document_title: List of ISRO missions

question_text: which celestial body will isros propsed aditya mission study

text: List of ISRO missions

text: Missions[edit]

text: This is the list of all completed missions.

text: Lunar[edit]

text:
Mission Name
Details

Chandrayaan-1
Chandrayaan-1 was India's first lunar probe. It was launched by the Indian Space Research Organisation in October 2008, and operated until August 2009. The mission included a lunar orbiter and an impactor. The mission was a major boost to India's space program, as India researched and developed its own technology in order to explore the Moon. The vehicle was successfully inserted into lunar orbit on 8 November 2008.[3][4]

text: Interplanetary[edit]

text:
Mission Name
Details

Mars Orbiter Mission
Mars Mission (MOM), also called Mangalyaan is a spacecraft orbiting Mars since 24 September 2014. It was launched on 5 November 2013 by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO). It is India's first interplanetary mission and ISRO has become the fourth space agency to reach Mars, after the Soviet space program, NASA, and the European Space Agency. It is the first Asian nation to reach Mars orbit, and the first nation in the world to do so in its first attempt.[5][6]

text: Astronomy[edit]

text:
Mission Name
Details

ASTROSAT
ASTROSAT is the first dedicated Indian Astronomy satellite mission launched by ISRO on 28 September 2015, which will be helpful in enable multi-wavelength observations of the celestial bodies and cosmic sources in X-ray and UV spectral bands simultaneously. The scientific payloads cover the Visible (3500–6000 Å…), UV (1300–op Å…), soft and hard X-ray regimes (0.5–8 keV; 3–80 keV). The uniqueness of ASTROSAT lie in its wide spectral coverage extending over visible, UV, soft and hard X-ray regions.[7]

South Asia Satellite
South Asia Satellite was launched on 5 May 2017.This is a satellite which has been developed by ISRO for South Asian Nations. Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi announced this in November 2014 during the 18th SAARC session.

text: Earth satellites[edit]

text: India's first satellite Aryabhata was launched by the Soviet Union on 19 April 1975[8] from Kapustin Yar using a Kosmos-3M launch vehicle. It was built by the ISRO) to gain experience in building and operating a satellite in space.[9] India has launched 82 Indian satellites of many types as on 10 March 2016. Satellites have been launched from various vehicles, including those launched by Russian, European and American rockets, as well as those launched indigenously by India. The organisation responsible for India's satellite program is the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO).[10]

text: ISRO also launches satellites for foreign countries. As of March 2016, ISRO has launched 57 satellites for 21 foreign countries. In 2016, India will launch an additional 25 satellites for 6 different countries.[11] In January 2017, India launched 104 satellite of different countries, out of which 96 are of America, by single launch vehicle.

text: Planned Missions[edit]

text:
Mission Name
Details

Chandrayaan-2

Chandrayaan-2 will be India's second mission to the Moon which will include an orbiter and lander-rover module. Chandrayaan-2 will be launched on India's Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV-MkII) in the first quarter of 2018. The science goals of the mission are to further improve the understanding of the origin and evolution of the Moon.[12][13]

Aditya (spacecraft)

ISRO plans to carry out a mission to the Sun by the year 2019–20.[14] The probe is named as Aditya-1 and will weigh about 400 kg. It is the First Indian-based Solar Coronagraph to study solar Corona in visible and near IR bands. The launch of the Aditya mission was planned during the high solar activity period in 2012 but was postponed to 2015–2016 due to the extensive work involved in the fabrication and other technical aspects. The main objective is to study the Coronal Mass Ejection (CME) and consequently the crucial physical parameters for space weather such as the coronal magnetic field structures, the evolution of the coronal magnetic field, etc. This will provide completely new information on the velocity fields and their variability in the inner corona having an important bearing on the unsolved problem of heating of the corona would be obtained.[15][16]

AVATAR
AVATAR from "Aerobic Vehicle for Transatmospheric Hypersonic Aerospace Transportation" is a concept for a manned single-stage reusable spaceplane capable of horizontal takeoff and landing, by India's Defence Research and Development Organisation along with Indian Space Research Organisation and other research institutions. The mission concept is for low-cost military and commercial satellite space launches, as well as for space tourism.[17]
The first scaled-down tests were conducted in 2016, and the first manned AVATAR flight is proposed for 2025.

GSAT-11
GSAT-11 is based on I-4K bus which is under advanced stage of development. The spacecraft can generate 10–12 KW of power and can support payload power of 8KW. The payload configuration is on-going. It consists of 16 spot beams covering entire country including Andaman & Nicobar islands. The communication link to the user-end terminals operates in Ku-band while the communication link to the hubs operates in Ka-band. The payload is configured to be operated as a high data throughput satellite to be released in orbit in 2017 time frame.

RISAT-1A
RISAT-1A is Radar imaging satellite, Its configuration is similar to RISAT-1. It is a land-based mission with primary application in terrain mapping and analysis of land, ocean and water surface for soil moisture.

NISAR
Nasa-Isro Synthetic Aperture Radar (Nisar) is a joint project between NASA and ISRO to co-develop and launch a dual frequency synthetic aperture radar satellite to be used for remote sensing. It is notable for being the first dual-band radar imaging satellite.[18]


document_title: What to Expect When You're Expecting (film)

question_text: where was what to expect when expecting filmed

root

text: Plot[edit]

text: Set in Atlanta,[4] the film opens with fitness trainer Jules Baxter (Cameron Diaz) and her dance partner Evan Webber (Matthew Morrison) performing on the TV show Celebrity Dance Factor. They are crowned the winners of the show, but Jules vomits in their trophy, discovering that she is pregnant. Jules struggles when trying to balance her pregnancy with her normal active life. She has an ongoing argument with Evan over whether or not to have their son circumcised. During labor, she chooses not to have an epidural. She gives birth to a daughter they name Emerson, ending their debate. After giving birth, Jules and Evan get engaged.

tag: p

text: Photographer Holly Castillo (Jennifer Lopez) can't conceive children and decides to adopt from Ethiopia with her husband, Alex (Rodrigo Santoro). They decide to buy a new house for the baby. Holly sends Alex to hang out with the "dudes group", a group of fathers who walk around the park and support one another, which was founded by Vic Mac (Chris Rock). Alex feels even more nervous to become a father. Holly loses her job and becomes hurt when she realizes how much Alex is unprepared for a child. However, they eventually go to Ethiopia and adopt a baby boy named Kaleb.

text: Wendy Cooper (Elizabeth Banks) runs a breast feeding boutique called The Breast Choice, and has been trying to have a baby with her husband Gary (Ben Falcone) for two years. She eventually does conceive and shares the news with Gary after taking five pregnancy tests. Having planned a magical and happy pregnancy, Wendy feels awful throughout it and, during a convention she was chosen to speak at about the miracle of childbirth, she begins to break down and bursts out into a speech about how much the process sucks. Her outburst is filmed and becomes a viral hit on YouTube, after which her boutique is flooded with customers. After many labor-inducing activities, she goes to the hospital only to find out she has to have a cesarean section, which is against her birth plan. She loses a lot of blood, but is okay and delivers a son named Theo.

text: Ramsey Cooper (Dennis Quaid), a famous race car driver and Gary's father, is married to a younger woman named Skyler (Brooklyn Decker). During a lunch where Wendy and Gary announce her pregnancy, Ramsey and Skyler also announce they are expecting. Unlike Wendy, Skyler cruises through her pregnancy without issues. Wendy envies her and detests her ease; however, soon after Skyler gives birth to twin girls, she and Ramsey are shown struggling with the fussy babies.

text: Rosie Brennan (Anna Kendrick), Skyler's cousin and food-truck chef, meets an old high school friend, Marco (Chace Crawford), also a food-truck chef, during a turf war between their food trucks. She believes he is a player and initially blows him off, but the reunion leads to an unexpected pregnancy after having sex that night. Worried at first, they eventually adjust to the idea of becoming parents and move in together. However, one night Rosie discovers she is bleeding and they drive to the hospital where they discover she has miscarried. Devastated, Rosie tells Marco to leave, which he does, but he makes several attempts to get back with her. Eventually, they get back together and decide to take things slowly and their story ends with them joining forces to create a food truck together.

text: At different points in the film, certain characters meet others and we discover all the stories are linked. Ramsey is Gary's father, Gary was on Jules' weight loss program and is a regular customer of Marco's food truck, Skyler is Rosie's cousin, and Holly is Wendy and Skyler's photographer.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Cameron Diaz as Jules Baxter, a contestant on a celebrity dance show and a host to a weight-loss fitness show, who becomes pregnant with her dance partner's baby[4]
Jennifer Lopez as Holly Castillo, a woman who adopts a baby from abroad with her unwilling husband after difficulty conceiving[5]
Elizabeth Banks as Wendy Cooper, Gary's wife who becomes pregnant after trying for 2 years. Runs the Breast Choice Boutique.
Chace Crawford as Marco, who reunites with an old flame (Rosie) after a turf war between their respective food trucks[6]
Brooklyn Decker as Skyler Cooper, the wife of a much older man named Ramsey who becomes pregnant with twins[7]
Anna Kendrick as Rosie Brennan, who reunites with an old flame and fellow food-truck owner and becomes pregnant unexpectedly and has a miscarriage[7]
Matthew Morrison as Evan Webber, who teams with Jules on a celebrity dance show and the father of her baby [3]
Dennis Quaid as Ramsey Cooper, the husband of Skyler[8]
Chris Rock as Vic Mac, founder of the "dude group" and father of four.
Rodrigo Santoro as Alex Castillo, Holly's husband who's in music business and is not ready to have a child[9]
Ben Falcone as Gary Cooper, Wendy's husband and son of Ramsey[10]
Joe Manganiello as Davis[11]
Rob Huebel as Gabe, a new parent who adjusts to "fatherdom" by bonding with other dads in a city park-based group that is part play group, part secret society[12]
Thomas Lennon as Craig, a father who joins Vic's "dude group"[13]
Amir Talai as Patel, a father who joins Vic's "dude group"
Rebel Wilson as Janice, an eccentric employee at The Breast Choice boutique[14]
Wendi McLendon-Covey as Kara, Holly's co-worker and friend[15]
Dwyane Wade has a cameo as himself[16]
Whitney Port has a cameo as herself[16]
Megan Mullally has a cameo as herself
Cheryl Cole has a cameo as a TV dance talent show judge[17]
Tyce Diorio has a cameo as a TV dance talent show judge[17]
Taboo has a cameo as a TV dance talent show judge[17]
Kim Fields plays a social worker who helps out a couple with an adoption[18]
Jesse Burch as Hutch Davidson
Mimi Gianopulos as Molly, Rosie's funny roommate who comforts and supports her[19]
Genesis Rodriguez as Courtney, Rosie's roommate[20]

tag: ul

text: Production[edit]

text: Background[edit]

