document_title: List of New Girl characters

question_text: what is reagan's job in new girl

question_tokens: what is reagan 's job in new girl

text: List of New Girl characters

text: Main characters[edit]

text:
Summary of character appearances

Character

Portrayed by

Seasons

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Jessica Day

Zooey Deschanel

Main

Nick Miller

Jake Johnson

Main

Schmidt

Max Greenfield

Main

Coach

Damon Wayans, Jr.

Main[a]

Recurring

Main

Special guest

Cece

Hannah Simone

Main

Winston Bishop

Lamorne Morris

Main

Ruth

Danielle and Rhiannon Rockoff

Main

text: Jessica Day[edit]

text: Jessica Christopher "Jess" Day[b] (Zooey Deschanel) is a bubbly, offbeat teacher in her early thirties who is originally from Portland, Oregon. After discovering in the pilot episode that her live-in boyfriend, Spencer, is cheating on her, she moves into the guys' apartment where Nick, Schmidt, and Winston help her move on from her break-up. The series follows her adventures as she goes through various relationships and jobs.

text: Nick Miller[edit]

text: Nicholas Miller (Jake Johnson) is one of Jess' roommates who works as a bartender. He and Winston are childhood friends from Chicago.[c] At the start of the series, he struggles from having broken up with his long-term girlfriend Caroline, At one of the wedding events, he almost tries to reunite with her. In the episode "Bells", it is revealed that he is fairly frugal and prefers to repair things in the apartment by himself rather than hire outside help. He had also dropped out of law school.[d] In the episode "Secrets", it is shown he is not good at keeping secrets, and sweats on his lower back.[e] He is also not good with taking care of plants. After many failed relationships, Nick tries to rekindle his romance with Caroline and almost moves in with her at the end of season 1.[f]

text: In season 2, he writes a zombie novel called Z Is for Zombie[1] He and Jess become attracted to each other and they kiss in the season 2 episode "Cooler". Afterwards, he and Jess are confused as to how to deal with their relationship, but later have sex in the episode "Virgins". They eventually agree to be a couple at the end of season 2, but break up towards the end of season 3. In season 4, he hooks up with Tran's granddaughter Kai. He and Schmidt revive their business ventures, investing in a share of the bar where he works. In season 5, while Jess is sequested on jury duty, he gets to know their temporary roommate Reagan Lucas, but only get as far as kissing before she leaves. They start dating at the end of season 5. At the beginning of season 6, he returns from New Orleans and works on his novel The Pepperwood Chronicles while maintaining a long-distance and later in-loft relationship with Reagan. However, at the end of season 6 he and Reagan break up, and he reunites with Jess. Three years later, in the season 7 premiere, Nick and Jess return to the loft after a European book tour for Pepperwood,[2] although he is still waiting for the right time to propose to Jess. He eventually proposes to her in the episode "Mario", and they marry in the episode "The Curse of the Pirate Bride". In the series finale, he and Jess move out of the loft to a two-bedroom apartment. A flash-forward reveals that he and Jess have a son in the future.

text: Schmidt[edit]

text: Winston Saint-Marie Schmidt[3] (Max Greenfield), known simply as Schmidt, is the guy who originally posted the online ad for a new roommate.[g]  He is an overly confident ladies' man who is originally from Long Island, New York. While attending Syracuse University, he was very obese, and shared a dorm room with Nick and became life-long friends.[h][i][4] Since then, he has worked hard to lose weight and to be seen as physically attractive and cool. Because of this, he often says offensive or cocky things, as a consequence of which he must put money in the "douchebag jar" of the apartment.[g][h][5] He is relatively wealthy compared to his roommates, having bought the couch and refrigerator, and splurging on things such as an 80-dollar sushi plate; it was also noted that his family spent $40,000 on his Bar Mitzvah. Schmidt is a successful marketing associate, the sole male in a female-dominated office, and is known for his numerous flings with women.[d] Schmidt's other quirks include a fear of feral cats, especially the one on their apartment's roof;[c] being very controlling and a germophobe when it comes to preparing food; and organizing things.[j][8][k]

text: In the second half of season 1, he has a casual but passionate sexual relationship with fashion model and best friend of Jess, Cece. However, in the season 1 finale, he ends his relationship with Cece because he feels she deserves someone better.[f] In season 2, he continues to have feelings for Cece, being jealous of Cece's date Robby. He has a brief relationship with co-worker Emma who has him sign a sex contract. Towards the end of the season, when he realizes Cece is going to wed Shivrang, he rekindles a relationship with his college girlfriend Elizabeth and tries to sabotage the wedding. In season 3, he tries to date both Elizabeth and Cece but it does not last long. He moves into neighboring apartment 4C allowing for Coach to return as a roommate, but later moves back to 4D after he uses his savings to fund a storefront for Jess' sister, and shares a room with Nick.[9] In season 4, he dates councilwoman Fawn Moscato and tries to keep up with her climbing the social ladder, but eventually breaks up with her. In the season 4 finale "Clean Break", he realizes he cannot part ways with Cece and her stuff; he proposes to her.[l] They marry at the end of season 5. In season 6, they purchase a fixer-upper house, and have it renovated. Towards the end of season 6, he is promoted to director of marketing, and in the final episode, he learns that Cece is expecting. In the season 7 premiere, it is revealed that Schmidt has become a stay-at-home dad to their three-year-old daughter Ruth. In the series finale, a flash-forward reveals that he and Cece have a son.[10]

text: Schmidt's first name is a long-kept secret of the series, until the second-to-last episode of season six "San Diego" in which it is revealed to be Winston. He agreed with Winston Bishop to be called by his last name to avoid confusion.[3]

text: Coach[edit]

text: Ernie Tagliaboo[m] (Damon Wayans, Jr.) who goes by the nickname Coach, is a cocky and driven, yet sometime awkward former athlete who works as a personal trainer. He is one of the roommates when Jess first moves into the loft in the pilot, but he moves out before the second episode for then-undisclosed reasons, allowing for Winston to take his place. In season 3, Coach had broken up with his girlfriend Malia and lives with the gang in the loft.[11][12] He has worked as a personal trainer at gyms and as a sports coach and health class teacher at Jess' school.[13] At the end of season 4, Coach moves to New York with his girlfriend May,[l] He makes guest appearances afterwards in seasons 5–7.

text: Cece [edit]

text: Cecilia "Cece" Parikh[n] (Hannah Simone) is Jess' best friend since childhood, a street-smart and snarky fashion model. Although she is fairly serious and cool, she does enjoy parties and has gotten drunk on occasion where she acts more wildly. Her parents were born in India.[c] Initially skeptical of Jess' new roommates, Cece becomes interested in Schmidt after seeing him become emotional while preparing Thanksgiving dinner.[j] They have a passionate sexual relationship and try to keep it a secret from the others until they were discovered by Winston when the latter drove to Mexico. Although Schmidt breaks up with her at the end of season 1, she still retains feelings towards him.[f]

text: In season 2, Cece dates a guy named Robby. She later discovers that she has limited time to conceive a baby and decides to enter an arranged marriage with a man called Shivrang. However, she calls off the wedding in the season 2 finale after realizing that she is still in love with Schmidt and has no feelings for Shivrang, who also turned out to be in love with someone else. At the start of season 3, a confused Schmidt misleads her as he attempts to carry on two distinct relationships. However, she soon discovers the truth and is left to recuperate after the break-up. She starts working part-time as a bartender at the place where Nick works,[15] passes her GED exam and takes community college classes. While Schmidt is dating Fawn Moscato, Cece begins to have feelings for him again. She goes on a hiking trip to Mount Shasta, and when she returns she accepts his marriage proposal in the season 4 finale "Clean Break".[l] They get married in the season 5 finale "Landing Gear", and buy a house, which they fix up in season 6. In addition to bartending, she opens up a modeling agency called Cece's Boys in season 6. In the final episode, "Five Stars for Beezus", Cece learns she is pregnant. Three years later, in season 7, she and Schmidt have a three-year-old daughter named Ruth, and her modeling agency was merged into a larger agency. In the season finale, a flash-forward reveals that she and Schmidt eventually have a son.

text: Winston Bishop[edit]

text: Winston L'Andre Bishop[l] (Lamorne Morris) is a tenacious and somewhat eccentric former basketball player from Chicago and Nick's childhood friend.[d] He first appears in "Kryptonite", where he moves into the apartment, replacing Coach who had vacated. Prior to his stay, he had been a point guard for a team in the Latvian Basketball League, but has been struggling to find meaningful work.[d] He has the ability to master things quickly, as shown in the "Bells" episode, when he rings handbells, but is not so good with interacting with children when he is asked to lead them in a song.[d] He enjoys pulling pranks on people but the jokes are either too small or too big. He also enjoys jigsaw puzzles and wearing shirts with pictures of birds or other animals on them.[16][17]

text: After dabbling in some odd jobs, including being a nanny for Schmidt's boss Gina's son, he gets his break as a research assistant to a sports radio show host,[18] which leads to his own show on the radio's late night shift. He dates Shelby, who he had treated neglectfully in the past.[19] In the season 1 finale, it is revealed he his afraid of the dark,[20] although after spending a night in the desert, he seems to get over it.

