document_title: The Greatest Showman

question_text: who plays pt barnum's wife in the greatest showman

question_tokens: who plays pt barnum 's wife in the greatest showman

text: The Greatest Showman

text: Plot[edit]

text: The movie begins with P. T. Barnum(Hugh Jackman) and his troupe performing a show at the circus ("The Greatest Show"). As the song continues, the background turns to black, with Barnum singing alone, leading to a flashback to Barnum's childhood where he and his father Philo, a tailor, work for the Hallett family, and he becomes infatuated with their daughter, Charity. Though Charity is being sent to finishing school, Barnum reassures her they will not be separated. The two keep in touch through letters until they meet again in adulthood ("A Million Dreams"), eventually marrying and raising two daughters, Caroline and Helen, in New York City ("A Million Dreams" reprise). They live a humble life; though Charity is happy, Barnum dreams of more.

text: Barnum loses his job as a clerk at a shipping company after the company goes bankrupt. Taking a risky bet, he takes out a large loan from a bank, deceiving the bank into accepting his former employer's lost ships as collateral. He uses this loan to buy Barnum's American Museum in downtown Manhattan, an attraction showcasing various wax models. Initially, sales are slow; on the suggestion of his children to showcase something "alive", Barnum searches for "freaks" to serve as performers for his museum ("Come Alive"). This attracts a large audience despite protests and poor reviews, prompting Barnum to rename his venture "Barnum's Circus".

text: Searching for ways to further his reputation amongst the upper class, Barnum meets playwright Phillip Carlyle and convinces him to join his venture ("The Other Side"). Carlyle is enchanted with Anne Wheeler, an African-American trapeze artist, but he hides his feelings. During a trip Carlyle arranged for Barnum and his troupe to meet Queen Victoria, Barnum meets Jenny Lind, a famed Swedish singer, whom he convinces to perform in America, with him serving as her manager. Lind's first American performance is a rousing success ("Never Enough"). While Barnum gains favor with the aristocratic patrons, he begins to distance himself from his original troupe, refusing to socialize with them. Dejected, they decide to stand against their local harassers ("This Is Me").

text: Carlyle and Wheeler attend the theatre together one night, only to run into Carlyle's parents, who insult Wheeler's lowly status, causing her to leave. Carlyle chases her and tries to convince her that they can be together, but she rejects him despite her feelings towards him ("Rewrite the Stars"). As Barnum takes Lind on a US tour, Charity feels isolated from her husband as she stays home with their daughters ("Tightrope"). While on tour, Lind begins falling in love with Barnum, but when he refuses her advances, she calls off the tour and kisses him at the end of her last show, which is photographed by the press ("Never Enough" reprise). Barnum returns home to find his circus on fire, caused by a fight between the protesters and the troupe. Carlyle, who had tried to save Anne not knowing she had already escaped, is rescued amid the chaos by Barnum but suffers severe burns. Most of the sets and props are destroyed. Word of Lind's cancellation and Barnum's public intimacy also reaches New York, resulting in his mansion being foreclosed upon and Charity taking Caroline and Helen back to her parents' home.

text: Depressed, Barnum retreats to a local pub, where his troupe find him there and persuade him to rebuild the circus. Barnum has an epiphany that causes him to realize the circus was for his friends and family rather than for himself ("From Now On"). Meanwhile, the injured Carlyle wakes in a hospital with Wheeler by his side and they share a kiss.

text: Barnum leaves and finds his estranged wife, and they decide to mend their relationship. Faced with the financial difficulty of rebuilding the circus, the recovering Carlyle steps in, offering to use his earnings from his share of the circus's profits to rebuild it under the condition of becoming partners, which Barnum happily accepts. As rebuilding the circus in its original location would be too expensive, Barnum rebuilds it as an open-air tent circus by the docks. The new, revamped circus is a huge success, and Barnum gives full control of the show to Carlyle so he can focus on his family ("The Greatest Show" reprise).

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Hugh Jackman as P. T. Barnum, an ambitious showman and entrepreneur.

Ellis Rubin as Young P. T. Barnum

Ziv Zaifman provides Young P. T. Barnum's singing voice

Zac Efron as Phillip Carlyle, a playwright who becomes Barnum's partner. He is a composite character partly based on James Anthony Bailey.
Michelle Williams as Charity Hallett Barnum, the wife of P.T. Barnum.

Skylar Dunn as Young Charity

Rebecca Ferguson as Jenny Lind, a famous Swedish singer known as the "Swedish Nightingale".

Loren Allred provides Lind's singing voice.[8][9]

Zendaya as Anne Wheeler, an acrobat, trapeze artist, W.D.'s sister and Phillip Carlyle's love interest
Keala Settle as Lettie Lutz, a bearded lady. She is a composite character partly based on Josephine Clofullia and Annie Jones.
Yahya Abdul-Mateen II as W. D. Wheeler, an acrobat and Anne's brother.
Natasha Liu Bordizzo as Deng Yan, a Chinese blade-specialist.
Paul Sparks as James Gordon Bennett, the founder, editor and publisher of the New York Herald.
Sam Humphrey as Charles Stratton, a dwarf performer who is also known by his stage name, General Tom Thumb.
Austyn Johnson as Caroline Barnum, one of Barnum's daughters.
Cameron Seely as Helen Barnum, one of Barnum's daughters.
Eric Anderson as Mr. O'Malley, a former thief whom Barnum employs at his circus.
Daniel Everidge as The Lord of Leeds, The Huge Man.
Caoife Coleman and Mishay Petronelli as the Albino Twins
Shannon Holtzapffel as Prince Constantine, The Tattooed Man.
Luciano Acuna Jr. as Fedor Jeftichew, The Dog Boy.
Danial Son and Yusaku Komori as Chang and Eng Bunker, The "Siamese Twins".
Jonathan Redavid as Frank Lentini, The Three-Legged Man.
Nick Jantz as Jeff Harris, The Juggler
Gayle Rankin as Queen Victoria.
Will Swenson as Philo Barnum, a tailor and the father of P. T. Barnum.
Fredric Lehne as Benjamin Hallett, father of Charity and abusive father-in-law of Barnum.
Kathryn Meisle as Hannah Hallett, mother of Charity and mother-in-law of Barnum.

text: Production[edit]

text: The project was first announced in 2009, with Jackman already set for the title role.[10] In August 2011, Michael Gracey was chosen to direct.[11] In 2013, Fox hired lyricists Pasek and Paul to write the songs.[12]

text: On June 15, 2016, Zac Efron began negotiations to star in the film,[13] and in July 2016, Michelle Williams was cast.[14][15][16][17] The film was choreographed by Ashley Wallen.[18]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Rehearsals on the film began in October 2016 in New York City, and principal photography began on November 22, 2016.[19][20].

text: Post-production[edit]

text: In December 2017, it was reported that James Mangold, who had worked with Jackman on several projects (including 2017's Logan), had been brought in to serve as an executive producer during the film's post-production. In an interview, director Michael Gracey noted, "There were eight producers on this film, and it was amazing having one of them be a filmmaker."[21]

text: Music[edit]

text: Musical numbers[edit]

text: Benj Pasek and Justin Paul wrote nine songs.[22]

text:
"The Greatest Show" – Hugh Jackman, Keala Settle, Zac Efron, Zendaya
"A Million Dreams" – Ziv Zaifman, Jackman, Michelle Williams
"A Million Dreams" (Reprise) – Austyn Johnson, Cameron Seely, Jackman
"Come Alive" – Jackman, Settle, Daniel Everidge, Zendaya
"The Other Side" – Jackman & Efron
"Never Enough" – Loren Allred
"This Is Me" – Settle
"Rewrite the Stars" – Efron & Zendaya
"Tightrope" – Williams
"Never Enough" (Reprise) – Allred
"From Now On" – Jackman

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text: The soundtrack album features eleven tracks performed by the cast. In the United Kingdom, it became only the second album in 30 years to achieve 11 consecutive weeks at number 1.[23] The Greatest Showman now draws level with Adele's 21 for the longest unbroken run at the UK summit in the last 30 years. The cast album is now at 465,000 combined units, according to the Official Charts Company, made up of 197,000 physical copies, 107,000 downloads and 35% streaming.[24]

text: Release[edit]

text: The Greatest Showman held its premiere on December 8, 2017, aboard the RMS Queen Mary 2, while it was docked in New York City. The film was then released in the United States on December 20, 2017.[25][26] Like Disney's live-action Beauty and the Beast, a sing-along version of the film was released in the United Kingdom on February 23, 2018.[27] The film had a limited IMAX release on February 2.

text: Marketing[edit]

text: On June 28, 2017, 20th Century Fox released the first international trailer to promote the film. On November 13, 2017, the second trailer was released.[28]

text: On December 17, 2017, Fox televised a live performance of "Come Alive" from Warner Bros. Studios during its live musical special A Christmas Story Live! (which was based on fellow Pasek and Paul work A Christmas Story: The Musical). The number featured the film's stars and a cast of 150 dancers.[29][30]

text: Home media[edit]

text: In the United States, the film was released via digital download on March 20, 2018, and will be released on Blu-ray, DVD and 4K Ultra HD on April 10, 2018.[31] In the United Kingdom, the film will be released first on digital download on April 27, 2018, while Blu-ray, 4K Ultra HD and DVD copies go on sale on May 14. These versions will include the sing-along version, two hours of behind-the-scenes footage and music machine jukebox features.[32]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: As of April 8, 2018[update], The Greatest Showman has grossed $173 million in the United States and Canada, and $247.3 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $420.3 million, against a production budget of $84 million.[3] It is the fourth- and fifth-highest grossing musical ever in North America and globally, respectively, and Deadline Hollywood estimated the film should turn a profit between $50–100 million.[33]

text: In the United States and Canada, The Greatest Showman was released alongside Jumanji: Welcome to the Jungle, and was projected to gross around $21 million from 3,006 theaters over its first six days.[34][35] It took in $2 million on its first day and $2 million on its second. Over the three day weekend, it grossed $9 million (for a six-day total of $19 million), finishing fourth at the box office, behind Star Wars: The Last Jedi, Jumanji: Welcome to the Jungle and Pitch Perfect 3.[36] In its second weekend, the film grossed $15.5 million, again finishing 4th at the box office.[37] The weekend-to-weekend increase of 76.3% marked the largest ever for a film playing in over 3,000 theaters, and the fourth biggest ever.[38][39] In its third week, the film dropped 11% to $14 million.[40]

text: The film made $13 million in its fourth weekend and $11 million in its fifth, finishing 4th and 5th at the box office, respectively.[41] The film continued to hold well in its sixth week of release, grossing $9.5 million and returning to 4th place,[42] and again finished fourth in its seventh week, this time grossing $7.8 million (a drop of just 18%).[43] It is the 13th highest-grossing film to never top the American box office.[44]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 55% based on 204 reviews, and an average rating of 6/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "The Greatest Showman tries hard to dazzle the audience with a Barnum-style sense of wonder – but at the expense of its complex subject's far more intriguing real-life story."[45] On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 48 out of 100, based on 43 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[46] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A" on an A+ to F scale, while it earned a 70% "definite recommend" from comScore.[36]

text: Owen Gleiberman of Variety gave the film a positive review, writing, "The Greatest Showman is a concoction, the kind of film where all the pieces click into place, yet at an hour and 45 minutes it flies by, and the link it draws between P.T. Barnum and the spirit of today is more than hype."[47] Richard Roeper of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film 3/4 stars, saying, "With all that corn and cheese and old-timey sentiment, The Greatest Showman ends up scoring some very timely social arguments. P.T. Barnum himself would have approved the dramatic sleight of hand."[48] Steve Persall of Tampa Bay Times gave the film an 'A', and said, "The Greatest Showman is the feel-good movie the holiday season needs,"[49] while William Bibbiani of IGN gave The Greatest Showman a score of 7.9/10, and called the film, "wildly entertaining."[50]

