document_title: Thor: Ragnarok

question_text: when is the movie thor ragnarok coming out

text: Thor: Ragnarok

text: Plot[edit]

text: Two years after the battle of Sokovia,[N 1] Thor has been unsuccessfully searching for the Infinity Stones, and is now imprisoned by the fire demon Surtur in Muspelheim. Surtur reveals that Thor's father Odin is no longer on Asgard, and that the realm will soon be destroyed in the prophesied Ragnarök, once Surtur unites his crown with the Eternal Flame that burns in Odin's vault. Thor defeats Surtur and claims his crown, believing he has prevented Ragnarök.

text: Thor returns to Asgard to find his brother Loki posing as Odin. Thor forces Loki to help him find their father, and with directions from Stephen Strange on Earth, they locate Odin in Norway. Odin explains that he is dying, and that his passing will allow his firstborn child, Hela, to escape from a prison she was sealed in long ago. Hela had been the leader of Asgard's armies, and had conquered the Nine Realms with Odin, but she had been imprisoned and written out of history after Odin feared that she had become too ambitious. Odin subsequently dies, and Hela, released from her imprisonment, appears. She destroys Thor's hammer Mjolnir, and when Thor and Loki attempt to flee through the Bifröst Bridge, she pursues them and forces them out into space to die. Hela arrives in Asgard, destroying its army and killing the Warriors Three. She then resurrects the ancient dead who once fought with her, including her giant wolf Fenris and appoints the Asgardian Skurge as her executioner. Hela plans to use the Bifröst to expand Asgard's empire, but Heimdall covertly steals the sword that controls the Bridge, and hides away with the rest of Asgard's citizens.

text: Thor crash-lands on Sakaar, a garbage planet surrounded by wormholes. A slave trader designated Scrapper 142 subdues him with an obedience disk and sells him as a gladiator to Sakaar's ruler, the Grandmaster, with whom Loki has already become ingratiated. Thor recognizes 142 as one of the Valkyrior, a legendary force of female warriors who were killed defending Asgard from Hela long ago. Thor is forced to compete in the Grandmaster's Contest of Champions, facing his old friend Hulk. Summoning lightning, Thor gets the upper hand on Hulk, but the Grandmaster sabotages the fight to ensure Hulk's victory. Still enslaved, Thor attempts to convince Hulk and 142 to help him save Asgard, but neither is willing. He soon manages to escape the palace and finds the Quinjet that brought Hulk to Sakaar. Hulk follows Thor to the Quinjet, where a recording of Natasha Romanoff makes him transform back into Bruce Banner for the first time since Sokovia.

text: The Grandmaster orders 142 and Loki to find Thor and Hulk, but the pair come to blows and Loki forces her to relive the deaths of her fellow Valkyrior at the hands of Hela. Deciding to help Thor, she takes Loki captive to prove her goodwill. Unwilling to be left behind, Loki provides the group with the means to steal one of the Grandmaster's ships. They then liberate the other gladiators who, led by Korg and Miek, stage a revolution. Loki attempts to again betray his brother to gain a reward from the Grandmaster, but Thor anticipates this and leaves him behind, where Korg and the gladiators soon find him. Thor, Banner, and 142 escape through a wormhole to Asgard, where Hela's forces are attacking Heimdall and Asgard's citizens for the sword that controls the Bifröst. Banner becomes Hulk again, defeating Fenris, while Thor and 142 battle Skurge and the resurrected warriors. Loki and the gladiators arrive to help, and the citizens board their ship; a repentant Skurge sacrifices himself to allow their escape. Thor, facing Hela, loses his right eye and then has a vision of Odin that helps him realize only Ragnarök can stop her. While Hela is distracted, Loki locates Surtur's crown and places it in the Eternal Flame. Surtur is reborn and destroys Asgard, seemingly killing Hela.

text: Thor and the others escape with Asgard's remaining citizens aboard the Grandmaster's vessel. Thor, now king, decides to take his people to Earth. In a mid-credits scene, they are intercepted by a large spacecraft.[N 2] In a post-credits scene, the Grandmaster encounters a group of his former subjects, who are still rebelling.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Chris Hemsworth as Thor:
The crown prince of Asgard based on the Norse mythological deity of the same name, who has become a "lone gunslinger" searching for the Infinity Stones.[3][5] Hemsworth had become "a bit bored" with the character after portraying Thor four times previously, and wanted to take some risks and experiment: the character has shorter hair in the film, wears a different outfit, his hammer Mjolnir is destroyed,[6] and he loses an eye. Director Taika Waititi added that "stripping" the character down like this allowed him to become a refugee at the end of the film.[7] Waititi also wanted to use more of Hemsworth's comedic talents showcased in films like Vacation (2015) and Ghostbusters (2016),[8] and cited Kurt Russell's portrayal of Jack Burton from Big Trouble in Little China (1986) as an influence on the character.[9]
Tom Hiddleston as Loki:
Thor's adoptive brother and nemesis based on the deity of the same name.[10][11] Hiddleston was interested in how Loki's attitude has changed, saying, "he is always a trickster. It is trying to find new ways for him to be mischievous".[12] As the ruler of Asgard since the end of Thor: The Dark World (2013), Hiddleston notes that "Loki has devoted most of his efforts to narcissistic self-glorification. Not so much on good governance."[13] He also added that "the idea that Thor might be indifferent to Loki is troubling for him... it's an interesting development."[14]
Cate Blanchett as Hela:
Thor's older sister and the goddess of death, based on the deity Hel,[11][15][16] who is inadvertently released from prison.[17] Screenwriter Eric Pearson included the idea of Hela being Thor's sister in one of his drafts at the encouragement of executive producer Brad Winderbaum. The decision to make Hela related to Thor, as opposed to Loki as in the comics and Norse mythology, came from needing more impact with Hela and Thor's final confrontation. By making the change, Pearson felt Hela became "the thing that [represents] what it is to rule Asgard, [Thor's] family, what he's been told, what he hasn't been told."[18] Blanchett found it difficult to portray the character in a motion capture suit rather than costume, feeling Hela's headdress is "such a huge part of" the power of the character that she would have liked to wear it on set.[19] Hela's design was taken from the comic Thor: God of Thunder by Jason Aaron, while the character Gorr from that comic, who has the ability "to manifest an infinite number of weapons", inspired a similar ability for Hela.[20] Blanchett worked with stuntwoman Zoë Bell and Hemsworth's personal trainer Luke Zocchi, and studied capoeira for the role.[6][17]
Idris Elba as Heimdall:
The all-seeing, all-hearing Asgardian former sentry of the Bifröst Bridge, based on the deity of the same name, who has gone into self-imposed exile during Loki's reign.[11][21][22] After Hela invades Asgard, he helps to hide its vulnerable citizens. Describing Heimdall's character arc in the film, Winderbaum says, "he's gone from this elder statesmen, the gatekeeper to Asgard, to this badass warrior-wizard character who lives in the hills and kicks a lot of ass throughout the entire film."[22]
Jeff Goldblum as Grandmaster:
One of the Elders of the Universe,[13][23] who rules the planet Sakaar,[8] and enjoys manipulating lesser life-forms.[11][24] Goldblum described the character as "a hedonist, a pleasure-seeker, an enjoyer of life and tastes and smells". He also said that Waititi encouraged improvisation in order for Goldblum to "make [the character his] own".[25] Waititi explained that Grandmaster does not have blue skin in the film as the character does in the comics, because Goldblum had already played a blue-colored character in Earth Girls Are Easy (1988), and because Waititi did not want to detract from Goldblum's personality by concealing his appearance.[26] Grandmaster is the brother of Benicio del Toro's Collector from Guardians of the Galaxy (2014), and producer Kevin Feige expressed interest in seeing the two together in a future film.[27]
Tessa Thompson as Scrapper 142 / Valkyrie:
A tough, hard-drinking Asgardian slave trader,[8] based on the mythological being Brynhildr,[28] who was once a legendary warrior of the Valkyrior and now works for the Grandmaster under the designation "Scrapper 142".[22] Thompson said the various versions of the character from the comics "left us a lot of leeway" in creating the film version.[20] Waititi "wanted to make sure we weren't making a female character that was boring and pretty",[29] and Feige said Marvel wanted to pair Thor with a love interest more his equal than Jane Foster.[30] Co-screenwriters Craig Kyle and Christopher Yost's original draft of the film had more of a romantic relationship between Thor and Valkyrie. When Pearson started working on the film, he moved away from that storyline, instead focusing more on "the mutual respect" between the characters and Valkyrie "dealing with her PTSD. She's someone who's drowning her sorrows in the bottle, and I just thought that was such a cool thing that you don't often see".[18] Thompson stated that the character is bisexual, which she based on the character's comic book relationship with Annabelle Riggs, and convinced Waititi to shoot a glimpse of a woman walking out of Valkyrie's bedroom which was later cut from the film as Waititi thought that it distracted from the scene's exposition.[31] Thompson was inspired by pictures of Linda Hamilton as Sarah Connor in Terminator 2: Judgment Day (1991) while training for the role,[29] and worked with dialect coach Andrew Jack to create an Asgardian-sounding accent that was different enough to sound like she had been away from there for a long time.[32] Thompson will appear in future MCU films.[11][33]
Karl Urban as Skurge:
An Asgardian warrior,[11][24] who guards the Bifröst Bridge in Heimdall's absence and chooses to join Hela to survive.[19][21] Urban shaved his head for the role, and worked out to "get into the zone and feel" the part even though his body is hidden under a costume.[34] Urban said Skurge "makes a deal with the devil" and becomes Hela's "henchman. He does the dirty jobs. And that sort of is something he has to—it plays on his conscience."[21]
Mark Ruffalo as Bruce Banner / Hulk:
A genius scientist who transforms into a monster when enraged or agitated, after being exposed to gamma radiation. In the two years since Avengers: Age of Ultron (2015), he has become a successful and popular gladiator on Sakaar,[8][35] and has suppressed the Banner side in those years. He is forming the vocabulary "of a toddler",[13] with the level of Hulk's speech being "a big conversation" between Waititi and Marvel since it was taking into account future appearances for the character:[36] Ragnarok begins an arc for the character that continues in Avengers: Infinity War (2018) and its untitled sequel (2019).[37] Ruffalo felt Hulk had "a swagger" in the film, and was "much more of a character than the green rage machine" seen in the Avengers films.[8] Waititi provided additional motion capture for the Hulk after Ruffalo had completed his scenes.[38]
Anthony Hopkins as Odin:
The king of Asgard, father of Thor and Hela, and adoptive father of Loki, based on the deity of the same name.[11] The character is in exile on Earth, and was originally intended to be a "crazy-looking" hobo on the streets of New York City, but Waititi ultimately felt that this was tragic rather than funny given the character's death during the sequence. The sequence was changed to take place in Norway, to "honor" the character's past and be more authentic to his role as a king of Asgard.[39] Waititi was surprised by the improvisational ability of Hopkins after he was told "to be funny and to really destroy what's come before [with the role] and recreate it."[38]

text: Additionally, Tadanobu Asano, Ray Stevenson, and Zachary Levi reprise their roles as Hogun, Volstagg, and Fandral, respectively, members of the Warriors Three.[22][40] Feige called their appearances "noble ends" that served to establish the threat of Hela and the danger she poses to the main characters.[41] Benedict Cumberbatch reprises his role as Dr. Stephen Strange from the film Doctor Strange (2016).[42] Rachel House, who has appeared in several of Waititi's films, plays Topaz, the Grandmaster's bodyguard,[19][43] while Waititi portrays Korg, a gladiator who befriends Thor. Waititi provided a motion-capture performance for the character, who is made of rocks, and wanted to do something different by having the character be soft-spoken,[44][45] ultimately basing Korg's voice on that of Polynesian bouncers.[46] Waititi also provided the motion-capture performance for the fire demon Surtur, based on the mythological being Surtr, with Clancy Brown voicing the character.[47] Thor and Hulk co-creator Stan Lee makes a cameo appearance as a man on Sakaar who cuts Thor's hair.[48] There are also several cameos in a sequence where Asgardian actors perform a play based on the events of The Dark World: Sam Neill, with whom Waititi previously worked on Hunt for the Wilderpeople (2016), plays the Odin actor;[49][50] Luke Hemsworth, brother of Chris, plays the Thor actor;[50] and Matt Damon plays the Loki actor.[50]

