document_title: Arizona Beverage Company

question_text: who is the founder of arizona iced tea

question_tokens: who is the founder of arizona iced tea

text: Arizona Beverage Company

text: History[edit]

text: The company roots trace back to 1971 when friends John Ferolito and Don Vultaggio opened a beverage distribution business in Brooklyn, New York. The company was a successful beer distributor. In 1990, they saw the success of Snapple (also a Brooklyn-based company founded in the 1970s) bottled juices and teas, and attempted to make their own product. In 1992, they produced the first bottles of their own AriZona teas.[5]

text: Products[edit]

text: Hot Tea[edit]

text:
Tea Bags

Green Tea with Ginseng & Honey
Mandarin Orange Green Tea
Pomegranate & Acai Green Tea
CCK Green Tea

text: Tea Mix[edit]

text:
Powder

Diet Green Tea with Ginseng
Lemon Tea
Half Tea Half Lemonade
Peach Tea
Pomegranate Green Tea

Liquid

Green Tea with Ginseng & Honey
Lemon Tea
Blueberry Green Tea
Watermelon cocktail

Powder Stix

Diet Green Tea with Ginseng
Lemon Tea
Peach Tea
Pomegranate Green Tea

text: Tea and juice[edit]

text:
Arnold Palmer Half & Half

Lite Iced Tea & Lemonade
Zero Iced Tea & Lemonade
Iced Tea & Lemonlimeade
Black & White Tea
Iced Out Boys Tea
Green Tea & Lemonade
Red Apple Green Tea [6]
Iced Tea & Strawberry Lemonade
Sweet Tea and Pink lemonade
Fruit Juice & Lemonade

50% Juice & Decaf

Red Apple Green Tea

Iced Teas

Southern Style Sweet Tea
Green Tea with Ginseng and Honey
Diet Green Tea with Ginseng
Black Tea with Ginseng and Honey
Pomegranate Green Tea
Mandarin Orange Green Tea with Ginseng and Honey Jasmine
Asia Plum Green Tea with Ginseng and Plum Juice
Iced Tea with Raspberry Flavor
Iced Tea with Lemon Flavor
Iced Tea with Peach Flavor
Iced Tea with Watermelon Flavor
Iced Tea with Cranberry Juice
Iced Tea with Mango
Blueberry White Tea
Honey Lemon
Herbal Tea with Lemon
Mikey

text: Juice[edit]

text:
Ade

Lemonade
Orangeade
Grapeade

Jack Nicklaus Golden Bear Lemonade

Strawberry
Lemonade/Pink Lemonade
Mint
Mango
Honey
10 Calorie Honey

Fruit Juice

Fruit Punch
Kiwi Strawberry
Mucho Mango
Watermelon
Sweet Apple

Smoothie

Orchard Peach
Piña Colada Virgin Cocktail
Strawberry Banana Colada Cocktail
Sweet Strawberry
KaiseeTwist

text: Energy Drink[edit]

text:
AZ Energy

Regular
Low Carb

AriZona Energy Shot[7]

Green Tea with Honey & Ginseng
Green Tea with Pomegranate & Acai
Fruit Punch
Mucho Mango
Grapeade

Green Tea Energy

Green Tea
Diet Green Tea
Pomegranate Green Tea

Caution Energy

Extreme Performance
Low Carb Performance

All City NRG

Pomegranate Green Tea

RxEnergy

Regular "Herbal Tonic"

RxStress

Caffeine Free Black & Green Tea with B Vitamins & Ginseng

text: Sports Drink[edit]

text:
Hypertonic

Lemon-Lime Hypotonic

text: Water[edit]

text:
eternal alkaline spring water

Vapor Water

Rescue Water

Hydrate - Blueberry-Coconut
Energy - Lemon-Lime
Relax - Berry
Detox - Orange
Immunity - Pomegranate

Organic Water

Organic Green Tea
Organic Mandarin Orange Green Tea
Organic Pomegranate Green Tea
Organic Yumberry Green Tea

text: Soda[edit]

text:
Cowboy Pop

Chocolate Cola
Diet Chocolate Fudge Float
Root Beer Float

Soda Shaq

Original Vanilla Cream
Orange Cream
Blueberry Cream
Strawberry Cream

Shaq-Fu Punch

Shaq-Fu Grape
Shaq-Fu Strawberry
Shaq-Fu Pineapple
Shaq-Fu Lime

Rickey

Mango Lime Rickey
Cherry Lime Rickey
Grape Lime Rickey
Lemon Lime Rickey

text: United Kingdom[edit]

text: In The United Kingdom, five different flavours of green teas in 500ml bottles are sold. The beverages are distributed by American Drinks Ltd.

text: Canada[edit]

text: Arizona sells their 695 ml (23 fl.oz.) canned products in Canada for $.99 CAD and 500ml (16.9 fl. oz.) cans for $1.49 CAD (Chains such as 7-Eleven carry this product for the higher markup value). The same products in 473 ml (16 oz) bottles are sold at a premium, roughly 2–3 times the canned price. Arizona Iced tea cans were briefly recalled in Canada in 2007 due to a can defect, before being re-introduced at the $.99 CAD price. They sell a variety of iced tea and juice drinks. As of approximately December 20, 2014 the 695 ml (23 fl.oz.) canned Arizona beverages were unavailable until late January / Early February 2015 because the company sought to find a Canadian distributor, no longer using Coke for distribution. The company has a bottling plant in Mississauga and uses local distributors across the country.

text: Colombia[edit]

text: Arizona sells their 695 ml (23 fl.oz.) canned products in Colombia for 5.500 (COP), the Arizona Products could be found in Exito Supermarkets in national level or in Oxxo Markets around the country in cities such as Bogotá, Medellin, Bucaramanga, Cali, Monteria or Barranquilla. The beverages are distributed by Destileria Nacional S.A.

text: Norway[edit]

text: In Norway, different flavors of Arizona Iced Tejma and Green Tea are sold. They are available in 500 ml cans, and 473 ml bottles. The beverages are usually sold in smaller shops like Deli De Luca.

text: Sweden[edit]

text: In Sweden, seven different flavors of Arizona Iced Tea and Green Tea are sold. They are available in 500ml cans, and 473ml bottles. The beverages are distributed by Grays American Stores AB.

text: Turkey[edit]

text: In Turkey, seven different flavors of Arizona Iced Tea in 500ml Pet bottles, 473ml Glass Bottles and 355ml Slim Cans are available. The beverages are distributed by Dmc Group Turkey.

text: Immigration law[edit]

text: After the passage of Arizona SB1070, a controversial anti-illegal immigration measure, many businesses associated with the state of Arizona faced protests and boycotts. A tongue-in-cheek post to Twitter calling Arizona Iced Tea "the drink of Fascists" fueled reports of a boycott of Arizona-brand beverages.[8][9][10] In reaction to this, the company posted to its Twitter account that "Arizona is and always has been a NY based company!"[11]


document_title: Indian Science Congress Association

question_text: president of first indian science congress meeting held in kolkata

root

text: Indian Science Congress Association

text: Genesis[edit]

text: The Indian Science Congress Association (ISCA) owes its origin to the foresight and initiative of two British chemists, namely, Professor J. L. Simonsen and Professor P. S. MacMahon. It occurred to them that scientific research in India might be stimulated if an annual meeting of research workers somewhat on the lines of the British Association for the Advancement of Science could be arranged.

tag: p

text: Objectives[edit]

text: The Association was formed with the following objectives :

text:
To advance and promote the cause of science in India;
To hold an annual congress at a suitable place in India;
To publish such proceedings, journals, transactions and other publications as may be considered desirable;
To secure and manage funds and endowments for the promotion of Science including the rights of disposing of or selling all or any portion of the properties of the Association;
To do and perform any or all other acts, matters and things as are conductive to, or incidental to, or necessary for, the above objects.

tag: ol

text: Indian Science Congress sessions[edit]

text: First Congress[edit]

text: The first meeting of the congress was held from 15–17 January 1914 at the premises of the Asiatic Society, Calcutta. Honorable justice Sir Ashutosh Mukherjee, the then Vice Chancellor of the University of Calcutta presided over the Congress. One hundred and five scientists from different parts of India and abroad attended it. Altogether 35 papers under 6 different sections, namely Botany, Chemistry, Ethnography, Geology, Physics and Zoology were presented.

text: Silver Jubilee[edit]

text: The Silver Jubilee Session of the Science Congress was held at Calcutta in 1938 under the presidency of Lord Rutherford of Nelson but due to his sudden death, Sir James Hopwood Jeans took the chair. It was at this Jubilee Session that the participation of foreign scientists in session of the Indian Science Congress was first initiated.

text: 34th Edition – Participation of foreign scientists[edit]

text: The 34th Annual Session of the Indian Science Congress was held at Delhi in 3–8 January 1947 with Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, First Prime Minister of India, as General president. Pandit Nehru's personal interest in the Science Congress continued and there was hardly any session which he did not attend. He immensely enriched the activities of the Congress by his sustained interest in the development of scientific atmosphere in the country, particularly among young generations. From 1947, his programme for inviting representatives from foreign societies and academies was included in the Science Congress. This trend still continues with the support of the Department of Science & Technology, Government of India.

text: Golden Jubilee[edit]

text: The Science Congress celebrated its Golden Jubilee in October 1963 at Delhi with Prof.D. S. Kothari as General president. On this occasion two special publications were brought out:

text:
A short History of the Indian Science Congress Association and
Fifty Years of Science in India (in 12 volumes, each volume containing reviews of particular branch of science)

text: Diamond Jubilee[edit]

text: The Diamond Jubilee Session of the Science Congress was held at Chandigarh in 3–9 January 1973, under the presidency of Dr.S.Bhagavantam. On this occasion two special publications were brought out:

text:
A Decade (1963–72) Indian Science Congress Association (with life-sketches of General presidents) and
A Decade (1963–72) of Science in India(in section-wise).

text: 63rd edition – Introduction of focal theme[edit]

text: The year 1976 witnessed a significant departure in the trend of deliberations during the congress. It was being felt for sometime that such a gathering of scientists, covering a wide spectrum, ought to be concerned with national issues that have scientific and technological implications. In 1976, Dr. M. S. Swaminathan, the then General President of ISCA introduced the Focal Theme of national relevance which is now discussed in every section, committee and forum during the annual session. These apart, several plenary sessions are organised around various facets of the Focal Theme in which scientists and technologists as well as policy makers and administrators interact with one another. ISCA thus became a platform where members from different disciplines and from different walks of life could contribute to discussions on the Focal Theme.

