document_title: Topgolf

question_text: where was the first topgolf opened in the us

text: Topgolf

text: Overview[edit]

text: Topgolf operates 41 venues in the United States and the United Kingdom, employs 15,000 Associates and serves 13 million guests annually. The Topgolf games can be played by all ages and skill levels, and the microchipped golf balls score themselves, providing players with instant feedback on each shot's accuracy and distance. Players aim for 11 giant dartboard-like targets on a 215-yard outfield. The farther the shot goes and the closer to the pin, the more points the player receives. Each Topgolf venue features climate-controlled hitting bays for year-round play, food, beverage, music and HDTVs on which various sports games are shown, such as football, basketball and golf. Topgolf also offers golf lessons, leagues, tournaments, concerts, and corporate and social events.

text: History[edit]

text: Topgolf was founded in Watford, England in 2000 by twin brothers Steve and Dave Jolliffe. The idea for Topgolf came from when the two brothers were practicing their swings on a driving range and began thinking of different ways they could improve their experience. Throughout the years, the Topgolf experience has shifted to include new games, food, drinks, music, and apparel. Today, Topgolf serves millions of guests annually and has the world’s largest digital golf audience.[1]

text: The Jolliffe brothers and a licensee developed the first three Topgolf locations in the United Kingdom beginning in 2000.

text: The U.S. licensee, with WestRiver Group as the lead investor, brought Topgolf to the U.S. in 2005 with the opening of Topgolf in Alexandria, VA. WestRiver Group was founded and is run by Erik Anderson, Executive Chairman of Topgolf International, Inc. dba Topgolf Entertainment Group (TEG).

text: As the company expanded, Callaway Golf Company (NYSE: ELY) became an investor in 2006 and Thomas Dundon in 2011. Also in 2008, the company was incorporated as Topgolf International, Inc.

text: In 2016, TEG created three new divisions. Topgolf, the golf entertainment venues in the U.S. and U.K., Topgolf International, the division focused on Topgolf's international expansion, and Topgolf Media, the division focused on enhancing the Topgolf experience through advanced digital media, strategic partnerships and sponsorships. Additionally in 2016, Providence Equity Partners made a sizable minority investment in TEG.

text: Today, WestRiver Group, Callaway, Dundon and Providence Equity are four of the lead investors.[2]

text: On June 23, 2016, it was announced that Village Roadshow Theme Parks would open a venue next door to its popular theme park, Warner Bros. Movie World, in Oxenford, Queensland in Australia. This will be the first Topgolf venue outside the US and the UK. [3]

text: Pricing[edit]

text: Depending on the venue, guests are charged per hour or per game. The U.K. locations and venues in Alexandria and Wood Dale are the only venues that charge per game. Guests are required to have a membership which allows them to play. Information such as high scores are linked to this membership. Membership is a one-time $5 cost that includes free club rentals on every visit.

text: Locations[edit]

text: There are currently 41 Topgolf locations, 38 in the United States and three in the United Kingdom.[4]

text: In announcing a new Topgolf location in Columbus, Ohio, the company estimated that 500 full time and part time employees will serve a 65,000 square foot location. That location was expected to generate 450,000 visitors a year and contribute $264.5 million to the area's economy over a decade.[5]

text: United States[edit]

text:
Alabama: Birmingham; Huntsville
Arizona: Gilbert; Glendale (late 2018); Scottsdale; Tucson (late 2017)
California: Roseville
Colorado: Centennial
Florida: Doral (late 2017); Jacksonville; Miami Gardens; Orlando; Tampa
Georgia: Alpharetta; Atlanta-Midtown
Illinois: Wood Dale; Naperville
Indiana: Fishers
Kansas: Overland Park
Maryland: Germantown
Michigan: Auburn Hills (late 2018)
Minnesota: Minneapolis (summer 2018)
Missouri: St. Louis (fall 2018)
Nevada: Las Vegas
New Jersey: Edison; Mt Laurel (late 2017)
North Carolina: Charlotte (South Charlotte); Charlotte (University City, coming soon)
Ohio: West Chester; Columbus (fall 2018)[5]; Cleveland (2019)
Oklahoma: Oklahoma City
Oregon: Hillsboro
Pennsylvania: Pittsburgh (summer 2018)
Tennessee: Nashville
Texas: Allen; Austin; The Colony; Dallas; El Paso; Fort Worth; Houston-Katy; San Antonio; Spring; Webster
Utah: Midvale
Virginia: Alexandria; Loudoun County; Virginia Beach

text: United Kingdom[edit]

text:
Chigwell
Surrey: Addlestone
Watford

text: Australia[edit]

text: Gold Coast, Queensland (2018)[6]

text: Mexico[edit]

text:
Cancun (2018)[7]
Mexico City (2018)[7]

text: Canada[edit]

text: Location TBD[8]


document_title: Phineas and Ferb (soundtrack)

question_text: who sung the phineas and ferb theme song

root

text: Phineas and Ferb (soundtrack)

text: Background[edit]

text: The artists on the soundtrack all are in Phineas and Ferb except for Bowling for Soup who performs the theme tune for the series. The song "Gitchee Gitchee Goo" performed by Vincent Martella & Ashley Tisdale featured in the episode "Flop Starz", was also included in the 2009 album Disney Channel Playlist.[2]

tag: p

text: Release[edit]

text: The original report cited that the initial February 10, 2009 release date had been pushed back to August 4.[3] On June 26, 2009 the release date was pushed back to September 22, 2009.[4] Later this has been confirmed on the official website.[5] The soundtrack album was released in the United Kingdom on October 10, 2009 via EMI Music.[6]

text: Track listing[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Writer(s)
Performer(s)
Length

1.
"Today is Gonna Be a Great Day"
Dan Povenmire, Jeff "Swampy" Marsh, Michael Culross, Michael Walker, Carl Williams
Bowling for Soup
3:01

2.
"Gitchee Gitchee Goo"
Dan Povenmire, Jeff "Swampy" Marsh, Jon Colton Barry
Vincent Martella, Ashley Tisdale, Laura Dickinson, Danny Jacob
1:58

3.
"Backyard Beach"
Dan Povenmire, Danny Jacob
Danny Jacob
0:47

4.
"Busted"
Dan Povenmire, Jeff "Swampy" Marsh, Martin Olson, Jon Colton Barry, Antoine Guilbaud, Danny Jacob
Ashley Tisdale, Olivia Olson
1:38

5.
"Perry the Platypus Theme"
Dan Povenmire, Jeff "Swampy" Marsh
Randy Crenshaw, Laura Dickinson, Danny Jacob
0:47

6.
"S.I.M.P. (Squirrels in My Pants)"
Dan Povenmire, Jeff "Swampy" Marsh, Martin Olson, Michael Culross
Robbie Wyckoff, Danny Jacob, Ashley Tisdale
1:34

7.
"I'm Lindana and I Wanna Have Fun"
Dan Povenmire, Jeff "Swampy" Marsh, Jon Colton Barry, Chris Headrick
Olivia Olson
0:51

8.
"My Nemesis"
Dan Povenmire, Jeff "Swampy" Marsh, Bobby Gaylor, Kent Osborne
Danny Jacob
1:02

9.
"My Goody Two-Shoes Brother"
Dan Povenmire, Jeff "Swampy" Marsh, Martin Olson, Bobby Gaylor, Danny Jacob
Dan Povenmire
1:15

10.
"Disco Miniature Golfing Queen"
Dan Povenmire, Jeff "Swampy" Marsh, Martin Olson, Danny Jacob
Laura Dickinson and Danny Jacob
1:15

11.
"My Undead Mummy and Me"
Dan Povenmire, Jeff "Swampy" Marsh, Martin Olson, Bobby Gaylor, Danny Jacob
Danny Jacob
1:06

12.
"I Love You Mom"
Dan Povenmire, Jeff "Swampy" Marsh, Martin Olson
Ashley Tisdale
1:03

13.
"Ready for the Bettys"
Dan Povenmire, Jeff "Swampy" Marsh, Martin Olson, Danny Jacob, Aliki Theofilopoulos
Olivia Olson
1:01

14.
"When We Didn't Get Along"
Dan Povenmire, Jeff "Swampy" Marsh, Martin Olson, Bobby Gaylor, Jon Colton Barry, Danny Jacob
Danny Jacob
1:40

15.
"He's a Bully"
Dan Povenmire, Jeff "Swampy" Marsh, Martin Olson, Bobby Gaylor, Danny Jacob
Robbie Wyckoff
1:12

16.
"Truck Drivin' Girl"
Dan Povenmire, Jeff "Swampy" Marsh, Martin Olson, Bobby Gaylor, Michael Diederich, Danny Jacob
Danny Jacob
1:15

17.
"Do Nothing Day"
Jon Colton Barry
Mitchel Musso, Ashley Tisdale
1:39

18.
"E.V.I.L. B.O.Y.S."
Dan Povenmire, Jeff "Swampy" Marsh, Martin Olson, Bobby Gaylor
Dan Povenmire
1:51

19.
"Fabulous"
Chris Headrick, Dan Povenmire, Jeff "Swampy" Marsh, Bobby Gaylor, Martin Olson
Carlos Alazraqui, Vincent Martella
1:29

20.
"Little Brothers"
Jon Colton Barry
Laura Dickinson (with Danny Jacob)
1:15

21.
"Let's Take a Rocket Ship to Space"
Dan Povenmire, Jeff "Swampy" Marsh, Martin Olson, Bobby Gaylor, Danny Jacob
Danny Jacob
1:05

22.
"Queen of Mars"
Dan Povenmire, Jeff "Swampy" Marsh, Jon Colton Barry
Ashley Tisdale
1:22

23.
"Chains on Me"
Dan Povenmire, Jeff "Swampy" Marsh, Martin Olson
Dan Povenmire
1:33