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: While promoting the release of Thor: The Dark World in October 2013, Chris Hemsworth expressed willingness to portraying Thor for as long as "people wanted more", adding that he was contracted for another Thor film and two more Avengers films.[51] Producer Kevin Feige stated that the next Thor would build from elements at the end of The Dark World.[52] In January 2014, Marvel announced that Craig Kyle and Christopher Yost would write the screenplay for a third film, with Feige again producing;[53] the story was being outlined that July.[54] At the end of October 2014, Feige announced that the film would be titled Thor: Ragnarok, with a scheduled release date of July 28, 2017. Hemsworth and Tom Hiddleston were set to return as Thor and Loki, respectively.[3][10] Feige added that the film would be "very important" in Phase Three of the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU),[3] and also confirmed that, in the context of the film, the word Ragnarok means "the end of all things".[55] He felt that "people will [not] read into that title alone what the movie's going to be."[56]

text: In February 2015, Marvel pushed back the release date to November 3, 2017.[57] That April, Feige was expecting a draft for the film soon,[58] and a month later he stated that a director, additional screenwriter, and further casting announcements would be revealed "towards the end of the summer",[59] with filming set for June 2016.[60] The Dark World director Alan Taylor explained that he would not be returning, as "the Marvel experience was particularly wrenching because I was sort of given absolute freedom while we were shooting, and then in [post-production] it turned into a different movie. So, that is something I hope never to repeat and don't wish upon anybody else."[61] During the 2015 San Diego Comic-Con International, Jaimie Alexander said that she would reprise her role as Sif in "a very pivotal part" of the film.[62][63]

text:
I think the overall sense that I'm trying to give to the audience and what I want the audience to leave the cinema carrying with them is a sense of joy really... Sometimes I would stop and think, I'm doing a movie that's got Thor and Doctor Strange and The Incredible Hulk and Loki and every character is so strange and different... Civil War it's just humans, humans with human problems. Ours is creatures and beings and all these sorts of really different characters.

—Taika Waititi, director of Thor: Ragnarok[64]

tag: div

text: By October 2015, Taika Waititi entered negotiations to direct Thor: Ragnarok. Other directors under consideration included Ruben Fleischer, Rob Letterman, and Rawson Marshall Thurber.[65] Marvel presented the prospective directors with "the ten different ideas that we had for the movie", asking them all to come back with a clearer picture of what the film should be.[66] Waititi created "a sizzle reel for the tone, and some joke stuff" using clips from other films,[66][67] including Big Trouble in Little China,[68] and scored it with Led Zeppelin's "Immigrant Song".[69] This is a practice that Marvel discourages because it "oftentimes can be really terrible", but they thought Waititi's reel was "amazing",[66] particularly its use of that song which Feige felt "defined what Taika was going to do with this"; "Immigrant Song" was later used in the film itself, and for marketing it.[69] On why he decided to pursue directing the film, after stating in 2012 that he had no interest in "big features, where the art of the project was sacrificed for profit", Waititi said he felt "like a guest in Marvel's universe but with the creative freedom to do what I want".[70] Waititi was confirmed as director of the film by multiple news outlets later in October.[71][72][73]

text: Mark Ruffalo was also finalizing a deal that month, to reprise his role as Bruce Banner / Hulk from previous MCU films;[35] he soon confirmed that he would appear.[74] Hulk was last seen at the end of Avengers: Age of Ultron traveling in a Quinjet, which was originally planned to be shown flying near Saturn. Feige explained that this was changed to an Earth-based location to leave Hulk's fate ambiguous and dispel rumors that a film based on "Planet Hulk" was in development, since Marvel Studios had no plans to adapt the storyline at the time.[75] According to executive producer Brad Winderbaum, the idea to include Hulk in Ragnarok came early on in development, when the production team looked at the "Planet Hulk" storyline and felt it was a "no brainer" to integrate Hulk into the Thor franchise and explore "the idea of a planet where there's gladiatorial games as a Thor predicament. [That storyline] was a really cool idea to us."[76] Feige further explained that initial discussions had focused on doing "something totally different with Thor", and that centered on continuing the relationship with Loki and ideas for Hela, Valkyrie, Balder, and Beta Ray Bill, "but we were like, 'We need something big.'" This turned to discussing Thor going to space, and jokingly calling it "Planet Thor", which led to including Hulk in the film and revealing that he ultimately went to space at the end of Age of Ultron.[75]

text: Also in October, Australia's Minister for Foreign Affairs Julie Bishop announced that filming would take place in the country,[77] exclusively throughout the state of Queensland, including at Village Roadshow Studios in Oxenford, Gold Coast. According to Premier Annastacia Palaszczuk, the production was to spend over $100 million in Queensland and employ 750 Queenslanders.[78] Hemsworth had asked Marvel to produce the film in Australia, where he lives.[79] At the end of November 2015, Stellan Skarsgård, who portrayed Erik Selvig in the previous Thor films, said that he was contracted to appear should Marvel want to include him, but he was uncertain at the time if they did.[80] He later confirmed that he would not appear in Thor: Ragnarok.[81] The next month, Stephany Folsom was hired to work on the script, and Cate Blanchett entered final negotiations to join the cast.[15][82]

text: Pre-production[edit]

text: In January 2016, with the film beginning pre-production,[78][83] Ruffalo described it as a "road movie" and indicated that additional filming would take place in Sydney.[84] Waititi stated that he was working on the script "a little bit", mainly adding humor to the screenplay,[85] with Eric Pearson joining the project to rewrite the screenplay. Pearson felt joining presented many challenges, as "there were so many puzzle pieces already there," such as having Blanchett as Hela,[86] who was confirmed in the role a month later,[87] and including Hulk, Valkyrie, and Skurge, that he was asked to assemble. Pearson was told not to be restrained by anything from the previous films, and Waititi asked him to make the film fun and have Thor "be the coolest character."[86] Alexander said in early March that she was no longer sure if she would appear in the film, due to scheduling conflicts with her television series Blindspot.[88] She later indicated that this may not be the case,[24][89] but ultimately was unable to appear in the film due to the conflict.[90][91]

text: In April, Tessa Thompson was cast as Valkyrie,[11][33] with Natalie Portman not returning from the previous films as love interest Jane Foster.[92][93] Marvel never asked the screenwriters to include the Earth-based characters from the previous films,[94] and Feige said that Foster and Thor have broken up between films.[30] In May, Marvel confirmed Blanchett and Thompson for the film, announced the casting of Jeff Goldblum as Grandmaster and Karl Urban as Skurge, and revealed that Idris Elba and Anthony Hopkins would reprise their respective roles of Heimdall and Odin from the previous films.[11] In early June, Palaszczuk and Marvel Studios executive David Grant announced that filming would begin on July 4, 2016,[95] with Weta Workshop creating props for the film.[34] Before the sets for Marvel's Doctor Strange were demolished, Waititi wrote and filmed a scene for Ragnarok where Thor meets Benedict Cumberbatch's Stephen Strange. Marvel and Doctor Strange director Scott Derrickson felt the scene was "kind of perfect" to show Strange joining the wider MCU, so the scene also appears during the credits of Doctor Strange.[42][96][97]

text: Feige noted that Thor: Ragnarok would primarily take place in the "cosmos" rather than on Earth, a departure from the previous Thor films.[56][98] He expanded by saying, "Tonally and geographically there are a lot of different planets outside of the nine realms that we visit" in the film.[92] Waititi consulted with theoretical physicist Clifford Johnson on space travel. Johnson viewed early drafts of the script, and gave Waititi physics ideas that could "wink at some of the classic old [Thor] stuff"; Johnson previously consulted on the second season of the MCU television series Agent Carter.[99] Comic artist and Thor co-creator Jack Kirby was one of Waititi's major visual inspirations for the film.[100] Winderbaum also called Walt Simonson's "Ragnarok" story arc an inspiration for "really fun elements ... both stylistically and narratively", as well as Thor: God of Thunder by Jason Aaron, which was the inspiration for Hela's design and abilities.[20] Waititi said the planet Sakaar, which is featured in the "Planet Hulk" storyline, was "the biggest shift for the film and these characters",[100] with Winderbaum describing it as "the toilet of the universe", surrounded by "wormholes that have been spitting things out into this place for eons".[76] Also featured is Muspelheim, one of the Nine Realms, ruled by Surtur. Production designer Dan Hennah described it as a Dyson sphere, with the realm drawing power out of a dying star to energize its inhabitants.[101] Hennah hoped to give Asgard "more of a humanity" than in previous films, by adding smaller building perspectives to help the realm seem more practical and utilitarian. For Saakar's gladiator arena, Hennah looked at Roman gladiators, but differentiated from previous similar ideas by going "all alien with it". The arena is surrounded by "standing up bleachers".[102]

text: Waititi said that the film would reinvent the franchise, as "a lot of what we're doing with the film is, in a way, kind of dismantling and destroying the old idea and rebuilding it in a new way that's fresh. Everyone's got a slightly new take on their characters, so in that way, it feels like [this is] the first Thor (2011)."[8] He added that he had seen the other films and respected them, but wanted to focus on making a "standalone film because this could be the only time I do this. I just want to make it [my] version of a Marvel film in the best way possible."[9] This is something Hemsworth had hoped for, looking to have a lighter tone in Ragnarok compared to the previous Thor films, especially the second one, similar to Guardians of the Galaxy. He said, "I feel we had less of the sort of the naivety or fun or humor that the first [Thor] might have had. I wish we had more of that in the second [movie] ... We've done regal. We've done Shakespeare, and we've shown that. I think now it's time to go, 'Ok, cool. Let's try something different.'"[103] Hemsworth continued that in order to prevent the character or film from becoming "predictable", there was "definitely a goal to do something unexpected...I think we want to get back to more of a sense of adventure and fun".[104]

text: The events of Ragnarok are set four years after the events of Thor: The Dark World, two years after the events of Avengers: Age of Ultron,[3][105] and around the same time as the events of Captain America: Civil War (2016) and Spider-Man: Homecoming (2017), with Winderbaum noting that "things happen on top of each other now in Phase Three."[5] The events of Ragnarok also set up Avengers: Infinity War,[8] and Hemsworth spoke to Infinity War directors Anthony and Joe Russo before receiving the script for Ragnarok to see how it would link to Infinity War. He said Ragnarok "definitely bleeds nicely into those [films]",[5] and Winderbaum likened Ragnarok's impact on the larger MCU to that of Captain America: The Winter Soldier (2014), saying it would break down ideas regarding Asgard that were previously established similar "to how Winter Soldier broke down S.H.I.E.L.D."[5]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Principal photography began on July 4, 2016,[95][106] under the working title Creature Report,[107][108] at Village Roadshow Studios in Oxenford, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia,[78] exclusively using all nine of the studios' sound stages.[109] Additional filming was to occur throughout the state of Queensland,[78] including Tamborine National Park.[22] The Brisbane central business district, where filming took place from August 22 to 25,[25][107][110] was used to double as New York City.[111] Javier Aguirresarobe served as cinematographer on the film,[106][112] describing his work on the film as "a rare combination of satisfaction and frustration", feeling that he was mostly there to service the director and visual effects supervisor, but felt "very happy to have been able to respond to such incredible technical requirements".[113]

text: Later in July, regarding the film's "buddy-style comedy" nature, Waititi said that the script had changed from then and it was still unclear what the final film would look like, but there "are buddy elements to it between Thor and the Hulk".[70] He said it would be a "'70s/'80s sci-fi fantasy" and "the most 'out there' of all the Marvel movies",[114] with the tone closest to that of Big Trouble in Little China.[68] Inspiration for the road-trip aspect of the film included 48 Hrs. (1982), Withnail and I (1987), and Planes, Trains and Automobiles (1987).[8] Waititi also asked the heads of each department to watch Flash Gordon (1980) before beginning work.[115] Concept art released at San Diego Comic Con 2016 revealed that the character Fenris Wolf would appear.[116][117]