text: Britton Peele of The Dallas Morning News said, "The story is interesting and the beats are well-acted, but it's the musical numbers that make The Greatest Showman."[51] Jackie K Cooper of HuffPost gave the film a score of 10/10 and wrote, "You will be overwhelmed by the music and magic that explode on the screen. The film has a message that should resonate with today's world concerning acceptance and courage."[52] Hugh Armitage of Digital Spy said, "The Greatest Showman is a broad and solid crowd-pleaser. An undemanding spectacle for all the family."[53] Alan Jones of Radio Times called it "A joyously uplifting potpourii of visual resplendence, stylish choreography and solid gold magic, one engineered to approximate the lavish spectacle the movie musical once offered."[54]

text: Sheila O'Malley of RogerEbert.com gave it 3.5/4, stating "The Greatest Showman is an unabashed piece of pure entertainment punctuated by memorable songs."[55] Douglas Davidson of CLTure called the film, "An undeniable spectacle with a infectious soundtrack, a movie that dazzles and delights."[56] James Berardinelli of ReelViews gave the film a 3/4 score, and said, "The film has show-stopping well-choreographed numbers with catchy tunes,"[57] and Calvin Wilson of St. Louis Post-Dispatch called the film "highly enjoyable."[58]

text: Carl Kozlowski of Pasadena Weekly gave the film an 'A', calling it "Groundbreaking & grandly innovative."[59] Sean P. Means of The Salt Lake Tribune gave The Greatest Showman 3.5/4 stars, stating, "A strong cast give emotional power to this romanticized, tune-filled biography."[60] Manuela Lazic of Little White Lies gave it 4/5, saying, "The Greatest Showman deserves to become a Christmas classic. the film's severe romanticism and ridiculous but affecting enthusiasm make it irresistibly life-affirming."[61] Pete Hammond of Deadline Hollywood gave the film 4 out of 5 stars and called it, "A fantasia of song and dance, a joyous exercise in pure entertainment that is made for the holiday crowd."[62]

text: Conversely, Mick LaSalle of the San Francisco Chronicle gave the film a negative review, criticizing the songs and characters and saying "There's idiotic, and there's magnificent, but The Greatest Showman is that special thing that happens sometimes. It's magnificently idiotic. It's an awful mess, but it's flashy. The temptation is to cover your face and watch it through your fingers, because it's so earnest and embarrassing and misguided – and yet it's well-made."[63] In a negative review for The Hollywood Reporter, David Rooney wrote "This ersatz portrait of American big-top tent impresario P.T. Barnum is all smoke and mirrors, no substance. It hammers pedestrian themes of family, friendship and inclusivity while neglecting the fundaments of character and story."[64]

text: Writing for Rolling Stone, Peter Travers gave the film 1.5 out of 4 stars, saying, "How do you cast a virtuoso Hugh Jackman as P.T. Barnum, spare no expense in production values, add a score by Oscar and Tony winners Benj Pasek and Justin Paul and still end up with the shrill blast of nothing that is The Greatest Showman? Ask first-time director Michael Gracey, who cut his teeth on commercials and music videos without ever mastering the crucial knack of building snippets of musical comedy and drama into a satisfying whole."[65] Justin Chang of the Los Angeles Times wrote that the film's failures "are rooted in something deeper: a dispiriting lack of faith in the audience's intelligence, and a dawning awareness of its own aesthetic hypocrisy. You've rarely seen a more straight-laced musical about the joys of letting your freak flag fly."[66]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Award
Date of ceremony
Category
Recipient(s) and nominee(s)
Result
Ref(s)

AARP's Movies for Grownups Awards
February 5, 2018
Best Grownup Love Story
The Greatest Showman
Won
[67][68]

Academy Awards
March 4, 2018
Best Original Song
"This Is Me" – Benj Pasek and Justin Paul
Nominated
[69][70]

Casting Society of America
January 18, 2018
Big Budget – Comedy
Bernard Telsey, Tiffany Little Canfield, Rori Bergman and Patrick Goodwin
Won
[71]

Costume Designers Guild
February 20, 2018
Excellence in Period Film
Ellen Mirojnick
Nominated
[72]

Critics' Choice Movie Awards
January 11, 2018
Best Song
"This Is Me" – Benj Pasek and Justin Paul
Nominated
[73]

Dorian Awards
February 24, 2018
Campy Flick of the Year
The Greatest Showman
Nominated
[74]
[75]

Empire Awards
March 18, 2018
Best Costume Design
The Greatest Showman
Nominated
[76]
[77]

Best Make-up And Hairstyling
The Greatest Showman
Nominated

Georgia Film Critics Association
January 12, 2018
Best Original Song
"This Is Me" – Benj Pasek and Justin Paul
Nominated
[78]

Golden Globe Awards
January 7, 2018
Best Actor in a Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy
Hugh Jackman
Nominated
[79]

Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy
The Greatest Showman
Nominated

Best Original Song – Motion Picture
"This Is Me" – Benj Pasek and Justin Paul
Won

Golden Reel Awards
February 18, 2018
Outstanding Achievement in Sound Editing – Musical
Jen Monnar, Jim Harrison, Jeff Carson, Peter Myles and Sheri Ozeki
Won
[80]

Guild of Music Supervisors Awards
February 8, 2018
Best Music Supervision for Film: Budgeted Over 25 Million Dollars
Benj Pasek and Justin Paul
Nominated
[81]

Best Song/Recording Created for a Film
"This Is Me" – Benj Pasek and Justin Paul
Nominated

Heartland Film Festival
December 31, 2017
Truly Moving Picture Award
Michael Gracey
Won
[82]

Make-Up Artists and Hair Stylists Guild
February 24, 2018
Feature Motion Picture: Best Period and/or Character Makeup
Nicki Ledermann, Tania Ribalow and Sunday Englis
Nominated
[83]

Saturn Awards
June 2018
Best Action or Adventure Film
The Greatest Showman
Pending
[84]

Best Costume Design
Ellen Mirojnick
Pending

Best Music
John Debney and Joseph Trapanese
Pending


document_title: List of Los Angeles Lakers seasons

question_text: when did the lakers make the playoffs last

root

text: List of Los Angeles Lakers seasons

text: Table key[edit]

text:
AMVP
All-Star Game Most Valuable Player

COY
Coach of the Year

DPOY
Defensive Player of the Year

Finish
Final position in league or division standings

GB
Games behind first-place team in division[a]

Italics
Season in progress

L
Number of regular season losses

EOY
Executive of the Year

FMVP
Finals Most Valuable Player

JWKC
J. Walter Kennedy Citizenship

MVP
Most Valuable Player

ROY
Rookie of the Year

SMOY
Sixth Man of the Year

W
Number of regular season wins

tag: table

text: Seasons[edit]

text: Note: Statistics are correct as of the end of the 2016–17 season.

tag: p

text:
NBA Champions
(1949–present)
Division Champions / Conference Champions
(1949–1970 / 1971–present)
Division Champions
(1971–present)
Playoff berth
(1949–present)

text:
Season
League
Conference
Finish
Division
Finish
Wins
Losses
Win%
GB
Playoffs
Awards
Ref.

Minneapolis Lakers

1948–49
BAA
—
—
Western
2nd
44
16
.733
1
Won Division Semifinals (Stags) 2–0
Won Division Finals (Royals) 2–0
Won BAA Finals (Capitols) 4–2[7]
—
[8]

1949–50
NBA
—
—
Central
1st[b]
51
17
.750
—
Won Division Semifinals (Stags) 2–0
Won Division Finals (Pistons) 2–0
Won NBA Semifinals (Packers) 2–0
Won NBA Finals (Nationals) 4–2[10]
—
[11]

1950–51
NBA
—
—
Western
1st
44
24
.647
—
Won Division Semifinals (Olympians) 2–1
Lost Division Finals (Royals) 3–1[12]
—
[13]

1951–52
NBA
—
—
Western
2nd
40
26
.606
1
Won Division Semifinals (Olympians) 2–0
Won Division Finals (Royals) 3–1
Won NBA Finals (Knicks) 4–3[14]
—
[15]

1952–53
NBA
—
—
Western
1st
48
22
.686
—
Won Division Semifinals (Olympians) 2–0
Won Division Finals (Pistons) 3–2
Won NBA Finals (Knicks) 4–1[16]
George Mikan (ASG MVP)
[17]

1953–54
NBA
—
—
Western
1st
46
26
.639
—
Won Division Finals (Royals) 2–1
Won NBA Finals (Nationals) 4–3[18]
—
[19]

1954–55
NBA
—
—
Western
2nd
40
32
.556
3
Won Division Semifinals (Royals) 2–1
Lost Division Finals (Pistons) 3–1[20]
—
[21]

1955–56
NBA
—
—
Western
2nd[c]
33
39
.458
4
Lost Division Semifinals (Hawks) 2–1[23]
—
[24]

1956–57
NBA
—
—
Western
2nd[d]
34
38
.472
—
Won Division Semifinals (Pistons) 2–0
Lost Division Finals (Hawks) 3–0[26]
—
[27]

1957–58
NBA
—
—
Western
4th
19
53
.264
22
—
—
[28]

1958–59
NBA
—
—
Western
2nd
33
39
.458
16
Won Division Semifinals (Pistons) 2–1
Won Division Finals (Hawks) 4–2
Lost NBA Finals (Celtics) 4–0[29]
Elgin Baylor (ASG MVP, ROY)
[30]

1959–60
NBA
—
—
Western
3rd
25
50
.333
21
Won Division Semifinals (Pistons) 2–0
Lost Division Finals (Hawks) 4–3[31]
—
[32]

Los Angeles Lakers

1960–61[e]
NBA
—
—
Western
2nd
36
43
.456
15
Won Division Semifinals (Pistons) 3–2
Lost Division Finals (Hawks) 4–3[33]
—
[34]

1961–62
NBA
—
—
Western
1st
54
26
.675
—
Won Division Finals (Pistons) 4–2
Lost NBA Finals (Celtics) 4–3[35]
—
[36]

1962–63
NBA
—
—
Western
1st
53
27
.663
—
Won Division Finals (Hawks) 4–3
Lost NBA Finals (Celtics) 4–2[37]
—
[38]

1963–64
NBA
—
—
Western
3rd
42
38
.525
6
Lost Division Semifinals (Hawks) 3–2[39]
—
[40]

1964–65
NBA
—
—
Western
1st
49
31
.613
—
Won Division Finals (Bullets) 4–2
Lost NBA Finals (Celtics) 4–1[41]
—
[42]

1965–66
NBA
—
—
Western
1st
45
35
.563
—
Won Division Finals (Hawks) 4–3
Lost NBA Finals (Celtics) 4–3[43]
—
[44]

1966–67
NBA
—
—
Western
3rd
36
45
.444
8
Lost Division Semifinals (Warriors) 3–0[45]
—
[46]

1967–68
NBA
—
—
Western
2nd
52
30
.634
4
Won Division Semifinals (Bulls) 4–1
Won Division Finals (Warriors) 4–0
Lost NBA Finals (Celtics) 4–2[47]
—
[48]

1968–69
NBA
—
—
Western
1st
55
27
.671
—
Won Division Semifinals (Warriors) 4–2
Won Division Finals (Hawks) 4–1
Lost NBA Finals (Celtics) 4–3[49]
Jerry West (FMVP)
[50]

