document_title: Fifty Shades of Grey (film)

question_text: where can i find fifty shades of grey movie

text: Fifty Shades of Grey (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: Twenty-one-year-old Anastasia "Ana" Steele (Dakota Johnson) is an English literature major at Washington State University ("WSU")'s satellite campus near Vancouver, Washington. When her roommate, Kate Kavanagh (Eloise Mumford), becomes ill and is unable to interview Christian Grey (Jamie Dornan), a 27-year-old billionaire entrepreneur, for the college newspaper, Ana agrees to go in her place. At Christian' Seattle headquarters, Ana literally stumbles her way through the meeting. Christian, who is that year's WSU commencement speaker, takes an interest in her; soon after, he visits the hardware store where Ana works. He agrees to Ana's request for a photo shoot to accompany the article.

text: Christian invites Ana for coffee, but he leaves abruptly, saying he is not the man for her. Christian later sends Ana first edition copies of two Thomas Hardy novels, including Tess of the d'Urbervilles, as a gift.

text: Ana and her friends celebrate graduation at a local bar. After drinking too much, Ana spontaneously calls Christian, saying she is returning the books and berates his behavior towards her. Christian goes to the bar and finds Ana, who passes out. She wakes up the next morning in Christian's hotel room, relieved they were not intimate.

text: Ana and Christian begin seeing each other, though he insists that she sign a non-disclosure agreement preventing her from revealing details about their dalliance. Christian explains that he only has interrelations involving bondage that is clearly defined in a signed contract. Ana reveals that she is a virgin. While considering the agreement and negotiating her own terms, and after visiting his "playroom", a room stocked with a variety of BDSM toys, furniture, and gear, she and Christian have sex.

text: Christian bestows Ana with gifts and favors, such as a new car and laptop computer. After Ana and Kate move to Seattle, Ana continues seeing Christian. During dinner at Christian's parents, Ana suddenly mentions she is leaving the next day to visit her mother in Georgia. Later, Christian becomes frustrated when Ana expresses she wants more than the one-sided relationship he proposes. She is shocked when Christian unexpectedly arrives in Georgia, but he leaves soon afterward, to tend to an emergency in Seattle.

text: After returning home, Ana continues seeing Christian, who wants further sexual experimentation. Ana initially consents, but Christian keeps emotionally distant, upsetting her. While still considering the contract, and in an effort to understand Christian psychologically, Ana asks him to demonstrate how he would "punish" her for rule breaking. Christian whips Ana's buttocks six times with a belt. Upset and disgusted, Ana leaves Christian after concluding that his practices border on being deviant and excessive.

text: In an alternative ending, both Ana and Christian experience flashbacks. Christian jogs in the rain, while Ana sobs in her apartment. Christian encounters a gift Ana gave him with the note: "This reminded me of a happy time. —Ana".[5]

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Dakota Johnson as Anastasia 'Ana' Steele, a 21-year-old English Literature student attending Washington State University.
Jamie Dornan as Christian Grey, a 27-year-old billionaire, entrepreneur, and CEO of Grey Enterprises Holdings Inc.
Eloise Mumford as Katherine "Kate" Kavanagh,[6] Anastasia's best friend/roommate who begins a relationship with Christian's older brother, Elliot Grey.
Jennifer Ehle as Carla Wilks,[7] Anastasia's mother.
Marcia Gay Harden as Dr. Grace Trevelyan-Grey,[8] Christian's adoptive mother.
Victor Rasuk as Jose Rodriguez,[9] one of Anastasia's close friends.
Luke Grimes as Elliot Grey,[10] Christian's adopted older brother.
Rita Ora as Mia Grey,[11] Christian's adopted younger sister.
Max Martini as Jason Taylor,[12] Christian's bodyguard and head of his security.
Callum Keith Rennie as Ray Steele, Anastasia's father.[13]
Andrew Airlie as Carrick Grey, Christian's adoptive father.
Dylan Neal as Bob Adams,[14] Anastasia's stepfather.
Anthony Konechny as Paul Clayton, the brother of the owner of Clayton's Hardware Store.
Emily Fonda as Martina
Rachel Skarsten as Andrea,[15] Christian's assistant

text: Production[edit]

text: By early 2013, several Hollywood studios were keen to obtain film rights to The New York Times bestselling Fifty Shades trilogy of novels.[16] Warner Bros., Sony, Paramount, Universal, and Mark Wahlberg's production company submitted bids for the film rights.[17][18] Universal Pictures and Focus Features secured the rights to the trilogy in March 2013.[4] Author James sought to retain some control during the movie's creative process.[19] James chose The Social Network producers Michael De Luca and Dana Brunetti to produce the film.[3][20] Although American Psycho writer Bret Easton Ellis publicly expressed his desire to write the screenplay for Fifty Shades of Grey,[21] Kelly Marcel, screenwriter of Saving Mr. Banks, was hired for the job.[22] Patrick Marber was brought in by Taylor-Wood to polish the screenplay, specifically to do some "character work".[23] Universal hired Mark Bomback for script doctoring.[24] Mark Bridges served as the costume designer.[25] Entertainment Weekly estimated the film's budget as "$40 million-or-so".[26]

text: Direction[edit]

text: By May 9, 2013, the studio was considering Joe Wright to direct,[27] but this proved unworkable due to Wright's schedule.[28] Other directors who had been under consideration included Patty Jenkins, Bill Condon, Bennett Miller, and Steven Soderbergh.[29] In June 2013, E. L. James announced Sam Taylor-Johnson would direct the film adaptation.[30] Johnson was paid over $2 million for directing the film.[31]

text: 9½ Weeks, Last Tango in Paris, and Blue Is the Warmest Colour were all cited by Taylor-Johnson as inspirations for the film.[32]

text: Casting[edit]

text: Bret Easton Ellis stated that Robert Pattinson had been James' first choice for the role of Christian Grey,[33] but James felt that casting Pattinson and his Twilight co-star Kristen Stewart in the film would be "weird".[34] Ian Somerhalder and Chace Crawford both expressed interest in the role of Christian.[35][36] Somerhalder later admitted if he had been considered, the filming process would ultimately have conflicted with his shooting schedule for The CW's series The Vampire Diaries.[37] On September 2, 2013, James revealed that Charlie Hunnam and Dakota Johnson had Even cast as Christian Grey and Anastasia Steele, respectively.[38] The short list of other actresses considered for the role of Anastasia included Alicia Vikander, Imogen Poots, Elizabeth Olsen, Shailene Woodley, and Felicity Jones.[39] Keeley Hazell auditioned for an unspecified role.[40] Lucy Hale also auditioned for the film.[41] Emilia Clarke was also offered the role of Anastasia but turned down the part because of the nudity required.[42] Taylor-Johnson would give every actress who auditioned for the role of Anastasia four pages to read of a monologue from Ingmar Bergman's Persona.[32]

text: The studio originally wanted Ryan Gosling for Christian, but he was not interested in the role.[39] Garrett Hedlund was also considered, but he could not connect with the character.[39] Stephen Amell said he would not have wanted to play the role of Grey because "I actually didn't find him to be that interesting... nothing about Christian Grey really spoke to me."[43] Hunnam initially turned down the role of Christian but later reconsidered it, following a meeting with studio heads.[44] Hunnam said of the audition process: "I felt really intrigued and excited about it so I went and read the first book to get a clearer idea of who this character was, and I felt even more excited at the prospect of bringing him to life. We [Taylor-Johnson and I] kind of both suggested I do a reading with Dakota, who was her favorite, and as soon as we got in the room and I started reading with Dakota I knew that I definitely wanted to do it. There's just like a tangible chemistry between us. It felt exciting and fun and weird and compelling."[45] In response to the negative fan reaction the casting drew, producer Dana Brunetti said: "There is a lot that goes into casting that isn't just looks. Talent, availability, their desire to do it, chemistry with other actor, etc. So if your favorite wasn't cast, then it is most likely due to something on that list. Keep that in mind while hating and keep perspective."[46]

text: During October 2013, actress Jennifer Ehle was in talks for the role of Anastasia's mother Carla.[7] On October 12, 2013, Universal Pictures announced that Hunnam had exited the film due to conflicts with the schedule of his FX series Sons of Anarchy.[47] Alexander Skarsgård, Jamie Dornan, Theo James, François Arnaud, Scott Eastwood, Luke Bracey, and Billy Magnussen were at the top of the list to replace Hunnam as Christian Grey.[48][49] Finally, on October 23, 2013, Dornan was cast as Christian Grey.[50] On October 31, 2013, Victor Rasuk was cast as José Rodriguez, Jr.[9] On November 22, 2013, Eloise Mumford was cast as Kate Kavanagh.[6] On December 2, 2013, singer Rita Ora was cast as Christian's younger sister Mia.[51] Ora originally wanted to work on the soundtrack.[52] On December 3, 2013, Marcia Gay Harden was cast as Christian's mother, Grace.[8]

