document_title: AC/DC

question_text: where did ac/dc get their band name

question_tokens: where did ac / dc get their band name

text: AC/DC

text: History[edit]

text: Background and name[edit]

text: Brothers Malcolm, Angus, and George Young were born in Glasgow, Scotland, and moved to Sydney with most of their family in 1963. George was the first to learn to play the guitar. He became a member of The Easybeats, one of Australia's most successful bands of the 1960s. In 1966, they became the first local rock act to have an international hit, with the song "Friday on My Mind".[19] Malcolm followed in George's footsteps by playing with a Newcastle, New South Wales, band called the Velvet Underground (not to be confused with the New York-based Velvet Underground).[20] Their older brother Alex Young chose to remain in Britain to pursue musical interests. In 1967, Alexander formed and played bass in the London-based band Grapefruit—initially called "The Grapefruit"—with three former members of Tony Rivers and the Castaways, John Perry, Geoff Swettenham, and Pete Swettenham.

text: Malcolm and Angus Young developed the idea for the band's name after their sister, Margaret Young, saw the initials "AC/DC" on a sewing machine. "AC/DC" is an abbreviation meaning "alternating current/direct current" electricity. The brothers felt that this name symbolised the band's raw energy, power-driven performances of their music.[21][22] "AC/DC" is pronounced one letter at a time, though the band are colloquially known as "Acca Dacca" in Australia.[23][24] The AC/DC band name is stylised with a high voltage sign separating the "AC" and "DC" and has been used on all studio albums, with the exception of the international version of Dirty Deeds Done Dirt Cheap.[25]

text: Early years[edit]

text: In November 1973, Malcolm and Angus Young formed AC/DC and recruited bassist Larry Van Kriedt, vocalist Dave Evans, and Colin Burgess, ex-Masters Apprentices drummer.[26] Pushing hard for the band's success were Australia's legendary roadie Ray Arnold and his partner Alan Kissack. Gene Pierson booked the band to play at Bondi Lifesaver on New Year's Eve, 1973.[27]

text: By this time, Angus Young had adopted his characteristic school-uniform stage outfit. The idea was his sister Margaret's. Angus had tried other costumes: Spider-Man, Zorro, a gorilla, and a parody of Superman, named Super-Ang.[20] In its early days, most members of the band dressed in some form of glam or satin outfit.

text: On stage, Evans was occasionally replaced by the band's first manager, Dennis Laughlin, who was the original lead singer with Sherbet prior to Daryl Braithwaite. Evans did not get along with Laughlin, which also contributed to the band's ill feeling toward Evans.[28] By the middle of 1974, the band had built up a strong live reputation which led to a support slot for the visiting Lou Reed.

text: Some time in 1974, on the recommendation of Michael Chugg, veteran Melbourne promoter Michael Browning booked the band to play at his club the Hard Rock. Browning had previously managed Billy Thorpe and the Aztecs, unsuccessfully trying to break them into the UK market. He did not like their glam rock image and felt that Evans was the wrong singer for the band, but was impressed by the Young brothers' guitar playing. Shortly afterwards, he received a call from the band; Laughlin had quit as manager, and they were stuck in Adelaide with no money. Browning agreed to bail them out and booked them for another gig at the Hard Rock. Following the gig, they agreed to take him on as their new manager, with the co-operation of their older brother George and Harry Vanda.[29]

text: The Young brothers decided to abandon the glam rock image which had already been adopted by Melbourne band The Skyhooks and pursue a harder blues-rock sound. To this end they agreed that Evans was not a suitable frontman for the group.[28] Around this time, they also moved their base to Melbourne, where they frequently played at the Hard Rock.

text: Bon Scott era (1974–1980)[edit]

text: Beginnings (1974–1975)[edit]

text: In September 1974, Ronald Belford "Bon" Scott, an experienced vocalist and friend of George Young, replaced Dave Evans[30] after friend Vince Lovegrove recommended him to George Young.[8] Like the Young brothers, Scott was born in Scotland and emigrated to Australia in his childhood. The band had recorded only one single with Evans, "Can I Sit Next To You, Girl" / "Rockin' in the Parlour"; eventually, the song was re-written and re-recorded with Bon Scott as "Can I Sit Next to You Girl" [Track 7 on the Australian album TNT (1975), and Track 6 on the international release of High Voltage (1976)].

text:
"It's a Long Way to the Top" (1975)

The second single of High Voltage demonstrates a combination of the bagpipes with more traditional rock instruments while the lyrics discuss the perils of being in a rock band.

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text: By October 1974, the Australia-only album High Voltage had been recorded. It took only ten days[31] and was based on instrumental songs written by the Young brothers, with lyrics added by Scott. Within a few months, the band's line-up had stabilised, featuring Scott, the Young brothers, bassist Mark Evans and drummer Phil Rudd. Later that year they released the single "It's a Long Way to the Top", for which a well-known promotional video was made for the program Countdown, featuring the band miming the song on the back of a flatbed truck. The song is regarded as their perennial rock anthem.[32] It was included on their second album, TNT (1975), which was also released only in Australia and New Zealand. T.N.T. featured the song "High Voltage", which was the first song written and recorded for the album. Because "High Voltage" was released as a single before T.N.T. was released, some people thought it was the title track to AC/DC's debut album.

text: AC/DC were scheduled to play at the 1975 Sunbury music festival, however they went home without performing following an altercation with the management of headlining act Deep Purple.[33]

text: Between 1974 and 1977, aided by regular appearances on Molly Meldrum's Countdown, the ABC's nationally broadcast pop-music television show, AC/DC became one of the most popular and successful acts in Australia. Their performance on 3 April 1977 was their last live TV appearance for more than 20 years.[31]

text: International success (1976–1980)[edit]

text: Browning sent promo material to contacts in London, which came to the attention of Phil Carson of Atlantic Records. In 1976, the band signed an international deal with Atlantic Records. On arrival in London, their scheduled tour with Back Street Crawler was cancelled following the death of Paul Kossoff. As a result, they went back to playing smaller venues to build a local following until their label organized the "Lock Up Your Daughters" tour sponsored by Sounds magazine, the only major music magazine which was still relatively receptive to traditional rock music. At the time, punk rock was breaking out in London and came to dominate the pages of the major music weeklies, NME and Melody Maker. AC/DC were sometimes identified with the punk rock movement by the British press, however in reality they hated punk rock, believing it to be a passing fad - according to manager Michael Browning "it wasn't possible to even hold a conversation with AC/DC about punk without them getting totally pissed off".[29] Their reputation, however, managed to survive the punk upheavals of the late 1970s, and they maintained a cult following in the UK throughout this time.[7] Angus Young gained notoriety for mooning the audience during live performances.

text: The first AC/DC album to gain worldwide distribution was a 1976 compilation of tracks taken from the High Voltage and T.N.T. LPs. Also titled High Voltage, and released on the Atlantic Records label, the album has to date sold three million copies worldwide.[34][35] The track selection was heavily weighted toward the more recent T.N.T., and included only two songs from their first LP. The band's next album, Dirty Deeds Done Dirt Cheap, was released in the same year in both Australian and international versions, like its predecessor. Track listings varied worldwide, and the international version of the album also featured the T.N.T. track "Rocker", which had previously never been released internationally. The original Australian version included "Jailbreak" (now more readily available on the 1984 compilation EP '74 Jailbreak or as a live version on the 1992 Live album). Dirty Deeds was not released in the US until 1981, by which time the band were at the peak of their popularity.

text: After a brief tour of Sweden, they returned to London where they set new attendance records during their residency at the Marquee. However, their appearance at the 1976 Reading Festival failed to get a response from the crowd. They toured extensively throughout Europe, then returned to tour Australia in late 1976 to rebuild their finances and record the Let There Be Rock album.

text: In early 1977 they returned to Britain and began a European tour with Black Sabbath. While Bon Scott and Ozzy Osbourne quickly became friends, relations were less than cordial between the other members of the respective bands. In one incident, Geezer Butler pulled a knife on Malcolm Young.[36] Later in the year they toured with Rainbow.

text: Towards the end of 1977, bassist Mark Evans was fired; purportedly to find someone who could sing backup vocals.[8] Evans described disagreement with Angus and Malcolm as a contributing factor.[8] He was replaced by Cliff Williams.[8] Neither of the Young brothers has elaborated on the departure of Evans, though Richard Griffiths, the CEO of Epic Records and a booking agent for AC/DC in the mid-1970s, later commented, "You knew Mark wasn't going to last, he was just too much of a nice guy."[20] Mark Evans' autobiography, DIRTY DEEDS: My Life Inside/Outside of AC/DC, released in 2011, predominantly dealt with his time in AC/DC, including being fired.[37]

text: AC/DC were a somewhat formative influence on new wave of British heavy metal bands who emerged in the late 1970s, such as Saxon and Iron Maiden, in part as a reaction to the decline of traditional early 1970s hard rock bands. In 2007, critics noted that AC/DC, along with Thin Lizzy, UFO, Scorpions and Judas Priest, were among "the second generation of rising stars ready to step into the breach as the old guard waned."[38]

text: AC/DC's first American exposure was through the Michigan radio station AM 600 WTAC in 1977. The station's manager, Peter C. Cavanaugh, booked the band to play at Flint's Capitol Theater. The supporting act was MC5, who had just briefly reunited and agreed to play at the event. The band opened with their popular song "Live Wire" and closed with "It's a Long Way to the Top (If You Wanna Rock 'n' Roll)".[39] They gained invaluable experience of the stadium circuit, supporting leading rock acts such as Aerosmith, Kiss, Styx, UFO, and Blue Öyster Cult, and co-headlined with Cheap Trick.[31]

text: The 1978 release of Powerage marked the debut of bassist Cliff Williams, and with its harder riffs, followed the blueprint set by Let There Be Rock.[40] Only one single was released from Powerage, "Rock 'n' Roll Damnation/Sin City". An appearance at the Apollo Theatre, Glasgow during the Powerage tour was recorded and released as If You Want Blood You've Got It, featuring such songs as "Whole Lotta Rosie", "Problem Child", and "Let There Be Rock", as well as lesser-known album tracks like "Riff Raff". Powerage was the last album produced by Harry Vanda and George Young that had lead vocals by Bon Scott, and is claimed to be AC/DC's most under-rated album.[41]

text: The major breakthrough in the band's career came in their collaboration with producer "Mutt" Lange on the album Highway to Hell, released in 1979. Eddie Van Halen notes this to be his favourite AC/DC record, along with Powerage.[42] It became the first AC/DC LP to break into the US top 100, eventually reaching No. 17,[31] and it propelled AC/DC into the top ranks of hard rock acts.[7] Highway to Hell had lyrics that shifted away from flippant and comical toward more central rock themes, putting increased emphasis on backing vocals but still featured AC/DC's signature sound: loud, simple, pounding riffs and grooving backbeats.[43] The final track, "Night Prowler", has two breaths in quick succession at the start of the song, intended to create a tone of fear and loathing.[7]

text: Scott's death (1980)[edit]

text: As 1980 began, the band began work on a new album that would eventually become Back in Black, but Bon Scott would not live to see it finished. On 19 February 1980, Scott passed out in the car on the way back to friend Alistair Kinnear's house after a night of heavy drinking at the Music Machine club in London. Upon arrival at his home, Kinnear was unable to move Scott from the car into his home for the night, so he left him in the car overnight to sleep off the effects of the alcohol. Unable to wake Scott late the next morning, Kinnear rushed him to King's College Hospital in Camberwell, where Scott was pronounced dead on arrival. Pulmonary aspiration of vomit was the cause of Scott's death,[44] and the official cause was listed as "acute alcohol poisoning".[45] Scott's family buried him in Fremantle, Western Australia, the area they emigrated to when he was a boy.[46]

text: Inconsistencies in the official accounts of Scott's death have been cited in conspiracy theories, which suggest that Scott died of a heroin overdose, or was killed by exhaust fumes redirected into the car, or that Kinnear did not exist.[45] Additionally, Scott was asthmatic,[47] and the temperature was below freezing on the morning of his death.

