document_title: List of Presidents of the United States by age

question_text: who was the oldest us president in office

root

text: Overview[edit]

text: The median age upon accession to the presidency is roughly 55 years and 6 months, which is about how old Benjamin Harrison was at the time of his inauguration. The youngest person to assume the office was Theodore Roosevelt, who became president following William McKinley's assassination, at the age of 7004156620000000000♠42 years, 322 days. The youngest person elected president was John F. Kennedy, who was inaugurated into office at the age of 7004159420000000000♠43 years, 236 days. Assassinated three years into his term, he became the youngest at the time of leaving office (7004169780000000000♠46 years, 177 days); the youngest person at the time of leaving office after serving a full four-year term was Theodore Roosevelt (7004183900000000000♠50 years, 128 days). The oldest person at the time of entering office was Donald Trump, at the age of 7004257880000000000♠70 years, 220 days; Ronald Reagan was the oldest person in office, at the age of 7004284730000000000♠77 years, 349 days when his presidency ended in January 1989.

tag: p

text: The oldest living U.S. president is George H. W. Bush, born June 12, 1924 (age 7004341160000000000♠93 years, 148 days). The second oldest, Jimmy Carter, has the distinction of having the longest post-presidency in U.S. history, currently at 7004134400000000000♠36 years, 291 days. The youngest living president is Barack Obama, born August 4, 1961 (age 7004205490000000000♠56 years, 95 days).

text: The longest-lived president was Gerald Ford, who died at the age of 7004341330000000000♠93 years, 165 days. He surpassed Ronald Reagan for this distinction on November 12, 2006, 44 days prior to his death. (Reagan had surpassed the 7004331190000000000♠90 years, 247 days lifespan of the nation's second president, John Adams, on October 12, 2001.) The shortest-lived president to have died by natural causes (thereby excluding John F. Kennedy and James A. Garfield, who were both assassinated) was James K. Polk, who died at the age of 7004195830000000000♠53 years, 225 days; only 103 days after leaving office.

text: Since 1797, when George Washington's service as president ended, there have been five periods in American history where the only living president was the incumbent president.

text:
John Adams, December 14, 1799 to March 4, 1801, between the death of George Washington, and the first inauguration of Thomas Jefferson
Ulysses S. Grant, July 31, 1875 to March 4, 1877, between the death of Andrew Johnson and the inauguration of Rutherford B. Hayes
Theodore Roosevelt, June 24, 1908 to March 4, 1909, between the death of Grover Cleveland and the inauguration of William Howard Taft
Herbert Hoover, January 5, 1933 to March 4, 1933, between the death of Calvin Coolidge and the first inauguration of Franklin D. Roosevelt
Richard Nixon, January 22, 1973 to August 9, 1974, between the death of Lyndon B. Johnson and the inauguration of Gerald Ford.

text: The greatest number of presidents—former presidents plus the incumbent—alive at any given time is six, which has happened four times.

text:
Including: Martin Van Buren, John Tyler, Millard Fillmore, Franklin Pierce, James Buchanan, and Abraham Lincoln; between March 4, 1861 (Abraham Lincoln's first inauguration) and January 18, 1862 (John Tyler's death)
Including: Richard Nixon, Gerald Ford, Jimmy Carter, Ronald Reagan, George H. W. Bush, and Bill Clinton; between January 20, 1993 (Bill Clinton's first inauguration) and April 22, 1994 (Richard Nixon's death)
Including: Gerald Ford, Jimmy Carter, Ronald Reagan, George H. W. Bush, Bill Clinton and George W. Bush; between January 20, 2001 (George W. Bush's first inauguration) and June 5, 2004 (Ronald Reagan's death)
Including: Jimmy Carter, George H. W. Bush, Bill Clinton, George W. Bush, Barack Obama and Donald Trump; began on January 20, 2017 (Donald Trump's inauguration) and is ongoing.

text: Six U.S. presidents have lived into their 90s. They are (in order of birth):

text:
John Adams
(1735–1826)

Herbert Hoover
(1874–1964)

Ronald Reagan
(1911–2004)

Gerald Ford
(1913–2006)

George H. W. Bush
(born 1924)

Jimmy Carter
(born 1924)

tag: table

text: List of presidents by age[edit]

text:
#
President
Birth date
Presidency
start date
Age at
start date
Presidency
end date
Age at
end date
Post-presidency
timespan
Death date
Lifespan

1
Washington, GeorgeGeorge Washington
000000001732-02-22-0000Feb 22, 1732[a]
000000001789-04-30-0000Apr 30, 1789
7004208870000000000♠57 years, 67 days
000000001797-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1797
7004237520000000000♠65 years, 10 days
01,0151,015 days
(7003101500000000000♠2 years, 285 days)
000000001799-12-14-0000Dec 14, 1799
7004247670000000000♠67 years, 295 days
(24,767 days)

2
Adams, John A.John Adams
000000001735-10-30-0000Oct 30, 1735[a]
000000001797-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1797
7004224060000000000♠61 years, 125 days
000000001801-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1801
7004238660000000000♠65 years, 125 days
09,2539,253 days
(7003925300000000000♠25 years, 122 days)
000000001826-07-04-0000Jul 4, 1826
7004331190000000000♠90 years, 247 days
(33,119 days)

3
Jefferson, ThomasThomas Jefferson
000000001743-04-13-0000Apr 13, 1743[a]
000000001801-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1801
7004211440000000000♠57 years, 325 days
000000001809-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1809
7004240660000000000♠65 years, 325 days
06,3316,331 days
(7003633100000000000♠17 years, 122 days)
000000001826-07-04-0000Jul 4, 1826
7004303970000000000♠83 years, 82 days
(30,397 days)

4
Madison, JamesJames Madison
000000001751-03-16-0000Mar 16, 1751[a]
000000001809-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1809
7004211720000000000♠57 years, 353 days
000000001817-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1817
7004240940000000000♠65 years, 353 days
07,0567,056 days
(7003705600000000000♠19 years, 116 days)
000000001836-06-28-0000Jun 28, 1836
7004311500000000000♠85 years, 104 days
(31,150 days)

5
Monroe, JamesJames Monroe
000000001758-04-28-0000Apr 28, 1758
000000001817-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1817
7004214940000000000♠58 years, 310 days
000000001825-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1825
7004244160000000000♠66 years, 310 days
02,3132,313 days
(7003231300000000000♠6 years, 122 days)
000000001831-07-04-0000Jul 4, 1831
7004267290000000000♠73 years, 67 days
(26,729 days)

6
Adams, John Q. John Q. Adams
000000001767-07-11-0000Jul 11, 1767
000000001825-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1825
7004210550000000000♠57 years, 236 days
000000001829-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1829
7004225160000000000♠61 years, 236 days
06,9306,930 days
(7003693000000000000♠18 years, 356 days)
000000001848-02-23-0000Feb 23, 1848
7004294460000000000♠80 years, 227 days
(29,446 days)

7
Jackson, AndrewAndrew Jackson
000000001767-03-15-0000Mar 15, 1767
000000001829-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1829
7004226340000000000♠61 years, 354 days
000000001837-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1837
7004255560000000000♠69 years, 354 days
03,0183,018 days
(7003301800000000000♠8 years, 96 days)
000000001845-06-08-0000Jun 8, 1845
7004285740000000000♠78 years, 85 days
(28,574 days)

8
Van Buren, MartinMartin Van Buren
000000001782-12-05-0000Dec 5, 1782
000000001837-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1837
7004198120000000000♠54 years, 89 days
000000001841-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1841
7004212730000000000♠58 years, 89 days
07,8127,812 days
(7003781200000000000♠21 years, 142 days)
000000001862-07-24-0000Jul 24, 1862
7004290850000000000♠79 years, 231 days
(29,085 days)

9
Harrison, William H.William H. Harrison
000000001773-02-09-0000Feb 9, 1773
000000001841-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1841
7004248590000000000♠68 years, 23 days
000000001841-04-04-0000Apr 4, 1841[b]
7004248900000000000♠68 years, 54 days
00,0000 days
000000001841-04-04-0000Apr 4, 1841
7004248900000000000♠68 years, 54 days
(24,890 days)

10
Tyler, JohnJohn Tyler
000000001790-03-29-0000Mar 29, 1790
000000001841-04-04-0000Apr 4, 1841
7004186330000000000♠51 years, 6 days
000000001845-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1845
7004200630000000000♠54 years, 340 days
06,1646,164 days
(7003616400000000000♠16 years, 320 days)
000000001862-01-18-0000Jan 18, 1862
7004262270000000000♠71 years, 295 days
(26,227 days)

11
Polk, James K.James K. Polk
000000001795-11-02-0000Nov 2, 1795
000000001845-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1845
7004180190000000000♠49 years, 122 days
000000001849-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1849
7004194800000000000♠53 years, 122 days
00,103103 days
000000001849-06-15-0000Jun 15, 1849
7004195830000000000♠53 years, 225 days
(19,583 days)

12
Taylor, ZacharyZachary Taylor
000000001784-11-24-0000Nov 24, 1784
000000001849-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1849
7004234750000000000♠64 years, 100 days
000000001850-07-09-0000Jul 9, 1850[b]
7004239670000000000♠65 years, 227 days
00,0000 days
000000001850-07-09-0000Jul 9, 1850
7004239670000000000♠65 years, 227 days
(23,967 days)

13
Fillmore, MillardMillard Fillmore
000000001800-01-07-0000Jan 7, 1800
000000001850-07-09-0000Jul 9, 1850
7004184450000000000♠50 years, 183 days
000000001853-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1853
7004194140000000000♠53 years, 56 days
07,6747,674 days
(7003767400000000000♠21 years, 4 days)
000000001874-03-08-0000Mar 8, 1874
7004270880000000000♠74 years, 60 days
(27,088 days)

14
Pierce, FranklinFranklin Pierce
000000001804-11-23-0000Nov 23, 1804
000000001853-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1853
7004176330000000000♠48 years, 101 days
000000001857-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1857
7004190940000000000♠52 years, 101 days
04,6014,601 days
(7003460100000000000♠12 years, 218 days)
000000001869-10-08-0000Oct 8, 1869
7004236950000000000♠64 years, 319 days
(23,695 days)

15
Buchanan, JamesJames Buchanan
000000001791-04-23-0000Apr 23, 1791
000000001857-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1857
7004240560000000000♠65 years, 315 days
000000001861-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1861
7004255170000000000♠69 years, 315 days
02,6462,646 days
(7003264600000000000♠7 years, 89 days)
000000001868-06-01-0000Jun 1, 1868
7004281630000000000♠77 years, 39 days
(28,163 days)

16
Lincoln, AbrahamAbraham Lincoln
000000001809-02-12-0000Feb 12, 1809
000000001861-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1861
7004190130000000000♠52 years, 20 days
000000001865-04-15-0000Apr 15, 1865[b]
7004205160000000000♠56 years, 62 days
00,0000 days
000000001865-04-15-0000Apr 15, 1865
7004205160000000000♠56 years, 62 days
(20,516 days)

17
Johnson, AndrewAndrew Johnson
000000001808-12-29-0000Dec 29, 1808
000000001865-04-15-0000Apr 15, 1865
7004205610000000000♠56 years, 107 days
000000001869-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1869
7004219800000000000♠60 years, 65 days
02,3402,340 days
(7003234000000000000♠6 years, 149 days)
000000001875-07-31-0000Jul 31, 1875
7004243200000000000♠66 years, 214 days
(24,320 days)

18
Grant, Ulysses S.Ulysses S. Grant
000000001822-04-27-0000Apr 27, 1822
000000001869-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1869
7004171130000000000♠46 years, 311 days
000000001877-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1877
7004200350000000000♠54 years, 311 days
03,0633,063 days
(7003306300000000000♠8 years, 141 days)
000000001885-07-23-0000Jul 23, 1885
7004230980000000000♠63 years, 87 days
(23,098 days)

19
Hayes, Rutherford B.Rutherford B. Hayes
000000001822-10-04-0000Oct 4, 1822
000000001877-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1877
7004198750000000000♠54 years, 151 days
000000001881-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1881
7004213360000000000♠58 years, 151 days
04,3374,337 days
(7003433700000000000♠11 years, 319 days)
000000001893-01-17-0000Jan 17, 1893
7004256730000000000♠70 years, 105 days
(25,673 days)

