document_title: Gunpowder artillery in the Middle Ages

question_text: when was gunpowder invented in the middle ages

text: Gunpowder artillery in the Middle Ages

text: Early use in China and East Asia[edit]

text: The first documented battlefield use of gunpowder artillery took place on 28 January 1132, when Song General Han Shizhong used huochong to capture a city in Fujian. The world's earliest known hand cannon is the Heilongjiang hand cannon dated 1288, which was found in Mongol-held Manchuria.[4] The first known illustration of a cannon is dated to 1326.[5] In his 1341 poem, The Iron Cannon Affair, one of the first accounts of the use of gunpowder artillery in China, Xian Zhang wrote that a cannonball fired from an eruptor could "pierce the heart or belly when it strikes a man or horse, and can even transfix several persons at once."[6]

text: Use in the Islamic world[edit]

text: The Arabs acquired knowledge of gunpowder some time after 1240, but before 1280, by which time had written, in Arabic, recipes for gunpowder, instructions for the purification of saltpeter, and descriptions of gunpowder incendiaries.[7]

text: Ahmad Y. al-Hassan claims that the Battle of Ain Jalut in 1260 saw the Mamluks use against the Mongols in "the first cannon in history" gunpowder formulae which were almost identical with the ideal composition for explosive gunpowder, which he claims were not known in China or Europe until much later.[8][9] However, Iqtidar Alam Khan states that it was invading Mongols who introduced gunpowder to the Islamic world[10] and cites Mamluk antagonism towards early riflemen in their infantry as an example of how gunpowder weapons were not always met with open acceptance in the Middle East.[11]

text: Al-Hassan interprets Ibn Khaldun as reporting the use of cannon as siege machines by the Marinid sultan Abu Yaqub Yusuf at the siege of Sijilmasa in 1274.[8] Super-sized bombards were used by the troops of Mehmed II to capture Constantinople, in 1453. Urban, a Hungarian cannon engineer, is credited with the introduction of this cannon from Central Europe to the Ottoman realm.[12] It could fire heavy stone balls a mile, and the sound of their blast could reportedly be heard from a distance of 10 miles (16 km).[12] A piece of slightly later date (see pic) was cast in bronze and made in two parts: the chase and the breech, which, together, weighed 18.4 tonnes.[13] The two parts were screwed together using levers to facilitate the work.

text: Use in Europe[edit]

text: In Europe, one of the earliest mentions of gunpowder appeared in Roger Bacon's "Opus Maior". It describes a recipe for gunpowder and recognized its military use:

text: We can, with saltpeter and other substances, compose artificially a fire that can be launched over long distances ... By only using a very small quantity of this material much light can be created accompanied by a horrible fracas. It is possible with it to destroy a town or an army ... In order to produce this artificial lightning and thunder it is necessary to take saltpeter, sulfur, and Luru Vopo Vir Can Utriet.

text: In 1250, the Norwegian Konungs skuggsjá mentioned, in its military chapter, the use of "coal and sulphur" as the best weapon for ship-to-ship combat.[15]

text: Muslim and Christian Iberia[edit]

text: In reference to the siege to Alicante in 1331, the Spanish historian Zurita recorded a "new machine that caused great terror. It threw iron balls with fire."[8][16] The Spanish historian Juan de Mariana recalled further use of cannon during the Siege of Algeciras (1342-1344):

text: The besieged did great harm among the Christians with iron bullets they shot. This is the first time we find any mention of gunpowder and ball in our histories.

text: Juan de Mariana also relates that the English Earl of Derby and Earl of Salisbury had both participated in the siege of Algeciras, and they could have conceivably transferred the knowledge about the effectiveness of cannon to England.[18]

text: The Iberian kings at the initial stages enlisted the help of Moorish experts:

text: The first artillery-masters on the Peninsula probably were Moors in Christian service. The king of Navarre had a Moor in his service in 1367 as maestro de las guarniciones de artilleria. The Morisques of Tudela at that time had fame for their capacity in reparaciones de artilleria.

text: Britain and France[edit]

text: Cannon seem to have been introduced to the Kingdom of England in the 14th century, and is mentioned as being in use against the Scots in 1327.[20] The first metal cannon was the pot-de-fer, first depicted in an illuminated manuscript by Walter de Milamete,[21] of 1327 that was presented to Edward III upon his accession to the English throne.[22] The manuscript shows a four-legged stand supporting a "bulbous bottle", while the gunner stands well back, firing the charge with a red-hot iron bar.[20] A bolt protrudes from the muzzle, but no wad is shown.[21] Although illustrated in the treatise, no explanation or description was given.[23]

text: This weapon, and others similar, were used by both the French and English during the Hundred Years' War (1337–1453), when cannon saw their first real use on the European battlefield.[24] The cannon of the 14th century were still limited in many respects, as a modern historian summarises:

text: Early cannon were inferior in every respect to the great siege-engines: they were slow and small, they were limited… [in the 14th century] to firing bolts or 'garrots' and they had a very limited range. The weaknesses were due to limited technology: inability to forge or cast in one piece or make iron balls. They were probably as dangerous to their users as to the enemy and affected the morale of men (and horses) rather than damaged persons or buildings.

text: During the 1340s, cannon were still relatively rare, and were only used in small numbers by a few states.[26] "Ribaldis" were first mentioned in the English Privy Wardrobe accounts during preparations for the Battle of Crécy between 1345 and 1346.[26] These were believed to have shot large arrows and simple grapeshot, but they were so important they were directly controlled by the Royal Wardrobe.[26] According to the contemporary chronicler Jean Froissart, the English cannon made "two or three discharges on the Genoese", which is taken to mean individual shots by two or three guns because of the time taken to reload such primitive artillery.[27] The Florentine Giovanni Villani agreed that they were destructive on the field, though he also indicated that the guns continued to fire upon French cavalry later in the battle:

text: The English guns cast iron balls by means of fire… They made a noise like thunder and caused much loss in men and horses… The Genoese were continually hit by the archers and the gunners… [by the end of the battle] the whole plain was covered by men struck down by arrows and cannon balls.

text: Advances in the Late Middle Ages[edit]

text: Similar cannon to those used at Crécy appeared also at the Siege of Calais in the same year, and by the 1380s the "ribaudekin" clearly became mounted on wheels.[26] Wheeled gun carriages became more commonplace by the end of the 15th century, and were more often cast in bronze, rather than banding iron sections together.[28] There were still the logistical problems both of transporting and of operating the cannon, and as many three dozen horses and oxen may have been required to move some of the great guns of the period.[28]

text: Another small-bore cannon of the 14th century was the culverin, whose name derives from the snake-like handles attached to it.[29] It was transitional between the handgun and the full cannon, and was used as an anti-personnel weapon.[29] The culverin was forged of iron and fixed to a wooden stock, and usually placed on a rest for firing.[30]

text: The culverin was also common in 15th century battles, particularly among Burgundian armies.[30] As the smallest of medieval gunpowder weapons, it was relatively light and portable.[30] It fired lead shot, which was inexpensive relative to other available materials.[30]

text: Considerable developments in the 15th century produced very effective "bombards"[31] — an early form of battering cannon used against walls and towers.[29][32] These were used both defensively and offensively. Bamburgh Castle, previously thought impregnable, was taken by bombards in 1464.[31] The keep in Wark, Northumberland was described in 1517 as having five storeys "in each of which there were five great murder-holes, shot with great vaults of stone, except one stage which is of timber, so that great bombards can be shot from each of them."[33] An example of a bombard was found in the moat of Bodiam Castle, and a replica is now kept inside.[32]

text: Artillery crews were generally recruited from the city craftsmen.[34] The master gunner was usually the same person as the caster.[34] In larger contingents, the master gunners had responsibility for the heavier artillery pieces, and were accompanied by their journeymen as well as smiths, carpenters, rope makers and carters.[34] Smaller field pieces would be manned by trained volunteers.[34] At the Battle of Flodden, each cannon had its crew of gunner, matrosses and drivers, and a group of "pioneers" were assigned to level to path ahead.[28] Even with a level path, the gunpowder mixture used was unstable and could easily separate out into sulphur, saltpetre and charcoal during transport.[28]

text: Once on site, they would be fired at ground level behind a hinged timber shutter, to provide some protection to the artillery crew.[28] Timber wedges were used to control the barrel's elevation.[28] The majority of medieval cannon were breechloaders, although there was still no effort to standardise calibres.[28] The usual loading equipment consisted of a copper loading scoop, a ramrod, and a felt brush or "sponge".[34] A bucket of water was always kept beside the cannon.[34] Skins or cloths soaked in cold water could be used to cool down the barrel, while acids could also be added to the water to clean out the inside of the barrel.[34] Hot coals were used to heat the shot or keep the wire primer going.[34]

text: Some Scottish kings were very interested in the development of cannon, including the unfortunate James II, who was killed by the accidental explosion of one of his own cannon besieging Roxburgh Castle in 1460.[35] Mons Meg, which dates from about the same time, is perhaps the most famous example of a Scottish cannon. James IV was Scotland's first Renaissance figure, who also had a fascination with cannon, both at land and at sea.[35] By 1502, he was able to invest in a Scottish navy, which was to have a large number of cannon — his flagship, the Great Michael, was launched in 1511, with 36 great guns, 300 lesser pieces and 120 gunners.[35]

text: Use in Eastern Europe[edit]

text: Russia[edit]

text: The first cannon appeared in Russia in the 1370-1380s, although initially their use was confined to sieges and the defence of fortresses.[36] The first mention of cannon in Russian chronicles is of tyufyaks, small howitzer-type cannon that fired case-shot, used to defend Moscow against Tokhtamysh Khan in 1382.[36] Cannon co-existed with throwing-machines until the mid-15th century, when they overtook the latter in terms of destructive power.[36] In 1446, a Russian city fell to cannon fire for the first time, although its wall was not destroyed.[36] However it was not until 1475, when Ivan III established the first Russian cannon foundry in Moscow, which was the beginning of the native cannon production industry.[37] The first stone wall to be destroyed in Russia by cannon fire came in 1481.[36]

text: Byzantine and Ottoman Empires[edit]

text: During the 14th century, the Byzantine Empire began to accumulate its own cannon to face the Ottoman threat, starting with medium-sized cannon 3 feet (0.91 m) long and of 10" calibre.[38] Only a few large bombards were under the Empire's control. The first definite use of artillery in the region was against the Ottoman siege of Constantinople in 1396, as the attackers did not yet have any gunpowder of their own. These loud Byzantine weapons, possibly operated by the Genoese or "Franks" of Galata, forced the Turks to withdraw.[38]

text: The Ottomans had acquired their own cannon by the siege of 1422, using "falcons", which were short but wide cannon. The two sides were evenly matched technologically, and the Turks had to build barricades "in order to receive… the stones of the bombards."[38] Because the Empire at this time was facing economic problems, Pope Pius II promoted the affordable donation of cannon by European monarchs as a means of aid. Any new cannon after the 1422 siege were gifts from European states, and aside from these, no other advances were made to the Byzantine arsenal.[38]

text: In contrast, when Sultan Mehmet II laid siege to Constantinople in April 1453, he used 68 Hungarian-made cannon, the largest of which was 26 feet (7.9 m) long and weighed 20 tons. This fired a 1,200 pound stone cannonball, and required an operating crew of 200 men.[39] Two such bombards had initially been offered to the Byzantines by the Hungarian artillery expert Urban, which were the pinnacle of gunpowder technology at the time; he boasted that they could reduce "even the walls of Babylon".[38] However, the fact that the Byzantines could not afford it illustrates the financial costs of artillery at the time. These cannon also needed 70 oxen and 10,000 men just to transport them.[38] They were extremely loud, adding to their psychological impact, and Mehmet believed that those who unexpectedly heard it would be struck dumb.[38]

text: The 55-day bombardment of Constantinople left massive destruction, as recounted by the Greek chronicler Kritovoulos:

text: And the stone, borne with enormous force and velocity, hit the wall, which it immediately shook and knocked down and was itself broken into many fragments and scattered, hurling the pieces everywhere and killing those who happened to be nearby.