24.
"Phinedroids and Ferbots"
Aliki Theofilopoulos, Dan Povenmire, Jeff "Swampy" Marsh, Bobby Gaylor, Martin Olson
Danny Jacob
1:08

25.
"Ain't Got Rhythm"
Robert Hughes, Danny Jacob, Jeff "Swampy" Marsh, Martin Olson, Dan Povenmire
Steve Zahn, Vincent Martella
2:16

26.
"You Snuck Your Way Right into My Heart"
Chris Headrick, Dan Povenmire, Jon Colton Barry, Martin Olson
Jaret Reddick
2:35

Total length:
37:37

tag: table

text: Charts[edit]

text:
Chart
Peak
position

Polish Albums Chart[7]
6

Spanish Albums Chart[8]
4

U.S Billboard 200[8]
59

text:
Year End Chart
Peak
position

Spanish Albums Chart[9]
35

text:
Certifications
Certification

Spanish Albums Chart[9]
Gold

text: Release dates[edit]

text:
Country
Date
Label
Format
Catalog

United States
September 22, 2009
Disney Channel Records
Walt Disney Records
Hollywood Records
CD

Canada & Australia

United Kingdom
October 10, 2009
EMI
688 5232

Singapore & Malaysia
September 30, 2009
Warner Music Singapore
Universal Music Singapore
CD/VCD

Argentina
July 17, 2010
Walt Disney Records Argentina
CD

text: Other releases[edit]

text: Several other soundtracks for the series have been released.

text:
Phineas and Ferb's Christmas Vacation: A soundtrack for the Christmas special, only released digitally in December 2009.
Disney Karaoke Series: Phineas and Ferb: A karaoke CD re-release of the series' soundtrack, released on March 30, 2010.
Phineas and Ferb: Summer Belongs To You!: A soundtrack for the one-hour special, released on August 3, 2010. It was released on a CD on May 21, 2012.
Phineas and Ferb Holiday Favorites: Contains 7 songs from Phineas and Ferb's Christmas Vacation, 8 Christmas Carols sung by Phineas and Ferb Characters, and a song that was cut from the special for time ("What Does He Want?"), released on September 21, 2010.
Phineas and Ferb: Across the 1st and 2nd Dimensions: Contains songs from Phineas and Ferb the Movie: Across the 2nd Dimension, and various episodes from Season 2 of the show, such as Rollercoaster: The Musical!, released on August 2, 2011.
Phineas and Ferb-Ulous: The Ultimate Album: A CD/DVD combo pack that was released in the UK, August 16, 2011.[10] Also contains the songs from Summer Belongs to You!.
Phineas and Ferb the Movie: Across the 2nd Dimension Song Sampler: A digital soundtrack on the digital copy disc of Phineas and Ferb the Movie: Across the 2nd Dimension, included with the DVD release of the movie. It contains all songs from the movie, with the exception of "Kick It Up a Notch."
Phineas and Ferb: Rockin' and Rollin': A digital album featuring songs mostly from seasons 3 and 4 with some songs from the first two seasons that were not released before.
Phineas and Ferb: Star Wars: Contains 5 songs from the special of the same name.
Phineas and Ferb: The Last Day of Summer: Features all songs from the last episode and some songs from the special Night of the Living Pharmacists. This album also features the intro theme song from the O.W.C.A Files Special.

tag: ul


document_title: Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution

question_text: who chooses the vice-president if no candidate receives a majority of the electoral votes

text: Text[edit]

text: The Electors shall meet in their respective states, and vote by ballot for President and Vice-President, one of whom, at least, shall not be an inhabitant of the same state with themselves; they shall name in their ballots the person voted for as President, and in distinct ballots the person voted for as Vice-President, and they shall make distinct lists of all persons voted for as President, and all persons voted for as Vice-President and of the number of votes for each, which lists they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the seat of the government of the United States, directed to the President of the Senate

text: The President of the Senate shall, in the presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the certificates and the votes shall then be counted.

text: The person having the greatest number of votes for President, shall be the President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of Electors appointed; and if no person have such majority, then from the persons having the highest numbers not exceeding three on the list of those voted for as President, the House of Representatives shall choose immediately, by ballot, the President. But in choosing the President, the votes shall be taken by states, the representation from each state having one vote; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from two-thirds of the states, and a majority of all the states shall be necessary to a choice. And if the House of Representatives shall not choose a President whenever the right of choice shall devolve upon them, before the fourth day of March next following, then the Vice-President shall act as President, as in the case of the death or other constitutional disability of the President.[Note 1]

text: The person having the greatest number of votes as Vice-President, shall be the Vice-President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of Electors appointed, and if no person have a majority, then from the two highest numbers on the list, the Senate shall choose the Vice-President; a quorum for the purpose shall consist of two-thirds of the whole number of Senators, and a majority of the whole number shall be necessary to a choice. But no person constitutionally ineligible to the office of President shall be eligible to that of Vice-President of the United States.[1]

text: Background[edit]

text: Under the original procedure for the Electoral College, as provided in Article II, Section 1, Clause 3, each elector could vote for two persons. The two people chosen by the elector could not both inhabit the same state as that elector. This prohibition was designed to keep electors from voting for two "favorite sons" of their respective states.[2] The person receiving the greatest number of votes, provided that number equaled a majority of the electors, was elected President.

text: If there were more than one individual who received the same number of votes, and such number equaled a majority of the electors, the House of Representatives would choose one of them to be President. If no individual had a majority, then the House of Representatives would choose from the five individuals with the greatest number of electoral votes. In either case, a majority of state delegations in the House was necessary for a candidate to be chosen to be President.

text: Selecting the Vice President was a simpler process. Whichever candidate received the second greatest number of votes became Vice President. The Vice President, unlike the President, was not required to receive votes from a majority of the electors. In the event of a tie for second place, the Senate would choose who would be Vice President from those tied, with each Senator casting one vote. It was not specified in the Constitution whether the sitting Vice President could cast a tie-breaking vote for Vice President under the original formula.

text: When George Washington decided not to seek a third term problems with the original procedure emerged.

text: In the 1796 election, John Adams, the Federalist Party presidential candidate, received a majority of the electoral votes. However, the Federalist electors scattered their second votes, resulting in the Democratic-Republican Party presidential candidate, Thomas Jefferson, receiving the second highest number of electoral votes and thus being elected Vice President. It became apparent that if the Vice President was a defeated electoral opponent of the President the two might not work together effectively. By having the President and Vice President elected on a party ticket, this possibility would be eliminated but it raised a different flaw in the arrangements.

text: On January 6, 1797, Representative William L. Smith of South Carolina responded to this result by presenting a resolution on the floor of the House of Representatives for an amendment to the Constitution requiring each elector to cast one vote for President and another for Vice President.[3] However, no action was taken on his proposal, setting the stage for the deadlocked election of 1800.

text: The 1800 election exposed a defect in the original formula in that if each member of the Electoral College followed party tickets, there would be a tie between the two candidates from the most popular ticket. The emergence of partisan political activity caused the failure of the original constitutional plan.

text: The Federalist states in the House of Representatives decided to give their votes to Aaron Burr for President when he and Jefferson tied in the Presidential election of 1800. Their aim was to prevent Jefferson, who was influential and rich in new visions, from becoming President, at any cost. With help from Alexander Hamilton, the gridlock was finally broken on the thirty-sixth vote and Jefferson was elected President on February 17, 1801.[4] The events in the House, combined with the increasing Democratic-Republican majorities in the House and Senate, prompted the Democratic-Republicans to call for a Constitutional amendment requiring separate votes for President and Vice President in the Electoral College. By doing this, the Democratic-Republicans could dash the Federalists' hopes of having any impact on the Presidential election of 1804.

text: Adoption[edit]

text: Journey to Congress[edit]

text: In March 1801, weeks after the election of 1800 was resolved, two amendments were proposed in the New York state legislature that would form the skeleton of the Twelfth Amendment. Governor John Jay submitted an amendment to the state legislature that would require a district election of electors in each state. Assemblyman Jedediah Peck submitted an amendment to adopt designations for the votes for President and Vice President. The two amendments were not considered until early 1802 because the state legislature took a break for the summer and winter. New York state senator DeWitt Clinton moved for the adoption of the amendment in January 1802. Shortly thereafter, Clinton won a vacant seat in the U.S. Senate, where he was instrumental in bringing the designation amendment to Congress. The process continued in New York on February 15 when Representative Benjamin Walker of New York proposed the designation and district election amendments to the House. Debate on the amendments began in May. The Republicans wanted to decide on the amendment quickly, but the Federalists argued that the ideas needed more time than the current session allowed. Federalist Samuel W. Dana of Connecticut wanted to examine the necessity of a Vice President. The amendment ultimately failed in the New York State Senate, but DeWitt Clinton brought the amendment discussion to the House of Representatives.[5]

text: Congress was ready to debate the presented amendment, but the Democratic-Republicans decided to wait for the 8th Congress. The 8th Congress would allow the Democratic-Republicans a better chance of meeting the two-third vote requirement for submitting a proposed Constitutional amendment.