text: Brian Johnson era (1980–2016)[edit]

text: Rebirth (1980–1983)[edit]

text: Following Scott's death the band briefly considered quitting, but encouraged by the insistence from Scott's parents that he would have wanted them to go on, they eventually decided to continue and went about finding a new frontman.[8] Various candidates were considered for his replacement, including: Buzz Shearman, ex-Moxy member, who was not able to join because of voice problems,[48] ex-Back Street Crawler vocalist Terry Slesser and then Slade vocalist, Noddy Holder.[49] The remaining AC/DC members finally decided on ex-Geordie singer Brian Johnson.

text: Angus Young later recalled, "I remember the first time I had ever heard Brian's (Johnson) name was from Bon. Bon had mentioned that he had been in England once touring with a band and he had mentioned that Brian had been in a band called Geordie and Bon had said 'Brian Johnson, he was a great rock and roll singer in the style of Little Richard.' And that was Bon's big idol, Little Richard. I think when he saw Brian at that time, to Bon it was 'Well he's a guy that knows what rock and roll is all about.' He mentioned that to us in Australia. I suppose when we decided to continue, Brian was the first name that Malcolm and myself came up with, so we said we should see if we can find him."[50]

text: For the audition, Johnson sang "Whole Lotta Rosie" from Let There Be Rock and Ike & Tina Turner's "Nutbush City Limits".[22] He was hired a few days after the audition. With Johnson the band completed the songwriting that they had begun with Scott for the album Back in Black. Recording took place at Compass Point Studios in The Bahamas a few months after Scott's death. Back in Black, produced by Mutt Lange and recorded by Tony Platt, became their biggest-selling album and a hard-rock landmark; hits include "Hells Bells", "You Shook Me All Night Long", "Rock and Roll Ain't Noise Pollution" and the title track. The album reached No.1 in the UK and No.4 in the US, where it spent 131 weeks on the Billboard 200 album chart.[31]

text: The follow-up album, 1981's For Those About to Rock We Salute You, also sold well and was positively received by critics. The album featured two of the band's most popular singles: "Let's Get It Up"[51] and the title track, "For Those About to Rock", which reached No.13 and No.15 in the UK, respectively. The band split with Lange for their self-produced 1983 album, Flick of the Switch, in an effort to recover the rawness and simplicity of their early albums.[52]

text: Departure of Rudd and commercial decline (1983–1987)[edit]

text:
"Back in Black" (1980)

"Back in Black"'s riff is one of the most recognised in hard rock history.[53] The song ranked No.187 on Rolling Stone 's list of The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time and reached No.37 in the US.

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text: After having problems with drugs and alcohol,[54] drummer Phil Rudd's friendship with Malcolm Young deteriorated and eventually escalated to a physical confrontation after which Rudd was fired.[22] Former Procol Harum drummer B.J. Wilson was drafted in to help complete the recordings, but his drum parts were eventually not used, as Rudd had already completed his drum parts.[55] Rudd was replaced by Simon Wright in the summer of 1983 after the band held over 700 auditions in the US and UK.[56] Simon Kirke of Free and Bad Company fame, and Paul Thompson of Roxy Music were two of the drummers auditioned.[57]

text: Later in the year, AC/DC released the self-produced album Flick of the Switch, which was less successful than their previous albums, and was considered underdeveloped and unmemorable.[52] One critic stated that the band "had made the same album nine times".[58] AC/DC were voted the eighth-biggest disappointment of the year in the 1984 Kerrang! readers' poll. However, Flick of the Switch eventually reached No.4 on the UK charts,[22] and AC/DC had minor success with the singles "Nervous Shakedown" and "Flick of the Switch". Fly on the Wall, produced by the Young brothers in 1985, was also regarded as uninspired and directionless.[59] A music concept video of the same name featured the band at a bar, playing five of the album's ten songs.

text: In 1986, the group returned to the charts with the made-for-radio "Who Made Who". The album Who Made Who was the soundtrack to Stephen King's film Maximum Overdrive;[41] it brought together older hits, such as "You Shook Me All Night Long" and "Ride On", with newer songs such as title track "Who Made Who", and two new instrumentals, "D.T." and "Chase the Ace".

text: In February 1988, AC/DC were inducted into the Australian Recording Industry Association's Hall of Fame.[60]

text: Back to commercial success (1987–1990)[edit]

text: AC/DC's 1988 album, Blow Up Your Video, was recorded at Studio Miraval in Le Val, France, and reunited the band with their original producers, Harry Vanda and George Young. The group recorded nineteen songs, choosing ten for the final release; though the album was later criticised for containing excessive "filler",[61] it was a commercial success. Blow Up Your Video sold more copies than the previous two studio releases combined, reaching No.2 on the UK charts—AC/DC's highest position since "Back in Black" in 1980. The album featured the UK top-twenty single "Heatseeker"[51] and popular songs such as "That's the Way I Wanna Rock 'n' Roll". The Blow Up Your Video World Tour began in February 1988, in Perth, Australia. That April, following live appearances across Europe, Malcolm Young announced that he was taking time off from touring, principally to begin recovery from his alcoholism. Another member of the Young family, Stevie Young, temporarily took Malcolm's place.

text: Following the tour, Wright left the group to work on the upcoming Dio album Lock Up the Wolves, and was replaced by session veteran Chris Slade. Johnson was unavailable for several months while finalising his divorce,[22] so the Young brothers wrote all the songs for the next album, a practice they continued for all subsequent releases through Rock or Bust in 2014.

text: Popularity regained (1990–1994)[edit]

text: The next album, The Razors Edge, was recorded in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, and was mixed and engineered by Mike Fraser and produced by Bruce Fairbairn, who had previously worked with Aerosmith and Bon Jovi. Released in 1990, it was a major comeback for the band, and included the hits "Thunderstruck" and "Are You Ready", which reached No.5 and No.16 respectively on Billboard's Mainstream Rock Tracks Chart, and "Moneytalks", which peaked at No.23 on the Billboard Hot 100.[51] The album went multi-platinum and reached the US top ten. Several shows on the Razors Edge tour were recorded for the 1992 live album, titled Live. Live was produced by Fairbairn, and is considered one of the best live albums of the 1990s.[62] AC/DC headlined the Monsters of Rock show during this tour, which was released on DVD as Live at Donington. During The Razors Edge tour three fans were killed at a concert at the Salt Palace in Salt Lake City, Utah in January 1991. When the concert began fans rushed the stage crushing the three and injuring others. It took 20 minutes before venue security and the group understood the severity of the situation and stopped the concert. AC/DC settled with the victims' families out of court. As a result of this incident, the Salt Palace eliminated festival seating from future events.[63][64] A year later, AC/DC recorded "Big Gun" for the soundtrack of the Arnold Schwarzenegger movie Last Action Hero, and was released as a single, reaching No.1 on the US Mainstream Rock chart, the band's first No.1 single on that chart.[31]

text: Popularity confirmed (1994–2008)[edit]

text:
In 1994, Angus and Malcolm invited Rudd to several jam sessions. He was eventually rehired to replace Slade, whose amicable departure arose in part because of the band's strong desire to again work with Rudd. Recorded at the Ocean Way Studios in Los Angeles by the reunited 1980–83 line-up and produced by Rick Rubin, Ballbreaker was released in 1995. The first single from the album was "Hard as a Rock". Two more singles were released from the album: "Hail Caesar" and "Cover You in Oil".
In 1997, a box set named Bonfire was released. It contained four albums; a remastered version of Back in Black; Volts (a disc with alternate takes, outtakes, and stray live cuts) and two live albums, Live from the Atlantic Studios and Let There Be Rock: The Movie. Live from the Atlantic Studios was recorded on 7 December 1977 at the Atlantic Studios in New York. Let There Be Rock: The Movie was a double album recorded in 1979 at the Pavillon de Paris and was the soundtrack of a motion picture, AC/DC: Let There Be Rock. The US version of the box set included a colour booklet, a two-sided poster, a sticker, a temporary tattoo, a keychain bottle opener, and a guitar pick.[65]

text: In 2000, the band released Stiff Upper Lip, produced by brother George Young at the Warehouse Studio, again in Vancouver. The album was better received by critics than Ballbreaker but was considered lacking in new ideas.[66][67] The Australian release included a bonus disc with three promotional videos and several live performances recorded in Madrid, Spain in 1996. Stiff Upper Lip reached No.1 in five countries, including Argentina and Germany; No.2 in three countries, Spain, France and Switzerland; No.3 in Australia; No.5 in Canada and Portugal; and No.7 in Norway, the US and Hungary. The first single, "Stiff Upper Lip", remained at No.1 on the US Mainstream Rock charts for four weeks.[31] The other singles released also did very well; "Satellite Blues" and "Safe in New York City" reached No.7 and No.31 on Billboard's Mainstream Rock Tracks, respectively.

text: In 2002, AC/DC signed a long-term, multi-album deal with Sony Music,[68] who went on to release a series of remastered albums as part of their AC/DC remasters series. Each release contained an expanded booklet featuring rare photographs, memorabilia, and notes.[69] In 2003, the entire back-catalogue (except Ballbreaker and Stiff Upper Lip) was remastered and re-released. Ballbreaker was eventually re-released in October 2005; Stiff Upper Lip was later re-released in April 2007. Also in 2003, the band was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.

text: On 30 July 2003, the band performed with the Rolling Stones and Rush at Molson Canadian Rocks for Toronto. The concert, held before an audience of half a million, was intended to help the city overcome the negative publicity stemming from the effects of a 2003 SARS epidemic. The concert holds the record for the largest paid music event in North American history.[70] The band came second in a list of Australia's highest-earning entertainers for 2005,[71] and sixth for 2006,[72] despite having neither toured since 2003 nor released an album since 2000. Verizon Wireless has gained the rights to release AC/DC's full albums and the entire Live at Donington concert to download in 2008.[73]

text: On 16 October 2007, Columbia Records released a double and triple DVD titled Plug Me In. The set consists of five and seven hours of rare footage, and even a recording of AC/DC at a high school performing "School Days", "TNT", "She's Got Balls", and "It's a Long Way to the Top". As with Family Jewels, disc one contains rare shows of the band with Bon Scott, and disc two is about the Brian Johnson era. The collector's edition contains an extra DVD with 21 more rare performances of both Scott and Johnson and more interviews.[74]

text: AC/DC made their video game debut on Rock Band 2, with "Let There Be Rock" included as a playable track.[75] The setlist from their Live at Donington live album was released as playable songs for the Rock Band series by means of a Wal-Mart-exclusive retail disc titled AC/DC Live: Rock Band Track Pack.[76]

text: No Bull: The Directors Cut, a newly edited, comprehensive Blu-ray and DVD of the band's July 1996 Plaza De Toros de las Ventas concert in Madrid, Spain, was released on 9 September 2008.[77]

text: Black Ice (2008–2011)[edit]

text:
"Rock 'n' Roll Train"