text: 67th edition – Setting up of a task force[edit]

text: Another significant breakthrough was made in 1980 when the Department of Science & Technology, Government of India, set up a permanent Task Force involving representatives of ISCA and chiefs of different agencies and voluntary organizations chaired by Secretary, DST, as being responsible for following up various recommendations on the Focal Theme. Every year follow-up actions on recommendations made in the previous Science Congress are discussed at a General Session organized by DST during the Science Congress. Through this process, the Indian Science Congress Association has been contributing to the development of Science in general and National Science Policy, in particular.

text: Platinum Jubilee[edit]

text: The Indian Science Congress Association celebrated the seventy-fifth year of its inception, popularly called otherwise, Platinum Jubilee, in 1988, with Prof. C. N. R. Rao as General president. Keeping this in view, a special brochure, entitled "Indian Science Congress Association-Growth & Activities" was published so as to highlight the programmes of the Association over the years. The main programmes were:

text:
Bringing out special publication on the occasion of the Platinum Jubilee
Presentation of Plaques to the General presidents of the Association
Establishment of Platinum Jubilee Lectures to be organised in each section during the annual session of the Science Congress and
Extension of the recent activities of the ISCA and its further diversification to generate scientific temper and popularise science

text: 98th edition[edit]

text: The five-day-long session, from 3 to 7 January 2011, at the Campus of SRM University, Chennai was inaugurated by prime minister Manmohan Singh on 3 January 2011. The focal theme of this session was: "Quality education and excellence in scientific research in Indian universities". The prime minister said: "The Indian scientific community must apply its research findings and translate them into marketable products for the country to realize the true benefits of scientific progress. At the same time, he cautioned on "illiberal" uses of technology and cited use of nuclear weapons, applications of synthetic chemistry in agriculture and in poison gases and "perverse use" of genetics in Nazi Germany to drive home his point.

text: Nobel laureates Amartya Sen, Venkatraman Ramakrishnan, Ada Yonath, Thomas A. Steitz, Tim Hunt and Martin Chalfie delivered special lectures at the congress. Venkata Ramakrishnan inaugurated the parallel Children's Science Congress on Tuesday, 4 January 2011.[1]

text: 99th edition[edit]

text: The five-day, 99th edition of the ISCA, from 3 to 7 January 2012 was hosted by KIIT University and National Institute of Science Education and Research(NISER) in Bhubaneswar, Orissa. It saw the participation of more than 15000 delegates, which included 500 foreign scientists and 20 Nobel laureates. It was inaugurated by the incumbent Prime Minister of India, Manmohan Singh. On its sidelines, the first Women's Science Congress was inaugurated by Nirupama Rao, India's ambassador to United States of America and the Children's Science Congress was inaugurated by the former President of India, A. P. J. Abdul Kalam.

text: Centenary edition[edit]

text: The 100th edition was hosted by the University of Calcutta which is in the city of Kolkata from 3 to 7 January 2013. The theme of the Centenary Congress was, “Science for shaping the future of India.”[2] It was inaugurated by the incumbent President of India Pranab Mukherjee in the presence of the incumbent Prime Minister of India Dr.Manmohan Singh and the incumbent Chief Minister of West Bengal Mamata Banerjee.

text: 101st edition[edit]

text: The 101st edition of Indian Science Congress was held in Jammu starting from February 3, 2014 to February 8.[3]

text: 102nd edition[edit]

text: The 102nd edition of Indian Science Congress was held in Mumbai from January 3, 2015 to January 7, 2015.[4] It was inaugurated by Prime Minister Narendra Modi in Mumbai University.[5] Studies and papers on Ancient Indian Vedas were presented in this Congress.[6][7][8][9][10] Accomplishments of Ancient Indian Science in the fields of medicine, mathematics, surgery etc. were presented.[11][12] There was also a session on India's successful Mars Orbiter Mission.[13]

text: Sections, committees and forums of ISCA[edit]

text: From a modest beginning of only hundred and five members, ISCA has grown into a strong fraternity with more than ten thousand members as of 2012. Only thirty-five papers were presented at the first Congress, a number that has risen to nearly one thousand.

text: In 2000, there were sixteen sections, including Agricultural Science, Anthropology & Archaeology, Biochemistry, Biophysics & Molecular Biology, Botany, Chemistry, Computer science, Earth system science, Engineering science, Material science, Mathematics, Medical & Veterinary sciences, Physics, Physiology, Psychology & Educational Science, Statistics, Zoology, Entomology & Fisheries;

text: Two committees, including Home science and Science & Society;

text: Six forums, including Communication & Information sciences, Environmental science, Forensic science, Science education, Science for school students and women & science.

text: There are now fourteen sections, including Agriculture and Forestry sciences, Animal, Veterinary and Fishery sciences, Anthropological and Behavioral sciences (including Archaeology and Psychology & Educational sciences), Chemical science, Earth system science, Engineering science, Environmental science, Information and Communication science & technology (including Computer science), Material science, Mathematical science (including Statistics), Medical science (including Physiology), New Biology (including Biochemistry, Biophysics & Molecular Biology; and Biotechnology), Physical science, Plant science;

text: Interaction with foreign scientific academies/associations[edit]

text: After independence ISCA has been actively represented in various foreign scientific academies/associations, namely British Association for the Advancement of Science, American Association for the Advancement of Science, French Academy of Sciences, Bangladesh Academy of Sciences, Sri Lanka Association for the Advancement of Science, etc. with a view to have a first hand knowledge on topics of mutual interest.

text: Conflict within the Indian science system[edit]

text: Corruption in India is a major problem and the science sector is no exception.[14][15] ISCA has served as a platform to discuss the issues facing Indian scientists, with some calling for transparency, a meritocratic system, and an overhaul of the bureaucratic agencies that oversee science and technology.[16] In her commentary on the centenary session of ISCA, Sumit Bhaduri stated, “[t]he challenges of turning Indian science into part of an innovation process are many. … Many competent Indian scientists aspire to be ineffectual administrators [due to administrative power and political patronage], rather than do the kind of science that makes a difference.”[17] Prime minister Manmohan Singh spoke at the 99th Indian Science Congress and commented on the state of the sciences in India, after an advisory council informed him there were problems with "the overall environment for innovation and creative work" and a 'warlike' approach was needed.[18]

text: Sessions of Indian Science Congress[edit]

text:
Session
Year
Place
General President
Title/Theme

1st
1914
Kolkata
Ashutosh Mukherjee
About Science Congress

2nd
1915
Chennai
W. B. Bannermann
The importance of knowledge of biology of medical, sanitary and scientific men working in the tropics

3rd
1916
Lucknow
Sidney J. Burrard
The plains of northern India and their relationship to the Himalayan mountains

4th
1917
Bengaluru
Alfred Gibbs Bourne
On scientific research

5th
1918
Lahore
Gilbert T. Walker
On teaching of science

6th
1919
Mumbai
Leonard Rogers
Researches on cholera

7th
1920
Nagpur
Prafulla Chandra Roy
Dawn of science in modern India

8th
1921
Kolkata
Rajendranath Mookerjee
On science and industry

9th
1922
Chennai
C. S. Middlemiss
Relativity

10th
1923
Lucknow
M. Visvesvaraya
Scientific institutions and scientists

11th
1924
Bengaluru
N. Annandale
Evolution convergent and divergent

12th
1925
Varanasi
M. O. Forster
On experimental training

13th
1926
Mumbai
Albert Howard
Agriculture and science

14th
1927
Lahore
J. C. Bose
Unity of life

15th
1928
Kolkata
J. L. Simonsen
On chemistry of natural products

16th
1929
Chennai
C. V. Raman
On Raman Effect

17th
1930
Allahabad
C. S. Christopher
The science and disease

18th
1931
Nagpur
R. B. Seymour Sewell
The problem of evolution experimental modification of bodily structure

19th
1932
Bengaluru
Lala Shiv Ram Kashyap
Some aspects of the Alpine vegetation of the Himalaya and Tibet

20th
1933
Patna
Lewis L. Fermor
The place of geology in the life of a nation

21st
1934
Mumbai
Meghnad Saha
Fundamental cosmological problems

22nd
1935
Kolkata
J. H. Hutton
Anthropology and India

23rd
1936
Indore
U. N. Brahmachari
The Role of science in the recent progress of medicine

24th
1937
Hyderabad
T. S. Venkataraman
The Indian village – its past, present and future

25th
1938
Kolkata
James Jeans (Lord Rutherford of Nelson died prematurely)
Researches in India and in Great Britain

26th
1939
Lahore
J. C. Ghosh
On research in Chemistry in India

27th
1940
Chennai
Birbal Sahni
The Deccan Traps: an episode of the Tertiary era

28th
1941
Varanasi
Ardeshir Dalal
Science and industry

29th
1942
Vadodra
D. N. Wadia
The making of India

30th
1943
Kolkata
D. N. Wadia
Minerals’ share in the war

31st
1944
Delhi
S. N. Bose
The Classical Determinism and the Quantum Theory

32nd
1945
Nagpur
Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar
Give science a chance

33rd
1946
Bengaluru
M. Afzal Hussain
The food problem of India

34th
1947
Delhi
Jawaharlal Nehru
Science in the service of the nation

35th
1948
Patna
Ram Nath Chopra
Rationalisation of medicine in India

36th
1949
Allahabad
K. S. Krishnan

37th
1950
Pune
P. C. Mahalanobis
Why statistics?