text: Congressional debate[edit]

text: On its first day, the 8th Congress considered the designation amendment. The first formulation of the amendment had the five highest electoral vote earners on the ballot in the House if no one candidate had a majority of the electoral votes. Republican John Clopton of Virginia, the largest state in the Union, argued that having five names on the list for a contingency election took the power from the people, so he proposed that there be only two names on the list. On October 20, the House appointed a seventeen-member committee (one Representative from each state) to fine-tune the amendment.[6]

text: The original proposal starting in the New York state legislature was a dual-amendment that, along with designation, put forward the idea of district election of electors that Treasury Secretary Gallatin had supported. Shortly after the committee was formed, Federalist Benjamin Huger attempted to add a provision regarding district elections to the proposed amendment. The committee ignored him and district election disappeared.[7]

text: The committee then submitted an updated version of the designation amendment to the House on October 23 that changed the number of candidates in a contingency election from five to three and allowed the Senate to choose the Vice President if there were a tie in that race. Small Federalist states disliked the change from five to three, because it made it far less likely that a small-state candidate would make it to a contingency election. Huger and New York Federalist Gaylord Griswold argued that the Constitution was a compromise between large and small states and the method chosen by the Framers is supposed to check the influence of the larger states. Huger even asserted that the Constitution itself was not a union of people, but a union of large and small states in order to justify the original framework for electing the President. Designation, argued Griswold and Huger, would violate the spirit of the Constitution by taking away a check on the power of the large states.[5]

text: Next up for the Federalists was Seth Hastings of Massachusetts, who submitted the argument that the designation amendment rendered the Vice Presidency useless and advocated for the elimination of the three-fifths clause. John C. Smith asked the inflammatory question of whether or not the proposed amendment was to help the reelection of Jefferson. Speaker Nathaniel Macon called this inappropriate. After Matthew Lyon of Kentucky denounced any reference to the three-fifths clause as mere provocation, the House easily passed the resolution 88-39 on October 28.

text: By October 28, the Senate had already been discussing the designation amendment. Republican DeWitt Clinton expected that the Senate, with a 24-9 Republican majority would quickly passing the amendment. Federalist Jonathan Dayton proposed that the office of the Vice President should be eliminated and his colleague, Uriah Tracy, seconded it. On the other side, Wilson Cary Nicholas was simply worried that Congress would not submit the amendment in time for the states to ratify it before the 1804 election. Despite Nicholas’ concern, the Senate would not seriously deal with the amendment again until November 23.[8]

text: Much as it had in the House, debate centered around the number of candidates in a contingency election and the philosophical underpinnings of the Constitution. Again, small Federalist states vehemently argued that three candidates gave too much power to large states to pick presidents. Senator Pierce Butler of South Carolina argued that the issues with the election of 1800 were unlikely to happen again and he would not advocate changing the Constitution simply to stop a Federalist Vice President. John Quincy Adams argued that the change from five to three gave an advantage to the people that violated the federative principle of the Constitution. Rather than have the office of the President balanced between the states and the people, Adams felt designation of President and Vice President would tip that scale in favor of the people.[9]

text: Federalist Senators argued for retaining the original procedure for the Electoral College. Senator Samuel White of Delaware claimed that the original procedure had not been given "a fair experiment" and criticized the proposed amendment for entrenching the two-party system that had taken over presidential elections.[10]

text: In response, the Republicans appealed to democratic principles. Samuel Smith of Maryland argued that the presidency ought to be as closely accountable to the people as possible. As such, having three candidates in a contingency election is far better than having five, because it is possible to have the fifth best candidate become President otherwise. Also, designation itself would drastically cut down the number of elections that would reach the house, and the President is then much more likely to be the people’s choice. Another of Smith’s arguments was simply the election of 1800. William Cocke of Tennessee took a different approach when he argued that the entire small state argument of the Federalists was simply out of self-interest.[11]

text: One last order of business for the amendment was to deal with the possibility that the House would fail to choose a President by March 4. It was the least controversial portion of the Twelfth Amendment and John Taylor proposed that the Vice President would take over as President in that peculiar occurrence, “as in case of the death or other Constitutional disability of the President."[12]

text: It seemed clear all along that the Republican dominance would render this a no-contest and the Republicans were just waiting for all of their votes to be present, but the Federalists had one last defense. A marathon session of debate, lasting from 11 A.M. to 10 P.M., was the order of the day on December 2, 1803. Most notably, Uriah Tracy of Connecticut argued in a similar vein as Adams when he invoked the federative principle of the Constitution. Tracy claimed the original procedure was formulated to give the small states a chance to elect the Vice President, who would be a check on the President’s powers. In essence, the states balanced the power of the people. However, this only works if you make it partisan, as Georgia (for example) was a Republican small state.[13]

text: Proposal and ratification[edit]

text: The Twelfth Amendment was proposed by the 8th Congress on December 9, 1803, when it was approved by the House of Representatives by vote of 83–42,[14] having been previously passed by the Senate, 22–10, on December 2.[15] The amendment was officially submitted to the states on December 12, 1803, and was ratified by the legislatures of the following states:[16]

text:
North Carolina: December 21, 1803
Maryland: December 24, 1803
Kentucky: December 27, 1803
Ohio: December 30, 1803
Pennsylvania: January 5, 1804
Vermont: January 30, 1804
Virginia: February 3, 1804
New York: February 10, 1804
New Jersey: February 22, 1804
Rhode Island: March 12, 1804
South Carolina: May 15, 1804
Georgia: May 19, 1804
New Hampshire: June 15, 1804[Note 2]

tag: ol

text: Having been ratified by the requisite three-fourths of the several states, there being 17 states in the Union at the time, the ratification of the Twelfth Amendment was completed. It was subsequently ratified by:

text: The amendment was rejected by:

text:
Delaware: January 18, 1804
Connecticut: May 10, 1804

text: On September 25, 1804, in a circular letter to the governors of the states, Secretary of State Madison declared the amendment ratified by three-fourths of the states.

text: Electoral College under the Twelfth Amendment[edit]

text: While the Twelfth Amendment did not change the composition of the Electoral College or the duties of the electors, it did change the process whereby a President and a Vice President are elected. The new electoral process was first used for the 1804 election. Each presidential election since has been conducted under the terms of the Twelfth Amendment.

text: The Twelfth Amendment stipulates that each elector must cast distinct votes for President and Vice President, instead of two votes for President. Additionally, electors may not vote for presidential and vice-presidential candidates who both reside in the elector's state—at least one of them must be an inhabitant of another state.

text: If no candidate for President has a majority of the total votes, the House of Representatives, voting by states and with the same quorum requirements as under the original procedure, chooses the President. The Twelfth Amendment requires the House to choose from the three highest receivers of electoral votes, compared to five under the original procedure.

text: The Twelfth Amendment requires a person to receive a majority of the electoral votes for Vice President for that person to be elected Vice President by the Electoral College. If no candidate for Vice President has a majority of the total votes, the Senate, with each Senator having one vote, chooses the Vice President. The Twelfth Amendment requires the Senate to choose between the candidates with the "two highest numbers" of electoral votes. If multiple individuals are tied for second place, the Senate may consider all of them, in addition to the individual with the greatest number of votes. The Twelfth Amendment introduced a quorum requirement of two-thirds of the whole number of Senators for the conduct of balloting. Furthermore, the Twelfth Amendment requires the Senate to choose a Vice President by way of the affirmative votes of "a majority of the whole number" of Senators.

text: To prevent deadlocks from keeping the nation leaderless, the Twelfth Amendment provided that if the House did not choose a President before March 4 (then the first day of a Presidential term), the individual elected Vice President would "act as President, as in the case of the death or other constitutional disability of the President." The Twelfth Amendment did not state for how long the Vice President would act as President or if the House could still choose a President after March 4. Section 3 of the Twentieth Amendment, adopted in 1933, supersedes that provision of the Twelfth Amendment by changing the date upon which a new presidential term commences to January 20, clarifying that the Vice President-elect would only "act as President" if the House has not chosen a President by January 20, and permitting Congress to statutorily provide "who shall then act as President, or the manner in which one who is to act shall be selected" if there is no President-elect or Vice President-elect by January 20. It also clarifies that if there is no President-elect on January 20, whoever acts as President does so until a person "qualified" to occupy the Presidency is elected to be President.

text: The Twelfth Amendment explicitly states the constitutional requirements as provided for the President also apply to being Vice President. It is unclear whether a two-term president could later serve as Vice President. Some argue that the Twenty-second Amendment and Twelfth Amendment both bar any two-term president from later serving as Vice President as well as from succeeding to the presidency from any point in the United States presidential line of succession.[17] Others contend that the Twelfth Amendment concerns qualification for service, while the Twenty-second Amendment concerns qualifications for election, and thus a former two-term president is still eligible to serve as Vice President.[18] The applicability of this distinction has not been tested, as no former president has ever sought the vice presidency, and thus the courts have never been required to make a judgment regarding the matter. During Hillary Clinton's 2016 candidacy, she said that she had considered naming Bill Clinton as her Vice President, but was advised it would be unconstitutional.[19]

text: Elections since 1804[edit]

text: Starting with the election of 1804, each Presidential election has been conducted under the Twelfth Amendment.

text: Only once since then has the House of Representatives chosen the President: In 1824, Andrew Jackson received 99 electoral votes, John Quincy Adams (son of John Adams) 84, William H. Crawford 41 and Henry Clay 37. All of the candidates were members of the Democratic-Republican Party (though there were significant political differences among them), and each had fallen short of the 131 votes necessary to win. Because the House could only consider the top three candidates, Clay could not become President. Crawford's poor health following a stroke made his election by the House unlikely. Andrew Jackson expected the House to vote for him, as he had won a plurality of the popular and electoral votes.[Note 3] Instead, the House elected Adams on the first ballot with thirteen states, followed by Jackson with seven and Crawford with four.[20] Clay had endorsed Adams for the Presidency; the endorsement carried additional weight because Clay was the Speaker of the House. When Adams later appointed Clay his Secretary of State, many—particularly Jackson and his supporters—accused the pair of making a "Corrupt Bargain".[21][22] In the less contested election for vice president, John C. Calhoun received 182 electoral votes and was elected outright.