Sample of Black Ice's lead single "Rock 'n' Roll Train". The song is built on guitar riffs and elemental drum beats,[78] and features harmonic backing vocals during the chorus.[79]

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text: On 18 August 2008, Columbia Records announced 18 October Australian release, and 20 October worldwide release, of the studio album Black Ice. The 15-track album was the band's first studio release in eight years, was produced by Brendan O'Brien and was mixed and engineered by Mike Fraser. Like Stiff Upper Lip, it was recorded at The Warehouse Studio in Vancouver, British Columbia. Black Ice was sold in the US exclusively at Walmart and Sam's Club and the band's official website.[80]

text: "Rock 'n' Roll Train", the album's first single, was released to radio on 28 August. On 15 August, AC/DC recorded a video for a song from the new album in London with a special selection of fans getting the chance to be in the video.[81] Black Ice debuted at No.1 on album charts in 29 countries and also was Columbia Records' biggest debut album (since Nielsen SoundScan began tracking sales data for Billboard in March 1991). Black Ice has been certified Multi Platinum in eight countries, including the US, Australia, Canada, Switzerland, Sweden, Norway, Germany and the Czech Republic. Additionally Black Ice has achieved Platinum status in twelve countries (Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, UK, Argentina, Singapore and New Zealand) and Gold status in four countries (The Netherlands, Spain, Poland and Brazil). The 18-month Black Ice World Tour supporting the new album was announced on 11 September and began on 28 October in Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania.[82]

text: On 15 September 2008, AC/DC Radio debuted on Sirius Channel 19 and XM channel 53. The channel plays AC/DC music along with interviews with the band members.[83]

text: With the North American release of Black Ice on 20 October 2008, Columbia Records and Walmart created "Rock Again AC/DC Stores" to promote the album. In October 2008, MTV, Walmart, and Columbia created "AC/DC Rock Band Stores" in New York City, at Times Square, and in Los Angeles. "Black Ice" trucks were also dispatched on the streets of these two cities after the release, playing AC/DC music aloud and making various stops each day to sell merchandise.[84]

text: In late September 2009, the band rescheduled six shows when Brian Johnson underwent an operation for ulcers.[85] On 29 September, the band announced a collection of studio and live rarities, Backtracks, which was released on 10 November 2009 as a 3-CD/2-DVD/1-LP box-set.[86]

text: On 4 November AC/DC were announced as the Business Review Weekly top Australian earner (entertainment) for 2009 with earnings of $105 million. This displaced The Wiggles from the number one spot for the first time in four years.[87]

text: On 19 April 2010, AC/DC released Iron Man 2, the soundtrack for the eponymous film.[88] One month later, the band headlined Download Festival at Donington Park,[89] and closed the Black Ice World Tour in Bilbao, Spain on 28 June 2010, after 20 months in which AC/DC went to 108 cities in over 28 countries, with an estimated audience of over five million people.[90] Three concerts in December 2009 at the River Plate Stadium in Argentina were released as the DVD Live at River Plate on 10 May 2011.[91] An exclusive single from the DVD, featuring the songs "Shoot to Thrill" and "War Machine", was issued on Record Store Day.[92] In 2011, the band also issued on DVD and Blu-ray the concert movie AC/DC: Let There Be Rock, which had its theatrical release in 1980.[93]

text: Multiple lineup changes, Rock or Bust (2011–2016)[edit]

text: Angus stated in an interview in early May 2011 that the band was beginning to plan another world tour, saying, "Now we're thinking, 'How can we ever better the 'Black Ice' world tour?' But we will."[94] At the band's Live at River Plate DVD premiere on 6 May 2011 at the Hammersmith Apollo in London, England, Angus said that there were plans for the group to release a new studio album "within the next couple of years", which the tour would support.[95]

text: In May 2012, Malcolm Young confirmed that the band were working on a potential follow-up to 2008's Black Ice. But he warned that fans were in for a longer wait than expected, after lead singer Brian Johnson suggested there would be new material the next year. Malcolm stated, "You know what Brian's like. He just says things and then walks away. It'll be a little while – a year or two anyway. I've been doing some jamming on some song ideas but I do that all the time, as do the rest of the band. We are still working. But we had a long rest between Stiff Upper Lip and Black Ice, so I think we need a couple of years to recuperate and work on it a bit more."[96]

text: On 19 November 2012, AC/DC released Live at River Plate,[97] their first live album in 20 years.

text: Malcolm Young's retirement[edit]

text: On 16 April 2014, in response to earlier reports that the band may be retiring due to Malcolm Young being seriously ill and unable to perform,[98] Brian Johnson commented that AC/DC are not retiring, stating "We are definitely getting together in May in Vancouver. We're going to pick up guitars, have a plonk and see if anybody has got any tunes or ideas. If anything happens we'll record it."[99] AC/DC subsequently announced in an official statement on their Facebook page that Malcolm Young would be taking a break from the band due to his ill health. It ended: "The band will continue to make music."[100] In June, Johnson announced that AC/DC are "very likely" to be on the road again before the end of 2014.[101] In July 2014, AC/DC confirmed that they have finished recording their next album and that Malcolm's nephew, Stevie Young replaced Malcolm in the studio.[102]

text: Drummer Phil Rudd released his first solo album, Head Job, on 29 August 2014. He confirmed that there would be another AC/DC tour, and stated that the band had no intention of retiring, adding, "We'll all have to be dead before it stops."[103]

text: "Rock or Bust"[edit]

text: On 23 September 2014, Alberts management confirmed that founding member Malcolm Young had officially departed from the band and revealed that their new record entitled Rock or Bust featuring eleven new tracks would be released on 28 November 2014 as the first AC/DC album in the band's history without Malcolm Young on the recordings.[1] The band also announced plans for a world tour to promote the new album with Malcolm and Angus' nephew Stevie Young as Malcolm's replacement.[104]

text: Phil Rudd's replacement[edit]

text: On 6 November 2014 Rudd was charged with attempting to procure a murder, threatening to kill, possession of methamphetamine and possession of cannabis, following a police raid on his home.[105][106] The charge of attempting to procure a murder was withdrawn the following day, but the other charges remained.[107] AC/DC released a statement clarifying that the tour promoting Rock or Bust would continue, but did not say whether or not Rudd would participate, or if he was still a member of the band.[108]

text: In an interview on 13 November, Angus Young stated that the band had experienced problems with Rudd earlier in the year when recording Rock or Bust, and that his situation had taken the band by surprise. Rudd had also missed video and photo shoots, and with reference to Rudd's future in the band, Young added, "So, at this stage, it's a pretty tough call for us."[109] He also said the band would continue: "He's got to sort himself out I think ... At this point it's kind of a question mark. But if we're touring, there will be a drummer in place, put it that way."[110]

text: At the charity signing before the Grammy Awards, the band was photographed together with former drummer Chris Slade. It was later confirmed that he had rejoined the band for the Grammys and upcoming tour.[111] In April 2015, Rudd pleaded guilty to drug charges and threatening to kill a former assistant.[112] Shortly thereafter, the band's web site removed Rudd as the band's drummer and replaced him with Slade.[113] On 9 July 2015 Rudd was denied a discharge without conviction and sentenced to eight months' home detention.[114]

text: Brian Johnson's hearing loss and departure[edit]

text: On 7 March 2016, the band announced that the final ten dates of the Rock or Bust World Tour would be rescheduled as Johnson's doctors had ordered him to stop touring immediately, as his hearing loss had accelerated and he risked complete deafness if he persisted on the road. The ten cancelled dates would be performed "likely with a guest vocalist" later in the year, leaving Johnson's future in touring with the group uncertain.[115] Johnson himself later stated on The Howard Stern Show that his hearing loss didn't come from having performed for 36 years with AC/DC, but rather his love of auto racing and having forgotten to put ear plugs in during one race left him with a ruptured ear drum in his left ear.[116]

text: However, on 15 March 2016, American comedian Jim Breuer (a friend of Johnson) revealed on his podcast that Johnson had received a second opinion on his hearing and it was not as bad as initially thought. Nonetheless, Breuer mentioned that Johnson told him that he was essentially fired from AC/DC and that he hadn't heard from the band since the announcement of the tour being postponed, adding that Angus Young wants to continue the band for at least another ten years and do at least one more studio album and world tour.[117] Breuer later clarified his comments on Facebook that did not end speculation on Johnson's future with the band.[118]

text: On 19 April 2016, Johnson made an official statement regarding his health problems and inability to tour. In the statement, he acknowledged his ongoing hearing difficulties but stated his intentions to continue recording and potentially resume touring if his health improves sufficiently. He also specifically thanked Angus Young and Cliff Williams for their support during his AC/DC tenure.[119]

text: Axl Rose joins[edit]

text: On 16 April 2016, AC/DC released a statement announcing the addition of Guns N' Roses frontman Axl Rose as the band's lead vocalist for the remainder of their 2016 tour dates. The statement reads: "AC/DC band members would like to thank Brian Johnson for his contributions and dedication to the band throughout the years. We wish him all the best with his hearing issues and future ventures. As much as we want this tour to end as it started, we understand, respect and support Brian's decision to stop touring and save his hearing. We are dedicated to fulfilling the remainder of our touring commitments to everyone that has supported us over the years, and are fortunate that Axl Rose has kindly offered his support to help us fulfill this commitment. AC/DC will resume their Rock or Bust World Tour with Axl Rose joining on vocals."[120][121]

text: Departure of Cliff Williams[edit]

text: On 8 July 2016, Cliff Williams indicated he was retiring from the band in an interview with Gulfshore Life, saying "It's been what I’ve known for the past 40 years, but after this tour I’m backing off of touring and recording. Losing Malcolm, the thing with Phil and now with Brian, it’s a changed animal. I feel in my gut it’s the right thing."[122] At the end of the Rock or Bust Tour he released a video statement confirming his retirement.[123]

text: Following the band's final show with Williams on 21 September 2016 in Philadelphia, PA it was announced that Axl Rose would be joining the band full-time and that he and Angus would continue AC/DC with different musicians.[124][125]

text: Legacy[edit]

text: AC/DC were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame on 10 March 2003.[126] During the ceremony the band performed "Highway to Hell" and "You Shook Me All Night Long", with guest vocals provided by host Steven Tyler of Aerosmith. He described the band's power chords as "the thunder from down under that gives you the second most powerful surge that can flow through your body."[127] During the acceptance speech, Brian Johnson quoted their 1977 song "Let There Be Rock".[128]

text: On 22 March 2000, the municipality of Leganés (near Madrid) named a street in honour of the band as "Calle de AC/DC" ("AC/DC Street"). Malcolm and Angus attended the inauguration with many fans. Later that day, the plaque with the name of the group was stolen, perhaps by an enthusiast or collector. The plaque was replaced two hours later, and stolen once again a mere three days after the fact. The plaque had since been stolen numerous times, forcing the municipality of Leganés to begin selling replicas of the official street plaque.