text: In season 2, he breaks up with Shelby in the Halloween episode. He later dates Daisy, but because of their schedule, they only have a small window of time to be with each other. Early in season 3, when he breaks up with Daisy, he takes ownership of her cat Furguson.[21] He later dates a bus driver named Bertie. Having realized that others have been making his career choices for him all his life, he quits his radio host job,[22] enrolls in a police academy, and becomes a police officer for the LAPD. He is partnered with the tough, but kind-hearted colleague, Aly Nelson. They start dating in season 5,[23] and he proposes to her in season 6.[24] Three years later, he and Aly are married and are expecting a child, living on their own. In the episode "Curse of the Pirate Bride", Aly gives birth to a baby boy whom Winston names Dan Bill Bishop, and in the series finale flash-forward scene, they have five children.[25]

text: Ruth[edit]

text: Ruth Bader Parikh-Schmidt (Danielle Rockoff and Rhiannon Rockoff) is the daughter of Schmidt and Cece, first appearing in season 7 where she celebrates her third birthday.  Showrunner Brett Baer said that they chose to name her after U.S. Supreme Court Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg because of Schmidt's character growth and change from a political conservative that objectified women to someone who admired strong women and wants his daughter to become President of the United States someday.[26]

text: Secondary characters[edit]

text: Introduced in season 1[edit]

text:
Caroline (Mary Elizabeth Ellis), Nick's ex-girlfriend at the start of the series. She and Nick hook up briefly near the end of season 1, and Nick is about to move into an apartment with her.[27]
Paul Genzlinger (Justin Long), a music teacher at Jess' school whom Jess takes a liking to.[28] The guys remark that he is quirky and emotional like a male version of Jess. Jess thinks he makes a funny face when he cries. He later becomes engaged to Jenn, who Jess thinks is like an Asian version of her.[27] In a season 4 episode "Walk of Shame", it was revealed that he and Jenn had broken up, and that he had been working as a clown entertainer for kids birthday parties, but Jess convinces him to quit that and move forward with his life.
Gina (Michaela Watkins), Schmidt's boss and the Vice President at Associated Strategies. She is described as "tough, domineering, unpleasant".[29] She has a baby shower in season 1 which Schmidt gets himself invited to.[o]  She has a son named Elvin whom Winston befriends at the holiday Christmas party,[p] and whom Winston watches over as a nanny prior to his radio show job.
Sadie (June Diane Raphael), Jess' friend who is a lesbian gynecologist.[30] She is pregnant in the second season. Her partner is Melissa, who is played by series writer Kay Cannon.[31]
Kim (Gillian Vigman), Schmidt's other boss and the CFO at Associated Strategies. She has dark blonde hair.[32] Some of her tasks seem like double entendres to Schmidt.[q]
Benjamin (David Neher), Schmidt's former college roommate and "fremesis".[33][34][35]
Tanya Lamontagne (Rachael Harris), the vice principal at Jess' school in season 1.[36] She joins Jess on the party bus.[h]
Remy[q] (Jeff Kober), the creepy landlord of the apartment building that the guys wanted to avoid using whenever possible. When Jess befriends him, he assumes she wants to flirt with him. He is also OK with having a threesome with Nick and Jess.[37]
Julia Cleary[r] (Lizzy Caplan), Nick's girlfriend in a story arc in season 1. At first she appears to be the perfect girl to Nick, but later it is revealed she has anger management issues.[28] She is a lawyer who has a contrasting personality to the bubbly Jess.[k]
Shelby (Kali Hawk), Winston's love interest. They had a tryst before Winston went to Latvia, but after much apologizing on Winston's part, she agreed to give him a second chance. She manages a diner.[38][k]
Russell Schiller[s] (Dermot Mulroney), appears in the episodes "Fancyman" as the divorced father of one of Jess' students. He dislikes that her daughter did a weird art project and wanted to pull her out of Jess' class. Jess' boss reveals that Russell was the third largest donor in the city, and the episodes show that he has a fancy car and house, but that he is very generous and kind to Jess because he likes her.[s] Mulroney described his role as being a person half-generation older, but that he had a blast working with the group. Mulroney's role was initially for three episodes but was extended to a fourth episode and also included guest star Jeanne Tripplehorn who played Russell's ex-wife.[39] In the season 7 premiere, Russell says that he had remarried and divorced twice in the three years since Jess and Nick got back together, and has a toddler that is in the same gym class as Ruth. He hires Jess to work at his education-based non-profit.[40][41]
Joe Napoli (Phil Hendrie), a sports radio personality who hires Winston as his research assistant. Hendrie himself is a radio personality.[42][43]
Nadia (Rebecca Reid), a Russian model and one of Cece's roommates. On Cece's prompting, she and Schmidt have a date, but it results in an awkward sexual encounter, in which Schmidt injures his penis and has to be hospitalized. Reid auditioned when the show was looking for fashion models that would serve as "intimidatingly taciturn roommates for Cece", and that the character was originally going to just say five words but it got extended into three episodes. Reid said that she had met Russian models who acted like that.[44] In the season 4 episode "Girl Fight", she has a baby shower.[45]

text: Introduced in season 2[edit]

text:
Robby (Nelson Franklin), Cece's new boyfriend in the season premiere. Laid-back and nice, he represents a contrast to Schmidt,[46] who sees him as a rival, but later tries to ally with him against Shivrang. In season 6, he and Jess form a singles group dedicated to keeping their relationships platonic. He and Jess develop feelings for each other; however, during the episode "The Hike", they discover they are third cousins and break up.[47]
Sam Sweeney (David Walton), Jess' love interest after she was laid off from teaching.[48] Jess had planned to have just a physical relationship with someone who was just as disinterested as her at the time. Although Sam appears to be a spacey guy who likes Creed, he is actually a pediatrician.[49]
Bearclaw (Josh Gad), a beer delivery guy at the bar where Nick works.[50][51][52]
Tran (Ralph Ahn), an elderly Asian man who Nick becomes friends with. He hardly speaks, but smiles a lot at Nick, and helps Nick defuse his anger with water therapy in the "Menzies" episode.[53] The character was thought up by Johnson, but Meriweather and the writers thought he was funny and really easy to write for. He also helps Nick ask Jess out on a date.[54] Tran's granddaughter also has a storyline in the show as Nick's love interest.[55][56][57]
Emma (Carla Gugino) is the Vice President of the North American region of Associated Strategies. She and Schmidt have a brief sexual relationship that was prefaced with Schmidt signing a legal sex contract. Gugino described her character as like Fifty Shades of Grey but more comical.[58]
Joan Day (Jamie Lee Curtis) is Jess' mother. She and Bob are divorced and she shares some personality quirks with Jess.[59]
Bob Day (Rob Reiner) is Jess' father.[59] Though he admits to having many similarities to Nick, he is very protective of Jess and disapproves of their relationship. In season 4, he proposes marriage to Ashley, one of Jess' former schoolmates,[60] and marries her in the episode "Oregon", but is divorced again in season 6.
Big Schmidt (Rob Riggle), Schmidt's rival cousin, first showing at Thanksgiving.[61] He returns in season 5 for the bachelor party festivities.[62]
Angie (Olivia Munn), a bar patron that Nick falls for as she broke up with a boyfriend. She works as a stripper,[63] but Jess encourages Nick to be with her.[64] When asked about Angie and Nick's abrupt breakup, Munn said that it was more of a practical setting so that she could return to filming episodes for The Newsroom and that she liked seeing Nick and Jess together.[65]
Walt Miller (Dennis Farina), Nick's dad. He is a con man who during his visit in season 2, tries to get Jess to invest in buying a race horse and trying to sell it for studding.[66] The gang later go to Chicago for his funeral, and he appears in a flashback episode afterwards.[67]  Farina died several months after his appearances were broadcast on New Girl.[68]
Shivrang (Satya Bhabha), Cece's fiance by arranged marriage.[69]
Daisy (Brenda Song), Winston's love interest. She initially appeared at the bar wearing an engagement ring but that was to fend off guys. She tries to teach Winston to be more confident in picking up girls. Because of their schedules they only have a small window of time to interact.[70] She is described as competitive and intense and disliking quitters.[71] Although they part ways in season 3, Winston takes ownership of Daisy's cat Furguson.[72][73]
Outside Dave (Steve Agee), a homeless man who lives outside of the apartment building and often interacts with Jess and the roommates.[74]
Elizabeth (Merritt Wever), Schmidt's college girlfriend.[75][76][77]
Principal Foster (Curtis Armstrong), the eccentric principal of Coolidge Middle School.[78] Despite his apparent incompetence and frequent oddness, he and Jess have a congenial relationship. His given name is Alan. Although he retires in season 5, he is still named Principal Foster for appearances in season 6 and 7.

text: Introduced in season 3[edit]

text:
Rose (Angela Kinsey), a "snobbish "cool" teacher" at Coolidge Middle School. She is described as "turned off by Jess' diligence and goody-two-shoes approach to her job."[79]
Lorenzo[t] (Brian Posehn), credited as Biology Teacher, works at Coolidge Middle School.[80][81]
Bertie (Jessica Chaffin) is a bus driver who becomes Winston's girlfriend when she found Winston's cat. Winston likes that she's down-to-earth.[82]
Mike (Ben Falcone), the gay owner of the bar where Nick and Cece work.[83][84]
Abby Day (Linda Cardellini), Jess' older sister, described as bit of a wild child. She is frequently in trouble with the law. The writers also used Cardellini as a character reference.[85][86]

text: Introduced in season 4[edit]

