document_title: Pennsylvania State University

question_text: what is the acceptance rate for penn state

question_tokens: what is the acceptance rate for penn state

text: Pennsylvania State University

text: History[edit]

text: Early years[edit]

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text: The school was founded as a degree-granting institution on February 22, 1855, by act P.L. 46, No. 50 of the General Assembly of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania as the Farmers' High School of Pennsylvania. Centre County, Pennsylvania, became the home of the new school when James Irvin of Bellefonte, Pennsylvania, donated 200 acres (0.8 km2) of land – the first of 10,101 acres (41 km2) the school would eventually acquire. In 1862, the school's name was changed to the Agricultural College of Pennsylvania, and with the passage of the Morrill Land-Grant Acts, Pennsylvania selected the school in 1863 to be the state's sole land-grant college. The school's name changed to the Pennsylvania State College in 1874; enrollment fell to 64 undergraduates the following year as the school tried to balance purely agricultural studies with a more classic education.[25]

text: George W. Atherton became president of the school in 1882, and broadened the curriculum. Shortly after he introduced engineering studies, Penn State became one of the ten largest engineering schools in the nation.[26] Atherton also expanded the liberal arts and agriculture programs, for which the school began receiving regular appropriations from the state in 1887.[27] A major road in State College has been named in Atherton's honor. Additionally, Penn State's Atherton Hall, a well-furnished and centrally located residence hall, is named not after George Atherton himself, but after his wife, Frances Washburn Atherton.[28] His grave is in front of Schwab Auditorium near Old Main, marked by an engraved marble block in front of his statue.

text: Early 20th century[edit]

text: In the years that followed, Penn State grew significantly, becoming the state's largest grantor of baccalaureate degrees and reaching an enrollment of 5,000 in 1936.[25] Around that time, a system of commonwealth campuses was started by President Ralph Dorn Hetzel to provide an alternative for Depression-era students who were economically unable to leave home to attend college.[25]

text: In 1953, President Milton S. Eisenhower, brother of then-U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower, sought and won permission to elevate the school to university status as The Pennsylvania State University.[29] Under his successor Eric A. Walker (1956–1970), the university acquired hundreds of acres of surrounding land, and enrollment nearly tripled.[25] In addition, in 1967, the Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, a college of medicine and hospital, was established in Hershey with a $50 million gift from the Hershey Trust Company.[25]

text: Modern era[edit]

text: In the 1970s, the university became a state-related institution. As such, it now belongs to the Commonwealth System of Higher Education. In 1975, the lyrics in Penn State's alma mater song were revised to be gender-neutral in honor of International Women's Year; the revised lyrics were taken from the posthumously-published autobiography of the writer of the original lyrics, Fred Lewis Pattee, and Professor Patricia Farrell acted as a spokesperson for those who wanted the change.[30]

text: In 1989, the Pennsylvania College of Technology in Williamsport joined ranks with the university, and in 2000, so did the Dickinson School of Law.[31] The university is now the largest in Pennsylvania, and in 2003, it was credited with having the second-largest impact on the state economy of any organization, generating an economic effect of over $17 billion on a budget of $2.5 billion.[32] To offset the lack of funding due to the limited growth in state appropriations to Penn State, the university has concentrated its efforts on philanthropy (2003 marked the end of the Grand Destiny campaign—a seven-year effort that raised over $1.3 billion).[33]

text: Child sex abuse scandal[edit]

text: In 2011, the university and its football team garnered major international media attention and criticism due to a sex abuse scandal in which university officials were alleged to have covered up incidents of child sexual abuse by former football team defensive coordinator Jerry Sandusky. Athletic director Timothy Curley and Gary Schultz, Senior Vice President for Finance and Business, were indicted for perjury. In the wake of the scandal, coach Joe Paterno was fired[34] and school president Graham B. Spanier was forced to resign[35] by the Board of Trustees. Sandusky, who maintained his innocence,[36] was indicted and subsequently convicted in June 2012 on 45 counts for the abuse.

text: A subcommittee of the Board of Trustees engaged former FBI director Louis Freeh to head an independent investigation on the university's handling of the incidents. Freeh released his findings in July 2012, announcing that Paterno, along with Spanier, Curley and Schultz "conceal[ed] Sandusky's activities from the Board of Trustees, the University community and authorities" and "failed to protect against a child sexual predator harming children for over a decade".[37][38] On July 23, 2012, the National Collegiate Athletic Association announced a series of sanctions against Penn State and the Nittany Lions football team for the role of their leadership in the Penn State sex abuse scandal. The NCAA penalized Penn State football with a $60 million fine, a ban from bowl games and post-season play for 4 years, a reduction in scholarships from 25 to 15 per year for four years, the vacating of all wins from 1998 to 2011 and a 5-year probationary period.[39]

text: The validity of the sanctions later came into question, and emails surfaced that indicated highly ranked officials within the NCAA did not believe the organization had the jurisdiction to pass down the original sanctions.[40] Subsequent emails, brought forward under subpoena, quoted Mark Emmert, the NCAA President, as agreeing the original sanctions were possible due to a bluff by the NCAA.[41] On September 8, 2014, the sanctions, following a report by former U.S. Senator and athletics integrity monitor George J. Mitchell citing progress by Penn State in implementing reforms,[42] were officially repealed by the NCAA and all previous records were restored.[43]

text: An investigation led by former U.S. Attorney General Richard Thornburgh, who was retained by the Paterno family to review the Freeh report,[44] concluded that the report that placed so much blame on Penn State and Paterno was a "rush to injustice" that could not be relied upon.[45] He found that not only did the evidence "fall far short" of showing Paterno attempted to conceal the Sandusky scandal, but rather that "the contrary is true".[44] In November 2014, state Sen. Jake Corman released emails showing "regular and substantive" contact between NCAA officials and Freeh's investigators, suggesting that the Freeh conclusions were orchestrated.[46]

text: Paterno was posthumously honored by Penn State during the September 17, 2016 football game that marked the 50th anniversary of his first game as head coach.[47][48] The controversial tribute was met with both a standing ovation by fans and protests inside and outside of the stadium.[49][50]

text: Campuses[edit]

text: University Park[edit]

text: The largest of the university's 24 campuses, University Park is almost entirely within the boundaries of State College borough, a site chosen because it is near the geographic center of the state. With an undergraduate acceptance rate of 23 percent,[51] it is the most selective campus in the Penn State system, due primarily to the fact that students select University Park as their first-choice campus at a far greater rate than the university's other undergraduate campuses.[52] During the fall 2016 semester, 41,359 undergraduate students and 8,955 graduate students were enrolled at University Park.[53] Of those, 46.3 percent were female[54] and 40.5 percent were not Pennsylvania residents.[55]

text: Transportation access[edit]

text: The main University Park campus is centrally located at the junction of Interstate 99 and U.S. Route 322, and is due south of Interstate 80. Before the arrival of the Interstates the University was a short distance from a Lock Haven – Altoona branch line of the Pennsylvania Railroad. The last run of long distance trains from Buffalo or Harrisburg through Lock Haven was in 1971.[56] Today, the nearest passenger rail access is in Lewistown 31 miles to the southeast. The University Park Airport, serving four regional airlines, is near University Park.

text: Commonwealth campuses[edit]

text: In addition to the University Park campus, 19 campus locations throughout the state offer enrollment for undergraduate students. Over 60 percent of Penn State first-year students begin their education at a location other than University Park.[57] Each of these commonwealth campuses offer a unique set of degree programs based on the student demographics. Any student in good academic standing is guaranteed a spot at University Park to finish his or her degree if required or desired, known as "change of campus" or more accurately "the 2+2 program"; where a Penn State student may start at any Penn State campus, including University Park, for 2 years and finish at any Penn State the final 2 years.[58]

text: Special-mission campuses[edit]

text: The Dickinson School of Law, which was split in 2014 into Dickinson Law and Penn State Law,[59] was founded in 1834 and is the oldest law school in Pennsylvania. Its merger with Penn State was completed in 2000. It has produced a number of governors, members of congress, and judges. A number of attorneys comprise the faculties at both schools and lead several centers and institutes devoted to specific practice areas. Penn State Law also houses the School of International Affairs.

text: The Penn State Great Valley School of Graduate Professional Studies is a special mission campus offering master's degrees, master's certification, and continuing professional education. Located in Malvern, Pennsylvania, it also offers classes at the old Philadelphia Naval Shipyard.

text: Penn State College of Medicine in Hershey, Pennsylvania, is the university's medical school and teaching hospital. Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center has become only the ninth hospital in the United States and 16th worldwide to implant the CardioWest temporary Total Artificial Heart when a 60-year-old man suffering from end-stage heart failure received the device in May 2008.

text: Pennsylvania College of Technology, in Williamsport, Pennsylvania, offers certificates as well as degrees in over 10 technical fields.