38th
1951
Bengaluru
H. J. Bhabha
The present concept of the physical world

39th
1952
Kolkata
J. N. Mukherjee
Science and our problems

40th
1953
Lucknow
D. M. Bose
The living and the non-living

41st
1954
Hyderabad
S. L. Hora
Give scientists a chance

42nd
1955
Vadodra
S. K. Mitra
Science and progress

43rd
1956
Agra
M. S. Krishnan
Mineral resources and their problems

44th
1957
Kolkata
B. C. Roy
On science for human welfare and development of the country

45th
1958
Chennai
M. S. Thacker
Grammar of scientific development

46th
1959
Delhi
A. L. Mudaliar
Tribute to basic sciences

47th
1960
Mumbai
P. Parija
Impact of society on science

48th
1961
Roorkee
N. R. Dhar
Nitrogen problem

49th
1962
Cuttack
B. Mukherji
Impact of life sciences on man

50th
1963
Delhi
D. S. Kothari
Science and the universities

51st
1964
Kolkata
Humayun Kabir
Science and the state

52nd
1965
Kolkata
Humayun Kabir

53rd
1966
Chandigarh
B. N. Prasad
Science in India

54th
1967
Hyderabad
T. R. Seshadri
Science and national welfare

55th
1968
Varanasi
Atma Ram
Science in India – some aspects

56th
1969
Mumbai
A. C. Joshi (A. C. Banerjee died prematurely)
A breathing spell:plant sciences in the service of man

57th
1970
Kharagpur
L. C. Verman
Standardization: a triple point

58th
1971
Bengaluru
B. P. Pal
Agricultural science and human welfare

59th
1972
Kolkata
W. D. West
Geology in the service of India

60th
1973
Chandigarh
S. Bhagavantam
Sixty years of science in India

61st
1974
Nagpur
R. S. Mishra
Mathematics – queen or handmaid

62nd
1975
Delhi
Asima Chatterjee(the first lady scientist to be elected as the General President)
Science and technology in India: present and future

63rd
1976
Waltair
M. S. Swaminathan
Science and integrated rural development

64th
1977
Bhubaneswar
H. N. Sethna
Survey, conservation and utilisation of resources

65th
1978
Ahmedabad
S. M. Sircar
Science, education and rural development

66th
1979
Hyderabad
R. C. Mehrotra
Science and technology in India during the coming decades

67th
1980
Jadavpur
A. K. Saha
Energy strategies for India

68th
1981
Varanasi
A. K. Sharma
Impact of development of science and technology on environment

69th
1982
Mysuru
M. G. K. Menon
Basic Research as an integral component of self-reliant base of science and technology

70th
1983
Tirupati
Barry Ramachandra Rao
Man and the ocean – resource and development

71st
1984
Ranchi
R. P. Bambah
Quality science in India – ends and means

72nd
1985
Lucknow
A. S. Paintal
High altitude studies

73rd
1986
Delhi
T. N. Khoshoo
Role of science and technology in environment management

74th
1987
Bengaluru
Archana Sharma
Resources and human well-being-inputs from science and technology

75th
1988
Pune
C. N. R. Rao
Frontiers in science and technology

76th
1989
Madurai
A. P. Mitra
Science and technology in India:technology missions

77th
1990
Kochi
Yash Pal
Science in society

78th
1991
Indore
D. K. Sinha
Coping with natural disaster: an integrated approach

79th
1992
Vadodra
Vasant Gowarikar
Science, population and development

80th
1993
Goa
S. Z. Qasim
Science and quality of life

81st
1994
Jaipur
P. N. Shrivastava
Science in India: excellence and accountability

82nd
1995
Kolkata
S. C. Pakrashi
Science, technology and industrial development of India

83rd
1996
Patiala
U. R. Rao
Science and technology for achieving food, economic and healthy security

84th
1997
Delhi
S. K. Joshi
Frontiers in science and engineering, and their relevance to national development

85th
1998
Hyderabad
P. Rama Rao
Science & Technology in Independent India : Retrospect and Prospect

86th
1999
Chennai
Manju Sharma
New bioscience: opportunities and challenges as we move into the next millennium

87th
2000
Pune
R. A. Mashelkar
Indian science and technology into the next millennium

88th
2001
Delhi
R. S. Paroda
Food, nutrition and environmental security

89th
2002
Lucknow
S. K. Katiyar
Health care, education and information technology

90th
2003
Bengaluru
K. Kasturirangan
Frontiers of science and cutting-edge technologies

91st
2004
Chandigarh
Asis Datta
Science and society in the twenty first century : quest for excellence

92nd
2005
Ahmedabad
N. K. Ganguly
Health technology as fulcrum of development for the nation

93rd
2006
Hyderabad
I. V. Subba Rao
Integrated rural development: science and technology

94th
2007
Annamalainagar
Harsh Gupta
Planet Earth

95th
2008
Visakhapatnam
Ramamurthi Rallapalli
Knowledge Based Society Using Environmentally Sustainable Science And Technology

96th
2009
Shillong
T. Ramasami
Science Education and Attraction of Talent for Excellence in Research

97th
2010
Thiruvananthapuram.
G. Madhavan Nair
Science & Technology of 21st Century – National Perspective

98th
2011
Chennai
K. C. Pandey
Quality education and excellence in science research in Indian Universities.

99th
2012
Bhubaneshwar
Geetha Bali
Science And Technology for Inclusive Innovation- Role of Women

100th
2013
Kolkata
Prime Minister Manmohan Singh
Science for shaping the future of India[19]

101st
2014
Jammu
Ranbir Chander Sobti
Innovations in Science & Technology for Inclusive Development

102nd
2015
Mumbai[20]
Sarjerao Bhaurao Nimse
Science and Technology for Human Development

103rd
2016
Mysore
Ashok Kumar Saxena
Science and Technology for Indigenous Development in India[21]

104th
2017
Tirupati (Venue -> S. V. University)[22]
D.Narayana Rao
SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY FOR NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT

105th
2018
Hyderabad(Osmania university)
Dr.Achyuta samanta
Reaching the unreached through science and technology

tag: table


document_title: Fiscal year

question_text: when does the third quarter of the year start

question_tokens: when does the third quarter of the year start

text: Fiscal year

text: Chart of various fiscal years[edit]

text:
Start date of fiscal year by country
hide

Country

Purpose

(Jul)

(Aug)

(Sep)

(Oct)

(Nov)

(Dec)

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

(Jan)

(Feb)

(Mar)

Australia

Austria

Bangladesh

Brazil

Canada

govt

corp. and pers.

China

Costa Rica

Egypt

Ethiopia

govt

11 September

Germany

Greece

Hong Kong

India

Indonesia

Iran

21 March

Israel

Japan

govt

corp. and pers.

Nepal

17 July

Netherlands

New Zealand

govt

corp. and pers.

Pakistan

Portugal

Qatar

Republic of Ireland

Romania

Russia

Singapore

govt

pers.

South Africa

South Korea

Spain

Sweden

pers.

corp.

Switzerland

pers.

Taiwan

Thailand

United Arab Emirates

United Kingdom

pers.

6 April

corp. and govt

United States

federal

most states

Country

Purpose

(Jul)

(Aug)

(Sep)

(Oct)

(Nov)

(Dec)

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

(Jan)

(Feb)

(Mar)

text: Tax year[edit]

text: The fiscal year for individuals and entities to report and pay income taxes is often known as the taxpayer's tax year or taxable year.  Taxpayers in many jurisdictions may choose their tax year.[5] Some federal countries, such as Canada and Switzerland, require the provincial or cantonal tax year to align with the federal year. In the United States, most states retained a June 30 fiscal year-end date when the federal government switched to September 30 in 1976. Nearly all jurisdictions require that the tax year be 12 months or 52/53 weeks.[6] However, short years are permitted as the first year or when changing tax years.[7]

text: Most countries require all individuals to pay income tax based on the calendar year.  Significant exceptions include:

text:
Australia: individuals pay income tax based on the financial year of 1 July until 30 June.[8]
United Kingdom: individuals pay tax on a year ending 5 April. This is due to Britain historically having a calendar year starting on Lady Day (25 March) in the Julian calendar, which translates to 6 April in the Gregorian calendar.
United States: individuals may (but rarely do) elect any tax year, subject to IRS approval.[9]

tag: ul

text: Many jurisdictions require that the tax year conform to the taxpayer's fiscal year for financial reporting. The United States is a notable exception: taxpayers may choose any tax year, but must keep books and records for such year.[6]

text: Operation in various countries/region[edit]

text: In some jurisdictions, particularly those that permit tax consolidation, companies that are part of a group of businesses must use nearly the same fiscal year (differences of up to three months are permitted in some jurisdictions, such as the U.S. and Japan), with consolidating entries to adjust for transactions between units with different fiscal years, so the same resources will not be counted more than once or not at all.[citation needed]

text: Afghanistan[edit]

text: In Afghanistan, the fiscal year was recently[timeframe?] changed from 1 Hamal – 29 Hoot (21 March – 20 March) to 1 Jadi – 30 Qaus (21 December – 20 December). The fiscal year runs with the Afghan calendar, thus resulting in difference of the Gregorian dates once in a four-year span.[citation needed]

text: Australia[edit]

text: In Australia, a fiscal year is commonly called a "financial year" (FY) and starts on 1 July and ends on the next 30 June. Financial years are designated by the calendar year of the second half of the period. For example, financial year 2017 is the 12-month period ending on 30 June 2017 and can be referred to as FY2016/17. It is used for official purposes, by individual taxpayers and by the overwhelming majority of business enterprises.[8] Business enterprises may opt to use a financial year that ends at the end of a week (e.g., 52 or 53 weeks in length, and therefore is not exactly one calendar year in length), or opt for its financial year to end on a date that matches the reporting cycle of its foreign parent. All entities within the one group must use the same financial year.

text: For government accounting and budget purposes, pre-Federation colonies changed the financial year from the calendar year to a year ending 30 June on the following dates: Victoria changed in 1870, South Australia in 1874, Queensland in 1875, Western Australia in 1892, New South Wales in 1895 and Tasmania in 1904. The Commonwealth adopted the near-ubiquitous financial year standard since its inception in 1901.[10] The reason given for the change was for convenience, as Parliament typically sits during May and June, while it was difficult for it to meet in November and December to pass a budget.[10]

text: The Financial year is split into the following four quarters [11]

text:
Quarter

Period covered

Quarter 1

1 Jul – 30 Sep

Quarter 2

1 Oct – 31 Dec

Quarter 3

1 Jan – 31 Mar

Quarter 4

1 Apr – 30 Jun

text: Austria[edit]

text: In Austria the fiscal year is the calendar year, 1 January to 31 December.

text: Bangladesh[edit]

text: In Bangladesh, the fiscal year is 1 July to the next 30 June.

text: Belarus[edit]

text: In Belarus, the fiscal year is the calendar year, 1 January to 31 December.[12]

text: Brazil[edit]

text: In Brazil, the fiscal year is the calendar year, 1 January to 31 December.

text: Bulgaria[edit]

text: In Bulgaria, the fiscal year is the calendar year, 1 January to 31 December, both for personal income tax[13] and for corporate taxes.[14]

text: Canada[edit]

text: In Canada,[15] the government's financial year is 1 April to 31 March. (Q1 1 April - 30 June, Q2 1 July - 30 Sept, Q3 1 Oct - 31 Dec and Q4 1 Jan - 31 Mar)

text: For individual taxpayers, the fiscal year is the calendar year, 1 January to 31 December.