text:
Ryan Geauxinue (Julian Morris) an attractive new science teacher from England who becomes Jess' love interest, although Jess struggles with entering the relationship because of her position as a vice-principal and the school policy of not having relationships with teachers.[87][88][89] In the episode "Landline", the gang are confused as to how to pronounce his name, thinking it sounds more like "goes in you".[90]
Kai (Greta Lee), Tran's granddaughter who becomes Nick's girlfriend.[91] The gang worry that Kai is looking for a sugar daddy but Nick later discovers that she works as a consultant but is fairly well-off with her own apartment.[45] She enjoys staying on the couch with Nick, but eventually breaks up with Nick when he becomes too assertive in his career ambitions.[m]
Fawn Moscato (Zoe Lister-Jones), a city councilwoman who becomes Schmidt's love interest. She is described as controlling and manipulative, using Schmidt mostly as a model boyfriend to advance her causes.[92][93][94] In the series finale, she has become mayor.[25]
Aly Nelson (Nasim Pedrad), Winston's officer partner. She is petite, which gets the guys worried that she cannot defend herself, but she quickly proves them wrong. At first, she does not want to be in a relationship with Winston, as she had fallen for a co-worker before and it did not work out, so they start as friends. They start becoming a couple in season 5 and get engaged in season 6.[23] In the season 7 premiere, she and Winston are married and she is pregnant. In the episode "Curse of the Pirate Bride", she gives birth to a baby boy whom Winston names Dan Bill Bishop, and in the series finale flash-forward scene, she and Winston have five children.[25]
May (Meaghan Rath), a girl that Coach keeps running into at the Valentine's Day bar crawl.[95] She agrees to be Coach's girlfriend on the condition that he write her a nice letter, but when Coach accidentally sends off a number of rough drafts, she accepts him anyway. She plays the cello in a chamber ensemble, but is accepting of Coach's quirks and flaws, as well as his interests, playing "Heavy Action" (the theme for Monday Night Football) for him. When she accepts a job in New York, she and Coach are about to break up but they both have second thoughts, and Coach agrees to move with her.
Louise Schmidt (Nora Dunn), Schmidt's mother.[u]  She is very strict and insists that Schmidt do all his bar mitzvah thank you cards before granting him the money, and nitpicks at his manners. She later proposes to her best friend and roommate Susan toward the end of season 5.[96][97][98]

text: Introduced in season 5[edit]

text:
J. Cronkite Valley-Forge (Fred Melamed), the CFO at Associated Strategies around the time when Schmidt is engaged.[99]
Reagan Lucas (Megan Fox), a gorgeous, no-nonsense bisexual pharmaceutical sales rep who comes to town on business and shakes things up in the loft when she rents out Jess' room while the latter is sequestered on jury duty (during Zooey Deschanel's parental leave).[100][101] She knows Cece from a previous gig they did together. Reagan starts dating Nick, but they eventually break up at the end of season six.[102]
Gavin Schmidt (Peter Gallagher), Schmidt's father. He is divorced, but made out with Jess in his introductory episode. He owns a vineyard.[103] Nick and Schmidt do not trust him at first because he has been unreliable as a father to Schmidt, but Nick tells him to clean up his act, and he does so.[104] In season 6, he gets in trouble when he dates six women at once.[105]

text: Introduced in season 6[edit]

text:
Leslie Nelson (Ayden Mayeri), Aly's air-headed sister who initially works as a realtor.[106]
Donovan (Trent Garrett), a hunky attractive guy that Cece hires as a bartender.[107] He later becomes Cece's first client for her modeling agency business.
Merle Streep (Brian Huskey), Nick's publisher editor.[108]

text: Notes and episodes cited[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ Damon Wayans, Jr. was only credited as a part of the main cast in the "Pilot" episode.

Jump up ^ In the season 4 episode "Oregon", Jess reveals her middle name to be Christopher because her dad wanted a boy.

^ Jump up to: a b c "Cece Crashes". New Girl. Season 1. Episode 5. [14]

^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Bells". New Girl. Season 1. Episode 7. [6][7]

Jump up ^  "Secrets". New Girl. Season 1. Episode 19. April 3, 2012.

^ Jump up to: a b c  "See Ya". New Girl. Season 1. Episode 24. May 8, 2012.

^ Jump up to: a b "Pilot". New Girl. Season 1. Episode 1.

^ Jump up to: a b c "The Story of the 50". New Girl. Season 1. Episode 10. January 17, 2012.

Jump up ^ "Wedding". New Girl. Season 1. Episode 3.

^ Jump up to: a b "Thanksgiving". New Girl. Season 1. Episode 6.

^ Jump up to: a b c "Jess and Julia". New Girl. Season 1. Episode 11. January 31, 2012.

^ Jump up to: a b c d "Clean Break". New Girl. Season 4. Episode 22. May 5, 2015.  Event occurs at 06m10s for Winston's middle name, near end of episode for Cece's last name. Fox.

^ Jump up to: a b "The Crawl". New Girl. Season 4. Episode 15. February 10, 2015. Fox.

Jump up ^ Cece's last name has been spelled Parikh and Parekh. The season 5 episode "D-Day" shows an invitation where Cece's last name is spelled Parikh. The season 2 episode "Table 34" the captions spelled her name Parikh. However, it was spelled Parekh in the season 4 finale "Clean Break" and some captions early in season 5. It is also spelled Parekh in the Fox profiles.

Jump up ^ "Bad in Bed". New Girl. Season 1. Episode 8. December 6, 2011.

Jump up ^ "The 23rd". New Girl. Season 1. Episode 9. December 13, 2011.

^ Jump up to: a b "The Landlord". New Girl. Season 1. Episode 12. February 7, 2012.

Jump up ^ "Valentine's Day". New Girl. Season 1. Episode 13. February 14, 2012.

^ Jump up to: a b "Fancyman (Part 1)". New Girl. Season 1. Episode 17. March 20, 2012.

Jump up ^ "Coming Out". New Girl. Season 4. Episode 13. January 13, 2015. Fox.

Jump up ^ Barbara Kerford played Schmidt's mom in a flashback scene for Season 1 episode "Naked"

tag: ol


document_title: Geography of Europe

question_text: what is the mountain range between europe and asia

root

text: Geography of Europe

text: Overview[edit]

text: Some geographical texts refer to a Eurasian continent given that Europe is not surrounded by sea and its southeastern border has always been variously defined for centuries.

tag: p

text: In terms of shape, Europe is a collection of connected peninsulas and nearby islands. The two largest peninsulas are mainland Europe and Scandinavia to the north, divided from each other by the Baltic Sea. Three smaller peninsulas—Iberia, Italy and the Balkans—emerge from the southern margin of the mainland. The Balkan peninsula is separated from Asia by the Black and Aegean Seas. Italy is separated from the Balkans by the Adriatic Sea, and from Iberia by the Mediterranean Sea, which also separates Europe from Africa. Eastward, mainland Europe widens much like the mouth of a funnel, until the boundary with Asia is reached at the Ural Mountains and Ural River, the Caspian Sea and Caucasus Mountains.

text: Land relief in Europe shows great variation within relatively small areas. The southern regions are mountainous, while moving north the terrain descends from the high Alps, Pyrenees and Carpathians, through hilly uplands, into broad, low northern plains, which are vast in the east. An arc of uplands also exists along the northwestern seaboard, beginning in southwestern Ireland, continuing across through western and northern Great Britain, and up along the mountainous, fjord-cut spine of Norway.

text: This description is simplified. Sub-regions such as Iberia and Italy contain their own complex features, as does mainland Europe itself, where the relief contains many plateaus, river valleys and basins that complicate the general trend. Iceland and the British Isles are special cases. The former is of North Atlantic volcanic formation, while the latter consist of upland areas once joined to the mainland until cut off by rising sea levels.

text: Peninsula of peninsulas[edit]

text: Europe is sometimes called a "peninsula of peninsulas", to draw attention to the fact that Europe is a relatively small, elongated appendage to Asia, and that a large part of Europe is made up of peninsulas.[1]

text: Partial list of European peninsulas

text:
Absheron peninsula
Balkan peninsula
Cotentin Peninsula
Crimea
Fennoscandian Peninsula

Kola Peninsula
Scandinavian Peninsula

Iberian Peninsula
Italian Peninsula
Jutland
Kanin Peninsula

tag: ul

text: Geology[edit]

text: Europe's most significant geological feature is the dichotomy between the highlands and mountains of Southern Europe and a vast, partially underwater, northern plain ranging from Great Britain in the west to the Ural Mountains in the east.[citation needed] These two halves are separated by the mountain chains of the Pyrenees and the Alps/Carpathians. The northern plains are delimited in the west by the Scandinavian mountains and the mountainous parts of the British Isles. The major shallow water bodies submerging parts of the northern plains are the Celtic Sea, the North Sea, the Baltic Sea complex, and the Barents Sea.

text: The northern plain contains the old geological continent of Baltica, and so may be regarded as the "main continent", while peripheral highlands and mountainous regions in south and west constitute fragments from various other geological continents.

text: The geology of Europe is hugely varied and complex, and gives rise to the wide variety of landscapes found across the continent, from the Scottish Highlands to the rolling plains of Hungary.

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (March 2011)

tag: table

text: Population[edit]

text: Figures for the population of Europe vary according to which definition of European boundaries is used. The population within the standard physical geographical boundaries was 731 million in 2005 according to the United Nations. In 2010 the population is 857 million, using a definition which includes the whole of the transcontinental countries of Russia and Turkey. Population growth is comparatively slow, and median age comparatively high in relation to the world's other continents.

text: Rivers[edit]

text: The longest rivers in Europe with their approximate lengths:[2][3]

text:
Volga -   3,690 km (2,290 mi)
Danube - 2,860 km (1,780 mi)
Ural   -    2,428 km (1,509 mi)
Dnieper - 2,290 km (1,420 mi)
Don   -     1,950 km (1,210 mi)
Pechora - 1,809 km (1,124 mi)
Kama -  1,805 km (1,122 mi)
Oka   -   1,500 km (930 mi)
Belaya - 1,430 km (890 mi)
Tisza   -   1,358 km (844 mi)
Dniester - 1,352 km (840 mi)
Rhine   -   1,236 km (768 mi)
Elbe   -   1,091 km (678 mi)
Vistula - 1,047 km (651 mi)
Tagus   - 1,038 km (645 mi)
Daugava - 1,020 km (630 mi)
Loire - 1,012 km (629 mi)
Ebro - 960 km (600 mi)
Neman - 937 km (582 mi)
Sava - 933 km (580 mi)
Douro - 897 km (557 mi)
Oder - 854 km (531 mi)
Guadiana - 829 km (515 mi)
Rhône - 815 km (506 mi)
Seine  - 776 km (482 mi)
Mureș - 761 km (473 mi)
Prut - 742 km (461 mi)
Po - 682 km (424 mi)
Guadalquivir - 657 km (408 mi)
Olt - 615 km (382 mi)
Glomma - 604 km (375 mi)
Garonne - 602 km (374 mi)
Siret - 559 km (347 mi)
Neris - 510 km (320 mi)
Maritsa - 480 km (300 mi)
Gauja - 452 km (281 mi)
Vltava - 430 km (270 mi)
Ialomița - 417 km (259 mi)
Vah - 406 km (252 mi)
Vardar - 388 km (241 mi)
Shannon - 386 km (240 mi)
Someș - 376 km (234 mi)
Morava - 353 km (219 mi)
Drin Albania 335 km
Torne - 324 km (201 mi)

text: Lakes and inland seas[edit]

text: Major islands[edit]

text: Iceland, Faroe Islands, Great Britain, Ireland, Balearic Islands, Corsica, Sardinia, Sicily, Malta, Cyprus, Ionian Islands, Crete, Aegean Islands, Åland Islands, Gotland, Saaremaa, Svalbard, Hinnøya, Senja, Zealand, Fyn and North Jutlandic Island.

