document_title: The Secret Life of Pets

question_text: who does the voice of snowball in the secret life of pets

root

text: The Secret Life of Pets

text: Plot[edit]

text: A Jack Russell Terrier named Max lives with his owner Katie in a Manhattan apartment. While she is at work during the day, he hangs out with other pets in the building: tabby cat Chloe, pug Mel, dachshund Buddy, and budgerigar Sweet Pea. One day, Katie adopts Duke, a large mongrel from the pound, leaving Max jealous because of her divided focus on Duke. Enraged by Max's attitude towards him, Duke tries to abandon Max in an alley, but they are both attacked by cats led by Sphynx cat Ozone who removed both dogs' collars and leave them to be caught by Animal Control. Duke fears that he will be put down if he goes back to the pound. To her desperation, Gidget, a white Pomeranian actually discovers that Max is missing.

tag: p

text: Meanwhile, he and Duke are rescued by a white rabbit named Snowball, the leader of "The Flushed Pets" – a gang of sewer-dwelling animals who hate humans because their owners mistreated them. After Max and Duke pretend to despise humans as much as they do by saying they killed their owners, the Flushed Pets invite them to join. Before they can prove their loyalty by allowing a one-fanged viper to bite them, Snowball learns from the cats that Max and Duke are domesticated. The two dogs escape the sewers and board a ferry to Brooklyn, inadvertently killing the viper in the process; Snowball vows to kill them and leads the Flushed Pets after them.

text: Meanwhile, Gidget recruits a red-tailed hawk named Tiberius to find him, but mistakenly returns carrying Ozone, whom Gidget coerces into telling what he knows about the dogs. They then enlisted Mel, Buddy, Chloe, guinea pig Norman and Sweet Pea. On the way, they meet Pops, an old Basset Hound, who helps Gidget and the pets find Max. Meanwhile, Max and Duke raid a sausage factory for food. Gidget and co. encounter Snowball, who vows to kill them as well, and Norman is captured as the rest of Gidget's team flees.

text: Meanwhile, Duke tells Max about his previous owner, Fred, an elderly man who adopted him as a puppy and loved spending time with him. One day, Duke got lost while chasing a butterfly and was caught by Animal Control, but Fred never came to claim him. Max convinces him to visit Fred's house in a nearby neighborhood, confident Fred will still love him and take him back. When they arrive at Fred's house, they learn from the resident cat Reginald that Fred has died. Heartbroken, Duke accuses Max of attempting to get rid of him and barks at the new homeowners who had just returned to the house, who call Animal Control. The handlers catch Max, but Duke interferes long enough for Max to escape and ends up being captured instead.

text: While trying to rescue Duke as he follows the Animal Control van, Max is attacked by Snowball who tries to kill him. However, when his gang is captured, Snowball realizes that he and Max must work together to rescue them. They drive a city bus into the van on the Brooklyn Bridge, stopping traffic. The Flushed Pets encircle Max, unaware of his partnership with Snowball, but Gidget and her team save him. When Gidget is using her kung-fu fighting skills, Max starts to fall in love with her. The van gets stuck in scaffolding and the Flushed Pets escape. Once Max got the keys to Duke's cage, the van plummets into the East River with him inside. Max is unable to free Duke, so Snowball jumps into the river to retrieve the keys, allowing them to escape the sinking van. Once out of the river, Snowball realizes how good being heroic feels.

text: The entire group returns to the apartment block by pig-driven taxi. Max expresses his love for Gidget, who returns his affection. Snowball and the Flushed Pets then come up with a new plan to annihilate all humans, but a little girl named Molly arrives to adopt Snowball and the remaining Flushed Pets return to the sewers. At first, Snowball resists, but gives in and lets himself become a domesticated pet. The domesticated pets return to their homes and embrace their owners, and Max and Duke finally reunite with Katie, sparking a true friendship.

text: In a mid-credits scene, Buddy and Mel show up in costume at a party in poodle Leonard's apartment. Leonard's owner returns and Tattoo crashes to the floor on the chandelier.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Louis C.K. as Max, a Jack Russell Terrier.[8]
Eric Stonestreet as Duke, a large, brown, shaggy mongrel.[8]
Kevin Hart as Snowball, a white rabbit.[8]
Jenny Slate as Gidget, a white Pomeranian and Max's love interest.
Ellie Kemper as Katie, Max and Duke's friendly owner.[1][9]
Lake Bell as Chloe, an obese and apathetic grey tabby cat[9] who is one of Max's friends.
Dana Carvey as Pops, an elderly Basset Hound,[10] who is paralyzed in his back legs.
Hannibal Buress as Buddy, a laid-back dachshund[9][11] and one of Max's friends.
Bobby Moynihan as Mel, an hyperactive pug and one of Max's friends.
Steve Coogan as Ozone, a Cockney-accented Sphynx cat.

Steve Coogan also voices Reginald, a malevolent Himalayan cat.

Albert Brooks as Tiberius, a curmudgeonly red-tailed hawk.[9][11]
Chris Renaud as Norman, a guinea pig who keeps getting lost trying to find his apartment.
Michael Beattie as Tattoo, a slow-witted tattooed pig who is one of the Flushed Pets.
Sandra Echeverría as Maria, a character from the La Pasión de la Pasión telenovela that Gidget watches.
Jaime Camil as Fernando, a character from the La Pasión de la Pasión telenovela that Gidget watches.
Kiely Renaud as Molly, a little girl who adopts Snowball.

tag: ul

text: Production[edit]

text: In January 2014, it was announced that Louis C.K., Eric Stonestreet, and Kevin Hart had joined the cast of the film, with Chris Renaud set to direct from a screenplay written by Brian Lynch, Cinco Paul and Ken Daurio, while Illumination Entertainment would produce, and Universal Pictures would distribute the film and was originally titled Max.[12][8] In June 2014, Albert Brooks, Hannibal Buress, Bobby Moynihan, Lake Bell and Ellie Kemper joined the cast.[9] The animation was created entirely in France by Illumination MacGuff.[13]

text: Music and soundtrack[edit]

text:
The Secret Life of Pets (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)

Soundtrack album by Alexandre Desplat

Released
July 1, 2016 (2016-07-01)

Recorded
2016

Genre

Film score
Jazz
Classical

Length
51:31

Label
Back Lot Music

Producer
Dominique Lemonnier

Alexandre Desplat soundtrack chronology

Florence Foster Jenkins
(2016)Florence Foster Jenkins2016
The Secret Life of Pets
(2016)
The Light Between Oceans
(2016)The Light Between Oceans2016

tag: table

text: The original score for the film was composed by Alexandre Desplat.[14] The soundtrack was released on July 1, 2016 by Back Lot Music.[15]

text: All music composed by Alexandre Desplat, except "We Go Together" by The Sausage Factory Singers.

text:
[show]Track listing

No.
Title
Length

1.
"Meet the Pets"
2:37

2.
"Katie's Leaving"
0:55

3.
"Meet Duke"
3:36

4.
"Fetch Me a Stick"
3:09

5.
"Telenovela Squirrels"
1:24

6.
"Hijack!"
2:00

7.
"Gidget Meets Tiberius"
4:56

8.
"Initiation Time"
1:01

9.
"Rooftop Route"
1:27

10.
"The Viper"
1:49

11.
"You Have an Owner?"
3:04

12.
"Good Morning Max"
1:21

13.
"Sewer Chase"
1:09

14.
"Who's With Me?"
1:21

15.
"Me Like What Me See"
0:54

16.
"Traveling Bossa"
1:56

17.
"Flushed Out To Brooklyn"
2:47

18.
"Sausages!"
1:13

19.
"Duke's Old House / Captured"
3:03

20.
"Brooklyn Bridge Showdown"
2:34

21.
"Rescuing Duke"
2:46

22.
"Wet But Handsome / Blue Taxi"
1:24

23.
"Max and Gidget"
1:36

24.
"Welcome Home"
1:57

25.
"We Go Together" (originally from Grease)
1:24

Total length:
51:31

text: Release[edit]

text: The film was originally scheduled to be released on February 12, 2016, but was pushed back to July 8, 2016.[2] It was released in 2D, 3D, and IMAX 3D using DMR.[16][better source needed] The Secret Life of Pets premiered at the 2016 Annecy International Animated Film Festival on June 16, 2016, and was screened at VidCon.[17] The film is accompanied by a Despicable Me short film entitled Mower Minions.

text: Home media[edit]

text: The Secret Life of Pets was released on Digital HD on November 22, 2016, and on Blu-ray, Blu-ray 3D, Ultra HD Blu-ray, and DVD on December 6, 2016. In addition to the short film Mower Minions, which was released theatrically with the feature film, the releases also include two short films: Norman Television and Weenie.[18]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: The Secret Life of Pets grossed $368.4 million in Canada and the U.S., and $507.1 million in other countries for a worldwide total of $875.5 million, against a production budget of $75 million.[4] Its internationally takings helped push Universal Pictures [International] past $1 billion for the tenth consecutive year,[19] and aided Illumination Entertainment to pass the $4 billion mark for the first time since 2010.[20]

text: Worldwide, it is the fifth highest-grossing original film of all time (behind Avatar, Zootopia, The Lion King, and Finding Nemo),[21] the sixth highest-grossing film of 2016,[22] the 12th highest-grossing animated film of all time, and the 50th highest-grossing film of all time. Deadline.com calculated the net profit of the film to be $374.6 million, when factoring together all expenses and revenues for the film, making it the most profitable release of 2016.[23]

text: North America[edit]

text: In Canada and the United States, the film was projected to gross around $70 million in its opening weekend, with some predictions going as high as $100 million.[24][25][26] It received the widest release for an animated film as well as for a PG-rated film (breaking Shrek Forever After's record) and the seventh widest of all time overall, across 4,370 theaters, the widest release since The Dark Knight Rises.[25][27][28][29] It made $5.3 million from Thursday night previews in 3,009 theaters, which is the second biggest of all time for Illumination, behind only Minions ($6.2 million), and the third biggest of all time for an animated film, behind Finding Dory ($9.2 million) and Minions.[26][30] This was followed by a record-breaking $38.5 million opening day gross (including previews), the biggest for an original film.[31][32] In its opening weekend, it exceeded expectations and grossed $104.4 million, finishing first at the box office.[33] Its debut is the sixth biggest for an animated film, the sixth highest weekend debut in July, and the fourth biggest opening weekend for Universal Pictures.[34] It also set the record for largest opening for an original film, eclipsing the $90.4 million debut of Inside Out.[35][36]