text: China[edit]

text: In China, the fiscal year for all entities is the calendar year, 1 January to 31 December, and applies to the tax year, statutory year, and planning year.[citation needed]

text: Colombia[edit]

text: In Colombia, the fiscal year is the calendar year, 1 January to 31 December.

text: Costa Rica[edit]

text: In Costa Rica, the fiscal year is 1 October to 30 September.

text: Egypt[edit]

text: In the Arab Republic of Egypt, the fiscal year is 1 July to 30 June.[citation needed]

text: France[edit]

text: In France, the fiscal year is the calendar year, 1 January to 31 December, and has been since at least 1911.[16]

text: Greece[edit]

text: In Greece, the fiscal year is the calendar year, 1 January to 31 December.

text: Hong Kong[edit]

text: In Hong Kong,[17] the government's financial year runs from 1 April to 31 March.

text: India[edit]

text: In India, the government's financial year runs from 1 April to 31 March. It is abbreviated as a FY19.[18][19]

text: Companies following the Indian Depositary Receipt (IDR) are given freedom to choose their financial year. For example, Standard Chartered's IDR follows the UK calendar despite being listed in India. Companies following Indian fiscal year get to know their economical health on 31 March of every Indian financial or fiscal year.

text: The current fiscal year was adopted by the colonial British government in 1867 to align India's financial year with that of the British Empire.[20][21] Prior to 1867, India followed a fiscal year that ran from 1 May to 30 April.[22]

text: In 1984, the LK Jha committee recommended adopting a fiscal year that ran from 1 January to 31 December. However, this proposal was not adopted by the government fearing possible issues during the transition period.[22] A panel set up by the NITI Aayog in July 2016, recommended starting the next fiscal year from 1 January to 31 December after the end of the current five-year plan.[23]

text: On 4 May 2017, Madhya Pradesh announced that it would move to a January–December financial year, becoming the first Indian state to do so. But later it dropped the idea.[24]

text: Indonesia[edit]

text: In Indonesia, the fiscal year is the calendar year, 1 January to 31 December.[25]

text: Iran[edit]

text: In Iran, the fiscal year usually starts on 21 March (1st of Farvardin) and concludes on next year's 20 March (29th of Esfand) in Solar Hijri calendar [26]

text: Ireland[edit]

text: Until 2001, the fiscal year in Ireland was the year ending 5 April, as in the United Kingdom. From 2002, to coincide with the introduction of the euro, it was changed to the calendar year, 1 January to 31 December. The 2001 tax year was nine months, from April to December.[27]

text: Israel[edit]

text: In Israel, the fiscal year is the calendar year, 1 January to 31 December.[28]

text: Italy[edit]

text: In Italy, the fiscal year is the calendar year, 1 January to 31 December. It was changed in 1965, before which it was 1 July to 30 June.[citation needed]

text: Japan[edit]

text: In Japan,[29] the government's financial year is from 1 April to 31 March. The fiscal year is represented by the calendar year in which the period begins, followed by the word nendo (年度); for example the fiscal year from 1 April 2018 to 31 March 2019 is called 2018–nendo.

text: Japan's income tax year is 1 January to 31 December, but corporate tax is charged according to the corporation's own annual period.[citation needed]

text: Macau[edit]

text: In Macau, the government's financial year is 1 January to 31 December.

text: Mexico[edit]

text: In Mexico, the fiscal year is the calendar year, 1 January to 31 December.

text: Myanmar/Burma[edit]

text: In Myanmar,[30] the fiscal year is 1 October to 30 September.

text: Nepal[edit]

text: In Nepal, the fiscal year is 1 Shrawan (4th month of Bikram calendar) to 31 Ashad (3rd month of Bikram calendar). Shrawan 1 roughly falls in mid-July.[31]

text: New Zealand[edit]

text: In New Zealand, the government's fiscal[32] and financial reporting[33] year is 1 July to the next 30 June[34] and applies also to the budget. The company and personal financial year[35] is 1 April to 31 March and applies to company and personal income tax.

text: Pakistan[edit]

text: The Pakistani government's fiscal year is 1 July of the previous calendar year and concludes on 30 June. Private companies are free to observe their own accounting year, which may not be the same as government's fiscal year.[36]

text: Portugal[edit]

text: In Portugal, the fiscal year is the calendar year, 1 January to 31 December.

text: Qatar[edit]

text: In Qatar, the fiscal year is from 1 January to 31 December.

text: Romania[edit]

text: In Romania, the fiscal year is the calendar year, 1 January to 31 December.[37]

text: Russia[edit]

text: In Russia, the fiscal year is the calendar year, 1 January to 31 December.[16]

text: Singapore[edit]

text: The fiscal year for the calculation of personal income taxes is 1 January to 31 December.[citation needed]

text: The fiscal year for the Government of Singapore and many government-linked corporations is 1 April to 31 March.[citation needed]

text: Corporations and organisations are permitted to select any date as the end of each fiscal year, as long as this date remains constant.[citation needed]

text: South Africa[edit]

text: In South Africa, the fiscal year for the Government of South Africa is 1 April to 31 March.[citation needed]

text: The year of assessment for individuals covers twelve months, 1 March to the final day of February the following year. The Act also provides for certain classes of taxpayers to have a year of assessment ending on a day other than the last day of February. Companies are permitted to have a tax year ending on a date that coincides with their financial year. Many older companies still use a tax year that runs from 1 July to 30 June, inherited from the British system. A common practice for newer companies is to run their tax year from 1 March to the final day of February following, to synchronize with the tax year for individuals.[citation needed]

text: South Korea[edit]

text: In South Korea, the fiscal year is the calendar year, 1 January to 31 December.[38]

text: Spain[edit]

text: In Spain, the fiscal year is the calendar year, 1 January to 31 December.[39]

text: Sweden[edit]

text: In Sweden, the fiscal year for individuals is the calendar year, 1 January to 31 December.[40]

text: The fiscal year for an organisation is typically one of the following:

text:
1 January to 31 December
1 May to 30 April
1 July to 30 June
1 September to 31 August

text: However, all calendar months are allowed. If an organisation wishes to change into a non-calendar year, permission from the Tax Authority is required.[41][42]

text: Taiwan[edit]

text: In Taiwan, the fiscal year is the calendar year, 1 January to 31 December. However, an enterprise may elect to adopt a special fiscal year at the time it is established and can request approval from the tax authorities to change its fiscal year.[43]

text: Thailand[edit]

text: In Thailand, the government's fiscal year (FY) is 1 October to 30 September of the following year.[44] For individual taxpayers it is the calendar year, 1 January to 31 December.

text: Ukraine[edit]

text: In Ukraine, the fiscal year is the calendar year, 1 January to 31 December.[45]

text: United Arab Emirates[edit]

text: In the United Arab Emirates, the fiscal year is the calendar year, 1 January to 31 December.[citation needed]

text: United Kingdom[edit]

text: In the United Kingdom,[46]  the financial year runs from 1 April to 31 March for the purposes of government financial statements.[47] For personal tax purposes the fiscal year starts on 6 April and ends on 5 April of the next calendar year.[48]

text: Although United Kingdom corporation tax is charged by reference to the government's financial year, companies can adopt any year as their accounting year: if there is a change in tax rate, the taxable profit is apportioned to financial years on a time basis.[citation needed]

text: A number of major corporations that were once government-owned, such as BT Group and the National Grid, continue to use the government's financial year, which ends on the last day of March, as they have found no reason to change since privatisation.[citation needed]

text: The 5 April year end for personal tax and benefits reflects the old ecclesiastical calendar, with New Year falling on 25 March (Lady Day), the difference being accounted for by the eleven days "missed out" when Great Britain converted from the Julian Calendar to the Gregorian Calendar in September 1752 (the British tax authorities, and landlords were unwilling to lose 11 days of tax and rent revenue, so under provision 6 (Times of Payment of Rents, Annuities, &c.) of the Calendar (New Style) Act 1750, the 1752–3 tax year was extended by 11 days). From 1753 until 1799, the tax year in Great Britain began on 5 April, which was the "old style" new year of 25 March. A 12th skipped Julian leap day in 1800 changed its start to 6 April. It was not changed when a 13th Julian leap day was skipped in 1900, so the start of the personal tax year in the United Kingdom is still 6 April.[49][50][51]

text: United States[edit]

text: Federal government[edit]

text: The United States federal government's fiscal year is the 12-month period beginning October 1 and ending September 30 the following year. The identification of a fiscal year is the calendar year in which it ends; thus, the current fiscal year is 2018, often written as "FY2018" or "FY18", which began on 1 October 2017 and will end on 30 September 2018.

text: Prior to 1976, the fiscal year began on 1 July and ended on 30 June. The Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974 made the change to allow Congress more time to arrive at a budget each year, and provided for what is known as the "transitional quarter" from 1 July 1976 to 30 September 1976. An earlier shift in the federal government's fiscal year was made in 1843, shifting the fiscal year from a calendar year to one starting on 1 July.[52]

text: For example, the United States government fiscal year for 2018 is:

text:
1st quarter: 1 October 2017 – 31 December 2017
2nd quarter: 1 January 2018 – 31 March 2018
3rd quarter: 1 April 2018 – 30 June 2018
4th quarter: 1 July 2018 – 30 September 2018

text: State governments[edit]

text: State governments set their own fiscal year. Forty-six of the fifty states set their fiscal year to end on June 30.[53] Four states have fiscal years that end on a different date:

text:
Alabama, ends September 30
Michigan, ends September 30
New York, ends March 31
Texas, ends August 31

text: The fiscal year for the Washington, D.C. government ends on September 30.[54]

text: Among the inhabited territories of the United States, most align with the federal fiscal year, ending on September 30. These include American Samoa, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands and the U.S. Virgin Islands.[53] Puerto Rico is the exception, with its fiscal year ending on June 30.

text: Businesses and organizations[edit]

text: The tax year for a business is governed by the fiscal year it chooses.  A business may choose any consistent fiscal year that it wants; however, for seasonal businesses such as farming and retail, a good account practice is to end the fiscal year shortly after the highest revenue time of year.  Consequently, most large agriculture companies end their fiscal years after the harvest season, and most retailers end their fiscal years shortly after the Christmas shopping season.


