document_title: MIUI

question_text: miui 9.5 is based on which android version

text: MIUI

text: Development[edit]

text: The original MIUI ROMs were based on the Android 2.2.x Froyo and was initially developed in the Chinese language by Chinese startup Xiaomi Tech.[6] Xiaomi added a number of apps to enhance the basic framework; those include Notes, Backup, Music, and Gallery.[7] MIUI used to be translated and ported into unofficial versions in other languages by independent developers and groups of fansites. There are still unofficial ports being made but their popularity decreased after Xiaomi released their own cell phones. Updates are usually provided over-the-air every Thursday (CST).

text: MIUI and Google Play Services[edit]

text: Google has had disagreements with the Chinese government, and access to many Google services is blocked. MIUI does not ship with Google Play Services in mainland China. However, Xiaomi has expanded its operations outside China; MIUI releases for Android devices outside mainland China have Google Play Services and Google Apps such as Gmail, Google Maps, Google Play Store pre-installed and functioning as on any other Android device. MIUI global versions are certified by Google.

text: Comparison of all MIUI variants[edit]

text:
China
Global
Xiaomi.eu

Languages available
Few, including Chinese and English
Wide selection

Selection of downloadable themes
All
Some

Drag up search
Yes
with international Bing and selection of Chinese search engines

Google
Yes

Smart Assistant
App vault

Default source of apps
Mi App Store
Google Play
Additionally in India: Mi Picks[8]

Google Play

Mi Cloud services
All
Some
All

Updates
Developer
Stable
Beta
Stable
Dev/Beta
Stable

Highest priority.
Updated every Thursday

Usually updated every two months[9]
Updated every Thursday
Usually updated every two months
Updated every Friday
Usually updated every two months

OTA
Yes
Yes; patches are not supported, so a complete new ROM is downloaded each time

Official
Yes
Made by Xiaomi

Approved by the official distribution in the European Union.
Use on devices from the EU distribution does not void warranty.[10]
Made by fans gathered on Xiaomi.EU website.

Custom recovery requirement
No
Yes

Additional features

Optional access to various Chinese online services
built-in root support (unlocked bootloader is required)

Optional access to various Chinese online services
N/A

Additional icons for some third party apps
Unlocked some hardware features on selected devices

Supported Xiaomi devices
All
excluding Redmi Note 3SE and Mi 4i (dropped)
Older devices may not be updated

Majority
excluding devices never released outside PRC
Older devices may not be updated

All cell phones
excluding Mi 4i (dropped)
Older devices may not be updated

text: Criticisms and controversies[edit]

text: MIUI's kernel was proprietary, and in breach of Linux kernel's GPL.[11][12] Due to criticism, source code for certain components was released to GitHub on 25 October 2013.[13] Kernel sources for a limited number of devices, including the Mi3, Mi4, MiNote, and Redmi 1S, were released in March 2015.[14]

text: In its early days, MIUI was criticized for being visually similar to iOS, because, unlike stock Android and most Android skins at the time, it did not have an app drawer and chose to put all icons on the homescreen, like iOS. Other similarities include the app icons being in a uniform shape, the dialer and in-call interface, the organization of the Settings app, and the visual appearance of toggles in the UI. The similarities were taken even further by custom themes and mods created by fans to make MIUI simulate iOS. Xiaomi has since toned down the resemblance a bit

text: Since MIUI V4, based on Android Ice Cream Sandwich and Jelly Bean, Xiaomi added a virus scanning engine from partner company Tencent (formerly from Kingsoft, whose previous CEO was also Lei Jun) despite the opposition of many users. Methods of removing it were published in the MIUI's Chinese forum,[15] since the engine was not found to be helpful.[16]

text: Also during the development of MIUI V4, Xiaomi started to remove Google Mobile Services (GMS) from their ROMs because of Chinese government policies that arose in response to Google's disagreements with the Chinese government. The government blocked access to all Google services on every platform, in mainland China, and all phones made for the Chinese market are required not to allow the installation of GMS. GMS is present in the global variant of MIUI, however.

text: In order to raise funds for the company, MIUI has its own online services from Xiaomi, including cloud services, paid themes and games (featuring the MiCredit digital currency).[17]

text: Version history[edit]

text:
Version
Screenshot
Android version
Last Beta release
Initial Beta release
Date of release
Last Stable release
hideNotable change

Old version, no longer supported: MIUI V1

2.1
Unknown
0.8.16
000000002010-08-16-000016 August 2010
N/A
Initial release

Old version, no longer supported: MIUI V2

2.1-2.3.x
Unknown
Unknown
Unknown
N/A
Redesigned user interface

Old version, no longer supported: MIUI V3

2.3.x
Old version, no longer supported: 2.4.20
Unknown
Unknown
N/A
Redesigned user interface

Old version, no longer supported: MIUI V4

4.0.x – 4.1.x
Old version, no longer supported: 3.2.22
Unknown
Unknown
ICS24.0[18]

New user interface
Added anti-virus

Old version, no longer supported: MIUI V5

4.1.x – 4.4.2
Old version, no longer supported: 4.12.5
3.3.1
000000002013-03-01-00001 March 2013[19]
22.0[20]

New user interface
Google Services were removed from Chinese Version

Old version, no longer supported: MIUI V6

4.4.2 – 5.0.2
Old version, no longer supported: 5.8.6
4.8.29
000000002014-08-29-000029 August 2014[21]
6.7.2.0
New user interface

Old version, no longer supported: MIUI V7

4.4.2– 6.0.1
Old version, no longer supported: 6.5.26
5.8.13
000000002015-08-13-000013 August 2015[22]
7.5.1.0
Locked bootloader on selected old devices and all released afterwards

Old version, no longer supported: MIUI V8

4.4.2– 7.1.1
Old version, no longer supported: 7.7.20
6.6.16
000000002016-06-16-000016 June 2016[23]
8.5.10.0

Minor changes to the user interface
Updated system apps
Added support for Second Space and Dual apps.

Current stable version: MIUI V9

4.4.2 – 8.1
Current stable version: 8.5.x
7.8.10
10 August 2017
9.5.9.0

Minor changes to the user interface
Added split screen
Improved Notification Shade and QuickCard (currently known as App Vault)
New silent mode
Added key and gesture shortcuts.


document_title: Let Me Count the Ways

question_text: who wrote the poem how do i love thee let me count the ways

root

text: Let Me Count the Ways

text: "How do I love thee, let me count the ways" is a line from the 43rd sonnet of Sonnets from the Portuguese, a collection of 44 love sonnets written by Elizabeth Barrett Browning.

tag: p

text: Let Me Count the Ways may also refer to:

text: Music[edit]

text:
"Super 8", a 2013 song by Jason Isbell
"Let Me Count the Ways" (Yoko Ono song), 1980 song from Milk and Honey
"Let Me Count the Ways" (Natural song), 2002
"Let Me Count the Ways (I Love You)", a 1976 song by The Temptations from The Temptations Do The Temptations
"Let Me Count the Ways", a 1980 song by Tanya Tucker from Dreamlovers (album)
"Let Me Count the Ways", a 1984 song by Steve Hackett from Till We Have Faces
"Let Me Count the Ways", a 1996 song by Dave Koz from Off the Beaten Path

tag: ul

text: Literature[edit]

text:
Let Me Count the Ways, a 1965 work by Peter De Vries
Let Me Count the Ways, a 1988 novel by Leigh Michaels
Let Me Count the Ways: Discovering Great Sex Without Intercourse, a 1999 book by Marty Klein
"Let Me Count the Ways", a 2007 poem by Matthew Byrne, also appearing in The Best American Poetry 2007

text: Television[edit]

text:
"Let Me Count the Ways", an episode of Knots Landing
"Let Me Count the Ways", an episode of Cheers
"Let Me Count the Ways", an episode of The Red Green Show

text:
This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Let Me Count the Ways.
If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.

tag: table

text: Disambiguation pages

text: All article disambiguation pagesAll disambiguation pages


document_title: Multiple birth

question_text: what do you call a set of 9 babies

question_tokens: what do you call a set of 9 babies

text: Multiple birth

text: Terminology[edit]

text: Terms used for multiple births or the genetic relationships of their offspring:

text:
Monozygotic – multiple (typically two) fetuses produced by the splitting of a single zygote
Polyzygotic – multiple fetuses produced by two or more zygotes:

text:
Dizygotic – multiple (typically two) fetuses produced by two zygotes
Trizygotic – three or more fetuses produced by three zygotes

text: Terms used for the number of offspring in a multiple birth:

text:
Two offspring - twins
Three offspring - triplets
Four offspring - quadruplets
Five offspring - quintuplets
Six offspring - sextuplets
Seven offspring - septuplets
Eight offspring - octuplets
Nine offspring - nonuplets
Ten offspring - decuplets

text: See List of multiple births.

text: Human multiple births[edit]

text: In humans, the average length of pregnancy (two weeks fewer than gestation) is 38 weeks with a single fetus. This average decreases for each additional fetus: to thirty-six weeks for twin births, thirty-two weeks for triplets, and thirty weeks for quadruplets. With the decreasing gestation time, the risks from immaturity at birth and subsequent viability increase with the size of the sibling group. Only as of the twentieth century have more than four all survived infancy.

text: Recent history has also seen increasing numbers of multiple births. In the United States, it has been estimated that by 2011, 36% of twin births and 78% of triplet and higher-order births resulted from conception by assisted reproductive technology.[1]

text: Twins[edit]

text: Twins are by far the most common form of multiple births in humans. The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention report more than 132,000 sets of twins out of 3.9 million births of all kinds each year, about 3.4%, or 1 in 30.[2]

text: Triplets[edit]

text: Identical triplets come from a monozygotic pregnancy, three fetuses from one egg. The most common set, strictly fraternal triplets, comes from a polyzygotic pregnancy of three eggs. Between these types, triplets that include an identical (monozygotic) pair of siblings plus a fraternal sibling are the result of a dizygotic pregnancy, where one zygote divides into two fetuses and the other doesn't.

