

Day 1

Day 21

2nd

Fatima Whitbread

Olympic javelin thrower

Day 1

Day 20

3rd

Antony Cotton

Coronation Street actor

Day 1

Day 20

4th

Willie Carson

Former horse racing jockey

Day 1

Day 19

5th

Crissy Rock

Benidorm actress

Day 1

Day 18

6th

Emily Scott

Swimwear model

Day 5

Day 17

7th

Jessica-Jane Clement

Glamour model, actress & television presenter

Day 1

Day 16

8th

Lorraine Chase

Emmerdale actress

Day 1

Day 15

9th

Pat Sharp

Television & radio broadcaster

Day 3

Day 14

10th

Sinitta

80s pop singer

Day 3

Day 13

11th

Stefanie Powers

Stage & screen actress

Day 1

Day 12

12th

Freddie Starr

Comedian & impressionist

Day 1

Day 3

13th

text: Series 12 (2012)[edit]

text: The twelfth series began on 11 November and ended on 1 December 2012.[26] The official line-up was revealed on 7 November 2012.

text: Series 12: 11 November – 1 December 2012

text:
Celebrity

Known for

Entered

Exited

Finished

Charlie Brooks

EastEnders actress

Day 1

Day 21

1st

Ashley Roberts

Former The Pussycat Dolls singer

Day 1

Day 21

2nd

David Haye

Heavyweight boxer

Day 1

Day 20

3rd

Eric Bristow

Professional darts player

Day 1

Day 19

4th

Hugo Taylor

Made in Chelsea star

Day 1

Day 18

5th

Rosemary Shrager

Celebrity chef

Day 5

Day 17

6th

Helen Flanagan

Coronation Street actress & model

Day 1

Day 16

7th

Colin Baker

Former Doctor Who actor

Day 1

Day 15

8th

Linda Robson

Birds of a Feather actress

Day 1

Day 13

9th

Limahl

Kajagoogoo band member

Day 5

Day 12

10th

Nadine Dorries

Conservative Party politician

Day 1

Day 11

11th

Brian Conley

Actor & comedian

Day 1

Day 9

12th

text: Series 13 (2013)[edit]

text: The thirteenth series began airing on ITV on 17 November 2013.[27] The first advert for the series aired on 21 October 2013.[28] The line-up was confirmed on 13 November 2013.

text: Series 13: 17 November 2013 – 8 December 2013

text:
Celebrity

Known for

Entered

Exited

Finished

Kian Egan

Former Westlife singer

Day 1

Day 22

1st

David Emanuel

Royal fashion designer

Day 1

Day 22

2nd

Lucy Pargeter

Emmerdale actress

Day 1

Day 21

3rd

Joey Essex

The Only Way is Essex star

Day 1

Day 20

4th

Amy Willerton

Miss Universe Great Britain 2013

Day 1

Day 20

5th

Rebecca Adlington

Former Olympic swimmer

Day 1

Day 19

6th

Alfonso Ribeiro

Sitcom actor

Day 1

Day 19

7th

Steve Davis

Former professional snooker player

Day 1

Day 18

8th

Matthew Wright

The Wright Stuff presenter

Day 1

Day 17

9th

Vincent Simone

Strictly Come Dancing professional

Day 5

Day 17

10th

Laila Morse

EastEnders actress

Day 1

Day 16

11th

Annabel Giles

Television presenter & author

Day 5

Day 15

12th

text: Series 14 (2014)[edit]

text: The show returned for its fourteenth series on 16 November 2014.[29][30] On 15 October 2014, a teaser for the upcoming series was released on the official website. On 11 November, the full list of celebrities was confirmed by ITV.[31] On 20 November, a further two campmates were confirmed to have joined the show.[32]

text: Series 14: 16 November 2014 – 7 December 2014

text:
Celebrity

Known for

Entered

Exited

Finished

Carl "Foggy" Fogarty

Retired World Superbike racer

Day 1

Day 23

1st

Jake Quickenden

The X Factor contestant

Day 5

Day 23

2nd

Melanie Sykes

Television presenter & model

Day 1

Day 23

3rd

Edwina Currie

Former Conservative Party politician & author

Day 5

Day 22

4th

Tinchy Stryder

Rapper

Day 1

Day 21

5th

Kendra Wilkinson

Model & reality television star

Day 1

Day 21

6th

Vicki Michelle

Sitcom actress

Day 1

Day 20

7th

Michael Buerk

Newsreader & war journalist

Day 1

Day 19

8th

Nadia Forde

Model, television personality & singer

Day 1

Day 18

9th

Jimmy Bullard

Former Premier League footballer

Day 1

Day 17

10th

Craig Charles

Actor, comedian & presenter

Day 1

Day 4

11th

Gemma Collins

The Only Way is Essex star

Day 1

Day 3

12th

text: Series 15 (2015)[edit]

text: The show returned on 15 November 2015 under a new three-year contract, as confirmed by Ant & Dec at the end of the Coming Out show on 10 December 2014.[1]

text: Series 15: 15 November 2015 – 6 December 2015

text:
Celebrity

Known for

Entered

Exited

Finished

Vicky Pattison

Geordie Shore star

Day 3

Day 22

1st

George Shelley

Union J singer

Day 1

Day 22

2nd

Ferne McCann

The Only Way is Essex star

Day 3

Day 22

3rd

Kieron Dyer

Former Premier League footballer

Day 1

Day 21

4th

Jorgie Porter

Hollyoaks actress

Day 1

Day 21

5th

Tony Hadley

Spandau Ballet singer

Day 1

Day 20

6th

Duncan Bannatyne

Former Dragons' Den panelist & entrepreneur

Day 1

Day 19

7th

Lady Colin Campbell

Royal biographer & socialite

Day 1

Day 17

8th

Chris Eubank

Retired professional boxer

Day 1

Day 17

9th

Yvette Fielding

Actress & television presenter

Day 1

Day 16

10th

Brian Friedman

Dancer & The X Factor choreographer

Day 1

Day 15

11th

Susannah Constantine

Fashion journalist

Day 1

Day 13

12th

Spencer Matthews

Made in Chelsea star

Day 3

Day 5

13th

text: Series 16 (2016)[edit]

text:
The show returned in 2016, and is the second in a three-year contract, as confirmed by Ant & Dec at the end of the Coming Out show on
9 December 2015. It began airing on 13 November 2016.[1]

text: Series 16: 13 November 2016 – 4 December 2016

text:
Celebrity

Known for

Entered

Exited

Finished

Scarlett Moffatt

Gogglebox star

Day 1

Day 22

1st

Joel Dommett

Stand-up comedian

Day 1

Day 22

2nd

Adam Thomas

Emmerdale actor

Day 1

Day 22

3rd

Sam Quek

Olympic hockey player

Day 1

Day 21

4th

Wayne Bridge

Former Premier League footballer

Day 1

Day 20

5th

Martin Roberts

Homes Under the Hammer presenter

Day 5

Day 20

6th

Larry Lamb

Actor

Day 1

Day 19

7th

Carol Vorderman

TV presenter & former Countdown co-host

Day 1

Day 18

8th

Jordan Banjo

Diversity Dance Troupe Member

Day  1

Day 17

9th

Ola Jordan

Former Strictly Come Dancing dancer

Day 1

Day 16

10th

Lisa Snowdon

Fashion model & presenter

Day 1

Day 15

11th

Danny Baker

Radio presenter

Day 5

Day 13

12th

text: Series 17 (2017)[edit]