text: In 1998, the university launched Penn State World Campus, or Penn State Online, which offers more than 60 online education programs, degrees, and certificates. Distance education has a long history at Penn State, one of the first universities in the country to offer a correspondence course for remote farmers in 1892. Examples of online programs include an MBA, master of professional studies in homeland security, a bachelor of science in nursing, and postbaccalaureate certificates in geographic information systems and applied behavior analysis. Penn State's World Campus offers 18 graduate degrees, 21 graduate certificates, 17 undergraduate degrees, and 11 undergraduate certificates. World Campus students come from all 50 U.S. states, more than 40 countries, and six continents.

text: Organization and administration[edit]

text: Penn State is a "state-related" university, part of Pennsylvania's Commonwealth System of Higher Education. As such, although it receives funding from the Commonwealth and is connected to the state through its board of trustees, it is otherwise independent and not subject to the state's direct control. For the 2006–2007 fiscal year, the university received 9.7 percent of its budget from state appropriations, the lowest of the four state-related institutions in Pennsylvania.[60] Initial reports concerning the 2007–2008 fiscal year indicated that Pennsylvania Governor Ed Rendell is recommending a 1.6 percent increase in state appropriations.[61] Penn State's appropriation request, submitted to the Pennsylvania Department of Education in September, requested a 6.8 percent increase in funding.[62][needs update]

text: Colleges[edit]

text: The University Park campus is organized into fourteen distinct colleges:[63]

text:
College of Agricultural Sciences
College of Arts and Architecture
Smeal College of Business
Donald P. Bellisario College of Communications
College of Earth and Mineral Sciences
College of Education
College of Engineering

College of Health and Human Development
College of Information Sciences and Technology
College of the Liberal Arts
Eberly College of Science
Graduate School
Schreyer Honors College
College of Nursing

text: In addition, the university's Board of Trustees voted in January 2007 to create a School of International Affairs, with the first classes admitted in the fall 2008 semester.[64] The school is part of Penn State Law.[65]

text: Formerly the School of Nursing, on September 25, 2013, the Board of Trustees granted the nursing program college status.[66]

text: Board of Trustees[edit]

text: The university is governed by the 32-member board of trustees. Its members include the university's president, the Governor of the Commonwealth, and the state Secretaries of Agriculture, Conservation and Natural Resources, and Education. The other members include six trustees appointed by the Governor, nine elected by alumni, and six elected by Pennsylvania agricultural societies. Six additional trustees are elected by a board representing business and industry enterprises.[67] Undergraduate students do not elect any trustees; the court case Benner v. Oswald ruled that the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment did not require the undergraduate students be allowed to participate in the selection of trustees.

text: As of 2013, the chair of the board of trustees is Keith E. Masser, a graduate of Penn State and the Chairman & Chief Executive Officer of Sterman Masser, Inc.[68]

text: The main responsibilities of the board are to select the president of Penn State, to determine the goals and strategic direction of the University, and to approve the annual budget.[69] Regular meetings of the board are held bi-monthly and take place primarily on the University Park campus, although on occasion meetings are held at other locations within the Commonwealth.[70]

text: Administration[edit]

text: The president of the University is selected by the board and is given the authority for actual control of the university, including day-to-day management. In practice, part of this responsibility is delegated by the president to other departments of the administration, to the faculty, and to the student body.[69] Eric J. Barron became the university's 18th and current president on May 12, 2014, upon the departure of Rodney Erickson.[4][71]

text: The executive vice president and provost is the chief academic officer of the University. The current provost, Nicholas P. Jones, assumed office on July 1, 2013.[72] The current Associate Vice President and Senior Associate Dean For Undergraduate Education is Robert N. Pangborn[73]

text: Student government[edit]

text: Penn State has a long history of student governance. Elected student leaders remain directly involved in the decision-making of the University administration, as provided for in the Board of Trustee's Standing Orders.[74] Currently, there are three Student Governments recognized by the University administration: the University Park Undergraduate Association (UPUA), the Graduate and Professional Student Association (GPSA), and the Council of Commonwealth Student Governments (CCSG).

text: The University Park Undergraduate Association (UPUA) is the representative student government of the 39,102[75] undergraduate students at Penn State's University Park campus,[76] which was established in 2006 after the former student government, Undergraduate Student Government (USG), lost its recognition by way of a student referendum.[77]

text: The UPUA is composed of an Assembly of Student Representatives, an Executive Board, and a Judicial Board. The Executive Board is the bureaucratic branch of the UPUA and is led by Student Body President Katie Jordan. The Assembly, which is led by Chair Brent Rice, is the legislative body of UPUA and is composed of elected representatives whose constituencies include the academic units of Penn State, Greek Life, Freshmen Representatives, and At-Large Representatives.[78] The UPUA meets every Wednesday at 8:00 pm in 233A HUB. These meetings are open to the public.[79] Additionally, students are able to reach out to the UPUA regarding issues at the University through its "What to Fix PSU (WTFPSU)" social media campaign.

text: The graduate and professional students of the University are governed by the Graduate and Professional Student Association (GPSA), which is the oldest continuously existing student governance organization at Penn State.[80] GPSA "work[s] on the behalf of the students to make sure that the graduate voice is heard by all levels of the administration and faculty at Penn State and to put on events geared towards graduate and professional students."[80]

text: The 19 commonwealth campuses of the university are governed by the Council of Commonwealth Student Governments (CCSG), formerly known as the Council of Branch Campus Student Governments (CBCSG).[81]

text: Academics[edit]

text: Penn State is regionally accredited by The Middle States Commission on Higher Education.

text: As of September 2009, only 24 Pennsylvania colleges and universities held Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business accreditation in business and only four in accounting. The Smeal College of Business, The Sam and Irene Black School of Business, Penn State Harrisburg, and Penn State Great Valley were among the institutions accredited.[82]

text: The university offers an accelerated Premedical-Medical Program in cooperation with Sidney Kimmel Medical College.[83] Students in the program spend two or three years at the university before attending medical school at Jefferson.

text: Recently, a joint venture between the Eberly College of Science and the Smeal College of Business created an integrated undergraduate/graduate program to give highly motivated students the opportunity to receive a bachelor's degree in Science and an MBA two to five years sooner than those pursuing a traditional path. The BS/MBA Program prepares individuals to be future leaders of the world's scientific organizations and is led by Mr. Peter Tombros and Dr. James Gardner.

text: Demographics[edit]

text: As of fall 2010, the racial makeup of the Penn State system including all campuses and special-mission colleges, was 75.4 percent white, 5.5 percent black, 4.3 percent Asian, 4.4 percent Hispanic, 0.2 percent Native American, 0.1 percent Native Hawaiian/Pac Island, 1.7 percent two or more races, 5.8 percent international students and 3.1 percent of an unknown race. Over the period 2000–2010, minority enrollment as a percentage of total enrollments has risen 5.3 percentage points,[84] while minorities as a percentage of total teaching positions rose 2.0 percentage points from 1997 to 2002.[85]

text: Penn State has been the subject of controversy for several issues of discrimination. Following some violent attacks on African-Americans in downtown State College in 1988 and complaints that Penn State was not adequately recruiting African-American faculty and students to representative population levels, student activists occupied Old Main and demanded that Penn State do more to recruit minority students and address intolerance toward minority students on campus, as well as in the local community. After President Bryce Jordan canceled a promised meeting with students and organizations in the Paul Robeson Cultural Center on April 8, 1988, 250 students and activists nonviolently occupied Penn State's Telecommunications building on campus. The following morning, 50 state troopers and 45 local and campus police, equipped with helmets, batons, and rubber gloves, entered the building as the crowd outside sang “We Shall Overcome”, arresting 89 individuals for trespassing.[86] All charges were later dismissed.