20
Garfield, James A.James A. Garfield
000000001831-11-19-0000Nov 19, 1831
000000001881-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1881
7004180030000000000♠49 years, 105 days
000000001881-09-19-0000Sep 19, 1881[b]
7004182020000000000♠49 years, 304 days
00,0000 days
000000001881-09-19-0000Sep 19, 1881
7004182020000000000♠49 years, 304 days
(18,202 days)

21
Arthur, Chester A.Chester A. Arthur
000000001829-10-05-0000Oct 5, 1829
000000001881-09-19-0000Sep 19, 1881
7004189770000000000♠51 years, 349 days
000000001885-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1885
7004202390000000000♠55 years, 150 days
00,624624 days
(7002624000000000000♠1 year, 259 days)
000000001886-11-18-0000Nov 18, 1886
7004208630000000000♠57 years, 44 days
(20,863 days)

22
Cleveland, GroverGrover Cleveland
000000001837-03-18-0000Mar 18, 1837
000000001885-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1885
7004175180000000000♠47 years, 351 days
000000001889-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1889
7004189790000000000♠51 years, 351 days
05,5905,590 days[c]
(15 years, 112 days)
000000001908-06-24-0000Jun 24, 1908
7004260300000000000♠71 years, 98 days
(26,030 days)

23
Harrison, BenjaminBenjamin Harrison
000000001833-08-20-0000Aug 20, 1833
000000001889-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1889
7004202850000000000♠55 years, 196 days
000000001893-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1893
7004217460000000000♠59 years, 196 days
02,9302,930 days
(7003293000000000000♠8 years, 9 days)
000000001901-03-13-0000Mar 13, 1901
7004246760000000000♠67 years, 205 days
(24,676 days)

24
Cleveland, GroverGrover Cleveland
000000001837-03-18-0000Mar 18, 1837
000000001893-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1893
7004204400000000000♠55 years, 351 days
000000001897-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1897
7004219010000000000♠59 years, 351 days
05,5905,590 days[c]
(15 years, 112 days)
000000001908-06-24-0000Jun 24, 1908
7004260300000000000♠71 years, 98 days
(26,030 days)

25
McKinley, WilliamWilliam McKinley
000000001843-01-29-0000Jan 29, 1843
000000001897-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1897
7004197580000000000♠54 years, 34 days
000000001901-09-14-0000Sep 14, 1901[b]
7004214120000000000♠58 years, 228 days
00,0000 days
000000001901-09-14-0000Sep 14, 1901
7004214120000000000♠58 years, 228 days
(21,412 days)

26
Roosevelt, TheodoreTheodore Roosevelt
000000001858-10-27-0000Oct 27, 1858
000000001901-09-14-0000Sep 14, 1901
7004156620000000000♠42 years, 322 days
000000001909-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1909
7004183900000000000♠50 years, 128 days
03,5953,595 days
(7003359500000000000♠9 years, 308 days)
000000001919-01-06-0000Jan 6, 1919
7004219850000000000♠60 years, 71 days
(21,985 days)

27
Taft, William H.William H. Taft
000000001857-09-15-0000Sep 15, 1857
000000001909-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1909
7004187970000000000♠51 years, 170 days
000000001913-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1913
7004202580000000000♠55 years, 170 days
06,2136,213 days
(7003621300000000000♠17 years, 4 days)
000000001930-03-08-0000Mar 8, 1930
7004264710000000000♠72 years, 174 days
(26,471 days)

28
Wilson, WoodrowWoodrow Wilson
000000001856-12-28-0000Dec 28, 1856
000000001913-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1913
7004205190000000000♠56 years, 66 days
000000001921-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1921
7004234410000000000♠64 years, 66 days
01,0661,066 days
(7003106600000000000♠2 years, 336 days)
000000001924-02-03-0000Feb 3, 1924
7004245070000000000♠67 years, 37 days
(24,507 days)

29
Harding, Warren G.Warren G. Harding
000000001865-11-02-0000Nov 2, 1865
000000001921-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1921
7004202100000000000♠55 years, 122 days
000000001923-08-02-0000Aug 2, 1923[b]
7004210910000000000♠57 years, 273 days
00,0000 days
000000001923-08-02-0000Aug 2, 1923
7004210910000000000♠57 years, 273 days
(21,091 days)

30
Coolidge, CalvinCalvin Coolidge
000000001872-07-04-0000Jul 4, 1872
000000001923-08-02-0000Aug 2, 1923
7004186550000000000♠51 years, 29 days
000000001929-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1929
7004206960000000000♠56 years, 243 days
01,4031,403 days
(7003140300000000000♠3 years, 307 days)
000000001933-01-05-0000Jan 5, 1933
7004220990000000000♠60 years, 185 days
(22,099 days)

31
Hoover, HerbertHerbert Hoover
000000001874-08-10-0000Aug 10, 1874
000000001929-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1929
7004199290000000000♠54 years, 206 days
000000001933-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1933
7004213900000000000♠58 years, 206 days
11,55311,553 days
(7004115530000000000♠31 years, 230 days)
000000001964-10-20-0000Oct 20, 1964
7004329430000000000♠90 years, 71 days
(32,943 days)

32
Roosevelt, Franklin D.Franklin D. Roosevelt
000000001882-01-30-0000Jan 30, 1882
000000001933-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1933
7004186600000000000♠51 years, 33 days
000000001945-04-12-0000Apr 12, 1945[b]
7004230820000000000♠63 years, 72 days
00,0000 days
000000001945-04-12-0000Apr 12, 1945
7004230820000000000♠63 years, 72 days
(23,082 days)

33
Truman, Harry S.Harry S. Truman
000000001884-05-08-0000May 8, 1884
000000001945-04-12-0000Apr 12, 1945
7004222530000000000♠60 years, 339 days
000000001953-01-20-0000Jan 20, 1953
7004250930000000000♠68 years, 257 days
07,2807,280 days
(7003728000000000000♠19 years, 341 days)
000000001972-12-26-0000Dec 26, 1972
7004323730000000000♠88 years, 232 days
(32,373 days)

34
Eisenhower, Dwight D.Dwight D. Eisenhower
000000001890-10-14-0000Oct 14, 1890
000000001953-01-20-0000Jan 20, 1953
7004227430000000000♠62 years, 98 days
000000001961-01-20-0000Jan 20, 1961
7004256650000000000♠70 years, 98 days
02,9892,989 days
(7003298900000000000♠8 years, 67 days)
000000001969-03-28-0000Mar 28, 1969
7004286540000000000♠78 years, 165 days
(28,654 days)

35
Kennedy, John F.John F. Kennedy
000000001917-05-29-0000May 29, 1917
000000001961-01-20-0000Jan 20, 1961
7004159420000000000♠43 years, 236 days
000000001963-11-22-0000Nov 22, 1963[b]
7004169780000000000♠46 years, 177 days
00,0000 days
000000001963-11-22-0000Nov 22, 1963
7004169780000000000♠46 years, 177 days
(16,978 days)

36
Johnson, Lyndon B.Lyndon B. Johnson
000000001908-08-27-0000Aug 27, 1908
000000001963-11-22-0000Nov 22, 1963
7004201750000000000♠55 years, 87 days
000000001969-01-20-0000Jan 20, 1969
7004220610000000000♠60 years, 146 days
01,4631,463 days
(7003146300000000000♠4 years, 2 days)
000000001973-01-22-0000Jan 22, 1973
7004235240000000000♠64 years, 148 days
(23,524 days)

37
Nixon, RichardRichard Nixon
000000001913-01-09-0000Jan 9, 1913
000000001969-01-20-0000Jan 20, 1969
7004204650000000000♠56 years, 11 days
000000001974-08-09-0000Aug 9, 1974[d]
7004224920000000000♠61 years, 212 days
07,1967,196 days
(7003719600000000000♠19 years, 256 days)
000000001994-04-22-0000Apr 22, 1994
7004296880000000000♠81 years, 103 days
(29,688 days)

38
Ford, GeraldGerald Ford
000000001913-07-14-0000Jul 14, 1913
000000001974-08-09-0000Aug 9, 1974
7004223060000000000♠61 years, 26 days
000000001977-01-20-0000Jan 20, 1977
7004232010000000000♠63 years, 190 days
10,93210,932 days
(7004109320000000000♠29 years, 340 days)
000000002006-12-26-0000Dec 26, 2006
7004341330000000000♠93 years, 165 days
(34,133 days)

39
Carter, JimmyJimmy Carter
000000001924-10-01-0000Oct 1, 1924
000000001977-01-20-0000Jan 20, 1977
7004191040000000000♠52 years, 111 days
000000001981-01-20-0000Jan 20, 1981
7004205650000000000♠56 years, 111 days
13,44013,440 days[e]
(7004134400000000000♠36 years, 291 days)
2017-11-7
7004340050000000000♠93 years, 37 days(34,005 days)

40
Reagan, RonaldRonald Reagan
000000001911-02-06-0000Feb 6, 1911
000000001981-01-20-0000Jan 20, 1981
7004255510000000000♠69 years, 349 days
000000001989-01-20-0000Jan 20, 1989
7004284730000000000♠77 years, 349 days
05,6155,615 days
(7003561500000000000♠15 years, 137 days)
000000002004-06-05-0000Jun 5, 2004
7004340880000000000♠93 years, 120 days
(34,088 days)

41
Bush, George H. W.George H. W. Bush
000000001924-06-12-0000Jun 12, 1924
000000001989-01-20-0000Jan 20, 1989
7004235980000000000♠64 years, 222 days
000000001993-01-20-0000Jan 20, 1993
7004250590000000000♠68 years, 222 days
09,0579,057 days[e]
(7003905700000000000♠24 years, 291 days)
2017-11-7
7004341160000000000♠93 years, 148 days(34,116 days)

42
Clinton, BillBill Clinton
000000001946-08-19-0000Aug 19, 1946
000000001993-01-20-0000Jan 20, 1993
7004169560000000000♠46 years, 154 days
000000002001-01-20-0000Jan 20, 2001
7004198780000000000♠54 years, 154 days
06,1356,135 days[e]
(7003613500000000000♠16 years, 291 days)
2017-11-7
7004260130000000000♠71 years, 80 days(26,013 days)

43
Bush, George W.George W. Bush
000000001946-07-06-0000Jul 6, 1946
000000002001-01-20-0000Jan 20, 2001
7004199220000000000♠54 years, 198 days
000000002009-01-20-0000Jan 20, 2009
7004228440000000000♠62 years, 198 days
03,2133,213 days[e]
(7003321300000000000♠8 years, 291 days)
2017-11-7
7004260570000000000♠71 years, 124 days(26,057 days)

44
Obama, BarackBarack Obama
000000001961-08-04-0000Aug 4, 1961
000000002009-01-20-0000Jan 20, 2009
7004173360000000000♠47 years, 169 days
000000002017-01-20-0000Jan 20, 2017
7004202580000000000♠55 years, 169 days
00,134291291 days[e]
2017-11-7
7004205490000000000♠56 years, 95 days(20,549 days)

45
Trump, DonaldDonald Trump
000000001946-06-14-0000Jun 14, 1946
000000002017-01-20-0000Jan 20, 2017
7004257880000000000♠70 years, 220 days
2017-11-7
7004288540000000000♠78 years, 364 days
24,782
2017-11-7
7004260790000000000♠71 years, 146 days(26,079 days)

#
President
Birth date
Presidency
start date
Age at
start date
Presidency
end date
Age at
end date
Post-presidency
timespan
Death date
Lifespan

text: Notes[edit]

text:
^ Jump up to: a b c d Birthdate as changed to New Style.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Died in office.
^ Jump up to: a b Cleveland was retired for 1,461 days between his two terms (1889–1893), and then another 4,129 days from the end of his 2nd term (1897) until his death (1908).
Jump up ^ Resigned from office.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Ongoing.

text: Timeline of oldest living presidents[edit]

text: Of the 44 persons who have served as president, 24 have become the oldest such individual of their time. Herbert Hoover became the oldest living president (while still president himself) when Calvin Coolidge died in January 1933, and retained this distinction until his death 31 years later. Lyndon B. Johnson became the oldest living president upon the death of Harry S. Truman in December 1972 but held this distinction for only 27 days.