text: The show returned in 2017, and is the third in a three-year contract, as confirmed by Ant & Dec at the end of the Coming Out show on 7 December 2016. It began airing on 19 November 2017.[1]

text: Series 17: 19 November 2017 – 10 December 2017

text:
Celebrity

Known for

Entered

Exited

Finished

Georgia "Toff" Toffolo

Made in Chelsea star

Day 1

Day 22

1st

Jamie Lomas

Hollyoaks actor

Day 1

Day 22

2nd

Iain Lee

Comedian

Day 5

Day 22

3rd

Jennie McAlpine

Coronation Street actress

Day 1

Day 21

4th

Amir Khan

Professional boxer

Day 1

Day 20

5th

Dennis Wise

Former Premier League footballer

Day 1

Day 19

6th

Stanley Johnson

Politician & author

Day 1

Day 18

7th

Vanessa White

The Saturdays singer

Day 1

Day 17

8th

Rebekah "Becky" Vardy

Wife of Jamie Vardy

Day 1

Day 16

9th

Kezia Dugdale

Politician & former Scottish Labour leader

Day 5

Day 15

10th

Shappi Khorsandi

Stand-up comedian

Day 1

Day 13

11th

Jack Maynard

DJ & YouTube personality

Day 1

Day 3

12th

text: Series 18 (2018)[edit]

text: The show will return in 2018, as confirmed by Ant & Dec at the end of the Coming Out show on 15 December 2017. It is the first series in a new two-year contract. However, on 9 August 2018, Anthony McPartlin pulled out the show as he continues to get treatment after being admitted to rehab in March.

text: Series records and statistics[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
Biggest winning percentage: 83.42% – Gino D'Acampo (Series 9)
Closest winning percentage: 50.56% – Charlie Brooks (Series 12)
Longest stay in camp: 23 days – Carl "Foggy" Fogarty & Melanie Sykes (Series 14)
Shortest stay in camp: 1 day – Elaine Lordan (Series 5)
Most appearances: 2 series – Katie Price (Series 3 and Series 9), Paul Burrell (UK series 4 and Australia season 4), Vicky Pattison (UK series 15 and Australia season 4)
Most bushtucker trials: 12 trials – Adam Thomas (Series 16)
Most consecutive bushtucker trials: 7 trials – Helen Flanagan (Series 12)
Most refused bushtucker trials: 2 trials – Lady Colin Campbell (Series 15)

text: Series ratings[edit]

text:
Series

Start date

End date

No. of shows

Highest rating (millions)

Lowest rating (millions)

Average rating (millions)[33]

1

25 August 2002 (2002-08-25)

8 September 2002 (2002-09-08)

15

10.95

6.14

7.58

2

28 April 2003 (2003-04-28)

12 May 2003 (2003-05-12)

15

12.73

5.15

8.55

3

26 January 2004 (2004-01-26)

9 February 2004 (2004-02-09)

17

14.99

8.96

11.02

4

21 November 2004 (2004-11-21)

6 December 2004 (2004-12-06)

16

11.43

7.04

8.66

5

20 November 2005 (2005-11-20)

5 December 2005 (2005-12-05)

16

12.35

7.69

9.32

6

13 November 2006 (2006-11-13)

1 December 2006 (2006-12-01)

17

10.05

6.97

7.96

7

12 November 2007 (2007-11-12)

30 November 2007 (2007-11-30)

19

8.84

5.00

7.45

8

16 November 2008 (2008-11-16)

5 December 2008 (2008-12-05)

20

10.19

7.91

8.78

9

15 November 2009 (2009-11-15)

4 December 2009 (2009-12-04)

19

10.86

7.86

9.37

10

14 November 2010 (2010-11-14)

4 December 2010 (2010-12-04)

19

13.48

6.68

10.37

11

13 November 2011 (2011-11-13)

3 December 2011 (2011-12-03)

19

11.10

6.98

10.08

12

11 November 2012 (2012-11-11)

1 December 2012 (2012-12-01)

19

11.51

8.81

10.49

13

17 November 2013 (2013-11-17)

8 December 2013 (2013-12-08)

20

13.05

9.62

11.14

14

16 November 2014 (2014-11-16)

7 December 2014 (2014-12-07)

20

11.97

9.21

10.26

15

15 November 2015 (2015-11-15)

6 December 2015 (2015-12-06)

21

11.32

8.88

9.86

16

13 November 2016 (2016-11-13)

4 December 2016 (2016-12-04)

21

12.66

9.21

10.42

17

19 November 2017 (2017-11-19)

10 December 2017 (2017-12-10)

22

12.69

8.88

9.96

text: Note for "Average rating": Since 2010 incl. HD viewers and since 2011 incl. "ITV +1" consumers.

text: Spin-off[edit]

text: A companion show, I'm a Celebrity: Extra Camp (previously I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! NOW!) is broadcast on ITV2 following every episode. It has been shown since the first series in 2002 and has featured a variety of presenters. The show is currently presented by Scarlett Moffatt, Joel Dommett and Joe Swash.[34]


document_title: QWERTY

question_text: who invented the first practical typewriter and the qwerty keyboard still in use today

question_tokens: who invented the first practical typewriter and the qwerty keyboard still in use today

root

text: QWERTY

text: History

text: The QWERTY layout was devised and created in the early 1870s by Christopher Latham Sholes, a newspaper editor and printer who lived in Kenosha, Wisconsin. In October 1867, Sholes filed a patent application for his early writing machine he developed with the assistance of his friends Carlos Glidden and Samuel W. Soulé.[1]

tag: p

text: The first model constructed by Sholes used a piano-like keyboard with two rows of characters arranged alphabetically as shown below:[1]

text: - 3 5 7 9 N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z 2 4 6 8 . A B C D E F G H I J K L M

text:
The construction of the "Type Writer" had two flaws that made the product susceptible to jams.
Firstly, characters were mounted on metal arms or type bars, which would clash and jam if neighbouring arms were pressed at the same time or in rapid succession. Secondly, its printing point was located beneath the paper carriage, invisible to the operator, a so-called "up-stroke" design. Consequently, jams were especially serious, because the typist could only discover the mishap by raising the carriage to inspect what had been typed. The solution was to place commonly used letter-pairs (like "th" or "st") so that their type bars were not neighbouring, avoiding jams.[2]

text: Sholes struggled for the next five years to perfect his invention, making many trial-and-error rearrangements of the original machine's alphabetical key arrangement. The study of bigram (letter-pair) frequency by educator Amos Densmore, brother of the financial backer James Densmore, is believed to have influenced the array of letters, but the contribution was later called into question.[3] Others suggest instead that the letter groupings evolved from telegraph operators' feedback.[4]

text: In November 1868 he changed the arrangement of the latter half of the alphabet, O to Z, right-to-left.[5] In April 1870 he arrived at a four-row, upper case keyboard approaching the modern QWERTY standard, moving six vowel letters, A, E, I, O, U, and Y, to the upper row as follows:[6]

text: 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 -    A E I . ? Y U O ,B C D F G H J K L MZ X W V T S R Q P N

text: In 1873 Sholes's backer, James Densmore, successfully sold the manufacturing rights for the Sholes & Glidden Type-Writer to E. Remington and Sons. The keyboard layout was finalized within a few months by Remington's mechanics and was ultimately presented:[7]

text: 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 - ,Q W E . T Y I U O PZ S D F G H J K L MA X & C V B N ? ; R

text: After they purchased the device, Remington made several adjustments, creating a keyboard with essentially the modern QWERTY layout. These adjustments included placing the "R" key in the place previously allotted to the period key. Apocryphal claims that this change was made to let salesmen impress customers by pecking out the brand name "TYPE WRITER QUOTE" from one keyboard row are not formally substantiated.[7] Vestiges of the original alphabetical layout remained in the "home row" sequence DFGHJKL.[8]

text: The modern layout is:

text: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 - =Q W E R T Y U I O P [ ] \A S D F G H J K L ; 'Z X C V B N M , . /

text: The QWERTY layout became popular with the success of the Remington No. 2 of 1878, the first typewriter to include both upper and lower case letters, using a shift key.