text: In 1990 a vice provost for educational equity was appointed to lead a five-year strategic plan to "create an environment characterized by equal access and respected participation for all groups and individuals irrespective of cultural differences."[87][88] Since then, discrimination issues include the handling of death threats in 1992 and 2001,[89][90][91][92] controversy around LGBT issues,[93] and the investigation of a 2006 sexual discrimination lawsuit filed by former Lady Lions basketball player Jennifer Harris, alleging that head coach Rene Portland dismissed her from the team in part due to her perceived sexual orientation.[94][95]

text: Six-year graduation rates for the 2004 cohort at University Park was 85.3 percent. Graduation rates by race among this group are 86.6 percent white, 75.0 percent black, 81.9 percent Asian, 77.4 percent Hispanic, 57.1 percent Native American and 76.1 percent international students.[84] According to a 2006 survey by USA Today, the university's flagship campus, University Park, has the highest in-state tuition rates among comparable institutions nationwide.[96] While a task force formed in 2001 to study options for tuition projections determined that the university's operating efficiency is among the highest in postsecondary education,[97] it found that tuition increases at Penn State still consistently outpaced increases at other Big Ten Conference institutions.[98] Student leaders of The Council of Commonwealth Student Governments (CCSG) have led annual rallies to support lower rate hikes at each of the nineteen commonwealth campuses and at the Pennsylvania state capitol in Harrisburg.[99][100] In 2005, the board of trustees proposed a tuition freeze at the commonwealth campus locations as part of its state appropriation request.[101]

text: Rankings[edit]

text:
University rankings

National

ARWU[102]
41

Forbes[103]
142

U.S. News & World Report[104]
50

Washington Monthly[105]
168

Global

ARWU[106]
85

QS[107]
93

Times[108]
68

U.S. News & World Report[109]
56

text:
University Rankings

University Park

QS Arts & Humanities[110]
81

QS Life Sciences & Medicine[111]
125

QS Natural Sciences[112]
84

THE-WUR World[113]
68

THE-WUR Reputation[114]
61-70

THE-WUR Arts/Humanities[115]
91

THE-WUR Life Sciences[116]
53

THE-WUR Physical Sciences[117]
54

THE-WUR Social Sciences[118]
46

THE-WUR Engineering/Tech.[119]
48

ARWU World[120]
85

ARWU Natural Science & Math[121]
49

ARWU Engineering & CS[122]
51-75

ARWU Life Sciences[123]
51-75

ARWU Social Sciences[124]
29

Leiden World[125]
43

text: The 2016 Academic Ranking of World Universities ranks the university 77th among universities worldwide and 41st nationally. U.S. News & World Report ranks the university's undergraduate program 50th in its 2017 American's Best College[126] and 14th among Top Public Schools in the United States.[127] In 2015, the university was also ranked 101st in the QS World University Rankings.[128] A more updated 2013–2014 World University Ranking by Times Higher Education ranks Penn State as the 49th best university in the world.[129] Similarly, the 2013 report by the Center for World University Rankings ranks the university as Top 50 in the world.[130]

text: According to a Wall Street Journal survey released in September 2010, the university was ranked number 1 by 479 corporate recruiting executives who were asked to identify "whose bachelor degree graduates were the best-trained and educated, and best able to succeed once hired."[131][132]

text: Research[edit]

text: According to the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education, the university is a research university with very high research activity.[133] Over 10,000 students are enrolled in the university's graduate school (including the law and medical schools), and over 70,000 degrees have been awarded since the school was founded in 1922.[134]

text: Penn State's research and development expenditure has been on the rise in recent years. For fiscal year 2013, according to institutional rankings of total research expenditures for science and engineering released by the National Science Foundation, Penn State stands second in the nation, behind only Johns Hopkins and tied with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, in the number of fields in which it is ranked in the top ten. Overall, Penn State ranked 17th nationally in total research expenditures across the board. In 12 individual fields, however, the University achieved rankings in the top ten nationally. The fields and sub-fields in which Penn State ranked in the top ten are materials (1st), psychology (2nd), mechanical engineering (3rd), sociology (3rd), electrical engineering (4th), total engineering (5th), aerospace engineering (8th), computer science (8th), agricultural sciences (8th), civil engineering (9th), atmospheric sciences (9th), and earth sciences (9th). In eleven of these fields, moreover, the University has repeated top-ten status every year since at least 2008.[135] For fiscal year 2011, the National Science Foundation reported that Penn State had spent $794,846,000 on R&D and ranked 15th among U.S. universities and colleges in R&D spending.[136] For the 2008–2009 fiscal year, Penn State was ranked ninth among U.S. universities by the National Science Foundation, with $753 million in research and development spending for science and engineering.[137] During the 2015–2016 fiscal year, Penn State received $836 million in research expenditures.[138]

text: The Applied Research Lab (ARL), located near the University Park campus, has been a research partner with the United States Department of Defense since 1945 and conducts research primarily in support of the United States Navy. It is the largest component of Penn State's research efforts statewide, with over 1,000 researchers and other staff members.[139][140]

text: The Materials Research Institute was created to coordinate the highly diverse and growing materials activities across Penn State's University Park campus. With more than 200 faculty in 15 departments, 4 colleges, and 2 Department of Defense research laboratories, MRI was designed to break down the academic walls that traditionally divide disciplines and thereby enable faculty to collaborate across departmental and even college boundaries. MRI has become a model for this interdisciplinary approach to research, both within and outside the university. Dr Richard E. Tressler, was an international leader in the development of high temperature materials. He pioneered high temperature fiber testing and use, advanced instrumentation and test methodologies for thermostructural materials, and design and performance verification of ceramics and composites in high temperature aerospace, industrial and energy applications. He was founding director of the Center for Advanced Materials (CAM) which supported many faculty and students from the College of Earth and Mineral Science, the Eberly College of Science, the College of Engineering, the Materials Research Laboratory and the Applied Research Laboratories at Penn State on high temperature materials. His vision for Interdisciplinary research played a key role in the creation of the Materials Research Institute, and the establishment of Penn State as an acknowledged leader among major universities in materials education and research.[141][142][143]

text: The university was one of the founding members of the Worldwide Universities Network (WUN), a partnership that includes 17 research-led universities in the United States, Asia, and Europe. The network provides funding, facilitates collaboration between universities, and coordinates exchanges of faculty members and graduate students among institutions. Former Penn State president Graham Spanier is a former vice-chair of the WUN.[144][145]

text: The Pennsylvania State University Libraries were ranked 14th among research libraries in North America in the 2003–2004 survey released by The Chronicle of Higher Education.[146] The university's library system began with a 1,500-book library in Old Main.[citation needed] In 2009, its holdings had grown to 5.2 million volumes, in addition to 500,000 maps, five million microforms, and 180,000 films and videos.[147]

text: The university's College of Information Sciences and Technology is the home of CiteSeerX, an open-access repository and search engine for scholarly publications. The university is also the host to the Radiation Science & Engineering Center, which houses the oldest operating university research reactor. Additionally, University Park houses the Graduate Program in Acoustics,[148] the only freestanding acoustics program in the United States. The university also houses the Center for Medieval Studies, a program that was founded to research and study the European Middle Ages,[149] and the Center for the Study of Higher Education (CSHE), one of the first centers established to research postsecondary education.

text: Big Ten Academic Alliance[edit]

text: Penn State is a participant in the Big Ten Academic Alliance. The Big Ten Academic Alliance (BTAA) is the academic consortium of the universities in the Big Ten Conference. Engaging in $10 billion in research in 2014–2015, BTAA universities provide powerful insight into important issues in medicine, technology, agriculture, and communities. Students at participating schools are also allowed "in-house" borrowing privileges at other schools' libraries.[150] The BTAA uses collective purchasing and licensing, and has saved member institutions $19 million to date.[151] Course sharing,[152] professional development programs,[153] study abroad and international collaborations,[154] and other initiatives are also part of the BTAA.

text: Student life[edit]

text: Housing[edit]

text: There are seven housing complexes located on campus for students attending the University Park campus: East Halls, North Halls, Pollock Halls, South Halls, West Halls, Eastview Terrace, and Nittany Apartments. Each complex consists of a few separate buildings that are dormitories and a commons building, which has lounges, the help desk for the complex, mailboxes for each dormitory room, a small food shop, and a cafeteria-style room. Different floors within a building may be designated as a Special Living Option (SLO). SLOs are offered to members of certain student groups (such as sororities), students studying particular majors, students who wish to engage in a particular life style (such as the alcohol-free LIFE House), or other groups who wish to pursue similar goals.

text: Student organizations[edit]

text: As of September 2014, 864 student organizations were recognized at the University Park campus.[155] In addition, the university has one of the largest Greek systems in the country, with approximately 12 percent of the University Park population affiliated. Additional organizations on campus include Thespians, Blue Band, Chabad, Glee Club, Aish HaTorah,[156] Student Programming Association (SPA), Lion's Pantry, Boulevard, 3D Printer Club, and the Anime Organization, which hosts a Centre County anime convention, Setsucon.[157]

text: THON[edit]

text: Every February, thousands of students participate in the Penn State IFC/Panhellenic Dance Marathon (THON), which has been "dubbed by supporters as the world's largest student-run philanthropy."[23] In previous years, participants stood for 48 hours nonstop and performed a line dance at least once every hour to stay alert. In 2007, THON was moved to the Jordan Center and now lasts 46 hours. THON raises millions of dollars annually for pediatric cancer care and research, generally through the Four Diamonds Fund. In 2014, THON raised a program record of $13.3 million.