text: Triplets are far less common than twins, according to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, accounting for only about 4300 sets in 3.9 million births, just a little more than 0.1%, or 1 in 1000.[2] According to the American Society of Reproductive Medicine, only about 10% of these are identical triplets: about 1 in ten thousand.[2] Nevertheless, only 4 sets of identical triplets were reported in the U.S. during 2015, about one in a million.[2] According to Victor Khouzami, Chairman of Obstetrics at Greater Baltimore Medical Center, "No one really knows the incidence".[2]

text: Identical triplets or quadruplets are very rare and result when the original fertilized egg splits and then one of the resultant cells splits again (for triplets) or, even more rarely, a further split occurs (for quadruplets). The odds of having identical triplets is unclear. News articles and other non-scientific organizations give odds from one in 60,000 to one in 200 million pregnancies.[2][4][5][6][7][8]

text: Quadruplets[edit]

text:
Quadruplets are much rarer than twins or triplets. As of 2007, there were approximately 3500 sets recorded worldwide. Quadruplet births are becoming increasingly common due to fertility treatments. There are around 70 sets of all-identical quadruplets worldwide. Many sets of quadruplets contain a mixture of identical and fraternal siblings, such as three identical and one fraternal, two identical and two fraternal, or two pairs of identicals. One famous set of identical quadruplets was the Genain quadruplets, all of whom developed schizophrenia.
Quadruplets are sometimes referred to as "quads" in Britain.[9]

text: Quintuplets[edit]

text: Quintuplets occur naturally in 1 in 55,000,000 births.[10] The first quintuplets known to survive infancy were the all-female Canadian Dionne Quintuplets, born in 1934. Quintuplets are sometimes referred to as "quins" in the UK and "quints" in North America.[11]

text: Sextuplets[edit]

text: Born in Liverpool, England on 18 November 1983, the Walton sextuplets were the world's first all-female surviving sextuplets, and the world's fourth known set of surviving sextuplets. Another well-known set of sextuplets is the Gosselin sextuplets, born May 10, 2004 in Hershey, Pennsylvania.[12] Reality television shows called Jon & Kate Plus 8 and later Kate Plus 8 have chronicled the lives of these sextuplets.

text: Very high-order multiple births[edit]

text: In 1997, the McCaughey septuplets were born in Carlisle, Iowa. Multiple births of as many as eight babies have been born alive, the first set on record to the Chukwu family in Texas in 1998; one died and seven survived. In 2009, a second set, the Suleman octuplets, were born in Bellflower, California.[13][14] The most recent report that all were still alive shortly before their fifth birthday.[15]

text: There have been a few sets of nonuplets (nine) in which a few babies were born alive, though none lived longer than a few days. There have been cases of human pregnancies that started out with ten, eleven, twelve or fifteen fetuses, but no instances of live births.  The pregnancies of the 10, 11 and 15 fetuses have all resulted from fertility medications and assisted reproductive technology (ART). However, there has been one documented case when 12 fetuses were conceived naturally.[16][not in citation given]

text: Causes and frequency[edit]

text: The examples and perspective in this article deal primarily with North America and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject. You may improve this article, discuss the issue on the talk page, or create a new article, as appropriate. (December 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The frequency of N multiple births from natural pregnancies has been given as approximately 1:89N-1 (Hellin's law) and as about 1:80N-1.[17] This gives:

text:
1:89 (= 1.1%) or 1:80 (= 1.25%) for twins
1:892 (= 1:7921, about 0.013%) or 1:802 (= 1:6400) for triplets
1:893 (= approx. 0.000142%, less than 1:700,000) or 1:803 for quadruplets

text: North American dizygotic twinning occurs about once in 83 conceptions, and triplets about once in 8000 conceptions. US figures for 2010 were:[18][19]

text:
Twins, 132,562, 3.31%
Triplets, 5,503, 0.14%
Quadruplets, 313, 0.0078%
Quintuplets and more, 37, 0.00092%

text: Human multiple births can occur either naturally (the woman ovulates multiple eggs or the fertilized egg splits into two) or as the result of infertility treatments such as IVF (several embryos are often transferred to compensate for lower quality) or fertility drugs (which can cause multiple eggs to mature in one ovulatory cycle).

text: For reasons that are not yet known, the older a woman is, the more likely she is to have a multiple birth naturally. It is theorized that this is due to the higher level of follicle-stimulating hormone that older women sometimes have as their ovaries respond more slowly to FSH stimulation.[20]

text: The number of multiple births has increased over the last decade. For example, in Canada between 1979 and 1999, the number of multiple birth babies increased 35%. Before the advent of ovulation-stimulating drugs, triplets were quite rare (approximately 1 in 8000 births) and higher-order births much rarer still.[citation needed] Much of the increase can probably be attributed to the impact of fertility treatments, such as in-vitro fertilization. Younger patients who undergo treatment with fertility medication containing artificial FSH, followed by intrauterine insemination, are particularly at risk for multiple births of higher order.

text: Certain factors appear to increase the likelihood that a woman will naturally conceive multiples. These include:

text:
mother's age: women over 35 are more likely to have multiples than younger women[21]
mother's use of fertility drugs: approximately 35% of pregnancies arising through the use of fertility treatments such as IVF involve more than one child

text: The increasing use of fertility drugs and consequent increased rate of multiple births has made the phenomenon of multiples more frequent and hence more visible. In 2004 the birth of sextuplets, six children, to Pennsylvania couple Kate and Jon Gosselin helped them to launch their television series, originally Jon & Kate Plus 8 and (following their divorce) Kate Plus 8, which became the highest-rated show on the TLC network.

text: Risks[edit]

text: Premature birth and low birth weight[edit]

text: Babies born from multiple-birth pregnancies are much more likely to result in premature birth than those from single pregnancies. 51% of twins and 91% of triplets are born preterm, compared to 9.4% in singletons.[22] 14% of twins and 41% of triplets are even born very preterm, compared to 1.7% in singletons.[22]

text: At present, there is no way to stop twins being born early.[23] In women with single pregnancies drugs called betamimetics can relax the muscles of the uterus and delay birth.[24] Giving betamimetics can give more time to give steroids, for the baby’s lung development, or to transfer the mother to a hospital with a special care unit.[24]

text: However, there is not enough evidence to say whether or not women with twin pregnancies should be given oral betamimetics to reduce the risk of preterm birth.[23] In some studies betamimetics have reduced the rate of preterm labour in twin pregnancies however the studies are too small to draw any solid conclusions.[23] Likewise, putting a stitch in the neck of the womb (a cervical suture) to prevent premature birth has not been shown to work in women carrying more than one baby due to the small sample sizes in the studies.[25]

text: The preterm births also result in multiples tending to have a lower birth weight compared to singletons.

text: Some evidence[who?] indicates that only 1.10% of singletons are born with a very low birth weight and 10.12% twins and 31.88% triplets were found to be born with very low birth weight.  This study[who?] was conducted by looking at the statistics from the U.S. Natality Files (5).

text: Among the exceptions are the Kupresak triplets of Mississauga, Ontario, Canada; their combined weight at birth in 2008, of 17 lbs, 2.7 ounces, set a world record.[26]

text: Cerebral palsy[edit]

text: Cerebral palsy is more common among multiple births than single births, being 2.3 per 1,000 survivors in singletons, 13 in twins, and 45 in triplets in North West England.[27] This is likely a side effect of premature birth and low birth weight.

text: Incomplete separation[edit]

text: Multiples may be monochorionic, sharing the same chorion, with resultant risk of twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome. Monochorionic multiples may even be monoamniotic, sharing the same amniotic sac, resulting in risk of umbilical cord compression and nuchal cord. In very rare cases, there may be conjoined twins, possibly impairing function of internal organs.

text: Mortality rate (stillbirth)[edit]

text:
Multiples are also known to have a higher mortality rate.  It is more common for multiple births to be stillborn, while for singletons the risk is not as high.  A literary review on multiple pregnancies shows a study done on one set each of septuplets and octuplets, two sets of sextuplets, 8 sets of quintuplets, 17 sets of quadruplets, and 228 sets of triplets.  By doing this study, Hammond found that the mean gestational age (how many weeks when birthed) at birth was 33.4 weeks for triplets and 31 weeks for quadruplets. This shows that stillbirth happens usually 3–5 weeks before the woman reaches full term and also that for sextuplets or higher it almost always ends in death of the fetuses.[28]
Though multiples are at a greater risk of being stillborn, there is inconclusive evidence whether the actual mortality rate is higher in multiples than in singletons.

text: Prevention in IVF[edit]

text: Today many multiple pregnancies are the result of in vitro fertilisation (IVF). In a study in 1997 of 2,173 embryo transfers performed as part of in vitro fertilisation (IVF), 34% were successfully delivered pregnancies.[29] The overall multiple pregnancy rate was 31.3% (24.7% twins, 5.8% triplets, and .08% quadruplets).[29] Because IVFs are producing more multiples, a number of efforts are being made to reduce the risk of multiple births- specifically triplets or more. Medical practitioners are doing this by limiting the number of embryos per embryo transfer to one or two. That way, the risks for the mother and fetuses are decreased.

text: The appropriate number of embryos to be transferred depends on the age of the woman, whether it is the first, second or third full IVF cycle attempt and whether there are top-quality embryos available. According to a guideline from The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) in 2013, the number of embryos transferred in a cycle should be chosen as in following table:[30]

text:
Age
Attempt no.
Embryos transferred

<37 years
1st
1

2nd
1 if top-quality

3rd
No more than 2

37–39 years
1st & 2nd
1 if top-quality

2 if not top-quality

3rd
No more than 2

40–42 years

2

text: Also, it is recommended to use single embryo transfer in all situations if a top-quality blastocyst is available.[30]

text: Management[edit]

text: Bed rest has not been found to change outcomes and therefore is not generally recommended outside of a research study.[31]

text: Selective reduction[edit]

text: Selective reduction is the termination of one or more, but not all, of the fetuses in a multiple pregnancy. This is often done in pregnancies with multiple gestations to increase the likelihood that one child may live a healthy life. Armour[32] reported a loss rate of 5.4% in a review of 1,000 cases of selective reduction.  Fifteen percent of the losses occurred within 4 weeks of the procedures and more than 50% occurred after 8 weeks. This suggests that the reduction was successful at reducing the embryos from multiple gestations to single.

text: Though selective reduction seems to be effective, mothers of multiples who undergo this procedure are at a higher risk of miscarrying compared to that of an unreduced multiple pregnancy.  A study done by looking at 158 pregnant women who underwent selective reduction from higher order multiples to twins showed that the mother had a 10.6% chance of miscarriage. Mothers of twin pregnancies without reduction only had a 9.5% chance of miscarriage.  A study by Antsaklis[33] showed a small increase in mortality for reduced twin pregnancies versus unreduced twin pregnancies.

