document_title: Candia, New Hampshire

question_text: where does candia nh go to high school

question_tokens: where does candia nh go to high school

text: Candia, New Hampshire

text: History[edit]

text: Settled in 1743, Candia was once part of Chester and known as "Charmingfare", probably because of the many bridle paths or "parades" through the pleasant scenery. Charmingfare was incorporated in 1763 and named "Candia" by Colonial Governor Benning Wentworth, possibly after the old name under Venetian domination of the principal city of Crete, which he had visited after graduation from Harvard.[citation needed] Another account holds, "The town received its present name in compliment to Governor Benning Wentworth, who was once a prisoner on the island of Candia, in the Mediterranean Sea."[2]

text: Candia was served by the Portsmouth & Concord Railroad, which stretched between its namesake cities. In 1862 the segment between Candia and Suncook was abandoned, coinciding with the opening of a new segment between Manchester and Candia. Therefore, the new line ran from Manchester to Portsmouth via Candia. In 1895 ownership of the line passed to the Boston & Maine Railroad who made it their Portsmouth Branch. Passenger service ended in 1954. The last trains passed through Candia in the early 1980s. The track was abandoned in 1982 and removed between 1983 and 1985. Today the railbed is part of the Rockingham Recreational Trail.

text: Geography[edit]

text: According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 30.6 square miles (79 km2). 30.3 square miles (78 km2) of it is land and 0.2 square miles (0.52 km2) of it is water, comprising 0.79% of the town. The town is bordered by Deerfield to the north, Hooksett (in Merrimack County) to the west, Auburn and Chester to the south, and Raymond to the east. Notable villages in the town include Candia proper, near the town's northern border; Candia Four Corners, closer to the geographic center of the town; and East Candia, near the town's eastern border.

text: Candia is drained by the North Branch River, a tributary of the Lamprey River. The town lies almost fully within the Piscataqua River watershed except for the western and southern edges, which are in the Merrimack River watershed.[3] The highest point in town is Hall Mountain, at 941 feet (287 m) above sea level, located in Bear Brook State Park in the northwestern part of the town. (The main entrance to the state park and most of its facilities are in neighboring Allenstown.)

text: Candia is bisected by two state highways, Route 43 running north from Route 101 through the Candia Four Corners to the Deerfield town line, and Route 27, running east/west from the Hooksett town line through the Candia Four Corners to the Raymond town line. Route 101 is the major east/west thoroughfare through southern New Hampshire and travels through the south part of Candia.

text: Demographics[edit]

text:
Historical population

Census
Pop.

%±

1790
1,040

—

1800
1,186

14.0%

1810
1,290

8.8%

1820
1,273

−1.3%

1830
1,362

7.0%

1840
1,430

5.0%

1850
1,482

3.6%

1860
1,575

6.3%

1870
1,456

−7.6%

1880
1,340

−8.0%

1890
1,108

−17.3%

1900
1,057

−4.6%

1910
993

−6.1%

1920
780

−21.5%

1930
812

4.1%

1940
965

18.8%

1950
1,243

28.8%

1960
1,490

19.9%

1970
1,997

34.0%

1980
2,989

49.7%

1990
3,557

19.0%

2000
3,911

10.0%

2010
3,909

−0.1%

Est. 2015
3,902
[4]
−0.2%

U.S. Decennial Census[5]

text: As of the census[6] of 2000, there were 3,911 people, 1,359 households, and 1,108 families residing in the town. The population density was 129.0 per square mile (49.8/km²). There were 1,384 housing units at an average density of 45.6 per square mile (17.6/km²). The racial makeup of the town was 98.11% White, 0.43% African American, 0.46% Native American, 0.59% Asian, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 0.10% from other races, and 0.28% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.87% of the population.

text: There were 1,359 households out of which 40.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 72.0% were married couples living together, 5.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 18.4% were non-families. 12.7% of all households were made up of individuals and 3.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.88 and the average family size was 3.14.

text: In the town, the population was spread out with 26.6% under the age of 18, 6.0% from 18 to 24, 33.6% from 25 to 44, 26.5% from 45 to 64, and 7.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females there were 102.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 102.0 males.

text: The median income for a household in the town was $61,389, and the median income for a family was $67,163. Males had a median income of $43,260 versus $31,127 for females. The per capita income for the town was $25,267. About 2.3% of families and 2.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 2.3% of those under age 18 and 5.3% of those age 65 or over.

text: Education[edit]

text: Candia is part of School Administrative Unit 15, along with Hooksett and Auburn. There is one public school in Candia, the Henry W. Moore School for kindergarten through eighth grade, located near the Candia Four Corners on Deerfield Road. High school education students from Candia attend school outside of the district, currently under contract at Manchester Central High School, but are also in transition for a choice between the Manchester Central and Pinkerton Academy in Derry.[citation needed] Candia is also home to Jesse Remington High School, a private Christian school that offers grades 9-12. Some Candia residents send their children to other private high schools in the area, including Trinity High School in Manchester.

text: Sites of interest[edit]

text:
Fitts Museum, operated by the Candia Historical Society
Candia Vineyards, an award-winning vineyard with unique varietals
Charmingfare Farm, a farm and petting zoo
Candia Springs Adventure Park, formerly Liquid Planet water park
Stephen Clay Homestead, bed and breakfast
Candia Woods Golf Links, an 18-hole public golf course. Voted in Golf magazine as New Hampshire's "Friendliest Course"[citation needed]

text:
Fitts Museum

McDonald Mill c. 1915

Gate, Candia Congregational Cemetery

text: Emergency services[edit]

text: Fire and Emergency Medical Services are provided by the Candia Volunteer Fire Department,[7] an all-volunteer department organized in 1925. This department provides fire suppression, rescue, and first-responder Emergency Medical Services to the citizens of Candia and the surrounding communities. The closest hospitals are the Elliot Hospital, a Level Two trauma center, and Catholic Medical Center, one of the most advanced cardiac care centers in New England. Both of these facilities are located approximately 20 minutes away in Manchester. Exeter Hospital[8] is also located about 20 minutes away in Exeter.

text: Police protection is provided by the Candia Police Department, assisted by the New Hampshire State Police and other local municipal police departments.

text: Notable people[edit]

text:
Harry Cobe (1885–1966), race car driver who ran in the inaugural Indianapolis 500
Joe Duarte (born 1941), member of the New Hampshire House of Representatives
Sam Walter Foss (1858–1911), poet
Albert Palmer (1831–1887), 29th mayor of Boston
Frederick Smyth (1819–1899), 30th governor of New Hampshire


document_title: List of Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States

question_text: who is the most recent appointment to the supreme court

root

text: Current justices of the Supreme Court[edit]

text: There are currently eight justices serving on the Supreme Court (the ninth position has been vacant since the July 31,2018 retirement of Justice Anthony Kennedy); listed in order of seniority, they are:

tag: p

text: John Roberts,Chief Justicesince September 29, 2005Age 7004232250000000000♠63[11]

tag: ul

text:
Clarence Thomas,Associate Justicesince October 23, 1991Age 7004256340000000000♠70[12]

Ruth Bader Ginsburg,Associate Justicesince August 10, 1993Age 7004312130000000000♠85[13]

Stephen Breyer,Associate Justicesince August 3, 1994Age 7004292340000000000♠80[14]

Samuel Alito,Associate Justicesince January 31, 2006Age 7004249870000000000♠68[15]

text:
Sonia Sotomayor,Associate Justicesince August 8, 2009Age 7004234410000000000♠64[16]

Elena Kagan,Associate Justicesince August 7, 2010Age 7004213070000000000♠58[17]

Neil Gorsuch,Associate Justicesince April 10, 2017Age 7004186280000000000♠51[18]

text: All justices of the Supreme Court[edit]

text: Since the Supreme Court was established in 1789, 113 persons have served on the Court. William O. Douglas holds the record for longest tenure on the Court – 36 years, 211 days, and Thomas Johnson's 163 day tenure is the shortest. Five individuals were confirmed for associate justice, and later appointed chief justice separately: Charles Evans Hughes,[a] William Rehnquist,[b] John Rutledge,[a] Harlan F. Stone,[b] and Edward Douglass White.[b] While listed twice, each of them has been assigned only one index number. The justices of the Supreme Court are:[19][20]

text:
Justice

State[c]

Position

Replacing

Date confirmed(Vote)

Tenure

Tenure length[d]

Appointed by

1

John Jay(1745–1829)

NY

ChiefJustice

New seat

September 26, 1789(Acclamation)

October 19, 1789–June 29, 1795(Resigned)

7003207900000000000♠5 years, 253 days

George Washington

2

John Rutledge(1739–1800)

SC

AssociateJustice

New seat

September 26, 1789(Acclamation)

February 15, 1790–March 4, 1791(Resigned)

7002382000000000000♠1 year, 17 days

3

William Cushing(1732–1810)

MA

AssociateJustice

New seat

September 26, 1789(Acclamation)

February 2, 1790–September 13, 1810(Died)

7003752700000000000♠20 years, 223 days

4

James Wilson(1742–1798)

PA

AssociateJustice

New seat

September 26, 1789(Acclamation)

October 5, 1789–August 21, 1798(Died)

7003324200000000000♠8 years, 320 days

5

John Blair(1732–1800)

VA

AssociateJustice

New seat

September 26, 1789(Acclamation)

February 2, 1790–October 25, 1795(Resigned)

7003209100000000000♠5 years, 265 days

6

James Iredell(1751–1799)

NC

AssociateJustice

New seat

February 10, 1790(Acclamation)

May 12, 1790–October 20, 1799(Died)

7003344800000000000♠9 years, 161 days

7

Thomas Johnson(1732–1819)