text: In 1836, the Whig Party nominated different candidates in different regions in the hopes of splintering the electoral vote and denying Martin Van Buren, the Democratic candidate, a majority in the Electoral College, thereby throwing the election into the Whig-controlled House. However, this strategy failed with Van Buren winning majorities of both the popular and electoral vote. In that same election no candidate for Vice President secured a majority in the electoral college as Democratic Vice Presidential nominee Richard Mentor Johnson did not receive the electoral votes of Democratic electors from Virginia, because of his relationship with a former slave. As a result, Johnson received 147 electoral votes, one vote short of a majority; to be followed by Francis Granger with 77, John Tyler with 47 and William Smith with 23. This caused the Senate to choose whether Johnson or Granger would be the new Vice President. Johnson won with 33 votes, with Granger receiving 16.[23]

text: Since 1836, no major U.S. party has nominated multiple regional presidential or vice presidential candidates in an election. However, since the Civil War there have been two serious attempts by Southern-based parties to run regional candidates in hopes of denying either of the two major candidates an electoral college majority. Both attempts (in 1948 and 1968) failed, but not by much—in both cases a shift in the result of two close states would have forced the respective elections into the House.[24][25]

text: In modern elections, a running mate is often selected in order to appeal to a different set of voters. A Habitation Clause issue arose during the 2000 presidential election contested by George W. Bush (running-mate Dick Cheney) and Al Gore (running-mate Joe Lieberman), because it was alleged that Bush and Cheney were both inhabitants of Texas and that the Texas electors therefore violated the Twelfth Amendment in casting their ballots for both. Bush's residency was unquestioned, as he was Governor of Texas at the time. Cheney and his wife had moved to Dallas five years earlier when he assumed the role of chief executive at Halliburton. Cheney grew up in Wyoming and had represented it in Congress. A few months before the election, he switched his voter registration and driver's license to Wyoming and put his home in Dallas up for sale. Three Texas voters challenged the election in a federal court in Dallas and then appealed the decision to the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit, where it was dismissed.[26]


document_title: List of Major League Baseball single-season records

question_text: who has the highest single season batting average

text: Batting records[edit]

text: Home runs[edit]

text:
Player
Team
Home runs
Season

Barry Bonds
San Francisco Giants
73
2001

Mark McGwire
St. Louis Cardinals
70
1998

Sammy Sosa
Chicago Cubs
66
1998

Mark McGwire
St. Louis Cardinals
65
1999

Sammy Sosa
Chicago Cubs
64
2001

Sammy Sosa
Chicago Cubs
63
1999

Roger Maris
New York Yankees
61
1961

Babe Ruth
New York Yankees
60
1927

text: Hits[edit]

text:
Player
Team
Hits
Season

Ichiro Suzuki
Seattle Mariners
262
2004

George Sisler
St. Louis Browns
257
1920

Bill Terry
New York Giants
254
1930

Lefty O'Doul
Philadelphia Phillies
254
1929

text: Batting average[edit]

text:
Player
Team
Average
Season

Nap Lajoie
Philadelphia Athletics
.426
1901

Rogers Hornsby
St. Louis Cardinals
.424
1924

George Sisler
St. Louis Browns
.420
1922

Ty Cobb
Detroit Tigers
.420
1911

text: Runs batted in[edit]

text:
Player
Team
RBIs
Season

Hack Wilson
Chicago Cubs
191
1930

Lou Gehrig
New York Yankees
184
1931

Hank Greenberg
Detroit Tigers
183
1937

Jimmie Foxx
Boston Red Sox
175
1938

Lou Gehrig
New York Yankees
175
1927

text: Hitting streak[edit]

text:
Player
Team
Streak
Season

Joe DiMaggio
New York Yankees
56
1941

Pete Rose
Cincinnati Reds
44
1978

Bill Dahlen
Chicago Colts
42
1894

George Sisler
St. Louis Browns
41
1922

Ty Cobb
Detroit Tigers
40
1911

text: Runs scored[edit]

text:
Player
Team
Runs
Season

Babe Ruth
New York Yankees
179
1921

Lou Gehrig
New York Yankees
167
1936

Lou Gehrig
New York Yankees
163
1931

Babe Ruth
New York Yankees
163
1928

Chuck Klein
Philadelphia Phillies
158
1930

text: Doubles[edit]

text:
Player
Team
Doubles
Season

Earl Webb
Boston Red Sox
67
1931

George Burns
Cleveland Indians
64
1926

Joe Medwick
St. Louis Cardinals
64
1936

Hank Greenberg
Detroit Tigers
63
1934

Paul Waner
Pittsburgh Pirates
62
1932

text: Triples[edit]

text:
Player
Team
Triples
Season

Chief Wilson
Pittsburgh Pirates
36
1912

Sam Crawford
Detroit Tigers
26
1914

Kiki Cuyler
Pittsburgh Pirates
26
1925

Joe Jackson
Cleveland Naps
26
1912

text: At bats[edit]

text:
Player
Team
At bats
Season

Jimmy Rollins
Philadelphia Phillies
716
2007

Willie Wilson
Kansas City Royals
705
1980

Ichiro Suzuki
Seattle Mariners
704
2004

Juan Samuel
Philadelphia Phillies
701
1984

Dave Cash
Philadelphia Phillies
699
1975

Juan Pierre
Chicago Cubs
699
2006

text: Stolen bases[edit]

text:
Player
Team
Stolen bases
Season

Rickey Henderson
Oakland Athletics
130
1982

Lou Brock
St. Louis Cardinals
118
1974

Vince Coleman
St. Louis Cardinals
110
1985

Vince Coleman
St. Louis Cardinals
109
1987

Rickey Henderson
Oakland Athletics
108
1983

text: Pitching records[edit]

text: Wins[edit]

text: All-time[edit]

text:
Player
Team
Wins
Season

Jack Chesbro
New York Yankees
41
1904

Ed Walsh
Chicago White Sox
40
1908

Christy Mathewson
New York Giants
37
1908

Walter Johnson
Washington Senators
36
1913

Joe McGinnity
New York Giants
35
1904

text: Live-ball era (post-1920)[edit]

text:
Player
Team
Wins
Season

Lefty Grove
Philadelphia Athletics
31
1931

Denny McLain
Detroit Tigers
31
1968

Dizzy Dean
St. Louis Cardinals
30
1934

Hal Newhouser
Detroit Tigers
29
1944

Dazzy Vance
Brooklyn Dodgers
28
1924

Lefty Grove
Philadelphia Athletics
28
1930

Dizzy Dean
St. Louis Cardinals
28
1935

Robin Roberts
Philadelphia Phillies
28
1952

text: Earned run average[edit]

text:
Player
Team
ERA
Season

Dutch Leonard
Boston Red Sox
0.96
1914

Mordecai Brown
Chicago Cubs
1.04
1906

Bob Gibson
St. Louis Cardinals
1.12
1968

text: Strikeouts[edit]

text:
Player
Team
Strikeouts
Season

Nolan Ryan
California Angels
383
1973

Sandy Koufax
Los Angeles Dodgers
382
1965

Randy Johnson
Arizona Diamondbacks
372
2001

Nolan Ryan
California Angels
367
1974

Randy Johnson
Arizona Diamondbacks
364
1999

text: Shutouts[edit]

text:
Player
Team
Shutouts
Season

Jack Coombs
Philadelphia Athletics
13
1910

Bob Gibson
St. Louis Cardinals
13
1968

Pete Alexander
Philadelphia Phillies
12
1915

text: Saves[edit]

text:
Player
Team
Saves
Season

Francisco Rodríguez
Los Angeles Angels
62
2008

Bobby Thigpen
Chicago White Sox
57
1990

John Smoltz
Atlanta Braves
55
2002

Éric Gagné
Los Angeles Dodgers
55
2003

text: Balks[edit]

text:
Player
Team
Balks
Season

Dave Stewart
Oakland Athletics
16
1988

John Dopson
Boston Red Sox
15
1989

Bob Welch
Oakland Athletics
13
1988

John Candelaria
New York Yankees
12
1988

Juan Guzmán
Texas Rangers
12
1988

text: Wild pitches[edit]

text:
Player
Team
Wild pitches
Season

Red Ames
New York Giants
30
1905

Tony Cloninger
Atlanta Braves
27
1966

Larry Cheney
Chicago Cubs
26
1914

Juan Guzmán
Toronto Blue Jays
26
1993

text: Team records[edit]

text: Hits[edit]

text:
Team
Hits
Season

Philadelphia Phillies
1,783
1930

text: Home runs[edit]

text:
Team
Home runs
Season

Seattle Mariners
264
1997

Texas Rangers
260
2005

Toronto Blue Jays
257
2010

Baltimore Orioles
257
1996

text: Runs batted in[edit]

text:
Team
Runs Batted In
Season

New York Yankees
997
1936

text: Runs scored[edit]

text:
Team
Runs Scored
Season

New York Yankees
1,067
1931


document_title: New England Patriots

question_text: when did the new england patriots change their logo

text: New England Patriots

text: Franchise history

text: On November 16, 1959, Boston business executive Billy Sullivan was awarded the eighth and final franchise of the developing American Football League (AFL). The following winter, locals were allowed to submit ideas for the Boston football team's official name. The most popular choice – and the one that Sullivan selected – was the "Boston Patriots," with "Patriots" referring to those colonists of the Thirteen Colonies who rebelled against British control during the American Revolution and in July 1776 declared the United States of America an independent nation. Immediately thereafter, artist Phil Bissell of The Boston Globe developed the "Pat Patriot" logo.[6]

text: The Patriots struggled for most of their years in the AFL, and they never had a regular home stadium. Nickerson Field, Harvard Stadium, Fenway Park, and Alumni Stadium all served as home fields during their time in the American Football League. They played in only one AFL championship game, following the 1963 season, in which they lost to the San Diego Chargers 51–10. They did not appear again in an AFL or NFL post-season game for another 13 years.[6]