text: Byzantine counter artillery allowed them to repel any visible Turkish weapons, and the defenders repulsed any attempts to storm any broken points in the walls and hastily repaired any damage. However, the walls could not be adapted for artillery, and towers were not good gun emplacements. There was even worry that the largest Byzantine cannon could cause more damage to their own walls than the Turkish cannon.[38] Gunpowder had also made the formerly devastating Greek fire obsolete, and with the final fall of what had once been the strongest walls in Europe on May 29, "it was the end of an era in more ways than one".[38]

text: Cannon at the end of the Middle Ages[edit]

text: Toward the end of the Middle Ages, the development of cannon made revolutionary changes to siege warfare throughout Europe, with many castles becoming susceptible to artillery fire. The primary aims in castle wall construction were height and thickness, but these became obsolete because they could be damaged by cannonballs.[40] Inevitably, many fortifications previously deemed impregnable proved inadequate in the face of gunpowder. The walls and towers of fortifications had to become lower and wider, and by the 1480s, "Italian tracing" had been developed, which used the corner bastion as the basis of fortifications for centuries to come.[40] The introduction of artillery to siege warfare in the Middle Ages made geometry the main element of European military architecture.[40]

text: In 16th century England, Henry VIII began building Device Forts between 1539 and 1540 as artillery fortresses to counter the threat of invasion from France and Spain. They were built by the state at strategic points for the first powerful cannon batteries, such as Deal Castle, which was perfectly symmetrical, with a low, circular keep at its centre. Over 200 cannon and gun ports were set within the walls, and the fort was essentially a firing platform, with a shape that allowed many lines of fire; its low curved bastions were designed to deflect cannonballs.[41]

text: To guard against artillery and gunfire, increasing use was made of earthen, brick and stone breastworks and redoubts, such as the geometric fortresses of the 17th century French Marquis de Vauban. Although the obsolescence of castles as fortifications was hastened by the developments of cannon from the 14th century on, many medieval castles still managed to "put up a prolonged resistance" against artillery during the English Civil War of 17th century.[42]


document_title: List of nearest stars and brown dwarfs

question_text: what is the closets star to the sun

question_tokens: what is the closets star to the sun

root

text: List of nearest stars and brown dwarfs

text: List[edit]

text: Stars visible to the unaided eye have their magnitude shown in light blue below. Brown dwarfs are shown with their designations in brown. White dwarfs are shown with their designation in beige. The classes of the stars and brown dwarfs are shown in the color of their spectral types (these colors are derived from conventional names for the spectral types and do not represent the star's observed color). Many brown dwarfs are not listed by visual magnitude but are listed by near-infrared J band apparent magnitude due to how dim (and often invisible) they are in visible colors. Some of the parallax and distance results are preliminary measurements.[5]

tag: p

text:
Nearest star systems

Designation

Distance[6](light-years (±err))

Stellar class

Apparent magnitude (mV or mJ)

Absolute magnitude (MV or MJ)

Epoch J2000.0

Parallax(mas (±err))[5][note 1]

Discovery date[note 2]

Notes and additionalreferences

System

Star #

Right ascension[5]

Declination[5]

Solar System

Sun

5000000000000000000♠0

G2V[5]

−26.74[5]

4.85[5]

—

—

—

—

eight planets

Alpha Centauri(Rigil Kentaurus)

Proxima Centauri (V645 Centauri)

7000424410000000000♠4.2441±0.0011

M5.5Ve

11.09[5]

15.53[5]

14h 29m 43.0s

−62° 40′ 46″

7002768500000000000♠768.50±0.20[7]

1915

flare star, one planet (b) (2016)

α Centauri A (HD 128620)

7000436500000000000♠4.3650±0.0068

G2V[5]

0.01[5]

4.38[5]

14h 39m 36.5s

−60° 50′ 02″

7002747230000000000♠747.23±1.17[8][9][10]

—

α Centauri B (HD 128621)

K1V[5]

1.34[5]

5.71[5]

14h 39m 35.1s

−60° 50′ 14″

1689

one suspected planet (c) (2013)(planet b refuted in 2015)

Barnard's Star (BD+04°3561a)

7000595770000000000♠5.9577±0.0032

M4.0Ve

9.53[5]

13.22[5]

17h 57m 48.5s

+04° 41′ 36″

7002547450000000000♠547.45±0.29[7]

1916

flare star, largest known proper motion[11]

Luhman 16(WISE 1049−5319)

Luhman 16A

7000650490000000000♠6.5049±0.0012

L8±1[12]

10.7 J

14.2 J

10h 49m 15.57s

−53° 19′ 06″

7002501398000000000♠501.398±0.093[13]

2013

one refuted planet (Ab[14] in 2017[13])

Luhman 16B

T1±2[12]

WISE 0855−0714

7000726000000000000♠7.26±0.13[15]

Y2

25.0 J

08h 55m 10.83s

−07° 14′ 42.5″

7002449000000000000♠449±8[16]

2014

sub-brown dwarf

Wolf 359 (CN Leonis)

7000785600000000000♠7.856±0.031

M6.0V[5]

13.44[5]

16.55[5]

10h 56m 29.2s

+07° 00′ 53″

7002415160000000000♠415.16±1.62[17]

1919

flare star

Lalande 21185 (BD+36°2147)

7000830700000000000♠8.307±0.014

M2.0V[5]

7.47[5]

10.44[5]

11h 03m 20.2s

+35° 58′ 12″

7002392640000000000♠392.64±0.67[18]

1801

one suspected planet (2017)[19]

Sirius(α Canis Majoris)

Sirius A

7000865900000000000♠8.659±0.010

A1V[5]

−1.46[5]

1.42[5]

06h 45m 08.9s

−16° 42′ 58″

7002376680000000000♠376.68±0.45[7]

—

brightest star in the night sky

Sirius B

DA2[5]

8.44[5]

11.34[5]

1844

Luyten 726-8

Luyten 726-8 A (BL Ceti)

7000879100000000000♠8.791±0.012

M5.5Ve

12.54[5]

15.40[5]

01h 39m 01.3s

−17° 57′ 01″

7002371000000000000♠371.0±0.5[7]

1949

flare star (Archetypal member)

Luyten 726-8 B (UV Ceti)

M6.0Ve

12.99[5]

15.85[5]

Ross 154 (V1216 Sagittarii)

7000970350000000000♠9.7035±0.0019

M3.5Ve

10.43[5]

13.07[5]

18h 49m 49.4s

−23° 50′ 10″

7002336123000000000♠336.123±0.064[7]

1925

flare star

Ross 248 (HH Andromedae)

7001102903000000000♠10.2903±0.0041

M5.5Ve

12.29[5]

14.79[5]

23h 41m 54.7s

+44° 10′ 30″

7002316960000000000♠316.96±0.13[7]

1925

flare star

Epsilon Eridani (BD−09°697)

7001104460000000000♠10.446±0.016

K2V[5]

3.73[5]

6.19[5]

03h 32m 55.8s

−09° 27′ 30″

7002312220000000000♠312.22±0.47[7]

150

three circumstellar disks,two suspected planets (AEgir (debated) and c) (2000 & 2002)[20]

Lacaille 9352 (CD−36°15693)

7001107211000000000♠10.7211±0.0016

M0.5V

7.34[5]

9.75[5]

23h 05m 52.0s

−35° 51′ 11″

7002304219000000000♠304.219±0.045[7]

1753

Ross 128 (FI Virginis)

7001110074000000000♠11.0074±0.0026

M4.0Vn

11.13[5]

13.51[5]

11h 47m 44.4s

+00° 48′ 16″

7002296307000000000♠296.307±0.070[7]

1925

flare star, one planet (b) (2017)[21]

EZ Aquarii(Gliese 866, Luyten 789-6)

EZ Aquarii A

7001111090000000000♠11.109±0.034

M5.0Ve

13.33[5]

15.64[5]

22h 38m 33.4s

−15° 17′ 57″

7002293600000000000♠293.60±0.9[22]

1937

A & B flare stars

EZ Aquarii B

M?

13.27[5]

15.58[5]

-

EZ Aquarii C

M?

14.03[5]

16.34[5]

1995

61 Cygni

61 Cygni A (BD+38°4343)

7001114008000000000♠11.4008±0.0012

K5.0V[5]

5.21[5]

7.49[5]

21h 06m 53.9s

+38° 44′ 58″

7002286080000000000♠286.08±0.03[7]

1725

B flare star, first star (besides Sun) to have measured distance[23]possible circumstellar disk.

61 Cygni B (BD+38°4344)

K7.0V[5]

6.03[5]

8.31[5]

21h 06m 55.3s

+38° 44′ 31″

-

Procyon(α Canis Minoris)

Procyon A

7001114020000000000♠11.402±0.032

F5V–IV[5]

0.38[5]

2.66[5]

07h 39m 18.1s

+05° 13′ 30″

7002286050000000000♠286.05±0.81[8][9]

—

Procyon B

DQZ[5]

10.70[5]

12.98[5]

1844

Struve 2398(Gliese 725, BD+59°1915)

Struve 2398 A (HD 173739)

7001114880000000000♠11.4880±0.0012

M3.0V[5]

8.90[5]

11.16[5]

18h 42m 46.7s

+59° 37′ 49″

7002283910000000000♠283.91±0.03[7]

1835

flare stars

Struve 2398 B (HD 173740)

M3.5V[5]

9.69[5]

11.95[5]

18h 42m 46.9s

+59° 37′ 37″

1835

Groombridge 34(Gliese 15)

Groombridge 34 A (GX Andromedae)

7001116182000000000♠11.6182±0.0008

M1.5V[5]

8.08[5]

10.32[5]

0h 18m 22.9s

+44° 01′ 23″

7002280730000000000♠280.73±0.02[7]

1813

flare star, two suspected planets (Ac, 2017) and Ab, 2014)[24]

Groombridge 34 B (GQ Andromedae)

M3.5V[5]

11.06[5]

13.30[5]

-

flare star

DX Cancri (G 51-15)

7001116780000000000♠11.6780±0.0056

M6.5Ve

14.78[5]

16.98[5]

08h 29m 49.5s

+26° 46′ 37″

7002279290000000000♠279.29±0.13[7]