text: Filming[edit]

text: In September, filming was scheduled to start on November 5, 2013, in Vancouver, British Columbia.[53] The following month, producer Michael De Luca announced filming would begin on November 13, 2013.[54]

text: Principal photography was again delayed and eventually started on December 1, 2013.[55] Scenes were filmed in the Gastown district of Vancouver.[56] Bentall 5 was used as the Grey Enterprises building.[57][58]

text: The University of British Columbia serves as Washington State University Vancouver, from which Ana graduates.[59] The Fairmont Hotel Vancouver was used as the Heathman Hotel.[60][61]

text: The film was also shot at the North Shore Studios.[62] The production officially ended on February 21, 2014.[63] Reshoots involving scenes between Dornan and Johnson took place in Vancouver during the week of October 13, 2014.[64] The film was shot under the working title "The Adventures of Max and Banks."[65]

text: Music[edit]

text: James said that the film's soundtrack would be released on February 10, 2015.[66][67] The first single, "Earned It", by The Weeknd, was released on December 24, 2014.[68] On January 7, 2015, the second single, "Love Me like You Do" by Ellie Goulding was released, later reaching the top three on the Billboard Hot 100, and becoming a hit for the soundtrack.[69] A promotional single, "Salted Wound" by Australian recording artist Sia, was released on January 27, 2015.[70] To date, the soundtrack has sold 516,000 copies in the United States.[71]

text: Release[edit]

text: In February 2013, Universal chairman Adam Fogelson said the film "could be ready to release ... as early as next summer."[72] The studio initially announced an August 1, 2014, release.[73] However, in November 2013, it was pushed back to February 13, 2015, in time for Valentine's Day.[74] Fifty Shades of Grey was first screened at the 65th Berlin International Film Festival on February 11, 2015.[75] The film was released in 75 IMAX screens across the US on February 13, 2015.[76][77]

text: Marketing[edit]

text: On January 25, 2014, more than a year prior to release, Universal displayed posters with the phrase, "Mr. Grey will see you now", in five locations across the United States.[78] On February 14, 2014, the first photograph of Johnson as Anastasia was released.[79] On June 18, 2014, the film's official Twitter account released the first still of Dornan as Christian in honor of Christian's birthday.[80]

text: On July 9, 2014, the book's author, E. L. James, said on Twitter that the film's trailer would be released on July 24, 2014.[81] Beyoncé debuted a teaser for the trailer on her Instagram account five days before the trailer's release.[82] On July 24, Dornan and Johnson were on The Today Show to present part of the trailer appropriate for morning television; the full trailer, which contained more racy scenes, was released later the same day on the internet (200 days before its initial theatrical release). The trailer featured a new version of "Crazy in Love" by Beyoncé, which was scored and arranged by her frequent collaborator Boots.[83][84][85][86] The trailer was viewed 36.4 million times in the week after its July 24 release. This made it the most viewed trailer on YouTube in 2014, until it was surpassed in October by the trailer for Avengers: Age of Ultron.[87] However, in mid-December the trailer reached 93 million views and was again the most viewed of 2014.[88] The trailer accumulated over 100 million views in its first week of release through different channels and websites, becoming the biggest trailer ever released in history.[89] By February 2015, the trailer had been viewed more than 193 million times on YouTube alone.[90] And by late February, Fifty Shades of Grey related material garnered over 329 million views including 113 million views for its official trailer.[86] A second trailer was released on November 13, 2014.[91] A third trailer aired during Super Bowl XLIX, on February 1, 2015.[92]

text: The film was promoted through an ad campaign that asked people whether they were "curious".[93] Nick Carpou, Universal's president of domestic distribution, said: "Our campaign gave people permission to see the film."[94] "Valentines is a big deal for couples and a great relationship event, and the date with the long Presidents Day weekend created a perfect storm for us. This date positioned us to take full advantage of the romance angle, which is how we sold the film in our marketing campaign," he said.[95]

text: Rating and censorship[edit]

text: There was initial speculation that the film could receive an NC-17 rating in the United States. Studios typically steer away from the adults-only rating due to the impact the classification has on a film's commercial viability, with some theater chains refusing to exhibit NC-17 rated films. While screenwriter Marcel said she expected the film to be NC-17 rated,[96] producer De Luca anticipated the less restrictive R rating.[97] On January 5, 2015, the MPAA did give the film an R rating, basing its decision on "strong sexual content including dialogue, some unusual behavior and graphic nudity, and language."[98]

text: On January 30, in Australia, the film was rated MA15+ by the ACB for "strong sex scenes, sexual themes and nudity".[99] On February 2, 2015, the British BBFC classified the film an 18 certificate, mentioning "strong sex".[1] In Canada, Ontario, Manitoba, Alberta, and British Columbia, the film was rated at 18A by the OFRB, MFCB, AFR, and BCFCO respectively due to its "occasional upsetting or disturbing scenes, and partial or full nudity in a brief sexual situation."[100][101] In Quebec, the Régie du cinéma rated the movie under the 16+ category for its eroticism.[102] In France, the film earned a 12 rating.[103] In Lebanon, the film earned an NC-21 rating.[104] In Argentina, the Advisory Commission of Cinematographic Exhibition (the rating arm of the INCAA) rated the film SAM16/R.[105]

text: Anti-pornography watchdog group Morality in Media argued that the film's R rating "severely undermines the violent themes in the film and does not adequately inform parents and patrons of the film's content", and that the MPAA was encouraging sexual violence by letting the film by without an NC-17 rating.[106][107]

text: The film was scheduled for a February 12, 2015, release in Malaysia, but it was denied a certificate by the Malaysian Film Censorship Board (LPF) for its "unnatural" and "sadistic" content. The LPF chairman, Abdul Halim Abdul Hamid, said Fifty Shades was "more pornography than a movie."[108][109] The film was also banned in Indonesia,[110] Kenya,[110] Russia's North Caucasus,[111] the United Arab Emirates (UAE),[112] Papua New Guinea,[113] Cambodia,[114] and India.[115] The film was released in Nigeria for a week, before being removed from cinemas by the National Film and Video Censors Board (NFVCB).[116] Studios will not pursue a theatrical release in China.[110]

text: The film's sex scenes were censored after protests from various religious groups in the Philippines, and as a result it is in limited release in that country with an R-18 rating from the MTRCB.[109] A similarly cut version was released in Zimbabwe.[117]

text: Roughly 20 minutes were cut from the film for screening in Vietnam, leaving no sex scenes. The scene in which Ana is beaten with a belt is skipped entirely.[118]

text: Opposition campaign[edit]

text: On January 28, 2015, a campaign in the United States by the National Center on Sexual Exploitation started two petitions to boycott the film's release. Their website makes more than 50 allegations that the film has a negative impact on the community. It said, "Hollywood is advertising the Fifty Shades story as an erotic love affair, but it is really about sexual abuse and violence against women. The porn industry has poised men and women to receive the message that sexual violence is enjoyable. Fifty Shades models this porn message and Hollywood cashes the check."[119] By February 7, one of the petitions had garnered more than 53,000 signatures.[120]

text: On February 2, in Michigan, a man petitioned to halt the film's release at a local Celebration! Cinema. Despite the man's efforts, the president of the cinemas declined to cancel the release of the film. He said, "We've been in business for 70 years and people often times object to content, and it's not our job to censor the content of a widespread movie. It's not in our best interest. It's not in the community's best interest." The film sold 3,000 tickets before the release and was expected to sell a total of 10,000 tickets.[121][122]

text: The American Family Association called for theaters not to show the film: "The irony is not lost that the film's main character is named, 'Christian,' while this film presents anything but a 'Christian' view of intimacy... It is the epitome of elevating abuse, and we call on all theaters to reject promoting such abuse on their screens."[123]

text: Thomas Williams of the Notre Dame Center for Ethics and Culture commented in fringe publication Breitbart News on the release of the film in the United States on Saint Valentine's Day, stating "The irony of Universal Pictures’ decision to release its bondage-erotica film Fifty Shades of Grey on the day dedicated to honoring a Christian martyr has not gone unnoticed to many observers, who seem to find the choice unclassy at best."[124]

text: Home media[edit]

text: Fifty Shades of Grey was released via DVD and Blu-ray on May 8, 2015. The Blu-ray edition features an unrated cut of the film;[125] the version includes an additional three minutes of footage, the bulk of which are in the form of an alternate ending.