text: When the NFL and AFL merged in 1970, the Patriots were placed in the American Football Conference (AFC) East division, where they still play today.[6] The following year, the Patriots moved to a new stadium in Foxborough, Massachusetts, which would serve as their home for the next 30 years. As a result of the move, they announced they would change their name from the Boston Patriots to the Bay State Patriots.[5] The name was rejected by the NFL and on March 22, 1971, the team officially announced they would change its geographic name to New England.[6]

text: During the 1970s, the Patriots had some success, earning a berth to the playoffs in 1976—as a wild card team—and in 1978—as AFC East champions. They lost in the first round both times. In 1985, they returned to the playoffs, and made it all the way to Super Bowl XX, which they lost to the Chicago Bears 46–10. Following their Super Bowl loss, they returned to the playoffs in 1986, but lost in the first round. The team would not make the playoffs again for eight more years. During the 1990 season, the Patriots went 1–15. They changed ownership three times in the ensuing 14 years, being purchased from the Sullivan family first by Victor Kiam in 1988, who sold the team to James Orthwein in 1992. Orthwein intended to move the team to his native St. Louis, Missouri (where it would have been renamed as the St. Louis Stallions), but instead sold the team in 1994 to its current owner Robert Kraft.[6]

text: Though Orthwein's period as owner was short and controversial, he did oversee major changes to the team, first with the hiring of former New York Giants coach Bill Parcells in 1993. Orthwein and his marketing team also commissioned the NFL to develop a new visual identity and logo, and changed their primary colors from the traditional red, white and blue to blue and silver for the team uniforms.[7] Parcells would bring the Patriots to two playoff appearances, including Super Bowl XXXI, which they lost to the Green Bay Packers by a score of 35–21. Pete Carroll, Parcells's successor, would also take the team to the playoffs twice in 1997 & 1998 before being dismissed as head coach after the 1999 season.[6]

text: The Patriots' current coach, Bill Belichick, was hired in 2000, and a new home field, Gillette Stadium, was opened in 2002. Under Belichick, the team won three Super Bowls in four years (2001, 2003, and 2004). The Patriots finished the 2007 regular season with a perfect 16–0 record, becoming only the fourth team in league history to go undefeated in the regular season, and the only one since the league expanded its regular season schedule to 16 games.[6] After advancing to Super Bowl XLII, the team's fourth Super Bowl in seven years, the Patriots were defeated by the Giants to end their bid for a 19–0 season. With the loss, the Patriots ended the year at 18–1, becoming only one of three teams to go 18–1 along with the 1984 San Francisco 49ers and the 1985 Chicago Bears. The Patriots' returned to the Super Bowl in 2012 but lost again to the Giants, 21–17.[8] In 2015, they won Super Bowl XLIX, defeating the Seattle Seahawks by a score of 28–24.[9] The Patriots became the first team to reach nine Super Bowls in the 2016–17 playoffs and faced the Atlanta Falcons in Super Bowl LI,[10] which ended up paving the way for their fifth Super Bowl victory,[11] tying them with the Dallas Cowboys and the San Francisco 49ers for the second-most in NFL history, 1 behind the Pittsburgh Steelers with 6; the game was also the first Super Bowl to go into overtime.[12]

text: Season-by-season records

text: Records

text:
All-time Patriots leaders

Leader
Player
Record number
Years played for Patriots

Passing[13]
Tom Brady
64,123 passing yards
2000–present

Rushing[14]
Sam Cunningham
5,453 rushing yards
1973–1982

Receiving[15]
Stanley Morgan
10,352 receiving yards
1977–1989

Scoring[16]
Stephen Gostkowski
1,537 points
2006–present

Coaching wins[17]
Bill Belichick
280 wins
2000–present

text: Rivalries

text: In terms of number of games played, the Patriots have competed most against teams either currently or formerly from the AFC East division. This includes the current teams, the New York Jets, the Miami Dolphins, and the Buffalo Bills, as well as former divisional opponents the Indianapolis Colts. Among those, however, a few run deeper than others.[citation needed]

text: New York Jets

text: The closest geographically has been the rivalry with the New York Jets.[19] The Patriots and Jets have been in the same division (what is now the AFC East) since both teams' foundings in 1960, and have played each other at least twice a year since then.[20] The rivalry between the Jets and Patriots has escalated since 1996, when Patriots head coach Bill Parcells left the Patriots under controversy to become the head coach of the Jets; he was replaced by former Jets coach Pete Carroll.[20] Four years later Carroll was fired, and Parcells's assistant, Bill Belichick, resigned the day he was named the Jets' head coach to become the head coach of the Patriots.[21] Six years after that, Eric Mangini, an assistant under Belichick, became the head coach of the Jets.[22]

text: Bill Belichick achieved his 200th career head coaching win (regular season and playoffs) on November 22, 2012, defeating the Jets 49–19; it was his 163rd such win as Patriots coach.[23] The Patriots defeated the Jets in Week seven of the 2015 season by a score of 30–23, to give them a 6–0 record to date. [24]

text: Baltimore/Indianapolis Colts

text: The Patriots rivalry with the Baltimore/Indianapolis Colts ran through the two clubs' tenure together in the AFC East (1970–2001). The two clubs clashed in several close games, such as on December 19, 1971, as a late Patriots touchdown decided a 21–17 New England win; on September 18, 1978, the Colts rallied to defeat the Patriots 34–27 on Monday Night Football on a virtual one-man scoring rampage by running back Joe Washington; on September 4, 1983, the Colts defeated the Patriots in overtime 29–23 in their final season in Baltimore.[25] The Patriots defeated the Colts in back-to-back overtime games, 23–17 on December 8, 1991, and 37–34 on November 15, 1992.[25]

text: Even though the two clubs were placed in separate divisions in the NFL's 2002 divisional realignment, their rivalry did not diminish. At that time, both teams were among the best in the AFC, and both were led by likely Hall of Fame quarterbacks, Peyton Manning (for the Colts) and Tom Brady (for the Patriots) The teams met three times in four years (2003, 2004, 2006) in the playoffs, with the winner going on to win that season's Super Bowl each time. The Manning portion of the rivalry began in Manning's rookie season, 1998; in 1999 Manning suffered a bitter 31–28 loss in September as the Patriots behind Drew Bledsoe erased a 28–7 Colts lead, then defeated the Patriots 20–15 in Indianapolis on December 12. The Brady–Manning portion of the rivalry began on September 30, 2001, as Brady made his first NFL start in a 44–13 Patriots win at Foxboro; on October 21 the Patriots defeated the Colts at the RCA Dome 38–17.[25]

text: After the Colts left the AFC East in 2002, they first met on November 30, 2003, in a 38–34 Patriots win decided on a last-second goal line stand by the Patriots.[25] The Colts broke a six-game Patriot winning streak in the rivalry in November 2005,[25] then won twice in 2006;[25] in the AFC Championship Game the Colts erased a 21–6 halftime lead; the game lead tied or changed seven times in the second half before a late touchdown led to a 38–34 Colts win. The November 4, 2007, meeting involved both teams being unbeaten to that point; the 8–0 Patriots and the 7–0 Colts. The Patriots rallied to win 24–20.[26] The Colts won again in 2008 and then erased a large Patriots lead in 2009's 4th and 2 game. Manning's final meeting with the Patriots as a Colt came in November 2010; a late interception sealed a 31–28 Patriots win.[27] In 2012, the Patriots faced the Colts, quarterbacked now by Andrew Luck, on November 18; the Patriots defeated the Colts 59–24.[28] The Patriots also beat the Colts on January 12, 2014, 43–22.[29] The Patriots played the Colts in the playoffs again on January 18, 2015, in the AFC title game, winning 45–7.[30]

text: Buffalo Bills

text: The Patriots and the Bills were both charter members of the AFL, and even competed with each other in an AFL playoff game. They have remained divisional rivals since the NFL-AFL merger. Prior to the rise of Tom Brady, the two teams shared a mellow, yet occasionally competitive rivalry, featuring highlights from players such as O.J. Simpson, Steve Grogan, Joe Ferguson, Jim Kelly, and Drew Bledsoe. However, Brady has dominated the Bills ever since taking over as the Patriots' franchise quarterback, holding a 26-3 regular season record over them.[31] Though Patriots fans usually feel apathetic towards the Bills, Bills fans have come to despise the Patriots more than any other rival.[32] The rivalry has remained somewhat intense in recent years with multiple players having played for both teams, the Bills usually giving their all when playing the Patriots, and the presence of Rex Ryan, who coached both the Bills and Jets and was known for his trash-talk.[33]

text: Miami Dolphins

text: The Patriots first played the Miami Dolphins in 1966 in the AFL, when Miami was one of two expansion teams to debut that year in that league. The Dolphins dominated the Patriots in the 1970s and 1990s, but the two teams remained competitive with each other for years before the rise of Tom Brady. Brady, however, struggled occasionally against the Dolphins in the 2000s before reasserting dominance in the 2010s. The Patriots and Dolphins are the only two teams in the Super Bowl era to post undefeated regular season records, with Miami going 14-0 in 1972 and the Patriots going 16-0 in 2007.[34] Notable moments between the clubs include the Snowplow Game, three playoff matchups, and the Dolphins revealing their Wildcat offense against the Patriots.[35]

text: Baltimore Ravens

text: The Ravens first met the New England Patriots in 1996,[36] but the rivalry truly started in 2007 when the Ravens suffered a bitter 27–24 loss in the Patriots' quest for perfection.[37] The rivalry began to escalate in 2009 when the Ravens lost to the Patriots 27–21 in a game that involved a confrontation between Patriots quarterback Tom Brady and Ravens linebacker Terrell Suggs.[38] Both players would go on to take verbal shots at each other through the media after the game. The Ravens defeated the Patriots in the 2009 AFC Wild Card playoff game, 33–14.[39] This was the first time the Ravens had ever defeated the Patriots. The Ravens faced the Patriots in week six of the 2010 season. The Patriots ended up winning 23–20 in overtime; the game caused controversy from a hit to the helmet of tight end Todd Heap by Patriots safety Brandon Meriweather.[40]