1969–70
NBA
—
—
Western
2nd
46
36
.561
2
Won Division Semifinals (Suns) 4–3
Won Division Finals (Hawks) 4–0
Lost NBA Finals (Knicks) 4–3[51]
—
[52]

1970–71
NBA
Western
2nd
Pacific[f]
1st
48
34
.585
—
Won Conference Semifinals (Bulls) 4–3
Lost Conference Finals (Bucks) 4–1[53]
—
[54]

1971–72
NBA
Western
1st
Pacific
1st
69
13
.841
—
Won Conference Semifinals (Bulls) 4–0
Won Conference Finals (Bucks) 4–2
Won NBA Finals (Knicks) 4–1[55]
Wilt Chamberlain (FMVP)
Jerry West (ASG MVP)
Bill Sharman (COY)
[56]

1972–73
NBA
Western
2nd
Pacific
1st
60
22
.732
—
Won Conference Semifinals (Bulls) 4–3
Won Conference Finals (Warriors) 4–1
Lost NBA Finals (Knicks) 4–1[57]
—
[58]

1973–74
NBA
Western
2nd
Pacific
1st
47
35
.573
—
Lost Conference Semifinals (Bucks) 4–1[59]
—
[60]

1974–75
NBA
Western
9th
Pacific
5th
30
52
.366
18
—
—
[61]

1975–76
NBA
Western
6th
Pacific
4th
40
42
.488
19
—
Kareem Abdul-Jabbar (MVP)
[62]

1976–77
NBA
Western
1st
Pacific
1st
53
29
.646
—
Won Conference Semifinals (Warriors) 4–3
Lost Conference Finals (Trail Blazers) 4–0[63]
Kareem Abdul-Jabbar (MVP)
[64]

1977–78
NBA
Western
5th
Pacific
4th
45
37
.549
13
Lost First Round (SuperSonics) 2–1[65]
—
[66]

1978–79
NBA
Western
5th
Pacific
3rd
47
35
.573
5
Won First Round (Nuggets) 2–1
Lost Conference Semifinals (SuperSonics) 4–1[67]
—
[68]

1979–80
NBA
Western
1st
Pacific
1st
60
22
.732
—
Won Conference Semifinals (Suns) 4–1
Won Conference Finals (SuperSonics) 4–1
Won NBA Finals (76ers) 4–2[69]
Kareem Abdul-Jabbar (MVP)
Magic Johnson (FMVP)
[70]

1980–81
NBA
Western
3rd
Pacific
2nd
54
28
.659
3
Lost First Round (Rockets) 2–1[71]
—
[72]

1981–82
NBA
Western
1st
Pacific
1st
57
25
.695
—
Won Conference Semifinals (Suns) 4–0
Won Conference Finals (Spurs) 4–0
Won NBA Finals (76ers) 4–2[73]
Magic Johnson (FMVP)
[74]

1982–83
NBA
Western
1st
Pacific
1st
58
24
.707
—
Won Conference Semifinals (Trail Blazers) 4–1
Won Conference Finals (Spurs) 4–2
Lost NBA Finals (76ers) 4–0[75]
—
[76]

1983–84
NBA
Western
1st
Pacific
1st
54
28
.659
—
Won First Round (Kings) 3–0
Won Conference Semifinals (Mavericks) 4–1
Won Conference Finals (Suns) 4–2
Lost NBA Finals (Celtics) 4–3[77]
—
[78]

1984–85
NBA
Western
1st
Pacific
1st
62
20
.756
—
Won First Round (Suns) 3–0
Won Conference Semifinals (Trail Blazers) 4–1
Won Conference Finals (Nuggets) 4–1
Won NBA Finals (Celtics) 4–2[79]
Kareem Abdul-Jabbar (FMVP)
[80]

1985–86
NBA
Western
1st
Pacific
1st
62
20
.756
—
Won First Round (Spurs) 3–0
Won Conference Semifinals (Mavericks) 4–2
Lost Conference Finals (Rockets) 4–1[81]
Michael Cooper (JWKC)
[82]

1986–87
NBA
Western
1st
Pacific
1st
65
17
.793
—
Won First Round (Nuggets) 3–0
Won Conference Semifinals (Warriors) 4–1
Won Conference Finals (SuperSonics) 4–0
Won NBA Finals (Celtics) 4–2[83]
Magic Johnson (MVP, FMVP)
Michael Cooper (DPOY)
[84]

1987–88
NBA
Western
1st
Pacific
1st
62
20
.756
—
Won First Round (Spurs) 3–0
Won Conference Semifinals (Jazz) 4–3
Won Conference Finals (Mavericks) 4–3
Won NBA Finals (Pistons) 4–3[85]
James Worthy (FMVP)
[86]

1988–89
NBA
Western
1st
Pacific
1st
57
25
.695
—
Won First Round (Trail Blazers) 3–0
Won Conference Semifinals (SuperSonics) 4–0
Won Conference Finals (Suns) 4–0
Lost NBA Finals (Pistons) 4–0[87]
Magic Johnson (MVP)
[88]

1989–90
NBA
Western
1st
Pacific
1st
63
19
.768
—
Won First Round (Rockets) 3–1
Lost Conference Semifinals (Suns) 4–1[89]
Magic Johnson (MVP, ASG MVP)
Pat Riley (COY)
[90]

1990–91
NBA
Western
3rd
Pacific
2nd
58
24
.707
5
Won First Round (Rockets) 3–0
Won Conference Semifinals (Warriors) 4–1
Won Conference Finals (Trail Blazers) 4–2
Lost NBA Finals (Bulls) 4–1[91]
—
[92]

1991–92
NBA
Western
8th
Pacific
6th
43
39
.524
14
Lost First Round (Trail Blazers) 3–1[93]
Magic Johnson (ASG MVP, JWKC)
[94]

1992–93
NBA
Western
8th
Pacific
5th
39
43
.476
23
Lost First Round (Suns) 3–2[95]
—
[96]

1993–94
NBA
Western
9th
Pacific
5th
33
49
.402
30
—
—
[97]

1994–95
NBA
Western
5th
Pacific
3rd
48
34
.585
11
Won First Round (SuperSonics) 3–1
Lost Conference Semifinals (Spurs) 4–2[98]
Del Harris (COY)
Jerry West (EOY)
[99]

1995–96
NBA
Western
4th
Pacific
2nd
53
29
.646
11
Lost First Round (Rockets) 3–1[100]
—
[101]

1996–97
NBA
Western
4th
Pacific
2nd
56
26
.683
1
Won First Round (Trail Blazers) 3–1
Lost Conference Semifinals (Jazz) 4–1[102]
—
[103]

1997–98
NBA
Western
3rd
Pacific
2nd[g]
61
21
.744
—
Won First Round (Trail Blazers) 3–1
Won Conference Semifinals (SuperSonics) 4–1
Lost Conference Finals (Jazz) 4–0[105]
—
[106]

1998–99[h]
NBA
Western
4th
Pacific
2nd
31
19
.620
4
Won First Round (Rockets) 3–1
Lost Conference Semifinals (Spurs) 4–0[108]
—
[109]

1999–00
NBA
Western
1st
Pacific
1st
67
15
.817
—
Won First Round (Kings) 3–2
Won Conference Semifinals (Suns) 4–1
Won Conference Finals (Trail Blazers) 4–3
Won NBA Finals (Pacers) 4–2[110]
Shaquille O'Neal[i] (MVP, FMVP, ASG MVP)
[112]

2000–01
NBA
Western
2nd
Pacific
1st
56
26
.683
—
Won First Round (Trail Blazers) 3–0
Won Conference Semifinals (Kings) 4–0
Won Conference Finals (Spurs) 4–0
Won NBA Finals (76ers) 4–1[113]
Shaquille O'Neal (FMVP)
[114]

2001–02
NBA
Western
3rd
Pacific
2nd
58
24
.707
3
Won First Round (Trail Blazers) 3–0
Won Conference Semifinals (Spurs) 4–1
Won Conference Finals (Kings) 4–3
Won NBA Finals (Nets) 4–0[115]
Shaquille O'Neal (FMVP)
Kobe Bryant (ASG MVP)
[116]

2002–03
NBA
Western
5th
Pacific
2nd[j]
50
32
.610
9
Won First Round (Timberwolves) 4–2
Lost Conference Semifinals (Spurs) 4–2[118]
—
[119]

2003–04
NBA
Western
2nd
Pacific
1st
56
26
.683
—
Won First Round (Rockets) 4–1
Won Conference Semifinals (Spurs) 4–2
Won Conference Finals (Timberwolves) 4–2
Lost NBA Finals (Pistons) 4–1[120]
Shaquille O'Neal (ASG MVP)
[121]

2004–05
NBA
Western
11th
Pacific
4th[k]
34
48
.415
28
—
—
[123]

2005–06
NBA
Western
7th
Pacific
3rd
45
37
.549
9
Lost First Round (Suns) 4–3[124]
—
[125]

2006–07
NBA
Western
7th
Pacific
2nd[l]
42
40
.512
19
Lost First Round (Suns) 4–1[127]
Kobe Bryant (ASG MVP)
[128]

2007–08
NBA
Western
1st
Pacific
1st
57
25
.695
—
Won First Round (Nuggets) 4–0
Won Conference Semifinals (Jazz) 4–2
Won Conference Finals (Spurs) 4–1
Lost NBA Finals (Celtics) 4–2[129]
Kobe Bryant (MVP)
[130]

2008–09
NBA
Western
1st
Pacific
1st
65
17
.793
—
Won First Round (Jazz) 4–1
Won Conference Semifinals (Rockets) 4–3
Won Conference Finals (Nuggets) 4–2
Won NBA Finals (Magic) 4–1
Kobe Bryant[m] (FMVP, ASG MVP)
[131]

2009–10
NBA
Western
1st
Pacific
1st
57
25
.695
—
Won First Round (Thunder) 4–2
Won Conference Semifinals (Jazz) 4–0
Won Conference Finals (Suns) 4–2
Won NBA Finals (Celtics) 4–3
Kobe Bryant (FMVP)
[132]

2010–11
NBA
Western
2nd
Pacific
1st
57
25
.695
—
Won First Round (Hornets) 4–2
Lost Conference Semifinals (Mavericks) 4–0
Kobe Bryant (ASG MVP)
Lamar Odom (SMOY)
Ron Artest (JWKC)
[133]

2011–12[n]
NBA
Western
3rd
Pacific
1st
41
25
.621
—
Won First Round (Nuggets) 4–3
Lost Conference Semifinals (Thunder) 4–1
Pau Gasol (JWKC)
[136]

2012–13
NBA
Western
7th
Pacific
3rd
45
37
.549
11
Lost First Round (Spurs) 4–0
—
[137]

2013–14
NBA
Western
14th
Pacific
5th
27
55
.329
30
—
—
[138]

2014–15
NBA
Western
14th
Pacific
5th
21
61
.256
46
—
—

2015–16
NBA
Western
15th
Pacific
5th
17
65
.207
56
—
—

2016–17
NBA
Western
14th
Pacific
4th
26
56
.317
41
—
—

text: All-time records[edit]

text: Note: Statistics are correct as of the 2017 NBA Playoffs.

text:
Statistic
Wins
Losses
Win%

Minneapolis Lakers regular season record (1948–1960)
457
382
.545

Los Angeles Lakers regular season record (1960–present)
2756
1692
.625

All-time regular season record (1948–present)
3261
2190
.598

Minneapolis Lakers post-season record (1948–1960)
67
40
.626

Los Angeles Lakers post-season record (1960–present)
373
257
.592

All-time post-season record (1948–present)
440
297
.597

All-time regular and post-season record
3701
2487
.596

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ The formula is as followed:

G
a
m
e
s

b
e
h
i
n
d

=

(

T
e
a
m

A
′

s

w
i
n
s

−

T
e
a
m

B
′

s

w
i
n
s

)
+
(

T
e
a
m

B
′

s

l
o
s
s
e
s

−

T
e
a
m

A
′

s

l
o
s
s
e
s

)

2

{\displaystyle \mathrm {Games} \ \mathrm {behind} ={\frac {(\mathrm {TeamA's} \ \mathrm {wins} -\mathrm {TeamB's} \ \mathrm {wins} )+(\mathrm {TeamB's} \ \mathrm {losses} -\mathrm {TeamA's} \ \mathrm {losses} )}{\mathrm {2} }}}

Jump up ^ Though the Lakers had the same record as the Rochester Royals in the Central Division, the Lakers won the tiebreaker and finished first.[9]
Jump up ^ Though the Lakers had the same record as the St. Louis Hawks in the Western Division, the Lakers won the tiebreaker and finished second.[22]
Jump up ^ Though the Lakers had the same record as the St. Louis Hawks and Fort Wayne Pistons in the Western Division, the Lakers lost the tiebreaker and finished second.[25]
Jump up ^ The team relocated to Los Angeles, California.
Jump up ^ The Western Division was renamed to Western Conference and split into the Midwest and Pacific divisions.
Jump up ^ Though the Lakers had the same record as the Seattle SuperSonics in the Pacific Division, the Lakers lost the tiebreaker and finished second.[104]
Jump up ^ Due to a lockout, the season did not start until February 5, 1999, and all 29 teams played a shortened 50 game regular season schedule.[107]
Jump up ^ O'Neal shared the All-Star Game Most Valuable Player award with Tim Duncan of the San Antonio Spurs.[111]
Jump up ^ Though the Lakers had the same record as the Portland Trail Blazers in the Pacific Division, the Lakers won the tiebreaker and finished second.[117]
Jump up ^ Though the Lakers had the same record as the Golden State Warriors in the Pacific Division, the Lakers won the tiebreaker and finished fourth.[122]
Jump up ^ Though the Lakers had the same record as the Golden State Warriors in the Pacific Division, the Lakers won the tiebreaker and finished second.[126]
Jump up ^ Bryant shared the All-Star Game Most Valuable Player award with Shaquille O'Neal of the Phoenix Suns.[111]
Jump up ^ Due to a lockout, the season did not start until December 25, 2011 and all 30 teams played a shortened 66-game regular season schedule.[134][135]

tag: ol


document_title: List of Starship members

question_text: who are the members of the band starship

text: List of Starship members

text: Members[edit]

text: [19] [20] [21]

text: Current[edit]

text:
Image

Name

Years active

Instruments

Release contributions

Mickey Thomas

1984–19911992–present

lead vocalsrhythm guitar

all Starship releases

Darrell Verdusco

1993–present

drumsbacking vocals

Live at the Stanley Cup (1997)Greatest Hits (2003)Loveless Fascination (2013)

Phil Bennett

1995–present

keyboardsbacking vocals

Jeff Adams

2000–present

bassbacking vocals

Greatest Hits (2003)Loveless Fascination (2013)

Stephanie Calvert

2006–present

lead vocals

Loveless Fascination (2013)

John Roth

2012–present

lead guitarbacking vocals

text: Former[edit]

text:
Image

Name

Years active

Instruments

Release contributions

Craig Chaquico

1984–1990

guitar

Knee Deep in the Hoopla (1985)No Protection (1987)Love Among the Cannibals (1989)

Donny Baldwin

1984–1989

drumselectronic drumsbacking vocals

Grace Slick

1984–1988

lead vocals

Knee Deep in the Hoopla (1985)No Protection (1987)

Pete Sears

1984–1987

basssynthesizers

Knee Deep in the Hoopla (1985)

David Freiberg

1984

keyboardsbacking vocals

none

Brett Bloomfield

1987–19901993–1997

bassbacking vocals

Love Among the Cannibals (1989)Live at the Stanley Cup (1997)

Mark Morgan

1987–1990

keyboards

Love Among the Cannibals (1989)

Melisa Kary

1989–1990 (touring only)1992–2000

lead vocals

Live at the Stanley Cup (1997)

Christina Marie Saxton

1989–1990 (touring only)1996–2006

lead vocals

Kenny Stavropoulos

1990

drumsbacking vocals

none

Peter Wolf

1990–1991

keyboardselectronics

"Good Heart" (1991)

Jeff Tamelier

1992–1996

lead guitarbacking vocals

none

T. Moran

1992–1995

drums

John Lee Sanders

keyboardssaxophone

Bill Slais

saxophonekeyboards

Max Haskett

trumpet

Bobby Vega

1992–1993

bass

Eric Torjesen

1996–2000

lead guitar

Live at the Stanley Cup (1997)

John Garnache

1997–2000

bass

none

Mark Abrahamian

2000–2012(his death)

lead guitar

Greatest Hits (2003)

text: Lineups[edit]

text:
1984(Starship)

1984–1987

1987

1987–1988

Mickey Thomas – vocals
Grace Slick – vocals
Donny Baldwin – drums
Craig Chaquico – guitar
David Freiberg - keyboards, synthesizers, bass, vocals
Pete Sears – bass

Mickey Thomas – vocals
Grace Slick – vocals
Donny Baldwin – drums
Craig Chaquico – guitar
Pete Sears – bass
Touring personnel
Gabriel Katona - keyboards, saxophone

Mickey Thomas – vocals
Grace Slick – vocals
Donny Baldwin – drums
Craig Chaquico – guitar

Mickey Thomas – vocals
Grace Slick – vocals
Donny Baldwin – drums
Craig Chaquico – guitar
Touring personnel
Brett Bloomfield – bass
Mark Morgan – keyboards

1988–1989

1989–1990

1990-1991

1991–1992

Mickey Thomas – vocals
Donny Baldwin – drums
Craig Chaquico – guitar
Brett Bloomfield – bass
Mark Morgan – keyboards
Touring personnel
Melisa Kary - vocals (1989)
Christina Marie Saxton - vocals (1989)

Mickey Thomas – vocals
Craig Chaquico – guitar
Brett Bloomfield – bass
Mark Morgan – keyboards
Kenny Stavropoulos – drums
Touring personnel
Melisa Kary - vocals
Christina Marie Saxton - vocals

Mickey Thomas – vocals
Peter Wolf (producer) – keyboards, electronics
Studio musicians
Martin Page - background vocals (1991/Track: "Good Heart")
Peter Maunu - guitar (1991/Track: "Good Heart")

Inactive

1992–1993(Starship featuring Mickey Thomas)

1993–1995

1995–1996

1996–1997

Mickey Thomas – vocals
Max Haskett – trumpet
Melisa Kary – vocals
T. Moran – drums
John Lee Sanders – keyboards, saxophone
Bill Slais – saxophone, keyboards
Jeff Tamilier – guitar
Bobby Vega – bass

Mickey Thomas – vocals
Melisa Kary – vocals
T. Moran – drums
John Lee Sanders – keyboards, saxophone
Bill Slais – saxophone, keyboards
Jeff Tamilier – guitar
Brett Bloomfield – bass

Mickey Thomas – vocals
Jeff Tamilier – guitar
Brett Bloomfield – bass
Phil Bennett – keyboards
Melisa Kary – vocals
Darrell Verdusco – drums

Mickey Thomas – vocals
Brett Bloomfield – bass
Phil Bennett – keyboards
Melisa Kary – vocals
Christina Marie Saxton – vocals
Darrell Verdusco – drums
Erik Torjesen – guitar

1997–2000

2000–2006

2006–2012

2012–present

Mickey Thomas – vocals
Phil Bennett – keyboards
Melisa Kary – vocals
Christina Marie Saxton – vocals
Darrell Verdusco – drums
Erik Torjesen – guitar
John Garnache – bass

Mickey Thomas – vocals
Phil Bennett – keyboards
Christina Marie Saxton – vocals
Darrell Verdusco – drums
Mark Abrahamian – guitar
Jeff Adams – bass

Mickey Thomas – vocals
Phil Bennett – keyboards
Darrell Verdusco – drums
Mark Abrahamian – guitar
Jeff Adams – bass
Stephanie Calvert – vocals

Mickey Thomas – vocals
Phil Bennett – keyboards
Darrell Verdusco – drums
Jeff Adams – bass
Stephanie Calvert – vocals
John Roth – guitar

text: Timeline[edit]


document_title: Government of Canada

question_text: who has the power to make laws in canada

text: Government of Canada

text: Usage[edit]

text: In Canadian English, the word government is used to refer both to the whole set of institutions that govern the country (as in American usage, but where Britons would use state), and to the current political leadership (as in British usage, but where Americans would use administration).

text: In federal department press releases, the government has sometimes been referred to by the phrase [last name of prime minister] Government; this terminology has been commonly employed in the media. [10] In late 2010, an informal instruction from the Office of the Prime Minister urged government departments to consistently use in all department communications the term (at that time Harper Government) in place of Government of Canada.[11] The same cabinet earlier directed its press department to use the phrase Canada's New Government.[10]

text: Monarchy[edit]

text: As per the Constitution Acts of 1867 and 1982, Canada is a constitutional monarchy, wherein the role of the reigning sovereign is both legal and practical, but not political.[12] The Crown is regarded as a corporation sole, with the monarch, vested as she is with all powers of state,[13] at the centre of a construct in which the power of the whole is shared by multiple institutions of government acting under the sovereign's authority.[14][15][16] The executive is thus formally called the Queen-in-Council, the legislature the Queen-in-Parliament, and the courts as the Queen on the Bench.[7]

text: Royal Assent is required to enact laws and, as part of the Royal Prerogative, the royal sign-manual gives authority to letters patent and orders in council, though the authority for these acts stems from the Canadian populace and,[17][18] within the conventional stipulations of constitutional monarchy, the sovereign's direct participation in any of these areas of governance is limited.[19][20] The Royal Prerogative also includes summoning, proroguing, and dissolving parliament in order to call an election, and extends to foreign affairs: the negotiation and ratification of treaties, alliances, international agreements, and declarations of war;[21] the accreditation of Canadian, and receipt of foreign, diplomats; and the issuance of passports.[22]

text: The person who is monarch of Canada (currently Queen Elizabeth II) is also the monarch of 15 other countries in the Commonwealth of Nations, though, he or she reigns separately as King or Queen of Canada, an office that is "truly Canadian" and "totally independent from that of the Queen of the United Kingdom and the other Commonwealth realms".[23][24] On the advice of the Canadian Prime Minister, the sovereign appoints a federal viceregal representative—the Governor General of Canada (currently Julie Payette)—who, since 1947, is permitted to exercise almost all of the monarch's Royal Prerogative, though there are some duties which must be specifically performed by, or bills that require assent by, the king or queen.

text: Executive power[edit]

text: The government is defined by the constitution as the Queen acting on the advice of her privy council.[1][25][26][27] However, the Privy Council—consisting mostly of former members of parliament, chief justices of the supreme court, and other elder statesmen—rarely meets in full. As the stipulations of responsible government require that those who directly advise the monarch and governor general on how to exercise the Royal Prerogative be accountable to the elected House of Commons, the day-to-day operation of government is guided only by a sub-group of the Privy Council made up of individuals who hold seats in parliament.[27] This body of ministers of the Crown is the Cabinet.