text: By August, over 100 set and construction workers were given termination notifications, with some complaining that they had been promised work until October or November 2016, and that New Zealand crew members were receiving preferential treatment over the Australian locals. However, Premier Palaszczuk stated that the work for set builders simply "finished", and that other jobs would become available as actors arrived for filming.[118] Sets constructed for the film were for Sakaar, including the Grandmaster's palace and surrounding junkyard, as well as Asgard (based on the aesthetics of the previous Thor films).[22] The interior of the Avenger Quinjet, which was built for The Avengers (2012), was shipped to Australia.[108] Waititi, who is Māori, made hiring Indigenous and Aboriginal Australians, along with New Zealanders, a priority for the various departments, saying, "It's a responsibility you have to the Indigenous people. You're coming to a country and you're bringing money into the economy and creating jobs but I think you have an even bigger responsibility to look after the people that have less opportunities." He added that having these people on the crew "feel very much like family" and "helps calm me down and makes me feel relaxed". The Indigenous and Aboriginals were hired as part of an initiative by Screen Australia's Indigenous Department, whose mission is "to give Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders a foot in the door of the film industry".[119]

text: In mid-September 2016, concept art seen during a set visit indicated Midgard Serpent would appear,[120] and that Sif and the Warriors Three, allies of Thor in the previous two films, would be addressed in Ragnarok.[32] Towards the end of the month, Sam Neill, who worked with Waititi in Hunt for the Wilderpeople, revealed he had a role in the film.[49] Shortly after, Waititi teased the inclusion of the characters Korg,[121] who Waititi portrays through motion-capture,[44] and Miek,[122] who is not portrayed by an actor as he does not speak in the film, and is depicted as "a larva-like creature... [with] cybernetic legs and arms".[44] In mid-October, Waititi revealed that new camera technology had been used for a shot in the film, and that he had hoped to include John C. Reilly's Nova Corpsman Rhomann Dey in the film, but there was "no real way to pull it off".[114] Principal photography wrapped on October 28, 2016.[123] Second unit filming took place on Dirk Hartog Island off the coast of Australia, and in the South Island of New Zealand.[22] According to Waititi, 80 percent of the dialogue in Thor: Ragnarok was improvised, in order to create a "very loose and collaborate mood" among the cast and an attempt to replicate the tone and sensibility from his previous films. He stated, "My style of working is I'll often be behind the camera, or right next to the camera yelling words at people, like, 'Say this, say this! Say it this way!'"[124]

text: Post-production[edit]

text: In January 2017, it was revealed that Pearson would be receiving sole screenwriting credit on the film, with the story credited to Kyle, Yost, and Folsom.[125] These credits were later updated the following September, with Pearson as the screenwriter and story credit for Kyle and Yost. Folsom took issue with Marvel marketing the film with these credits, noting the Writers Guild of America (WGA) had yet to determine the final credits for the film.[126] She later said that Marvel had given her a story credit on the film, but was denied by the WGA due to their regulation that a maximum of two individuals can receive story credit, with an allowance for a writing team to count as one individual; Pearson and the team of Kyle and Yost received the story credit on Ragnarok. Folsom added that she planned to appeal the decision, and that Marvel has been supportive of her throughout her attempt to receive credit.[127] By the end of the month, the writing credits were updated once again, this time simply crediting Pearson, Kyle, and Yost as screenwriters.[86][90][128]

text: In February 2017, Rachel House said she had a small role in the film, having worked with Waititi before.[43] Additional filming took place in Atlanta in July 2017, over three weeks,[129][130] including filming post-credit scenes.[131] One of these introduces the spaceship Sanctuary II, which belongs to Thanos, in Avengers: Infinity War and its untitled sequel,[4] while the other, shown at the end of the credits, features the Grandmaster. Goldblum and Waititi improvised multiple versions of the latter scene; one unused version involved the singing of the Sakaarian national anthem, which was "made up on the spot".[132] Also filmed in Atlanta was the completion of a sequence where Asgardian actors perform a play based on the events of The Dark World. Neill appears in the sequence as the Odin actor, and Hemsworth's brother Luke portrays the Thor actor.[133] Explaining the sequence, Waititi said, "if I was Loki and I was ruling Asgard, I would write a play about myself and force everyone to go and see it—change the details of the play and get a huge celebrity to play myself." For the Loki actor, they "really wanted someone good and someone who's funny", and Chris Hemsworth suggested that Matt Damon, whom he knew personally, take on the role.[50] Damon was in New York City at the time, and flew to Atlanta just to shoot the cameo "on a lark".[50][133] Also changed during reshoots was the location of the sequence where Thor and Loki find Odin on Earth, and Hela subsequently destroys Mjolnir. Originally set in a New York City alley, Waititi decided that the environment was distracting from the emotions of the sequence. The location was changed to Norway, which Waititi felt gave more weight to the scenes, made Odin's storyline more "authentic", and also allowed the characters and the audience to "chill out for a second, and have that moment, because the rest of the film basically just runs at a clip".[39]

text: By the time the reshoots for the film were completed, the film had been cut down from Waititi's initial version of two hours and forty minutes to around ninety minutes, with that expected to increase slightly with the newly filmed scenes. However, after the film's 2017 Comic Con panel, it was decided to add back a lot of the jokes that had been removed, with the final runtime being two hours and ten minutes.[115] Joel Negron and Zene Baker served as editors on the film.[22][108] Waititi described the process of deciding exactly what jokes to keep as "very tricky ... sometimes it would be funny in the beginning of the film and then not funny at all [or] it was funny in the wrong places and in the end, we had to just keep testing jokes and testing parts of the film".[134] Ragnarok also clarifies that an Infinity Gauntlet seen in Thor was a fake. Feige expanded, saying that it had been included in Thor as an easter egg, since Marvel Studios was "working on The Avengers and trying to [put] that all together for the conclusion of Phase One." However, shortly after The Avengers released and the studio began to solidify plans for Avengers: Infinity War, they realized that the gauntlet seen in Thor could not be the actual one, creating an internal theory that it was fake; this resulted in the scene in Ragnarok, which was created "just [to have] the opportunity to call it a fake".[133]

text: Visual effects[edit]

text: Visual effects for the film were created by Industrial Light & Magic's (ILM) San Francisco and Vancouver studios,[135] with help from Base FX, Animatrik, and Virtuos; Framestore; Method Studios Vancouver; Digital Domain; Rising Sun Pictures; Luma Pictures; D Negative; Iloura; Image Engine; Trixter; The Secret Lab; WhiskeyTree Inc; Fin Designs + Effects; and Perception.[22] Previsualization work was provided by The Third Floor and Day for Nite.[22][136] Luma Pictures produced over 200 shoots in eight sequences, particularly for the characters Korg (receiving assets from Framestore) and Miek. Method Studios provided over 450 shots, including Thor's opening fight against Surtur in Muspelheim and Hela's fight against the Asgardian guards. D Negative worked on over 190 shots, creating the environment for the planet Sakaar, including its junkyard landscape and wormholes, with the wormholes also created through a collaboration with Digital Domain.[137]

text: ILM, who worked on previous incarnations of the Hulk, had to add much more detail to the character's facial features in Ragnarok due to the Hulk's increased dialogue. ILM visual effects supervisor Chad Wiebe explained that Ruffalo's expressions were captured fresh for the film using Medusa, a performance capture technology. With 90 different expressions captured, ILM "built an entirely new library that would allow [Hulk] to cover a full range of normal human visual characteristics."[137] To help create the Hulk, a person on set was covered in green body paint, and would replicate the intended motions of the character to aid the visual effect artists.[76] Additionally, stunt actor Paul Lowe, who is under 5 feet (1.5 m) tall, stood in for Hemsworth during some of his interactions with the Hulk so that the Hulk's stunt men would be proportionally correct. In some instances when Thor and the Hulk interacted, a digital double was used for Thor, also created by ILM, to have greater flexibility for the shots. ILM worked on all of the Hulk moments in the film outside the final fight sequence, which was completed by Framestore using ILM's assets, as Framestore was primarily responsible for rigging that sequence. Framestore completed nearly 460 shots, which featured digital doubles of Thor and Hela, Fenris, Korg, Miek, the giant Surtur at the end of the film, and over 9,000 buildings for Asgard, based on assets D Negative had from The Dark World, resulting in over 263 character, vehicle, prop, and crowd rigs.[137]

text: Rising Sun Pictures produced more than 170 visual effects shots for Thor: Ragnarok. They worked on the Valkyrie flashback sequence, with the sequence's surreal ethereal appearance achieved through a combination of motion capture, computer graphics, a 900 fps high-speed frame rate, and a special 360° lighting rig containing 200 strobe lights to bathe the scene in undulating patterns of light and shadow. Rising Sun also helped create the various CGI aspects of Hela, such as her "hair wipe transition" to her horns, and her original introduction in New York City. Following the reshoots, ImageEngine completed the new Norway introduction since Rising Sun was focused on the palace fight by then.[138]

text: Music[edit]

text: By August 2016, Mark Mothersbaugh was hired to score the film.[139][140] The synthesized score is influenced by the work of Jean-Michel Jarre.[19] Waititi stated he would have asked the band Queen to work on the soundtrack for the film if their lead singer Freddie Mercury was still alive, because the film is "a cool, bold, colorful cosmic adventure" which would have suited the "feel" of the band.[141] Additional music featured in the film include "Immigrant Song" by Led Zeppelin and "Pure Imagination" from the film Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory (1971). Patrick Doyle's themes from Thor and Brian Tyler's themes from The Dark World and Avengers: Age of Ultron, as well as Joe Harnell's "The Lonely Man" theme from The Incredible Hulk series, are also used in the film.[22] Hollywood Records released the film's soundtrack digitally on October 20, 2017, and physically on November 10, 2017.[142]

text: Release[edit]

text: Thor: Ragnarok had its world premiere at the El Capitan Theatre in Los Angeles on October 10, 2017,[143][144] and its Australian premiere took place on October 13, on the Gold Coast.[145] It was released in the United Kingdom on October 24, 2017,[146] with additional international releases on October 25,[105] and in Australia on October 26.[147] The film was released in the United States and Canada on November 3,[57] in 4,080 theaters, of which over 3,400 were 3D, 381 were IMAX and IMAX 3D, and 204 were D-Box.[148] The film opened in 1,187 IMAX theaters globally, which was a November opening weekend record.[149] It was originally scheduled for release on July 28, 2017.[3]

text: Marketing[edit]

text: At the 2016 San Diego Comic-Con, a physical model of Hulk's gladiator armor was revealed,[150] concept art and rough animatics were shown,[116] and a "mockumentary" short titled Team Thor was screened. Directed by Waititi, it showed what Thor and Banner were doing during the events of Civil War,[116][151] with Daley Pearson appearing as Thor's Australian flatmate Darryl Jacobson. The short released online in August 2016,[151] and with the digital download of Captain America: Civil War the following month.[152] Team Thor: Part 2 was released on the home media of Doctor Strange in February 2017, with Pearson reprising his role.[151][153] Footage and concept art for the film were shown at CinemaCon 2017.[154]

text: On April 10, 2017, the first teaser trailer was released. Sandy Schaefer of Screen Rant felt it was "a strong start" for the film, having "a distinctly playful vibe" by setting it to "Immigrant Song".[155] The Verge's Chaim Gartenberg said "this may be the weirdest Marvel movie to date" thanks to the costumes, makeup, and 80s aesthetic.[156] Michael Arbeiter for Nerdist was pleased with the teaser, stating, "nothing in the MCU thus far can hold a candle to the imagination promised by this ... have any of [the previous MCU films] felt this beholden to what we've always known and loved as the adventure genre?"[157] The teaser was viewed 136 million times in 24 hours, the third-highest in that time frame behind The Fate of the Furious (139 million) and It (197 million). It also became Disney and Marvel's most viewed trailer within that time period, surpassing Beauty and the Beast (127 million) and Captain America: Civil War (94 million), respectively.[158] The line from the trailer of Thor saying Hulk "is a friend from work" was suggested to Hemsworth by a Make-A-Wish child visiting the set on the day the scene was filmed.[159]