text: See also List of European islands by area and List of European islands by population

text: Plains and lowlands[edit]

text:
East European Plain, the largest landscape feature of Europe
Northern European Lowlands
Pannonian Plain
Meseta Central is a high plain (plateau) in central Spain (occupies roughly 40% of the country)
Po Valley, also known as Padan Plain, between Alps and Apennines

text: Mountain ranges[edit]

text: Some of Europe's major mountain ranges are:

text:
Ural Mountains, which form the boundary between Europe and Asia
Caucasus Mountains, which also separate Europe and Asia, and are the namesake of the Caucasian race
Carpathian Mountains, a major mountain range in Central and Southern Europe
Alps, in Central Western Europe
Apennines, which run through Italy
Pyrenees, the natural border between France and Spain
Cantabrian Mountains, which run across northern Spain
Scandinavian Mountains, a mountain range which runs through the Scandinavian Peninsula, includes the Kjølen mountains
Dinaric Alps, a mountain range in the Balkans
Balkan Mountains, a mountain range in central Balkans
Scottish Highlands (including the Cairngorms) in the United Kingdom.

text: Land area in different classes of European mountainous terrain (classification from UNEP-WCMC):

text:
Altitude
Area (km2)
% Area

≥4500m
1
0.00%

3500-4500m
225
0.00%

2500-3500m
497,886
4.89%

1500-2500m & slope ≥2°
145,838
1.43%

1000-1500m & slope ≥5°
or local elevation range >300m
345,255
3.39%

300-1000m
and local elevation range >300m
1,222,104
12.00%

Mountainous TOTAL
2,211,308
21.72%

Europe TOTAL
10,180,000
100.00%

text: Temperature and precipitation[edit]

text: The high mountainous areas of Europe are colder and have higher precipitation than lower areas, as is true of mountainous areas in general. Europe has less precipitation in the east than in central and western Europe. The temperature difference between summer and winter gradually increases from coastal northwest Europe to southeast inland Europe, ranging from Ireland, with a temperature difference of only 10 °C from the warmest to the coldest month, to the area north of the Caspian Sea, with a temperature difference of 40 °C. January average range from 13 °C in southern Spain and southern Greek islands to -20 °C in the northeastern part of European Russia. Desert climates are found in the European portion of Kazakhstan and South Eastern Spain.

text: Western Europe and parts of Central Europe generally fall into the temperate maritime climate (Cfb), the southern part is mostly a Mediterranean climate (mostly Csa, smaller area with Csb), the north-central part and east into central Russia is mostly a humid continental climate (Dfb) and the northern part of the continent is a subarctic climate (Dfc). In the extreme northern part (northernmost Russia; Svalbard), bordering the Arctic Ocean, is tundra climate (Et). Mountain ranges, such as the Alps and the Carpathian mountains, have a highland climate with large variations according to altitude and latitude.

text: Landlocked countries[edit]

text: If Nagorno-Karabakh Republic is considered a country (it is a non-UN member state recognised only by non-UN member states), it is landlocked by Armenia.

text:
Andorra
Armenia
Austria
Belarus
Czech Republic
Hungary
Kazakhstan
Kosovo
Liechtenstein
Luxembourg
Republic of Macedonia
Moldova
San Marino
Serbia
Slovakia
Switzerland
Vatican

text: Notes:

text:
Liechtenstein is doubly landlocked.
Switzerland, Liechtenstein, Austria, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Serbia, and Macedonia constitute a contiguous landlocked agglomeration of eight countries in Central Europe and the Balkans, stretching from Geneva all the way to Greece.
All other landlocked countries (Luxembourg, Andorra, Vatican, San Marino, Belarus, Moldova, Azerbaijan, and Kazakhstan) are "standalone" landlocked countries, not bordering any other such European one (the emphasis is necessary, since Kazakhstan borders Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and Kyrgyzstan, thus forming a vast landlocked expanse in Central Asia)

text: Countries consisting solely of islands or parts of islands[edit]

text:
Cyprus
Iceland
Ireland
Malta
United Kingdom

text: Countries bordering or spanning another continent[edit]

text:
Eurasia
Armenia, Azerbaijan, Republic of Cyprus, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Russia, Turkey, Greece (some Aegean islands and Kastelorizo island in southeastern Mediterranean)

Europe-Africa
Malta, Spain (Ceuta, Melilla and Canary Islands), Italy (Lampedusa and Lampione), Portugal (Madeira),[4] France (Réunion and Mayotte)

Europe-South America
France (French Guiana)

Europe-North America
France (Guadeloupe, Martinique, and St. Pierre et Miquelon), Denmark (Greenland), Netherlands (Bonaire, Saba, and St. Eustatius), Portugal (Corvo Island, Flores Island)

text: Countries that share a name with their capital[edit]

text:
Luxembourg
Monaco
San Marino
Vatican City
Andorra

text: Countries whose capital is not the most populous[edit]

text:
Country
Capital
Largest city or municipality

 Liechtenstein
Vaduz
Schaan

 Malta
Valletta
Birkirkara

 San Marino
San Marino
Serravalle

 Switzerland
Bern
Zurich

 Turkey
Ankara
Istanbul

text: Note: Italy's capital, Rome, is the country's largest city if only the municipality (comune) is considered. Greater Milan is the largest Metropolitan Area in Italy.

text: Brussels is considered to be the largest city of Belgium, according to the population of the Brussels-Capital Region. The population of the City of Brussels is ~175,000. Antwerp is the biggest city of the country.

text: List of countries by the number of other countries they border[edit]

text:
14
Russia (Including Kaliningrad)

11
France (Including overseas departments and territories)

9
Germany

8
Austria, Serbia, Turkey

7
Hungary, Poland, Ukraine

6
Italy

5
Azerbaijan, Belarus, Bulgaria, Croatia, Kazakhstan, Romania, Macedonia, Slovakia, Spain (Including Ceuta and Melilla), Switzerland

4
Albania, Armenia, Belgium, the Czech Republic, Georgia, Greece, Kosovo, Latvia, Lithuania, Montenegro, Slovenia

3
Bosnia and Herzegovina, Finland, Netherlands (Including Sint Maarten), Norway, Luxembourg

2
Andorra, Estonia, Liechtenstein, Moldova, Sweden

1
Denmark, Ireland, Monaco, Portugal, San Marino, United Kingdom, Vatican City

0
Iceland, Cyprus, Malta


document_title: Keeping up with the Joneses

question_text: where does the saying keeping up with the joneses come from

text: Keeping up with the Joneses

text: Origins[edit]

text: The phrase originates with the comic strip Keeping Up with the Joneses, created by Arthur R. "Pop" Momand in 1913. The strip ran until 1940 in The New York World and various other newspapers. The strip depicts the social climbing McGinis family, who struggle to "keep up" with their neighbors, the Joneses of the title. The Joneses were unseen characters throughout the strip's run, often spoken of but never shown. The idiom keeping up with the Joneses has remained popular long after the strip's end.[1][2][3][4]

text: Use of the name Jones for neighbors involved in social comparison predates Momand's comic strip. In 1879, English writer E. J. Simmons wrote in Memoirs of a Station Master of the railroad station as a place for social exchange: "The Joneses, who don't associate with the Robinsons, meet there."[1] American humorist Mark Twain made an allusion to Smith and Jones families with regard to social custom in the essay "Corn Pone Opinions," written in 1901 but first published in 1923. "The outside influences are always pouring in upon us, and we are always obeying their orders and accepting their verdicts. The Smiths like the new play; the Joneses go to see it, and they copy the Smith verdict."[5] Starting in 1908, D.W. Griffith directed a series of comedy shorts starring The Biograph Girl, Florence Lawrence, featuring the people next door, The Joneses.

text: An alternative explanation is that the Joneses of the saying refer to the wealthy family of Edith Wharton's father, the Joneses.[6] The Joneses were a prominent New York family with substantial interests in Chemical Bank as a result of marrying the daughters of the bank's founder, John Mason.[7] The Joneses and other rich New Yorkers began to build country villas in the Hudson Valley around Rhinecliff and Rhinebeck, which had belonged to the Livingstons, another prominent New York family to whom the Joneses were related. The houses became grander and grander. In 1853, Elizabeth Schermerhorn Jones built a 24-room gothic villa called Wyndcliffe described by Henry Winthrop Sargent in 1859 as being very fine in the style of a Scottish castle, but by Edith Wharton, Elizabeth's niece, as a gloomy monstrosity.[8] The villa reportedly spurred more building, including a house by William B. Astor (married to a Jones cousin), a phenomenon described as "keeping up with the Joneses". The phrase is also associated with another of Edith Wharton's aunts, Mary Mason Jones, who built a large mansion at Fifth Avenue and 57th Street, then undeveloped. Wharton portrays her affectionately in The Age of Innocence as Mrs. Manson Mingott, "calmly waiting for fashion to flow north".