text: One of the main duties of the Crown is to ensure that a democratic government is always in place,[28] which means appointing a prime minister (at present Justin Trudeau) to thereafter head the Cabinet.[29] Thus, the governor general must appoint as prime minister the person who holds the confidence of the House of Commons; in practice, this is typically the leader of the political party that holds more seats than any other party in that chamber, currently the Liberal Party. Should no party hold a majority in the commons, the leader of one party—either the one with the most seats or one supported by other parties—will be called by the governor general to form a minority government. Once sworn in by the viceroy, the prime minister holds office until he or she resigns or is removed by the governor general, after either a motion of no confidence or his party's defeat in a general election.

text: The monarch and governor general typically follow the near-binding advice of their ministers. It is important to note, however, that the Royal Prerogative belongs to the Crown and not to any of the ministers,[16][30] who rule "in trust" for the monarch and,[31] upon losing the confidence of the commons, must relinquish the Crown's power back to it,[32] whereupon a new government, which can hold the lower chamber's confidence, is installed by the governor general. The royal and viceroyal figures may unilaterally use these powers in exceptional constitutional crisis situations.[n 1] Politicians can sometimes try to use to their favour the complexity of the relationship between the monarch, viceroy, ministers, and parliament, and the public's general unfamiliarity with it.[n 2]

text: Legislative power[edit]

text: The Parliament of Canada, the bicameral national legislature located on Parliament Hill in the national capital of Ottawa, consists of the Queen (represented by the governor general), the appointed Senate (upper house), and the elected House of Commons (lower house).[33] The governor general summons and appoints each of the 105 senators on the advice of the prime minister,[34] while the 338 members of the House of Commons (Members of Parliament) are directly elected by eligible voters in the Canadian populace, with each member representing a single electoral district for a period mandated by law of not more than four years;[35] the constitution mandates a maximum of five years. Per democratic tradition, the House of Commons is the dominant branch of parliament; the Senate and Crown rarely oppose its will. The Senate, thus, reviews legislation from a less partisan standpoint.

text: The Constitution Act, 1867, outlines that the governor general is responsible for summoning parliament in the Queen's name. A parliamentary session lasts until a prorogation, after which, without ceremony, both chambers of the legislature cease all legislative business until the governor general issues another royal proclamation calling for a new session to begin. After a number of such sessions, each parliament comes to an end via dissolution. As a general election typically follows, the timing of a dissolution is usually politically motivated, with the prime minister selecting a moment most advantageous to his or her political party. The end of a parliament may also be necessary, however, if the majority of Members of Parliament revoke their confidence in the Prime Minister's ability to govern, or the legally mandated (as per the Canada Elections Act) four-year maximum is reached; no parliament has been allowed to expire in such a fashion.

text: Judicial power[edit]

text: The sovereign is responsible for rendering justice for all her subjects, and is thus traditionally deemed the fount of justice.[36] However, she does not personally rule in judicial cases; instead the judicial functions of the Royal Prerogative are performed in trust and in the Queen's name by officers of Her Majesty's courts.

text: The Supreme Court of Canada—the country's court of last resort—has nine justices appointed by the governor general on recommendation by the prime minister and led by the Chief Justice of Canada, and hears appeals from decisions rendered by the various appellate courts from the provinces and territories. Below this is the Federal Court, which hears cases arising under certain areas of federal law.[37] It works in conjunction with the Federal Court of Appeal and Tax Court of Canada.[38]

text: Federalism[edit]

text: The powers of the parliaments in Canada are limited by the constitution, which divides legislative abilities between the federal and provincial governments; in general, the legislatures of the provinces may only pass laws relating to topics explicitly reserved for them by the constitution, such as education, provincial officers, municipal government, charitable institutions, and "matters of a merely local or private nature,"[39] while any matter not under the exclusive authority of the provincial legislatures is within the scope of the federal parliament's power. Thus, the parliament at Ottawa alone can pass laws relating to, amongst other things, the postal service, the census, the military, criminal law, navigation and shipping, fishing, currency, banking, weights and measures, bankruptcy, copyrights, patents, First Nations, and naturalization.[40] In some cases, however, the jurisdictions of the federal and provincial parliaments may be more vague. For instance, the federal parliament regulates marriage and divorce in general, but the solemnization of marriage is regulated only by the provincial legislatures. Other examples include the powers of both the federal and provincial parliaments to impose taxes, borrow money, punish crimes, and regulate agriculture.

text: Public understanding[edit]

text: Polls have suggested Canadians generally do not have a solid understanding of civics,[41] which has been theorised to be a result of less attention being given to the subject in provincial education curricula, beginning in the 1960s.[42] By 2008, a poll showed only 24% of respondents could name the Queen as head of state;[43] Senator Lowell Murray wrote five years earlier: "The Crown has become irrelevant to most Canadian's understanding of our system of Government."[44] John Robson opined in 2015: "intellectually, voters and commentators succumb to the mistaken notion that we elect 'governments' of prime ministers and cabinets with untrammelled authority, that indeed ideal 'democracy' consists precisely in this kind of plebiscitary autocracy."[45] Politicians have, on occasion, taken advantage of such misunderstandings, as when then members of the Cabinet, headed by Stephen Harper, suggested in 2008 a change of government by way of a non-confidence vote by a coalition of opposition parties was undemocratic and tantamount to a coup d'état[46] and Harper in 2015 stated Canadian voters elect governments.[47]


document_title: Airbag

question_text: when was the first airbag installed in a car

question_tokens: when was the first airbag installed in a car

text: Airbag

text: Description[edit]

text: Modern vehicles may contain multiple airbag modules in various configurations including:

text:
Driver airbag module
Passenger airbag module
Side curtain airbag module
Seat-mounted side impact airbag module
Knee bolster airbag module
Inflatable seat-belt modules
Front Right Side Airbag Sensor
Front Left Side Airbag Sensor
Pedestrian airbag module

tag: ul

text: During a crash event, the vehicle's crash sensor(s) provide crucial information to the airbag electronic controller unit (ECU), including collision type, angle and severity of impact. Using this information, the airbag electronic controller unit's crash algorithm determines if the crash event meets the criteria for deployment and triggers various firing circuits to deploy one or more airbag modules within the vehicle. Working as a supplemental restraint system to the vehicle's seat-belt systems, airbag module deployments are triggered through a pyrotechnic process that is designed to be used once. Newer side-impact airbag modules consist of compressed air cylinders that are triggered in the event of a side on vehicle impact.[1]

text: The first commercial designs were introduced in passenger automobiles during the 1970s with limited success. Broad commercial adoption of airbags occurred in many markets during the late 1980s and early 1990s with a driver airbag, and a front passenger airbag as well on some cars; and many modern vehicles now include six or more units.[2][citation needed]

text: Terminology[edit]

text: Over time, various manufacturers have used different terms for airbags. In the 1970s, General Motors marketed its first airbag modules under the unwieldy name "Air Cushion Restraint System (ACRS)". Common terms in North America refer to a nominal role as a supplement to "active" restraints, i.e. seat belts. Because no action by a vehicle occupant is required to activate or use the airbag, it is considered a "passive" device. This is in contrast to seat belts, which are considered "active" devices because the vehicle occupant must act to enable them.[3][4][5][6][7]

text: This terminology is not related to active and passive safety, which are, respectively, systems designed to prevent accidents in the first place, and systems designed to minimize the effects of accidents once they occur. In this usage, a car Anti-lock Braking System (ABS) will qualify as an active-safety device, while both its seatbelts and airbags will qualify as passive-safety devices. Further terminological confusion can arise from the fact that passive devices and systems—those requiring no input or action by the vehicle occupant—can operate independently in an active manner; an airbag is one such device. Vehicle safety professionals are generally careful in their use of language to avoid this sort of confusion, though advertising principles sometimes prevent such semantic caution in the consumer marketing of safety features. Further confusing the terminology, the aviation safety community uses the terms "active" and "passive" in the opposite sense from the automotive industry.[8]

text: In patent applications, various airbag manufacturers sometimes use the catchall term 'inflatable occupant restraint systems' for vehicle airbags.

text: History[edit]

text: Origins[edit]

text: The airbag specified for automobile use traces its origins to air-filled bladders as early as 1951.[9][10]

text: The invention is credited independently to the American John W. Hetrick who in 1951 registered for the first airbag patent that was granted #2,649,311 by the United States Patent Office on 18 August 1953.[11][12] German engineer Walter Linderer who filed German patent #896,312 on 6 October 1951 was issued on 12 November 1953, approximately three months after American John Hetrick. Hetrick and Linderer's airbags were both based on a compressed air system, either released by spring, bumper contact or by the driver. Later research during the 1960s showed that compressed air could not inflate the mechanically based airbags fast enough for maximum safety, leading to the current chemical and electrically based airbags.[13][14]

text: Hetrick was an industrial engineer and member of the United States Navy. His airbag was designed based on his experiences with compressed air from torpedoes during his service in the Navy, combined with a desire to provide protection for his family in their automobile during accidents. Hetrick worked with the major American automobile corporations at the time, but they chose not to invest in it.[15][16] Although airbags are now required in every automobile sold in the United States, Hetrick's 1951 patent filing serves as an example of a "valuable" invention with little economic value to its inventor because its first commercial use did not occur until after the patent expired when in 1971, it was installed as an experiment in a few Ford cars.[17]

text: In Japan, Yasuzaburou Kobori (小堀保三郎) started developing an airbag "safety net" system in 1964, for which he was later awarded patents in 14 countries. He died in 1975 without seeing widespread adoption of airbag systems.[18][19][20]

text: In 1967, a breakthrough occurred in the development of airbag crash sensors, when Allen K. Breed invented a mechanically-based ball-in-tube component for crash detection, an electromechanical sensor with a steel ball attached to a tube by a magnet that would inflate an airbag in under 30 milliseconds.[21] A small explosion of sodium azide instead of compressed air was used for the first time during inflation.[14] Breed Corporation then marketed this innovation first to Chrysler. A similar "Auto-Ceptor" crash-restraint, developed by the Eaton, Yale & Towne company for Ford was soon offered as an automatic safety system in the United States,[22][23] while the Italian Eaton-Livia company offered a variant with localized[further explanation needed] air cushions.[24]

text: In the early 1970s, Ford and General Motors began offering cars equipped with airbags, initially in government fleet purchased Chevrolet automobiles. GM's Oldsmobile Toronado was the first domestic vehicle to include a passenger airbag.[25][when?][citation needed] The automaker discontinued the option for its 1977 model year, citing lack of consumer interest. Ford and GM then spent years lobbying against air-bag requirements, claiming that the devices were unfeasible and inappropriate. Chrysler made a driver-side airbag standard on 1988–1989 models, but it was not until the early 1990s that airbags became widespread in American cars.[26]

text: As a substitute to seat belts[edit]

text: Airbags for passenger cars were introduced in the United States in the mid-1970s, when seat belt usage rates in the country were quite low. Ford built an experimental fleet of cars with airbags in 1971, followed by General Motors in 1973 on Chevrolet vehicles. The early fleet of experimental GM vehicles equipped with airbags experienced seven fatalities, one of which was later suspected to have been caused by the airbag.[27]

text: In 1974, GM made its "Air Cushion Restraint System" (ACRS) available as a regular production option (RPO code AR3) in full-size Cadillacs,[28] Buick and Oldsmobile models. The GM cars from the 1970s equipped with ACRS had a driver-side airbag, a driver-side knee restraint[29] (which consists of a padded lower dashboard), and a passenger-side airbag. The passenger-side airbag protects both front passengers[29] and unlike most newer ones, it integrated a knee cushion and a torso cushion, and it also had dual stage deployment which varied depending on the force of the impact. The cars equipped with ACRS had lap belts for all seating positions but they did not have shoulder belts. Shoulder belts were already mandatory equipment in the United States on closed cars without airbags for the driver and outer front passenger seating positions, but GM chose to market its airbags as a substitute for shoulder belts. Prices for this option on Cadillac models were USD$225 in 1974, USD$300 in 1975, and USD$340 in 1976.