text: The Ravens played the Patriots for the third consecutive season in the 2012 AFC championship game, which the Ravens lost 23–20.[41] The rivalry reached a new level of friction with this, the second career playoff game between the two clubs. The Ravens clawed to a 20–16 lead in the fourth quarter, but Patriots quarterback Tom Brady dove into the end zone to make the score 23–20 with around 11 minutes remaining; this proved to be the winning touchdown.[41] On the Ravens' last possession of the game, quarterback Joe Flacco threw a pass to wide receiver Lee Evans in the corner of the end zone which looked to be the game-winning touchdown, before a last-second strip by Sterling Moore forced the ball from the hands of Evans, forcing the game to be decided on a last-minute field goal by Ravens placekicker Billy Cundiff.[41] With 11 seconds remaining on the clock, the kicker missed the 32-yard field goal attempt, allowing the Patriots to kill the clock on their way to Super Bowl XLVI for a rematch with the New York Giants.[41]

text: The Ravens' first regular-season win over the Patriots came on September 23, 2012. The game was emotional as receiver Torrey Smith was competing following the death of his brother in a motorcycle accident just the night before.[42] Smith caught two touchdowns in a back and forth game; the Ravens erased a 13–0 lead in the first half and led 14–13, but the Patriots scored at the end of the second quarter for a 20–14 lead. The lead changed twice in the third quarter and the Patriots led 30–21 in the fourth, but the Ravens scored on Smith's second touchdown catch. The Ravens were stopped on fourth down but the Patriots had to punt; in the final two minutes a pass interference penalty on Devin McCourty put the ball at the Patriots 7-yard line; new Ravens kicker Justin Tucker booted a 27-yard field goal on the final play; the ball sailed directly over the upright and was ruled good; the quality of officiating by replacement referees caused controversy as Bill Belichick angrily reached for one of the referees as they were leaving the field, leading to a $50,000 fine later that week.[43][44]

text: The two teams met again on January 20, 2013, in the AFC Championship, where the Ravens won 28–13.[45] The Patriots led at halftime, 13–7, but the Ravens defense gave up no points in the 2nd half.[45] It was the first time ever that Tom Brady lost a game at home after leading at halftime, and the first time a road team beat the Patriots in the AFC Championship.[45]

text: The two teams met once again at Gillette Stadium in the playoffs on January 10, 2015. The Patriots trailed by as much as 14 twice, before beating the Ravens 35–31 to advance to the AFC Championship.[46]

text: Controversies

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (January 2017)

text: "Spygate"

text: "Deflategate"

text: During the 2015 AFC Championship Game against the Indianapolis Colts, allegations arose that the Patriots were utilizing under-inflated footballs. It was even suggested that the Patriots' staff themselves deliberately deflated the footballs to give their team an unfair advantage during the playoffs. [47][48] A lengthy investigation and heated debate commenced shortly afterwards, with a full report being published in May 2015.[49][50] The Wells Report found that balls provided by the Patriots, who were the home team, indeed had less pressure on average than the balls provided by the Colts. Also notable was the findings of some suggestions of communication between Tom Brady and two Patriots locker room attendants, indicating Brady was likely "generally aware" of the situation and that the Patriots staff intentionally deflated the footballs.[50] A later study by the American Enterprise Institute called the evidence and methodology of the Wells report "deeply flawed" and "unreliable".[51]

text: In the aftermath of the incident, the NFL suspended Brady without pay for the first four games of the 2015 season, fined the Patriots $1 million, and forced them to forfeit their 2016 first round draft pick and 2017 fourth round draft pick. Brady appealed his suspension, which was eventually vacated by the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York, only for the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit to reinstate it a year later for the 2016 NFL season.[52] Brady eventually agreed to serve the suspension in 2016, but led the Patriots to win Super Bowl LI in spite of it.[53]

text: Strategy

text: Under head coach Bill Belichick, the Patriots have employed specific on-field and off-field strategies. On the field, the Patriots have typically utilized an "Erhardt–Perkins" offense and a "Fairbanks–Bullough" 3–4 defense, referred to commonly as a two-gap 3–4 defensive system.[54] Their philosophy in making personnel decisions and in game planning has focused on the "team" concept,[55] stressing preparation, strong work ethic, versatility,[56] and lack of individual ego.[57] This approach, which has led to five Super Bowl victories under Belichick, was analyzed in the 2004 book Patriot Reign.

text: When owner Robert Kraft purchased the team in 1994, he did so for $175 million. Since then, the Patriots have sold out every home game in both Foxboro Stadium and Gillette Stadium.[6] By 2009, the value of the franchise had increased by over $1 billion, to a Forbes magazine estimated value of $1.361 billion, third highest in the NFL only behind the Dallas Cowboys and Washington Redskins.[58][59][60] As of July 2015[update], the Patriots are the seventh most valuable sports franchise in the world according to Forbes magazine.[61]

text: Stadium

text: Since 2002, the Patriots' home stadium has been Gillette Stadium, a $350 million facility privately financed by Kraft. It houses all administrative offices for the team and its owning entity, The Kraft Group, as well as the Kraft-owned Major League Soccer team, the New England Revolution.[62] The field, which was originally natural grass, was replaced with a FieldTurf surface during the 2006 season.[63] The area around the stadium was developed, beginning in 2007, into a $375 million "lifestyle and entertainment center" called Patriot Place; among its largest structures is a multi-floor restaurant and bar called CBS Scene.[64]

text: Prior to 2002, the Patriots played in Foxboro Stadium dating back to 1971, the team's second year in the NFL after the AFL–NFL merger.[62] During the team's days in the American Football League, the Boston Patriots were hosted by a number of fields in or around Boston—they played at Braves Field, Harvard Stadium, Fenway Park, and Alumni Stadium.[62]

text: Logos and uniforms

text: Logos

text: The Patriots original helmet logo was a simple tricorne hat, used only for the 1960 season. From 1961 to 1992, the Patriots used a logo of a Revolutionary War minuteman hiking a football. The Patriots script logo during this time consisted of a western-style font. The minuteman logo became known as the "Pat Patriot" logo, which later became the name of the team's mascot.[66]

text: In 1993, a new logo was unveiled involving the gray face of a minuteman wearing a red, white and blue hat that begins as a tricorne and transitions into a flowing banner-like design. It became popularly known as the "Flying Elvis".[66] This remains the team's logo today, with the blue being darkened in 2000.[66]

text: On July 3, 2013, the Patriots unveiled a new wordmark logo.[65]

text: Uniforms

text: The Patriots originally wore red jerseys with white block numbering at home, and white jerseys with red block numbering on the road. Both uniforms used white pants and white helmets, first with the hat logo over the player's number, then with the "Pat Patriot" logo starting in 1961.[67] A blue stripe was added to the two red helmet stripes in 1964.[67] The numbers on both the home and away jerseys gained a blue outline in 1973.[67] In 1979, the Patriots began the first of many sporadic runs of wearing red pants with the white jerseys.[67] The red pants were dropped in 1981, but returned in 1984. After being dropped again in 1988, they were used again from 1990 to 1992.[67]

text: The Patriots underwent a complete identity overhaul before the 1993 season, starting with the introduction of the aforementioned "Flying Elvis" logo. The new uniforms consisted of a royal blue home jersey and a white away jersey.[66] The helmet was silver with the Flying Elvis logo and no additional striping.[66] Both uniforms used silver pants, originally with stripes designed to look like those flowing from the Flying Elvis, but these were changed to simple red and blue stripes after one season. When they debuted, both the home and away jerseys used red block numbers with a blue and white outline, but after one season the home uniforms switched to the now-familiar white with a red outline.[68]

text: In 1995, the Patriots switched the block numbers to a more modern rounded number font with a dropshadow.[68] The Patriots were one of the first adopters of custom numbers, a trend that would grow drastically over the next 20 years.[68]

text: However, in 2000, the Patriots also became one of the only teams to drop the rounded numbers and switched back to block numbers.[68] Also that year, the shade of blue was darkened from royal to nautical blue.[68] The Patriots, unsatisfied with the white-on-silver road look, also took the opportunity to introduce blue pants to be worn with the white jersey, offering a better contrast. To better match the blue pants, the number on the white jersey was switched from red to blue.[68]

text: Alternate uniforms

text: In 1994, the Patriots wore the "Pat Patriot" helmets and plain white striped pants from two seasons prior as alternates as part of the NFL's 75th anniversary celebration. In 2002, NFL teams were allowed to add a permanent third jersey to be worn in a maximum of two games. The Patriots reintroduced a red jersey as their alternate, complimented with the old-style "Pat Patriot" helmet.[66] In 2003, the Patriots changed their alternate to a silver jersey with blue pants. For this uniform, the "Flying Elvis" helmet was utilized.[66] The uniform was identical to the white jersey with any areas of white replaced by silver. These uniforms were dropped after 2007. No alternate uniform was used in 2008. In 2009, the red alternate was reintroduced, again accompanied by the "Pat Patriot" helmet. An alternate white road jersey was also worn with the older helmet for one game, using red numbers, in tribute to the 50th anniversary of the AFL. The red alternate gained a blue outline around the numbers in 2010 and this was worn through 2012. The Patriots retired their alternate red uniforms in 2013, thanks to a new NFL rule outlawing throwback alternate helmets.[69]

text: In 2016, the Patriots took part in the NFL Color Rush program, wearing monochrome navy uniforms on September 22 against the Houston Texans.[70]

text: Players

text: Current roster

text:
New England Patriots roster

view
talk
edit

Quarterbacks

12 Tom Brady
 2 Brian Hoyer

Running backs

38 Brandon Bolden
34 Rex Burkhead
46 James Develin FB
35 Mike Gillislee
33 Dion Lewis KR
28 James White

Wide receivers

80 Danny Amendola PR
85 Kenny Britt
14 Brandin Cooks
13 Phillip Dorsett
15 Chris Hogan
18 Matthew Slater

Tight ends

83 Dwayne Allen
87 Rob Gronkowski
47 Jacob Hollister

Offensive linemen

60 David Andrews C
74 Cole Croston G
71 Cameron Fleming T
75 Ted Karras G
69 Shaq Mason G
77 Nate Solder T
62 Joe Thuney G
68 LaAdrian Waddle T