text: Differences from modern layout

text: Substituting characters

text: The QWERTY layout depicted in Sholes's 1878 patent is slightly different from the modern layout, most notably in the absence of the numerals 0 and 1, with each of the remaining numerals shifted one position to the left of their modern counterparts. The letter M is located at the end of the third row to the right of the letter L rather than on the fourth row to the right of the N, the letters X and C are reversed, and most punctuation marks are in different positions or are missing entirely.[9] 0 and 1 were omitted to simplify the design and reduce the manufacturing and maintenance costs; they were chosen specifically because they were "redundant" and could be recreated using other keys. Typists who learned on these machines learned the habit of using the uppercase letter I (or lowercase letter L) for the digit one, and the uppercase O for the zero.[10]

text: Combined characters

text: In early designs, some characters were produced by printing two symbols with the carriage in the same position. For instance, the exclamation point, which shares a key with the numeral 1 on modern keyboards, could be reproduced by using a three-stroke combination of an apostrophe, a backspace, and a period. A semicolon (;) was produced by printing a comma (,) over a colon (:). As the backspace key is slow in simple mechanical typewriters (the carriage was heavy and optimized to move in the opposite direction), a more professional approach was to block the carriage by pressing and holding the space bar while printing all characters that needed to be in a shared position. To make this possible, the carriage was designed to advance forward only after releasing the space bar.

text: The 0 key was added and standardized in its modern position early in the history of the typewriter, but the 1 and exclamation point were left off some typewriter keyboards into the 1970s.[11]

text: Contemporary alternatives

text: There were no particular technological requirements for the QWERTY layout,[7] since at the time there were ways to make a typewriter without the "up-stroke" typebar mechanism that had required it to be devised. Not only were there rival machines with "down-stroke" and "frontstroke" positions that gave a visible printing point, the problem of typebar clashes could be circumvented completely: examples include Thomas Edison's 1872 electric print-wheel device which later became the basis for Teletype machines; Lucien Stephen Crandall's typewriter (the second to come onto the American market) whose type was arranged on a cylindrical sleeve; the Hammond typewriter of 1887 which used a semi-circular "type-shuttle" of hardened rubber (later light metal); and the Blickensderfer typewriter of 1893 which used a type wheel. The early Blickensderfer's "Ideal" keyboard was also non-QWERTY, instead having the sequence "DHIATENSOR" in the home row, these 10 letters being capable of composing 70% of the words in the English language.[12]

text: Properties

text: Alternating hands while typing is a desirable trait in a keyboard design. While one hand types a letter, the other hand can prepare to type the next letter, making the process faster and more efficient. However, when a string of letters is typed with the same hand, the chances of stuttering[clarification needed] are increased and a rhythm can be broken, thus decreasing speed and increasing errors and fatigue. In the QWERTY layout many more words can be spelled using only the left hand than the right hand. In fact, thousands of English words can be spelled using only the left hand, while only a couple of hundred words can be typed using only the right hand[13] (the three most frequent letters in the English language, ETA, are all typed with the left hand). In addition, more typing strokes are done with the left hand in the QWERTY layout. This is helpful for left-handed people but disadvantages right-handed people.

text: Contrary to popular belief, the QWERTY layout was not designed to slow the typist down,[5] but rather to speed up typing by preventing jams. Indeed, there is evidence that, aside from the issue of jamming, placing often-used keys farther apart increases typing speed, because it encourages alternation between the hands.[14] There is another origin story in the Smithsonian that the QWERTY keyboard was made for telegraph operators and has this layout to make it easy for the telegraph operator to work.[14][15][16] (On the other hand, in the German keyboard the Z has been moved between the T and the U to help type the frequent bigraphs TZ and ZU in that language.) Almost every word in the English language contains at least one vowel letter, but on the QWERTY keyboard only the vowel letter "A" is on the home row, which requires the typist's fingers to leave the home row for most words.

text: A feature much less commented-on than the order of the keys is that the keys do not form a rectangular grid, but rather each column slants diagonally. This is because of the mechanical linkages – each key is attached to a lever, and hence the offset prevents the levers from running into each other – and has been retained in most electronic keyboards. Some keyboards, such as the Kinesis or TypeMatrix, retain the QWERTY layout but arrange the keys in vertical columns, to reduce unnecessary lateral finger motion.[17][18]

text: The words 'typewriter', 'proprietor', 'perpetuity', and 'repertoire' (from French) are the longest English words that can be written using only the keys in the top row.

text: Computer keyboards

text: The first computer terminals such as the Teletype were typewriters that could produce and be controlled by various computer codes. These used the QWERTY layouts and added keys such as escape (ESC) which had special meanings to computers. Later keyboards added function keys and arrow keys. Since the standardization of PC-compatible computers and Windows after the 1980s, most full-sized computer keyboards have followed this standard (see drawing at right). This layout has a separate numeric keypad for data entry at the right, 12 function keys across the top, and a cursor section to the right and center with keys for Insert, Delete, Home, End, Page Up, and Page Down with cursor arrows in an inverted-T shape.[19]

text: Diacritical marks and international variants

text: Different computer operating systems have methods of support for input of different languages such as Chinese, Hebrew or Arabic. QWERTY is designed for English, a language with diacritical marks appearing only in a few words of foreign origin. QWERTY keyboards have no standard way of typing an accent. Until recently, no norm was defined for a standard QWERTY keyboard layout allowing the typing of accented characters. The so called "US-International layout" is, in fact, OS-dependent. There exist other layouts that try to overcome this shortcoming. One popular is EurKEY which is available for Windows, OS X and Linux.

text: A dead key is not used, like a grave accent (`) on a QWERTY keyboard, although some people use a dead key.

text: Depending on the operating system and sometimes the application program being used, there are many ways to generate Latin characters with accents independently of the layout in use.

text: Other keys and characters

text: International variants

text: Minor changes to the arrangement are made for other languages. There are a large number of different keyboard layouts used for different languages written in Latin script. They can be divided into three main families according to where the Q, A, Z, M, and Y keys are placed on the keyboard. These are usually named after the first six letters.

text: Canadian

text: English-speaking Canadians have traditionally most often used the same keyboard layout as in the United States, unless they are in a position where they have to write French on a regular basis. French-speaking Canadians respectively have favoured the Canadian French keyboard layout (see below).

text: Canadian Multilingual Standard

text: The Canadian Multilingual Standard keyboard layout is used by some Canadians. Though this keyboard lacks the caret (^) character, this is easily accomplished by typing the circumflex accent followed by a space. Note that while the diagram on the right depicts the Q key as if having upper-case and lower-case Greek Omega, that is not in conformance to the Canadian Multilingual Standard, which calls for a single extra character, an Omega-like Ohm symbol, not Omega. The lower-case Omega symbol does not belong in the diagram.

