document_title: Train horn

question_text: what is the db of a train horn

question_tokens: what is the db of a train horn

root

text: Train horn

text: History and background[edit]

text: Trains move on fixed rails, making them uniquely susceptible to collision. This susceptibility is exacerbated by the enormous weight and inertia of a train, which make it difficult to quickly stop when encountering an obstacle. Also, trains generally do not stop at grade crossings (level crossings), instead relying upon pedestrians and vehicles to clear the tracks when they pass. Therefore, from their beginnings locomotives have been equipped with loud horns or bells to warn vehicles or pedestrians that they are coming. Steam locomotives had steam whistles, operated from steam produced by their boilers.

tag: p

text: As Diesel locomotives began to replace steam on most railroads during the mid-20th century, it was realized that the new locomotives were unable to utilize the steam whistles then in use. Early internal combustion locomotives were initially fitted with small truck horns or exhaust-powered whistles, but these were found to be unsuitable and hence the air horn design was scaled up and modified for railroad use. Early train horns often were tonally similar to the air horns still heard on road-going trucks today. It was found that this caused some confusion among people who were accustomed to steam locomotives and the sound of their whistles; when approaching a grade crossing, when some people heard an air horn they expected to see a truck, not a locomotive, and accidents happened. So, locomotive air horns were created that had a much higher, more musical note, tonally much more like a steam whistle. This is why most train horns have a unique sound, different from that of road going trucks, although many switch engines, which didn't see road service (service on the main lines), retained the deeper truck-like horns.

text: Strict regulations specific to each country specify how loud horns must be, and how far in advance of grade crossings and other locations locomotive engineers are required to sound their horns to give adequate time to clear the tracks. Standard signals consisting of different sequences of horn blasts must be given in different circumstances.

text: Due to the encroachment of development, some suburban dwellers have opposed railroad use of the air horn as a trackside warning device.[1] Residents in some communities have attempted to establish quiet zones, in which train crews are instructed not to sound their horns, except in case of emergency.[2]

text: Recent years have seen an increase of horn theft from railroad property.[3]

text: Operation[edit]

text: Train horns are operated by compressed air, typically 125-140 psi (8.6-9.6 bar), and fed from a locomotive main air reservoir. When the engineer opens the horn valve, air flows through a supply line into the power chamber at the base of the horn (diagram, right). It passes through a narrow opening between a nozzle and a circular diaphragm in the power chamber, then out through the flaring horn bell. The flow of air past the diaphragm causes it to vibrate or oscillate against the nozzle, producing sound.

text: When vibrated by the diaphragm, the column of air in the bell oscillates with standing waves. The length of the bell determines the wavelength of the sound waves, and thus the fundamental frequency (pitch) of the note produced by the horn (measured in hertz). The longer the horn bell, the lower the note.

text: North American diesel locomotives manufactured prior to the 1990s utilized an air valve actuated by the engineer through the manipulation of a lever or pull cord. Use of this method made possible a practice known as "feathering", meaning that modulation of the horn's volume was possible through finer regulation of the air valve.

text: Many locomotives manufactured during the 1990s made use of pushbutton controls. In addition, several North American locomotives incorporated a sequencer pedal built into the cab floor beneath the operators position; that when depressed, sounded the grade crossing sequence.

text: Locomotives of European origin have featured pushbutton control of air horns since the mid-1960s.

text: Current production locomotives from GE Transportation Systems and Electro-Motive Diesel utilize a lever-actuated solenoid valve.

text: United States[edit]

text: On April 27, 2005, the Federal Railroad Administration (FRA), which enforces rail safety regulations, published the final rule on the use of locomotive horns at highway-rail grade crossings.[4][5] Effective June 24, 2005, the rule requires that locomotive horns be sounded at all public grade crossings at least 15 seconds, but not more than 20 seconds before entering a crossing.[6] This rule applies when the train speed is below 45 mph (70 km/h). At 45 mph or above, trains are still required to sound their horn at the designated location (usually denoted with a whistle post).

text: The pattern for blowing the horn remains two long, one short, and one long. This is to be repeated or prolonged as necessary until the lead locomotive fully occupies the crossing. Locomotive engineers retain the authority to vary this pattern as necessary for crossings in close proximity, and are allowed to sound the horn in emergency situations no matter where the location.

text: A ban on sounding locomotive horns in Florida was ordered removed by the FRA after it was shown that the accident rate doubled during the ban.[7] The new ruling preempts any state or local laws regarding the use of the train horn at public crossings.[8] This also provides public authorities the option to maintain and/or establish quiet zones provided certain supplemental or alternative safety measures are in place, and the crossing accident rate meets government standards.

text: The following are the required horn signals listed in the operating rules of most North American railroads, along with their meanings. Signals are illustrated by an "o" for short sounds, and "–" for longer sounds. (Note that these signals and their indications are updated to reflect modern practice.) Those rules marked with an asterisk (*) must be sounded when and/or where applicable. Those signals without an asterisk convey information to employees; they must be used when voice communication is not available.

text:
Rule

Sequence
Indication[9]

14 (a)

o
Applying air brakes while standing.

14 (b)
*
– –
Proceeding. Releasing air brakes. This signal is often referred to as "whistling off," despite it being given by an air horn.

14 (f)
*
o o –
Acknowledging a flagman's stop signal.

14 (g)
*
o o
Acknowledging any signal not otherwise provided for.

14 (h)
*
o o o
Backing up.

14 (j)

o o o o
Calling for signals.

14 (l)
*
– – o –
1. Trains or engines approaching public highway grade crossings shall sound the horn at least 15 seconds, but no more than 20 seconds before the lead engine enters the crossing. Trains or engines travelling at speeds greater than 45 mph shall begin sounding the horn at or about, but not more than, one-quarter mile (1,320 feet) in advance of the nearest public crossing. Even if the advance warning provided by the horn will be less than 15 seconds in duration. This signal is to be prolonged or repeated until the engine or train occupies the crossing; or, where multiple crossing are involved, until the last crossing is occupied. 2. Approaching tunnels, yards, or other points where railroad workers may be at work. 3. Passing standing trains.

14 (m)
*
o
Approaching passenger station.

14 (o)

o –
Inspect train for a leak in brake pipe system or for brakes sticking.

14 (p)
*
Succession of sounds
Warning to people and/or animals.

14 (q)
*
– o
When running against the current of traffic: 1. Approaching stations, curves, or other points where view may be obscured: and 2. Approaching passenger or freight trains and when passing freight trains.

tag: table

text: Exception: Engine horn signals required by rules 14 (b) and 14 (h) do not apply after momentary stops in continuous switching movements.

text: Germany[edit]

text: Horn signals are regulated in the Zp category of the Eisenbahn-Bau- und Betriebsordnung. Their most common use today is when approaching a level crossing that lacks barriers, and for warning purposes.

text: Whistle posts are labeled with the letter "P" (for 'Pfeifen'). Common signals are:[10]

text:
Sequence
Meaning

_
Zp 1 - Generic "Attention" signal.

o
Zp 2 - Tighten handbrakes.

o o
Zp 3 - Strongly tighten handbrakes.

_ _
Zp 4 - Loosen handbrakes

ooo ooo ooo
Zp 5 - Emergency. Brake immediately.

_ o _
Zp 11 - Come. Used to call out for train staff.

text: France[edit]

text: Train horns are sounded where a whistle post (marked with the letter "S" for "siffler") is present. If the whistle post is labelled "J" (meaning "jour"), the horn is only to be sounded between 0700 and 2000. Horns must also be sounded when passing an oncoming train, and shortly before reaching the last car of the train.

text: India[edit]

text: The IRFCA FAQ lists the following:[11]

text:
'o' : denotes a short blast on the horn.
'--' : denotes a comparatively long blast on the horn.
'-----' : denotes a longer blast on the horn.
'----------' : denotes a very long blast on the horn.

text: Code [ o ] - Before Starting:

text:
Indication to driver of the assisting engine that driver of leading engine is ready to start.
Acknowledgement by the driver of the assisting engine.
Engine ready to leave yard
Engine ready to go to loco yard
Light loco or shunter about to move

tag: ul

text: Code [ o ] - On the run:

text:
Assistance of other engine not required
Acknowledgement by driver of the assisting engine

text: Code [ -- ]

text:
Normal departure from station on receipt of clear signal. This is usually followed by another long blast about 10–20 seconds after the first one, after the guard's all-right signal is received.
Beginning of shunting operation (if shunted rake has passengers in it)

text: Code [ o o ]

text:
Call for guard's signal
Signals not exchanged by guard
Signals not exchanged by station staff

text: Code [ -- o ]

text:
Guard to release brakes
Before starting engine from a midsection/station
Main Line clear

text: Code [ o o o ]

text:
Guard to apply brakes
Train out of control, guard to assist

text: Code [ o o -- ]

text: Sudden loss of brake pressure or vacuum (perhaps by alarm chain being pulled)

text: Code [ o o o o ]

text:
Train cannot proceed on account of accident, failure or other cause
Protect train in rear

text: Code [ -- -- o o ]

text: Call for guard to come to engine

text: Code [ o -- o ]

text:
Token not received
Token missed
With wrong authority to proceed
Passing stop signal at 'on' on proper authority

text: Code [ ----- ] - Before Starting

text:
Vacuum recreated on ghat section, remove sprags
Passing automatic 'stop' signal at 'On'

text: Code [ ----- ] - On the run

text: Acknowledgement of guards signal

text: Code [ ---------- ]

text:
Approaching level crossing or tunnel area
Recall staff protecting train in rear
Material train ready to leave
Running through a station
Approaching a stop signal at 'on'
Detained at stop signal
Crossing stop signal at 'on' after waiting the stipulated time.

text: Code [ -- o -- o ]

text:
Alarm chain pulled
Insufficient vacuum in engine
Guard applies vacuum brakes.