text: On three occasions the oldest living president lost this distinction not by his death, but by the election of a president who was older. Theodore Roosevelt (born 1858) lost this distinction when William Taft (born 1857) was inaugurated, then four years later Taft lost it when Woodrow Wilson (born 1856) was inaugurated. More recently, Richard Nixon (born 1913) ceased being the oldest living president when Ronald Reagan (born 1911) was inaugurated. Furthermore, although Theodore Roosevelt was the youngest ever to become both the oldest living president (at age 50) and a former president (at age 51), he was the only living president or former president by the end of his term. Consequently, Taft was the oldest living president twice: first during his presidency (having succeeded the younger Roosevelt), and a second time after Wilson (his successor as president but an older man) died. Gerald Ford was the oldest individual to acquire this distinction at the age of 90.

text: On seven occasions, the oldest living president has acquired this distinction during his term in office. In the cases of John Adams, Ulysses S. Grant, Theodore Roosevelt, Herbert Hoover and Richard Nixon, this happened at the same time as their becoming the only living president; in the cases of Andrew Jackson and Benjamin Harrison, the only other living president at the time was a younger predecessor (John Quincy Adams and Grover Cleveland respectively).

text:
President
Became oldest living president
Ceased to be oldest living president
Age at
start date
Age at
end date
Duration
(years, days)
Duration (days)

Washington, GeorgeGeorge Washington
000000001789-04-30-0000April 30, 1789
000000001799-12-14-0000December 14, 1799
7004208870000000000♠57 years, 67 days
7004247670000000000♠67 years, 295 days
7003388000000000000♠10 years, 228 days
03,8803,880 days

Adams, JohnJohn Adams
000000001799-12-14-0000December 14, 1799
000000001826-07-04-0000July 4, 1826
7004234210000000000♠64 years, 45 days
7004331190000000000♠90 years, 247 days
7003969800000000000♠26 years, 202 days
09,6989,698 days

Madison, JamesJames Madison
000000001826-07-04-0000July 4, 1826
000000001836-06-28-0000June 28, 1836
7004275030000000000♠75 years, 110 days
7004311500000000000♠85 years, 104 days
7003364700000000000♠9 years, 360 days
03,6473,647 days

Jackson, AndrewAndrew Jackson
000000001836-06-28-0000June 28, 1836
000000001845-06-08-0000June 8, 1845
7004253070000000000♠69 years, 105 days
7004285740000000000♠78 years, 85 days
7003326700000000000♠8 years, 345 days
03,2673,267 days

Adams, John QuincyJohn Quincy Adams
000000001845-06-08-0000June 8, 1845
000000001848-02-23-0000February 23, 1848
7004284560000000000♠77 years, 332 days
7004294460000000000♠80 years, 227 days
7002990000000000000♠2 years, 260 days
00,990990 days

Van Buren, MartinMartin Van Buren
000000001848-02-23-0000February 23, 1848
000000001862-07-24-0000July 24, 1862
7004238200000000000♠65 years, 80 days
7004290850000000000♠79 years, 231 days
7003526500000000000♠14 years, 151 days
05,2655,265 days

Buchanan, JamesJames Buchanan
000000001862-07-24-0000July 24, 1862
000000001868-06-01-0000June 1, 1868
7004260240000000000♠71 years, 92 days
7004281630000000000♠77 years, 39 days
7003213900000000000♠5 years, 313 days
02,1392,139 days

Fillmore, MillardMillard Fillmore
000000001868-06-01-0000June 1, 1868
000000001874-03-08-0000March 8, 1874
7004249820000000000♠68 years, 146 days
7004270880000000000♠74 years, 60 days
7003210600000000000♠5 years, 280 days
02,1062,106 days

Johnson, AndrewAndrew Johnson
000000001874-03-08-0000March 8, 1874
000000001875-07-31-0000July 31, 1875
7004238100000000000♠65 years, 69 days
7004243200000000000♠66 years, 214 days
7002510000000000000♠1 year, 145 days
00,510510 days

Grant, Ulysses S.Ulysses S. Grant
000000001875-07-31-0000July 31, 1875
000000001885-07-23-0000July 23, 1885
7004194530000000000♠53 years, 95 days
7004230980000000000♠63 years, 87 days
7003364500000000000♠9 years, 357 days
03,6453,645 days

Hayes, Rutherford B.Rutherford B. Hayes
000000001885-07-23-0000July 23, 1885
000000001893-01-17-0000January 17, 1893
7004229380000000000♠62 years, 292 days
7004256730000000000♠70 years, 105 days
7003273500000000000♠7 years, 178 days
02,7352,735 days

Harrison, BenjaminBenjamin Harrison
000000001893-01-17-0000January 17, 1893
000000001901-03-13-0000March 13, 1901
7004217000000000000♠59 years, 150 days
7004246760000000000♠67 years, 205 days
7003297600000000000♠8 years, 55 days
02,9762,976 days

Cleveland, GroverGrover Cleveland
000000001901-03-13-0000March 13, 1901
000000001908-06-24-0000June 24, 1908
7004233700000000000♠63 years, 360 days
7004260300000000000♠71 years, 98 days
7003266000000000000♠7 years, 103 days
02,6602,660 days

Roosevelt, TheodoreTheodore Roosevelt
000000001908-06-24-0000June 24, 1908
000000001909-03-04-0000March 4, 1909
7004181370000000000♠49 years, 241 days
7004183900000000000♠50 years, 128 days
7002253000000000000♠253 days
00,253253 days

Taft, William HowardWilliam Howard Taft
000000001909-03-04-0000March 4, 1909
000000001913-03-04-0000March 4, 1913
7004187970000000000♠51 years, 170 days
7004202580000000000♠55 years, 170 days
7003146100000000000♠4 years, 0 days
01,4611,461 days

Wilson, WoodrowWoodrow Wilson
000000001913-03-04-0000March 4, 1913
000000001924-02-03-0000February 3, 1924
7004205190000000000♠56 years, 66 days
7004245070000000000♠67 years, 37 days
7003398800000000000♠10 years, 336 days
03,9883,988 days

Taft, William HowardWilliam Howard Taft
000000001924-02-03-0000February 3, 1924
000000001930-03-08-0000March 8, 1930
7004242460000000000♠66 years, 141 days
7004264710000000000♠72 years, 174 days
7003222500000000000♠6 years, 33 days
02,2252,225 days

Coolidge, CalvinCalvin Coolidge
000000001930-03-08-0000March 8, 1930
000000001933-01-05-0000January 5, 1933
7004210650000000000♠57 years, 247 days
7004220990000000000♠60 years, 185 days
7003103400000000000♠2 years, 303 days
01,0341,034 days

Hoover, HerbertHerbert Hoover
000000001933-01-05-0000January 5, 1933
000000001964-10-20-0000October 20, 1964
7004213320000000000♠58 years, 148 days
7004329430000000000♠90 years, 71 days
7004116110000000000♠31 years, 289 days
11,61111,611 days

Truman, Harry S.Harry S. Truman
000000001964-10-20-0000October 20, 1964
000000001972-12-26-0000December 26, 1972
7004293840000000000♠80 years, 165 days
7004323730000000000♠88 years, 232 days
7003298900000000000♠8 years, 67 days
02,9892,989 days

Johnson, Lyndon B.Lyndon B. Johnson
000000001972-12-26-0000December 26, 1972
000000001973-01-22-0000January 22, 1973
7004234970000000000♠64 years, 121 days
7004235240000000000♠64 years, 148 days
7001270000000000000♠27 days
00,02727 days

Nixon, RichardRichard Nixon
000000001973-01-22-0000January 22, 1973
000000001981-01-20-0000January 20, 1981
7004219280000000000♠60 years, 13 days
7004248480000000000♠68 years, 11 days
7003292000000000000♠7 years, 364 days
02,9202,920 days

Reagan, RonaldRonald Reagan
000000001981-01-20-0000January 20, 1981
000000002004-06-05-0000June 5, 2004
7004255510000000000♠69 years, 349 days
7004340880000000000♠93 years, 120 days
7003853700000000000♠23 years, 137 days
08,5378,537 days

Ford, GeraldGerald Ford
000000002004-06-05-0000June 5, 2004
000000002006-12-26-0000December 26, 2006
7004331990000000000♠90 years, 327 days
7004341330000000000♠93 years, 165 days
7002934000000000000♠2 years, 204 days
00,934934 days

Bush, George H. W.George H. W. Bush
000000002006-12-26-0000December 26, 2006
Current
7004301470000000000♠82 years, 197 days
Current
7003396900000000000♠10 years, 316 days
03,9693,969 days

President
Became oldest living president
Ceased to be oldest living president
Age at
start date
Age at
end date
Duration
(years, days)
Duration
(days)

text: Sources[edit]

text:
Frank Freidel and Hugh S. Sidey, "The Presidents of the United States". The White House.
Robert S. Summers, "POTUS: Presidents of the United States". Internet Public Library.

tag: ul

text:
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document_title: Mughal painting

question_text: who introduced the element of perspective in mughal painting

text: Mughal painting

text: Origins[edit]

text: This art of painting developed as a blending of Persian and Indian ideas. There was already a Muslim tradition of miniature painting under the Turko-Afghan Sultanate of Delhi which the Mughals overthrew, and like the Mughals, and the very earliest of Central Asian invaders into the subcontinent, patronized foreign culture. Although the first surviving manuscripts are from Mandu in the years either side of 1500, there were very likely earlier ones which are either lost, or perhaps now attributed to southern Persia, as later manuscripts can be hard to distinguish from these by style alone, and some remain the subject of debate among specialists.[1] By the time of the Mughal invasion, the tradition had abandoned the high viewpoint typical of the Persian style, and adopted a more realistic style for animals and plants.[2]

text: No miniatures survive from the reign of the founder of the dynasty, Babur, nor does he mention commissioning any in his diaries, the Baburnama. Copies of this were illustrated by his descendents, Akbar in particular, with many portraits of the many new animals Babur encountered when he invaded India, which are carefully described.[3] However some surviving un-illustrated manuscripts may have been commissioned by him, and he comments on the style of some famous past Persian masters. Some older illustrated manuscripts have his seal on them; the Mughals came from a long line stretching back to Timur and were fully assimilated into Persianate culture, and expected to patronize literature and the arts.

text: Mughal painting immediately took a much greater interest in realistic portraiture than was typical of Persian miniatures. Animals and plants were also more realistically shown. Although many classic works of Persian literature continued to be illustrated, as well as Indian works, the taste of the Mughal emperors for writing memoirs or diaries, begun by Babur, provided some of the most lavishly decorated texts, such as the Padshahnama genre of official histories. Subjects are rich in variety and include portraits, events and scenes from court life, wild life and hunting scenes, and illustrations of battles. The Persian tradition of richly decorated borders framing the central image was continued.

text: The style of the Mughal school developed within the royal atelier. Knowledge was primarily transmitted through familial and apprenticeship relationships, and the system of joint manuscript production which brought multiple artists together for single works.[4]

text: Development[edit]

text: Humayun (1530–40 and 1555–56)[edit]

text: When the second Mughal emperor, Humayun was in exile in Tabriz in the Safavid court of Shah Tahmasp I of Persia, he was exposed to Persian miniature painting, and commissioned at least one work there, an unusually large painting of Princes of the House of Timur, now in the British Museum. When Humayun returned to India, he brought two accomplished Persian artists Abd al-Samad and Mir Sayyid Ali with him. His usurping brother Kamran Mirza had maintained a workshop in Kabul, which Humayan perhaps took over into his own. Humayan's major known commission was a Khamsa of Nizami with 36 illuminated pages, in which the different styles of the various artists are mostly still apparent.[5] Apart from the London painting, he also commissioned at least two miniatures showing himself with family members,[6] a type of subject that was rare in Persia but was to be common among the Mughals.[7]

text: Mughal painting developed and flourished during the reigns of Akbar, Jahangir and Shah Jahan.