text: Props and costumes from the film were on display at D23 Expo 2017 along with set pieces for photo opportunities.[160] The costumes were also on display at the 2017 San Diego Comic-Con,[161] where Waitti and cast members promoted the film. Exclusive clips were shown, along with a new trailer.[13][23] Ethan Anderton of /Film felt "the blend of comedy and bright, vibrant comic book action" in the trailer was "incredible".[162] Collider's Haleigh Foutch was "in love with this trailer" and "all in" on the film.[163] Germain Lussier for io9 called the trailer "a two-and-a-half-minute ball of action, awesomeness, humor, and insanity that may be the most purely fun Marvel movie trailer we've ever seen."[164] The poster also released was praised, being called by Anthony Couto from Comic Book Resources as "quite stunning", "insanely colorful", and "perfectly symmetrical",[165] with Matt Goldberg of Collider feeling it "really [lets] you know that this Thor movie is going to be radically different than the first two".[166] Due to the Comic-Con presentation, Thor: Ragnarok generated over 264,000 new conversations on social media from July 17 to 23, the most out of any film during that time period, according to comScore and its PreAct service.[167] It remained the most-discussed film on social media for two more weeks.[168][169]

text: In August 2017, Marvel partnered with car manufacturer Renault on a commercial supporting the release of the Kwid in Brazil. Directed by Jonathan Gurvit and shot in São Paulo, it features the Hulk destroying a satellite headed towards the city. Framestore worked on visual effects for the commercial, building on the foundation they had from working on the character in previous films.[170][171] Also in August, Marvel, in partnership with Dolby Laboratories, Synchrony Bank, American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), Broadcom Masters, and Society for Science & the Public, announced the "Superpower of STEM Challenge", aimed at females aged 15 through 18 in STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics education) fields, to "create an original Do-It-Yourself project that can be replicated by others" and "help their family, community or the world be safer, healthier or happier". Five winners would attend the film's world premiere, receive a tour of Walt Disney Studios, and a $500 saving account from Synchrony Bank, with one grand prize winner attending "an immersive three-day mentorship in New York City with Disney Imagineering" to create a "professional-level video teaching other young people how to recreate" their winning project. They were also given the opportunity to demonstrate the project on Good Morning America.[172]

text: For the week of August 21, Ragnarok once again had the most social media conversations according to comScore and its PreAct service. New clips of Thor and Hulk fighting, released on the same day as the Floyd Mayweather Jr. vs. Conor McGregor fight, helped generate the 57,000 new conversations for the week.[173] From September 25 to October 15, Ragnarok had the second-most social media conversations according to the service,[174][175] and was once again first for the week of October 16 following the release of extended clips and plot details.[176] Beginning October 6, 2017, Disney California Adventure showed a sneak peek of the film at the Sunset Showcase Theater in Hollywood Land, presented in 3D with "special in-theater effects".[177] Ahead of the United States release of the film, Hemsworth, Hiddleston, Blanchett, Goldblum, Ruffalo, and Thompson appeared with James Corden on The Late Late Show with James Corden to present a "4D" version of the film, which was actually a stage play. The cast performed various scenes from the film live in low-budget costumes and with cardboard stage props.[178] Additional promotional partners of the film included Red Robin, United Healthcare, and Screenvision Media.[149]

text: Home media[edit]

text: Thor: Ragnarok was released on digital download by Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment on February 20, 2018, and on Ultra HD Blu-ray, Blu-ray, DVD and On-Demand on March 6. The digital and Blu-ray releases include behind-the-scenes featurettes; audio commentary; deleted scenes; a blooper reel; and Team Darryl, a continuation of the "mockumentary" short films Team Thor and Team Thor: Part 2, in which the Grandmaster moves in with Darryl after Thor leaves.[179] In one of the deleted scenes, Michael Rooker makes an appearance as Yondu, reprising the role from the first two Guardians of the Galaxy films. James Gunn, writer and director of the Guardians films, clarified that the appearance of Yondu was never meant to appear in the final film, and that Rooker was on a nearby set recording material for the Halloween variant of the theme park attraction Guardians of the Galaxy – Mission: Breakout! and decided to stop by the Ragnarok set "to goof around".[180]

text: The film debuted at number one on the NPD VideoScan overall disc sales chart during its first week of release, which tracks combined DVD and Blu-ray disc unit sales, and a dedicated Blu-ray disc sales chart. Blu-ray accounted for 83% of unit sales, with 11% coming from Ultra HD Blu-ray. Thor: Ragnarok also debuted second on the Media Play News rental chart behind Coco.[181] In its second week, the film fell to number two on the NPD VideoScan chart, coming in behind Justice League, but rose to number one on the Media Play News rental chart.[182]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Thor: Ragnarok grossed $315.1 million in the United States and Canada, and $538.9 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $854 million.[2] In September 2017, a survey from Fandango indicated that Ragnarok was the most anticipated fall film.[183] On the weekend of November 3, 2017, the film earned $25.4 million from IMAX showings, surpassing Doctor Strange as the largest for a November weekend.[149] The film had earned $650.1 million globally, surpassing the total grosses for Thor ($449.3 million) and Thor: The Dark World ($644.6 million), by the end of its third weekend.[184][185] It became the ninth highest-grossing film of 2017.[186] Deadline Hollywood calculated the net profit of the film to be $174.2 million, accounting for production budgets, P&A, talent participations and other costs, against box office grosses and ancillary revenues from home media, placing it eighth on their list of 2017's "Most Valuable Blockbusters".[187]

text: Thor: Ragnarok earned $46.8 million on its opening day in the United States and Canada (including $14.5 million from Thursday night previews), and had a total weekend gross of $122.7 million, which was the top film for the weekend, the sixth best November opening, and the largest opening for all Thor films. IMAX contributed $12.2 million, which was the second-best IMAX opening of 2017 and the third-best November opening. The film's earnings on Sunday ($32.1 million), was the second-best Sunday in November after The Hunger Games: Catching Fire (2013) ($34.5 million).[149] The film had been projected to gross $100–125 million in its opening weekend.[188][189] Ragnarok remained the number one film in its second weekend, having earned a total of $211.6 million, which surpassed the entire runs of Thor ($181 million) and The Dark World ($206.4 million).[190] In its third weekend, Thor: Ragnarok fell to third at the box office,[191] and fourth in its fourth and fifth weekends.[192][193] The film surpassed its projected total domestic gross of $280 million in its fifth weekend with $291.4 million,[193][194] Thor: Ragnarok was fifth in its sixth weekend,[195] and seventh in its seventh weekend, the final weekend it remained in the top 10.[196]

text: Outside the United States and Canada, the film opened in 36 markets in its first weekend, ranking first in all, and earning $109.1 million, $6 million of which came from 189 IMAX screens. The United Kingdom opening ($16.2 million) was the best October opening for a non-James Bond film. South Korea ($15.7 million), Australia ($8.4 million), Brazil ($8.1 million), Indonesia ($5.5M), Taiwan ($5.4M), the Philippines ($3.8M), Malaysia ($3.5M), New Zealand, Vietnam, Argentina, Colombia, Chile, Bosnia, Bulgaria, Croatia, and South Africa had the best October opening weekend ever, while France ($7.7 million) had the second-best. Brazil also had the third-best debut for an MCU film, while New Zealand's opening was the biggest of 2017.[197] In its second weekend, Ragnarok opened at number one in 19 more markets, with the largest November opening ever in China ($56.3 million, including $6 million from 446 IMAX screens), Mexico ($10.8 million), Germany ($8.9 million), and India ($5.5 million). It also remained at number one in many existing markets. The film earned an additional $13.2 million from 788 IMAX screens, the best November opening.[198] In its third weekend, the film remained at number one in over 30 countries, and became the highest-grossing superhero film in the Czech Republic.[185] By its fifth weekend, Ragnarok had become the highest grossing superhero film in central and eastern Europe.[199] As of December 10, 2017[update], the film's largest markets were China ($112 million), the United Kingdom ($40.4 million), and South Korea ($35.1 million).[186]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 92% approval rating based on 333 reviews, with an average score of 7.5 out of 10. The website's critical consensus reads, "Exciting, funny, and above all fun, Thor: Ragnarok is a colorful cosmic adventure that sets a new standard for its franchise – and the rest of the Marvel Cinematic Universe."[201] Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned a score of 74 out of 100 based on 51 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[202] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A" on an A+ to F scale, the best of the Thor series, while PostTrak reported filmgoers gave it a 90% overall positive score and an 85% "definite recommend".[149]

text: Sheri Linden of The Hollywood Reporter praised Waititi's handling of "the clash-of-worlds CGI extravaganza", particularly for the lighter tone he brought, with "even the story's central bad guys [being] silly fun, hammed to the hilt by Cate Blanchett and Jeff Goldblum."[203] Alonso Duralde of TheWrap wrote, "Both the banter and the fighting, it should be noted, are excellent, so whether you go to superhero movies for the glossy escapism or the pulse-pounding action, you'll get your large soda's worth."[204] Peter Travers of Rolling Stone rated the film three stars out of four, described it as "the most fun you'll ever have at a Marvel movie" while praising the film's changing tone and direction, comparing it favourably to Guardians of the Galaxy.[205] The San Francisco Chronicle's Mick LaSalle lauded the performances of Hemsworth, Hiddleston, Blanchett, Thompson, Goldblum and Ruffalo, feeling the film "has confidence in its characters and in its own invention, and so it avoids repetition and stays fresh".[206]

text: Richard Roeper of the Chicago Sun-Times similarly praised the film, calling the performances of the ensemble cast "outstanding" and Waititi's direction "goofy and campy and marvelously self-referential". He also said the soundtrack that was used in the climactic battle sequence, particularly Led Zeppelin's "Immigrant Song" as being "perfectly synced".[207] Matt Zoller Seitz of RogerEbert.com gave the film three out of four stars, positively comparing Hemsworth's performance to Cary Grant: "Hemsworth's charisma holds [Thor: Ragnarok] together whenever it threatens to spin apart".[208] Justin Chang of Los Angeles Times praised Blanchett's performance of Hela, drawing a comparison of the portrayal of her character to other iconic villains such as Maleficent and Chernabog, and the film's similar themes and tone to Flash Gordon, Star Wars, (1977) and Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory.[209] The Daily Telegraph's Robbie Collin gave the film four out of five, hailed it as "one of [Marvel's] best films to date" while commending the performances and describing Mark Mothersbaugh's musical score as "turbo-charged".[210] Michael Phillips of the Chicago Tribune commended the performances of Hiddleston and Thompson as being "wonderfully matched". He also noted a similar directing style of Waititi to Edgar Wright's "parodic work" and labelled the film as "unusually lively and buoyant" while acknowledging the effect of a "Marvel Fatigue factor" towards the audiences.[211]

text: Peter Debruge of Variety called the movie "preposterous", but praised Goldblum's performance.[212] Stephanie Zacharek of Time magazine stated negatively that "Thor: Ragnarok is packed tight with zooming space vehicles and noisy thunder battles, but the movie's extravagant excess is more narcotizing than energizing." Zacharek further added that "Even poor Thor seems lost in all of it, and he's supposed to be its star" while criticizing the film's visual effects as being "an instance of fun overkill" and "a special-effects coma".[213] Manohla Dargis of The New York Times called the story "an uninteresting thicket of brawls, machinations and useful coincidences" but did feel that Hemsworth "looks happier and far more relaxed in Ragnarok than he did in the previous Thor vehicles, which is perhaps Mr. Waititi's truest achievement here."[214]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Year
Award
Category
Recipient(s)
Result
Ref(s)