MD

AssociateJustice

J. Rutledge

November 7, 1791(Acclamation)

August 6, 1792[e]–January 16, 1793(Resigned)

7002163000000000000♠163 days

8

William Paterson(1745–1806)

NJ

AssociateJustice

T. Johnson

March 4, 1793(Acclamation)

March 11, 1793–September 8, 1806(Died)

7003492800000000000♠13 years, 181 days

2

John Rutledge(1739–1800)

SC

ChiefJustice

Jay

December 15, 1795(10–14)[f]

August 12, 1795[e]–December 28, 1795(Resigned, nomination having been rejected)

7002138000000000000♠138 days

9

Samuel Chase[g](1741–1811)

MD

AssociateJustice

Blair

January 27, 1796(Acclamation)

February 4, 1796–June 19, 1811(Died)

7003561300000000000♠15 years, 135 days

10

Oliver Ellsworth(1745–1807)

CT

ChiefJustice

J. Rutledge

March 4, 1796(21–1)

March 8, 1796–December 15, 1800(Resigned)

7003174200000000000♠4 years, 282 days

11

Bushrod Washington(1762–1829)

VA

AssociateJustice

Wilson

December 20, 1798(Acclamation)

November 9, 1798[e]–November 26, 1829(Died)

7004113390000000000♠31 years, 17 days

John Adams

12

Alfred Moore(1755–1810)

NC

AssociateJustice

Iredell

December 9, 1799(Acclamation)

April 21, 1800–January 26, 1804(Resigned)

7003137500000000000♠3 years, 280 days

13

John Marshall(1755–1835)

VA

ChiefJustice

Ellsworth

January 27, 1801(Acclamation)

February 4, 1801–July 6, 1835(Died)

7004125700000000000♠34 years, 152 days

14

William Johnson(1771–1834)

SC

AssociateJustice

Moore

March 24, 1804(Acclamation)

May 7, 1804–August 4, 1834(Died)

7004110460000000000♠30 years, 89 days

Thomas Jefferson

15

Henry Brockholst Livingston(1757–1823)

NY

AssociateJustice

Paterson

December 17, 1806(Acclamation)

January 20, 1807–March 18, 1823(Died)

7003590100000000000♠16 years, 57 days

16

Thomas Todd(1765–1826)

KY

AssociateJustice

New seat

March 2, 1807(Acclamation)

March 3, 1807–February 7, 1826(Died)

7003691600000000000♠18 years, 341 days

17

Gabriel Duvall(1752–1844)

MD

AssociateJustice

S. Chase

November 18, 1811(Acclamation)

November 23, 1811–January 12, 1835(Resigned)

7003845100000000000♠23 years, 50 days

James Madison

18

Joseph Story(1779–1845)

MA

AssociateJustice

Cushing

November 18, 1811(Acclamation)

February 3, 1812–September 10, 1845(Died)

7004122730000000000♠33 years, 219 days

19

Smith Thompson(1768–1843)

NY

AssociateJustice

Livingston

December 9, 1823(Acclamation)

September 1, 1823[e]–December 18, 1843(Died)

7003741300000000000♠20 years, 108 days

James Monroe

20

Robert Trimble(1776–1828)

KY

AssociateJustice

Todd

May 9, 1826(25–5)

June 16, 1826–August 25, 1828(Died)

7002801000000000000♠2 years, 70 days

John Quincy Adams

21

John McLean(1785–1861)

OH

AssociateJustice

Trimble

March 7, 1829(Acclamation)

January 11, 1830–April 4, 1861(Died)

7004114060000000000♠31 years, 83 days

Andrew Jackson

22

Henry Baldwin(1780–1844)

PA

AssociateJustice

Washington

January 6, 1830(41–2)

January 18, 1830–April 21, 1844(Died)

7003520700000000000♠14 years, 94 days

23

James Moore Wayne(1790–1867)

GA

AssociateJustice

W. Johnson

January 9, 1835(Acclamation)

January 14, 1835–July 5, 1867(Died)

7004118600000000000♠32 years, 172 days

24

Roger B. Taney(1777–1864)

MD

ChiefJustice

J. Marshall

March 15, 1836(29–15)

March 28, 1836–October 12, 1864(Died)

7004104250000000000♠28 years, 198 days

25

Philip Pendleton Barbour(1783–1841)

VA

AssociateJustice

Duvall

March 15, 1836(30–11)

May 12, 1836–February 25, 1841(Died)

7003175000000000000♠4 years, 289 days

26

John Catron(1786–1865)

TN

AssociateJustice

New seat

March 8, 1837(28–15)

May 1, 1837–May 30, 1865(Died)

7004102560000000000♠28 years, 29 days

27

John McKinley(1780–1852)

AL

AssociateJustice

New seat

September 25, 1837(Acclamation)

January 9, 1838–July 19, 1852(Died)

7003530500000000000♠14 years, 192 days

Martin Van Buren

28

Peter Vivian Daniel(1784–1860)

VA

AssociateJustice

Barbour

March 2, 1841(25–5)

January 10, 1842–May 31, 1860(Died)

7003671600000000000♠18 years, 142 days

29

Samuel Nelson(1792–1873)

NY

AssociateJustice

Thompson

February 14, 1845(Acclamation)

February 27, 1845–November 28, 1872(Retired)

7004101360000000000♠27 years, 275 days

John Tyler

30

Levi Woodbury(1789–1851)

NH

AssociateJustice

Story

January 31, 1846(Acclamation)

September 23, 1845[e]–September 4, 1851(Died)

7003217200000000000♠5 years, 346 days

James K. Polk

31

Robert Cooper Grier(1794–1870)

PA

AssociateJustice

Baldwin

August 4, 1846(Acclamation)

August 10, 1846–January 31, 1870(Retired)

7003857500000000000♠23 years, 174 days

32

Benjamin Robbins Curtis(1809–1874)

MA

AssociateJustice

Woodbury

December 20, 1851(Acclamation)

October 10, 1851[e]–September 30, 1857(Resigned)

7003218200000000000♠5 years, 355 days

Millard Fillmore

33

John Archibald Campbell(1811–1889)

AL

AssociateJustice

McKinley

March 22, 1853(Acclamation)

April 11, 1853–April 30, 1861(Resigned)

7003294100000000000♠8 years, 19 days

Franklin Pierce

34

Nathan Clifford(1803–1881)

ME

AssociateJustice

Curtis

January 12, 1858(26–23)

January 21, 1858–July 25, 1881(Died)

7003858600000000000♠23 years, 185 days

James Buchanan

35

Noah Haynes Swayne(1804–1884)

OH

AssociateJustice

McLean

January 24, 1862(38–1)

January 27, 1862–January 24, 1881(Retired)

7003693700000000000♠18 years, 363 days

Abraham Lincoln

36

Samuel Freeman Miller(1816–1890)

IA

AssociateJustice

Daniel

July 16, 1862(Acclamation)

July 21, 1862–October 13, 1890(Died)

7004103110000000000♠28 years, 84 days

37

David Davis(1815–1886)

IL

AssociateJustice

Campbell

December 8, 1862(Acclamation)

December 10, 1862[e]–March 4, 1877(Resigned)

7003519800000000000♠14 years, 84 days

38

Stephen Johnson Field(1816–1899)

CA

AssociateJustice

New seat

March 10, 1863(Acclamation)

May 10, 1863–December 1, 1897(Retired)

7004126240000000000♠34 years, 205 days

39

Salmon P. Chase(1808–1873)

OH

ChiefJustice

Taney

December 6, 1864(Acclamation)

December 15, 1864–May 7, 1873(Died)

7003306500000000000♠8 years, 143 days

40

William Strong(1808–1895)

PA

AssociateJustice

Grier

February 18, 1870(No vote recorded)

March 14, 1870–December 14, 1880(Retired)

7003392800000000000♠10 years, 275 days

Ulysses S. Grant

41

Joseph Philo Bradley(1813–1892)

NJ

AssociateJustice

New seat

March 21, 1870(46–9)

March 23, 1870–January 22, 1892(Died)

7003797500000000000♠21 years, 305 days

42

Ward Hunt(1810–1886)

NY

AssociateJustice

Nelson

December 11, 1872(Acclamation)

January 9, 1873–January 27, 1882(Retired)

7003330500000000000♠9 years, 18 days

43

Morrison Waite(1816–1888)

OH

ChiefJustice

S. P. Chase

January 21, 1874(63–0)

March 4, 1874–March 23, 1888(Died)

7003513300000000000♠14 years, 19 days

44

John Marshall Harlan(1833–1911)

KY

AssociateJustice

Davis

November 29, 1877(Acclamation)

December 10, 1877–October 14, 1911(Died)

7004123600000000000♠33 years, 308 days

Rutherford B. Hayes

45

William Burnham Woods(1824–1887)

GA

AssociateJustice

Strong

December 21, 1880(39–8)

January 5, 1881–May 14, 1887(Died)

7003232000000000000♠6 years, 129 days

46

Stanley Matthews(1824–1889)

OH

AssociateJustice

Swayne

May 12, 1881(24–23)

May 17, 1881–March 22, 1889(Died)

7003286600000000000♠7 years, 309 days

James Garfield

47

Horace Gray(1828–1902)

MA

AssociateJustice

Clifford

December 20, 1881(51–5)

January 9, 1882–September 15, 1902(Died)

7003755300000000000♠20 years, 249 days

Chester A. Arthur

48

Samuel Blatchford(1820–1893)

NY

AssociateJustice

Hunt

March 22, 1882(Acclamation)

April 3, 1882–July 7, 1893(Died)

7003411300000000000♠11 years, 95 days

49

Lucius QuintusCincinnatus Lamar II(1825–1893)