1972

flare star

Tau Ceti (BD−16°295)

7001117530000000000♠11.753±0.022

G8Vp[5]

3.49[5]

5.68[5]

01h 44m 04.1s

−15° 56′ 15″

7002277519999999999♠277.52±0.52[7]

150

one debris disktwo planets (e and f) (2012),three suspected planets (d, g and h) (2012, 2017), two refuted planets (b and c in 2017)

Epsilon Indi(CPD−57°10015)

Epsilon Indi A

7001118690000000000♠11.869±0.011

K5Ve[5]

4.69[5]

6.89[5]

22h 03m 21.7s

−56° 47′ 10″

7002274800000000000♠274.80±0.25[7]

1597

one planet (b) (2018)[25]

Epsilon Indi Ba

T1.0V

12.3 J[26]

22h 04m 10.5s

−56° 46′ 58″

2003

Epsilon Indi Bb

T6.0V

13.2 J[26]

2003

GJ 1061 (LHS 1565)

7001119803000000000♠11.9803±0.0029

M5.5V[5]

13.09[5]

15.26[5]

03h 35m 59.7s

−44° 30′ 45″

7002272245000000000♠272.245±0.066[7]

1995

[27][28]

YZ Ceti (LHS 138)

7001121084000000000♠12.1084±0.0035

M4.5V[5]

12.02[5]

14.17[5]

01h 12m 30.6s

−16° 59′ 56″

7002269363000000000♠269.363±0.078[7]

1961

flare star, three planets (b, c, and d) (2017),[29]one suspected planet (e)

Luyten's Star (BD+05°1668)

7001121990000000000♠12.199±0.036

M3.5Vn

9.86[5]

11.97[5]

07h 27m 24.5s

+05° 13′ 33″

7002267360000000000♠267.36±0.79[30]

1935

two planets (b, c) (2017)[31]

Teegarden's Star (SO025300.5+165258)

7001124960000000000♠12.496±0.013

M6.5V

15.14[5]

17.22[5]

02h 53m 00.9sg

+16° 52′ 53″

7002261010000000000♠261.01±0.27[7]

2003

tentative radial velocity variation (2010)[28][32]

SCR 1845-6357

SCR 1845-6357 A

7001125710000000000♠12.571±0.054

M8.5V[5]

17.39

19.41

18h 45m 05.3s

−63° 57′ 48″

7002259450000000000♠259.45±1.11[note 3]

2004

[28]

SCR 1845-6357 B

T6[33]

13.3 J[26]

18h 45m 02.6s

−63° 57′ 52″

2006

Kapteyn's Star (CD−45°1841)

7001128294000000000♠12.8294±0.0013

M1.5V[5]

8.84[5]

10.87[5]

05h 11m 40.6s

−45° 01′ 06″

7002254226000000000♠254.226±0.026[7]

1898

two suspected planets (b and c) (2014)[34]

Lacaille 8760 (AX Microscopii)

7001129515000000000♠12.9515±0.0029

M0.0V[5]

6.67[5]

8.69[5]

21h 17m 15.3s

−38° 52′ 03″

7002251829000000000♠251.829±0.056[7]

1753

flare star

Kruger 60(BD+56°2783)

Kruger 60 A

7001130724000000000♠13.0724±0.0052

M3.0V[5]

9.79[5]

11.76[5]

22h 27m 59.5s

+57° 41′ 45″

7002249500000000000♠249.5±0.1[7]

1880

B flare star

Kruger 60 B (DO Cephei)

M4.0V[5]

11.41[5]

13.38[5]

1890?

DEN 1048-3956

7001131931999999999♠13.1932±0.0066

M8.5V[5]

17.39[5]

19.37[5]

10h 48m 14.7s

−39° 56′ 06″

7002247220000000000♠247.22±0.12[7]

2001

[35][36]

Ross 614(V577 Monocerotis, Gliese 234)

Ross 614A (LHS 1849)

7001134240000000000♠13.424±0.049

M4.5V[5]

11.15[5]

13.09[5]

06h 29m 23.4s

−02° 48′ 50″

7002242970000000000♠242.97±0.88[7]

1927

A flare star

Ross 614B (LHS 1850)

M5.5V

14.23[5]

16.17[5]

1936

UGPS J0722-0540

7001134300000000000♠13.43±0.13

T9[5]

16.52 J[37]

07h 22m 27.3s

–05° 40′ 30″

7002242800000000000♠242.8±2.4[38]

2010

[39]

Wolf 1061 (Gliese 628, BD−12°4523)

7001140458000000000♠14.0458±0.0038

M3.0V[5]

10.07[5]

11.93[5]

16h 30m 18.1s

−12° 39′ 45″

7002232210000000000♠232.210±0.063[7]

1919

three planets (b, c, and d) (2015)[40]

Wolf 424(FL Virginis, LHS 333, Gliese 473)

Wolf 424 A

7001140500000000000♠14.05±0.26

M5.5Ve

13.18[5]

14.97[5]

12h 33m 17.2s

+09° 01′ 15″

7002232200000000000♠232.2±4.3[41]

1919

flare stars

Wolf 424 B

M7Ve

13.17[5]

14.96[5]

1941

Van Maanen's star (Gliese 35, LHS 7)

7001140744000000000♠14.0744±0.0023

DZ7[5]

12.38[5]

14.21[5]

00h 49m 09.9s

+05° 23′ 19″

7002231737000000000♠231.737±0.038[7]

1896

closest known free-floating white dwarf,third known white dwarfpossible debris disk (1917),possible planet (b) (2004) (debated)

Gliese 1 (CD−37°15492)

7001141725000000000♠14.1725±0.0037

M1.5 V [5]

8.55[5]

10.35[5]

00h 05m 24.4s

−37° 21′ 27″

7002230133000000000♠230.133±0.060[7]

1884

L 1159-16 (TZ Arietis, Gliese 83.1)

7001145843000000000♠14.5843±0.0070

M4.5V[5]

12.27[5]

14.03[5]

02h 00m 13.2s

+13° 03′ 08″

7002223630000000000♠223.63±0.11[7]

flare star

Gliese 674 (LHS 449)

7001148387000000000♠14.8387±0.0033

M3.0V[5]

9.38[5]

11.09[5]

17h 28m 39.9s

−46° 53′ 43″

7002219801000000000♠219.801±0.049[7]

one planet (b) (2007)[42]

Gliese 687 (LHS 450, BD+68°946)

7001148401000000000♠14.8401±0.0022

M3.0V[5]

9.17[5]

10.89[5]

17h 36m 25.9s

+68° 20′ 21″

7002219781000000000♠219.781±0.032[7]

possible flare star, one planet (b) (2014)[43]

LHS 292 (LP 731-58)

7001148850000000000♠14.885±0.011

M6.5V[5]

15.60[5]

17.32[5]

10h 48m 12.6s

−11° 20′ 14″

7002219120000000000♠219.12±0.16[7]

flare star

WISE J0521+1025

7001150000000000000♠15±3[note 4]

T7.5[44]

15.26 J

16.95 J

05h 21m 26.3s

+10° 25′ 28″

7002217500000000000♠217.5±40

2012

distance highly uncertain

LP 145-141 (WD 1142-645, Gliese 440)

7001151182000000000♠15.1182±0.0023

DQ6[5]

11.50[5]

13.18[5]

11h 45m 42.9s

−64° 50′ 29″

7002215737000000000♠215.737±0.032[7]

1917

G 208-44G 208-45(GJ 1245)

G 208-44 A (V1581 Cyg)

7001152090000000000♠15.2090±0.0050

M5.5V[5]

13.46[5]

15.17[5]

19h 53m 54.2s

+44° 24′ 55″

7002214450000000000♠214.45±0.07[7]

flare stars

G 208-45

M6.0V[5]

14.01[5]

15.72[5]

19h 53m 55.2s

+44° 24′ 56″

G 208-44 B

M5.5

16.75[5]

18.46[5]

19h 53m 54.2s

+44° 24′ 55″

Gliese 876 (Ross 780)

7001152504000000000♠15.2504±0.0054

M3.5V[5]

10.17[5]

11.81[5]

22h 53m 16.7s

−14° 15′ 49″

7002213867000000000♠213.867±0.076[7]

four planets (d (2005), c (2001), b (1998), and e (2010))[45]two possible planets (f and g) (2014) (debated)

LHS 288 (Luyten 143-23)

7001157703000000000♠15.7703±0.0056

M5.5V[5]

13.90[5]

15.51[5]

10h 44m 21.2s

−61° 12′ 36″

7002206817000000000♠206.817±0.074[7]

one tentative planet (b) (2007)[28]

GJ 1002

7001158164000000000♠15.8164±0.0098

M5.5V[5]

13.76[5]

15.40[5]

00h 06m 43.8s

−07° 32′ 22″

7002206210000000000♠206.21±0.13[7]

Groombridge 1618 (Gliese 380)

7001158797000000000♠15.8797±0.0026

K7.0V[5]

6.59[5]

8.16[5]

10h 11m 22.1s

+49° 27′ 15″

7002205392000000000♠205.392±0.034[7]

1838

flare star, one suspected debris disk,one suspected planet (b) (1989) (tentative)

DEN 0255-4700

7001158850000000000♠15.885±0.020

L7.5V[5]

22.92[5]

24.44[5]

02h 55m 03.7s

−47° 00′ 52″

7002205330000000000♠205.33±0.25[7]

1999

[36]

Gliese 412

Gliese 412 A

7001159830000000000♠15.983±0.013

M1.0V[5]

8.77[5]

10.34[5]

11h 05m 28.6s

+43° 31′ 36″

7002204060000000000♠204.06±0.17[7]

1850s?

Gliese 412 B (WX Ursae Majoris)

M5.5V[5]

14.48[5]

16.05[5]

11h 05m 30.4s

+43° 31′ 18″

1850s?

flare star

WISE 1639-6847

7001161200000000000♠16.12±0.25[note 4]

Y0.5

20.57 J

22.10 J

16h 39m 40.9s

−68° 47′ 46″

7002202300000000000♠202.3±3.1[46]

2012

Gliese 832

7001161939000000000♠16.1939±0.0034

M1.5 V[5]

8.66[5]

10.20[5]

21h 33m 34.0s

−49° 00′ 32″

7002201407000000000♠201.407±0.043[7]

1910s?

possible flare star, two planets (b (2008) and c (2014))[47][48]

AD Leonis

7001161970000000000♠16.1970±0.0055

M3.0V[5]

9.32[5]

10.87[5]

10h 19m 36.4s

+19° 52′ 10″

7002201368000000000♠201.368±0.068[7]

1850s?

flare star

GJ 1005

GJ 1005 A

7001162600000000000♠16.26±0.76[note 4]

M4V[49]

11.48[49]

00h 15m 28.11s

−16° 08′ 01.6″

7002200500000000000♠200.5±9.4[49]

GJ 1005 B

M7V

?

?