document_title: Anno Domini

question_text: when did we start to use bc and ad

question_tokens: when did we start to use bc and ad

text: Anno Domini

text: History[edit]

text: The Anno Domini dating system was devised in 525 by Dionysius Exiguus to enumerate the years in his Easter table. His system was to replace the Diocletian era that had been used in an old Easter table because he did not wish to continue the memory of a tyrant who persecuted Christians.[15] The last year of the old table, Diocletian 247, was immediately followed by the first year of his table, AD 532. When he devised his table, Julian calendar years were identified by naming the consuls who held office that year—he himself stated that the "present year" was "the consulship of Probus Junior", which was 525 years "since the incarnation of our Lord Jesus Christ".[16] Thus Dionysius implied that Jesus' Incarnation occurred 525 years earlier, without stating the specific year during which his birth or conception occurred. "However, nowhere in his exposition of his table does Dionysius relate his epoch to any other dating system, whether consulate, Olympiad, year of the world, or regnal year of Augustus; much less does he explain or justify the underlying date."[17]

text: Bonnie J. Blackburn and Leofranc Holford-Strevens briefly present arguments for 2 BC, 1 BC, or AD 1 as the year Dionysius intended for the Nativity or Incarnation. Among the sources of confusion are:[10]

text:
In modern times, Incarnation is synonymous with the conception, but some ancient writers, such as Bede, considered Incarnation to be synonymous with the Nativity.
The civil or consular year began on 1 January but the Diocletian year began on 29 August (30 August in the year before a Julian leap year).
There were inaccuracies in the lists of consuls.
There were confused summations of emperors' regnal years.

text: It is not known how Dionysius established the year of Jesus's birth. Two major theories are that Dionysius based his calculation on the Gospel of Luke, which states that Jesus was "about thirty years old" shortly after "the fifteenth year of the reign of Tiberius Caesar", and hence subtracted thirty years from that date, or that Dionysius counted back 532 years from the first year of his new table.[18][19] It is convenient to initiate a calendar not from the very day of an event but from the beginning of a cycle which occurs in close proximity. For example, the Islamic calendar begins not from the date of the Hijra, but rather weeks prior, on the first occurrence of the month of Muharram (corresponding to 16 July 622).[20]

text: It has also been speculated by Georges Declercq[21] that Dionysius' desire to replace Diocletian years with a calendar based on the incarnation of Christ was intended to prevent people from believing the imminent end of the world. At the time, it was believed by some that the Resurrection and end of the world would occur 500 years after the birth of Jesus. The old Anno Mundi calendar theoretically commenced with the creation of the world based on information in the Old Testament. It was believed that, based on the Anno Mundi calendar, Jesus was born in the year 5500 (or 5500 years after the world was created) with the year 6000 of the Anno Mundi calendar marking the end of the world.[22][23] Anno Mundi 6000 (approximately AD 500) was thus equated with the resurrection and the end of the world[24] but this date had already passed in the time of Dionysius.

text: Popularization[edit]

text: The Anglo-Saxon historian the Venerable Bede, who was familiar with the work of Dionysius Exiguus, used Anno Domini dating in his Ecclesiastical History of the English People, completed in 731. In this same history, he also used another Latin term, ante vero incarnationis dominicae tempus anno sexagesimo ("in fact in the 60th year before the time of the Lord's incarnation"), equivalent to the English "before Christ", to identify years before the first year of this era.[25] Both Dionysius and Bede regarded Anno Domini as beginning at the incarnation of Jesus, but "the distinction between Incarnation and Nativity was not drawn until the late 9th century, when in some places the Incarnation epoch was identified with Christ's conception, i.e., the Annunciation on March 25" (Annunciation style).[26]

text: On the continent of Europe, Anno Domini was introduced as the era of choice of the Carolingian Renaissance by the English cleric and scholar Alcuin in the late eighth century. Its endorsement by Emperor Charlemagne and his successors popularizing the use of the epoch and spreading it throughout the Carolingian Empire ultimately lies at the core of the system's prevalence. According to the Catholic Encyclopedia, popes continued to date documents according to regnal years for some time, but usage of AD gradually became more common in Roman Catholic countries from the 11th to the 14th centuries.[27] In 1422, Portugal became the last Western European country to switch to the system begun by Dionysius.[28] Eastern Orthodox countries only began to adopt AD instead of the Byzantine calendar in 1700 when Russia did so, with others adopting it in the 19th and 20th centuries.

text: Although Anno Domini was in widespread use by the 9th century, the term "Before Christ" (or its equivalent) did not become common until much later. Bede the Venerable used the expression "anno igitur ante incarnationem Dominicam" (so in the year before the Incarnation of the Lord) twice. "Anno an xpi nativitate" (in the year before the birth of Christ) is found in 1474 in a work by a German monk.[29] In 1627, the French Jesuit theologian Denis Pétau (Dionysius Petavius in Latin), with his work De doctrina temporum, popularized the usage ante Christum (Latin for "Before Christ") to mark years prior to AD.[30][31][32]

text: Change of year[edit]

text: When the reckoning from Jesus' incarnation began replacing the previous dating systems in western Europe, various people chose different Christian feast days to begin the year: Christmas, Annunciation, or Easter. Thus, depending on the time and place, the year number changed on different days in the year, which created slightly different styles in chronology:[33]

text:
From 25 March 753 AUC (today in 1 BC), i.e., notionally from the incarnation of Jesus. That first "Annunciation style" appeared in Arles at the end of the 9th century, then spread to Burgundy and northern Italy. It was not commonly used and was called calculus pisanus since it was adopted in Pisa and survived there till 1750.
From 25 December 753 AUC (today in 1 BC), i.e., notionally from the birth of Jesus. It was called "Nativity style" and had been spread by the Venerable Bede together with the Anno Domini in the early Middle Ages. That reckoning of the Year of Grace from Christmas was used in France, England and most of western Europe (except Spain) until the 12th century (when it was replaced by Annunciation style), and in Germany until the second quarter of the 13th century.
From 25 March 754 AUC (today in AD 1). That second "Annunciation style" may have originated in Fleury Abbey in the early 11th century, but it was spread by the Cistercians. Florence adopted that style in opposition to that of Pisa, so it got the name of calculus florentinus. It soon spread in France and also in England where it became common in the late 12th century and lasted until 1752.
From Easter, starting in 754 AUC (AD 1). That mos gallicanus (French custom) bound to a moveable feast was introduced in France by king Philip Augustus (r. 1180–1223), maybe to establish a new style in the provinces reconquered from England. However, it never spread beyond the ruling élite.

text: With these various styles, the same day could, in some cases, be dated in 1099, 1100 or 1101.

text: Historical birth date of Jesus[edit]

text: The date of birth of Jesus of Nazareth is not stated in the gospels or in any secular text, but most scholars assume a date of birth between 6 BC and 4 BC.[34] The historical evidence is too sketchy to allow a definitive dating,[35] but the date is estimated through two different approaches - one by analyzing references to known historical events mentioned in the Nativity accounts in the Gospels of Luke and Matthew, and the second by working backwards from the estimation of the start of the ministry of Jesus.[36][37]

text: Other eras[edit]

text: During the first six centuries of what would come to be known as the Christian era, European countries used various systems to count years. Systems in use included consular dating, imperial regnal year dating, and Creation dating.

text: Although the last non-imperial consul, Basilius, was appointed in 541 by Emperor Justinian I, later emperors through Constans II (641–668) were appointed consuls on the first 1 January after their accession. All of these emperors, except Justinian, used imperial post-consular years for the years of their reign, along with their regnal years.[38] Long unused, this practice was not formally abolished until Novell XCIV of the law code of Leo VI did so in 888.

text: Another calculation had been developed by the Alexandrian monk Annianus around the year AD 400, placing the Annunciation on 25 March AD 9 (Julian)—eight to ten years after the date that Dionysius was to imply. Although this incarnation was popular during the early centuries of the Byzantine Empire, years numbered from it, an Era of Incarnation, were exclusively used and are yet used, in Ethiopia. This accounts for the seven- or eight-year discrepancy between the Gregorian and Ethiopian calendars. Byzantine chroniclers like Maximus the Confessor, George Syncellus, and Theophanes dated their years from Annianus' creation of the world. This era, called Anno Mundi, "year of the world" (abbreviated AM), by modern scholars, began its first year on 25 March 5492 BC. Later Byzantine chroniclers used Anno Mundi years from 1 September 5509 BC, the Byzantine Era. No single Anno Mundi epoch was dominant throughout the Christian world. Eusebius of Caesarea in his Chronicle used an era beginning with the birth of Abraham, dated in 2016 BC (AD 1 = 2017 Anno Abrahami).[39]

text: Spain and Portugal continued to date by the Era of the Caesars or Spanish Era, which began counting from 38 BC, well into the Middle Ages. In 1422, Portugal became the last Catholic country to adopt the Anno Domini system.[27]

text: The Era of Martyrs, which numbered years from the accession of Diocletian in 284, who launched the last yet most severe persecution of Christians, was used by the Church of Alexandria and is still used, officially, by the Coptic Orthodox and Coptic Catholic churches. It was also used by the Ethiopian church. Another system was to date from the crucifixion of Jesus Christ, which as early as Hippolytus and Tertullian was believed to have occurred in the consulate of the Gemini (AD 29), which appears in some medieval manuscripts.

text: CE and BCE[edit]

text: Alternative names for the Anno Domini era include vulgaris aerae (found 1615 in Latin),[40] "Vulgar Era" (in English, as early as 1635),[41] "Christian Era" (in English, in 1652),[42] "Common Era" (in English, 1708),[43] and "Current Era".[44] Since 1856,[45] the alternative abbreviations CE and BCE, (sometimes written C.E. and B.C.E.) are sometimes used in place of AD and BC.

text: The "Common/Current Era" ("CE") terminology is often preferred by those who desire a term that does not explicitly make religious references.[46][47] For example, Cunningham and Starr (1998) write that "B.C.E./C.E. …do not presuppose faith in Christ and hence are more appropriate for interfaith dialog than the conventional B.C./A.D."[48] Upon its foundation, the Republic of China adopted the Minguo Era, but used the Western calendar for international purposes. The translated term was 西元 ("xī yuán", "Western Era"). Later, in 1949, the People's Republic of China adopted 公元 (gōngyuán, "Common Era") for all purposes domestic and foreign.