2017
Washington D.C. Film Critics Awards
Best Motion Capture Performance
Taika Waititi
Nominated
[215]

2018
Golden Tomato Awards
Best Wide Release 2017
Thor: Ragnarok
10th Place
[216]

Best Comic Book/Graphic Novel Movie 2017
Thor: Ragnarok
3rd Place

Critics' Choice Awards
Best Action Movie
Thor: Ragnarok
Nominated
[217]

Best Actor in a Comedy
Chris Hemsworth
Nominated

Best Visual Effects
Thor: Ragnarok
Nominated

NAACP Image Awards
Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Motion Picture
Tessa Thompson
Nominated
[218]
[219]

Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Motion Picture
Idris Elba
Won

Visual Effects Society Awards
Outstanding Virtual Cinematography in a Photoreal Project
Hubert Maston, Arthur Moody, Adam Paschke, Casey Schatz for "Valkyrie's Flashback"
Nominated
[220]

Outstanding Compositing in a Photoreal Feature
Gavin McKenzie, David Simpson, Owen Carroll, Mark Gostlow for "Bridge Battle"
Nominated

Costume Designers Guild Awards
Excellence in Sci-Fi/Fantasy Film
Mayes C. Rubeo
Nominated
[221]

Empire Awards
Best Film
Thor: Ragnarok
Nominated
[222]

Best Sci-Fi/Fantasy
Thor: Ragnarok
Nominated

Best Director
Taika Waititi
Nominated

Best Female Newcomer
Tessa Thompson
Nominated

Best Production Design
Thor: Ragnarok
Nominated

Best Visual Effects
Thor: Ragnarok
Nominated

Best Costume Design
Mayes C. Rubeo
Nominated

Best Makeup and Hairstyling
Thor: Ragnarok
Nominated

Saturn Awards
Best Comic-to-Motion Picture Release
Thor: Ragnarok
Pending
[223]

Best Supporting Actress in a Film
Tessa Thompson
Pending

Hugo Award
Best Dramatic Presentation, Long Form
Thor: Ragnarok (Eric Pearson, Craig Kyle, Christopher Yost, Taika Waititi)
Pending
[224]

text: Future[edit]

text: By the release of Ragnarok, Waititi and Marvel had discussed a spin-off Marvel One-Shot short film following the characters Korg and Miek, but it was unfeasible due to Marvel's commitment to producing three feature films a year. Feige said Marvel still had plans for those characters, but did not specify.[225] In January 2018, Hemsworth indicated his interest in continuing to play Thor, despite his contract with Marvel Studios scheduled to end after the fourth Avengers film,[226] saying the next month "if there's another great script that comes along" he would consider playing the character again.[227] He and Waititi had discussed what they would want in a potential fourth Thor film by then.[228]

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ As depicted in the 2015 film Avengers: Age of Ultron.[3]
Jump up ^ According to producer Kevin Feige, the spaceship seen in the mid-credits scene is the Sanctuary II, which belongs to Thanos.[4]

tag: ol


document_title: Moors

question_text: who conquered the moors in spain in 1492

root

text: Moors

text: Name[edit]

text: Etymology[edit]

text: During the classical period, the Romans interacted with, and later conquered, parts of Mauretania, a state that covered modern northern Morocco, western Algeria, and the Spanish cities Ceuta and Melilla.[12] The Berber tribes of the region were noted in Classical literature as Mauri, which was subsequently rendered as "Moors" in English and in related variations in other European languages.[13] Mauri (Μαῦροι) is recorded as the native name by Strabo in the early 1st century. This appellation was also adopted into Latin, whereas the Greek name for the tribe was Maurusii (Μαυρούσιοι).[14] The Moors were also mentioned by Tacitus as having revolted against the Roman Empire in 24 AD.[15]

tag: p

text: During the Latin Middle Ages, Mauri was used to refer to Berbers and Arabs in the coastal regions of Northwest Africa. [16] The 16th century scholar Leo Africanus (c. 1494–1554) identified the Moors (Mauri) as the native Berber inhabitants of the former Roman Africa Province (Roman Africans). He described Moors as one of five main population groups on the continent alongside Egyptians, Abyssinians (Abassins), Arabians and Cafri (Cafates).[1]

text: The term was commonly used as a racial designation for dark-skinned or black peoples, as with its use in English, seen as early as the fourteenth century.[16]

text: Modern meanings[edit]

text: In medieval Romance languages, variations of the Latin word for the Moors (for instance, Italian and Spanish: moro, French: maure, Portuguese: mouro, Romanian: maur) developed different applications and connotations. The term initially denoted a specific Berber people in western Libya, but the name acquired more general meaning during the medieval period, associated with "Muslim", similar to associations with "Saracens". During the context of the Crusades and the Reconquista, the term Moors included the derogatory suggestion of "infidels".

text: Apart from these historic associations and context, Moor and Moorish designate a specific ethnic group speaking Hassaniya Arabic. They inhabit Mauritania and parts of Algeria, Western Sahara, Tunisia, Morocco, Niger, and Mali. In Niger and Mali, these peoples are also known as the Azawagh Arabs, after the Azawagh region of the Sahara.[17]

text: The authoritative dictionary of the Spanish language does not list any derogatory meaning for the word moro, a term generally referring to people of Maghrebian origin in particular or Muslims in general.[18] Some authors have pointed out that in modern colloquial Spanish use of the term moro is derogatory for Moroccans in particular[19][20][21][22][23] and Muslims in general.

text: In modern, colloquial Portuguese, the term Mouro was primarily used as a designation for North Africans and secondarily as a derogatory and ironic term by northern Portuguese to refer to the inhabitants of the southern parts of the country (Lisbon, Alentejo, and Algarve). However, this designation has gained more acceptance in the south.

text: In the Philippines, a former Spanish colony, many modern Filipinos call the large, local Muslim minority concentrated in Mindanao and other southern islands Moros. The word is a catch-all term, as Moro may come from several distinct ethno-linguistic groups such as the Maranao people. The term was introduced by Spanish colonisers, and has since been appropriated by Filipino Muslims as an endonym, with many self-identifying as members of the Bangsamoro "Moro Nation".

text: Moreno can mean dark-skinned in Spain, Portugal, Brazil, and the Philippines. Also in Spanish, morapio is a humorous name for "wine", especially that which has not been "baptized" or mixed with water, i.e., pure unadulterated wine. Among Spanish speakers, moro came to have a broader meaning, applied to both Filipino Moros from Mindanao, and the moriscos of Granada. Moro refers to all things dark, as in "Moor", moreno, etc. It was also used as a nickname; for instance, the Milanese Duke Ludovico Sforza was called Il Moro because of his dark complexion.[24]

text: In Portugal, mouro (feminine, moura) may refer to supernatural beings known as enchanted moura, where "moor" implies 'alien' and 'non-Christian'. These beings were siren-like fairies with golden or reddish hair and a fair face. They were believed to have magical properties.[25] From this root, the name moor is applied to unbaptized children, meaning not Christian.[26][27] In Basque, mairu means moor and also refers to a mythical people.[28]

text: Within the context of Portuguese colonization, in Sri Lanka (Portuguese Ceylon), Muslims of Arab origin are called Ceylon Moors, not to be confused with "Indian Moors" of Sri Lanka (see Sri Lankan Moors). Sri Lankan Moors (a combination of "Ceylon Moors" and "Indian Moors") make up 12% of the population. The Ceylon Moors (unlike the Indian Moors) are descendants of Arab traders who settled there in the mid-6th century. When the Portuguese arrived in the early 16th century, they labelled all the Muslims in the island as Moors as they saw some of them resembling the Moors in North Africa. The Sri Lankan government continues to identify the Muslims in Sri Lanka as "Sri Lankan Moors", sub-categorised into "Ceylon Moors" and "Indian Moors".[29]

text: The Goan Muslims — a minority community who follow Islam in the western Indian coastal state of Goa — are commonly referred as Moir (Konkani: मैर) by Goan Catholics and Hindus.[a] Moir is derived from the Portuguese word mouro (Moor).

text: Moors of the Maghreb[edit]

text: In the late 7th and early 8th centuries CE, the Islamic Umayyad Caliphate, established after the death of Muhammad, underwent a period of rapid growth. In 647 CE, 40,000 Arabs forced the Byzantine governor of northern Africa to submit and pay tribute, but failed to permanently occupy the region.[30] After an interlude, during which the Muslims fought a civil war, the invasions resumed in 665, seizing Byzantine North Africa up to Bugia over the course of a series of campaigns, lasting until 689. A Byzantine counterattack largely expelled the Arabs but left the region vulnerable. Intermittent war over the inland provinces of North Africa continued for the next two decades. Further civil war delayed the continuation of further conquest, but an Arab assault took Carthage and held it against a Byzantine counterattack.

text: Although a Christian and pagan Berber rebellion pushed out the Arabs temporarily, the Romanized urban population preferred the Arabs to the Berbers and welcomed a renewed and final conquest that left northern Africa in Muslim hands by 698. Over the next decades, the Berber and urban populations of northern Africa gradually converted to Islam, although for separate reasons.[31] The Arabic language was also adopted. Initially, the Arabs required only vassalage from the local inhabitants rather than assimilation, a process which took a considerable time.[31] The groups that inhabited the Maghreb following this process became known collectively as Moors. Although the Berbers would later expel the Arabs from the Maghreb and form temporarily independent states, that effort failed to dislodge the usage of the collective term.

text: Moors of Iberia[edit]

text: In 711 the Islamic Arab and Moors of Berber descent in northern Africa crossed the Strait of Gibraltar onto the Iberian Peninsula, and in a series of raids they conquered Visigothic Christian Hispania.[34] Their general, Tariq ibn Ziyad, brought most of Iberia under Islamic rule in an eight-year campaign. They continued northeast across the Pyrenees Mountains but were defeated by the Franks under Charles Martel at the Battle of Tours in 732.

text: The Maghreb fell into a civil war in 739 that lasted until 743 known as the Berber Revolt. The Berbers revolted against the Umayyads, putting an end to Eastern dominion over the Maghreb. Despite racial tensions, Arabs and Berbers intermarried frequently. A few years later, the Eastern branch of the Umayyad dynasty was dethroned by the Abbasids and the Umayyad Caliphate overthrown in the Abbasid revolution (746-750). Abd al-Rahman I, who was of Arab-Berber lineage, managed to evade the Abbasids and flee to the Maghreb and then Iberia, where he founded the Emirate of Córdoba and the Andalusian branch of the Umayyad dynasty. The Moors ruled northern Africa and Al-Andalus for several centuries thereafter.[35] Ibn Hazm, the polymath, mentions that many of the Caliphs in the Umayyad Caliphate and the Caliphate of Córdoba were blond and had light eyes.[36] Ibn Hazm mentions that he preferred blondes, and notes that there was much interest in blondes in al-Andalus amongst the rulers and regular Muslims:

text: All the Caliphs of the Banu Marwan (God have mercy on their souls!), and especially the sons of al-Nasir, were without variation or exception disposed by nature to prefer blondes. I have myself seen them, and known others who had seen their forebears, from the days of al-Nasir's reign down to the present day; every one of them has been fair-haired, taking after their mothers, so that this has become a hereditary trait with them; all but Sulaiman al-Zafir (God have mercy on him!), whom I remember to have had black ringlets and a black beard. As for al-Nasir and al-Hakam al-Mustansir (may God be pleased with them!), I have been informed by my late father, the vizier, as well as by others, that both of them were blond and blue-eyed. The same is true of Hisham al-Mu'aiyad, Muhammad al-Mahdi, and `Abd al-Rahman al-Murtada (may God be merciful to them all!); I saw them myself many times, and had the honour of being received by them, and I remarked that they all had fair hair and blue eyes.[37]

text: The languages spoken in the parts of the Iberian Peninsula under Muslim rule were Andalusian Arabic and Mozarabic; they became extinct after the expulsion of the Moriscos, but Arabic language influence on the Spanish language can still be found today. The Muslims were resisted in parts of the Iberian Peninsula in areas of the northwest (such as Asturias, where they were defeated at the battle of Covadonga) and the largely Basque Country in the Pyrenees. Though the number of Moorish colonists was small, many native Iberian inhabitants converted to Islam. By 1000, according to Ronald Segal, some 5,000,000 of Iberia's 7,000,000 inhabitants, most of them descended from indigenous Iberian converts, were Muslim. There were also Sub-Saharan Africans who had been absorbed into al-Andalus to be used as soldiers and slaves. The Berber and Sub-Saharan African soldiers were known as "tangerines" because they were imported through Tangier.[38][39]

text: The Caliphate of Córdoba collapsed in 1031 and the Islamic territory in Iberia fell under the rule of the Almohad Caliphate in 1153. This second stage was guided by a version of Islam that left behind the more tolerant practices of the past.[40] Al-Andalus broke up into a number of taifas (fiefs), which were partly consolidated under the Caliphate of Córdoba.