text: However, there is a lack of good quality research on the risks and benefits of selective reduction procedures.[34] Many parents often find the suggestion of selective termination upsetting particularly if the pregnancy is a result of IVF or they have had difficulty getting pregnant in the past. Background, religious or personal beliefs can all play a part in effecting whether parents want to go through with the procedure and could be the reason why research in this area is scarce.[34]

text: Competition among fertility clinics does not appear to increase rates of multiple births from fertility treatment by promoting more aggressive embryo transfer decisions.[35]

text: Care in pregnancy[edit]

text:
Women with a multiple pregnancy are usually seen more regularly by midwives or doctors than those with singleton pregnancies because of the higher risks of complications.[36] However, there is currently no evidence to suggest that specialised antenatal services produce better outcomes for mother or babies than ‘normal’ antenatal care.
[37]

text: Nutrition[edit]

text: As preterm birth is such a risk for women with multiple pregnancies, it has been suggested that these women should be encouraged to follow a high-calorie diet to increase the birth weights of the babies. Evidence around this subject is not yet good enough to advise women to do this because the long term effects of the high-calorie diets on the mother are not known.[38]

text: Cesarean section or vaginal delivery[edit]

text: A study in 2013 involving 106 participating centers in 25 countries came to the conclusion that, in a twin pregnancy of a gestational age between 32 weeks 0 days and 38 weeks 6 days, and the first twin is in cephalic presentation, planned Cesarean section does not significantly decrease or increase the risk of fetal or neonatal death or serious neonatal disability, as compared with planned vaginal delivery.[39] In this study, 44% of the women planned for vaginal delivery still ended up having Cesarean section for unplanned reasons such as pregnancy complications. In comparison, it has been estimated that 75% of twin pregnancies in the United States were delivered by Cesarean section in 2008.[40] Also in comparison, the rate of Cesarean section for all pregnancies in the general population varies between 40% and 14%.[41]

text: Fetal position (the way the babies are lying in the womb) usually determines if they are delivered by caesarean section or vaginally. A review of good quality research on this subject found that if the twin that will be born first (i.e. is lowest in the womb) is head down there is no good evidence that caesarean section will be safer than a vaginal birth for the mother or babies.[42]

text: Monoamniotic twins (twins that form after the splitting of a fertilised egg and share the same amniotic fluid sac) are at more risk of complications than twins that have their own sacs. There is also insufficient evidence around whether to deliver the babies early by caesarean section or to wait for labour to start naturally while running checks on the babies’ wellbeing.[43] The birth of this type of twins should therefore be decided with the mother and her family and should take into account the need for good neonatal care services.[44]

text: Cesarean delivery is needed when first twin is in non cephalic presentation or when it is a monoamniotic twin pregnancy.

text: Neonatal intensive care[edit]

text: Multiple-birth infants are usually admitted to neonatal intensive care immediately after being born. The records for all the triplet pregnancies managed and delivered from 1992-1996 were looked over to see what the neonatal statistics were.  Kaufman[45] found from reviewing these files that during a five-year period, 55 triplet pregnancies, which is 165 babies, were delivered.  Of the 165 babies 149 were admitted to neonatal intensive care after the delivery.

text: Society and culture[edit]

text: Insurance coverage[edit]

text: A study by the U.S. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality found that, in 2011, pregnant women covered by private insurance in the United States were older and more likely to have multiple gestation than women covered by Medicaid.[46]

text: Cultural aspects[edit]

text: Certain cultures consider multiple births a portent of either good or evil.[47]

text: Mayan culture saw twins as a blessing, and was fascinated by the idea of two bodies looking alike. The Mayans used to believe that twins were one soul that had fragmented.[citation needed]

text: In Ancient Rome, the legend of the twin brothers who founded the city (Romulus and Remus) made the birth of twin boys a blessing, while twin girls were seen as an unlucky burden, since both would have to be provided with an expensive dowry at about the same time.

text: In Greek mythology, fraternal twins Castor and Polydeuces, and Heracles and Iphicles, are sons of two different fathers. One of the twins (Polydeuces, Heracles) is the illegitimate son of the god Zeus; his brother is the son of their mother's mortal husband. A similar pair of twin sisters are Helen (of Troy) and Clytemnestra (who are also sisters of Castor and Polydeuces). The theme occurs in other mythologies as well, and is called superfecundation.

text: In certain medieval European chivalric romances, such as Marie de France's Le Fresne, a woman cites a multiple birth (often to a lower-class woman) as proof of adultery on her part; while this may reflect a widespread belief, it is invariably treated as malicious slander, to be justly punished by the accuser having a multiple birth of her own, and the events of the romance are triggered by her attempt to hide one or more of the children.[48]  A similar effect occurs in the Knight of the Swan romance, in the Beatrix variants of the Swan-Children; her taunt is punished by giving birth to seven children at once, and her wicked mother-in-law returns her taunt before exposing the children.[49]


document_title: Fastest animals

question_text: what is the 2nd fastest animal on earth

question_tokens: what is the 2nd fastest animal on earth

text: Fastest animals

text: Fastest organism[edit]

text: The fastest land animal is the cheetah, which has a recorded speed of 68-75 mph.[1] The peregrine falcon is the fastest bird and the fastest member of the animal kingdom with a diving speed of 242 mph.[2] The fastest animal in the sea is the black marlin, which has a recorded speed of 80 mph.[3]

text: While comparing between various classes of animals, a different unit is used, body length per second for organisms. The fastest organism on earth, relative to body length, is the South Californian mite Paratarsotomus macropalpis, which has a speed of 322 body lengths per second.[4] The equivalent speed for a human running as fast as this mite would be 1300 mph.[5] This is far in excess of the previous record holder, the Australian tiger beetle, Cicindela eburneola, the fastest insect in the world relative to body size, which has been recorded at 2.034 yards} or 171 body lengths per second.[6] The cheetah, the fastest land mammal, scores at only 16 body lengths per second [4] while Anna's hummingbird has the highest known length-specific velocity attained by any vertebrate.

text:
List of animals by speed

Rank
Animal
Maximum speed
Class
Notes

1
Peregrine falcon
389 km/h (242 mph)[2][7]
Flight
The peregrine falcon is the fastest aerial animal, fastest animal in flight, fastest bird, and the overall fastest member of the animal kingdom. The peregrine achieves its highest velocity not in horizontal level flight, but during its characteristic hunting stoop. While stooping, the peregrine falcon soars to a great height, then dives steeply at speeds of over 200 mph (320 km/h).[2]

2
Golden eagle
240–320 km/h (150–200 mph)
Flight

3
White-throated needletail swift
169 km/h (105 mph)[8][9][10]

4
Eurasian hobby
160 km/h (100 mph)[11]
Flight
Can sometimes outfly the swift

5
Frigatebird
153 km/h (95 mph)[12]
Flight
The frigatebird's high speed is helped by its having the largest wing-area-to-body-weight ratio of any bird.

6
Rock dove (pigeon)
148.9 km/h (92.5 mph)[13]
Flight
Pigeons have been clocked flying 92.5 mph (148.9 km/h) average speed on a 400-mile (640 km) race.

7
Spur-winged goose
142 km/h (88 mph)[14]
Flight

8
Black marlin
129 km/h (80 mph)[3]
Swimming
A hooked black marlin has been recorded stripping line off a fishing reel at 120 feet per second (82 mph; 132 km/h).[3]

9
Gyrfalcon
128 km/h (80 mph)
Flight

10
Grey-headed albatross
127 km/h (79 mph)[15][16][note 1]
Flight

11
Cheetah
109.4–120.7 km/h (68.0–75.0 mph)[a]
Land
Fastest land-animal, fastest feline, the cheetah can accelerate from 0 to 96.6 km/h (60.0 mph) in under three seconds, though endurance is limited.[1]

12
Sailfish
109.19 km/h (67.85 mph)
Flight-swimming

13
Anna's hummingbird
98.27 km/h (61.06 mph)[22]
Flight

14[note 2]
Swordfish
97 km/h (60 mph)[23]
Swimming

15
Pronghorn
7001245833333333333♠88.5 km/h (55.0 mph)[b]
Land

16
Springbok
7001244444444444444♠88 km/h (55 mph)[28][29]
Land

17[note 3]
Blue wildebeest
7001223611111111111♠80.5 km/h (50.0 mph)[c]
Land

18[note 3]
Lion
7001223611111111111♠80.5 km/h (50.0 mph)[33]
Land

19
Blackbuck

7001222222222222222♠80 km/h (50 mph)[28][34]

Land

text: Birds[edit]

text:
Animal
Maximum recorded speed
Notes

Peregrine falcon
389 km/h (242 mph)[2][7]
The peregrine falcon is the fastest bird, and the fastest member of the animal kingdom. When in its hunting dive, the stoop, it soars to a great height, then dives steeply at speeds of over 200 mph (320 km/h). However, it does not hold first place when travelling in level flight.

Golden eagle

240–320 km/h (150–200 mph)

In full stoop, a golden eagle can reach spectacular speeds of up to 240 to 320 kilometers per hour (150 to 200 mph) when diving after prey. Although less agile and maneuverable, the golden eagle is apparently quite the equal and possibly even the superior of the peregrine falcon’s stooping and gliding speeds.

White-throated needletail
169 km/h (105 mph)[8][9][10]
The fastest-flying bird in flapping flight.

Eurasian hobby
160 km/h (100 mph)[11]
It can sometimes even outfly birds such as the swift when hunting.

Frigatebird
153 km/h (95 mph)[12]
The frigatebird's high speed is helped by its having the largest wing-area-to-body-weight ratio of any bird.

Rock dove (pigeon)
148.9 km/h (92.5 mph)[13]
Pigeons have been clocked flying 92.5 mph (148.9 km/h) average speed on a 400-mile (640 km) race.

Spur-winged goose
142 km/h (88 mph)[14]

Red-breasted merganser
129 km/h (80 mph)[35]

Gyrfalcon
128 km/h (80 mph)

Grey-headed albatross
127 km/h (79 mph)[15][16][note 4]

Anna's hummingbird
98.27 km/h (61.06 mph)[22]
The stated speed equals 276 body lengths per second, the highest known length-specific velocity attained by any vertebrate.