MS

AssociateJustice

Woods

January 16, 1888(32–28)

January 18, 1888–January 23, 1893(Died)

7003183200000000000♠5 years, 5 days

Grover Cleveland

50

Melville Fuller(1833–1910)

IL

ChiefJustice

Waite

July 20, 1888(41–20)

October 8, 1888–July 4, 1910(Died)

7003793800000000000♠21 years, 269 days

51

David Josiah Brewer(1837–1910)

KS

AssociateJustice

Matthews

December 18, 1889(53–11)

January 6, 1890–March 28, 1910(Died)

7003738500000000000♠20 years, 81 days

Benjamin Harrison

52

Henry Billings Brown(1836–1913)

MI

AssociateJustice

Miller

December 29, 1890(Acclamation)

January 5, 1891–May 28, 1906(Retired)

7003598600000000000♠16 years, 143 days

53

George Shiras, Jr.(1832–1924)

PA

AssociateJustice

Bradley

July 26, 1892(Acclamation)

October 10, 1892–February 23, 1903(Retired)

7003378700000000000♠10 years, 136 days

54

Howell Edmunds Jackson(1832–1895)

TN

AssociateJustice

L. Lamar

February 18, 1893(Acclamation)

March 4, 1893–August 8, 1895(Died)

7002887000000000000♠2 years, 157 days

55

Edward Douglass White(1845–1921)

LA

AssociateJustice

Blatchford

February 19, 1894(Acclamation)

March 12, 1894–December 18, 1910(Continued as chief justice)

7003612400000000000♠16 years, 281 days

Grover Cleveland

56

Rufus Wheeler Peckham(1838–1909)

NY

AssociateJustice

H. Jackson

December 9, 1895(Acclamation)

January 6, 1896–October 24, 1909(Died)

7003503900000000000♠13 years, 291 days

57

Joseph McKenna(1843–1926)

CA

AssociateJustice[h]

Field

January 21, 1898(Acclamation)

January 26, 1898–January 5, 1925(Retired)

7003984000000000000♠26 years, 345 days

William McKinley

58

Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.(1841–1935)

MA

AssociateJustice[i]

Gray

December 4, 1902(Acclamation)

December 8, 1902–January 12, 1932(Retired)

7004106270000000000♠29 years, 35 days

Theodore Roosevelt

59

William R. Day(1849–1923)

OH

AssociateJustice

Shiras

February 23, 1903(Acclamation)

March 2, 1903–November 13, 1922(Retired)

7003719600000000000♠19 years, 256 days

60

William Henry Moody(1853–1917)

MA

AssociateJustice

Brown

December 12, 1906(Acclamation)

December 17, 1906–November 20, 1910(Retired)

7003143400000000000♠3 years, 338 days

61

Horace Harmon Lurton(1844–1914)

TN

AssociateJustice

Peckham

December 20, 1909(Acclamation)

January 3, 1910–July 12, 1914(Died)

7003166500000000000♠4 years, 204 days

William Howard Taft

62

Charles Evans Hughes(1862–1948)

NY

AssociateJustice

Brewer

May 2, 1910(Acclamation)

October 10, 1910–June 10, 1916(Resigned)

7003207000000000000♠5 years, 244 days

55

Edward Douglass White(1845–1921)

LA

ChiefJustice

Fuller

December 12, 1910(Acclamation)

December 19, 1910–May 19, 1921(Died)

7003380400000000000♠10 years, 151 days

63

Willis Van Devanter(1859–1941)

WY

AssociateJustice

E. D. White

December 15, 1910(Acclamation)

January 3, 1911[j]–June 2, 1937(Retired)

7003964700000000000♠26 years, 150 days

64

Joseph Rucker Lamar(1857–1916)

GA

AssociateJustice

Moody

December 15, 1910(Acclamation)

January 3, 1911[j]–January 2, 1916(Died)

7003182500000000000♠4 years, 364 days

65

Mahlon Pitney(1858–1924)

NJ

AssociateJustice

J. Harlan

March 13, 1912(50–26)

March 18, 1912–December 31, 1922(Resigned)

7003394000000000000♠10 years, 288 days

66

James Clark McReynolds(1862–1946)

TN

AssociateJustice

Lurton

August 29, 1914(44–6)

October 12, 1914–January 31, 1941(Retired)

7003960800000000000♠26 years, 111 days

Woodrow Wilson

67

Louis Brandeis(1856–1941)

KY

AssociateJustice

J. Lamar

June 1, 1916(47–22)

June 5, 1916–February 13, 1939(Retired)

7003828800000000000♠22 years, 253 days

68

John Hessin Clarke(1857–1945)

OH

AssociateJustice

Hughes

July 24, 1916(Acclamation)

October 9, 1916–September 18, 1922(Retired)

7003217000000000000♠5 years, 344 days

69

William Howard Taft(1857–1930)

CT

ChiefJustice

E. D. White

June 30, 1921(Acclamation)

July 11, 1921–February 3, 1930(Retired)

7003312900000000000♠8 years, 207 days

Warren G. Harding

70

George Sutherland(1862–1942)

UT

AssociateJustice

Clarke

September 5, 1922(Acclamation)

October 2, 1922–January 17, 1938(Retired)

7003558600000000000♠15 years, 107 days

71

Pierce Butler(1866–1939)

MN

AssociateJustice

Day

December 21, 1922(61–8)

January 2, 1923–November 16, 1939(Died)

7003616200000000000♠16 years, 318 days

72

Edward Terry Sanford(1865–1930)

TN

AssociateJustice

Pitney

January 29, 1923(Acclamation)

February 19, 1923–March 8, 1930(Died)

7003257400000000000♠7 years, 17 days

73

Harlan F. Stone(1872–1946)

NY

AssociateJustice[k]

McKenna

February 5, 1925(71–6)

March 2, 1925–July 2, 1941(Continued as chief justice)

7003596600000000000♠16 years, 122 days

Calvin Coolidge

62

Charles Evans Hughes(1862–1948)

NY

ChiefJustice

Taft

February 13, 1930(52–26)

February 24, 1930–June 30, 1941(Retired)

7003414400000000000♠11 years, 126 days

Herbert Hoover

74

Owen Josephus Roberts(1875–1955)

PA

AssociateJustice

Sanford

May 20, 1930(Acclamation)

June 2, 1930–July 31, 1945(Resigned)

7003553800000000000♠15 years, 59 days

75

Benjamin N. Cardozo(1870–1938)

NY

AssociateJustice

Holmes

February 24, 1932(Acclamation)

March 14, 1932–July 9, 1938(Died)

7003230800000000000♠6 years, 117 days

76

Hugo Black(1886–1971)

AL

AssociateJustice[l]

Van Devanter

August 17, 1937(63–16)

August 19, 1937–September 17, 1971(Retired)

7004124470000000000♠34 years, 29 days

Franklin D. Roosevelt

77

Stanley Forman Reed(1884–1980)

KY

AssociateJustice

Sutherland

January 25, 1938(Acclamation)

January 31, 1938–February 25, 1957(Retired)

7003696500000000000♠19 years, 25 days

78

Felix Frankfurter(1882–1965)

MA

AssociateJustice

Cardozo

January 17, 1939(Acclamation)

January 30, 1939–August 28, 1962(Retired)

7003861100000000000♠23 years, 210 days

79

William O. Douglas(1898–1980)

CT

AssociateJustice

Brandeis

April 4, 1939(62–4)

April 17, 1939–November 12, 1975(Retired)

7004133600000000000♠36 years, 211 days

80

Frank Murphy(1890–1949)

MI

AssociateJustice

Butler

January 16, 1940(Acclamation)

February 5, 1940–July 19, 1949(Died)

7003345200000000000♠9 years, 164 days

73

Harlan F. Stone(1872–1946)

NY

ChiefJustice

Hughes

June 27, 1941(Acclamation)

July 3, 1941–April 22, 1946 (Died)

7003175400000000000♠4 years, 293 days

81

James F. Byrnes(1882–1972)

SC

AssociateJustice

McReynolds

June 12, 1941(Acclamation)

July 8, 1941–October 3, 1942(Resigned)

7002452000000000000♠1 year, 87 days

82

Robert H. Jackson(1892–1954)

NY

AssociateJustice

Stone

July 7, 1941(Acclamation)

July 11, 1941–October 9, 1954(Died)

7003483800000000000♠13 years, 90 days

83

Wiley Blount Rutledge(1894–1949)

IA

AssociateJustice

Byrnes

February 8, 1943(Acclamation)

February 15, 1943–September 10, 1949(Died)

7003239900000000000♠6 years, 207 days

84

Harold Hitz Burton(1888–1964)

OH

AssociateJustice

O. Roberts

September 19, 1945(Acclamation)

October 1, 1945–October 13, 1958(Retired)

7003476000000000000♠13 years, 12 days

Harry S. Truman

85

Fred M. Vinson(1890–1953)

KY

ChiefJustice

Stone

June 20, 1946(Acclamation)

June 24, 1946–September 8, 1953 (Died)

7003263300000000000♠7 years, 76 days

86

Tom C. Clark(1899–1977)

TX

AssociateJustice

Murphy

August 18, 1949(73–8)

August 24, 1949–June 12, 1967(Retired)

7003650100000000000♠17 years, 292 days

87

Sherman Minton(1890–1965)

IN

AssociateJustice

W. Rutledge

October 4, 1949(48–16)

October 12, 1949–October 15, 1956(Retired)

7003256000000000000♠7 years, 3 days

88

Earl Warren(1891–1974)

CA

ChiefJustice

Vinson

March 1, 1954(Acclamation)