text: Code [ -- -- ]

text: Raise Pantograph (electric loco only)

text: Code [ -- o -- ]

text: Lower Pantograph (electric loco only)

text: Code [ o o o o o o o o o ] (Frequently)

text:
Apprehension of danger
Danger signal to driver of an approaching train whose path is obstructed
Moving in wrong direction on a double line.
Also used by EMU motormen to warn passengers on a crowded platform of the approach of a fast train which will not stop at that station

text: United Kingdom[edit]

text: UK diesel and electric locomotives are usually fitted with two-tone horns, sounded sequentially to distinguish them from the horns used on road vehicles, and, in the past, both tones were routinely used. However, because of noise complaints, new rules were introduced in 2007:[12]

text:
The introduction of a night time quiet period, between 2300 and 0700 when trains will no longer routinely sound their horns at whistle boards (they will always sound their horns when people are seen on the track)
That where the technology is available, drivers should only use the low tone from the two tone horn at whistle boards.
For all new or replacement train horns on trains capable of travelling up to 160 km/h a much lower minimum sound pressure level has been established – and a maximum sound level has been introduced (min 101 dB and max 106 dB)

tag: ol

text: Placement on locomotives[edit]

text: As many individuals do with their personal vehicles, railroads order locomotives with different options in order to suit their operating practices. Air horns are no exception, and railroad mechanical forces mount these on locomotives where they are deemed most effective at projecting sound, and for ease of maintenance.

text:
Horn mounted on MBTA Commuter Rail control car when in Push Pull Mode

Nathan K5LA mounted atop a San Diego Coaster Cab Car

Horn mounted in the middle section of the roof on a GE locomotive

Typical horn mounting location on European locomotives

Low horn mounting location on a European locomotive. The horn is visible above the right side buffer.

text: Audio samples[edit]

text: Wikimedia Commons has media related to Train horns.

text: The following are samples of select air horns as used in North American railroad service:[13]

text:
AirChime K5LA

(329 KB)

Problems playing this file? See media help.

Leslie A200-156

(127 KB)

Problems playing this file? See media help.

text:
Leslie S-3L

(187 KB)

Problems playing this file? See media help.

Leslie S-5T

(275 KB)

Problems playing this file? See media help.

text:
Nathan M5

(277 KB)

Problems playing this file? See media help.

Nathan P5

(358 KB)

Problems playing this file? See media help.

text:
Prime PM-920

(312 KB)

Problems playing this file? See media help.

Prime PM-990

(301 KB)

Problems playing this file? See media help.

text:
WABCO E2

(243 KB)

Problems playing this file? See media help.

WABCO E2-B1

(274 KB)

Problems playing this file? See media help.

text: Manufacturers[edit]

text: North America[edit]

text: AirChime, Ltd.[edit]

text: AirChime, Ltd. traces their beginnings through the work of Robert Swanson in 1949. Prior to the early 1950s, locomotives were equipped with air horns that sounded a singular note.

text: Swanson sought to develop an air horn which would mimic the sound of a classic steam whistle. Using ancient Chinese musical theory, Swanson produced the six-note model 'H6'. This was impractical for railroad use, due to its relatively large size. Railroad equipment operates over routes restricted by loading gauge, a difference of only a few inches may prohibit that equipment from operating on the line in question.

text: Swanson would later refine his 'H6' into the model 'H5'. As the numeric designation indicates, the horn sounds a five-note chord.

text: In 1950, AirChime introduced the 'M' series, a further improvement on the earlier horns through elimination of unnecessary moving parts. Among the earliest customers of the AirChime 'M' was the Southern Railway, which sought replacement horns for their motive power. The company announced this program through the placement of a full-page advertisement in the May 25, 1951 edition of the Washington Times-Herald.

text: Under Swanson's guidance, AirChime would focus on ease of mass production, low maintenance, and reliability in their air horn design, with the development of the 'P' (1953), and 'K' (1954) series

text: AirChime has been sold to their American licensee, Nathan Manufacturing, Inc., a division of Micro Precision Group, Inc, in Windham, Connecticut.[14]

text: Buell Air Horns[edit]

text: Founded in 1912 as The American Strombos Co. of Philadelphia, PA, Buell sold modified marine horns for rail use. They were often installed on small locomotives, electric interurban equipment. and railcars (for example the Doodlebugs).

text: Buell has recently made available a line of air horns specific for railroad equipment.[15]

text: Gustin Bacon Mfg. Co.[edit]

text: The Gustin Bacon Mfg. Co. of Kansas City, MO offered airhorns for use on railroad equipment prior to the Second World War.

text: Leslie Controls, Inc.[edit]

text: Leslie Controls, Inc. (originally the Leslie Company of Lyndhurst, New Jersey, later Parsippany, finally relocating to Tampa, Florida in 1985) began horn production by obtaining the rights to manufacture the Kockums Mekaniska Verkstad product line of "Tyfon" brand airhorns, marketing these for railroad use beginning in the 1930s. Their model A200 series would later grace the rooftops of countless locomotives, such as the legendary Pennsylvania Railroad GG1, as well as thousands of EMD E and F-units. Leslie eventually introduced their own line of multi-note airhorns, known as the "Chime-Tone" series, in direct competition with AirChime.

text: Poor sales of the Chime-Tones (due to the horns requiring an ample volume of air) led the Leslie Company to introduce a new line of air horns utilizing interchangeable components while using less air to produce greater sound volume than the earlier "Tyfon" series. Developed by Kockums, this horn utilized a back-pressure power chamber design in order to enhance diaphragm oscillation. Known as the "SuperTyfon" series, these horns would eventually supplant the "Tyfon" in railroad service.

text: "SuperTyfon" horns were offered in single,[16] dual,[17] triple,[18] quad,[19] and five note[20] configurations.

text: Leslie Controls continues to manufacture "SuperTyfon" air horns for the railroad industry.[21]

text: Prime Manufacturing, Inc.[edit]

text: Prime Manufacturing, Inc. had produced locomotive appliances for many years prior to their entry into the air horn market in 1972. Their line of "Pneumatic Horns" was basically a derivative of the Leslie SuperTyfon design (having taken advantage of a patent expiration at the time), though their horns employed heavier castings than equivalents from Leslie, and sounding a somewhat richer timbre as a result.

text: Sales were brisk (railroads such as Union Pacific and the Burlington Northern were notable customers) but ultimately disappointing. Finding themselves increasingly unable to compete in a niche market dominated by Leslie Controls and AirChime, Prime ceased air horn production c. 1999.

text: Westinghouse Air Brake Co.[edit]

text: Westinghouse Air Brake Company (known throughout the 19th and 20th Century as WABCO) was the first to offer air horns specifically for use with railroad equipment, as early as the 1910s. Their model E2 was recognized by many for the deep, commanding tone it produced.

text: In response to the Leslie multi-note "Chime-Tone" series, Westinghouse offered a bracket to which three of their single-note "honkers" could be bolted onto, achieving the same result as what the Chime-Tones did for Leslie.

text: Overshadowed later on by Leslie and AirChime, WABCO eventually ceased production of most horns for the North American market.

text: At present, the company is known as Wabtec, Inc., and continues to offer their line of 'Pneumatic horns' for the export market.[22]

text: Australia[edit]

text: Railways in Australia often utilize the same type of air horns as their North American counterparts. Examples from both the Leslie Co. and AirChime Ltd. can be found there.


document_title: List of Philadelphia 76ers seasons

question_text: when did the 76ers last make the playoffs

text: List of Philadelphia 76ers seasons

text: Seasons[edit]

text:
League championships
Conference championships
Division titles
Playoff berth

text:
Season
Team
League
Conference
Finish
Division
Finish
Wins
Losses
Win%
GB
Playoffs
Awards

Syracuse Nationals

1949–50
1949–50
NBA
—
—
Eastern
1st
51
13
.797
—
Won Division Semifinals (Warriors) 2–0
Won Division Finals (Knicks) 2–1
Lost NBA Finals (Lakers) 4–2

1950–51
1950–51
NBA
—
—
Eastern
4th
32
34
.485
8
Won Division Semifinals (Warriors) 2–0
Lost Division Finals (Knicks) 3–2

1951–52
1951–52
NBA
—
—
Eastern
1st
40
26
.606
—
Won Division Semifinals (Warriors) 2–1
Lost Division Finals (Knicks) 3–1

1952–53
1952–53
NBA
—
—
Eastern
2nd
47
24
.662
0.5
Lost Division Semifinals (Celtics) 2–0

1953–54
1953–54
NBA
—
—
Eastern
T-2nd
42
30
.583
2
Won Division Finals (Celtics) 2–0
Lost NBA Finals (Lakers) 4–3

1954–55
1954–55
NBA
—
—
Eastern
1st
43
29
.597
—
Won Division Finals (Celtics) 3–1
Won NBA Finals (Pistons) 4–3

1955–56
1955–56
NBA
—
—
Eastern
3rd
35
37
.486
10
Won Division Semifinals (Celtics) 2–1
Lost Division Finals (Warriors) 3–2

1956–57
1956–57
NBA
—
—
Eastern
2nd
38
34
.528
6
Won Division Semifinals (Warriors) 2–0
Lost Division Finals (Celtics) 3–0

1957–58
1957–58
NBA
—
—
Eastern
2nd
41
31
.569
8
Lost Division Semifinals (Warriors) 2–1

1958–59
1958–59
NBA
—
—
Eastern
3rd
35
37
.486
17
Won Division Semifinals (Knicks) 2–0
Lost Division Finals (Celtics) 4–3

1959–60
1959–60
NBA
—
—
Eastern
3rd
45
30
.600
14
Lost Division Semifinals (Warriors) 2–1

1960–61
1960–61
NBA
—
—
Eastern
3rd
38
41
.481
19
Won Division Semifinals (Warriors) 3–0
Lost Division Finals (Celtics) 4–1

1961–62
1961–62
NBA
—
—
Eastern
3rd
41
39
.513
19
Lost Division Semifinals (Warriors) 3–2