Ostrich
96.6 km/h (60 mph)[36]
The ostrich is the tallest and heaviest species of all living birds. Although its bulky body means that flying is out of the question, the ostrich has adapted to life on the ground with impressive agility. Ostriches are superb runners that can sprint at speeds of up to 45 mph (72 km/h)[37] on average, with a peak 60 mph (96.6 km/h) during short periods, with 12 foot strides. This also makes the ostrich the fastest animal on two legs. The ostrich is also an endurance runner and can jog at 30 mph (48 km/h) for as long as half an hour.

text:
Jump up ^ Sustained ground speed for approximately nine hours with no rest on high tailwinds during an Antarctic storm.
Jump up ^ Swordfish and ostrich have approximately equal average recorded speeds.
^ Jump up to: a b The average recorded speeds of both blue wildebeest and lion are approximately equal.
Jump up ^ Sustained ground speed for approximately nine hours with no rest on high tailwinds during an Antarctic storm.

tag: ol

text: Reptiles[edit]

text:
Animal
Maximum recorded speed
Notes

Central bearded dragon
40 km/h (25 mph)[38]

Green Iguana
35 km/h (22 mph)[39]
Green Iguanas are the largest lizards to dwell in trees, and can move faster than the fastest snake can move along the ground.

Leatherback sea turtle
35.28 km/h (21.92 mph)[40]
Leatherback turtles have the most hydrodynamic body design of any sea turtle, with a large, teardrop-shaped body.

Black mamba
23 km/h (14 mph)[41]

Komodo dragon
21 km/h (13 mph)[42]
Komodo dragons are also speedy reptiles. They can run briefly up to 13 mph (21 km/h) but prefer to hunt by stealth.[42]

text: Fish[edit]

text:
Animal
Maximum recorded speed
Notes

Black marlin
129 km/h (80 mph)[3]
A hooked black marlin has been recorded stripping line off a fishing reel at 120 feet per second (82 mph; 132 km/h).[3]

Sailfish
109.19 km/h (67.85 mph)[43]
In a series of tests carried out in a fishing cam at Long Key, Florida, United States, sailfish swam and leapt 91 meters (300 feet) in 3 seconds, equivalent to a speed of 109 km/h (68 mph), although this speed includes leaps out of the water, which do not strictly qualify as swimming speed.[44]

Swordfish
97 km/h (60 mph)[23]
The 60 mph (97 km/h) figure listed for the swordfish is based on a corrupted version of calculations made by Sir James Gray to estimate the impact speed necessary for a hypothetical 600-pound (270 kg) swordfish to embed its sword 3 feet in the timbers of ships, as has been known to occur; the figure seems to have entered the literature without question as though someone had actually timed a swordfish at that speed.[45]

Yellowfin tuna
76 km/h (47 mph)[46]
Many tuna species are capable of swimming at fast speeds colloquially cited at around 80 km/h (50 mph). The tails of tuna move fast enough to cause cavitation, which slows them down as vapour accumulates.[47] Tuna have bony fins without nerve endings, which prevents the fish from feeling the pain of cavitation but does not fully protect them from the implosive damage.

Shortfin mako shark
72 km/h (45 mph)[48]
Underwater and unimpeded by a fishing line, the Shortfin Mako has been reliably clocked at 31 miles (50 kilometres) per hour, and there is a claim that one individual of this species achieved a burst speed of 46 miles (74 kilometres) per hour. But it is extremely difficult to get a fish in the wild to swim in a straight line over a measured course. Laboratory measurements of numerous kinds of fishes — representing a wide range of body sizes — swimming against an artificial current have revealed a surprisingly uniform maximum burst speed of about 10 times the body length per second. Thus, for an average-sized, 6.5-foot (2-metre) Shortfin, its theoretical maximum speed might be something on the order of 45 miles (72 kilometres) per hour. Yet some estimates of the top-speed of a Shortfin Mako are considerably higher.[49]

text: Mammals[edit]

text:
Animal
Maximum speed
Notes

Mexican free-tailed bat
(in flight)
7001444444444444444♠160 km/h (99 mph)[50]

Cheetah
109.4–120.7 km/h (68.0–75.0 mph)[d]
The cheetah can accelerate from 0 to 96.6 km/h (60.0 mph) in under three seconds, though endurance is limited: most cheetahs run for only 60 seconds at a time.[1] When sprinting, cheetahs spend more time in the air than on the ground.[51] See Sarah, the fastest cheetah.

Pronghorn
7001245833333333333♠88.5 km/h (55.0 mph)[e]
The pronghorn (American antelope) is the fastest animal over long distances; it can run 56 km/h for 6 km (35 mph for 4 mi), 67 km/h for 1.6 km (42 mph for 1 mi), and 88.5 km/h for 0.8 km (55 mph for 0.5 mi).[1]

Springbok
7001244444444444444♠88 km/h (55 mph)[28][29]
The springbok, an antelope of the gazelle tribe in southern Africa,[29] can make long jumps and sharp turns while running. Unlike pronghorns, springboks are poor long-distance runners.[1]

Wildebeest
7001223611111111111♠80.5 km/h (50.0 mph)[f]
The wildebeest, an antelope, exists as two species: the blue wildebeest and the black wildebeest. Both are extremely fast runners, which allows them to flee from predators.[32] They are better at endurance running than at sprinting.[31]

Lion
80.5 km/h (50.0 mph)[33]
The lion (Panthera leo) It is the second fastest wild cat with a top running speed of 80.5 km/h though it lasts only for very short bursts and can be highly exhausting, hence they have to be close to their prey before starting the attack.[33]

Blackbuck
7001222222222222222♠80 km/h (50 mph)[28][34]
The blackbuck antelope can sustain speeds of 80 km/h (50 mph) for over 1.5 km (0.93 mi) at a time.[34] Each of its strides (i.e., the distance between its hoofprints) is 5.8–6.7 m (19–22 ft).[28]

Hare
7001223520000000000♠80 km/h (50 mph)
Hares can reach maximum speeds of 35 mph (56 km/h)[52] in short distances of approximately 90 meters, and a top speed of 50 mph (80 km/h) for about 20 meters.

Greyhound
7001205555555555555♠74 km/h (46 mph)[g]
Greyhounds are the fastest dogs, and have primarily been bred for coursing game and racing.

Jackrabbit
7001200000000000000♠72 km/h (45 mph)[h]
The jackrabbit's strong hind legs allow it to leap 3 m (9.8 ft) in one bound; some can even reach 6 m (20 ft).[63] Jackrabbits use a combination of leaps and zig-zags to outrun predators.[56]

African wild dog
7001197222222222222♠71 km/h (44 mph)[i]
When hunting, African wild dogs can sprint at 66 km/h (41 mph) in bursts, and they can maintain speeds of 56–60 km/h (35–37 mph) for up to 4.8 km (3 mi).[67][68] Their targeted prey rarely escapes.[65]

Kangaroo
7001197222222222222♠71 km/h (44 mph)[j]
The comfortable hopping speed for a kangaroo is about 21–26 km/h (13–16 mph), but speeds of up to 71 km/h (44 mph) can be attained over short distances, while it can sustain a speed of 40 km/h (25 mph) for nearly 2 km (1.2 mi).[70] The faster a kangaroo hops, the less energy it consumes (up to its cruising speed).[69]

Horse
7001196555555555555♠70.76 km/h (43.97 mph)[71]
The fastest horse speed was achieved by a thoroughbred.

Onager
7001194444444444444♠70 km/h (43 mph)[k]
The onager consists of several subspecies, which most likely share the same ability to run at high speeds.[74]

Thomson's gazelle
7001194444444444444♠70 km/h (43 mph)[l]
Thomson's gazelles, being long-distance runners, can escape cheetahs by sheer endurance.[76] Their speed is partially due to their "stotting", or bounding leaps.[75]

Coyote
7001180555555555555♠65 km/h (40 mph)[m]
Coyotes can easily reach 48 km/h (30 mph), and can sprint at 65 km/h (40 mph) when hunting.[78] Even when lacking a front foot, a coyote can still run at around 32 km/h (20 mph).[77]

Common dolphin
7001180555555555555♠65 km/h (40 mph)[n]
Common dolphins are the fastest marine mammal. When reaching their top speed, they take very short breaths. As an example, fin whales, which are much larger, can empty and refill their lungs in 2 seconds

Zebra
7001177777777777777♠64 km/h (40 mph)[o]
Zebras have a home range anywhere between 11 and 232 sq mi (28 and 601 km2) and they can travel 10 mi (16 km) a day while grazing.[83]

Tiger
7001177777777777777♠64 km/h (40 mph)[p]
They live in jungles, and have been recorded going anywhere from 30 mph (48 km/h) to 40 mph (64 km/h), although only in short bursts.

Hyena
7001166666666666666♠60 km/h (37 mph)[q]
The hyena can run up to 60 km/h (37 mph); some attribute this performance specifically to the spotted hyena.[87] They use their speed to chase their prey, sometimes traveling 15 mi (24 km) in a single chase.

Human
Instantaneous max. 7001132100320000000♠47.56 km/h (29.55 mph)
Avg max over fastest 10 to 20m was 45 kmh/28 mph[88] Compared to other land animals, humans are exceptionally capable of endurance, but exceptionally incapable of great speed.

*Usain Bolt set the 100 m world record at 9.58 seconds. His absolute fastest recorded speeds (between individual strides) during that sprint were 13.2 meters/second (29.55 mph / 47.52 km/h) between strides during the 50m to 70m intervals. Average overall maximum speeds over this 20m section of the race (where max speed is reached during approx. the middle) to 75m were 44–45 km/h (28 mph) before tapering from 75m onwards.[89]

Hicham El Guerrouj set the current men's mile run (5,280 feet/1,609.344 metres) world record of 3:43.13.
Svetlana Masterkova set the current women's mile run (5,280 feet/1,609.344 metres) world record of 4:12.56.[90]

In the absence of significant external factors, non-athletic humans tend to walk at about 1.4 m/s (5.0 km/h; 3.1 mph) and run at about 5.1 m/s (18 km/h; 11 mph).[91][92][93] Although humans are capable of walking at speeds from nearly 0 m/s to upwards of 2.5 m/s (9.0 km/h; 5.6 mph) and running 1 mile (1.6 kilometers) in 6.5 minutes, humans typically choose to use only a small range within these speeds.[94]

African elephant
7000692912000000000♠24.9 km/h (15.5 mph)[95]

text: Invertebrates[edit]

text:
Animal
Maximum recorded speed
Notes

Horsefly
145 km/h (90 mph)[96][unreliable source?]
The pursuit maneuver used by male Hybomitra hinei wrighti, measured by interpolation of slow-motion cinematography.