text: Written by Heidi Murkoff, What to Expect When You're Expecting is a pregnancy guide released in 1984. It is a top-selling book on The New York Times Best Seller list[21] and is considered one of the most influential books of the past twenty-five years.[22] Additionally, it was dubbed "the bible of American pregnancy" and has sold over 20 million units worldwide.[23] On January 14, 2010, it was announced that Lionsgate had acquired the book's worldwide distribution rights from Phoenix Pictures. Heather Hach, who was nine months pregnant at the time, was hired to write the film's screenplay "based on her pitch", which would follow the story of seven couples who experience the "ups and downs" of preparing for parenthood.[24][25][26] David Thwaites produced it alongside Mike Medavoy and Arnie Messer. Alli Shearmur, Lionsgate's President of Motion Picture Productions, said the book is "a brand that knows no boundaries" and they were "excited about this film as the first in a potential franchise". Murkoff said she was excited to see Phoenix Pictures and Lionsgate "bring my baby to life". Medavoy, Messer and Thwaites felt that the book provides the "perfect launching point" to tell a funny story.[24]

text: Pre-production[edit]

text: Kirk Jones directed the film.[8] Jones hadn't read or heard about the book, and assumed it was a novel before receiving the script. However, he then discovered that it was in fact a pregnancy guide. Although puzzled at first, he recalled his pregnancy experience as "funny, tragic, exciting" and "hilarious", and thought combining these elements would make for a "really interesting" film.[27] Speaking about the film's theme, he stated that "everybody's experience is different" and multiple different stories "allow the audience to share in everything that is going on" and "by sharing in what's going on and seeing so many characters, there's this energy, and there's humor and there's drama in comparing all of the stories, which are taking place at the same time".[28] What to Expect When You're Expecting stars an ensemble cast, which focuses primarily on the five couples who are going to be first-time parents.[29] According to Access Atlanta, the project also needed "a lot of extras who are in the family way" as well as "babies with star potential". An open casting call was held on July 9, 2011. Casting director Christopher Gray said at the time, "We need a lot of pregnant women. We want the real deal". The movie also featured a number of Ethiopians, for which a casting call was issued as well.[29] Additionally, film contains cameos by various celebrities. This includes Dwyane Wade, Whitney Port,[16] Megan Mullally,[30] and Cheryl Cole, Taboo and Tyce Diorio, who star as themselves as judges on a TV dance talent show.[17]

text: Filming[edit]

text: The film began principal photography in Atlanta on July 19, 2011.[31] On July 26, production filmed in Midtown on Peachtree Street near High Museum and in Piedmont Park.[32] Jones said it was "tough" organizing schedules because of the number of cast members there were.[27] Having never "shot five simultaneous stories like this", he stated: "Through necessity we had to schedule the film so that I shot everything with Jennifer Lopez in two weeks, everything with Cameron Diaz in two weeks ... because they are not available to keep flying in from another continent for two days work and then flying back again".[28]

text: Music[edit]

text: The film's score was composed by Mark Mothersbaugh. The soundtrack also contains “Dance (Disco Heat)” performed by Sylvester, “Nobody” performed by Ne-Yo, “Shivas Regal (Theme For Gypsy)” performed by Sonny Lester & His Orchestra, “Oye Como Va” performed by Kinky, “Happening” performed by Chiddy Bang, “Kellerman's Anthem” performed by Emile Bergstein Chorale, “Get Me Golden” performed by Terraplane Sun, “Home” performed by Edward Sharpe and the Magnetic Zeros, “Don't Let Your Feet Touch Ground” performed by Ash Koley, “Weightless” performed by Natasha Bedingfield, “Forever Love” performed by Alex Ebert, “Hypnotize” performed by The Notorious B.I.G., “Comin' Home Baby” performed by Mel Tormé, “Forgetting” performed by David Gray, “Never Gonna Stop” performed by The So Manys, “Inside Out” performed by Nire' AllDai, “Waiting On The Light To Change” performed by Matthew Perryman Jones, “Addicted To Love” performed by Robert Palmer, “Modern Art” performed by Black Lips, “Don't You Want Me” performed by Phil Oakey, Philip Adrian Wright and Jo Callis, “Do What You Want” performed by Daphne Willis, “Broken Sky” performed by Rob Laufer, “Why Don't We Get Drunk” performed by Jimmy Buffett, “Put Your Hands Up” performed by The MIDI Mafia, “Samba Vocalizado” performed by Luciano Perrone, “Get It Daddy” performed by Sleeper Agent, “Now Is The Start” performed by Alison Sudol, “The Hormone Song” performed by Elizabeth Banks and “Big Poppa” performed by Ernie Isley, Marvin Isley, O'Kelly Isley, Jr., Ronald Isley, Rudolph Isley, Chris Jasper and The Notorious B.I.G..

text: Release[edit]

text: The film was a moderate success. Released across 3,021 theaters on May 18, 2012,[3] it closed on August 2, 2012.[33]

text: Home media[edit]

text: What to Expect When You're Expecting was released on DVD and Blu-ray on September 11, 2012 by Lionsgate Home Entertainment.

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: What to Expect When You're Expecting debuted at No. 5 at the U.S. Box Office, grossing $10,547,068 during its opening weekend. By the end of May, the film grossed $26,293,359 in the United States. In total, What to Expect When You're Expecting grossed $41.2 million domestically, for a worldwide gross of $84.4 million.

text: Critical response[edit]

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds a rating of 22%, based on 132 reviews, with the site's critical consensus reading, "The cast is stocked with likable performers, but What to Expect When You're Expecting is too disjointed -- and too reliant on stock rom-com cliches -- to live up to its distinguished literary namesake."[34] On Metacritic, the film has a score of 41 out of 100, based on 30 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Cara Nash of the Australian film magazine Filmink gave the film a mixed review, criticizing the storyline as not having "complexity" or "genuine conflict", but praised Lopez and Banks who "manage to find the humanity in their clichéd roles but they can't transcend all the surface-level schmaltz on display here".[35] Peter Travers of Rolling Stone gave the film a negative review, stating that "the movie itself triggered the vomiting", but appreciated Rock, Kendrick and Crawford's performances "if you dramatically drop your expectations".[36] Simon Miraudo of Quickflix called it "ill-conceived" and gave the film a mixed review while stating: "Despite an immensely appealing cast and a few funny moments, I would only recommend What to Expect at a 'push'. The eggs are there; someone just forgot to fertilise them."[37] Betsy Sharkey of the Los Angeles Times among other critics noted the confusion of the swiftly moving film, writing that "Rather than the engaging enlightenment of the source, the film becomes bloated by confusion."[38][39] New York Daily News gave the film 3 and a half stars, writing "Thankfully the film, unlike being a parent, is a fairly smooth and entertaining ride that has a universal appeal to both parents and those who ever had a father or a mother", and named the scene in which Jennifer Lopez's character travels to Ethiopia to meet the child she is adopting as the film's most touching moment.[40] The Guardian's Mike McCahill described the movie as "insight-deficient fluff".[41]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Award
Category
Recipient(s)
Result

ALMA Awards
Favorite Movie Actor
Rodrigo Santoro
Nominated[42]

Favorite Movie Actress Comedy/Musical
Cameron Diaz
Nominated[42]

Favorite Movie Actress Comedy/Musical
Jennifer Lopez
Nominated[42]

Teen Choice Awards
Choice Movie: Comedy

Nominated[43]

Choice Movie Actor: Comedy
Chris Rock
Nominated[43]

Choice Movie Actress: Comedy
Cameron Diaz
Nominated[43]

Choice Movie Actress: Comedy
Jennifer Lopez
Nominated[43]

Choice Movie: Breakout
Joe Manganiello
Nominated[44]

Choice Movie: Male Scene Stealer
Chace Crawford
Nominated[44]

People's Choice Awards
Favorite Comedic Movie

Nominated[45]

Favorite Comedic Movie Actress
Cameron Diaz
Nominated[45]

Razzie Awards
Worst Supporting Actress
Brooklyn Decker
Nominated[46]

Worst Supporting Actress
Jennifer Lopez
Nominated[46]

Premios Juventud
She Steals the Show
Won

tag: table

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text: Soundtrack list[edit]

text:
Dance (Disco Heat) - Performed by Sylvester
Nobody - Performed by Ne-Yo
Shivas Regal (Theme For Gypsy) - Performed by Sonny Lester & His Orchestra
Oye Como Va - Performed by Kinky
Happening - Performed by Chiddy Bang
Kellerman's Anthem - Performed by Emile Bergstein Chorale
Get Me Golden - Performed by Terraplane Sun
Home - Performed by Edward Sharpe and the Magnetic Zeros
Don't Let Your Feet Touch Ground - Performed by Ash Koley
Weightless - Performed by Natasha Bedingfield
Forever Love - Performed by Alex Ebert
Hypnotize - Performed by The Notorious B.I.G.
Comin' Home Baby - Performed by Mel Tormé
Forgetting - Written and Performed by David Gray
Never Gonna Stop - Performed by The So Manys
Inside Out - Performed by Nire' AllDai
Waiting On The Light To Change - Written and Performed by Matthew Perryman Jones
Addicted To Love - Written by Robert Palmer
Modern Art - Performed by Black Lips
Don't You Want Me - Written by Phil Oakey, Philip Adrian Wright and Jo Callis
Do What You Want - Performed by Daphne Willis
Broken Sky - Performed by Rob Laufer
Why Don't We Get Drunk - Performed by Jimmy Buffett
Put Your Hands Up - Performed by The MIDI Mafia
Samba Vocalizado - Performed by Luciano Perrone
Get It Daddy - Performed by Sleeper Agent
Now Is The Start - Performed by Alison Sudol
The Hormone Song - Performed by Elizabeth Banks
Big Poppa - Written by Ernie Isley, Marvin Isley, O'Kelly Isley, Jr., Ronald Isley, Rudolph Isley, Chris Jasper and The Notorious B.I.G.


document_title: Dan Scott

question_text: who tried to kill dan on one tree hill

question_tokens: who tried to kill dan on one tree hill

text: Dan Scott

text: Fictional character biography[edit]

text: Dan grew up in Tree Hill, NC and attended Tree Hill High, where he was the star of the Ravens basketball team. Towards the end of senior year, Dan got his girlfriend Karen Roe pregnant, but abandoned her to take a basketball scholarship to North Carolina. At college he met Deb Lee, who also became pregnant by him. Dan returned to Tree Hill on the night his and Karen's son Lucas was born but, on seeing Keith with Karen at the hospital, Dan left without Karen seeing him. Dan and Deb married and moved back to Tree Hill with their son Nathan. Dan tried to get joint custody of Lucas, but Karen refused and Dan gave up on trying to be part of Lucas's life. He later became a successful car salesman having set up his own business with Deb's money. Dan is a man with big dreams and expectations, especially regarding his son Nathan, but he doesn't handle it very well when they're not fulfilled.

text: Season 1[edit]

text: Dan is a controlling father to Nathan, who is now the Ravens' star player, but has nothing to do with Lucas. When Lucas joins the Ravens, Dan encourages Nathan to give his half-brother a hard time. Dan puts so much pressure on Nathan that Nathan takes drugs to enhance his basketball performance, leading to him collapsing on the court. When Deb finds out, she asks Dan for a divorce. When Dan's parents come to town for Dan's birthday, it is revealed that Dan's father Royal put similar pressure on Dan and that Dan faked the extent of an injury he suffered in college in order to give up basketball. Dan also has an uneasy relationship with Keith, due to Keith's continuing friendship with Karen. When Keith crashes the car he is driving with Lucas inside, Dan pulls Lucas from the car and saves his life, leading to a temporary truce with Karen. Keith is left in financial difficulty due to Lucas's medical bills and Dan offers to buy Keith's garage from him while Keith continues to run it. However, it soon becomes clear that Dan will be running the garage in his own way and Keith quits. After being rejected by Karen, Keith turns to Deb for comfort and they have a one-night stand. On walking in on them in bed together, Dan tells Keith that he is no longer his brother. Dan is about to sign his divorce papers to Deb when he suffers a heart attack. When Deb finds Dan on the floor, Dan tells her "you'd better hope I die."

