document_title: Alcohol laws of New York

question_text: when did new york state change the drinking age to 21

text: Alcohol laws of New York

text: State Liquor Authority[edit]

text: The New York State Liquor Authority (NYSLA) and its agency arm, the Division of Alcoholic Beverage Control (DABC), were established under New York State Law in 1934 to "regulate and control the manufacture and distribution within the state of alcoholic beverages for the purpose of fostering and promoting temperance in their consumption and respect for and obedience to law." The SLA is also authorized by statute to "determine whether public convenience and advantage will be promoted by the issuance of licenses to traffic in alcoholic beverages … and to carry out the increase or decrease in the number thereof and the location of premises licensed … in the public interest."[1]

text: For consumption on-premises[edit]

text: In New York, for the purposes of state law, there are only four hours out of each day of the week (with the exception of Sunday) in which alcohol may not be served: 4:00 a.m. to 8:00 a.m. This was designed to accommodate New York City nightlife as well as late night workers statewide in general.  Some upstate areas such as Buffalo, Albany, and Saratoga Springs retain the 4am closing time although individual counties are free to set an earlier "last call." In Binghamton, this is at 3:00 a.m.; in Syracuse, Plattsburgh, Oneonta, and Rochester, bars close at 2:00 a.m.; and Elmira, Geneva, and Ithaca, have some of the earliest closing times in the state at 1 a.m.  For a complete list of closing hours by county, see http://www.sla.ny.gov/provisions-for-county-closing-hours.

text: B.Y.O. Policy[edit]

text: The SLA does not permit establishments to allow patrons to "B.Y.O.B." if the establishment does not have a license or permit to sell alcoholic beverages.[2] The only exception to this rule is that establishments with fewer than 20 seats can permit B.Y.O.B.[3][4] However, the SLA does not have authority to take any direct action against an establishment that is not licensed with the SLA, unless the establishment is then or will be in the future applying for a liquor license.[3]

text: Research[edit]

text: Research has been conducted into the association between closing times and crime in New York. Counties with later closing times tend to have greater rates of violent crime (except gun violence), but not non-violent crime.[5] This was true even after adjusting for socio-demographic factors.

text: For consumption off-premises[edit]

text: Only liquor stores may obtain a license to sell liquor for off-premises consumption. Grocery and drug stores may obtain a license to sell beer alone or beer and "wine products", such as wine coolers (but not wine).[6] Minors visiting a liquor store must be accompanied by an adult at all times; a violation can lead to the owner or manager being charged with second-degree unlawfully dealing with a minor, a Class B misdemeanor.

text: Until the mid-2000s, sales of beer for off-premises consumption were prohibited statewide before noon on Sundays, a remnant of a royal decree during the Colonial era, and between 3–6 a.m. any day. Changes to the law made in the last years of Governor George Pataki's administration loosened those restrictions, and now beer sales are only prohibited from 3–8 a.m. Sundays. Counties are free to adjust those hours in either direction, all the way to midnight and noon, and allow 24-hour beer sales on other days of the week.[7]

text: The law also changed for liquor stores. They may now open on Sundays. (although not before noon) They must still remain closed on Christmas, all day.[7]

text: A few years after those changes, Governor David Paterson sought to allow supermarkets to sell wine as well. He argued that the increase in excise taxes collected would help the state close its budget deficit. The proposed law aroused so much opposition from liquor store owners that it was never voted on by either house of the New York State Legislature.

text: Ownership restrictions[edit]

text: A provision unique to New York requires that every license to sell wine or spirits at retail for off-premises consumption be held by a single individual who lives within a few miles of the store and holds no other such licenses in the state. It was intended to prevent any chain liquor stores from doing business in the state, and none have ever done so.  However, some proprietors open other stores in the names of their family members while maintaining complete control over the other establishments.  Collaboration isn't only limited to families, for example, Premier Group in western New York has three locations each individually owned and operated.

text: Dry communities[edit]

text: There are no dry counties in New York as they are not allowed to make that decision. However, individual cities and towns may. In the case of towns, the decision would also be binding on any villages within them, or the parts of villages within them. Cities and towns may become totally dry, forbidding any on- or off-premises alcohol sales, or partially dry by forbidding one or the other or applying those prohibitions only to beer or to wine and spirits.[8]

text: Currently there are 8 dry towns in the state, all in lightly populated rural areas upstate:[9]

text:
Caneadea in Allegany County
Clymer in Chautauqua
Lapeer in Cortland County.
Orwell in Oswego County
Fremont and Jasper in Steuben County
Berkshire in Tioga County
Argyle in Washington County

tag: ul

text: Ten towns forbid on-premises consumption but allow off-premises; four allow both only at a hotel open year-round. Seventeen disallow only special on-premises consumption. The town of Spencer in Tioga County allows only off-premises and special on-premises consumption. Williamson, in Wayne County, bans on-premises sale of beer at race tracks, outdoor athletic fields and sports stadia where admission is charged.  In all, there are 39 partially dry towns.[9]

text: Drinking age[edit]

text: In response to the National Minimum Drinking Age Act in 1984, which reduced by up to 10% the federal highway funding of any state which did not have a minimum purchasing age of 21, the New York Legislature raised the drinking age from 19 to 21, effective December 1, 1985. (The drinking age had been 18 for many years before the first raise in 1984, to 19.) Persons under 21 are prohibited from purchasing alcohol or possessing alcohol with the intent to consume, unless the alcohol was given to that person by their parent or legal guardian. There is no law prohibiting where people under 21 may possess or consume alcohol that was given to them by their parents.[10] Persons under 21 are prohibited from having a blood alcohol level of 0.02% or higher while driving.[11][12]

text: Drunk driving[edit]

text: Like every other state in the United States, driving under the influence is a crime in New York, and is subject to a great number of regulations outside of the state's alcohol laws. New York's maximum blood alcohol level for driving is 0.08% for persons over the age of 21 and there is a "zero tolerance" policy for persons under 21.  Minors caught with any alcohol in the blood (defined legally as 0.02% or more, presumably to avoid false positives) are subject to license revocation for 6 months or more.  Other penalties for drunken driving include fines, license suspension/revocation, and possible imprisonment, and in some cases the implementation of an ignition interlock device.  A lesser charge, driving with ability impaired (DWAI), may apply when a driver's BAC exceeds 0.05%.[13]

text: Research[edit]

text: Research suggests that misdemeanor drunk driving offenses, but not felony drunk driving offenses, are related to county-based closing times for on-premises licensed venues.[14] Requirements for ignition interlock device's for first-time DWI offending introduced with Leandra's Law might explain why there was no relationship between alcohol availability and felony drunk driving offenses.

text: Public intoxication[edit]

text: New York State has no law against being intoxicated from alcohol in public, but there is a law prohibiting other substances. Any person found under the influence of a substance other than alcohol in public who is endangering themselves and others is guilty under the New York State Penal Code. This also applies to those found under the influence and bothering others or damaging public or private property.[citation needed]

text: Drinking in public was outlawed in New York City by Ed Koch in 1979.[15] The law was originally pitched as targeting antisocial derelicts congregating in parks and on sidewalks, with Frederick E. Samuel, one of the measure's proponents in the New York City Council, stating "We do not recklessly expect the police to give a summons to a Con Ed worker having a beer with his lunch".[15] By the end of the year similar laws had spread to municipalities in Westchester County.[16] In March 2016, drinking in public in Manhattan was decriminalized. [17]


document_title: Death and All His Friends (Grey's Anatomy)

question_text: what happened to the shooter in grey's anatomy

question_tokens: what happened to the shooter in grey 's anatomy

root

text: Plot[edit]

text: The hospital is hit with an unprecedented crisis: a shooter is in the hospital, and there is a lockdown. Meanwhile, Dr. Meredith Grey (Ellen Pompeo) discovers that she is pregnant, and Dr. Owen Hunt (Kevin McKidd) must choose between Teddy and Cristina (Sandra Oh). The shooter kills Reed Adamson and wounds Dr. Alex Karev (Justin Chambers). Lexie (Chyler Leigh) and Mark (Eric Dane) find the latter and try to save him. Soon, it is revealed that the shooter, Gary Clark (whose wife was a patient at the hospital and later died), is looking for Dr. Derek Shepherd (Patrick Dempsey). At the end, he shoots Derek, which is witnessed by Meredith, Cristina, and April. With the crisis unfolding, each character is put through extreme trials and tribulations. Cristina is put under pressure to save Derek, who is seriously injured.

tag: p

text: Meanwhile, Dr. Miranda Bailey (Chandra Wilson) and her patient Mary drag intern Charles Percy, who has been shot, through the hallway but when they get to the elevators, they are off. Bailey freaks out for a moment, then gathers herself and sits with Charles. When he asks if he was dying, she said yes. She tells him she and Mary are going to stay with him and that he isn't alone, with Charles dying soon thereafter. The shooter walks into the OR where Cristina and Jackson are trying to save Derek. Hunt shows up and Meredith tells him what was going on. He looks through the window and says she is doing fine but he'd go in to see what he could do to help. When Hunt goes inside, the audience is shown that Mr. Clark is in the room with a gun to Cristina's head, shouting at her to stop fixing Derek. Cristina and Avery refuse to stop working.

text: Mr. Clark tells Hunt that he'd shoot him first and then Cristina but he really only wanted to kill Derek. He believes this is retribution for his wife's death, which he believes is on Derek's hands. Meredith then comes into the room and tells Mr. Clark to shoot her. She explains that she is Lexie's sister, she is the closest thing Webber has to a daughter, and she is Derek's wife. He turns the gun toward Meredith, but Cristina says Meredith is pregnant. Hunt makes a move toward Mr. Clark and is shot, knocking him unconscious. Cristina and Avery then raise their hands and Avery tells Mr. Clark that Derek will die and he can watch it happen on the monitor. Derek flatlines and Meredith cries almost hysterically. Mr. Clark walks out.