text: Canadian French

text: This keyboard layout is commonly used in Canada by French-speaking Canadians. It is the most common layout for laptops and stand-alone keyboards targeting French speakers. Unlike the French layout used in France and Belgium, the Canadian French layout is a true QWERTY and as such is also relatively commonly used by English speakers in the US and Canada (using standard QWERTY keyboards) for easy access to accented letters found in some of the French words commonly used in English. It can be used to type all accented French characters, as well as some from other languages. It also serves all English functions as well. It is popular mainly because of its close similarity to the basic US keyboard commonly used by English-speaking Canadians and Americans, historical use of US-made typewriters by French-Canadians, and is the standard for keyboards in Quebec. Use of the European French layout in Quebec is practically unheard of.

text: In some variants of this keyboard ⇪ Caps Lock is ⇪ Fix Maj (short for Fix Majuscule = Lock Upper Case) or ⇪ Verr Maj (short for Verrouiller Majuscule = Lock Upper Case), ↵ Enter is ↵ Entrée,[20] and Esc is Échap.

text: Czech (QWERTY)

text:
The typewriter came to the Czech-speaking area in the late 19th century, when it was part of Austria-Hungary where German was the dominant language of administration. Therefore, Czech typewriters have the QWERTZ layout.
However, with the introduction of imported computers, especially since the 1990s, the QWERTY keyboard layout is frequently used for computer keyboards, too. Czech QWERTY layout differs from QWERTZ in that the characters (e.g. @$& and others) missing from the Czech keyboard are accessible with AltGr on the same keys where they are located on an American keyboard. In Czech QWERTZ keyboard the position of these characters accessed through AltGr differs.

text: Danish

text: Both the Danish and Norwegian keyboards include dedicated keys for the letters Å/å, Æ/æ and Ø/ø, but the placement is a little different, as the Æ and Ø keys are swapped on the Norwegian layout. (The Finnish–Swedish keyboard is also largely similar to the Norwegian layout, but the Ø and Æ are replaced with Ö and Ä. On some systems, the Danish keyboard may allow typing Ö/ö and Ä/ä by holding the AltGr or ⌥ Option key while striking Ø and Æ, respectively.)

text: Dutch (Netherlands)

text: Though it is seldom used (most Dutch keyboards use US International layout),[21] the Dutch layout uses QWERTY but has additions for the € sign, the diaresis (¨), and the braces ({ }) as well as different locations for other symbols. An older version contained a single-stroke key for the Dutch character IJ/ij, which is usually typed by the combination of I and J. In the 1990s, there was a version with the now-obsolete florin sign (Dutch: guldenteken) for IBM PCs. In Flanders (the Dutch-speaking part of Belgium), "AZERTY" keyboards are used instead, due to influence from the French-speaking part of Belgium.

text: Estonian

text: The keyboard layout used in Estonia is virtually the same as the Swedish layout. The main difference is that the  Å and ¨ keys (to the right of P) are replaced with Ü and Õ respectively (the latter letter being the most distinguishing feature of the Estonian alphabet). Some special symbols and dead keys are also moved around.

text: Faroese

text: The same as the Danish layout with added Đ (Eth), since the Faroe Islands are a self-governed part of the Kingdom of Denmark.

text: Finnish multilingual

text: The visual layout used in Finland is basically the same as the Swedish layout. This is practical, as Finnish and Swedish share the special characters Ä/ä and Ö/ö, and while the Swedish Å/å is unnecessary for writing Finnish, it is needed by Swedish-speaking Finns and to write Swedish family names which are common.

text: As of 2008, there is a new standard for the Finnish multilingual keyboard layout, developed as part of a localization project by CSC. All the engravings of the traditional Finnish–Swedish visual layout have been retained, so there is no need to change the hardware, but the functionality has been extended considerably, as additional characters (e.g., Æ/æ, Ə/ə, Ʒ/ʒ) are available through the AltGr key, as well as dead keys, which allow typing a wide variety of letters with diacritics (e.g., Ç/ç, Ǥ/ǥ, Ǯ/ǯ).[22][23]

text: Based on the Latin letter repertory included in the Multilingual European Subset No. 2 (MES-2) of the Unicode standard, the layout has three main objectives. First, it provides for easy entering of text in both Finnish and Swedish, the two official languages of Finland, using the familiar keyboard layout but adding some advanced punctuation options, such as dashes, typographical quotation marks, and the non-breaking space (NBSP).

text: Second, it is designed to offer an indirect but intuitive way to enter the special letters and diacritics needed by the other three Nordic national languages (Danish, Norwegian and Icelandic) as well as the regional and minority languages (Northern Sámi, Southern Sámi, Lule Sámi, Inari Sámi, Skolt Sámi, Romani language as spoken in Finland, Faroese, Kalaallisut also known as Greenlandic, and German).

text:
As a third objective, it allows for relatively easy entering of particularly names (of persons, places or products) in a variety of European languages using a more or less extended Latin alphabet, such as the official languages of the European Union (excluding Bulgarian and Greek). Some letters, like Ł/ł needed for Slavic languages, are accessed by a special "overstrike" key combination acting like a dead key.[24]
However, the Romanian letters Ș/ș and Ț/ț (S/s and T/t with comma below) are not supported; the presumption is that Ş/ş and Ţ/ţ (with cedilla) suffice as surrogates.

text: Greek

text:
The stress accents, indicated in red, are produced by pressing that key (or shifted key) followed by an appropriate vowel.
Use of the "AltGr" key may produce the characters shown in blue.

tag: ul

text: Icelandic

text:
The Icelandic keyboard layout is different from the standard QWERTY keyboard because the Icelandic alphabet has some special letters, most of which it shares with the other Nordic countries:
Þ/þ, Ð/ð, Æ/æ, and Ö/ö. (Æ/æ also occurs in Norwegian, Danish and Faroese, Ð/ð in Faroese, and Ö/ö in Swedish, Finnish and Estonian. In Norwegian Ö/ö could be substituted for Ø/Ø which is the same sound/letter and is widely understood).

text: The letters Á/á, Ý/ý, Ú/ú, Í/í, and É/é are produced by first pressing the ´ dead key and then the corresponding letter. The Nordic letters Å/å and Ä/ä can be produced by first pressing °, located below the Esc key, and ⇧ Shift+° (for ¨) which also works for the non-Nordic ÿ, Ü/ü, Ï/ï, and Ë/ë. These letters are not used natively in Icelandic, but may have been implemented for ease of communication in other Nordic languages.[citation needed] Additional diacritics may be found behind the AltGr key: AltGr++ for ˋ (grave accent) and AltGr+´ for ˆ (circumflex).

text: Irish

text:
Microsoft Windows includes an Irish layout which supports acute accents with AltGr for the Irish language and grave accents with the ` dead key for Scottish Gaelic. The other Insular Celtic languages have their own layout.
The UK or UK-Extended layout is also frequently used.

text: Italian

text:
Braces (right above square brackets and shown in purple) are given with both AltGr and Shift pressed.
The tilde (~) and backquote (`) characters are not present on the Italian keyboard layout (with Linux, they are available by pressing AltGr+⇧ Shift+ì, and AltGr+⇧ Shift+'; Windows might not recognise these keybindings).
When using Microsoft Windows, the standard Italian keyboard layout does not allow one to write 100% correct Italian language, since it lacks capital accented vowels, and in particular the È key. The common workaround is writing E' (E followed by an apostrophe) instead, or relying on the auto-correction feature of several word processors when available. It is possible to obtain the È symbol in MS Windows by typing Alt + 0200. Mac users, however, can write the correct accented character by pressing ⇧ Shift + ⌥ Option + E or, in the usual Mac way, by pressing the correct key for the accent (in this case Alt + 9) and subsequently pressing the wanted letter (in this case ⇧ Shift + E). Linux users can also write it by pressing the è key with ⇪ Caps Lock enabled.