Members of Loliginidae and Ommastrephidae
36 km/h (22 mph)
Many of these species "fly" out of the water to escape danger. The Japanese flying squid can glide for 3 seconds over 30 metres.

Paratarsotomus macropalpis
~22 cm/s or 800 m/h
(8.7 in/s or 0.51 mph)
0.7 mm long mite endemic to Southern California, tracked running up to 322 body lengths per second, equivalent to a human running at around 2,092 km/h (1,300 mph). It can withstand temperatures of 60 °C (140 °F), which are lethal to many animals.[5][97]

Tiger beetle
6.8 km/h (4.2 mph)[6]
The Australian tiger beetle Cicindela eburneola, is one of the fastest running insects in the world relative to body size, which has been recorded at 6.8 km/h (4.2 mph) or 171 body lengths per second. It can fly at a speed of 27 mph


document_title: You've Got Mail (soundtrack)

question_text: who sings somewhere over the rainbow in the movie you've got mail

question_tokens: who sings somewhere over the rainbow in the movie you 've got mail

text: You've Got Mail (soundtrack)

text: Background[edit]

text: The soundtrack was released on December 1, 1998 under Atlantic Records, and featured a mixture of classics from the 1960s and 1970s, particularly the work of Harry Nilsson  with three original songs,  as well as new original recordings and covers.[3]  The score to the film was written by the English composer George Fenton.[4]

text: Track listing[edit]

text:
Harry Nilsson - "The Puppy Song" - 2:43
The Cranberries - "Dreams" - 4:31
Bobby Darin - "Splish Splash" - 2:12
Louis Armstrong - "Dummy Song" - 2:19
Harry Nilsson - "Remember" - 4:02
Roy Orbison - "Dream" - 2:12
Bobby Day - "Rockin' Robin" - 2:36
Randy Newman - "Lonely at the Top" - 2:32
Stevie Wonder - "Signed, Sealed, Delivered I'm Yours" - 2:38
Sinéad O'Connor - "I Guess the Lord Must Be in New York City" - 3:08
Harry Nilsson - "Over the Rainbow" - 3:31
Carole King - "Anyone At All" - 3:09
Billy Williams - "I'm Gonna Sit Right Down and Write Myself a Letter" - 2:08
George Fenton - "The 'You've Got Mail' Suite" - 5:36
Jimmy Durante - "You Made Me Love You" - 3:04

text: Other songs from the film[edit]

text: The song "Never Smile at a Crocodile" is featured in the film (in the scene where Joe first meets Kathleen in her bookstore) but is not on the soundtrack album. Also, although the movie features Harry Nilsson's original version of "I Guess The Lord Must Be In New York City," it does not appear on the soundtrack album.  The Sinéad O'Connor "cover version" featured on the soundtrack album is heard only during the closing credits of the film.


document_title: Thorax

question_text: where is the thorax located in the body

question_tokens: where is the thorax located in the body

text: Thorax

text: Structure[edit]

text: In humans and other hominids, the thorax is the chest region of the body between the neck and the abdomen, along with its internal organs and other contents. It is mostly protected and supported by the rib cage, spine, and shoulder girdle.

text: Contents[edit]

text: The contents of the thorax include the heart and lungs and the thymus gland); the (major and minor pectoral muscles, trapezius muscles and neck muscle); internal structures such as the diaphragm, esophagus, trachea and a part of the sternum known as the xiphoid process). Arteries and veins are also contained – (aorta, superior vena cava, inferior vena cava and the pulmonary artery); bones (the shoulder socket containing the upper part of the humerus, the scapula, sternum, thoracic portion of the spine, collarbone, and the rib cage and floating ribs).

text: External structures are the skin and nipples.

text: The chest[edit]

text: In the human body, the region of the thorax between the neck and diaphragm in the front of the body is called the chest. The corresponding area in an animal can also be referred to as the chest.

text: The shape of the chest does not correspond to that part of the thoracic skeleton that encloses the heart and lungs. All the breadth of the shoulders is due to the shoulder girdle, and contains the axillae and the heads of the humeri. In the middle line the suprasternal notch is seen above, while about three fingers' breadth below it a transverse ridge can be felt, which is known as the sternal angle and this marks the junction between the manubrium and body of the sternum. Level with this line the second ribs join the sternum, and when these are found the lower ribs can often be counted. At the lower part of the sternum, where the seventh or last true ribs join it, the ensiform cartilage begins, and above this there is often a depression known as the pit of the stomach.

text: Bones[edit]

text: The bones of the thorax, called the "thoracic skeleton" is a component of the axial skeleton.

text: It consists of the ribs and sternum.The ribs of the thorax are numbered in ascending order from 1-12. 11 & 12 are known as floating ribs because they have no anterior attachment point in particular the cartilage attached to the sternum, as 1-7 are, and therefore are termed "floating". Whereas ribs 8-10 are termed false ribs as their costal cartilage articulates with the costal cartilage of the rib above.

text: Anatomical landmarks[edit]

text: The anatomy of the chest can also be described through the use of anatomical landmarks. The nipple in the male is situated in front of the fourth rib or a little below; vertically it lies a little external to a line drawn down from the middle of the clavicle; in the female it is not so constant. A little below it the lower limit of the great pectoral muscle is seen running upward and outward to the axilla; in the female this is obscured by the breast, which extends from the second to the sixth rib vertically and from the edge of the sternum to the mid-axillary line laterally. The female nipple is surrounded for half an inch by a more or less pigmented disc, the areola. The apex of a normal heart is in the fifth left intercostal space, three and a half inches from the mid-line.

text: Clinical significance[edit]

text: Different types of diseases or conditions that affect the chest include pleurisy, flail chest, atelectasis, and the most common condition, chest pain. These conditions can be hereditary or caused by birth defects or trauma. Any condition that lowers the ability to either breathe deeply or to cough is considered a chest disease or condition.

text: Injury[edit]

text: Injury to the chest (also referred to as chest trauma, thoracic injury, or thoracic trauma) results in up to ¼ of all deaths due to trauma in the United States.[4]

text: The major pathophysiologies encountered in blunt chest trauma involve derangements in the flow of air, blood, or both in combination. Sepsis due to leakage of alimentary tract contents, as in esophageal perforations, also must be considered. Blunt trauma commonly results in chest wall injuries (e.g., rib fractures). The pain associated with these injuries can make breathing difficult, and this may compromise ventilation. Direct lung injuries, such as pulmonary contusions (see the image below), are frequently associated with major chest trauma and may impair ventilation by a similar mechanism.

text: Pain[edit]

text: Chest pain can be the result of multiple issues including respiratory problems, digestive issues, musculoskeletal complications. The pain can trigger cardiac issues as well. Not all pain that is felt is associated with the heart, but it should not be taken lightly either. Symptoms can be different depending on the cause of the pain.[5] While cardiac issues cause feelings of sudden pressure in the chest or a crushing pain in the back, neck and arms, pain that is felt due to non cardiac issues gives a burning feeling along the digestive tract or pain when deep breaths are attempted. Different people feel pains differently for the same condition. Only a patient truly knows if the symptoms are mild or serious.

text: Chest pain may be a symptom of myocardial infarctions. If this condition is present in the body, discomfort will be felt in the chest that is similar to a heavy weight placed on the body. Sweating, shortness of breath, lightheadedness, and irregular heartbeat may also be experienced. If heart attack occurs, the bulk of damage is caused during the first six hours, so getting the proper treatment quickly as possible is important. Some people, especially those who are elderly or have diabetes, may not have typical chest pain but may have many of the other symptoms of a heart attack. It is important that these patients and their care givers have a good understanding of heart attack symptoms.

text: Non-cardiac causes of chest pain[edit]

text: Just like with a heart attack, not all chest pain is suffered because of a condition involving the heart. Chest wall pain can be experienced after an increase in activity. Persons who add exercise to their daily routine generally feel this type of pain at the beginning. It is important to monitor the pain to ensure that it is not a sign of something more serious. Pain can also be experienced in persons who have an upper respiratory infection. This virus is also accompanied by fever and cough. Shingles is another viral infection that can give symptoms of chest or rib pain before a rash develops. Injuries to the rib cage or sternum is also a common cause of chest pain. It is generally felt when deep breaths are taken or during cough.

text: Atelectasis[edit]

text: Another non cardiac cause of chest pain is atelectasis. It is a condition that suffered when a portion of the lung collapses from being airless. When bronchial tubes are blocked, this condition develops and causes patients to feel shortness of breath. The most common cause of atelectasis is when a bronchi that extends from the windpipe is blocked and traps air. The blockage may be caused by something inside the bronchus, such as a plug of mucus, a tumour, or an inhaled foreign object such as a coin, piece of food, or a toy.[6] It is possible for something outside of the bronchus to cause the blockage.

text: Pneumothorax[edit]

text: Pneumothorax is the condition where air or gas can build up in the pleural space. It can occur without a known cause or as the result of a lung disease or acute lung injury.[7] The size of the pneumothorax changes as air or gas builds up, so a medical procedure can release the pressure with a needle. If it is untreated, blood flow can be interrupted and cause a drop in blood pressure known as tension pneumothorax. It is possible for smaller cases to clear up on their own. Symptoms of this condition are often felt only on one side of the lung or as a shortness of breath.

text: Other animals[edit]

text: In tetrapods[edit]

text: In mammals, the thorax is the region of the body formed by the sternum, the thoracic vertebrae, and the ribs. It extends from the neck to the diaphragm, and does not include the upper limbs. The heart and the lungs reside in the thoracic cavity, as well as many blood vessels. The inner organs are protected by the rib cage and the sternum. Thoracic vertebrae are also distinguished in birds, but not in reptiles.

text: In arthropods[edit]

text: In insects, crustaceans, and the extinct trilobites, the thorax is one of the three main divisions (or tagmata) of the creature's body, each of which is in turn composed of multiple segments. It is the area where the wings and legs attach in insects, or an area of multiple articulating plates in trilobites. In most insects, the thorax itself is composed of three segments; the prothorax, the mesothorax, and the metathorax. In extant insects, the prothorax never has wings, though legs are always present in adults; wings (when present) are restricted to at least the mesothorax, and typically also the metathorax, though the wings may be reduced or modified on either or both segments. In the Apocritan Hymenoptera, the first abdominal segment is fused to the metathorax, where it forms a structure known as the propodeum. Accordingly, in these insects, the functional thorax is composed of four segments, and is therefore typically called the mesosoma to distinguish it from the "thorax" of other insects.

text: Each thoracic segment in an insect is further subdivided into various parts, the most significant of which are the dorsal portion (the notum), the lateral portion (the pleuron; one on each side), and the ventral portion (the sternum). In some insects, each of these parts is composed of one to several independent exoskeletal plates with membrane between them (called sclerites), though in many cases the sclerites are fused to various degrees.

text: Additional Images[edit]

text:
Volume rendering of a high resolution computed tomography of the thorax. The anterior thoracic wall, the airways and the pulmonary vessels anterior to the root of the lung have been digitally removed in order to visualize the different levels of the pulmonary circulation.