text: Clark later comes across Lexie, who is bringing supplies to help Alex, and when he attempts to shoot her, the recently-arrived SWAT team wounds Clark. This gives time for Lexie to escape. Soon after, Webber walks through the halls of the hospital and finds several bodies. In a room, he finds Mr. Clark, who tells him he'd bought the gun at a superstore and bought extra ammo because it was on sale. Mr. Clark tells Webber he has one bullet left. He reveals that he planned on shooting Webber, then himself. Eventually, after Webber convinces Clark that his wife wouldn't want the shooting and would rather be reunited with him, Clark commits suicide as the SWAT team is directly out the door.

text: Meanwhile, in the operating room, Derek's heartbeat returns to normal, and everyone is relieved. Outside the hospital, Arizona and Callie reinstate their relationship when Callie says she doesn't want to have a baby if it means she can't be with Arizona. Arizona agrees to have a baby because she says that she doesn't want to stop Callie from being an excellent mother. Mark and Lexie show up at the other hospital. Alex is out of surgery. Lexie goes to Alex. Mark watches Lexie take Alex's hand. Meredith takes another look at her positive pregnancy test, and throws it out.[1]

text: Production[edit]

text: The episode was written by showrunner Shonda Rhimes and directed by Rob Corn. In an interview Rhimes told that the writing of the two-part season six finale, caused her struggle. She elaborated on this:

text:
“
It hurt to write this finale. It literally hurt me. Because in order to write these episodes, I had to walk in the shoes of [the shooter]. I had to think like a shooter. A person who would shoot Reed and Alex and Charles. A person who would shoot Derek. By the time I finished writing part one, I was sick. And depressed. Because my McDreamy was lying on my beloved catwalk dying. Mer is screaming and he is dying. And, before you have me shot up with Thorazine and placed in a strait jacket, yes, I DO I know it’s only a TV show, I'm not insane, but dude…it felt too real. It felt WAY too real.[2]
”

tag: table

text: TV Guide reported that Mandy Moore will check into Grey’s Anatomy’s two-hour season finale, adding, "She’ll play a patient named Mary as part of an explosive – and, of course, top secret – cliffhanger. Bailey – who’s having one hell of a season as a newly single gal – will be her doctor, but beyond that, details are being kept under heavily guarded wraps." The news was later confirmed by Entertainment Weekly which further reported, "Bailey – who’s having one hell of a season as a newly single gal – will be her doctor, but beyond that, details are being kept under heavily guarded wraps. She comes as part of a grand tradition of recognizable names as patients, usually quick, juicy roles like Sara Gilbert’s euthanized patient two weeks ago and Demi Lovato’s upcoming stretch as a schizophrenic. Moore did that other hospital show, Scrubs"[3]

text: It was also reported as veteran actor Michael O'Neill would reprise his role as the grief-stricken widower Gary Clark. O'Neill later in an interview said, "That role changed my career. It was probably the hardest job I've ever done, hardest work I've ever done. I had a tremendous resistance to it, and I almost turned the role down. I was so afraid of that being sensationalized, and I didn't want that in the world. I hadn't worked with Shonda Rhimes, and so I didn't know. I certainly knew she was a brilliant writer, but I didn't know what the intent was. We had a conversation about it. I said, 'You know what? Can I think about this and call you back tomorrow?' I called her back, and I said, 'Shonda, I just have to say it frightens me. It really frightens me.' She said, 'Michael, it frightens me too.' I thought, OK, we're at least starting at the same place. Her writing was so good. ... We saw the wound. We got to see the wound that drove him mad, and I think that was terribly important. It was important to show the fracture that brought this man to that desperate action."[4]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Broadcast[edit]

text: Death And All His Friends was originally broadcast on the American Broadcasting Company (ABC) in the United States on May 20, 2010. The episode was the second half of the two-hour season six finale, the other half being Sanctuary It had an audience in The United States of 16.13 million viewers (5.9/17 Nielsen rating in its 9:00 Eastern time-slot,[5].

text: Reviews[edit]

text: The episode opened up to universal acclaim with the television critics lauding the writing and performance of the entire cast as well. The performances of guest stars Mandy Moore and Michael O'Neill along with Ellen Pompeo, Sandra Oh, Chandra Wilson, Kevin McKidd, James Pickens, Jr. and Sarah Drew garnered most praise. Marsi from TVFanatic highly praised the episode and gave it five stars, and expressed that it may have been the best episode of the series, adding, "The writing and acting were absolutely stellar, and may lead to many Emmy nominations, but even more impressively, despite a killing spree, it remained distinctly Grey's. Some of the back-and-forths between the characters were truly memorable, and some of the developments so heartbreaking that we don't even know where to begin now. Seriously, the Season 6 finale left us laying awake afterward thinking about everything, a feeling we haven't had from Grey's in years and rarely achieved by any program."[6]

text: John Kubicek of BuddyTV also noted that the finale was the best episode, adding, "[It was] two of the best hours of television all year. It was certainly the best Grey's Anatomy has ever been, which is saying a lot since I'd written the show off for the past few years. No show does a big traumatic event like Grey's, and the shooter gave the show license for heightened drama with five major characters being shot over the two hours. It was emotional, expertly paced and had me in tears for most of the finale."[7] PopSugar called it "most intense episodes of Grey's I have ever seen" adding, "What a whopper of an episode! Can we talk about how gripping the scene is where Bailey and Percy are hiding from Mr. Clark. Then he turns around and gets Karev right in the chest. Seriously, I haven't been so shocked by a one-two shooting spree since Michael shot Ana Lucia and Libby in rapid succession on Lost.[8] Another review from BuddyTV called the finale "Game changing!" stating, "The finale that changes everything! You don‘t want to miss it! To her credit GA creator and writer-of-this-episode Shonda Rhimes pretty much delivered on her promise. I found myself with my heart in my mouth for the entire evening before finally being able to exhale as the credits rolled." The review lauded Ellen Pompeo and Sandra Oh adding, "The Twisted Sisters really were the showcase of the entire finale. Meredith, side-lined for much of the season, took center stage " even calling Oh's Cristina Yang a "rockstar".[9]

text: Entertainment Weekly wrote, "You’re still pondering how Grey’s can still be so damn good sometimes,"[10] further hugely praising the episode, "They did a bang-up job, it felt real in every way, thanks to some stellar performances and writing. And yet it maintained its Grey’sness thanks to some quieter moments, and plenty of witty exchanges to boot." Regarding the Bailey-Mary-Charles sequence the site wrote, "the action felt so real", but added, "But the most intense action was culminating in the OR with Cristina, April and Meredith had a nice moment sitting on the ground together, April sniffling and Meredith stonefaced. Kevin McKidd did some stellar acting as he interacted with them." Talking about Meredith's miscarriage he site added, "She saved Owen, though she did it while having a miscarriage — again, leave it to Grey’s to make this the least dramatic, most underplayed storyline of the night. (Brilliantly so.)"

text: Spoiler Junkie wrote highly of the episode Meredith Grey in particular saying, "In the most heart-wrenching moment of the entire two-hour season finale, Meredith bursts into the room, asking Clark to kill her. Eye for an eye, she says. She’s Lexie’s sister. She’s like a daughter to Dr. Weber. She’s the Chief’s wife." and noted that, "This was an amazing season finale, one of the best in the six seasons of Grey’s Anatomy. The second hour of the Grey’s Anatomy Season 6 season finale, Death and All His Friends, is even more intense than the first."[11] HitFix also lauded the episode and wrote, "In every sense, these two episodes where Shonda Rhimes, directors Stephen Cragg and Rob Corn, and the entire cast and crew of the show "Going For It". There was no opportunity for suspense, or tears, or anger, or horror, or some good old-fashioned monologuing left unexplored. Huge stakes, huge emotions, great performances from everybody Chandra Wilson and Sandra Oh were particularly great, as was Michael O'Neill as shooter Gary Clark. This was about as good as I've ever seen "Grey's." Episodes like these are what I point to when anyone asks me why I'm still watching [12]

text: The site also lauded Ellen Pompeo's character stating, "Meredith would suffer a miscarriage in the middle of patching up Owen Hunt's bullet wound - and be so hard-core, just as her best friend was next door in risking death to save Meredith's man, that she would just keep working even as blood dripped down her legs. A moment like that works only if everyone involved is 100% committed to the insanity of it, and here everyone was. They all went for it and came up with a riveting two hours of TV.[12] At the completion of the eleventh season Wired named the episode in its must watch list adding, "The show reaches its dramatic apex in a multi-episode arc about a deadly spree shooter who visits the hospital with a vendetta. The repercussions of this incident will echo through most of Season 7, and well into the future." The site also called Pompeo's ’Shoot Me. I’m Your Eye for an Eye.' the best scene from the entire series. [13]


document_title: Congress Hall (Cape May hotel)

question_text: when was congress hall in cape may built

text: Congress Hall (Cape May hotel)

text:
Congress Hall

General information

Location
251 Beach Avenue, Cape May, New Jersey, USA

Opening
1816 (rebuilt 1879)

Website

www.congresshall.com

text: Congress Hall is a historic hotel in Cape May, Cape May County, New Jersey, United States, occupying a city block bordered on the south by Beach Avenue and on the east by Washington Street Mall. It is a contributing building in the Cape May National Historic District.[1]

text: Congress Hall was first constructed in 1816 as a wooden boarding house for guests to the new seaside resort of Cape May; and the proprietor, Thomas H. Hughes, called it "The Big House." Locals, thinking it too big to be successful, called it "Tommy's Folly."[2] In 1828, when Hughes was elected to the House of Representatives, he changed the name of the hotel to Congress Hall. It burned to the ground in Cape May's Great Fire of 1878, but within a year, its owners had rebuilt the hotel in brick.

text: While serving as President of the United States, Franklin Pierce, James Buchanan, Ulysses S. Grant and Benjamin Harrison vacationed at Congress Hall, and Harrison made Congress Hall his official Summer White House. It thus became the center of state business for several months each year. John Philip Sousa regularly visited Congress Hall with the U.S. Marine Band and composed the "Congress Hall March", which he conducted on its lawn in the summer of 1882.

text: During the 20th century the Cape May seafront deteriorated. In 1968 Congress Hall was purchased by the Rev. Carl McIntire and became part of his Cape May Bible Conference. McIntire's possession of the property preserved the hotel during a period in which many Victorian-era beachfront hotels were demolished for the value of their land.