text: The Lion's Pantry[edit]

text: The Lion's Pantry is an undergraduate student run on-campus food pantry (and a registered student organization). The Lion's Pantry serves undergraduate, graduate, and professional students. With an increase awareness of hunger on college campuses, the Lion's Pantry is one of the most successful startup food pantries in the nation. They partner with groups ranging from Boulevard, UPUA, Greek Life, and more to receive over 8,000 food donations a year. The club was also awarded the Class Gift of 2017 in the form of an endowment.[158]

text: Student media[edit]

text: Student media on campus includes La Vie, the university's annual student yearbook; the student-run radio station The LION 90.7 FM (WKPS-FM); Com Radio, independently programmed and operated by university undergraduates; The Daily Collegian, a student-run newspaper; Onward State, a student-run independent news website covering the Penn State community; and Phroth, a student-run humor magazine. For additional information on media related to Penn State – including Penn State Live, the official news source of the University – see the Media section below.

text: Penn State Live is the official news source of the university published by its public relations team. The student-run newspaper is The Daily Collegian, which is published every weekday while classes are in session. Since the summer of 1996, the traditional paper publication has been supplemented by an online edition, known as The Digital Collegian. Onward State, was founded in November 2008 by Davis Shaver, Evan Kalikow, and Eli Glazier. In addition, Penn State's newspaper readership program provides free copies of USA Today, The New York Times, as well as local and regional newspapers depending on the campus location (for example, the Centre Daily Times in University Park). This program, initiated by then-President Graham Spanier in 1997,[159] has since been instituted on several other universities across the country.[160]

text: La Vie (the Life), the university's annual student yearbook, has been in production documenting student life continuously since 1890.[161] La Vie 1987, edited by David Beagin, won a College Gold Crown for Yearbooks award from the Columbia Scholastic Press Association.[162]

text: The student-run radio station is The LION 90.7 fm (WKPS-FM). Founded in 1995 as a replacement for Penn State's original student radio station WDFM, The LION broadcasts from the ground floor of the HUB–Robeson Center, serving the Penn State and State College communities with alternative music and talk programming, including live coverage of home Penn State football games. In the early 1990s, students who belonged to a sports radio journalism club covered sporting events and produced and anchored weekly sports segments for WPSU, which eventually became solely an NPR affiliate.

text: In addition, the Penn State College of Communications operates ComRadio. It was founded in the spring of 2003 as an internet-based audio laboratory and co-curricular training environment for aspiring student broadcasters. ComRadio is most well known for its coverage of most major Penn State sporting events. ComRadio also airs student-produced Penn State news. Other programming includes student talk shows, political coverage, AP syndicated news and soft rock music. In recent years, ComRadio broadcasters have won numerous state awards for their on-air work. The station's sports department prides itself on the broadcasts of every home and away football game, including bowl games, and its coverage of the NFL Draft live from New York City.

text: Onward State is a student-run blog geared towards members of the university's community. The blog provides news, features, and event-listings. Founded in November 2008, U.S. News & World Report named the blog the "Best Alternative Media Outlet" in February 2009. Alison Go, a blogger of U.S. News & World Report organized the contest "Best Alternative Media Outlet" at the beginning of 2009. Onward State, still a fledgling organization, was surprisingly nominated. Pitted against Onward State were seasoned blogs from UC Berkeley, Vassar, Wesleyan, Columbia, Georgetown, Middlebury, Yale, and an Ivy League conglomerate. Snatching 24.76 percent of the vote, Onward State finished in first place, pleasantly surprising the Penn State bloggers.[163][164] The Daily Collegian first acknowledged Onward State at the time of the blog's victory. The two Collegian articles brought greater awareness of the blog to the university's community. In an interview with The Collegian about next year's contest, Davis Shaver explained "We have big ambitions... I think that we're just going to be more established, more of a name within the Penn State community by then. There is a strong possibility of being Alternative Media repeat champions."[165]

text: The student-run humor magazine is Phroth, which publishes two to four issues each year. Its roots date back to 1909 when it was called Froth. Several Froth writers and editors have gone on to win fame: Julius J. Epstein wrote the screenplay for the film Casablanca (1942) and won three Academy Awards; Jimmy Dugan wrote for the Saturday Evening Post, National Geographic, and The New York Times; and Ronald Bonn was a producer with NBC Nightly News and CBS Evening News.[166]

text: Kalliope is an undergraduate literary magazine produced by students and sponsored by the university's English Department. Kalliope includes works of fiction, nonfiction, poetry, and visual art.[167] The student-run life and style magazine is Valley.[168]

text: Athletics[edit]

text: Penn State's mascot is the Nittany Lion, a representation of a type of mountain lion that once roamed what is now University Park. The school's official colors, now blue and white, were originally black and dark pink. Penn State participates in the NCAA Division I FBS and in the Big Ten Conference for most sports.[169]

text: Two sports participate in different conferences: men's volleyball in the Eastern Intercollegiate Volleyball Association (EIVA)[170] and women's hockey in College Hockey America (CHA).[171] The fencing teams operate as independents.

text: Athletic teams at Penn State have won 77 national collegiate team championships (49 NCAA, 2 consensus Division I football titles, 6 AIAW, 3 USWLA, 1 WIBC, and 4 national titles in boxing, 11 in men's soccer and one in wrestling in years prior to NCAA sponsorship).[172] The 49 NCAA Championships ranks fifth all time in NCAA Division I, and is the most of any Big Ten school.[173]

text: Since joining the Big Ten in 1991, Penn State teams have won 103 conference regular season and tournament titles.[174]

text: Penn State has one of the most successful overall athletic programs in the country, as evidenced by its rankings in the NACDA Director's Cup, a list compiled by the National Association of Collegiate Directors of Athletics that charts institutions' overall success in college sports. From the Cup's inception in the 1993–1994 season, the Nittany Lions have finished in the top 25 every year.[175]

text: Despite widespread success in the overall athletic program, however, the school is best known for its football team, which draws a very large following. Penn State's Beaver Stadium has the second largest seating capacity of any stadium in the nation,[176] with an official capacity of 106,572 slightly behind Michigan Stadium with an official capacity of 107,601. For decades, the football team was led by coach Joe Paterno. Paterno was in a close competition with Bobby Bowden, the head coach for Florida State, for the most wins ever in Division I-A (now the FBS) history. This competition effectively ended with Paterno still leading following Bowden's retirement after the 2010 Gator Bowl. In 2007, he was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame.[177] Paterno amassed 409 victories over his career, the most in NCAA Division 1 history.[178] Paterno died on January 22, 2012, at the age of 85.

text: The school's wrestling team has also become noticed. Under Cael Sanderson, the Nittany Lions won six national titles in a seven-year span, from 2011 to 2017.

text: The university opened a new Penn State All-Sports Museum in February 2002. This two-level 10,000-square-foot (1,000 m2) museum is located inside Beaver Stadium.[179] In addition to the school funded athletics, club sports also play a major role in the University, with over 68 club sport organizations meeting regularly to date. Many club teams compete nationally in their respective sports. The Penn State Ski Team, which competes as part of the United States Collegiate Ski and Snowboard Association (USCSA) in the Allegheny Conference, as well as the Penn State Swim Club, which competes in the American Swimming Association – University League (ASAU), are just a few examples. Some other clubs include baseball, squash, karate, crew, and sailing.

text: Penn State's most well known athletic cheer is "We are...Penn State." Typically, the students and cheerleaders shout, "We are," followed by a response of "Penn State" from the rest of the fans. By tradition, this is done three times, and followed by "Thank you..." "... You're welcome!"

text: Notable people[edit]

text: The list of eminent past and present individuals associated with Penn State—as alumni, faculty, and athletic staff—can be found in the list of Pennsylvania State University people.

text: The Alumni Association[edit]

text: Established in 1870, nine years after the university's first commencement exercises, the Penn State Alumni Association has the stated mission "to connect alumni to the University and to each other, provide valuable benefits to members and support the University's mission of teaching, research and service."[180] The Alumni Association supports a number of educational and extracurricular missions of Penn State through financial support and is the network that connects alumni through over 280 "alumni groups", many of which are designated based on geographical, academic, or professional affiliation.[181]

text: As of July 1, 2010, the Alumni Association counts 496,969 members within the United States, with an additional 16,180 in countries around the globe.[182][183] About half the United States alumni reside in Pennsylvania, primarily in the urban areas of Philadelphia (and the surrounding counties), the Pittsburgh Area and in the Centre County region surrounding State College, although alumni can be found in every region of the country and abroad. About 34 percent of United States alumni and 21 percent of international alumni are members of the Alumni Association.[184][185] With membership totaling 176,426 as of FY2016, the Penn State Alumni Association is the largest dues-paying alumni association in the world, a distinction it has held since 1995.[186]

text: Since 2001, the university, along with all schools in the Big Ten, has participated in the "Big Ten Challenge" website, which is a "competitive" clearinghouse of alumni donation statistics for member schools. Results are tracked to determine a percentage of each school's alumni from the previous decade who gave to their alma mater each calendar year (during the 2005–2006 year, alumni donations from 1996 to 2005 were tallied). With the exception of 2005–2006, when Penn State fell to second behind Northwestern University,[187] Penn State has won the challenge each year since its inception.[188][189][190][191]


document_title: Didymus

question_text: what is the meaning of the name didymus

question_tokens: what is the meaning of the name didymus

root

text: Didymus

text: Didymus (Greek for "twin") may refer to:

tag: p

text: People[edit]

text: Historical[edit]

text:
Arius Didymus (fl. 1st century BC), Stoic philosopher
Thomas the Apostle, also known as Didymus
Didymus Chalcenterus (c. 63 BC – AD 10), Hellenistic scholar and grammarian
Didymus the Blind (313–398), ecclesiastical writer of Alexandria
Didymus the Musician, music theorist in Alexandria of the 1st century
St Didymus, 4th century companion of St Theodora
Didymus, a member of the House of Theodosius and distant relative of the Roman emperor Flavius Augustus Honorius, of whom little is known.
Didymus Mutasa, Minister of National Security in Zimbabwe

tag: ul

text: Fictional[edit]

text: Sir Didymus, a fictional character from the movie Labyrinth.