Thorax. Anterior view.

Thorax. Anterior view.


document_title: Backchannel (linguistics)

question_text: backchanneling cues such as yes and uh-huh come under which stage of listening

text: Backchannel (linguistics)

text: In linguistics, backchannels are listener responses in a primarily one-way communication. These can be both verbal and non-verbal in nature, and are frequently phatic expressions, primarily serving a social or meta-conversational purpose, rather than involving substantial two-way communication.

text: The term "backchannel" was designed to imply that there are two channels of communication operating simultaneously during a conversation.[1] The predominant channel is that of the speaker who directs primary speech flow. The secondary channel of communication (or backchannel) is that of the listener which functions to provide continuers or assessments,[2] defining a listener's comprehension and/or interest.

text: Due to research development in recent years, backchannel responses have been expanded to include sentence completions, requests for clarification, brief statements, and non-verbal responses and now fall into three categories: non-lexical, phrasal, and substantive.[3] A non-lexical backchannel is a vocalized sound that has little or no referential meaning but still verbalizes the listener's attention. In English, sounds like "uh-huh" and "hmm" serve this role. Phrasal backchannels most commonly assess or acknowledge a speaker's communication with simple words or phrases (for example, "Really?" or "Wow!" in English). Substantive backchannels consist of more substantial turn-taking by the listener and usually manifest as asking for clarification or repetitions.

text: The term was coined by Victor Yngve in 1970, in the following passage: "In fact, both the person who has the turn and his partner are simultaneously engaged in both speaking and listening. This is because of the existence of what I call the back channel, over which the person who has the turn receives short messages such as 'yes' and 'uh-huh' without relinquishing the turn."[4]

text: Backchannel communication is present in all cultures and languages, though frequency and use may vary. Confusion or distraction can occur during an intercultural encounter if participants from both parties are not accustomed to the same backchannel norms.[5]


document_title: Power Rangers (film)

question_text: who plays jason scott in the new power rangers

text: Power Rangers (film)

text: Plot

text: In the Cenozoic era, six interplanetary warriors, the Power Rangers, are tasked with protecting life on Earth and the Zeo Crystal. The Green Ranger, Rita Repulsa, betrays them and plans to dominate the universe. The Red Ranger, Zordon, survives Rita's attack and hides five of the Rangers' power source, the Power Coins. He orders Alpha 5, his robotic assistant, to perform a meteor strike that kills him, the dinosaurs, and sends Rita to the bottom of the sea, foiling her scheme.

text: In 21st-century Angel Grove, high school football star Jason Scott is dismissed from the team and placed under house arrest after a failed prank. In detention, he encounters Billy Cranston and Kimberly Hart. After defending Billy from a bully, Billy offers to deactivate Jason's ankle monitor for help at an old gold mine that evening. Once there, Jason leaves to explore and runs into Kimberly. Billy detonates explosives to break some rock, attracting the attention of Jason, Kimberly and nearby students Trini and Zack. The five discover the Power Coins and each take one. While escaping mine security, their car is hit by a train. The five find themselves at home the next morning and discover that the coins have granted them superhuman abilities. Elsewhere, Rita's body is found. Waking, she goes on a rampage, hunting pieces of gold to raise her minion Goldar to find the Zeo Crystal.

text: The five teenagers return to the mine and discover an ancient spaceship where they meet Alpha 5 and Zordon's consciousness. They inform the teenagers about the Rangers history and Rita, warning that they have eleven days until Rita has her full power, finds the Zeo Crystal, and uses it to destroy life on Earth. The five leave the ship with no intention of returning until Zordon pleads with Jason to convince the team.

text: The five return to train the next day, but they cannot morph. They spend the next week training against simulated Putties and trying unsuccessfully to morph. To inspire the Rangers, Alpha reveals the Zords. Zack takes his Zord out for a joyride and almost kills the other Rangers when he crashes it. This angers Jason, and they fight. While trying to separate the two, Billy spontaneously morphs. However, when he becomes conscious of it, the armor disappears. Angered at their lack of progress, Zordon dismisses the group. Jason returns to the ship to confront Zordon and discovers that once the Rangers morph, it will open the Morphing Grid and allow Zordon to restore himself in a physical body. Feeling betrayed, Jason accuses Zordon of using the team for his own benefit. That night, the team camp at the mine and bond with each other.

text: Later that night, Rita attacks Trini and orders her to bring the Rangers to the docks. Trini informs them about Rita and they arrive to fight, but are quickly defeated. Rita forces Billy to reveal the location of the Zeo Crystal, which he'd figured out, kills him, and releases the others. The Rangers take Billy's body to the ship and ask Zordon to resurrect him. The Rangers agree they would give their lives for each other and resolve to defeat Rita. In doing so, they unlock the Morphing Grid. Zordon revives Billy, sacrificing being able to restore his physical self. With the team restored and confident, the Rangers morph into their armor.

text: Rita creates Goldar, raises an army of Putties, and attacks Angel Grove to find the Zeo Crystal. The Rangers battle the Putties and head to Angel Grove in their Zords. After the Rangers destroy the Putties, Goldar pushes the Rangers and their Zords into a fiery pit. In the pit, the Zords combine and form the Megazord. Rita merges with Goldar. The Rangers battle and destroy Goldar. After refusing Jason's offer to surrender, a defiant Rita tells the Rangers that more will come for the crystal and leaps at the Megazord only to be slapped into space. The Rangers are praised as local heroes, and with Rita's threats foiled, they return to their normal lives while keeping their powers.

text: In a mid-credits scene, in detention, the teacher announces that Tommy Oliver will be joining them, but the desk is empty save for a green jacket.[note 1]

text: Cast

text:
Dacre Montgomery as Jason Scott / Red Ranger, the leader of the Power Rangers. Jason was the former star quarterback of Angel Grove High School's football team before a failed prank led to a run-in with the law.[10]
Naomi Scott as Kimberly Hart / Pink Ranger, a former cheerleader. Kimberly took part in a cyberbullying incident by spreading a private image of her friend around school.[11][12]
RJ Cyler as Billy Cranston / Blue Ranger, an autistic and intelligent loner. Billy is the classic nerd who has become a bully magnet.[5][13]
Becky G as Trini / Yellow Ranger, a new girl in town who is struggling to make friends and having difficulty relating to her family. She is also questioning her sexual orientation.[5][6][14][15]
Ludi Lin as Zack Taylor / Black Ranger, a bilingual teen. Zack's mother is sick, and he lives in fear that he will return home one day to find her dead.[16][17]
Bill Hader as the voice of Alpha 5: The robot assistant to Zordon.[18][19]
Bryan Cranston as the voice of Zordon: He is the Power Rangers' mentor and former Red Ranger. Zordon lived millions of years ago before his consciousness became a part of the Morphing Grid at the time of his death.[18][20]
Elizabeth Banks as Rita Repulsa:[18][21] Millions of years old, she is the former Green Ranger who went rogue and killed her old team before being temporarily subdued by Zordon. She works to form the monster Goldar while attempting to steal the Zeo Crystal, an artifact that channels the Morphing Grid, a dimension that gives the Power Rangers their powers.[18]
David Denman as Sam Scott, Jason's father.[22]
Caroline Cave as Beverly Scott, Jason's mother.
Anjali Jay as Maddy Hart, Kimberly's mother.[23]
Patrick Sabongui as Trini's father.[24][25]
Erica Cerra as Trini's mother.
Kayden Magnuson as Pearl Scott, Jason's sister.
Fiona Fu as Zack's mother.
Sarah Grey as Amanda Clark[26][27]
Emily Maddison as Rebecca[28][29][30]
Wesley MacInnes as Colt Wallace, a school bully who is constantly picking on Billy.
Jaime Callica as Officer Bebe[31]
Matt Shively as Damo
Garry Chalk as Captain Bowen
Fred Tatasciore as the voice of Goldar, a gigantic winged monster made of gold.
Tatasciore also provides the vocal effects of the Putties who are depicted as stone golems that can be made from any Earth element.