text: In May 2003, the Young brothers accepted a Ted Albert Award for Outstanding Service to Australian Music at the 2003 Music Winners Awards, during which Malcolm paid special tribute to Bon Scott, who was also a recipient of the award.[129]

text: On 1 October 2004, a central Melbourne thoroughfare, Corporation Lane, was renamed ACDC Lane in honour of the band. The City of Melbourne forbade the use of the slash character in street names, so the four letters were combined.[130] The lane is near Swanston Street where, on the back of a truck, the band recorded their video for the 1975 hit "It's a Long Way to the Top".[32]

text: They sold over 1.3 million CDs in the US during 2007 despite not having released a new album since 2000 at that point. Additionally, the group's commercial success continues to flourish despite their choice to refrain from selling albums in digital online formats for many years.[131] However, in November 2012, the entire catalogue (excluding the TNT album and the Australian versions of the High Voltage, Dirty Deeds Done Dirt Cheap and Let There Be Rock albums) became available on the iTunes Store.[132]

text: In 2009 the Recording Industry Association of America upgraded the group's US sales figures from 69 million to 71 million, making AC/DC the fifth-best-selling band in US history and the tenth-best-selling artist, selling more albums than Madonna and Mariah Carey.[10] The RIAA also certified Back in Black as double Diamond (20 million) in US sales, and by 2007 the album had sold 22 million copies, which made it the fifth-best-selling album of all-time in the US.[13] It is currently the second-best-selling album worldwide.

text: Band members[edit]

text: Current members[edit]

text:
Angus Young – lead guitar, occasional backing vocals (1973–present)
Stevie Young – rhythm guitar, backing vocals (1988, 2014–present)
Chris Slade – drums (1989–1994, 2015–present)
Axl Rose – lead vocals (2016–present)[125][133]

text: Former members[edit]

text:
Malcolm Young – rhythm guitar, backing vocals (1973–2014)
Dave Evans – lead vocals (1973–1974)
Bon Scott – lead vocals (1974–1980)
Phil Rudd – drums (1975–1983, 1994–2015)
Mark Evans – bass guitar (1975–1977)
Cliff Williams – bass guitar, backing vocals (1977–2016)
Brian Johnson – lead and backing vocals (1980–2016)
Simon Wright – drums (1983–1989)

text: Note: Before their debut album, High Voltage (1975), AC/DC had several line up changes. For a more comprehensive list of members that were part of the band before 1975, see List of AC/DC band members.

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text: Discography[edit]

text: Studio albums[edit]

text:
High Voltage (1975) (Australia only)
T.N.T. (1975) (Australia only)
High Voltage (1976) (International version)
Dirty Deeds Done Dirt Cheap (1976)
Let There Be Rock (1977)
Powerage (1978)
Highway to Hell (1979)
Back in Black (1980)
For Those About to Rock We Salute You (1981)
Flick of the Switch (1983)
Fly on the Wall (1985)
Blow Up Your Video (1988)
The Razors Edge (1990)
Ballbreaker (1995)
Stiff Upper Lip (2000)
Black Ice (2008)
Rock or Bust (2014)

text: Tours[edit]

text:
Date
Tour

1973–1975
Australian Clubs Tour

1975
High Voltage Australian Clubs Tour

1975–1976
TNT/Lock Up Your Daughters Summer Vacation Tour

1976
Lock Up Your Daughters

1976–1977
Dirty Deeds Done Dirt Cheap/A Giant Dose of Rock and Roll

1977
Let There Be Rock Tour

1978
Powerage Tour

1978–1979
If You Want Blood Tour

1979–1980
Highway to Hell Tour

1980–1981
Back in Black Tour

1981–1982
For Those About to Rock Tour

1983–1984
Flick of the Switch Tour/Monsters of Rock Tour

1985–1986
Fly on the Wall Tour

1986
Who Made Who Tour

1988
Blow Up Your Video World Tour

1990–1991
The Razors Edge World Tour

1996
Ballbreaker World Tour

2000–2001
Stiff Upper Lip World Tour

2003
Club Dates/Rolling Stones Tour

2008–2010
Black Ice World Tour

2015–2016
Rock or Bust World Tour


document_title: United Kingdom employment equality law

question_text: when did age discrimination became illegal in the uk

root

text: United Kingdom employment equality law

text: History[edit]

text: Anti-discrimination law is a recent development. Religious discrimination was first tackled by laws aimed at Roman Catholics. The Papists Act 1778 was the first act that addressed legal discrimination against Roman Catholics, but it was not until the Roman Catholic Relief Act 1829 that Catholics were considered fully emancipated. A year later, in 1830, debates began on the subject of making similar provisions for Jews. A strong Tory lobby in Parliament prevented any furtherance of this cause until the Religious Opinions Act 1846, although this only went some way towards acceptance of all religious viewpoints. It was only the Reform Act 1867 that saw extension of the vote to every male householder. Women were also marginalised from general social participation. The first changes came at municipal level, particular in the Birmingham Municipal Council from the 1830s. The Chartists from the mid 19th century, and the Suffragettes after the turn of the 20th century lobbied for universal suffrage against a conservative judiciary and a liberal political establishment. In Nairn v The University Court of the University of St Andrews (1907), Lord McLaren even proclaimed that it is

tag: p

text: "a principle of the unwritten constitutional law of this country that men only were entitled to take part in the election of representatives to Parliament."[2]

text: The Representation of the People Act 1918 gave the universal franchise to men, and knocked away the last barriers of wealth discrimination for the vote. But for women, only those over 30 were enfranchised, and the judiciary remained as conservative as ever. In Roberts v Hopwood (1925) a metropolitan borough council had decided to pay its workers a minimum of £4 a week, whether they were men or women and regardless of the job they did. The House of Lords approved the district auditor's surcharge for being overly gratuitous, given the fall in the cost of living. Lord Atkinson said

text: "the council would, in my view, fail in their duty if ... [they] allowed themselves to be guided in preference by some eccentric principles of socialistic philanthropy, or by a feminist ambition to secure the equality of the sexes in the matter of wages in the world of labour."[4]

text: Though Lord Buckmaster said

text: "Had they stated that they determined as a borough council to pay the same wage for the same work without regard to the sex or condition of the person who performed it, I should have found it difficult to say that that was not a proper exercise of their discretion."[5]

text: After a decade, the Representation of the People Act 1928 finally gave women the vote on an equal footing. Attitudes to racial prejudice in the law were set to change markedly with the proverbial "winds of change" sweeping through the Empire after World War II. As Britain's colonies won independence, many immigrated to the motherland, and for the first time communities of all colours were seen in London and the industrial cities of the North. The Equal Pay Act 1970, the Sex Discrimination Act 1975 and the Race Relations Act 1976 were passed by Harold Wilson's Labour government.

text: In 1975, Britain became a member of the European Community, which became the European Union in 1992 with the agreement of the Maastricht Treaty. The Conservative government opted out of the Social Chapter of the treaty, which included provisions on which anti-discrimination law would be based. Although they passed the Disability Discrimination Act 1995, it was not until Tony Blair's "New Labour" government won the 1997 election that the UK opted into the social provisions of EU law. In 2000, the EU overhauled and introduced new Directives explicitly protecting people with a particular sexuality, religion, belief and age, as well as updating the protection against disability, race and gender discrimination. The law is therefore quite new and is still in a state of flux. Between the EU passing directives and the UK government implementing them, it is apparent that the government has often failed to offer the required minimum level of protection. More changes are likely soon to iron out the anomalies.

text: Equality framework[edit]

text: Equality legislation in the UK, formerly in separate Acts and regulations for each protected characteristic, is now primarily found in the Equality Act 2010. Particularly since the United Kingdom joined the Social Chapter of the European Union treaties, it mirrors a series of EU Directives. The three main Directives are the Equal Treatment Directive (Directive 2006/54/EC, for gender), the Racial Equality Directive (2000/48/EC) and the Directive establishing a general framework for equal treatment in employment and occupation (2000/78/EC, for religion, belief, sexuality, disability and age). Updates can be implemented automatically in domestic legislation as required by the case law of the European Court of Justice or changes in EU legislation.

text: Direct discrimination[edit]

text:
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Direct discrimination cases

Equality Act 2010 s 13

Horsey v Dyfed County Council [1982] ICR 755

R (EOC) v Birmingham City Council [1989] AC 1155

James v Eastleigh BC [1990] UKHL 6

Webb v EMO Air Cargo (UK) Ltd (No 2) [1995] UKHL 13

Smith v Safeway plc [1996] ICR 868

Grant v South-West Trains Ltd [1998] ICR 449 (C-249/96)

Chief Constable of Yorkshire Police v Khan [2001] UKHL 48

Shamoon v Royal Ulster Constabulary [2003] UKHL 11

Roma Rights Centre v Prague Immigration [2004] UKHL 55

Homer v Chief Constable of West Yorkshire [2012] UKSC 15

Coleman v Attridge Law (2008) C-303/06

English v Sanderson Blinds Ltd [2008] EWCA Civ 1421

Grainger plc v Nicholson [2010] IRLR 4 (EAT)

see UK labour and equality law

tag: table

text: Direct discrimination occurs when an employer treats someone less favourably on the ground of a protected characteristic. It is unlawful under section 13 of the Equality Act 2010. A protected characteristic (age, disability, gender reassignment, marriage and civil partnership, race, religion or belief, sex, and sexual orientation) must be the reason for the different treatment, so that it is because of that characteristic that the less favourable treatment occurs. Generally, the law protects everyone, not just a group perceived to suffer discrimination. Therefore, it is unlawful to treat a man less favourably than a woman, or a woman less favourably than a man, on the ground of the person's sex. However people who are single are not protected against more favourable treatment of people in marriage or civil partnership, and able people are not protected if a disabled person is treated more favourably.

text: In Coleman v Attridge Law in the European Court of Justice confirmed that a person may claim discrimination even if they are not the person with the protected characteristic, but rather they suffer unfavourable treatment because of someone they associate with.

text: For the protected characteristic of Age, it is a defence to a claim of direct discrimination that the discrimination is "justified" by some reason. There is no defence of justification for other protected characteristics.

text: Harassment[edit]

text:
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Harassment cases

Equality Act 2010 s 26

Strathclyde Regional Council v Porcelli [1986] ICR 564

Stewart v Cleveland Guest Engineering Ltd [1996] ICR 535

Burton v De Vere Hotels Ltd [1997] ICR 1

Pearce v Governing Body of Mayfield School [2003] UKHL 34

Majrowski v Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Trust [2006] UKHL 34

EOC v SS for Trade and Industry [2007] EWHC 483 (Admin)

Ladele v London Borough of Islington [2009] EWCA Civ 1357

see UK labour and equality law

text: Under the Equality Act 2010 section 26,[6] a person harasses another if he or she engages in unwanted conduct related to a relevant protected characteristic, and the conduct has the purpose or effect of violating the other's dignity, or creating an intimidating, hostile, degrading, humiliating or offensive environment for the other. It is also harassment if a person treats another less favourably because the other has rejected or submitted to unwanted conduct of a sexual nature.