October 5, 1953[e]–June 23, 1969(Retired)

7003574000000000000♠15 years, 261 days

Dwight D. Eisenhower

89

John Marshall Harlan II(1899–1971)

NY

AssociateJustice

R. Jackson

March 16, 1955(71–11)

March 28, 1955–September 23, 1971(Retired)

7003602300000000000♠16 years, 179 days

90

William J. Brennan(1906–1997)

NJ

AssociateJustice

Minton

March 19, 1957(Acclamation)

October 16, 1956[e]–July 20, 1990(Retired)

7004123300000000000♠33 years, 277 days

91

Charles Evans Whittaker(1901–1973)

MO

AssociateJustice

Reed

March 19, 1957(Acclamation)

March 25, 1957–March 31, 1962(Resigned)

7003183200000000000♠5 years, 6 days

92

Potter Stewart(1915–1985)

OH

AssociateJustice

Burton

May 5, 1959(70–17)

October 14, 1958[e]–July 3, 1981(Retired)

7003829800000000000♠22 years, 262 days

93

Byron White(1917–2002)

CO

AssociateJustice

Whittaker

April 11, 1962(Acclamation)

April 16, 1962–June 28, 1993(Retired)

7004113960000000000♠31 years, 73 days

John F. Kennedy

94

Arthur Goldberg(1908–1990)

IL

AssociateJustice

Frankfurter

September 25, 1962(Acclamation)

October 1, 1962–July 25, 1965(Resigned)

7003103100000000000♠2 years, 300 days

95

Abe Fortas(1910–1982)

TN

AssociateJustice

Goldberg

August 11, 1965(Acclamation)

October 4, 1965–May 14, 1969(Resigned)

7003131800000000000♠3 years, 222 days

Lyndon B. Johnson

96

Thurgood Marshall(1908–1993)

NY

AssociateJustice

Clark

August 30, 1967(69–11)

October 2, 1967–October 1, 1991(Retired)

7003876500000000000♠23 years, 364 days

97

Warren E. Burger(1907–1995)

VA

ChiefJustice

Warren

June 9, 1969(74–3)

June 23, 1969–September 26, 1986(Retired)

7003630400000000000♠17 years, 95 days

Richard Nixon

98

Harry Blackmun(1908–1999)

MN

AssociateJustice

Fortas

May 12, 1970(94–0)

June 9, 1970–August 3, 1994(Retired)

7003882100000000000♠24 years, 55 days

99

Lewis F. Powell Jr.(1907–1998)

VA

AssociateJustice

Black

December 6, 1971(89–1)

January 7, 1972[m]–June 26, 1987(Retired)

7003564900000000000♠15 years, 170 days

100

William Rehnquist(1924–2005)

AZ

AssociateJustice

J. Harlan II

December 10, 1971(68–26)

January 7, 1972[m]–September 26, 1986(Continued as chief justice)

7003537600000000000♠14 years, 262 days

101

John Paul Stevens(born 1920)

IL

AssociateJustice[n]

Douglas

December 17, 1975(98–0)

December 19, 1975–June 29, 2010(Retired)

7004126110000000000♠34 years, 192 days

Gerald Ford

102

Sandra Day O'Connor(born 1930)

AZ

AssociateJustice

Stewart

September 21, 1981(99–0)

September 25, 1981–January 31, 2006(Retired)

7003889400000000000♠24 years, 128 days

Ronald Reagan

100

William Rehnquist(1924–2005)

VA

ChiefJustice

Burger

September 17, 1986(65–33)

September 26, 1986–September 3, 2005(Died)

7003691700000000000♠18 years, 342 days

103

Antonin Scalia(1936–2016)

VA

AssociateJustice

Rehnquist

September 17, 1986(98–0)

September 26, 1986–February 13, 2016(Died)

7004107320000000000♠29 years, 140 days

104

Anthony Kennedy(born 1936)

CA

AssociateJustice

Powell

February 3, 1988(97–0)

February 18, 1988–July 31, 2018(Retired)

7004111210000000000♠30 years, 163 days

105

David Souter(born 1939)

NH

AssociateJustice

Brennan

October 2, 1990(90–9)

October 9, 1990–June 29, 2009(Retired)

7003683800000000000♠18 years, 263 days

George H. W. Bush

106

Clarence Thomas(born 1948)

GA

AssociateJustice

T. Marshall

October 15, 1991(52–48)

October 23, 1991–Incumbent

7003980700000000000♠26 years, 310 days[o]

107

Ruth Bader Ginsburg(born 1933)

NY

AssociateJustice

B. White

August 3, 1993(96–3)

August 10, 1993–Incumbent

7003915000000000000♠25 years, 19 days[o]

Bill Clinton

108

Stephen Breyer(born 1938)

MA

AssociateJustice

Blackmun

July 29, 1994(87–9)

August 3, 1994–Incumbent

7003879200000000000♠24 years, 26 days[o]

109

John Roberts(born 1955)

MD

ChiefJustice

Rehnquist

September 29, 2005(78–22)

September 29, 2005–Incumbent

7003471700000000000♠12 years, 334 days[o]

George W. Bush

110

Samuel Alito(born 1950)

NJ

AssociateJustice

O'Connor

January 31, 2006(58–42)

January 31, 2006–Incumbent

7003459300000000000♠12 years, 210 days[o]

111

Sonia Sotomayor(born 1954)

NY

AssociateJustice

Souter

August 6, 2009(68–31)

August 8, 2009–Incumbent

7003330800000000000♠9 years, 21 days[o]

Barack Obama

112

Elena Kagan(born 1960)

MA

AssociateJustice

Stevens

August 5, 2010(63–37)

August 7, 2010–Incumbent

7003294400000000000♠8 years, 22 days[o]

113

Neil Gorsuch(born 1967)

CO

AssociateJustice

Scalia

April 7, 2017(54–45)

April 10, 2017–Incumbent

7002506000000000000♠1 year, 141 days[o]

Donald Trump

Justice

State[c]

Position

Replacing

Date confirmed(Vote)

Tenure

Tenure length

Appointed by

tag: table

text: Notes[edit]

text:
^ Jump up to: a b Served on the Supreme Court twice, first as associate justice, and then, after a period of years off the Court, as chief justice.

^ Jump up to: a b c Elevated from associate justice to chief justice while serving on the Supreme Court. Such appointments are subject to a separate confirmation process.

^ Jump up to: a b State of residence at the time of appointment. For example, in 1971, Rehnquist was appointed from Arizona, but in 1986, when elevated to chief justice, he was appointed from Virginia.[21]

Jump up ^ The start date given for each justice is the day he or she took the prescribed judicial oath of office, with the end date being the date of the justice's death, resignation, or retirement.[20]

^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j Recess appointment

Jump up ^ This was the first Supreme Court nomination to be rejected by the Senate. Rutledge remains the only "recess appointed" justice not to be subsequently confirmed by the Senate.

Jump up ^ Was impeached, but not convicted, and remained in office.

Jump up ^ Acted as chief justice under 36 Stat. 1152, May 19 – July 11, 1921.

Jump up ^ Acted as chief justice under 36 Stat. 1152, February 3–24, 1930.

^ Jump up to: a b While Willis Van Devanter and Joseph Rucker Lamar were sworn in as associate justice on the same date, their seniority (precedence) on the Supreme Court was determined by the seniority of their commissions—Van Devanter received and accepted his first—in accordance with XIII Rev. Stat. 9 § 674.

Jump up ^ Acted as chief justice under 36 Stat. 1152, June 30 – July 3, 1941.

Jump up ^ Acted as chief justice under 36 Stat. 1152, April 22 – June 24, 1946, and again, under 62 Stat. 869, September 8 – October 5, 1953.

^ Jump up to: a b While  Lewis Powell and William Rehnqust were sworn in as associate justice on the same date, their seniority (precedence) on the Supreme Court was determined by the seniority of their commissions—Powell received and accepted his first—in accordance with 62 Stat. 869.

Jump up ^ Acted as chief justice under 62 Stat. 869, September 3–29, 2005.

^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h As of August 29, 2018.

tag: ol

text: Timelines[edit]

text: All justices[edit]

text: This graphical timeline depicts the progression of the justices on the Supreme Court. Information regarding each justice's predecessors, successors and fellow justices, as well as their tenure on the court can be gleaned (and comparisons between justices drawn) from it. Additionally, The progression of presidents, along with the number of justices each nominated, is shown at the top of the timeline to give a more detailed historical context. Regarding the associate justice seat numbers, due to the several changes in the size of the Court since 1789, two of the ten seats chronicled below—"Seat 7" and "Seat 5"—have been abolished, both as a result of the Judicial Circuits Act of 1866. The associate justice "seat 1" is currently vacant, following the retirement of Justice Anthony Kennedy.


document_title: No man is an island

question_text: where does no man is an island come from

text: No man is an island

text: Look up no man is an island in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

text: No man is an island may refer to:

text:
"No man is an island", a famous line from Devotions upon Emergent Occasions, a 1624 prose work by English poet John Donne
No Man Is an Island (film), 1962 war film
No Man is an Island (album), the 1972 debut album from reggae singer Dennis Brown
"No Man Is an Island", a 1955 book by the Trappist monk Thomas Merton
"No Man Is an Island", a 1953 episode of the Hallmark Hall of Fame, about the life of John Donne
"No Man Is an Island", a 1964 song by vocal group The Van Dykes
"No Man Is an Island", a song by Tenth Avenue North
"No Man Is an Island" (The Script song), from the album Freedom Child
Nomanisan Island, a place in the 2004 film The Incredibles

text:
Disambiguation page providing links to articles with similar titles
This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title No man is an island.
If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.