text: The early development of airbags coincided with an international interest in automobile safety legislation. Some safety experts advocated a performance-based occupant protection standard rather than a standard mandating a particular technical solution, which could rapidly become outdated and might not be a cost-effective approach. Nevertheless, as countries successively mandated seat belt restraints, there was less emphasis placed on other designs for several decades.[24]

text: As a supplemental restraint system (SRS)[edit]

text: Frontal airbag[edit]

text: The auto industry and research and regulatory communities have moved away from their initial view of the airbag as a seat belt replacement, and the bags are now nominally designated as Supplemental Restraint System (SRS) or Supplemental Inflatable Restraints.

text: In 1981, Mercedes-Benz introduced the airbag in West Germany as an option on its flagship saloon model, S-Class (W126). In the Mercedes system, the sensors would automatically pre-tension the seat belts to reduce occupant's motion on impact (now a common feature), and then deploy the airbag on impact. This integrated the seat belts and airbag into a restraint system, rather than the airbag being considered an alternative to the seat belt.

text: In 1987, the Porsche 944 Turbo became the first car to have driver and passenger airbags as standard equipment. The less powerful Porsche 944 and 944S had this as an available option. The same year also saw the first airbag in a Japanese car, the Honda Legend.[30]

text: In 1988, Chrysler was the first United States company to install standard driver's side air bags.[31] They came in six lines of its high volume production passenger cars.[32] The following year, Chrysler became the first United States auto manufacturer to install driver-side air bags in all its domestic-built automobiles.[33] All versions of the Chrysler minivans came with airbags starting January 1991.[31] In 1992, the Jeep Grand Cherokee became the first SUV with airbags in the market place.[34] Driver and passenger air bags became standard equipment in all Dodge Intrepid, Eagle Vision, and Chrysler Concorde sedans ahead of any regulations.[35] Early 1993 saw the 4-millionth air bag-equipped Chrysler vehicle roll off the assembly line.[36] In October 1993, the Dodge Ram became the first pickup truck with airbags.[37]

text: The first known accident between two airbag-equipped automobiles took place in 1990 in Virginia, USA. A 1989 Chrysler LeBaron crossed the center line and hit another 1989 Chrysler LeBaron in a head-on collision, causing both driver airbags to deploy. The drivers suffered only minor injuries despite extensive damage to the vehicles.[38][39][40]

text: The United States Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 required passenger cars and light trucks built after 1 September 1998 to have air bags for the driver and the right front passenger.[41][42] In the United States, NHTSA estimated that air bags had saved over 4,600 lives by 1 September 1999; however, the crash deployment experience of the early 1990s installations indicated that some fatalities and serious injuries were in fact caused by air bags.[41] In 1998, NHTSA initiated new rules for advanced air bags that gave automakers more flexibility in devising effective technological solutions. The revised rules also required improved protection for occupants of different sizes regardless of whether they use seat belts, while minimizing the risk to infants, children, and other occupants caused by air bags.[41]

text: In Europe, airbags were almost entirely absent from mainstream cars until the early 1990s. By 1991, four manufacturers - BMW, Honda, Mercedes-Benz and Volvo - offered the air bag on some of their higher-end models, but shortly afterwards, airbags became a common feature on more mainstream cars.

text: The first European Ford to feature an airbag was the facelifted Escort Mark V in 1992; within a year, the entire Ford range had at least one airbag as standard. By the mid-1990s, European market leaders such as Vauxhall/Opel, Rover, PSA Peugeot Citroën, Renault and Fiat had included airbags as at least optional equipment across their model ranges. By 1999, it was very rare to find a new mass market car without at least one airbag, and some late 1990s products, such as the Volkswagen Golf Mk4, also featured side airbags. The Peugeot 306 is one example of the European automotive mass-market evolution: starting in early 1993, most of these models did not even offer a driver's airbag as an option, but by 1999, even side airbags were available on several variants. On the other hand, Audi was late to offer airbag systems on a broader scale, since even in the 1994 model year its popular models did not offer airbags. Instead, the German automaker until then relied solely on its proprietary cable-based procon-ten restraint system.

text: From around the year 2000, side-impact airbags became commonplace on even low- to mid-range vehicles, such as the smaller-engined versions of the Ford Fiesta and Peugeot 206, and curtain airbags were also becoming regular features on mass-market cars. The Toyota Avensis, launched in 2003, was the first mass-market car to be sold in Europe with nine airbags.

text: Variable force deployment front airbags were developed to help minimize injury from the airbag itself.

text: Shaped airbags[edit]

text: The Citroën C4 provided the first "shaped" driver airbag, made possible by this car's unusual fixed hub steering wheel.[43]

text: Side airbag[edit]

text: There are essentially two types of side airbags commonly used today: the side torso airbag and the side curtain airbag.

text: Most vehicles equipped with side curtain airbags also include side torso airbags. However, some, such as the Chevrolet Cobalt,[44] 2007-09 model Chevrolet Silverado/GMC Sierra, and 2009-12 Dodge Ram[45] do not feature the side torso airbag.

text: Side torso airbag[edit]

text: Side-impact airbags or side torso airbags (side thorax/abdomen airbags) are a category of airbag usually located in the seat[46] or door panel,[47] and inflate between the seat occupant and the door. These airbags are designed to reduce the risk of injury to the pelvic and lower abdomen regions.[48] Most vehicles are now being equipped with different types of designs, to help reduce injury and ejection from the vehicle in rollover crashes. More recent side airbag designs[49] include a two chamber system;[50] a firmer lower chamber for the pelvic region and softer upper chamber for the ribcage.[51][52]

text: The Swedish company Autoliv AB, was granted a patent on side impact airbags, and they were first offered as an option in 1994[53] on the 1995 model year Volvo 850, and as standard equipment on all Volvo cars made after 1995.[53]

text: Some cars, such as the 2010 Volkswagen Polo Mk.5 have combined head and torso side airbags. These are fitted in the backrest of the front seats, and protect the head as well as the torso.

text: Side tubular or curtain airbag[edit]

text: In 1997, the BMW 7 Series and smaller 5 Series were fitted with a tubular shaped head side airbags (Inflatable Tubular Structure (ITS)),[54] the "Head Protection System (HPS)" as standard equipment.[55] This airbag was designed to offer head protection in side impact collisions and also maintained inflation for up to seven seconds for rollover protection. However, this tubular shaped airbag design has been quickly replaced by an inflatable 'curtain' airbag.

text: In May 1998, Toyota began offering a side curtain airbag deploying from the roof on the Progrés.[56] In 1998 the Volvo S80 was given roof-mounted curtain airbags to protect both front and rear passengers.[57] Curtain airbags were then made standard equipment on all new Volvo cars from 2000 except for the first generation C70 which received an enlarged side torso airbag that also protects the head of front seat occupants.[53] The second generation C70 convertible received the world's first door-mounted side-curtain airbags that deployed upwards.

text: Roll-sensing side curtain airbags found on vehicles more prone to rollovers such as SUVs and pickups will deploy when a rollover is detected instead of just when an actual collision takes place. Often there is a switch to disable the feature in case the driver wants to take the vehicle offroad.

text: Curtain airbags have been said to reduce brain injury or fatalities by up to 45% in a side impact with an SUV. These airbags come in various forms (e.g., tubular, curtain, door-mounted) depending on the needs of the application.[58] Many recent SUVs and MPVs have a long inflatable curtain airbag that protects all 3 rows of seats.

text: Knee airbag[edit]

text: The second driver's side and separate knee airbag was used in the Kia Sportage (a Korean SUV launched in 1995) and has been standard equipment since then. The airbag is located beneath the steering wheel.[59][60]

text: The Toyota Caldina introduced the first Driver-side SRS knee airbag on the Japanese market in 2002.[61] Toyota Avensis became the first vehicle sold in Europe equipped with a driver's knee airbag.[62][63] The EuroNCAP reported on the 2003 Avensis, "There has been much effort to protect the driver's knees and legs and a knee airbag worked well."[64] Since then certain models have also included front passenger knee airbags, which deploy near or over the glove compartment in a crash. Knee airbags are designed to reduce leg injury. The knee airbag has become increasingly common from 2000.

text: Rear curtain airbag[edit]

text: In 2008, the new Toyota iQ microcar featured the first production rear curtain shield airbag to protect the rear occupants' heads in the event of a rear end impact.[65]

text: Seat cushion airbag[edit]

text: Another feature of the Toyota iQ was a seat cushion airbag in the passenger seat. This is to prevent the pelvis from diving below the lap belt during a frontal impact or submarining.[66] Later Toyota models such as the Yaris added the feature to the driver's seat as well.

text: Center airbag[edit]

text: In 2009, Toyota developed the first production rear-seat center airbag designed to reduce the severity of secondary injuries to rear passengers in a side collision. This system deploys from the rear center seat first appearing in on the redesigned Crown Majesta.[67] In late 2012 General Motors with supplier Takata introduced a front center airbag, it deploys from the driver's seat.[68]

text: The 2013 GM Traverse, Acadia, and Enclave will be the first vehicles to use a center airbag for center passengers in the front row.

text: Seat belt airbag[edit]

text: The seat belt airbag is designed to better distribute the forces experienced by a buckled person in a crash by means of increased seat belt area. This is done to reduce possible injuries to the rib cage or chest of the belt wearer.

text:
2009: Mercedes ESF 2009 Experimental Safety Vehicle had seat belt airbags
2010: Lexus LFA[69] had seat belt airbags for driver and passenger[70]
2011: Ford Explorer[71] and 2013 Ford Flex: optional rear seat belt airbags; standard on the 2013 Lincoln MKT
2013: Mercedes-Benz S-Class (W222) has rear seat beltbags[72]
2014: Ford Mondeo Mk V[73] has optional rear seat belt airbags for the two outer seats[74]

text: Cessna Aircraft[75] also introduced seat belt airbags.[76] They are as of 2003[76] standard on the 172, 182, and 206.

text: Pedestrian airbag[edit]

text: Airbag(s) mounted to the exterior of vehicles, so called pedestrian airbags, are designed to reduce injuries in the event of a vehicle to pedestrian collision.[77] When a collision is detected the airbag will deploy and cover hard areas, such as a-pillars[78] and bonnet edges, before they can be struck by the pedestrian.[79] When introduced in 2012 the Volvo V40 included the world's first pedestrian airbag as standard.[80] As a result, the V40 ranked highest (88%) in the EuroNCAP's pedestrian tests.[81] The 2014 Land Rover Discovery was fitted with a pedestrian airbag as well.[78][82]

text: Manufactures[edit]

text: SRS airbag suppliers include Autoliv, Daicel, Takata , TRW and KSS, formerly Breed, one of the pioneers in the field.