text: There is an alternate layout, which differs only in disposition of characters accessible through AltGr, and includes the tilde and the curly brackets. It is commonly used in IBM keyboards.

text: Italian typewriters often[citation needed] have the QZERTY layout instead.

text: The Italian-speaking part of Switzerland uses the QWERTZ keyboard.

text: Latvian (QWERTY)

text: Although rarely used, a keyboard layout specifically designed for the Latvian language called ŪGJRMV exists. The Latvian QWERTY keyboard layout is most commonly used - its layout is the same as latin ones, but with a dead key, which allows entering special characters (āčēģīķļņšūž, sometimes ō and ŗ). The most common dead key is the apostrophe ('), which is followed by Alt+Gr (Windows default for Latvian layout). Some prefer using tick (`).

text: Lithuanian (QWERTY)

text: In Lithuanian QWERTY keyboards the number keys on the top row have the following meanings: Ą, Č, Ę, Ė, Į, Š, Ų, Ū instead of their counterparts 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8. Besides these changes the keyboard is standard QWERTY. Besides QWERTY, the ĄŽERTY layout is used.

text: Maltese

text: The Maltese language uses Unicode (UTF-8) to display the Maltese diacritics: ċ Ċ; ġ Ġ; ħ Ħ; ż Ż (together with à À; è È; ì Ì; ò Ò; ù Ù). There are two standard keyboard layouts for Maltese, according to "MSA 100:2002 Maltese Keyboard Standard"; one of 47 keys and one of 48 keys. The 48-key layout is the most popular.

text: Norwegian

text: The Norwegian languages use the same letters as Danish, but the Norwegian keyboard differs from the Danish layout regarding the placement of the Ø, Æ and \ (backslash) keys. On the Danish keyboard, the Ø and Æ are swapped. The Swedish keyboard is also similar to the Norwegian layout, but Ø and Æ are replaced with Ö and Ä. On some systems, the Norwegian keyboard may allow typing Ö/ö and Ä/ä by holding the AltGr or ⌥ Option key while striking Ø and Æ, respectively.

text: There is also an alternative keyboard layout called Norwegian with Sámi, which allows for easier input of the characters required to write various Sámi (also known as Lapp) languages. All the Sámi characters are accessed through the AltGr key.

text: On Macintosh computers, the Norwegian and Norwegian extended keyboard layouts have a slightly different placement for some of the symbols obtained with the help of the ⇧ Shift or ⌥ Option keys. Notably, the $ sign is accessed with ⇧ Shift+4 and ¢ with ⇧ Shift+⌥ Option+4. Furthermore, the frequently used @ is placed between Æ and Return.

text: Polish

text: Most typewriters use a QWERTZ keyboard with Polish letters (with diacritical marks) accessed directly (officially approved as "Typist's keyboard", Polish: klawiatura maszynistki, Polish Standard PN-87), which is mainly ignored in Poland as impractical (except custom-made, e.g., in public sector and some Apple computers); the "Polish programmer's" (Polish: polski programisty) layout has become the de facto standard, used on virtually all computers sold on the Polish market.

text: Most computer keyboards in Poland are laid out according to the standard US visual and functional layout. Polish diacritics are accessed by using the AltGr key with a corresponding similar letter from the base Latin alphabet. Normal capitalization rules apply with respect to Shift and Caps Lock keys. For example, to enter "Ź", one can type Shift+AltGr+X with Caps Lock off, or turn on Caps Lock and type AltGr+X.

text: Both ANSI[25] and ISO[26] mechanical layouts are common sights, and even some non-standard[27] mechanical layouts are in use. ANSI is often preferred, as the additional key provides no additional function, at least in Microsoft Windows where it duplicates the backslash key, while taking space from the Shift key. Many keyboards do not label AltGr as such, leaving the Alt marking as in the US layout - the right Alt key nevertheless functions as AltGr in this layout, causing possible confusion when keyboard shortcuts with the Alt key are required (these usually work only with the left Alt) and causing the key to be commonly referred to as right Alt (Polish: prawy Alt).[28] However, keyboards with AltGr marking are available and it is also officially used by Microsoft when depicting the layout.[29]

text:
Key combinations to obtain Polish characters (Windows)

Caps Lock state
In combination with
Keystroke

A
C
E
L
N
O
S
Z
X
U

Off
right Alt
ą
ć
ę
ł
ń
ó
ś
ż
ź
€

Shift & right Alt
Ą
Ć
Ę
Ł
Ń
Ó
Ś
Ż
Ź

On
right Alt
Ą
Ć
Ę
Ł
Ń
Ó
Ś
Ż
Ź
€

Shift & right Alt
ą
ć
ę
ł
ń
ó
ś
ż
ź

Note: On Polish programmer keyboard, right Alt plays the role of AltGr

tag: table

text: Also, on MS Windows, the tilde character "~" (Shift+`) acts as a dead key to type Polish letters (with diacritical marks) thus, to obtain an "Ł", one may press Shift+` followed by L. The tilde character is obtained with (Shift+`) then space.

text: In Linux-based systems, the euro symbol is typically mapped to Alt+5 instead of Alt+U, the tilde acts as a normal key, and several accented letters from other European languages are accessible through combinations with left Alt. Polish letters are also accessible by using the compose key.

text: Software keyboards on touchscreen devices usually make the Polish diacritics available as one of the alternatives which show up after long-pressing the corresponding Latin letter.[30][31] However, modern predictive text and autocorrection algorithms largely mitigate the need to type them directly on such devices.

text: Portuguese

text: Brazil

text: The Brazilian computer keyboard layout is specified in the ABNT NBR 10346 variant 2 (alphanumeric portion) and 10347 (numeric portion) standards.

text: Essentially, the Brazilian keyboard contains dead keys for five variants of diacritics in use in the language; the letter Ç, the only application of the cedilla in Portuguese, has its own key. In some keyboard layouts the AltGr+C combination produces the ₢ character (Unicode 0x20A2), symbol for the old currency cruzeiro, a symbol that is not used in practice (the common abbreviation in the eighties and nineties used to be Cr$). The cent sign ¢, is accessible via AltGr+5, but is not commonly used for the centavo, subunit of previous currencies as well as the current real, which itself is represented by R$. The Euro sign € is not standardized in this layout. The masculine and feminine ordinals ª and º are accessible via AltGr combinations. The section sign § (Unicode U+00A7), in Portuguese called parágrafo, is nowadays practically only used to denote sections of laws.

text: Variant 2 of the Brazilian keyboard, the only which gained general acceptance (MS Windows treats both variants as the same layout),[32] has a unique mechanical layout, combining some features of the ISO 9995-3 and the JIS keyboards in order to fit 12 keys between the left and right Shift (compared to the American standard of 10 and the international of 11). Its modern, IBM PS/2-based variations, are thus known as 107-keys keyboards, and the original PS/2 variation was 104-key. Variant 1, never widely adopted, was based on the ISO 9995-2 keyboards. To make this layout usable with keyboards with only 11 keys in the last row, the rightmost key (/?°) has its functions replicated across the AltGr+Q, AltGr+W, and AltGr+E combinations.