text: With the decline of the Bible Conference, Congress Hall fell into a state of disrepair. The property was partially restored under the guidance of Curtis Bashaw, McIntire's grandson, a restoration begun in 1995 and completed in 2002. Today, Congress Hall is a fully functioning, high-end resort hotel.

text:
Congress Hotel from the sea

Congress Hall in 1870


document_title: Flag of Australia

question_text: what do the five stars on the australian flag stand for

question_tokens: what do the five stars on the australian flag stand for

text: Flag of Australia

text: Devices[edit]

text:
Constituent parts of the flag of Australia

Flags forming the Union Jack

Southern Cross

Commonwealth Star

text: The Australian flag uses three prominent symbols: the Union Flag, the Commonwealth Star (also the Federation Star) and the Southern Cross (or Crux).[6]

text: In its original usage as the flag of United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Union Flag combined three heraldic crosses which represent the constituent countries of the United Kingdom (as constituted in 1801):[7]

text:
The red St George's Cross of England
The white diagonal St Andrew's Cross of Scotland
The red diagonal St Patrick's Cross of Ireland

text: The Union Flag is thought to symbolise Australia's history as six British colonies and the principles upon which the Australian Federation is based,[6][8] although a more historic view sees its inclusion in the design as demonstrating loyalty to the British Empire.[9]

text: The Commonwealth Star, also known as the Federation Star,[6] originally had six points, representing the six federating colonies. In 1908, a seventh point was added to symbolise the Papua and any future territories.[6][10] Another rationale for the change was to match the star used on the Coat of Arms, which was created in the same year. The Commonwealth Star does not have any official relation to Beta Centauri, despite the latter's brightness and location in the sky; however, the 1870 version of the flag of South Australia featured the "pointer" stars, Alpha and Beta Centauri.[11][12]

text: The Southern Cross is one of the most distinctive constellations visible in the Southern Hemisphere,[6] and has been used to represent Australia since the early days of British settlement.[6] Ivor Evans, one of the flag's designers, intended the Southern Cross to also refer to the four moral virtues ascribed to the four main stars by Dante: justice, prudence, temperance and fortitude.[13] The number of points on the stars of the Southern Cross on the modern Australian flag differs from the original competition-winning design, in which they ranged between five and nine points each, representing their relative brightness in the night sky.[6] The stars are named after the first five letters of the Greek alphabet, in decreasing order of brightness in the sky.[6] In order to simplify manufacture, the British Admiralty standardised the four larger outer stars at seven points each, leaving the smaller, more central star with five points. This change was officially gazetted on 23 February 1903.[6]

text: A complete specification for the official design was published in the Commonwealth Gazette in 1934.[14]

text: Construction[edit]

text: Under the Flags Act, the Australian National Flag must meet the following specifications:[15]

text:
the Union Flag occupying the upper quarter next the staff;[16]
a large seven-pointed white star (six representing the six states of Australia and one representing the territories) in the centre of the lower quarter next the staff and pointing direct to the centre of St George's Cross in the Union Flag;[16]
five white stars (representing the Southern Cross) in the half of the flag further from the staff.[16]

text: The location of the stars is as follows:[16]

text:
Commonwealth Star – 7-pointed star, centred in lower hoist.[16]
Alpha Crucis – 7-pointed star, straight below centre fly 1⁄6 up from bottom edge.[16]
Beta Crucis – 7-pointed star, 1⁄4 of the way left and 1⁄16 up from the centre fly.[16]
Gamma Crucis – 7-pointed star, straight above centre fly 1⁄6 down from top edge.[16]
Delta Crucis – 7-pointed star, 2⁄9 of the way right and 31⁄240 up from the centre fly.[16]
Epsilon Crucis – 5-pointed star, 1⁄10 of the way right and 1⁄24 down from the centre fly.[16]

text: The outer diameter of the Commonwealth Star is 3⁄10 of the flag's width, while that of the stars in the Southern Cross is 1⁄7 of the flag's width, except for Epsilon, for which the fraction is 1⁄12. Each star's inner diameter is 4⁄9 of the outer diameter. The flag's width is the measurement of the hoist edge of the flag (the distance from top to bottom).[16]

text: Colours[edit]

text: The colours of the flag, although not specified by the Flags Act, have been given Pantone specifications by the Awards and Culture Branch of the Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet.[17] The Australian Government's Style Manual for Authors, Editors and Printers also gives CMYK and RGB specifications for depicting the flag in print and on screen respectively.[18]

text:
Scheme
Blue
Red
White
Source(s)

Pantone
280 C
185 C
Safe
[19][20]

RGB
(Hex)
0–0–139
(#00008B)
255–0–0
(#FF0000)
255–255–255
(#FFFFFF)
[18]

CMYK
100%–80%–0%–0%
0%–100%–100%–0%
0%–0%–0%–0%
[18]

text: The blue shade also has a web-safe colour of #000099, used for certain digital screens that may have trouble displaying the shade of blue in the table above. The flag may be reproduced in a single colour, with the colour being either black or one of the two colours of the flag, albeit blue is generally preferred for single-colour productions.[18]

text: Protocol[edit]

text: Guidelines for flying the flag are laid out in the 1953 Flags Act and in a pamphlet entitled "The Australian National Flag", which is published by the Australian Government on an infrequent basis. The guidelines say that the Australian National Flag is allowed to be flown on every day of the year,[21] and that it "should be treated with respect and dignity it deserves as the nation's most important national symbol".[22]

text: The National Flag must always be flown in a position superior to that of any other flag or ensign when flown in Australia or on Australian territory, and it should always be flown aloft and free.[22] The flag must be flown in all government buildings and displayed in polling stations when there is a national election or referendum.[23] Private pleasure craft can fly either the Red Ensign or the Australian National Flag.[24] The British Blue Ensign can be flown on an Australian owned ship instead of the Australian Flag if the owner has a warrant valid under British law.[25]

text: The Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet also advises that the flag should only be flown during daylight hours, unless it is illuminated. Two flags should not be flown from the same flagpole.[22] The flag should not be displayed upside down under any circumstances, not even to express a situation of distress.[22] The flag is not to be placed or dropped on the ground, nor should it be used to cover an object in the lead-up to an unveiling ceremony, or to hide other material. Flags that have decayed or faded should not be displayed.[22]

text: According to a government publication, old or decayed flags should be disposed of in private "in a dignified way"; a method given as an example is to cut the flag into small pieces before being placed in the waste.[22]

text: When the flag is flown at half-mast, it should be recognisably at half-mast, for example, a third of the way down from the top of the pole. The Australian Flag should never be flown half mast at night. Flags are flown at half-mast on government buildings:[26]

text:
On the death of the sovereign – from the time of announcement of the death up to and including the funeral. On the day the accession of the new sovereign is proclaimed, it is customary to raise the flag to the top of the mast from 11 am.
On the death of a member of the royal family.
On the death of the governor-general or a former governor-general.
On the death of a distinguished Australian citizen. Flags in any locality may be flown at half-mast on the death of a notable local citizen or on the day, or part of the day, of their funeral.
On the death of the head of state of another country with which Australia has diplomatic relations—the flag would be flown on the day of the funeral.
On ANZAC Day the flag is flown at half-mast until noon.
On Remembrance Day flags are flown at peak until 10:30 am, at half-mast from 10:30 am to 11:03 am, then at peak for the remainder of the day.[26]

text: The Department provides a subscription-based email service called the Commonwealth Flag Network, which gives information on national occasions to fly the flag at half-mast as well as national days of commemoration and celebration of the flag.[27]

text: The Australian National Flag may be used for commercial or advertising purposes without formal permission as long as the flag is used in a dignified manner and reproduced completely and accurately; it should not be defaced by overprinting with words or illustrations, it should not be covered by other objects in displays, and all symbolic parts of the flag should be identifiable.[20][23] It also must sit first (typically, left) where more than one flag is used. For this reason the Collingwood Football Club had to reverse its logo, which features the flag.

text: There have been several attempts to make desecration of the Australian flag a crime. In 1953, during the second reading debate on the Flags Act, the leader of the Opposition, Arthur Calwell, unsuccessfully called for provisions to be added to the bill to criminalise desecration. Michael Cobb introduced private member's bills in 1989, 1990, 1991 and 1992 to ban desecration, but on each occasion the bill lapsed.[28] In 2002, the leader of the National Party, John Anderson, proposed to introduce laws banning desecration of the Australian flag, a call that attracted support from some parliamentarians both in his own party and the senior Coalition partner, the Liberal Party. The Prime Minister, John Howard, rejected the calls stating that "...in the end I guess it's part of the sort of free speech code that we have in this country".[29] In 2003, the Australian Flags (Desecration of the Flag) Bill was tabled in Parliament by Trish Draper without support from Howard and subsequently lapsed.[30] In 2006, following a flag-burning incident during the 2005 Cronulla riots and a burnt flag display by a Melbourne artist, Liberal MP Bronwyn Bishop introduced the Protection of the Australian National Flag (Desecration of the Flag) Bill 2006. This bill sought to make it "a criminal offence to wilfully destroy or otherwise mutilate the Flag in circumstances where a reasonable person would infer that the destruction or mutilation is intended publicly to express contempt or disrespect for the Flag or the Australian Nation."[31] The bill received a second reading but subsequently lapsed and did not go to vote in the House of Representatives.