1962–63
1962–63
NBA
—
—
Eastern
2nd
48
32
.600
10
Lost Division Semifinals (Royals) 3–2

Philadelphia 76ers

1963–64
1963–64
NBA
—
—
Eastern
3rd
34
46
.425
25
Lost Division Semifinals (Royals) 3–2

1964–65
1964–65
NBA
—
—
Eastern
3rd
40
40
.500
22
Won Division Semifinals (Royals) 3–1
Lost Division Finals (Celtics) 4–3

1965–66
1965–66
NBA
—
—
Eastern
1st
55
25
.688
—
Lost Division Finals (Celtics) 4–1
Wilt Chamberlain (MVP)
Dolph Schayes (CoY)

1966–67
1966–67
NBA
—
—
Eastern
1st
68
13
.840
—
Won Division Semifinals (Royals) 3–1
Won Division Finals (Celtics) 4–1
Won NBA Finals (Warriors) 4–2
Wilt Chamberlain (MVP)

1967–68
1967–68
NBA
—
—
Eastern
1st
62
20
.756
—
Won Division Semifinals (Knicks) 4–2
Lost Division Finals (Celtics) 4–3
Wilt Chamberlain (MVP)

1968–69
1968–69
NBA
—
—
Eastern
2nd
55
27
.671
2
Lost Division Semifinals (Celtics) 4–1

1969–70
1969–70
NBA
—
—
Eastern
4th
42
40
.512
18
Lost Division Semifinals (Bucks) 4–1

1970–71
1970–71
NBA
Eastern
3rd
Atlantic[b]
2nd
47
35
.573
5
Lost Conference Semifinals (Bullets) 4–3

1971–72
1971–72
NBA
Eastern
6th
Atlantic
3rd
30
52
.366
26
—

1972–73
1972–73
NBA
Eastern
8th
Atlantic
4th
9
73
.110
59
—

1973–74
1973–74
NBA
Eastern
8th
Atlantic
4th
25
57
.305
31
—

1974–75
1974–75
NBA
Eastern
7th
Atlantic
4th
34
48
.415
26
—

1975–76
1975–76
NBA
Eastern
4th
Atlantic
2nd
46
36
.561
8
Lost First Round (Braves) 2–1

1976–77
1976–77
NBA
Eastern
1st
Atlantic
1st
50
32
.610
—
Won Conference Semifinals (Celtics) 4–3
Won Conference Finals (Rockets) 4–2
Lost NBA Finals (Trail Blazers) 4–2

1977–78
1977–78
NBA
Eastern
1st
Atlantic
1st
55
27
.671
—
Won Conference Semifinals (Knicks) 4–0
Lost Conference Finals (Bullets) 4–2

1978–79
1978–79
NBA
Eastern
3rd
Atlantic
2nd
47
35
.573
7
Won First Round (Nets) 2–0
Lost Conference Semifinals (Spurs) 4–3

1979–80
1979–80
NBA
Eastern
3rd
Atlantic
2nd
59
23
.720
2
Won First Round (Bullets) 2–0
Won Conference Semifinals (Hawks) 4–1
Won Conference Finals (Celtics) 4–1
Lost NBA Finals (Lakers) 4–2

1980–81
1980–81
NBA
Eastern
3rd
Atlantic
2nd
62
20
.756
—
Won First Round (Pacers) 2–0
Won Conference Semifinals (Bucks) 4–3
Lost Conference Finals (Celtics) 4–3
Julius Erving (MVP)

1981–82
1981–82
NBA
Eastern
3rd
Atlantic
2nd
58
24
.707
5
Won First Round (Hawks) 2–0
Won Conference Semifinals (Bucks) 4–2
Won Conference Finals (Celtics) 4–3
Lost NBA Finals (Lakers) 4–2

1982–83
1982–83
NBA
Eastern
1st
Atlantic
1st
65
17
.793
—
Won Conference Semifinals (Knicks) 4–0
Won Conference Finals (Bucks) 4–1
Won NBA Finals (Lakers) 4–0
Moses Malone (MVP, FMVP)
Bobby Jones (SMoY)
Julius Erving (JWKC)

1983–84
1983–84
NBA
Eastern
3rd
Atlantic
2nd
52
30
.634
10
Lost First Round (Nets) 3–2

1984–85
1984–85
NBA
Eastern
3rd
Atlantic
2nd
58
24
.707
5
Won First Round (Bullets) 3–1
Won Conference Semifinals (Bucks) 4–0
Lost Conference Finals (Celtics) 4–1

1985–86
1985–86
NBA
Eastern
3rd
Atlantic
2nd
54
28
.659
13
Won First Round (Bullets) 3–2
Lost Conference Semifinals (Bucks) 4–3

1986–87
1986–87
NBA
Eastern
5th
Atlantic
2nd
45
37
.549
14
Lost First Round (Bucks) 3–2

1987–88
1987–88
NBA
Eastern
10th
Atlantic
4th
36
46
.439
21
—

1988–89
1988–89
NBA
Eastern
7th
Atlantic
2nd
46
36
.561
6
Lost First Round (Knicks) 3–0

1989–90
1989–90
NBA
Eastern
3rd
Atlantic
1st
53
29
.646
—
Won First Round (Cavaliers) 3–2
Lost Conference Semifinals (Bulls) 4–1

1990–91
1990–91
NBA
Eastern
5th
Atlantic
2nd
44
38
.537
12
Won First Round (Bucks) 3–0
Lost Conference Semifinals (Bulls) 4–1

1991–92
1991–92
NBA
Eastern
10th
Atlantic
5th
35
47
.427
16
—

1992–93
1992–93
NBA
Eastern
13th
Atlantic
6th
26
56
.317
34
—
Dana Barros (MIP)

1993–94
1993–94
NBA
Eastern
11th
Atlantic
6th
25
57
.305
32
—

1994–95
1994–95
NBA
Eastern
13th
Atlantic
6th
24
58
.293
33
—

1995–96
1995–96
NBA
Eastern
15th
Atlantic
7th
18
64
.220
42
—

1996–97
1996–97
NBA
Eastern
14th
Atlantic
6th
22
60
.268
39
—
Allen Iverson (RoY)

1997–98
1997–98
NBA
Eastern
14th
Atlantic
7th
31
51
.378
24
—

1998–99[c]
1998–99
NBA
Eastern
6th
Atlantic
3rd
28
22
.560
5
Won First Round (Magic) 3–1
Lost Conference Semifinals (Pacers) 4–0

1999–00
1999–00
NBA
Eastern
5th
Atlantic
3rd
49
33
.598
3
Won First Round (Hornets) 3–1
Lost Conference Semifinals (Pacers) 4–2

2000–01
2000–01
NBA
Eastern
1st
Atlantic
1st
56
26
.683
—
Won First Round (Pacers) 3–1
Won Conference Semifinals (Raptors) 4–3
Won Conference Finals (Bucks) 4–3
Lost NBA Finals (Lakers) 4–1
Allen Iverson (MVP)
Dikembe Mutombo (DPoY, JWKC)
Aaron McKie (SMoY)
Larry Brown (CoY)

2001–02
2001–02
NBA
Eastern
6th
Atlantic
4th
43
39
.524
9
Lost First Round (Celtics) 3–2

2002–03
2002–03
NBA
Eastern
4th
Atlantic
2nd
48
34
.585
1
Won First Round (Hornets) 4–2
Lost Conference Semifinals (Pistons) 4–2

2003–04
2003–04
NBA
Eastern
11th
Atlantic
5th
33
49
.402
14
—

2004–05
2004–05
NBA
Eastern
7th
Atlantic
2nd
43
39
.524
2
Lost First Round (Pistons) 4–1

2005–06
2005–06
NBA
Eastern
9th
Atlantic
2nd
38
44
.463
11
—

2006–07
2006–07
NBA
Eastern
9th
Atlantic
3rd
35
47
.427
12
—

2007–08
2007–08
NBA
Eastern
7th
Atlantic
3rd
40
42
.488
26
Lost First Round (Pistons) 4–2

2008–09
2008–09
NBA
Eastern
6th
Atlantic
2nd
41
41
.500
21
Lost First Round (Magic) 4–2

2009–10
2009–10
NBA
Eastern
13th
Atlantic
4th
27
55
.329
23
—
Samuel Dalembert (JWKC)

2010–11
2010–11
NBA
Eastern
7th
Atlantic
3rd
41
41
.500
15
Lost First Round (Heat) 4–1

2011–12[d]
2011–12
NBA
Eastern
8th
Atlantic
3rd
35
31
.530
4
Won First Round (Bulls) 4–2
Lost Conference Semifinals (Celtics) 4–3

2012–13
2012–13
NBA
Eastern
9th
Atlantic
4th
34
48
.415
20
—

2013–14
2013–14
NBA
Eastern
14th
Atlantic
5th
19
63
.232
29
—
Michael Carter-Williams (RoY)

2014–15
2014–15
NBA
Eastern
14th
Atlantic
4th
18
64
.220
31
—

2015–16
2015–16
NBA
Eastern
15th
Atlantic
5th
10
72
.122
46
—

2016–17
2016–17
NBA
Eastern
14th
Atlantic
4th
28
54
.341
25
—

Regular season
2,754
2,632
.511
47 playoff berths
11 division titles
3 conference titles

Playoffs
217
205
.514
9 Conference Championships
3 NBA Championships

text: Notes[edit]

text:
a The 1992–93 Dallas Mavericks actually had a point differential of -15.2, and the 2011–12 Bobcats of -13.9, vis-à-vis the 1972–73 76ers -12.1 and 2015–16 76ers -10.2.
b The Eastern Division was renamed the Eastern Conference, and split into the Atlantic and Central divisions.
c Due to a lockout, the season did not start until February 5, 1999, and all 29 teams played a shortened 50 game regular season schedule.[7]
d Due to a lockout, the season did not start until December 25, 2011, and all 30 teams played a shortened 66 game regular season schedule.