text: Victimisation[edit]

text:
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Victimisation cases

Equality Act 2010 s 27

Nagarajan v London Regional Transport [1997] UKHL 36

West Yorkshire Police v Khan [2001] UKHL 48

Waters v Metropolitan Police [1997] ICR 1073

Shamoon v Royal Ulster Constabulary [2003] UKHL 11

St Helen’s BC v Derbyshire [2007] UKHL 16

See UK labour and UK employment equality law

text: The definition of "victimisation" is found in the Equality Act 2010 section 27.[7] It refers to subjecting a person to a further detriment after they try to complain or bring proceedings in connection with discrimination, on their own behalf or on behalf of someone else.

text: Indirect discrimination[edit]

text:
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Indirect discrimination cases

Equality Act 2010 ss 14 and 19

Griggs v Duke Power Co, 401 US 424 (1971)

Kücükdeveci v Swedex GmbH & Co KG (2010) C-555/07

Mandla v Dowell-Lee [1982] UKHL 7

Rutherford v SS for Trade and Industry [2006] UKHL 19

Redfearn v Serco Ltd [2006] EWCA Civ 659

Eweida v British Airways plc [2010] EWCA Civ 80

Ladele v London Borough of Islington [2009] EWCA Civ 1357

Hampson v Dept of Education and Science [1989] ICR 179

London Underground Ltd v Edwards (No 2) [1997] IRLR 157

Jones v University of Manchester [1993] ICR 474

Bilka-Kaufhaus GmbH v Weber von Hartz (1986) C-170/84

Rinner-Kühn v FWW Gebäudereinigung KG (1989) C-171/88

Kutz-Bauer v Hansestadt Hamburg (2003) C-187/00

Allonby v Accrington & Rossendale College (2004) C-256/01

Seldon v Clarkson Wright & Jakes [2012] UKSC 16

EA 2010 s 14

Ministry of Defence v DeBique [2010] IRLR 471

see UK labour and equality law

text: "Indirect" discrimination is unlawful under the Equality Act 2010 section 19.[8] It involves the application of a provision, criterion or practice to everyone, which has a disproportionate effect on some people and is not objectively justified. For instance, a requirement that applicants for a job be over a certain height would have a greater impact on women than on men, as the average height of women is lower than that of men. It is a defence for the employer to show that the requirement is “a proportionate means of achieving a legitimate aim”.

text:
Ojutiku v Manpower Services Commission [1982] EWCA Civ 3, [1982] ICR 661
R (Schaffter) v Secretary of State for Education [1987] IRLR 53
Rainey v Greater Glasgow Health Board [1987] AC 224
Clymo v Wandsworth London Borough Council [1989] ICR 250
Enderby v Frenchay Health Authority (C-127/92) [1994] ICR 112
R (Equal Opportunities Commission) v Secretary of State for Trade and Industry [1995] 1 AC 1
Staffordshire County Council v Black [1995] IRLR 234
R (Seymour Smith) v Secretary of State for Employment [2000] ICR 244
Rutherford v Secretary of State for Trade and Industry (No 2) [2006] UKHL 19

tag: ul

text: Positive action[edit]

text:
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Positive action cases

TFEU art 157(4)

Equality Act 2010 ss 158-159

United Steelworkers of America v Weber (1979)

Grutter v Bollinger 539 US 306 (2003)

James v Eastleigh BC [1990] [1990] ICR 768

Kalanke v Freie Hansestadt Bremen (1995)

Marschall v Land Nordrhein Westfalen (1997)

Re Badeck’s application (2000)

Abrahamsson and Anderson v Fogelqvist (2000)

see UK labour and equality law

text: Discrimination law is "blind" in that motive is irrelevant to discrimination and both minorities or majorities could make discrimination claims if they suffer less favourable treatment. Positive discrimination (or "affirmative action" as it is known in the US) to fill up diversity quotas, or for any other purpose, is prohibited throughout Europe, because it violates the principle of equal treatment just as much as negative discrimination. There is, however, a large exception. Suppose an employer is hiring new staff, and they have 2 applications where the applicants are equally qualified for the job. If the workforce does not reflect society's makeup (e.g. that women, or ethnic minorities are under-represented) then the employer may prefer the candidate which would correct that imbalance. But they may only do so where both candidates are of equal merit, and further conditions must be met. This type of measure is also known as positive action. Sections 158 and 159 Equality Act 2010 set out the circumstances in which positive action is allowed. Section 159, which deals with positive action in connection with recruitment and promotion (and which is the basis for the example of equally qualified applicants above), did not come into force until April 2011.[9] The Government Equalities Office has issued a guide to the Section 159 rules.[10] Section 158 deals with the circumstances in which positive action is permitted other than in connection with recruitment and promotion, for example in provision of training opportunities. Section 158 does not have the requirement for candidates to be equally qualified.

text: Disability claims[edit]

text: The normal types of claim apply to disability, but additional types of claim are particular to it. These are 'discrimination arising from disability' and the reasonable adjustment duty. "Discrimination arising from disability" was a newly formulated test introduced after the House of Lords decision in Lewisham LBC v Malcolm and EHRC[11] was felt to have shifted the balance of protection too far away from disabled people.[12] Section 15 Equality Act 2010 creates a broad protection against being treated unfavourably "because of something arising in consequence of" the person's disability, but subject to the employer having an 'objective justification' defence if it shows its action was a proportionate means of achieving a legitimate aim. There is also a 'knowledge requirement', in that the employer has a defence if it shows it did not know, and could not reasonably be expected to know, that the person had the disability. Section 15 will apply, for example, where a disabled person is dismissed because of a long absence from work which resulted from their disability - the issue will be whether the employer can show the 'objective justification' defence applies (assuming the 'knowledge requirement' is met).

text: The reasonable adjustment duty is particularly important. The duty can apply where a disabled person is put at a 'substantial' disadvantage in comparison with non-disabled people by a 'provision, criterion or practice' or by a physical feature. The employer's obligation is, broadly, to take such steps as it is reasonable to have to take to avoid the disadvantage (s 20 Equality Act 2010). 'Substantial' means only more than minor or trivial (s 212(1) Equality Act 2010). A further strand of the duty can require an employer to provide an auxiliary aid or service (s 20(5) Equality Act 2010). There are provisions dealing with employer's lack of knowledge of the disability (Equality Act 2010 Sch 8 para 20).

text: Employers should actively pursue policies to accommodate protected groups into the workforce. This duty is made explicit in law for pregnant women and for people who are disabled. For people with religious sensitivities, particularly the desire to worship during work cases show there is no duty, but employers should apply their minds to accommodating their employee's wishes even if they ultimately decide not to.

text: Enforcement[edit]

text: The main outcome of the Equality Act 2006 was the establishment of a new Equality and Human Rights Commission, subsuming specialist bodies from before. Its role is in research, promotion, raising awareness and enforcement of equality standards. For lawyers, the most important work of predecessors has been strategic litigation[13] (advising and funding cases which could significantly advance the law) and developing codes of best practice for employers to use. Around 20,000 discrimination cases are brought each year to UK tribunals.

text: Defences[edit]

text:
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Discrimination defence cases

Equality Act 2010 Sch 9

Etam plc v Rowan [1989] IRLR 150

Johnston v Chief Constable of the Royal Ulster Constabulary (1986) C-222/84

Sirdar v Secretary of State for Defence (1999) C-273/97

Lambeth LBC v Commission for Racial Equality [1990] ICR 768

Tottenham Green Under Fives’ Centre v Marshall (No 2) [1991] ICR 320

R (Amicus) v Secretary of State for Trade and Industry [2004] EWHC 860 (Admin)

Glasgow City Council v McNab [2007] IRLR 476

See UK labour and equality law

text: Occupational Requirement[edit]

text: Under the Equality Act 2010 Sch 9,[14] a number of defences are available to employers who have policies which discriminate. An "occupational requirement" refers to exceptions to the prohibition on direct discrimination. An example could be a theatre requiring an actor of Black African origin to play a Black African character. An employer has the burden of showing that they genuinely need somebody of a particular gender, race, religion, etc., for the job. These exceptions are few.

text: Material Difference[edit]

text: Under section 23 of the Equality Act, in order to show that there has been discrimination, the claimant must show that there is no material difference between the claimant and the other person, or "comparator", who does not share the same protected characteristic. If the respondent can show that there is another cause for the different treatment, not related to the protected characteristic, then the claim will fail.

text: Justification[edit]

text: It is a defence to a claim of unlawful indirect discrimination, and also to a claim of direct discrimination on the ground of age, that the discriminatory act is "a proportionate means of achieving a legitimate aim" (sections 13(2) and 19).

text: Equality protection[edit]

text: People with a protected characteristic are protected from discrimination in employment, and in access to services, education, premises, and associations. Examples of prohibited discrimination include as customers, in social security, access to education and other public services. The UK Labour Government codified and strengthened the disparate heads of protection into a single act, namely the Equality Act 2010.

text: Sex[edit]

text:
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Gender discrimination cases

Porcelli v Strathclyde Regional Council [1986] ICR 564

see UK labour and equality law

text: In the UK, equality between sexes has been a principle of employment law on since the 1970s, when the Equal Pay Act 1970 and the Sex Discrimination Act 1975 were introduced. Also, in 1972, the UK joined the European Community (now the EU). Article 141(1) of the Treaty of the European Community states,

text: "Each Member State shall ensure that the principle of equal pay for male and female workers for equal work or work of equal value is applied."

text: Directive 2006/54/EC "on the implementation of the principle of equal opportunities and equal treatment of men and women in matters of employment and occupation".

text:
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Equal pay cases

Equality Act 2010 ss 64-80

EU Directive 2006/54/EC

Scullard v Knowles Education Council [1996] IRLR 344

Allonby v Accrington and Rossendale College (2004) C-256/01

British Coal Corporation v Smith [1996] IRLR 404

Equality Act 2010 s 69

Clay Cross (Quarry Services) Ltd v Fletcher [1978] IRLR 361

Rainey v Greater Glasgow Health Board [1987] IRLR 26

Enderby v Frenchay Health Authority [1993] IRLR 591 (C-127/92)

Ratcliffe v North Yorkshire CC [1995] IRLR 439

Strathclyde RC v Wallace [1998] 1 WLR 259

Glasgow City Council v Marshall [2000] IRLR 272

Cadman v Health and Safety Executive [2007] 1 CMLR 16 (C-17/05)

Redcar and Cleveland BC v Bainbridge [2007] EWCA Civ 929

Allen v GMB [2008] EWCA Civ 810, [2008] IRLR 690

Gibson v Sheffield City Council [2010] EWCA Civ 63

See UK labour and equality law

text: Villalba v Merrill Lynch & Co Inc [2007] ICR 469

text: Race[edit]

text:
[show]