text: Upon its release on home media in the U.S., the film topped both the Nielsen VideoScan First Alert chart, which tracks combined Blu-ray Disc and DVD sales, as well as the Blu-ray Disc sales chart for two consecutive weeks up to the week ending May 17, 2015.[126]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Fifty Shades of Grey grossed $166.2 million in North America and $404.8 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $571 million, against a budget of $40 million.[2] It is the fourth-highest-grossing film directed by a woman (behind Kung Fu Panda 2, Wonder Woman and Mamma Mia!),[127] and the fourth-highest-grossing R-rated film of all-time.[128] Deadline.com calculated the net profit of the film to be $256.55 million, when factoring together all expenses and revenues for the film.[129]

text: Tickets went on sale in the United States from January 11, 2015.[90] According to ticket-selling site Fandango, Fifty Shades of Grey is the fastest selling R-rated title in the site's 15-year history, surpassing Sex and the City 2.[130] It also had the biggest first week of ticket sales on Fandango for a non-sequel film, surpassing 2012's The Hunger Games.[130][131] It is fourth overall on Fandango's list of top advance ticket sales behind The Twilight Saga: New Moon, Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2, and The Hunger Games.[132] The demand prompted US theatre owners to add new showtimes.[130][133] Weeks before the film's release, several box office analysts suggested as much as a $60 million domestic four-day opening[90][134][135][136][137] while Box Office Mojo reported that a $100 million opening could be possible.[138]

text: Outside the United States, Fifty Shades of Grey pre-sold 4.5 million tickets in 39 markets.[139] In the UK, it sold £1.3 million ($1.9 million) worth of tickets a week before release.[140] On release, it set several records at the box office, including:

text:
Box office record
Record details
Previous record holder
Previous record holder details
Ref(s)

February opening weekend
$85,171,450
The Passion of the Christ
(2004, $83.8 million)
[141]

President's Day 4-Day opening weekend for any film
$93,010,350
Valentine's Day
(2010, $63.1 million)
[142]

President's Day 4-Day weekend for any film
$93,010,350
Valentine's Day
(2010, $63.1 million)
[142]

Widest R-rated opening
3,646 theaters
The Hangover Part II
(2011, 3,615 theaters)
[143]

Valentine's Day gross
$36,752,460
Valentine's Day
(2010, $23,392,046)
[144][145]

Opening weekend for a female directed film
$85,171,450
Twilight
(2008, $69,637,740)
[146]

Overseas opening weekend for an R-rated film
$156 million
The Matrix Revolutions
(2003, $117 million)
[147]

Highest-grossing Universal's R-rated film overseas
$385.1 million
Ted
(2012, $330 million)
[148]

text: North America[edit]

text: In the U.S. and Canada, it is the highest-grossing sex film,[149] the seventeenth highest-grossing film of 2015,[150] and the fourth-highest-grossing romantic film of all time.[151] It opened in the U.S. and Canada simultaneously with Kingsman: The Secret Service on Thursday, February 12, 2015, across 2,830 theaters[152][153] and was widened to 3,646 theaters the next day making it the widest R-rated opening (surpassed by Mad Max: Fury Road),[154] and the fourth widest R-rated release of all time.[155] It earned $8.6 million from Thursday night previews which is the second highest late-night gross for a film released in February (behind Deadpool) and the third-highest for an R-rated film (behind Deadpool and The Hangover Part II).[152][156] The film topped the box office on its opening day grossing $30.2 million (including Thursday previews) from 3,646 theaters setting a record for highest February opening day (previously held by The Passion of the Christ) and fourth-highest overall among R-rated films.[157][158] During its traditional three-day opening the film opened at No. 1 at the box office earning $85.1 million, setting records for the biggest opening weekend for a film released in February (a record previously held by The Passion of the Christ).[145] Women comprised 82% of the total audiences during its opening day,[159] and 68% on Valentine's Day.[160]

text: Revenue from the second weekend dropped massively by 73.9% to $22.25 million, which is the second-biggest drop for a 3,000+ screen release (only behind Friday the 13th's 80.4% drop) and the biggest for a 3,500+ screen release.[161][162][163] It is just the eighth film to open on more than 3,000 screens to drop by 70% or more.[164] The film topped the box office for two consecutive weekends before falling to No. 4 in its third weekend while Focus took the top spot.[165][166]

text: Outside North America[edit]

text: Outside the U.S. and Canada, box office analysts were predicting as much as $158 million opening.[167][168][169] It opened Wednesday, February 11, 2015, in 4 countries, earning $3.7 million.[170] It opened in 34 more countries on February 12, earning $28.6 million in two days.[171] The film set opening day records for Universal Pictures in 25 markets and opening day records for an R-rated film in 34 territories.[168][169] Through Sunday, February 15, it earned an opening-weekend total of $156 million from 58 countries from 10,979 screens ($173.6 million through Monday) where it opened at No. 1 in 54 of the 58 countries, marking the biggest overseas opening for an R-rated film, the fourth-biggest of 2015, and Universal's third-biggest overseas opening weekend ever.[147] The film set an all-time opening record in 13 markets, Universal's biggest opening weekend ever in 30 markets and biggest opening for any R-rated film in 31 markets.[147]

text: The biggest opener outside of the United States was witnessed in the UK, Ireland and Malta, where it earned £13.55 million ($20.8 million) in its opening weekend, which is the biggest debut ever for an 18-rated film and the second biggest for a non-sequel film (behind I Am Legend).[172][173] In just 10 days of release it became the highest-grossing 18-rated film of all time.[174] It topped the UK box office for two consecutive weekends.[175] Other high openings include Germany ($14.1 million), France ($12.3 million), Russia ($11 million), Italy ($10.1 million), Spain ($8.7 million), Brazil ($8.3 million), Mexico ($8.1 million), Australia ($8 million).[147] In Japan, the film was unsuccessful opening at No. 5 with $682,000 but falling out of the top 10 the following week.[176][177] The Hollywood Reporter cited out possible reasons for the film's failure, attributing it to the "delayed release of the new Japanese-language editions of the books, poor timing for the film release and an R-15, re-edit blurring out parts of the sex scenes."[178]

text: It topped the box office outside of North America for three consecutive weekends[179] until it was overtaken by Warner Bros.' Jupiter Ascending in its fourth weekend.[180] It became Universal Pictures' highest-grossing R-rated film of all time overseas (breaking Ted's record),[148] Universal Pictures' highest-grossing film in 14 countries,[nb 1] and Universal Pictures' eight-highest-grossing film overseas.[181] In total earnings, its largest markets overseas are the UK, Ireland and Malta ($52.5 million), Germany ($43.7 million), Brazil, ($31.3 million), France ($29.5 million) and Spain ($22.6 million).[182][183][184]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: Fifty Shades of Grey was criticized for its acting, writing, and pacing; however, some critics noted it as an improvement over the book and praised the performance of Dakota Johnson. On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 25% based on 243 reviews, with an average rating of 4.2/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "While creatively better endowed than its print counterpart, Fifty Shades of Grey is a less than satisfying experience on the screen."[185] The review aggregator website Metacritic gave the film a score of 46 out of 100, based on 46 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[186] In CinemaScore polls conducted during the opening weekend, cinema audiences gave the film an average grade of "C+" on an A+ to F scale.[187]

text: Claudia Puig of USA Today wrote that "the dialogue is laughable, the pacing is sluggish and the performances are one-note."[188] Moira Macdonald of The Seattle Times wrote: "Fifty Shades of Grey the movie, for the record, is not quite as bad as Fifty Shades of Grey the book. But that's not saying much."[189] We Got This Covered critic Isaac Feldberg gave the film one and a half stars out of five and wrote that it "feels like two, distinct films grappling for dominance over the screen: one a sensual and stylish romance, and the other a numbingly explicit Harlequin bodice-ripper brought to life. Regrettably, the latter and lesser of the two ends up on top.".[190] The Guardian lead film critic Peter Bradshaw gave the film one star out of five, calling it "the most purely tasteful and softcore depiction of sadomasochism in cinema history" with "strictly daytime soap" performances.[191] A.O. Scott of The New York Times called the movie "terrible", but wrote that "it might nonetheless be a movie that feels good to see, whether you squirm or giggle or roll your eyes or just sit still and take your punishment."[192]

text: In a positive review for The Daily Telegraph, Robbie Collin called the film "sexy, funny and self-aware in every way the original book isn't."[193] Elizabeth Weitzman of New York's Daily News praised the directing, screenplay, and Johnson's performance, but called Dornan's performance, the leads' chemistry, and the supporting cast "underused". She praised the film for honoring the essence of its source and the director's way of balancing "atmosphere with action".[194] In The Guardian, Jordan Hoffmann awarded the film three out of five stars, writing, "this big screen adaptation still manages to be about people, and even a little bit sweet", and that the sex scenes "are there to advance the plot, and only the most buttoned-up prude will be scandalised."[195] Lisa Schwarzbaum of Entertainment Weekly gave the film a B−, writing: "This perfectly normal way of consuming erotica suggests that the movie Fifty Shades of Grey will work better as home entertainment, when each viewer can race past the blah-blah about how well Christian plays the piano and pause on the fleeting image of the man minus his pants."[196] In The Sydney Morning Herald, Timothy Laurie and Jessica Kean argue that "the film provides a language for decision-making around violence more developed than most Hollywood fodder", and that "film fleshes out an otherwise legalistic concept like 'consent' into a living, breathing, and at times, uncomfortable interpersonal experience. It dramatises the dangers of unequal negotiation and the practical complexity of identifying one's limits and having them respected."[197]

text: Various critics have noted the similarities between Fifty Shades of Grey and Adrian Lyne's 9½ Weeks (1986).[198][199][200] Both films are literary adaptations, centering on a sadomasochistic affair.[201][202]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
List of awards and nominations