text: Jason David Frank and Amy Jo Johnson, two of the stars of the original TV series, make cameo appearances as Angel Grove citizens.[32]

text: Production

text: Development

text: Saban Capital Group and Lionsgate announced the film in May 2014,[33] with Roberto Orci originally attached to produce. Ashley Miller and Zack Stentz were hired to write the film's script.[34] Orci eventually left the project to work on Star Trek Beyond.[35] On April 10, 2015, TheWrap reported that Dean Israelite was in negotiations to direct the film.[36] Israelite told IGN in an interview that the film would be "completely playful, and it needs to be really fun and funny. But like Project Almanac, it's going to feel very grounded at the same time, and very contemporary and have a real edge to it, and a real gut to it, it's going to be a fun, joyful [movie] but one that feels completely grounded in a real world, with real characters going through real things".[37] Brian Tyler was brought on to compose the film's music.[38] Israelite has said that the film updates itself from the original series, being more character-driven and incorporating naturalism and a grounded nature.[39]

text: Casting

text: Actors began testing for the roles of the five Power Rangers on October 2, 2015.[40] On October 7, 2015, Naomi Scott was cast as Kimberly.[11] Newcomers Dacre Montgomery, Ludi Lin and RJ Cyler were then cast as Jason,[10] Zack,[16] and Billy, respectively.[13] At the month's end, Becky G was chosen to play Trini.[14] When it came to casting the Rangers, director Dean Israelite said, "From the very beginning, diversity was a very important part of the whole process," and that while the characters' races were switched around, he added that, "We made sure that the essence of each of those characters are who they were in the original show, and this really will be an origin story of those characters."[41] On February 2, 2016, it was announced that Elizabeth Banks would portray Rita Repulsa.[21] Four months later, Bryan Cranston, who voiced Twin Man and Snizard in the original series, announced he was cast as Zordon.[20][42] Cranston revealed that he would perform motion-capture and CGI.[42][43] In September 2016, Walter Emanuel Jones, the actor who played Zack in the original series, stated none of the original cast would cameo in the film.[44] Towards the end of the month, comedian Bill Hader was cast as Alpha 5.[19] In March 2017, it was reported that Amy Jo Johnson and Jason David Frank, who played Kimberly and Tommy in the original series, would cameo in the film, despite Jones' earlier comments.[32]

text: Filming

text: Filming was originally set to begin in January 2016[45] but was rescheduled and began on February 29 in Vancouver.[46][47] On May 28, 2016, filming was complete.[48][49] Additional filming occurred in October 2016.[50][51] A cast member claims that the film has broken the record for the longest wire jump, but this has not been independently confirmed.[52]

text: The film was released in Dolby Vision and Dolby Atmos sound.[53]

text: Music

text: The official soundtrack, with music by Brian Tyler, was released digitally on March 24, 2017, and on CD on April 4, distributed by Varèse Sarabande.[54][55]

text:
Power Rangers (Official Motion Picture Soundtrack)

Soundtrack album by Brian Tyler

Released
March 24, 2017

Genre
Film score

Length
77:35

Label
Varèse Sarabande

text: All music composed by Brian Tyler.

text:
Power Rangers (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)

No.
Title
Length

1.
"Power Rangers Theme"
4:22

2.
"Seek Those Who Are Worthy"
2:48

3.
"Zordon Awakes"
2:13

4.
"It's Morphing Time!"
3:19

5.
"Destiny"
2:18

6.
"Confessions"
4:22

7.
"Megazord"
4:20

8.
"United"
2:46

9.
"Birth of a Legend"
4:10

10.
"Metamorphosis"
2:39

11.
"Goldar"
2:01

12.
"The Morphing Grid"
3:58

13.
"The Zords"
2:33

14.
"Let's Ride"
2:19

15.
"You Were Born for This"
2:03

16.
"Reflection"
2:13

17.
"The Lost Ship"
2:59

18.
"Be Who You Want to Be"
2:06

19.
"Hold The Line"
3:36

20.
"This Is What Matters"
2:04

21.
"Trespassing"
1:03

22.
"Rita"
2:28

23.
"Square One"
1:11

24.
"Power On"
2:33

25.
"Together We Stand"
2:19

26.
"The Final Stand"
2:45

27.
"Go Go Power Rangers – End Titles"
2:59

28.
"Give It All (With You)" (Featuring Santigold and Vince Staples)
3:14

text: Release

text: Originally scheduled for release on July 22, 2016,[56] Lionsgate delayed it to March 24, 2017.[57] All five of the surviving actors who originally portrayed the Rangers in the series attended the film's Los Angeles premiere on March 22, 2017.[58] It was the first time they had been together publicly since 1995.[59]

text: Marketing

text: On March 3, 2016, Lionsgate released the first official photo of the five Rangers,[41] and the following month, the company released the first official photo of Banks as Rita Repulsa.[21] On May 5, the company unveiled the first official images of the Rangers' suits. Speaking of the suits, director Dean Israelite said that "The show was about kids coming of age, about metamorphosis, these suits needed to feel like they were catalyzed by these kids and their energy, their spirit", while production designer Andrew Menzies commented that the new suits are "an alien costume that grows on them, that’s not man-made. You can’t win everyone over, but we are trying to appeal to a more mature audience and gain new fans."[60] A teaser poster was released in June,[61] with additional character posters released in July, September, and October.[62][63][64] On October 8, 2016, a Discover The Power teaser trailer for the film was released.[65][66][67]

text: A fictional Angel Grove High School Newspaper website was created,[68] alongside the official Power Rangers website, which features a GIF creator that allows users to make a GIF out of scenes from the teaser trailer.[69][70] There is also an official toyline, produced by Bandai,[71] and an extensive merchandising range was produced to promote the film.[72]

text: Max Landis, who was fired from writing the film, criticized the trailer, saying that it looked like Chronicle, a film that he had written.[73] The trailer garnered mixed reactions, with some praising it for its darker, contemporary reimagining of the classic characters, while still looking action-packed and fun at the same time,[74][75] and others criticizing it for its lack of connection to the original series, saying it appeared "brooding".[76] The trailer received over 150 million views in the first two days after it was uploaded.[77] Lionsgate revealed the T-Rex zord toy, among others, on October 28, 2016,[78] and the Power Rangers Twitter account revealed the Megazord toy on November 4, 2016.[79] On November 15, 2016, Lionsgate revealed the toys based on the film's individual Zords.[80]

text: On December 8, 2016, a new poster debuted, as well as a photo of Rita Repulsa.[81][82] On December 19, 2016, Lionsgate and Boom! Studios announced that they would release a graphic novel titled Power Rangers: Aftershock, set immediately after the events of the movie.[83] An international trailer was released on December 22, 2016.[84][85][86] Qualcomm and Lionsgate produced a virtual reality mobile app of the film Power Rangers Movie Command Center that was exhibited at the CES 2017, from January 5–8, 2017,[87] and was released in the App Store on March 8, 2017.[88] On January 19, a second trailer, titled It’s Morphin Time!, was released.[89][90][91] Lionsgate debuted yet another trailer, which it called the All-Star Trailer, on February 17.[92][93][94] New TV spots were released on February 27, two about the Power Rangers,[95] and one about Rita Repulsa.[96] A clip was released on March 6, followed by two more on March 9.[97][98][99] Thirty-seven stills were then released.[100] Another TV spot was released on March 10.[101] In the final week before the movie premiered, two more clips, as well as photos, were released.[102]

text: A Build-A-Bear Workshop Power Ranger product range was announced on March 9, 2017.[103] Krispy Kreme released doughnuts to promote the film,[104] and served as an advertising partner.[105] Placement of Krispy Kreme products and locations were featured in the film numerous times.[106]

text: The group collaborated with YouTube sports entertainment group Dude Perfect ahead of the film's release, in a video titled Dude Perfect vs. Power Rangers.[105]

text: Video game

text: Lionsgate and Saban, in collaboration with nWay Games, released a PvP fighting mobile game called Power Rangers: Legacy Wars on March 24, 2017, to coincide with the film's release.[107] The game was featured on both Android and the Apple Store[108] and got to the top spot on the Apple App Store for both iPhones and iPads,[109] for two consecutive days and number two on the Google Play Store.[108]

text: Home media

text: Power Rangers was released on Digital HD on June 13, 2017, and was followed by a release on Ultra HD, Blu-ray and DVD on June 27, 2017[110] with retail exclusive variants being made available at Best Buy,[111] Target and Wal-Mart. The film debuted at the No. 1 spot on the NPD VideoScan overall disc sales chart, which tracks combined DVD and Blu-ray Disc sales; NPD’s dedicated Blu-ray Disc sales chart; and Home Media Magazine’s video rental chart for the week ending July 2, 2017.[112] The film retained the top spot on the NPD VideoScan’s overall disc sales chart for the week ending on July 9, 2017.[113]

text: Reception

text: Box office

text: Power Rangers grossed $85.4 million in the United States and Canada and $57 million in other territories for a worldwide gross of $142.3 million, against a production budget of $100 million.[3]

text: In the United States and Canada, Power Rangers opened alongside Life, CHiPs and Wilson, and was projected to gross $30–35 million from 3,693 theaters on its opening weekend.[114] The film made $3.6 million from Thursday night previews and $15 million on its first day.[115] It went on to debut to $40.3 million, finishing second at the box office behind Beauty and the Beast ($90.4 million).[116][117] The audience was notably diverse and mostly 18–34 years old.[118] In its second weekend the film grossed $14.5 million (a drop of 64%), finishing 4th at the box office.[119][120][121] In June 2017, Dean Israelite said that the film's PG-13 rating probably contributed to the film's underperformance at the box office.[122]

text: Critical response

text: Power Rangers received mixed reviews from critics.[123][124][125] On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 44% based on 137 reviews, and an average rating of 5/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Power Rangers has neither the campy fun of its TV predecessor nor the blockbuster action of its cinematic superhero competitors, and sadly never quite manages to shift into turbo for some good old-fashioned morphin time."[126] On Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating, the film has a score 44 out of 100, based on 30 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[127] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A" on an A+ to F scale.[128]

text: IGN gave the film a 7/10, saying, "Power Rangers doesn’t quite pull off everything it wants to, but it’s a fun time at the theater nonetheless."[129] Mike McCahill of The Guardian wrote that "the film achieves a functioning mediocrity we perhaps might have thought beyond this franchise," and gave it 2 out of 5 stars.[130]

text: Mike Ryan of Uproxx gave the film a negative review, writing: "Power Rangers has one of the most zig-zagged tones of any big budget studio film I’ve seen in a long time. It’s jarring at times how often it goes back and forth between 'gritty' and 'silly'."[131] Writing for Variety, Owen Gleiberman also criticized the film's conflicting tones, saying: "...25 years ago, Mighty Morphin Power Rangers was launched as superhero fodder for kids, and there was indeed a place for it, but we’re now so awash in superhero culture that kids no longer need the safe, lame, pandering junior-league version of it. They can just watch Ant-Man or the PG-13 Suicide Squad. Safe, lame, and pandering have all grown up."[132] In a review for The Telegraph, Robbie Collin gave it 1/5 stars, criticizing the "abjectly embarrassing frenzy of product placement".[133]

text: Accolades

text:
Award
Date of ceremony
Category
Recipients
Result
Ref(s)

Teen Choice Awards
August 13, 2017
Choice Sci-Fi Movie
Power Rangers
Nominated
[134]

Choice Sci-Fi Movie Actor
Dacre Montgomery

Choice Sci-Fi Movie Actress
Becky G.