text: History[edit]

text: Before 1901, what is now Australia was six separate British colonies. The Union Flag, as the flag of the British Empire,[6] was first used on Australian soil on 29 April 1770 when Lieutenant James Cook landed at Botany Bay, and it was again used at the start of European settlement of the country on 26 January 1788.[32] This was the original Union Flag introduced in 1606 that did not include the Saint Patrick's Saltire, included from 1801 after the Acts of Union 1801. It is the second version post 1801 that is depicted on the Australian Flag. It was often used to represent them collectively, and each colony also had its own flag based on the Union Flag.[32] As an Australian national consciousness began to emerge, several flag movements were formed and unofficial new flags came into common usage.[32] Two attempts were made throughout the nineteenth century to design a national flag. The first such attempt was the National Colonial Flag created in 1823–1824 by Captains John Nicholson and John Bingle.[32] This flag consisted of a red cross on a white background, with an eight-point star on each of the four limbs of the cross, while incorporating a Union Flag in the canton.[32] The most popular "national" flag of the period was the 1831 Federation Flag, also designed by Nicholson. This flag was the same at the National Colonial Flag, except that the cross was blue instead of resembling that of St. George. Although the flag was designed by Nicholson in 1831, it did not become widely popular until the latter part of the century, when calls for federation began to grow louder.[32] These flags, and many others such as the Eureka Flag (which came into use at the Eureka Stockade in 1854), featured stars representing the Southern Cross.[32] The oldest known flag to show the stars arranged as they are seen in the sky is the Anti-Transportation League Flag, which is similar in design to the present National Flag.[32] The differences were that there was no Commonwealth Star, while the components of the Southern Cross are depicted with eight points and in gold. This flag was only briefly in usage, as two years after the formation of the Anti-Transportation League in 1851, the colonial authorities decided to stop the intake of convicts, so the ATL ceased its activities.[32] The Eureka Flag is often viewed as the first "Australian" flag as it was the first notable example of a design that had the Southern Cross while excluding the Union Flag. The Murray River Flag, popular since the 1850s, is still widely used by boats that traverse Australia's main waterway. It is the same as the National Colonial Flag, except that the white background in the three quadrants other the canton were replaced with four alternating blue and white stripes, representing the four major rivers that run into the Murray River.[32]

text:
National Colonial Flag
Australian Federation Flag
Eureka Flag
Anti-Transportation League Flag
Murray River Flag

text: 1901 Federal Flag Design Competition[edit]

text: As Federation approached, thoughts turned to an official federal flag. In 1900, the Melbourne Herald conducted a design competition with a prize of 25 Australian pounds (2017: A$3,700) in which entries were required to include the Union Flag and Southern Cross, resulting in a British Ensign style flag.[33] The competition conducted by the Review of Reviews for Australasia—a Melbourne-based publication—later that year thought such a restriction seemed unwise, despite observing that designs without these emblems were unlikely to be successful;[33] nonetheless, it suggested that entries incorporate the two elements in their design.[34] After Federation on 1 January 1901 and following receipt of a request from the British government to design a new flag, the new Commonwealth Government held an official competition for a new federal flag in April. The competition attracted 32,823 entries,[34] including those originally sent to the Review of Reviews.[34] One of these was submitted by an unnamed governor of a colony.[35] The two contests were merged after the Review of Reviews agreed to being integrated into the government initiative. The £75 prize money of each competition were combined and augmented by a further £50 donated by Havelock Tobacco Company.[34] Each competitor was required to submit two coloured sketches, a red ensign for the merchant service and public use, and a blue ensign for naval and official use. The designs were judged on seven criteria: loyalty to the Empire, Federation, history, heraldry, distinctiveness, utility and cost of manufacture.[9] The majority of designs incorporated the Union Flag and the Southern Cross, but native animals were also popular, including one that depicted a variety of indigenous animals playing cricket.[35] The entries were put on display at the Royal Exhibition Building in Melbourne and the judges took six days to deliberate before reaching their conclusion.[35] Five almost identical entries were chosen as the winning design, and the designers shared the £200 (2009: $25,000) prize money. They were Ivor Evans, a fourteen-year-old schoolboy from Melbourne; Leslie John Hawkins, a teenager apprenticed to an optician from Sydney; Egbert John Nuttall, an architect from Melbourne; Annie Dorrington, an artist from Perth; and William Stevens, a ship's officer from Auckland, New Zealand. The five winners received £40 each.[35] The differences to the current flag were the six-pointed Commonwealth Star, while the components stars in the Southern Cross had different numbers of points, with more if the real star was brighter. This led to five stars of nine, eight, seven, six and five points respectively.[35]

text: The flag's initial reception was mixed. Readers of the Age newspaper were told that:

text: "a huge Blue Ensign with the prize design of the Southern Cross and a six pointed star thereon was run up to the top of the flagstaff on the dome and breaking, streamed out on the heavy south-westerly breeze, a brave and inspiring picture." [36]

text: The report carried by the Argus newspaper was also celebratory in nature stating:

text: "In years to come the flag which floated yesterday in the Exhibition building over Her Excellency the Countess of Hopetoun, who stood for Great Britain, and the Prime Minister (Mr Barton), who stood for Australia, will, in all human probability, become the emblem upon which the millions of the free people of the Commonwealth will gaze with a thrill of national pride."[37]

text: Alternatively the then republican magazine The Bulletin would label the competition winning design:[38]

text: a staled réchauffé of the British flag, with no artistic virtue, no national significance... Minds move slowly: and Australia is still Britain's little boy. What more natural than that he should accept his father's cut-down garments, – lacking the power to protest, and only dimly realising his will. That bastard flag is a true symbol of the bastard state of Australian opinion.[39]

text:
Melbourne Herald competition winning design[40]
Blue version of winning design
As approved by King Edward VII

text: As the design was basically the Victorian flag with a star added, many critics in both the Federal Government and the New South Wales government objected to the chosen flag for being "too Victorian".[41] They wanted the Australian Federation Flag, and Prime Minister Barton, who had been promoting the Federation Flag, submitted this flag along with that chosen by the judges to the Admiralty for final approval.[42] The Admiralty chose the Red for private vessels and Blue Ensigns for government ships.[43] The Barton government regarded both the Blue and Red Ensigns as colonial maritime flags[44] and "grudgingly" agreed to fly it only on naval ships. Later governments, that of Chris Watson in 1904 and Andrew Fisher in 1910, were also unhappy with the design, wanting something "more distinctive" and more "indicative of Australian unity."[45]

text: On 3 September 1901, the new Australian flag flew for the first time from the dome of the Royal Exhibition Building in Melbourne.[35] The names of the joint winners of the design competition were announced by Hersey, Countess of Hopetoun (the wife of the Governor-General, the 7th Earl of Hopetoun) and she unfurled the flag for the first time.[46] Since 1996 this date has been officially known as Australian National Flag Day.[47]

text: The competition-winning designs were submitted to the British Colonial Secretary in 1902. Prime Minister Edmund Barton announced in the Commonwealth Gazette that King Edward VII had officially approved the design as the flag of Australia on 11 February 1903.[1] The published version made all the stars in the Southern Cross seven-pointed apart from the smallest, and is the same as the current design except the six-pointed Commonwealth Star.[10]

text: Blue or Red Ensign?[edit]

text: In the decades following federation the red ensign was the preeminent flag in use by private citizens on land.[44] By traditional British understanding, the Blue Ensign was reserved for Commonwealth Government use although the red ensign was nevertheless still being employed by the Australian Army until after the 1953 changes, so Gallipoli, the First and Second world wars would be fought under both the blue and red versions. State and local governments, private organisations and individuals were expected to use the Red Ensign.[44] The official painting of the opening of Australia's new Parliament House in 1927 shows Red Ensigns and Union Flags being flown.[44][48] However a lithograph by an unknown artist featuring only Blue Ensigns has since emerged. As the commissioned artist, Septimus Power may have chosen red for dramatic effect or because it was the colour the public used.[49] There was a photograph taken that day which appears to show a Blue Ensign hanging behind a Union Jack at the easternmost end of the building. The correspondent for The West Australian newspaper would report that: "The sunlight streamed through the crimson of drooping flags”. Altogether this means there is a strong possibility that both ensigns were actually used on the day.[50]

text: Despite executive branch proclamations as to the respective roles of the two red, white and blue ensigns there remained confusion until the Flags Act 1953 declared the Blue Ensign to be the Australian National Flag. It has been claimed that this choice was made on the basis that the predominately red version had too much communist overtone for the government of the day, which in any event was henceforth to be styled as the Australian Red Ensign and retained for use by the Australian mercantile marine.[51][52] The tradition of the red ensign being used in Anzac Day marches alongside other flags that Australian soldiers have historically fought under still continues.[53]

text: Technically, private non-commercial vessels were liable to a substantial fine if they did not fly the British Red Ensign. However, an Admiralty Warrant was issued on 5 December 1938, authorising these vessels to fly the Australian Red Ensign. The Shipping Registration Act 1981 reaffirmed that the Australian Red Ensign was the proper "colours" for commercial ships over 24 metres (79 ft) in tonnage length.[54]

text: As a result of the declaration of 3 September as Merchant Navy Day in 2008, the Red Ensign can be flown on land alongside the Australian national flag on this occasion as a matter of protocol.[55]

text: Replacement of the Union Jack[edit]

text: The Blue Ensign replaced the Union Jack at the Olympic Games at St Louis in 1904. On the 2 June that year, due to lobbying by Richard Crouch MP, it had the same status as the Union Flag in the UK, when the House of Representatives proclaimed that the Blue Ensign "should be flown upon all forts, vessels, saluting places and public buildings of the Commonwealth upon all occasions when flags are used".[56] The government agreed to fly the Blue Ensign on special flag days, but not if it meant additional expense, which undermined the motion.[56] The Blue Ensign could only be flown on a state government building if a state flag was not available.[44]

text: Initially the Department of Defence resisted implementing the resolution, considering the blue ensign to be a marine ensign and favouring King's Regulations that specified the use of the Union Jack. After being approached by the Department of Defence, Prime Minister Chris Watson stated in parliament that he was not satisfied with the design of the Australian flag and that implementation of the 1904 resolution could wait until consideration was given to "adopt another [flag] which in our opinion is more appropriate."[57] In 1908, Australian Army Military Order, No 58/08 ordered the blue "Australian Ensign" to replace the Union Flag at all military establishments. From 1911 it would serve as the saluting flag of the Australian army at all reviews and ceremonial parades,[58][59] The blue ensign would be associated with an act of war for the first recorded time as it flew above the fort at Queenscliff in Victoria which opened fire to prevent the German steamer, Pfalz, from leaving port on 6 August 1914.[60]

text: The Royal Australian Navy (RAN) was promulgated on 5 October 1911 and was directed to fly the British White Ensign on the stern and the flag of Australia on the Jackstaff.[61][62][63] Despite the government wanting to use the Blue Ensign on Australian warships, officers continued to fly the Union Flag, and it was not until 1913, following public protest in Fremantle after its use for the review of HMAS Melbourne, that the government "reminded" them of the 1911 legislation.[64] The British White Ensign was finally replaced by a distinctively Australian White Ensign on 1 March 1967.[62]