text: The Kingdom of Asturias, a small northwestern Christian Iberian kingdom, initiated the Reconquista ("Reconquest") soon after the Islamic conquest in the 8th century. Christian states based in the north and west slowly extended their power over the rest of Iberia. The Kingdom of Navarre, the Kingdom of Galicia, the Kingdom of León, the Kingdom of Portugal, the Kingdom of Aragon, the Marca Hispánica, and the Crown of Castile began a process of expansion and internal consolidation during the next several centuries under the flag of Reconquista. In 1212, a coalition of Christian kings under the leadership of Alfonso VIII of Castile drove the Muslims from Central Iberia. The Portuguese side of the Reconquista ended in 1249 with the conquest of the Algarve (Arabic: الغرب – al-Gharb) under Afonso III. He was the first Portuguese monarch to claim the title "King of Portugal and the Algarve".

text: The Moorish Kingdom of Granada continued for three more centuries in southern Iberia. On 2 January 1492, the leader of the last Muslim stronghold in Granada surrendered to the armies of a recently united Christian Spain (after the marriage of Ferdinand II of Aragón and Isabella I of Castile, the "Catholic Monarchs"). The Moorish inhabitants received no military aid or rescue from other Muslim nations.[41] The remaining Jews were also forced to leave Spain, convert to Roman Catholic Christianity, or be killed for refusing to do so. In 1480, to exert social and religious control, Isabella and Ferdinand agreed to allow the Inquisition in Spain. The Muslim population of Granada rebelled in 1499. The revolt lasted until early 1501, giving the Castilian authorities an excuse to void the terms of the Treaty of Granada (1491). In 1501, Castilian authorities delivered an ultimatum to the Muslims of Granada: they could either convert to Christianity or be expelled.

text: The Inquisition was aimed mostly at Jews and Muslims who had overtly converted to Christianity but were thought to be practicing their faiths secretly. They were respectively called marranos and moriscos. However, in 1567 King Philip II directed Moriscos to give up their Arabic names and traditional dress, and prohibited the use of Arabic. In reaction, there was a Morisco uprising in the Alpujarras from 1568 to 1571. In the years from 1609 to 1614, the government expelled Moriscos. The historian Henri Lapeyre estimated that this affected 300,000 out of an estimated total of 8 million inhabitants.[42]

text: Some Muslims converted to Christianity and remained permanently in Iberia. This is indicated by a "high mean proportion of ancestry from North African (10.6%)" that "attests to a high level of religious conversion (whether voluntary or enforced), driven by historical episodes of social and religious intolerance, that ultimately led to the integration of descendants."[43][44] According to historian Richard A. Fletcher,[45] "the number of Arabs who settled in Iberia was very small. 'Moorish' Iberia does at least have the merit of reminding us that the bulk of the invaders and settlers were Moors, i.e., Berbers from Algeria and Morocco."

text: In the meantime, Spanish and Portuguese expeditions westward from the New World spread Christianity to India, the Malay peninsula, Indonesia, and the Philippines. By 1521, the ships of Magellan had reached that island archipelago, which they named Las Islas Filipinas, after Philip II of Spain. In Mindanao, the Spaniards named the kris-bearing people as Moros or 'Moors'. Today this ethnic group in Mindanao, who are generally Filipino Muslim, are called "Moros".

text: Moors of Sicily[edit]

text: The first Muslim conquest of Sicily began in 827, though it was not until 902 that almost the entire island was in the control of the Aghlabids, with the exception of some minor strongholds in the rugged interior. During that period some parts of southern Italy fell under Muslim control, most notably the port city of Bari, which formed the Emirate of Bari from 847-871. In 909 the Aghlabid dynasty was replaced by Shiite Fatimids.[citation needed] Four years later, the Fatimid governor was ousted from Palermo when the island declared its independence under Emir Ahmed ibn-Kohrob. The language spoken in Sicily under Muslim rule was Siculo-Arabic.

text: In 1038, a Byzantine army under George Maniaces crossed the strait of Messina. This army included a corps of Normans that saved the situation in the first clash against the Muslims from Messina. After another decisive victory in the summer of 1040, Maniaces halted his march to lay siege to Syracuse. Despite his success, Maniaces was removed from his position, and the subsequent Muslim counter-offensive reconquered all the cities captured by the Byzantines.

text: The Norman Robert Guiscard, son of Tancred, invaded Sicily in 1060. The island was split between three Arab emirs, and the Christian population in many parts of the island rose up against the ruling Muslims. One year later, Messina fell, and in 1072 Palermo was taken by the Normans. The loss of the cities, each with a splendid harbor, dealt a severe blow to Muslim power on the island. Eventually all of Sicily was taken. In 1091, Noto in the southern tip of Sicily and the island of Malta, the last Arab strongholds, fell to the Christians. Islamic authors noted the tolerance of the Norman kings of Sicily. Ibn al-Athir wrote: "They [the Muslims] were treated kindly, and they were protected, even against the Franks. Because of that, they had great love for King Roger."[46]

text: The Muslim problem characterized Hohenstaufen rule in Sicily under Holy Roman Emperors Henry VI and his son Frederick II. Many repressive measures were introduced by Frederick II to please the popes, who were intolerant of Islam in the heart of Christendom. This resulted in a rebellion by Sicilian Muslims, which in turn triggered organized resistance and systematic reprisals and marked the final chapter of Islam in Sicily. The complete eviction of Muslims and the annihilation of Islam in Sicily was completed by the late 1240s when the final deportations to Lucera took place.

text: Architecture[edit]

text: Moorish architecture is the articulated Islamic architecture of northern Africa and parts of Spain and Portugal, where the Moors were dominant between 711 and 1492. The best surviving examples of this architectural tradition are La Mezquita in Córdoba and the Alhambra palace in Granada (mainly 1338–1390),[47] as well as the Giralda in Seville (1184).[48] Other notable examples include the ruined palace city of Medina Azahara (936–1010), the church (former mosque) San Cristo de la Luz in Toledo, the Aljafería in Saragossa and baths at for example Ronda and Alhama de Granada.

text: In heraldry[edit]

text: Moors—or more frequently their heads, often crowned—appear with some frequency in medieval European heraldry, though less so since the Middle Ages. The term ascribed to them in Anglo-Norman blazon (the language of English heraldry) is maure, though they are also sometimes called moore, blackmoor, blackamoor or negro.[49] Maures appear in European heraldry from at least as early as the 13th century,[50] and some have been attested as early as the 11th century in Italy,[50] where they have persisted in the local heraldry and vexillology well into modern times in Corsica and Sardinia.

text: Armigers bearing moors or moors' heads may have adopted them for any of several reasons, to include symbolizing military victories in the Crusades, as a pun on the bearer's name in the canting arms of Morese, Negri, Saraceni, etc., or in the case of Frederick II, possibly to demonstrate the reach of his empire.[50] The arms of Pope Benedict XVI feature a moor's head, crowned and collared red, in reference to the arms of Freising, Germany.[51] In the case of Corsica and Sardinia, the blindfolded moors' heads in the four quarters have long been said to represent the four Moorish emirs who were defeated by Peter I of Aragon in the 11th century, the four moors' heads around a cross having been adopted to the arms of Aragon around 1281–1387, and Corsica and Sardinia having come under the dominion of the king of Aragon in 1297.[52] In Corsica, the blindfolds were lifted to the brow in the 18th century as a way of expressing the island's newfound independence.[53]

text: The use of Moors (and particularly their heads) as a heraldic symbol has been deprecated in modern North America.[54] For example, the College of Arms of the Society for Creative Anachronism urges applicants to use them delicately to avoid causing offence.[55]

text: Population[edit]

text: Populations in Carthage circa 200 BC and northern Algeria 1500 BC were diverse.[citation needed] As a group, they plotted closest to the populations of Northern Egypt and intermediate to Northern Europeans and tropical Africans: "the data supported the comments from ancient authors observed by classicists: everything from fair-skinned blonds to peoples who were dark-skinned 'Ethiopian' or part Ethiopian in appearance."[56] Modern evidence shows a similar diversity among present North Africans. Moreover, this diversity of phenotypes and peoples was probably due to in situ differentiation, not foreign influxes.[citation needed] Foreign influxes are thought to have affected population make-up, but did not replace the indigenous Berber population.[57]

text: As a large and diffuse ethnic group, the Moors consisted mostly of Berbers from Morocco and Western Algeria, sub-Saharan Africans from Mauritania, Northern Senegal, and Western Mali, Arab Bedouins, and Arab elite mostly from Yemen and Syria. Most writings on Moors applied darkness of skin as a trait for any and every Muslim invader of Europe.[58]

text: In popular culture[edit]

text:
The title character in William Shakespeare's play Othello, and the derived title character in Verdi's opera Otello, is a Moor. The character has been played by various thespians in different forms of entertainment. A less well-known Moorish character, Aaron, appears in Shakespeare’s earlier tragedy Titus Andronicus.
Morgan Freeman's character Azeem in the 1991 film Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves is a Moor who Robin Hood saves from prison.
The 2009 documentary film Journey to Mecca follows the travels of the Moorish explorer Ibn Battuta from his native country of Morocco to Mecca for the Hajj in 1325.

tag: ul

text: Notable Moors[edit]

text:
Tariq ibn Ziyad, Moorish general who defeated the Visigoths and conquered Hispania in 711.
Abd ar-Rahman I, founder of the Umayyad Emirate of Córdoba in 756; along with its succeeding Caliphate of Córdoba, the dynasty ruled Islamic Iberia for three centuries.
Ibn al-Qūṭiyya, Andalusian historian and grammarian.
Yahya al-Laithi, Andalusian scholar who introduced the Maliki school of jurisprudence in Al-Andalus.
Abbas ibn Firnas, 810–887, Berber inventor and aviator who invented an early parachute and made the first attempt at controlled flight with a hang glider.
Maslama al-Majriti, died 1007, Andalusian writer believed to have been the author of the Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity and the Picatrix.
Al-Zahrawi (Abulcasis), Andalusian physician and surgeon who established the discipline of surgery as a profession with his Al-Tasrif in 1000.
Said Al-Andalusi, 1029–1070, Andalusian Qadi, historian, philosopher, mathematician and astronomer.
Abū Ishāq Ibrāhīm al-Zarqālī (Arzachel), 1029–1087, Andalusian astronomer and engineer who developed the equatorium and universal (latitude-independent) astrolabe and compiled a Zij later used as a basis for the Tables of Toledo.
Artephius, circa 1126, Andalusian scientist known as the author of numerous works of Alchemical texts, now extant only in Latin.
Ibn Bajjah (Avempace), died 1138, Andalusian physicist and polymath whose theory of motion, including the concept of a reaction force, influenced the development of classical mechanics.
Ibn Zuhr (Avenzoar), 1091–1161, Andalusian physician and polymath who discovered the existence of parasites and pioneered experimental surgery.
Muhammad al-Idrisi, circa 1100–1166, Moorish geographer and polymath who drew the Tabula Rogeriana, the most accurate world map in pre-modern times.
Ibn Tufail, circa 1105–1185, Arabic writer and polymath who wrote Hayy ibn Yaqdhan, the first philosophical novel.
Averroes (Ibn Rushd), 1126–1198, classical Islamic philosopher and polymath who wrote The Incoherence of the Incoherence and the most extensive Aristotelian commentaries, and established the school of Averroism.
Ibn al-Baitar, died 1248, Andalusian botanist and pharmacist who compiled the most extensive pharmacopoeia and botanical compilation in pre-modern times.
Musa I of Mali (c. 1280 – c. 1337) was a devout Muslim, and his pilgrimage to Mecca made him well-known across northern Africa and the Middle East.
Ibn Khaldun, a pioneer of the social sciences and forerunner of sociology, historiography and economics, who wrote the Muqaddimah in 1377.
Abu Bakr II (fl. 14th century), abdicated his throne in order to explore "the limits of the ocean".
Abū al-Hasan ibn Alī al-Qalasādī, 1412–1486, Moorish mathematician who took the first steps toward the introduction of algebraic symbolism.
Leo Africanus, 1494–1554, Andalusian geographer, author and diplomat, who was captured by Spanish pirates and sold as a slave, but later baptized and freed.
Estevanico, also referred to as "Stephen the Moor", was an explorer in the service of Spain of what is now the southwest of the United States.
Ibn Battuta, an Islamic scholar and Moorish explorer who is generally considered one of the greatest travellers of all time.
Ibn Hazm, a Moorish polymath who was considered one of the leading thinkers of the Muslim World and is widely acknowledged as the father of Comparative religion studies.
Ibn Idhari, a Moorish historian who was the author of (Al-Bayan al-Mughrib) an important medieval text on the history of the Maghreb and Iberia.