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Race discrimination cases

Mandla v Dowell-Lee [1983] 2 AC 548

Showboat Entertainment Centre Ltd v Owens [1984] 1 WLR 384

Weatherfield Ltd v Sergeant [1999] ICR 425

Redfearn v Serco Ltd [2006] IRLR 623

see UK labour and equality law

text: In the Weaver v NATFHE race discrimination case (also known as the Bournville College Racial Harassment issue), an Industrial Tribunal decided that the trade union NATFHE was entitled to apply its rule that a members' case against another member would not be supported if it put that member's tenure at risk. [1]

text: Ghai v Newcastle City Council [2010] EWCA Civ 59

text: Disability[edit]

text:
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Disability cases

Equality Act 2010 ss 6, 13(2), 15, 20-22 and Sch 1 and 8

Chacon Navas v Eurest Colectividades SA (2007) C-13/05

Coleman v Attridge Law [2007] IRLR 88

Jones v Post Office [2001] IRLR 384

Paul v National Probation Service [2004] IRLR 190

Collins v Royal National Theatre Board Ltd [2004] IRLR 395

Archibald v Fife Council [2004] UKHL 32

O'Hanlon v HMRC [2007] EWCA Civ 283

Goodwin v Patent Office [1999] ICR 302

Vicary v British Telecommunications plc [1999] IRLR 680

Lewisham LBC v Malcolm and EHRC [2008] UKHL 43

Eagle Place Services Ltd v Rudd [2010] IRLR 486

see UK labour and equality law

text:
Disability Discrimination (Meaning of Disability) Regulations 1996, (SI 1996/1455) esp. rr.3-5
Guidance on Matters to be Taken into Account in Determining Questions Relating to the Definition of Disability from the Department for Work and Pensions website, esp Part II, para A1; "a substantial effect [under s.1(1) DDA 1995] is one which is more than "minor" or "trivial", and provides that tribunals ought to have regard, in deciding whether an impairment has such an effect to" things like time for relevant activities, the way they are done, impairments' cumulative effects and the effects of behaviour and environment.
Aylott v Stockton-on-Tees Borough Council [2010] EWCA Civ 910
Thaine v London School of Economics [2010] ICR 1422
Clark v TDG Ltd (t/a Novacold Ltd) [1999] IRLR 318
Leonard v Southern Derbyshire Chamber of Commerce [2001] IRLR 19

text: Sexuality[edit]

text:
[show]

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Sexual orientation cases

Smith v Gardner Merchant [1998] IRLR 510

Lustig-Prean v United Kingdom (2000) 29 ECHR 548

Pearce v Mayfield Secondary School Governing Body and Advocate General for Scotland v MacDonald[2003] UKHL 34

R (Amicus) v Secretary of State for Trade and Industry [2004] EWHC 860 (Admin)

English v Sanderson Blinds Ltd [2008]

see UK labour and equality law

text:
Employment Equality (Sexual Orientation) Regulations 2003 SI 2003/1661 (in effect from 1 December 2003)
Equality Act (Sexual Orientation) Regulations

text: Religion or belief[edit]

text:
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Belief discrimination cases

Ahmad v United Kingdom (1982) 4 EHRR 126

Stedman v United Kingdom (1997) 23 EHRR CD 168

Copsey v WWB Devon Clays Ltd [2005] IRLR 811

R (Begum) v Denbigh High School [2006] UKHL 15

Azmi v Kirklees MBC [2007] IRLR 484

McClintock v Department of Constitutional Affairs [2008] IRLR 29

Eweida v British Airways plc [2010] EWCA Civ 80

Ladele v London Borough of Islington [2009] EWCA Civ 1357

see UK labour and equality law

text: While direct discrimination on grounds of religion or belief is automatically unlawful, the nature of religions or beliefs leads to the conclusion that objective justification for disparate impact is easier. Beliefs often lead adherents to the need to manifest their closely held views, in a way which may conflict with ordinary requirements of the work place. There is not the same degree of privilege granted to beliefs as is to a disability, requiring "reasonable adjustments" for the wishes of the believer. So in cases where an adherent to a religion wishes to take time off to pray, or wear a particular article of clothing or jewellery, it will usually be within the right of the employer to insist that the contract of employment is performed as was initially agreed. This refusal of the law to grant privileged status to beliefs may reflect the element of choice in belief or the need of a secular society to treat all people, whether believers or not, equally.[15]

text: Discrimination on grounds of religion was previously covered in an ad hoc way for Muslims and Sikhs through the race discrimination provisions. The new regulations were introduced to comply with the EU Framework Directive 2000/78/EC on religion or belief, age, sexuality and disability.

text:
Article 9 ECHR - Freedom of religion
Islington LBC v Ladele [2009] EWCA Civ 1357

text: Age[edit]

text:
[show]

v
t
e

Age discrimination cases

Equality Act 2010 ss 13(2)

R (Carson) v SS for Work and Pensions [2005]

Mangold v Helm (2006)

Palacios de la Villa v Cortefiel Servicios SA [2007] IRLR 989

R (Age UK) v Secretary of State for Business [2009] EWHC 2336 (Admin) and (C-388/07)

Kücükdeveci v Swedex GmbH & Co KG (2010)

Rosenbladt v Oellerking Gebäudereinigungs GmbH (2010)

See UK labour and equality law

text:
Employment Equality (Age) Regulations 2006, SI 2006/1031 (now repealed and replaced by the Equality Act 2010)[16]
Seldon v Clarkson Wright & Jakes and another [2010] EWCA Civ 899[17]

text: Work status protection[edit]

text: More recently, two measures have been introduced, and one has been proposed, to prohibit discrimination in employment based on atypical work patterns, for employees who are not considered permanent. The Part-time Workers Regulations and the Fixed-term Employee Regulations were partly introduced to remedy the pay gap between men and women. The reason is, women are far more likely to be doing non-full-time permanent jobs. However following the Treaty of Amsterdam, a new Article 13 promised Community action to remedy inequalities generally. The abortive Agency Workers Directive was meant to be the third pillar in this programme. Discrimination against union members is also a serious problem, for the obvious reason that some employers view unionisation as threat to their right to manage.

text: Part time workers[edit]

text:
Part-time Workers (Prevention of Less Favourable Treatment) Regulations 2000, SI 2000/1551
McMenemy v Capital Business Ltd [2007] IRLR 400
Sharma v Manchester City Council [2008] IRLR 336
Matthews v Kent & Medway Towns Fire Authority [2006] IRLR 367
A McColgan, 'Missing the point?' (2000) 29 Industrial Law Journal 260
O'Brien v Ministry of Justice [2010] UKSC 34

text: Fixed term "employees"[edit]

text: Fixed Term Employees (Prevention of Less Favourable Treatment) Regulations 2002, SI 2002/2034

text: Agency workers[edit]

text:
Temporary and Agency Workers (Equal Treatment) Bill 2008
Agency Workers Directive

text: Union members[edit]

text:
Amalgamated Society of Railway Servants v Osborne [1910] AC 87, Lords Shaw and James said trade union support for MPs was ‘unconstitutional and illegal’. Reversed in 1913.
Article 11 ECHR
Public Interest Disclosure Act 1998
O'Kelly v Trusthouse Forte plc
Wilson and Palmer v United Kingdom
Trade Union and Labour Relations (Consolidation) Act 1992 ss 137-177


document_title: The Facts of Life (TV series)

question_text: who played mr parker on facts of life

question_tokens: who played mr parker on facts of life

text: The Facts of Life (TV series)

text: Plot[edit]

text: Season 1[edit]

text: A spin-off of Diff'rent Strokes, the series featured the Drummonds' former housekeeper Edna Garrett (Charlotte Rae) becoming the housemother of a dormitory at Eastland School, a private all-girls school. The girls in her care included spoiled rich girl Blair Warner (Lisa Whelchel); the youngest, gossipy Dorothy "Tootie" Ramsey (Kim Fields); and impressionable Natalie Green (Mindy Cohn).

text: The pilot for the show originally aired as the last episode of Diff'rent Strokes' first season and was called "The Girls' School (aka Garrett's Girls)." The plotline for the pilot had Kimberly Drummond (Dana Plato) requesting that Mrs. Garrett help her sew costumes for a student play at East Lake School for Girls, the school Kimberly attended in upstate New York, as her dorm's housemother had recently quit. Mrs. Garrett agrees to help, puts on a successful play, and also solves a problem for Nancy. Mrs. Garrett is asked to stay on as the new housemother but states she would rather remain working for the Drummonds at the end of the pilot.

text: Following the pilot, the name of the school was changed to Eastland and characters were replaced, with Natalie, Cindy (Julie Anne Haddock), and Mr. Bradley becoming part of the main group featured. Although Kimberly Drummond is featured as a student at East Lake, her character did not cross over to the spinoff series with Mrs. Garrett.

text: In the show's first season, episodes focus on the troubles of seven girls, with the action usually set in a large, wood-paneled common room of a girls' dormitory. Also appearing was the school's headmaster, Mr. Steven Bradley (John Lawlor), and Ms. Emily Mahoney (Jenny O'Hara), an Eastland teacher who was dropped after the first four episodes. Early episodes of the show typically revolve around a central morality-based or "lesson teaching" theme. The show's pilot episode plot included a story line in which Blair Warner insinuates that her schoolmate Cindy Webster is a lesbian because she is a tomboy and frequently shows affection for other girls. Other season one episodes deal with issues including drug use, sex, eating disorders, parental relationships, and peer pressure.

text: Seasons 2–8[edit]

text: The producers felt that there were too many characters given the limitations of the half-hour sitcom format, and that the plot lines should be more focused to give the remaining girls more room for character development. Four of the original actresses—Julie Anne Haddock (Cindy), Julie Piekarski (Sue Ann), Felice Schachter (Nancy), and Molly Ringwald (Molly)—were written out of the show (although the four did make periodic guest appearances in the second and third seasons, and all but Molly Ringwald appeared in one "reunion" episode in the eighth season). Mr. Bradley's character was also dropped and replaced by Mr. Charles Parker, played by actor Roger Perry. Perry would make appearances through the beginning of season 5.[2] In addition to being housemother to the remaining girls, Mrs. Garrett became the school dietitian as the second season began. Jo Polniaczek (Nancy McKeon), a new student originally from the Bronx, arrived at Eastland on scholarship. A run-in with the law forced the four to be separated from the other girls and work in the cafeteria, living together in a spare room next to Mrs. Garrett's bedroom.

text: The season two premiere of the retooled series saw an immediate ratings increase. By its third season (1981–82), Facts of Life had become NBC's #1 comedy and #2 overall NBC program, beating its predecessor, Diff'rent Strokes, for the first time.[3]

text: In 1983, Jo and Blair graduated Eastland Academy in the highly anticipated season four finale "Graduation". To keep the four girls under one roof, the hour-long season five premiere "Brave New World" saw Mrs. Garrett go into business for herself and open a gourmet food venture named Edna's Edibles (it placed #9 in the weekly ratings). The four girls would come to live and work with Mrs. Garrett in this new refreshed space.