text: Sources[edit]

text:
NBA History, nba.com. NBA Media Ventures, LLC. Retrieved 2009-09-06.
Philadelphia 76ers, basketball-reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 2009-09-06.
Playoff Index, basketball-reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 2009-09-06.


document_title: Magnum P.I. (2018 TV series)

question_text: who plays tc in the new magnum pi

question_tokens: who plays tc in the new magnum pi

text: Magnum P.I. (2018 TV series)

text: Cast[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Jay Hernandez as Thomas Magnum
Perdita Weeks as Juliet Higgins
Zachary Knighton as Orville "Rick" Wright
Stephen Hill as Theodore "TC" Calvin
Tim Kang as Detective Gordon Katsumoto

text: Recurring[edit]

text: Amy Hill as Kumu

text: Guest[edit]

text:
Kimee Balmilero as medical examiner Noelani Cunha and crossover character from Hawaii Five-0[4]
Taylor Wily as entrepreneur Kamekona Tupuola and crossover character from Hawaii Five-0[5]

text: Episodes[edit]

text: No.TitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateProd.codeUS viewers(millions)1"I Saw the Sun Rise"[6]Justin LinPeter M. Lenkov & Eric GuggenheimSeptember 24, 2018 (2018-09-24)TBATBD

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: On October 20, 2017, the original series has signed on to produce a remake series with Peter M. Lenkov and Eric Guggenheim for CBS, which owns the rights to Magnum, P.I. through its acquisition of the original Bellisaruis Production and Universal Television.[7] In February 2018, it was announced that CBS had greenlit production of a pilot episode written by both Lenkov and Guggenheim also directed by Justin Lin from The Fast and the Furious.[8][9]

text: On May 11, 2018, the network picked up the series.[10] Co-creator and executive producer Peter M. Lenkov will serve as the showrunner. On May 16, 2018, CBS released a first video trailer for new series. The Pilot episode was aired as a special preview prior to the series San Diego Comic-Con panel.[11]

text: On July 19, 2018 it was announced that the series is set to see multiple crossovers with the ninth season of Hawaii Five-0. Lenkov confirmed that Kimee Balmilero and Taylor Wily will make guest appearances as their Hawaii Five-0 characters, medical examiner Noelani Cunha and entrepreneur Kamekona Tupuola respectively. Balmilero is set to appear in episode one while Wily is set to appear in episode two. Meanwhile, Alex O'Loughlin's character, Steve McGarrett, is set to cross paths with Hernandez's character later in the season.[4][5]

text: On Wednesday, August 22, 2018 with the anticipated landfall of Hurricane Lane, a Category 4 hurricane, in Hawaii CBS reported that they "were closely monitoring the situation" but that production would continue as planned.[12][13] The following day CBS temporarily shut down production of both Magnum P.I. and Hawaii Five-0 until further notice.[14][15]

text: Casting[edit]

text: On February 20, 2018, Jay Hernandez was announced as the new Magnum.[16] It was announced on March 2, 2018 that Perdita Weeks will play Juliet Higgins.[17] According to a May 16, 2018 announcement, Magnum's best friend from U.S. Marines, Rick Wright, will be portrayed Zachary Knighton.[18] Three days later, it was announced that another Magnum's friends, Theodore "T.C" Calvin, will be played by Stephen Hill.[19] On July 20, 2018, it was announced that Tim Kang would join the cast as Honolulu PD detective Gordon Katsumoto, who will develop a friendly rivalry with Magnum as they work cases.[20] Finally, it was announced on July 25, 2018 that Amy Hill had been cast in a recurring role.[21]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Filming for the first season began on July 23, 2018 with a traditional Hawaiian blessing.[22]


document_title: Martian polar ice caps

question_text: studies have shown that the ice located in the south pole of mars is mostly

text: Martian polar ice caps

text: Freezing of atmosphere[edit]

text: Research based on slight changes in the orbits of spacecraft around Mars over 16 years found that when one hemisphere experiences winter, approximately 3 trillion to 4 trillion tons of carbon dioxide freezes out of the atmosphere onto the northern and southern polar caps. This represents 12 to 16 percent of the mass of the entire Martian atmosphere. These observations support predictions from the Mars Global Reference Atmospheric Model—2010.[15][16]

text: Layers[edit]

text: Both polar caps show layered features, called polar-layered deposits, that result from seasonal melting and deposition of ice together with dust from Martian dust storms. Information about the past climate of Mars may be eventually revealed in these layers, just as tree ring patterns and ice core data do on Earth. Both polar caps also display grooved features, probably caused by wind flow patterns. The grooves are also influenced by the amount of dust.[17] The more dust, the darker the surface. The darker the surface, the more melting. Dark surfaces absorb more light energy. There are other theories that attempt to explain the large grooves.[18]

text:
Layers exposed.

Close view of layers exposed.

Layers visible along edge of northern ice cap.

Layers exposed in northern ice cap, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program

Close view of layers exposed in northern ice cap, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program

text: North polar cap[edit]

text: The bulk of the northern ice cap consists of water ice; it also has a thin seasonal veneer of dry ice, solid carbon dioxide. Each winter the ice cap grows by adding 1.5 to 2 m of dry ice. In summer, the dry ice sublimates (goes directly from a solid to a gas) into the atmosphere. Mars has seasons that are similar to Earth's, because its rotational axis has a tilt close to our own Earth's (25.19° for Mars, 23.44° for Earth).

text: During each year on Mars as much as a third of Mars' thin carbon dioxide (CO2) atmosphere "freezes out" during the winter in the northern and southern hemispheres. Scientists have even measured tiny changes in the gravity field of Mars due to the movement of carbon dioxide.[19]

text: The ice cap in the north is of a lower altitude (base at -5000 m, top at -2000 m) than the one in the south (base at 1000 m, top at 3500 m).[20][21] It is also warmer, so all the frozen carbon dioxide disappears each summer.[22] The part of the cap that survives the summer is called the north residual cap and is made of water ice. This water ice is believed to be as much as three kilometers thick. The much thinner seasonal cap starts to form in the late summer to early fall when a variety of clouds form. Called the polar hood, the clouds drop precipitation which thickens the cap. The north polar cap is symmetrical around the pole and covers the surface down to about 60 degrees latitude. High resolution images taken with NASA's Mars Global Surveyor show that the northern polar cap is covered mainly by pits, cracks, small bumps and knobs that give it a cottage cheese look. The pits are spaced close together relative to the very different depressions in the south polar cap.

text: Both polar caps show layered features that result from seasonal melting and deposition of ice together with dust from Martian dust storms. These polar layered deposits lie under the permanent polar caps. Information about the past climate of Mars may be eventually revealed in these layers, just as tree ring patterns and ice core data do on Earth. Both polar caps also display grooved features, probably caused by wind flow patterns and sun angles, although there are several theories that have been advanced. The grooves are also influenced by the amount of dust.[17] The more dust, the darker the surface. The darker the surface, the more melting. Dark surfaces absorb more light energy. One large valley, Chasma Boreale runs halfway across the cap. It is about 100 km wide and up to 2 km deep—that's deeper than Earth's Grand Canyon.[23]

text: When the tilt or obliquity changes the size of the polar caps change. When the tilt is at its highest, the poles receive far more sunlight and for more hours each day. The extra sunlight causes the ice to melt, so much so that it could cover parts of the surface in 10 m of ice. Much evidence has been found for glaciers that probably formed when this tilt-induced climate change occurred.[24]

text: Research reported in September 2009 and published in Icarus shows that the ice rich layers of the ice cap match models for Martian climate swings. NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter's radar instrument can measure the contrast in electrical properties between layers. The pattern of reflectivity reveals the pattern of material variations within the layers. Radar produced a cross-sectional view of the north-polar layered deposits of Mars. High-reflectivity zones, with multiple contrasting layers, alternate with zones of lower reflectivity. Patterns of how these two types of zones alternate can be correlated to models of changes in the tilt of Mars. Since the top zone of the north-polar layered deposits—the most recently deposited portion—is strongly radar-reflective, the researchers propose that such sections of high-contrast layering correspond to periods of relatively small swings in the planet's tilt because the Martian axis has not varied much recently. Dustier layers appear to be deposited during periods when the atmosphere is dustier.[25][26]

text: Research, published in January 2010 using HiRISE images, says that understanding the layers is more complicated than was formerly believed. The brightness of the layers does not just depend on the amount of dust. The angle of the sun together with the angle of the spacecraft greatly affect the brightness seen by the camera. This angle depends on factors such as the shape of the trough wall and its orientation. Furthermore, the roughness of the surface can greatly change the albedo (amount of reflected light). In addition, many times what one is seeing is not a real layer, but a fresh covering of frost. All of these factors are influenced by the wind which can erode surfaces. The HiRISE camera did not reveal layers that were thinner than those seen by the Mars Global Surveyor. However, it did see more detail within layers.[27]

text: Radar measurements of the north polar ice cap found the volume of water ice in the layered deposits of the cap was 821,000 cubic kilometers (197,000 cubic miles). That's equal to 30% of the Earth's Greenland ice sheet. (The layered deposits overlie an additional basal deposit of ice.) The radar is on board the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter.[25]

text: SHARAD radar data when combined to form a 3D model reveal buried craters. These may be used to date certain layers.[26]

text: In February 2017, ESA released a new view of Mars's North Pole. It was a mosaic made from 32 individual orbits of the Mars Express.[28][29]

text: South polar cap[edit]

text: The south polar permanent cap is much smaller than the one in the north. It is 400 km in diameter, as compared to the 1100 km diameter of the northern cap.[18] Each southern winter, the ice cap covers the surface to a latitude of 50°.[30] Part of the ice cap consists of dry ice, solid carbon dioxide. Each winter the ice cap grows by adding 1.5 to 2 meters of dry ice from precipitation from a polar-hood of clouds. In summer, the dry ice sublimates (goes directly from a solid to a gas) into the atmosphere. During each year on Mars as much as a third of Mars' thin carbon dioxide (CO2) atmosphere "freezes out" during the winter in the northern and southern hemispheres. Scientists have even measured tiny changes in the gravity field of Mars due to the movement of carbon dioxide. In other words, the winter buildup of ice changes the gravity of the planet.[19] Mars has seasons that are similar to Earth's because its rotational axis has a tilt close to our own Earth's (25.19° for Mars, 23.45° for Earth). The south polar cap is higher in altitude and colder than the one in the north.[22]