text: Akbar (1556-1605)[edit]

text: During the reign of Humayun's son Akbar (r. 1556-1605), the imperial court, apart from being the centre of administrative authority to manage and rule the vast Mughal empire, also emerged as a centre of cultural excellence. Akbar inherited and expanded his father's library and atelier of court painters, and paid close personal attention to its output. He had studied painting in his youth under Abd as-Samad, though it is not clear how far these studies went.[8]

text: Between 1560 and 1566 the Tutinama ("Tales of a Parrot"), now in the Cleveland Museum of Art was illustrated, showing "the stylistic components of the imperial Mughal style at a formative stage".[9] Among other manuscripts, between 1562 and 1577 the atelier worked on an illustrated manuscript of the Hamzanama consisting of 1,400 canvas folios. Sa'di's masterpiece The Gulistan was produced at Fatehpur Sikri in 1582, a Darab Nama around 1585; the Khamsa of Nizami (British Library, Or. 12208) followed in the 1590s and Jami's Baharistan around 1595 in Lahore. As Mughal-derived painting spread to Hindu courts the texts illustrated included the Hindu epics including the Ramayana and the Mahabharata; themes with animal fables; individual portraits; and paintings on scores of different themes. Mughal style during this period continued to refine itself with elements of realism and naturalism coming to the fore. Between the years of 1570 to 1585 Akbar hired over a one hundred painters to practice Mughal style painting.[10]

text: Jahangir (1605–25)[edit]

text: Jahangir had an artistic inclination and during his reign Mughal painting developed further. Brushwork became finer and the colors lighter. Jahangir was also deeply influenced by European painting. During his reign he came into direct contact with the English Crown and was sent gifts of oil paintings, which included portraits of the King and Queen. He encouraged his royal atelier to take up the single point perspective favoured by European artists, unlike the flattened multi-layered style used in traditional miniatures. He particularly encouraged paintings depicting events of his own life, individual portraits, and studies of birds, flowers and animals. The Jahangirnama, written during his lifetime, which is an autobiographical account of Jahangir's reign, has several paintings, including some unusual subjects such as the union of a saint with a tigress, and fights between spiders.[citation needed]

text: Shah Jahan (1628–59)[edit]

text: During the reign of Shah Jahan (1628–58), Mughal paintings continued to develop, but court paintings became more rigid and formal. The illustrations from the "Padshanama" (chronicle of the King of the world), one of the finest Islamic manuscripts from the Royal Collection, at Windsor, were painted during the reign of Shah Jahan. Written in Persian on paper that is flecked with gold, has exquisitely rendered paintings. The "Padshahnama" has portraits of the courtiers and servants of the King painted with great detail and individuality. In keeping with the strict formality at court, however the portraits of the King and important nobles was rendered in strict profile, whereas servants and common people, depicted with individual features have been portrayed in the three -quarter view or the frontal view. Themes including musical parties; lovers, sometimes in intimate positions, on terraces and gardens; and ascetics gathered around a fire, abound in the Mughal paintings of this period.[11][citation needed]

text: Later paintings[edit]

text: Aurangzeb (1658-1707) did not actively encourage Mughal paintings, but as this art form had gathered momentum and had a number of patrons, Mughal paintings continued to survive, but the decline had set in. Some sources however note that a few of the best Mughal paintings were made for Aurangzeb, speculating that they believed that he was about to close the workshops and thus exceeded themselves in his behalf.[12] There was a brief revival during the reign of Muhammad Shah 'Rangeela' (1719–48), but by the time of Shah Alam II (1759–1806), the art of Mughal painting had lost its glory. By that time, other schools of Indian painting had developed, including, in the royal courts of the Rajput kingdoms of Rajputana, Rajput painting and in the cities ruled by the British East India Company, the Company style under Western influence. Late Mughal style often shows increased use of perspective and recession under Western influence.

text: Artists[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The Persian master artists Abd al-Samad and Mir Sayyid Ali, who had accompanied Humayun to India in the 16th century, were in charge of the imperial atelier during the formative stages of Mughal painting. Many artists worked on large commissions, the majority of them apparently Hindu, to judge by the names recorded. Mughal painting flourished during the late 16th and early 17th centuries with spectacular works of art by master artists such as Basawan, Lal, Daswanth,[13] and Miskin. Another influence on the evolution of style during Akbar's reign was Kesu Das, who understood and developed "European techniques of rendering space and volume".[14]

text: Govardhan was a noted painter during the reigns of Akbar, Jahangir and Shah Jahan.

text: The sub-imperial school of Mughal painting included artists such as Mushfiq, Kamal, and Fazl.

text: During the first half of the 18th century, many Mughal-trained artists left the imperial workshop to work at Rajput courts. These include artists such as Bhawanidas and his son Dalchand.

text: Mughal painting generally involved a group of artists, one to decide the composition, the second to actually paint, and the third to focus on portraiture, executing individual faces.[15]

text: Mughal style today[edit]

text: Mughal-style miniature paintings are still being created today by a small number of artists in Lahore concentrated mainly in the National College of Arts. Although many of these miniatures are skillful copies of the originals, some artists have produced contemporary works using classic methods with, at times, remarkable artistic effect.

text: The skills needed to produce these modern versions of Mughal miniatures are still passed on from generation to generation, although many artisans also employ dozens of workers, often painting under trying working conditions, to produce works sold under the signature of their modern masters.

text: Gallery[edit]

text:
Portrait of Akbar

Portrait of Bahadur Shah

A noble lady, Mughal dynasty, India. 17th century. Color and gold on paper. Freer Gallery of Art F1907.219

A Mughal prince and ladies in a garden

Nur Jahan

Shah Jahan on a terrace holding a pendant set with his portrait

Daud Khan Karrani receives a Kaftan of honor from Munim Khan

A Mughal tournament

Victory of Ali Quli Khan on the river Gomti-Akbarnama, 1561

Mir Sayyid Ali's depiction of a young scholar in the Mughal Empire, reading and writing a commentary on the Quran, 1559.

The scribe and painter of the Khamsa of Nizami manuscript for Akbar

Battle scene from the Hamzanama of Akbar, 1570

The Submission of the rebel brothers Ali Quli and Bahadur Khan. Akbarnama, 1561[16]

Akbar riding the elephant Hawa'I pursuing another elephant across a collapsing bridge of boats (right), 1561

Pir Muhammad Drowns While Crossing the Narbada-Akbarnama, 1562

Akbar receiving his sons at Fatehpur Sikri. Akbarnama, 1573

Lion at rest Met

A young woman playing a Veena to a parakeet, a symbol of her absent lover. 18th-century painting in the provincial Mughal style of Bengal

Female performer with a tanpura, 18th century. Color and gold on paper. Freer Gallery of Art F1907.195

Ascetic Seated on Leopard's Skin, late 18th century

Mughal Ganjifa Playing Cards, Early 19th century, with miniature paintings - courtesy of the Wovensouls collection


document_title: Prenatal testing

question_text: which tests are noninvasive and performed to detect chromosomal abnormalities in the fetus

text: Prenatal testing

text: Reasons for prenatal screening and diagnosis[edit]

text: There are three purposes of prenatal diagnosis: (1) to enable timely medical or surgical treatment of a condition before or after birth, (2) to give the parents the chance to abort a fetus with the diagnosed condition, and (3) to give parents the chance to "prepare" psychologically, socially, financially, and medically for a baby with a health problem or disability, or for the likelihood of a stillbirth.

text: Having this information in advance of the birth means that healthcare staff as well as parents can better prepare themselves for the delivery of a child with a health problem. For example, Down Syndrome is associated with cardiac defects that may need intervention immediately upon birth.

text: Many expectant parents would like to know the sex of their baby before birth. Methods include amniocentesis with karyotyping, and prenatal ultrasound. In some countries, health care providers are expected to withhold this information from parents, while in other countries they are expected to give this information.[citation needed]

text: Qualifying risk factors[edit]

text: Because of the miscarriage and fetal damage risks associated with amniocentesis and CVS procedures, many women prefer to first undergo screening so they can find out if the fetus' risk of birth defects is high enough to justify the risks of invasive testing. Since screening tests yield a risk score which represents the chance that the baby has the birth defect, the most common threshold for high-risk is 1:270. A risk score of 1:300 would therefore be considered low-risk by many physicians. However, the trade-off between risk of birth defect and risk of complications from invasive testing is relative and subjective; some parents may decide that even a 1:1000 risk of birth defects warrants an invasive test while others wouldn't opt for an invasive test even if they had a 1:10 risk score.

text: ACOG guidelines currently recommend that all pregnant women, regardless of age, be offered invasive testing to obtain a definitive diagnosis of certain birth defects. Therefore, most physicians offer diagnostic testing to all their patients, with or without prior screening and let the patient decide.

text: The following are some reasons why a patient might consider her risk of birth defects already to be high enough to warrant skipping screening and going straight for invasive testing.

text:
Women over the age of 35
Women who have previously had premature babies or babies with a birth defect, especially heart or genetic problems
Women who have high blood pressure, lupus, diabetes, asthma, or epilepsy
Women who have family histories or ethnic backgrounds prone to genetic disorders, or whose partners have these
Women who are pregnant with multiples (twins or more)
Women who have previously had miscarriages

text: Tests by Invasiveness[edit]

text: Diagnostic prenatal testing can be performed by invasive or non-invasive methods. An invasive method involves probes or needles being inserted into the uterus, e.g. amniocentesis, which can be done from about 14 weeks gestation, and usually up to about 20 weeks, and chorionic villus sampling, which can be done earlier (between 9.5 and 12.5 weeks gestation) but which may be slightly more risky to the fetus. One study comparing transabdominal chorionic villus sampling with second trimester amniocentesis found no significant difference in the total pregnancy loss between the two procedures.[1] However, transcervical chorionic villus sampling carries a significantly higher risk, compared with a second trimester amniocentesis, of total pregnancy loss (relative risk 1.40; 95% confidence interval 1.09 to 1.81) and spontaneous miscarriage (9.4% risk; relative risk 1.50; 95% confidence interval 1.07 to 2.11).[1]

text: Non-invasive techniques include examinations of the woman's womb through ultrasonography and maternal serum screens (i.e. Alpha-fetoprotein). Blood tests for select trisomies (Down syndrome in the United States, Down and Edwards syndromes in China) based on detecting cell-free placental DNA present in maternal blood, also known as non-invasive prenatal testing (NIPT), have become available.[2] If an elevated risk of chromosomal or genetic abnormality is indicated by a non-invasive screening test, a more invasive technique may be employed to gather more information.[3] In the case of neural tube defects, a detailed ultrasound can non-invasively provide a definitive diagnosis.

text:
Invasiveness
Test
Comments
Time

Non-invasive
Preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD)
During in vitro fertilization (IVF) procedures, it is possible to sample cells from human embryos before implantation.[4] PGD is in itself non-invasive, but IVF usually involves invasive procedures such as transvaginal oocyte retrieval
before implantation

Non-invasive
External examination
Examination of the woman's uterus from outside the body. The uterus is commonly palpated to determine if there are problems with the position of the fetus (i.e. breech position). Fundal height may also be measured.
Second or third trimester

Non-invasive
Ultrasound detection
Commonly dating scans (sometimes known as booking scans or dating ultrasounds) from 7 weeks to confirm pregnancy dates and look for multiple pregnancies. The specialised nuchal scan at 11–13 weeks may be used to identify higher risks of Downs syndrome. Later morphology scans, also called anatomy ultrasound, from 18 weeks may check for any abnormal development. Additional ultrasounds may be performed if there are any other problems with the pregnancy, or if the pregnancy is post-due.
First or second trimester

Non-invasive
Fetal heartbeat
Listening to the fetal heartbeat via an external monitor placed on the outside of the abdomen.
First or second trimester

Non-invasive
Non-stress test
Use of cardiotocography during the third trimester to monitor fetal wellbeing.
Third trimester

Non-invasive
Maternal blood pressure
Used to screen for pre-eclampsia throughout the pregnancy.
First, Second and Third trimester

Non-invasive
Maternal weighing
Unusually low or high maternal weight can indicate problems with the pregnancy.
First, Second and Third trimesters.