text: Season 2[edit]

text: After his heart attack, Dan claims to be a changed person and tries to get closer to Lucas. Dan and Deb are united in their disapproval of Nathan's marriage to Haley. Dan claims to have forgiven Deb and Keith for their fling and a guilty Deb allows Dan to live with her while he recovers. It becomes clear that the new Dan is an act when he lies to Deb after being given a clean bill of health and it is revealed that Keith's new girlfriend Jules was actually hired by Dan to seduce his brother. On discovering that he has the same heart condition as Dan, Lucas agrees to move in with Dan on the conditions that Dan pays for Lucas's medication and keeps this from Karen, and also that Dan leaves Keith and "Jules" alone. Dan keeps his promises but Karen discovers the truth about Jules and threatens to tell Keith, leading to Jules leaving Keith at the altar. Dan is delighted at this result and, after knocking down the groom on the wedding cake, looks at Deb saying "one down, one to go". On discovering what Dan did, Keith confronts Dan at the dealership and attacks him. Before leaving town, Keith tells Dan that he has nothing left to lose, but Dan does. When Nathan and Haley's marriage is in trouble, Dan is quick to pounce, and gets Nathan to sign annulment papers and move back in with him and Deb. However, Deb wants Dan out of their lives for good, especially after learning that Dan told Nathan that it is his fault that Deb is now addicted to pills. Lucas continues to live with Dan in order to bring down his father once and for all. He finds cash and an incriminating ledger in the attic of the dealership and discovers that Dan has been making money illegally by changing the amounts on bills and pocketing the extra cash. However, Dan has made Deb the co-owner of the dealership, meaning that she would be incriminated too. Dan then reveals he left the cash and ledger for Lucas to find as a test of Lucas's loyalty, which Lucas failed, and so Dan severs all ties to Lucas, even cutting off his son's heart medication. Dan also sabotages Karen's relationship with her business lecturer Andy by walking into one of Andy's classes and telling everyone that Andy is sleeping with Karen, which leads to Andy losing his job. Dan then tries to have Andy deported back to New Zealand. When Karen angrily confronts Dan at the dealership, Dan grabs her and forcefully kisses her, saying "isn't that was this is really about?" At the end of the season Dan falls unconscious after drinking a poisoned bottle of whisky that was left for him with a note saying "for everything you've done". The dealership is then set on fire with Dan inside.

text: Season 3[edit]

text: Dan survives the fire, but the dealership is destroyed. Dan at first thinks it was Lucas who tried to kill him when he remembers seeing him in the fire, but it is revealed that Lucas saved him. Wanting access to the fire investigation, Dan runs for mayor of Tree Hill. His family-based campaign includes having Deb pretend to love him in exchange for a final divorce. This ploy works and Dan is elected mayor. As mayor, Dan gains access to CCTV showing Keith buying the whisky used to drug Dan, and when Keith returns to town Dan has him arrested on suspicion of his attempted murder. Although the police release Keith due to lack of evidence, Dan still believes that Keith was the perpetrator, and things become worse when Keith announces that he is going to marry Karen and adopt Lucas. One day at Tree Hill High, Jimmy Edwards takes a gun to school and fires it, causing a lock down. Keith persuades Dan as mayor to let him go into the school to talk to Jimmy, but Jimmy commits suicide by shooting himself in front of Keith. Dan then gets into the school, picks up the gun and shoots Keith, killing him. Jimmy gets the blame for Keith's death as it is assumed that he shot Keith before turning the gun on himself. Dan convinces himself that Keith deserved what he got as he started the war with Dan. Nevertheless, Dan becomes haunted, seeing visions of Keith as a child everywhere, and this has a profound effect on him. Realizing he has to change his ways he tries to get closer to Nathan, telling his son that he is proud of him and that he loves him. Haley then gives Dan a second chance by inviting him to her and Nathan's second wedding. At the ceremony Deb tells Dan that it was her, not Keith, who tried to kill him in the fire. Dan goes to Keith's grave and breaks down. Dan then apologizes to Karen for how he treated her and Lucas and she reveals that she is pregnant with Keith's child. Dan takes her in his arms promising to be there for her this time. He then goes home and discovers that someone has written "MURDERER" on his wall.

text: Season 4[edit]

text: Dan tries to make amends for Keith's death by looking after Karen. However, he still sees messages everywhere calling him a murderer, and wonders if it is all in his head. Meanwhile, Nathan is in deep debt and asks Dan to help him. Dan refuses and Nathan goes to a loan shark, Daunte, instead. Daunte forces Nathan to shave points in a basketball game and then demands that Nathan lose the State Championship. On discovering the trouble that Nathan is in, Dan confronts Daunte and offers to pay him off, but Daunte gets Dan to back down by threatening Nathan, Lucas, the pregnant Haley and Karen. When the Ravens win the State Championship, Daunte runs Haley over and crashes into a construction site. Nathan pulls Daunte out of the car and beats him, before realizing he is dead. Dan takes the fall for Nathan and is arrested. Dan plans to plead guilty to Daunte's murder in order to be punished for Keith's death, but the coroner's report shows that Daunte was already dead when Nathan pulled him out of the car. Dan is released and the experience brings him and Karen closer together, as Karen admires what Dan was willing to do for his son. Dan and Karen begin to come together romantically, attending the school prom together as chaperones, but Dan continues to receive text messages and notes accusing him of killing his brother. Dan discovers that the person sending the messages is Abby Brown, a student who witnessed the shooting. Dan then visits Abby and her mother and tries to explain why he killed Keith, saying "Karen was mine, she was supposed to be mine". Abby leaves Tree Hill for good, but not before telling Lucas what she knows. Lucas walks in on Dan and his mother kissing and attacks Dan, shouting that he killed Keith, but Karen refuses to believe him. Lucas then goes to the police, but Dan has got there first and told them that Lucas is just trying to sabotage Dan's relationship with Karen. On learning from Haley that Deb has a gun, Lucas steals the gun and confronts Dan in front of Karen, causing her to collapse. Lucas fires a warning shot to make Dan leave, before rushing the unconscious Karen to hospital. After learning from Deb that Dan killed Keith, Nathan confronts Dan and tells him that he will never be a part of his grandson's life. After Karen's daughter is born by c-section, Dan visits his new niece in the hospital, before turning himself in to the police.

text: Two weeks later, a recovered Karen visits Dan in his cell and tells him that she has a daughter, Lily, who will never know her father because of Dan, before spitting at him. Dan is so distraught by this encounter that he tries to hang himself in his cell with his bedsheet. The sheet unravels after a few seconds, and Dan falls to the floor, left to agonize over what he has done.

text: Season 5[edit]

text: Four and a half years later, Nathan visits Dan in prison, and tells him that he will never be like him. Nathan then tells Dan that Jamie found a picture of him once and Nathan told him that his grandfather was dead. Later, a prison guard tells Dan that Nathan left behind an envelope, which contains a picture of Jamie. A parole hearing is held for Dan[1] and despite Lucas pleading with the board not to be fooled by Dan, he is released. Soon after, Dan goes to a store to buy a basketball for his grandson and ends up sleeping with the cashier later that night.[2] At Lucas's wedding, Dan sits outside in his car and is confronted by Haley, who tells him to stay away from the family. When Jamie is abducted during the ceremony by his evil nanny, Carrie, Dan saves him and threatens Carrie, telling her that he killed his brother and would have no problem doing the same to her. Dan then returns Jamie to Nathan and Haley's house and is attacked by Lucas and Nathan. On Jamie's 5th birthday Dan goes to drop off a gift and has a confrontation with Deb. After the party Nathan goes and tells Dan to stay away and Dan reveals he only has six months to live due to his HCM. However, after the man in front of him on the heart transplant list dies, he becomes number one. Excited, he leaves the hospital and helps an old man retrieve his cane before suddenly getting hit by a car. Ironically, seconds later his beeper goes off because a heart has been found for him.[3]

text: Season 6[edit]

text: When he wakes up from the accident, it is revealed that Carrie, Jamie's former nanny, was the one who ran him over, as revenge for interfering with her taking Jamie as her son. He finds himself in a "hospital room" but when he tries to escape (Carrie is torturing him) he discovers that he is not in a hospital room, but in her house, in a room which Carrie designed to confuse him by disguising it as a hospital room by putting medical equipment and painting the room, as well as adding hospital-style curtains. Carrie devises a plan to get Jamie by telling Haley that Dan is dying, so that she'll bring Jamie to see him. Carrie goes after Jamie, then Haley too. Dan shoots Carrie once she attempts to kill Haley and Deb. Carrie wakes up later that night, and reminds Dan that he promised he'd kill her if she came near his family again, prompting him to keep his word and shoot her again, this time killing her. As a result, Nathan and Haley let Dan see Jamie, but Nathan quickly reminds his father that he still hates him for killing his uncle. Unfortunately, Dan still finds himself without a heart transplant and has to wait longer. In the mean time, he tries to be a father to Nathan by advising him on his basketball and has a talk with Lucas about the day of the school shooting to help with the Ravens movie. His relationship with Jamie also grows and he finally has a blowout with Deb about Keith. When his heart transplant does come, the man who delivers it trips over a dog's leash and the dog eats it. Dan ultimately loses all hope and attempts to drown himself at a beach. He then goes to tells Jamie goodbye. Jamie becomes upset and asks him who killed Keith; and Dan admits that he did it. Dan leaves Tree Hill, but not before saying some last words to Lucas and Nathan. At the end of the season we see Dan as a broken man. He hates his life and wants to die. To make amends he goes to visit Coach Durham to whom he confesses that when he looks back on his life it all went wrong when he refused to play at the state championship. He tells Coach Durham that he should be dead but he isn't and that he realizes "this is my hell". He has to see his family experience the happiest moments of their lives but he can't feel them. To this Coach Durham replies "you created that, Danny". Dan then turns a gun on himself but can't bring himself to pull the trigger. He then forces the gun into Coach Durham's hand and begs the latter to shoot him. Later, after Dan cries in his arms, Durham adds, "there is still time for redemption, son". Nathan shows up and tells Dan that he has made it to the NBA. Later Peyton lets Dan hold his other grandchild, Sawyer Scott. At the end of the episode he tells the audience that when he looks in the mirror he sees that he was supposed to be someone else, but fell short of that person.