text: In its second weekend, the film made $50.8 million (-51.3%) while maintaining the top spot, despite facing stiff competition with newcomer Ghostbusters.[37] Although it slipped into second place when overtaken by Star Trek Beyond in its third weekend, it was still able to fend off the two other new releases—Lights Out and Ice Age: Collision Course—by earning another $29.6 million.[38] It passed $300 million on its twenty-sixth day—the same day it crossed $400 million worldwide[39]—becoming the seventh film of 2016,[40] the seventh Universal Pictures film (the first for the year),[41] and the twelfth animated film overall to reach the benchmark.[42]

text: Outside North America[edit]

text: Internationally, The Secret Life of Pets received a scattered release from June to September in a total of 69 markets, and faced competition from other animated films such as Finding Dory and Ice Age: Collision Course in the course of its release.[43][44][45] In total, it had number-one openings in 45 markets and recorded the biggest opening for an original animated film in 17 territories, and the No. 1 animated film of 2016 to date in 13 markets.[20][46] It topped the international box office in its ninth weekend after earning $43.8 million in 53 markets (dethroning Suicide Squad).[47] However, this wasn't the film's biggest single weekend gross. Its biggest weekend gross was actually in its seventh weekend when it grossed $69.3 million. That weekend it was No. 3 behind Suicide Squad ($133.3 million) and Chinese film Time Raiders ($64.6 million).[48]

text: It was released in the United Kingdom and Norway two weeks ahead of its U.S. release, where it grossed a combined total of $14.1 million in the two markets.[43] Prior to its official debut in the UK and Ireland on June 24, the film had two days worth of previews on June 18 and 19, from which it made £3.63 million ($5.2 million) in two days. This figure was later counted in the film's official opening weekend.[49] It went on to score the fourth biggest original animation opening weekend ever there, with £9.58 million ($13.4 million) from 592 theaters, trailing behind Inside Out, Monsters, Inc., and Up. Excluding previews, its total three-day opening was $8.1 million.[50][51] This was amidst Brexit and despite facing competition from Independence Day: Resurgence.[43][52] The film held off extremely well in its second and third weekend falling just 20% and 24%, earning £4.47 million ($6.1 million) and £3.62 million ($4.8 million) respectively despite facing some competitions.[53][54] It has topped the box office for three consecutive weekends and has grossed total of $41 million there.[55] In Norway, it took the number one spot as well, with $778,000.[43] It scored the biggest animation opening of 2016 and the second biggest of all time overall in both Taiwan ($2 million)—behind Madagascar, and Hong Kong ($1.9 million)—behind Inside Out.[44]

text: In Argentina, the film had a record-breaking number-one debut with $4 million from 195 screens — the biggest opening weekend ever for an animated film and the second biggest opening ever for any film (behind Furious 7). Similarly, Chile also recorded the second biggest animated opening ever with $1.7 million (behind Minions). Colombia also opened at No. 1 with a huge $1.5 million.[56] In Mexico, other than opening at No. 1, it posted the biggest original animated opening of all time with $7.6 million, surpassing the studio's own previous record holder Inside Out.[45] Also in Russia, it scored the biggest original animated opening and the second biggest ever for an animated film, behind Minions with $16.3 million, although this included $6.4 million five days worth of previews.[47] It went on to become the highest-grossing film of the summer that year.[57] In Japan, the film opened on August 11—the date of Japan's first Mountain Day national holiday—with Toho-Towa distributing, and earned $4.6 million on 370,000 admissions for its two-day opening weekend dethroning Shin Godzilla off the top spot. The cumulative total for the four-day holiday (August 11–14) was $9.7 million.[19][58] Similarly, it had number-one debuts in Germany ($7.1 million) and France ($5.9 million), Australia ($5.6 million), Italy ($5.1 million), Brazil ($4.4 million), Spain ($4.5 million), Poland ($1.7 million), Singapore ($1.3 million), Belgium ($1.2 million) and Denmark ($1.2 million), Indonesia ($1.1 million), the Philippines ($1 million), and South Africa ($463,000). In Germany, it scored the best animation opening since Minions.[45][59][60][61][62][63][64][65] It topped the box office in Israel for five straight weekends and in Australia, Russia and Spain for three weekends.[45][47][61][63] In Japan, the film was the highest-grossing foreign release of the weekend, holding the top spot for four consecutive weekends.[60]

text: In China—the world's second biggest film market—the film opened on a Tuesday, earning a modest $5.2 million on its opening day. To Sunday, it achieved a six-day opening of $29.3 million and $15.5 million for the weekend alone (Friday to Sunday), with per screen averages over $500 per screen per day. In both instances, it was behind the local film Time Raiders.[59][66][67] In South Korea, despite debuting in fifth place, it had an opening of $6.9 million.[59] Elsewhere, it grossed $2.7 million in the Netherlands, $1.2 million in Sweden and in Hungary it scored the biggest opening of the year with $738,000,[59] and also in Portugal ($965,000), Latvia ($224,000),[47] and South Africa.[64]

text: In terms of total earnings, its biggest markets are China ($58 million), United Kingdom and Ireland ($47.2 million), Japan ($41.6 million) and Russia ($34.2 million).[19][47][68] It became the third highest-grossing film of all time in Russia (behind Avatar and Zootopia)[61] and the highest-grossing film of 2016 in Spain.[20][62]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 74% based on 200 reviews with an average rating of 6.2/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Fast-paced, funny, and blessed with a talented voice cast, The Secret Life of Pets offers a beautifully animated, cheerfully undemanding family-friendly diversion."[69] On Metacritic, the film has a score of 61 out of 100 based on 39 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews."[70] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A–" on an A+ to F scale.[71]

text: Peter Travers of Rolling Stone gave the film three out of four stars and called it "an animated fluffball-a sort of Toy Story with pets does everything to drive you crazy and ends up being totally irresistible."[72] Scott Tobias, writing for NPR, characterized the film's concept as "Toy Story but with house pets," highlighting the film's "thinly distinguished characters" and "gloppy sentimentality."[73] Steven Rea of The Philadelphia Inquirer gave the film three out of four stars and said "In much the same way that the smash Zootopia demonstrated that creatures of different culture and class and species are better off when they come together, The Secret Life of Pets is a testament to teamwork and friendship and fixing the rifts that divide us. Let the fur – and the warm, fuzzy feelings – fly."[74]

text: However, some critics disliked the film's unexpected similarities with Pixar's Toy Story.[75] Matthew Parkinson of The Escapist compared the plots of both films and wrote that "The Secret Life of Pets feels like one of those hour-long ripoffs you'd see on a children's television network."[76] Ethan Anderton of the website /Film criticised the film's characterisation, and noted that the relationship between Max and Duke was akin to "Woody and Buzz Lightyear all over again."[77]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
List of awards and nominations

Award
Date of ceremony
Category
Recipient(s)
Result
Ref(s)

Annie Awards
February 4, 2017
Outstanding Achievement, Character Design in an Animated Feature Production
Eric Guillon
Nominated
[78]

Outstanding Achievement, Music in an Animated Feature Production
Alexandre Desplat

British Academy Children's Awards
November 20, 2016
BAFTA Kids' Vote
The Secret Life of Pets
[79][80]

Cinema Audio Society
February 18, 2017
Outstanding Achievement in Sound Mixing for a Motion Picture – Animated
David Accord, Jason Butler, Gary A. Rizzo, Carlos Sotolongo and Frank Wolf
[81]

Hollywood Music in Media Awards
November 17, 2016
Best Original Score – Animated Film
Alexandre Desplat
Won
[82][83]

2017 Kids' Choice Awards
March 11, 2017
Favorite Animated Movie
The Secret Life of Pets
Nominated
[84]

Favorite Voice From an Animated Movie
Kevin Hart

Favorite Villain
Won

Most Wanted Pet

NAACP Image Awards
February 11, 2017
Outstanding Character Voice-Over Performance
Nominated
[85]

People's Choice Awards
January 18, 2017
Favorite Family Movie
The Secret Life of Pets
[86]

Favorite Animated Movie Voice
Kevin Hart

Producers Guild of America
January 28, 2017
Best Animated Motion Picture
Janet Healy and Chris Meledandri
[87]

text: Sequel[edit]

text: In August 2016 it was announced that there would be a sequel, with director Chris Renaud, producers Chris Meledandri and Janet Healy, and writer Brian Lynch, with a release date of July 13, 2018.[88] On January 25, 2017, its release date was pushed back to July 3, 2019.[7] On August 15, 2017, its release date was moved forward to June 7, 2019.


document_title: Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala

question_text: which case was heard by largest ever constitution bench by 13 supreme court judges

text: Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala

text: Facts[edit]

text:
In February 1970 Swami Kesavananda Bharati, senior plaintiff and head of "Edneer Mutt" - a Hindu Mutt situated in Edneer, a village in Kasaragod district of Kerala, challenged the Kerala government's attempts, under two state land reform acts, to impose restrictions on the management of its property.  Although the state invoked its authority under Article 21, a noted Indian jurist, Nanabhoy Palkhivala, convinced Swami into filing his petition under Article 26, concerning the right to manage religiously owned property without government interference. Even though the hearings consumed five months, the outcome would profoundly affect India's democratic processes. The case had been heard for 68 days, the arguments commencing on October 31, 1972, and ending on March 23, 1973[5].[6][7][8][9][10][9]
[11]
[10][12][13][14][15]

text: Judgment[edit]

text: The Supreme Court reviewed the decision in Golaknath v. State of Punjab, and considered the validity of the 24th, 25th, 26th and 29th amendments. The case was heard by the largest ever Constitution Bench of 13 Judges. The bench gave eleven separate judgements, which agreed on some points and differed on others.[16] Nanabhoy Palkhivala, assisted by Fali Nariman, presented the case against the government in both cases.[17]

text: Majority judgment[edit]

text: Upholding the validity of clause (4) of article 13  and a corresponding provision in article 368(3), inserted by the 24th Amendment, the Court settled in favour of the view that Parliament has the power to amend the fundamental rights also. However, the Court affirmed another proposition also asserted in the Golaknath case, by ruling that the expression "amendment" of this Constitution in article 368 means any addition or change in any of the provisions of the Constitution within the broad contours of the Preamble and the Constitution to carry out the objectives in the Preamble and the Directive Principles. Applied to fundamental rights, it would be that while fundamental rights cannot be abrogated, reasonable abridgement of fundamental rights could be effected in the public interest. The true position is that every provision of the Constitution can be amended provided the basic foundation and structure of the Constitution remains the same.[16]

text: The nine signatories to the statement were Chief Justice S M Sikri, and Justices J. M. Shelat, K.S. Hegde, A.N. Grover, B. Jaganmohan Reddy, D.G. Palekar, H R Khanna, A.K. Mukherjee and Yeshwant Vishnu Chandrachud. Four judges did not sign: A.N. Ray, K.K. Mathew, M.H. Beg and S.N. Dwivedi.[18]

text: S.M. Sikri, Chief Justice[edit]

text: S M Sikri, Chief Justice held that the fundamental importance of the freedom of the individual has to be preserved for all times to come and that it could not be amended out of existence. According to the Hon'ble Chief Justice, fundamental rights conferred by Part III of the Constitution of India cannot be abrogated, though a reasonable abridgement of those rights could be effected in public interest. There is a limitation on the power of amendment by necessary implication which was apparent from a reading of the preamble and therefore, according to the learned Chief Justice, the expression "amendment of this Constitution", in Article 368 means any addition or change in any of the provisions of the Constitution within the broad contours of the preamble, made in order to carry out the basic objectives of the Constitution. Accordingly, every provision of the Constitution was open to amendment provided the basic foundation or structure of the Constitution was not damaged or destroyed.

text: Shelat and Grover, JJ[edit]

text: Held that the preamble to the Constitution contains the clue to the fundamentals of the Constitution. According to the learned Judges, Parts III and IV of the Constitution which respectively embody the fundamental rights and the directive principles have to be balanced and harmonised. This balance & harmony between two integral parts of the Constitution forms a basic element of the Constitution which cannot be altered. The word 'amendment' occurring in Article 368 must therefore be construed in such a manner as to preserve the power of the Parliament to amend the Constitution, but not so as to result in damaging or destroying the structure and identity of the Constitution. There was thus an implied limitation on the amending power which prevented the Parliament from abolishing or changing the identity of the Constitution or any of its Basic Structure.

text: Hegde and Mukherjea, JJ[edit]

text: Held that the Constitution of India which is essentially a social rather than a political document, is founded on a social philosophy and as such has two main features basic and circumstantial. The basic constituent remained constant, the circumstantial was subject to change. According to the learned Judges, the broad contours of the basic elements and the fundamental features of the Constitution are delineated in the preamble and the Parliament has no power to abolish or emasculate those basic elements of fundamental features. The building of a welfare State is the ultimate goal of every Government but that does not mean that in order to build a welfare State, human freedoms have to suffer a total destruction. Applying these tests, the learned Judges invalidated Article 31C even in its un-amended form.

text: Jaganmohan Reddy, J[edit]

text: Held that the word 'amendment' was used in the sense of permitting a change, in contradistinction to destruction, which the repeal or abrogation brings about. Therefore, the width of the power of amendment could not be enlarged by amending the amending power itself. The learned Judge held that the essential elements of the basic structure of the Constitution are reflected in its preamble and that some of the important features of the Constitution are justice, freedom of expression and equality of status and opportunity. The word 'amendment' could not possibly embrace the right to abrogate the pivotal features and the fundamental freedoms and therefore, that part of the basic structure could not be damaged or destroyed. According to the learned Judge, the provisions of Article 31d, as they hen, conferring power on Parliament and the State Legislatures to enact laws for giving effect to the principles specified in Clauses (b) and (c) of Article 39, altogether abrogated the right given by Article 14 and were for that reason unconstitutional. In conclusion, the learned Judge held that though the power of amendment was wide, it did not comprehend the power to totally abrogate or emasculate or damage any of the fundamental rights or the essential elements of the basic structure of the Constitution or to destroy the identity of the Constitution. Subject to these limitations, Parliament had the right to amend any and every provision of the Constitution.

text: H R Khanna J.[edit]

text: H R Khanna has given in his judgment that the Parliament had full power to amend the Constitution, however, since it is only a "power to amend", the basic structure or framework of the structure should remain intact. While as per the aforesaid views of the six learned Judges, certain "essential elements" ( which included fundamental rights) of the judgment cannot be amended as there are certain implied restrictions on the powers of the parliament.

text: According to the Hon'ble Judge, although it was permissible to the Parliament, in exercise of its amending power, to effect changes so as to meet the requirements of changing conditions, it was not permissible to touch the foundation or to alter the basic institutional pattern. Therefore, the words "amendment of the Constitution" in spite of the width of their sweep and in spite of their amplitude, could not have the effect of empowering the Parliament to destroy or abrogate the basic structure or framework of the Constitution.

text:
This gave birth to the basic structure doctrine, which has been considered as the cornerstone of the Constitutional law in India.[4]
[19]

text: Significance[edit]

text: This judgement ruled that Article 368 does not enable Parliament in its constituent capacity to delegate its function of amending the Constitution to another legislature or to itself in its ordinary legislative capacity.[20][21] This ruling made all the deemed constitutional amendments stipulated under the legislative powers of the parliament as void and inconsistent after the 24th constitutional amendment. These are  articles 4 (2), 169 (3)-1962, 239A2-1962, 244A4-1969, 356 (1)c, para 7(2) of Schedule V and para 21(2) of Schedule VI.[22] Also articles 239AA(7)b-1991, 243M(4)b-1992, 243ZC3-1992 and 312(4)-1977 which are inserted by later constitutional amendments and envisaging deemed constitutional amendments under legislative powers of the parliament, should be invalid. The Supreme Court declared in the case ‘A. K. Roy, Etc vs Union Of India And Anr on 28 December 1981’ that the article 368(1) clearly defines constituent power as 'the power to amend any provision of the constitution by way of an addition, variation or repeal'. it reiterated that constituent power must be exercised by the parliament itself in accordance with the procedure laid down in article 368.[23]

text: The government of Indira Gandhi did not take kindly to this implied restriction on its powers by the court. On 26 April 1973, Justice Ajit Nath Ray, who was among the dissenters, was promoted to Chief Justice of India superseding three senior Judges, Shelat, Grover and Hegde, which was unprecedented in Indian legal history. Advocate C.K. Daphtary termed the incident as "the blackest day in the history of democracy". Justice Mohammad Hidayatullah (previous Chief Justice of India) remarked that "this was an attempt of not creating 'forward looking judges' but 'judges looking forward' to the office of Chief Justice".[24]

text: The 42nd Amendment, enacted in 1976, is considered to be the immediate and most direct fall out of the judgement. Apart from it, the judgement cleared the deck for complete legislative authority to amend any part of the Constitution except when the amendments are not in consonance with the basic features of the Constitution.

text: The basic structure doctrine was adopted by the Supreme Court of Bangladesh in 1989, by expressly relying on the reasoning in the Kesavananda case, in its ruling on Anwar Hossain Chowdhary v. Bangladesh (41 DLR 1989 App. Div. 165, 1989 BLD (Spl.) 1).[25]

text: Books[edit]

text:
T R Andhyarujina, who was a witness to the court proceedings wrote a book titled "The Kesavananda Bharati Case: The untold story of struggle for supremacy by Supreme Court and Parliament" to discuss the case and the politics involved during and after the judgment was pronounced. It has been published by Universal Law Publishing Company in 2011.[11][14][26][26][27][28][29][30][31][32]
"Basic Structure Constitutionalism: Revisiting Kesavananda Bharati" was published by Eastern Book Company in 2011 which was edited by Sanjay S. jain and Sathya Narayan.[31]


document_title: List of The Open Championship champions

question_text: who has won the most british open golf titles

text: List of The Open Championship champions

text: Champions[edit]

text:
Key

(n/a)

Information not available

Tournament won in a playoff

*

Tournament won by an amateur

text: By year[edit]

text:
The Open Championship champions

Year

Country

Champion

Course

Location

Total score

To par[b]

1860

 Scotland

Willie Park Sr.

Prestwick Golf Club

Prestwick, Scotland

174

n/a

1861

 Scotland

Tom Morris Sr.

Prestwick Golf Club

Prestwick, Scotland

163

n/a

1862

 Scotland

Tom Morris Sr.

Prestwick Golf Club

Prestwick, Scotland

163

n/a

1863

 Scotland

Willie Park Sr.

Prestwick Golf Club

Prestwick, Scotland

168

n/a

1864

 Scotland

Tom Morris Sr.

Prestwick Golf Club

Prestwick, Scotland

167

n/a

1865

 Scotland

Andrew Strath

Prestwick Golf Club

Prestwick, Scotland

162

n/a

1866

 Scotland

Willie Park Sr.

Prestwick Golf Club

Prestwick, Scotland

169

n/a

1867

 Scotland

Tom Morris Sr.

Prestwick Golf Club

Prestwick, Scotland

170

n/a

1868

 Scotland

Tom Morris Jr.

Prestwick Golf Club

Prestwick, Scotland

154

n/a

1869

 Scotland

Tom Morris Jr.

Prestwick Golf Club

Prestwick, Scotland

157

n/a

1870

 Scotland

Tom Morris Jr.

Prestwick Golf Club

Prestwick, Scotland

149

n/a

1871

&—

None[c]

&—

&—

&—

&—

1872

 Scotland

Tom Morris Jr.

Prestwick Golf Club

Prestwick, Scotland

166

n/a

1873

 Scotland

Tom Kidd

St Andrews

St Andrews, Scotland

179

n/a

1874

 Scotland

Mungo Park

Musselburgh Links

Musselburgh, Scotland

159

n/a

1875

 Scotland

Willie Park Sr.

Prestwick Golf Club

Prestwick, Scotland

166

n/a

1876

 Scotland

Bob Martin [d]

St Andrews

St Andrews, Scotland

176

n/a

1877

 Scotland

Jamie Anderson

Musselburgh Links

Musselburgh, Scotland

160

n/a

1878

 Scotland

Jamie Anderson

Prestwick Golf Club

Prestwick, Scotland

157

n/a

1879

 Scotland

Jamie Anderson

St Andrews

St Andrews, Scotland

169

n/a

1880

 Scotland

Bob Ferguson

Musselburgh Links

Musselburgh, Scotland

162

n/a

1881

 Scotland

Bob Ferguson

Prestwick Golf Club

Prestwick, Scotland

170

n/a

1882

 Scotland

Bob Ferguson

St Andrews

St Andrews, Scotland

171

n/a

1883

 Scotland

Willie Fernie [e]

Musselburgh Links

Musselburgh, Scotland

159

n/a

1884

 Scotland

Jack Simpson

Prestwick Golf Club

Prestwick, Scotland

160

n/a

1885

 Scotland

Bob Martin

St Andrews

St Andrews, Scotland

171

n/a

1886

 Scotland

David Brown

Musselburgh Links

Musselburgh, Scotland

157

n/a

1887

 Scotland

Willie Park Jr.

Prestwick Golf Club

Prestwick, Scotland

161

n/a

1888

 Scotland

Jack Burns

St Andrews

St Andrews, Scotland

171

n/a

1889

 Scotland

Willie Park Jr. [f]

Musselburgh Links

Musselburgh, Scotland

155

n/a

1890

 England

John Ball *[g]

Prestwick Golf Club

Prestwick, Scotland

162

n/a

1891

 Scotland

Hugh Kirkaldy

St Andrews

St Andrews, Scotland

166

n/a

1892

 England

Harold Hilton *[h]

Muirfield

Gullane, Scotland

305

n/a

1893

 Scotland

William Auchterlonie

Prestwick Golf Club

Prestwick, Scotland

322

n/a

1894

 England

John Henry Taylor

Royal St George's

Sandwich, England

326

n/a

1895

 England

John Henry Taylor

St Andrews

St Andrews, Scotland

332

n/a

1896

 Jersey

Harry Vardon [i]

Muirfield

Gullane, Scotland

316

n/a

1897

 England

Harold Hilton *[h]

Royal Liverpool

Hoylake, England

314

n/a

1898

 Jersey

Harry Vardon

Prestwick Golf Club

Prestwick, Scotland

307

n/a

1899

 Jersey

Harry Vardon

Royal St George's

Sandwich, England

310

n/a

1900

 England

John Henry Taylor

St Andrews

St Andrews, Scotland

309

n/a

1901

 Scotland

James Braid

Muirfield

Gullane, Scotland

309

n/a

1902

 Scotland

Sandy Herd

Royal Liverpool

Hoylake, England

307

n/a

1903

 Jersey

Harry Vardon

Prestwick Golf Club

Prestwick, Scotland

300

n/a

1904

 Scotland

Jack White

Royal St George's

Sandwich, England

296

n/a

1905

 Scotland

James Braid

St Andrews

St Andrews, Scotland

318

n/a

1906

 Scotland

James Braid

Muirfield

Gullane, Scotland

300

n/a

1907

 France

Arnaud Massy

Royal Liverpool

Hoylake, England

312

n/a

1908

 Scotland

James Braid

Prestwick Golf Club

Prestwick, Scotland

291

n/a

1909

 England

John Henry Taylor

Royal Cinque Ports

Deal, England

291

n/a

1910

 Scotland

James Braid

St Andrews

St Andrews, Scotland

299

n/a

1911

 Jersey

Harry Vardon [j]

Royal St George's

Sandwich, England

303

n/a

1912

 Jersey

Ted Ray

Muirfield

Gullane, Scotland

295

n/a

1913

 England

John Henry Taylor

Royal Liverpool

Hoylake, England

304

n/a

1914

 Jersey

Harry Vardon

Prestwick Golf Club

Prestwick, Scotland

306

n/a

1915

&—

None[k]

&—

&—

&—

&—

1916

&—

None

&—

&—

&—

&—

1917

&—

None

&—

&—

&—

&—

1918

&—

None

&—

&—

&—

&—

1919

&—

None

&—

&—

&—

&—

1920

 Scotland

George Duncan

Royal Cinque Ports

Deal, England

303

+15

1921

 United States

Jock Hutchison [l]

St Andrews

St Andrews, Scotland

296

+8

1922

 United States

Walter Hagen

Royal St George's

Sandwich, England

300

+20

1923

 England

Arthur Havers

Royal Troon

Troon, Scotland

295

+7

1924

 United States

Walter Hagen

Royal Liverpool

Hoylake, England

301

+13

1925

 United States

Jim Barnes

Prestwick Golf Club

Prestwick, Scotland

300

+16

1926

 United States

Bobby Jones *[m]

Royal Lytham & St Annes

Lytham St Annes, England

291

+7

1927

 United States

Bobby Jones *[m]

St Andrews

St Andrews, Scotland

285

−3

1928

 United States

Walter Hagen

Royal St George's

Sandwich, England

292

+12

1929

 United States

Walter Hagen

Muirfield

Gullane, Scotland

292

+8

1930

 United States

Bobby Jones *[m]

Royal Liverpool

Hoylake, England

291

+3

1931

 United States

Tommy Armour

Carnoustie

Carnoustie, Scotland

296

+12

1932

 United States

Gene Sarazen

Prince's Golf Club

Sandwich, England

283

−5

1933

 United States

Denny Shute [n]

St Andrews

St Andrews, Scotland

292

+4

1934

 England

Henry Cotton

Royal St George's

Sandwich, England

283

+3

1935

 England

Alf Perry

Muirfield

Gullane, Scotland

283

−5

1936

 England

Alf Padgham

Royal Liverpool

Hoylake, England

287

−9

1937

 England

Henry Cotton

Carnoustie

Carnoustie, Scotland

290

+6

1938

 England

Reg Whitcombe

Royal St George's

Sandwich, England

295

+15

1939

 England

Dick Burton

St Andrews

St Andrews, Scotland

290

−2

1940

&—

None[o]

&—

&—

&—

&—

1941

&—

None

&—

&—

&—

&—

1942

&—

None

&—

&—

&—

&—

1943

&—

None

&—

&—

&—

&—

1944

&—

None

&—

&—

&—

&—

1945

&—

None

&—

&—

&—

&—

1946

 United States

Sam Snead

St Andrews

St Andrews, Scotland

290

+2

1947

 Northern Ireland

Fred Daly

Royal Liverpool

Hoylake, England

293

+5

1948

 England

Henry Cotton

Muirfield

Gullane, Scotland

284

E

1949

 South Africa

Bobby Locke [p]

Royal St George's

Sandwich, England

283

–5

1950

 South Africa

Bobby Locke

Royal Troon

Troon, Scotland

279

−9

1951

 England

Max Faulkner

Royal Portrush

County Antrim, Northern Ireland

285

−3

1952

 South Africa

Bobby Locke

Royal Lytham & St Annes

Lytham St Annes, England

287

–1

1953

 United States

Ben Hogan

Carnoustie

Carnoustie, Scotland

282

−6

1954

 Australia

Peter Thomson

Royal Birkdale

Southport, England

283

−3

1955

 Australia

Peter Thomson

St Andrews

St Andrews, Scotland

281

−7

1956

 Australia

Peter Thomson

Royal Liverpool

Hoylake, England

286

−2

1957

 South Africa

Bobby Locke

St Andrews

St Andrews, Scotland

279

−9

1958

 Australia

Peter Thomson [q]

Royal Lytham & St Annes

Lytham St Annes, England

274

−10

1959

 South Africa

Gary Player

Muirfield

Gullane, Scotland

284

E

1960

 Australia

Kel Nagle

St Andrews

St Andrews, Scotland

278

−10

1961

 United States

Arnold Palmer

Royal Birkdale

Southport, England

284

−4

1962

 United States

Arnold Palmer

Troon

Troon, Scotland

276

−12

1963

 New Zealand

Bob Charles [r]

Royal Lytham & St Annes

Lytham St Annes, England

277

−7

1964

 United States

Tony Lema

St Andrews

St Andrews, Scotland

279

−9

1965

 Australia

Peter Thomson

Royal Birkdale

Southport, England

285

−7

1966

 United States

Jack Nicklaus

Muirfield

Gullane, Scotland

282

−2

1967

 Argentina

Roberto De Vicenzo

Royal Liverpool

Hoylake, England

278

−10

1968

 South Africa

Gary Player

Carnoustie

Carnoustie, Scotland

289

+1

1969

 England

Tony Jacklin

Royal Lytham & St Annes

Lytham St Annes, England

280

−4

1970

 United States

Jack Nicklaus [s]

St Andrews

St Andrews, Scotland

283

−5

1971

 United States

Lee Trevino

Royal Birkdale

Southport, England

278

−14

1972

 United States

Lee Trevino

Muirfield

Gullane, Scotland

278

−6

1973

 United States

Tom Weiskopf

Royal Troon

Troon, Scotland

276

−12

1974

 South Africa

Gary Player

Royal Lytham & St Annes

Lytham St Annes, England

282

−2

1975

 United States

Tom Watson [t]

Carnoustie

Carnoustie, Scotland

279

−9

1976

 United States

Johnny Miller

Royal Birkdale

Southport, England

279

−9

1977

 United States

Tom Watson

Turnberry

South Ayrshire, Scotland

268

−12

1978

 United States

Jack Nicklaus

St Andrews

St Andrews, Scotland

281

−7

1979

 Spain

Seve Ballesteros

Royal Lytham & St Annes

Lytham St Annes, England

283

−1

1980

 United States

Tom Watson

Muirfield

Gullane, Scotland

271

−13

1981

 United States

Bill Rogers

Royal St George's

Sandwich, England

276

−4

1982

 United States

Tom Watson

Royal Troon

Troon, Scotland

284

−4

1983

 United States

Tom Watson

Royal Birkdale

Southport, England

275

−9

1984

 Spain

Seve Ballesteros

St Andrews

St Andrews, Scotland

276

−12

1985

 Scotland

Sandy Lyle

Royal St George's

Sandwich, England

282

+2

1986

 Australia

Greg Norman

Turnberry

South Ayrshire, Scotland

280

E

1987

 England

Nick Faldo

Muirfield

Gullane, Scotland

279

−5

1988

 Spain

Seve Ballesteros

Royal Lytham & St Annes

Lytham St Annes, England

273

−11

1989

 United States

Mark Calcavecchia [u]

Royal Troon

Troon, Scotland

275

−13

1990

 England

Nick Faldo

St Andrews

St Andrews, Scotland

270

−18

1991

 Australia

Ian Baker-Finch

Royal Birkdale

Southport, England

272

−8

1992

 England

Nick Faldo

Muirfield

Gullane, Scotland

272

−12

1993

 Australia

Greg Norman

Royal St George's

Sandwich, England

267

−13

1994

 Zimbabwe

Nick Price

Turnberry

South Ayrshire, Scotland

268

−12

1995

 United States

John Daly [v]

St Andrews

St Andrews, Scotland

282

−6

1996

 United States

Tom Lehman

Royal Lytham & St Annes

Lytham St Annes, England

271

−13

1997

 United States

Justin Leonard

Royal Troon

Troon, Scotland

272

−12

1998

 United States

Mark O'Meara [w]

Royal Birkdale

Southport, England

280

E

1999

 Scotland

Paul Lawrie [x]

Carnoustie

Carnoustie, Scotland

290

+6

2000

 United States

Tiger Woods

St Andrews

St Andrews, Scotland

269

−19

2001

 United States

David Duval

Royal Lytham & St Annes

Lytham St Annes, England

274

−10

2002

 South Africa

Ernie Els [y]

Muirfield

Gullane, Scotland

278

−6

2003

 United States

Ben Curtis

Royal St George's

Sandwich, England

283

−1

2004

 United States

Todd Hamilton [z]

Royal Troon

Troon, Scotland

274

−10

2005

 United States

Tiger Woods

St Andrews

St Andrews, Scotland

274

−14

2006

 United States

Tiger Woods

Royal Liverpool

Hoylake, England

270

−18

2007

 Ireland

Pádraig Harrington [aa]

Carnoustie

Carnoustie, Scotland

277

−7

2008

 Ireland

Pádraig Harrington

Royal Birkdale

Southport, England

283

+3

2009

 United States

Stewart Cink [bb]

Turnberry

South Ayrshire, Scotland

278

−2

2010

 South Africa

Louis Oosthuizen

St Andrews

St Andrews, Scotland

272

−16

2011

 Northern Ireland

Darren Clarke

Royal St George's

Sandwich, England

275

−5

2012

 South Africa

Ernie Els

Royal Lytham & St Annes

Lytham St Annes, England

273

−7

2013

 United States

Phil Mickelson

Muirfield

Gullane, Scotland

281

−3

2014

 Northern Ireland

Rory McIlroy

Royal Liverpool

Hoylake, England

271

−17

2015

 United States

Zach Johnson [cc]

St Andrews

St Andrews, Scotland

273

−15

2016

 Sweden

Henrik Stenson

Royal Troon

Troon, Scotland

264

−20

2017

 United States

Jordan Spieth

Royal Birkdale

Southport, England

268

−12

2018

 Italy

Francesco Molinari

Carnoustie

Carnoustie, Scotland

276

−8

text: Multiple champions[edit]

text:
Multiple Open championship champions

Golfer

Total

Years

 Harry Vardon (JEY)

6

1896, 1898, 1899, 1903, 1911, 1914

 James Braid (SCO)

5

1901, 1905, 1906, 1908, 1910

 John Henry Taylor (ENG)

5

1894, 1895, 1900, 1909, 1913

 Peter Thomson (AUS)

5

1954, 1955, 1956, 1958, 1965

 Tom Watson (USA)

5

1975, 1977, 1980, 1982, 1983

 Tom Morris Sr. (SCO)

4

1861, 1862, 1864, 1867

 Tom Morris Jr. (SCO)

4

1868, 1869, 1870, 1872

 Willie Park Sr. (SCO)

4

1860, 1863, 1866, 1875

 Walter Hagen (USA)

4

1922, 1924, 1928, 1929

 Bobby Locke (RSA)

4

1949, 1950, 1952, 1957

 Jamie Anderson (SCO)

3

1877, 1878, 1879

 Bob Ferguson (SCO)

3

1880, 1881, 1882

 Bobby Jones (a) (USA)

3

1926, 1927, 1930

 Henry Cotton (ENG)

3

1934, 1937, 1948

 Gary Player (RSA)

3

1959, 1968, 1974

 Jack Nicklaus (USA)

3

1966, 1970, 1978

 Seve Ballesteros (ESP)

3

1979, 1984, 1988

 Nick Faldo (ENG)

3

1987, 1990, 1992

 Tiger Woods (USA)

3

2000, 2005, 2006

 Bob Martin (SCO)

2

1876, 1885

 Willie Park Jr. (SCO)

2

1887, 1889

 Harold Hilton (a) (ENG)

2

1892, 1897

 Arnold Palmer (USA)

2

1961, 1962

 Lee Trevino (USA)

2

1971, 1972

 Greg Norman (AUS)

2

1986, 1993

 Pádraig Harrington (IRL)

2

2007, 2008

 Ernie Els (RSA)

2

2002, 2012

text: By nationality[edit]

text:
Open Championship champions by nationality

Nationality

Wins

Winners

 United States

44

29

 Scotland

41

22

 England

22

13

 South Africa

10

4

 Australia

9

4

 Jersey

7

2

 Northern Ireland

3

3

 Spain

3

1

 Ireland

2

1

 Argentina

1

1

 France

1

1

 Italy

1

1

 New Zealand

1

1

 Sweden

1

1

 Zimbabwe

1

1

text: Notes[edit]

text:
a  72 holes refers to four rounds of golf played on the same 18 holes of golf, with the pin positions varying from one round to another.
b  Par is a predetermined number of strokes that a golfer should require to complete a hole, a round (the sum of the total pars of the played holes), or a tournament (the sum of the total pars of each round). E stands for even, which means the tournament was completed in the predetermined number of strokes.[4]
c  The 1871 Open Championship was not held.[3]
d  Bob Martin won in a playoff against Davie Strath who refused to compete.
e  Willie Fernie won in a playoff against Bob Ferguson.
f  Willie Park Jr. won in a playoff against Andrew Kirkaldy.
g  John Ball won The Open Championship as an amateur.
h  Harold Hilton won The Open Championship as an amateur.
i  Harry Vardon won in a playoff against John Henry Taylor.
j  Harry Vardon won in a playoff against Arnaud Massy.
k  The Open Championship was not held from 1915 to 1918 because of the First World War.
l  Jock Hutchison won in a playoff against Roger Wethered.
m  Bobby Jones won The Open Championship as an amateur.
n  Denny Shute won in a playoff against Craig Wood.
o  The Open Championship was not held from 1940 to 1945 because of the Second World War.
p  Bobby Locke won in a playoff against Harry Bradshaw.
q  Peter Thomson won in a playoff against Dave Thomas.
r  Bob Charles won in a playoff against Phil Rodgers.
s  Jack Nicklaus won in a playoff against Doug Sanders.
t  Tom Watson won in a playoff against Jack Newton.
u  Mark Calcavecchia won in a playoff against Wayne Grady and Greg Norman.
v  John Daly won in a playoff against Costantino Rocca.
w  Mark O'Meara won in a playoff against Brian Watts.
x  Paul Lawrie won in a playoff against Jean van de Velde and Justin Leonard.
y  Ernie Els won in a playoff against Thomas Levet, Steve Elkington and Stuart Appleby.
z  Todd Hamilton won in a playoff against Ernie Els.
aa  Pádraig Harrington won in a playoff against Sergio García.
bb  Stewart Cink won in a playoff against Tom Watson.
cc  Zach Johnson won in a playoff against Marc Leishman and Louis Oosthuizen.


document_title: Devil's Night (American Horror Story)

question_text: who are the serial killers in ahs hotel

question_tokens: who are the serial killers in ahs hotel

text: Devil's Night (American Horror Story)

text: Plot[edit]

text: Richard Ramirez (Anthony Ruivivar), who died in 2013, checks in for the Devil's Night. Liz Taylor (Denis O'Hare) leads him to his room, where a married couple is sleeping. After killing the husband, the wife runs screaming from the room, where she encounters James March (Evan Peters). She screams for help as he holds and kills her.

text: John Lowe (Wes Bentley) answers a phone call from Scarlett (Shree Crooks). During the call, he notices his ceiling and wall are bleeding. Miss Evers (Mare Winningham) is having trouble getting out a difficult bloodstain as well. Every Halloween, she is reminded of her son, who was kidnapped in 1925. John arrives to question the blood coming from her room, and they talk as she explains that her son was taken to a ranch outside town, and all they found was the costume. His kidnapper had taken and killed many children and disposed of their bodies with quick lime and set them in a mass grave. After the recounting, her mood upswings as she blathers on about preparations for the festivities. Alex Lowe (Chloë Sevigny) has brought Holden (Lennon Henry) home, but the family dog rejects him. As she returns with a glass of juice for Holden, she finds him feeding on the dog's neck. He does not feel well, and wants his "other mommy".

text: Alex returns with Holden to the Hotel, and the boy scampers to his coffin. Elizabeth (Lady Gaga) appears and explains that she saves children from neglect and speaks about John as she walked Holden away from the carousel herself. She goes on to explain the viral infection. An aggravated Alex holds her at gunpoint, wanting a cure, but Elizabeth wants loyalty in exchange for passing on the virus to her. John discovers the Wineville Chicken Coop Murders that Evers mentioned took place 85 years prior. He heads to the hotel's bar to drink a double martini. Aileen Wuornos (Lily Rabe) enters for her 13th Devil's Night, and John recognizes her as Halloween costume. Liz mentions that John is a special guest of the hotel and a cop; Aileen offers him sex, and they go to his room.

text: While tied to a chair, he slowly realizes what Devil's Night at the Hotel Cortez involves, and they fight until he handcuffs her in the bathroom and finds her (true) Driver's License. He returns to the guestbook and finds plenty of serial killers have signed in. Liz describes March's annual tradition and discovers John himself is on the invitation list. He arrives at Room 78 for dinner. There March introduces himself and John reminds him that March would have died 85 years prior. March counter-reminds him that anything is possible in the hotel. John Wayne Gacy (John Carroll Lynch) and Jeffrey Dahmer (Seth Gabel) introduce themselves, and John recognizes the Zodiac Killer, Aileen, and Richard Ramirez on his own, when Gacy handcuffs him to his chair.

text: While the dinner continues, Evers brings out a drugged young man as appetizer. John tries to shoot Dahmer to prevent him from trepanning the young man, not knowing that the shot will have no effect on ghosts. Outside the hotel, Sally muses with a man named Craig (Nico Evers-Swindell) about Halloween. She brings in the man, which will buy her a year of solitude from March. The killers all take turns stabbing him. Sally sees the distressed John, and tells him he has been hallucinating from the alcohol and leads him away. Alex accepts Elizabeth's request to join her and sucks blood from Elizabeth's breast.

text: Reception[edit]

text: The episode was watched by 3.04 million people during its original broadcast, and gained a 1.6 ratings share among adults aged 18–49.[1] It ranked second in the Nielsen Social ratings, with 96,000 tweets seen by over 1.91 million people, only behind the Republican Debate.[2]

text: The episode received positive reviews from critics, earning an 86% approval rating, with an average score of 6.62/10, on Rotten Tomatoes. The critical consensus reads, ""Devil's Night" is an entertaining departure from the overarching story of Hotel -- though the episode's preachiness feels out of place coming from American Horror Story."[3]


document_title: Def Leppard

question_text: when did def leppard release their first album

text: Def Leppard

text: History[edit]

text: Early years (1977–1979)[edit]

text: Rick Savage, Tony Kenning, and Pete Willis, all students at Tapton School in Sheffield, South Yorkshire, formed a band called Atomic Mass in 1977. The band originally consisted of Willis on guitar, Savage on bass guitar after briefly playing guitar, and Kenning on drums. Only 18 at the time, Joe Elliott tried out for the band as a guitarist following a chance meeting with Willis after missing a bus in November 1977.[citation needed] During his audition it was decided that he was better suited to be the lead singer. Their first gig was in the dining hall in A Block in Westfield School in Mosborough, Sheffield.[14]

text: Elliott proposed the name "Deaf Leopard" which was originally a band name he thought up while writing reviews for imaginary rock bands in his English class.[15] At Kenning's suggestion, the spelling was slightly modified in order to make the name seem less like that of a punk band.[citation needed] In January 1978, Steve Clark joined the band.  According to Elliott, he successfully auditioned for the band by playing Lynyrd Skynyrd's "Free Bird" in its entirety.[16]

text: In November, just prior to recording sessions for what would be a three-song release known as The Def Leppard E.P., Kenning abruptly left the band; he would later form the band Cairo. He was replaced for those sessions by Frank Noon. By the end of the month, Rick Allen, then only 15 years old, had joined the band as its full-time drummer. Sales of the EP soared after the track "Getcha Rocks Off" was given extensive airtime by renowned BBC Radio 1 DJ John Peel, considered at the time to be a champion of punk rock and new wave music.[17]

text: Throughout 1979, the band developed a loyal following among British hard rock and heavy metal fans and were considered among the leaders of the new wave of British heavy metal movement. Their growing popularity led to a record deal with the major label Phonogram/Vertigo (Mercury Records in the US). Def Leppard's original management, MSB, a local duo consisting of Pete Martin and Frank Stuart-Brown, were fired after Martin and Joe Elliott got into a fistfight over an incident on the road. The band approached Peter Mensch of Leber-Krebs management, who had booked them on a tour of the UK supporting AC/DC. Mensch, who admitted that he had had his eye on the band, became their manager.[18]

text: Rise to fame (1980–1983)[edit]

text: Def Leppard's debut album, On Through the Night, was released on 14 March 1980. Although the album hit the Top 15 in the UK,[citation needed] many early fans were turned off by the perception that the band was trying too hard to appeal to American audiences by recording songs such as "Hello America" and touring more in the US (supporting Pat Travers, AC/DC, and Ted Nugent).[citation needed] A performance at the Reading Festival in August was marred when audience members expressed their displeasure by pelting the band with beer cans and bottles filled with urine. This incident was partially blamed on a cover story in Sounds music newspaper by the journalist Geoff Barton entitled "Has the Leppard changed its spots?" accusing the band of selling out to the American market. In a documentary on the band recorded for BBC 2, Barton recalls feelings of guilt over the story and having a "stand-up row" with the band's manager, Mensch, backstage at the show.[18][19][20] In the documentary series Metal Evolution, Joe Elliott says that the media had exaggerated the event and all bands on the day had experienced the 'abuse' from the crowd.[21]

text: The band had by then caught the attention of AC/DC producer Robert John "Mutt" Lange, who agreed to work on their second album, High 'n' Dry, released on 11 July 1981. Lange's meticulous approach in the studio helped them begin to define their sound. Despite the album's unimpressive sales figures, the band's video for "Bringin' On the Heartbreak" became one of the first metal videos played on MTV in 1982, bringing the band increased visibility in the U.S.[22] The band continued to use the up-and-coming music television industry to reach fans over the years with their unique videos and the extravagance of their concerts.[23]  After the album's release, European and American tours followed. The band opened for Ozzy Osbourne and Blackfoot.[24]

text: Pete Willis was fired on 11 July 1982 due to excessive alcohol consumption on the job and was replaced by Phil Collen of Girl the next day. This personnel change took place during the recording of their third album, Pyromania, which was released on 20 January 1983 and also produced by Lange. The cover artwork depicted an animated picture of a huge flame emerging from the top floor of a skyscraper, with a bullseye aimed at the flame. Though many stores would not carry the album due to the cover art, the band did not change the artwork.[citation needed] The lead single, "Photograph", turned Def Leppard into a household name, supplanting Michael Jackson's "Beat It" as the most requested video clip on MTV and becoming a staple of rock radio (dominating the US Album Rock Charts for six weeks), and sparked a headline tour across the U.S.[25]

text: Fueled by "Photograph" and subsequent singles "Rock of Ages" and "Foolin'", Pyromania went on to sell six million copies in 1983 (more than 100,000 copies every week in that year) and only was held from the top of the US album charts by Michael Jackson's Thriller.[citation needed] With the album's massive success, Pyromania was the catalyst for the 1980s pop-metal movement.[26] In 2004, Pyromania was certified Diamond having sold over 10 million copies in the US.[27] Def Leppard's US tour in support of Pyromania began opening for Billy Squier in March and ended with a headlining performance before an audience of 55,000 at Jack Murphy Stadium in San Diego, California in September.[citation needed] As a testament to the band's popularity at the time, a US Gallup poll in 1984 saw Def Leppard voted as favourite rock band over peers such as The Rolling Stones, AC/DC, and Journey. However, in their native England, Duran Duran secured the number one spot.[citation needed]

text: Hysteria era (1984–1989)[edit]

text: Following their breakthrough, the band moved to Dublin in February 1984 for tax purposes to begin writing the follow-up to Pyromania. Mutt Lange initially joined in on the songwriting sessions but then suddenly declined to return as producer due to exhaustion. Instead, Jim Steinman (of Meat Loaf's Bat Out of Hell fame) was brought in.

text: On 31 December 1984, drummer Rick Allen lost his left arm in a car crash on the A57 in the hills outside the band's home city of Sheffield. Allen was driving with his Dutch girlfriend, Miriam Barendsen, when his Corvette swerved off the road on a sharp bend and went through a drystone wall. Despite the severity of the accident, Allen was committed to continuing his role as Def Leppard's drummer, and realised that he could use his legs to do some of the drumming work previously done with his arms.[28] He then worked with Simmons to design a custom electronic drum kit.[29] The other members of the band supported Allen's recovery and never sought a replacement. Allen was placed in a separate studio to practice his new drums. After a few months, Allen gathered the band together and performed the intro to the Led Zeppelin version of "When the Levee Breaks" to showcase his progress to the band. Joe Elliott reports this as being a "very emotional moment."  During this period, Mutt Lange returned as producer. Def Leppard brought in Jeff Rich in August 1986 to play alongside Allen during Def Leppard's warm-up mini tour of Ireland. When the band couldn't fit two drum kits on stage at a gig, he and the band realized Allen could drum alone.[30] Allen's comeback was sealed at the 1986 Monsters of Rock festival in England, with an emotionally charged ovation after his introduction by Joe Elliott.[31]

text: After over three years of recording, Def Leppard's fourth album, Hysteria, was released on 3 August 1987. One of the first singles from the album, "Animal", became the band's first Top 10 hit in the UK, reaching No. 6 on the UK Singles Chart.[32] "Animal" also started their run of ten consecutive U.S. Billboard Hot 100 Top 40 singles.[33] Hysteria immediately topped the UK Album Charts in its first week of release, and has since spent 105 weeks on the chart.[32] Initial US album sales were relatively slow (compared to Pyromania) until the release of the fourth single, "Pour Some Sugar on Me". The song hit Number 2, and Hysteria finally reached the top of the U.S. Billboard 200 in July 1988.[34] Often regarded as the band's signature song, "Pour Some Sugar on Me" was ranked No. 2 on VH1's "100 Greatest Songs of the 80s" in 2006.[35]

text: The band's UK success saw them nominated for the 1988 Brit Award for Best British Group.[36] In October 1988, the power ballad "Love Bites" reached number one on the Billboard Hot 100.[33] In January 1989, the band scored another US Top 5 hit with "Armageddon It", and by spring of 1989 the final single "Rocket" was in the Top 20.[33] Wanting to give fans something new after the massive radio and video airplay for not only the 7 singles but also the Album tracks that Radio DJs were playing off the album, the band performed "Tear It Down", a Hysteria B-side at the 1989 MTV Video Music Awards. Due to positive fan reaction the song was reworked for their following album Adrenalize.

text: Hysteria is one of only a handful of albums that has charted seven singles or more on the US Hot 100: "Women" (#80), "Animal" (#19), "Hysteria" (#10), "Pour Some Sugar on Me" (#2), "Love Bites" (#1), "Armageddon It" (#3), and "Rocket" (#12).[33] It remained on the charts for three years and has sold over 25 million copies worldwide.[7] Equally successful was the accompanying 16-month tour, in which the band performed in the round. This concept proved wildly popular with fans (as seen in the videos for "Pour Some Sugar on Me" and "Armageddon It") and was used again for the Adrenalize tour.

text: At the 1989 Brit Awards held at the Royal Albert Hall in London, Def Leppard were again a nominee for Best British Group, and the band performed "Pour Some Sugar on Me" at the ceremony.[37][38] At the 1989 American Music Awards, Def Leppard won Favorite Heavy Metal/Hard Rock Artist, as well as Favorite Heavy Metal/Hard Rock Album (for Hysteria).[39]

text: Adrenalize, Clark's death, and change in musical direction (1990–1999)[edit]

text: Following Hysteria, the band quickly set out to work on their fifth album, hoping to avoid another lengthy gap. Steve Clark's alcoholism worsened to the point that he was constantly in and out of rehab. Recording sessions suffered from this distraction, and in mid-1990, Clark was granted a six-month leave of absence from the band. Clark died from a mix of prescription drugs and alcohol on 8 January 1991, in his London home.[40]

text: The remaining band members decided to carry on and recorded the album as a four-piece, with Collen mimicking Clark's style on his intended guitar parts.  Def Leppard's fifth album, Adrenalize, was finally released on 31 March 1992. The album simultaneously entered at number one on both the UK and US album charts, staying on the latter for 5 weeks.[34][41] The first single, "Let's Get Rocked", was an instant smash hit, and the band performed the song at the 1992 MTV Video Music Awards where it was nominated for Best Video of the Year.[42] In April 1992, Def Leppard appeared at The Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert at Wembley Stadium, London, performing a three-song set of "Animal", "Let's Get Rocked" and Queen's "Now I'm Here" with guitarist Brian May.[43] Joe Elliott later performed "Tie Your Mother Down" with the remaining members of Queen and Guns N' Roses guitarist Slash.[44]

text: In a period between late 1991 and early 1992, auditions for another guitarist commenced. Among the guitarists who auditioned included Adrian Smith, John Sykes, and Gary Hoey. Ultimately, the band chose Vivian Campbell in February 1992, formerly of Dio and Whitesnake. Another world tour followed but the band's fortunes began to be affected by the rise of alternative rock, including grunge.  Amidst the increasing popularity of alternative rock, the band decided to balance their original image as rebellious rock stars with a slightly friendlier energy, combining heavy metal with melodies and hooks more reminiscent of pop music.[45][46]

text: A collection of b-sides and unreleased tracks recorded between 1984 and 1993, called Retro Active, was released in October 1993, preceded by the success of "Two Steps Behind" (from the Arnold Schwarzenegger film Last Action Hero). Another single, "Miss You in a Heartbeat", hit the Top 5 in Canada, becoming one of their biggest hits there. Retro Active has sold 3 million copies worldwide to date. Two years later, Def Leppard issued their first greatest hits collection, Vault: Def Leppard Greatest Hits (1980–1995), which reached number 3 in the UK, and sold over 5 million copies in the US.[32][47] Alternate track listings of the album were issued for North America, the UK, and Japan. The compilation included a new track, the power ballad "When Love & Hate Collide", which became their biggest ever hit in the UK, hitting No. 2 on the UK Singles Chart.[48]

text: On 23 October 1995, the band entered the Guinness Book of World Records by performing three concerts on three continents in one day (Tangiers, Morocco; London, England; and Vancouver, Canada).[49]

text: Slang, released in May 1996, marked a drastic musical departure for the band by featuring darker lyrics and a stripped-down alternative rock edge. The band rehearsed and played the songs together in the studio instead of recording parts separately, resulting in a much more live-sounding album.[50] The US audience reception for Slang and its subsequent tour was a major dropoff from a decade earlier, but Q Magazine nonetheless listed Slang as one of their Top Ten Albums of 1996.[51] This album was the first recorded performance of Rick Allen playing a semi-acoustic drum kit since his accident, and not his electronic set as was first used with Hysteria.

text: VH1 revived the band's fortunes in the US in 1998 by featuring them on one of the first episodes of Behind the Music. Reruns of the episode yielded some of the series' highest ratings and brought the band's music back into the public consciousness (following years of burial by the alternative rock climate). The episode was even parodied on Saturday Night Live. In an effort to capitalise on this new momentum, Def Leppard returned to its classic sound with the 1999 album Euphoria. The first single, "Promises", reunited the band with Mutt Lange and hit the US Mainstream Rock charts at No. 1 for 3 weeks. The album was certified gold in the US and Canada.

text: On 5 September 2000, Def Leppard were inducted into the Rock Walk of Fame on Hollywood's Sunset Boulevard by their friend Brian May of Queen. In 2001, VH1 produced and aired Hysteria - The Def Leppard Story, a biopic that included Anthony Michael Hall as Mutt Lange and Amber Valletta as Lorelei Shellist (Steve Clark's girlfriend). The docudrama covered the band's history between 1977 through 1986, recounting the trials and triumphs of Rick Allen and Steve Clark. 18 July broadcast still produced some of the channel's highest-ever ratings and is available on DVD.

text: Def Leppard's tenth album, X, saw the band's musical direction moving more towards pop and further away from the band's hard rock roots. X quickly disappeared from the charts, ultimately becoming the band's least successful release. However, the accompanying tour played to the band's strongest audiences since Adrenalize.

text: An expanded and updated best-of collection, Best Of, was released internationally in October 2004. The North America-only version, Rock of Ages – The Definitive Collection, was released the following May. Def Leppard participated at the Live 8 show in Philadelphia and toured in the summer with Bryan Adams. In 2005, the band left their longtime management team, Q-Prime, and signed with HK Management.

text: On 23 May 2006, Def Leppard released an all-covers album titled Yeah!. The disc pays homage to classic rock songs of their childhood, originally recorded by Blondie, The Kinks, Sweet, ELO, and Badfinger among others. It debuted at No. 16 in the US, their tenth consecutive Top 20 album.[34]

text: The band, along with Queen, Kiss, and Judas Priest, were the inaugural inductees of VH1 Rock Honors on 31 May 2006.[52] During the show, The All-American Rejects paid homage to the band with a cover of "Photograph". Soon afterwards, they embarked on a US tour with Journey. That October, Hysteria was re-released in a two-disc deluxe edition format, which combined the original remastered album with b-sides, remixes, and bonus tracks from single releases. Def Leppard began their "Downstage Thrust Tour", on 27 June, which took them across the US and into Canada. Support bands were Foreigner and Styx.

text: Songs from the Sparkle Lounge (2008–2009)[edit]

text: On 28 April 2008, Def Leppard released their first album of new studio material in six years, Songs from the Sparkle Lounge. The album debuted at No. 5 on the Billboard 200 in the US. The first single was entitled "Nine Lives" and featured country singer Tim McGraw, who co-wrote the song with Joe Elliott, Phil Collen, and Rick Savage.

text: A tour in support of the album began on 27 March 2008 in Greensboro, North Carolina,[53] with Styx and REO Speedwagon joining the band on US dates. The band also played several European rock festivals. An arena tour of the UK took place in June in which the band co-headlined with Whitesnake and was supported by US southern rockers Black Stone Cherry. The band then returned to Europe before coming back for a second leg of the UK tour in June. The first of these dates was at the Glasgow SECC on 17 June. Again they were joined by Whitesnake; however, hard rock band Thunder supported at some of these shows. Black Stone Cherry continued to support most of the dates, including some of the Thunder ones. Six shows which were cancelled during the USA/Canada leg of their world tour due to illnesses affecting Joe Elliott and Phil Collen would be rescheduled and played in August of that year. On 11 June, Def Leppard announced further dates for their 2008 World Tour. The extension saw them visit Japan, Australia and New Zealand. Whitesnake continued to support Def Leppard for their Indian and Japanese dates. Def Leppard toured 41 US cities plus Toronto, Canada, during mid-2009 with Poison and Cheap Trick and also played the Download Festival with Whitesnake and ZZ Top.

text: In October 2008, Def Leppard played with country star Taylor Swift in a taped show in Nashville, Tennessee, in a show called CMT Crossroads: Taylor Swift and Def Leppard. This was released as a DVD on 16 June 2009 exclusively at Wal-Mart.[54] The release was the best-selling DVD of week, and the 10th best selling Wal-Mart music release.[55] A fan of the band since childhood, Taylor Swift chose Def Leppard to perform together for the show, and their crossover performance of "Photograph" was up for both Performance of the Year and Wide Open Country Video of the Year at the CMT Music Awards in 2009.[54] Taylor Swift said of the performance, "Performing with Def Leppard was awesome! They are the coolest guys on the planet! It was the coolest thing in the world to have my band on stage with them...It was the most amazing feeling in the world..."[56] Joe Elliott from Def Leppard said, "What an absolute pleasure it was to work with Taylor and her band who are a great set of musicians. Myself and Taylor blended really well together, I think, and everybody, both bands and the crowd, had a great time. I'm really glad we had the opportunity to do this."[57]

text: In October 2009 the band announced that they would be cancelling the last leg of the 2009 North American tour, a total of 23 shows. The band cited, "unforeseen personal matters", as the reason for the cancellations.[58] At the time, the band denied rumours about a breakup, saying, "We're not splitting. Not at all. We often joke, what else would we do? You just can't imagine doing anything else."[58][59]

text: Recent events and self-titled album (2010–present)[edit]

text: After taking a year off from touring in 2010, the band announced on 22 February 2011 that they would be releasing their first live album in the summer. Mirror Ball – Live & More, a two-disc live album, with three new studio tracks, was released in parts of Europe on 3 June, the rest of Europe on 6 June, and on 7 June in the US; it was announced at the same time that Def Leppard would perform at the Download Festival on 10 June 2011.[60] Of the three new studio tracks, two were released as singles, the first single being "Undefeated" released in April 2011, followed by "It's All About Believin'" released in May 2012.

text: Def Leppard embarked on a two-month U.S. tour in the summer of 2011, with Heart.,[61] as well as another seven shows in Australia in October with The Choirboys and Heart,[62] two shows in Japan in November,[63] and six shows in the United Kingdom in December with Steel Panther and Mötley Crüe.[64] The following year, they then toured with Poison and Lita Ford in the US during the summer of 2012 from 20 June through 15 September, dubbed the "Rock Of Ages 2012 Tour".[65][66]

text: The year after, Def Leppard played an eleven show residency at the Hard Rock Hotel and Casino in Las Vegas, Nevada from 22 March through 13 April 2013. The residency, referred to as Viva! Hysteria, featured a two part show, with the first half featuring Def Leppard opening for themselves, under the alias "Ded Flatbird", (jokingly called the best Def Leppard cover band in the world), when they would then play songs they very rarely play live, going all the way back to "Good Morning Freedom", a b-side from the single "Hello America" released in February 1980, an era usually left untouched by the band. The opening set varied each night, from playing the best hits from albums like On Through the Night, Slang, and Euphoria, to being the entire first half of High 'n' Dry. The second half, and "main event" was Def Leppard, as themselves playing their best-selling album, Hysteria, from start to finish. A live album, also titled Viva! Hysteria was released on 22 October 2013. This was the first time the band has played an album live from start to finish.[67][68] The band has re-recorded several hits and even the entire album Hysteria in an effort to circumvent their record label from future royalties, though of these re-recordings, only "Rock Of Ages", "Pour Some Sugar on Me", and "Hysteria" have been released.[69][70][71]

text: In June 2013, Vivian Campbell announced that he had developed Hodgkin's lymphoma, a malignant form of cancer that affects the Reed-Sternberg cells, located in the lymph nodes.[72] He continued performing with Def Leppard, and no shows were cancelled or rescheduled. The sole idea of cancelling any shows and not doing anything disgusted Campbell, believing performing would be the best way to remain optimistic.[73] In November 2013, he announced he was in remission. However, the cancer has since reemerged, and he is now receiving chemotherapy once again. Should the cancer once again enter remission, he will undergo a stem-cell transplant.

text: On 11 February 2014, the band released a remastered deluxe edition of their 1996 album Slang after much delay. The album, still coveted by many loyal fans of the band, now features 30 tracks including demos, B-sides, and unreleased material.[74] From 23 June 2014 to 31 August 2014, Def Leppard and Kiss toured 42 cities, with a dollar per ticket donated to such military charities as Wounded Warrior Project.[75] Def Leppard contributed one song Helen Wheels to the Paul McCartney tribute album The Art of McCartney released on 18 November 2014. Joe Elliott also contributed another track Hi, Hi, Hi.

text: At certain recent points in time, the band had projects, such as a cartoon and a documentary in development. However, these projects seem to be shelved indefinitely. The band had originally planned to do another residency in Las Vegas, this time in honour of Pyromania (called Viva! Pyromania), but due to the "Heroes 2014" tour with Kiss, and the recording of their new studio album, the project had been pushed back indefinitely.[76][77] The new album was originally planned to be an EP, but the set-list increased to 15 songs by June 2014.[78]  The album was released on October 30, 2015 with a tour following.[79]

text: In December 2014, the band announced a 13-date Canadian tour in April and May 2015.[80] This was followed in February 2015 with the announcement of a 2015 US summer tour with Styx and Tesla from June to October 2015.[81] The tour was then extended to include dates in Japan and Australia throughout November, and a tour of the UK and Ireland with Whitesnake in December. Def Leppard then returned to North America with Styx and Tesla in early 2016.

text: The eleventh studio album, titled Def Leppard, was recorded in 2014 and 2015, and released on 30 October 2015.[82] The band released the lead single from their self-titled album on 15 September 2015, titled "Let's Go", with a music video for the song being released on 30 October.[83] The 14 track album debuted at number 10 in the U.S. and number 11 in the UK.[84]

text: During the break following their 2015 tour, Def Leppard led the Hysteria on the High Seas concert cruise aboard the MSC Divina in January 2016. Joe Elliott became ill with laryngitis on the night of their cruise performance.[85] This led to the band performing without Elliott for the first time in their history. Vivian Campbell and Phil Collen sang lead vocals on two songs of the shortened seven song set in addition to two songs with vocals by Andrew Freeman and two more with Eric Martin and Kip Winger.[85] in addition to this, Campbell and Freeman's Last in Line bandmate Jimmy Bain, former bassist of Dio died of lung cancer aboard the ship the same night, causing Last in Line to cancel their show the following day.[86] Back on land, Elliott struggled through the first concert of the 2016 tour, resulting in Tesla's Jeff Keith joining Elliott on lead. The following day's concert was also postponed "due to illness", with Rick Allen reporting on Twitter "The Doctor basically said that if Joe continues to sing without resting his throat for a month he might do permanent damage.."[87]

text: By July 2016, the band were performing regularly again and intended to complete 48 dates.[88] When the tour stopped at DTE Energy Music Theatre in Clarkston, Michigan on 15 July, the show was recorded for future release. On 10 February 2017, the band released And There Will be a Next Time... Live from Detroit, a double live album and concert video.[89] In August 2017 the band celebrated the 30th anniversary of Hysteria by releasing a collectors edition box. The singles were also re-released on vinyl.[90]

text: In January 2018, Def Leppard announced it would embark on a 58 date North American tour with Journey.[91] In addition, the group's discography was made available for streaming and digital download after a deal was quietly reached between the band and Universal Music Group.[92]

text: Musical style and legacy[edit]

text: Def Leppard's music is a mixture of hard rock, AOR, pop and heavy metal elements, with its multi-layered, harmonic vocals and its melodic guitar riffs. However, even though they were often considered one of the top bands of the new wave of British heavy metal movement of the late 1970s, in the mid-1980s the band were associated with the growing glam metal scene, mainly due to their mainstream success and glossy production.[94] Pyromania has been cited as the catalyst for the 1980s pop-metal movement.[26] Def Leppard, however, expressed their dislike of the "glam metal" label, as they thought it did not accurately describe their look or musical style.[95] By the release of the Hysteria album, the band had developed a distinctive sound featuring electronic drums and effects-laden guitar sounds overlaid with a multi-layered wall of husky, harmonised vocals. Def Leppard has been cited as an influence by a wide range of musical acts, from heavy metal and thrash metal bands such as Slayer,[96] Pantera,[97] and Metallica[98] as part of the new wave of British heavy metal movement as well as by popular contemporary artists Matt Nathanson[99] and Taylor Swift.[100]

text: With Pyromania and Hysteria both certified Diamond by the RIAA, Def Leppard are one of only five rock bands with two original studio albums selling over 10 million copies each in the US, alongside the Beatles, Led Zeppelin, Pink Floyd and Van Halen.[11] Both Pyromania and Hysteria feature in Rolling Stone's list of the 500 Greatest Albums of All Time.[6][28]

text: Def Leppard was among the most successful of the new wave of British heavy metal bands in the early 1980s. They combined the raw power of metal with a pop emphasis on melody, catchy hooks and vocal harmonies that, particularly later on, contrasted sharply with harsher contemporary metal and punk bands.[101] Their early album On Through the Night (1980) appealed to metal fans and influenced the likes of Dimebag Darrell of Pantera[97] and Jeff Hanneman of Slayer.[96] Their hugely popular later albums, such as Hysteria (1987), appeared irregular due to their perfectionism in the studio, but appealed to a broad range of music fans.[101]

text: In 2006, the band received a Sheffield Legends plaque in their hometown of Sheffield, England.[102] Despite their huge commercial success, Elliott has said in an interview that he feels the band does not receive its fair share of respect from the British music press and he claimed the band had been barred from the BBC's Later with Jools Holland series because they were "not cool enough".[103]

text: Band members[edit]

text:
Current members
Joe Elliott – lead vocals, occasional rhythm guitar (1977–present)
Rick Savage – bass guitar, backing vocals (1977–present)
Rick Allen – drums, percussion, backing vocals (1978–present)
Phil Collen – guitars, backing vocals (1982–present)
Vivian Campbell – guitars, backing vocals (1992–present)

Former members
Tony Kenning – drums (1977–1978)
Pete Willis – guitars, backing vocals (1977–1982)
Steve Clark – guitars, backing vocals (1978–1991)

text: Side projects[edit]

text: Phil Collen played guitar, uncredited, on Sam Kinison's "Wild Thing" from 1988. The video featured members of bands such as Poison, Bon Jovi, Mötley Crüe, Guns N' Roses, Ratt, and Aerosmith. Collen also produced and played on the 1991 album On The Edge from Australian band BB Steal.

text: Joe Elliott sang lead vocals on two tracks on Rolling Stones guitarist Ronnie Wood's 1992 solo album, Slide on This. His then-wife Karla appeared in the videos for "Always Wanted More" and "Somebody Else Might". Various members of Def Leppard have played on tribute records for Jeff Beck, AC/DC and Alice Cooper.

text: A fan of his local football club Sheffield United F.C., Elliott performed on two tracks to the soundtrack of the 1996 Sheffield-set motion picture, When Saturday Comes (featuring fellow Sheffield native Sean Bean as a star football player), the title track and an instrumental, "Jimmy's Theme".[104] Elliott sang and co-wrote the opening track, "Don't Look Down" on Mick Ronson's farewell album Heaven and Hull.  A promotional video was issued for the song as well.

text: Cybernauts was a side project consisting of Elliott and Collen teamed with members of The Spiders From Mars (David Bowie's former band), minus the late Mick Ronson. The group played several shows, covering Bowie's Ziggy Stardust-era songs and released one internet only album (since deleted).

text: Vivian Campbell has played with two side bands in recent years, Clock and the Riverdogs, and recorded a solo album, Two Sides of If, released in 2005. Campbell toured with Thin Lizzy in early 2011 before joining Def Leppard on their latest tour.

text: Collen sings lead vocals and plays guitar in a side band called Man Raze with Sex Pistols drummer Paul Cook and former Girl bandmate Simon Laffy. They released their debut album Surreal in 2008 and a second album, PunkFunkRootsRock, in 2008.

text: Joe Elliott founded and fronts the band Down 'n' Outz with members of The Quireboys. The band plays covers of Mott the Hoople and related artists such as British Lions and Ian Hunter. They have released two studio albums of covers and one live album since their incarnation in 2009.

text: Following the death of Ronnie James Dio, Vivian Campbell reunited with the rest of the original Dio lineup with vocalist Andrew Freeman to form Last in Line. The band pays tribute to Dio by playing songs from their original tenure in the band and released an album titled Heavy Crown in February 2016.

text: Joe Elliott, along with various other musicians including Glenn Hughes, Duff McKagan, Sebastian Bach, Matt Sorum, Gilby Clarke and Steve Stevens formed a supergroup called Kings of Chaos, whose catalogue consists of songs by Deep Purple, Def Leppard, Guns N' Roses and others. In 2012, Kings of Chaos recorded their version of Deep Purple's classic, "Never Before" featuring Elliott singing lead vocals. Kings of Chaos played Stone Fest in Australia along with a few dates in South America in 2013.

text: Phil Collen formed a blues project by the name of Delta Deep with vocalist Debbi Blackwell Cook which released an eponymous debut in 2015.[105]

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text: Discography[edit]

text:
On Through the Night (1980)
High 'n' Dry (1981)
Pyromania (1983)
Hysteria (1987)
Adrenalize (1992)
Slang (1996)
Euphoria (1999)
X (2002)
Yeah! (2006)
Songs from the Sparkle Lounge (2008)
Def Leppard (2015)