Less invasive
Fetal cells in maternal blood (FCMB)[5]
Requires a maternal blood draw. Based on enrichment of fetal cells which circulate in maternal blood. Since fetal cells hold all the genetic information of the developing fetus, they can be used to perform prenatal diagnosis.[6]
First trimester

Less invasive
Cell-free fetal DNA in maternal blood
Requires a maternal blood draw. Based on DNA of fetal origin circulating in the maternal blood. Testing can potentially identify fetal aneuploidy[7] (available in the United States, beginning 2011) and gender of a fetus as early as six weeks into a pregnancy. Fetal DNA ranges from about 2–10% of the total DNA in maternal blood.
Cell-free fetal DNA also allows whole genome sequencing of the fetus, thus determining the complete DNA sequence of every gene.[8]

First trimester

Less invasive
Glucose tolerance testing
Requires a maternal blood draw. Used to screen for gestational diabetes.
Second trimester

Less invasive
Transcervical retrieval of trophoblast cells
Cervical mucus aspiration, cervical swabbing, and cervical or intrauterine lavage can be used to retrieve trophoblast cells for diagnostic purposes, including prenatal genetic analysis. Success rates for retrieving fetal trophoblast cells vary from 40% to 90%.[9] It can be used for fetal sex determination and identify aneuploidies.[9] Antibody markers have proven useful to select trophoblast cells for genetic analysis and to demonstrate that the abundance of recoverable trophoblast cells diminishes in abnormal gestations, such as in ectopic pregnancy or anembryonic gestation.[9]
First trimester[9]

Less invasive
Maternal serum screening
Including β-hCG, PAPP-A, alpha fetoprotein, inhibin-A.
See separate section below

First or second trimester

More invasive
Chorionic villus sampling
Involves getting a sample of the chorionic villus and testing it. This can be done earlier than amniocentesis, but may have a higher risk of miscarriage, estimated at 1%.
After 10 weeks

More invasive
Amniocentesis
This can be done once enough amniotic fluid has developed to sample. Cells from the fetus will be floating in this fluid, and can be separated and tested. Miscarriage risk of amniocentesis is commonly quoted as 0.06% (1:1600).[10] By amniocentesis ut is also possible to cryopreserve amniotic stem cells.[11][12][13]
After 15 weeks

More invasive
Embryoscopy and fetoscopy
Though rarely done, these involve putting a probe into a women's uterus to observe (with a video camera), or to sample blood or tissue from the embryo or fetus.

More invasive
Percutaneous umbilical cord blood sampling
PUBS is a diagnostic genetic test that examines blood from the fetal umbilical cord to detect fetal abnormalities.
24–34 weeks

text: Tests by pregnancy stage[edit]

text: Pre-conception[edit]

text: This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (December 2017)

text: First trimester[edit]

text: At early presentation of pregnancy at around 6 weeks, early dating ultrasound scan may be offered to help confirm the gestational age of the embryo and check for a single or twin pregnancy, but such a scan is unable detect common abnormalities. Details of prenatal screening and testing options may be provided.

text: Around weeks 10–11, nuchal thickness scan (NT) may be offered which can be combined with blood tests for PAPP-A and beta-hCG, two serum markers that correlate with chromosomal abnormalities, in what is called the First Trimester Combined Test. The results of the blood test are then combined with the NT ultrasound measurements, maternal age, and gestational age of the fetus to yield a risk score for Down Syndrome, Trisomy 18, and Trisomy 13. First Trimester Combined Test has a sensitivity (i.e. detection rate for abnormalities) of 82–87% and a false-positive rate around 5%.[14]

text: Second trimester[edit]

text: The anatomy scan is performed between 18-22 weeks of gestational age. The International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology (ISUOG) recommends that this ultrasound is performed as a matter of routine prenatal care, to measure the fetus so that growth abnormalities can be recognized quickly later in pregnancy, and to assess for congenital malformations and multiple pregnancies (i.e. twins).[15] The scan can detect anencephaly, open spina bifida, cleft lip, diaphragmatic hernia, gastrochisis, omphalocele, congenital heart defect, bilateral renal agenesis, osteochondrodysplasia, Edwards syndrome, and Patau syndrome.[16]

text: A second trimester Quad blood test may be taken (the triple test is widely considered obsolete but in some states, such as Missouri, where Medicaid only covers the Triple test, that's what the patient typically gets). With integrated screening, both a First Trimester Combined Test and a Triple/Quad test is performed, and a report is only produced after both tests have been analyzed. However patients may not wish to wait between these two sets of test. With sequential screening, a first report is produced after the first trimester sample has been submitted, and a final report after the second sample. With contingent screening, patients at very high or very low risks will get reports after the first trimester sample has been submitted. Only patients with moderate risk (risk score between 1:50 and 1:2000) will be asked to submit a second trimester sample, after which they will receive a report combining information from both serum samples and the NT measurement. The First Trimester Combined Test and the Triple/Quad test together have a sensitivity of 88–95% with a 5% false-positive rate for Down Syndrome, though they can also be analyzed in such a way as to offer a 90% sensitivity with a 2% false-positive rate. Finally for patients who do not receive an NT ultrasound in the 1st trimester may still receive a Serum Integrated test involving measuring PAPP-A serum levels in the 1st trimester and then doing a Quad test in the 2nd trimester. This offers an 85–88% sensitivity and 5% false-positive rate for Down Syndrome. Also, patient may skip 1st trimester screening entirely and receive only a 2nd trimester Quad test, with an 81% sensitivity for Down Syndrome and 5% false-positive rate.[14]

text: Third trimester[edit]

text: Post-term[edit]

text: Maternal serum screening[edit]

text: First trimester maternal serum screening can check levels of free β-hCG, PAPP-A, intact or beta hCG, or h-hCG in the woman's serum, and combine these with the measurement of nuchal translucency (NT). Some institutions also look for the presence of a fetal nasalbone on the ultrasound.

text: Second trimester maternal serum screening (AFP screening, triple screen, quad screen, or penta screen) can check levels of alpha fetoprotein, β-hCG, inhibin-A, estriol, and h-hCG (hyperglycosolated hCG) in the woman's serum.

text: The triple test measures serum levels of AFP, estriol, and beta-hCG, with a 70% sensitivity and 5% false-positive rate. It is complemented in some regions of the United States, as the Quad test (adding inhibin A to the panel, resulting in an 81% sensitivity and 5% false-positive rate for detecting Down syndrome when taken at 15–18 weeks of gestational age).[17]

text: The biomarkers PAPP-A and β-hCG seem to be altered for pregnancies resulting from ICSI, causing a higher false-positive rate. Correction factors have been developed and should be used when screening for Down’s syndrome in singleton pregnancies after ICSI,[18] but in twin pregnancies such correction factors have not been fully elucidated.[18] In vanishing twin pregnancies with a second gestational sac with a dead fetus, first trimester screening should be based solely on the maternal age and the nuchal translucency scan as biomarkers are altered in these cases.[18]

text: Advances in prenatal screening[edit]

text: Measurement of fetal proteins in maternal serum is a part of standard prenatal screening for fetal aneuploidy and neural tube defects.[19][20] Computational predictive model shows that extensive and diverse feto-maternal protein trafficking occurs during pregnancy and can be readily detected non-invasively in maternal whole blood.[21] This computational approach circumvented a major limitation, the abundance of maternal proteins interfering with the detection of fetal proteins, to fetal proteomic analysis of maternal blood. Entering fetal gene transcripts previously identified in maternal whole blood into a computational predictive model helped develop a comprehensive proteomic network of the term neonate. It also shows that the fetal proteins detected in pregnant woman’s blood originate from a diverse group of tissues and organs from the developing fetus. Development proteomic networks dominate the functional characterization of the predicted proteins, illustrating the potential clinical application of this technology as a way to monitor normal and abnormal fetal development.

text: The difference in methylation of specific DNA sequences between mother and fetus can be used to identify fetal-specific DNA in the blood circulation of the mother. In a study published in March 6, 2011 online issue of Nature journal, using this non-invasive technique a group of investigators from Greece and UK achieved correct diagnosis of 14 trisomy 21 (Down Syndrome) and 26 normal cases.[22][23] Using massive parallel sequencing, a study testing for trisomy 21 only, successfully detected 209 of 212 cases (98.6%) with 3 false-positives in 1,471 pregnancies (0.2%).[2] With commercially available non-invasive (blood) testing for Down syndrome having become available to patients in the United States and already available in China, in October 2011, the International Society for Prenatal Diagnosis created some guidance. Based on its sensitivity and specificity, it constitutes an advanced screening test and that positive results require confirmation by an invasive test, and that while effective in the diagnosis of Down syndrome, it cannot assess half the abnormalities detected by invasive testing. The test is not recommended for general use until results from broader studies have been reported, but may be useful in high-risk patients in conjunction with genetic counseling.[3]

text: A study in 2012 found that the maternal plasma cell-free DNA test was also able to detect Trisomy 18 (Edwards syndrome) in 100% of the cases (59/59) at a false-positive rate of 0.28%, and Trisomy 13 (Patau syndrome) in 91.7% of the cases (11/12) at a false-positive rate of 0.97%. The test interpreted 99.1% of samples (1,971/1,988); among the 17 samples without an interpretation, three were Trisomy 18. The study stated that if z-score cutoffs for Trisomy 18 and 13 were raised slightly, the overall false-positive rates for the three aneuploidies could be as low as 0.1% (2/1,688) at an overall detection rate of 98.9% (280/283) for common aneuploidies (this includes all three trisomies- Down, Edwards and Patau).[24]

text: Screening for aneuploidy[edit]

text:
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text: Use of ultrasound for nuchal translucency will screen for aneuploidy such as Down Syndrome (Trisomy 21), Edwards Syndrome (Trisomy 18), and Patau Syndrome (Trisomy 13), whilst screens that only use serum markers will screen for Down Syndrome and Trisomy 18, but not Trisomy 13. Considering that Trisomy 13 is extremely rare, maybe 1:5000 pregnancies and 1:16000 births, this difference is probably not significant. The AFP marker, whether alone or as part of the Quad test, can identify 80% of spina bifida, 85% of abdominal wall defects, and 97% of anencephaly. Frequently women will receive a detailed 2nd trimester ultrasound in Weeks 18–20 (Morphology scan) regardless of her AFP level, which makes the AFP score unnecessary. Morphology ultrasound scans being undertaken on larger sized fetuses than in earlier scans, detect other structural abnormalities such as cardiac and renal tract abnormalities.[citation needed]

text: Interphase-fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), quantitative PCR and direct preparation of chromosomes from chorionic villi are all current methods being used that are the most effective for detecting fetal aneuploidy.[25]

text: Noninvasive techniques for detecting aneuploidy[edit]

text: Due to the detection of fetal cells and fetal DNA circulating in maternal blood, noninvasive diagnosis of fetal aneuploidy is becoming more promising.[25][26] The development of a variety of screening methods for fetal aneuploidy and other chromosomal aberrations is now a prominent research area because of the discovery of circulating fetal nucleic acid in maternal blood plasma. However, the key problem is that circulating fetal nucleated cells comprise only three to six percent of maternal blood plasma DNA. Therefore, two effective approaches have been developed that can be used for the detection of fetal aneuploidy. The first involves the measuring of the allelic ratio of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the mRNA coding region in the placenta. The next approach is analyzing both maternal and fetal DNA and looking for differences in the DNA methylation patterns.[27] Fetal cell DNA in maternal blood plasma is elevated in pregnancies complicated by fetal trisomy 21, 13 and 18, making it easier to acquire enough sample sizes of maternal blood plasma to test for fetal aneuploidy.[citation needed]

text: Digital PCR[edit]

text: Recently, it has been proposed that digital PCR can used for detection of fetal aneuploidy using fetal DNA and RNA found in maternal blood plasma. Research has shown that digital PCR can be used to differentiate between normal and aneuploid DNA using fetal DNA in the maternal blood plasma.[28]

text: A variation of the PCR technique called multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA), targeting DNA, has been successively applied for diagnosing fetal aneuploidy as a chromosome- or gene-specific assay.[29]

text: Shotgun sequencing[edit]

text: Fetal cell DNA has been directly sequenced using shotgun sequencing technology. This DNA was obtained from the blood plasma of eighteen pregnant women. This was followed by mapping the chromosome using the quantification of fragments. This was done using advanced methods in DNA sequencing resulting in the parallel sequencing of the fetal DNA. The amount of sequence tags mapped to each chromosome was counted. If there was a surplus or deficiency in any of the chromosomes, this meant that there was a fetal aneuploid. Using this method of shotgun sequencing, the successful identification of trisomy 21 (Down syndrome), trisomy 18 (Edward syndrome), and trisomy 13 (Patau syndrome) was possible. This method of noninvasive diagnosis is now starting to be heavily used and researched further.[30]

text: Other techniques[edit]

text: Fetal components in samples from maternal blood plasma can be analyzed by genome-wide techniques not only by total DNA, but also by methylated DNA immunoprecipitation (with tiling array), microRNA (such as with Megaplex) and total RNA (RNA-sequencing).[29]

text: Patient acceptance[edit]

text: Research was conducted to determine how women felt about noninvasive diagnosis of fetal aneuploid using maternal blood. This study was conducted using surveys. It was reported that eight-two percent of pregnant women and seventy-nine percent of female medical students view this type of diagnosis in a positive light, agreeing that it is important for prenatal care. Overall, women responded optimistically that this form of diagnosis will be available in the future.[31]

text: Rarer conditions also detected[edit]

text: This section's tone or style may not reflect the encyclopedic tone used on Wikipedia. See Wikipedia's guide to writing better articles for suggestions. (July 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: In addition to the direct seeking of chromosomal abnormalities and spina bifida, the blood tests can suggest additional conditions:

text:
Very low estriol level (part of Quad test) can indicate a risk of Smith-Lemli-Opitz Syndrome (SLOS), an extremely rare (1:100,000) genetic disorder which can then only be confirmed with an amniocentesis. However, with a 0.3% false-positive rate, 300 women would be told they are at high-risk of SLOS for every 1 affected pregnancy. Most physicians would agree that subjecting 300 women to an amniocentesis to diagnose 1 case of SLOS is not prudent.
A low PAPP-A reading from a 1st Trimester serum test could also indicate a risk for pre-eclampsia, intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), or early fetal demise (i.e. miscarriage). However, because PAPP-A only weakly correlates with these conditions and, in any case, there's little that one can do about them (except for pre-eclampsia, though that is better identified by other means), a PAPP-A test makes little sense except as a component of Down Syndrome screening.