text: The residual southern ice cap is displaced; that is, it is not centered on the south pole. However, the south seasonal cap is centered near the geographic pole.[18] Studies have shown that the off center cap is caused by much more snow falling on one side than the other. On the western hemisphere side of the south pole a low pressure system forms because the winds are changed by the Hellas Basin. This system produces more snow. On the other side, there is less snow and more frost. Snow tends to reflect more sunlight in the summer, so not much melts or sublimates (Mars climate causes snow to go directly from a solid to a gas). Frost, on the other hand has a rougher surface and tends to trap more sunlight, resulting in more sublimation. In other words, areas with more of the rougher frost are warmer.[31]

text: Research, published in April 2011, described a large deposit of frozen carbon dioxide near the south pole. Most of this deposit probably enters Mars' atmosphere when the planet's tilt increases. When this occurs, the atmosphere thickens, winds get stronger, and larger areas on the surface can support liquid water. [32] Analysis of data showed that if these deposits were all changed into gas, the atmospheric pressure on Mars would double.[33] There are three layers of these deposits; each is capped with a 30-meter layer of water ice that prevents the CO2 from sublimating into the atmosphere. In sublimation a solid material goes directly into a gas phase. These three layers are linked to periods when the atmosphere collapsed when the climate changed.[34]

text: A large field of eskers exist around the south pole, called the Dorsa Argentea Formation, it is believed to be the remains of a giant ice sheet.[35] This large polar ice sheet is believed to have covered about 1.5 million square kilometers. That area is twice the area of the state of Texas.[36][better source needed][37]

text: Swiss cheese appearance[edit]

text: While the north polar cap of Mars has a flat, pitted surface resembling cottage cheese, the south polar cap has larger pits, troughs and flat mesas that give it a Swiss cheese appearance.[38][39][40][41] The upper layer of the Martian south polar residual cap has been eroded into flat-topped mesas with circular depressions.[42] Observations made by Mars Orbiter Camera in 2001 have shown that the scarps and pit walls of the south polar cap had retreated at an average rate of about 3 meters (10 feet) since 1999. In other words, they were retreating 3 meters per Mars year. In some places on the cap, the scarps retreat less than 3 meters a Mars year, and in others it can retreat as much as 8 meters (26 feet) per Martian year. Over time, south polar pits merge to become plains, mesas turn into buttes, and buttes vanish forever. The round shape is probably aided in its formation by the angle of the sun. In the summer, the sun moves around the sky, sometimes for 24 hours each day, just above the horizon. As a result, the walls of a round depression will receive more intense sunlight than the floor; the wall will melt far more than the floor. The walls melt and recede, while the floor remains the same.[43][44]

text: Later research with the powerful HiRISE showed that the pits are in a 1-10 meter thick layer of dry ice that is sitting on a much larger water ice cap. Pits have been observed to begin with small areas along faint fractures. The circular pits have steep walls that work to focus sunlight, thereby increasing erosion. For a pit to develop a steep wall of about 10 cm and a length of over 5 meters in necessary.[45]

text: The pictures below show why it is said the surface resembles Swiss cheese; one can also observe the differences over a two-year period.

text:
Changes in south polar surface from 1999 to 2001, as seen by Mars Global Surveyor.

'Swiss cheese' ice formations as seen by MGS.

Swiss cheese-like ice formations as seen by MGS, showing layers.

Close-up of Swiss cheese terrain, as seen by MGS.

HiRISE view of south polar terrain.

text: Starburst channels or spiders[edit]

text: Starburst channels are patterns of channels that radiate out into feathery extensions. They are caused by gas which escapes along with dust. The gas builds up beneath translucent ice as the temperature warms in the spring.[46] Typically 500 meters wide and 1 meter deep, the spiders may undergo observable changes in just a few days.[47] One model for understanding the formation of the spiders says that sunlight heats dust grains in the ice. The warm dust grains settle by melting through the ice while the holes are annealed behind them. As a result, the ice becomes fairly clear. Sunlight then reaches the dark bottom of the slab of ice and changes the solid carbon dioxide ice into a gas which flows toward higher regions that open to the surface. The gas rushes out carrying dark dust with it. Winds at the surface will blow the escaping gas and dust into dark fans that we observe with orbiting spacecraft.[24][48] The physics of this model is similar to ideas put forth to explain dark plumes erupting from the surface of Triton.[49]

text: Research, published in January 2010 using HiRISE images, found that some of the channels in spiders grow larger as they go uphill since gas is doing the erosion. The researchers also found that the gas flows to a crack that has occurred at a weak point in the ice. As soon as the sun rises above the horizon, gas from the spiders blows out dust which is blown by wind to form a dark fan shape. Some of the dust gets trapped in the channels. Eventually frost covers all the fans and channels until the next spring when the cycle repeats.[30][50]

text:
Star burst channels caused by escaping CO2 gas, as seen by HiRISE. Such channels, also called spiders, may be about 500 m in diameter and 1 m deep.

Spider on the second Martian day of spring, as seen by HiRISE.

Same spider 14 Martian days later, as seen by HiRISE. Notice increased dark fans caused by outgassing of carbon dioxide carrying dark material.

Wide view of plumes, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program Many of the plumes show spiders when enlarged.

Spiders, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program

Plumes and spiders, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program

text: Layers[edit]

text: Chasma Australe, a major valley, cuts across the layered deposits in the South Polar cap. On the 90 E side, the deposits rest on a major basin, called Prometheus.[51]

text: Some of the layers in the south pole also show polygonal fracturing in the form of rectangles. It is thought that the fractures were caused by the expansion and contraction of water ice below the surface.[52]

text: Polar ice cap deuterium enrichment[edit]

text: Evidence that Mars once had enough water to create a global ocean at least 137 m deep has been obtained from measurement of the HDO to H2O ratio over the north polar cap. In March 2015, a team of scientists published results showing that the polar cap ice is about eight times as enriched with deuterium, heavy hydrogen, as water in Earth's oceans. This means that Mars has lost a volume of water 6.5 times as large as that stored in today's polar caps. The water for a time may have formed an ocean in the low-lying Vastitas Borealis and adjacent lowlands (Acidalia, Arcadia and Utopia planitiae). Had the water ever all been liquid and on the surface, it would have covered 20% of the planet and in places would have been almost a mile deep.

text: This international team used ESO’s Very Large Telescope, along with instruments at the W. M. Keck Observatory and the NASA Infrared Telescope Facility, to map out different isotopic forms of water in Mars’s atmosphere over a six-year period.[53][54]

text: Gallery[edit]

text:
This HiRISE image shows layers running roughly up and down, with faint polygonal fracturing (mostly rectangular).

South polar layers, as seen by THEMIS.

Close-up of layers in wall of McMurdo crater, as seen by HiRISE.

Layers exposed in a valley on the north polar ice cap as observed by Mars Odyssey. Click on image to enlarge to see clouds of dust caused by winds coming off the cap.

Chasma Boreale streamlined feature, as seen by HiRISE.

Chasma Boreale, as seen by HiRISE.

Steep scarp, as seen by HiRISE.

North polar layers on the side of a valley, as seen by HiRISE. Layers erode differently, depending on what direction they face. On one side they are straight, as if cut by a knife.

Chasma Boreale channels, as seen by HiRISE.


document_title: 1943 Rose Bowl

question_text: when was the last time the georgia bulldogs were in the rose bowl

text: 1943 Rose Bowl

text: Teams[edit]

text: UCLA Bruins[edit]

text: UCLA won the Pacific Coast Conference title for the first time in school history. The Bruins also won their first victory in the UCLA–USC rivalry. This Rose Bowl game was the first appearance for the Bruins in the post season since their Poi Bowl (later the Pineapple Bowl) victory in 1939.[7]

text: The previous season saw UCLA and USC tie 7-7 in a matchup of lower tier teams. They had played that year on the eve of America's entry into World War II, on December 6, 1941.[8]

text: In 1942, the Bruins and Trojans met with the Rose Bowl on the line for both teams. On December 12, 1942, UCLA defeated USC for the first time 14-7.[9]

text: Georgia Bulldogs[edit]

text: The Tournament of Roses committee were responsible for selecting and inviting the opposing team. Georgia was the number two team in the nation behind number 1 Ohio State. The Western Conference, forerunner of the Big Ten Conference, did not permit their teams to play in bowl games until the 1946 agreement between the Big Ten and Pacific Coast Conference. The Bulldogs featured 1942 Heisman Trophy winner Frank Sinkwich, Maxwell Award winner Charley Trippi, and Jim Todd (Laurens, SC) backing up Trippi. The Bulldogs had been named national champions by the Berryman, DeVold, Houlgate, Litkenhous, Poling, and Williamson polls. Georgia had played their first bowl game the previous year, the 1942 Orange Bowl.

text: Scoring summary[edit]

text: The Temperature was 72 and sunny in Pasadena.[10] UCLA wore gold helmets, white jerseys, and gold pants. Georgia had silver helmets, red jerseys, and gray pants.

text: Both teams went scoreless until the fourth quarter. The Bulldogs had 25 first downs to the Bruins' 5. In the fourth quarter, the Bruins were backed up against the south goal line. Bob Waterfield attempted the punt 10 yards back from the line of scrimmage as was the custom at the time. The punt was blocked out of the end zone.[3][11]

text: First quarter[edit]

text: No score

text: Second quarter[edit]

text: No score

text: Third quarter[edit]

text: No score

text: Fourth quarter[edit]

text:
Georgia — Willard "Red" Boyd blocks Bob Waterfield's punt out of bounds for an automatic safety.
Georgia — Frank Sinkwich, one-yard run. Leo Costa converts.