text: Season 7[edit]

text: Fourteen months have passed since the season six finale, and Dan is now a motivational speaker. He has his own TV show called Scott Free Redemption. He has also written a book with the same title. It is then revealed that he is married to Rachel Gatina. Dan reached out to his son Nathan when he read about him and Renee Richardson, who he meets, asking her to speak on his show. Dan reveals that Renee Richardson was lying about Nathan's alleged affair and exposes her on his show. It is also revealed that Dan did in fact have a heart transplant as he quotes Renee Richardson's con as "Takes a Con to Know a Con." About a year earlier, Dan traveled to Mexico to have a heart transplant. His new wife Rachel Gatina paid with his money for a family to pull the life support plug on their young son. The heart was then given to Dan. Dan returns to Tree Hill and tries to ask forgiveness from Nathan. Nathan will not forgive Dan, but only "tolerate" him for Jamie's sake. Dan then meets Clay, who he shakes up (by throwing him in the ocean), telling him not to give up on being an agent. On the eve of Nathan and Haley's departure, Rachel gets Dan to do a live broadcast from the school hallway where he killed Keith. Dan then runs into Jimmy's mother, who tells him she will never be able to forgive him. So instead of reading his script, Dan talks about his life and tells his audience that there is no forgiveness for him, only what comes next. He gives everything that he has to charity as well as divorce papers to Rachel. As he is preparing to leave Tree Hill, Nathan meets up with him to tell him that he's back with the Bobcats, and says thank you. He then says goodbye to Jamie.

text: Season 8[edit]

text: Dan has moved to a diner, and reappears again when Quinn visits him to help her to kill Katie Ryan, and he convinces her not to do it. In the finale, Nathan visits him and gives him a photo of Lydia and a baseball from Jamie's first game and Dan thinks that there is a chance for forgiveness.

text: Season 9[edit]

text: Dan burns down his diner and returns to Tree Hill and asks Haley for a place to stay, initially resistant, she offers him money, but he says that he doesn't want money. He moves into Nathan and Haley's house, to the delight of Jamie, who is excited to spend time with him. Nathan tells him that he is going to Europe and that when he comes back he wants him to be gone. When Nathan does not return from Europe, Haley and Jamie blame Dan. He rents out the sound stage from Julian and uses it to find Nathan. Dan, Julian, and Chris Keller save Nathan. However, Dan is shot while rescuing Nathan and dies in the hospital surrounded by Nathan, Haley, Deb, Jamie and Lydia. When he dies, he sees a vision of his brother Keith, who brings him to the hallway where Dan shot Keith and he tells him that he forgives him. When Keith goes into the light, Dan asks him "I know where you're going, but what about me?" and Keith says "Don't worry little brother, You're my plus one."


document_title: Julia Snyder

question_text: who played julia on as the world turns

question_tokens: who played julia on as the world turns

text: Julia Snyder

text:
Julia Snyder

As the World Turns character

Portrayed by
Annie Parisse (1998–2003)

First appearance
April 13, 1998

Last appearance
January 9, 2003

Created by
Lorraine Broderick

Profile

Occupation
Journalist
Physician's assistant

[show]Family

Parents
Charles Lindsey
Charlotte Lindsey

Spouse
Jack Snyder

text: Julia Snyder is a fictional character on the CBS daytime soap opera As the World Turns. Actress Annie Parisse portrayed the character from April 13, 1998, to August 21, 2001. In 2001, Parisse was nominated for a Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Younger Actress in a Drama Series for the role. Parisse later returned for a handful of episodes in 2002 and for one episode in 2003.[1]


document_title: Legal status of tattooing in the United States

question_text: how old do you have to be to get a tattoo with parental consent in tennessee

text: In the United States, there is no federal law regulating the practice of tattooing. However, all 50 states and the District of Columbia have statutory laws requiring a person receiving a tattoo be 18 years of age or older. This is partially based on the legal principle that a minor cannot enter into a legal contract or otherwise render informed consent for a procedure. Most states permit a person under the age of 18 to receive a tattoo with permission of a parent or guardian, but some states outright prohibit tattooing under a certain age regardless of permission, with the exception of medical necessity (such as markings placed for radiation therapy).

text: In all jurisdictions, individual tattooists may also choose to place additional restrictions based on their own moral feelings, such as refusing any clients under a specific age even with parental consent despite it being legal, or limiting the type and/or location of where they are willing to tattoo (such as refusing any work around intimate parts of the body). They may additionally refuse to perform specific artwork, including if they merely find it inappropriate or offensive, or refuse to work on a client that they suspect may be intoxicated. Artists sometimes claim their personal business restrictions are a matter of law even when it is not true, so as to avoid arguments with clients.

text:
Legal Restrictions on Tattooing & Body Modification by State

State
Minimum Age (with parent/guardian consent)
Form of Parent/Guardian Consent
Notes & Exceptions
Intoxicated/Impaired Individuals
Area of Law/Type of Penalty
Licensing & Regulation
Relevant Statute(s) and Rules

Alabama
none specified[1]
informed written consent, signed in presence of the artist/service provider or their agent[1][2]
Ear piercing exempt from Alabama body art laws & rules.[2][3]
cannot be tattooed, branded, or pierced[1][2]
Violations of Alabama Tattoo & Body Piercing laws are a class c misdemeanor, punishable by a fine of up to $100 and/or up to 90 days imprisonment for each violation.[4]
Alabama's Department of Public Health licenses Tattoo, body piercing, & body art facilities, and sets standards for their operation.[5]
Individual tattoo artists, piercers, etc. require a permit.[2]

Ala. Code § 22-1-17A[3][6]
State Board of Health rules on Body Art Practices and Facilities.[2]

Arizona
none specified[7]
parent/guardian must be physically present[7]
Minors can have their ears pierced with the written or verbal consent of a parent/guardian, can have procedures prescribed by a health care provider.[7]
no restriction[7]
Violations are a class 6 felony.[7]
There are no health regulations for tattoo shops in Arizona. [8]
Tattoos. Ariz. Rev. Stat. § 13-3721[7]

Arkansas
16[9]
parent/guardian must both give written consent and be physically present[10]
none specified[10]
cannot be tattooed, branded, or pierced.[10]

Ark. Stat. Ann. §§ 20-27-1501 et seq.[10]

Alaska
18 (piercing excepted)[11]
parent/guardian must both give written consent and be present during the procedure[11]
Minors may be pierced with parental consent [11]
no restriction[12]

Alaska Stat. § 08.13.217[11]

California
18 (piercing excepted)[13][14]
parent/guardian must be present during procedure
Minors may have their ears pierced with parental consent.[15] They may be pierced elsewhere with parental consent, but not on their genitals or nipples. Permanent cosmetics are permitted on nipples, when done by a cosmetic technician and with parental consent.[14]
no restriction

Body Art. Cal. Health & Safety Code § 119300 to 119328[6][15]
Cal. Penal Code 653[13]

Colorado
18 Express written consent of parent or guardian[16]
parent/guardian must be present during procedure
Persons who are "noticeably impaired" cannot have body art procedures[16]

Body Artists. Colo. Rev. Stat. § 25-4-2101 to 2103[6]

Connecticut
none specified
permission of parent or guardian[17][18]
Minors may have their ears pierced without parental consent[17]
Tattooing may only be performed by physicians, or by registered nurses & technicians working under the supervision of a physician.[18]

no restrictions

Conn. Gen. Stat. §19a-92a,[6][18]
Conn. Gen. Stat. §19a-92g[6][17]

District of Columbia
18 (ear piercing excepted)[19]
written consent (for ear piercing)[19]
minors may have their ears pierced with written parental consent[19]
no restrictions[19]

Body Artists. DC Code § 47-2853.76d[6][19]

Delaware
18[20]
notarized written consent to the specific procedure[20]
none specified[20]
cannot be tattooed, branded, or body pierced[20]

Del. Code Ann. Title 11, Ch 5 §1114(a)[6][20]
Del. Code Ann. Title 16, Ch 2 §122(3)(w)[6]

Florida
16[21]
Must be accompanied by parent or guardian who can show proof of guardianship, both parent and minor must present photo ID, and a consent form must be notarized.[21]
for medical or dental purposes by a licensed physician or dentist[21]
no restriction

Fla. Stat. § 381.00787[6]
Fla. Stat. §381.0775 et seq.[6] Fla. Stat. §381.075[6]

Georgia
18 (body piercing excepted)[22]
For body piercing: prior written consent of parent/guardian[23]
Minors may have their ears pierced without parental consent[23]
Minors may be body pierced with written parental consent[23]
Physicians and Osteopaths or technicians working under their direct supervision can give minors tattoos or produce scars for "medical or cosmetic purposes."[22]
No one can be tattooed within an inch of their eye socket.[24]

no restrictions

Ga. Code § 31-40-1 to 31-40-10[6]
Ga. Code § 16-12-5[6]
Ga. Code § 16-5-71.1[6]

Hawaii
none specified[25]
written consent of parent/guardian[25]

Hawaii Rev. Stat. § 321-13[6]
Hawaii Rev. Stat. § 321-379[6]

Idaho
14[26]
Written informed consent of parent/guardian, executed in the presence of the person performing the procedure, or their agent/employee.[26]
Minors can have their ears pierced without parental consent.[6]
Piercing for medical procedures exempt.[6]

no restrictions

Idaho Code § 18-1523 (2004)[6]

Illinois
18 (body piercings excepted)[27]
Written consent of parent/guardian (for body piercings)[27]
Minors cannot be present in places where tattooing or body piercing is done except in the presence of a parent/guardian.[27]
Minors can have their ears pierced without parent/guardian consent.[27]

no restrictions

Ill. Stat. 720 §5/12-10.1[6]
Ill. Stat. 410 §54/1 t0 54/999[6]

Indiana
none specified[28]
Parent/guardian must both be present during the procedure and provide written permission.[28]
Minors may have their ears pierced without parental consent.[28]
no restrictions

Ind. Code Ann. §35-42-2-7[6][28]
Ind. Code Ann. §16-19-3-4.1[6][29]

Iowa
18[30]
n/a - minors cannot be tattooed[30]
Body piercing is not regulated by state law in Iowa, however county or city laws may regulate it.[31]
no restrictions

Iowa Code §135.37[6]
Iowa Code §135.37[6]

Kansas
16[32]
Parent/guardian must give written consent, written consent must be notarized, and the parent/guardian must be present during the procedure.[32]
Minors may have their ears pierced[33]
no restrictions

Kan. Stat. Ann. §65-1953[6]
Kan. Stat. Ann. §65-1940 to 65-1954[6]

Kentucky
Not specified
Parent/guardian must give written, notarized consent.[34]
none (ear piercing also requires written, notarized consent).[35]
no restrictions

Ky. Rev. Stat. §211.760[6]
Ky. Rev. Stat. §194A.050; 211.760[6]

Louisiana
16
Parent or guardian must consent, and their presence during the procedure is required for tattoos, but not for body piercings.[36]

no restrictions

La. Rev. Stat. Ann. §14:93.2[6]
La. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 40:2831 et seq.[6]

Maine
18 (piercings excepted)[37]
For body piercings: prior legal consent of parent/guardian.[38]
Maine law does not require parent/guardian consent for ear piercing[39]
no restrictions

Me. Rev. Stat. Ann. Title 32 § 4201-4329[6]

Maryland
none specified[40]
written consent, which must be retained for 3 years.
Piercing of the ear lobe is exempt[41]
no restriction
Health Department Regulations
A license is not required, but any person performing tattooing or piercing must comply with all the relevant health code regulations[40]
COMAR 10.06.01.02 and 10.06.01.06