text: Ethical and practical issues[edit]

text: Ethical issues of prenatal testing[edit]

text:
The option to continue or abort a pregnancy is the primary choice after most prenatal testing. Rarely, fetal intervention corrective procedures are possible.
Are the risks of prenatal diagnosis, such as amniocentesis worth the potential benefit?
Knowing about certain birth defects such as spina bifida and teratoma before birth may give the option of fetal surgery during pregnancy, or assure that the appropriate treatment and/or surgery be provided immediately after birth.
Questions of the value of people with disabilities in society, and whether Eugenic solutions are appropriate.
How to ensure that information about testing options is given in a non-directive and supportive way.
That parents are well informed if they have to consider abortion vs. continuing a pregnancy. See wrongful abortion.

text: Test results and the treatment of the fetus[edit]

text: In some genetic conditions, for instance cystic fibrosis, an abnormality can only be detected if DNA is obtained from the fetus. Usually an invasive method is needed to do this.[citation needed]

text: If a genetic disease is detected, there is often no treatment that can help the fetus until it is born. However, in the US, there are prenatal surgeries for spina bifida fetus.[citation needed] Early diagnosis gives the parents time to research and discuss post-natal treatment and care, or in some cases, abortion. Genetic counselors are usually called upon to help families make informed decisions regarding results of prenatal diagnosis.

text: False positives and false negatives[edit]

text: Ultrasound of a fetus, which is considered a screening test, can sometimes miss subtle abnormalities. For example, studies show that a detailed 2nd trimester ultrasound, also called a level 2 ultrasound, can detect about 97% of neural tube defects such as spina bifida[citation needed]. Ultrasound results may also show "soft signs," such as an Echogenic intracardiac focus or a Choroid plexus cyst, which are usually normal, but can be associated with an increased risk for chromosome abnormalities.

text: Other screening tests, such as the Quad test, can also have false positives and false negatives. Even when the Quad results are positive (or, to be more precise, when the Quad test yields a score that shows at least a 1 in 270 risk of abnormality), usually the pregnancy is normal, but additional diagnostic tests are offered. In fact, consider that Down Syndrome affects about 1:400 pregnancies; if you screened 4000 pregnancies with a Quad test, there would probably be 10 Down Syndrome pregnancies of which the Quad test, with its 80% sensitivity, would call 8 of them high-risk. The quad test would also tell 5% (~200) of the 3990 normal women that they are high-risk. Therefore, about 208 women would be told they are high-risk, but when they undergo an invasive test, only 8 (or 4% of the high risk pool) will be confirmed as positive and 200 (96%) will be told that their pregnancies are normal. Since amniocentesis has approximately a 0.5% chance of miscarriage, one of those 200 normal pregnancies might result in a miscarriage because of the invasive procedure. Meanwhile, of the 3792 women told they are low-risk by the Quad test, 2 of them will go on to deliver a baby with Down Syndrome. The Quad test is therefore said to have a 4% positive predictive value (PPV) because only 4% of women who are told they are "high-risk" by the screening test actually have an affected fetus. The other 96% of the women who are told they are "high-risk" find out that their pregnancy is normal.[citation needed]

text: By comparison, in the same 4000 women, a screening test that has a 99% sensitivity and a 0.5% false positive rate would detect all 10 positives while telling 20 normal women that they are positive. Therefore, 30 women would undergo a confirmatory invasive procedure and 10 of them (33%) would be confirmed as positive and 20 would be told that they have a normal pregnancy. Of the 3970 women told by the screen that they are negative, none of the women would have an affected pregnancy. Therefore, such a screen would have a 33% positive predictive value. It's still unfortunate that 20 false-positive women have had to undergo an invasive procedure to find out they have a normal pregnancy, but it's still better than 200 false-positives with the Quad test.

text: The real-world false-positive rate for the Quad test (as well as 1st Trimester Combined, Integrated, etc.) is greater than 5%. 5% was the rate quoted in the large clinical studies that were done by the best researchers and physicians, where all the ultrasounds were done by well-trained sonographers and the gestational age of the fetus was calculated as closely as possible. In the real world, where calculating gestational age may be a less precise art, the formulas that generate a patient's risk score are not as accurate and the false-positive rate can be higher, even 10%.

text: Because of the low accuracy of conventional screening tests, 5–10% of women, often those who are older, will opt for an invasive test even if they received a low-risk score from the screening. A patient who received a 1:330 risk score, while technically low-risk (since the cutoff for high-risk is commonly quoted as 1:270), might be more likely to still opt for a confirmatory invasive test. On the other hand, a patient who receives a 1:1000 risk score is more likely to feel assuaged that her pregnancy is normal.

text: Both false positives and false negatives will have a large impact on a couple when they are told the result, or when the child is born. Diagnostic tests, such as amniocentesis, are considered to be very accurate for the defects they check for, though even these tests are not perfect, with a reported 0.2% error rate (often due to rare abnormalities such as mosaic Down Syndrome where only some of the fetal/placental cells carry the genetic abnormality).

text: A higher maternal serum AFP level indicates a greater risk for anencephaly and open spina bifida. This screening is 80% and 90% sensitive for spina bifida and anencephaly, respectively.[citation needed]

text: Amniotic fluid acetylcholinesterase and AFP level are more sensitive and specific than AFP in predicting neural tube defects.

text: Many maternal-fetal specialists do not bother to even do an AFP test on their patients because they do a detail ultrasound on all of them in the 2nd trimester, which has a 97% detection rate for neural tube defects such as anencephaly and open spina bifida. Performing tests to determine possible birth defects is mandatory in all U.S. states. Failure to detect issues early can have dangerous consequences on both the mother and the baby. OBGYNs may be held culpable. In one case a man who was born with spina fibia was awarded $2 million in settlement, apart from medical expenses, due to the OBGYN's negligence in conducting AFP tests.[32]

text: No prenatal test can detect all forms of birth defects and abnormalities.

text: Societal pressures on prenatal testing decisions[edit]

text: Amniocentesis has become the standard of care for prenatal care visits for women who are "at risk" or over a certain age. The wide use of amniocentesis has been defined as consumeristic.[33] and some argue that this can be in conflict with the right to privacy,[34] Most obstetricians (depending on the country) offer patients the AFP triple test, HIV test, and ultrasounds routinely. However, almost all women meet with a genetic counselor before deciding whether to have prenatal diagnosis. It is the role of the genetic counselor to accurately inform women of the risks and benefits of prenatal diagnosis. Genetic counselors are trained to be non-directive and to support the patient's decision. Some doctors do advise women to have certain prenatal tests and the patient's partner may also influence the woman's decision.

text: Informed consent and medical malpractice[edit]

text: The examples and perspective in this section deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject. You may improve this article, discuss the issue on the talk page, or create a new article, as appropriate. (December 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Obstetricians have an ethical duty to properly inform patients of their options, specifically the availability of screening and diagnostic testing. Physicians have been successfully sued by women who gave birth to babies with abnormalities that could have been detected had they known about their screening options, though the plaintiff must also prove that she would have elected to terminate the pregnancy in the event of a positive finding. Also, physicians who fail to inform their patients of the risks of amniocentesis and CVS might be found guilty of negligence informed consent in the event that the patient sues after a procedure-related miscarriage or fetal damage.

text: There is a misconception that a physician only needs to do what other physicians typically do (i.e. standard of care). However, in the case of informed consent, the legal standard is more commonly defined as what a reasonable patient would elect to do if she is informed. So if a reasonable patient would want to be screened if only she is informed or if a reasonable patient would want to receive an amniocentesis if only she is informed of that option, then a physician is legally obligated to inform the patient of these options.

text: As newer, more accurate screening tests emerge, physicians may need to quickly get up to speed on the most recent data and start informing their patients of the existence of these tests. Failure to inform patients of the available of these more accurate screening tests might result in a wrongful birth or wrongful miscarriage lawsuit if the patient can demonstrate that she would have chosen the newer test, if she had known about it, to avoid the unfortunate outcome that resulted from receiving a conventional screening test or invasive procedure.


document_title: List of My Hero Academia chapters

question_text: how many books are there for my hero academia

text: List of My Hero Academia chapters

text: My Hero Academia[edit]

text: Volume list[edit]