text: Statistics[edit]

text:
Team Stats
Georgia
UCLA

First Downs
22
4

Net Yards Rushing
212
88

Net Yards Passing
167
69

Total Yards
379
157

PC–PA–Int.
12–30–2
4–15–4

Punts Avg.
34
34.6

text: Aftermath[edit]

text: The UCLA Bruins had 5 first downs to Georgia's 25 and were regarded as no match for the Bulldogs.[12] The Bruins were considered lucky to have held Georgia to 9 points.[13][14] Georgia coach Wally Butts was reportedly sweating over the Bruins' defense during the game.[15][16] A spectator in the stadium died of a heart attack during the game.[17] The Georgia team remained in town a day to celebrate after the game.[18] The team got a studio tour and met with Hollywood stars.[3]

text: The UCLA team also received star attention. UCLA fans Mickey Rooney and Ava Gardner rented the Cocoanut Grove Ballroom at the Ambassador Hotel for a party for the Bruins football team.[19]

text: Charley Trippi of Georgia was named the Rose Bowl Player of the Game when the award was created in 1953 and selections were made retroactively.[2] Lynn "Buck" Compton, who played for UCLA, and started at guard in the game, later earned a Silver Star for his meritorious action at Brécourt Manor.[20][21] The action was later dramatized in episode two of the HBO miniseries Band of Brothers. According to Lynn "Buck" Compton(See "Call of Duty" by Lt. Lynn Buck Compton, Life, before, during, and after the "Band of Brothers), shortly after the game, the entire Senior Class of those players, who were also in ROTC, were taken into the military, prior to graduation and sent to Officer Candidate School. Buck went on to Ft. Benning Georgia.

text: Because of the agreement made in 1946 by what are now the Big Ten and the Pac-12 Conferences (and their respective predecessors), this was Georgia's lone appearance in the Rose Bowl game until the agreements that starting in the 1998 season, the Rose Bowl would be part of any national championship format. That agreement meant Georgia would not appear until the 2018 game, when they were the third seed in the College Football Playoff in the year the game was a semifinal game. For the 2008 Rose Bowl, a hopeful matchup was examined that Georgia might play USC, but the Sugar Bowl would not give up the Bulldogs.[22]

text: During World War II, UCLA left end Milt "Snuffy" Smith was critically injured when his crew was struck by a missile. When he was about to be declared a hopeless case and to be abandoned, a medic saw his "Rose Bowl, 1943" engraved wrist watch he was wearing and shouted, "This is one guy we’ve got to save." Smith recovered after 18 months of hospitalization.

text: Georgia would not return to the Rose Bowl game until January 1, 2018--an absence of 75 years.


document_title: Petr Čech

question_text: how many goals did petr cech concede at chelsea

text: Petr Čech

text: Club career[edit]

text: Early career[edit]

text: Born in Plzeň, Czechoslovakia, Čech started playing football aged seven for Škoda Plzeň (later known as Viktoria Plzeň). In his early days, he played as a striker, although he later moved to the goalkeeper position.[7] Čech joined Czech First League team Chmel Blšany in June 1999[8] and made his league debut at the age of 17 in October 1999, in a 3–1 loss against Sparta.[7][8]

text: Čech signed a 5 1⁄2-year contract with Sparta Prague at the age of 18 in January 2001, although he remained at Blšany until the end of the 2000–01 season.[9] In November 2001, Čech broke the record formerly held by Theodor Reimann for the longest time elapsed without conceding a goal in the Czech professional league, stretching his run to 855 minutes.[10] His clean sheet record finally ended when he was beaten by a goal from Marcel Melecký of Bohemians on 17 November 2001, ending his record at 903 consecutive minutes without conceding.[11]

text: Despite Čech not winning the league title in the spring of 2002 with Sparta, he attracted interest from English clubs including Arsenal due to his international performances. Due to difficulties in obtaining a work permit, however, a proposed deal with the Gunners fell through.[12]

text: Rennes[edit]

text: In July 2002, Čech moved to French club Rennes, signing a four-year contract for a transfer fee reported as CZK150 million (€5.5 million).[13]

text: During his first season in France, he was awarded man of the match against Paris Saint-Germain by L'Équipe.[14] In May 2003, Rennes was at the bottom of the league table,[14] yet escaped relegation with a win over Montpellier in the final matchday.[15]

text: Chelsea[edit]

text: Čech trialled with Chelsea in 2003. The club's then manager Claudio Ranieri wanted Čech to be understudy to Carlo Cudicini, and made a transfer bid for Čech in January 2004.[16] Although an initial bid was rejected, Rennes agreed to Čech's move to Chelsea for £7 million in February. Čech signed a five-year contract, to commence in July 2004, becoming the most expensive goalkeeper in Chelsea's history.[17][18][19] Čech's was one amongst many British club transfers that came under the spotlight in the 2006 football corruption investigation for being potentially in breach of transfer regulations. The Stevens inquiry report, published in June 2007, found no evidence of illegal payments.[20]

text: 2004–05 season[edit]

text: When Čech arrived at Chelsea, Carlo Cudicini was established as Chelsea's first choice goalkeeper. Cudicini, however, suffered a pre-season elbow injury that allowed Chelsea manager José Mourinho to promote Čech into the starting spot, where he became the first-choice goalkeeper in his first season. He kept a clean sheet in his Premier League debut in a 1–0 victory over Manchester United.[21]

text: On 5 March 2005, Čech set a new Premier League record of 1,025 minutes without letting in a goal, though his record has since been broken by Manchester United's Edwin van der Sar. Čech finally conceded to Leon McKenzie of Norwich City, after keeping a clean sheet in the league since 12 December 2004 when Thierry Henry scored for Arsenal.[19] Čech was given a special award by the Premier League for the new record, and he was also awarded the Golden Glove at the end of the 2004–05 season for keeping a record 21 clean sheets in the Premier League.[22] The team, having conceded only 15 league goals in the entire season, also set a new record.

text: 2005–06 season[edit]

text: Chelsea retained the Premier League title in the 2005–06 season, with Čech playing in 34 league matches. Chelsea conceded just 22 times during the season.[23] In January 2006, he was named the IFFHS World's Best Goalkeeper for 2005.[24] In February 2006, Čech signed a two-year contract extension, keeping him at the club until 2010.[25] He was also named the Czech Footballer of the Year for the first time.[26]

text: 2006–07 season[edit]

text: Čech underwent minor shoulder surgery on 27 June 2006 to repair a long-standing injury stemming from the previous season.[27] He returned to action on 27 August 2006.[28]

text: Head injury[edit]

text: Čech sustained a head injury in the match against Reading at the Madejski Stadium on 14 October 2006 when he collided with Reading midfielder Stephen Hunt inside Chelsea's penalty area within the first minute of a Premier League match. Hunt's right knee hit Čech's head, leaving the goalkeeper requiring treatment.[29] Čech was taken off after several minutes and replaced by Carlo Cudicini, who himself was knocked unconscious later in the same game, forcing Chelsea captain John Terry to play goal for the match's remaining minutes.[29] Čech underwent surgery for a depressed skull fracture.[30] Initially unaware of the seriousness of the injury, the doctors later reported that it nearly cost Čech his life,[31] and as a result of the collision, he suffered intense headaches.[32]

text: Chelsea manager José Mourinho blamed Hunt for Čech's injury, saying that his challenge was "a disgrace".[33] He also criticised the South Central Ambulance Service NHS Trust[34] and match referee Mike Riley.[35] A number of commentators, including current and former goalkeepers, saw the incident as highlighting the need for greater protection for goalkeepers.[36][37]

text: Čech was able to return home on 24 October 2006 and participated in light training the following week. Chelsea, however, announced that the goalkeeper would be out for three months, in line with medical advice on the time needed for complete recovery from the skull fracture.[38] In an interview, Čech said that he had no memory of the injury itself.[39]

text: Return[edit]

text: Čech made his comeback in a Premier League match against Liverpool on 20 January 2007, which Chelsea eventually lost 2–0, wearing a rugby style headguard[40] made by Canterbury of New Zealand and carrying the manufacturer's logo. This caused friction with Czech national team sponsor Puma and Chelsea's apparel manufacturer Adidas. The matter was resolved after the latter sponsor developed its own headgear for Čech to wear in club matches, while the player went on to wear an unbranded cap for national team games.[41] Even long after his injuries healed completely, Čech has continued to wear the cap to his matches.

text: Although Chelsea lost Čech's comeback match, he then went approximately 810 minutes of Premier League play without conceding a goal. On 11 April 2007, Čech was awarded the Premier League Player of the Month for the first time in his career, in recognition of his eight successive league clean sheets. He was the first goalkeeper to receive the award since Tim Flowers in 2000.[42] This run was ended during a 4–1 Chelsea victory over West Ham United on 18 April 2007 when Carlos Tevez scored against him.

text: Čech also kept a clean sheet for Chelsea in the 2007 FA Cup final against Manchester United. He and United's Edwin van der Sar shared the honour of being the first goalkeepers to keep a clean sheet over 90 minutes in a competitive fixture at the new Wembley Stadium, but Čech became the first goalkeeper to end a competitive game unbeaten, as Chelsea beat United 1–0 to win the FA Cup.[43]

text: 2007–08 season[edit]

text: Čech started the 2007–08 season conceding two goals against Birmingham City in the first match of the season. Despite this, Chelsea managed to win 3–2 and set an English record for their 64th consecutive unbeaten league match at home.[44]

text: In November 2007, Čech suffered an injury to his right calf muscle in the 0–0 UEFA Champions League group stage match at Schalke 04.[45] The following month, on 23 December 2007, he had to be replaced during a match against Blackburn Rovers due to a hip injury.[46]

text: Chelsea suffered its first major blow when it lost the League Cup final to Tottenham Hotspur, with Čech parrying the ball onto Jonathan Woodgate's head for the winner.[47] He played in several games until the eve of Chelsea's home Champions League tie with Greek champions Olympiacos when he injured his ankle in training.[48][49] In the weeks that followed, Čech missed key games of Chelsea's campaign, including the derby with Arsenal and both legs of the Champions League quarter-final.