text: Animals[edit]

text:
Didymus (weevil), a genus of weevils found in New Zealand, the Kermadec and Norfolk Islands.
Leptodactylus didymus, a species of frog in Bolivia and Peru

text: Also[edit]

text: Didimus, a genus of beetle

text: Disambiguation page providing links to articles with similar titlesThis disambiguation page lists  articles associated with the title Didymus.  If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.

tag: table

text: Disambiguation pages

text: Disambiguation pages with short descriptionAll article disambiguation pagesAll disambiguation pages


document_title: Super Bowl ring

question_text: who got the most superbowl rings in the nfl

text: Super Bowl ring

text: Details[edit]

text: These rings are typically made of yellow or white gold with diamonds. They usually include the team name, team logo, and Super Bowl number (usually indicated in Roman numerals). The NFL contributes up to $5,000 per ring for up to 150 rings for the winning team; any additional costs are borne by the team.[1] Most rings are manufactured by memorabilia company Jostens. In 2015, the rings for the New England Patriots reportedly cost $36,500 each, making them the most expensive rings Jostens has ever produced.[2]

text: The winning team can typically present rings to whomever they choose, including usually, but not limited to: players (active roster or injured), coaches, trainers, executives, personnel, and general staff. Some teams have given rings to former players and coaches that were on the team at some point during the season, despite not having been on the winning roster for the Super Bowl itself.[3][4] Sometimes a team will give rings to fans as part of a charity raffle.[5] Teams can distribute any number of rings. A recent trend over the last 15–20 years has been lesser rings awarded to front office staff. These are commonly called "B" and "C" level rings and are smaller and contain fewer diamonds or contain faux diamonds. The first instance of this was the Redskins Super Bowl XVII ring when many in the front office received rings that were not solid gold and contained cubic zirconia stones (which resemble diamonds). When Tampa Bay won Super Bowl XXXVII, the players and coaches received rings with a diamond-centered Lombardi trophy. Some staff received rings with a metal Lombardi trophy and real diamonds surrounding the trophy and the "C" level ring did not contain any diamonds.

text: Many rings feature diamonds in the shape of the Vince Lombardi Trophy or a football. Some feature diamonds or gold in the shape of a team logo. Others illustrate the number of Super Bowls that franchise has won. Also, the rings are customized with the player's name and uniform number.

text: The Green Bay Packers Super Bowl XLV ring[6] contained more than 100 diamonds. The Packer logo, in the center of the ring, made up 13 diamonds, one for each title the team has won, dating back to 1929. In a break from tradition, this is the first Super Bowl ring to be made of platinum, not gold.[citation needed]

text: The New England Patriots Super Bowl LI ring has 283 diamonds, to commemorate their comeback from being down 28-3 versus the Atlanta Falcons late in the 3rd quarter.[7]

text: Value and resale[edit]

text: Replicas of the rings for various years are popular collectibles, along with genuine rings. Dave Meggett is known to have placed his ring for sale on eBay. Two Super Bowl rings from the 1970 Steelers sold on eBay for over $69,000 apiece in mid-2008.[8] Patriots safety Je'Rod Cherry raffled his ring from Super Bowl XXXVI in November 2008 to benefit several charities working to help children in Africa and Asia.[9] Tight end Shannon Sharpe, meanwhile, gave his first Super Bowl ring to his brother Sterling, who had his career cut short by injury.[10]

text: In 2011, a Super Bowl ring belonging to Steve Wright, a lineman for the Green Bay Packers in the 1960s, sold for over $73,000 at auction. Three Super Bowl rings belonging to former Raiders' punter Ray Guy brought over $96,000 at auction. In 2012, Lawrence Taylor's son sold his father's Super Bowl ring from 1990 for more than $250,000.

text: Most Super Bowl rings[edit]

text:
Seven: two people.

Bill Belichick: two as defensive coordinator of the New York Giants and five as head coach of New England Patriots
Neal Dahlen:[11][12] five with San Francisco 49ers (staff and player personnel) and two with Denver Broncos (general manager)

Six: six people.

Dan Rooney and Art Rooney II: each as an executive with Pittsburgh Steelers
Chuck Noll: four as head coach and two as a team consultant with Pittsburgh Steelers
Bill Nunn: each as a scout with Pittsburgh Steelers[13][14]
"Mean Joe" Greene: four as a defensive tackle, two as a special assistant for player personnel, all with the Pittsburgh Steelers[15]
Conditioning coach Mike Woicik: three with Dallas Cowboys and three with New England Patriots

Five: twenty people.

Charles Haley, five (two as a linebacker with the San Francisco 49ers and three as a defensive end with the Dallas Cowboys)
Tom Brady, five as starting quarterback with New England Patriots; he has the most rings of any active player (as of the end of the 2017–18 season), he is the only player to win five playing for one team, and he has more than any other quarterback in Super Bowl history.
Robert Kraft, five as owner of New England Patriots
Edward J. DeBartolo, Jr., five as owner of San Francisco 49ers
Keith Simon: five as CFO and Executive VP with San Francisco 49ers
Bobb McKittrick: five as offensive line coach with San Francisco 49ers
Ray Rhodes: five as an assistant coach with San Francisco 49ers
Bill McPherson: five as defensive line coach with San Francisco 49ers
Dick Hoak: each as a running backs coach with Pittsburgh Steelers
Romeo Crennel: two as a defensive coach with New York Giants and three as a defensive coordinator with New England Patriots
George Seifert: three as an assistant coach and two as a head coach all with San Francisco 49ers
Dwight Clark: two as a player and three as a member of the front office, all with San Francisco 49ers
Pepper Johnson: two as a linebacker for New York Giants and three as an assistant coach with New England Patriots
Monsignor Peter Armstrong: five as chaplain for San Francisco 49ers
Markus Paul: three as an assistant strength and conditioning coach with the New England Patriots, and two as an assistant strength and conditioning coach with the New York Giants[16]
Tim Rooney: Three with Pittsburgh Steelers and two with New York Giants (as Pro Personnel Director/Scout)
Josh McDaniels has won five with the New England Patriots his first as personnel assistant, second as defensive coaching assistant, third as quarterbacks coach and his fourth and fifth as offensive coordinator.
Ivan Fears has won five with New England Patriots his first as wide receivers coach and the remaining as running backs coach.
Ernie Adams has won five with New England Patriots as a football research director
Brian Daboll has won five with New England Patriots, one as a defensive coaching assistant, two as wide receivers coach, and two as tight ends coach

Four: at least 39 players, many coaches and staff.