text: Despite the new Australian flag's official use, from 1901 until the 1920s the Federation Flag remained the most popular Australian flag for public and even some official events. It was flown at the 1907 State Premiers conference in Melbourne and during the 1927 visit to Australia of the Duke and Duchess of York, the future King George VI and Queen Elizabeth.[65]

text: In the 1920s there was debate over whether the Blue Ensign was reserved for Commonwealth buildings only, culminating in a 1924 agreement that the Union Flag should take precedence as the National Flag.[44] As the Union Flag was recognised as the National flag, it was considered disloyal to fly either ensign without the Union flag alongside, and it was the Union Flag that covered the coffins of Australia's war dead.[44][66]

text: In 1940 the Victorian government passed legislation allowing schools to purchase Blue Ensigns,[67] which in turn allowed its use by private citizens. Prime Minister Robert Menzies then encouraged schools, government building and private citizens to use the Blue Ensign, issuing a statement the following year allowing Australians to use either ensign providing it was done so respectfully.[10][44]

text: Prime Minister Ben Chifley issued a similar statement in 1947.[10][68]

text: Flags Act 1953[edit]

text: On 4 December 1950, the Prime Minister Robert Menzies proclaimed the Blue ensign as the National flag and in 1951 King George VI approved the Government's recommendation.[62]

text: When the Flags Bill was introduced into parliament on 20 November 1953, Menzies said:

text: "This bill is very largely a formal measure which puts into legislative form what has become almost the established practice in Australia ... The design adopted was submitted to His Majesty King Edward VII, and he was pleased to approve of it as the Australian flag in 1902. However, no legislative action has ever been taken to determine the precise form of the flag or the circumstances of its use, and this bill has been brought down to produce that result."[69]

text: This status was formalised on 14 February 1954, when Queen Elizabeth II gave Royal Assent to the Flags Act 1953, which had been passed two months earlier.[70][71] The monarch's Assent was timed to coincide with the Queen's visit to the country and came after she had opened the new session of Parliament.[70] The Act confers statutory powers on the Governor-General to appoint 'flags and ensigns of Australia' and authorise warrants and make rules as to use of flags. Section 8 ensures that the 'right or privilege' of a person to fly the Union Flag is not affected by the Act.

text: South Australia chose to continue with the Union Flag as National flag until 1956, when schools were given the option of using either the Union or Australian flags.[72] The Union Flag was still regarded as the National flag by many Australians well into the 1970s, which inspired Arthur Smout's campaign from 1968 to 1982 to encourage Australians to give the Australian flag precedence.[73]

text: By the mid-1980s, the Commonwealth Government no longer reminded Australians they had the right to fly the Union Flag alongside the National Flag or provided illustrations of how to correctly display them together.[74]

text: In 1998, the Flags Act was amended to provide that any change to the national flag must be approved by a referendum which must offer the existing flag alongside any alternative designs. The requirement for a referendum is not binding on Parliament, which would need to amend the Flags Act to alter the design.[75]

text: Flag Day[edit]

text: In 1996, the Governor-General, Sir William Deane, issued a proclamation recognising the annual commemoration of Australian National Flag Day, to be held on 3 September.[76] Flag Day celebrations had been occurring in Sydney since 1985. The inaugural event was held under the auspices of the New South Wales branch of the Australian National Flag Association to commemorate the anniversary of the flag being first flown in 1901.[77] On Flag Day, ceremonies are held in schools, major centres, and the Governor-General, Governors and some politicians attend or release statements to the media.[78] Australian National Flag Day is not a public holiday.

text: Centenary flags[edit]

text: Centenary flag of state[edit]

text: On the centenary of the first flying of the flag, 3 September 2001, the Australian National Flag Association presented the Prime Minister with a flag intended to replace the missing original flag. This flag was not a replica of the original flag, on which the Commonwealth Star had only six points, but was a current Australian National Flag with a seven pointed Commonwealth Star. The flag has a special headband,[79] including a cardinal red stripe and the inscription

text: The Centenary Flag. Presented to the Hon John Howard MP, Prime Minister of Australia on behalf of the people of Australia by the Australian National Flag Association on 3 September 2001 at the Royal Exhibition Building, Melbourne to commemorate the first flying of the Australian National Flag on 3 September 1901 attended by the Rt Hon Sir Edmund Barton MHR, Prime Minister of Australia.[79]

text: A warrant authorising the use of the Centenary Flag under section 6 of the Flags Act was issued by the Governor-General and the flag is now used as the official flag of state on important occasions.[80] These included the opening of new parliamentary terms and when visiting heads of state arrive.[81] The flag has been transported across the country for flying in every state and territory. It was later used on Remembrance Day in 2003 for the opening of the Australian War Memorial in Hyde Park in London.[81]

text: Parliament house centenary flag[edit]

text: The Parliament House centenary flag is the flag that flew over Parliament House, Canberra on 3 September 2001, the 100th anniversary of the day on which the first Australian flag was flown at the Royal Exhibition Building in Melbourne. On 18 September 2001 during the centenary of federation the federal member for Hinkler, Paul Neville, asked of the speaker that:

text: "before it [the flag] becomes too faded or too tattered, [it] be taken down and perhaps offered to a museum or an art gallery as the seminal flag that flew over this building 100 years from the time the first flag was flown?"[82]

text: The flag was subsequently entrusted to the Australian Flag Society and has been paraded at schools to mark Australian National Flag Day on a tour of the Australian Capital Territory, New South Wales and Queensland.[83][84][85][86][87][88][89]

text: Other Australian flags[edit]

text: Under Section 5 of the Flags Act 1953, the Governor-General may proclaim flags other than the National Flag and the Red Ensign as flags or ensigns of Australia. Five flags have been appointed in this manner. The first two were the Royal Australian Navy Ensign and the Royal Australian Air Force Ensign, the flags used by the Royal Australian Navy and the Royal Australian Air Force. The Australian Army has no ensign of its own, but they are given the ceremonial task to be the defender of the National Flag.[90] The Air Force and the Navy flew the appropriate British ensigns (the White Ensign and the Royal Air Force Ensign) until the adoption of similar ensigns based on the Australian National Flag in 1948 and 1967 respectively.[91] The current Navy and Air Force Ensigns were officially appointed in 1967 and 1982 respectively.[92]

text: In 1995, the Aboriginal Flag and the Torres Strait Islander Flag were also appointed flags of Australia.[93] While mainly seen as a gesture of reconciliation, this recognition caused a small amount of controversy at the time, with then opposition leader John Howard describing it as divisive.[94] Some indigenous people, such as the flag's designer Harold Thomas, felt that the government was appropriating their flag,[94] saying it "doesn't need any more recognition".[95]

text: The Australian Defence Force Ensign was proclaimed in 2000. This flag is used to represent the Defence Force when more than one branch of the military is involved, such as at the Australian Defence Force Academy, and by the Minister for Defence.[96]

text: The Legislative Instruments Act 2003 required the proclamations of these flags to be lodged in a Federal Register. Due to an administrative oversight they were not, and the proclamations were automatically repealed.[97] The governor-general issued new proclamations dated 25 January 2008, with effect from 1 January 2008 (or 1 October 2006 in the case of the Defence Force Ensign).[98]

text:
Link to file

Royal Australian Navy Ensign
Royal Australian Air Force Ensign
Australian Aboriginal Flag
Torres Strait Islander Flag
Australian Defence Force Ensign
Royal Standard of Australia

text: In addition to the seven flags declared under the Flags Act, there are two additional Commonwealth flags, the Australian Civil Aviation Ensign and Australian Customs Flag,[99] eight Vice-Regal flags and nine state and territory flags that are recognised as official flags through other means.[100]

text: Defaced Australian flag variants[edit]

text: There have been two variants of the Australian flag to have been used on the prime minister's car.

text: Prime minister's vehicle flag

text: The flag flown by the Australian Border Force on vessels and buildings is based on the Australian national flag and features the words "AUSTRALIAN BORDER FORCE" in bold between the Commonwealth Star and the lower part of the Southern Cross. This flag was adopted by regulations coming into force on 1 July 2015.

text: Debate[edit]

text: There have been mild but persistent debates over whether or not the Union Flag should be removed from the canton of the Australian flag.[101] This debate has culminated on several occasions, such as the period preceding the Australian Bicentenary in 1988, and during the Prime Ministership of Paul Keating,[101] who publicly supported a change in the flag and said:

text: I do not believe that the symbols and the expression of the full sovereignty of Australian nationhood can ever be complete while we have a flag with the flag of another country on the corner of it.[102]

text: There are two lobby groups involved in the flag debate: Ausflag (est. 1981), which supports changing the flag,[103] and the Australian National Flag Association (ANFA) (est. 1983), which wants to keep the existing flag.[104] The primary arguments for keeping the flag cite historic precedence, while those for changing the flag are based around the idea that the status quo does not accurately depict Australia's status as an independent and multicultural nation,[105] nor is its design unique enough to easily distinguish it from similar flags, such as that of New Zealand, Cook Islands and Tuvalu (despite the counter argument that this is not uncommon, as seen with Romania and Chad sharing identical flags). The similarity between the flag of Australia and those of other countries is often derived from a common colonial history.[106]

text: The Coalition government under John Howard in 1996 formally recognised the commemoration of Australian National Flag Day, in 1998 sponsored an amendment to the Flags Act to require any changes to the national flag design to be passed at a plebiscite along the same lines of the 1977 national song poll, in 2002 supplied ANFA's promotional video free to all primary schools and in 2004 required all schools receiving federal funds to fly the Australian flag.[107]

text: Ausflag periodically campaigns for flag change in association with national events such as the 2000 Summer Olympics,[108] and holds flag design competitions,[103] while ANFA's activities include promotion of the existing flag through events such as National Flag Day.[109] A 2004 Newspoll that asked: "Are you personally in favour or against changing the Australian flag so as to remove the Union Jack emblem?" was supported by 32% of respondents and opposed by 57%, with 11% uncommitted.[110][111] A 2010 Morgan Poll that asked: "Do you think Australia should have a new design for our National Flag?" was supported by 29% of respondents and opposed by 66%, with 5% uncommitted.[112]

text: The connection with the Australian flag is also notable the highest response to it is "extremely proud" and it is the "most embraced Australian symbol."[113]


document_title: European colonisation of Southeast Asia

question_text: which of the european nation came first to south asia

text: European colonisation of Southeast Asia

text: Early phase[edit]

text: In the period between the 15th to late 17th centuries, advances in cartography, shipbuilding and navigational skills gave rise to what is now called the Age of Exploration. During this time, the Europeans made many sea voyages around the world in search of new trading routes and opportunities. An early European to visit Southeast Asia was Niccolò de' Conti, who travelled there in the early 15th century.