text: Portugal

text: Essentially, the Portuguese keyboard contains dead keys for five variants of diacritics; the letter Ç, the only application of the cedilla in Portuguese, has its own key, but there are also a dedicated key for the ordinal indicators and a dedicated key for quotation marks. The AltGr+E combination for producing the euro sign € (Unicode 0x20AC) has become standard. On some QWERTY keyboards the key labels are translated, but the majority are labelled in English.

text: During the 20th century, a different keyboard layout, HCESAR, was in widespread use in Portugal.

text: Romanian (in Romania and Moldova)

text: The current Romanian National Standard SR 13392:2004 establishes two layouts for Romanian keyboards: a "primary"[33] one and a "secondary"[34] one.

text: The "primary" layout is intended for traditional users who have learned how to type with older, Microsoft-style implementations of the Romanian keyboard. The "secondary" layout is mainly used by programmers as it does not contradict the physical arrangement of keys on a US-style keyboard. The "secondary" arrangement is used as the default Romanian layout by Linux distributions, as defined in the "X Keyboard Configuration Database".[35]

text: There are four Romanian-specific characters that are incorrectly implemented in versions of Microsoft Windows until Vista came out:

text:
Ș (U+0218, S with comma), incorrectly implemented as Ş (U+015E, S with cedilla)
ș (U+0219, s with comma), incorrectly implemented as ş (U+015F, s with cedilla)
Ț (U+021A, T with comma), incorrectly implemented as Ţ (U+0162, T with cedilla)
ț (U+021B, t with comma), incorrectly implemented as ţ (U+0163, t with cedilla)

text: The cedilla-versions of the characters do not exist in the Romanian language (they came to be used due to a historic bug).[36] The UCS now says that encoding this was a mistake because it messed up Romanian data and the letters with cedilla and the letters with comma are the same letter with a different style.[37]

text: Since Romanian hardware keyboards are not widely available, Cristian Secară has created a driver that allows Romanian characters to be generated with a US-style keyboard in all versions of Windows prior to Vista through the use of the AltGr key modifier.[38]

text: MS Windows 7 now includes the correct diacritical signs in the default Romanian Keyboard layout. This layout has the Z and Y keys mapped like in English layouts and also includes characters like the 'at' (@) and dollar ($) signs, among others. The older cedilla-version layout is still included albeit as the 'Legacy' layout.

text: Slovak (QWERTY)

text: In Slovakia, similarly to the Czech Republic, both QWERTZ and QWERTY keyboard layouts are used. QWERTZ is the default keyboard layout for Slovak in Microsoft Windows.

text: Spanish

text: Spain, officially known as Spanish International sort

text: The Spanish keyboard layout is used to write in Spanish and in other languages of Spain such as Catalan, Basque, Galician, Aragonese, Asturian and Occitan. It includes Ñ for Spanish, Asturian and Galician, the acute accent, the diaeresis, the inverted question and exclamation marks (¿, ¡), the superscripted o and a (º, ª) for writing abbreviated ordinal numbers in masculine and feminine in Spanish and Galician, and finally, some characters required only for typing Catalan and Occitan that are Ç, the grave accent and the interpunct (punt volat / punt interior, used in l·l, n·h, s·h; located at Shift-3). It can also be used to write other international characters, such as the circumflex accent (used in French and Portuguese among others) and the tilde (used in both Spanish and Portuguese), which are available as dead keys. However, it lacks two characters used in Asturian: Ḥ and Ḷ (historically, general support for these two has been poor – they aren't present in the ISO 8859-1 character encoding standard, or any other ISO/IEC 8859 standard); several alternative distributions, based on this one or created from scratch, have been created to address this issue (see the Other original layouts and layout design software section for more information).

text: On most keyboards, € is marked as Alt Gr + E and not Alt Gr + 5 as shown in the image. However, in some keyboards, € is found marked twice. An alternative version exists, supporting all of ISO 8859-1.[39]

text: Spanish keyboards are usually labelled in Spanish instead of English, its abbreviations being:

text:
Spanish label
English equivalent

Insertar (Ins)
Insert (Ins)

Suprimir (Supr)
Delete (Del)

Retroceder página (Re Pág)
Page up (PgUp)

Avanzar página (Av Pág)
Page down (PgDn)

Inicio
Home

Fin
End

Imprimir pantalla / Petición de sistema (Impr Pant/PetSis)
Print Screen / System request (PrtScn/SysRq)

Bloqueo de mayúsculas (Bloq Mayús)
Caps Lock

Bloqueo numérico (Bloq Num)
Num Lock

Bloqueo de desplazamiento (Bloq Despl)
Scroll Lock

Pausa / Interrumpir (Pausa/Inter)
Pause/Break

Intro
Enter

text: The c-cedilla key (Ç), instead of on the right of the acute accent key (´), is located alternatively on some keyboards one or two lines above. In some cases it's placed on the right of the plus sign key (+).[40][41] In other keyboards it's situated on the right of the inverted exclamation mark key (¡).[42][43]

text: Latin America, officially known as Spanish Latinamerican sort

text: The Latin American Spanish keyboard layout is used throughout Mexico, Central and South America. Before its design, Latin American vendors had been selling the Spanish (Spain) layout as default.

text: Its most obvious difference from the Spanish (Spain) layout is the lack of a Ç key; on Microsoft Windows it lacks a tilde (~) dead key, whereas on Linux systems the dead tilde can be optionally enabled. This is not a problem when typing in Spanish, but it is rather problematic when typing in Portuguese, which can be an issue in countries with large commercial ties to Brazil (Argentina, Uruguay and Paraguay).

text: Normally "Bloq Mayús" is used instead of "Caps Lock", and "Intro" instead of "Enter".

text: Swedish

text: The central characteristics of the Swedish keyboard are the three additional letters Å/å, Ä/ä, and Ö/ö. The same visual layout is also in use in Finland, as the letters Ä/ä and Ö/ö are shared with the Swedish language, and even Å/å is needed by Swedish-speaking Finns. However, the Finnish multilingual keyboard adds new letters and punctuation to the functional layout.

text: The Norwegian keyboard largely resembles the Swedish layout, but the Ö and Ä are replaced with Ø and Æ. The Danish keyboard is also similar, but it has the Ø and Æ swapped. On some systems, the Swedish or Finnish keyboard may allow typing Ø/ø and Æ/æ by holding the AltGr or ⌥ Option key while striking Ö and Ä, respectively.

text: The Swedish with Sámi keyboard allows typing not only Ø/ø and Æ/æ, but even the letters required to write various Sámi (also known as Lapp) languages. This keyboard has the same function for all the keys engraved on the regular Swedish keyboard, and the additional letters are available through the AltGr key.

text: On Macintosh computers, the Swedish and Swedish Pro keyboards differ somewhat from the image shown above, especially as regards the characters available using the ⇧ Shift or ⌥ Option keys. ⇧ Shift+§ (on the upper row) produces the ° sign, and ⇧ Shift+4 produces the € sign. The digit keys produce ©@£$∞§|[]≈ with ⌥ Option and ¡"¥¢‰¶\{}≠ with ⌥ Option+⇧ Shift.

text: On Linux systems, the Swedish keyboard may also give access to additional characters as follows:

text:
first row: AltGr ¶¡@£$€¥{[]}\± and AltGr+⇧ Shift ¾¹²³¼¢⅝÷«»°¿¬
second row: AltGr @ł€®þ←↓→œþ"~ and AltGr+⇧ Shift ΩŁ¢®Þ¥↑ıŒÞ°ˇ
third row: AltGr ªßðđŋħjĸłøæ´ and AltGr+⇧ Shift º§ÐªŊĦJ&ŁØÆ×
fourth row: AltGr |«»©""nµ¸·̣  and AltGr+⇧ Shift ¦<>©‘’Nº˛˙˙

text: Several of these characters function as dead keys.