Defensive linemen

97 Alan Branch DT
90 Malcom Brown DT
70 Adam Butler DT
98 Trey Flowers DE
96 Geneo Grissom DE
93 Lawrence Guy DT
94 Ricky Jean Francois DT
55 Eric Lee DE
91 Deatrich Wise Jr. DE

Linebackers

59 Marquis Flowers OLB
50 Nicholas Grigsby MLB
45 David Harris MLB
92 James Harrison OLB
52 Elandon Roberts MLB
53 Kyle Van Noy OLB

Defensive backs

29 Johnson Bademosi CB
21 Malcolm Butler CB
23 Patrick Chung SS
24 Stephon Gilmore CB
30 Duron Harmon FS
31 Jonathan Jones CB
36 Brandon King SS
32 Devin McCourty FS
37 Jordan Richards SS
25 Eric Rowe CB

Special teams

 6 Ryan Allen P
49 Joe Cardona LS
 3 Stephen Gostkowski K

Reserve lists

88 Martellus Bennett TE (IR)
61 Marcus Cannon T (IR)
42 Keionta Davis DE (NF-Inj.)
43 Nate Ebner SS (IR)
11 Julian Edelman WR (IR)
63 Antonio Garcia T (NF-Ill.)
54 Dont'a Hightower MLB (IR)
76 Andrew Jelks T (NF-Inj.)
41 Cyrus Jones CB (IR)
48 Harvey Langi OLB (NF-Inj.)
58 Shea McClellin OLB (IR)
19 Malcolm Mitchell WR (IR)
95 Derek Rivers DE (IR)
99 Vincent Valentine DT (IR)

Practice squad

64 James Ferentz C
81 Cody Hollister WR
26 David Jones FS
72 Jason King G
27 Ryan Lewis CB
84 Riley McCarron WR
17 Bernard Reedy WR
39 Damarius Travis SS
82 Will Tye TE
22 Jomal Wiltz CB

Rookies in italics
Roster updated December 31, 2017
Depth chart • Transactions
53 Active, 14 Inactive, 10 Practice squad
→ AFC rosters → NFC rosters

AFC East
BUF
MIA
NE
NYJ
North
BAL
CIN
CLE
PIT
South
HOU
IND
JAX
TEN
West
DEN
KC
LAC
OAK

NFC East
DAL
NYG
PHI
WAS
North
CHI
DET
GB
MIN
South
ATL
CAR
NO
TB
West
ARI
LAR
SF
SEA

text: Retired numbers

text:
New England Patriots retired numbers

No.
Player
Position
Tenure

20
Gino Cappelletti
WR, K
1960–1970

40
Mike Haynes
CB
1976–1982

57
Steve Nelson
LB
1974–1987

73
John Hannah
G
1973–1985

78
Bruce Armstrong
T
1987–2000

79
Jim Lee Hunt
DL
1960–1971

89
Bob Dee
DL
1960–1967

text: New England Patriots Hall of Fame members

text: The New England Patriots feature 22 former players and two contributors in their team hall of fame, established in 1991.[71] A committee of media and staff selected 11 players for enshrinement between 1991 and 2001, before a six-year span of no selections. In 2007, in advance of the 2008 opening of The Hall at Patriot Place, the Patriots introduced a new nomination committee to select three candidates, with the winner of an Internet fan vote being enshrined in the hall of fame.[72] In order to be eligible, players and coaches must be retired for at least four years.[73] Beginning in 2011, and meeting every five years, a senior selection committee has the option of voting a player who has been retired for at least 25 seasons into the hall of fame.[74]

text: Former owner Billy Sullivan was inducted by owner Robert Kraft in March 2009, the Patriots' 50th season, as a contributor.[75]

text: Additionally, four of these Patriots players have also been enshrined in the Pro Football Hall of Fame. The Patriots have officially retired seven uniform numbers.

text:
New England Patriots Hall of Fame

Players

No.
Name
Positions
Seasons
Inducted
No.
Name
Positions
Seasons
Inducted

73
John Hannah
G
1973–1985
1991 (Pro: 1991)
87
Ben Coates
TE
1991–1999
2008

85
Nick Buoniconti
LB
1962–1968
1992 (Pro: 2001)
35
Jim Nance
FB
1965–1971
2009

20
Gino Cappelletti
WR/K
1960–1970
1992
39
Sam Cunningham
RB
1973–1982
2010

89
Bob Dee
DL
1960–1967
1993
11
Drew Bledsoe
QB
1993–2001
2011

79
Jim Lee Hunt
DT
1960–1971
1993
56
Jon Morris
C
1964–1974
2011

57
Steve Nelson
LB
1974–1987
1993
80
Troy Brown
WR/PR/CB
1993–2007
2012

15
Vito "Babe" Parilli
QB
1961–1967
1993
54
Tedy Bruschi
LB
1996–2008
2013

40
Mike Haynes
CB
1976–1982
1994 (Pro: 1997)
24
Ty Law
CB
1995–2004
2014

14
Steve Grogan
QB
1975–1990
1995
55
Willie McGinest
LB/DE
1994–2005
2015

56
Andre Tippett
LB
1982–1993
1999 (Pro: 2008)
65
Houston Antwine
DL
1961–1971
2015

78
Bruce Armstrong
T
1987–2000
2001
33
Kevin Faulk
RB
1999–2011
2016

86
Stanley Morgan
WR
1977–1989
2007
26
Raymond Clayborn
CB
1977-1989
2017

Contributors

No.
Name
Positions
Seasons
Inducted
No.
Name
Positions
Seasons
Inducted

—
Billy Sullivan
Owner & founder
1960–1988
2009
—
Gil Santos
Broadcaster
1972–1979, 1991–2012
2013

text: Three other players enshrined in the Pro Football Hall of Fame spent part of their careers with the Patriots:

text:
28 Curtis Martin, RB (1995–1997), elected in 2012.
Bill Parcells, head coach (1993–1996), elected in 2013.
55 Junior Seau, LB (2006–2009), elected in 2015.

text: All-decade teams

text: 1960s (AFL)

text: In November 1971, fans voted on a 10-year Patriots anniversary team, which coincided with the team's 10 years in the then-defunct American Football League:[76] Additional selections for returner, special teamer, and coach were added in 2009:[77]

text:
[show]

v
t
e

Boston Patriots All-1960s Team

Offense
Parilli (QB)
Nance (RB)
Garron (RB)
Colclough (WR)
Graham (WR)
Whalen (TE)
Long (T)
Neville (T)
Neighbors (G)
St. Jean (G)
Morris (C)

Defense
Dee (DE)
Eisenhauer (DE)
Antwine (DT)
Hunt (DT)
Addison (OLB)
Philpott (OLB)
Buoniconti (MLB)
Shonta (CB)
Johnson (CB)
Webb (S)
Hall (S)

Special Teams
Garron (Ret.)
Cappelletti (PK)
Yewcic (P)
Webb (ST)

Coach
Holovak

text: 1970s, 1980s, 1990s

text: In March 2009, as part of the Patriots' 50th anniversary, a group of local media and other team figures selected all-decade teams for the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s:[77]

text:
[show]

v
t
e

New England Patriots All-1970s Team

Offense
Grogan (QB)
Cunningham (RB)
Johnson (RB)
Morgan (WR)
Vataha (WR)
Francis (TE)
Gray (T)
Neville (T)
Hannah (G)
S. Adams (G)
Lenkaitis (C)

Defense
J. Adams (DE)
McGee (DE)
Hamilton (NT)
Zabel (OLB)
King (OLB)
Nelson (ILB)
Hunt (ILB)
Clayborn (CB)
Haynes (CB)
Fox (S)
McCray (S)

Special Teams
Herron (Ret.)
Smith (PK)
Patrick (P)
Tatupu (ST)

Coach
Fairbanks

text:
[show]

v
t
e

New England Patriots All-1980s Team

Offense
Grogan (QB)
Collins (RB)
C. James (RB)
Fryar (WR)
Morgan (WR)
Dawson (TE)
Armstrong (T)
Holloway (T)
Hannah (G)
Wooten (G)
Brock (C)

Defense
Adams (DE)
Veris (DE)
Bishop (NT)
Tippett (OLB)
Blackmon (OLB)
Nelson (ILB)
Rembert (ILB)
Clayborn (CB)
Lippett (CB)
R. James (S)
Marion (S)

Special Teams
Fryar (Ret.)
Franklin (PK)
Camarillo (P)
Tatupu (ST)

Coach
Berry

text:
[show]

v
t
e

New England Patriots All-1990s Team

Offense
Bledsoe (QB)
Martin (RB)
Russell (RB)
Glenn (WR)
Jefferson (WR)
Coates (TE)
Armstrong (T)
Harlow (T)
Rucci (G)
Lane (G)
Wohlabaugh (C)