Awards

Award
Category
Recipients and nominees
Result
Ref

Academy Awards
Best Original Song
Belly, Stephan Moccio, Jason Quenneville, and The Weeknd for "Earned It"
Nominated
[203]

Brit Awards
British Single of the Year
Ellie Goulding for "Love Me like You Do"
Nominated

Critics' Choice Awards
Best Song
"Love Me like You Do"
Nominated
[204]

Golden Globe Awards
Best Original Song
Savan Kotecha, Max Martin, Tove Lo, Ali Payami and Ilya Salmanzadeh for "Love Me like You Do"
Nominated
[205]

Grammy Awards
Best Compilation Soundtrack for Visual Media
Fifty Shades of Grey: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack
Nominated
[206]

Best Song Written for Visual Media
Savan Kotecha, Max Martin, Tove Lo, Ali Payami and Ilya Salmanzadeh for "Love Me like You Do"
Nominated

Ahmad Balshe, Stephan Moccio, Jason Queenneville and Abel Tesfaye for "Earned It"
Nominated

MTV Movie Awards
Breakthrough Performance
Dakota Johnson
Nominated
[207]

Best Kiss
Jamie Dornan and Dakota Johnson
Nominated

People's Choice Awards
Favorite Dramatic Movie
Fifty Shades of Grey
Nominated
[208]

Satellite Awards
Best Original Song
"Love Me like You Do"
Nominated
[209]

text: Pornographic-adaptation lawsuit[edit]

text: In June 2012, the film company Smash Pictures announced its intent to film a pornographic version of the Fifty Shades trilogy, entitled Fifty Shades of Grey: An XXX Adaptation.[210] A release date of January 10, 2013, was announced.[211] In November 2012, Universal, which had secured the Fifty Shades film rights, filed a lawsuit against Smash Pictures, stating that the film violated its copyright in that it was not filmed as a parody adaptation but "copies without reservation from the unique expressive elements of the Fifty Shades trilogy, progressing through the events of Fifty Shades of Grey and into the second book, Fifty Shades Darker".[212]

text: The lawsuit asked for an injunction, for the profits from all sales of the film, as well as damages,[213] saying that "a quickly and cheaply produced pornographic work [...] is likely to cause Plaintiffs irreparable harm by poisoning public perception of the Fifty Shades Trilogy and the forthcoming Universal films."[214] Smash Pictures responded to the lawsuit by issuing a counterclaim and requesting a continuance, stating that "much or all" of the Fifty Shades material was part of the public domain because it was originally published in various venues as a fan fiction based on the Twilight series. A lawyer for Smash Pictures further commented that the federal copyright registrations for the books were "invalid and unenforceable" and that the film "did not violate copyright or trademark laws".[215] The lawsuit was eventually settled out of court for an undisclosed sum and Smash Pictures agreed to stop any further production or promotion of the film.[216]

text: Sequels[edit]

text: In April 2015, The Hollywood Reporter reported that E. L. James' husband, Niall Leonard, was enlisted to write the script for the film's sequel.[217] In the same month, at the 2015 Universal CinemaCon in Las Vegas, Universal announced the release dates of the sequels, with Fifty Shades Darker being released on February 10, 2017, and Fifty Shades Freed scheduled for February 9, 2018.[218] However, the sequels will not see Sam Taylor-Johnson returning as director.[219] On August 20, 2015, the U.S. House of Cards director James Foley was a frontrunner to direct the sequel.[220] In November 2015, Universal Studios announced that both films will be shot back-to-back.[221]

text: Parody[edit]

text: A spoof version of the film, Fifty Shades of Black, was released on January 29, 2016, in North America. Marlon Wayans and Rick Alvarez wrote the script, in which Wayans stars as Christian Black. The film was distributed by SquareOne Entertainment in Germany and Open Road Films in the United States;[222] IM Global produce and finance it, as well as handling international releases. Kali Hawk parodied the role of Anastasia Steele, with supporting cast including Affion Crockett, Mike Epps, Jane Seymour and Fred Willard.[223] Principal photography began on August 11, 2015, in Los Angeles, with a production budget of around $5 million.[223][224]


document_title: Vampirina

question_text: who plays the voice of the gargoyle on vampirina

root

text: Vampirina

text: Premise[edit]

text: Vampirina follows the story of Vampirina "Vee" Hauntley who becomes a new kid on the block after she and her family move from Transylvania to Pennsylvania to open a local bed and breakfast called the Scare B&B for visiting ghouls (including vampires[3]) and goblins. The Hauntley family have to learn to do things the "Pennsylvania way", especially when Vee is at school.

tag: p

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Isabella Cramp as Vampirina "Vee" Hauntley,[4] a young vampire. Unlike in the books, in the TV adaptation she and her family have blue skin.[5]
Lauren Graham as Oxana Hauntley,[4] Vee's mom who is the co-proprietor of the Scare B&B.
James Van Der Beek as Boris Hauntley,[4] Vee's dad who is the co-proprietor of the Scare B&B.
Patti Lupone as Nanpire,[4] Vee's grandmother.
Brian Stokes Mitchell as Grandpop,[4] Vee's grandfather.
Wanda Sykes as Gregoria,[4] a 473 year old gargoyle and Vee's sidekick.
Cree Summer as Edna Peepleson,[4] the Hauntley's next-door neighbor and Poppy and Edgar's mom.
Mitchell Whitfield as Demi, a ghost who lives with the Hauntleys.
Ian James Corlett as Chef Remy Bones, a skeleton who is the head chef of the Scare B&B. He speaks with a French accent.
Jordan Alexa Davis as Poppy Peepleson, Edna's daughter and Vee's best friend and sidekick.
ViviAnn Yee as Bridget, a very shy and nervous girl who is another one of Vee's friends.
Benji Risley as Edgar Peepleson, Poppy's twin brother who runs a vlog.
Dee Bradley Baker as Wolfie, a purple dog who is the Hauntley's house pet who can assume a werewolf-like form during the full moon or by drinking milk.
Baker also voices Mr. Gore, Vee's new teacher.

tag: ul

text: Recurring[edit]

text: Sanai Victoria as Phoebe, a little witch who first appears in "The Little Witch".

text: Guests[edit]

text:
Alex Ellis and Laraine Newman as Cosmina and Narcisa, two centuries-old internet-using vampire sisters who were guests at the Scare B&B.
Andrew Rannells as King Peppy, a mummy from Egypt.
Kari Wahlgren as Aunt Olga, Vampirina's aunt.
Wahlgren also voiced Vee's baby cousin Nosey.
Lara Jill Miller as Matilda, a cuddly Snugglot monster.
Phil LaMarr as Mr. Froufington, a foodie who visits the Scare B&B to try Oxana’s food.
Kaley Snider, Raini Rodriguez, and Gabriela Milo as FrankenStacy, Creepy Caroline, and Ghastly Gayle, the Scream Girls.
Nika Futterman as Buttons, a blue Cuddle Monster.
Georgie Kidder and Debi Derryberry as Hornadette and Shriekia, a two-headed monster who are sisters.
Christian Borle as Rusty Topsail, a pirate ghost.