text:
No.TitleJapanese releaseEnglish release
1Izuku Midoriya: OriginMidoriya Izuku: Orijin (緑谷出久：オリジン)November 4, 2014[3] ISBN 978-4-08-880264-0August 4, 2015[4]ISBN 978-1-4215-8269-6
"Izuku Midoriya: Origin" (緑谷出久：オリジン, Midoriya Izuku: Orijin)"Roaring Muscles" (うなれ筋肉, Unare Kinniku)"Entrance Exam" (入試, Nyūshi)"Starting Line" (スタート ライン, Sutāto Rain)"Smashing into Academia" (はりさけろ入学, Harisakero Nyūgaku)"What I Can Do For Now" (今 僕に出来ることを, Ima, Boku ni Dekiru Koto o)"Costume Change?" (服着よう？, Fuku Kiyō?)
In a world where most of mankind is gifted with special powers called "Quirks", Izuku Midoriya, a young boy with no Quirk at all, always dreamed of becoming like the world's most famous hero, All Might. One day, All Might himself approaches Izuku and gives him the opportunity of becoming the hero he always envisioned, by sharing with the boy the powers of his own Quirk, "One for All", and enrolling him into the Yūei High School for heroes in training.
2Rage, You Damned NerdTakere Kusonādo (猛れクソナード)January 5, 2015[5] ISBN 978-4-08-880297-8November 3, 2015[6]ISBN 978-1-4215-8270-2
"Rage, You Damned Nerd" (猛れクソナード, Takere Kusonādo)"Deku vs. Kacchan" (デクvsかっちゃん)"Breaking Bakugo" (折れろ爆豪, Orero Bakugō)"Bakugo's Starting Line" (スタートライン、爆豪の。, Sutāto Rain, Bakugō no.)"Yeah, Just Do Your Best, Ida!" (いいぞガンバレ飯田くん！, Ii zo Ganbare Iida-kun!)"Rescue Training" (救助訓れ, Kyūjo Kunre)"Encounter with the Unknown" (未知との遭遇, Michi to no Sōgū)"Vs." (ＶＳ, Bui Esu)"Know Your Enemies" (思い知れ敵, Omoishire Teki)"Game Over" (ゲームオーバー, Gēmu Ōbā)
Getting into U.A. High School was difficult enough, but it was only the beginning of Midoriya’s long road toward becoming a superhero. The new students all have amazing powers, and although Midoriya has inherited All Might’s abilities, he can barely control them. What’s more, his first battle training exercise pits him against his childhood bully, Katsuki Bakugo!
3All MightŌrumaito (オールマイト)April 3, 2015[7] ISBN 978-4-08-880335-7February 2, 2016[8]ISBN 978-1-4215-8510-9
"Heroes Counterattack" (逆襲のヒーローズ, Gyakushū no Hīrōzu)"All Might" (オールマイト, Ōrumaito)"The World of Pros" (プロの世界, Puro no Sekai)"In Each of Our Hearts" (各々の胸に, Onoono no Mune ni)"That's the Idea, Ochako" (そういうことねお茶子さん, Sōiu Koto ne Ochako-san)"Roaring Sports Festival" (うなれ体育祭, Unare Taiikusai)"Mad Dash and Knockdown" (駆け上がれ蹴落として, Kakeagare Keotoshite)"In Their Own Quirky Ways" (みんな個性的でいいね, Minna Kosei-teki de ii ne)"Chase Down the Leader" (立て追われる身, Esu-tate Owareru Mi)
A sinister group of villains has attacked the first-year U.A. students, but their real target is All Might. It’s all that Midoriya and his classmates can do to hold them off until reinforcements arrive. All Might joins the battle to protect the kids, but as his power runs out, he may be forced into an extremely dangerous bluff!
4The Boy Born With EverythingSubete wo Motte Umareta Otoko no Ko (すべてを持って生まれた男の子)June 4, 2015[9] ISBN 978-4-08-880420-0May 3, 2016[10]ISBN 978-1-4215-8511-6
"Earth-Shatteringly Fateful Negotiations" (天下分け目の交渉時間, Tenkawakeme no Kōshō Jikan)"Strats, Strats, Strats" (策策策, Sakusakusaku)"Unaware" (知られてない, Shiraretenai)"Cavalry-Match Finale" (騎馬戦決着, Kibasen Kecchaku)"The Boy Born With Everything" (すべてを持って生まれた男の子, Subete wo Motte Urarete Otoko no Ko)"Smile, Prince of Nonsense Land!" (笑え！ノンセンス界のプリンス, Warae! Nonsensu-kai no Purinsu)"Shinsou's Situation" (心操くんの無情, Shinsō-kun no Mujō)"Victory or Defeat" (勝ち負け, Kachimake)"Battle On, Challengers!" (奮え！チャレンジャー, Furue! Charenjā)
The U.A. High sports festival is a chance for the budding heroes to show their stuff and find a superhero mentor. The students have already struggled through a grueling preliminary round, but now they have to team up to prove they’re capable of moving on to the next stage. The whole country is watching, and so are the shadowy forces that attacked the academy…
5Shouto Todoroki: OriginTodoroki Shōto: Origin (轟焦凍：オリジン)August 4, 2015[11] ISBN 978-4-08-880449-1August 2, 2016[12]ISBN 978-1-4215-8702-8
"Bakugō Vs. Uraraka" (爆豪ＶＳ麗日, Bakugō VS Uraraka)"Midoriya and Endeavor" (緑谷とエンデヴァー, Midoriya to Endevā)"Todoroki vs. Midoriya" (轟ＶＳ緑谷, Todoroki VS Midoriya)"Shouto Todoroki: Origin" (轟　焦凍：オリジン, Todoroki Shōto: Origin)"Emancipation" (親離れ, Oya Hanare)"Fight On, Ida" (飯田くんファイト, Īda-kun Faito)"Final-Match Time" (いざ決勝, Iza Kesshō)"Todoroki vs. Bakugō" (轟ＶＳ爆豪, Todoroki VS Bakugō)"Relaxing Day Off" (休め振替休日, Yasume Furikae Kyūjitsu)
The final stages of the U.A. High sports festival promise to be explosive, as Uraraka takes on Bakugo in a head-to-head match! Bakugo never gives anyone a break, and the crowd holds its breath as the battle begins. The finals will push the students of Class 1-A to their limits and beyond!
6StrugglingUgomeku (蠢く)November 4, 2015[13] ISBN 978-4-08-880488-0November 1, 2016[14]ISBN 978-1-4215-8866-7
"Time to Pick Some Names" (名前をつけてみようの会, Namae o Tsukete Miyou no Kai)"Bizarre! Gran Torino Appears" (怪奇！グラントリノ現る, Kaiki! Gurantorino Arawaru)"Struggling" (蠢く, Ugomeku)"Getting the Knack" (掴めコツ, Tsukame Kotsu)"Midoriya and Shigaraki" (緑谷と死柄木, Midoriya to Shigaraki)"Kill 'em Dead" (ぶっ殺す, Bukkorosu)"No, Knock it Off, Ida" (だめだやめとけ飯田くん, Dameda Yametoke Īda-kun)"Hero Killer Stain Vs. U.A. Students" (ヒーロー殺しステインVS雄英生徒, Hīrō-goroshi Sutein Bāsasu Eiyū Seito)"From Todoroki to Ida" (轟から飯田へ, Todoroki kara Īda e)
In the aftermath of the sports festival, the Class 1-A students begin their internships. Midoriya goes to study under Gran Torino, who was once All Might’s mentor. Gran Torino appears to be a washed-up nutjob, but the old hero still has more moves than a football team, and Midoriya has a lot to learn! Elsewhere, the League of Villains enacts another sinister plot and unleashes a terrifying new enemy!
7Katsuki Bakugo: OriginBakugō Katsuki: Origin (爆豪勝己：オリジン)February 4, 2016[15] ISBN 978-4-08-880607-5February 7, 2017[16]ISBN 978-1-4215-9040-0
"Re-Ingenium" (Reインゲニウム, Ri-Ingeniumu)"Conclusion?!" (終局？, Shūkyoku?)"Climax" (決着, Kecchaku)"The Aftermath of Hero-Killer Stain" (「ヒーロー殺しステイン」その余波, "Hīrō-goroshi Sutein"—Sono Yoha)"Internship's End" (職場体験を終えて, Shokuba Taiken wo Oete)"Listen Up!! A Tale from the Past" (知れ!!昔の話, Shire!! Mukashi no Hanashi)"Gear Up For Final Exams" (備えろ期末テスト, Sonaero kimatsu tesuto)"The Worst Combo" (最悪のふたり, Saiaku no Futari)"Katsuki Bakugo: Origin" (爆豪勝己：オリジン, Bakugō Katsuki: Origin)
Midoriya has learned a few tricks from Gran Torino, but some things just have to be experienced to be understood. Even though he’s not ready, when the League of Villains attacks in the town of Hosu, Midoriya rushes to help Ida, who is engaged in a life-and-death struggle with Hero Killer Stain. Stain has some very particular ideas about heroes and their place in society—and he means to purge the world of every hero he can find!
8Yaoyorozu RisingYaoyorozu: Raijingu (八百万：ライジング)April 4, 2016[17] ISBN 978-4-08-880654-9May 2, 2017[18]ISBN 978-1-4215-9167-4
"Yaoyorozu Rising" (八百万：ライジング, Yaoyorozu: Raijingu)"The Task at Hand" (難題, Nandai)"Wall" (壁, Kabe)"Midoriya's Observations" (緑谷のクラス観察記, Midoriya no kurasu kansatsu-ki)"Stripping the Varnish" (むけろ一皮, Mukero hitokawa)"Encounter" (エンカウンター, Enkauntā)"Interview with Midoriya" (インタビューウィズ緑谷, Intabyū Wizu Midoriya)"Wild, Wild, Pussycats" (ワイルドワイルドプッシーキャッツ, Wairudo Wairudo Pusshīkyattsu)"Kota" (洸汰（こうた）くん, Kōta Kun)
The U.A. students have reached the practical portion of their final exam, but they didn’t expect to have to beat their own teachers in order to pass! Paired with his archrival Bakugo, Midoriya has to try to take on none other than All Might himself. Working with Bakugo is one thing, but is giving everything he’s got to beat All Might more than Midoriya can handle? And in a nearby arena, Yaoyorozu and Todoroki endure a similar struggle. Meanwhile, a sinister new adversary prepares to make a move…
9My HeroBoku no hīrō (僕のヒーロー)June 3, 2016[19] ISBN 978-4-08-880689-1August 1, 2017[20]ISBN 978-1-4215-9340-1
"Day Two" (二日目, Futsukame)"Good Evening" (グッドイブニング, Guddo Ibuningu)"Smoke Signal" (狼煙, Noroshi)"Stake Your Life, Hero!" (賭せ! ヒーロー, Tose! Hīrō)"My Hero" (僕のヒーロー, Boku no Hīrō)"It's Okay" (いいよ, Ī yo)"Whirling Chaos" (混乱渦巻き, Konran Uzumaki)"Drive It Home, Iron Fist!!!" (ブチ込む鉄拳!!!!, Buchikomu tekken!!!!)"Establishing the Bakugō Bodyguard Brigade" (発足爆豪護衛部隊, Hossoku Bakugou goei butai)
It’s off to summer camp for Midoriya and the U.A. students! But this is no ordinary vacation—it’s high-impact training where the students are expected to develop their Quirks even further! The teachers have set up some tough challenges, but none will be as difficult and as life changing as the threat a new group of enemies poses. What’s even worse is who the villains’ target is and why…
10All For OneŌru Fō Wan (オール・フォー・ワン)September 2, 2016[21] ISBN 978-4-08-880779-9November 7, 2017[22]ISBN 978-1-4215-9437-8
"Roaring Upheaval" (がなる風雲急, Ganaru Fūunkyū)"What a Twist!" (転転転!, Tententen!)"Loss" (敗け, Make)"From Ida to Midoriya" (飯田から緑谷へ, Īda kara Midoriya e)"Nothing But Fools" (バカばっか, Baka Bakka)"Before the Storm" (嵐の前, Arashi no mae)"Clash" (ゲキトツ, Gekitotsu)"All For One" (オール・フォー・ワン, Ōru Fō Wan)"All For A Certain One" (全ては1人の為に, Subete wa hitori no tame ni)
The League of Villains has kidnapped Bakugo, and the resulting negative publicity has thrown U.A. into a huge uproar. With the public’s trust in heroes threatened, the faculty convenes to figure out what to do. But Midoriya and the students of Class 1-A have plans of their own—an operation to rescue Bakugo that could get them thrown out of school!
11End of the Beginning, Beginning of the EndHajimari no owari owari no hajimari (始まりの終わり 終わりの始まり)November 4, 2016[23] ISBN 978-4-08-880809-3February 6, 2018[24]ISBN 978-1-4215-9583-2
"Reach Out" (手を, Te o)"Symbol of Peace" (平和の象徴, Heiwa no Shōchō)"One For All" (ワン・フォー・オール, Wan Fō Ōru)"One For All's Ember" (残り火ワンフォーオール, Nokoribi Wan Fō Ōru)"From Teacher to Disciple" (師弟のメッセージ, Shitei no Messēji)"End of the Beginning, Beginning of the End" (始まりの終わり 終わりの始まり, Hajimari no owari owari no hajimari)"Home Visits" (家庭訪問, Kazoku Hōmon)"Tell It Like It Is, Mom" (ガツンと言うからお母さん, Gatsun to iukara okāsan)"Moving into Dorms" (入れ寮, Haireryō)"Goodbye Two-Digit Chapters, Hello Three-Digits" (さよなら二桁、これから三桁, Sayonara niketa, korekara san-keta)
Bakugo’s abduction by the League of Villains was a carefully calculated move designed to draw out the heroes—All Might in particular—and destroy them. Midoriya and his friends set out on a rescue mission that eventually pulls in not only All Might but also several other heroes, leading to a decisive confrontation between All Might and his greatest enemy, All For One.
12The TestZa Shiken (𝚃𝙷𝙴 試験)February 3, 2017[25] ISBN 978-4-08-881004-1April 3, 2018[26]ISBN 978-1-4215-9701-0
"Creating Ultimate Moves" (編め必殺技, Amehissatsuwaza)"The Girl Called Mei Hatsume" (発目明という女, Hatsume Mei to iu onna)"On Cloud Nine" (回想, Kaisō) [27]"The Test" (𝚃𝙷𝙴 試験, Za Shiken)"White-Hot Battle! To Each Their Own Strengths!" (白熱!各々の実力!, Hakunetsu! Onōno no Jitsuryoku!)"Shiketsu High Lurking" (這い寄る士傑高校, Haiyoru Shiketsu Kōkō)"Class 1-A" (𝟷年𝙰組, Ichi-nen Ē-gumi)"Denki Kaminari's Thoughts" (上鳴電気の思うこと, Kaminari Denki no Omoukoto)"Rush!" (ラッシュ!, Rasshu!)
The students of U.A. are moved into dorms for their own safety, and make preparations for the upcoming Provisional License Exam. During the exam, Midoriya and his friends are targeted by students of other schools due to their popularity.
13A Talk About Your QuirkTemee no "Kosei" no Hanashida (てめェの"個性"の話だ)April 4, 2017[28] ISBN 978-4-08-881049-2June 5, 2018[29]ISBN 978-1-4215-9803-1
"Rescue Exercises" (救助演習, Kyūjo Enshū)"Rescue Exercises Continued" (続·救助演習, Zoku·Kyūjo Enshū)"Smoldering Start" (燻りビギニング, Kusuburi Biginingu, "Smoldering Beginning")"What's the Big Idea?" (何をしてんだよ, Nani o shitenda yo)"Test's Aftermath" (試験その後に, Shiken Sonoatoni)"Results' Aftermath" (合否その後に, Gōhi Sonoatoni)"Unleashed" (アンリーシュド, Anrīshudo)"Meeting in Tartarus" (挨拶タルタロス, Aisatsu Tarutarosu)"A Talk About Your Quirk" (てめェの"個性"の話だ, Temee no "Kosei" no Hanashida)"Meaningless Battle" (意味のない戦い, Iminonai Tatakai)
The Provisional Exam concludes with all students of class 1-A passing, except for Bakugo, who was penalized for his aggressive attitude, and Todoroki, who got involved in an incident with another student and was disqualified. Bakugo discovers Midoriya's secret and challenges him for another duel.
14OverhaulŌbāhōru (オーバーホール)June 2, 2017[30] ISBN 978-4-08-881175-8August 7, 2018[31]ISBN 978-1-4215-9947-2
"Deku vs. Kacchan, Part 2" (デクVSバーサスかっちゃん2, Deku Bāsasu Kacchan 2)"The Three" (三人, San'nin)"Second Semester Opening Ceremony" (後期業式, Kōki-gyō-shiki)"A Season for Encounters" (出会いの季節, Deai no Kisetsu)"Unrivaled" (無敵, Muteki)"Trouble Ahead!! Episode: Work Studies" (胎動!! EPエピソード:インターン, Taidō!! Episōdo: Intān)"Overhaul" (オーバーホール, Ōbāhōru)"Open Up, World" (拓け世界, Hirake Sekai)"Sir Nighteye and Izuku Midoriya and Mirio Togata and All Might" (サー・ナイトアイと緑谷出久と通形ミリオとオールマイト, Sā Naitoai to Midoriya Izuku to Tōgata Mirio to Ōrumaito)"Boy Meets..." (ボーイ・ミーツ..., Bōi Mītsu...)
The second semester begins, and some of the students who passed on the Provisional Exam take part in internment programs with veteran heroes. In the occasion, Midoriya starts working with Sir Nighteye, All Might`s former sidekick, and his protegeé, Mirio Togata, a third year considered the best student of U.A.
15Fighting FateAragau Unmei (抗う運命)September 4, 2017[32] ISBN 978-4-08-881202-1October 2, 2018[33]ISBN 978-1-9747-0100-1
"Eri" (エリ, Eri)"Listen To The Truth" (聞け真相, Kike Shinsō)"Fighting Fate" (抗う運命, Aragau Unmei)"The Plan" (計画, Keikaku)"Catch Up, Kirishima" (追え切島, Oe Kirishima)"Let's Go, Gutsy Red Riot" (ガッツだレッツラレッドライオット, Gattsuda Rettsura Reddo Raiotto)"An Unpleasant Talk" (嫌な話, Iyana Hanashi)"Close At Hand!!" (間近!!, Majika)"Restraint!!" (阻止せよ!!, Soshi seyo!!)
The Eight Precepts of Death, a group of Yakuza Villains, developed a plan to defeat all Heroes by making use of Eri, a little girl with a dangerous Quirk who is being held by them. Once discovering their hideout, the Hero Association stage an operation to take them down, unaware that the enemies are being backed up by the League of Villains.
16Red RiotReddo Raiotto (烈怒頼雄斗 (レッドライオット))November 2, 2017[34] ISBN 978-4-08-881221-2December 4, 2018[35]ISBN 978-1-9747-0255-8
"Go!!" (GOゴー!!, Gō!!)"Shudder! The Underground Labyrinth" (戦慄!!地下迷宮, Senritsu!! Chika Meikyū)"Suneater of the Big Three" (ビッグ3のサンイーター, Biggu 3 no San'ītā)"Hassai Gang: Behind" (八斎衆:ビハインド, Hassaishū: Bihaindo)"Shield-and-Shield, Spear-and-Shield" (盾と盾と矛と盾, Tate to Tate to Hoko to Tate)"Let's Rumble, Rappa!!" (勝負してみようや!! 乱波くん!!, Shōbu shite miyou ya!! Rappa-kun!!)"Red Riot (1)" (烈怒頼雄斗 (レッドライオット)①, Reddo Raiotto ①)"Red Riot (2)" (烈怒頼雄斗 (レッドライオット)②, Reddo Raiotto ②)"Temp Squad" (出向, Shukkō)"Twoga!!" (トゥガイス!!, Tūgaisu!!)
The rescue mission to save young Eri is underway. Kirishima is pushed to his limits as he, his mentor Fat Gum and upperclassman Amajiki are separated from the group and take on desperate, bloodthirsty villains.
17LemillionRumirion (ルミリオン)February 2, 2018[36] ISBN 978-4-08-881320-2February 5, 2019[37]ISBN 978-1-9747-0256-5
"The Anguish of Young Twoga" ((若きトゥガイスの悩み, Wakaki Tūgaisu no Nayami)"Don't Get Mad, Irinaka" (怒らないでよ入中くん, Okoranaide yo Irinaka-kun)"Mirio Togata" (通形ミリオ, Tōgata Mirio)"Mirio Togata!!" (通形ミリオ!!, Tōgata Mirio!!)"Lemillion" (ルミリオン, Rumirion)"Transform!" (変身!, Henshin!)"Unforeseen Hope" (見えない気望, Mienai Kibō)"Saviors, the Saved and a Hero's Place" (救う人、救われる人、ヒーローの所在, Sukuu Hito, Sukuwareru Hito, Hīrō no Shozai)"The Power of Those Saved" (スクウェアウェアの人のチカラ, Sukuwareru Hito no Chikara)"Infinite 100%" (無限100%, Mugen 100 Pāsento)
The alliance between the Eight Precepts and the League of Villains is crumbling down. Mirio Togota, the hero Lemillion, is the first of the rescue team to reach Eri and goes full Plus Ultra to keep her safe.
18Bright FutureAkarui Mirai (明るい将来)April 4, 2018[38] ISBN 978-4-08-881380-6April 2, 2019[39]ISBN 978-1-9747-0437-8
"Chisaki's Warped Compassion" (治崎の異常な恩情, Chisaki no Ijōna Onjō)"It's Over!!" (終了!!!!, Shūryō!!!!)"Expressway" (高速道路, Kōsokudōro)"Bright Future" (明るい将来, Akarui Mirai)"Suitable One" (ふさわしき者, Fusawashiki Mono)"Smoldering Flames" (くすぶる炎, Kusuburu honō)"Precocious Brat" (マセガキ, Masegaki)"Win Those Kids' Hearts" (ブラットの心に勝つ, Buratto no kokoro ni katsu)"Proud of the License Trainees" (ホッコ仮免講習, Hokko Karimen Kōshū)"#1 Hero's Starting Line" (No. 1 ヒーローのスタートライン, Nanbā Wan Hīrō no Sutāto Rain)
The confrontation between the heroes and the Eight precepts ends on a bitter-sweet note. Bakugo and Todoroki, on their Provisional License remedial course, are given a very unique assignment: to reach the hearts of elementary school children.
19School FestivalBunkasai (文化祭)July 4, 2018[40] ISBN 978-4-08-881512-1—
"The Strange Tale of Aoyama" (青山奇行篇, Aoyama kikō-hen)"School Festival" (文化祭, Bunkasai)"With Eri" (エリちゃんと, Eri-chan to)"Gentle and La Brava" (ジェントルとラブラバ, Jentoru to Raburaba)"Prepping for the School Festival is the Funnest Part (Part 1)" (文化祭って準備してる時が一番楽しいよね①, Bunkasai tte Junbi shiteru Toki ga Ichiban Tanoshī yone①)"Prepping for the School Festival is the Funnest Part (Part 2)" (文化祭って準備してる時が一番楽しいよね②, Bunkasai tte Junbi shiteru Toki ga Ichiban Tanoshī yone②)"Golden Tips Imperial" (ゴールドティップスインペリアル, Gōrudo Tippusu Inperiaru)"Morning, the Day of..." (当日, 朝, Tōjitsu, Asa)"Deku Vs. Gentle Criminal" (デクVSジェントル・クリミナル, Deku Bāsasu Jentoru Kuriminaru)"At the Construction Site" (建設現場にて, Kensetsu Genba nite)
With the internships suspended, class 1-A turn their attention to the next big school event: the U.A. cultural festival. Unbeknownst to them, the school is targeted by a villain pair unlike any they've met before.
20School Festival Start!!Kaisai Bunkasai!! (開催文化祭!!)September 4, 2018[41] ISBN 978-4-08-881566-4—
"The Woman Called La Brava" (ラブラバという女, Raburaba toiu Onna)"School Festival Start!!" (開催文化祭!!, Kaisai Bunkasai!!)"Unbeknownst" (人知れず, Tagatame)"For Someone Else" (誰が為, Jentoru to Raburaba)"Let it Flow! School Festival!" (垂れ流せ! 文化祭!, Tare Nagase! Bunkasai!)"Festival All Day Long!!" (終日!! 文化祭, Shūjitsu!! Bunkasai!!)"Hero Billboard Chart JP" (ヒーロービルボードチャート, JP Hīrō Birubōdo Chāto Jeipī)"Wing Hero: Hawks" (ウィングヒーロー ホークス, Uingu Hīrō Hōkusu)"Endeavor and Hawks" (エンデヴァー&ホークス, Endevā ando Hōkusu)"Flaming Roar! Vs. Nomu: High-End" (燃えよ轟け！VSバーサス 脳無：ハイエンド, Moeyo Todoroke! Bāsasu Nōmu: Hai-Endo)"Your Father, The No. 1 Hero" (父はNo.ナンバー1ヒーロー, Chichi wa Nanbā 1 Hīrō)
Midoriya has to stop the Gentle Criminal and his side-kick La Brava, without raising any alarm, or the cultural festival will be cancelled and everyone's day will be ruined. On his first day as the official number one hero, Endeavor teams up with the current number two, the winged hero Hawks, to investigate the possible return of the monstrous Nomus.