text: A slightly different version is that the phrase refers to the grand lifestyle of the Joneses who by the mid-century were numerous and wealthy, thanks to the Chemical Bank and Mason connection. It was their relation Mrs William Backhouse Astor, Jr who began the "patriarchs balls", the origin of "The Four Hundred", the list of the society elite who were invited. By then the Joneses were being eclipsed by the massive wealth of the Astors, Vanderbilts and others but the four hundred list published in 1892 contained many of the Joneses and their relations—old money still mattered.

text: Social effects[edit]

text: The philosophy of "keeping up with the Joneses" has widespread effects on some societies. According to this philosophy, conspicuous consumption occurs when people care about their standard of living in relation to their peers.[9] The term was re-introduced in 1976 when an article about parenting included it[citation needed] and has remained a commercial and cultural watchword ever since.

text: According to Roger Mason, "the demand for status goods, fueled by conspicuous consumption, has diverted many resources away from investment in the manufacture of more material goods and services in order to satisfy consumer preoccupations with their relative social standing and prestige".[10]

text: Social status once depended on one's family name; however, the rise of consumerism in the United States gave rise to social mobility. With the increasing availability of goods, people became more inclined to define themselves by what they possessed and the subtle quest for higher status accelerated. Conspicuous consumption and materialism have been an insatiable juggernaut ever since.[11] The desire to increase one's position in the social hierarchy is responsible for much of the social mobility in America. The upward mobility over the past few decades in America is due in part to the large number of women joining the labor force. U.S. women have slowly and steadily increased their participation in the labor force from 46% of all women (age 16+) in 1974 to almost 60% in 2004.[12]

text: Even in countries where the desire for upward social mobility via consumerism and conspicuous consumption is strong, the poor may not be able to better themselves. Doug Henwood observed that "both the US and British poor were more likely to stay poor for a long period of time: almost half of all people who were poor for one year stayed poor for five or more years, compared with 30% in Canada and 36% in Germany. And, despite claims of great upward mobility in the United States, 45% of the poor rose out of poverty in a given year, compared with 45% in the UK, 53% in Germany, and 56% in Canada. And of those who did exit poverty, 15% of Americans were likely to make a round trip back under the poverty line, compared with 16% in Germany, 10% in the UK, and 7% in Canada".[13] The level of income inequality in a country has an inverse relationship with social mobility according to the authors of The Spirit Level.[14]

text: Inability to "keep up with the Joneses" might result in dissatisfaction, even for people whose status is high.[15]

text: One area in which "living above one's means" has caused negative social effects is that of credit card use. In the first quarter of 2002, total credit debt was $660 billion. By 2005, the total credit card debt had increased to $735 billion.[16] America's average credit card debt in 2007 was $8,400 per household. By the end of 2007, consumer debt in America had risen to $2.5 trillion.[17]

text: In popular culture[edit]

text: In the 1936 book The Next 100 Years, Clifford C. Furnas writes that the phenomenon of "'Keeping up with the Joneses' ... is descended from the spreading of the peacock's tail."[18]

text: The phrase is also referenced in the song "Luckenbach, Texas (Back to the Basics of Love)" by Waylon Jennings.

text: In the UK, when Princess Margaret married the fashionable photographer Anthony Armstrong-Jones in 1960, the media would sometimes mention 'keeping up with the Armstrong-Joneses'.

text: Ahmad Lewis has a song off his hit record called "The Joneses."

text: The phase appears in the song "I Wanna Go Back" by Christian singer David Dunn on his 2017 album "Yellow Balloons."

text: Dominic West makes reference to the phrase “Keeping up with the Joneses” in the 2003 film Mona Lisa Smile.


document_title: Perihelion and aphelion

question_text: where is the sun located on a diagram of earths orbit

text: Perihelion and aphelion

text: Etymology[edit]

text: The words perihelion and aphelion were coined by Johannes Kepler[3] to describe the orbital motion of the planets. The words are formed from the prefixes peri- (Greek: περί, near) and apo- (Greek: ἀπό, away from) affixed to the Greek word for the sun, ήλιος.[4]

text: Application to Earth[edit]

text: Earth is about 147.1 million kilometers (91.4 million miles) from the Sun at perihelion around January 3, in contrast to about 152.1 million kilometers (94.5 million miles) at aphelion around July 4 — a difference of about 5.0 million kilometers (3.1 million miles). (These dates change over time due to precession and other orbital factors, which follow cyclical patterns known as Milankovitch cycles. For a table of these dates for various years, see Apsis.)

text: Because of the increased distance at aphelion, only 93.55% of the solar radiation from the Sun falls on a given area of land as does at perihelion. However, this fluctuation does not account for the seasons,[5] as it is summer in the northern hemisphere when it is winter in the southern hemisphere and vice versa. Instead, seasons result from the tilt of Earth's axis, which is 23.4 degrees away from perpendicular to the plane of Earth's orbit around the sun. Winter falls on the hemisphere where sunlight strikes least directly, and summer falls where sunlight strikes most directly, regardless of the Earth's distance from the Sun.

text: In the northern hemisphere, summer occurs at the same time as aphelion. Despite this, there are larger land masses in the northern hemisphere, which are easier to heat than the seas. Consequently, summers are 2.3 °C (4 °F) warmer in the northern hemisphere than in the southern hemisphere under similar conditions.[6]


document_title: Pollen tube

question_text: where is the pollen tube on a flower

question_tokens: where is the pollen tube on a flower

text: Pollen tube

text: The pollen tube in Angiosperms[edit]

text: Angiosperm reproduction is a complex process that includes several steps that may vary among species.[1] Each step is a vast procedure in its own right. Pollen is produced by the stamen, the male reproductive organ of the flower. Each pollen grain contains a vegetative cell, and a generative cell that divides to form two sperm cells. The pollen is delivered by the opening of anthers for subsequent pollination, that is, for the transfer of pollen grains to the pistil, the female reproductive organ. Pollination is usually carried out by wind, water or insects. The ovaries hold the ovules that produce the female gamete: the egg cell, which waits in place for fertilization.

text: Once a pollen grain settles on a compatible pistil, it may germinate in response to a sugary fluid secreted by the mature stigma of certain plants. Lipids at the surface of the stigma may also stimulate pollen tube growth for compatible pollen. Plants that are self-sterile often inhibit the pollen grains from their own flowers from growing pollen tubes. The presence of multiple grains of pollen has been observed to stimulate quicker pollen tube growth in some plants.[citation needed] The vegetative cell then produces the pollen tube, a tubular protrusion from the pollen grain, which carries the sperm cells within its cytoplasm. The sperm cells are the male gametes that will join with the egg cell and the central cell in double fertilization.

text: The germinated pollen tube must then drill its way through the nutrient-rich style and curl to the bottom of the ovary to reach the ovule. Once the pollen tube successfully attains an ovule, it delivers the two sperm cells with a burst. One of them fertilizes the egg cell to form an embryo, which will become the future plant. The other one fuses with both polar nuclei of the central cell to form the endosperm, which serves as the embryo's food supply. Finally, the ovary will develop into a fruit and the ovules will develop into seeds.

text: Pollen tubes used to study cell physiology[edit]

text: Pollen tubes are an excellent model for the understanding of plant cell behavior.[2] They are easily cultivated in vitro and have a very dynamic cytoskeleton that polymerizes at very high rates, providing the pollen tube with interesting mechanical properties.[3] The pollen tube has an unusual kind of growth; it extends exclusively at its apex. Extending the cell wall only at the tip minimizes friction between the tube and the invaded tissue. This tip growth is performed in a pulsating manner rather than in a steady fashion.[4] Remarkably, the pollen tube’s journey through the style often results in depth-to-diameter ratios above 100:1 and up to 1000:1 in certain species. The internal machinery and the external interactions that govern the dynamics of pollen tube growth are far from being fully understood.

text: Pollen tube guidance[edit]

text: Extensive work has been dedicated to comprehend how the pollen tube responds to extracellular guidance signals to achieve fertilization.[1][2][5][6] It is believed that pollen tubes react to a combination of chemical, electrical, and mechanical cues during its journey through the pistil.[7][8][9] However, it is not clear how these external cues work or how they are processed internally. Moreover, sensory receptors for any external cue have not been identified yet. Nevertheless, several aspects have already been identified as central in the process of pollen tube growth. The actin filaments in the cytoskeleton, the peculiar cell wall, secretory vesicle dynamics, and the flux of ions, to name a few, are some of the fundamental features readily identified as crucial, but whose role has not yet been completely elucidated.

text: DNA repair[edit]

text: During pollen tube growth, DNA damages that arise need to be repaired in order for the male genomic information to be transmitted intact to the next generation. In the plant Cyrtanthus mackenii, bicellular mature pollen contains a generative cell and a vegetative cell.[10] Sperm cells are derived by mitosis of the generative cell during pollen tube elongation. The vegetative cell is responsible for pollen tube development. Double-strand breaks in DNA that arise appear to be efficiently repaired in the generative cell, but not in the vegetative cell, during the transport process to the female gametophyte.[10]


document_title: Love & Basketball

question_text: when did the movie love and basketball come out

text: Love & Basketball

text: Plot[edit]

text: Monica (Sanaa Lathan) and Quincy (Omar Epps) have wanted to be professional basketball stars since they were kids. Monica wanted to play for the Los Angeles Lakers and wear Magic Johnson's number 32, and Quincy wanted to be like his father and play for the Clippers, wearing number 22. However, Monica has to work hard to establish herself, while Quincy was born with natural star potential. As the two struggle to reach their goals of playing professionally, they must also deal with their emotions for each other.

text: The film spans roughly thirteen years of friendship between childhood sweethearts Monica Wright and Quincy McCall. The first quarter of the story begins in 1981, when Monica (played as a youth by Kyla Pratt) and her family moved to Los Angeles in 1981 from Atlanta, Georgia, and quickly became acquainted with their new neighbors the McCalls, a wealthy family due to the success of Quincy's father Zeke, the star shooting guard for the Los Angeles Clippers. Quincy and Monica are drawn to each other instantly, sharing a love of the game: basketball. Quincy (played as a youth by Glendon Chattman) is shocked that a girl could ever love basketball as much as he did, and he is even more shocked when Monica plays so well. Although their first interaction results in Quincy angrily knocking her down during game point and accidentally scarring her face, they share their first kiss on the first day of school and end the "first quarter" of the story fighting in the grass.