text: On motorcycles[edit]

text: Various types of airbags were tested on motorcycles by the UK Transport Research Laboratory in the mid-1970s. In 2006 Honda introduced the first production motorcycle airbag safety system on its Gold Wing motorcycle. Honda claims that sensors in the front forks can detect a severe frontal collision and decide when to deploy the airbag, absorbing some of the forward energy of the rider and reducing the velocity at which the rider may be thrown from the motorcycle.[83]

text: Airbag suits have also been developed for use by Motorcycle Grand Prix riders. In their earlier form, they were connected to the motorcycle by a cable and deployed when the cable became detached from its mounting clip, inflating to protect the back of the rider. The French manufacturer Helite specializes exclusively in developing airbag jackets for motorcyclists, snowmobile riders and horseback riders.[84] Further developments were conducted by Dainese and led to an autonomous system on board the leathers, without a cable connected to the bike. Instead, an electronic system detects a fall and triggers the inflation of the nitrogen airbags to protect the rider's upper body.[85][86]

text: Operation[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The airbags in the vehicle are controlled by a central Airbag control unit[87] (ACU), a specific type of ECU. The ACU monitors a number of related sensors within the vehicle, including accelerometers, impact sensors, side (door) pressure sensors,[88][89] wheel speed sensors, gyroscopes, brake pressure sensors, and seat occupancy sensors. The bag itself and its inflation mechanism is concealed within the steering wheel boss (for the driver), or the dashboard (for the front passenger), behind plastic flaps or doors which are designed to "tear open" under the force of the bag inflating. Once the requisite 'threshold' has been reached or exceeded, the airbag control unit will trigger the ignition of a gas generator propellant to rapidly inflate a fabric bag. As the vehicle occupant collides with and squeezes the bag, the gas escapes in a controlled manner through small vent holes. The airbag's volume and the size of the vents in the bag are tailored to each vehicle type, to spread out the deceleration of (and thus force experienced by) the occupant over time and over the occupant's body, compared to a seat belt alone.

text: The signals from the various sensors are fed into the Airbag control unit, which determines from them the angle of impact, the severity, or force of the crash, along with other variables. Depending on the result of these calculations, the ACU may also deploy various additional restraint devices, such as seat belt pre-tensioners, and/or airbags (including frontal bags for driver and front passenger, along with seat-mounted side bags, and "curtain" airbags which cover the side glass). Each restraint device is typically activated with one or more pyrotechnic devices, commonly called an initiator or electric match. The electric match, which consists of an electrical conductor wrapped in a combustible material, activates with a current pulse between 1 and 3 amperes in less than 2 milliseconds. When the conductor becomes hot enough, it ignites the combustible material, which initiates the gas generator. In a seat belt pre-tensioner, this hot gas is used to drive a piston that pulls the slack out of the seat belt. In an airbag, the initiator is used to ignite solid propellant inside the airbag inflator. The burning propellant generates inert gas which rapidly inflates the airbag in approximately 20 to 30 milliseconds. An airbag must inflate quickly in order to be fully inflated by the time the forward-traveling occupant reaches its outer surface. Typically, the decision to deploy an airbag in a frontal crash is made within 15 to 30 milliseconds after the onset of the crash, and both the driver and passenger airbags are fully inflated within approximately 60-80 milliseconds after the first moment of vehicle contact. If an airbag deploys too late or too slowly, the risk of occupant injury from contact with the inflating airbag may increase. Since more distance typically exists between the passenger and the instrument panel, the passenger airbag is larger and requires more gas to fill it.

text: Older airbag systems contained a mixture of sodium azide (NaN3), KNO3, and SiO2. A typical driver-side airbag contains approximately 50-80 g of NaN3, with the larger passenger-side airbag containing about 250 g. Within about 40 milliseconds of impact, all these components react in three separate reactions that produce nitrogen gas. The reactions, in order, are as follows.

text: (1) 2 NaN3 → 2 Na + 3 N2 (g)

text: (2) 10 Na + 2 KNO3 → K2O + 5 Na2O + N2 (g)

text: (3) K2O + Na2O + 2 SiO2 → K2SiO3 + Na2SiO3 (silicate glass)

text: The first reaction is the decomposition of NaN3 under high temperature conditions using an electric impulse. This impulse generates to 300 °C temperatures required for the decomposition of the NaN3 which produces Na metal and N2 gas. Since Na metal is highly reactive, the KNO3 and SiO2 react and remove it, in turn producing more N2 gas. The second reaction shows just that. The reason that KNO3 is used rather than something like NaNO3 is because it is less hygroscopic. It is very important that the materials used in this reaction are not hygroscopic because absorbed moisture can de-sensitize the system and cause the reaction to fail. The final reaction is used to eliminate the K2O and Na2O produced in the previous reactions because the first-period metal oxides are highly reactive. These products react with SiO2 to produce a silicate glass which is a harmless and stable compound.

text: According to a patent,[90] the particle size of the sodium azide, potassium nitrate, and silicon dioxide are important. The NaN3 and KNO3 must be between 10 and 20 µm, while the SiO2 must be between 5 and 10 µm.

text: There are ongoing efforts to find alternative compounds that can be used in airbags which have less toxic byproducts.[91] In a journal article by Akiyoshi et. Al., it was found that for the reaction of the Sr complex nitrate, (Sr(NH2NHCONHNH2)∙(NO3)2 of carbohydrazide (SrCDH) with various oxidizing agents resulted in the evolution of N2 and CO2 gases. Using KBrO3 as the oxidizing agent resulted in the most vigorous reaction as well as the lowest initial temperature of reaction. The N2 and CO2 gases evolved made up 99% of all gases evolved. Nearly all the starting materials won’t decompose until reaching temperatures of 500 °C or higher so this could be a viable option as an air bag gas generator. In a patent containing another plausible alternative to NaN3 driven airbags, the gas generating materials involved the use of guanidine nitrate, 5-aminotetrazole, bitetrazole dehydrate, nitroimidazole, and basic copper nitrate. It was found that these non-azide reagents allowed for a less toxic, lower combustion temperature reaction and more easily disposable air bag inflation system.[citation needed]

text: Front airbags normally do not protect the occupants during side, rear, or rollover accidents.[92] Since airbags deploy only once and deflate quickly after the initial impact, they will not be beneficial during a subsequent collision. Safety belts help reduce the risk of injury in many types of crashes. They help to properly position occupants to maximize the airbag's benefits and they help restrain occupants during the initial and any following collisions.

text: In vehicles equipped with a rollover sensing system, accelerometers and gyroscopes are used to sense the onset of a rollover event. If a rollover event is determined to be imminent, side-curtain airbags are deployed to help protect the occupant from contact with the side of the vehicle interior, and also to help prevent occupant ejection as the vehicle rolls over.

text: Triggering conditions[edit]

text: Airbags are designed to deploy in frontal and near-frontal collisions more severe than a threshold defined by the regulations governing vehicle construction in whatever particular market the vehicle is intended for: United States regulations require deployment in crashes at least equivalent in deceleration to a 23 km/h (14 mph) barrier collision, or similarly, striking a parked car of similar size across the full front of each vehicle at about twice the speed.[93] International regulations are performance based, rather than technology-based, so airbag deployment threshold is a function of overall vehicle design.

text: Unlike crash tests into barriers, real-world crashes typically occur at angles other than directly into the front of the vehicle, and the crash forces usually are not evenly distributed across the front of the vehicle. Consequently, the relative speed between a striking and struck vehicle required to deploy the airbag in a real-world crash can be much higher than an equivalent barrier crash. Because airbag sensors measure deceleration, vehicle speed is not a good indicator of whether an airbag should have deployed. Airbags can deploy due to the vehicle's undercarriage striking a low object protruding above the roadway due to the resulting deceleration.

text: The airbag sensor is a MEMS accelerometer, which is a small integrated circuit with integrated micro mechanical elements. The microscopic mechanical element moves in response to rapid deceleration, and this motion causes a change in capacitance, which is detected by the electronics on the chip that then sends a signal to fire the airbag. The most common MEMS accelerometer in use is the ADXL-50 by Analog Devices, but there are other MEMS manufacturers as well.

text: Initial attempts using mercury switches did not work well. Before MEMS, the primary system used to deploy airbags was called a "rolamite". A rolamite is a mechanical device, consisting of a roller suspended within a tensioned band. As a result of the particular geometry and material properties used, the roller is free to translate with little friction or hysteresis. This device was developed at Sandia National Laboratories. The rolamite, and similar macro-mechanical devices were used in airbags until the mid-1990s when they were universally replaced with MEMS.

text: Nearly all airbags are designed to automatically deploy in the event of a vehicle fire when temperatures reach 150-200 °C (300-400 °F).[94] This safety feature, often termed auto-ignition, helps to ensure that such temperatures do not cause an explosion of the entire airbag module.

text: Today, airbag triggering algorithms are becoming much more complex. They try to reduce unnecessary deployments and to adapt the deployment speed to the crash conditions. The algorithms are considered valuable intellectual property. Experimental algorithms may take into account such factors as the weight of the occupant, the seat location, seatbelt use, and even attempt to determine if a baby seat is present.

text: Inflation[edit]

text: This section relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources. (May 2016)

text: When the frontal airbags are to deploy, a signal is sent to the inflator unit within the airbag control unit. An igniter starts a rapid chemical reaction generating primarily nitrogen gas (N2) to fill the airbag making it deploy through the module cover. Some airbag technologies use compressed nitrogen or argon gas with a pyrotechnic operated valve ("hybrid gas generator"), while other technologies use various energetic propellants. Although propellants containing the highly toxic sodium azide (NaN3) were common in early inflator designs, little to no toxic sodium azide has been found on used airbags.

text: The azide-containing pyrotechnic gas generators contain a substantial amount of the propellant. The driver-side airbag would contain a canister containing about 50 grams of sodium azide. The passenger side container holds about 200 grams of sodium azide.[95][better source needed]

text: The alternative propellants may incorporate, for example, a combination of nitroguanidine, phase-stabilized ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) or other nonmetallic oxidizer, and a nitrogen-rich fuel different from azide (e.g. tetrazoles, triazoles, and their salts). The burn rate modifiers in the mixture may be an alkaline metal nitrate (NO3-) or nitrite (NO2-), dicyanamide or its salts, sodium borohydride (NaBH4), etc. The coolants and slag formers may be e.g. clay, silica, alumina, glass, etc.[96][non-primary source needed][original research?] Other alternatives are e.g. nitrocellulose based propellants (which have high gas yield but bad storage stability, and their oxygen balance requires secondary oxidation of the reaction products to avoid buildup of carbon monoxide), or high-oxygen nitrogen-free organic compounds with inorganic oxidizers (e.g., di or tricarboxylic acids with chlorates (ClO3-) or perchlorates (ClO4-) and eventually metallic oxides; the nitrogen-free formulation avoids formation of toxic nitrogen oxides).

text: From the onset of the crash, the entire deployment and inflation process is about 0.04 seconds. Because vehicles change speed so quickly in a crash, airbags must inflate rapidly to reduce the risk of the occupant hitting the vehicle's interior.

text: Variable-force deployment[edit]

text: Advanced airbag technologies are being developed to tailor airbag deployment to the severity of the crash, the size and posture of the vehicle occupant, belt usage, and how close that person is to the actual airbag. Many of these systems use multi-stage inflators that deploy less forcefully in stages in moderate crashes than in very severe crashes. Occupant sensing devices let the airbag control unit know if someone is occupying a seat adjacent to an airbag, the mass/weight of the person, whether a seat belt or child restraint is being used, and whether the person is forward in the seat and close to the airbag. Based on this information and crash severity information, the airbag is deployed at either at a high force level, a less forceful level, or not at all.

text: Adaptive airbag systems may utilize multi-stage airbags to adjust the pressure within the airbag. The greater the pressure within the airbag, the more force the airbag will exert on the occupants as they come in contact with it. These adjustments allow the system to deploy the airbag with a moderate force for most collisions; reserving the maximum force airbag only for the severest of collisions. Additional sensors to determine the location, weight or relative size of the occupants may also be used. Information regarding the occupants and the severity of the crash are used by the airbag control unit, to determine whether airbags should be suppressed or deployed, and if so, at various output levels.