text: Disambiguation pages

text: Disambiguation pages with short descriptionAll article disambiguation pagesAll disambiguation pages


document_title: Extremophile

question_text: which domain includes organisms that require extreme environmental conditions for survival

text: Extremophile

text: Characteristics[edit]

text: In the 1980s and 1990s, biologists found that microbial life has great flexibility for surviving in extreme environments—niches that are acidic or extraordinarily hot, for example—that would be completely inhospitable to complex organisms. Some scientists even concluded that life may have begun on Earth in hydrothermal vents far under the ocean's surface.[3] According to astrophysicist Steinn Sigurdsson, "There are viable bacterial spores that have been found that are 40 million years old on Earth—and we know they're very hardened to radiation."[4] On 6 February 2013, scientists reported that bacteria were found living in the cold and dark in a lake buried a half-mile deep under the ice in Antarctica.[5] On 17 March 2013, researchers reported data that suggested microbial life forms thrive in the Marianas Trench, the deepest place in Earth's oceans.[6][7] Other researchers reported related studies that microbes thrive inside rocks up to 1,900 feet (580 m) below the sea floor under 8,500 feet (2,600 m) of ocean off the coast of the northwestern United States.[6][8] According to one of the researchers, "You can find microbes everywhere—they're extremely adaptable to conditions, and survive wherever they are."[6]

text:
The limits of known life on Earth[9]

Factor
Environment / source
Limits
Examples

High temperature
Submarine hydrothermal vents
110 °C to 121 °C
Pyrolobus fumarii

Low temperature
Ice
-17 °C to -20 °C
Synechococcus lividus

Alkaline systems
Soda lakes
pH > 11
Psychrobacter, Vibrio, Arthrobacter, Natronobacterium

Acidic systems
Volcanic springs, acid mine drainage
pH -0.06 to 1.0
Bacillus, Clostridium paradoxum

Ionizing radiation
Cosmic rays, X-rays, radioactive decay
1,500 to 6,000 Gy
Deinococcus radiodurans, Rubrobacter, Pyrococcus furiosus

UV radiation
Sunlight
5,000 J/m2
Deinococcus radiodurans, Rubrobacter, Pyrococcus furiosus

High pressure
Mariana Trench
1,100 bar
Pyrococcus sp.

Salinity
Low temperature systems
aw ~ 0.6
Halobacteriaceae, Dunaliella salina

Desiccation
Atacama Desert (Chile), McMurdo Dry Valleys (Antarctica)
~60% relative humidity
Chroococcidiopsis

text: Morphology[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Most known extremophiles are microorganisms. The domain Archaea contains renowned examples, but extremophiles are present in numerous and diverse genetic lineages of bacteria and archaeans. Furthermore, it is erroneous to use the term extremophile to encompass all archaeans, as some are mesophilic. Neither are all extremophiles unicellular; protostome animals found in similar environments include the Pompeii worm, the psychrophilic Grylloblattidae (insects) and Antarctic krill (a crustacean). Many would also classify tardigrades (water bears) as extremophiles but while tardigrades can survive in extreme environments, they are not considered extremophiles because they are not adapted to live in these conditions. Their chances of dying increase the longer they are exposed to the extreme environment.

text: Classifications[edit]

text: There are many classes of extremophiles that range all around the globe, each corresponding to the way its environmental niche differs from mesophilic conditions. These classifications are not exclusive. Many extremophiles fall under multiple categories and are classified as polyextremophiles. For example, organisms living inside hot rocks deep under Earth's surface are thermophilic and barophilic such as Thermococcus barophilus.[10] A polyextremophile living at the summit of a mountain in the Atacama Desert might be a radioresistant xerophile, a psychrophile, and an oligotroph. Polyextremophiles are well known for their ability to tolerate both high and low pH levels.[11]

text: Terms[edit]

text: In astrobiology[edit]

text: Astrobiology is the field concerned with forming theories, such as panspermia, about the distribution, nature, and future of life in the universe. In it, microbial ecologists, astronomers, planetary scientists, geochemists, philosophers, and explorers cooperate constructively to guide the search for life on other planets. Astrobiologists are particularly interested in studying extremophiles,[17] as many organisms of this type are capable of surviving in environments similar to those known to exist on other planets. For example, analogous deserts of Antarctica are exposed to harmful UV radiation, low temperature, high salt concentration and low mineral concentration. These conditions are similar to those on Mars. Therefore, finding viable microbes at the subsurface of Antarctica suggests that there may be microbes surviving in endolithic communities and living under Martian surface. Moreover, further researches have suggested that it is unlikely that microbes will live on neither the Martian surface nor at shallow depths, but they may be found at depths around 100 meters below the Martian surface.[18]

text: Recent research carried out on extremophiles in Japan involved a variety of bacteria including Escherichia coli and Paracoccus denitrificans being subject to conditions of extreme gravity. The bacteria were cultivated while being rotated in an ultracentrifuge at high speeds corresponding to 403,627 g (i.e. 403,627 times the gravity experienced on Earth). Paracoccus denitrificans was one of the bacteria which displayed not only survival but also robust cellular growth under these conditions of hyperacceleration which are usually found only in cosmic environments, such as on very massive stars or in the shock waves of supernovas. Analysis showed that the small size of prokaryotic cells is essential for successful growth under hypergravity. The research has implications on the feasibility of panspermia.[19][20]

text: On 26 April 2012, scientists reported that lichen survived and showed remarkable results on the adaptation capacity of photosynthetic activity within the simulation time of 34 days under Martian conditions in the Mars Simulation Laboratory (MSL) maintained by the German Aerospace Center (DLR).[21][22]

text: On 29 April 2013, scientists at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, funded by NASA, reported that, during spaceflight on the International Space Station, microbes seem to adapt to the space environment in ways "not observed on Earth" and in ways that "can lead to increases in growth and virulence".[23]

text: On 19 May 2014, scientists announced that numerous microbes, like Tersicoccus phoenicis, may be resistant to methods usually used in spacecraft assembly clean rooms. It's not currently known if such resistant microbes could have withstood space travel and are present on the Curiosity rover now on the planet Mars.[24]

text: On 20 August 2014, scientists confirmed the existence of microorganisms living half a mile below the ice of Antarctica.[25][26]

text: On September 2015, scientists from CNR-National Research Council of Italy reported that S.soflataricus was able to survive under Martian radiation at a wavelength that was considered extremely lethal to most bacteria. This discovery is significant because it indicates that not only bacterial spores, but also growing cells can be remarkably resistant to strong UV radiation.[27]

text: On June 2016, scientists from Brigham Young University conclusively reported that endospores of Bacillus Subtilis were able to survive high speed impacts up to 299±28 m/s, extreme shock, and extreme deceleration. They pointed out that this feature might allow endospores to survive and to be transferred between planets by traveling within meteorites or by experiencing atmosphere disruption. Moreover, they suggested that the landing of spacecrafts may also result in interplanetary spore transfer, given that spores can survive high-velocity impact while ejected from the spacecraft onto the planet surface. This is the first study which reported that bacteria can survive in such high-velocity impact. However, the lethal speed impact is unknown, and further experiments should be done by introducing higher-velocity impact to bacterial endospores.[28]

text: Examples[edit]

text: New sub-types of -philes are identified frequently and the sub-category list for extremophiles is always growing. For example, microbial life lives in the liquid asphalt lake, Pitch Lake. Research indicates that extremophiles inhabit the asphalt lake in populations ranging between 106 to 107 cells/gram.[29][30] Likewise, until recently boron tolerance was unknown but a strong borophile was discovered in bacteria. With the recent isolation of Bacillus boroniphilus, borophiles came into discussion.[31] Studying these borophiles may help illuminate the mechanisms of both boron toxicity and boron deficiency.

text: Industrial uses[edit]

text: The thermoalkaliphilic catalase, which initiates the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide into oxygen and water, was isolated from an organism, Thermus brockianus, found in Yellowstone National Park by Idaho National Laboratory researchers. The catalase operates over a temperature range from 30 °C to over 94 °C and a pH range from 6–10. This catalase is extremely stable compared to other catalases at high temperatures and pH. In a comparative study, the T. brockianus catalase exhibited a half life of 15 days at 80 °C and pH 10 while a catalase derived from Aspergillus niger had a half life of 15 seconds under the same conditions. The catalase will have applications for removal of hydrogen peroxide in industrial processes such as pulp and paper bleaching, textile bleaching, food pasteurization, and surface decontamination of food packaging.[32]

text: DNA modifying enzymes such as Taq DNA polymerase and some Bacillus enzymes used in clinical diagnostics and starch liquefaction are produced commercially by several biotechnology companies.[33]

text: DNA transfer[edit]

text: Over 65 prokaryotic species are known to be naturally competent for genetic transformation, the ability to transfer DNA from one cell to another cell followed by integration of the donor DNA into the recipient cell’s chromosome.[34] Several extremophiles are able to carry out species-specific DNA transfer, as described below. However, it is not yet clear how common such a capability is among extremophiles.