Massachusetts
18 (except body piercing other than genitalia)[42]
Minors cannot receive tattoo, branding, or scarification at all. For piercing of areas other than the genitalia, a parent may provide identification and sign the consent document.[42]
Physicians performing for treatment reasons and ear piercing are exempt from regulation.[42]
no restriction
County Health Department regulates body art, but all follow a model regulation set by the state.
Artists must have a permit, and establishments are subject to following specific health department regulations[42]
Model Regulations for Body Art Establishments[42]

Michigan
none specified[43]
Written, informed consent of parent/guardian. Must be executed (signed) in the presences of the person performing the procedure, or their employee.[43]

cannot be tattooed, branded, or body pierced.[43]

Mich. Comp. Laws § 333.13101 to 333.13112[44]

Minnesota
18 (piercings excepted)[45]
For piercings: presence of parent/guardian and a consent form are both required.[45]
Minors cannot be tattooed. They can be body pierced, but not in the nipples or genitals. Branding, scarification, suspension, subdermal implantation, microdermal, and tongue bifurcation are also prohibited for minors.[45]
cannot have any body art procedures.[45]

Minnesota Statutes 146B.07[45]

Mississippi
18
n/a - minors cannot be tattooed
piercing also prohibited except for the outer perimeter or lobe of the ear.
no restriction

Miss.Code Ann. §73-61

Missouri
none specified[46]
For both piercings and tattoos, parent/guardian must sign written consent in the presence of the person performing the procedure, or their employee.[46]

cannot be tattooed, branded or body pierced.[46]
violations are a misdemeanor, punishable with a fine of up to $500 (more for repeat offenses)[46]
The state director of the division of professional registration licenses all body artists, and sets rules & regulations for the operation of body art establishments.[47]
Mo. Rev. Stat. §324.520[46]

Montana
none specified[48]
Parent or guardian must give "explicit, in-person" consent.[48] Montana administrative rules also require that the parent/guardian be present throughout the procedure.[49]

cannot be tattooed or body pierced.[49]
A person who tattoos or body pierces a minor without parent/guardian consent is guilty of Unlawful transactions with children, punishable by a fine of up to $500 or six months in county jail, or both.[48]
Other violations of Montana body art laws are a misdemeanor, with punishments ranging from a fine of $50–100 for a first offense to $300 and/or 90 days in county jail for third and subsequent offense.[50]

Montana's Department of Health and Safety licenses and regulates body art establishments.[51] Local health boards may establish their own licensing and regulatory schemes in lieu of the state department's.[52]
Mont. Code Ann. §45-5-623[48]
Mont. Code Ann. §50-48-101 to 110[53]
Mont. Code Ann. §50-48-201 to 209[54]

Nebraska
none specified[55]
written consent, must be present during procedure
Piercing does not include the external parts of the ear[56]
No restrictions

Nebraska Revised Statute 38-1008, 38-1009, 38-1010, 38-1011, 38-1060, 38-10,165

Nevada
n/a[6]
n/a[6]
Nevada state law does not regulate tattoos, piercings, or other body art. Regional health districts may regulate the practice. The southern Nevada Health District, for example, does not allow minors below the age of 14 to be tattooed, and requires a parent or guardian to provide written consent and be present during the procedure for 14- to 18-year-olds. The southern Nevada district also bans tattoos on those who are under the influence of drugs or alcohol.[57]
n/a[6]

n/a[6]

New Hampshire
18 (piercings excepted)[58]
For piercings: parent/guardian must both sign written consent and be present during the procedure.
Minors cannot be tattooed or branded. They may be pierced with parent/guardian consent.[58] Minors may have their ears pierced without parent/guardian consent.[59]
no restrictions

N.H. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 314[6]

New Jersey
none specified[60]
written permission of parent/guardian is required for tattooing and body piercing.[60]
Parent/guardian must be present and sign written consent for ear piercings as well as for body piercing. Minors cannot have genital piercings even with parent/guardian consent.[61]
no restrictions
no restrictions
no restrictions
N.J. Stat. Ann. §2C:40-21
N.J.A.C. 8:27-1 et seq.
N.J. Stat. Ann. §26-1A-7[6]

New Mexico
none specified[62]
Written consent and presence during the procedure.
Medical procedures by physicians and ear piercing are exempt[63]
no restrictions
Administrative Regulations set by the Board of Barbers and Cosmetologists
All body artists are required to be licensed through the state, and are subject to regulations from the Board
Body Art Safe Practices Act. N.M. Stat. Ann. § 61-17B et seq.,[63] N.M. Administrative Code 16.36 et seq.[62]

New York
18 (piercings excepted) [64]
Minors cannot be tattooed with parent/guardian consent. For piercings: parent/guardian must give written consent, signed in presence of the body artist or body art establishment owner.[65]
Written parental consent is not required for ear piercings.[66]
no restrictions

New York Public Health Law, Article 4-A[6][65]
N.Y. Public Health Law §460-466[6]
N.Y. Penal Law § 260.21[6]

North Carolina
18 (piercings excepted)[67]
Minors cannot be tattooed, even with parent/guardian consent. "Prior consent" of parent/guardian is required for body piercings.[67]
Minors may have their ears pierced without parental consent.[67]
no restrictions

N.C. Gen. Stat. § 130A-283[68]
N.C. Gen. Stat. § 14-400[69]

North Dakota
none specified[70]
Parent/guardian must be present during the procedure and give written consent.[70]

cannot get tattoos or other body art[71]

N.D. Code §23-01-35[72]
N.D. Code §12.1-31-13[6][70]

Ohio
none specified[73]
Parent/guardian must both sign a consent form and "appear in person at the business at the time the procedure is performed."[73]
none - parent/guardian consent and presence is also required for ear piercings.[73]
no restrictions

Ohio Rev. Code Ann. §3730.01 to 3730.99[6][73]

Oklahoma
18 (piercings excepted)[74]
Minors cannot be tattooed, even with parent/guardian consent. For piercings: parent/guardian must both give written consent and be present during the procedure.[74]
Ear piercing is not governed/restricted by Oklahoma law.[74]
Scleral tattooing is illegal.[74]

cannot be tattooed.[74]

Okla. Stat. Title 21 §842.1, 842.2, 842.3[6]

Oregon
18 (piercings excepted)[75]
For piercings: parent/guardian must give written consent and present proof of identity.[76][77]
Minors can only be tattooed with the authorization of a physician.[75]
Scarification and dermal implants are prohibited[78]
Persons with sunburns or skin diseases or disorders cannot be tattooed or pierced.[75][77]
Minors cannot be pierced on the genitals or nipples, even with parent/guardian consent.[76]
Piercing on testes, deep shaft (corpus cavernosa), uvula, eyelids and sub-clavicle are all prohibited.[77]

cannot be tattooed or pierced.[75][77]
Violations of Oregon body art laws are a misdemeanor.[79]
Violations of Health Licensing Office rules are fined (various amounts).[80]

Both body artists and body art establishments are licensed by the Oregon Health Licensing Office.[81] With the assistance of a Board of Body Art practitioners, the Health Licensing Office also sets detailed rules and regulations for body art.[82]
Or. Rev. Stat. § 690.350 et seq
Or. Rev. Stat. § 690.401 to 410
Or. Rev. Stat. § 679.500[6]
Health Licensing Office Rules, especially Divisions 900, 905, 915 & 920[82]

Pennsylvania
none specified[83]
parent/guardian must both give consent and be present during the procedure.[83]

no restrictions

Pa. Cons. Stat. Title 18 § 6311[6][83]

Rhode Island
18 (piercings excepted)[84][85]
Minors cannot be tattooed.[84] For piercings: parent/guardian must both give consent and be present for the procedure.[85]

no restrictions
Tattooing a minor is a criminal offense (misdemeanor), maximum fine $300[84]
Tattooing and body art are regulated by the department of health, artists must be registered.[85]
RI Gen L § 23-1-39[85]
RI Gen L § 11-9-15[84]

South Carolina
18 (piercings excepted)[86][87]
Minors cannot be tattooed.[86] For piercings: parent/guardian must either give written, notarized consent or be present during the procedure.[87]
Head, face, and neck tattoos are illegal.[86]
cannot be tattooed or body pierced[86][88]
Under the Health Code, persons violating restrictions on tattooing and body piercing are guilty of a misdemeanor. Upon conviction, they may be fined up to $2500 or imprisoned for a year, or both.[86][87]
Tattoo and body piercing facilities are regulated by the Department of Health and Environmental Control. Tattoo facilities are licensed, body piercing facilities require a permit, and artists must be registered[89][90]
S.C. Code § 44-32-10 to 44-32-120[88]
S.C. Code § 44-34-10 to 44-34-110[91]

South Dakota
none specified[92]
Parent/guardian must sign a consent form.[92]

cannot be tattooed or pierced[93][94]
Tattooing a minor is a class 2 misdemeanor.[95]
Tattooing and Body Piercing are governed by Department of Health rules.[96] Municipalities may set stricter regulations, and have the authority to license body artists.[95]
S.D. Codified Laws Ann. §26-10-19[92]
S.D. Laws § 9-34-17[95]

Tennessee
18 (piercings excepted)[97][98]
For tattoos that cover an existing tattoo (see Notes & Exceptions): Parent/Guardian must be present during the procedure.[97]
For piercings: Parent/Guardian must give written consent, be present during the procedure.[98]

Minors over the age of sixteen may be tattooed to cover up an existing tattoo, with parent/guardian consent.[97]

Minors who lie about their age to be tattooed are guilty of a "delinquent act," are required to pay a fine of $50–$250 and serve at least 20 hours of community service.[97]
Tattooing a minor is a class a misdemeanor,[97] breach of body piercing law is a class b misdemeanor.[99]

Tattoo artists and body piercers are licensed by the state department of health, tattoo shops require a certificate from the local health department.[100][101]
Tenn. Code §§ 62-38-201-310[102]

Texas
18 (piercings excepted)[103][104]
For body piercings and for covering existing tattoos (see Notes & Exceptions): Parent/guardian must be present during procedure, sign an affidavit[103][104]
Ear piercing is exempt from body piercing statutes[105]
Minors may, with parent/guardian consent, be tattooed to cover up an existing tattoo that has offensive, gang-related, or drug-related content, or "other words, symbols, or markings that the person's parent or guardian considers would be in the best interest of the person to cover"[103]
Tongue splitting prohibited.[106]

Cannot be tattooed or pierced.[103][107]
Misrepresenting one's age to get a tattoo, or to get a piercing without parental consent, is a class B misdemeanor[103][104]
Violations of Texas tattooing & body piercing statute are a Class A misdemeanor, with each day of violation counting as a separate offense.[108]
Health Commissioner can impose a fine of up to $5000 on artists & shops for each violation[109]

Tattoo artists and body piercers must be registered with the Texas Department of Health[110] Tattoo and body piercing shops must be licensed[111]
Texas Health and Safety Code Ann. §146[112]

Utah
none specified[113]
Parent/guardian must be present during the procedure, give written permission, and provide proof of identity.[113]
Parental consent not required by law for ear piercing[113]

Tattooing or body piercing a minor is a class b misdemeanor, shops can be fined up to $1000 for each violation.[113]

Utah Code Ann. §76-10-2201[6]

Vermont
none specified[114]

Tattooists and body piercers must be registered.[114]
Vt. Stat. Ann. Title 26 §4101 to 4109[6][115]