text: The second quarter of the story begins in 1988, when both Monica and Quincy are the respective leaders of their high school teams. Scouts have taken clear notice of Quincy, who many see as one of the top prospects in the country. His popularity was not just evident on the court as he is extremely popular with the other students and could have any girl in school that he wanted, but he is still good friends and neighbors with Monica.

text: Monica, on the other hand, struggles with her fiery emotions on the court, which often resulted in technical fouls at critical moments of games, getting benched, and eventually pushing away many potential scouting opportunities due to her lack of control. Aside from her emotions on the court, she also struggles with the emotions she secretly still harbors for Quincy and struggles to express them as he is always surrounded by other girls. Monica also has problems with her mother Camille, who is a stay at home wife and mother. Ever since she was a little girl, Monica has been pressured by Camille to give up basketball and "act like a lady", to the point that Camille would force her to wear dresses and skirts against her will. This has continued into her high school years, with Camille still complaining that Monica is too much of a "tomboy" and needs to learn to be more feminine, which leaves Monica feeling hurt and resentful of her mother for not accepting her for who she is and refuses to embrace the domestic "housewife" work that her mother seems to enjoy so much. Through soul searching throughout the season, Monica learns to control her emotions and leads her team to the state championship game. However, both she and her team came up short leading them to a victory, leaving Monica devastated and in tears.

text: Later on, Monica begins to recover from the defeat with the help of her older sister, Lena, who gives her a makeover and even finds a college friend to take her to her spring dance. With nothing more than a new hair style and a dress, Monica shows up to the spring dance looking as beautiful as ever. Despite having a date of his own, Quincy notices her and immediately walks over to her to compliment her new appearance but doesn't hesitate to comment on her date. They both show jealousy towards each others' dates and part ways. Later that night, they both speak outside her window and reveal to each other how their dates didn't meet their needs. She also lets him know that she has a letter from University of Southern California (USC) and insists on him to open it. After the letter reveals that she has been accepted, he finally stated that USC was also his choice. As they move in to congratulate each other with a hug, Monica mistakes the gesture as a kiss and that leads to them finally acting on their feelings for one another by making love to each other. It was Monica's first time.

text: The third quarter of the story follows Quincy and Monica to their freshman year at USC in 1988-89, where they are managing themselves as athletes, students, and a couple. Again, the same problems seem to present themselves, this time on a bigger stage. While Quincy finds instant success on the court, as well as more and more female admirers, Monica struggles for playing time, being the backup to USC's senior guard, Sidra O'Neal. To make matters worse, she falls on the bad side of the head coach, Ellie Davis, both for showing off and for her lack of defense. Her relationship with Quincy becomes more and more strained as Quincy struggles to deal with the media attention surrounding his father, who is trying to convince Quincy to finish college before going pro, and a paternity suit against him from a former lover. Quincy feels betrayed by his father for lying to him and threatens to leave school for the NBA early, despite his father begging him not to sacrifice his education just to spite him. Zeke mentions that his mom was only nineteen when she was pregnant with Quincy and he wasn't ready for a family, but he stayed anyway. Monica finally earns the starting point guard spot at the end of the season. However, Quincy can't be happy for her, because he blames her for not being there for him when he was having problems with his father. Monica is hurt deeply by Quincy, leading the two of them to go their separate ways.

text: The fourth quarter of the story follows the characters through the early 1990s, a few years before the establishment of the WNBA. In 1993, Monica's prospects for professional basketball lie exclusively in the IWBA, the International Women's Basketball Association, while Quincy steps into the pros at home. Monica settles into her new life in Barcelona, where she struggles to cope with the everyday grind of playing overseas away from family and friends. She misses home, but can't imagine a life that didn't include basketball. (Sidra points out that their teammate at USC, Big Toni, quit the previous year and now works at a bookstore). She tries to adapt to her surroundings as a local sports celebrity and the focal point of the team's offense. She leads her team to a dominant victory in the championship game at the end of the season. Despite all of her personal success, she starts to realize that her love for basketball isn't the same as it was before.

text: Having left USC after his freshman season, Quincy is now in his fifth year in the pros, trying to find a role with his new team, the Los Angeles Lakers. The moment he finally finds some playing time, he injures himself landing awkwardly after a slam-dunk and tearing his ACL. His family rushes to the hospital to be with him, but his now divorced parents still have bad blood when they see each other. After Monica hears about Quincy's injury, she flies home to see him.

text: Monica goes to the hospital to visit Quincy, and is stunned to hear of Quincy's engagement and to meet his fiancée (Tyra Banks). After her meeting with Quincy, Monica soon realizes that her feelings for him still exist. Monica also clashes with her mother Camille again over old resentments, causing Camille to remark that she had to give up her own dreams after having children and resenting Monica for not appreciating the sacrifices she made for her family, with Monica counter-arguing that Camille never made her feel loved and accepted, because she kept trying to force her to give up her goals for a stereotypical "woman's role" in life that she didn't want. Over the next few months, Quincy undergoes rehabilitation, while the day of his wedding draws closer. By this time, Monica has decided to give up basketball and work at a bank with her dad instead. When questioned by Quincy, she states that it was no longer fun for her. However, Quincy does not understand, stating that he never knew anyone who loved basketball as much as she did. After seeing how truly unhappy her youngest daughter is without either basketball or Quincy (or both) in her life, Camille finally relents and encourages Monica to fight for her dreams and the man she loves. Quincy and Monica meet up, this time as friends, and reminisce over their shared past. At this point, Quincy has recovered from his injury, and Monica finally steps up with an ultimatum. She challenges him to one final game on the court, but this time, the stakes are higher: if he loses, he calls off the wedding and chooses Monica; if not, he marries his fiancée. Her reasoning is that if he loses, it would be, because he let her win, which would mean that, deep down, he really doesn't want to get married, because he still loves her. Quincy agrees and beats her in the game, but can no longer be apart from Monica and chooses her instead. The phrase "double or nothing" brings a whole new meaning to the game.

text: The film fast-forwards to five years later in 1998. Monica has finally gone pro in the WNBA, which was created two years earlier by the NBA in 1996. The movie ends with Quincy helping their baby daughter cheer on Monica during her game. The back of her jersey is seen with the name "Wright-McCall", showing that Monica and Quincy got married. In the closing post-credit scene, Quincy and Monica's toddler daughter is seen in the backyard, running and putting her basketball into her toy basketball hoop.

text: Cast[edit]

text: Cast and crew adapted from AllRovi.[1]

text:
Sanaa Lathan as Monica Wright

Kyla Pratt as Young Monica

Omar Epps as Quincy McCall

Glenndon Chatman as Young Quincy

Alfre Woodard as Camille Wright, Monica's mom
Dennis Haysbert as Zeke McCall, Quincy's father
Debbi Morgan as Nona McCall, Quincy's mother
Harry J. Lenix as Nathan Wright, Monica's dad
Boris Kodjoe as Jason
Gabrielle Union as Shawnee
Monica Calhoun as Kerry
Regina Hall as Lena Wright, Monica's sister
Christine Dunford as Coach Davis
Tyra Banks as Karen, Quincy's fiancé
Al Foster as Coach Hiserman

text: Production[edit]

text: From August 1999 to October 1999

text: This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (January 2013)

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text: Love & Basketball is the soundtrack to the film, released April 18, 2000, on Overbrook Entertainment and New Line Records.[2] Production for the album came from several recording artists, including Raphael Saadiq, Angie Stone, Zapp, and Steve "Silk" Hurley.[3] In the US, the album peaked at number 45 on the Billboard 200 and number 15 on R&B/Hip-Hop Albums.[4] Stacia Proefrock of Allmusic gave the album a three-of-five star review, saying "Songs like MeShell Ndege'ocello's 'Fool of Me' help punctuate this story of childhood friends who love each other almost as much as they love the game of basketball. Other highlights of the soundtrack include songs from MC Lyte, Al Green, and Rufus."[5]

text: Release[edit]

text: Love & Basketball was released in the United States on April 21, 2000.[6]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Reviews[edit]

text: Love & Basketball received generally favorable reviews from film critics.[7] At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the film received an average score of 70, based on 28 reviews, which indicates "generally favorable".[7] At Rotten Tomatoes, which is similar to Metacritic, the film received an aggregated score of 82%, based on 87 reviews stating, "Confident directing and acting deliver an insightful look at young athletes."[8] Film reviewer Lisa Schwarzbaum of Entertainment Weekly gave Love & Basketball an A- review.[9] She enjoyed how the film portrayed women's sports in general and says "The speed and wiliness of the game itself ensure that movies about men who shoot hoops are exciting, but the novelty of watching women bring their own physical grace to the contest is a turn-on."[9] Schwarzbaum also appreciated Prince-Bythewood's directing skills, claiming "[She] is also vigilant and honest about the hard sacrifices made in pursuit of sexual equality. And for that, she scores big in her first pro game."[9]

text: Rachel Deahl of AllRovi gave the film 3.5 out of 5 stars. In her review she complimented Epps and Lathan on their performances, and said, "Love & Basketball serves as a somber reminder of how few films exist (much less love stories, much less ones that focus on the female perspective) about multi-dimensional African-American characters outside the ghetto."[6] Film critic Desson Howe of The Washington Post's Entertainment Guide wrote, "Love and Basketball had moments of such tenderness and sophistication, complimented [sic] by such romantic dreaminess between lead performers Omar Epps and Sanaa Lathan. First-time filmmaker Gina Prince-Bythewood's film joins such films as The Best Man and The Wood, which look for the class, not the crass, in African American life." Howe gave the film a favorable review.[10]