Naomi Scott

Choice Scene Stealer
RJ Cyler

Choice Movie Villain
Elizabeth Banks

text: Potential sequels

text: In a May 2016 conference call to analysts, Lionsgate CEO Jon Feltheimer stated, "We could see doing five or six or seven."[135][136] On March 22, 2017, Haim Saban said that he and Lionsgate already have a six-film story arc.[137] However in May 2017, Forbes noted that due to the underwhelming performance of the film in most markets, it was unlikely any sequels would be made.[7] Later that same month, it was reported that the sequels could still be made thanks to record-breaking merchandise sales.[138] Prior to the home release of the movie, Israelite confirmed that talks were taking place regarding a sequel[139] and that he would like to include Lord Zedd in it.[140] The possibility of a sequel increased once more in early July 2017 when it was reported that the film held the number one spot in home media sales and rentals in its first week.[141] In August 2017, Saban abandoned its trademark for the film's logo.[142] A Saban Brands representative stated in October 2017 that "Power Rangers continues to own and renew hundreds of trademark registrations worldwide, including for the 2017 movie logo. The trademark registration process is very nuanced, and the status of the single application has no bearing on our ownership of or the future plans for Power Rangers. The franchise remains as strong and enthusiastic about its future as ever."[143]

text: Notes

text: Jump up ^ In the source material, Tommy Oliver was a male, but the cast of the film and the actor who played Oliver in the source material expressed interest in a female version of the character in a sequel.[8][9]


document_title: Shameless (season 8)

question_text: shameless us season 8 episode 3 release date

text: Shameless (season 8)

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
William H. Macy as Frank Gallagher[4]
Emmy Rossum as Fiona Gallagher[4]
Jeremy Allen White as Philip "Lip" Gallagher[5]
Ethan Cutkosky as Carl Gallagher
Shanola Hampton as Veronica Fisher[6]
Steve Howey as Kevin Ball[5]
Emma Kenney as Deborah "Debbie" Gallagher[5]
Cameron Monaghan as Ian Gallagher[7]
Isidora Goreshter as Svetlana Yevgenivna Fisher

text: Special Guest[edit]

text:
Dermot Mulroney as Sean Pierce
Richard Flood as Ford[8]

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Christian Isaiah as Liam Gallagher[9]
Jim Hoffmaster as Kermit
Michael Patrick McGill as Tommy
Alan Rosenberg as Professor Youens
Ruby Modine as Sierra Morton[10]
Zack Pearlman as Neil[11]
Elliot Fletcher as Trevor
Alicia Coppola as Sue
Scott Michael Campbell as Brad
Levy Tran as Eddie
Jessica Szohr as Nessa Chabon[12]
Perry Mattfeld as Mel
David Brackett as Duran
Sharon Lawrence as Margo Mierzejewski
Faran Tahir as Adeeb[13]
Raffi Barsoumian as Bahir
Sammi Hanratty as Kassidi
Chet Hanks as Charlie

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

85
1
"We Become What We... Frank!"
Iain B. MacDonald
John Wells
November 5, 2017 (2017-11-05)
1.86[14]

Fiona begins renovating and selling apartments in her new building. Frank returns from the monastery and begins to apologize to everyone he has wronged in the past. Lip tries to get his drinking problem under control while also trying to win back Sierra. Debbie gets a new job and begins night school where she's learning to become a welder. Ian tries to win back the heart of Trevor by helping teens at the youth center. Carl begins selling the meth that Monica left him and his siblings before she passed away while also staying in shape for military school over the summer break. Liam is used by the faculty of his new school to show off the school's diversity for prospective parents. Kevin learns some disturbing news about his health and Veronica tries to take back the Alibi from Svetlana.

86
2
"Where's My Meth?"
Anthony Hemingway
Nancy M. Pimental
November 12, 2017 (2017-11-12)
1.37[15]

Fiona grapples with evicting someone from the apartment building. Frank finds a job for the first time and tries to be a respectable citizen. Lip tries to sabotage Sierra's relationship. Ian goes with Trevor to a chub bar in an effort to fix their relationship. Carl tries to sell Ian's portion of Monica's meth but makes a troubling discovery about her. Liam visits a rich friend's house and is astonished by the luxury that others have. Kevin is sent off to a cancer support group and finds people he can relate to, trying to be ready for the operation that is coming.

87
3
"God Bless Her Rotting Soul"
Michael Morris
Krista Vernoff
November 19, 2017 (2017-11-19)
1.34[16]

While Kevin's tumour is benign, he becomes obsessed with being healthy and, upon researching his genetics, discovers that he comes from an inbred community in Kentucky. Fiona's evicted tenant destroys her room so Fiona attempts to find a new renter but comes into conflict with Nessa's girlfriend, Mel. Neil breaks up with Debbie. Ian continues to struggle with Monica's death. Lip tries to help Professor Yeouens deal with his alcoholism. Frank, now going by Francis, remains committed to becoming a better person. Svetlana tries to sell the Alibi, forcing Veronica to visit her in prison and make a deal, resulting in her release and partial-ownership of the bar. Monica's partner threatens the Gallaghers and they dig up her body in order to retrieve the meth.

88
4
"Fuck Paying It Forward"
Regina King
Dominique Morisseau
November 26, 2017 (2017-11-26)
1.59[17]

Frank is helping as much as he can at Liam's school, and meets a potential love interest amongst the mothers. Fiona is furious when Sean, now clean and married, returns to try and make amends. Lip is sex-crazed, and ends up sleeping with his co-worker, Eddie (Levy Tran). Ian lets a shelter girl of Trevor's sleep over to help her out of a bad spot, and gets chewed out by Trevor for it, but later they make amends, and Ian promises to try and find a living situation for some of the shelter kids. Debbie has moved back in, and is sad to be missing Frannie's growing up because of work. Carl attempts to catch a junkie breaking into houses on the block. Another black child join Liam's school. Kevin and Veronica meet Kevin's family; Kev is overwrought with emotion, whereas Veronica fears his family is racist.

89
5
"The (Mis)Education of Liam Fergus Beircheart Gallagher"
Iain B. MacDonald
Sheila Callaghan
December 3, 2017 (2017-12-03)
1.51[18]

Fiona tries to raise the profile of the neighborhood; Ian helps Trevor raise money for a youth shelter; Carl loses his scholarship; Lip stands up to a friend; Frank teaches parents about the working class.

90
6
"Icarus Fell And Rusty Ate Him"
Zetna Fuentes
Mark Steilen
December 10, 2017 (2017-12-10)
1.52[19]

After she discovers one of her tenants dead, Fiona is forced to reflect on her own life, as the rift between her and Ian grows deeper. Meanwhile, Lip enlists Carl's help to search for his AA sponsor, Brad, after he started drinking again. After having sex with Duran, Debbie has a pregnancy scare and tries to get a morning-after pill. Frank enjoys having his first-ever credit card, while Kev and V are making discoveries about their sexualities.

91
7
"Occupy Fiona"
Iain B. MacDonald
Molly Smith Metzler
December 17, 2017 (2017-12-17)
1.58[20]

Ian keeps testing Fiona's patience, and starts a "Occupy Fiona" movement right to her front door. With the support of Brad, Lip tries to help Youens for his DUI trial, after the latter's fifth drunk driving. Meanwhile, a now unemployed Frank goes on a job hunt, while Debbie is facing a rude doctor at her own work. Carl gets close to Kassidi, one of his rehab clients, who comes up with a plan to get him easy money. An unsure Kev is learning how to sexually dominate V.

92
8
"Frank's Northern Southern Express"
Emmy Rossum
Nancy M. Pimental
December 31, 2017 (2017-12-31)
0.81[21]

Fiona considers moving into one of her apartments, while she tries to get closer to Ford. Frank starts an import-export business, by smuggling muslim people and drugs through the US-Canada border. Meanwhile, Lip interviews new AA sponsors, and discovers something about Charlie, Sierra's boyfriend. Ian confronts a pastor preaching gay conversion, as Carl tries to conciliate his job and Kassidi, his new problematic girlfriend. As she tries to find a new job and some money, Debbie thinks she is pregnant again. Kev starts showing his dominating side against Svetlana at work, to the pleasure of V.

93
9
"The Fugees"
Jeffrey Reiner
Dominique Morisseau
January 7, 2018 (2018-01-07)
1.65[22]

94
10
"Church of Gay Jesus"
Mario Van Peebles
Sheila Callaghan
January 14, 2018 (2018-01-14)
1.52[23]

95
11
"A Gallagher Pedicure"[24]
Iain B. MacDonald
Mark Steilen
January 21, 2018 (2018-01-21)
TBD

96
12
"Sleepwalking"[25]
John Wells
John Wells
January 28, 2018 (2018-01-28)
TBD

text: Ratings[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Air date
Rating/share
(18–49)
Viewers
(millions)
DVR
(18–49)
DVR viewers
(millions)
Total
(18–49)
Total viewers
(millions)

1
"We Become What We ... Frank!"
November 5, 2017
0.7
1.86[14]
0.5
1.16
1.2
3.02[26]

2
"Where's My Meth?"
November 12, 2017
0.5
1.37[15]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

3
"God Bless Her Rotting Soul"
November 19, 2017
0.5
1.34[16]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

4
"Fuck Paying It Forward"
November 26, 2017
0.6
1.59[17]
0.6
1.26
1.2
2.86[27]

5
"The (Mis)Education of Liam Fergus Beircheart
Gallagher"
December 3, 2017
0.6
1.51[18]
0.5
1.42
1.1
2.93[28]

6
"Icarus Fell And Rusty Ate Him"
December 10, 2017
0.5
1.52[19]
0.6
1.40
1.1
2.92[29]

7
"Occupy Fiona"
December 17, 2017
0.5
1.58[20]
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD

8
"Frank's Northern Southern Express"
December 31, 2017
0.2
0.81[21]
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD

9
"The Fugees"
January 7, 2018
0.7
1.65[22]
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD

10
"Church of Gay Jesus"
January 14, 2018
0.6
1.52[23]
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD

11
"A Gallagher Pedicure"
January 21, 2018
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD

12
"Sleepwalking"
January 28, 2018
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD