document_title: Tales from the Borderlands

question_text: who voices fiona in tales from the borderlands

text: Tales from the Borderlands

text: Gameplay[edit]

text: Tales from the Borderlands is an episodic point-and-click graphic adventure comedy video game similar to Telltale's other games. It was released in five episodes. The player is able to move their player-character around the world's environment, interacting with objects and initiating conversation trees with non-player characters. Choices made by the player influence story elements in future episodes. The game also includes some degree of the shooter elements, featured in the Borderlands series, particularly the procedurally-generated guns and loot generation.[7][not in citation given] The game is confirmed to include an exclusive unlockable item for use in Borderlands: The Pre-Sequel.

text: Synopsis[edit]

text: Setting[edit]

text: Tales takes place in the Borderlands universe, primarily on the planet Pandora. Long-standing fables of a Vault containing vast treasures on Pandora has drawn numerous "Vault Hunters" to the planet, as well as the corporate interests of the Hyperion corporation who maintain military-like control of the planet from an orbiting base named Helios. The game occurs after the events of Borderlands 2. It has been discovered that there are numerous other Vaults scattered throughout the galaxy, leading to a search for more Vault Keys that can open these new Vaults.

text: Characters[edit]

text: The player separately controls the story's two protagonists Rhys (Troy Baker) and Fiona (Laura Bailey). Rhys is a Hyperion employee, who has been working with his co-worker and best friend Vaughn (Chris Hardwick) to get promoted into the higher ranks of the company but is stymied by his new boss and rival Hugo Vasquez (Patrick Warburton). Fiona is a con artist working on Pandora along with her sister Sasha (Erin Yvette), both who learned under their adoptive mentor Felix (Norman Hall). The story explores how the characters came together, showing common events from the perspective of both characters in a manner called the "Big Fish version of what happened" by Telltale's Kevin Bruner.[7][8] Other new characters in the game include Rhys and Vaughn's co-worker Yvette (Sola Bamis), the ruthless black market fencer August (Nolan North), the bandit leader Bossanova (Jason Topolski), and a mysterious stranger (Roger L. Jackson) shown during in medias res scenes during the episodes. Episode 2 introduces two new characters, the hooligans Finch (Dave Fennoy) and Kroger (Adam Harrington). Episode 3 introduces the gang lord Vallory (Susan Silo), the Atlas scientist Cassius (Phil LaMarr), and the robot Gortys (Ashley Johnson).

text: In addition to original characters, the game also features returning characters from the main Borderlands games (voiced by the same actors from the original games) including Handsome Jack (Dameon Clarke), businesswoman Mad Moxxi (Brina Palencia), gun salesman Marcus (Bruce DuBose), the Hyperion Loader Bot (Raison Varner), madman Shade (Brad Jackson), Hodunk clan leader Tector (Joel McDonald), and Vault Hunter Zer0 (Michael Turner). Episode 2 features the appearance of mechanic Scooter (Mikey Neumann), junkdealer Janey Springs (Catherine Moore), and ex-Atlas assassin Athena (Lydia Mackay). Episode 3 features the appearance of the Vault Hunters Brick (Marcus M. Mauldin) and Mordecai (Jason Liebrecht). Episode 5 features the appearance of the robot Claptrap (David Eddings).

text: Development[edit]

text: The concept of Tales bore out from the 2012 Spike Video Game Awards, according to Telltale's Steve Allison. Telltale and Gearbox had already worked together previously to bring Borderlands' Claptrap robot to Telltale's Poker Night 2.[9] Representatives from both Telltale and Gearbox were present at the ceremony at adjoining tables, and over the course of the event, the idea of combining their respective talents on a project came out. Following the ceremony, Telltale and Gearbox began to explore the possibilities, realizing that the Borderlands universe had a large number of characters with interesting stories that Telltale could build upon, as well as continuing to explore fan-favorite characters that the series had developed.[10] Gearbox noted that with the three prior Borderlands games, they had created an interesting universe but as a first-person shooter, the player's interaction with characters in that world was limited, and saw the potential in having Telltale expand upon their universe in a meaningful manner.[11]

text: Voice actors from the previous Borderlands games returned to voice characters in this game, including Dameon Clarke as Handsome Jack. Troy Baker (originally Sam Witwer) and Laura Bailey voice the two main protagonists, Rhys and Fiona. Additional voice actors include Nolan North as August, Patrick Warburton as Hugo Vasquez, Chris Hardwick as Vaughn, and Erin Yvette as Sasha.[12][13]

text: While Tales was critically well-received, the title had not met management's expectations for financial returns compared to its other properties like The Walking Dead. According to co-director Nick Herman, about halfway through the series' release, Telltale's management considered pulling the series so that they could reassign the staff to more lucrative projects, but the project leads worked out a deal to retain a skeleton staff to see the game out through its final episodes. Eurogamer's Jeffrey Matulef noted that the last episodes of the series seemed to be the best work that Telltale's done, likely as a result of those most committed to the project staying on as the skeleton staff. Because of the poor financial performance, Herman does not anticipate there will be a sequel to the series.[14] Telltale's head of creative communications Job Stauffer refuted the sales figures and said that the sales were not disappointing and Telltale didn't lose money on the project but the sales were not on the same level as The Walking Dead and Minecraft.[15]

text: Episodes[edit]

text: The game was separated into five episodes, released in intervals. A physical disc-based release containing all five episodes was released on April 26, 2016 for personal computer and console versions.[16]

text:
No.
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original release date

1
"Zer0 Sum"
Nick Herman
Pierre Shorette and Adam Hines
November 25, 2014 (2014-11-25)[1]

The game opens in medias res: a stranger kidnaps Rhys and Fiona, who have an antagonistic relationship, and forces them to tell their shared story of the Gortys Project. Rhys, a Hyperion employee on its moon base Helios, is demoted by Hugo Vasquez. Overhearing that Vasquez is purchasing a Vault Key from August, Rhys and Vaugh take a stolen briefcase of money to Pandora to buy it first. However, Rhys, Vaughn, and August discover the Key is a fake created by con artists Fiona and Sasha and their mentor Felix. The money is stolen, and Rhys, Vaughn, Fiona, Sasha, and Felix form a reluctant alliance to recover it. Rhys installs a Hyperion ID chip he found into his cybernetics, hoping it will help locate the briefcase; he loses consciousness, but nothing else happens. Ultimately, they locate the money in an Atlas facility, and Felix takes it for himself. He triggers the briefcase's explosive lock, either dying or escaping depending on the player's choices. The others discover the Gortys core inside a secret chamber in the Atlas base. A hologram of Handsome Jack appears to Rhys and announces they found the Gortys Project, which leads to a Vault.

2
"Atlas Mugged"
Jonathan Stauder
Pierre Shorette, Jeremy Breslau, Chuck Jordan, and Eric Stirpe
March 17, 2015 (2015-03-17)[3]

To learn more about the Gortys Project, the group sets off in Fiona and Sasha's caravan for another Atlas facility. They are attacked, and Rhys and Vaughn fall off the damaged caravan. Rhys and Vaughn are cornered by Vasquez, and they escape with help from Jack and Loader Bot. Fiona and Sasha detour to Hollow Point to have the mechanic Scooter repair the caravan. They visit Felix's home and discover Felix betrayed them to protect them from August's boss Vallory. Despite this, Fiona and Sasha must evade Vallory's thugs and the Vault Hunter Athena to regroup with the others. At the Atlas facility, the group is ambushed by Vasquez and August, who force Fiona and Rhys to construct the Gortys unit. Rhys accidentally triggers the facility's security, and the player must choose between trusting Fiona or trusting Jack to get Fiona and Rhys to safety.

3
"Catch a Ride"
Ashley Ruhl
Eric Stirpe, Pierre Shorette, and Anthony Burch
June 23, 2015 (2015-06-23)[4]

Regardless if the player chooses to trust Fiona or chooses to trust Jack, the group successfully escapes August and Vasquez. However, they are cornered by Vallory outside the facility. She kills Vasquez and tries to kill everyone else, but she, August, and their gang are forced to retreat by Athena. Athena reveals she was secretly hired by Felix to protect and mentor Fiona and Sasha. Fiona activates the Gortys unit, and it becomes a small robot. The robot, called Gortys, explains that Atlas created her to locate the teleporting Vault of the Traveler. However, Athena killed all of Atlas' employees, leaving Gortys incomplete. They take Gortys to her next upgrade in another Atlas facility. They successfully retrieve it but are again captured by Vallory. Depending on the player's choices, Vaughn either escapes capture or is captured only to escape later. Athena is defeated and taken away by two other Vault Hunters. Gortys is forced to reveal that her next upgrade is on Helios in Jack's office.

4
"Escape Plan Bravo"
Martin Montgomery
Jeremy Breslau, Pierre Shorette, and Anthony Burch
August 18, 2015 (2015-08-18)[5]

Vallory forces Rhys, Fiona, Sasha, Loader Bot, and Gortys to retrieve the upgrade from Jack's office on Helios; she sends August and her thugs to go with them. The caravan is converted into a spaceship to make the journey. Scooter accompanies them to Helios, but before they arrive, he sacrifices himself to prevent the caravan from exploding. Rhys infiltrates Helios disguised as Vasquez and learns that Yvette was working with Vasquez. Though initially the plan is that Fiona infiltrates Jack's office, the security lockdown is accidentally triggered, forcing Rhys to enter it through a trapdoor. He successfully retrieves the upgrade. Jack offers Rhys control of Hyperion, which Rhys either accepts or declines depending on the player's choices. If the player accepts, Rhys uploads Jack into Helios, and Jack announces Rhys as president of Hyperion; if the player declines, Jack forcibly uploads himself into Helios and seizes control himself.

5
"The Vault of the Traveler"
Nick Herman
Pierre Shorette, Anthony Burch, and Zack Keller
October 20, 2015 (2015-10-20)[6]

Jack attempts to take control of Rhys' body by grafting a robotic endoskeleton into Rhys. Fiona, Sasha, and Gortys take the upgrade to the hanger. If the player rejected Jack's offer, they tell Rhys they will to wait for him; if the player accepted Jack's offer, they abandon Rhys. To kill Jack, Rhys sends Helios on a collision course with Pandora. In the hangar, Vallory's thugs reveal they planned to take only Gortys back to Pandora. August changes the plan, but Fiona is still left behind. Rhys witnesses the caravan leaving, falsely believing or learning he was abandoned. Fiona escapes in a shuttle, and Loader Bot sacrifices himself to ensure Rhys also escapes. In the wreckage of Helios, Jack downloads himself into Rhys' cybernetics and attempts to kill him. However, Rhys removes his cybernetics, destroying Jack or imprisoning him in Rhys' eye implant. Vallory has Gortys open the Vault, but the monster protecting it kills Vallory. Gortys instructs Fiona and Sasha to destroy Gortys, closing the Vault and banishing the monster. In the present, Vaughn captures the stranger, revealed to be Loader Bot. Loader Bot witnessed Gortys' destruction and, feeling betrayed, rebuilt himself with Jack's endoskeletion to seek the truth. He asks the group to rebuild Gortys, destroy the monster, and free Gortys of her programmed mission. With aid from former associates, the monster is destroyed. Rhys and Fiona enter the Vault; together, they open a chest and are teleported to an unknown location.

text: Reception[edit]

text:
Aggregate review scores

Game
Metacritic

Episode 1 – Zer0 Sum
(PC) 84[17]
(PS4) 80[18]
(XONE) 82[19]

Episode 2 – Atlas Mugged
(PC) 78[20]
(PS4) 81[21]
(XONE) 78[22]

Episode 3 – Catch a Ride
(PC) 81[23]
(PS4) 83[24]
(XONE) 65[25]

Episode 4 – Escape Plan Bravo
(PC) 79[26]
(PS4) 78[27]

Episode 5 – The Vault of the Traveler
(PC) 86[28]
(PS4) 90[29]

A Telltale Games Series
(PC) 85[30]
(PS4) 86[31]
(XONE) 88[32]

text: Tales from the Borderlands received critical acclaim. Critics have praised it for its story, characters, action sequences, humor, choice driven gameplay, and faithfulness to the source material while criticism was mainly directed towards the game's graphical glitches.

text: Episode 1 – Zer0 Sum[edit]

text: Episode 1 – Zer0 Sum received "generally positive" reviews. Aggregating review websites GameRankings and Metacritic gave the Microsoft Windows version 84/100 based on 43 reviews,[17] the PlayStation 4 version 80/100 based on 15 reviews[18] and the Xbox One version 82/100 based on 8 reviews.[19] The first episode was an honorable mention for Best Narrative for the 2015 Game Developers Choice Awards.[33]

text: Episode 2 – Atlas Mugged[edit]

text: Episode 2 – Atlas Mugged received "generally positive" reviews. Aggregating review websites GameRankings and Metacritic gave the Microsoft Windows version 78/100 based on 38 reviews,[20] the PlayStation 4 version 81/100 based on 11 reviews[21] and the Xbox One version 78/100 based on 5 reviews.[22]

text: Episode 3 – Catch a Ride[edit]

text: Episode 3 – Catch a Ride received "generally positive" reviews. Aggregating review websites GameRankings and Metacritic gave the Microsoft Windows version 81/100 based on 24 reviews,[23] the PlayStation 4 version 83/100 based on 12 reviews[24] and the Xbox One version 65/100 based on 6 reviews.[25]

text: Episode 4 – Escape Plan Bravo[edit]

text: Episode 4 – Escape Plan Bravo received "generally positive" reviews. Aggregating review websites GameRankings and Metacritic gave the Microsoft Windows version 79/100 based on 27 reviews[26] and the PlayStation 4 version 78/100 based on 9 reviews.[27]

text: Episode 5 – The Vault of the Traveler[edit]

text: Episode 5 – The Vault of the Traveler received "critical acclaim". Aggregating review websites GameRankings and Metacritic gave the Microsoft Windows version 86/100 based on 32 reviews[28] and the PlayStation 4 version 90/100 based on 7 reviews.[29]

text: Awards[edit]

text:
List of awards and nominations

Award
Category
Recipient(s) and nominee(s)
Result
Ref.

The Game Awards 2015
Best Narrative
Tales from the Borderlands
Nominated
[34]

Hardcore Gamer's Best of 2015
Best Story
Tales from the Borderlands
Won
[35]

Best Licensed Soundtrack
Won
[35]

Best Voice Acting
Won
[35]

Best Surprise
Won
[36]

Best Adventure Game
Won
[37]

Best New Character
Gortys
Won
[38]

Best New Character
Loader Bot
Runner-Up
[38]

Game of the Year
Tales from the Borderlands
Won
[39]

2015 NAVGTR Awards
Writing in a Comedy
TBD
Won
[40]

Game, Franchise Adventure
Noah Hughes
Nominated

Performance in a Comedy, Lead
Troy Baker
Won

Original Light Mix Score, Franchise
Jared Emerson-Johnson
Won

Performance in a Comedy, Supporting
Erin Yvette
Won


document_title: Noble gas

question_text: where does the name noble gases come from

root

text: Noble gas

text: History[edit]

text: Noble gas is translated from the German noun Edelgas, first used in 1898 by Hugo Erdmann[1] to indicate their extremely low level of reactivity. The name makes an analogy to the term "noble metals", which also have low reactivity. The noble gases have also been referred to as inert gases, but this label is deprecated as many noble gas compounds are now known.[2] Rare gases is another term that was used,[3] but this is also inaccurate because argon forms a fairly considerable part (0.94% by volume, 1.3% by mass) of the Earth's atmosphere due to decay of radioactive potassium-40.[4]

tag: p

text: Pierre Janssen and Joseph Norman Lockyer discovered a new element on August 18, 1868 while looking at the chromosphere of the Sun, and named it helium after the Greek word for the Sun, ἥλιος (hḗlios).[5] No chemical analysis was possible at the time, but helium was later found to be a noble gas. Before them, in 1784, the English chemist and physicist Henry Cavendish had discovered that air contains a small proportion of a substance less reactive than nitrogen.[6] A century later, in 1895, Lord Rayleigh discovered that samples of nitrogen from the air were of a different density than nitrogen resulting from chemical reactions. Along with Scottish scientist William Ramsay at University College, London, Lord Rayleigh theorized that the nitrogen extracted from air was mixed with another gas, leading to an experiment that successfully isolated a new element, argon, from the Greek word ἀργός (argós, "idle" or "lazy").[6] With this discovery, they realized an entire class of gases was missing from the periodic table. During his search for argon, Ramsay also managed to isolate helium for the first time while heating cleveite, a mineral. In 1902, having accepted the evidence for the elements helium and argon, Dmitri Mendeleev included these noble gases as group 0 in his arrangement of the elements, which would later become the periodic table.[7]

text: Ramsay continued his search for these gases using the method of fractional distillation to separate liquid air into several components. In 1898, he discovered the elements krypton, neon, and xenon, and named them after the Greek words κρυπτός (kryptós, "hidden"), νέος (néos, "new"), and ξένος (ksénos, "stranger"), respectively. Radon was first identified in 1898 by Friedrich Ernst Dorn,[8] and was named radium emanation, but was not considered a noble gas until 1904 when its characteristics were found to be similar to those of other noble gases.[9] Rayleigh and Ramsay received the 1904 Nobel Prizes in Physics and in Chemistry, respectively, for their discovery of the noble gases;[10][11] in the words of J. E. Cederblom, then president of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, "the discovery of an entirely new group of elements, of which no single representative had been known with any certainty, is something utterly unique in the history of chemistry, being intrinsically an advance in science of peculiar significance".[11]

text: The discovery of the noble gases aided in the development of a general understanding of atomic structure. In 1895, French chemist Henri Moissan attempted to form a reaction between fluorine, the most electronegative element, and argon, one of the noble gases, but failed. Scientists were unable to prepare compounds of argon until the end of the 20th century, but these attempts helped to develop new theories of atomic structure. Learning from these experiments, Danish physicist Niels Bohr proposed in 1913 that the electrons in atoms are arranged in shells surrounding the nucleus, and that for all noble gases except helium the outermost shell always contains eight electrons.[9] In 1916, Gilbert N. Lewis formulated the octet rule, which concluded an octet of electrons in the outer shell was the most stable arrangement for any atom; this arrangement caused them to be unreactive with other elements since they did not require any more electrons to complete their outer shell.[12]

text:
In 1962, Neil Bartlett discovered the first chemical compound of a noble gas, xenon hexafluoroplatinate.[13] Compounds of other noble gases were discovered soon after: in 1962 for radon, radon difluoride (RnF
2),[14] which was identified by radiotracer techniques and in 1963 for krypton, krypton difluoride (KrF
2).[15] The first stable compound of argon was reported in 2000 when argon fluorohydride (HArF) was formed at a temperature of 40 K (−233.2 °C; −387.7 °F).[16]

text: In December 1998, scientists at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research working in Dubna, Russia bombarded plutonium (Pu) with calcium (Ca) to produce a single atom of element 114,[17] flerovium (Fl).[18] Preliminary chemistry experiments have indicated this element may be the first superheavy element to show abnormal noble-gas-like properties, even though it is a member of group 14 on the periodic table.[19] In October 2006, scientists from the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research and Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory successfully created synthetically oganesson (Og), the seventh element in group 18,[20] by bombarding californium (Cf) with calcium (Ca).[21]

text: Physical and atomic properties[edit]

text:
Property[9][22]
Helium
Neon
Argon
Krypton
Xenon
Radon

Density (g/dm3)
0.1786
0.9002
1.7818
3.708
5.851
9.97

Boiling point (K)
4.4
27.3
87.4
121.5
166.6
211.5

Melting point (K)
0.95
(at 25 bar)
24.7
83.6
115.8
161.7
202.2

Enthalpy of vaporization (kJ/mol)
0.08
1.74
6.52
9.05
12.65
18.1

Solubility in water at 20 °C (cm3/kg)
8.61
10.5
33.6
59.4
108.1
230

Atomic number
2
10
18
36
54
86

Atomic radius (calculated) (pm)
31
38
71
88
108
120

Ionization energy (kJ/mol)
2372
2080
1520
1351
1170
1037

Allen electronegativity[23]
4.16
4.79
3.24
2.97
2.58
2.60

tag: table

text: The noble gases have weak interatomic force, and consequently have very low melting and boiling points. They are all monatomic gases under standard conditions, including the elements with larger atomic masses than many normally solid elements.[9] Helium has several unique qualities when compared with other elements: its boiling and melting points are lower than those of any other known substance; it is the only element known to exhibit superfluidity; it is the only element that cannot be solidified by cooling under standard conditions—a pressure of 25 standard atmospheres (2,500 kPa; 370 psi) must be applied at a temperature of 0.95 K (−272.200 °C; −457.960 °F) to convert it to a solid.[24] The noble gases up to xenon have multiple stable isotopes. Radon has no stable isotopes; its longest-lived isotope, 222Rn, has a half-life of 3.8 days and decays to form helium and polonium, which ultimately decays to lead.[9] Melting and boiling points generally increase going down the group.

text: The noble gas atoms, like atoms in most groups, increase steadily in atomic radius from one period to the next due to the increasing number of electrons. The size of the atom is related to several properties. For example, the ionization potential decreases with an increasing radius because the valence electrons in the larger noble gases are farther away from the nucleus and are therefore not held as tightly together by the atom. Noble gases have the largest ionization potential among the elements of each period, which reflects the stability of their electron configuration and is related to their relative lack of chemical reactivity.[22] Some of the heavier noble gases, however, have ionization potentials small enough to be comparable to those of other elements and molecules. It was the insight that xenon has an ionization potential similar to that of the oxygen molecule that led Bartlett to attempt oxidizing xenon using platinum hexafluoride, an oxidizing agent known to be strong enough to react with oxygen.[13] Noble gases cannot accept an electron to form stable anions; that is, they have a negative electron affinity.[25]

text: The macroscopic physical properties of the noble gases are dominated by the weak van der Waals forces between the atoms. The attractive force increases with the size of the atom as a result of the increase in polarizability and the decrease in ionization potential. This results in systematic group trends: as one goes down group 18, the atomic radius, and with it the interatomic forces, increases, resulting in an increasing melting point, boiling point, enthalpy of vaporization, and solubility. The increase in density is due to the increase in atomic mass.[22]

text: The noble gases are nearly ideal gases under standard conditions, but their deviations from the ideal gas law provided important clues for the study of intermolecular interactions. The Lennard-Jones potential, often used to model intermolecular interactions, was deduced in 1924 by John Lennard-Jones from experimental data on argon before the development of quantum mechanics provided the tools for understanding intermolecular forces from first principles.[26] The theoretical analysis of these interactions became tractable because the noble gases are monatomic and the atoms spherical, which means that the interaction between the atoms is independent of direction, or isotropic.

text: Chemical properties[edit]

text: The noble gases are colorless, odorless, tasteless, and nonflammable under standard conditions. They were once labeled group 0 in the periodic table because it was believed they had a valence of zero, meaning their atoms cannot combine with those of other elements to form compounds. However, it was later discovered some do indeed form compounds, causing this label to fall into disuse.[9]

text: Configuration[edit]

text: Like other groups, the members of this family show patterns in its electron configuration, especially the outermost shells resulting in trends in chemical behavior:

text:
Z
Element
No. of electrons/shell

2
helium
2

10
neon
2, 8

18
argon
2, 8, 8

36
krypton
2, 8, 18, 8

54
xenon
2, 8, 18, 18, 8

86
radon
2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 8

text: The noble gases have full valence electron shells. Valence electrons are the outermost electrons of an atom and are normally the only electrons that participate in chemical bonding. Atoms with full valence electron shells are extremely stable and therefore do not tend to form chemical bonds and have little tendency to gain or lose electrons.[27] However, heavier noble gases such as radon are held less firmly together by electromagnetic force than lighter noble gases such as helium, making it easier to remove outer electrons from heavy noble gases.

text: As a result of a full shell, the noble gases can be used in conjunction with the electron configuration notation to form the noble gas notation. To do this, the nearest noble gas that precedes the element in question is written first, and then the electron configuration is continued from that point forward. For example, the electron notation of phosphorus is 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p3, while the noble gas notation is [Ne] 3s2 3p3. This more compact notation makes it easier to identify elements, and is shorter than writing out the full notation of atomic orbitals.[28]

text: Compounds[edit]

text: The noble gases show extremely low chemical reactivity; consequently, only a few hundred noble gas compounds have been formed. Neutral compounds in which helium and neon are involved in chemical bonds have not been formed (although there is some theoretical evidence for a few helium compounds), while xenon, krypton, and argon have shown only minor reactivity.[29] The reactivity follows the order Ne < He < Ar < Kr < Xe < Rn.

text:
In 1933, Linus Pauling predicted that the heavier noble gases could form compounds with fluorine and oxygen. He predicted the existence of krypton hexafluoride (KrF
6) and xenon hexafluoride (XeF
6), speculated that XeF
8 might exist as an unstable compound, and suggested that xenic acid could form perxenate salts.[30][31] These predictions were shown to be generally accurate, except that XeF
8 is now thought to be both thermodynamically and kinetically unstable.[32]

text:
Xenon compounds are the most numerous of the noble gas compounds that have been formed.[33] Most of them have the xenon atom in the oxidation state of +2, +4, +6, or +8 bonded to highly electronegative atoms such as fluorine or oxygen, as in xenon difluoride (XeF
2), xenon tetrafluoride (XeF
4), xenon hexafluoride (XeF
6), xenon tetroxide (XeO
4), and sodium perxenate (Na
4XeO
6). Xenon reacts with fluorine to form numerous xenon fluorides according to the following equations:

text:
Some of these compounds have found use in chemical synthesis as oxidizing agents; XeF
2, in particular, is commercially available and can be used as a fluorinating agent.[34] As of 2007, about five hundred compounds of xenon bonded to other elements have been identified, including organoxenon compounds (containing xenon bonded to carbon), and xenon bonded to nitrogen, chlorine, gold, mercury, and xenon itself.[29][35] Compounds of xenon bound to boron, hydrogen, bromine, iodine, beryllium, sulphur, titanium, copper, and silver have also been observed but only at low temperatures in noble gas matrices, or in supersonic noble gas jets.[29]

text: In theory, radon is more reactive than xenon, and therefore should form chemical bonds more easily than xenon does. However, due to the high radioactivity and short half-life of radon isotopes, only a few fluorides and oxides of radon have been formed in practice.[36]

text: Krypton is less reactive than xenon, but several compounds have been reported with krypton in the oxidation state of +2.[29] Krypton difluoride is the most notable and easily characterized. Under extreme conditions, krypton reacts with fluorine to form KrF2 according to the following equation:

text: Compounds in which krypton forms a single bond to nitrogen and oxygen have also been characterized,[37] but are only stable below −60 °C (−76 °F) and −90 °C (−130 °F) respectively.[29]

text: Krypton atoms chemically bound to other nonmetals (hydrogen, chlorine, carbon) as well as some late transition metals (copper, silver, gold) have also been observed, but only either at low temperatures in noble gas matrices, or in supersonic noble gas jets.[29] Similar conditions were used to obtain the first few compounds of argon in 2000, such as argon fluorohydride (HArF), and some bound to the late transition metals copper, silver, and gold.[29] As of 2007, no stable neutral molecules involving covalently bound helium or neon are known.[29]

text: The noble gases—including helium—can form stable molecular ions in the gas phase. The simplest is the helium hydride molecular ion, HeH+, discovered in 1925.[38] Because it is composed of the two most abundant elements in the universe, hydrogen and helium, it is believed to occur naturally in the interstellar medium, although it has not been detected yet.[39] In addition to these ions, there are many known neutral excimers of the noble gases. These are compounds such as ArF and KrF that are stable only when in an excited electronic state; some of them find application in excimer lasers.

text: In addition to the compounds where a noble gas atom is involved in a covalent bond, noble gases also form non-covalent compounds. The clathrates, first described in 1949,[40] consist of a noble gas atom trapped within cavities of crystal lattices of certain organic and inorganic substances. The essential condition for their formation is that the guest (noble gas) atoms must be of appropriate size to fit in the cavities of the host crystal lattice. For instance, argon, krypton, and xenon form clathrates with hydroquinone, but helium and neon do not because they are too small or insufficiently polarizable to be retained.[41] Neon, argon, krypton, and xenon also form clathrate hydrates, where the noble gas is trapped in ice.[42]

text:
Noble gases can form endohedral fullerene compounds, in which the noble gas atom is trapped inside a fullerene molecule. In 1993, it was discovered that when C
60, a spherical molecule consisting of 60 carbon atoms, is exposed to noble gases at high pressure, complexes such as He@C
60 can be formed (the @ notation indicates He is contained inside C
60 but not covalently bound to it).[43] As of 2008, endohedral complexes with helium, neon, argon, krypton, and xenon have been obtained.[44] These compounds have found use in the study of the structure and reactivity of fullerenes by means of the nuclear magnetic resonance of the noble gas atom.[45]

text:
Noble gas compounds such as xenon difluoride (XeF
2) are considered to be hypervalent because they violate the octet rule. Bonding in such compounds can be explained using a three-center four-electron bond model.[46][47] This model, first proposed in 1951, considers bonding of three collinear atoms. For example, bonding in XeF
2 is described by a set of three molecular orbitals (MOs) derived from p-orbitals on each atom. Bonding results from the combination of a filled p-orbital from Xe with one half-filled p-orbital from each F atom, resulting in a filled bonding orbital, a filled non-bonding orbital, and an empty antibonding orbital. The highest occupied molecular orbital is localized on the two terminal atoms. This represents a localization of charge which is facilitated by the high electronegativity of fluorine.[48]

text: The chemistries of the heavier noble gases, krypton and xenon, are well established. The chemistry of the lighter ones, argon and helium, is still at an early stage, while a neon compound is yet to be identified.

text: Occurrence and production[edit]

text: The abundances of the noble gases in the universe decrease as their atomic numbers increase. Helium is the most common element in the universe after hydrogen, with a mass fraction of about 24%. Most of the helium in the universe was formed during Big Bang nucleosynthesis, but the amount of helium is steadily increasing due to the fusion of hydrogen in stellar nucleosynthesis (and, to a very slight degree, the alpha decay of heavy elements).[49][50] Abundances on Earth follow different trends; for example, helium is only the third most abundant noble gas in the atmosphere. The reason is that there is no primordial helium in the atmosphere; due to the small mass of the atom, helium cannot be retained by the Earth's gravitational field.[51] Helium on Earth comes from the alpha decay of heavy elements such as uranium and thorium found in the Earth's crust, and tends to accumulate in natural gas deposits.[51] The abundance of argon, on the other hand, is increased as a result of the beta decay of potassium-40, also found in the Earth's crust, to form argon-40, which is the most abundant isotope of argon on Earth despite being relatively rare in the Solar System. This process is the basis for the potassium-argon dating method.[52] Xenon has an unexpectedly low abundance in the atmosphere, in what has been called the missing xenon problem; one theory is that the missing xenon may be trapped in minerals inside the Earth's crust.[53] After the discovery of xenon dioxide, research showed that Xe can substitute for Si in quartz.[54] Radon is formed in the lithosphere by the alpha decay of radium. It can seep into buildings through cracks in their foundation and accumulate in areas that are not well ventilated. Due to its high radioactivity, radon presents a significant health hazard; it is implicated in an estimated 21,000 lung cancer deaths per year in the United States alone.[55]

text:
Abundance
Helium
Neon
Argon
Krypton
Xenon
Radon

Solar System (for each atom of silicon)[56]
2343
2.148
0.1025
5.515 × 10−5
5.391 × 10−6
–

Earth's atmosphere (volume fraction in ppm)[57]
5.20
18.20
9340.00
1.10
0.09
(0.06–18) × 10−19[58]

Igneous rock (mass fraction in ppm)[22]
3 × 10−3
7 × 10−5
4 × 10−2
–
–
1.7 × 10−10

text:
Gas
2004 price (USD/m3)[59]

Helium (industrial grade)
4.20–4.90

Helium (laboratory grade)
22.30–44.90

Argon
2.70–8.50

Neon
60–120

Krypton
400–500

Xenon
4000–5000

text: For large-scale use, helium is extracted by fractional distillation from natural gas, which can contain up to 7% helium.[60]

text: Neon, argon, krypton, and xenon are obtained from air using the methods of liquefaction of gases, to convert elements to a liquid state, and fractional distillation, to separate mixtures into component parts. Helium is typically produced by separating it from natural gas, and radon is isolated from the radioactive decay of radium compounds.[9] The prices of the noble gases are influenced by their natural abundance, with argon being the cheapest and xenon the most expensive. As an example, the adjacent table lists the 2004 prices in the United States for laboratory quantities of each gas.

text: Applications[edit]

text: Noble gases have very low boiling and melting points, which makes them useful as cryogenic refrigerants.[61] In particular, liquid helium, which boils at 4.2 K (−268.95 °C; −452.11 °F), is used for superconducting magnets, such as those needed in nuclear magnetic resonance imaging and nuclear magnetic resonance.[62] Liquid neon, although it does not reach temperatures as low as liquid helium, also finds use in cryogenics because it has over 40 times more refrigerating capacity than liquid helium and over three times more than liquid hydrogen.[58]

text: Helium is used as a component of breathing gases to replace nitrogen, due its low solubility in fluids, especially in lipids. Gases are absorbed by the blood and body tissues when under pressure like in scuba diving, which causes an anesthetic effect known as nitrogen narcosis.[63] Due to its reduced solubility, little helium is taken into cell membranes, and when helium is used to replace part of the breathing mixtures, such as in trimix or heliox, a decrease in the narcotic effect of the gas at depth is obtained.[64] Helium's reduced solubility offers further advantages for the condition known as decompression sickness, or the bends.[9][65] The reduced amount of dissolved gas in the body means that fewer gas bubbles form during the decrease in pressure of the ascent. Another noble gas, argon, is considered the best option for use as a drysuit inflation gas for scuba diving.[66] Helium is also used as filling gas in nuclear fuel rods for nuclear reactors.[67]

text: Since the Hindenburg disaster in 1937,[68] helium has replaced hydrogen as a lifting gas in blimps and balloons due to its lightness and incombustibility, despite an 8.6%[69] decrease in buoyancy.[9]

text: In many applications, the noble gases are used to provide an inert atmosphere. Argon is used in the synthesis of air-sensitive compounds that are sensitive to nitrogen. Solid argon is also used for the study of very unstable compounds, such as reactive intermediates, by trapping them in an inert matrix at very low temperatures.[70] Helium is used as the carrier medium in gas chromatography, as a filler gas for thermometers, and in devices for measuring radiation, such as the Geiger counter and the bubble chamber.[59] Helium and argon are both commonly used to shield welding arcs and the surrounding base metal from the atmosphere during welding and cutting, as well as in other metallurgical processes and in the production of silicon for the semiconductor industry.[58]

text: Noble gases are commonly used in lighting because of their lack of chemical reactivity. Argon, mixed with nitrogen, is used as a filler gas for incandescent light bulbs.[58] Krypton is used in high-performance light bulbs, which have higher color temperatures and greater efficiency, because it reduces the rate of evaporation of the filament more than argon; halogen lamps, in particular, use krypton mixed with small amounts of compounds of iodine or bromine.[58] The noble gases glow in distinctive colors when used inside gas-discharge lamps, such as "neon lights". These lights are called after neon but often contain other gases and phosphors, which add various hues to the orange-red color of neon. Xenon is commonly used in xenon arc lamps which, due to their nearly continuous spectrum that resembles daylight, find application in film projectors and as automobile headlamps.[58]

text: The noble gases are used in excimer lasers, which are based on short-lived electronically excited molecules known as excimers. The excimers used for lasers may be noble gas dimers such as Ar2, Kr2 or Xe2, or more commonly, the noble gas is combined with a halogen in excimers such as ArF, KrF, XeF, or XeCl. These lasers produce ultraviolet light which, due to its short wavelength (193 nm for ArF and 248 nm for KrF), allows for high-precision imaging. Excimer lasers have many industrial, medical, and scientific applications. They are used for microlithography and microfabrication, which are essential for integrated circuit manufacture, and for laser surgery, including laser angioplasty and eye surgery.[71]

text: Some noble gases have direct application in medicine. Helium is sometimes used to improve the ease of breathing of asthma sufferers.[58] Xenon is used as an anesthetic because of its high solubility in lipids, which makes it more potent than the usual nitrous oxide, and because it is readily eliminated from the body, resulting in faster recovery.[72] Xenon finds application in medical imaging of the lungs through hyperpolarized MRI.[73] Radon, which is highly radioactive and is only available in minute amounts, is used in radiotherapy.[9]

text: Discharge color[edit]

text:
Colors and spectra (bottom row) of electric discharge in noble gases; only the second row represents pure gases.

Helium
Neon
Argon
Krypton
Xenon

text: The color of gas discharge emission depends on several factors, including the following:[74]

text:
discharge parameters (local value of current density and electric field, temperature, etc. – note the color variation along the discharge in the top row);
gas purity (even small fraction of certain gases can affect color);
material of the discharge tube envelope – note suppression of the UV and blue components in the bottom-row tubes made of thick household glass.

tag: ul


document_title: History of the periodic table

question_text: who organized the elements in a periodic table for the first time where was he from

text: History of the periodic table

text: Ancient times[edit]

text: A number of physical elements (such as platinum, tin and zinc) have been known from antiquity, as they are found in their native form and are relatively simple to mine with primitive tools.[3] Around 330 BCE, the Greek philosopher Aristotle proposed that everything is made up of a mixture of one or more roots, an idea that had originally been suggested by the Sicilian philosopher Empedocles. The four roots, which were later renamed as elements by Plato, were earth, water, air and fire. Similar ideas about these four elements also existed in other ancient traditions, such as Indian philosophy. While Aristotle and Plato understood the concept of an element, their ideas did nothing to advance the understanding of the nature of matter.

text: Hennig Brand[edit]

text: The history of the periodic table is also a history of the discovery of the chemical elements. The first person in history to discover a new element was Hennig Brand, a bankrupt German merchant. Brand tried to discover the Philosopher's Stone — a mythical object that was supposed to turn inexpensive base metals into gold. In 1649, his experiments with distilled human urine resulted in the production of a glowing white substance, which he named phosphorus.[4] He kept his discovery secret until 1680, when Robert Boyle rediscovered phosphorus and published his findings. The discovery of phosphorus helped to raise the question of what it meant for a substance to be an element.

text: In 1661, Boyle defined an element as "a substance that cannot be broken down into a simpler substance by a chemical reaction". This simple definition served for three centuries and lasted until the discovery of subatomic particles.

text: Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier[edit]

text: Lavoisier's Traité Élémentaire de Chimie (Elementary Treatise of Chemistry), which was written in 1789 and first translated into English by the writer Robert Kerr, is considered to be the first modern textbook about chemistry. It contained a list of "simple substances" that Lavoisier believed could not be broken down further, which included oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen, phosphorus, mercury, zinc and sulfur, which formed the basis for the modern list of elements. Lavoisier's list also included 'light' and 'caloric', which at the time were believed to be material substances. He has classified these substances into metals and non metals. While many leading chemists refused to believe Lavoisier's new revelations, the Elementary Treatise was written well enough to convince the younger generation. However, Lavoisier's descriptions of his elements lack completeness, as he only classified them as metals and non-metals.

text: 19th century[edit]

text: Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner[edit]

text: In 1817, Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner began to formulate one of the earliest attempts to classify the elements. In 1829, he found that he could form some of the elements into groups of three, with the members of each group having related properties. He termed these groups triads.

text: Definition of Triad law:-"Chemically analogous elements arranged in increasing order of their atomic weights formed well marked groups of three called Triads in which the atomic weight of the middle element was found to be generally the arithmetic mean of the atomic weight of the other two elements in the triad.

text:
chlorine, bromine, and iodine
calcium, strontium, and barium
sulfur, selenium, and tellurium
lithium, sodium, and potassium

tag: ol

text: Alexandre-Emile Béguyer de Chancourtois[edit]

text: Alexandre-Emile Béguyer de Chancourtois, a French geologist, was the first person to notice the periodicity of the elements — similar elements occurring at regular intervals when they are ordered by their atomic weights. In 1862 he devised an early form of periodic table, which he named Vis tellurique (the 'telluric helix'), after the element tellurium, which fell near the center of his diagram.[5] With the elements arranged in a spiral on a cylinder by order of increasing atomic weight, de Chancourtois saw that elements with similar properties lined up vertically. His 1863 publication included a chart (which contained ions and compounds, in addition to elements), but his original paper in the Comptes rendus de l'Académie des sciences used geological rather than chemical terms and did not include a diagram. As a result, de Chancourtois' ideas received little attention until after the work of Dmitri Mendeleev had been publicised.[6]

text: John Newlands[edit]

text: In 1864, the English chemist John Newlands classified the sixty-two known elements into eight groups, based on their physical properties.[7][8]

text: Newlands noted that many pairs of similar elements existed, which differed by some multiple of eight in mass number, and was the first to assign them an atomic number.[1] When his 'law of octaves' was printed in Chemistry News, likening this periodicity of eights to the musical scale, it was ridiculed by some of his contemporaries. His lecture to the Chemistry Society on 1 March 1866 was not published, the Society defending their decision by saying that such 'theoretical' topics might be controversial[citation needed].

text: The importance of Newlands' analysis was eventually recognised by the Chemistry Society with a Gold Medal five years after they recognised Mendeleev's work. It was not until the following century, with Gilbert N. Lewis' valence bond theory (1916) and Irving Langmuir's octet theory of chemical bonding (1919), that the importance of the periodicity of eight would be accepted.[9][10] The Royal Chemistry Society acknowledged Newlands' contribution to science in 2008, when they put a Blue Plaque on the house where he was born, which described him as the "discoverer of the Periodic Law for the chemical elements".[1]

text: He contributed the word 'periodic' in chemistry.

text: Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev[edit]

text: The Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleev was the first scientist to make a periodic table similar to the one used today.[citation needed] Mendeleev arranged the elements by atomic mass, corresponding to relative molar mass. It is sometimes said that he played 'chemical solitaire' on long train journeys, using cards with various facts about the known elements.[11] On March 6, 1869, Mendeleev gave a formal presentation, The Dependence Between the Properties of the Atomic Weights of the Elements, to the Russian Chemical Society. In 1869, the table was published in an obscure Russian journal and then republished in a German journal, Zeitschrift für Chemie.[12] In it, Mendeleev stated that:

text:
The elements, if arranged according to their atomic mass, exhibit an apparent periodicity of properties.
Elements which are similar as regards to their chemical properties have atomic weights which are either of nearly the same value (e.g., Pt, Ir, Os) or which increase regularly (e.g., K, Rb, Cs).
The arrangement of the elements, or of groups of elements in the order of their atomic masses, corresponds to their so-called valencies, as well as, to some extent, to their distinctive chemical properties; as is apparent among other series in that of Li, Be, B, C, N, O, and F.
The elements which are the most widely diffused have small atomic weights.
The magnitude of the atomic weight determines the character of the element, just as the magnitude of the molecule determines the character of a compound body.
We must expect the discovery of many yet unknown elements – for example, elements analogous to aluminium and silicon – whose atomic weight would be between 65 and 75.
The atomic weight of an element may sometimes be amended by a knowledge of those of its contiguous elements. Thus the atomic weight of tellurium must lie between 123 and 126, and cannot be 128.
Certain characteristic properties of elements can be foretold from their atomic masses.

text: Scientific benefits of Mendeleev's table

text:
It enabled Mendeleev to predict the discovery of new elements and left spaces for them, namely eka-silicon (germanium), eka-aluminium (gallium), and eka-boron (scandium). Thus, there was no disturbance in the periodic table.
It could be used by Mendeleev to point out that some of the atomic weights being used at the time were incorrect.
It provided for variance from atomic weight order.

text: Shortcomings of Mendeleev's table

text:
The table was not able to predict the existence of the noble gases, but did, however, leave spaces for yet to be discovered elements to slot into. Time proved this audacious calculation correct. However, when this entire family of elements was discovered, Sir William Ramsay was able to add them to the table as Group 0, without the basic concept of the periodic table being disturbed.
A single position could not be assigned to hydrogen, which could be placed either in the alkali metals group, the halogens group or separately above the table between boron and carbon.[13]

text: Lothar Meyer[edit]

text: Unknown to Mendeleev, a German chemist, Lothar Meyer, was also working on a periodic table. Although his work was published in 1864, and was done independently of Mendeleev, few historians regard him as an equal co-creator of the periodic table. Meyer's table only included twenty-eight elements, which were not classified by atomic weight, but by valence, and he never reached the idea of predicting new elements and correcting atomic weights. A few months after Mendeleev published his periodic table of the known elements, predicted new elements to help complete his table and corrected the atomic weights of some of the elements, Meyer published a virtually identical periodic table.

text: Meyer and Mendeleev are considered by some historians of science to be the co-creators of the periodic table, but Mendeleev's accurate prediction of the qualities of undiscovered elements enables him to have the larger share of the credit.

text: William Odling[edit]

text: In 1864, the English chemist William Odling also drew up a table that was remarkably similar to the table produced by Mendeleev. Odling overcame the tellurium-iodine problem and even managed to get thallium, lead, mercury and platinum into the right groups, which is something that Mendeleev failed to do at his first attempt. Odling failed to achieve recognition, however, since it is suspected[by whom?] that he, as Secretary of the Chemical Society of London, was instrumental in discrediting Newlands' earlier work on the periodic table.

text: 20th century[edit]

text: Henry Moseley[edit]

text: In 1914, a year before he was killed in action at Gallipoli, the English physicist Henry Moseley found a relationship between the X-ray wavelength of an element and its atomic number. He was then able to re-sequence the periodic table by nuclear charge, rather than by atomic weight. Before this discovery, atomic numbers were sequential numbers based on an element's atomic weight. Moseley's discovery showed that atomic numbers were in fact based upon experimental measurements.

text: Using information about their X-ray wavelengths, Moseley placed argon (with an atomic number Z=18) before potassium (Z=19), despite the fact that argon's atomic weight of 39.9 is greater than the atomic weight of potassium (39.1). The new order was in agreement with the chemical properties of these elements, since argon is a noble gas and potassium is an alkali metal. Similarly, Moseley placed cobalt before nickel and was able to explain that tellurium occurs before iodine, without revising the experimental atomic weight of tellurium, as had been proposed by Mendeleev.

text: Moseley's research showed that there were gaps in the periodic table at atomic numbers 43 and 61, which are now known to be occupied by technetium and promethium respectively.

text: Glenn T. Seaborg[edit]

text: During his Manhattan Project research in 1943, Glenn T. Seaborg experienced unexpected difficulties in isolating the elements americium and curium. Seaborg wondered if these elements belonged to a different series, which would explain why their chemical properties were different from what was expected. In 1945, against the advice of colleagues, he proposed a significant change to Mendeleev's table: the actinide series.

text: Seaborg's actinide concept of heavy element electronic structure, predicting that the actinides form a transition series analogous to the rare earth series of lanthanide elements, is now well accepted and included in the periodic table. The actinide series is the second row of the f-block (5f series). In both the actinide and lanthanide series, an inner electron shell is being filled. The actinide series comprises the elements from actinium to lawrencium. Seaborg's subsequent elaborations of the actinide concept theorized a series of superheavy elements in a transactinide series comprising elements from 104 to 121 and a superactinide series of elements from 122 to 153.


document_title: Men's shot put world record progression

question_text: what is the current world record for shot put

text: Men's shot put world record progression

text: The first world record in the men's shot put was recognised by the International Association of Athletics Federations in 1912. That inaugural record was the 15.54 m performance by Ralph Rose in 1909.[1]

text: As of June 21, 2009, 51 world records have been ratified by the IAAF in the event.[1] These distances by these men were accomplished with a 16-pound shot. The current world record has not changed since 1990, the longest duration of any one record. Rose's record lasted almost 19 years, and the record was untouched for almost a dozen years surrounding World War II. The record was improved upon five times in 1960, four times in 1934.

text: World record progression[edit]

text:
Mark
Athlete
Date
Location

15.54 m
 Ralph Rose (USA)
21 August 1909
San Francisco, U.S.[1]

15.79 m
 Emil Hirschfeld (GER)
6 May 1928
Breslau, Germany[1]

15.87 m
 John Kuck (USA)
29 June 1928
Amsterdam, Netherlands[1]

16.04 m
 Emil Hirschfeld (GER)
26 August 1928
Bochum, Germany[1]

16.04 m
 František Douda (TCH)
4 October 1931
Brno, Czechoslovakia[1]

16.05 m
 Zygmunt Heljasz (POL)
29 June 1932
Poznań, Poland[1]

16.16 m
 Leo Sexton (USA)
27 August 1932
Freeport, U.S.[1]

16.20 m
 František Douda (TCH)
24 September 1932
Prague, Czechoslovakia[1]

16.48 m
 John Lyman (USA)
21 April 1934
Palo Alto, U.S.[1]

16.80 m
 Jack Torrance (USA)
27 April 1934
Des Moines, U.S.[1]

16.89 m
 Jack Torrance (USA)
30 June 1934
Milwaukee, U.S.[1]

17.40 m
 Jack Torrance (USA)
5 August 1934
Oslo, Norway[1]

17.68 m
 Charlie Fonville (USA)
17 April 1948
Lawrence, U.S.[1]

17.79 m
 Jim Fuchs (USA)
28 July 1949
Oslo, Norway[1]

17.82 m
 Jim Fuchs (USA)
29 April 1950
Los Angeles, U.S.[1]

17.90 m
 Jim Fuchs (USA)
20 August 1950
Visby, Sweden[1]

17.95 m
 Jim Fuchs (USA)
22 August 1950
Eskilstuna, Sweden[1]

18.00 m
 Parry O'Brien (USA)
9 May 1953
Fresno, U.S.[1]

18.04 m
 Parry O'Brien (USA)
5 June 1953
Compton, U.S.[1]

18.42 m
 Parry O'Brien (USA)
8 May 1954
Los Angeles, U.S.[1]

18.43 m
 Parry O'Brien (USA)
21 May 1954
Los Angeles, U.S.[1]

18.54 m
 Parry O'Brien (USA)
11 June 1954
Los Angeles, U.S.[1]

18.62 m
 Parry O'Brien (USA)
5 May 1956
Salt Lake City, U.S.[1]

18.69 m
 Parry O'Brien (USA)
15 June 1956
Los Angeles, U.S.[1]

19.06 m
 Parry O'Brien (USA)
3 September 1956
Eugene, U.S.[1]

19.25 m
 Parry O'Brien (USA)
1 October 1956
Los Angeles, U.S.[1]

19.25 m
 Dallas Long (USA)
28 March 1959
Santa Barbara, U.S.[1]

19.30 m
 Parry O'Brien (USA)
1 August 1959
Albuquerque, U.S.[1]

19.38 m
 Dallas Long (USA)
5 March 1960
Los Angeles, U.S.[1]

19.45 m
 Bill Nieder (USA)
19 March 1960
Palo Alto, U.S.[1]

19.67 m
 Dallas Long (USA)
26 March 1960
Los Angeles, U.S.[1]

19.99 m
 Bill Nieder (USA)
2 April 1960
Austin, U.S.[1]

20.06 m
 Bill Nieder (USA)
12 August 1960
Walnut, U.S.[1]

20.08 m
 Dallas Long (USA)
18 May 1962
Los Angeles, U.S.[1]

20.10 m
 Dallas Long (USA)
4 April 1964
Los Angeles, U.S.[1]

20.20 m
 Dallas Long (USA)
29 May 1964
Los Angeles, U.S.[1]

20.68 m
 Dallas Long (USA)
25 July 1964
Los Angeles, U.S.[1]

21.52 m
 Randy Matson (USA)
8 May 1965
College Station, U.S.[1]

21.78 m
 Randy Matson (USA)
23 April 1967
College Station[1]

21.82 m
 Al Feuerbach (USA)
5 May 1973
San Jose, U.S.[1]

21.85 m
 Terry Albritton (USA)
21 February 1976
Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.[1]

22.00 m
 Aleksandr Baryshnikov (URS)
10 June 1976
Paris, France[1]

22.15 m
 Udo Beyer (GDR)
6 July 1978
Gothenburg, Sweden[1]

22.22 m
 Udo Beyer (GDR)
25 June 1983
Los Angeles, U.S.[1]

22.62 m
 Ulf Timmermann (GDR)
22 September 1985
Berlin, Germany[1]

22.64 m
 Udo Beyer (GDR)
20 August 1986
Berlin, Germany[1]

22.72 m
 Alessandro Andrei (ITA)
12 August 1987
Viareggio, Italy[1]

22.84 m
 Alessandro Andrei (ITA)
12 August 1987
Viareggio, Italy[1]

22.91 m
 Alessandro Andrei (ITA)
12 August 1987
Viareggio, Italy[1]

23.06 m
 Ulf Timmermann (GDR)
22 May 1988
Chania, Greece[1]

23.12 m
 Randy Barnes (USA)
20 May 1990
Los Angeles, U.S.[1]


document_title: List of Indian Premier League records and statistics

question_text: which player has made higest runs in ipl

text: Team records

text: Results summary

text:
Team
Span
Mat
Won
Lost
Tie+W
Tie+L
NR
Win %
Titles

Mumbai Indians
2008–2018
171
97
73
1
0
0
57.01
3

Royal Challengers Bangalore
2008–2018
167
78
84
1
1
3
48.17
0

Kolkata Knight Riders
2008–2018
162
85
75
0
2
0
53.08
2

Kings XI Punjab
2008–2018
162
74
86
2
0
0
46.29
0

Delhi Daredevils
2008–2018
161
67
91
0
1
2
42.45
0

Chennai Super Kings
2008–2018
148
90
56
0
1
1
61.56
3

Rajasthan Royals
2008–2018
132
68
60
2
1
1
53.05
1

Sunrisers Hyderabad
2013–2018
93
51
41
1
0
0
55.37
1

Deccan Chargers
2008–2012
75
29
46
0
0
0
38.66
1

Pune Warriors India
2011–2013
46
12
33
0
0
1
26.66
0

Rising Pune Supergiants
2016–2017
30
15
15
0
0
0
50.00
0

Gujarat Lions
2016–2017
30
13
16
0
1
0
45.00
0

Kochi Tuskers Kerala
2011–2011
14
6
8
0
0
0
42.85
0

text: Note:

text:
Defunct Teams
Tie+W and Tie+L indicates matches tied and then won or lost by "Super Over"
The result percentage excludes no results and counts ties (irrespective of a tiebreaker) as half a win
The total matches does not include matches played for Champions League T20

text: Last updated: 28 May 2018

text: Highest totals

text:
Score
Team
Opponent
Season

7002264166666666669♠263/5 [a]
Royal Challengers Bangalore
Pune Warriors India
2013

248/3
Royal Challengers Bangalore
Gujarat Lions
2016

7002247166666666670♠246/5
Chennai Super Kings
Rajasthan Royals
2010

7002245166666666670♠245/6
Kolkata Knight Riders
Kings XI Punjab
2018

7002241166666666670♠240/5
Chennai Super Kings
Kings XI Punjab
2008

7002235166666666670♠235/1
Royal Challengers Bangalore
Mumbai Indians
2015

text: Last updated: 12 May 2018

text: Lowest totals

text:
Score
Team
Opponent
Season

7001680909090909090♠49
Royal Challengers Bangalore
Kolkata Knight Riders
2017

7001680909090909090♠58
Rajasthan Royals
Royal Challengers Bangalore
2009

7001680909090909090♠66
Delhi Daredevils
Mumbai Indians
2017

7001680909090909090♠67
Delhi Daredevils
Kings XI Punjab
2017

7001680909090909090♠67
Kolkata Knight Riders
Mumbai Indians
2008

text: Last updated: 21 May 2017

text: Highest successful run chases

text:
Score
Team
Opponent
Season

217/7
Rajasthan Royals
Deccan Chargers
2008

214/3
Delhi Daredevils
Gujarat Lions
2017

211/4
Kings XI Punjab
Sunrisers Hyderabad
2014

208/5
Chennai Super Kings
Royal Challengers Bangalore
2012

207/5
Chennai Super Kings
Royal Challengers Bangalore
2018

text: Last updated: 21 May 2018

text: Lowest scores defended

text:
Score
Team
Opponent
Opponent score
Season

116/9
Chennai Super Kings
Kings XI Punjab
92/8
2009

118
Sunrisers Hyderabad
Mumbai Indians
87
2018

119/8
Kings XI Punjab
Mumbai Indians
116/7
2009

Royal Challengers Bangalore
Pune Warriors India
108/10
2013

120/9
Mumbai Indians
Pune Warriors India
119/6
2012

126/8
Royal Challengers Bangalore
Chennai Super Kings
112/8
2008

Sunrisers Hyderabad
Pune Warriors India
104/10
2013

text: Largest victories (by runs)

text:
Score
Team
Opponent
Season

146
Mumbai Indians
Delhi Daredevils
2017

144
Royal Challengers Bangalore
Gujarat Lions
2016

140
Kolkata Knight Riders
Royal Challengers Bangalore
2008

138
Royal Challengers Bangalore
Kings XI Punjab
2015

130
Royal Challengers Bangalore
Pune Warriors
2013

text: Last updated: 21 May 2017

text: Batting records

text: Most runs

text:
Batsman
Inns
Runs
Span

 Suresh Raina (CSK,GL)
172
4985
2008–2018

 Virat Kohli (RCB)
155
4948
2008–2018

 Sharma, RohitRohit Sharma (DC, MI)
168
4493
2008–2018

 Gambhir, GautamGautam Gambhir (DD, KKR)
152
4217
2008–2018

 Robin Uthappa (KKR, MI, PWI, RCB)
159
4129
2008–2018

text: Last updated: 28 May 2018

text: Highest individual score

text:
Batsman
Runs
Balls
Opp
Season

 Gayle, ChrisChris Gayle (RCB)
7002175000000000000♠175*
66
PWI
2013

 McCullum, BrendonBrendon McCullum (KKR)
7002158000000000000♠158*
73
RCB
2008

 Villiers, AB deAB de Villiers (RCB)
7002133000000000000♠133*
59
MI
2015

 Villiers, AB deAB de Villiers (RCB)
7002129000000000000♠129*
52
GL
2016

 Chris Gayle (RCB)
7002128000000000000♠128*
62
DD
2012

text: Last updated: 21 May 2017

text: Most sixes (overall)

text:
Batsman
Inn
6's
Span

 Chris Gayle (KKR, RCB, KXIP)
111
292
2009–2018

 AB de Villiers (DD, RCB)
129
187
2008-2018

 MS Dhoni (CSK, RPS)
158
186
2008–2018

 Suresh Raina (CSK, GL)
172
185
2008–2018

 Rohit Sharma (DC, MI)
168
184
2008–2018

text: Last updated: 28 May 2018

text: Most sixes (innings)

text:
Batsman
6's
Opponent
Season

 Chris Gayle (RCB)
17
PWI
2013

 Brendon McCullum (KKR)
13
RCB
2008

 Chris Gayle (RCB)
DD
2012

 Chris Gayle (RCB)
12
KXIP
2015

 AB de Villiers (RCB)
GL
2016

text: Last updated: 21 May 2017

text: Fastest centuries

text:
Batsman
Balls
Opp
Season

 Chris Gayle (RCB)
30
PWI
2013

 Yusuf Pathan (RR)
37
MI
2010

 David Miller (KXIP)
38
RCB
2013

 Adam Gilchrist (DC)
42
MI
2008

 AB de Villiers (RCB)
43
GL
2016

text: Last updated: 21 May 2017

text: Fastest fifties

text:
Batsman
Balls
Opp
Season

 K. L. Rahul (KXIP)
14
DD
2018

 Sunil Narine (KKR)
15
RCB
2017

 Yusuf Pathan (KKR)
SRH
2014

 Suresh Raina (CSK)
16
KXIP
2014

 Sunil Narine (KKR)
17
RCB
2018

 Ishan Kishan (MI)
KKR
2018

 Kieron Pollard (MI)
KKR
2016

 Chris Morris (DD)
GL
2016

 Chris Gayle (RCB)
PWI
2013

 Adam Gilchrist (DC)
DD
2009

 Jos Buttler (RR)
18
DD
2018

text: Last updated: 8 April 2018

text: Best strike rate

text:
Batsman
SR
Span

 Russell, AndreAndre Russell (DD, KKR)
177.29
2012–2018

 Sunil Narine (KKR)
168.81
2012–2018

 Chris Morris (CSK, DD, RR)
166.66
2013–2018

 Rishabh Pant (DD)
162.71
2016–2018

 Maxwell, GlennGlenn Maxwell (DD, KXIP, MI)
161.13
2012–2018

text: Minimum balls faced – 125

text: Last updated: 28 May 2017

text: Bowling records

text: Most wickets

text:
Bowler
Inn
Wkts
Span

 Malinga, LasithLasith Malinga (MI)
110
154
2009–2017

 Mishra, AmitAmit Mishra (DC, DD, SRH)
136
146
2008–2018

 Piyush Chawla (KXIP, KKR)
143
140
2008–2018

 Dwayne Bravo (CSK, GL, MI)
119
136
2008–2018

 Harbhajan Singh (MI,CSK)
146
134
2008–2018

text: Last updated: 28 May 2018

text: Best bowling figures in an innings

text:
Player
Ovr
BBI
Opp
Season

 Sohail TanvirSohail Tanvir (RR)
4.0
7000706666666666670♠6-14
CSK
2008

 Zampa, AdamAdam Zampa (RPS)
4.0
7000616666666666670♠6-19
SRH
2016

 Kumble, AnilAnil Kumble (RCB)
3.1
7000616666666666670♠5-5
RR
2009

 Sharma, IshantIshant Sharma (DC)
3.0
7000607692307692310♠5-12
KTK
2011

 Malinga, LasithLasith Malinga (MI)
3.4
7000607142857142860♠5-13
DD
2011

text: Last updated: 21 May 2017

text: Best bowling averages

text:
Player
Mat
Average
Span

 Andrew Tye (KXIP,GL)
20
16.36
2017–2018

 Doug Bollinger (CSK)
27
18.72
2010–2012

 Mascarenhas, DimitriDimitri Mascarenhas (KXIP, RR)
13
18.73
2008–2013

 Malinga, LasithLasith Malinga (MI)
110
19.01
2009–2017

 Farveez Maharoof (DC)
20
19.25
2008–2010

text: Last updated: 28 May 2018

text: Best economy rates

text:
Player
Mat
Econ
Span

 Narine, SunilSunil Narine (KKR)
98
6.54
2012–2018

 Shaun Pollock (MI)
13
6.54
2008–2008

 Kumble, AnilAnil Kumble (RCB)
42
6.57
2009–2010

 Glenn Mcgrath (DD)
14
6.61
2008–2008

 Muttiah Muralitharan (CSK,KTK,RCB)
66
6.67
2008–2014

text: Last updated: 28 May 2018

text: Most runs conceded in an innings

text:
Bowler
Overs
Wkts
Runs
Opp
Season

 Basil Thampi (SRH)
4.0
0
70
RCB
2018

 Ishant Sharma (SRH)
4.0
0
66
CSK
2013

 Umesh Yadav (DD)
4.0
0
65
RCB
2013

 Sandeep Sharma (KXIP)
4.0
1
65
SRH
2014

 Varun Aaron (DD)
4.0
2
63
CSK
2012

text: Last updated: 28 May 2018

text: Most dot balls bowled

text:
Player
Inns
Dot Balls

 Harbhajan Singh
145
1128

 Praveen Kumar
119
1075

 Lasith Malinga
110
1060

 Amit Mishra
136
1027

 Piyush Chawla
143
1020

text: Last updated: 28 May 2018

text: Most maiden overs bowled

text:
Player
Inns
Maidens

 Praveen Kumar
119
14

 Irfan Pathan
101
10

 Lasith Malinga
110
8

 Sandeep Sharma
68
8

 Dhawal Kulkarni
79
7

 Dale Steyn
90
7

text: Last updated: 28 May 2018

text: List of hat-tricks

text:
No.
Bowler
Opp
Season

1
 Lakshmipathy Balaji (CSK)
KXIP
2008

2
 Amit Mishra (DD)
DC
2008

3
 Makhaya Ntini (CSK)
KKR
2008

4
 Yuvraj Singh (KXIP)
RCB
2009

5
 Rohit Sharma (DC)
MI
2009

6
 Yuvraj Singh (KXIP)
DC
2009

7
 Praveen Kumar (RCB)
RR
2010

8
 Amit Mishra (DC)
KXIP
2011

9
 Ajit Chandila (RR)
PWI
2012

10
 Sunil Narine (KKR)
KXIP
2013

11
 Amit Mishra (SRH)
PWI
2013

12
 Pravin Tambe (RR)
KKR
2014

13
 Shane Watson (RR)
SRH
2014

14
 Axar Patel (KXIP)
GL
2016

15
 Samuel Badree (RCB)
MI
2017

16
 Andrew Tye (GL)
RPS
2017

17
 Jaydev Unadkat (RPS)
SRH
2017

text: Hat-tricks in IPL[1]

text: Last updated: 21 May 2017

text: Wicketkeeping and fielding records

text: Most dismissals

text:
Wicket Keeper
Dis
Ct
St
Span

 Karthik, DineshDinesh Karthik (DD, KXIP, MI, RCB,KKR,GL)
124
94
30
2008–2018

 MS Dhoni (CSK, RPS)
116
83
33
2008–2018

 Uthappa, RobinRobin Uthappa (KKR, MI, PWI, RCB)
90
58
32
2008–2018

 Naman Ojha (DD, RR, SRH)
75
65
10
2008–2018

 Patel, ParthivParthiv Patel (CSK, DC, KTK, MI, RCB, SRH)
74
60
14
2008–2018

text: Last updated: 28 May 2018

text: Most catches (fielder)

text:
Player
Ct
Span

 Suresh Raina (CSK, GL)
95
2008–2018

 Rohit Sharma (DC, MI)
79
2008–2018

 AB de Villiers (DD, RCB)
78
2008–2018

 Kieron Pollard (MI)
74
2010–2018

 Dwayne Bravo (CSK, MI,Gujarat Lions)
69
2008–2018

text: Last updated: 28 May 2018

text: Miscellaneous records

text:
Records
Player /
Team
Stats
Season /
Span

Team

Most wins[2]
Mumbai Indians
97
(2008–2018)

Most defeats[2]
Delhi Daredevils
91
(2008–2018)

Highest win%[2]
Chennai Super Kings
61.56
(2008–2018)

Largest victory (runs)[3]
Mumbai Indians v Delhi Daredevils
146
2017

Most consecutive wins
(season)[4]
Kolkata Knight Riders
9
2014

Most consecutive wins
(overall)
Kolkata Knight Riders
10
(2014–2015)

Most consecutive defeats
(season)[5]
Delhi Daredevils
Pune Warriors
9
2014
2012

Most consecutive defeats
(overall)
Delhi Daredevils
Pune Warriors
11
(2014–2015)
(2012–2013)

Batting

Most 100s[6]
 Chris Gayle (KKR, RCB, KXIP)
6
(2008–2018)

Most 50s[7]
 David Warner (DD, SRH)
36
(2009–2017)

Highest Partnership[8]
 Virat Kohli (RCB)
 AB de Villiers (RCB)
229
2016

Most ducks[9]
 Harbhajan Singh (MI)
13
(2008–2018)

Bowling

Most 4 wicket hauls[10][11]
 Sunil Narine (KKR)
6
(2012–2018)

Most 5 wicket hauls[12]
 James Faulkner (KXIP, PWI, RR )
2
(2011–2017)

Most hat-tricks[1]
 Amit Mishra (DC, DD, SRH)
3
(2008–2018)

Other Miscellaneous

Most matches[13]
 Suresh Raina (CSK, GL)
176
(2008–2018)

Most matches as captain[14]
 MS Dhoni (CSK, RPS)
159
(2008–2018)

Most man of the matches[15]
 Chris Gayle (KKR, RCB, KXIP)
20
(2008–2018)

Most matches as umpire[16]
 Sundaram Ravi
97
(2009–2018)

text: ☢ Last updated: 28 May 2018

text: Awards


document_title: Popstar: Never Stop Never Stopping

question_text: who is popstar never stop never stopping about

text: Popstar: Never Stop Never Stopping

text: Plot[edit]

text: Told in the form of a musical documentary, Conner Friel (Andy Samberg) is a musical prodigy at an early age, and he forms a rap group, The Style Boyz, with his childhood friends Lawrence (Akiva Schaffer) and Owen (Jorma Taccone). They almost instantly gain fame in the music industry, inspiring many of today's musicians. However, failing to receive credit for writing Conner's guest verse on the Poppy-winning single "Turn Up the Beef", Lawrence leaves.

text: After the Style Boyz disband, Conner becomes a solo act, taking on the name "Conner4Real", with Owen as his DJ. Lawrence begins farming in Colorado after a failed attempt at going solo. Conner's debut album, Thriller, Also, rockets to the top of the charts and Conner's fame increases. In 2015, Conner releases his sophomore album, Connquest, which receives terrible reviews due to Conner using hundreds of producers rather than Owen's beats. With sales surprisingly low, Conner's manager, Harry (Tim Meadows), suggests having Aquaspin, a manufacturer that makes home appliances, sponsor the tour. The company's appliances begin playing Conner's songs when in use, causing a nationwide power outage that generates a wave of backlash among Conner's fans.

text: Conner begins his album tour, but the shows do not sell as well as he had hoped. Harry suggests they hire hip-hop artist Hunter the Hungry (Chris Redd) as an opening act, and the ticket sales begin to rise. Conner starts to add new gimmicks to his act, including a robotic mask for Owen, publicizing his relationship with actress Ashley Wednesday (Imogen Poots), and a stage trick where he changes costumes in seconds behind a curtain. The trick is seemingly botched in Nashville, when Conner becomes naked mid-concert, thus becoming the subject of mockery.

text: Conner's publicist, Paula (Sarah Silverman), suggests he pull another publicity stunt to deflect attention from his humiliation. Conner decides to propose to Ashley on live TV, with a display including a number of trained wolves and a performance by Seal. The music agitates the wolves and they break loose, mauling Seal and the attendees. The backlash against Conner grows, and Ashley breaks up with him and starts dating Seal, who sues Conner for his injuries.

text: Owen, worried about the declining quality of his friend's music, sets up a meeting between him, Conner, and Lawrence. The reunion ends poorly when Conner refuses to acknowledge that Lawrence wrote the track that launched his career. Despite Conner's poor reputation, The Tonight Show agrees to book him on an episode. Jimmy Fallon suddenly invites Conner to perform the Style Boyz' hit song "Donkey Roll" along with Owen, which is received well by the crowd despite Conner's reluctance.

text: As the tour progresses, Hunter begins to overshadow Conner, selling more records than him and dragging out his act before Conner's show. At a concert, Hunter announces that he will perform as long as possible, causing Conner to rush the stage. A brawl ensues when Hunter quietly admits that he orchestrated Conner's wardrobe malfunction. Conner demands that Harry let Hunter go and fires Harry after finding out that he has signed Hunter. Connquest is later knocked off the charts and Aquaspin decides to pull their sponsorship. The remainder of the tour is cancelled, and Owen decides to leave the team when Conner questions his loyalty. After his beloved pet turtle dies, Conner sinks into a depression and moves into his mother's house. He begins drinking heavily and starts selling crude horse drawings online.

text: Paula forces Conner to leave the house and takes him to a club featuring Owen. Owen's music and production are strong, though his singing is subpar. Conner and Owen reconcile and decide to finally make amends with Lawrence. Conner gives Lawrence his Poppy and apologizes, acknowledging Lawrence's contribution to his music. Conner and Owen discover that Lawrence owns a giant marijuana farm and a music studio in his farmhouse. As the three collaborate in Lawrence's studio, Conner receives news from Paula that a six-minute slot has opened for Conner to perform at the Poppy Music Awards, and with encouragement from his friends, he decides to reunite The Style Boyz.

text: At the Poppys, Hunter humiliates himself after arguing with Mariah Carey on stage and Harry quits as his manager after being insulted by him. Conner reconciles with Harry and later finds out that the six-minute slot has been shortened to three minutes, forcing him to perform either a Conner4Real song or a Style Boyz song. Conner decides to perform The Style Boyz's new song, "Incredible Thoughts" featuring Michael Bolton. The film ends with Conner reflecting on the lessons he has learned and the value of holding onto relationships after reaching stardom, and introduces a new baby turtle named Maximus II.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Andy Samberg as Conner "Kid Conner" Friel / Conner4Real
Akiva Schaffer as Lawrence "Kid Brain" Dunn, Conner's former bandmate and songwriter who became a farmer following the breakup
Jorma Taccone as Owen "Kid Contact" Bouchard, Conner's former bandmate and current DJ
Sarah Silverman[4] as Paula Klein, Conner's publicist
Tim Meadows[5] as Harry Duggins, Conner's manager
Ashley Moore as Sarah, Conner's personal assistant
Bill Hader as Zippy, Conner's roadie
Chelsea Peretti as Brunette CMZ Reporter
Chris Redd as Hunter the Hungry
Emma Stone as Claudia Cantrell (uncredited)
Eric André as Dreadlocked CMZ Reporter
Imogen Poots as Ashley Wednesday, Conner's girlfriend[6]
James Buckley as Sponge, a member of Conner's entourage[7]
Joan Cusack as Tilly, Conner's mother
Joanna Newsom as Steam Punk Doctor
Justin Timberlake as Tyrus Quash, Conner's chef (uncredited)
Kevin Nealon as Gary Sikes (Label Photographer)
Maya Rudolph as Deborah
Mike Birbiglia as Blonde CMZ Reporter
"Weird Al" Yankovic[8] as Hammerleg Lead Singer
Will Arnett as Main CMZ Reporter
Will Forte as Conner's bagpipe player

text: Cameos as themselves

text:
Adam Levine
Michael Bolton
Big Boy
Mariah Carey
50 Cent
Simon Cowell
Snoop Dogg
Jimmy Fallon
Seth Meyers (deleted scenes)
Arcade Fire
Steve Higgins
Walter Jones
DJ Khaled
Mario Lopez
Danger Mouse
Nas
Pink
Questlove
A$AP Rocky
The Roots
RZA
Seal
Martin Sheen
Ringo Starr
T.I.
Carrie Underwood
Usher
Pharrell Williams

text: Production[edit]

text: Principal photography on the film began on May 14, 2015, announced by Universal Pictures under the working title Conner4real.[9][10]

text: Release[edit]

text: The film was released in the United States on June 3, 2016, and in the UK on August 26, 2016 by Universal Pictures. It did not get an international release[11]

text: Marketing[edit]

text: The movie was massively advertised on YouTube the month of its release date. On May 10, 2016, Samberg made an appearance on NBC's The Voice in character as Conner4real to perform "I'm So Humble", alongside judge Adam Levine, and give answers to contestants in a humorous Q&A session.[citation needed]

text: Samberg then made a guest appearance on the season finale of Saturday Night Live, on May 21, 2016. Promoted as a new SNL Digital Short, he appeared in character as Conner4real and debuted a song from the movie ("Finest Girl"). Taccone and Schaffer received guest writing credits for the episode.[12]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text:
Popstar: Never Stop Never Stopping

Soundtrack album by The Lonely Island

Released
June 3, 2016

Length
48:53

Label
Republic

The Lonely Island chronology

The Wack Album
(2013)The Wack Album2013
Popstar: Never Stop Never Stopping
(2016)

text: The Popstar: Never Stop Never Stopping soundtrack album, performed by the Lonely Island, was released on June 3, 2016, the day of the film's release.[13]

text: Track listing[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Writer(s)
Producer(s)
Length

1.
"I'm So Humble" (featuring Adam Levine)
Andy Samberg, Akiva Schaffer, Jorma Taccone, Can Canatan, Al Hoffman & John Klenner[14]
Stress
2:33

2.
"Hot New Single (Dialogue)"

0:12

3.
"Equal Rights" (featuring P!nk)
Samberg, Schaffer, Taccone, Raphael Judrin, Pierre-Antoine Melki & Yoan Chirescu[14]

soFLY & Nius
Oddfellow

2:25

4.
"Turn Up the Beef" (featuring Emma Stone)
Samberg, Schaffer, Taccone, Michael Woods, Kevin White & B. Osipenko[14]
Woods
2:03

5.
"Finest Girl (Bin Laden Song)"
Samberg, Schaffer, Taccone, Woods, White & Nash Overstreet[14]
Woods
2:31

6.
"Mona Lisa"
Samberg, Schaffer, Taccone, Khari Cain & Brandon Bell[14]

Needlz
Donut

2:38

7.
"Are or Aren't? (Dialogue)"

0:13

8.
"Hunter the Hungry Is Gon’ Eat" (featuring Chris Redd)
Samberg, Schaffer, Taccone & Jamil Pierre[14]
Deputy
2:03

9.
"Should I Move?" (featuring Akon)
Samberg, Schaffer, Taccone & Nathaniel Motte[14]
Motte
2:20

10.
"2 Banditos" (featuring Chris Redd)
Samberg, Schaffer, Taccone, Justin Franks, Tamir Muskat, Ori Kaplan & Tomer Yosef[14]
DJ Frank E
1:56

11.
"Things in My Jeep" (featuring Linkin Park)
Samberg, Schaffer, Taccone, Derek Allen & Maestro Harrell[14]
Maestro Harrell
2:06

12.
"Kill This Music (Dialogue)"

0:06

13.
"Ashley Wednesday" (featuring Seal)
Samberg, Schaffer, Taccone, Cain & Bell[14]

Needlz
Donut

2:30

14.
"Fuck Off"
Samberg, Schaffer, Andre Davidson, Sean Davidson, Jordan Suecof & Alex Delicata[14]

The Monarch
Delicata

2:25

15.
"Donkey Roll"
Samberg, Schaffer, Taccone & Canatan[14]
Stress
1:23

16.
"Trip to Spain (Dialogue)"

0:21

17.
"Ibitha"
Samberg, Schaffer, Taccone, R. Witherspoon Jr. & Dallas Koehlke[14]
DallasK
1:40

18.
"Owen's Song"
Samberg, Schaffer, Taccone & Greg Kurstin[14]
Kurstin
1:38

19.
"What Was That Beat? (Dialogue)"

0:16

20.
"Sick Glenda"
Samberg, Schaffer, Taccone, Scott Jung & Mike Baxter[14]
CHOPS
1:00

21.
"Incredible Thoughts" (featuring Michael Bolton & Justin Timberlake (credited as Mr. Fish))
Samberg, Schaffer, Taccone, Tim Sommers & Jeremy Dussolliet[14]
Kinetics & One Love
2:56

22.
"Me Likey Dat"
Samberg, Schaffer, Taccone, Jung & Baxter[14]
CHOPS
1:06

23.
"Legalize It"
Samberg, Schaffer, Taccone & Jacob Plant[14]
Plant
2:52

24.
"I'm a Weirdo"
Samberg, Schaffer, Taccone & Sultan Banks[14]
Banks
1:51

25.
"Karate Guy"
Samberg, Schaffer, Taccone, August Alsina, Candace Curry, Ralph Jeanty, Nicodemo Lalli, Sean McMillian, Kevin Price & Keyiara Sallie[14]

The Exclusives
Go Grizzly
Hood Famous

2:17

26.
"Rock Roll Skate"
Samberg, Schaffer, Taccone[14]

1:56

27.
"Hey Ya Ho" (featuring Chris Redd)
Samberg, Schaffer, Taccone, Jeremy Mcarthur & Andrew Papaleo[14]
Arthur McArthur
1:25

28.
"Maximus"
Samberg, Schaffer, Taccone[14]

2:22

text: Charts[edit]

text:
Chart (2016)
Peak
position

Canadian Albums (Billboard)[15]
74

US Billboard 200[16]
69

US Top Comedy Albums (Billboard)[17]
1

US Top Rap Albums (Billboard)[18]
6

US Soundtrack Albums (Billboard)[19]
3

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: In the United States, Popstar: Never Stop Never Stopping opened on June 3, 2016, alongside Me Before You and Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Out of the Shadows and was expected to gross around $7 million from 2,311 theaters in its opening weekend.[20] The film grossed $322,000 from its Thursday previews and $1.8 million on its first day.[2][21] In its opening weekend, the film grossed $4.6 million and finishing 8th at the box office.[22] The film was a box office bomb, grossing just $9.5 million against its $20 million budget.[3]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 78% based on 154 reviews, with an average rating of 6.7/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Popstar: Never Stop Never Stopping updates the rock mockumentary for the 21st century mainstream – and hits many of its low-hanging targets with side-splitting impact."[23] On Metacritic, the film has a score of 68 out of 100, based on 43 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[24] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B" on an A+ to F scale.[2]

text: Vince Mancini of Uproxx gave the film a positive review, saying: "It's as stupid as it is relevant, and that layering of humor styles — insightful satire, no-holds-barred vulgarity, irresistible juvenilia, surreal pop art, timeless deadpan — are Popstar‘s hallmark. It's smart, dumb, silly, and gross in all the right ways. I loved it."[25] David Palmer of The Reel Deal gave the film 8/10, calling it the best comedy of 2016 and praised the songs.[26] Ignatiy Vishnevetsky of The A.V. Club wrote: "No music mockumentary has really managed to reproduce This Is Spinal Tap's comic mojo, but Popstar: Never Stop Never Stopping gets closer than most to that subgenre-defining comedy's mix of the dead-on and the over-the-top, even if it tends to go for quantity over quality."[27]

text: Home media[edit]

text: Popstar: Never Stop Never Stopping was released on Blu-ray and DVD on September 13, 2016.[28] As of June 16, 2017, it has made $1.1 million in home media sales.[29]