The first player to win four Super Bowl rings was tight-end Marv Fleming, who got a pair with Green Bay Packers in 1966 and 1967, and another pair with Miami Dolphins in 1972 and 1973.
Twenty-two players earned four rings with Pittsburgh Steelers in the 1970s: Terry Bradshaw, Franco Harris, Lynn Swann, John Stallworth, Mel Blount, Jack Lambert, Jack Ham, Mike Webster, Donnie Shell, L. C. Greenwood, Rocky Bleier, Gerry Mullins, Larry Brown, Mike Wagner, J.T. Thomas, Loren Toews, Jon Kolb, Sam Davis, Steve Furness, Dwight White, Randy Grossman and the previously mentioned Joe Greene (who later added two more rings). At least five coaches were with the team all four years: George Perles, Louis Riecke, Woody Widenhofer and (as noted above) Chuck Noll and Dick Hoak. The list of Steelers front office staff receiving four rings during that era includes Director of Player Personnel Dick Haley.
Tom Flores: First person to have rings as a player (Kansas City Chiefs), assistant coach and head coach (Oakland Raiders)
Joe Montana, Keena Turner, Jesse Sapolu, Eric Wright, Mike Wilson and Ronnie Lott each won four Super Bowl rings with the 49ers.
Kicker Adam Vinatieri won three with the New England Patriots and one with the Indianapolis Colts
Russ Grimm won three with Washington Redskins and one with Pittsburgh Steelers
Ted Hendricks won one with Baltimore Colts and three with Oakland Raiders
Bill Romanowski won two with San Francisco and two with Denver Broncos
Coach Charlie Weis won one with New York Giants and three with New England Patriots
Matt Millen has four rings while playing for four different cities and three different teams, one with Oakland Raiders, one with Los Angeles Raiders, one with San Francisco 49ers, and one with Washington Redskins (only player to earn a ring with four different cities)
Sherman Lewis won three as running backs coach with San Francisco 49ers and one as offensive coordinator with Green Bay Packers
Willie Davis[17] Won all four rings with Green Bay Packers: two as a player, one as a member of the team's board of directors, and one as an emeritus director. He is the only person to possess all four of Green Bay's Super Bowl rings. Davis also won rings as a member of the 1961, 1962 and 1965 NFL Championship Green Bay Packer teams, bringing his unofficial championship ring count to seven, as the first three were awarded prior to the creation of the Super Bowl.
Mike Pope won all four of his Super Bowl rings as the long time Tight End coach for New York Giants
Ken Norton, Jr. was the first member of 3 Super Bowl-winning teams in a row as a player, and gained a 4th ring as the Linebacker coach for the 2013 Seattle Seahawks
Larry Izzo won three Super Bowls with New England Patriots, and one as the special teams assistant coach with New York Giants
Coach Gary Kubiak won one with San Francisco 49ers as quarterbacks coach, two with Denver Broncos as offensive coordinator, and one as the head coach of the Broncos
Dante Scarnecchia has won four with New England Patriots as an offensive line coach, along with being assistant head coach for three of them
Brian Pariani has won four rings. One as an offensive assistant coach with San Francisco 49ers and three as the tight ends coach with the Denver Broncos

Three: many players, coaches and staff

Among the many figures with three are Bill Walsh, John Elway, Mike Ditka, Mike Shanahan, Art Shell, Jerry Rice, Steve Young, Troy Aikman, Emmitt Smith, Jay Novacek, Michael Irvin, Larry Brown, Eric Mangini, Joe Gibbs, Dave Dalby, Cliff Branch, Roger Craig, Shannon Sharpe, Ed McCaffrey, Mark Schlereth, Forrest Gregg, Herb Adderley, Tom Coughlin, LeGarrette Blount, and Matt Cavanaugh.
Twenty-two players earned three rings with the New England Patriots during the early 2000s: Troy Brown, Willie McGinest, Richard Seymour, Ty Law, Mike Vrabel, Tedy Bruschi, Kevin Faulk, Matt Light, Patrick Pass, Ted Johnson, Lonie Paxton, Stephen Neal, Joe Andruzzi, David Patten, Roman Phifer, Tom Ashworth, Adrian Klemm, Je'Rod Cherry, Matt Chatham, the aforementioned Adam Vinatieri (who later added a fourth ring with the Colts), the aforementioned Tom Brady (who went on to win two additional Super Bowls with the Patriots), and the aforementioned Larry Izzo (who won a fourth with the Giants).

text: Players with Super Bowl and Grey Cup rings[edit]

text: As of 2017, ten players have won championships in both the NFL and Canada’s equivalent Canadian Football League (CFL).

text:
O. J. Brigance (linebacker) won a Grey Cup ring in 1995 with the CFL’s Baltimore Stallions and won a Super Bowl ring in 2001 with the Baltimore Ravens. He is the only player to win both a Grey Cup and a Super Bowl with teams from the same city.
Brandon Browner (cornerback) won a ring in 2008 with the CFL’s Calgary Stampeders and then won a Super Bowl ring in 2013 with the Seattle Seahawks, although he did not play in that game due to a suspension. He went on to play against the Seahawks in the following year's Super Bowl, when he won a second ring with the 2014 New England Patriots.
Terry Greer (wide receiver) was the first person to win both championships; he won the Grey Cup as a member of the Toronto Argonauts in 1983, and two Super Bowl rings as a member of the San Francisco 49ers in 1988 and 1989.
Harald Hasselbach (defensive end) won a ring in 1992 with the CFL’s Calgary Stampeders and won a Super Bowl ring in 1997 with the Denver Broncos.
Bobby Singh (guard) is the only player to win a Super Bowl (1999 with the St. Louis Rams), and a Grey Cup (2006 with the BC Lions), and the XFL Championship (2001 with the Los Angeles Xtreme).
Alvin Walton (safety) won two Super Bowl rings with the NFL's Washington Redskins (1987 and 1991 seasons, but he did not participate in the 1991 season Super Bowl victory) and won a Grey Cup ring with the Baltimore Stallions in 1995.
Barry Wilburn (cornerback) won a Super Bowl with the Washington Redskins in 1988 and the Grey Cup in 1994 with the BC Lions.
Tyrone Williams (wide receiver) won two Super Bowl rings with Dallas in 1992 and 1993, although he did not participate in either game. He then won a Grey Cup ring with the Toronto Argonauts in 1996.
Andre Rison (wide receiver) won a Super Bowl with the Green Bay Packers in 1996, and a Grey Cup with the Toronto Argonauts in 2004.
Josh Miller (punter) won a Grey Cup with the Baltimore Stallions in 1995, and a Super Bowl with the New England Patriots in 2004.


document_title: Katha (unit)

question_text: 1 decimal is equal to how many square foot

text: Katha (unit)

text: A kattha (also spelled katha or cottah) is a unit of area mostly used for measuring land parts of in India, Nepal, and Bangladesh. A kattha is roughly one twentieth part of a bigha.

text: This unit is still in use in much of Bangladesh and India, but the size varies significantly from place to place. In the Indian state of Bihar, one katha may vary from 750 ft² to 2000 ft². Also this can be 32 by 30 feet in length and breadth respectively.

text: In North Bihar and Patna, 1 Kattha is generally equal to 1361 ft².[1] 20 Kathas equals 1 Bigha.[2] One katha is further subdivided in 20 dhur. One dhur is further subdivided in 20 dhurki. 1 hectare= 2.4712 acre or 4 bighas approx; 1 acre = 1.6 bighas or 32 kathas; 1 bigha = 20 kathas; 1 katha = 20 dhoor; 1 dhoor = 6.25 or 6.5 haath; 1 katha = 1.65decimal.

text: 1 decimal in Bihar equals to 435.56 sq feet.[3][4][5]

text: In Assam 1 Kattha is generally equal to 2880ft². In Westbengal 1 katha is equal to 720ft²

text: In Bangladesh, one kattha is standardized to 720 square feet (67 m2), and 20 katha equals 1 bigha.

text: The Katha is still in use in Nepal, where it is equivalent to 338.63 m² (3,645 ft²).[.[6]


document_title: House of Cards (season 1)

question_text: how many episodes are in the first season of house of cards

text: House of Cards (season 1)