System

Star #

Distance[6]Light-years (±err)

Stellar class

Apparent magnitude (mV or mJ)

Absolute magnitude (MV or MJ)

Right ascension[5]

Declination[5]

Parallax[5][note 1]mas (±err)

Discovery date

Additionalreferences

Designation

Epoch J2000.0

tag: table

text: Maps of nearby stars[edit]

text: Distant future and past encounters[edit]

text: Over long periods of time, the slow independent motion of stars change in both relative position and in their distance from the observer. This can cause other currently distant stars to fall within a stated range, which may be readily calculated and predicted using accurate astromertic measurements of parallax and total proper motions, along with spectroscopic determined radial velocities. Although predictions can be extrapolated back into the past or forward into the future, they are subject to increasing significant cumulative errors over very long periods.[1] Inaccuracies of these measured parameters make determining the true minimum distances of any encountering stars or brown dwarfs fairly difficult.[50]

text: Examples of notable predicted stellar encounters falling within 5 parsecs from the Sun appear in the list below. A summary of the more likely candidates include:

text:
Scholz's star and its companion brown dwarf is thought to have passed about 52,000 astronomical units (0.25 parsecs; 0.82 light-years) from the Sun about 70,000 years ago.[51]
Gamma Microscopii approximately 3.8 million years ago has been predicted to approach as close as 6 light-years from the Sun. Maximum apparent magnitude possibly reached −3, being brighter than the current brightest star, Sirius.[citation needed] More recent examination of measurement errors now suggests it may or may not have passed within 5.0 parsecs.
Gliese 710 / HIP 89825 is the low mass orange K7 spectral type star that currently lies about 63.8 light-years (19.6 parsecs) from the Sun. Based on past and 2007 Hipparcos data,[52] was first estimated to approach just under one light year from the Sun some 1.4 million years from now to appear as a first-magnitude star roughly equal in brightness to Antares. As total proper motion of Gliese 710 is very small and a radial velocity of −119 km/s is fairly high, this suggests it is traveling at a similar and relatively close-approach trajectory to the Solar System. Gaia DR2 in 2018 now predicts the closest known encounter so far known: Minimum perihelion distance is 0.0676±0.0157 parsecs or 13900±3200 AU about 1.281 million years in the future. The Gliese 710 close approach will likely cause the greatest known gravitational perturbation on celestial objects within in the Solar System.[4]
Ross 248 is presently about 10.3 light-years away from the Sun and in about 31,000 years from now it may be the closest star for several millennia, with a minimum distance of 0.927 parsecs (3.02 light-years) in 36,000 years.[1]
Gliese 445 present distance is 17.6 light-years but in about 40,000 years it will become the closest star for a period of several thousand years.
HIP 85605 in 2014 was estimated to approach the Sun between 0.13 to 0.65 light-years (8,200 to 41,100 astronomical units; 0.040 to 0.199 parsecs) within the next 240,000 to 470,000 years.[53][54][55] With the release of Gaia DR2, it was determined that HIP 85605 is actually a much more distant 1790±30 light-years away, and as such will not be passing remotely close to the Sun at any point in time.

tag: ul

text:
Known stars that have passed or will pass within 5.1 light-years of the Sun within ±3 million years:[52][56]

Star name

HIP#

Minimum distance(light-years)

Date of approachin kiloyears

Current distance(light-years)

Stellarclassification

Mass in M☉

Currentapparent magnitude

Current Constellation

CurrentRight ascension

CurrentDeclination

Gliese 710

89825

6999178000000000000♠0.178+0.043−0.036

7003128000000000000♠1280+41−39

7001621030000000000♠62.103±0.057

K7V

0.4–0.6

9.6

Serpens

18h 19m 50.843s

−01° 56′ 18.98″

2MASS J0610-4246

6999755000000000000♠0.755+0.084−0.090

2996883560000000000♠−1164.4+8.8−8.9

7002319750000000000♠319.75±0.60

early K

~0.8

11.79

Puppis

06h 10m 55.448s

−42° 46′ 03.39″

Scholz's star and companion brown dwarf

6999820000000000000♠0.82+0.37−0.22

2998310000000000000♠−69+10−14

7001196000000000000♠19.6±3.4

M9+T5

0.15

18.3

Monoceros

07h 20m 03.20s

−08° 46′ 51.2″

HD 283856

7000112999999999999♠1.13+0.75−0.55

7002374000000000000♠374+40−34

7002290000000000000♠290±17

K0V (binary?)

~0.8

10.46

Taurus

04h 48m 28.124s

+27° 00′ 39.06″

TYC 1662-1962-1

7000184000000000000♠1.84+0.22−0.21

2996848700000000000♠−1513+18−19

7002284500000000000♠284.5±1.0

Early K

~0.8

10.95

Vulpecula

21h 14m 32.911s

+21° 53′ 32.76″

HD 7977

7000188000000000000♠1.88+0.18−0.16

2996720200000000000♠−2798+44−46

7002247030000000000♠247.03±0.70

G0V

~1.2

9.04

Cassiopeia

01h 20m 31.597s

+61° 52′ 57.08″

2MASS J2146+3813

7000189000000000000♠1.89+0.18−0.15

7001844000000000000♠84.4+8.0−6.8

7001229603000000000♠22.9603±0.0083

M5V

~0.015

10.82

Cygnus

21h 46m 22.285s

+38° 13′ 03.12″

2MASS J0634-7449

7000216900000000000♠2.169+0.083−0.080

2997102000000000000♠−898+12−13

7002213280000000000♠213.28±0.29

mid K

~0.6

12.69

Mensa

06h 34m 29.385s

−74° 49′ 47.12″

TYC 2730-1701-1

7000231000000000000♠2.31+0.31−0.29

2997286000000000000♠−714+21−22

7002829100000000000♠829.1±9.1

G?

~1

9.44

Pegasus

21h 50m 41.029s

+36h 20m 46.73s

2MASS J0409+0245

7000268400000000000♠2.684+0.088−0.091

7002912000000000000♠912±13

7002101400000000000♠101.40±0.18

Early M

~0.4

11.73

Taurus

04h 09m 02.050s

+02° 45′ 38.32″

Gliese 3649

7000297500000000000♠2.975+0.093−0.089

2997491000000000000♠−509±12

7001544150000000000♠54.415±0.048

M1

0.49

10.85

Leo

11h 12m 38.97s

+18° 56′ 05.4″

2MASS J0605+4020

7000290000000000000♠2.9+4.5−2.1

2997140000000000000♠−860+210−350

7002248000000000000♠248±20

K

~0.5

12.07

Auriga

06h 05m 05.077s

+40° 20′ 37.72″

2MASS J1818-4038

7000300000000000000♠3.0+1.3−1.1

7003104900000000000♠1049+54−50

7002191400000000000♠191.4±5.6

K/M

~0.5

11.97

Corona Australis

18h 18m 17.213s

−40° 38′ 39.48″

BD-21 1529

7000301000000000000♠3.01+0.29−0.28

2996831500000000000♠−1685+14−15

7002374100000000000♠374.1±1.8

G5V

~0.95

9.67

Canis Major

06h 37m 48.004s

−21° 22′ 21.94″

Ross 248

7000311000000000000♠3.11+0.15−0.14

7001392000000000000♠39.2+1.9−1.8

7001102903000000000♠10.2903±0.0041

M6V

0.136

12.29

Andromeda

23h 41m 54.99s

+44° 10′ 40.8″

Proxima Centauri

70890

7000310340000000000♠3.1034±0.0033

7001286770000000000♠28.677±0.054

7000424410000000000♠4.2441±0.0011

M5Ve

0.15

11.05

Centaurus

14h 29m 42.949s

−62° 40′ 46.14″

Alpha Centauri AB

7168371685

7000324200000000000♠3.242±0.060

7001296300000000000♠29.63+1.00−0.98

7000432100000000000♠4.321±0.024

G2V+K1V

1.1000.907[57]

-0.01+1.33

Centaurus

14h 39m 36.495s

−60° 50′ 02.31″

Gliese 445

57544

7000333650000000000♠3.3365±0.0050

7001463010000000000♠46.301±0.052

7001171424000000000♠17.1424±0.0043

M4

0.15?

10.8

Camelopardalis

11h 47m 41.377s

+78° 41′ 28.18″

HIP 117795

117795

7000343300000000000♠3.433±0.013

7001934599999999999♠93.46±0.21

7001873360000000000♠87.336±0.075

K8V

~0.5

10.6

Cassiopeia

23h 53m 20.014s

+59° 56′ 42.95″

2MASS J0625-2408

7000359000000000000♠3.59+0.25−0.27

2996815100000000000♠−1849+30−31

7002537100000000000♠537.1±2.7

K/M

~0.5

12.91

Canis Major

06h 25m 42.744s

−24° 08′ 35.02″

Barnard's Star

87937

7000376040000000000♠3.7604±0.0074

7001117310000000000♠11.731±0.027

7000595770000000000♠5.9577±0.0032

sdM4

0.144

9.54

Ophiuchus

17h 57m 48.498s

+04° 41′ 36.25″

2MASS J2241-2759

7000379000000000000♠3.79+0.67−0.62

2996719100000000000♠−2809+53−55

7002414700000000000♠414.7±2.6

K7V

~0.5

12.28

Piscis Austrinus

22h 41m 50.996s

−27° 59′ 47.04″

Gliese 3379

7000419400000000000♠4.194±0.016

2997843870000000000♠−156.13±0.52

7001169813000000000♠16.9813±0.0063

M3.5V

0.19

11.31

Orion

06h 00m 03.824s

+02° 42′ 22.97″

Zeta Leporis

27288

7000470000000000000♠4.70+0.59−0.51

2997140000000000000♠−860+45−49

7001713400000000000♠71.34±0.65

A2Vann

2.0

3.55

Lepus

05h 46m 57.341s

−14° 49′ 19.02″

Lalande 21185

54035

7000469200000000000♠4.692±0.018

7001220390000000000♠22.039+0.082−0.081

7000830700000000000♠8.307±0.014

M2V

0.39

7.52

Ursa Major

11h 03m 20.194s

+35° 58′ 11.55″

2MASS J1941-4602

7000485400000000000♠4.854+0.087−0.085

2997536299999999999♠−463.7+6.5−6.7

7001669960000000000♠66.996±0.066

M4-M6

~0.15

12.4

Telescopium

19h 41m 53.18s

−46° 02′ 31.4″


document_title: Call of Duty: WWII

question_text: when does cod world war 2 beta end

question_tokens: when does cod world war 2 beta end

text: Call of Duty: WWII

text: Gameplay[edit]

text: Similar to its predecessors, Call of Duty: WWII is a first-person shooter game but it removes the advanced system of movement present in the three previous Call of Duty titles, which included double jumping and wall running. Instead, it features a return of traditional movement to the series, taking it back to a "boots on the ground" gameplay style. The game does not feature an unlimited sprint mechanic, seen in the previous two titles.[3] Instead of a "slide" movement mechanic, which allowed players to slide quickly on the ground, WWII features a "hit-the-deck" mechanic that allows the player to leap forward and throw themselves on the ground in order to get to cover quickly, similarly to a previous mechanic known as "dolphin dive" in Treyarch's Call of Duty: Black Ops and Call of Duty: Black Ops II.[4]

text: Campaign[edit]