text: The early Europeans were drawn to Southeast Asia by the spice trade. There was a great demand for oriental spices at the time in European markers. The spices from Southeast Asia included pepper, cloves, nutmeg, mace and cinnamon. The spice trade was extremely lucrative and the early Europeans were highly motivated to secure a direct trade route in spices between Europe and Asia.

text: The spice trade was made possible by the maritime trade route. In 1498, the Portuguese navigator, Vasco da Gama, sailed round the Cape of Good Hope and opened up a sea route from Europe to India. Bringing home samples of exotic oriental products, da Gama greatly increased European interest in the new trade route and the new trade route quickly facilitated the expansion of trade. Eventually, the Dutch wrestled control of it from the Portuguese in the 17th century, and in the 18th century, the British gained control of it from the Dutch. Nevertheless, the spice route greatly increased trading activities, deepened the economic relations between Europe and Southeast Asia and as a result, more European merchants found their way to Southeast Asia.[1]

text: Portugal was the first European power to establish a bridgehead on the lucrative maritime Southeast Asia trade route, with the conquest of the Sultanate of Malacca in 1511. The Netherlands and Spain followed and soon superseded Portugal as the main European powers in the region. In 1599, Spain began to colonise the Philippines. In 1619, acting through the Dutch East India Company, the Dutch took the city of Sunda Kelapa, renamed it Batavia (now Jakarta) as a base for trading and expansion into the other parts of Java and the surrounding territory. In 1641, the Dutch took Malacca from the Portuguese.[note 1] Economic opportunities attracted Overseas Chinese to the region in great numbers. In 1775, the Lanfang Republic, possibly the first republic in the region, was established in West Kalimantan, Indonesia, as a tributary state of the Qing Empire; the republic lasted until 1884, when it fell under Dutch occupation as Qing influence waned.[note 2]

text: Spread of Christianity[edit]

text: During the 16th century, the Europeans viewed Muslim control of the eastern and southern parts of Europe with concern, as both a religious threat as well as an obstacle to trade. To counter this Muslim threat, the Europeans aimed to spread Christianity across the known world. At the same time, they also searched for profitable trading opportunities. This explained why the Portuguese and Spanish came to Southeast Asia and how they managed to establish their trading ports in strategic locations. By the time the British and the Dutch came to Southeast Asia, trade had become the dominant motive, and religion was less important. Aside from Islam being a widely important religion in Southeast Asia, Buddhism and Hinduism were also popular amongst the Southeast Asian population. A key reason for this could be because of the fact that India and China were neighbours to Southeast Asia.[citation needed]

text: Industrialised phase[edit]

text: The 17th century saw the formation of powerful trading companies such as the British East India Company and its Dutch counterpart VOC (initials for its Dutch name, Verenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie). This was because the ships needed for the maritime spice trade were too expensive for individual merchants to acquire, and the sea route presented numerous challenges which delayed the recovery of initial financial costs. Sea voyages were dangerous and, before the advent of steam engines, depended on the wind which meant that the journeys were long and unpredictable.

text: The British East India Company led by Josiah Child, had little interest or impact in the region, and were effectively expelled following the Siam–England war (1687). Britain, in the guise of the British East India Company, turned their attention to the Bay of Bengal following the Peace with France and Spain (1783). During the conflicts, Britain had struggled for naval superiority with the French, and the need of good harbours became evident. Penang Island had been brought to the attention of the Government of India by Francis Light. In 1786, the settlement of George Town was founded at the northeastern tip of Penang Island by Captain Francis Light, under the administration of Sir John Macpherson; this marked the beginning of British expansion into the Malay Peninsula.[2][note 3]

text: In the latter half of the 18th century, however, Europe experienced a massive advancements in science, industry and technology, and this created a tremendous gap in the power relations between the Europeans and people in other parts of the world, including Southeast Asia. This period also saw the initial stages of growing industrialisation that would increase European demand for raw materials. Southeast Asia happened to be rich in the resources needed.

text: The last quarter of the 19th century was a period when the European economies experienced the full effects of the Industrial Revolution. During this time, there was extensive use of machines to manufacture goods which increased production. This led to a growing accumulation of surplus goods. The manufacturers were thus compelled to find overseas markets to sell their products and increase their profits. One solution was to develop markets in new territories such as Southeast Asia that could use their manufactured goods. This led to the next phase of establishing colonial territories that could be retained as monopoly markets by the Europeans.

text: However, industrialisation took place against increasing competition among the European powers. This was encouraged by changes in the continental balance of power. The Napoleonic Wars unseated French power. The commercial and naval powers of Britain, which were unrivalled for a time, started to erode later on. Competition among European powers led to the practice of carving up the world into spheres of influence. There was also the need to fill ‘vacuums’ of territories that would otherwise fall under the influence of another competing European power.

text: The British temporarily possessed Dutch territories during the Napoleonic Wars; and Spanish areas in the Seven Years' War. In 1819, Stamford Raffles established Singapore as a key trading post for Britain in their rivalry with the Dutch. However, their rivalry cooled in 1824 when an Anglo-Dutch treaty demarcated their respective interests in Southeast Asia. British rule in Burma began with the first Anglo-Burmese War (1824–1826).

text: Early United States entry into what was then called the East Indies (usually in reference to the Malay Archipelago) was low key. In 1795, a secret voyage for pepper set sail from Salem, Massachusetts on an 18-month voyage that returned with a bulk cargo of pepper, the first to be so imported into the country, which sold at the extraordinary profit of seven hundred per cent.[3] In 1831, the merchantman Friendship of Salem returned to report the ship had been plundered, and the first officer and two crewmen murdered in Sumatra. The Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824 obligated the Dutch to ensure the safety of shipping and overland trade in and around Aceh, who accordingly sent the Royal Netherlands East Indies Army on the punitive expedition of 1831. President Andrew Jackson also ordered America's first Sumatran punitive expedition of 1832, which was followed by a punitive expedition in 1838. The Friendship incident thus afforded the Dutch a reason to take over Ache; and Jackson, to dispatch diplomatist Edmund Roberts,[4] who in 1833 secured the Roberts Treaty with Siam. In 1856 negotiations for amendment of this treaty, Townsend Harris stated the position of the United States:

text: The United States does not hold any possessions in the East, nor does it desire any. The form of government forbids the holding of colonies. The United States therefore cannot be an object of jealousy to any Eastern Power. Peaceful commercial relations, which give as well as receive benefits, is what the President wishes to establish with Siam, and such is the object of my mission.[5]

text: From the end of the 1850s onwards, while the attention of the United States shifted to maintaining their union, the pace of European colonisation shifted to a significantly higher gear.

text: This phenomenon, denoted New Imperialism, saw the conquest of nearly all Southeast Asian territories by the colonial powers. The Dutch East India Company and British East India Company were dissolved by their respective governments, who took over the direct administration of the colonies. Only Siam did not experience foreign rule, though Siam, too, was greatly influenced by the politics of the Western powers. The Monthon reforms of the late 19th century continuing up till around 1910, imposed a Westernised form of government on the country's partially independent cities called Mueang, such that the country could be said to have successfully colonised itself.[6] Western powers did, however, continue to interfere in both internal and external affairs.[7][8]

text: By 1913, the British had occupied Burma, Malaya and the northern Borneo territories, the French controlled Indochina, the Dutch ruled the Netherlands East Indies while Portugal managed to hold on to Portuguese Timor. In the Philippines, the 1872 Cavite Mutiny was a precursor to the Philippine Revolution (1896–1898). When the Spanish–American War began in Cuba in 1898, Filipino revolutionaries declared Philippine independence and established the First Philippine Republic the following year. In the Treaty of Paris of 1898 that ended the war with Spain, the United States gained the Philippines and other territories; in refusing to recognise the nascent republic, America effectively reversed her position of 1856. This led directly to the Philippine–American War, in which the First Republic was defeated; wars followed with the Republic of Zamboanga, the Republic of Negros and the Republic of Katagalugan, all of which were also defeated.

text: The Long Depression also intensified the competition among the European powers. This period of prolonged economic recession saw severe price deflation as well as factors unfavourable to trade. The European governments responded to this crisis by promoting home industries and minimising trade with other European countries. However, as domestic markets and export opportunities quickly became saturated, finding new markets for manufactured goods became more urgent. New colonies overseas, not exposed to the same economic conditions, provided the perfect solution.

text: During the mid-19th century, the Europeans had certain goals which they regarded as important in the humanitarian sense. One of these goals was expressed in the slogan, ‘The White Man's Burden’ (taken from a line in a poem by Rudyard Kipling), which was the mission to ‘civilise’ (uplift, advance) the ‘less fortunate’ and ‘less gifted’ people of Southeast Asia. Towards this end, they implemented policies providing educational and healthcare services. However, this humanitarian concern was influenced by political concerns, and sometimes arose more out of cultural arrogance than genuine sympathy.

text: Sometimes, the acquisition of colonies was an attempt to revive declining political and economic status rather than a show of power. France was preoccupied with expanding her colonial empire to recover from her humiliating defeat in the Franco-Prussian war. Britain, having lost her dominance in the world economy to newly industrialised countries such as Germany (Prussia united all the German states to form Germany in 1871 after the victory in the Franco-Prussian war) and the United States, saw empire-building as a necessary recourse. It was generally assumed that the establishment of colonies to protect existing trade links would prevent further decline of the European powers.