text: No year zero / Start and end of a century[edit]

text: In the AD year numbering system, whether applied to the Julian or Gregorian calendars, AD 1 is preceded by 1 BC. There is no year "0" between them, so a new century begins in a year which has "01" as the final digits (e.g., 1801, 1901, 2001). New millennia likewise are considered to have begun in 1001 and 2001. This is at odds with the much more common conception that centuries and millennia begin when the trailing digits are zeroes (1800, 1900, 2000, etc.); for example, the worldwide celebration of the new millennium took place on New Year's Eve 1999, when the year number ticked over to 2000.[9]

text: For computational reasons, astronomical year numbering and the ISO 8601 standard designate years so that AD 1 = year 1, 1 BC = year 0, 2 BC = year −1, etc.[d] In common usage, ancient dates are expressed in the Julian calendar, but ISO 8601 uses the Gregorian calendar and astronomers may use a variety of time scales depending on the application. Thus dates using the year 0 or negative years may require further investigation before being converted to BC or AD.


question_text: where did the name seven eleven come from

text: Etymologies[edit]

text: The company's first outlets were named "Tote'm Stores" because customers "toted" away their purchases. Some stores featured genuine Alaskan totem poles in front of the store. In 1946, the chain's name was changed from "Tote'm" to "7-Eleven" to reflect the company's new, extended hours, 7:00 am to 11:00 pm, seven days per week.[4] In November 1999, the corporate name of the US company was changed from "The Southland Corporation" to "7-Eleven Inc."[5][6]

text: History[edit]

text: In 1927, Southland Ice Company employee John Jefferson Green began selling eggs, milk, and bread from one of 16 ice house storefronts in Dallas, with permission from one of Southland's founding directors, Joe C. Thompson, Sr.[7] Although small grocery stores and general merchandisers were available, Thompson theorized that selling products such as bread and milk in convenience stores would reduce the need for customers to travel long distances for basic items. He eventually bought the Southland Ice Company and turned it into Southland Corporation, which oversaw several locations in the Dallas area.[4]

text: In 1928, Jenna Lira brought a totem pole as a souvenir from Alaska and placed it in front of the store. The pole served as a marketing tool for the company, as it attracted a great deal of attention. Soon, executives added totem poles in front of every store and eventually adopted an Alaska Native-inspired theme for their stores. Later on, the stores began operating under the name "Tote'm Stores". In the same year, the company began constructing gasoline stations in some of its Dallas locations as an experiment. Joe Thompson also provided a distinct characteristic to the company's stores, training the staff so that people would receive the same quality and service in every store. Southland also started to have a uniform for its ice station service boys. This became the major factor in the company's success as a retail convenience store.[citation needed]

text: In 1931, the Great Depression affected the company, sending it toward bankruptcy. Nevertheless, the company continued its operations through re-organization and receivership. A Dallas banker, W.W. Overton Jr., also helped to revive the company's finances by selling the company's bonds for seven cents on the dollar. This brought the company's ownership under the control of a board of directors.[8]

text: In 1946, in an effort to continue the company's post-war recovery, the name of the franchise was changed to 7-Eleven to reflect the stores' new hours of operation (7 am to 11 pm), which were unprecedented at the time.  In 1963, 7-Eleven experimented with a 24-hour schedule in Austin, Texas, after an Austin store stayed open all night to satisfy customer demand.[4] Later on, 24-hour stores were established in Fort Worth and Dallas, Texas, as well as Las Vegas, Nevada.[9] In 1971, Southland acquired convenience stores of the former Pak-A-Sak chain owned by Graham Allen Penniman, Sr. (1903–1985), of Shreveport, Louisiana.[10][11]

text: With the purchase in 1964 of 126 Speedee Mart franchised convenience stores in California, the company entered the franchise business. The company signed its first area licensing agreement in 1968 with Garb-Ko, Inc. of Saginaw, Michigan, which became the first US domestic area 7-Eleven licensee.

text: In the late 1980s, Southland Corporation was threatened by a rumored corporate takeover, prompting the Thompson family to take steps to convert the company into a private model by buying out public shareholders in a tender offer.[12] In December 1987, John Philp Thompson, the chairman and CEO of 7-Eleven, completed a $5.2 billion management buyout of the company.[13] The buyout suffered from the effects of the 1987 stock market crash and after failing initially to raise high yield debt financing, the company was required to offer a portion of stock as an inducement to invest in the company's bonds.[14][15]

text: Various assets, such as the Chief Auto Parts chain,[16] the ice division,[17] and hundreds of store locations,[18] were sold between 1987 and 1990 to relieve debt incurred during the buyout. This downsizing also resulted in numerous metropolitan areas losing 7-Eleven stores to rival convenience store operators. In October 1990, the heavily indebted Southland Corp. filed a pre-packaged Chapter 11 bankruptcy in order to transfer control of 70% of the company to Japanese affiliate Ito-Yokado.[19]

text: Southland exited bankruptcy in March 1991, after a cash infusion of $430 million from Ito-Yokado and Seven-Eleven Japan. These two Japanese entities now controlled 70% of the company, with the founding Thompson family retaining 5%.[20] In 1999, Southland Corp. changed its name to 7-Eleven, Inc., citing the divestment of operations other than 7-Eleven.[21] Ito-Yokado formed Seven & I Holdings Co. and 7-Eleven became its subsidiary in 2005. In 2007, Seven & I Holdings announced that it would be expanding its American operations, with an additional 1,000 7-Eleven stores in the United States.

text: For the 2010 rankings, 7-Eleven climbed to the No. 3 spot in Entrepreneur Magazine's 31st Annual Franchise 500, "the first and most comprehensive ranking in the world". This was the 17th year 7-Eleven was named in the top 10.

text: Also in 2010, the first "green" 7-Eleven store opened in DeLand, Florida. The store features U.S. Green Building Council's (USGBC) Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) elements. Also, the environmentally-friendly design brings the store savings in energy costs. That same year, 7-Eleven went mobile with the launch of the Slurpee drink's iPhone and Android Application (App). The Slurpee drink app made it easy to find 7-Eleven stores and provides driving directions. The following year, 7-Eleven celebrated its 40,000th store opening and within two years of that milestone opened its 50,000th store.

text: Products and services[edit]

text: 7-Eleven in the United States sells Slurpee[22] drinks, a partially frozen soft drink introduced in 1965 (Oklahoma's stores are known as Icee Drink),[23] and Big Gulp beverages, introduced in 1976.[24][25] Other products include: 7-Select[26] private-brand products,[27] coffee, fresh-made daily sandwiches, fresh fruit, salads, bakery items, hot and prepared foods, gasoline, dairy products, carbonated beverages and energy drinks, juices, financial services, and product delivery services.

text: 7-Eleven is known for its relatively large drink sizes.  7-Eleven offers beverages that are 32 ounces (946ml) (Big Gulp), 44 U.S. fluid ounces (1.301 L) (Super Big Gulp), 53 ounces (1567ml) (X-Treme Gulp), 64 ounces (1893ml) (Double Gulp), or 128 ounces (3785ml) (Team Gulp), as well as the 20 ounce Gulp. These beverage sizes were all among the largest sold soft drinks when they were introduced.[28] 7-Eleven has often been associated with these large sodas in popular culture.  For example, Mayor Michael Bloomberg's proposed ban on large sodas in New York City was frequently referred to as the 'Big Gulp ban'.[29]

text: In 2012, 7-Eleven changed the size of the Double Gulp from 64 ounces to 50 ounces (1478ml). The older style cups were too wide at the bottom and did not fit beverage holders in cars. This was not a reaction to the large soda ban proposal, according to a spokesperson.[30]

text: Global operations[edit]

text: Asia[edit]

text: Hong Kong[edit]

text: 7-Eleven first opened in Hong Kong in 1981 at the time it was then a British colony, and today operates as a subsidiary of the Dairy Farm. It is popularly called tsat jai (七仔, meaning "little seven") or se fun (些粉, based on the English "seven"). As of 2012, 7-Eleven had 964 stores in Hong Kong, of which 563 were operated by franchisees.[31] Hong Kong reportedly has the second-highest density of 7-Eleven stores, after Macao. All 7-Eleven stores in Hong Kong accept the ubiquitous Octopus card as a method of payment.[32] They also accept payments for utility bills and public housing rent.[33]

text: In November 1980, Southland Corporation and Hong Kong conglomerate Jardine Matheson signed a franchise agreement to bring 7-Eleven to the territory.[34] The first 7-Eleven shop opened in Happy Valley on 3 April 1981.[35][36] The chain expanded aggressively across Hong Kong throughout the 1980s. The 50th store opened in Kwai Chung on 6 October 1983, while the 200th was inaugurated by Simon Keswick at Tai Po Centre on 7 May 1987.[37][38] The stores were sold to Dairy Farm, part of the Jardine Matheson group, in 1989.[39]

text: Octopus card readers were introduced in all 7-Eleven stores in July 1999, although at first these could only be used to add value to the card.[40][41] In September 2004, the number of locations in Hong Kong was substantially boosted when Dairy Farm acquired Daily Stop, a rival convenience store chain, from SCMP Retailing (HK). The chain's 84 shops, located mainly in MTR and Kowloon–Canton Railway stations (as well as shopping centres and housing estates), were converted to 7-Eleven stores.[42][43]

text: In 2009, a 7-Eleven location in Quarry Bay opened with a hot food counter, called "7 Café", selling traditional Hong Kong street food and milk tea.[44] This feature was subsequently extended to select other 7-Eleven locations across Hong Kong under the "Daily Café" and "Hot Shot" brands.

text: Indonesia[edit]

text: In 2008, 7-Eleven announced plans to expand its business in Indonesia through a master franchise agreement with Modern Sevel Indonesia and Media Nusantara Citra. Modern Sevel Indonesia's initial plans were to focus on opening stores in Jakarta, targeting densely populated commercial and business areas.[45] There are 190 7-Eleven stores in Indonesia as of  2014[update] and it has reduced to only 166 stores as September 2016.

text: In April 2017, PT Modern Seven Indonesia announced that they will be acquired by PT Charoen Pokphand Restu Indonesia, subsidiary of Charoen Pokphand Group in Thailand. The acquisition process planned to be completed before June 2017.[46] Charoen Pokphand Group is also the master franchise holder of approximately 9500 7-Eleven stores in Thailand. But on June 22, 2017, PT Modern International Tbk announced that all the remaining 30 7-Eleven stores in Indonesia will be closed on June 30, 2017 due to the cancellation of its acquisition process.[47]

text: Japan[edit]

text: Japan has more 7-Eleven locations than anywhere else in the world, where they often bear the name of its holding company "Seven & I Holdings". Of the 66,579 stores around the globe, 20,392 stores (31 percent of global stores) are in Japan,[48] with 2,665 stores in Tokyo alone.[49] On September 1, 2005, Seven & I Holdings Co., Ltd., a new holding company, became the parent company of 7-Eleven, Ito-Yokado, and Denny's Japan. 7-Eleven has stores in all prefectures of Japan, except Okinawa Prefecture.