text: Gallery[edit]

text:
Batalla del Puig (c. 1410-1420), depicting a battle from the Reconquista

Tariq ibn-Ziyad was the Moorish general who led the conquest of Visigothic Spain in the early 8th century. It was painted by the Moors in 12th Century.

Moors in Spain playing chess, from the Book of Games

The Moors request permission from James I of Aragon

Wild Men and Moors (used as a more generic word), a German tapestry, c. 1431.

Moorish and Christian army readying for battle, taken from The Cantigas de Santa María

Moorish and Christian Reconquista battle, taken from The Cantigas de Santa María

Christian and Moor playing lutes, 13th century, from The Cantigas de Santa María

Riyad the Moor receiving a letter from Shanul in the 13th-century al-Andalusian manuscript Hadith Bayad wa Riyad. Painted by the Moors.

History of Bayâd and Riyâd in the 13th-century al-Andalusian manuscript Hadith Bayad wa Riyad. Painted by the Moors.

History of Bayâd and Riyâd in the 13th-century al-Andalusian manuscript Hadith Bayad wa Riyad. Painted by the Moors.

Depiction of Moorish cavalry troops, taken from The Cantigas de Santa María

Moors dividing the spoils, taken from The Cantigas de Santa María

A painting of Muhammad XII of Granada, last Muslim sultan in Spain. Date of this painting and its current location are unknown.

The sitter is unknown but suggested to possibly be Berber Andalusi writer Leo Africanus, born in Granada.

Christian and Muslim playing chess, from The Book of Games of Alfonso X, c. 1285

Depiction of three Moorish knights found on Alhambra's Ladies Tower


question_text: when did andy murray won sports personality of the year

text: Nomination procedure[edit]

text: The shortlist is announced a few weeks before the award ceremony, and the winner is determined on the night by a public telephone and on-line vote. Prior to 2012, a panel of 30 sports journalists each submitted a list of 10 contenders. From these contenders a shortlist of ten nominees was determined. This method was criticized following the selection of an all-male shortlist in 2011. The selection process for contenders was changed for the 2012 and subsequent awards by the introduction of an expert panel. The panel produces a shortlist that reflects UK sporting achievements on the national and/or international stage, represents the breadth and depth of UK sports and takes into account ‘impact’ within and beyond the sport or sporting achievement in question.

text: Winners[edit]

text:
BBC Sports Personality of the Year Award winners

 Year
Winner
Sport
Second
Sport
Third
Sport
Ref.

1954
 Chataway, ChristopherChristopher Chataway (ENG)
Athletics
 Bannister, RogerRoger Bannister (ENG)
Athletics
 Smythe, PatPat Smythe (ENG)
Show jumping
[10]

1955
 Pirie, GordonGordon Pirie (ENG)
Athletics
zzz !No record [11]
zzz !N/A
zzz !No record [11]
zzz !N/A
[7]

1956
 Laker, JimJim Laker (ENG)
Cricket
zzz !No record [11]
zzz !N/A
zzz !No record [11]
zzz !N/A
[12]

1957
 Rees, DaiDai Rees (WAL)
Golf
 Moss, StirlingStirling Moss (ENG)
Formula One
 Ibbotson, DerekDerek Ibbotson (ENG)
Athletics
[7][13]

1958
 Black, IanIan Black (SCO)
Swimming
 Charlton, BobbyBobby Charlton (ENG)
Football
 Lofthouse, NatNat Lofthouse (ENG)
Football
[14]

1959
 Surtees, JohnJohn Surtees (ENG)
Motorcycle racing
 Charlton, BobbyBobby Charlton (ENG)
Football
 Black, IanIan Black (SCO)
Swimming
[15]

1960
 Broome, DavidDavid Broome (WAL)
Show jumping
 Thompson, DonDon Thompson (ENG)
Athletics
 Lonsbrough, AnitaAnita Lonsbrough (ENG)
Swimming
[16]

1961
 Moss, StirlingStirling Moss (ENG)
Formula One
 Walker, BillyBilly Walker (ENG)
Boxing
 Mortimer, AngelaAngela Mortimer (ENG)
Tennis
[17]

1962
 Lonsbrough, AnitaAnita Lonsbrough (ENG)
Swimming
 Hyman, DorothyDorothy Hyman (ENG)
Athletics
 Ludgrove, LindaLinda Ludgrove (ENG)
Swimming
[18]

1963
 Hyman, DorothyDorothy Hyman (ENG)
Athletics
 McGregor, BobbyBobby McGregor (SCO)
Swimming
 Clark, JimJim Clark (SCO)
Formula One
[19]

1964
 Rand, MaryMary Rand (ENG)
Athletics
 Briggs, BarryBarry Briggs (NZL)
Speedway
 Packer, AnnAnn Packer (ENG)
Athletics
[20]

1965
 Simpson, TomTom Simpson (ENG)
Cycling
 Clark, JimJim Clark (SCO)
Formula One
 Coakes, MarionMarion Coakes (ENG)
Show jumping
[21]

1966
 Moore, BobbyBobby Moore (ENG)
Football
 Briggs, BarryBarry Briggs (NZL)
Speedway
 Hurst, GeoffGeoff Hurst (ENG)
Football
[22]

1967
 Cooper, HenryHenry Cooper (ENG)
Boxing
 Burton, BerylBeryl Burton (ENG)
Cycling
 Smith, HarveyHarvey Smith (ENG)
Show jumping
[23]

1968
 Hemery, DavidDavid Hemery (ENG)
Athletics
 Hill, GrahamGraham Hill (ENG)
Formula One
 Coakes, MarionMarion Coakes (ENG)
Show jumping
[24]

1969
 Jones, AnnAnn Jones (ENG)
Tennis
 Jacklin, TonyTony Jacklin (ENG)
Golf
 Best, GeorgeGeorge Best (NIR)
Football
[18]

1970
 Cooper, HenryHenry Cooper (ENG)
Boxing
 Jacklin, TonyTony Jacklin (ENG)
Golf
 Moore, BobbyBobby Moore (ENG)
Football
[23]

1971
 Anne Elizabeth Alice Louise !Princess Anne (ENG)
Eventing
 Best, GeorgeGeorge Best (NIR)
Football
 John, BarryBarry John (WAL)
Rugby union
[25]

1972
 Peters, MaryMary Peters (NIR)
Athletics
 Banks, GordonGordon Banks (ENG)
Football
 Meade, RichardRichard Meade (WAL)
Eventing
[8]

1973
 Stewart, JackieJackie Stewart (SCO)
Formula One
 Taylor, RogerRoger Taylor (ENG)
Tennis
 McMahon, PaddyPaddy McMahon (ENG)
Show jumping
[6]

1974
 Foster, BrendanBrendan Foster (ENG)
Athletics
 Conteh, JohnJohn Conteh (ENG)
Boxing
 McBride, Willie JohnWillie John McBride (NIR)
Rugby union
[26]

1975
 Steele, DavidDavid Steele (ENG)
Cricket
 Pascoe, AlanAlan Pascoe (ENG)
Athletics
 Wilkie, DavidDavid Wilkie (SCO)
Swimming
[18]

1976
 Curry, JohnJohn Curry (ENG)
Figure skating
 Hunt, JamesJames Hunt (ENG)
Formula One
 Wilkie, DavidDavid Wilkie (SCO)
Swimming
[27]

1977
 Wade, VirginiaVirginia Wade (ENG)
Tennis
 Boycott, GeoffreyGeoffrey Boycott (ENG)
Cricket
 Sheene, BarryBarry Sheene (ENG)
Motorcycle racing
[18]

1978
 Ovett, SteveSteve Ovett (ENG)
Athletics
 Thompson, DaleyDaley Thompson (ENG)
Athletics
 Botham, IanIan Botham (ENG)
Cricket
[28]

1979
 Coe, SebastianSebastian Coe (ENG)
Athletics
 Botham, IanIan Botham (ENG)
Cricket
 Keegan, KevinKevin Keegan (ENG)
Football
[18]

1980
 Cousins, RobinRobin Cousins (ENG)
Figure skating
 Coe, SebastianSebastian Coe (ENG)
Athletics
 Thompson, DaleyDaley Thompson (ENG)
Athletics
[27]

1981
 Botham, IanIan Botham (ENG)
Cricket
 Davis, SteveSteve Davis (ENG)
Snooker
 Coe, SebastianSebastian Coe (ENG)
Athletics
[18]

1982
 Thompson, DaleyDaley Thompson (ENG)
Athletics
 Higgins, AlexAlex Higgins (NIR)
Snooker
 Cram, SteveSteve Cram (ENG)
Athletics
[18]

1983
 Cram, SteveSteve Cram (ENG)
Athletics
 Torvill and Dean[nb 1] (ENG)
Figure skating
 Thompson, DaleyDaley Thompson (ENG)
Athletics
[29]

1984
 Torvill and Dean[nb 1] (ENG)
Figure skating
 Coe, SebastianSebastian Coe (ENG)
Athletics
 Davis, SteveSteve Davis (ENG)
Snooker
[30]

1985
 McGuigan, BarryBarry McGuigan (IRL)
Boxing
 Botham, IanIan Botham (ENG)
Cricket
 Cram, SteveSteve Cram (ENG)
Athletics
[18]

1986
 Mansell, NigelNigel Mansell (ENG)
Formula One
 Whitbread, FatimaFatima Whitbread (ENG)
Athletics
 Dalglish, KennyKenny Dalglish (SCO)
Football
[31]

1987
 Whitbread, FatimaFatima Whitbread (ENG)
Athletics
 Davis, SteveSteve Davis (ENG)
Snooker
 Woosnam, IanIan Woosnam (WAL)
Golf
[32]

1988
 Davis, SteveSteve Davis (ENG)
Snooker
 Moorhouse, AdrianAdrian Moorhouse (ENG)
Swimming
 Lyle, SandySandy Lyle (SCO)
Golf
[4]

1989
 Faldo, NickNick Faldo (ENG)
Golf
 Bruno, FrankFrank Bruno (ENG)
Boxing
 Davis, SteveSteve Davis (ENG)
Snooker
[18]

1990
 Gascoigne, PaulPaul Gascoigne (ENG)
Football
 Hendry, StephenStephen Hendry (SCO)
Snooker
 Gooch, GrahamGraham Gooch (ENG)
Cricket
[33]