text: On 7 April 2008, it was announced that Čech had undergone emergency surgery on his chin and lips following an accidental collision with Tal Ben Haim during training.[50][51] He had 50 stitches put on his mouth and chin and missed 22 games due to injuries.[52] He returned to action on 14 April, in a home match against Wigan Athletic which Chelsea drew 1–1. He appeared in the Champions League final against Manchester United, where Chelsea lost in a penalty shootout.

text: 2008–09 season[edit]

text: Čech signed a new five-year contract in July 2008 to keep him at Chelsea until 2013.[22] Chelsea started the 2008–09 season in good form, conceding only 7 goals in 17 games and keeping 11 clean sheets, 10 of which with Čech in goal.

text: In November 2008, Chelsea beat Sunderland 5–0 at Stamford Bridge, a game which marked the 100th match Čech had played for Chelsea without conceding a goal.[53] Chelsea had a 1–0 victory over Juventus in the Champions League on his 200th appearance for the club, and he also starred in a 1–0 away victory at Villa Park against Aston Villa, saving from Gabriel Agbonlahor and Gareth Barry. The following week, Čech helped Chelsea move up to second place in the league by saving from Paul Scharner in the first half against Wigan Athletic at Stamford Bridge, where Chelsea won 2–1. Successive clean sheets by Čech in Chelsea's wins against Portsmouth and Coventry City saw his side consolidate their position in the Premier League whilst progressing into the FA Cup semi-finals. Čech also made saves from Dirk Kuyt and Xabi Alonso as Chelsea beat Liverpool 3–1 at Anfield in the first leg of the Champions League quarter-finals.

text: In a crucial Premier League game in April 2009, with Chelsea comfortably leading 4–0 against Bolton Wanderers, Chelsea manager Guus Hiddink took off both Didier Drogba and Frank Lampard only for Bolton to score three late goals which questioned the Chelsea defence, and in particular Čech. Čech, however, responded when he saved a penalty from Mark Noble in Chelsea's 1–0 win at the Boleyn Ground against West Ham.[54] He also kept a clean sheet in the next game against Barcelona during the Champions League semi-final first leg match. Following a 3–2 win against Sunderland at the Stadium of Light, Čech and Chelsea finished the season with the joint-tightest defence in the Premier League along with Manchester United, having conceded just 24 goals over the course of the season.[55] Despite conceding the fastest goal in FA Cup final history, Čech helped Chelsea's 2009 FA Cup final triumph over Everton. Chelsea won 2–1, earning the Czech his seventh trophy at the club.[56]

text: Former Chelsea coach Luiz Felipe Scolari accused Čech, Michael Ballack and Drogba of causing his sacking, saying that they "did not accept my training methods or my demands". Scolari also claimed that it stemmed from a row between him and the Czech goalkeeper over the latter's alleged insistence on being given a personal coach. Čech denied the claims saying that he was "disappointed with [Scolari] because never in my life have I had a personal goalkeeping coach".[57]

text: 2009–10 season[edit]

text: Čech began the 2009–10 season in winning form with Chelsea, beating Manchester United in the Community Shield final at Wembley. With the game level at 2–2 at the end of normal time, Čech saved penalties from Ryan Giggs and Patrice Evra.[58] Čech kept goal for Chelsea in the six-match winning run that opened their season and placed them on top of the Premier League. On 26 September 2009, however, Čech was sent off and at the same time conceded the winning penalty for a trip on Wigan forward Hugo Rodallega, in the defeat that broke the run and conceded the lead in the league to Manchester United.[59] On 27 February 2010, Čech sustained a calf injury in the Champions League match against Inter Milan.[60] On 13 April, Čech kept his 100th Premier League clean sheet for Chelsea, against Bolton.[61] He won his second Golden Glove award for the season, having kept 17 clean sheets in the Premier League as Chelsea secured a third title.[62] He concluded his season by saving a penalty against Portsmouth in the FA Cup final, ensuring that the Blues went on to retain the Cup and achieve their first domestic double.

text: 2010–11 season[edit]

text: During 2010–11 pre-season training, Čech reaggravated the calf injury he suffered against Inter the previous season.[45] Scans revealed a muscle tear that sidelined him for the next three weeks, including Chelsea's 3–1 loss to Manchester United in the Community Shield. He returned on 14 August and kept a clean sheet as Chelsea beat West Bromwich Albion 6–0. Čech then kept another clean sheet in a 2–0 win over Arsenal,[63] before keeping a clean sheet in a 0–0 draw at Villa Park.[64] On 7 March, Čech made his 300th Chelsea appearance, against Premier League side Blackpool, which Chelsea went on to win 3–1. On 19 May, Čech was awarded the Chelsea Player of the Year for the first time. More than 28,000 fans voted for the award, which was handed over by Chelsea manager Carlo Ancelotti.[citation needed]

text: 2011–12 season[edit]

text: Čech started the opening game of Chelsea's 2011–12 Premier League season away to Stoke City, which ended 0–0. On 18 August 2011, Čech was ruled out for up to four weeks after he sustained a knee injury in training.[65] He made his return three weeks later against Sunderland in which Chelsea won 2–1. He kept a clean sheet in Chelsea's first Champions League match of the season in a 2–0 win over Bayer Leverkusen. On 27 February, Čech was announced as the Czech Footballer of the Year for 2011, winning the award for the fifth time.[66] On 24 March, Čech played his 250th league game for Chelsea against Tottenham Hotspur in a 0–0 draw at Stamford Bridge.[67] Čech saved a penalty in extra time against former teammate Arjen Robben, and two penalties in the subsequent penalty shootout, of the 2012 Champions League final against Bayern Munich resulting in the first Champions League win for Chelsea.[68] Čech was named the Fans' Man of the Match following his heroic performance in goal for The Blues.[69] By winning the Champions League, Čech became just the fourth Czech to win the competition.[70] He finished the season by signing a new four-year contract with Chelsea in May, keeping him with the club until the end of the 2015–16 season.[71]

text: 2012–13 season[edit]

text: Čech started in Chelsea's first match of the 2012–13 season, the 2012 Community Shield against Manchester City, but failed to keep a clean sheet as Chelsea went down 3–2 to goals from Yaya Touré, Carlos Tevez and Samir Nasri.[72] He also featured in the last UEFA Super Cup to be played at Monaco's Stade Louis II, in which he conceded four goals as Chelsea lost 4–1 to the UEFA Europa League winners Atlético Madrid.[73] In October 2012, Čech took the captain's armband as regular Chelsea captain John Terry was sidelined with a four-match ban.[74]

text: In May 2013, Čech won the UEFA Europa League when Chelsea defeated Benfica 2–1 in the final.[75]

text: 2013–14 season[edit]

text: On 19 October 2013, Čech made his 300th Premier League appearance for Chelsea, in a 4–1 home win over newly promoted side Cardiff City.[76] On 11 January 2014, he kept his 209th clean sheet for Chelsea in all competitions in a 2–0 away win at Hull City, beating the club record set by Peter Bonetti.[77]

text: On 18 March 2014, Čech made his 100th UEFA Champions League appearance in a 2–0 win over Galatasaray at Stamford Bridge. He became the fourth goalkeeper to make a century of appearances in the competition after Iker Casillas, Victor Valdés and Oliver Kahn.[78]

text: On 22 April 2014, Čech was substituted in the first leg of the Champions League semi-final against Atlético Madrid with a shoulder injury. Chelsea manager José Mourinho stated that the injury would prevent Čech from playing again in the 2013–14 season.[79] Despite the injury, Čech would finish the season as the joint winner of the Barclays Golden Glove award along with Arsenal goalkeeper Wojciech Szczęsny, both keeping 16 clean sheets.[80]

text: 2014–15 season[edit]

text: Čech's place as Chelsea's starting goalkeeper was taken at the start of the season by Thibaut Courtois. This was possibly due to Čech's long standing injury concerns to his shoulder, back and knees.[81] On 24 September 2014, Čech made his first appearance of the season against Bolton in the third round of the League Cup, a 2–1 victory. He made his first league appearance of the season on 5 October, replacing the injured Courtois in the first half of a 2–0 home win over Arsenal.[82] His second start of the season came in the Champions League group stage victory against Slovenian side Maribor, keeping a clean sheet as Chelsea won 6–0.[83] With Courtois injured, Čech made his first league start of the season on 13 December against Hull, keeping a clean sheet in a 2–0 win.[84]

text: Despite him being second choice, Mourinho stated that Čech would not be sold in the January 2015 transfer window due to third-choice Mark Schwarzer leaving for Leicester City.[85] During that month, Čech made back to back starts in the Premier League against Newcastle United at home, followed by Swansea City away from home, keeping clean-sheets in both wins.[86][87] On 1 March 2015, Čech started in goal in the 2015 League Cup final against Tottenham Hotspur, keeping a clean sheet in a 2–0 victory to win the trophy for the third time in his career.[88]

text: Arsenal[edit]

text: Last summer, things changed and I understood I was no longer the first-choice keeper, but I felt it was not the right time for me to go. During the season it became clear that my situation would not improve and, as I know I am not at the stage of my career where I want to be on the bench, I made my decision to move on and look for new challenges.