text: In September 1985, NBC moved the seventh season of the series to its burgeoning Saturday night lineup at 8:30 p.m., as a lead-in for the new series The Golden Girls at 9:00 p.m. In an attempt to refresh the "ratings work horse" and increase ratings, George Clooney was added to the regular cast and Mrs. Garrett's store was gutted by fire in the season seven premiere "Out of the Fire". The follow-up episodes "Into the Frying Pan" and "Grand Opening" had the girls join together  to rebuild the store with a pop culture-influenced gift shop, called Over Our Heads. The changes proved successful as all three episodes placed in the top ten ratings each week. By the end of the season, TV Guide reported, "Facts' success has been so unexpected that scions of Hollywood are still taken aback by it.…Facts has in fact been among NBC's top-ranked comedies for the past five years. It finished twenty-third overall for the 1985–1986 season, handily winning its time slot against its most frequent competitors, Airwolf and Benson. Lisa Whelchel stated, 'We're easily overlooked because we've never been a huge hit; we just sort of snuck in there.'"[4]

text: Charlotte Rae initially reduced her role in seasons six and seven, and later decided to leave the series altogether, believing she had done all she could do with her character and desired to move on to other projects.[5] In season eight's heavily promoted one-hour premiere, "Out of Peekskill" Mrs. Garrett married the man of her dreams and joined him in Africa while he worked for the Peace Corps. Mrs. Garrett convinces her sister, Beverly Ann Stickle (Cloris Leachman), to take over the shop and look after the girls. Beverly Ann later legally adopted Over Our Heads worker Andy Moffett (Mackenzie Astin) in the episode "A Boy About the House". Describing the new changes to The Facts of Life Brandon Tartikoff, NBC Entertainment President, said he "was surprised that The Facts of Life performed well this season, as, with a major cast change and all, I thought it might not perform as it had in the past. Facts has been renewed for next season."[6]

text: Final season[edit]

text: In the ninth and final season, the series aired on NBC's Saturday night lineup at 8:00 p.m. NBC still had confidence in the series, making it the 8:00 p.m. anchor, kicking off the network's second-highest rated night (next to Thursdays). For February sweeps, the writers created a controversial storyline in this season for the episode titled "The First Time", in which Natalie became the first of the girls to lose her virginity. Lisa Whelchel refused this particular storyline that would have made her character, not Natalie, the first among the four young women in the show to lose her virginity. Having become a Christian when she was 10, Whelchel refused because of her Christian convictions. Whelchel appeared in every episode, but asked to be written out of "The First Time".[7] The episode ran a parental advisory before starting, and placed 22nd in the ratings for the week.[8]

text: With the show still comfortably winning its timeslot, NBC made plans to renew The Facts of Life for a tenth season, but two castmates—Mindy Cohn and Nancy McKeon—chose to leave at the conclusion of season nine.[9]

text: Cast[edit]

text: Main characters[edit]

text:
Actor

Character

Seasons

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

Charlotte Rae

Edna Garrett

Main

Guest

Absent

Lisa Whelchel

Blair Warner

Main

Kim Fields

Tootie Ramsey

Main

Mindy Cohn

Natalie Green

Main

Nancy McKeon

Jo Polniaczek

Absent

Main

John Lawlor

Steven Bradley

Main

Absent

Jenny O'Hara

Emily Mahoney[note 1]

Main

Absent

Felice Schachter

Nancy Olsen

Main

Recurring

Absent

Guest

Absent

Julie Piekarski

Sue Ann Weaver

Main

Recurring

Absent

Guest

Absent

Julie Anne Haddock

Cindy Webster

Main

Recurring

Absent

Guest

Absent

Molly Ringwald

Molly Parker

Main

Guest

Absent

Pamela Segall

Kelly Affinado

Absent

Main

Absent

Mackenzie Astin

Andy Moffett

Absent

Recurring

Main

George Clooney

George Burnett

Absent

Main

Recurring

Absent

Cloris Leachman

Beverly Ann Stickle

Absent

Main

Sherrie Krenn

Pippa McKenna[note 2]

Absent

Main

text: Recurring characters[edit]

text: A key recurring character was Geri Tyler (Geri Jewell), Blair's cousin who has cerebral palsy. Other recurring characters included the judgment-impaired Miko Wakamatsu (Lauren Tom), the delivery boy Roy (Loren Lester) who was enamored with Jo,  the royal princess Alexandra (Heather McAdam) and the snobbish Boots St. Clair (Jami Gertz). Shoplifter Kelly (Pamela Segall) was billed as a regular during the fifth season. Other guest roles included the boyfriends of the girls; Jo's parents, played by Alex Rocco and Claire Malis; Blair's parents, played by Nicolas Coster and Marj Dusay (Blair's mother was played by Pam Huntington in one episode during the first season); Tootie's parents, played by Kim Fields' real-life mother, actress Chip Fields, and Robert Hooks; and Natalie's parents, played by Norman Burton and Mitzi Hoag. (Natalie's grandmother was played by Molly Picon, and appeared in two episodes.) Hugh Gillin appeared in four episodes as Howard. Officer Ziaukus was played by Larry Wilmore, and appeared in 2 episodes. A 1984 episode was built around Natalie coming to terms with the sudden death of her father. Characters from Diff'rent Strokes also appeared in some episodes of both season one and season two. Shawnte Northcutte from The New Mickey Mouse Club appeared as Madge in the 1980 episode "Who Am I?". Other recurring characters included Tootie's boyfriend Jeff Williams (Todd Hollowell), Blair's boyfriend Cliff (Woody Brown), and Mr. Charles Parker (Roger Perry), who served as headmaster of Eastland following Lawlor's exit from the show.

text: Celebrity guest stars[edit]

text: Celebrities who made guest appearances on the show included Helen Hunt, Zsa Zsa Gabor, Jermaine Jackson, Eve Plumb, Jean Smart, John Astin, Bobby Rydell, Fabian, Dick Van Patten, Penelope Ann Miller, Doug Savant, Dennis Haysbert, Lois Nettleton, Richard Moll, David Spade, Richard Grieco, Juliette Lewis, Seth Green, Charo, Mayim Bialik, Deborah Harmon, Irene Tedrow, El DeBarge, Joyce Bulifant, Stacey Q, and Anne Jackson.

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: The Facts of Life was produced first by T.A.T. Communications Company, later known as Embassy Television (Norman Lear's production companies), and then as Embassy Communications, and Columbia Pictures Television (through ELP Communications) on January–May 1988 episodes of the series. Sony Pictures Television currently owns the distribution rights to the sitcom.

text: From 1979 to 1982, the show was produced at Metromedia Square in Los Angeles, California. In 1982, production moved to Universal City Studios and then to Sunset Gower Studios in 1985.

text: Theme music[edit]

text: The show's theme was composed by Al Burton, Gloria Loring, and her then-husband, Alan Thicke. The well-known opening lyric "You take the good, you take the bad…" came later as the first season lyrics, some of them performed by Rae, and the original cast, differed from those that followed, later sung by Loring. The original lyrics eventually shifted to the closing credits before being dropped entirely. Burton, Loring, and Thicke had previously composed the theme to Diff'rent Strokes, which was sung by Thicke.

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
Season

Episodes

Originally aired

First aired

Last aired

1

13

August 24, 1979 (1979-08-24)

June 11, 1980 (1980-06-11)

2

16

November 19, 1980 (1980-11-19)

June 3, 1981 (1981-06-03)

3

24

October 28, 1981 (1981-10-28)

May 5, 1982 (1982-05-05)

4

24+movie

September 25, 1982 (1982-09-25)

May 4, 1983 (1983-05-04)

5

26

September 21, 1983 (1983-09-21)

May 9, 1984 (1984-05-09)

6

26

September 26, 1984 (1984-09-26)

May 15, 1985 (1985-05-15)

7

24

September 14, 1985 (1985-09-14)

May 10, 1986 (1986-05-10)

8

24+movie

September 27, 1986 (1986-09-27)

May 9, 1987 (1987-05-09)

9

24

September 26, 1987 (1987-09-26)

May 7, 1988 (1988-05-07)

TVM

3

September 25, 1982

November 18, 2001

text: Television films[edit]

text: The Facts of Life Goes to Paris[edit]

text: The Facts of Life Goes to Paris, a two-hour TV movie in which Mrs. Garrett and the girls travel to France, aired September 25, 1982. It scored 18.1/31 in the Nielsen Ratings. The movie was later added to the U.S. syndication package, separated into four half-hour episodes; however, the original cut of the film appears on the 2010 Season four DVD set. The television movie was directed by Asaad Kelada.[10]

text: The Facts of Life Down Under[edit]

text: The Facts of Life Down Under, another two-hour TV movie, aired Sunday February 15, 1987 placing a strong #13 for the week garnering 21.4/32.[11] This was strategic counterprogramming by NBC, which placed the movie against the conclusion of ABC's highly publicized mini-series Amerika.

text: The Telemovie was also syndicated as four half-hour episodes in later U.S. airings.[12]

text: The Facts of Life Reunion[edit]

text:
On November 18, 2001, The Facts of Life Reunion aired on ABC, in which Mrs. Garrett and the girls are reunited in Peekskill, New York, for the Thanksgiving holiday. It airs sporadically in the U.S. on ABC Family.
Nancy McKeon does not appear in this movie. Her character is explained as being on assignment as a police officer.

text: Syndication[edit]

text: NBC aired daytime reruns of The Facts of Life from December 13, 1982 until June 7, 1985 at 10:00 AM (and later 12:00 noon) on the daytime schedule. Episodes aired on various television stations from September 15, 1986 to September 10, 1993, then aired on the USA Network on and off from September 13, 1993[13] to September 11, 1998.[14] In August 1994, the network celebrated the show's 15-year anniversary with a day-long marathon of 14 episodes featuring new interviews with Rae, Whelchel, and Cohn.

text: Episodes aired on Nick at Nite from September 4, 2000 to June 28, 2001, although the network did not air certain episodes that contained highly mature content during prime time (including the first-season episode "Dope"), instead opting to air episodes with more serious topics at late night/early morning times. TV Land aired 48 hours of The Facts of Life episodes on its "Fandemonium Marathon Weekend" on November 17–19, 2001.

text: The Hallmark Channel aired The Facts of Life from July 1 to November 1, 2002. Episodes were available on Comcast's Video-On-Demand service from August 8, 2005 to July 31, 2006 and again from the August 6, 2007 until Tube Time's shutdown date on December 31, 2009.

text: On July 16, 2008 full episodes and short "minisodes" of The Facts of Life became available online via Hulu.[15]

text: On March 12, 2012, Teen Nick added the series to their morning line-up; however, the series' addition to the channel was short-lived, as it left the schedule on April 3, 2012.[16] The series premiered on The Hub on April 2, 2012, where it played through the end of March 2013.  Currently the series airs on Logo TV. Since August 21, 2017, the series has also aired on MeTV.

text: International airings[edit]

text:
In Brazil, the show aired on Nick at Nite as Vivendo e Aprendendo (Living and Learning, in English).
In Italy, seasons one through five were aired in 1983–1986 (dubbed as usual in Italian), on the terrestrial TV Canale 5, the first Italian commercial network, and later on other local commercial TV networks. The Italian version was named L'albero delle mele, which means the apple tree (the word 'apple' is popularly used euphemistically in Italian as a reference to teenage girls).
In France, seasons two and three (dubbed in French and titled Drôle de Vie) aired in 1987 on the terrestrial TV La Cinq, and seasons one, eight and nine aired on TF1.
In the United Kingdom, unlike Diff'rent Strokes, The Facts of Life has never aired on terrestrial TV. A few seasons aired on the UK BSB satellite channels, and after BSB merged with Sky Television plc, the entire series was shown on Sky One.
In Canada, The Facts of Life was a mainstay on CBC – the Canadian Public broadcaster, airing weekdays 4:00 p.m.(4:30 p.m. in Newfoundland) until April 1992. CTS, a Christian-based network, aired it from September 2006 to 2009. Beginning on September 15, 2007, The Facts of Life aired weekends at 10:00 a.m. and 2:00 p.m. on CanWest's digital specialty channel, DejaView, which later moved it to weekdays at 4:00 p.m. and 4:30 p.m. in March 2010.