text: Episodes[edit]

text: This section may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. The specific problem is: Episode summaries need to be written in proper English, with normal capitalization for words that are not proper nouns. Also, per WP:TVPLOT, we have somewhere in the 150-200 word range to flesh out summaries so we don't feel locked into one-sentence log lines. Please help improve this section if you can. (October 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

tag: table

text:
No.Title [6][7]Directed byWritten byStoryboard byOriginal air date [6][7]Prod.code [6][8]US viewers(millions)1a"Going Batty"Nicky PhelanChris NeeMårten JönmarkOctober 1, 2017 (2017-10-01)1011.03 (Disney Channel)[9]0.72 (Disney Junior)[9]
Song: "Me For Me" sung by Vampirina
1b"Scare B&B"Ehud LandsbergJeffrey KingMårten JönmarkOctober 1, 2017 (2017-10-01)1011.03 (Disney Channel)[9]0.72 (Disney Junior)[9]
Song: "The Scare B&B" sung by Oxana and Vampirina
2a"The Sleepover"Nicky PhelanChris Nee & Jeny QuineCharlie GrosvenorOctober 1, 2017 (2017-10-01)1021.04 (Disney Channel)[9]0.71 (Disney Junior)[9]
Song: "Perfect for the Party" sung by Vampirina
2b"Portrait of a Vampire"Mårten JönmarkChelsea BeylMireia SerraOctober 1, 2017 (2017-10-01)1021.04 (Disney Channel)[9]0.71 (Disney Junior)[9]
Song: "Very First Day" sung by Vampirina
3a"Vee's Surprise Party"Norton VirgienJeffrey KingAllan AbelardoOctober 2, 2017 (2017-10-02)1030.61[10]
Song: "Transylvanian Surprise" sung by Vampirina
3b"Vee Goes Viral"Nicky PhelanChelsea BeylTom SpillaneOctober 2, 2017 (2017-10-02)1030.61[10]
Song: "Dragos the Dancer" sung by Boris
4a"The Plant Predicament"Ehud LandsbergJennifer HamburgJohn Flagg and Nondas KorodimosOctober 6, 2017 (2017-10-06)1040.82
Song: "The Plant Spell" sung by Demi, Vampirina and Poppy
4b"Mummy Mayhem"Mårten JönmarkChelsea Beyl (story)Travis BraunJessica TothOctober 6, 2017 (2017-10-06)1040.82[11]
Song: "It's Lonely Being King" sung by King Peppy
5a"Little Terror"Ehud LandsbergChelsea BeylVitaly ShafiroyOctober 9, 2017 (2017-10-09)1050.82[12]
Song: "Vampirina Lullaby" sung by Poppy, Vampirina and Bridget
5b"Super Natural"Mårten JönmarkTravis BraunRobin FrenchOctober 9, 2017 (2017-10-09)1050.82
Song: "Don't Let Them Take Me Away" sung by Demi
6a"Vamping Trip"Ehud LandsbergJeffrey KingMagnus KravikOctober 13, 2017 (2017-10-13)1060.88[13]
Song: "It's A Beautiful Night" sung by Vampirina, Oxana, and Boris
6b"The Monster Snore"Nicky PhelanKarissa ValenciaTad ButlerOctober 13, 2017 (2017-10-13)1060.88
Song: "Not Scary at All" sung by Matilda
7a"Bone Appetit"Ehud LandsbergChelsea Beyl (story)Kerri GrantAnna MargiottaOctober 16, 2017 (2017-10-16)1070.76[14]
Song: "Chef Remy Bones" sung by Chef Remy Bones
7b"Woodchuck Woodsies"Mårten JönmarkKerri GrantNondas KorodimosOctober 16, 2017 (2017-10-16)1070.76
Song: "The Woodchuck Woodsie Way" sung by Poppy and Bridget
8a"The Little Witch"Mårten JönmarkChelsea BeylMireia SerraOctober 20, 2017 (2017-10-20)1110.75
Song: "The Witch I Want To Be" sung by Phoebe
8b"Hide & Shriek"Ehud LandsbergTravis BraunMagnus KravikOctober 20, 2017 (2017-10-20)1110.75[15]
Song: "Hiding Places" sung by Vampirina, Poppy, Bridget, and Demi
9a"Vampire Weekend"Ehud LandsbergJeffrey KingAnna MargiottaOctober 23, 2017 (2017-10-23)1120.83[16]
Song: "Look What I Can Do Now" sung by Vee and Poppy
9b"The Bird Who Knew Too Much"Mårten JönmarkChelsea BeylAnsgar NiebuhrOctober 23, 2017 (2017-10-23)1120.83
Song: "Get Her Unstuck" sung by Vee, Poppy, Demi, and Gregoria
10a"The Ghoul Girls"Mårten JönmarkChris NeeMassimiliano LucaniaOctober 27, 2017 (2017-10-27)1090.70[17]
Songs: "Full Moon Party" sung by the Scream Girls; "Find your Inner Ghoul" sung by the Scream Girls, Vee, Poppy, and Bridget
10b"Game Night"Ehud LandsbergKerri GrantTobias SchwartzOctober 27, 2017 (2017-10-27)1090.70
Song: "Fun for Everyone" sung by Vee, Poppy, and Bridget
11a"Oldie but a Ghouldie"Ehud LandsbergTravis BraunMireia SerraNovember 3, 2017 (2017-11-03)TBA0.70[18]
Song: "Won't Let You Go" sung by Vee and Gregoria
11b"Beast in Show"Mårten JönmarkMelinda LaRoseAllan AbelardoNovember 3, 2017 (2017-11-03)TBA0.70[18]
Song: "What A Wonderful Dog You Are" sung by Vee, Oxana, Boris, and Gregoria
12a"Critters!"Ehud LandsbergKarissa ValenciaCharlie GrosvenorNovember 10, 2017 (2017-11-10)TBA0.94[19]
Song: "What Could Go Wrong" sung by Vee
12b"Cuddle Monster"Mårten JönmarkTravis BraunJessica TothNovember 10, 2017 (2017-11-10)TBA0.94
Song: "Scary Good" sung by Demi and Gregoria
13a"Batty Fever"Ehud LandsbergJeffrey KingMicha CohenNovember 17, 2017 (2017-11-17)1160.73[20]
Song: "We Make A Terror-rific Team" sung by Demi and Gregoria
13b"Poetry Day"Mårten JönmarkJennifer HamburgJonathan HashiloniNovember 17, 2017 (2017-11-17)1160.73
Song: "No Way" sung by Vee, Demi and Bridget
14a"Nanpire the Great"Ehud LandsbergJeffery KingJonathan HashiloniDecember 1, 2017 (2017-12-01)1100.94[21]
Song: "No Matter What" sung by Vee and Nanpire
14b"Two Heads Are Better Than One"Mårten JönmarkTravis BraunRobin FrenchDecember 1, 2017 (2017-12-01)1100.94[21]
Song: "Friendship Festival" sung by Vee
15a"Vee Is for Valentine"Mårten JönmarkChelsea BeylKwabena SarfoJanuary 12, 2018 (2018-01-12)TBA0.87[22]
Song: "On Ghoulentines Day" sung by Vee
15b"Scarestitute Teacher"Ehud LandsbergJeffery KingWickus CotzeeJanuary 12, 2018 (2018-01-12)TBA0.87[22]
Song: "Make a Monster Proud" sung by Vee
16a"Look Who's Scared Now!"Ehud LandsbergChris Nee (story)Melinda LaRoseTobias SchwartzFebruary 16, 2018 (2018-02-16)TBA0.73[23]
Song: "Not So Much Fun" sung by Vee, Oxana, and Boris
16b"Dust Bunnies"Mårten JönmarkTravis BraunMagnus KravikFebruary 16, 2018 (2018-02-16)TBA0.73[23]
Song: "Frightfully Clean" sung by Oxana, Vee, Demi & Gregoria
17a"Vampirina Ballerina"Mårten JönmarkChelsea BeylDan NosellaMarch 16, 2018 (2018-03-16)TBA0.79[24]
Song: "A Great Ballerina" sung by Poppy, Bridget, Boris, Oxana, and Demi
17b"Treasure Haunters"Leigh Fieldhouse and Ehud LandsbergTravis BraunLeigh FieldhouseMarch 16, 2018 (2018-03-16)TBA0.79[24]
Song: "Back Where a Pirate Belongs" sung by Rusty Topsail
18a"Mummy's Day"Mårten JönmarkChris Nee (story)Melinda LaRoseMireia SerraApril 27, 2018 (2018-04-27)TBA0.70[25]
Song: "A Mummy's Day for Mama" sung by Vee and Mary-Margaret Mummyton
18b"Dancelvania"Ehud LandsbergTravis BraunJonathan HashiloniApril 27, 2018 (2018-04-27)TBA0.70[25]
Song: "Dancelvania Day" sung by Vee
19a"Acrobat Boris"Ehud LandsbergChelsea BeylWickus Cotzee, Darren Taylor and John FlaggJune 15, 2018 (2018-06-15)TBAN/A
Song: "I Believe in You" sung by Vee
19b"The Lemonade Stand"Mårten JönmarkJennifer HamburgMassimilano LucaniaJune 15, 2018 (2018-06-15)TBAN/A
Song: "We've Got it Made" sung by Demi and Gregoria
20a"Hiccupire"Mårten JönmarkJeffrey KingMicha CohenJuly 20, 2018 (2018-07-20)TBA0.612[26]
Song: “Everybody Gets Scared” sung by Vee, Poppy, Bridget, Demi, Gregoria, Boris and Oxana
20b"Uncle Bigfoot"Ehud LandsbergJeffrey KingAnna MargiottaJuly 20, 2018 (2018-07-20)TBA0.61[26]
Song: “Away From It All” sung by Uncle Bigfoot
21a"Fangless"Mårten JönmarkChris Nee (story)Kent RedekerMassimilano LucaniaJuly 27, 2018 (2018-07-27)TBATBD
After losing her fangs at school, Vampirina worries that she is becoming more human than vampire. Her parents comfort her and explain that the Fang Fairy will deliver her grownup fangs if she puts her baby fangs under her pillow. Vampirina realizes she will always be Vampirina, whether she has fangs or not.