text: The bacterium Deinococcus radiodurans is one of the most radioresistant organisms known. This bacterium can also survive cold, dehydration, vacuum and acid and is thus known as a polyextremophile. D. radiodurans is competent to perform genetic transformation.[35] Recipient cells are able to repair DNA damage in donor transforming DNA that had been UV irradiated as efficiently as they repair cellular DNA when the cells themselves are irradiated. The extreme thermophilic bacterium Thermus thermophilus and other related Thermus species are also capable of genetic transformation.[36]

text: Halobacterium volcanii, an extreme halophilic (saline tolerant) archaeon, is capable of natural genetic transformation. Cytoplasmic bridges are formed between cells that appear to be used for DNA transfer from one cell to another in either direction.[37]

text: Sulfolobus solfataricus and Sulfolobus acidocaldarius are hyperthermophilic archaea. Exposure of these organisms to the DNA damaging agents UV irradiation, bleomycin or mitomycin C induces species-specific cellular aggregation.[38][39] UV-induced cellular aggregation of S. acidocaldarius mediates chromosomal marker exchange with high frequency.[39] Recombination rates exceed those of uninduced cultures by up to three orders of magnitude. Frols et al.[38] and Ajon et al.[39] hypothesized that cellular aggregation enhances species-specific DNA transfer between Sulfolobus cells in order to repair damaged DNA by means of homologous recombination. Van Wolferen et al.[40] noted that this DNA exchange process may be crucial under DNA damaging conditions such as high temperatures. It has also been suggested that DNA transfer in Sulfolobus may be an early form of sexual interaction similar to the more well-studied bacterial transformation systems that involve species-specific DNA transfer leading to homologous recombinational repair of DNA damage[41] (and see Transformation (genetics)).

text: Extracellular membrane vesicles (MVs) might be involved in DNA transfer between different hyperthermophilic archaeal species.[42] It has been shown that both plasmids[43] and viral genomes[42] can be transferred via MVs. Notably, a horizontal plasmid transfer has been documented between hyperthermophilic Thermococcus and Methanocaldococcus species, respectively belonging to the orders Thermococcales and Methanococcales.[44]


question_text: joseph and the amazing technicolor dreamcoat release date

text: Synopsis[edit]

text: Act I[edit]

text: The story is based on the Biblical story of Joseph, found in the Book of Genesis. It is set in a frame in which a narrator is telling a story (sometimes to children, encouraging them to dream). She then tells the story of Joseph, another dreamer ("Prologue," "Any Dream Will Do"). In the beginning of the main story Jacob and his 12 sons are introduced ("Jacob and Sons"). Joseph's brothers are jealous of him for his coat of many colours, a symbol of their father's preference for him ("Joseph's Coat"). It is clear from Joseph's dreams that he is destined to rule over them ("Joseph's Dreams"). To get rid of him and prevent the dreams from coming true, they attempt fratricide, but then they sell Joseph as a slave to some passing Ishmaelites ("Poor, Poor Joseph"), who take him to Egypt.

text: Back home, his brothers, led by Reuben and accompanied by their wives, break the news to Jacob that Joseph has been killed. They show his tattered coat smeared with his blood – really goat blood – as proof that what they say is true ("One More Angel in Heaven"). After the bereft Jacob leaves, the brothers and their wives happily celebrate the loss of Joseph.

text: In Egypt, Joseph is the slave of Egyptian millionaire Potiphar. He rises through the ranks of slaves and servants until he is running Potiphar's house. When Mrs. Potiphar makes advances, Joseph spurns her. She removes his shirt, feels his chest and back, squeezes his rear and blows him kisses. Potiphar overhears, barges in, sees the two together – and jumps to conclusions ("Potiphar"). Outraged, he throws Joseph in jail. Depressed, Joseph laments the situation ("Close Every Door") – but his spirits rise when he helps two prisoners put in his cell. Both are former servants of the Pharaoh and both have had bizarre dreams. Joseph interprets them. One cellmate, the Baker, will be executed, but the other, the Butler, will be returned to service. Upon hearing this, the rest of the prisoners surround Joseph and encourage him to go after his dreams ("Go, Go, Go Joseph").

text: Act II[edit]

text: The Narrator tells of impending changes in Joseph's fortunes ("A Pharaoh Story") because the Pharaoh is having dreams that no one can interpret. Now freed, the Butler tells Pharaoh (acted in the style of Elvis Presley) of Joseph and his dream-interpretation skills ("Poor, Poor Pharaoh"). Pharaoh orders Joseph to be brought in and the king tells him his dream involving seven fat cows, seven skinny cows, seven healthy ears of corn, and seven dead ears of corn ("Song of the King").

text: Joseph interprets the dream as seven plentiful years of crops followed by seven years of famine ("Pharaoh's Dreams Explained"). An astonished Pharaoh puts Joseph in charge of carrying out the preparations needed to endure the impending famine, and Joseph becomes the most powerful man in Egypt, second only to Pharaoh himself ("Stone the Crows").

text: Back home, the famine has caught up with Joseph's brothers, who, led by Simeon, express regret at selling him and deceiving their father ("Those Canaan Days"). They hear that Egypt still has food and decide to go there to beg for mercy and to be fed ("The Brothers Come to Egypt"), not realising that they will be dealing with Joseph ("Grovel, Grovel"). Joseph gives them sacks of food, but plants a golden cup in the sack of his youngest brother, Benjamin. When the brothers try to leave, Joseph stops them, asking about the "stolen cup". Each brother empties his sack, and it is revealed that Benjamin has the cup. Joseph then accuses Benjamin of robbery ("Who's the Thief?"). The other brothers, led by Judah, beg for mercy for Benjamin, imploring that Joseph take them prisoner and set Benjamin free ("Benjamin Calypso").

text: Seeing their selflessness and penitence, Joseph reveals himself ("Joseph All the Time") and sends for his father. The two are reunited ("Jacob in Egypt") for a happy conclusion and Joseph dons his coloured coat once more (Any Dream Will Do (Reprise)/Give Me My Coloured Coat").

text: In some productions, the finale is followed by a rock/disco medley of most of the musical's major numbers ("Joseph Megamix").

text: Production[edit]

text: Development and early performances, publication, and recordings[edit]

text: The 17-year-old budding musical-theatre composer Andrew Lloyd Webber was introduced to the 20-year-old aspiring pop-song writer Tim Rice in 1965, and they created their first musical, The Likes of Us.[2] They produced a demo tape of that work in 1966,[3] but the project failed to gain a backer.[2]

text: In the summer of 1967 Alan Doggett, a family friend of the Lloyd Webbers who had assisted on The Likes of Us and who was the music teacher at the Colet Court school in London, commissioned Lloyd Webber and Rice to write a piece for the school's choir.[3][4][2] Doggett requested a "pop cantata" along the lines of Herbert Chappell's The Daniel Jazz (1963) and Michael Hurd's Jonah-Man Jazz (1966), both of which had been published by Novello and were based on the Old Testament.[3] The request for the new piece came with a 100-guinea advance from Novello.[3] This resulted in Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat, a retelling of the biblical story of Joseph, in which Lloyd Webber and Rice humorously pastiched a number of pop-music styles.

text: The piece was first presented as a 20-minute pop cantata at Colet Court School in London on 1 March 1968.[2] Lloyd Webber's composer father William arranged for a second performance at his church, Westminster Central Hall, with a revised and expanded format; the boys of Colet Court and members of the band Mixed Bag sang at this performance in May 1968.[5] One of the children's parents in that audience was the Sunday Times music critic; he reviewed the piece in the newspaper, calling it a new pop oratorio and praising its innovation and exuberance.[2][6] By its third performance, at St Paul's Cathedral in November 1968, the musical had been expanded to 35 minutes.[5]

text: Novello published the lyrics and sheet music at the beginning of 1969, as the third of their Old Testament pop cantatas.[3] Decca Records, which had already recorded the musical in the summer of 1968, released the recording in 1969, credited to the Joseph Consortium, after the Novello publication.[3][7][8][9] David Daltrey, front man of British psychedelic band Tales of Justine, played the role of Joseph and lead guitar, and Tim Rice was Pharaoh. Other vocalists included members of the Mixed Bag group, such as Terry Saunders and Malcolm Parry, and the choir of Colet Court School.[7][8][9] Daltrey, although not part of the Mixed Bag, was managed by Tim Rice and Andrew Lloyd Webber at the time, and EMI colleague Martin Wilcox suggested to Rice that they use the Mixed Bag as a backing group on the album.[citation needed]

text: A recording of the musical with 19 tracks was issued in the US on Scepter Records in 1971. It was a reissue of the 1969 Decca UK album, capitalising on the success of 1970's Jesus Christ Superstar in the US. It featured Daltrey as Joseph, Rice as Pharaoh, William S. Lloyd Webber on the Hammond organ, Alan Doggett conducting, and the Colet Court choir as the chorus.[10][11]

text: Early stage performances[edit]

text: First American productions[edit]

text: Lloyd Webber and Rice used the popularity of their subsequent musical, the rock opera Jesus Christ Superstar, to promote Joseph, which was advertised in America as a "follow-up" to Superstar.[12] The rock opera's title song "Superstar" had been an international hit single released in late 1969, and "I Don't Know How To Love Him", another hit from Jesus Christ Superstar, was released 1 May 1970. The first American production of Joseph was in May 1970, at Cathedral College of the Immaculate Conception in Douglaston, New York. Following this, other colleges and schools sought to produce the piece.[13]

text: Young Vic production and move to West End[edit]

text: In late August and September 1972, Joseph was presented at the Edinburgh International Festival by the Young Vic Theatre Company, directed by Frank Dunlop. It starred Gary Bond in the title role, Peter Reeves as the narrator, and Gordon Waller as Pharaoh; Alan Doggett was the music director. In October the production played at London's Young Vic Theatre, and in November at the Roundhouse. The production was part of a double bill called Bible One: Two Looks at the Book of Genesis. Part I was Dunlop's reworking of the first six of the medieval Wakefield Mystery Plays, with music by Alan Doggett. Part II was Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat.[12] The Young Vic production was recorded for an LP released on the RSO label in 1972. This production was also broadcast in the UK by Granada Television in 1972.[14]