text: The aesthetics of the store are somewhat different from that of 7-Eleven stores in other countries as the stores offer a wider selection of products and services.

text: Following the example of other convenience stores in Japan, 7-Eleven has solar panels and LEDs installed in about 1,400 of its stores.[50]

text: Macau[edit]

text: 7-Eleven entered the Macau market in 2005 under the ownership of Dairy Farm, the same conglomeration group operating Hong Kong's 7-Eleven. With only 25.9 square kilometres, Macau has 45 stores, making it the single market with the highest density of 7-Eleven stores, containing one store per 0.65 square kilometers.

text: Mainland China[edit]

text: 7-Eleven opened its first store in China in Shenzhen, Guangdong in 1992 and later expanded to Beijing in 2004, Tianjin in 2009, Chengdu[51] and Shanghai in 2011, Qingdao in 2012, Chongqing in 2013, and Nanjing in 2018. In China's 7-Eleven stores where Slurpees are offered, the Chinese name 思乐冰 (sīlèbīng) is used. They also offer a wide array of warm food, including traditional items like steamed buns, and stores in Chengdu offer a full variety of onigiri (饭团). Beverages, alcohol, candy, periodicals, and other convenience items are available as well. The majority of these stores are open for 24 hours a day.

text: Malaysia[edit]

text: Malaysian 7-Eleven stores are owned by 7-Eleven Malaysia Sdn. Bhd., which operates 2,225 stores nationwide. 7-Eleven in Malaysia was incorporated on June 4, 1984, by the Berjaya Group Berhad. The first 7-Eleven store was opened in October 1984, in Jalan Bukit Bintang, Kuala Lumpur.[52][53]

text: Philippines[edit]

text: In the Philippines, 7-Eleven is run by the Philippine Seven Corporation (PSC). Its first store, located in Quezon City, opened in 1984. In 2000, President Chain Store Corporation (PCSC) of Taiwan, also a licensee of 7-Eleven, purchased the majority shares of PSC and thus formed a strategic alliance for the convenience store industry within the area. The number of stores reached 1,602 at the end of 2015. As of 2017, there are 2,285 7-Eleven stores all over The Philippines. Some 7-Eleven branches are in near the gas stations like in Caltex, it has transferred from Star Mart in mid-2000's to 2010 due to close of Star Mart in the Philippines.

text: Singapore[edit]

text: In Singapore, 7-Eleven forms the largest chain of convenience stores island-wide. There are 393 7-Eleven stores scattered throughout the country as of February 2018. Stores in Singapore are operated by Dairy Farm International Holdings, franchised under a licensing agreement with 7-Eleven Incorporated. The first 7-Eleven store in Singapore was opened along Upper Changi Road in 1983, and in 1986 the first franchised 7-Eleven store (under the Jardine Matheson Group) was opened. The license was then acquired by Cold Storage Singapore, a subsidiary of the Dairy Farm Group, in 1989.

text: In 2006, Shell Singapore and 7-Eleven agreed to rebrand all 68 of its Shell Select convenience stores into 7-Eleven. The partnership was terminated in October 2017, and the remaining 52 7-Eleven stores in Shell petrol stations will be gradually rebranded back into Shell Select.[54]

text: South Korea[edit]

text: 7-Eleven has a major presence in the Republic of Korea convenience store market, where it competes with CU (store), GS25 (formerly LG25), and independent competitors. There are 9,231 7-Eleven stores in the Republic of Korea; with only Japan and Thailand hosting more stores. The first 7-Eleven store in the Republic of Korea opened in 1989 in Songpa-gu in Seoul with a franchise license under the Lotte Group. In January 2010, Lotte Group acquired the Buy the Way convenience store chain and rebranded its 1,000 stores under the 7-Eleven brand.

text: Taiwan[edit]

text: In Taiwan, 7-Eleven is the largest convenience store chain and is owned by President Chain Store Corporation under Uni-President Enterprises Corporation. The first fourteen stores opened in 1979, and struggled to make a profit. Southland Corporation partnered with Uni-President to modernize the stores. However, business was still slow, and Uni-President opted to stock Asian foods. In 1986, 7-Eleven made its first profit in Taiwan.[55] The 5,000th store was opened in July 2014.[56] In January 2018, an experimental and unstaffed shop branded the X-Store was opened.[57] There are 5,221 stores currently in Taiwan.

text: Thailand[edit]

text: The first store opened in 1989 on Patpong Road in Bangkok. The franchise in Thailand is the CP ALL Public Company Limited, which in turn grants franchises to operators. In January 2018 there were 10,300 stores in Thailand.[58] 7-Eleven holds a 70 percent market share in the convenience store category.[59] Thailand has the second largest number of 7-Eleven stores after Japan.[60]

text: Turkey[edit]

text: 7-Eleven entered the Turkish market in 1989, opening its first store on September 12, 1989.[61] Major stakeholder of the master franchise, Özer Çiller sold his shares in 1993, after his wife Tansu Çiller became the Prime Minister.[62] In the 2010s, 7-Eleven left the Turkish market, transferring most of its stores to franchise owners.

text: United Arab Emirates[edit]

text: Seven & I Holdings announced in June 2014 that they had agreed a contract with Seven Emirates Investment LLC to open the first Middle Eastern 7-Eleven in Dubai, United Arab Emirates during the summer of 2015.[63][64][65] The company also said that they had plans to open about 100 stores in the country by the end of 2017.[63][65] The first store was opened in October 2015. The country has 13 stores as of January 2018.

text: Vietnam[edit]

text: Seven and i-Holding making the first 7-Eleven was open in Saigon Trade Center in 2017. As of August 2018, Vietnam has 21 stores in Ho Chi Minh City.

text: Europe[edit]

text: The first European 7-Eleven store was opened in Stockholm, Sweden in 1978.[66] 7-Eleven was available in Spain until 2000 with many stores inside Repsol petrol stations, as well as some other petrol-stations across the country. 7-Eleven stores are now solely located in the Scandinavian region of Europe.[67]

text: The owner of the master franchise for 7-Eleven in Scandinavia is Reitan Servicehandel, an arm of the Norwegian retail group, Reitan Group. After Reitangruppen bought the filling station chain, HydroTexaco (now YX Energy), in Norway and Sweden in 2006, it announced that several of the stores at the petrol stations would be rebranded as 7-Elevens and that the petrol would be supplied by Shell. Other stores remain under the YX brand.

text: Denmark[edit]

text: The first 7-Eleven store in Denmark was opened at Østerbro in Copenhagen on September 14, 1993. There are 183 stores, mostly in Copenhagen, Aarhus, Aalborg, and Odense, including eight stores at Copenhagen Central Station. In Denmark, 7-Eleven has an agreement with Shell, with a nationwide network of Shell/7-Eleven service stations, and an agreement with DSB to have 7-Eleven stores at most S-train stations.

text: Norway[edit]

text: The first 7-Eleven store in Norway was opened at Grünerløkka in Oslo on September 13, 1986. As of January 2018, there are 153 7-Eleven stores in Norway, more than 50% located in Oslo. Norway has the northernmost 7-Eleven in the world, situated in Tromsø. On a per-capita basis, Norway has one 7–Eleven store for every 47,000 Norwegians, compared to Canada, which has one for every 74,000 Canadians.

text: Sweden[edit]

text: The Reitan Group has held the license in Sweden since December 1997. In the mid-1990s period, 7-Eleven in Sweden received adverse publicity due to the unfavourable labour contracts offered by its then-licensee, Small Shops, an American-based company, resulting in many stores being sold and closed down. For a time, there were only 7-Elevens in Stockholm and Gothenburg.

text: 7-Eleven returned to the south of Sweden in 2001, when a convenience store opened in Lund. Later in the 2000s, the Swedish 7-Eleven chain was involved in controversy when the Swedish TV channel TV3 exposed widespread fraud on the part of the Reitan Group in its management of the 7-Eleven franchise, which the Reitan Group eventually admitted to on its website.

text: On 27 August 2007, the Reitan Group and Shell, announced a ten-year agreement to re-brand some 269 service stations across Norway, Sweden, Finland and Denmark, as 7-Elevens. The contract meant that 7-Eleven would expand from 77 stores to 189 stores in Sweden.[68] The country now has 187 stores.

text: United Kingdom[edit]

text: During the 1980s, small 7-Eleven convenience stores were common in the larger towns and cities of London and the South East of England. The first shop opened in London, in Sydenham South East London in 1985.[69] The company ceased trading operations in 1997, but considered resuming UK trading in 2014.[70]

text: North America[edit]

text: Canada[edit]

text: The first 7-Eleven store to open in Canada was in Calgary, Alberta, on June 29, 1969. There are 640 7-Eleven stores in Canada as of  2017[update].[71] Winnipeg, Manitoba, has the world's largest number of Slurpee consumers, with an estimated 1,500,000 Slurpees sold since the first 7-Eleven opened on March 21, 1970.[72] All 7-Eleven locations in Canada are corporate operated.[73] Like its U.S. counterparts every July 11 the stores offer free Slurpees on "7-Eleven Day".

text: A limited number of 7-Eleven locations feature gas stations from Shell Canada, Petro-Canada, or Esso. In November 2005, 7-Eleven started offering the Speak Out Wireless cellphone service in Canada. 7-Eleven locations also featured CIBC ATMs—in June 2012, these machines were replaced with ATMs operated by Scotiabank. 7-Eleven abandoned the Ottawa, Ontario, market in December 2009 after selling its six outlets to Quickie Convenience Stores, a regional chain. Following concerns over the fate of Speak Out Wireless customers, Quickie offered to assume existing SpeakOut customers and phones into its Good2Go cellphone program.[74][75] 7-Eleven is similarly absent from the Quebec market due to its saturation by chains like Alimentation Couche-Tard and Boni-soir, and by independent dépanneurs.

text: In March 2016, 7-Eleven acquired 148 Imperial Oil-owned Esso gas stations in Alberta and British Columbia for C$2.8 billion. Their convenience stores were converted to 7-Eleven stores, and they remain supplied by Esso.[76]

text: Mexico[edit]

text: In Mexico, the first 7-Eleven store opened in 1971 in Monterrey in association with Grupo Chapa (now Iconn) and 7-Eleven, Inc. under the name Super 7. In 1995, Super 7 was renamed to 7-Eleven, which now has 1,835 stores in several areas of the country. When stores are located within classically designed buildings (such as in Centro Histórico buildings) or important landmarks, the storefront logo is displayed in monochrome with gold or silver lettering. The main competitors in Mexico are OXXO (Femsa), Super City (Soriana), and Farmacias Guadalajara, among others.