text: Role of the Europeans[edit]

text: In the early phase, European control in Southeast Asia was largely confined to the establishment of trading posts. These trading posts were used to store the oriental products obtained from the local traders before they were exported to the European markets. Such trading posts had to be located along major shipping routes and their establishments had to be approved by the local ruler so that peace would prevail for trade to take place. Malacca, Penang, Batavia and Singapore were all early trading posts.

text: The role of the Europeans changed, however, in the industrialised phase as their control expanded beyond their trading posts. As the trading posts grew due to an increase in the volume of trade, demand for food supplies and timber (to build and repair ships) also increased. To ensure a reliable supply of food and timber, the Europeans were forced to deal with the local communities nearby. These marked the beginnings of territorial control. A good example is the case of Batavia. There, the Dutch extended control over parts of western Java and later to central Java and the east where rice was grown and timber found.

text: To ensure that trade flourish, the Europeans had to maintain political stability. Sometimes, they interfered with the internal affairs of the natives to maintain peace. The Europeans also tried to impose their culture on their colonies.

text: Impact[edit]

text: Colonial rule had had a profound effect on Southeast Asia. While the colonial powers profited much from the region's vast resources and large market, colonial rule did develop the region to a varying extent. Commercial agriculture, mining and an export based economy developed rapidly during this period. The introduction Christianity bought by the colonist also have profound effect in the societal change.

text: Increased labor demand resulted in mass immigration, especially from British India and China, which brought about massive demographic change. The institutions for a modern nation state like a state bureaucracy, courts of law, print media and to a smaller extent, modern education, sowed the seeds of the fledgling nationalist movements in the colonial territories. In the inter-war years, these nationalist movements grew and often clashed with the colonial authorities when they demanded self-determination.

text: The expansion of European dominance through colonialism was considered extraordinary as it affected the entirety of Southeast Asia significantly. Later on, more common features would emerge, such as the rise of nationalist movements, the Japanese occupation of Southeast Asia, and later the Cold War that engulfed many parts of the region. Taken altogether, it can be said that a common core of historical experiences existed, and that this core defined the region, thus justifying the use of the term ‘Southeast Asia’ to describe the region as a single entity.

text: List of European colonies[edit]

text:
British Burma (1824–1948, merged with India by the British from 1886 to 1937)
French Indochina (1887–1953, now the countries of Vietnam, Cambodia and Laos), including:

text:
French Laos (1893-1953)
French Cambodia (1863-1953)
Annam (now Vietnam) (1883-1953)

text: Malaya (now part of Malaysia):

text: Straits Settlements (1826–1946)

text:
Penang – British colony (1786–1957)
Singapore – British colony (1819–1963)
Malacca – British colony (1824–1957)

text:
Federated Malay States (1895–1946)
Unfederated Malay States (1885-1946)

text: British Borneo (now part of Malaysia), including:

text:
Labuan (1848–1946)
North Borneo (1882–1941)

text: Crown Colony of North Borneo (1946–1963)

text:
Crown Colony of Sarawak (1946–1963)
British Brunei (1888–1984, British protectorate)

text: Philippines:

text:
Portuguese Timor (1702–1975, now East Timor)
Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia) – Dutch colony from 1602–1949 (included Netherlands New Guinea until 1962)

text: Independent state[edit]

text: Siam (now Thailand) – was the only independent state in Southeast Asia, but had Britain sphere of influence in the north and south and France in the Northeast and East.

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ For fifty or sixty years, the Portuguese enjoyed the exclusive trade to China and Japan. In 1717, and again in 1732, the Chinese government offered to make Macao the emporium for all foreign trade, and to receive all duties on imports; but, by a strange infatuation, the Portuguese government refused, and its decline is dated from that period. (Roberts, 2007 PDF image 173 p. 166)

Jump up ^ Other experiments in republicanism in adjacent regions were the Japanese Republic of Ezo (1869) and the Republic of Taiwan (1895).

Jump up ^ Company agent John Crawfurd used the census taken in 1824 for a statistical analysis of the relative economic prowess of the peoples there, giving special attention to the Chinese: The Chinese amount to 8595, and are landowners, field-labourers, mechanics of almost every description, shopkeepers, and general merchants. They are all from the two provinces of Canton and Fo-kien, and three-fourths of them from the latter. About five-sixths of the whole number are unmarried men, in the prime of life : so that, in fact, the Chinese population, in point of effective labour, may be estimated as equivalent to an ordinary population of above 37,000, and, as will afterwards be shown, to a numerical Malay population of more than 80,000! (Crawfurd image 48. p.30)

tag: ol


document_title: Minister of Railways (India)

question_text: what is the name of rail minister in india

text: Minister of Railways (India)

text:
Minister of Railways

Emblem of India

Incumbent
Piyush Goyal
since 3 September 2017

Ministry of Railways

Member of
Cabinet of India

Appointer
President
on the advice of the Prime Minister

Inaugural holder
John Mathai

Formation
15 August 1947

text: The Minister of Railways is the head of the Ministry of Railways of the Government of India. The railway minister is usually accorded a cabinet rank, and is responsible for Indian Railways, one of the largest employers in the world. An important responsibility of the railway minister is to present in Parliament the Railway Budget, the Annual Financial Statement of Indian Railways. Piyush Goyal of the Bharatiya Janata Party is the current Minister of Railways, serving since 3 September 2017.Railways Minister (India)

text: List of railway ministers[edit]

text:
№
Name
Portrait
Term of office
Political party
(Alliance)
Prime Minister

-
Asaf Ali

2 September 1946
14 August 1947
Indian National Congress

None
(Interim govt)

1
John Mathai

15 August 1947
22 September 1948
Jawaharlal Nehru

2
N. Gopalaswami Ayyangar

22 September 1948
13 May 1952

3
Lal Bahadur Shastri

13 May 1952
7 December 1956

4
Jagjivan Ram

7 December 1956
10 April 1962

5
Swaran Singh

10 April 1962
21 September 1963

6
H. C. Dasappa

21 September 1963
8 June 1964

7
S. K. Patil

9 June 1964
12 March 1967
Lal Bahadur Shastri
Indira Gandhi

8
C. M. Poonacha

13 March 1967 and
14 February 1969
Indira Gandhi

9
Ram Subhag Singh

14 February 1969
4 November 1969

10
Panampilli Govinda Menon

4 November 1969
18 February 1970

11
Gulzarilal Nanda

18 February 1970
17 March 1971

12
K. Hanumanthaiya

18 March 1971
22 July 1972

13
T. A. Pai

23 July 1972
4 February 1973

14
Lalit Narayan Mishra

5 February 1973
2 January 1975

15
Kamalapati Tripathi

11 February 1975
23 March 1977

16
Madhu Dandavate

26 March 1977
28 July 1979
Janata Party

Morarji Desai

(13)
T. A. Pai

30 July 1979
13 January 1980
Janata Party (Secular)

Charan Singh

17
Kamalapati Tripathi

14 January 1980
12 November 1980
Indian National Congress

Indira Gandhi

18
Kedar Pandey

12 November 1980
14 January 1982

19
Prakash Chandra Sethi

15 January 1982
2 September 1982

20
A. B. A. Ghani Khan Choudhury

2 September 1982
31 December 1984
Indira Gandhi
Rajiv Gandhi

21
Bansi Lal

31 December 1984
4 June 1986
Rajiv Gandhi

22
Mohsina Kidwai

24 June 1986
21 October 1986

23
Madhavrao Scindia

22 October 1986
1 December 1989

24
George Fernandes

5 December 1989
10 November 1990
Janata Dal

V. P. Singh

25
Janeshwar Mishra

21 November 1990
21 June 1991
Samajwadi Janata Party

Chandra Shekhar

26
C. K. Jaffer Sharief

21 June 1991
16 October 1995
Indian National Congress

P. V. Narasimha Rao

27
Ram Vilas Paswan

1 June 1996
19 March 1998
Janata Dal
(United Front)

H. D. Deve Gowda
I. K. Gujral

28
Nitish Kumar

19 March 1998
5 August 1999
Samata Party
(NDA)

Atal Bihari Vajpayee

29
Ram Naik

6 August 1999
12 October 1999
Bharatiya Janata Party
(NDA)

30
Mamata Banerjee

13 October 1999
15 March 2001
All India Trinamool Congress
(NDA)

(28)
Nitish Kumar

20 March 2001
22 May 2004
Janata Dal (United)
(NDA)

31
Lalu Prasad Yadav

23 May 2004
25 May 2009
Rashtriya Janata Dal
(UPA)

Manmohan Singh

(30)
Mamata Banerjee

26 May 2009
19 May 2011
All India Trinamool Congress
(UPA)

32
Dinesh Trivedi

12 July 2011
14 March 2012

33
Mukul Roy

20 March 2012
21 September 2012

34
C. P. Joshi

22 September 2012
28 October 2012
Indian National Congress
(UPA)

35
Pawan Kumar Bansal

28 October 2012
10 May 2013

(34)
C. P. Joshi

11 May 2013
16 June 2013

36
Mallikarjun Kharge

17 June 2013
25 May 2014

37
D. V. Sadananda Gowda
-
26 May 2014
9 November 2014
Bharatiya Janata Party
(NDA)

Narendra Modi

38
Suresh Prabhu

10 November 2014
3 September 2017

39
Piyush Goyal

3 September 2017
Incumbent

If the office of Minister of Railways is vacant for any length of time, it automatically comes under the charge of the Prime Minister.


document_title: Under the Tuscan Sun (film)

question_text: who played katherine in under the tuscan sun

text: Under the Tuscan Sun (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: Frances Mayes (Diane Lane) is a San Francisco writer whose seemingly perfect life takes an unexpected turn when she learns that her husband has been cheating on her. The divorce—and the loss of her house to her ex-husband and his much-younger, pregnant new partner—leaves her depressed and unable to write. Her best friend Patti (Sandra Oh), a lesbian who is expecting a child, is beginning to think Frances might never recover. She urges Frances to take an Italian vacation to Tuscany using the ticket she purchased before she became pregnant. At first Frances refuses, but after another depressing day in her gloomy apartment, she decides that it's a good idea to get away for a while.