text: Cast

text:
Kevin Spacey as Francis "Frank" J. Underwood, a U.S. Congressman from South Carolina and the House Majority Whip.
Robin Wright as Claire Underwood, Frank Underwood's wife and the CEO of the Clean Water Initiative, a non-profit organization devoted to environmental awareness.
Kate Mara as Zoe Barnes, an ambitious young journalist working for the Washington Herald and eventual lover of Frank Underwood.
Corey Stoll as Peter Russo, a U.S. Congressman from Pennsylvania and eventual candidate for Governor of Pennsylvania.
Michael Kelly as Douglas "Doug" Stamper, Frank Underwood's loyal Chief of Staff.
Kristen Connolly as Christina Gallagher, Peter Russo's Chief of Staff and girlfriend.
Sakina Jaffrey as Linda Vasquez, the White House Chief of Staff in the Walker Administration.
Sandrine Holt as Gillian Cole, a respected charity worker and eventual employee of Claire Underwood at the CWI.
Constance Zimmer as Janine Skorsky, a veteran political reporter at the Washington Herald and their White House correspondent.
Michel Gill as Garrett Walker, the President of the United States and former governor from Colorado.
Sebastian Arcelus as Lucas Goodwin, a senior political reporter at the Washington Herald.
Mahershala Ali as Remy Danton, a lobbyist at law firm Glendon Hill who represents SanCorp, a powerful natural gas company.
Ben Daniels as Adam Galloway, a world-renowned photographer and occasional lover of Claire Underwood.
Boris McGiver as Tom Hammerschmidt, the editor-in-chief of the Washington Herald.
Dan Ziskie as Jim Matthews, the Vice President of the United States and former Governor of Pennsylvania.
Jayne Atkinson as Catherine Durant, the U.S. Secretary of State and former Senator from Missouri.
Nathan Darrow as Edward Meechum, a member of the Capitol Police and former U.S. Marine who serves as the new bodyguard for Frank and Claire Underwood.
Elizabeth Norment as Nancy Kaufberger, secretary for House Majority Whip Frank Underwood.
Reg E. Cathey as Freddy Hayes, the owner of a BBQ restaurant that is frequented by Frank Underwood.
Rachel Brosnahan as Rachel Posner, a prostitute desiring to escape her position in life.
Larry Pine as Speaker of the House of Representatives Bob Birch.
Tawny Cypress as Carly Heath, the editor-in-chief of news blog Slugline.
Karl Kenzler as Charles Holburn, a U.S. senator, friend of the Underwoods and husband of Felicity Holburn.
Francie Swift as Felicity Holburn, a friend of the Underwoods and wife of Charles Holburn.
Chance Kelly as Steve, a bodyguard and driver for Frank Underwood.
Al Sapienza as Marty Spinella, the Head Lobbyist for the associated teacher's unions.
Kathleen Chalfant as Margaret Tilden, the owner of Washington Herald.
Chuck Cooper as Barney Hull, chief of the Metropolitan Police Department of the District of Columbia (MPDC).
Wass Stevens as Paul Capra, a senior union official in South Philadelphia and a friend of Peter Russo's.
Gerald McRaney as Raymond Tusk, a billionaire entrepreneur with holdings in the field of nuclear energy.
Reed Birney as Donald Blythe, a respected and long-serving Representative who has many years experience on education.
Kevin Kilner as Michael Kern, a Senator from Colorado and candidate for the post of Secretary of State.
Maryann Plunkett as Evelyn Baxter, business associate of Claire Underwood and a former office manager at the Clean Water Initiative.
Michael Siberry as David Rasmussen, the House Majority Leader.
Kenneth Tigar as Walter Doyle, an associate of Frank Underwood's.
David Andrews as Tim Corbett, a former friend of Frank Underwood who owns a rafting company.
Phyllis Somerville as Mrs. Russo, Peter Russo's mother.
Michael Warner as Oliver Spence, Claire Underwood's attorney.

text: Episodes

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original release date
Prod.
code

1
1
"Chapter 1"
David Fincher
Beau Willimon
February 1, 2013 (2013-02-01)
HOC-101

Francis "Frank" Underwood is an ambitious Democratic congressman and the House Majority Whip. Frank helped ensure the election of President Garrett Walker, who promised to appoint him as Secretary of State. However, before Walker is sworn in, Chief of Staff Linda Vasquez announces that Walker will not honor the agreement and will instead nominate Senator Michael Kern. Linda informs Frank that their administration requires his help from within the House of Representatives, starting with working on an education reform bill with Representative Donald Blythe. Furious at Walker's betrayal, Frank and his wife Claire (an environmental activist who runs a clean water non-profit organisation) make a pact to destroy Walker, starting with Kern. Frank starts seeking out pawns in his war against Walker. When the troubled Representative Peter Russo (who has a history of drink and drug abuse) is arrested for driving drunk with a prostitute (Rachel Posner) in the car with him, Frank offers him a reprieve in exchange for his loyalty, covering up the incident by bribing the police commissioner with funds for his mayoral campaign. Frank also encounters Zoe Barnes, a young political reporter for the Washington Herald newspaper. The two come to an agreement in which Frank will leak inside information to incriminate his political opponents, while Zoe advances her career by publishing it. Frank leaks a copy of the first draft of Donald Blythe's education bill, which proposes massive increases in government control of education, promptly causing a scandal the very first day after the Presidential inauguration.

2
2
"Chapter 2"
David Fincher
Beau Willimon
February 1, 2013 (2013-02-01)
HOC-102

In the aftermath of the leak of the education bill draft, Frank secures full control of the legislative course from the President and promptly removes Donald, who graciously takes the fall for the published controversy. Frank hires a team of young congressional staffers to write a draft of the bill in a week (a process which would usually take months). Claire, at her environmental company, is forced to lay off more than half of the staff at her NPO (Clean Water Initiative) after a donation which was contingent on Frank being appointed Secretary of State is withdrawn. Via Zoe, Frank plants a story that loosely ties SoS-nominee Michael Kern to an anti-Israeli editorial column that ran in his college newspaper while Kern was editor. Kern mishandles the resulting media scrutiny. Frank forcefully arranges for Peter Russo to meet a conspiracy junkie, Roy Kapeniak, who wrote for that college newspaper, and convinces him to go on the record and state that Kern himself wrote the article, which destroys Kern's candidacy chances. Frank then tosses Catherine Durant's name to Zoe as a likely replacement before reinforcing her credentials with Linda Vasquez.

3
3
"Chapter 3"
James Foley
Keith Huff and Beau Willimon
February 1, 2013 (2013-02-01)
HOC-103

In the midst of negotiating the education bill's reforms with the teachers' unions, Frank must visit his hometown of Gaffney, South Carolina when his main local opponent stirs trouble. A young woman has been killed in a car accident after texting while driving, apparently distracted by a peach water tower which Frank had advocated to keep standing. (The tower is provocatively similar to the female bottom, which was the subject of the driver's text.) His rival encourages the parents to sue, forcing Frank into a difficult negotiation. Claire meets and hires a hesitant Gillian Cole, an activist for WorldWell (another environmental water NPO), to employ her international expertise. Peter Russo makes an effort to clean up his life, in order to maintain his relationship with his girlfriend, Christina Gallagher, who is also his chief of staff. Zoe gets into trouble for talking on national TV about the Herald and her editor, Tom Hammerschmidt, after being told not to.

4
4
"Chapter 4"
James Foley
Rick Cleveland and Beau Willimon
February 1, 2013 (2013-02-01)
HOC-104

Frank resorts to intricate political string-pulling when House Speaker Bob Birch refuses to support the education bill with its controversial amendments. Frank organizes a coup against Birch using the majority leader David Rasmussen, in order to pressure Birch to cooperate. Frank ensures Representative Terry Womack's support for the coup by forcing Peter Russo to allow a shipyard in his district to close in order to keep a military base in Womack's district open. Birch relents, and Womack replaces Rasmussen as majority leader. Tom Hammerschmidt is exasperated with Zoe's rebelliousness but the Herald's publisher supports her. Tom offers Zoe the position of White House correspondent and she indicates acceptance, but Frank convinces her to decline it, which further antagonizes Hammerschmidt. Remy Danton, a lobbyist and former employee of Frank's, offers Claire double the donation previously promised to CWI, which would allow them to hire back the staff they laid off, but Frank pressures Claire to refuse it, fearing Remy's motives. Claire meets with photographer Adam Galloway, a former lover who tries to rekindle their relationship. Zoe invites Frank to her apartment for an intimate encounter.

5
5
"Chapter 5"
Joel Schumacher
Sarah Treem
February 1, 2013 (2013-02-01)
HOC-105

Claire is aware that Frank is having sexual relations with Zoe, but goes along with it as long as it achieves their goals — this, however, rejuvenates her interest in Adam. The changes to the education bill lead to an irate meeting between Frank and Marty Spinella, the lobbyist for the teachers' union, who vows to fight back. The fallout from being forced to allow the shipyard to close and a breakup with Christina sends Peter Russo into a depression. An inebriated Russo confronts Frank at his home. Frank forcefully berates Russo's drinking and immaturity, then confides that he has set the stage for Russo to run for governor if he can clean up his act. Tom Hammerschmidt fires Zoe and is in turn forced to resign for profanely insulting her. Frank and Claire foil Spinella's televised attempt to disrupt their fundraising event with a charm offensive. In retaliation, Spinella initiates a nation-wide teachers' strike.

6
6
"Chapter 6"
Joel Schumacher
Sam Forman
February 1, 2013 (2013-02-01)
HOC-106

As the teachers' union strike persists, President Walker instructs Frank to water down the bill. Frank decides he has to achieve total victory over Spinella or he will lose all of his influence with the President. A brick thrown through a window of Frank's home allows him to target Spinella, and the pair debate on CNN with Frank performing poorly and embarrassing himself. Frank barely manages to keep Walker from forcing him to abandon the bill. A cleaned-up Russo informs Frank that he will accept Frank's help and run for Governor of Pennsylvania. Frank sets the wheels in motion by enlisting Claire's help to draft an environmental bill that will help CWI and also replace some of the jobs lost with the shipyard closure. Monitoring the police radio, Frank uses a local shooting to force Spinella to The White House, provokes Spinella into a rage (by revealing that Frank organized the brick incident himself) resulting in Spinella punching him in the face. Frank advises Spinella to end the strike immediately or else face felony charges.