text: Post-deployment[edit]

text: A chemical reaction produces a burst of nitrogen to inflate the bag. Once an airbag deploys, deflation begins immediately as the gas escapes through vent(s) in the fabric (or, as it's sometimes called, the cushion) and cools. Deployment is frequently accompanied by the release of dust-like particles, and gases in the vehicle's interior (called effluent). Most of this dust consists of cornstarch, french chalk, or talcum powder, which are used to lubricate the airbag during deployment.

text: Newer designs produce effluent primarily consisting of harmless talcum powder/cornstarch and nitrogen gas. In older designs using an azide-based propellant (usually NaN3), varying amounts of sodium hydroxide nearly always are initially present. In small amounts this chemical can cause minor irritation to the eyes and/or open wounds; however, with exposure to air, it quickly turns into sodium bicarbonate (baking soda). However, this transformation is not 100% complete, and invariably leaves residual amounts of hydroxide ion from NaOH. Depending on the type of airbag system, potassium chloride may also be present.

text: For most people, the only effect the dust may produce is some minor irritation of the throat and eyes. Generally, minor irritations only occur when the occupant remains in the vehicle for many minutes with the windows closed and no ventilation. However, some people with asthma may develop a potentially lethal asthmatic attack from inhaling the dust.

text: Because of the airbag exit flap design of the steering wheel boss and dashboard panel, these items are not designed to be recoverable if an airbag deploys, meaning that they have to be replaced if the vehicle has not been written off in an accident. Moreover, the dust-like particles and gases can cause irreparable cosmetic damage to the dashboard and upholstery, meaning that minor collisions which result in the deployment of airbags can be costly accidents, even if there are no injuries and there is only minor damage to the vehicle structure.

text: Regulatory specifications[edit]

text: United States[edit]

text: On 11 July 1984, the United States government amended Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard 208 (FMVSS 208) to require cars produced after 1 April 1989 to be equipped with a passive restraint for the driver. An airbag or a seat belt would meet the requirements of the standard. Airbag introduction was stimulated by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.[97] However, airbags were not mandatory on light trucks until 1997.[98]

text: In 1998, FMVSS 208 was amended to require dual front airbags, and reduced-power, second-generation airbags were also mandated. This was due to the injuries caused by first-generation airbags, though FMVSS 208 continues to require that bags be engineered and calibrated to be able to "save" the life of an unbelted 50th-percentile size and weight "male" crash test dummy. Technical performance and validation requirements for the inflator assembly used in airbag modules are specified in SAE USCAR 24-2.[99]

text: Outside the United States[edit]

text: Some countries outside North America adhere to internationalized European ECE vehicle and equipment regulations rather than the United States Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards. ECE airbags are generally smaller and inflate less forcefully than United States airbags, because the ECE specifications are based on belted crash test dummies. In the United Kingdom, and most other developed countries there is no direct legal requirement for new cars to feature airbags. Instead, the Euro NCAP vehicle safety rating encourages manufacturers to take a comprehensive approach to occupant safety; a good rating can only be achieved by combining airbags with other safety features.[100] Thus almost all new cars now come with at least two airbags as standard.

text: Maintenance[edit]

text: The examples and perspective in this section may not represent a worldwide view of the subject. You may improve this article, discuss the issue on the talk page, or create a new article, as appropriate. (September 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Inadvertent airbag deployment while the vehicle is being serviced can result in severe injury, and an improperly installed or defective airbag unit may not operate or perform as intended. Some countries impose restrictions on the sale, transport, handling, and service of airbags and system components. In Germany, airbags are regulated as harmful explosives; only mechanics with special training are allowed to service airbag systems.

text: Some automakers (such as Mercedes-Benz) call for the replacement of undeployed airbags after a certain period of time to ensure their reliability in an accident. One example is the 1992 S500, which has an expiry date sticker attached to the door pillar. Some Škoda vehicles indicate an expiry date of 14 years from the date of manufacture. In this case, replacement would be uneconomic as the car would have negligible value at 14 years old, far less than the cost of fitting new airbags. Volvo, on the other hand, has stated "airbags do not require replacement during the lifetime of the vehicle," though this cannot be taken as a guarantee on the device.[101]

text: Limitations[edit]

text: Although the millions of installed airbags in use have an excellent safety record, there are some limitations on their ability to protect car occupants.

text: The original implementation of front airbags did little to protect against side collisions, which can be more dangerous than frontal collisions because the protective crumple zone in front of the passenger compartment is completely bypassed. Side airbags and protective airbag curtains are increasingly being required in modern vehicles to protect against this very common category of collisions.

text: Airbags are designed to deploy once only, and are ineffective if there are any further collisions after an initial impact. Multiple impacts may occur during certain rollover accidents or other incidents involving multiple collisions, such as many multi-vehicle collisions.[102]

text: An extremely dangerous situation occurs during "underride collisions", in which a passenger vehicle collides with the rear of a tractor-trailer lacking a rear underride guard, or hits the side of such a trailer not equipped with a side underride guard.[103] The platform bed of a typical trailer is approximately at the head height of a seated adult occupant of a typical passenger car. This means that there may not be much between a head and the edge of the trailer platform, except a glass windshield.[104] In an underride collision, the car's crush zones designed to absorb collision energy are completely bypassed, and the airbags may not deploy in time because the car does not decelerate appreciably until the windshield and roof pillars have already impacted the trailer bed.[102] Even delayed inflation of airbags may be useless because of major intrusion into the passenger space, leaving occupants at high risk of major head trauma or decapitation in even low speed collisions. Western European standards for underride guards have been stricter than North American standards, which typically have allowed grandfathering of older equipment that may still be on the road for decades.[103][105]

text: Typical airbag systems are completely disabled by turning off the ignition key. Unexpected turnoffs usually also disable the engine, power steering, and power brakes, and may be the direct cause of an accident. If a violent collision occurs, the disabled airbags will not deploy to protect vehicle occupants. In 2014, General Motors admitted to concealing information about fatal accidents caused by defective ignition switches which would abruptly shut down a car (including its airbags). Between 13 and 74 deaths have been directly attributed to this defect, depending on how the fatalities are classified.[106]

text: Injuries and fatalities[edit]

text: Under some rare conditions, airbags can injure and in some very rare instances kill vehicle occupants. To provide crash protection for occupants not wearing seat belts, United States airbag designs trigger much more forcefully than airbags designed to the international ECE standards used in most other countries. Recent "smart" airbag controllers can recognize if a seatbelt is used, and alter the airbag cushion deployment parameters accordingly.[107]

text: In 1990, the first automotive fatality attributed to an airbag was reported.[108] TRW produced the first gas-inflated airbag in 1994, with sensors and low-inflation-force bags becoming common soon afterwards. Dual-depth (also known as dual-stage) airbags appeared on passenger cars in 1998. By 2005, deaths related to airbags had declined, with no adult deaths and two child deaths attributed to airbags that year. However, injuries remain fairly common in accidents with an airbag deployment.

text: Serious injuries are less common, but severe or fatal injuries can occur to vehicle occupants very near an airbag or in direct contact when it deploys. Such injuries may be sustained by unconscious drivers slumped over the steering wheel, unrestrained or improperly restrained occupants who slide forward in the seat during pre-crash braking, and properly belted drivers sitting very close to the steering wheel. A good reason for the driver not to cross hands over the steering wheel, a rule taught to most learner drivers but quickly forgotten by most, is that an airbag deployment while negotiating a turn may result in the driver's hand(s) being driven forcefully into his or her face, exacerbating any injuries from the airbag alone.

text: Improvements in sensing and gas generator technology have allowed the development of third generation airbag systems that can adjust their deployment parameters to size, weight, position and restraint status of the occupant. These improvements have demonstrated a reduced injury risk factor for small adults and children, who had an increased risk of injury with first generation airbag systems.[109]

text: One model of airbags made by the Takata Corporation used ammonium nitrate-based gas generating compositions in airbag inflators instead of the more stable, but more expensive compound Tetrazole. The ammonium nitrate-based inflators have a flaw where old inflators with long-term exposure to hot and humid climate conditions could rupture during deployment, projecting metal shards though the airbag and into the driver.[110] The defect caused seven deaths and over 100 injuries in the U.S., and one death in Malaysia.[111] The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration recalled over 33 million vehicles in May 2015,[112] and fined Takata $70 million in November 2015.[113] Toyota, Mazda and Honda have said that they will not use ammonium nitrate inflators.[114][115]

text: Airbag fatality statistics[edit]

text: From 1990 to 2000, the United States National Highway Traffic Safety Administration identified 175 fatalities caused by air bags. Most of these (104) have been children, while the rest were adults. About 3.3 million air bag deployments have occurred during that interval, and the agency estimates more than 6,377 lives saved and countless injuries prevented.[108][116]

text: A rear-facing infant restraint put in the front seat of a vehicle places an infant's head close to the airbag, which can cause severe head injuries, or death if the airbag deploys. Some modern cars include a switch to disable the front passenger airbag, in case a child-supporting seat is used there (although not in Australia, where rear-facing child seats are prohibited in the front where an airbag is fitted).

text: In vehicles with side airbags, it is dangerous for occupants to lean against the windows, doors, and pillars, or to place objects between themselves and the side of the vehicle. Articles hung from a vehicle's clothes hanger hooks can be hazardous if the vehicle's side curtain airbags deploy.[117] A seat-mounted airbag may also cause internal injury if the occupant leans against the door.[118][119]

text: Starting in 2013, Japan's Takata corporation was involved in the recall of millions of airbag inflators that could inflate with too much pressure, sending shards of the metal inflator case in to the body of the driver or passenger, sometimes resulting in death.

text: Aerospace and military applications[edit]

text: The aerospace industry and the United States government have applied airbag technologies for many years. NASA, and United States Department of Defense have incorporated airbag systems in various aircraft and spacecraft applications as early as the 1960s.

text: Spacecraft airbag landing systems[edit]

text: The first use of airbags for landing were Luna 9 and Luna 13, which landed on the Moon in 1966 and returned panoramic images. As with later missions, these would use the airbags to bounce along the surface, absorbing landing energy. The Mars Pathfinder lander employed an innovative airbag landing system, supplemented with aerobraking, parachute, and solid rocket landing thrusters. This prototype successfully tested the concept, and the two Mars Exploration Rover Mission landers employed similar landing systems. The Beagle 2 Mars lander also tried to use airbags for landing, the landing was successful and the lander touched down safely, but several of the spacecraft's solar panels failed to deploy, thereby disabling the spacecraft.

text: Aircraft airbag landing systems[edit]

text: Airbags have also been used on military fixed wing aircraft, such as the Escape Crew Capsule of the F-111 Aardvark.

text: Occupant protection[edit]

text: The United States Army has incorporated airbags in its UH-60A/L[120][121] Black Hawk and OH-58D Kiowa Warrior[122] helicopter fleets. The Cockpit Air Bag System (CABS)[123] consists of forward and lateral airbags, and an inflatable tubular structure (on the OH-58D only) with an Electronic Crash Sensor Unit (ECSU). The CABS system was developed by the United States Army Aviation Applied Technology Directorate, through a contract with Simula Safety Systems (now BAE Systems).[124] It is the first conventional airbag system for occupant injury prevention (worldwide) designed and developed and placed in service for an aircraft, and the first specifically for helicopter applications.[125][126]


document_title: Preface to the Lyrical Ballads

question_text: when was the preface to the lyrical ballads published

text: Preface to the Lyrical Ballads

text: The Preface to the Lyrical Ballads is an essay, composed by William Wordsworth, for the second edition (published in January 1801, and often referred to as the "1800 Edition") of the poetry collection Lyrical Ballads, and then greatly expanded in the third edition of 1802. It has come to be seen as a de facto manifesto of the Romantic movement.