text: Reception[edit]

text: Ratings[edit]

text: The Facts of Life was originally not a ratings winner on Friday nights in its summer debut in 1979 or in its second tryout in the spring of 1980. It ranked 74th of 79 shows on the air in the year-end Nielsen ratings, and was NBC's lowest-rated series.

text: The show was put on hiatus and extensively retooled in preparation for season two. In November 1980, season two of The Facts of Life premiered in a Wednesday 9:30 p.m. time slot, where it immediately flourished, peaking in January 1981 with a 27.4 rating and 41 share; it ranked #4 for the week. The program became NBC's fourth highest-rated scripted series, after Little House on the Prairie, Diff'rent Strokes, and CHiPs.[17]

text: By the third season, the series moved time slots to 9:00 p.m. Wednesdays, and soon became NBC's highest-rated comedy series, and NBC's #2 overall series, after Real People.[18] For its seventh season, it moved to Saturdays at 8:30 p.m., to bolster the premiering series The Golden Girls at 9:00 p.m. in the newly formed Saturday night comedy block.

text: At the start of the eighth season, the series was moved back a half-hour to the toughest time slot on television—Saturday at 8:00 p.m., which brought the ratings down from its season seven high. Still, the series easily won its time slot, and garnering high numbers in the coveted teen and 18–49 demographics. One of the highest rated season eight episodes saw the original season one cast return for a mini reunion. Titled "The Little Chill", it placed #19 for the week with a 18.2 rating and 31 share.

text: In the article "Ratings Top with Teens" appearing in the January 19, 1988 edition of USA Today, The Facts of Life was ranked as one of the top 10 shows in a survey of 2,200 American teenagers.[19]

text: Awards[edit]

text:
Emmy Nomination for Best Actress (1982)—Charlotte Rae
Emmy Nomination for Outstanding Technical Direction/Electronic Camerawork/Video Control for a Series (1986)—For episode "Come Back to the Truck Stop, Natalie Green, Natalie Green".
Emmy Nomination for Outstanding Achievement in Hairstyling for a Series (1987)—For episode "'62 Pickup".
TV Land Award Won for Pop Culture Icon in 2011.

text: Home media[edit]

text: On April 21 and 22, 2001, Columbia House released The Facts of Life: The Collector's Edition, a 10-volume "Best of" the series on VHS (40 episodes in all). With the advent shortly thereafter of TV on DVD and Columbia House's eventual move from the direct marketing model of exclusive series, the tapes were discontinued.

text: Sony Pictures Home Entertainment released the first two seasons on DVD in Region 1 on May 9, 2006 with new interviews with most of the cast, including first season regulars Felice Schachter and Julie Anne Haddock. To promote the DVD's release, McKeon, Whelchel, and Cohn appeared together on various TV shows such as Entertainment Tonight, Today Show and CNN Showbiz to reminisce about their time on the show and talk about their lives presently; unfortunately, Fields was unable to take part due to other commitments. The third season was released on October 24, 2006. This release failed to match the success of the first and second seasons, sales-wise.

text: The first and second seasons were also released in Region 4 on March 7, 2007.[20]

text: In 2010, Shout! Factory acquired the rights to the series and released the fourth season on Region 1 DVD on May 4, 2010.[21] Special features include The Facts of Life Goes To Paris, a made-for-TV-movie (which originally aired a few days prior to the fourth season debut) and a "Know The Facts: Trivia Game." They have subsequently released seasons five through nine on DVD.[22][23][24][25][26]

text: Mill Creek Entertainment re-released the first and second seasons on DVD on May 20, 2014.[27] It is unknown as to whether or not Mill Creek will release any further seasons.

text: On January 13, 2015, Shout! Factory released The Facts of Life – The Complete Series on DVD in Region 1.[28] The 26-disc set contains all 201 episodes of the series as well as the two made-for-TV films (The Facts of Life Goes to Paris and The Facts of Life Down Under) and other bonus features including an all-new cast reunion. The Facts of Life Reunion film is not included in this collection and is yet to be released on DVD.

text:
DVD Name
Ep #
Release date

The Complete First and Second Seasons
29
May 9, 2006 May 20, 2014 (re-release)

The Complete Third Season
24
October 24, 2006

The Complete Fourth Season
23
May 4, 2010

The Complete Fifth Season
26
November 2, 2010

The Complete Sixth Season
26
June 9, 2015

The Complete Seventh Season
24
October 20, 2015

The Complete Eighth Season
24
January 26, 2016

The Complete Ninth Season
24
May 17, 2016

The Complete Series
201
January 13, 2015

text: Attempted spin-offs[edit]

text: The various attempts at spin-offs were backdoor pilots, which were shown as episodes of The Facts of Life.

text:
"Brian & Sylvia" — A season two episode in which Tootie and Natalie go to Buffalo, New York to visit Tootie's Aunt Sylvia, a black woman (played by Rosanne Katon) who has recently married a white man, played by Richard Dean Anderson (the future star of MacGyver and Stargate SG-1). Ja'net Dubois of Good Times played Ethel, who was both Tootie's grandmother and Sylvia's mother.[29] The episode never developed into a series and in the season five episode "Crossing the Line", Tootie mentions Brian's and Sylvia's interracial marriage and says that the two have recently gotten divorced.
"The Academy" — A season three episode set at Stone Academy, an all-boys military school that was near Eastland. In this episode, the girls at Eastland attended a dance with the boys from the military school. The boys included actors Jimmy Baio, Ben Marley, David Ackroyd, Peter Frechette, and John P. Navin, Jr.
"Jo's Cousin" — Another season three episode, in which Jo visits her family in the Bronx, including her cousin Terry, a fourteen-year-old girl (played by Megan Follows) going through adolescence in a family full of men. The family included actors Grant Cramer, John Mengatti, Donnelly Rhodes and D.W. Brown.
"The Big Fight" — A season four episode set at Stone Academy, a boys' military school. Natalie comes to visit a boy who tries to impress her with his boxing. This episode includes the same cast from the season three episode "The Academy", with the addition of '80s 'nerd' icon Eddie Deezen.
"Graduation" — This spin-off was to revolve around Blair and Jo's life at Langley College.
"Big Apple Blues" — A season nine episode in which Natalie spends the night with a group of eccentric young people living in a Soho loft, and decides to remain in New York to begin her life. Two of the tenants in the loft were played by David Spade and Richard Grieco.
"The Beginning of the End/Beginning of the Beginning" — The two-part series finale sees Blair buying Eastland to prevent its closing. Blair finds that the school is in such dire financial straits that she is forced to make the school co-ed. Blair then essentially adopts the Mrs. Garrett role as she presides over the school and is forced to deal with the trouble-making students in a plot line that is highly reminiscent of the season two premiere. The new Eastland students included Seth Green, Mayim Bialik and future Oscar-nominee Juliette Lewis.

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ O'Hara's character was dropped after the fourth episode, "I.Q."

Jump up ^ Krenn was introduced in "Up from Down Under", the sixth episode of season 9, as a recurring character. She was promoted to the main cast beginning with the episode "Something in Common".

tag: ol


document_title: Dancing with the Stars (Irish TV series)

question_text: winners of dancing with the stars ireland 2018

text: Production[edit]

text: In August 2016, it was confirmed that RTÉ One would broadcast an Irish version of Dancing with the Stars, which would replace the successful The Voice of Ireland, which was cancelled in order for the broadcaster to order the new show.[6] A producer of the show commented, "We've got fantastic production people in Ireland who, I believe, deliver a show that's comparable with any of those shows on a fraction of the budget. So we're looking forward to the task of doing this equally the same way."[6]

text: It became quickly apparent that the television studios at RTE Television Centre in Dublin were too small for the large scale production of Dancing with the Stars would require, with the largest television studio at RTE Studio 4 at 6,525 Sq Ft would be too small and so the production have had to be based in Ardmore Studios located in County Wicklow, whose largest studio there are 15,000 Sq Ft.[7]

text: Format[edit]

text: The format of the series follows celebrities being paired up with professional dancers, who perform predetermined dances each week for judges' scores and public votes, with the couple with the lowest amount of points being eliminated, until the winning couple remains.[3]

text: Judges and hosts[edit]

text: On 18 December 2016, RTÉ confirmed that Julian Benson, Loraine Barry and Brian Redmond would be the judges on the programme.[4][5] Creative producer Darren Bennett stood in for Benson, during week five, six, seven and eight, who was absent due to illness.

text: People in the running to be host of the show included former Westlife musician and 2012 Strictly Come Dancing contestant Nicky Byrne; as well as popular radio host Ray D'Arcy, though D'Arcy ruled himself out of the running in August 2016.[6] In October 2016, it was reported that Marty Whelan had auditioned to host the show. In November, it was reported that Amanda Byram had been selected as one of the hosts.[2][8] In December, it was confirmed that Byrne would host alongside Byram.[9] It was also confirmed that Bláthnaid Treacy would be hosting RTÉ Two spin-off show, Can't Stop Dancing, airing on Friday nights before the live shows.[10]

text: Professional dancers and their partners[edit]

text:
[hide]Professional
Average
Series 1
Series 2

 Curtis Pritchard

17.8

Thalia Heffernan

Norah Casey

 Emily Barker

19.9

Hughie Maughan

Rob Heffernan

 Giulia Dotta

20.6

Des Bishop

Tomás O'Leary

 John Nolan

21.5

Teresa Mannion

Deirdre O'Kane

 Kai Widdrington

24

Katherine Lynch

Anna Geary

 Karen Byrne

22.2

Des Cahill

Jake Carter

 Ksenia Zsikhotska

20.2

Dayl Cronin

Marty Morrissey

 Robert Rowiński

16.8

N/A

Maia Dunphy

 Ryan McShane

25.6

Denise McCormack

Erin McGregor

 Sean Smullen

14.3

Dr. Eva Orsmond

N/A

 Valeria Milova

20.7

Aidan O'Mahony

Bernard O'Shea

 Vitali Kozmin

25.8

Aoibhín Garrihy

Alannah Beirne

text: Key:

text: Week 7 of Series 1 and Week 6 of Series 2 was 'Switch-Up Week' in which the celebrities danced with different pros for one week only. The table above reflects this as it excludes each pro's regular celebrity partner's Switch-Up Week score and includes their Switch-Up Week partner's score.

text: Main series results[edit]

text:
Series
Premiere date
Finale date
Number
of couples
Number
of weeks

Winners

Runners-up

1
8 January 2017
26 March 2017
11
12
Aidan O'Mahony & Valeria Milova
Aoibhín Garrihy & Vitali Kozmin
Denise McCormack & Ryan McShane

2
7 January 2018
25 March 2018
Jake Carter & Karen Byrne
Anna Geary & Kai Widdrington
Deirdre O'Kane & John Nolan

text: Series 1 (2017)[edit]

text: The first series of Dancing with the Stars started on 8 January 2017 and finished on 26 March 2017.

text: Series 2 (2018)[edit]

text: The second series began on 7 January 2018 and finished on 25 March 2018.[11][12]