text: New York Post film critic Jonathan Foreman gave the film a mixed review; he appreciated how the film "effectively conveys the excitement of basketball from a player's point of view", but says it's filled with fake-sounding dialogue you only find in the cheesiest TV movies."[11] Roger Ebert, film critic of the Chicago Sun-Times, says "The film is not as taut as it could have been, but I prefer its emotional perception to the pumped-up sports clichés I was sort of expecting. It's about the pressures of being a star athlete; the whole life, not the game highlights. I'm not sure I quite believe the final shot, though. I think the girl suits up for the sequel." Ebert gave the film three out of four stars.[12] Robert Wilonsky of the Dallas Observer gave the film a negative review, saying, "[it] is a film built upon transitions so weak and obvious it's astonishing the entire thing doesn't collapse on itself. You want to root for it, as you would any rookie underdog, but it offers nothing to cheer for."[13] He also elaborates on the acting, stating "Omar Epps possesses a chiseled body and a blank stare [...] Lathan is only slightly better, but she's stuck in a hollow role."[13]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Love & Basketball was released in North America on April 21, 2000 to 1,237 theaters.[14] It grossed $3,176,000 its first day and ending its North American weekend with $8,139,180, which was the second-highest grossing movie of the April 21–23, 2000 weekend, only behind U-571.[15] Love & Basketball grossed $27,459,615 in the United States, which is ninth all-time for a basketball film and thirty-seventh all-time for a sports drama.[14] The film grossed $27,728,118 worldwide; $268,503 (1%) was grossed outside of the United States.[14]

text: Awards[edit]

text:
Year
Nominee/work
Award
Result

2001
Sanaa Lathan
Best Actress
Won[16]

text:
Year
Nominee/work
Award
Result

2001
Love & Basketball
Best Film
Won[17]

Love & Basketball
Best Film Poster
Won[17]

Love & Basketball
Best Soundtrack
Won[17]

Sanaa Lathan
Theatrical – Best Actress
Won[17]

Gina Prince-Bythewood
Theatrical – Best Director
Won[17]

"Fool of Me" (Meshell Ndegeocello)
Best Song
Won[17]

text:
Year
Nominee/work
Award
Result

2000
Love & Basketball
Sundance Film Category
Won[18]

text:
Year
Nominee/work
Award
Result

2000
Gina Prince-Bythewood
Best First Screenplay
Won[19]

text:
Year
Nominee/work
Award
Result

2001
D. Stevens
Best Drama Poster
Won[16]

text:
Year
Nominee/work
Award
Result

2001
Film
Outstanding Motion Picture
Nominated[20]

Omar Epps
Outstanding Actor in a Motion Picture
Nominated[20]

Sanaa Lathan
Outstanding Actress in a Motion Picture
Won[21]

Alfre Woodard
Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Motion Picture
Won[21]

Kyla Pratt
Outstanding Youth Actor/Actress
Nominated[20]


document_title: Climate of Moscow

question_text: when does it start to snow in moscow

question_tokens: when does it start to snow in moscow

text: Climate of Moscow

text: Monthly averages and records for Moscow[edit]

text: The highest temperature ever recorded was 38.2 °C (100.8 °F) on July 29, 2010, and minimum temperature recorded was −42 °C (−44 °F).[1] In 2007 three record highs for the month occurred – January + 8.6 °C (47.5 °F), March + 17.5 °C (63.5 °F), and May + 33.2 °C (91.8 °F); in 2008, there were new record highs for December and the entire winter: + 9.6 °C (49.3 °F).  On July 23, 2010, the temperature reached 36.7 °C (98.1 °F)[2] and continued to set record highs each following day until it finally reached + 38.2 °C (100.8 °F) on July 29, 2010.  In November 2010 a new month record high of +14.5 °C (58.1 °F) occurred (after +12.6 in 1927).

text: Average annual temperature in Moscow is 5.8 °C (42.4 °F), but recently (2007, 2008, 2015) it has been higher than 7 °C (45 °F).[3] In the first half of the 20th century, there was light night frost in late summer.[4]

text: Monthly rainfall totals vary minimally throughout the year, although the precipitation levels tend to be higher during the summer than during the winter. Due to the significant variation in temperature between the winter and summer months as well as the limited fluctuation in precipitation levels during the summer, Moscow is considered to be within a continental climate zone.

text: Most of records and averages are given for  VVC weather station, located in the North-Eastern administrative okrug of Moscow. The temperature from this station averages 0.5–1 °C lower than in the city center, and 0.5–2 °C higher than night minimums in the suburbs.[5]

text:
hideClimate data for Moscow (last decade, September 2006 – August 2016, VVC)

Month

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Year

Average high °C (°F)

−5.5 (22.1)

−3.5 (25.7)

3.2 (37.8)

11.6 (52.9)

20.1 (68.2)

22.7 (72.9)

25.8 (78.4)

23.7 (74.7)

16.5 (61.7)

8.6 (47.5)

2.6 (36.7)

−1.7 (28.9)

10.4 (50.7)

Daily mean °C (°F)

−7.4 (18.7)

−5.8 (21.6)

−0.1 (31.8)

7.1 (44.8)

14.7 (58.5)

17.7 (63.9)

20.6 (69.1)

18.8 (65.8)

12.6 (54.7)

6.1 (43)

1.1 (34)

−3.6 (25.5)

6.9 (44.4)

Average low °C (°F)

−9.2 (15.4)

−8.1 (17.4)

−3.5 (25.7)

2.5 (36.5)

9.4 (48.9)

12.6 (54.7)

15.4 (59.7)

13.9 (57)

8.7 (47.7)

3.7 (38.7)

−0.3 (31.5)

−4.6 (23.7)

3.4 (38.1)

Mean monthly sunshine hours

37

65

142

213

274

299

323

242

171

88

33

14

1,901

Source: weatheronline.co.uk[6]

text:
Year of

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Year

Year of

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Year

Record high (max t°C)

2007

1989

2014

2012

2007

1901

2010

2010

1890

1915

2013

2008

2010

high avg t°C

2007

1990

2007

2000

1949

1841

2010

1839

1851

1967

2013

2006

2015

Record low (min t°C)

1940

1929

1913

1879

1885

1916

1886

1885

1881

1960

1890

1940

1940

low avg t°C

1893

1929

1917

1929

1918

1904

1904

1884

1993

1976

1908

1839

1888

text:
hideClimate data for Moscow (VVC) normals 1981–2010, records 1879 – the present

Month

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Year

Record high °C (°F)

8.6 (47.5)

8.3 (46.9)

19.7 (67.5)

28.9 (84)

33.2 (91.8)

34.9 (94.8)

38.2 (100.8)

37.3 (99.1)

32.3 (90.1)

24.0 (75.2)

16.2 (61.2)

9.6 (49.3)

38.2 (100.8)

Average high °C (°F)

−4 (25)

−3.7 (25.3)

2.6 (36.7)

11.3 (52.3)

18.6 (65.5)

22.0 (71.6)

24.3 (75.7)

21.9 (71.4)

15.7 (60.3)

8.7 (47.7)

0.9 (33.6)

−3 (27)

9.6 (49.3)

Daily mean °C (°F)

−6.5 (20.3)

−6.7 (19.9)

−1 (30)

6.7 (44.1)

13.2 (55.8)

17.0 (62.6)

19.2 (66.6)

17.0 (62.6)

11.3 (52.3)

5.6 (42.1)

−1.2 (29.8)

−5.2 (22.6)

5.8 (42.4)

Average low °C (°F)

−9.1 (15.6)

−9.8 (14.4)

−4.4 (24.1)

2.2 (36)

7.7 (45.9)

12.1 (53.8)

14.4 (57.9)

12.5 (54.5)

7.4 (45.3)

2.7 (36.9)

−3.3 (26.1)

−7.6 (18.3)

2.1 (35.8)

Record low °C (°F)

−42.1 (−43.8)

−38.2 (−36.8)

−32.4 (−26.3)

−21 (−6)

−7.5 (18.5)

−2.3 (27.9)

1.3 (34.3)

−1.2 (29.8)

−8.5 (16.7)

−16.1 (3)

−32.8 (−27)

−38.8 (−37.8)

−42.1 (−43.8)

Average precipitation mm (inches)

52 (2.05)

41 (1.61)

35 (1.38)

37 (1.46)

49 (1.93)

80 (3.15)

85 (3.35)

82 (3.23)

68 (2.68)

71 (2.8)

55 (2.17)

52 (2.05)

707 (27.86)

Average rainy days

0.8

0.7

3

9

13

14

15

15

15

12

6

2

105.5

Average snowy days

18

15

9

1

0.1

0

0

0

0.1

2

10

17

72.2

Average relative humidity (%)

83

80

74

67

64

70

74

77

81

81

84

85

77

Mean monthly sunshine hours

33

72

128

170

265

279

271

238

147

78

32

18

1,731

Percent possible sunshine

14

27

35

40

53

53

52

51

38

24

13

8

34

Source: [7] [8] [9][10]

text:
showClimate data for Moscow (VVC) normals 1961–1990, records 1879–the present

Month

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Year

Record high °C (°F)

8.6 (47.5)

8.3 (46.9)

19.7 (67.5)

28.6 (83.5)

33.2 (91.8)

34.9 (94.8)

38.2 (100.8)

37.3 (99.1)

32.3 (90.1)

24.0 (75.2)

14.5 (58.1)

9.6 (49.3)

38.2 (100.8)

Average high °C (°F)

−6.3 (20.7)

−4.2 (24.4)

1.5 (34.7)

10.4 (50.7)

18.4 (65.1)

21.7 (71.1)

23.1 (73.6)

21.5 (70.7)

15.4 (59.7)

8.2 (46.8)

1.1 (34)

−3.5 (25.7)

8.9 (48)

Daily mean °C (°F)

−9.3 (15.3)

−7.7 (18.1)

−2.2 (28)