text: In February 1973, theatre producer Michael White and impresario Robert Stigwood mounted the Young Vic production at the Albery Theatre in the West End, where it ran for 243 performances.[15] The mystery plays that had preceded the original Young Vic productions were dropped, and instead the musical was preceded by a piece called Jacob's Journey, with music and lyrics by Lloyd Webber and Rice and a book by television comedy writers Ray Galton and Alan Simpson. Jacob's Journey, which contained a great deal of spoken dialogue, was eventually phased out in favour of a sung-through score that became part of Joseph. The first production of the show in its modern, final form was at the Haymarket Theatre in Leicester, which presented the musical several times from 1974 through 1978.[12][16]

text: A recording of the full musical was released on the MCA label in 1974, again featuring Bond, Reeves and Waller. This is the earliest recording of Joseph to eventually be issued on CD.[citation needed] Waller also appeared on another recording in 1979, featuring Rice as the Narrator and Paul Jones as Joseph, on the Music For Pleasure label.[citation needed]

text: In 1975 Miranda Enterprises in association with Leicester Theatre Company presented Joseph at the Queen's Theatre, Hornchurch. It was directed by Paul Tomlinson and choreographed by David Thornton. This production starred Patrick Ryecart as Joseph and David Sadgrove as Pharaoh.[citation needed]

text: Ken Hill directed a large-scale production of Joseph at the Westminster Theatre, London, which ran from November 1978 to February 1979, and again from November 1979 to February 1980. This production starred Paul Jones as Joseph, John Golder as the Narrator, and Leonard Whiting as Pharaoh. A recording of this production with additional narration spoken by children was broadcast on BBC radio, produced by Richard Wilcox.[citation needed]

text: Professional US productions, 1976–1984[edit]

text: The musical ran at the Brooklyn Academy of Music in New York in 1976 and in 1977 as "holiday fare". In the 1976 production, which opened on 30 December, direction was by John Dunlop, with a cast that featured Cleavon Little as the Narrator and David-James Carroll as Joseph.[17] In the 1977 production, running in December through 1 January 1978, staging was by Graciela Daniele, with Carroll as Joseph, Alan Weeks as the Narrator and William Parry as Pharaoh/Elvis.[18]

text: Joseph received an Off-Broadway production at the Entermedia Theatre, running from 18 November 1981 through 24 January 1982. Directed by Tony Tanner, the cast starred Bill Hutton as Joseph, Laurie Beechman as the Narrator, and Tom Carder as Pharaoh.[19][20]

text: The production transferred to Broadway at the Royale Theatre on 27 January 1982 and ran through 4 September 1983, with 747 performances.[21] This production was recorded on the Chrysalis label, and is the first to feature the Prologue (dubbed on the Chrysalis release "You are what you feel"). The producers were Gail Berman and Susan Rose, who were the youngest producers on Broadway.[22] The show received several Tony Award nominations including Best Musical and Best Original Score. Allen Fawcett replaced Hutton as Joseph in June 1982.[23] David Cassidy took over the role of Joseph in March 1983 and also performed in the touring cast in 1983–1984.[24]

text: With Jason Donovan in the lead, the expanded show was restaged in 1991 at the London Palladium with Steven Pimlott as director and Anthony Van Laast as choreographer, winning the 1992 Laurence Olivier Award for set design. The cast album of this production was the #1 UK album for two weeks in September 1991, and the single "Any Dream Will Do" from it was also the #1 UK single for two weeks in June–July 1991. When Donovan left, former children's TV presenter Phillip Schofield portrayed Joseph.[25]

text: The musical opened in Toronto at the Elgin Theatre in July 1992, with Donny Osmond as Joseph and Janet Metz as the Narrator.[26] Afterwards, Osmond toured North America in the role.[citation needed] A major Australian production, based on the 1991 UK version, opened on 31 December 1992 at the State Theatre in Melbourne. It featured Indecent Obsession lead singer David Dixon as Joseph and Tina Arena as the Narrator. The musical then played seasons in Brisbane and Sydney through 1993.[27][28]

text: The show was revived in the United States in 1993, playing in Los Angeles at the Pantages Theatre for 18 weeks,[29] and in San Francisco at the Golden Gate Theatre for an 8-week run,[29] before moving to Broadway, where it played for 231 performances at the Minskoff Theatre from 10 November 1993 to 29 May 1994.[30] The cast featured Michael Damian (Joseph), Kelli Rabke (Narrator), Clifford David (Jacob), and Robert Torti (Pharaoh).[31][32]

text: A production starring Stephen Gately, "with cartoon cut-out sets and props and naff panto choreography", previewed in Oxford in December 2002, before moving to Liverpool over Christmas 2002. This production reached the West End at the New London Theatre in March 2003.[33]

text: A US national tour began in September 2005 in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, starring starred Patrick Cassidy.[34]

text: A 2007 revival of the London Palladium production at the Adelphi Theatre starred a Joseph cast with the winner of BBC One's Any Dream Will Do, presided over by Lloyd Webber. This was second reality talent show to search for a West End star, capitalising on the success of the 2006 BBC–Lloyd Webber series, How Do You Solve a Problem Like Maria?. Viewers voted to for Lee Mead as Joseph. Mead had given up his ensemble role in The Phantom of the Opera, where he also understudied Raoul. The new Joseph production, which began on 6 July 2007, used Steven Pimlott's (who had died since staging the Palladium production) original direction, with Preeya Kalidas as the Narrator.[35]

text: Tickets for the show's originally-planned six-month run sold out in three weeks, and the producers had extended the show's run – and Mead's contract – until 7 June 2008. Before opening night, the producers had received £10 million in advance ticket sales. In his review for Variety, David Benedict wrote, "Mead delivers. ... For as long as Mead chooses to continue in it, Joseph is, commercially speaking, the safest of bets."[citation needed] Lloyd Webber's Really Useful Group donated all receipts from two special performances to the BBC's Children in Need charity appeal. Additionally, the money normally given to the cast for first-night gifts in July 2007 went instead to Children in Need. In January 2009 Mead left the show and was replaced by Gareth Gates. The production closed in May 2009.[citation needed]

text: The long-running UK touring production was re-cast in 2010 with Keith Jack taking on Joseph in July 2010 opposite Jennifer Potts as narrator.[36] In May 2013 Ian "H" Watkins replaced Jack, reprising the role he had played in London and on tour. The 2014–15 leg of the tour saw X Factor contestant Lloyd Daniels take on the title role opposite Eastender's Matt Lapinskas as Pharaoh. Danielle Hope played Narrator in 2014. Amelia Lily, another X factor alumna, later played the Narrator.[citation needed]

text: A new North American touring production began on 4 March 2014 in Cleveland, Ohio starring Diana DeGarmo as the Narrator and Ace Young as Joseph.[37]

text: The 2016 UK touring production starred Joe McElderry as Joseph and Lucy Kay as the Narrator.[38] The tour began in January 2016 and is scheduled to run through June 2017.[39]

text: Characters[edit]

text:
Narrator: A character not of the time or place of the action. The Narrator tells the story through word and song, guiding the audience gently through the story of Joseph and his brothers, usually gives meaning to the story with his/her words. In early productions this character was usually played by a man; later productions have featured a woman in the role.
Jacob: The father of twelve sons, his favourite being Joseph. At times he may appear unfair and shallow, but he is, more importantly, the prophet who recognises the future and the calling of Joseph, thus saving the House of Israel. Usually doubles as Potiphar.
Joseph: Eleventh son of Jacob. Obviously his father’s favourite, Joseph early on shows a talent for interpreting dreams and telling the future. This gets him into trouble with his brothers when he predicts his future will include ruling over the other eleven. However, it saves his life when in Egypt he correctly interprets Pharaoh’s dreams. In the end he has risen to a great position of power, but he still forgives his brothers and brings his family to Egypt to partake of the bounty he has accumulated there.
Ishmaelites: Men of the desert, they buy Joseph as a slave, take him to Egypt, and sell him to Potiphar.
Potiphar: A powerful and rich Egyptian, Potiphar purchases Joseph and puts him to work in his household, where he soon realises that Joseph is honest, hard-working, and a great addition to his pool of help. When he grows suspicious of Mrs. Potiphar and Joseph, however, he grows angry and has Joseph thrown into prison. Usually played by the actor playing Jacob.
Mrs. Potiphar: Beautiful and scheming, Mrs. Potiphar tries to seduce Joseph, but is unsuccessful. However, she does manage to rip off much of his clothing just as her husband comes into the room, thus condemning him to prison. Also plays one of the wives.
Baker: One of Pharaoh servants, the Baker is in prison with Joseph who correctly interprets his dreams and predicts that he will be put to death. Played by one of the brothers.
Butler: Another of Pharaoh servants, the Butler is also in prison with Joseph who also correctly interprets his dreams, this time that he will be released and taken back into Pharaoh's household. It is the Butler who tells Pharaoh about Joseph and his uncanny ability with dreams. Played by one of the brothers.
Pharaoh: The most powerful man in Egypt, Pharaoh is considered a god on earth. When Joseph interprets his dreams, he promotes him to one of the highest positions in his government. In most productions, Pharaoh is portrayed as an Elvis Presley-style figure. Sometimes played by one of the brothers.
Joseph's Eleven Brothers: Although acting usually as a group, they each have their own different personalities, talents, and flaws. As a group they sell Joseph into slavery, but as individuals they deal with the following years and how they can make amends. They sing and dance their way through many situations and places. The brothers also double as Egyptians and servants of Potiphar.