Song: “You’ll Always Be You” sung by Boris, Oxana and the Fang Fairy
21b"Transylvanian Tea"Ehud LandsbergKarissa ValenciaCharlie GrosvenorJuly 27, 2018 (2018-07-27)TBATBD
Song: “Enjoy The Unexpected” sung by Vee and Nanpire
22"Home Scream Home"Nicky PhelanChris NeeNondas KorodimosAugust 3, 2018 (2018-08-03)TBATBD
Vampirina's parents surprise her with a vacation to their former home in Transylvania so that the Ghoul Girls can enter a talent contest, which the Scream Girls are also entered in. Her friends Poppy and Bridget are invited as well. An unscrupulous competitor, Poltergeist Pat, locks the Scream Girls in a dungeon so that they cannot sing, giving him a better chance to win. Vampirina, Gregoria and Demi save the Scream Girls, who perform in the show and invite the Ghoul Girls to perform with them, to the delight of the audience.

 Songs: “Transylvania, Here We Come” sung by Vee, Poppy and Bridget; “Home Scream Home” sung by Vee, Poppy and Bridget
23a"Countess Vee"TBATBATBAAugust 24, 2018 (2018-08-24)TBATBD
23b"Frights Camera Action"TBATBATBAAugust 24, 2018 (2018-08-24)TBATBD

text: Broadcast[edit]

text: Vampirina premiered on Sunday, October 1, 2017, in the USA with two back-to-back episodes simulcast on Disney Channel and Disney Junior. Ten of the fifteen episodes of the first season premiered within the month of October to tie into Halloween, and were also placed on Disney Junior's streaming and video on demand venues.[27] In Canada, the series released on Disney Junior on October 7, 2017. Vampirina is broadcast in 115 countries and has been translated into 15 languages.[28]

text: Mobile game[edit]

text: A social media mobile game titled Vampirina: New Scare B&B was announced in September 2017 to be published by Ubisoft, Ubisoft Berlin and Ubisoft Paris, with distribution from Twitter and PopJam. The game was released on July 15, 2018.

text: Home media[edit]

text:
DVD releases

Region

Set title

Seasons

Aspect ratio

Episode count

Time length

Release date

1

Vampirina: Volume 1[29]

1

1.78:1

4 (half-hours)

92 minutes

Oct 17, 2017

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
Year

Award

Category

Nominee

Result

References

2018

Daytime Emmy Awards

Outstanding Directing in an Animated Program

Nicky Phelan, Marten Jonmark, Ehud Landsberg, Matteo Ceccotti and Kristi Reed

Nominated

Outstanding Main Title and Graphic Design

Nicky Phelan, Stephen Robinson, Leigh Fieldhouse and Magnus Kråvik

Nominated

Outstanding Writing in a Animated Preschool Program

Chris Nee, Chelsea Beyl, Travis Braun, and Jeffrey King

Nominated


document_title: Nativism (politics)

question_text: what led to the rise of nativism in the mid 1800s

text: Nativism (politics)

text: Anti-immigration arguments[edit]

text: According to Fetzer (2000), opposition to immigration commonly arises in many countries because of issues of national, cultural, and religious identity. The phenomenon has been studied especially in Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and the United States, as well as in Europe. Thus nativism has become a general term for "opposition to immigration" based on fears that the immigrants will distort or spoil existing cultural values.[4] In situations where immigrants greatly outnumber the original inhabitants,[5] nativistic movements can allow cultural survival. The claim that immigrants can "swamp" a local population is related to birth rate relative to nationals. Contemporary opponents of immigration blame it for such problems as unemployment, crime (especially through gangs), harm to the environment, housing shortage, and overwhelming social services such as hospitals, police.

text: Anti-immigration sentiment is typically justified with one or more of the following arguments and claims about immigrants:[6]

text:
Government expense: Government expenses may exceed tax revenue relating to new immigrants.[7] Economists actually find that immigrants usually contribute more than they cost, since they tend to be of working age.
Language: Isolate themselves in their own communities and refuse to learn the local language.
Employment: Acquire jobs which would have otherwise been available to native citizens, depressing wages.
Patriotism: Damage a sense of community and nationality.
Environment: Increase the consumption of scarce resources; their move from low to high pollution economy increases pollution
Welfare: Make heavy use of social welfare systems.
Overpopulation: May overpopulate countries.
Culture: Can swamp a native population and replace its culture with their own.
Housing: Increase in housing costs: migrant families can reduce vacancies and cause rent increases.

text: By country[edit]

text: Australia[edit]

text: Many Australians opposed the influx of Chinese immigrants at time of the nineteenth-century gold rushes. When the separate Australian colonies formed the Commonwealth of Australia in 1901, the new nation adopted "White Australia" as one of its founding principles. Under the White Australia policy, entry of Chinese and other Asians remained controversial until well after World War II, although the country remained home to many long-established Chinese families dating from before the adoption of White Australia. By contrast, most Pacific Islanders were deported soon after the policy was adopted, while the remainder were forced out of the canefields where they had worked for decades.[8]

text: Hostility of native-born white Australians toward British and Irish immigrants in the late 19th century was manifested in a new party, the "Australian Natives' Association."[9][10]

text: Since early 2000, opposition has mounted to asylum seekers arriving in boats from Indonesia.[11]

text: Brazil[edit]

text: Brazilian elites desired the racial whitening of the country, much as what happened in Argentina and Uruguay, so that it stimulated European immigration, but non-white immigration always face huge backlash. On July 28, 1921, representatives Andrade Bezerra and Cincinato Braga proposed a law whose Article 1 provided: "The immigration of individuals from the black race to Brazil is prohibited." On October 22, 1923, representative Fidélis Reis produced another bill on the entry of immigrants, whose fifth article was as follows: "The entry of settlers from the black race into Brazil is prohibited. For Asian [immigrants] there will be allowed each year a number equal to 5% of those residing in the country.(...)".[12]

text: In the 19th and 20th centuries, there were negative feelings toward the communities of German, Italian, Japanese, and Jewish immigrants, who conserved their language and culture instead of adopting Portuguese and Brazilian habit (so that nowadays Brazil has the biggest communities in the Americas of speakers of German and Venetian), were seen as particularly tendentious to form ghettos, had high rates of endogamy (in Brazil, it is regarded as usual for people of different backgrounds to miscegenate), among other concerns.

text: It affected more harshly the Japanese, because they were Asian, and thus seen as an obstacle of the whitening of Brazil. Oliveira Viana, a Brazilian jurist, historian and sociologist described the Japanese immigrants as follows: "They (Japanese) are like sulfur: insoluble". The Brazilian magazine "O Malho" in its edition of December 5, 1908 issued a charge of Japanese immigrants with the following legend: "The government of São Paulo is stubborn. After the failure of the first Japanese immigration, it contracted 3,000 yellow people. It insists on giving Brazil a race diametrically opposite to ours".[13] In 1941, the Brazilian Minister of Justice, Francisco Campos, defended the ban on admission of 400 Japanese immigrants in São Paulo and wrote: "their despicable standard of living is a brutal competition with the country's worker; their selfishness, their bad faith, their refractory character, make them a huge ethnic and cultural cyst located in the richest regions of Brazil".[13]

text: Some years before World War II, the government of President Getúlio Vargas initiated a process of forced assimilation of people of immigrant origin in Brazil. The Constitution of 1934 had a legal provision about the subject: "The concentration of immigrants anywhere in the country is prohibited; the law should govern the selection, location and assimilation of the alien". The assimilationist project affected mainly German, Italian, Japanese and Jewish immigrants and their descendants.[14]