Defense
McGinest (DE)
Williams (DE)
Goad (NT)
Tippett (OLB)
Slade (OLB)
Brown (ILB)
Johnson (ILB)
Hurst (CB)
Law (CB)
Clay (S)
Milloy (S)

Special Teams
Meggett (Ret.)
Vinatieri (PK)
Tupa (P)
Whigham (ST)

Coach
Parcells

text: On March 16, 2010, the Patriots Hall of Fame selection committee selected an all-decade team for the 2000s:[76][78]

text:
[show]

v
t
e

New England Patriots All-2000s Team

Offense
Brady (QB)
Dillon (RB)
Moss (WR)
Welker (WR)
Brown (WR)
Graham (TE)
Light (T)
Kaczur (T)
Andruzzi (G)
Mankins (G)
Koppen (C)

Defense
Seymour (DE)
Warren (DE)
Wilfork (NT)
McGinest (OLB)
Vrabel (OLB)
Bruschi (ILB)
Phifer (ILB)
Law (CB)
Samuel (CB)
Harrison (S)
Milloy (S)

Special Teams
Faulk (Ret.)
Vinatieri (PK)
Miller (P)
Izzo (ST)

Coach
Belichick

text: Anniversary teams

text: 35th anniversary (1994)

text: In 1994, a group of local media selected a 35th anniversary team:[76]

text:
[show]

v
t
e

New England Patriots 35th Anniversary Team (1994)

Offense
Grogan (QB)
Nance (RB)
Cunningham (RB)
Morgan (WR)
Cappelletti (WR)
Francis (TE)
Armstrong (T)
Neville (T)
Hannah (G)
S. Adams (G)
Morris (C)

Defense
J. Adams (DE)
Eisenhauer (DE)
Antwine (DT)
J. Hunt (DT)
Tippett (LB)
Buoniconti (LB)
Nelson (LB)
S. Hunt (LB)
Haynes (CB)
Clayborn (CB)
Marion (S)
Hall (S)

Special Teams
Cappelletti (PK)
Camarillo (P)
Tatupu (ST)

text: 50th anniversary (2009)

text: In 2009, the Patriots Hall of Fame selection committee selected a 50th anniversary team:[76]

text:
[show]

v
t
e

New England Patriots 50th Anniversary Team (2009)

Offense
Brady (QB)
Nance (RB)
Cunningham (RB)
Morgan (WR)
Brown (WR)
Fryar (WR)
Coates (TE)
Armstrong (T)
Light (T)
Hannah (G)
Mankins (G)
Morris (C)

Defense
Adams (DE)
Seymour (DE)
Antwine (DT)
Wilfork (DT)
Tippett (OLB)
Vrabel (OLB)
Nelson (ILB)
Buoniconti (ILB)
Haynes (CB)
Law (CB)
Marion (S)
Harrison (S)

Special Teams
Faulk (Ret.)
Vinatieri (PK)
Camarillo (P)
Tatupu (ST)

Captains
Cappelletti (Offense)
Bruschi (Defense)

Coach
Belichick

text: All-time first-round draft picks

text: Coaches

text: Head coaches

text: Current staff

text:
New England Patriots staff

v
t
e

Front office

Chairman/CEO – Robert Kraft
President – Jonathan Kraft
Director of Player Personnel – Nick Caserio
Director of College Scouting – Monti Ossenfort
Director of Pro Personnel – Dave Ziegler
Assistant Director of College Scouting – Brian Smith
Director of Scouting Administration – Nancy Meier
Football Research Director – Ernie Adams
Director of Football/Head Coach Administration – Berj Najarian

Head coaches

Head Coach/General Manager – Bill Belichick

Offensive Coaches

Offensive Coordinator/Quarterbacks – Josh McDaniels
Assistant Quarterbacks – Jerry Schuplinski
Running Backs – Ivan Fears
Wide Receivers – Chad O'Shea
Tight Ends – Nick Caley
Offensive Line – Dante Scarnecchia
Offensive Assistant – Cole Popovich

Defensive Coaches

Defensive Coordinator – Matt Patricia
Defensive Line – Brendan Daly
Linebackers – Brian Flores
Cornerbacks – Josh Boyer
Safeties – Steve Belichick
Defensive Assistant – Mike Pellegrino
Coaching Assistant – Brian Belichick
Coaching Assistant – DeMarcus Covington

Special Teams Coaches

Special Teams – Joe Judge
Assistant Special Teams – Raymond Ventrone

Strength and Conditioning

Strength and Conditioning – Moses Cabrera
Assistant Strength and Conditioning – James Hardy

→ Coaching staff
→ Management
→ More NFL staffs

AFC East
BUF
MIA
NE
NYJ
North
BAL
CIN
CLE
PIT
South
HOU
IND
JAX
TEN
West
DEN
KC
LAC
OAK

NFC East
DAL
NYG
PHI
WAS
North
CHI
DET
GB
MIN
South
ATL
CAR
NO
TB
West
ARI
LAR
SF
SEA

text: Culture

text: Cheerleaders and mascot

text: The Patriots NFL Cheerleaders are simply known as the Patriots Cheerleaders.[79] In 2005, cheerleader Kristin Gauvin won Miss Massachusetts, in part from her local commitment with the Patriots.[79]

text: The Patriots' mascot is Pat Patriot, a revolutionary minuteman wearing a Patriots home jersey.[79]

text: The Patriots also employ a corps known as the End Zone Militia. During each game, about ten men dressed as minutemen line the back of each end zone. When the Patriots score a touchdown, field goal, point-after-touchdown or safety, the militia behind the opposite end zone fire a volley of blanks from flintlock muskets. Per an interview with the Loren & Wally Show on WROR 105.7 FM in and around the time of Super Bowl XLIX, said shots use double the load of black powder than a regular historical reenactor does, specifically 200 grains, in order to be heard throughout the stadium. ESPN writer Josh Pahigian named this one of the top ten celebrations in the league in 2007.[80]

text: Radio and television

text: The Patriots' flagship radio station is WBZ-FM 98.5 FM, owned by CBS Radio.[81] The larger radio network is called the New England Patriots Radio Network, whose 37 affiliate stations span seven states.[81] Gil Santos and Gino Cappelletti were the longtime announcing team until their retirement following the conclusion of the 2012 NFL season. Santos was replaced by Bob Socci.[81] Former Patriots QB Scott Zolak joined the radio team in the 2011 season as a sideline analyst, and in 2013, he replaced Cappelletti as color commentator.[81]

text: Any preseason games not on national television are shown on CBS's O&O WBZ-TV, who also airs the bulk of Patriots regular season games by virtue of CBS having the rights to most AFC games; CBS also has a presence at the nearby Patriot Place with the "CBS Scene" bar/restaurant. During the regular season whenever the Patriots host an NFC team, the games are aired on Fox affiliate WFXT-TV, and NBC Sunday Night Football games are carried by the "NBC Boston" network of stations led by WBTS-LD.[81] Preseason games were broadcast on ABC affiliate WCVB-TV from 1995 until the change to WBZ in 2009.[81] Don Criqui was play-by-play announcer for the 1995–2012 seasons, with Randy Cross as a color commentator and Mike Lynch as a sideline reporter.[81] Lynch was replaced by WBZ reporter Steve Burton in 2009.[81]


document_title: Brenda's Got a Baby

question_text: who played brenda in brendas got a baby

question_tokens: who played brenda in brendas got a baby

text: Brenda's Got a Baby

text: Lyrics[edit]

text: The opening consists of a duet singing the song's title twice. Much of the rest of the song is one long verse performed by Tupac.

text: The verse begins with Tupac telling a group that he has heard about Brenda's pregnancy. He also notes that the girl has had virtually no education in her life, and calls this a "damn shame" because she has little hope of a future. Her family is very poor, and her father is a drug addict. Brenda is impregnated by her unnamed boyfriend, who is also her cousin, but she is successfully able to hide her pregnancy. Tupac explains that it would not matter to her family if she gave birth, as long as they got their cut of the government assistance.

text: Although she believes that her cousin (the father of her baby) will stay with her and help her raise their child, he is merely a molester, and abandons her before she gives birth to their baby on the bathroom floor. Brenda disposes of the baby by throwing it in a trash bin but later retrieves it when she hears the baby crying. Her mother scolds her severely, and Brenda becomes so ashamed of herself that she runs away from home.

text: Brenda is now forced to live alone, and unsuccessfully seeks employment. Her attempt to sell crack cocaine results in robbery, and eventually she views prostitution as her only way to earn money and survive. This life path leads to her getting murdered. The fates of the other characters, such as her parents, her cousin, and the baby, are left unexplained. The final minute or so of the song consists of a chorus singing "don't you know she's got a baby" repeatedly.

text: 2Pac has another song which he made late in his career which deals with this same subject called "Mama's Just a Little Girl". The song can be found on his fourth posthumous studio album Better Dayz.

text: Music video[edit]

text: The video of the song is in black-and-white. It was made to visualize what Shakur narrates. The first part shows Shakur and "Brenda" and then the actual story starts. Ethel "Edy" Proctor is the leading lady in the video.

text: The video begins with "based on a true story," although the characters themselves are fictitious, Shakur wrote the song after reading a story in the newspaper of a twelve-year-old girl getting pregnant from her cousin and trying to dispose of the baby in a trash can.

text: Parts of the video were included in Tupac: Resurrection, a 2003 documentary on 2Pac's life, in a television show later in the music video of Ghetto Gospel, in the music video of Changes and appears as a bonus in its entirety on the film's DVD. Part of the video and song was played in 2Pac's biopic film, "All Eyez On Me," released June 16th 2017.

text: The video was directed by the Hughes Brothers.

text: Charts[edit]

text:
Chart (1991)
Peak
position

US Rap Singles (Billboard)[2]
3

US R&B/Hip-Hop Songs (Billboard)[2]
10