text: WWII is the first title since the original Call of Duty to not feature health regeneration in the campaign. Instead, players must rely on their medic squadmates to provide health packs, as well as other squad members to provide ammunition. Other squad members can spot enemies, revealing their position in form of silhouettes.[5] Enemy soldiers in the campaign can be captured, and wounded allies can be dragged to cover. Both of these actions, as well as killing enemies and completing objectives, add up to player's experience (XP) which can be increased and improve the character's skills. In some parts of the campaign, players will be able to control vehicles.[6]

text: Multiplayer[edit]

text: The multiplayer mode for Call of Duty: WWII was revealed on E3 2017, which took place from June 13–15.[7] Sledgehammer Games has announced new features such as the new headquarters social space, divisions, war mode and the return to "boots-on-the-ground" gameplay. Players who pre-order the game were invited to a closed beta, which was released initially for the PlayStation 4, but later was released on other platforms.[8]

text: In online multiplayer matches, players are randomly assigned either to Allies or Axis side. On Allies side, players can play as soldiers in American, British, or French Resistance armies. On the Axis side, players play directly as Germans. When explaining which German Axis powers would be playable, Glen Schofield, co-founder and co-studio head at Sledgehammer, appeared to state that the Clean Wehrmacht myth was the criteria they had used in their decision, saying: "The big distinction that Germans still make today is that between the German military and the Nazis. We made sure we made that distinction in the game, that the Germans were doing their duty.”[9]

text: Instead of the usual create-a-class system, WWII features Divisions. Players can choose one out of five divisions, each with their own different basic combat training, division training and weapon skills. This also eliminates perks, as players need to progress through ranks in divisions in order to use additional skills. Five divisions featured in the game are:

text:
Infantry: The most versatile division in the game, it is equipped for mid to long range combat. The special skill of this division is the bayonet charge, which can lead to brutal melee combat.
Airborne: This division makes players move fast while remaining quiet. Players in this division can attach suppressors to submachine guns at any time during combat which allows for more stealth based gameplay style.
Armored: This division has the heaviest firepower, being able to mount machine guns and carry rocket launchers as secondary weapons.
Mountain: This division focuses on long range combat, making sniper rifles more precise with aim assist and improving the aim through scope by blocking out surroundings from player's view.
Expeditionary: Shotguns used by players in this division have incendiary rounds that burn enemies to death.

text: WWII also features Headquarters mode, which acts as a social space in the game. The massive hub is set on the Omaha Beach in Normandy, three days after the invasion when Allies retake the beach and turn it into a base. 48 players can be in the Headquarters at a time, and take part in various activities. For example, players can watch other players open loot boxes while in the Headquarters.[10] There is a firing range in the hub, where all players can practise their shooting skills with all weapons, as well as a field where they can test scorestreaks. There are also areas where players can engage in "1v1" fights, as other players watch the duels.[11]

text: The end-game "killcam" highlight shown at the end of every Multiplayer match has been changed to "Bronze Star", which only show kills "deemed most impressive," similar to Overwatch.[12] The only exception to this is the Search & Destroy game mode, which does not use Bronze Star killcam.[13]

text: Nazi Zombies[edit]

text: WWII will include a zombies cooperative game mode, similar to previous entries by Treyarch and Infinity Ward, with its own original storyline set in alternate history and separate from the campaign. The game mode, dubbed Nazi Zombies in reference to its first iteration in Treyarch's Call of Duty: World at War, is also set in the events of World War II, as the Third Reich makes a desperate attempt to turn the tide of the war by creating an undead army in the final stages of the war. While the mode is based on science-fiction and is a fictional take on the war, Sledgehammer Games co-founder Michael Condrey said that the story of the mode is based on some "real events". He also revealed that the experience is similar to Dead Space, a third person shooter horror video game directed by both Condrey and Schofield during their work time at EA Redwood Shores.[14]

text: In regards to gameplay, Nazi Zombies retains the wave-based survival formula that have been used in all previous Zombies entries, with brand new additions. A class system is introduced, where players can opt for one of four combat roles: Offense, Control, Medic and Support, which provide different in-game abilities. Class loadouts are also included, with equippable perks similar to the multiplayer mode. Sledgehammer Games also attempted to rationalize some of the popular mechanics, such as weapon wallbuys and currencies, with realistic explanation that fit within the lore of the game mode.

text: Plot[edit]

text: Campaign[edit]

text: Call of Duty: WWII focuses on the actions of a 12-men squad of the American 1st Infantry Division from 1944 to 1945 in the European theater of conflict, at a time when the Allied forces were starting to gather strength on their march into Germany. The campaign will cover fighting in occupied France and Belgium, and across the Rhine river valley into the heart of Germany.[7] Some of the iconic historical battles covered in the campaign will be the Invasion of Normandy (D-Day), Liberation of Paris, Battle of Aachen, Battle of Hürtgen Forest and Battle of the Bulge. Although the story is primarily set in 1944 and 1945, some parts of it will "touch on" events that happened from 1940 to 1944 to "help set the stage for the narrative and establish the characters."[15]

text: In the single-player campaign, players primarily play as two soldiers of the 16th Infantry Regiment: Private Ronald "Red" Daniels (Brett Zimmerman) and his best friend, Jewish American, Private First Class Robert Zussman (Jonathan Tucker). Additional playable characters include Rousseau, a female Maquis leader of the French Forces of the Interior, and Major Arthur Crowley, a British Special Operations Executive officer a RAF Pilot and Tank Commander. Daniels' and Zussman's platoon mates include Technical Sergeant William Pierson (Josh Duhamel), and platoon leader, 1st Lieutenant Joseph Turner (Jeffrey Pierce).[16] Pittsburgh Steelers running back Le'Veon Bell and offensive tackle Alejandro Villanueva are set to make a cameo appearance in the game.[17]

text: Nazi Zombies[edit]

text: The Nazi Zombies story of WWII takes place in an alternate history, where the Nazis have conducted research on necromancy based on the legend of King Frederick Barbarossa's hidden treasure. The story is centered around Marie Fischer (Katheryn Winnick), a young German engineer working with the Office of Strategic Services. Marie's brother, Klaus, has taken part in the research of Barbarossa's treasure, working with Doctor Peter Straub (Udo Kier). Marie is joined by three companions: ex-art thief Drostan Hynd (David Tennant), ex-art historian and French Resistance fighter Olivia Durant (Élodie Yung), and military sergeant Jefferson Potts (Ving Rhames), as they attempt to conduct a covert operation to learn of the Nazis' plans, retrieve the stolen artifacts and rescue Klaus in the process.

text: Development[edit]

text: A modern Call of Duty title set in World War II was alluded to in a 2014 Call of Duty: Advanced Warfare launch interview with Michael Condrey, co-founder of Sledgehammer Games. In the interview by Metro, the interviewer asked him what the possibilities of where the next Call of Duty could go in terms of setting. Condrey responded, "Well, no. It’s curious. I can only answer from my own personal tastes, this is my own personal opinion. But some of my favourite pieces of entertainment are set in World War II. Band of Brothers, I’m a massive fan of Band of Brothers." Condrey then dived further into the subject, "And that’s a great hero’s war, kind of the last that was recognised as a noble cause in a war. So yeah, I think a next generation game with the latest production values and robustness in a World War II setting like Band of Brothers would be amazing. Now, how would it play and how would the multiplayer work after the new movement set in Advanced Warfare? That’s a tougher question than I’ve had to tackle yet…".[18]

text: Sledgehammer Games have yet to reveal all the authentic settings from World War II that developers have put into the game's storyline. Activision is refusing to deny claims that Nazi extermination camps could feature in the game.[9] Adam Rosenberg of Mashable wrote that video games set during World War II tended to be "Holocaust deniers" in the sense that they avoided broaching the subject for business reasons, but that this could be the very first Call of Duty World War II based game where the Holocaust would be depicted. Senior creative director Bret Robbins said in an interview "Some very, very dark things happened during this conflict and it felt wrong for us to ignore that." He further stated “We absolutely show atrocities. It’s an unfortunate part of the history, but you can’t tell an authentic, truthful story without going there. So we went there.” Robbins argued that audiences can now handle games with more maturity and nuance, “People are ready for it. They want it,” he said.[19][20] When asked directly over Twitter as to whether or not the story campaign would allow gamers the opportunity to play as soldiers from the Axis powers such as Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy, Sledgehammer Games confirmed that the campaign gameplay would be limited to allied forces. More specifically, Sledgehammer co-founder Michael Condrey confirmed that the game will focus exclusively on the Allied powers.[9]

text: The Windows version of the game was developed in partnership with Raven Software. In regards to it, Raven's CTO Dwight Luetscher stated that they were trying to focus on the Windows platform, as well as the community, by responding to their needs for it to excel. The Windows version features several notable changes, including removal of controller aim assist and addition of sensitivity slider for aim-down-sights mechanic.[21]

text: All pre-orders excluding the PC version include access to the private beta, which was made available first on the PlayStation 4 from August 25 to 28, followed by a second week for both PlayStation 4 and Xbox One from September 1 to 4. The PC beta was announced as an open beta, and ran from September 29 to October 2 on Steam. Players who participated in the beta receive the Beta Combat Pack for the full game, which contains a special in-game helmet, emblem and calling card. The game will be available in 3 editions: Base Edition, Digital Deluxe Edition, and the Pro Edition. The Pro Edition is sold exclusively at GameStop. Any pre-orders of the game at GameStop also included a limited edition hat.[22] The game will be released worldwide on November 3, 2017 for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4 and Xbox One.[23]


document_title: All India Services

question_text: rules of recruitment to all india services are determined by

text: All India Services

text: Power, purpose and responsibilities[edit]

text: The All India Services Act, 1951 empowers the government of India to make, after consultation with state governments, rules for the regulation of recruitment and conditions of service of the persons appointed to an All India Service. All India Service is governed by All India Service(Conduct) Rules,1968 which specifies the code of conduct for Civil Servant in general. The All India Service(Conduct) Rules,1968 http://persmin.gov.in/DOPT/Acts_Rules/AIS_Rules/Revised_AIS_Rules_Vol_I_Updated_Upto_31Oct2011/Revised_AIS_Rule_Vol_I_Rule_10.pdf[3] were amended latest by Govt. of India by notification published in official Gazette of India on 10 April 2015. http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2015/163600.pdf

text: Nature of Work[edit]

text: Responsibilities as vary with the seniority of the civil servant. Junior officers begin with probation and move up in the hierarchy. At the district level the responsibilities are concerned with district matters as well as all developmental affairs while at the divisional level the responsibilities focus on law and order also. Policy framing is carried on at the State and Central levels.

text: Allocation, division and cadres[edit]

text: The officers of All India Services are organized into cadres, derived from the states they are allotted to work in for as long as they continue to be a member of the respective Service. Twenty-four states have their own cadre, but there are also two joint cadres: Assam-Meghalaya, and Arunachal Pradesh-Goa-Mizoram-Union Territories (AGMUT). The Manipur-Tripura joint cadre was separated into Manipur and Tripura in 2014.