Virginia
none specified[116]
Parent/Guardian must be present during the procedure.[116]
Virginia law does not limit minors' ability to have their ears pierced.[116]

Tattooing or body piercing a minor is a class 1 misdemeanor[116]
Tattoo artists and body piercers, as well as the operators of tattoo and body piercing establishments, are licensed by the state.[117][118]
Civic/local governments are empowered to regulate tattoo and body piercing establishments.[119]

Va. Code §54.1-700 et seq.
Va. Code §15.2-912
Va. Code § 18.2-371.3.[6]

Washington
18 (piercings excepted)[120]

cannot have tattoos, body piercings, or other body art.[121]

Wash. Code §26.28.085[120]
Wash. Code § 18.300[122]
Wash. Code § 246-145-001 to 060[123]
Wash. Code §70.54[124]

West Virginia
none specified[125]
parent/guardian must give written consent[125]

All persons receiving a tattoo must attest they are not under the influence of drugs or alcohol.[125]

Tattoo shop owners and body piercing studios must register with local board of health, and must be registered as a business with the state[126][127][128]
W. Va. Code §16-37
W. Va. Code §16-38[129]

Wisconsin
18[130]
n/a (tattooing not permitted under 18)
Physicians in the course of professional practice are exempt
no restriction
Tattooing a minor or even offering to do so is subject to a fine of up to $200
Artists must be satisfy training requirements and obtain a license from the health department. Establishments are subject to inspection and licensing[131]
Wisconsin Statutes & Annotations 948.70 and 252.235

Wyoming
none specified[132]
Verbal consent, presence during procedure.[132]
Procedures performed under the supervision of a licensed physician, and piercing of the ear, do not count as body art for this law.
no restriction[132]
Misdemeanor criminal offense, punishable by fine and prison time[132]

Wyoming Statute §14-3-107[132]


document_title: Four-leaf clover

question_text: what is the percentage of finding a four leaf clover

text: Four-leaf clover

text: Occurrence[edit]

text: It is claimed that there are approximately 10,000 three-leaf clovers for every four-leaf clover.[5] However, an actual survey of over 5 million clovers found the real frequency to be closer to 5,000 to 1, double the said probability.[6]

text: Even so, this probability has not deterred collectors who have reached records as high as 170,000 four-leaf clovers in a lifetime. However, the world record for four-leaf clovers in a single day is at least 166, with the record for one hour being 166, set by an American named Katie Borka on June 23, 2018.[7] [8]

text: Clovers can have more than four leaves. Five-leaf clovers are less commonly found naturally than four-leaf clovers;[9][10] however, they, too, have been successfully cultivated.[11] Some four-leaf clover collectors, particularly in Ireland, regard the five-leaf clover, known as a rose clover, as a particular prize.[12] In exceptionally rare cases, clovers are able to grow with six leaves and more in nature.[13] The most leaves ever found on a single clover stem (Trifolium repens L.) is 56 and was discovered by Shigeo Obara of Hanamaki City, Iwate, Japan, on 10 May 2009.[14][15]

text: Cause[edit]

text: It is debated whether the fourth leaf is caused genetically or environmentally. Its relative rarity (1 in 5,000 clovers[6]) suggests a possible recessive gene appearing at a low frequency. Alternatively, four-leaf clovers could be caused by somatic mutation or a developmental error of environmental causes. They could also be caused by the interaction of several genes that happen to segregate in the individual plant. It is possible all four explanations could apply to individual cases. This means that multiple four-leaf clovers could be found in the same clover plant.[16]

text: Researchers from the University of Georgia have reported finding the gene that turns ordinary three-leaf clovers into the coveted four-leaf types. Masked by the three-leaf gene and strongly influenced by environmental condition, molecular markers now make it possible to detect the presence of the gene for four-leaves and for breeders to work with it. The results of the study, which also located two other leaf traits in the white-clover genome, were reported in the July/August 2010 edition of Crop Science, published by the Crop Science Society of America.[17]

text: The other leaf traits, the red fleck mark and red midrib, a herringbone pattern that runs down the center of each leaflet in a bold red color, were mapped to nearby locations, resolving a century-old question as to whether these leaf traits were controlled by one gene or two separate genes.

text: White clover has many genes that affect leaf color and shape, and the three in the study were very rare. These traits can be quite attractive, particularly if combined with others, and can turn clover into an ornamental plant for use in flower beds.[18]

text: There are reports of farms in the US which specialize in four-leaf clovers, producing as many as 10,000 a day (to be sealed in plastic as "lucky charms") by introducing a genetically engineered ingredient to the plants to encourage the aberration (there are, however, widely available cultivars that regularly produce leaves with multiple leaflets – see below).[19] These are associated to Saint Patricks Day.

text: Multi-leaved cultivars[edit]

text: There are some cultivars of white clover (Trifolium repens) which regularly produce more than three leaflets, including purple-leaved T. repens "Purpurascens Quadrifolium" and green-leaved T. repens "Quadrifolium".[20] Some clovers have more spade shape leaves, rather than the usual rounded ones. This may be another plant, or another genetic mutation. Some genetic mutations in clovers include spade-like shaped leaves or a dotted rusty colour on the leaves.

text: Trifolium repens "Good Luck" is a cultivar which has three, four, or five green, dark-centered leaflets per leaf.[21]

text: Other species[edit]

text: Other plants may be mistaken for, or misleadingly sold as, "four-leaf clovers"; for example, Oxalis tetraphylla is a species of wood sorrel with leaves resembling a four-leaf clover.[22][23] Other species that have been sold as "four-leaf clovers" include Marsilea quadrifolia.[24][25]

text: Symbolic usage[edit]

text:
Italian automobile maker Alfa Romeo used to paint a four-leaf clover, or quadrifoglio, on the side of their racing cars. This tradition started in the 1923 Targa Florio race, when driver Ugo Sivocci decorated his car with a green clover on a white background.
Los Angeles-based space exploration company SpaceX includes a four-leaf clover on each space mission embroidered patch as a good luck charm. Inclusion of the clover has become a regular icon on SpaceX's flight patches ever since the company's first successful Falcon 1 rocket launch in 2008, which was the first mission to feature a clover "for luck" on its patch.[26]
Celtic Football Club, an association football team from Glasgow, Scotland, have used the four leaf clover as the club's official badge for over 40 years.
Former Japanese game developer studio Clover Studio used a four-leaf clover as their logo.
Several businesses and organisations use a four-leaf clover in their logos to signify Celtic origins.[27][28][29]
The global network of youth organizations 4-H uses a green four-leaf clover with a white H on each leaf.[30]
The logo of the New Jersey Lottery features an outline of the state in white on a green four-leaf clover printed on a lottery draw machine ball.

text: Meanings[edit]

text: Some folk traditions assign a different attribute to each leaf of a clover. The first leaf represents hope, the second stands for faith, the third is for love and the fourth leaf brings luck to the finder. A fifth leaf represents money, but there is no meaning as yet for the sixth leaf and above.[13] Some reports claim six to be fame and seven to be longevity, though the notions' origination is unknown.


document_title: Rajgir

question_text: who shifted the capital of magadh from rajagrih of patliputra

text: Rajgir

text: History[edit]

text: The name Rajgir came from Rājagṛiha  'house of the king' or "royal house", or the word rajgir might have its origin in its plain literal meaning, "royal mountain". It was the ancient capital city of the Magadha kings until the 5th century BC when Udayin(460-440 BC), son of Ajatshatru, moved the capital to Pataliputra.[4] In those days, it was called Rajgrih, which translates as 'the home of Royalty'. Shishunaga founded Shishunaga dynasty in 413 BCE with Rajgir as its initial capital before it was moved to Pataliputra.

text: Rajgir is also famous for its association with Haryanka dynasty Kings Bimbisara and Ajatashatru. Ajatashatru kept his father Bimbsara in captivity here. The sources do not agree which of the Buddha's royal contemporaries, Bimbisara and Ajatashatru, was responsible for its construction. Ajatashatru is also credited with moving the capital to Pataliputra (modern Patna).

text:
The epic Mahabharata calls it Girivraja and recount the story of its king, Jarasandha, and his battle with the Pandava brothers and their allies Krishna. Jarasandha who hailed from this place, had been defeated by Krishna 17 times. The 18th time Krishna left the battlefield without fighting.[5] Because of this Krishna is also called 'ranachorh' (one who has left the battlefield).[6] Mahabharata recounts a wrestling match between Bhima (one of the Pandavas) and Jarasandha, the then king of Magadha. Jarasandha was invincible as his body could rejoin any dismembered limbs. According to the legend, Bhim split Jarasandha into two and threw the two halves facing opposite to each other so that they could not join. There is a famous Jarasandha's Akhara (place where martial arts are practiced).
It is also mentioned in Jain and Buddhist scriptures, which give a series of place-names, but without geographical context.  The attempt to locate these places is based largely on reference to them and to other locations in the works of Chinese Buddhist pilgrims, particularly Faxian and Xuanzang.  It is on the basis of Xuanzang in particular that the site is divided into Old and New Rajgir.  The former lies within a valley and is surrounded by low-lying hills, Rajgir hills.  It is defined by an earthen embankment (the Inner Fortification), with which is associated the Outer Fortification, a complex of cyclopean walls that runs (with large breaks) along the crest of the hills.  New Rajgir is defined by another, larger, embankment outside the northern entrance of the valley and next to the modern town. It was here that Gautama Buddha spent several months meditating, and preaching at Gridhra-kuta, ('Hill of the Vultures'). He also delivered some of his famous sermons and initiated king Bimbisara of Magadha and countless others to Buddhism. On one of the hills is the Saptparni cave where the First Buddhist Council was held under the leadership of Maha Kassapa.

text: It is sacred to the memory of the founders of both the religions: Jainism and Buddhism and associated with both the historical Mahavira and Buddha.

text: Lord Mahavira, 24th Tirthankara spent fourteen years of his life at Rajgir and Nalanda, spending  Chaturmas (i.e. 4 months of the rainy season) at a single place in Rajgir (Rajgruhi) and the rest in the places in the vicinity. It was the capital of one of his Shravaks(follower) King Shrenik. Thus Rajgir is a very important religious place for Jains.The twentieth Jain tirthankara, Munisuvrata is supposed to have been born here.An ancient temple(about 1200 years old) dedicated to Munisuvrat bhagwan is also present here along with many other jain temples.This temple is also a place for four Kalyanakas of Bhagwan Munisuvratnath.

text: Geography and climate[edit]

text: The city was in a valley surrounded by seven hills: Vaibhara, Ratna, Saila, Sona, Udaya, Chhatha, and Vipula.

text: Rajgir has also developed as a health and winter resort due to its warm water ponds. These baths are said to contain some medicinal properties that help in the cure of many skin diseases. .Another attraction of the region is the ropeway that leads uphill to the Vishwa Shanti Stupa (Peace Pagoda), Makhdoom Kund and monasteries built by Japanese devotees of the Buddha on top of the Ratnagiri Hills.

text:
Temperature: maximum 44°C (111.2°F), minimum 20°C (68°F).
Winter temperature: maximum 28°C (82.4°F), minimum 6°C (42.8°F).
Rainfall: 1,860 mm (mid-June to mid-September)
Dry/warm season: October to March

text: Notable places[edit]

text:
Pilgrimage toBuddha'sHoly Sites
The Four Main Sites
Bodh Gaya
Kushinagar
Lumbini
Sarnath