text: In Tuscany, her tour group stops in the small town of Cortona. After wandering through the charming streets, she notices a posting for a villa for sale in Cortona. She rejoins her tour group on the bus, and just outside town, the bus stops to allow a flock of sheep to cross the road. While they wait, Frances realizes that they've stopped directly in front of the very villa that she had seen for sale—something she believes is a sign. She asks the driver to stop and she gets off the bus. Through a series of serendipitous events, she becomes the owner of a lovely yet dilapidated villa in beautiful Tuscany.

text: Frances begins her new life with the help of a variety of interesting characters and unusual but gentle souls. She hires a crew of Polish immigrants to renovate the house. Over time, Frances also befriends her Italian neighbors and develops relationships with her Polish workers, the realtor who sold her the villa, and Katherine (Lindsay Duncan), an eccentric aging British actress who evokes the mystery and beauty of an Italian film star. Later, she is visited by the now very pregnant Patti, whose partner Grace has left her.

text: Frances meets and has a brief romantic affair with Marcello (Raoul Bova), but their relationship does not last. She is about to give up on happiness when one of her Polish workers, a teenager named Pawel (Pawel Szajda), and a neighbor's young daughter come to her for help. Her father does not approve of him, due to his being Polish and not having a family, yet they are very much in love and want to get married. Frances persuades the girl's family to support their love, by proclaiming that she is Pawel's family, and the young lovers are soon married at the villa. During the wedding celebration, Frances meets an American writer who is traveling in Tuscany, and their attraction for each other points to a romantic future.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Diane Lane as Frances Mayes
Sandra Oh as Patti
Lindsay Duncan as Katherine
Raoul Bova as Marcello
Vincent Riotta as Martini
Mario Monicelli as Old man with flowers
Roberto Nobile as Placido
Anita Zagaria as Fiorella
Evelina Gori as Nona Cardinale
Kate Walsh as Grace
Pawel Szajda as Pawel
David Sutcliffe as Ed
Giulia Steigerwalt as Chiara
Valentine Pelka as Jerzy
Sasa Vulicevic as Zbignew
Massimo Sarchielli as Nino
Claudia Gerini as Signora Raguzzi
Laura Pestellini as Contessa
Don McManus as Nasty Man
Matt Salinger as Colleague
Elden Henson as Author
Jack Kehler as Apartment Manager
Kristoffer Ryan Winters as David Tour Guide
Nuccio Siano as Gianni
Malva Guicheney as Gianni's Daughter[4]

text: Production[edit]

text: Filming locations[edit]

text:
Banca CR Firenze, Florence, Tuscany, Italy (interiors, bank scene)
Cinecittà Studios, Cinecittà, Rome, Lazio, Italy (bookstore, Patti & Grace's San Francisco apartment)
Cortona, Arezzo, Tuscany, Italy
Florence, Tuscany, Italy
Montepulciano, Siena, Tuscany, Italy (leaving Cortona, wedding)
Positano, Salerno, Campania, Italy
Rome, Lazio, Italy
San Francisco, California, USA
Montepulciano, Tuscany, Italy (flag-waving show)[5]
Teatro Signorelli, Cortona, Arezzo, Tuscany, Italy (interiors)[6]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Under the Tuscan Sun opened well in the United States, grossing $9,751,425 on 1,226 screens, opening at No. 2 in the U.S. box office in the weekend of September 28, 2003. This was more than half of its estimated $18 million budget. The film was a box office success, earning $43,610,723 domestically and a further $15,268,000 internationally, totaling $58,878,723 worldwide.[1]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: The film received positive reviews from critics. Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports that 61% out of 147 professional critics gave the film a positive review, with a rating average of 6.2/10 and the critical consensus stating: "Though formulaic and superficial, Under the Tuscan Sun is redeemed by Lane's vibrant performance."[7]

text: Diane Lane's performance was highly praised and she was nominated for a Best Actress Golden Globe Award.


document_title: List of Tampa Bay Buccaneers head coaches

question_text: who was the first coach of the tampa bay buccaneers

text: Key[edit]

text:
#
Number of coaches[N 1]

GC
Games coached

W
Wins

L
Losses

T
Ties

Win%
Winning percentage

00†
Elected into the Pro Football Hall of Fame as a coach

00‡
Elected into the Pro Football Hall of Fame as a player

00*
Spent entire NFL head coaching career with the Buccaneers

text: Coaches[edit]

text: Note: Statistics are accurate through the 2016 NFL season.

text:
#
Name
Term[N 2]
Regular season
Playoffs
Achievements
Reference

GC
W
L
T
Win%
GC
W
L
Win%

1
John McKay*
1976–1984*
133
44
88
1
.333
4
1
3
.250

[7]

2
Leeman Bennett
1985–1986
32
4
28
0
.125
—

[4]

3
Ray Perkins
1987–1990
60
19
41
0
.332
—

[8]

4
Richard Williamson*
1990–1991*
19
4
15
0
.211
—

[9]

5
Sam Wyche
1992–1995
64
23
41
0
.359
—

[10]

6
Tony Dungy
1996–2001
96
54
42
0
.563
6
2
4
.333
Maxwell Football Club Coach of the Year (1997)[11]
[3]

7
Jon Gruden
2002–2008
112
57
55
0
.509
5
3
2
.600
Super Bowl XXXVII Champion
[12]

8
Raheem Morris*
2009–2011*
48
17
31
0
.354
—

[13]

9
Greg Schiano*
2012–2013*
32
11
21
0
.344
—

[14]

10
Lovie Smith
2014–2015
32
8
24
0
.250
—

[15]

11
Dirk Koetter*
2016–present
32
14
18
0
.438
—

[16]

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ A running total of the number of coaches of the Buccaneers. Thus, any coach who has two or more separate terms as head coach is only counted once.
Jump up ^ Each year is linked to an article about that particular NFL season.


document_title: Forest cover by state in India

question_text: which is the largest forest state in india

text: Forest cover by state in India

text:
States and union
territories of India
ordered by

Area
Population

Abbreviations
Capitals
Child Nutrition
Crime rate
Electricity penetration
Fertility rate
Forest cover
GDP (per capita)
Highest point
HIV awareness
HDI
Home ownership
Household size
Human Trafficking
Institutional delivery
Life expectancy at birth
Literacy rate
Media exposure
Number of Vehicles
Number of voters
Obesity
Open defecation
Origin of name
Places of worship
Poverty
Power capacity
Safe Drinking Water
Safety of Women
School Enrollment Rate
Sex ratio
Suicides
Tax revenues
Ease of Doing Business
TV ownership
Toilet availability
Transport network
Underweight people
Unemployment
Vaccination coverage

v
t
e

text: The forest cover (in square kilometres) in 2015 in India by state and union territory as published by the Forest Survey of India.[1]

text:
State / UT
Geographical Area
Very dense
Moderately dense
Open forest
Total forest area
 % of forested area
 % change since 2013

Andhra Pradesh
160,204
375
13,093
10,956
24,424
15.25%
+0.27%

Arunachal Pradesh
83,743
20,804
31,301
15,143
67,248
80.30%
-0.11%

Assam
78,438
1,441
11,268
14,914
27,623
35.22%
-0.17%

Bihar
94,163
248
3,376
3,664
7,288
7.74%
-0.04%

Chhattisgarh
135,191
4,152
34,846
16,588
55,586
41.12%
-0.06%

Delhi
1,483
6.94
57.15
124.68
188.77
12.73%
+4.75%

Goa
3,702
542
580
1,102
2,224
60.08%
+0.22%

Gujarat
196,022
376
5,220
9,064
14,660
7.48%
+0.05%

Haryana
44,212
27
452
1,105
1,584
3.58%
-0.13%

Himachal Pradesh
55,673
3,224
6,381
5,091
14,696
26.40%
+0.09%

Jammu & Kashmir
222,236
4,061
8,815
10,112
22,988
10.34%
+1.96%

Jharkhand
79,714
2,588
9,663
11,227
23,478
29.45%
+0.02%

Karnataka
191,791
1,781
20,063
14,577
36,421
18.99%
+0.79%

Kerala
38,863
1,523
9,301
8,415
19,239
49.50%
+6.85%

Madhya Pradesh
308,245
6,629
34,902
35,931
77,462
25.13%
-0.08%

Maharashtra
307,713
8,712
20,747
21,169
50,628
16.45%
-0.01%

Manipur
22,327
727
5,925
10,342
16,994
76.11%
+0.02%

Meghalaya
22,429
449
9,584
7,184
17,217
76.76%
-0.41%

Mizoram
21,081
138
5,858
12,752
18,748
88.93%
-1.63%

Nagaland
16,579
1,296
4,695
6,975
12,966
78.21%
-0.60%

Odisha
155,707
7,023
21,470
21,861
50,354
32.34%
+0.01%

Punjab
50,362
0
735
1,036
1,771
3.52%
-0.06%

Rajasthan
342,239
76
4,426
11,669
16,171
4.73%
+0.53%

Sikkim
7,096
500
2,160
697
3,357
47.31%
-0.03

Tamil Nadu
130,058
2,993
10,469
12,883
26,345
20.26%
+9.49%

Telangana
114,865
513
12,712
8,366
21,591
18.80%
-0.78%

Tripura
10,486
113
4,609
3,089
7,811
74.49%
-0.70%

Uttar Pradesh
240,928
2,195
4,060
8,206
14,461
6.00%
+0.77%

Uttarakhand
53,483
4,754
13,602
5,884
24,240
45.32%
-1.11%

West Bengal
88,752
2,948
4,172
9,708
16,828
18.96%
+0.14%

Andaman & Nicobar Islands
8,249
5,686
685
380
6,751
81.84%
+0.59%

Chandigarh
114
1.36
14.09
6.58
22.03
19.32%
+21.65%

Dadra & Nagar Haveli
491
0
80
126
206
41.96%
-3.40%

Daman & Diu
12
1.4
5.82
12.39
19.61
17.51%
+52.73%

Lakshadweep
32
0
17.22
9.84
27.06
84.56%
0.00%

Puducherry
480
0
29.68
25.70
55.38
11.54%
+9.61%

Total
3,287,263
85,904
315,374
300,395
701,673
21.34%
+0.54%