Reuben: Eldest son of Jacob. Takes the lead on "One More Angel in Heaven"
Simeon: Second son of Jacob. Takes the lead on "Those Canaan Days"
Levi: Third son of Jacob.
Judah: Fourth son of Jacob. Takes the lead on "Benjamin Calypso".
Dan: Fifth son of Jacob.
Naphtali: Sixth son of Jacob.
Gad: Seventh son of Jacob.
Asher: Eighth son of Jacob.
Issachar: Ninth son of Jacob.
Zebulun: Tenth son of Jacob.
Benjamin: Twelfth son of Jacob. Joseph accuses him of stealing the golden cup.

The Wives: The wives of Jacob. The actresses playing the wives also double as Egyptians and servants of Potiphar.
Adult chorus
Children's chorus

text: Musical numbers[edit]

text:
Act I[40]

Prologue – Narrator
Any Dream Will Do – Joseph, Children
Jacob and Sons – Narrator, Brothers, Ensemble
Joseph's Coat – Jacob, Narrator, Joseph, Brothers, Wives, Ensemble
Joseph's Dreams – Narrator, Brothers, Joseph
Poor, Poor Joseph – Narrator, Joseph, Brothers
One More Angel in Heaven – Reuben, Reuben's Wife, Brothers, Wives, Jacob
Potiphar – Narrator, Potiphar, Mrs. Potiphar, Joseph, Ensemble
Close Every Door – Joseph and Company
Go, Go, Go Joseph – Narrator, Joseph, Butler, Baker, Ensemble

Act II

Pharaoh's Story – Narrator, Ensemble
Poor, Poor Pharaoh (reprise of Poor, Poor Joseph) – Narrator, Butler, Pharaoh, Women
Song of the King – Pharaoh, Ensemble
Pharaoh's Dream Explained – Joseph, Ensemble
Stone the Crows – Narrator, Pharaoh, Joseph, Female Ensemble
King of My Heart – Pharaoh
Those Canaan Days – Simeon, Jacob, Brothers
The Brothers Come To Egypt/Grovel, Grovel – Narrator, Brothers, Joseph, Female Ensemble
Who's the Thief? – Narrator, Joseph, Ensemble
Benjamin Calypso – Judah, Brothers, Ensemble
Joseph All the Time – Narrator, Joseph, Brothers, Ensemble
Jacob in Egypt – Ensemble
Any Dream Will Do (Reprise) – Joseph, Narrator, Ensemble
Joseph Megamix – Full Company

text: Lloyd-Webber used a variety of musical styles, including parodies of French ballads ("Those Canaan Days"), Elvis-inspired rock and roll ("Song of the King"), western music ("One More Angel In Heaven"), 1920s Charleston ("Potiphar"), Calypso ("Benjamin Calypso"), jazz ("Joseph's Dreams"), and 1950s rock ("Go, Go, Go Joseph").[citation needed]

text: "Prologue" was first included in the 1982 Broadway production; the use of "Any Dream Will Do" at the start of the show (and the renaming of the closing version as per the above list) dates from the 1991 revival. The UK touring production circa 1983-1987 (produced by Bill Kenwright), included an additional song "I Don't Think I'm Wanted Back At Home", which was originally part of Jacob's Journey.[41] Sung by the title character, the brothers jokingly push Joseph out of the family home, throwing a suitcase, then a cane and top hat at him, leaving Joseph to tap-dance through the number.[citation needed] The tune has been recycled into numbers in By Jeeves and The Likes of Us.[citation needed]

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text: Original Broadway production[edit]

text:
Year
Award
Category
Nominee
Result

1982
Tony Award
Best Musical
Nominated

Best Book of a Musical
Tim Rice
Nominated

Best Original Score
Andrew Lloyd Webber and Tim Rice
Nominated

Best Performance by a Featured Actor in a Musical
Bill Hutton
Nominated

Best Performance by a Featured Actress in a Musical
Laurie Beechman
Nominated

Best Choreography
Tony Tanner
Nominated

Drama Desk Award
Outstanding Musical
Nominated

Outstanding Featured Actress in a Musical
Laurie Beechman
Nominated

Outstanding Director of a Musical
Tony Tanner
Nominated

text: 1991 London revival[edit]

text:
Year
Award
Category
Nominee
Result

1992
Laurence Olivier Award
Best Musical Revival
Nominated

Best Actor in a Musical
Jason Donovan
Nominated

Best Actress in a Musical
Linzi Hateley
Nominated

Best Director of a Musical
Steven Pimlott
Nominated

Best Theatre Choreographer
Anthony Van Laast
Nominated

Best Set Designer
Mark Thompson
Won

text: 2003 London revival[edit]

text:
Year
Award
Category
Nominee
Result

2004
Laurence Olivier Award
Best Musical Revival
Nominated

text: Film adaptation[edit]

text: In 1999, a straight-to-video film of the same title starring Donny Osmond was released, directed by David Mallet. Osmond had toured North America in the role after opening the Toronto revival in 1992. In the film, Maria Friedman appears as the Narrator, Richard Attenborough as Jacob, Ian McNeice as Potiphar, Joan Collins as Mrs. Potiphar and Robert Torti as Pharaoh.[42]


document_title: Oldest dated rocks

question_text: what mineral in 4 ga sandstones was dated to determine the age of the earth

text: Oldest dated rocks

text: Oldest rocks by category[edit]

text: Oldest terrestrial material[edit]

text: The oldest material of terrestrial origin that has been dated is a zircon mineral of 4.404 ±0.008 Ga enclosed in a metamorphosed sandstone conglomerate in the Jack Hills of the Narryer Gneiss Terrane of Western Australia.[4] The 4.404 ±0.008 Ga zircon is a slight outlier, with the oldest consistently-dated zircon falling closer to 4.35 Ga.[5] This zircon is part of a population of zircons within the metamorphosed conglomerate, which is believed to have been deposited about 3.060 Ga, which is the age of the youngest detrital zircon in the rock. Recent developments in atom-probe tomography have led to a further constraint on the age of the oldest continental zircon, with the most recent age quoted as 4.374 Ga ±0.006.[6]

text: Earth's oldest rock formation[edit]

text: The oldest rock formation is, depending on the latest research, either part of the Isua Greenstone Belt, Narryer Gneiss Terrane, Nuvvuagittuq greenstone belt, or the Acasta Gneiss (on the Slave craton). The difficulty in assigning the title to one particular block of gneiss is that the gneisses are all extremely deformed, and the oldest rock may be represented by only one streak of minerals in a mylonite, representing a layer of sediment or an old dike. This may be difficult to find or map; hence, the oldest dates yet resolved are as much generated by luck in sampling as by understanding the rocks themselves.

text: It is thus premature to claim that any of these rocks, or indeed that of other formations of Hadean gneisses, is the oldest formations or rocks on Earth; doubtless, new analyses will continue to change our conceptions of the structure and nature of these ancient continental fragments.

text: Nevertheless, the oldest cratons on Earth include the Kaapvaal craton, the Western Gneiss Terrane of the Yilgarn craton (~2.9 – >3.2 Ga), the Pilbara Craton (~3.4 Ga), and portions of the Canadian Shield (~2.4 – >3.6 Ga). Parts of the poorly studied Dharwar craton in India are greater than 3.0 Ga. The oldest dated rocks of the Baltic Shield are 3.5 Ga old.[7]

text: Oldest rock on Earth[edit]

text: The Acasta Gneiss in the Canadian Shield in the Northwest Territories, Canada is composed of the Archaean igneous and gneissic cores of ancient mountain chains that have been exposed in a glacial peneplain. Analyses of zircons from a felsic orthogneiss with presumed granitic protolith returned an age of 4.031 ±0.003 Ga.[1]

text: On September 25, 2008, researchers from McGill University, Carnegie Institution for Science and UQAM announced that a rock formation, the Nuvvuagittuq greenstone belt, exposed on the eastern shore of Hudson Bay in northern Quebec had a Sm-Nd model age for extraction from the mantle of 4.28 billion years.[8][9][10][11] However, it is argued that the actual age of formation of this rock, as opposed to the extraction of its magma from the mantle, is likely closer to 3.8 billion years, according to Simon Wilde of the Institute for Geoscience Research in Australia.[3]

text: 2008 microprobe research[edit]

text: The zircons from the Western Australian Jack Hills returned an age of 4.404 billion years, interpreted to be the age of crystallization. These zircons also show another interesting feature; their oxygen isotopic composition has been interpreted to indicate that more than 4.4 billion years ago there was already water on the surface of the Earth. The importance and accuracy of these interpretations is currently the subject of scientific debate. It may be that the oxygen isotopes and other compositional features (the rare-earth elements) record more recent hydrothermal alteration of the zircons rather than the composition of the magma at the time of their original crystallization.[citation needed] In a paper published in the journal Earth and Planetary Science Letters, a team of scientists suggest that rocky continents and liquid water existed at least 4.3 billion years ago and were subjected to heavy weathering by an acrid climate. Using an ion microprobe to analyze isotope ratios of the element lithium in zircons from the Jack Hills in Western Australia, and comparing these chemical fingerprints to lithium compositions in zircons from continental crust and primitive rocks similar to the Earth's mantle, they found evidence that the young planet already had the beginnings of continents, relatively cool temperatures and liquid water by the time the Australian zircons formed.[12]

text: Non-terrestrial rocks[edit]

text: One of the oldest Martian meteorites found on Earth, ALH84001, discovered in the Allan Hills of Antarctica, has been reported to have crystallized from molten rock 4.091 billion years ago.[13]

text: The Genesis Rock, (Lunar sample 15415) obtained from the Moon by astronauts during Apollo 15 mission, has been dated at 4.08 billion years.[14] During Apollo 16, older rocks, including Lunar sample 67215, dated at 4.46 billion years, were brought back.[15] Lunar sample 67215 is the oldest known rock on Earth, even though it originated on the Moon.