7
7
"Chapter 7"
Charles McDougall
Kate Barnow and Beau Willimon
February 1, 2013 (2013-02-01)
HOC-107

President Walker signs the education bill into law, earning Frank a major victory and affording him influence and favor. Vice President Matthews feels sidelined and expresses discontent with Walker. Peter Russo readies himself for the governor's race ahead by attending Alcoholics Anonymous meetings. Via Zoe, Frank generates some positive spin on the announcement. Frank meets with Christina and requests her to forgive Russo and become his deputy campaign manager, reigniting her personal relationship with Russo. The prostitute Rachel Posner approaches/blackmails Doug Stamper for financial assistance. In preparation for his nomination, Russo is grilled by a one of Frank's team about his drug and prostitution use, making him very uneasy. We learn that Doug attends AA meetings regularly. Zoe recommends Janine Skorsky for a job at Slugline.

8
8
"Chapter 8"
Charles McDougall
Beau Willimon
February 1, 2013 (2013-02-01)
HOC-108

Frank visits his alma mater, a military college, which is honoring him by naming a new library after him. He spends the night reminiscing and drinking with old buddies, including one who is implied to be his former lover. Remy Danton has concerns about Peter Russo running for governor. Peter visits Philadelphia and tries to convince the former shipyard employees to support him. An angry meeting with them reveals an uphill struggle ahead, but he perseveres.

9
9
"Chapter 9"
James Foley
Beau Willimon and Rick Cleveland
February 1, 2013 (2013-02-01)
HOC-109

Peter Russo goes on a bus tour around Pennsylvania with Vice President Matthews for support. Matthews initially thwarts Peter's campaign but Peter eventually wins his respect. Frank tries to whip support in Congress for the environmental bill. President Walker requests Linda Vasquez to assist him, but Frank instructs her to instead attend to her son's college admission issue (he is being refused entry). Frank requests Claire to present a justification for the large financial commitment, but she causes the bill to fail in exchange for assistance for CWI from Remy Danton. Zoe decides to terminate her intimate relationship with Frank but changes her mind when he withdraws the professional aspect as well.

10
10
"Chapter 10"
Carl Franklin
Sarah Treem
February 1, 2013 (2013-02-01)
HOC-110

Frank is furious with Claire for organizing the environment bill's failure. Claire visits Zoe and informs her that she knows about Frank's affair. She then spends some time with her own lover Adam in New York, to Frank's consternation. With the environment bill defeated, Peter Russo demands an alternative, and threatens to reveal the conspiracy that brought down Michael Kern. Frank decides to take Russo down; Doug Stamper enlists Rachel Posner to pick up Russo at a fundraiser and get him drunk. A drunk Russo makes a mess of a live-radio interview, destroying his candidacy. Frank does a favor for Linda Vasquez by having Gillian Cole recommend Vasquez' son's college admission. Zoe approaches her former colleague Lucas Goodwin for intimacy.

11
11
"Chapter 11"
Carl Franklin
Keith Huff and Kate Barnow and Beau Willimon
February 1, 2013 (2013-02-01)
HOC-111

Frank convinces Vice President Matthews to give up his office and run for Governor of Pennsylvania. Linda Vasquez asks Frank candidly if his ambition is to become Vice President himself; he admits it and reaches out to her as an ally. After attempting to reconnect with his children, a still-inebriated Russo hands himself in to the police for the previous DUI for which he was not charged. Frank picks him up from jail and, recognizing Russo to be too great a liability, kills Russo in his car by carbon monoxide poisoning, making it look like suicide.

12
12
"Chapter 12"
Allen Coulter
Gina Gionfriddo and Beau Willimon
February 1, 2013 (2013-02-01)
HOC-112

With Vice President Matthews about to win the governor's race, Frank is helping the White House vet candidates to replace him. President Walker sends him to evaluate Raymond Tusk, a billionaire who lives modestly in St. Louis. Frank discovers deeper connections between Walker and Tusk, and realizes that it is actually Tusk who is vetting him. Tusk offers to recommend Frank in return for an unspecified favor but Frank refuses. Gillian Cole obstructs SanCorp's media presence at CWI's establishment in Botswana, resulting in Claire firing her. Janine Skorsky investigates the Philadelphia shipyard closure in connection with Russo's apparent suicide and enlists Zoe's help with the political aspect.

13
13
"Chapter 13"
Allen Coulter
Beau Willimon
February 1, 2013 (2013-02-01)
HOC-113

Frank attempts to leverage Raymond Tusk by requesting Remy Danton to compromise Tusk's nuclear industry assets but Tusk purchases enough of SanCorp's stock to defuse any threat. Tusk again attempts to obtain Frank's unquestioning loyalty in relation to international trade tariffs, particularly Chinese controlled raw materials for his nuclear reactors. Frank wins his respect by offering only to work pragmatically with future developments. President Walker offers Frank the vice-presidency, and he accepts. Gillian Cole initiates a wrongful termination lawsuit against Claire. Claire ponders with Frank the point of their plans, and then consults a doctor about possible fertility treatment. Zoe, Janine and Lucas uncover Peter Russo's uncharged DUI, Rachel Posner's identity and Doug Stamper's involvement.

text: Reception

text: Critical response

text: The first season received positive reviews from critics. On Metacritic, the season received a weighted mean score of 76 out of 100 based on 25 reviews, which translates to "generally positive reception."[2][3] On Rotten Tomatoes, the season received a score of 84% with an average rating of 8.2 out of 10 based on 32 reviews; the site's consensus reads, "Bolstered by strong performances — especially from Kevin Spacey — and surehanded direction, House of Cards is a slick, engrossing drama that may redefine how television is produced."[4] USA Today critic Robert Bianco praised the series, particularly Spacey and Wright's lead performances, stating "If you think network executives are nervous, imagine the actors who have to go up against that pair in the Emmys."[5] Tom Gilatto of People Weekly lauded the first two episodes, calling them "cinematically rich, full of sleek, oily pools of darkness."[2] In her review for The Denver Post, Joanne Ostrow said the series is "Deeply cynical about human beings as well as politics and almost gleeful in its portrayal of limitless ambition." She added: "House of Cards is a wonderfully sour take on power and corruption."[6]

text: Awards

text: On July 18, 2013, House of Cards became the first Primetime Emmy Award nominated series for original online only web television for the 65th Primetime Emmy Awards. Among those nine nominations were Outstanding Drama Series, Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series for Kevin Spacey, Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series for Robin Wright, and Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series for David Fincher. The first season was also nominated for Casting, Cinematography, Editing, Music, and Main Title Music at the 65th Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards.[7] On September 15, the series became the first web television series and the first web television webisode to be Primetime Emmy Awarded with two wins at the 65th Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards: Eigil Bryld for Outstanding Cinematography for a Single-Camera Series and Laray Mayfield and Julie Schubert for Outstanding Casting for a Drama Series.[8] On September 22, Netflix made history with a total three wins including Fincher's Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series for directing the pilot episode "Chapter 1" in addition to the pair of Creative Arts Emmy Awards, making "Chapter 1" the first Primetime Emmy-awarded webisode.[9] None of the Emmy awards were considered to be in major categories, however.[10]

text: Spacey received best actor nominations at the 20th Screen Actors Guild Awards,[11][12] 71st Golden Globe Awards,[13] and 18th Satellite Awards.[14] Wright won best actress at both the 71st Golden Globe Awards and 18th Satellite Awards, while Stoll was nominated at both for supporting actor and the series was nominated at both for best drama.[13][14][15] Wright's Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Television Series Drama for her portrayal of Claire Underwood made her the first actress to win a Golden Globe Award for an online-only web television series.[16][17][18] The show won a 2013 Peabody Award for Area of Excellence.[19]

text: At the 3rd Critics' Choice Television Awards, Kevin Spacey and Corey Stoll were nominated for Best Drama Actor and Best Drama Supporting Actor, respectively.[20] The show has also been nominated at the 29th TCA Awards for the Outstanding New Program and the Program of the Year.[21] The show was also nominated at the 40th People's Choice Awards for Favorite Streaming Series,[22] at the Producers Guild of America Awards 2013 for Outstanding Producer of Episodic Television, Drama,[23] at the 66th Directors Guild of America Awards for Outstanding Directing – Drama Series,[24] at the Writers Guild of America Awards 2013 for Television: Dramatic Series, Television: New Series and Television: Episodic Drama, winning new series.[25][26][27]

text: In addition, the success of House of Cards and popularity of Breaking Bad, both of which are only available in the United Kingdom online has caused a rule change for the British Academy Television Awards and British Academy Television Craft Awards beginning with the ceremonies for the 2013 calendar year on May 18, 2014 and April 27, 2014, respectively.[28][29] At the 2014 British Academy Television Awards the show was nominated for Best International Programme.

text: Home video release

text: The first season was released on DVD and Blu-ray in region 1 on June 11, 2013,[30] in region 2 on June 10, 2013,[31] and in region 4 on June 27, 2013.[32]

text: Director's commentaries for all of the first season episodes premiered on Netflix on January 3, 2014. They had not been included on the home video release.[33]