text: United States[edit]

text: Supermarket News ranked 7-Eleven's North American operations No. 11 in the 2007 "Top 75 North American Food Retailers," based on the 2006 fiscal year estimated sales of US$15.0 billion.[77] Based on the 2005 revenue, 7-Eleven is the 24th largest retailer in the United States.[78] As of  2013[update], 8,144 7-Eleven franchised units exist across the United States. Franchise fees range between US$10,000 – $1,000,000 and the ongoing royalty rate varies.[79] 7-Eleven America has its headquarters in the Cypress Waters development in Irving, Texas.[80][81] Small-size Slurpees are free on "7-Eleven Day", on July 11.

text: 7-Eleven Stores of Oklahoma have operated independently since 1953 under an agreement with William Brown. It is now led by his son, James Brown.[82] As part of this franchise agreement, 7-Elevens in Oklahoma bear slight differences to stores elsewhere: for instance, products such as Big Bite hot dogs are not sold there, the Slurpee is branded as the "Icy Drink", and Oklahoma stores operate their own loyalty program called "Thx!", which does not intersect with the national 7Rewards system. There are currently 8,421 stores in the country.

text: Fuel[edit]

text: In the U.S., many 7-Eleven locations used to have filling stations with gasoline distributed by Citgo, which in 1983 was purchased by Southland Corporation. 50% of Citgo was sold in 1986 to Petróleos de Venezuela, S.A., and the remaining 50% was acquired in 1990. Although Citgo was the predominant partner of 7-Eleven, other oil companies are also co-branded with 7-Eleven, including Fina, Exxon, Gulf, Marathon, BP, Shell, Chevron (some former TETCO convenience stores were co-branded with Chevron, and Texaco prior to the 7-Eleven purchase in late 2012), and Pennzoil. Conoco is the largest 7-Eleven licensee in North America.[83]

text: 7-Eleven signed an agreement with ExxonMobil in December 2010 for the acquisition of 183 sites in Florida. This was followed by the acquisition of 51 ExxonMobil sites in North Texas in August 2011.[84][85]

text: Oceania[edit]

text: Australia[edit]

text: The first 7-Eleven in Australia opened on August 24, 1977, in the Melbourne suburb of Oakleigh. The majority of stores are located in metropolitan areas, particularly in central business district areas. Stores in suburban areas often operate as petrol stations and most are owned and operated as franchises, with a central administration. 7-Eleven bought Mobil's remaining Australian petrol stations in 2010,[86] converting them to 7-Eleven outlets, resulting in an immediate and unprecedented overnight major expansion of the brand. In South Australia all Mobil petrol stations were sold to Peregrine Corporation and branded as On the Run petrol stations.[87]

text: 7-Eleven stores in Australia sell a wide range of items, including daily newspapers, drinks, confectionery, and snack foods. They sell gift cards, including three types of pre-paid Visa cards. The chain has partnered with BankWest, placing a BankWest ATM in each of their stores nationwide. Each year on November 7, 7-Eleven promotes "7-Eleven Day" by giving away a free Slurpee to customers.[88]

text: In April 2014, 7-Eleven announced plans to start operating stores in Western Australia, with 11 stores planned to operate within the first year and a total of 75 stores established within five years. The first store was opened on October 30, 2014 in the city of Fremantle.[89][90] The country has 675 stores as of January 2018.

text: Wage theft[edit]

text: In August 2015, Fairfax Media and the ABC's Four Corners programme reported on the employment practices of certain 7-Eleven franchisees in Australia.[91][92] The investigation found that many 7-Eleven employees were being underpaid at rates of around A$10 to A$14 per hour before tax, well under the legally-required minimum award rate of A$24.69 per hour.[91]

text: Franchisees underpaying their staff would typically maintain rosters and pay records that would appear to show the employee being paid the legally-required rate, however these records would in fact only include half of the hours the employee actually worked in a week. Employees would then be paid on the basis of these records, resulting in them effectively being paid half the legally-required rate.[91]

text: It was also reported that workers were often not paid loadings and penalty rates that they are legally entitled to, for working overtime hours, nights, weekends, and public holidays.[91]

text: After these reports came to light and received widespread attention, some employees had alleged to Fairfax Media that they had begun to be paid correctly through the 7-Eleven payroll system, however would then be asked by the franchisee to pay back half their wages in cash.[93] 7-Eleven subsequently announced they would fund an inquiry to investigate instances of wage fraud. The inquiry was conducted by an independent panel chaired by former Australian Competition and Consumer Commission chairman Allan Fels, and with the support of professional services firm Deloitte.[94] The inquiry invited submissions from current and former 7-Eleven employees who allege they have been underpaid, and assess each individual claim.[95]

text: In September 2015, chairman Russ Withers and chief executive Warren Wilmon announced they would resign from the company. Deputy chairman Michael Smith replaced Withers, while Bob Baily was appointed as interim chief executive.[96]

text: The Four Corners investigation into 7-Eleven won a Walkley Award in 2015.[97] In December 2015, Stewart Levitt of law firm Levitt Robinson Solicitors, who featured prominently in the Four Corners program, announced a potential class action lawsuit against 7-Eleven head office on behalf of franchisees who had allegedly been lured into signing on with 7-Eleven by false representations.[98]


document_title: Little Big Shots (Australian TV series)

question_text: when does little big shots australia come on

text: Little Big Shots (Australian TV series)

text:
Little Big Shots

Genre
Reality

Presented by
Shane Jacobson

Country of origin
Australia

Original language(s)
English

No. of series
1

No. of episodes
3

Production company(s)
Warner Bros. International Television Production

Release

Original network
Seven Network

Original release
27 August 2017 (2017-08-27) – present

Chronology

Related shows
Little Big Shots (US)

text: Little Big Shots is an Australian reality television show which premiered on the Seven Network on 27 August 2017.[1] The program, based on the American format of the same name, is hosted by Shane Jacobson and features performances by children aged 3 to 13 years old.[2]

text: The program is produced by Warner Bros. International Television Production.[3][4]

text: The program was set to premiere on 16 July 2017,[5] but was delayed due to the ratings success of Australian Ninja Warrior on rival channel Nine Network,[6] it subsequently premiered on 27 August 2017.[1]

text: List of Acts[edit]

text: List of acts that will appear throughout the series.[7]

text:
Child
Age
Act
Location/
State

Agustin Candusso
7
Origami Expert
NSW

Akshat Singh
12
Viral Dancer
India

Albert Diab
12
Human Body Expert
NSW

Alexsa Kachan
7
Power Tumbler
NSW

Amelie Lu
9
Archer
VIC

Anke Chen
6
Pianist
China

Aralai Mattila-Mertens
9
Brazilian Jiu Jitsu
NSW

Arat Hosseini
3
Wall Climber
Iran

Bella Devyatkina
4
Polyglot
Russia

Bella Grosse
11
Horse Trickster
NSW

Campbell Remess
13
Teddy Bear Maker
TAS

Charlie Dunn
5
Sheep Shearer
NSW

Charlie Parker
7
Reptile Ranger
VIC

Charlotte Bartlett-Nealeigh
9
Knife Throwers
USA

Grennan Bartlett-Nealeigh
12

Declan Sander
6
Spelling Champion
VIC

Eduarda Henklein
7
Drummer
Brazil

Emerald Wulf
11
Contortionist
USA

Evan Luc-Tran
8
Photographic Memory Holder
NSW

Evnika Saadvakass
10
Boxer
Russia

Ewan Chate
11
Pogo Stick Jumper
NSW

Gisele Messina
11
Latin and Ballroom Dancers
NSW

Yoni Herz
13

Harley Jackson
11
Unicycling Bagpiper
NSW

Lennox Carolan
5
Wrestlers
NSW

Harmony Carolan
7

Zenon Pate
10

Ryder Pate
12

Phoenix Pate
13

Liam Carolan
14

Jacob Cousins
9
Haka Leader
NSW

Jayden Dinga
12
Snooker Trickster
QLD

Jett Simmons
9
Lawn Bowler
VIC

Jianyu Que
12
Rubik’s Cube Genius
China

Jude Owens-Fleetwood
10
Violinists
SA

Lewis Owens-Fleetwood
5

Li-sa X
12
Guitarist
Japan

Louis Rebeiro
11
Pianist (Blues)
WA

Lucas Lum
8
Table Tennis Champions
VIC

Nicholas Lum
12

Mater Vandeleur
9
Journalist
SA

Micah June
7
Hip-Hop Dancer
NSW

Ned Eliott
10
Lawn Mower Racer
NSW

Nikita Leskovec
11
Animal Impersonator
VIC

Ocean Brown
5
Skateboarders
Japan

Sky Brown
9

Om Swaroop
7
Limbo Skater
India

Parker O’Neile
8
Rodeo Roper
NSW

Rafael Nselel
5
Memory Extraordinaire
VIC

Selevasio Tu’ima
14
Maori Singer
NZ

Sofia Bogdanova
11
Roller Skater
Russia

Thomas Petrie
7
Champion Whip Cracker
QLD

Torino Brodie
7
Goat Shower
QLD

Tyrone Snell
8
Science Professor
QLD

Vienna-Rose Bahn
5
Hula Dancers
VIC

Elyssa Kaberry
6

Ligipati Kamupala
7

Nadine Daniel
8

Victoria (Terina) Iwugia
8

Viniana Lili Passi
8

Will Gaskett
10
Frisbee Trickster
VIC

Xiong Fei
10
Latin Dancer
CHINA

Zane Weinberg
7
Golfer
NSW

text: Ratings[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Air date
Timeslot
Overnight ratings
Consolidated ratings
Total
viewers
Ref(s)

Viewers
Rank
Viewers
Rank

1
Episode 1
27 August 2017
Sunday 7:00pm
1,672,000
1
116,000
1
1,788,000
[8][9]

2
Episode 2
3 September 2017
Sunday 7:00pm
1,305,000
1
116,000
1
1,421,000
[10][11]

3
Episode 3
10 September 2017
Sunday 7:00pm
1,232,000
3
N/A
N/A
1,232,000
[12]

4
Episode 4
17 September 2017
Sunday 7:00pm
1,154,000
3
N/A
N/A
1,154,000
[13]