5.8 (42.4)

13.1 (55.6)

16.6 (61.9)

18.2 (64.8)

16.4 (61.5)

11.1 (52)

5.1 (41.2)

−1.2 (29.8)

−6.1 (21)

5.0 (41)

Average low °C (°F)

−12.3 (9.9)

−11.1 (12)

−5.6 (21.9)

1.7 (35.1)

7.6 (45.7)

11.5 (52.7)

13.5 (56.3)

12.0 (53.6)

7.1 (44.8)

2.1 (35.8)

−3.3 (26.1)

−8.6 (16.5)

1.2 (34.2)

Record low °C (°F)

−42.2 (−44)

−38.2 (−36.8)

−32.4 (−26.3)

−21 (−6)

−7.5 (18.5)

−2.3 (27.9)

1.3 (34.3)

−1.2 (29.8)

−8.5 (16.7)

−16.1 (3)

−32.8 (−27)

−38.8 (−37.8)

−42.2 (−44)

Average precipitation mm (inches)

52 (2.05)

41 (1.61)

35 (1.38)

37 (1.46)

51 (2.01)

80 (3.15)

85 (3.35)

82 (3.23)

68 (2.68)

71 (2.8)

54 (2.13)

51 (2.01)

713 (28.07)

Average rainy days

0.8

0.7

3

9

13

14

15

15

15

12

6

2

105.5

Average snowy days

18

15

9

1

0.1

0

0

0

0.1

2

10

17

72.2

Average relative humidity (%)

83

80

74

67

64

70

74

77

81

81

84

85

77

Mean monthly sunshine hours

33

72

128

170

265

279

271

238

147

78

32

18

1,731

Source: [7][8]
[9][10]

text:
hideClimate data for Moscow, records since 1948 (VVC weather st. only)

Month

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Year

Record high °C (°F)

8.6 (47.5)

8.3 (46.9)

19.7 (67.5)

28.9 (84)

33.2 (91.8)

33.9 (93)

38.2 (100.8)

37.3 (99.1)

29.4 (84.9)

23.7 (74.7)

14.5 (58.1)

9.6 (49.3)

38.2 (100.8)

Record low °C (°F)

−38.1 (−36.6)

−35.2 (−31.4)

−27.9 (−18.2)

−18.8 (−1.8)

−5.0 (23)

0.8 (33.4)

5.1 (41.2)

2.1 (35.8)

−5.2 (22.6)

−16.1 (3)

−23.3 (−9.9)

−38.0 (−36.4)

−38.1 (−36.6)

Source: [11][12][13]

text: Type of precipitation[edit]

text: Most precipitation in Moscow falls as rain, but in winter months almost all precipitation falls as snow, forming firm snow cover. The last wet snow precipitation may be in the beginning of May, and it may restart at the end of September.

text:
Type of precipitation

Jan (days)

Feb (days)

Mar (days)

Apr (days)

May (days)

Jun (days)

Jul (days)

Aug (days)

Sep (days)

Oct (days)

Nov (days)

Dec (days)

year (days)

snow

20

16

11

1

0

0

0

0

0

3

10

18

79

mixed

5

4

6

5

1

0

0

0

1

4

8

7

41

rain

1

1

3

10

12

14

14

14

15

12

6

2

103

text: Snow cover[edit]

text: Snow cover (averaging 3–5 months per year) is formed at the beginning of November and melts in beginning of April, but in recent years snow cover has lasted shorter than usual. For example, in the winter of 2006–2007 the snow cover didn't form until the end of January, and melted at the beginning of March; in 2007–2008, the snow cover melted at the end of February, and in the 2008–2009 winter, snow cover didn't form until the end of December, which is one month later than usual. Yet in 2011-2012 it melted in the middle of April.

text:
month

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

number of days

31

28

28

4

-

-

-

-

-

3

16

28

height (cm)

26

35

29

2

-

-

-

-

-

-

3

13

max.height (cm)

63

72

78

61

-

-

-

-

-

19

25

45

text: Wind[edit]

text: Speed of wind[edit]

text: The average wind speed is very high. In the city it is near 5 to 20 metres per second; in open places and airports it may top 6 metres per second.

text: Wind Storms and Tornadoes[edit]

text: A few times per season, often in the May–September period during thunderstorms, wind speed may exceed 15–35 metres per second. The last powerful wind storm was in 1998, when wind speed was 30–35 metres per second. 157 persons were injured, 8 died, and 2157 buildings were damaged.[14]

text: Tornadoes were recorded in 1904 and 1945 in Moscow and in 1970, 1971, the 1984 Yaroslavl tornado, 1987, 1994, and 1997 in Moscow Oblast 100 km south-east from Moscow (near Zaraysk), in 2005 in Dubna, and on 3 August 2007 in Krasnogorsk.[15]

text: In the 3 June 2009 tornado, F3[16] registered near Sergiyev Posad, Moscow oblast.[17][18][19]

text:
Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

year

2.5

2.5

2.5

2.5

2.2

2.1

1.9

1.8

2.0

2.4

2.5

2.6

2.3

text: Сloudiness and day light[edit]

text: Number of clear, cloudy and overcast days[edit]

text: On average Moscow has 1731 hours of sunshine in a year.[20] In 2004–2008, near 1800–2000 hours.[21]

text:
Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

year

Clear (sunshine)

8

9

10

8

11

7

8

10

8

5

3

4

82

Partial sunshine

11

10

13

17

16

20

20

17

16

13

9

10

184

Cloudy (overcast)

12

9

9

5

4

3

4

4

6

12

18

17

98

text: Daylight, average number of hours/day[edit]

text: Duration of daylight depends on geographical position of Moscow. It varies from 7 hours 00 minutes on December 22 to 17 hours 34 minutes on June 22. The maximum height of the sun above the horizon is 11° on 22 December and 58° on 22 June.

text: Near the day of the summer solstice (June 22), the sun does not fall below −12°. Thus the astronomical twilight does not occur in this period. Thus, the astronomical night does not come. Nevertheless, such lighting is not enough for normal human activity, so the streets need artificial illumination, and it is believed that there are no so-called white nights in Moscow, although the sky remains dark blue, and not black, as, for example, in southern Russia.

text:
Hours

Jan (hours)

Feb (hours)

Mar (hours)

Apr (hours)

May (hours)

Jun (hours)

Jul (hours)

Aug (hours)

Sep (hours)

Oct (hours)

Nov (hours)

Dec (hours)

Day

7.9

9.7

11.9

14.3

16.3

17.4

16.8

14.9

12.7

10.5

8.4

7.2

Night

16.1

14.3

12.1

9.7

7.7

6.6

7.2

9.1

11.3

13.5

15.6

16.8


question_text: who is the head of the secret service

question_tokens: who is the head of the secret service

text: History[edit]

text: President Abraham Lincoln signed legislation creating the Secret Service on April 14, 1865, the day of his assassination.[7] It was commissioned on July 5, 1865, in Washington, D.C. as the "Secret Service Division" of the Department of the Treasury.[8] After being appointed by President Andrew Johnson, William P. Wood was sworn in as the first Chief of the Secret Service on July 5, 1865 by Secretary of the Treasury Hugh McCulloch.[9]

text: When the Secret Service was established, its head was called the Chief of the Secret Service. In 1965, the title was changed to the Director of the Secret Service, four years into the term of James Joseph Rowley (1961–1973).[9] The longest serving head of the Secret Service was William H. Moran, who served under five presidents from 1917 to 1936.

text: On March 27, 2013, President Barack Obama appointed Julia Pierson to be the twenty-third Director of the Secret Service.[10] She became the first female director of the agency.[11] As of October 1, 2014, the Secret Service is led by Director Joseph Clancy, a retired agent who formerly led the Presidential Protective Division. On March 4, 2017, Director Joseph Clancy retired, leaving the position vacant until a replacement is nominated by President Donald Trump.[12] Meanwhile, William J. Callahan served as Acting Director of the United States Secret Service from March 4, 2017 to April 25, 2017. Randolph D. Alles, former acting deputy commissioner of the U.S. Customs and Border Protection, was appointed director by President of the United States, Donald Trump.[13]

text: List of Chiefs and Directors[edit]

text:
Order
Name
Assumed office
Left office
President appointed by

1
William P. Wood
July 5, 1865
1869
Andrew Johnson

2
Hiram C. Whitley
1869
1874
Ulysses S. Grant

3
Elmer Washburn
1874
1876

4
James Brooks
1876
1888
Rutherford B. Hayes

5
John S. Bell
1888
1890
Grover Cleveland

6
Andrew L. Drummond
1891
1894
Benjamin Harrison

7
William P. Hazen
1894
1898
Grover Cleveland

8
John E. Wilkie
1898
1911
William McKinley

9
William J. Flynn
1912
1917
William Howard Taft

10
William H. Moran
1917
1936
Woodrow Wilson

11
Frank J. Wilson
1937
1946
Franklin D. Roosevelt

12
James J. Maloney
1946
1948
Harry Truman

13
U. E. Baughman
1948
1961

14
James Joseph Rowley
September 1961
October 1973
John F. Kennedy

15
H. Stuart Knight
1973
1981
Richard Nixon

16
John R. Simpson
1981
1992
Ronald Reagan

17
John Magaw
1992
1993
George H. W. Bush

18
Eljay B. Bowron
1993
1997
Bill Clinton

19
Lewis C. Merletti
June 6, 1997
1999

20
Brian L. Stafford
March 4, 1999
January 24, 2003

21
W. Ralph Basham
January 27, 2003
May 30, 2006
George W. Bush

22
Mark J. Sullivan
May 31, 2006
March 27, 2013

23
Julia Pierson
March 27, 2013
October 1, 2014
Barack Obama

24
Joseph Clancy
October 1, 2014
March 4, 2017

Acting
William J. Callahan
March 4, 2017
April 25, 2017
Donald Trump

25
Randolph Alles
April 25, 2017
Incumbent