text: Turkish (Q-keyboard)

text: Today the majority of Turkish keyboards are based on QWERTY (the so-called Q-keyboard layout), although there is also the older F-keyboard layout specifically designed for the language.

text: United Kingdom

text: The United Kingdom and Ireland[nb 1] use a keyboard layout based on the 48-key version defined in (the now withdrawn) British Standard BS 4822.[44] It is very similar to that of the United States, but has an extra key and a larger Enter key, includes £ and € signs and some rarely used EBCDIC symbols (¬, ¦), and uses different positions for the characters @, ", #, ~, \, and |. See the article British and American keyboards for details.

text: The BS 4822:1994 standard did not make any use of the AltGr key and lacked support for any non-ASCII characters other than ¬ and £. It also assigned a key for the non-ASCII character broken bar (¦), but lacks one for the far more commonly used ASCII character vertical bar (|). It also lacked support for various diacritics used in the Welsh alphabet, and the Scottish Gaelic alphabet; and also is missing the letter yogh, ȝ, used very rarely in the Scots language. Therefore, various manufacturers have modified or extended the BS 4822 standard:

text:
The B00 key (left of Z), shifted, results in vertical bar (|) on some systems (e.g. Windows UK/Ireland keyboard layout and Linux/X11 UK/Ireland keyboard layout), rather than the broken bar (¦) assigned by BS 4822 and provided in some systems (e.g. IBM OS/2 UK166 keyboard layout)
The E00 key (left of 1) with AltGr provides either vertical bar (|) (OS/2's UK166 keyboard layout, Linux/X11 UK keyboard layout) or broken bar (¦) (Microsoft Windows UK/Ireland keyboard layout)

text: In many Commonwealth countries and other English-speaking jurisdictions (e.g., Canada, Australia, the Caribbean nations, Hong Kong, Malaysia, India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Singapore, New Zealand, and South Africa), local spelling conforms more closely to British English usage, while the supplied keyboard is or based on the English (US) keyboard. In Windows 8 and later versions, the backslash \ key (left of Z or space) is duplicated onto the hash # key (left of Enter), press which with Alt Gr key to type backslash \, with Alt Gr and ⇧ Shift keys to type vertical bar |. This aids users who are familiar with UK keyboard layout while the keyboard lacks this key (e.g. US Standard keyboard and Japan JIS keyboard).

text: UK Apple keyboard

text: The British version of the Apple Keyboard does not use the standard UK layout. Instead, some older versions have the US layout (see below) with a few differences: the £ sign is reached by ⇧ Shift+3 and the # sign by ⌥ Option+3, the opposite to the US layout. The € is also present and is typed with ⌥ Option+2. Umlauts are reached by typing ⌥ Option+U and then the vowel, and ß is reached by typing ⌥ Option+S.

text: Newer Apple "British" keyboards use a layout that is relatively unlike either the US or traditional UK keyboard. It uses an elongated return key, a shortened left ⇧ Shift with ` and ~ in the newly created position, and in the upper left of the keyboard are § and ± instead of the traditional EBCDIC codes. The middle-row key that fits inside the return key has \ and Pipe symbol.

text: United Kingdom (Extended) Layout

text: From Windows XP SP2 onwards, Microsoft has included a variant of the British QWERTY keyboard (the "United Kingdom Extended" keyboard layout) that can additionally generate several diacritical marks. This supports input on a standard physical UK keyboard for many languages without changing positions of frequently used keys, which is useful when working with text in Welsh and Scottish Gaelic — languages native to parts of the UK (Wales and parts of Scotland respectively).

text: Although the rarely used grave accent key becomes, as it also does in the US International layout, a dead key modifying the character generated by the next key pressed, the apostrophe, double-quote, tilde and caret keys are not changed. Instead, the additional characters are obtained using the AltGr key. The extended keyboard is software installed from the Windows control panel, and the extended characters are not normally engraved on keyboards.

text: Apple's Mac OS X does not include UK Extended, as it has key combinations for accents on any keyboard layout.

text: The UK International keyboard uses mostly the AltGr key to add diacritics to the letters a, e, i, n, o, u, w and y (the last two being used in Welsh) as appropriate for each character, as well as to their capitals. Pressing the key and then a character that does not take the specific diacritic produces the behaviour of a standard keyboard. The key presses followed by spacebar generate a stand-alone mark.:

text:
grave accents (e.g. à, è, etc.) are generated by pressing the grave accent/backtick key `, which is now a dead key, then the letter.
acute accents (e.g. á) are generated by pressing the AltGr key together with the letter, or AltGr+' (acting as a dead key combination) followed by the letter. Some programs use the combination of AltGr and a letter for other functions, in which case the AltGr+' method must be used to generate acute accents.
a circumflex (e.g. â, ê, etc.) is added by AltGr+6, acting as a dead key combination, followed by the letter.
diaeresis or umlaut (e.g. ä, ë, ö, etc.) is generated by a dead key combination AltGr+2, then the letter.
tilde (e.g. ã, ñ, õ, etc., as used in Spanish and Portuguese) is generated by dead key combination AltGr+#, then the letter.
cedilla (e.g. ç) under c is generated by AltGr+C, and the capital letter (Ç) is produced by AltGr+⇧ Shift+C

text: The AltGr and letter method used for acutes and cedillas does not work for applications which assign shortcut menu functions to these key combinations. For acute accents the AltGr and apostrophe method should be used.

text: These combinations are intended to be mnemonic and designed to be easy to remember: the circumflex accent (e.g. â) is similar to a caret (^), printed above the 6 key; the diaeresis/umlaut (e.g. ö) is visually similar to the double-quote (") above 2 on the UK keyboard; the tilde (~) is printed on the same key as the #.

text: The UK extended layout is almost entirely transparent to users familiar with the UK layout. A machine with the extended layout behaves exactly as with the standard UK, except for the rarely used grave accent key. This makes this layout suitable for a machine for shared or public use by a user population in which some use the extended functions.

text: Despite being created for multilingual users, UK-Extended does have some gaps — there are many languages that it cannot cope with, including Romanian and Turkish, and all languages with different character sets, such as Greek and Russian. It also does not cater for the ß in German, nor for the å, æ, ø, ð, þ in Nordic languages.

text: United States

text: The arrangement of the character input keys and the Shift keys contained in this layout is specified in the U.S. American national standard ANSI-INCITS 154-1988 (R1999) (formerly ANSI X3.154-1988 (R1999)),[45] where this layout is called "ASCII keyboard". The complete US keyboard layout, as it is usually found, also contains the usual function keys in accordance with the international standard ISO/IEC 9995-2, although this is not explicitly required by the US American national standard.

text:
US keyboards are used not only in the United States, but also in many other English-speaking places, including India, Australia, English Canada, Hong Kong, New Zealand, South Africa, Malaysia, Singapore and Philippines. However, the United Kingdom and Ireland use a slightly different layout because of the
Irish language.