text: During the World War II they were seen as more loyal to their countries of origin than to Brazil. In fact, there were violent revolts in the Japanese community of the states of São Paulo and Paraná when Emperor Hirohito declared that Japan surrendered and he was not a deity, which was thought as a conspiracy trying to hurt Japanese honor and strength. Nevertheless, it followed hostility from the government. The Japanese Brazilian community was strongly marked by restrictive measures when Brazil declared war against Japan in August 1942. Japanese Brazilians could not travel the country without safe conduct issued by the police; over 200 Japanese schools were closed and radio equipment was seized to prevent transmissions on short wave from Japan. The goods of Japanese companies were confiscated and several companies of Japanese origin had interventions, including the newly founded Banco América do Sul. Japanese Brazilians were prohibited from driving motor vehicles (even if they were taxi drivers), buses or trucks on their property. The drivers employed by Japanese had to have permission from the police. Thousands of Japanese immigrants were arrested or expelled from Brazil on suspicion of espionage. There were many anonymous denunciations because of "activities against national security" arising from disagreements between neighbours, recovery of debts and even fights between children.[13] Japanese Brazilians were arrested for "suspicious activity" when they were in artistic meetings or picnics. On July 10, 1943, approximately 10,000 Japanese and German immigrants who lived in Santos had 24 hours to close their homes and businesses and move away from the Brazilian coast. The police acted without any notice. About 90% of people displaced were Japanese. To reside in Baixada Santista, the Japanese had to have a safe conduct.[13] In 1942, the Japanese community who introduced the cultivation of pepper in Tomé-Açu, in Pará, was virtually turned into a "concentration camp" (expression of the time) from which no Japanese could leave. This time, the Brazilian ambassador in Washington, D.C., Carlos Martins Pereira e Sousa, encouraged the government of Brazil to transfer all the Japanese Brazilians to "internment camps" without the need for legal support, in the same manner as was done with the Japanese residents in the United States. No single suspicion of activities of Japanese against "national security" was confirmed.[13]

text: Nowadays, nativism in Brazil affects primarily migrants from elsewhere in the Third World, such as the new wave of Levantine Arabs (this time, mostly Muslim from Palestine instead of overwhelmingly Christian from Syria and Lebanon), South and East Asians (primarily Mainland Chinese), Spanish-speakers and Amerindians from neighboring South American countries and, especially, West Africans and Haitians. Following the 2010 Haiti earthquake and considerable illegal immigration to northern Brazil and São Paulo,[15] a subsequent debate in the population was concerned with the reasons why Brazil has such lax laws and enforcement concerning illegal immigration.

text: According to the 1988's Brazilian Constitution, it is an unbailable crime to address someone in an offensive racist way, and it is illegal to discriminate someone on the basis of his or her race, skin color, national or regional origin or nationality (for more, see anti-discrimination laws in Brazil), thus nativism and opposition to multiculturalism would be too much of a polemic and delicate topic to be openly discussed as a basic ideology of even the most right-leaning modern political parties.

text: Canada[edit]

text: Nativism was common in Canada (though the term originated in the U.S.). It took several forms. Hostility to the Chinese and other Asians was intense, and involved provincial laws that hindered immigration of Chinese and Japanese and blocked their economic mobility. In 1942 Japanese Canadians were forced into detention camps in response to Japanese aggression in World War II.[16]

text: Throughout the 19th century, well into the 20th, the Orange Order in Canada attacked and tried to politically defeat the Irish Catholics.[17] The Ku Klux Klan spread in the mid-1920s from the U.S. to parts of Canada, especially Saskatchewan, where it helped topple the Liberal government. The Klan creed was, historian Martin Robin argues, in the mainstream of Protestant Canadian sentiment, for it was based on "Protestantism, separation of Church and State, pure patriotism, restrictive and selective immigration, one national public school, one flag and one language—English."[18][9]

text: In World War I, Canadian naturalized citizens of German or Austrian origins were stripped of their right to vote, and tens of thousands of Ukrainians (who were born in the Austro-Hungarian Empire) were rounded up and put in internment camps.[19]

text: Hostility of native-born Canadians to competition from English immigrants in the early 20th century was expressed in signs that read, "No English Need Apply!" The resentment came because the immigrants identified more with England than with Canada.[20]

text: In the British Empire, traditions of anti-Catholicism in Britain led to fears that Catholics were a threat to the national (British) values. In Canada, the Orange Order (of Irish Protestants) campaigned vigorously against the Catholics throughout the 19th century, often with violent confrontations. Both sides were immigrants from Ireland and neither side claimed loyalty to Canada.[21] The Orange Order was much less influential in the U.S., especially after a major riot in New York City in 1871.[22]

text: China (Hong Kong)[edit]

text: Nativism in Hong Kong is often used as a synonymy with localism,[23] which strives for the autonomy of Hong Kong and resist China's authorities influence in the city. In addition to their strong anti-communist and pro-democracy tendency, It often holds a strong anti-mainland sentiments, especially the influx of the mainland tourists and immigrants, seeing them as a threat to Hong Kong identity and culture.

text: European countries[edit]

text: For the Poles in the mining districts of western Germany before 1914, it was nationalism (on both the German and the Polish sides), which kept Polish workers, who had established an associational structure approaching institutional completeness (churches, voluntary associations, press, even unions), separate from the host German society. Lucassen found that religiosity and nationalism were more fundamental in generating nativism and inter-group hostility than the labor antagonism.

text: Once Italian workers in France had understood the benefit of unionism and French unions were willing to overcome their fear of Italians as strikebreakers, integration was open for most Italian immigrants. The French state, which was always more of an immigration state than Prussia, Germany or Great Britain, fostered and supported family-based immigration and thus helped Italians on their immigration trajectory with minimal nativism. (Lucassen 2005)

text: Many observers see the post-1950s wave of immigration in Europe was fundamentally different from the pre-1914 patterns. They debate the role of cultural differences, ghettos, race, Muslim fundamentalism, poor education and poverty play in creating nativism among the hosts and a caste-type underclass, more similar to white-black tensions in the US (Lucassen 2005). Algerian migration to France has generated nativism, characterized by the prominence of Jean-Marie Le Pen and his National Front. (Lucassen 2005)

text: Pakistan[edit]

text: The Pakistani province of Sindh has seen nativist movements, promoting control for the Sindhi people over their homeland. After the 1947 Partition of India, large numbers of Muhajir people migrating from India entered the province, becoming a majority in the provincial capital city of Karachi, which formerly had an ethnically Sindhi majority. Sindhis have also voiced opposition to the promotion of Urdu, as opposed to their native tongue, Sindhi.

text: These nativist movements are expressed through Sindhi nationalism and the Sindhudesh separatist movement. Nativist and nationalist sentiments increased greatly after the independence of Bangladesh from Pakistan in 1971.

text: Taiwan[edit]

text: Nativism flourished in Taiwan in the 1970s as a reaction against the influx of mainland Chinese to the island after the Kuomintang's defeat in 1949. Nativists felt that the political influence of mainland Chinese was disproportionately large. The term is especially found in the field of literature, where nativist literature was more traditionally minded than the modernist literature written largely by mainland Chinese.

text: United Kingdom[edit]

text: London was notorious for its xenophobia in the 16th century, and conditions worsened in the 1580s. Many immigrants became disillusioned by routine threats of violence and molestation, attempts at expulsion of foreigners, and the great difficulty in acquiring English citizenship. Dutch cities proved more hospitable, and many left London permanently.[24]

text: Regarding the Irish in 20th-century Great Britain, Lucassen (2005) argues the deep religious divide between the Protestants and Catholics was at the core of the ongoing estrangement of the Irish in British society.

text: United States[edit]

text: In the United States, nativism has a long history. The term was first used by 1844, according to the Oxford English Dictionary (under "Nativism") 1844: Whig Almanac 1845 4/2 "Thousands were Naturalized expressly to oppose Nativism, and voted the Polk ticket mainly to that end."