Four Additional Sites
Rajgir
Sankassa
Shravasti
Vaishali

Other Sites
Amaravathi
Chandavaram
Devadaha
Gaya
Kapilavastu
Kesaria
Kosambi
Nalanda
Pataliputra
Pava
Varanasi

Later Sites
Ajanta Caves
Barabar Caves
Bharhut
Ellora Caves
Lalitgiri
Mathura
Pandavleni Caves
Piprahwa
Ratnagiri
Sanchi
Udayagiri
Vikramashila
vte

text: The renowned Son Bhandar Caves is situated at Rajgir, Nalanda district in Bihar state. Son Bhandar group of caves has two caves known as eastern and western cave. Son bhandar caves are concerned with Jainism and considered to belong to 3-4 century AD.

text: These caves were first inspected by Cunninghum and he concluded to have analogy with Saptaparni Cave of Buddhism creed. After Cunninghum several scholars visited this place and some had opinion to concern with Buddhism. After some time all Buddhism connections were refused because of an inscription found on the southern wall of a cave.

text: According to this inscription these caves were built by inspiration of a Jain Muni Vair for Jain ascetics. Sculptures of Teerthankaras were also carved in these caves. From architectural aspect; these caves are analogous to Nagarjuni cave and Barabar Caves caves of Mauryan era. Therefore, it can be concluded that construction time should not be much differ from above mentioned caves.

text: These caves should be related to Digambar sect of Jainism as Xuanzang wrote in his book about Vaibhar Hill of Rajgir that the place was occupied by Digambar Jain monks for meditation purpose. After some centuries these caves were converted by Hindus as Lord Vishnu sculpture was also found from mound of a cave.[8]

text: Historically, Rajgir has been a very important place in Jainism, as capital to many empires. The main tourist attractions include the ancient city walls from Ajatshatru's period,  the Bimbisar's Jail,  Jarasandh's Akhara, Gridhra-kuta, ('Hill of the Vultures'), Sonabhandara cave[9] and the Jain temples on the five peaks.[8]

text: Rajgir is famous for its hot water springs, locally known as Brahmakund, a sacred place for Hindus where water from seven different springs (Saptarshi) merge and is notable for its healing effects.[10][11] Another major attraction is the peace pagoda, Vishwa Shanti Stupa, built in 1969, one of the 80 peace pagodas in the world, to spread the message of peace and non-violence. The rope-way that leads to it is another attraction.

text: The Japanese temple is beside the Venu Vana. Venu Vana is an artificial forest, where one can enjoy Eternal peace, and meditate.And famous Makhdoom Kund. Sri Ramakrishna Math is a non-political spiritual organization which have been engaged in various forms of humanitarians, social service activities.

text: Rajgir Heritage Museum is another place of Interest, recently inaugurated by CM Nitish Kumar.[12]

text: Demographics[edit]

text: As of the 2011 India census,[13] Rajgir had a population of 41,587 . Males constitute 53% of the population and females 47%. Rajgir has an average literacy rate of 52%, lower than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 61%, and female literacy is 41%. In Rajgir, 19% of the population is under 6 years of age.But now the literacy average of Rajgir is (increasing from 2007) about 70%.

text: Transportation[edit]

text: Bihar State Tourism Development Corporation provides travel facility from state capital Patna to visit Bodh circuit (Bodhgaya, Rajgir, Nalanda, Vaishali, Kesaria, Lumbini, Kushinagar, Sarnath), Jain Circuit (Rajgir, Pawapuri) and Sikh Circuit in Bihar.

text:
Air: The nearest is Gaya International Airport, Gaya which is 78 km which is connected to International Destinations like Bangkok, Columbo, etc. Another airport is at Patna 101 km.  Air India, Indigo, Jet Airways and Go Air connect Patna to Kolkata, Bengaluru, Mumbai, Delhi, Ranchi and Lucknow.
Rail: Rajgir railway station connects the city to other parts of country yet the nearest convenient railhead is at Gaya Junction railway station 78 km. The Bakhtiyarpur-Gaya line provides improved rail connectivity to many places.
Road: Rajgir is connected by road to Patna - 110 km, Nalanda - 12 km, Gaya - 78 km, Pawapuri - 38 km, Bihar Sharif - 25 km, etc.
Bus: Regular buses are available from all the above said points to Rajgir.
Local Transport: Taxis and Buses and Tongas are available.

text: Sports[edit]

text: Nalanda International Cricket Stadium is a proposed cricket stadium in the city. In 2013, it was announced by the Chief Minister of Bihar Nitish Kumar that an international cricket stadium will be constructed at Rajgir in Bihar's Nalanda district.[14][15] After completion the stadium will home of Bihar cricket team.[16][17][18]

text: Picture gallery[edit]

text:
Brahma Kund hot springs is a Hindu pilgrimage site where water from seven different springs (Saptarshi or seven sages) merge[10]

Boar's Cave, Rajgir.

Pipphali Cave

Jain Temple

Shri Mahavir Swami Shwetamber Temple

Shri Digambar Jain Mandir

Venuvana Monastery

Rope way, Rajgir hills

Vulture's Peak, view from a nearby hill. The place where was the "Atanatiya" conference held.

Remains of the monastery called Jivakambavana

Bimbisara's jail

Jarasandha's Akhara

Jarasandha's Akhara

Rajgir Vishwa Shanti Stupa

Serpent Hood from Rajgir (Chunar Sandstone, circa 3rd century BCE)

Buddhist monks meditating on Vulture's Peak


document_title: Bit rate

question_text: the amount of data that can be transferred to or from memory per second

text: Bit rate

text: Prefixes[edit]

text: When quantifying large bit rates, SI prefixes (also known as metric prefixes or decimal prefixes) are used, thus:

text:
1,000 bit/s
rate = 1 kbit/s (one kilobit or one thousand bits per second)

1,000,000 bit/s
rate = 1 Mbit/s (one megabit or one million bits per second)

1,000,000,000 bit/s
rate = 1 Gbit/s (one gigabit or one billion bits per second)

text:
Binary prefixes are sometimes used for bit rates.[3][4]
The International Standard (IEC 80000-13) specifies different abbreviations for binary and decimal (SI) prefixes (e.g. 1 KiB/s = 1024 B/s = 8192 bit/s, and 1 MiB/s = 1024 KiB/s).

text: In data communications [edit]

text: Gross bit rate[edit]

text: In digital communication systems, the physical layer gross bitrate,[5] raw bitrate,[6] data signaling rate,[7] gross data transfer rate[8] or uncoded transmission rate[6] (sometimes written as a variable Rb[5][6] or fb[9]) is the total number of physically transferred bits per second over a communication link, including useful data as well as protocol overhead.

text:
In case of serial communications, the gross bit rate is related to the bit transmission time

T

b

{\displaystyle T_{b}}

as:

text: The gross bit rate is related to the symbol rate or modulation rate, which is expressed in bauds or symbols per second. However, the gross bit rate and the baud value are equal only when there are only two levels per symbol, representing 0 and 1, meaning that each symbol of a data transmission system carries exactly one bit of data; for example, this is not the case for modern modulation systems used in modems and LAN equipment.[10]

text: For most line codes and modulation methods:

text:
More specifically, a line code  (or baseband transmission scheme) representing the data using pulse-amplitude modulation with

2

N

{\displaystyle 2^{N}}

 different voltage levels, can transfer

N

 bit/pulse

{\displaystyle N{\text{ bit/pulse}}}

. A digital modulation method (or passband transmission scheme) using

2

N

{\displaystyle 2^{N}}

 different symbols, for example

2

N

{\displaystyle 2^{N}}

 amplitudes, phases or frequencies, can transfer

N

 bit/symbol

{\displaystyle N{\text{ bit/symbol}}}

. This results in:

text: An exception from the above is some self-synchronizing line codes, for example Manchester coding and return-to-zero (RTZ) coding, where each bit is represented by two pulses (signal states), resulting in:

text: A theoretical upper bound for the symbol rate in baud, symbols/s or pulses/s for a certain spectral bandwidth in hertz is given by the Nyquist law:

text: In practice this upper bound can only be approached for line coding schemes and for so-called vestigal sideband digital modulation. Most other digital carrier-modulated schemes, for example ASK, PSK, QAM and OFDM, can be characterized as double sideband modulation, resulting in the following relation:

text: In case of parallel communication, the gross bit rate is given by

text: where n is the number of parallel channels, Mi is the number of symbols or levels of the modulation in the i-th channel, and Ti is the symbol duration time, expressed in seconds, for the i-th channel.

text: Information rate[edit]

text: The physical layer net bitrate,[11] information rate,[5] useful bit rate,[12] payload rate,[13] net data transfer rate,[8] coded transmission rate,[6] effective data rate[6] or wire speed (informal language) of a digital communication channel is the capacity excluding the physical layer protocol overhead, for example time division multiplex (TDM) framing bits, redundant forward error correction (FEC) codes, equalizer training symbols and other channel coding. Error-correcting codes are common especially in wireless communication systems, broadband modem standards and modern copper-based high-speed LANs. The physical layer net bitrate is the datarate measured at a reference point in the interface between the datalink layer and physical layer, and may consequently include data link and higher layer overhead.

text: In modems and wireless systems, link adaptation (automatic adaption of the data rate and the modulation and/or error coding scheme to the signal quality) is often applied. In that context, the term peak bitrate denotes the net bitrate of the fastest and least robust transmission mode, used for example when the distance is very short between sender and transmitter.[14] Some operating systems and network equipment may detect the "connection speed"[15] (informal language) of a network access technology or communication device, implying the current net bit rate. Note that the term line rate in some textbooks is defined as gross bit rate,[13] in others as net bit rate.

text: The relationship between the gross bit rate and net bit rate is affected by the FEC code rate according to the following.

text: The connection speed of a technology that involves forward error correction typically refers to the physical layer net bit rate in accordance with the above definition.

text: For example, the net bitrate (and thus the "connection speed") of an IEEE 802.11a wireless network is the net bit rate of between 6 and 54 Mbit/s, while the gross bit rate is between 12 and 72 Mbit/s inclusive of error-correcting codes.

text: The net bit rate of ISDN2 Basic Rate Interface (2 B-channels + 1 D-channel) of 64+64+16 = 144 kbit/s also refers to the payload data rates, while the D channel signalling rate is 16 kbit/s.

text: The net bit rate of the Ethernet 100Base-TX physical layer standard is 100 Mbit/s, while the gross bitrate is 125 Mbit/second, due to the 4B5B (four bit over five bit) encoding. In this case, the gross bit rate is equal to the symbol rate or pulse rate of 125 megabaud, due to the NRZI line code.

text: In communications technologies without forward error correction and other physical layer protocol overhead, there is no distinction between gross bit rate and physical layer net bit rate. For example, the net as well as gross bit rate of Ethernet 10Base-T is 10 Mbit/s. Due to the Manchester line code, each bit is represented by two pulses, resulting in a pulse rate of 20 megabaud.