text: There are State Cadres and the Officers of All India Services (AIS) - Indian Administrative Service (IAS), Indian Forest Service (IFS) and Indian Police Service (IPS), - are divided into State cadres. When on probation the All India Service officers are allocated to their States. Officers of All India Services working with the Union Government are posted on deputation for some years. The All India Services officers in a State cadre may be original residents of that State but almost 2/3 of all officers are from outside the state. The All India Services officer cannot demand his home State cadre but may put in request for being considered for the home cadre. Once allotted to a State cadre, an officer generally continues with that State cadre during his/her whole service. Selected candidates are appointed to different state cadres and as and when required they also move to Union Government jobs on deputation.

text: Indian Administrative Service (IAS)[edit]

text: IAS Officers are trained to handle Government affairs. This being the main responsibility, every civil servant is assigned to a particular office which deals with policy matters pertaining to that area. The policy matters are framed, modified, interpreted in this office under the direct supervision of the Administrative Officer in consultation with the Minister. The implementation of policies is also done on the advice of the Officer. The Cabinet Secretary stands at the top of the government machinery involved in policy making followed by Secretary/Additional Secretary, Joint Secretary, Director, Under Secretary and Junior Scale Officers in that order. These appointments are filled by civil servants according to seniority in the Civil Services. In the process of decision making, a number of officers give their views to the Minister who weighs the matter and makes a decision considering the issue involved.

text: The implementation process involves supervision and touring. The allocation of enormous funds to and by the field officers calls for supervision and the officials concerned have to reply to queries made in the Parliament for which they must remain well informed.

text: The Civil servant has also to represent the Government in another country or in International forums. At the level of Deputy Secretary, he is even authorized to sign agreements on behalf of the Government.

text: A civil servant begins his career in the state with 2 years in probation. This period is spent at training schools, Secretariat, field offices or in a District Magistrate's office. He is given the position of Sub-Divisional Magistrate and has to look after the law, order and general administration including developmental work in the area under his charge. After the probation and 2 years of services as a junior scale officer, the officer is put in the senior scale. Then he may function as District Magistrate, Managing Director of a Public Enterprise or Director of a Department. Senior Scale comprises the Senior Time Scale (Joint Secretary), Junior Administrative Grade (Additional Secretary) and the Selection Grade (Special Secretary). Selection Grade is given on promotion after 13 years of regular service. The next promotion within the State is that of a Commissioner-cum-Secretary after 16 years. This promotion also entitles them to the Super Time Scale. Then after 24 years of regular service an IAS officer may be promoted to Above super time scale who is designated as Principal Secretaries/Financial Commissioners in some states

text: Each State has many Secretaries/Principal Secretaries and only one Chief Secretary. Some appointments of Secretaries are considered more prestigious than others, e.g., the Finance Secretary, Development Commissioners, Home Secretary and hence they enjoy the salary of a Principal Secretary. the Chief Secretary in the State is the top ranking civil servant and may be assisted by Additional Chief Secretaries. In some cadres/States e.g. New Delhi, Financial Commissioner and other high ranking secretaries such as Additional Chief Secretaries enjoy the pay of the Chief Secretary .

text: In the District, the most senior person is the Collector or Deputy Commissioner or District Magistrate. The DM/Collector/DC handle the affairs of the District including development functions. He necessarily tours all rural sectors inspecting specific projects, disputed sites and looks into the problems of people on the spot also.

text: At the divisional level, the Divisional Commissioner is in charge of his division. His role is to oversee law and order and general administration and developmental work. Appeals against the Divisional Commissioner are heard by the Chairman of the Board of Revenue.

text: Indian Forest Service (IFS)[edit]

text: India was one of the first countries in the world to introduce scientific forest management. In 1864, the British Raj established the Imperial Forest Department. In 1866 Dr. Dietrich Brandis, a German forest officer, was appointed Inspector General of Forests. The Imperial Forestry Service was organized in 1867.

text: Officers appointed from 1867 to 1885 were trained in Germany and France, and from 1885 to 1905 at Cooper's Hill, London, which was a noted professional college of forestry. From 1905 to 1926, the University of Oxford, University of Cambridge, and University of Edinburgh undertook the task of training Imperial Forestry Service officers.

text: From 1927 to 1932, forest officers were trained at the Imperial Forest Research Institute (FRI) at Dehradun, which had been established in 1906. The Indian Forest College (IFC) was established in the 1938 at Dehradun, and officers recruited to the Superior Forest Service by the states and provinces were trained there. Forestry, which was managed by the federal government until then, was transferred to the "provincial list" by the Government of India Act 1935, and recruitment to the Imperial Forestry Service was subsequently discontinued.

text: The modern Indian Forest Service (IFS) was established in 1966, after independence, under the All India Services Act 1951, for protection, conservation, and regeneration of forest resources.

text: India has an area of 635,400 km designated as forests, about 19.32 percent of the country. Forest is included in the Concurrent List.

text: Ranks of the Indian Forest Service are as follows: Assistant Conservator of Forests - Probationary Officer, Divisional Forest Officer (DFOs), Deputy Conservator of Forests, Conservator of Forests (CFs), Chief Conservator of Forests (CCFs) Additional Principal Chief Conservator of Forests (Addl.PCCFs), Principal Chief Conservator of Forests (PCCF) & Principal Chief Conservator of Forests (HoFF) - highest post in a State, Director General of Forests (India) - highest post at Centre, selected from amongst the senior-most PCCFs of states.

text: The training at Indira Gandhi National Forest Academy is designed in such a way that an IFS officer after completion of the probation, should be hardened enough to serve in the most difficult terrains of our country. Another remarkable feature of this service is that it needs keen technical knowledge along with excellent administrative capacity to deliver the duty. Government of India is also providing Hari Singh fellowships to IFS officers to get specialized in the field of Remote Sensing and Geographical Information System from the ISRO's Indian Institute of Remote Sensing, University of Twente/ITC Netherlands and in Wildlife Management from the Wildlife Institute of India. The IFS officers also work in various International and National organizations related to management of forests, wildlife and environment such as Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations, International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development, SAARC Forestry Centre, Forest Survey of India, Wildlife Institute of India, Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education (ICFRE), Indira Gandhi National Forest Academy (IGNFA), Directorate of Forest Education, Wildlife Crime Control Bureau (WCCB), etc. besides getting entrusted with senior positions in the Central Secretariat, State Secretariats and various assignments under the Central Staffing Scheme.

text: Indian Police Service (IPS)[edit]

text: The Indian Police Service more popularly known as the 'IPS', is responsible for internal security, public safety and law and order. In 1948, a year after India gained independence from Britain, the Imperial Police (IP) was replaced by the Indian Police Service. The IPS is not a law enforcement agency in its own right; rather it is the body to which all senior police officers belong regardless of the agency for whom they work.

text: An IPS officer is subjected to and faces several life-threatening and harsh conditions which no other service in the country faces, they are entrusted with the overall law and order of the entire State as the Director General of Police and entire Districts as it's Superintendent of Police, and in Metropolitan Cities as Deputy Commissioner or the entire City as the Commissioner of Police. As Commissioner of Police they enjoy magisterial powers.

text: The IPS is the only service in the country which if not equals comes within striking distance of the IAS in terms of Power, Authority and Speed in promotions be it at the State or in the Government of India.

text: The IPS officer takes charge as an Assistant Superintendent of Police of a Sub-division after probation of 2 years. The tenure of this post is normally 2 years. The next appointment is as Superintendent of Police or Deputy Commissioner of Police after 4 years, they get promoted to Junior Administrative Grade after 9 years, Selection Grade in 13 years and then as Deputy Inspector General of Police or Additional Commissioner of Police in 14 years, an Inspector General of Police in 18 years, Additional Director General of Police in 25 years and finally, the Director General of Police after 30 years in service.

text: IPS officers also work in national government agencies such as Intelligence Bureau, Research and Analysis Wing, Central Bureau of Investigation, etc. IPS officers also get highly placed in several PSUs such as GAIL, SAIL, Indian Oil Corporation Limited etc. at the State Secretariat the Central Secretariat under the Central Staffing Scheme and in CAPFs such as Director General of Border Security Force, the Central Reserve Police Force and the Central Industrial Security Force, etc. An IPS officer has vast opportunities to work in several International Organisations such as Interpol, International Cricket Council, the United Nations, Consulates (Foreign Missions) and Embassies all over the World in various capacities such as First Secretary, Consul, Consul General, Deputy High Commissioner, Minister, High Commissioner and Ambassador.

text: The Director General of Police and Commissioner of Police is the head of the entire police force of the State or Metropolitan City (e.g. Kolkata, Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai etc.) and below him is the Additional DGP/Special Police Commissioner. The Inspector General or Joint Commissioner of Police is at the head of certain specialised police force like Criminal Investigation Department, Special Branch, etc.

text: Reforms and changes[edit]

text: In January 2012, the Government amended All India Services Rule 16 (3) which permits the Central Government in consultation with the State Government to retire in the public interest, incompetent and non-performing Officers after a review on their completion of 15 years or 25 years of qualifying service or attaining the age of 50.[4][5][6][7]

text: On recommendation by Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions, from year 2014 state civil servants are required to clear 1000 marks four-stage process including a written exam and interview conducted by Union Public Service Commission to get promoted to the three all India services which was previously based solely on basis of seniority and annual confidential reports.[8][9] Expected Reforms: 1) Creation of Indian Medical Service for Doctors 2) All India Judicial Service- to attract best law talent into the higher judiciary 3) Indian Education Service- to increase the quality of policy making at Central level

text: Equivalent ranks[edit]

text:
S No
Indian Police Service
Indian Forest Service
Indian Administrative Service
Pay scale

1
Deputy Superintendent of Police
Assistant Conservator of Forests
Sub Divisional Magistrate (States)
15,600-39,100 plus grade pay of 5400

2
Additional Superintendent of Police
Divisional Forest Officer/ Deputy Conservator of Forests
Under/Deputy Secretary to Government of India/Additional Deputy Commissioner/Joint Collector/Additional District Magistrate(states)
15,600-39,100 plus grade pay of 6600

3
Superintendent of Police
Divisional Forest Officer/ Deputy Conservator of Forests (India)
Deputy Secretary to Government of India /Deputy Commissioner/Collector/District Magistrate(states)
15,600-39,100 plus grade pay of 7600

4
Senior Superintendent of Police
Deputy Conservator of Forests (India)/Director of Forestry(Selection Grade)
Director to Government of India/Deputy Commissioner/Collector/District Magistrate(states)(Selection Grade)
37,400-67,000 plus grade pay of 8700

5
Deputy Inspector General of Police
Conservator of Forests
Divisional Commissioner in a Division in states
37,400-67,000 plus grade pay of 8900

6
Inspector General of Police
Chief Conservator of Forests
Joint Secretary to Government of India/Secretary to State Govt.
37,400-67,000 plus grade pay of 10,000

7
Additional Director General of Police
Additional Principal Chief Conservator of Forests
Additional Secretary to Government of India/Principal Secretary to State Govt.
HAG scale of 67,000-79,000

8
Director General of Police
Principal Chief Conservator of Forests
HAG + scale of 75,500–80,000

9
Director General of Police (State Police Chief)/Director Intelligence Bureau/Secretary RAW (R)/Director CBI/Director's General of CAPF's e.g. BSF, CRPF, CISF, ITBP, SSB etc./Director National Police Academy
Principal Chief Conservator of Forests, Head of Forest Forces (HoFF), Director General of Forests
Secretary to Government of India/Chief Secretary of State
80,000 (fixed)