text: For a while Benjamin Franklin was hostile to Germans in colonial Pennsylvania, but he reversed himself and became a supporter.[25] The Federalist Party in 1798 passed the Alien and Sedition Acts which lengthened the citizenship process to 14 years to weaken the political role of radical immigrants from France and Ireland. This became a major political issue in the 1800 election; the Jeffersonians won. They welcomed immigrants and repealed most of the restrictions.[26]

text: Nativism gained its name from the "Native American" parties of the 1840s and 1850s. In this context "Native" does not mean indigenous Americans or American Indians but rather those descended from the inhabitants of the original Thirteen Colonies. It impacted politics in the mid-19th century because of the large inflows of immigrants after 1845 from cultures that were different from the existing American culture. Nativists objected primarily to Irish Roman Catholics because of their loyalty to the Pope and also because of their supposed rejection of republicanism as an American ideal.[27]

text: Nativist movements included the Know Nothing or American Party of the 1850s, the Immigration Restriction League of the 1890s, the anti-Asian movements in the West, resulting in the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 and the "Gentlemen's Agreement of 1907" by which Japan's government stopped emigration to the United States. Labor unions were strong supporters of Chinese exclusion and limits on immigration, because of fears that they would lower wages and make it harder for workers to organize unions.[28]

text: Historian Eric Kaufmann has suggested that American nativism has been explained primarily in psychological and economic terms due to the neglect of a crucial cultural and ethnic dimension. Furthermore, Kauffman claims that American nativism cannot be understood without reference to an American ethnic group which took shape prior to the large-scale immigration of the mid-eighteenth century.[29]

text: Anti-Catholic nativism in the 19th century[edit]

text: Nativist outbursts occurred in the Northeast from the 1830s to the 1850s, primarily in response to a surge of Irish Catholic immigration. In 1836, Samuel Morse ran unsuccessfully for Mayor of New York City on a Nativist ticket, receiving 1,496 votes. In New York City, an Order of United Americans was founded as a nativist fraternity, following the Philadelphia Nativist Riots of the preceding spring and summer, in December, 1844.[30]

text: In 1849–50 Charles B. Allen founded a nativist society called the Order of the Star Spangled Banner in New York City. In order to join the Order, a man had to be twenty-one, a Protestant, a believer in God, and willing to obey without question the dictates of the order. Members of the Order became known as the Know Nothings (a label applied to them because if asked they said they "know nothing about" the secret society).[30]

text: The Nativists went public in 1854 when they formed the 'American Party', which was especially hostile to the immigration of Irish Catholics and campaigned for laws to require longer wait time between immigration and naturalization. (The laws never passed.) It was at this time that the term "nativist" first appears, opponents denounced them as "bigoted nativists." Former President Millard Fillmore ran on the American Party ticket for the Presidency in 1856. The American Party also included many ex-Whigs who ignored nativism, and included (in the South) a few Catholics whose families had long lived in America. Conversely, much of the opposition to Catholics came from Protestant Irish immigrants and German Lutheran immigrants who were not native at all and can hardly be called "nativists."[31]

text: This form of nationalism is often identified with xenophobia and anti-Catholic sentiment (anti-Papism). In Charlestown, Massachusetts, a nativist mob attacked and burned down a Catholic convent in 1834 (no one was injured). In the 1840s, small scale riots between Catholics and nativists took place in several American cities. In Philadelphia in 1844, for example, a series of nativist assaults on Catholic churches and community centers resulted in the loss of lives and the professionalization of the police force. In Louisville, Kentucky, election-day rioters killed at least 22 people in attacks on German and Irish Catholics on Aug. 6, 1855, in what became known as "Bloody Monday."[32] Nativist sentiment experienced a revival in the 1890s, led by Protestant Irish immigrants hostile to Catholic immigration.[33]

text: Anti-German nativism[edit]

text: From the 1840s to 1920 German Americans were distrusted because of their separatist social structure, their German-language schools, their attachment to their native tongue over English, and their neutrality during World War I.

text: The Bennett Law caused a political uproar in Wisconsin in 1890, as the state government passed a law that threatened to close down hundreds of German-language elementary schools. Catholic and Lutheran Germans rallied to defeat Governor William D. Hoard. Hoard attacked German American culture and religion:

text: Hoard, a Republican, was defeated by the Democrats. A similar campaign in Illinois regarding the "Edwards Law" led to a Republican defeat there in 1890.[34]

text: In 1917–1918, a wave of nativist sentiment led to the suppression of German cultural activities in the United States, Canada and Australia. There was little violence, but many places and streets had their names changed (The city of "Berlin" in Ontario was renamed "Kitchener" after a British hero), churches switched to English for their services, and German Americans were forced to buy war bonds to show their patriotism.[35] In Australia thousands of Germans were put into internment camps.[36]

text: (See also: World War I Anti-German Sentiment)

text: Anti-Chinese nativism[edit]

text: In the 1870s in the western states Irish Americans targeted violence against Chinese workers, driving them out of smaller towns. Denis Kearney, an immigrant from Ireland, led a mass movement in San Francisco in the 1870s that incited attacks on the Chinese there and threatened public officials and railroad owners.[37] The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 was the first of many nativist acts of Congress which attempted to limit the flow of immigrants into the U.S. The Chinese responded to it by filing false claims of American birth, enabling thousands of them to immigrate to California.[38] The exclusion of the Chinese caused the western railroads to begin importing Mexican railroad workers in greater numbers ("traqueros").[39]

text: 20th century[edit]

text: In the 1890s–1920s era nativists and labor unions campaigned for immigration restriction. A favorite plan was the literacy test to exclude workers who could not read or write their own foreign language. Congress passed literacy tests, but presidents—responding to business needs for workers—vetoed them.[40] Senator Henry Cabot Lodge argued need for literacy tests and its implication on the new immigrants:

text: Responding to these demands, opponents of the literacy test called for the establishment of an immigration commission to focus on immigration as a whole. The United States Immigration Commission, also known as the Dillingham Commission, was created and tasked with studying immigration and its effect on the United States. The findings of the commission further influenced immigration policy and upheld the concerns of the nativist movement.[40]

text: Following World War I, nativists in the twenties focused their attention on Catholics, Jews, and south-eastern Europeans and realigned their beliefs behind racial and religious nativism.[42] The racial concern of the anti-immigration movement was linked closely to the eugenics movement that was sweeping the United States in the twenties. Led by Madison Grant's book, The Passing of the Great Race nativists grew more concerned with the racial purity of the United States. In his book, Grant argued that the American racial stock was being diluted by the influx of new immigrants from the Mediterranean, the Balkans, and the Polish ghettos. The Passing of the Great Race reached wide popularity among Americans and influenced immigration policy in the twenties.[40] In the 1920s a wide national consensus sharply restricted the overall inflow of immigrants, especially those from southern and eastern Europe. The second Ku Klux Klan, which flourished in the U.S. in the 1920s, used strong nativist rhetoric, but the Catholics led a counterattack.[43]

text: After intense lobbying from the nativist movement the United States Congress passed the Emergency Quota Act in 1921. This bill was the first to place numerical quotas on immigration. It capped the inflow of immigrations to 357,803 for those arriving outside of the western hemisphere.[40] However, this bill was only temporary as Congress began debating a more permanent bill.

text: The Emergency Quota Act was followed with the Immigration Act of 1924, a more permanent resolution. This law reduced the number of immigrants able to arrive from 357,803, the number established in the Emergency Quota Act, to 164,687.[40] Though this bill did not fully restrict immigration, it considerably curbed the flow of immigration into the United States. During the late twenties an average of 270,000 immigrants were allowed to arrive mainly because of the exemption of Canada and Latin American countries.[42]

text: Fear of low-skilled immigrants flooding the labor market was an issue in the 1920s (focused on immigrants from Italy and Poland), and in the first decade of the 21st century (focused on immigrants from Mexico and Central America).

text: An immigration reductionism movement formed in the 1970s and continues to the present day. Prominent members often press for massive, sometimes total, reductions in immigration levels.

text: American nativist sentiment experienced a resurgence in the late 20th century, this time directed at illegal aliens, largely Mexican resulting in the passage of new penalties against illegal immigration in 1996.

text: Most immigration reductionists see Illegal immigration, principally from across the United States–Mexico border, as the more pressing concern. Authors such as Samuel Huntington have also seen recent Hispanic immigration as creating a national identity crisis and presenting insurmountable problems for US social institutions.[44]

text: Noting the large-scale Mexican immigration in the Southwest, the Cold-war diplomat George F. Kennan in 2002 saw "unmistakable evidences of a growing differentiation between the cultures, respectively, of large southern and southwestern regions of this country, on the one hand", and those of "some northern regions". In the former, he warned:

text: Meyers argues that Kennan represented the "tradition of militant nativism" that resembled or even exceeded the Know Nothings of the 1850s.[46] Mayers adds that Kennan also believed American women had too much power.

text: 21st century[edit]

text: By late 2014, the "Tea Party movement" had turned its focus away from economic issues, spending, and Obamacare, and towards President Barack Obama's immigration policies, which it saw as threatening to transform American society. It planned to defeat leading Republicans who supported immigration programs, such as Senator John McCain. A typical slogan appeared in the Tea Party Tribune: “Amnesty for Millions, Tyranny for All.” The New York Times reported:

text: In his 2016 bid for presidency, Republican Presidential Candidate Donald Trump has been accused of introducing nativist themes for his controversial stances on temporarily banning foreign Muslims from entering the United States and erecting a substantial wall between the US-Mexico border to halt illegal immigration. Journalist John Cassidy wrote in The New Yorker Trump is transforming the GOP into a populist, nativist party:

text: Donald Brand, a professor of political science, argues:

text: Language[edit]

text: American nativists have promoted English and deprecated the use of German and Spanish. English Only proponents in the late 20th century proposed an English Language Amendment (ELA), a Constitutional Amendment making English the official language of the United States, but it received limited political support.[50]