text: 2015–16 season[edit]

text: Čech signed for Chelsea's Premier League rivals Arsenal on a four-year contract on 29 June 2015, for a fee of around £10 million.[90] The departure of Wojciech Szczęsny to Roma on loan made Čech first-choice goalkeeper ahead of David Ospina. On 2 August, Čech won his first trophy with Arsenal after beating former side Chelsea 1–0 in the 2015 FA Community Shield.[91] A week later, he made his Premier League debut for Arsenal in a 2–0 home defeat to West Ham.[92] On 20 October, he made his first Champions League appearance for Arsenal in a 2–0 win against Bayern Munich.[93] Čech recorded his 170th Premier League clean sheet in a 2–0 win against AFC Bournemouth on 28 December 2015, setting a new league record and overtaking previous record holder David James.[94][95] On 2 March 2016, he was sidelined due to a calf injury while playing against Swansea.[96] On 2 April, he returned as an unused substitute against Watford and returned to pitch on 17 April against Crystal Palace in a narrow 1–1 draw[96] and guided Arsenal to its 500th Premier League win on 21 April against West Brom.[97]

text: 2016–17 season[edit]

text: Čech was given the captain's armband for Arsenal in their 4–3 opening day home loss to Liverpool.[98] In November 2016, he featured for the full 90 minutes in a 3–0 rout by Arsenal of his former side Chelsea at the Emirates.[99] In April 2017, Čech played in the 2016–17 FA Cup semi final against Manchester City on 24 April at Wembley, which Arsenal won 2-1.[100] Čech again held the captain's armband on 10 May 2017 in a 2–0 win over Southampton at the St Mary's Stadium.[101] Čech was sidelined for the FA Cup Final due to injury, but Arsenal beat Chelsea 2-1.[102] Čech won his 5th FA Cup, and Arsenal became the most successful club in the history of the competition with 13 tournament wins.[103][104]

text: 2017–18 season[edit]

text: Čech was the goalkeeper for the 2017 Community Shield, which Arsenal won in a penalty shootout against Chelsea.[105]

text: He then held the armband to captain Arsenal in their 4–3 opening day home win over Leicester City.[106]

text: International career[edit]

text: Wikinews has related news: Petr Čech retires from international football

text: Čech first represented his country in November 1997 with the under-15 team, working his way up through different age groups before making his senior debut for the Czech Republic in February 2002. He first came to prominence as a 20-year-old at the 2002 U-21 European Championships when his penalty shoot-out heroics in the final against France, letting in only one of the penalty kicks, earned the Czech Republic their first title at youth level.[107]

text: After establishing himself as the senior team's first choice goalkeeper, Čech was selected in the Czech Republic's squad for UEFA Euro 2004. Čech's saves helped his team progress as far as the semi-finals, where they lost to eventual winners Greece on the silver goal rule. He was named in the all-star team as best goalkeeper at the tournament.[108]

text: The Czech Republic qualified for the 2006 World Cup, held in Germany, and were placed in Group E, alongside Ghana, Italy and the United States. The Czech Republic finished third in their group, following a 3–0 win against the United States, and two losses against Ghana and Italy, the score 2–0 in both games, thus not qualifying for the knock-out stages of the tournament.

text: On 17 October 2007, Čech captained the Czech Republic team in their Euro 2008 Group D qualifier against Germany. He kept a clean sheet and the Czechs defeated Germany 3–0 away to book their place for the finals in Austria and Switzerland. In the last group game of the final tournament, Čech was beaten three times in the final 15 minutes as Turkey overcame a two-goal deficit to knock the Czechs out. Čech had a cross slip through his hands, allowing Nihat Kahveci to score Turkey's equalizing goal.[109]

text: On 29 May 2012, Čech was named in the Czech Republic's squad for Euro 2012 in Poland and Ukraine.[110] In the Czech Republic's group match against Greece, a fumble from Čech allowed the Greeks a goal.[111] The match, however, finished 2–1 in the Czech Republic's favour. Čech deputised for the injured Tomáš Rosický as captain in the final group match against Poland, as the Czech Republic qualified for the quarter-final with a 1–0 win.[112] Čech's captaincy continued in the quarter-final, as Portugal eliminated the Czechs through a 79th-minute Cristiano Ronaldo goal.[113]

text: On 26 March 2013, Čech made his 100th appearance for the Czech Republic, keeping a clean sheet in a 3–0 win over Armenia.[114] He equalled the national record of former teammate Karel Poborský on 17 November 2015, when he earned his 118th cap in a 3–1 loss to neighbours Poland in Wrocław.[115] The following 27 May, he took the record outright by playing in a 6–0 friendly win over Malta.[116]

text: On 8 July 2016, Čech announced his retirement from international football. He is the most capped player in the history of the Czech team, with 124 caps.[117]

text: Style of play[edit]

text: Since his emergence as a precocious talent in his youth, Čech has been considered to be one of the greatest, most consistent, and most respected goalkeepers of his generation.[3][4] A tall, athletic, and well-rounded keeper, with a strong mentality and good leadership qualities, throughout his career he has stood out for his reflexes and shot-stopping abilities, as well as his positional sense, concentration, handling when coming off his line to claim crosses, and command of his area.[118][119][120][121][122][123][124][125][126] Although naturally left-footed, he possesses a deep kick with either foot.[127][128][129]

text: Personal life[edit]

text: Čech was born a triplet along with sister Šárka and a brother named Michal, who died aged two after contracting an infection in hospital.[130] Čech also has an elder sister, Markéta.[131]

text: Čech married Martina Dolejšová (now Čechová) (b. 1982), also of Czech nationality, in June 2003.[132] They have a daughter Adéla (b. 23 January 2008)[132] and a son Damián (b. June 2009),[133] both born in the Czech Republic.

text: He is also a keen musician and plays the drums. He has posted a video drum tutorial of Incubus' "Anna Molly" on YouTube,[134] as well as songs by Coldplay and Foo Fighters. Čech has also played with Roger Taylor of Queen.[135]

text: Along with his native Czech, Čech also speaks English, French, German and Spanish.[136]

text: Career statistics[edit]

text: Club[edit]

text:
Club
Season
League
Cup
League Cup
Europe
Other [i]
Total

Division
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals

Blšany
1999–2000
Czech First League
2
0
1
0
–
–
–
3
0

2000–01
Czech First League
25
0
0
0
–
–
–
25
0

Total
27
0
1
0
–
–
–
28
0

Sparta Prague
2001–02
Czech First League
27
0
3
0
–
12
0
–
42
0

Total
27
0
3
0
–
12
0
–
42
0

Rennes
2002–03
Ligue 1
37
0
4
0
0
0
–
–
41
0

2003–04
Ligue 1
33
0
3
0
1
0
–
–
37
0

Total
70
0
7
0
1
0
–
–
78
0

Chelsea
2004–05
Premier League
35
0
0
0
2
0
11
0
0
0
48
0

2005–06
Premier League
34
0
0
0
0
0
7
0
1
0
42
0

2006–07
Premier League
20
0
6
0
2
0
8
0
0
0
36
0

2007–08
Premier League
26
0
1
0
3
0
9
0
1
0
40
0

2008–09
Premier League
35
0
6
0
1
0
12
0
0
0
54
0

2009–10
Premier League
34
0
2
0
0
0
6
0
1
0
43
0

2010–11
Premier League
38
0
3
0
0
0
9
0
0
0
50
0

2011–12
Premier League
34
0
7
0
2
0
13
0
0
0
56
0

2012–13
Premier League
36
0
5
0
3
0
15
0
4
0
63
0

2013–14
Premier League
34
0
1
0
0
0
10
0
1
0
46
0

2014–15
Premier League
7
0
2
0
4
0
3
0
0
0
16
0

Total
333
0
33
0
17
0
103
0
8
0
494
0

Arsenal
2015–16
Premier League
34
0
1
0
1
0
5
0
1
0
42
0

2016–17
Premier League
35
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
37
0

2017–18
Premier League
17
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
19
0

Total
86
0
3
0
1
0
6
0
2
0
98
0

Career total
543
0
47
0
19
0
121
0
10
0
740
0

text: Jump up ^ Including FA Community Shield, UEFA Super Cup and FIFA Club World Cup.

text: International[edit]

text:
Czech Republic national team

Year
Apps
Goals

2002
7
0

2003
8
0

2004
13
0

2005
10
0

2006
10
0

2007
8
0

2008
9
0

2009
7
0

2010
6
0

2011
10
0

2012
10
0

2013
8
0

2014
6
0

2015
6
0

2016
6
0

Total
124
0

text: Honours[edit]

text: Club[edit]

text:
Premier League (4): 2004–05, 2005–06, 2009–10, 2014–15
FA Cup (4): 2006–07, 2008–09, 2009–10, 2011–12
Football League Cup (3): 2004–05, 2006–07, 2014–15
FA Community Shield (2): 2005, 2009
UEFA Champions League (1): 2011–12
UEFA Europa League (1): 2012–13

text:
FA Cup (1): 2016–17
FA Community Shield (2): 2015, 2017

text: International[edit]

text:
UEFA European Football Championship: Semi-finalist 2004
UEFA European Under-21 Football Championship (1): 2002

text: Individual[edit]

text:
UEFA European Under-21 Football Championship Golden Player (1): 2002[141]
Czech First League: Most clean Sheets (1) 2001–02[142]
Best Goalkeeper of French League (1): 2003–04[143]
UEFA Euro Team of the Tournament (1): 2004[144]
Premier League Golden Glove (4): 2004–05, 2009–10, 2013–14*,[145] 2015–16[146]
Premier League PFA Team of the Year (2): 2004–05, 2013–14
Czech Footballer of the Year (9): 2005, 2008, 2009,[147] 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2015, 2016
Golden Ball (Czech Republic) (11): 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2016, 2017
IFFHS World's Best Goalkeeper (1): 2005
Best European Goalkeeper (3): 2005, 2007, 2008
UEFA Club Football Awards Best Goalkeeper (3): 2005, 2007, 2008[140]
UEFA Team of the Year (1): 2005[140]
ESM Team of the Year (2): 2004–05, 2005–06[148]
Premier League Player of the Month (1): March 2007
Chelsea Player of the Year (1): 2010–11
FIFPro World XI 5th team: 2013[149]
UEFA Champions League Final Fans' Man of the Match (1): 2012

text: (* Jointly shared with Wojciech Szczęsny)