10
No equivalent
No equivalent
Cabinet Secretary
90,000 (fixed)


document_title: Royal Parks of London

question_text: how many royal parks are there in london

text: Royal Parks of London

text: Parks[edit]

text: With increasing urbanisation of London, some of these were preserved as freely accessible open space and became public parks with the introduction of the Crown Lands Act 1851. There are today eight parks formally described by this name and they cover almost  2,000 hectares (4,900 acres) of land in Greater London.

text:
Bushy Park, 445 hectares (1,100 acres)[2]
Green Park, 19 hectares (47 acres)[3]
Greenwich Park, 74 hectares (180 acres)[4]
Hyde Park, 142 hectares (350 acres)[5]
Kensington Gardens, 111 hectares (270 acres)[6]
Regent's Park, 166 hectares (410 acres)[7]
Richmond Park, 955 hectares[8][9] (2,360 acres (9.6 km2))
St. James's Park, 23 hectares (57 acres)[10]

text: Hyde Park and Kensington Gardens (which are adjacent), Green Park, Regent's Park and St James's Park are the largest green spaces in central London. Bushy Park, Greenwich Park and Richmond Park are in the suburbs. The Royal Parks agency also manages Brompton Cemetery, Grosvenor Square Gardens, Victoria Tower Gardens and the gardens of 10, 11 and 12 Downing Street.[11]

text: Hampton Court Park is also a royal park within Greater London, but, because it contains a palace, it is administered by the Historic Royal Palaces, unlike the eight Royal Parks.[12]

text: Legal position[edit]

text: The public does not have any legal right to use the Parks, as public access depends on the grace and favour of The Crown, although there are public rights of way across the land. Until 2017, the Royal Parks Agency managed the Royal Parks under powers derived from section 22 of the Crown Lands Act 1851. As part of its statutory management function the Agency permitted the public to use the Parks for recreational purposes, subject to regulations issued under the Parks Regulation Acts 1872–1926 which were considered necessary to secure proper management, preserve order and prevent abuse within the Parks. The Royal Parks and Other Open Spaces Regulations 1997 then came into effect until a separate charity took over the parks from the Royal Parks Agency. [13]

text: Management[edit]

text: The parks were managed by The Royal Parks (an executive agency of the Department for Culture, Media and Sport) until a charity - The Royal Parks - launched in July 2017. The parks are policed by the Royal Parks Operational Command Unit of the Metropolitan Police (the English section of the previous force policing the parks, the Royal Parks Constabulary, has been abolished). The main form of funding for the Royal Parks is a central government grant. This contrasts with most of London's other parks, which are funded by local borough councils. The Royal Parks generate additional income from commercial activities such as catering and staging public events such as concerts.

text: The Royal Parks Foundation is a registered charity which raises funds to protect, support and create new opportunities within the Parks. They have a number of membership schemes such as adoption and champion programmes.

text: Mayoral control[edit]

text: In 2010, Mayor of London Boris Johnson proposed that control over the Royal Parks should be devolved to the Greater London Authority[14] and the government put forward proposals for that to happen later on that year.[15] The plan was welcomed by Royal Parks but not implemented.[16]


document_title: Kashi Vishwanath Temple

question_text: who rebuilt the kashi vishwanath temple in 16th century

text: Kashi Vishwanath Temple

text: History[edit]

text: The temple has been mentioned in the Puranas including the Kashi Khanda (section) of Skanda Purana. The original Vishwanath temple was destroyed by the army of Qutb-ud-din Aibak in 1194 CE, when he defeated the Raja of Kannauj as a commander of Mohammad Ghori. The temple was rebuilt by a Gujarati merchant during the reign of Delhi's Sultan Iltutmish (1211-1266 CE). It was demolished again during the rule of either Hussain Shah Sharqi (1447-1458) or Sikandar Lodhi (1489-1517). Raja Man Singh built the temple during Mughal emperor Akbar's rule, but orthodox Hindus boycotted it as he had let the Mughals marry within his family. Raja Todar Mal further re-built the temple with Akbar's funding at its original site in 1585.[3]

text: In 1669 CE, Emperor Aurangzeb destroyed the temple and built the Gyanvapi Mosque in its place.[4] The remains of the erstwhile temple can be seen in the foundation, the columns and at the rear part of the mosque.[5]

text:
Gyanvapi Mosque, sketched as Temple of Vishveshvur in 1834 by James Prinsep

Plan of the Ancient Temple of Vishveshvur, by James Prinsep[6]

text: In 1742, the Maratha ruler Malhar Rao Holkar made a plan to demolish the mosque and reconstruct Vishweshwar temple at the site. However, his plan did not materialize, partially because of intervention by the Nawabs of Lucknow, who controlled the territory.[7]:2 Around 1750, the Maharaja of Jaipur commissioned a survey of the land around the site, with the objective of purchasing land to rebuild the Kashi Vishwanath temple.[7]:85 However, his plan to rebuild the temple did not materialize either. In 1780, Malhar Rao's daughter-in-law Ahilyabai Holkar constructed the present temple adjacent to the mosque. In 1828, Baiza Bai, widow of the Maratha ruler Daulat Rao Scindhia of Gwalior State, built a low-roofed colonnade with over 40 pillars in the Gyan Vapi precinct.[8] During 1833-1840 CE, the boundary of Gyanvapi Well, the ghats and other nearby temples were constructed.A 7-feet high stone statue of Nandi bull, gifted by the Raja of Nepal lies to the east of the colonnade. Many noble families from various ancestral kingdoms of Indian subcontinent and their prior establishments make generous contributions for the operations of the temple. In 1841, the Bhosales of Nagpur donated silver to the temple. In 1835, Maharaja Ranjit Singh donated 1 tonne of gold for plating the temple's dome.[7]:200[9]

text: The temple was managed by a hereditary group of pandas or mahants. After the death of Mahant Devi Dutt, a dispute arose among his successors. In 1900, his brother-in-law Pandit Visheshwar Dayal Tewari filed a lawsuit, which resulted in him being declared the head priest.[10]

text: Legend[edit]

text: As per Shiva Purana, once Brahma (the Hindu God of creation) and Vishnu (the Hindu God of Harmony) had an argument in terms of supremacy of creation.[11] To test them, Shiva pierced the three worlds as a huge endless pillar of light, the jyotirlinga. Vishnu and Brahma split their ways to downwards and upwards respectively to find the end of the light in either directions. Brahma lied that he found out the end, while Vishnu conceded his defeat. Shiva appeared as a second pillar of light and cursed Brahma that he would have no place in ceremonies while Vishnu would be worshiped till the end of eternity. The jyotirlinga is the supreme partless reality, out of which Shiva partly appears. The jyothirlinga shrines, thus are places where Shiva appeared as a fiery column of light.[12][13] There are 64 forms of Shiva, not to be confused with Jyotirlingas. Each of the twelve jyothirlinga sites take the name of the presiding deity - each considered different manifestation of Shiva.[14] At all these sites, the primary image is lingam representing the beginningless and endless Stambha pillar, symbolizing the infinite nature of Shiva.[14][15][16] The twelve jyothirlinga are Somnath in Gujarat, Mallikarjuna at Srisailam in Andhra Pradesh, Mahakaleswar at Ujjain in Madhya Pradesh, Omkareshwar in Madhya Pradesh, Kedarnath in Himalayas, Bhimashankar in Maharashtra, Viswanath at Varanasi in Uttar Pradesh, Triambakeshwar in Maharashtra, Vaidyanath Jyotirlinga, Deogarh in Deoghar, Jharkhand, Nageswar at Dwarka in Gujarat, Rameshwar at Rameswaram in Tamil Nadu and Grishneshwar at Aurangabad in Maharashtra.[11][17]

text: The Manikarnika Ghat on the banks of Ganges near to the Kashi Vishwanath Temple is considered as a Shakti Peetha, a revered place of worship for the Shaktism sect. The Daksha Yaga, a Shaivite literature is considered as an important literature which is the story about the origin of Shakti Peethas.[18]

text: The temple structure[edit]

text: The temple complex consists of a series of smaller shrines, located in a small lane called the Vishwanatha Galli, near the river. The linga of the main deity at the shrine is 60 cm tall and 90 cm in circumference housed in a silver altar.[19] The main temple is quadrangle and is surrounded by shrines of other gods. There are small temples for Kaalbhairav, Dhandapani, Avimukteshwara, Vishnu, Vinayaka, Sanishwara, Virupaksha and Virupaksh Gauri in the complex. There is a small well in the temple called the Jnana Vapi also spelled as Gyaan vapi (the wisdom well). The Jnana Vapi well sites to the north of the main temple and it is believed that the Jyotirlinga was hidden in the well to protect it at the time of invasion. It is said that the main priest of the temple jumped in the well with the Shiv Ling in order to protect the Jyotirlinga from invaders.

text: According to the structure of the temple, there is a Sabha Griha or Congregation Hall leading to the inner Garbha Griha or Sanctum Sanctorum. The venerable Jyotirlinga is a dark brown colored stone which is enshrined in the Sanctum, placed on a silver platform. Structure of the Mandir is composed of three parts. The first compromises a spire on the Mandir of Lord Vishwanath or Mahadeva. The second is gold dome and the third is the gold spire atop Lord Vishwanath carrying a flag and a trident.

text: The Kashi Vishwanath temple receives around 3,000 visitors every day. On certain occasions the numbers reach 1,000,000 and more. Noteworthy about the temple is 15.5 metre high gold spire and gold dome. There are three domes each made up of pure gold.

text: Importance of the temple[edit]

text: Located on the banks of the holy Ganges, Varanasi is regarded among the holiest of the Hindu cities. The Kashi Vishwanath temple is widely recognized as one of the most important places of worship in Hindu religion. Inside the Kashi Vishvanath Temple is the Jyotirlinga of Shiva, Vishveshvara or Vishvanath. The Vishveshvara Jyotirlinga has a very special and unique significance in the spiritual history of India.

text: Many leading saints, including Adi Sankaracharya, Ramakrishna Paramhansa, Swami Vivekananda, Bamakhyapa, Goswami Tulsidas, Swami Dayananda Saraswati, Sathya Sai Baba and Gurunanak have visited the site.[20] A visit to the temple and a bath in the river Ganges is one of many methods believed to lead one on a path to Moksha (liberation). Thus, Hindus from all over the world try to visit the place at least once in their lifetime. There is also a tradition that one should give up at least one desire after a pilgrimage the temple, and the pilgrimage would also include a visit to the temple at Rameswaram in Tamil Nadu in Southern India, where people take water samples of the Ganges to perform prayer at the temple and bring back sand from near that temple. Because of the immense popularity and holiness of Kashi Vishwanath temple, hundreds of temples across India have been built in the same architectural style. Many legends record that the true devotee achieves freedom from death and saṃsāra by the worship of Shiva, Shiva's devotees on death being directly taken to his abode on Mount Kailash by his messengers and not to Yama. The superiority of Shiva and his victory over his own nature—Shiva is himself identified with death—is also stated. There is a popular belief that Shiva himself blows the mantra of salvation into the ears of people who die naturally at the Vishwanath temple.