text: The "connection speed" of a V.92 voiceband modem typically refers to the gross bit rate, since there is no additional error-correction code. It can be up to 56,000 bit/s downstreams and 48,000 bit/s upstreams. A lower bit rate may be chosen during the connection establishment phase due to adaptive modulation – slower but more robust modulation schemes are chosen in case of poor signal-to-noise ratio. Due to data compression, the actual data transmission rate or throughput (see below) may be higher.

text: The channel capacity, also known as the Shannon capacity, is a theoretical upper bound for the maximum net bitrate, exclusive of forward error correction coding, that is possible without bit errors for a certain physical analog node-to-node communication link.

text: The channel capacity is proportional to the analog bandwidth in hertz. This proportionality is called Hartley's law. Consequently, the net bit rate is sometimes called digital bandwidth capacity in bit/s.

text: Network throughput[edit]

text: The term throughput, essentially the same thing as digital bandwidth consumption, denotes the achieved average useful bit rate in a computer network over a logical or physical communication link or through a network node, typically measured at a reference point above the datalink layer. This implies that the throughput often excludes data link layer protocol overhead. The throughput is affected by the traffic load from the data source in question, as well as from other sources sharing the same network resources. See also measuring network throughput.

text: Goodput (data transfer rate)[edit]

text: Goodput or data transfer rate refers to the achieved average net bit rate that is delivered to the application layer, exclusive of all protocol overhead, data packets retransmissions, etc. For example, in the case of file transfer, the goodput corresponds to the achieved file transfer rate. The file transfer rate in bit/s can be calculated as the file size (in bytes) divided by the file transfer time (in seconds) and multiplied by eight.

text: As an example, the goodput or data transfer rate of a V.92 voiceband modem is affected by the modem physical layer and data link layer protocols. It is sometimes higher than the physical layer data rate due to V.44 data compression, and sometimes lower due to bit-errors and automatic repeat request retransmissions.

text: If no data compression is provided by the network equipment or protocols, we have the following relation:

text: for a certain communication path.

text: Progress trends[edit]

text: These are examples of physical layer net bit rates in proposed communication standard interfaces and devices:

text:
WAN modems

Ethernet LAN

WiFi WLAN

Mobile data

1972: Acoustic coupler 300 baud
1977: 1200 baud Vadic and Bell 212A
1986: ISDN introduced with two 64 kbit/s channels (144 kbit/s gross bit rate)
1990: V.32bis modems: 2400 / 4800 / 9600 / 19200 bit/s
1994: V.34 modems with 28.8 kbit/s
1995: V.90 modems with 56 kbit/s downstreams, 33.6 kbit/s upstreams
1999: V.92 modems with 56 kbit/s downstreams, 48 kbit/s upstreams
1998: ADSL (ITU G.992.1) up to 10 Mbit/s
2003: ADSL2 (ITU G.992.3) up to 12 Mbit/s
2005: ADSL2+ (ITU G.992.5) up to 26 Mbit/s
2005: VDSL2 (ITU G.993.2) up to 200 Mbit/s
2014: G.fast (ITU G.9701) up to 1000 Mbit/s

1975: Experimental 2.94 Mbit/s
1981: 10 Mbit/s 10BASE5 (coaxial cable)
1990: 10 Mbit/s 10BASE-T (twisted pair)
1995: 100 Mbit/s Fast Ethernet
1999: Gigabit Ethernet
2003: 10 Gigabit Ethernet
2010: 100 Gigabit Ethernet
2017: 200/400 Gigabit Ethernet

1997: 802.11 2 Mbit/s
1999: 802.11b 11 Mbit/s
1999: 802.11a 54 Mbit/s
2003: 802.11g 54 Mbit/s
2007: 802.11n 600 Mbit/s
2012: 802.11ac ~1000 Mbit/s

1G:
1981: NMT 1200 bit/s
2G:
1991: GSM CSD and D-AMPS 14.4 kbit/s
2003: GSM EDGE 296 kbit/s down, 118.4 kbit/s up
3G:
2001: UMTS-FDD (WCDMA) 384 kbit/s
2007: UMTS HSDPA 14.4 Mbit/s
2008: UMTS HSPA 14.4 Mbit/s down, 5.76 Mbit/s up
2009: HSPA+ (Without MIMO) 28 Mbit/s downstreams (56 Mbit/s with 2×2 MIMO), 22 Mbit/s upstreams
2010: CDMA2000 EV-DO Rev. B 14.7 Mbit/s downstreams
2011: HSPA+ accelerated (With MIMO) 42 Mbit/s downstreams
Pre-4G:
2007: Mobile WiMAX (IEEE 802.16e) 144 Mbit/s down, 35 Mbit/s up
2009: LTE 100 Mbit/s downstreams (360 Mbit/s with MIMO 2×2), 50 Mbit/s upstreams
See also comparison of mobile phone standards

text: For more examples, see list of device bit rates, spectral efficiency comparison table and OFDM system comparison table.

text: Multimedia [edit]

text: In digital multimedia, bitrate represents the amount of information, or detail, that is stored per unit of time of a recording. The bitrate depends on several factors:

text:
The original material may be sampled at different frequencies.
The samples may use different numbers of bits.
The data may be encoded by different schemes.
The information may be digitally compressed by different algorithms or to different degrees.

text: Generally, choices are made about the above factors in order to achieve the desired trade-off between minimizing the bitrate and maximizing the quality of the material when it is played.

text: If lossy data compression is used on audio or visual data, differences from the original signal will be introduced; if the compression is substantial, or lossy data is decompressed and recompressed, this may become noticeable in the form of compression artifacts. Whether these affect the perceived quality, and if so how much, depends on the compression scheme, encoder power, the characteristics of the input data, the listener’s perceptions, the listener's familiarity with artifacts, and the listening or viewing environment.

text: The bitrates in this section are approximately the minimum that the average listener in a typical listening or viewing environment, when using the best available compression, would perceive as not significantly worse than the reference standard:

text: Encoding bit rate [edit]

text: In digital multimedia, bit rate often refers to the number of bits used per unit of playback time to represent a continuous medium such as audio or video after source coding (data compression). The encoding bit rate of a multimedia file is the size of a multimedia file in bytes divided by the playback time of the recording (in seconds), multiplied by eight.

text: For realtime streaming multimedia, the encoding bit rate is the goodput that is required to avoid interrupt:

text: The term average bitrate is used in case of variable bitrate multimedia source coding schemes. In this context, the peak bit rate is the maximum number of bits required for any short-term block of compressed data.[16]

text: A theoretical lower bound for the encoding bit rate for lossless data compression is the source information rate, also known as the entropy rate.

text: Audio[edit]

text: CD-DA[edit]

text: CD-DA, the standard audio CD, is said to have a data rate of 44.1 kHz/16, meaning that the audio data was sampled 44,100 times per second and with a bit depth of 16. CD-DA is also stereo, using a left and right channel, so the amount of audio data per second is double that of mono, where only a single channel is used.

text: The bit rate of PCM audio data can be calculated with the following formula:

text: For example, the bit rate of a CD-DA recording (44.1 kHz sampling rate, 16 bits per sample and two channels) can be calculated as follows:

text: The cumulative size of a length of PCM audio data (excluding a file header or other metadata) can be calculated using the following formula:

text: The cumulative size in bytes can be found by dividing the file size in bits by the number of bits in a byte, which is eight:

text: Therefore, 80 minutes (4,800 seconds) of CD-DA data requires 846,720,000 bytes of storage:

text: The MP3 audio format provides lossy data compression. Audio quality improves with increasing bitrate:

text:
32 kbit/s –  generally acceptable only for speech
96 kbit/s –  generally used for speech or low-quality streaming
128 or 160 kbit/s –  mid-range bitrate quality
192 kbit/s –  medium quality bitrate
256 kbit/s –  a commonly used high-quality bitrate
320 kbit/s –  highest level supported by the MP3 standard

text: Other audio[edit]

text:
700 bit/s –  lowest bitrate open-source speech codec Codec2, but barely recognizable yet, sounds much better at 1.2 kbit/s
800 bit/s –  minimum necessary for recognizable speech, using the special-purpose FS-1015 speech codecs
2.15 kbit/s –  minimum bitrate available through the open-source Speex codec
6 kbit/s –  minimum bitrate available through the open-source Opus codec
8 kbit/s –  telephone quality using speech codecs
32–500 kbit/s –  lossy audio as used in Ogg Vorbis
256 kbit/s –  Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB) MP2 bit rate required to achieve a high quality signal[17]
400 kbit/s–1,411 kbit/s –  lossless audio as used in formats such as Free Lossless Audio Codec, WavPack, or Monkey's Audio to compress CD audio
1,411.2 kbit/s –  Linear PCM sound format of CD-DA
5,644.8 kbit/s –  DSD, which is a trademarked implementation of PDM sound format used on Super Audio CD.[18]
6.144 Mbit/s –  E-AC-3 (Dolby Digital Plus), an enhanced coding system based on the AC-3 codec
9.6 Mbit/s –  DVD-Audio, a digital format for delivering high-fidelity audio content on a DVD. DVD-Audio is not intended to be a video delivery format and is not the same as video DVDs containing concert films or music videos. These discs cannot be played on a standard DVD-player without DVD-Audio logo.[19]
18 Mbit/s –  advanced lossless audio codec based on Meridian Lossless Packing (MLP)

text: Video[edit]

text:
16 kbit/s –  videophone quality (minimum necessary for a consumer-acceptable "talking head" picture using various video compression schemes)
128–384 kbit/s –  business-oriented videoconferencing quality using video compression
400 kbit/s YouTube 240p videos (using H.264)[20]
750 kbit/s YouTube 360p videos (using H.264)[20]
1 Mbit/s YouTube 480p videos (using H.264)[20]
1.15 Mbit/s max –  VCD quality (using MPEG1 compression)[21]
2.5 Mbit/s YouTube 720p videos (using H.264)[20]
3.5 Mbit/s typ –  Standard-definition television quality (with bit-rate reduction from MPEG-2 compression)
3.8 Mbit/s YouTube 720p (at 60fps mode) videos (using H.264)[20]
4.5 Mbit/s YouTube 1080p videos (using H.264)[20]
6.8 Mbit/s YouTube 1080p (at 60 fps mode) videos (using H.264)[20]
9.8 Mbit/s max –  DVD (using MPEG2 compression)[22]
8 to 15 Mbit/s typ –  HDTV quality (with bit-rate reduction from MPEG-4 AVC compression)
19 Mbit/s approximate –  HDV 720p (using MPEG2 compression)[23]
24 Mbit/s max –  AVCHD (using MPEG4 AVC compression)[24]
25 Mbit/s approximate –  HDV 1080i (using MPEG2 compression)[23]
29.4 Mbit/s max –  HD DVD
40 Mbit/s max –  1080p Blu-ray Disc (using MPEG2, MPEG4 AVC or VC-1 compression)[25]
250 Mbit/s max –  DCP (using JPEG 2000 compression)
1.4 Gbit/s –  10-bit 4:4:4 Uncompressed 1080p at 24fps

text: Notes[edit]

text: For technical reasons (hardware/software protocols, overheads, encoding schemes, etc.) the actual bit rates used by some of the compared-to devices may be significantly higher than what is listed above. For example, telephone circuits using µlaw or A-law companding (pulse code modulation) yield 64 kbit/s.