text: Chapters not yet in tankōbon format[edit]

text: These chapters have yet to be published in a tankōbon volume. They were originally serialized in Japanese in issues of Weekly Shōnen Jump from July 2018 to October 2018.

text:
189. "Why He Gets Back Up" (彼は何故立ち続けたか, Kare wa Naze Tachi Tsuzuketa ka)
190. "His Start" (始まりの, Hajimarino)
191. "Dabi, Hawks, Endeavor" (荼毘・ホークス・エンデヴァー, Dabi Hōkusu Endevā)
192. "The Todoroki Family" (轟家, Todoroki-ke)
193. "Vestiges" (面影, Omokage)
194. "Cold Skies Over U.A. High!" (寒空! 雄英高校!, Samuzora! Yūei Kōkō!)
195. "Clash! Class A vs. Class B!" (激突!A組VSB組, Gekitotsu! Ē-gumi bāsasu Bī-gumi)
196. "Make It Happen, Shinso!!" (それ行け心操くん！, Soreike Shinsō-kun!)
197. "Quaotic Quirkstravaganza" ("個性"ドンパチ大応酬, "Kosei" Donpachi Dai-ōshū)
198. "Know Where You Stand When It Counts!!" (必要!! 時には足止め現状把握!, Hitsuyō!! Toki ni wa Ashitome Genjō Haaku!)
199. "Operation New Improv Moves!" (新技即興オペレーション!, Shin-waza Sokkyō Operēshon!)
200. "Clever Commander!" (智将!!, Chishō!!)
201. "Foresight" (先を見据えて, Saki o Misuete)
202. "Match 3" (第三セット, Daisan Setto)
203. "Flexible! Juzo Honenuki!" (柔軟！骨抜柔造！, Jūnan! Honenuki Jūzō!)

text: Vigilante: My Hero Academia Illegals[edit]

text: Volume list[edit]

text:
No.Japanese release dateJapanese ISBNEnglish release dateEnglish ISBN
1 April 4, 2017[42]ISBN 978-4-08-881093-5July 3, 2018[43]ISBN 978-1-9747-0159-9
2 September 4, 2017[44]ISBN 978-4-08-881249-6October 2, 2018[45]ISBN 978-1-9747-0185-8
3 February 2, 2018[46]ISBN 978-4-08-881335-6——
4 April 4, 2018[47]ISBN 978-4-08-881428-5——