text: Puja details[edit]

text: There are 5 aartis of Shree Kashi Vishwanath:

text:
. Mangala Aarti :- 3.00 - 4.00 (Morning).
. Bhoga Aarti :- 11.15 to 12.20 (Day).
. Sandhya Aarti :- 7.00 to 8.15 (Evening).
. Shringara Aarti :- 9.00 to 10.15 (Night).
. Shayana Aarti :- 10.30-11.00 (Night).

tag: ol

text: Security arrangements do not allow any cell phones, camera, belts with metal buckle, cigarettes, lighters, etc. inside the temple.


document_title: List of Oakland Athletics no-hitters

question_text: when was the last time the oakland a's were no hit

question_tokens: when was the last time the oakland a 's were no hit

text: List of Oakland Athletics no-hitters

text: List of no-hitters in Athletics history[edit]

text:
¶
Indicates a perfect game

 £
Pitcher was left-handed

 *
Member of the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum

text:
#
Date
Pitcher
Final score
Base-
runners
Opponent
Catcher
Plate umpire
Manager
Notes
Ref

1
000000001905-07-22-0000July 22, 1905
Henley, WeldonWeldon Henley
7000600000000000000♠6–0
4
@ St. Louis Browns
Schreck, OsseeOssee Schreck
O'Laughlin, SilkSilk O'Laughlin
Mack, ConnieConnie Mack (1)

First game of a doubleheader
First no-hitter in franchise history
First Athletics no-hitter on the road
First right-handed pitcher to throw a no-hitter in franchise history
Largest margin of victory in an Athletics no-hitter (tie)

[9]

2
000000001910-05-12-0000May 12, 1910
Bender, ChiefChief Bender*
7000400000000000000♠4–0
1
Cleveland Naps
Lapp, JackJack Lapp
Dinneen, BillBill Dinneen
Mack, ConnieConnie Mack (2)

First Athletics no-hitter at home

[10]

3
000000001916-08-26-0000August 26, 1916
Bush, Bullet JoeBullet Joe Bush
7000500000000000000♠5–0
5
Cleveland Indians
Picinich, ValVal Picinich
Connolly, TommyTommy Connolly
Mack, ConnieConnie Mack (3)

Most baserunners allowed in an Athletics no-hitter

[11]

4
000000001945-09-09-0000September 9, 1945
Fowler, DickDick Fowler
7000100000000000000♠1–0
4
St. Louis Browns
Rosar, BuddyBuddy Rosar (1)
Pipgras, GeorgeGeorge Pipgras
Mack, ConnieConnie Mack (4)

Second game of a doubleheader
Smallest margin of victory in an Athletics no-hitter
Longest interval between Athletics no-hitters

[12]

5
000000001947-09-03-0000September 3, 1947
McCahan, BillBill McCahan
7000300000000000000♠3–0
1
Washington Senators
Rosar, BuddyBuddy Rosar (2)
Passarella, ArtArt Passarella
Mack, ConnieConnie Mack (5)

Only baserunner came on 1B Ferris Fain's error with one out in the 2nd
Shortest interval between Athletics no-hitters
Last no-hitter as Philadelphia Athletic

[13]

6
000000001968-05-08-0000May 8, 1968
Hunter, CatfishCatfish Hunter*¶
7000400000000000000♠4–0
0
Minnesota Twins
Pagliaroni, JimJim Pagliaroni
Neudecker, JerryJerry Neudecker
Kennedy, BobBob Kennedy

First perfect game in Athletics history and 9th in MLB history; first perfect game in American League history since 1922
Hunter batted in three of Oakland’s four runs
First no-hitter as Oakland Athletic
See also: Catfish Hunter's perfect game

[14]

7
000000001970-09-21-0000September 21, 1970
Blue, VidaVida Blue£ (1)
7000600000000000000♠6–0
1
Minnesota Twins
Tenace, GeneGene Tenace (1)
Barnett, LarryLarry Barnett
McNamara, JohnJohn McNamara

Largest margin of victory in an Athletics no-hitter (tie)
All four no-hitters of 1970 had been pitched in California

[15]

8
000000001975-09-28-0000September 28, 1975
Blue, VidaVida Blue£ (2) (5 IP)
Glenn Abbott (1 IP)
Paul Lindblad£ (1 IP)
Rollie Fingers* (2 IP)
7000500000000000000♠5–0
3
@ California Angels
Tenace, GeneGene Tenace (2) (6 IP)
Ray Fosse (3 IP)
Kunkel, BillBill Kunkel
Dark, AlAl Dark

Final day of the regular season

[16]

9
000000001983-09-29-0000September 29, 1983
Warren, MikeMike Warren
7000300000000000000♠3–0
3
Chicago White Sox
Heath, MikeMike Heath
Springstead, MartyMarty Springstead
Boros, SteveSteve Boros

Latest calendar date of Athletics no-hitter

[17]

10
000000001990-06-29-0000June 29, 1990
Stewart, DaveDave Stewart
7000500000000000000♠5–0
3
@ Toronto Blue Jays
Steinbach, TerryTerry Steinbach
Coble, DrewDrew Coble
La Russa, TonyTony La Russa

First of two no-hitters thrown on the same day

[18]

11
000000002010-05-09-0000May 9, 2010
Braden, DallasDallas Braden£¶
7000400000000000000♠4–0
0
Tampa Bay Rays
Powell, LandonLandon Powell
Wolf, JimJim Wolf
Geren, BobBob Geren

Mother's Day
Second perfect game in Athletics history and 19th in MLB history
First of two perfect games in 2010
This was the second perfect game – and second against the Rays – in 12 months
See also: Dallas Braden's perfect game

[19]

12
April 21, 2018
Manaea, SeanSean Manaea£
3–0
3
Boston Red Sox
Lucroy, JonathanJonathan Lucroy
Wendelstedt, HunterHunter Wendelstedt
Melvin, BobBob Melvin

Most recent no-hitter for the Athletics
Second no-hitter in the MLB in over 10 months (last was the Miami Marlins' no-hitter on June 3, 2017)
Earliest calendar date of Athletics no-hitter

[20]


document_title: Boyz-n-the-Hood

question_text: when was cruising down the street in my 64 released

text: Boyz-n-the-Hood

text: Recording and inspiration[edit]

text: The song was originally written by Ice Cube for NY rap group H.B.O. (Home Boys Only), another group signed by Ruthless. HBO had more of a NY, Run DMC type of sound and rejected its hard core stylization. In hopes of an inclusive (NWA) group effort, Dre convinced Eazy to give rapping a shot.[7] According to DJ Yella, it was Eazy's first ever rap performance, and he had to record the track line by line over the course of two days.[8][9]

text: In his 2005 book Can't Stop Won't Stop: A History of the Hip-Hop Generation, Jeff Chang analyzes the plot of "Boyz-n-the-Hood" and two supporting characters: car thief Kilo G and crack addict JD. In the second and third verses, Eazy-E raps about killing JD for trying to steal his car stereo right before a sexual encounter with a woman that ends with Eazy "reach[ing] back like a pimp and slap[ping] the hoe."[10] In the fourth verse, Kilo G is arrested and held without bail, and he incites a prison riot. Chang writes that this plot twist is "a sly interpolation of Jonathan Jackson's real-life drama...in a 1970 Marin County courthouse shootout."[10]

text: Versions[edit]

text: The original version of the song, which was released on 1987's N.W.A. and the Posse contained only the five verses, starting with the line 'Cruisin down the street in my six-fo'. Slight lyric changes are also present in the album version.

text: The remix version contains a prologue that has Eazy-E describing playing the track "Gangsta Gangsta" from his group's N.W.A. 1988 album, then announcing he will be playing his own song, which is in fact the rest of the song "Boyz-n-the-Hood", and the song continues.

text: Both the original version and the remix versions of "Boyz-n-the-Hood" appear on the 1989 12" maxi-single. They are featured on side A, while the original and remixed versions of "Dopeman" appear on side B.[11]

text: The song was played on the Up In Smoke Tour. Dr. Dre played this song as a tribute to Eazy-E, with the crowd singing the chorus.

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: Jeff Chang describes "Boyz-n-the-Hood" as "an anthem for the fatherless, brotherless, state-assaulted, heavily armed West Coast urban youth" and Eazy-E's rap style as "a deadpan singsong...perhaps as much a result of self-conscious nervousness as hardcore fronting."[12]

text: Rolling Stone ranks the song as among the 20 greatest West Coast rap songs that preceded N.W.A's Straight Outta Compton. Critic David Drake commented: "It was a day-in-the-life record that was less concerned with commentary or critique than simply conveying a lifestyle."[13] Also writing for Rolling Stone, Brian Hiatt compares the subject matter in "Boyz-n-the-Hood" to "6 in the Mornin'" by Ice-T and "P.S.K. What Does It Mean?" by Schoolly D.[14]

text: Cover versions[edit]

text: Red Hot Chili Peppers often covered the song live as an intro jam to their own song, "Special Secret Song Inside" on their 1989-90 Mother's Milk tour.

text: In 2004, the song was re-imagined and sampled by rapper Jim Jones on his debut album On My Way to Church. His version was called "Certified Gangstas", and featured Bezel and Cam'ron.[15]

text: Besides Jim Jones' song there have been many remakes, most notably a cover by alternative rock band Dynamite Hack, which hit #12 on the Billboard Modern Rock Tracks in 2000. The last line of this version, "Punk ass trippin in the dead of night", is sung to the tune of The Beatles' "Blackbird": "Blackbird singing in the dead of night." However, some of the words, as well as the "Blackbird" melody, were altered for the music video version of the song.

text: Hispanic rap group Brownside did a remake to the song called "Vatos In The Barrio". The instrumental of the original is remade, and the lyrics are slightly different but keep the main structure of the Eazy-E version.

text: Underground Memphis rapper Koopsta Knicca of Three 6 Mafia made his own version called "Back In Da Hood".

text: Shwayze uses one of the lines from "Boyz N The Hood" in his song "Lost My Mind" on his album Shwayze; the line he uses is "Woke up at about noon just thought that I had to be in Compton Soon."

text: It is sampled in "Front Back" by UGK[16] (as well as its remix by T.I.),[17] "My 64" by Mike Jones (featuring Bun B, Snoop Dogg and Lil' Eazy-E),[18] "Pojat On Huudeilla" by Eurocrack, "Them Boys Down South" by Big Chance.[19]

text: Track 8 (Disc 2) on DJ Screw's album "The Legend" has the same song style as Boyz-n-the-Hood.

text: Yelawolf made a song called "Boyz-n-the-Woodz" for his 2008 mixtape, Ball of Flames: the Ballad of Slick Rick E. Bobby. The song interpolates the original chorus but is made to have a "white trash" feel.

text: Charts[edit]

text:
Chart (2015)

Peakposition

Australia (ARIA)[20]

69

US Billboard Hot 100[21]

50

US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs (Billboard)[22]

18

US Hot Rap Songs (Billboard)[23]

14