1991[nb 2]
 McColgan, LizLiz McColgan (SCO)
Athletics
 Carling, WillWill Carling (ENG)
Rugby union
 Lineker, GaryGary Lineker (ENG)
Football
[6]

1992
 Mansell, NigelNigel Mansell (ENG)
Formula One
 Christie, LinfordLinford Christie (ENG)
Athletics
 Gunnell, SallySally Gunnell (ENG)
Athletics
[36]

1993
 Christie, LinfordLinford Christie (ENG)
Athletics
 Gunnell, SallySally Gunnell (ENG)
Athletics
 Mansell, NigelNigel Mansell (ENG)
CART
[37]

1994
 Hill, DamonDamon Hill (ENG)
Formula One
 Gunnell, SallySally Gunnell (ENG)
Athletics
 Jackson, ColinColin Jackson (WAL)
Athletics
[38]

1995
 Edwards, JonathanJonathan Edwards (ENG)
Athletics
 Bruno, FrankFrank Bruno (ENG)
Boxing
 McRae, ColinColin McRae (SCO)
Rallying
[39]

1996[nb 3]
 Hill, DamonDamon Hill (ENG)
Formula One
 Redgrave, SteveSteve Redgrave (ENG)
Rowing
 Dettori, FrankieFrankie Dettori (ITA)
Horse racing
[42]

1997
 Rusedski, GregGreg Rusedski (ENG)
Tennis
 Henman, TimTim Henman (ENG)
Tennis
 Redgrave, SteveSteve Redgrave (ENG)
Rowing
[43]

1998
 Owen, MichaelMichael Owen (ENG)
Football
 Lewis, DeniseDenise Lewis (ENG)
Athletics
 Thomas, IwanIwan Thomas (WAL)
Athletics
[27]

1999
 Lewis, LennoxLennox Lewis (ENG)
Boxing
 Beckham, DavidDavid Beckham (ENG)
Football
 Jackson, ColinColin Jackson (WAL)
Athletics
[44]

2000
 Redgrave, SteveSteve Redgrave (ENG)
Rowing
 Lewis, DeniseDenise Lewis (ENG)
Athletics
 Grey-Thompson, TanniTanni Grey-Thompson (WAL)
Athletics
[45]

2001
 Beckham, DavidDavid Beckham (ENG)
Football
 MacArthur, EllenEllen MacArthur (ENG)
Sailing
 Owen, MichaelMichael Owen (ENG)
Football
[46]

2002
 Radcliffe, PaulaPaula Radcliffe (ENG)
Athletics
 Beckham, DavidDavid Beckham (ENG)
Football
 McCoy, TonyTony McCoy (NIR)
Horse racing
[47]

2003
 Wilkinson, JonnyJonny Wilkinson (ENG)
Rugby union
 Johnson, MartinMartin Johnson (ENG)
Rugby union
 Radcliffe, PaulaPaula Radcliffe (ENG)
Athletics
[48]

2004
 Holmes, KellyKelly Holmes (ENG)
Athletics
 Pinsent, MatthewMatthew Pinsent (ENG)
Rowing
 Flintoff, AndrewAndrew Flintoff (ENG)
Cricket
[49]

2005
 Flintoff, AndrewAndrew Flintoff (ENG)
Cricket
 MacArthur, EllenEllen MacArthur (ENG)
Sailing
 Gerrard, StevenSteven Gerrard (ENG)
Football
[50]

2006
 Phillips, ZaraZara Phillips (ENG)
Eventing
 Clarke, DarrenDarren Clarke (NIR)
Golf
 Tweddle, BethBeth Tweddle (ENG)
Gymnastics
[51]

2007
 Calzaghe, JoeJoe Calzaghe (WAL)
Boxing
 Hamilton, LewisLewis Hamilton (ENG)
Formula One
 Hatton, RickyRicky Hatton (ENG)
Boxing
[52]

2008
 Hoy, ChrisChris Hoy (SCO)
Cycling
 Hamilton, LewisLewis Hamilton (ENG)
Formula One
 Adlington, RebeccaRebecca Adlington (ENG)
Swimming
[53]

2009
 Giggs, RyanRyan Giggs (WAL)
Football
 Button, JensonJenson Button (ENG)
Formula One
 Ennis, JessicaJessica Ennis (ENG)
Athletics
[54]

2010
 McCoy, TonyTony McCoy (NIR)
Horse racing
 Taylor, PhilPhil Taylor (ENG)
Darts
 Ennis, JessicaJessica Ennis (ENG)
Athletics
[55]

2011
 Cavendish, MarkMark Cavendish (IOM)
Cycling
 Clarke, DarrenDarren Clarke (NIR)
Golf
 Farah, MoMo Farah (ENG)
Athletics
[56]

2012
 Wiggins, BradleyBradley Wiggins (ENG)
Cycling
 Ennis, JessicaJessica Ennis (ENG)
Athletics
 Murray, AndyAndy Murray (SCO)
Tennis
[57]

2013
 Murray, AndyAndy Murray (SCO)
Tennis
 Halfpenny, LeighLeigh Halfpenny (WAL)
Rugby union
 McCoy, TonyTony McCoy (NIR)
Horse racing
[58]

2014
 Hamilton, LewisLewis Hamilton (ENG)
Formula One
 McIlroy, RoryRory McIlroy (NIR)
Golf
 Pavey, JoJo Pavey (ENG)
Athletics
[59]

2015
 Murray, AndyAndy Murray (SCO)
Tennis
 Sinfield, KevinKevin Sinfield (ENG)
Rugby league
 Ennis-Hill, JessicaJessica Ennis-Hill (ENG)
Athletics
[60]

2016
 Murray, AndyAndy Murray (SCO)
Tennis
 Brownlee, AlistairAlistair Brownlee (ENG)
Triathlon
 Skelton, NickNick Skelton (ENG)
Show jumping
[61]

2017
 Farah, MoMo Farah (ENG)
Athletics
 Rea, JonathanJonathan Rea (NIR)
Motorcycle racing
 Peacock, JonnieJonnie Peacock (ENG)
Athletics
[62]

tag: table

text: By sport[edit]

text: This table lists the total number of awards won by recipient's sporting profession.

text:
Winners by sport

Sporting profession
First place(s)
Second place(s)
Third place(s)
Total placing(s)

Athletics
7001180000000000000♠18
7001140000000000000♠14
7001190000000000000♠19
7001510000000000000♠51

Formula One
7000700000000000000♠7
7000600000000000000♠6
7000100000000000000♠1
7001140000000000000♠14

Tennis
7000600000000000000♠6
7000200000000000000♠2
7000200000000000000♠2
7001100000000000000♠10

Football
7000500000000000000♠5
7000600000000000000♠6
7000900000000000000♠9
7001200000000000000♠20

Boxing
7000500000000000000♠5
7000400000000000000♠4
7000100000000000000♠1
7001100000000000000♠10

Cricket
7000400000000000000♠4
7000300000000000000♠3
7000300000000000000♠3
7001100000000000000♠10

Cycling
7000400000000000000♠4
7000100000000000000♠1
5000000000000000000♠0
7000500000000000000♠5

Figure skating
7000300000000000000♠3[nb 1]
7000100000000000000♠1[nb 1]
5000000000000000000♠0
7000400000000000000♠4

Golf
7000200000000000000♠2
7000500000000000000♠5
7000200000000000000♠2
7000900000000000000♠9

Swimming
7000200000000000000♠2
7000200000000000000♠2
7000600000000000000♠6
7001100000000000000♠10

Eventing
7000200000000000000♠2
5000000000000000000♠0
7000100000000000000♠1
7000300000000000000♠3

Snooker
7000100000000000000♠1
7000400000000000000♠4
7000200000000000000♠2
7000700000000000000♠7

Rugby union
7000100000000000000♠1
7000300000000000000♠3
7000200000000000000♠2
7000600000000000000♠6

Rowing
7000100000000000000♠1
7000200000000000000♠2
7000100000000000000♠1
7000400000000000000♠4

Motorcycle racing
7000100000000000000♠1
7000100000000000000♠1
7000100000000000000♠1
7000300000000000000♠3

Show jumping
7000100000000000000♠1
5000000000000000000♠0
7000600000000000000♠6
7000700000000000000♠7

Horse racing
7000100000000000000♠1
5000000000000000000♠0
7000300000000000000♠3
7000400000000000000♠4

Sailing
5000000000000000000♠0
7000200000000000000♠2
5000000000000000000♠0
7000200000000000000♠2

Rugby league
5000000000000000000♠0
7000100000000000000♠1
5000000000000000000♠0
7000100000000000000♠1

Triathlon
5000000000000000000♠0
7000100000000000000♠1
5000000000000000000♠0
7000100000000000000♠1

Darts
5000000000000000000♠0
7000100000000000000♠1
5000000000000000000♠0
7000100000000000000♠1

CART
5000000000000000000♠0
5000000000000000000♠0
7000100000000000000♠1
7000100000000000000♠1

Gymnastics
5000000000000000000♠0
5000000000000000000♠0
7000100000000000000♠1
7000100000000000000♠1

Rallying
5000000000000000000♠0
5000000000000000000♠0
7000100000000000000♠1
7000100000000000000♠1

text: By number of accolades[edit]

text: The below table lists all people who have finished in the top three places more than once.

text:
Recipient
First place(s)
Second place(s)
Third place(s)
Total placings(s)

Murray, AndyAndy Murray
3
0
1
4

Mansell, NigelNigel Mansell
2
0
1
3

Cooper, HenryHenry Cooper
2
0
0
2

Hill, DamonDamon Hill
2
0
0
2

Davis, SteveSteve Davis
1
2
2
5

Botham, IanIan Botham
1
2
1
4

Coe, SebastianSebastian Coe
1
2
1
4

Beckham, DavidDavid Beckham
1
2
0
3

Hamilton, LewisLewis Hamilton
1
2
0
3

Thompson, DaleyDaley Thompson
1
1
2
4

Redgrave, SteveSteve Redgrave
1
1
1
3

Christie, LinfordLinford Christie
1
1
0
2

Hyman, DorothyDorothy Hyman
1
1
0
2

Moss, StirlingStirling Moss
1
1
0
2

Torvill and Dean
1
1
0
2

Whitbread, FatimaFatima Whitbread
1
1
0
2

Cram, SteveSteve Cram
1
0
2
3

McCoy, TonyTony McCoy
1
0
2
3

Black, IanIan Black
1
0
1
2

Farah, MoMo Farah
1
0
1
2

Flintoff, AndrewAndrew Flintoff
1
0
1
2

Lonsbrough, AnitaAnita Lonsbrough
1
0
1
2

Moore, BobbyBobby Moore
1
0
1
2

Owen, MichaelMichael Owen
1
0
1
2

Radcliffe, PaulaPaula Radcliffe
1
0
1
2

Gunnell, SallySally Gunnell
0
2
1
3

Briggs, BarryBarry Briggs
0
2
0
2

Bruno, FrankFrank Bruno
0
2
0
2

Clarke, DarrenDarren Clarke
0
2
0
2

Charlton, BobbyBobby Charlton
0
2
0
2

Jacklin, TonyTony Jacklin
0
2
0
2

Lewis, DeniseDenise Lewis
0
2
0
2

MacArthur, EllenEllen MacArthur
0
2
0
2

Ennis-Hill, JessicaJessica Ennis-Hill
0
1
3
4

Best, GeorgeGeorge Best
0
1
1
2

Clark, JimJim Clark
0
1
1
2

Coakes, MarionMarion Coakes
0
0
2
2

Jackson, ColinColin Jackson
0
0
2
2

Wilkie, DavidDavid Wilkie
0
0
2
2

text: By nationality[edit]

text:
Nation
First place(s)
Second place(s)
Third place(s)
Total placings(s)

England
48
50
41
139

Scotland
7
3
8
18

Wales
4
1
7
12

Northern Ireland
2
5
4
11

Isle of Man
1
0
0
1

Non-British
1
2
1
4