text: The US keyboard layout has a second Alt key instead of the AltGr key and does not use any dead keys; this makes it inefficient for all but a handful of languages. On the other hand, the US keyboard layout (or the similar UK layout) is occasionally used by programmers in countries where the keys for []{} are located in less convenient positions on the locally customary layout.[46]

text: On some keyboards the enter key is bigger than traditionally and takes up also a part of the line above, more or less the area of the traditional location of the backslash key (\). In these cases the backslash is located in alternative places.[47] It can be situated one line above the default location, on the right of the equals sign key (=).[48][49] Sometimes it's placed one line below its traditional situation, on the right of the apostrophe key (') (in these cases the enter key is narrower than usual on the line of its default location).[50] It may also be two lines below its default situation on the right of a narrower than traditionally right shift key.[51]

text: A variant of this layout is used in Arabic-speaking countries.

text: This variant has the | \ key to the left of Z, ~ ` key where the | \ key is in the usual layout, and the > < key where the ~ ` key is in the usual layout.[39]

text: US-International

text: An alternative layout uses the physical US keyboard to type diacritics in some operating systems (including Windows). This is the US-International layout, which uses the right Alt key as an AltGr key to support many additional characters directly as an additional shift key. (Since many smaller keyboards don't have a right Alt key, Windows also allows Ctrl+Alt to be used as a substitute for AltGr.) This layout also uses keys ', `, ", ^ and ~ as dead keys to generate characters with diacritics by pressing the appropriate key, then the letter on the keyboard. The international keyboard is a software setting installed from the Windows control panel[52] or similar; the additional functions (shown in blue) may or may not be engraved on the keyboard, but are always functional. It can be used to type most major languages from Western Europe: Afrikaans, Danish, Dutch, English, Faroese, Finnish, French, German, Icelandic, Irish, Italian, Norwegian, Portuguese, Scottish Gaelic, Spanish, and Swedish. Some less common western European languages, such as Maltese and Welsh, are not fully supported by the US-International keyboard layout.

text: A diacritic key is activated by pressing and releasing it, then pressing the letter that requires a diacritic. After the two strokes, the single character with diacritics is generated. Note that only certain letters, such as vowels and "n", can have diacritics in this way. To generate the symbols ', `, ", ^ and ~, when the following character is capable of having a diacritic, press the Spacebar after the key.

text: Characters with diacritics can be typed with the following combinations:

text:
' + vowel → vowel with acute accent, e.g., '+e → é
` + vowel → vowel with grave accent, e.g., `+e → è
" + vowel → vowel with diaeresis (or umlaut), e.g., "+e → ë
^ + vowel → vowel with circumflex accent, e.g., ^+e → ê
~ + a, n or o → letter with tilde, e.g. ~+n → ñ, ~+o → õ
' + c → ç (Windows) or ć (X11)

text: The US-International layout is not entirely transparent to users familiar with the US layout; when using a machine with the international layout the commonly used single- and double-quote keys and the less commonly used grave accent, tilde, and caret keys behave unexpectedly. This could be disconcerting on a machine for shared or public use.

text: There are also alternative US-International formats, whereby modifier keys such as shift and alt are used, and the keys for the characters with diacritics are in different places from their unmodified counterparts, for example, using the AltGr modifier key to activate dead keys, so that the ASCII quotation marks or circumflex symbol are not affected and can be typed normally with a single keystroke.

text: US-International in the Netherlands

text: The standard keyboard layout in the Netherlands is US-International, as it provides easy access to diacritics on common UK- or US-like keyboards. The Dutch layout is historical, and keyboards with this layout are rarely used. Many US keyboards sold do not have the extra US-International characters or AltGr engraved on the keys, although € (AltGr+5) always is; nevertheless, the keys work as expected even if not marked. Many computer-literate Dutch people have retained the old habit of using Alt + number codes to type accented characters; others routinely type without diacritics, then use a spelling checker to produce the correct forms.[citation needed]

text: Apple International English Keyboard

text: There are three kinds of Apple Keyboards for English: the United States, the United Kingdom and International English. The International English version is almost identical to the United States version, but some features are identical to the United Kingdom version:

text:
The ~` key is located on the left of the Z key, and the |\ key is located on the right of the "' key.
The ±§ key is added on the left of the !1 key.
The left ⇧ Shift key is shortened and the Return key has the shape of inverted L.

text: Vietnamese

text: The Vietnamese keyboard layout is an extended Latin QWERTY layout. The letters Ă, Â, Ê, and Ô are found on what would be the number keys 1–4 on the US English keyboard, with 5–9 producing the tonal marks (grave accent, hook, tilde, acute accent and dot below, in that order), 0 producing Đ, = producing the đồng sign (₫) when not shifted, and brackets ([]) producing Ư and Ơ.[53]

text: EurKEY

text: EurKEY[54] is a free and open source US-based layout which provides easy access to many diacritics of European languages as well as to common math symbols and Greek letters. It is available for Windows, OS X, Linux (shipped with xkeyboard-config).

text: Alternatives

text: Several alternatives to QWERTY have been developed over the years, claimed by their designers and users to be more efficient, intuitive, and ergonomic. Nevertheless, none have seen widespread adoption, partly due to the sheer dominance of available keyboards and training.[55] Although some studies have suggested that some of these may allow for faster typing speeds,[56] many other studies have failed to do so, and many of the studies claiming improved typing speeds were severely methodologically flawed or deliberately biased, such as the studies administered by Dvorak himself before and after World War II.[citation needed] Economists Stan Liebowitz and Stephen Margolis have noted that rigorous studies are inconclusive as to whether they actually offer any real benefits,[57] and some studies on keyboard layout have suggested that, for a skilled typist, layout is largely irrelevant – even randomized and alphabetical keyboards allow for similar typing speeds to QWERTY and Dvorak keyboards, and that switching costs always outweigh the benefits of further training on whichever keyboard you already use.

text: The most widely used such alternative is the Dvorak Simplified Keyboard; another alternative is Colemak, which is based partly on QWERTY and is claimed to be easier for an existing QWERTY typist to learn while offering several supposed optimisations.[58] Most modern computer operating systems support these and other alternative mappings with appropriate special mode settings, with some modern operating systems allowing the user to map their keyboard in any way they like, but few keyboards are manufactured with keys labeled according to any other standard.

text: Comparison to other keyboard input systems

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
Comparisons have been made, between Dvorak, Colemack, QWERTY, and other keyboard input systems, namely stenotype or its electronic implementations (e.g., Plover an opensource project [1]). However, stenotype is a fundamentally different system, which relies on Phonetics and simultaneous key presses or chords.
Although stenography has long been known as a faster and more accurate typing system, adoption has been limited, likely due to the historically high cost of equipment, steeper initial learning curve, and low awareness of the benefits within primary education and in the general public.

text: The first typed shorthand machines appeared around 1830, with english versions gaining popularity in the early 1900s. Traditionally, stenotype output required interpretation back to longhand by a trained professional, comparable to reading Gregg shorthand, which was very much in vogue at the time and taught publicly until the 1980s.[citation needed] Gregg shorthand also did not require much more than training and a pen, however machines gradually gained traction in the courtroom. Modern electronic stenotype machines or programs such as Plover Steno, output to written language, which provides an experience similar to other keyboard setups that immediately produce legible work.

text: Half QWERTY

text: A half QWERTY keyboard is a combination of an alpha-numeric keypad and a QWERTY keypad, designed for mobile phones.[59] In a half QWERTY keyboard, two characters share the same key, which reduces the number of keys and increases the surface area of each key, useful for mobile phones that have little space for keys.[59] It means that 'Q' and 'W' share the same key and the user must press the key once to type 'Q' and twice to type 'W'.