document_title: Land of the Lost (film)

question_text: who plays chaka in land of the lost

question_tokens: who plays chaka in land of the lost

text: Land of the Lost (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: Pompous paleontologist Rick Marshall has a low-level job at the La Brea Tar Pits, three years after a disastrous interview with Matt Lauer of Today became a viral video and ruined his career. Doctoral candidate Holly Cantrell tells him that his controversial theories combining time warps and paleontology inspired her. She shows him a fossil with an imprint of a cigarette lighter that he recognizes as his own along with a crystal made into a necklace that gives off strong tachyon energy. She convinces him to finish his tachyon amplifier and come help her on a seemingly routine expedition to the cave where Holly found the fossil, which is in the middle of nowhere. With cave gift shop owner Will Stanton they raft into the cave, where Marshall has detected high levels of tachyons. He activates the tachyon amplifier, triggering an earthquake that opens a time warp into which the raft falls. The group finds themselves in a desert, filled with various items from many eras, and without the amplifier. They rescue a primate-like creature, Cha-Ka of the Pakuni tribe, who becomes their friend and guide.

text: The gang spends a night in a cave after surviving a meeting with a fast, intelligent Tyrannosaurus they nickname "Grumpy", who stalks Marshall for calling him stupid. Marshall receives a telepathic message begging for help and finds himself in ancient ruins. The group encounters a race of lizard men called Sleestaks before meeting the one who sent Marshall the telepathic message, Enik the Altrusian. He explains that he was exiled by the evil Zarn who is attempting to take over Earth with his Sleestak minions, but Enik can prevent this if Marshall retrieves the tachyon amplifier.

text: The group stumble upon a desert where many things from across time end up and they encounter many Compsognathus, Dromaeosaurs, Grumpy, and a female Allosaurus. The Allosaurus and Grumpy battle it out over a previously killed ice-cream seller until they sense Marshall and chase him. Marshall kills the Allosaurus with liquid nitrogen and finds that the amplifier was eaten by the Allosaurus. The amplifier is then stolen by a Pteranodon and taken to its nest. The group arrives at the nest and Marshall lightly steps through the Pteranodon eggs to retrieve the amplifier, but when he reaches it, it stops broadcasting the soundtrack to Marshall's favorite musical A Chorus Line. When the eggs begin to hatch, Holly realizes that the music was acting as a sort of lullaby keeping the baby Pteranodons asleep. Marshall, Will and Holly belt out "I Hope I Get It", with Cha-ka inexplicably joining in, displaying an impressive singing voice.

text: Marshall, Will and Cha-ka celebrate their good fortune. Meanwhile, Holly pockets a dinosaur egg and learns from a recording left by the long-deceased Zarn that Enik deceived them and he is actually the one planning to invade Earth. But she is captured by the Sleestaks to be brought to the Library of Skulls for judgment. The others saved her from being executed for helping Enik, but the villain—now possessing the amplifier, and mind-controlling the Sleestaks—leaves them to open a portal to Earth. Marshall pole vaults into Grumpy's mouth and after removing an intestinal blockage, befriends him. He joins the others to defeat the Sleestak army and confront Enik. After the crystal link between the Land of the Lost and Earth is shattered, Enik reveals the portal will close forever. Thinking fast, Marshall grabs Holly's crystal and inserts it into the port, knowing that the substitute crystal won't hold for long. Will chooses to stay behind to live a better life and to prevent Enik from following Marshall and Holly back to Earth, learning later that female Pakuni are very attractive.

text: A triumphant Marshall again appears on Today with the dinosaur egg Holly brought back to promote his new book Matt Lauer Can Suck It. The egg left behind on the Today set hatches a baby Sleestak, which hisses as the screen goes black.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Will Ferrell as Dr. Rick Marshall, a renowned paleontologist and author, determined to prove his theory on time warps, thus embarking on a time travel experiment.
Anna Friel as Holly Cantrell, Rick's biggest fan.
Danny McBride as Will Stanton, a gift shop owner who takes Holly and Rick to a tachyon rich cave.
Jorma Taccone as Cha-Ka
John Boylan as Enik who plans to invade and conquer Earth, and deceives Rick and the others into believing otherwise; he also controls the Sleestak.
Matt Lauer as himself
Leonard Nimoy as the voice of The Zarn
Douglas Tait as Sleestak

text: The original actors who played Holly and Will in the TV series, Kathy Coleman and Wesley Eure, filmed cameos for the film.[4] However, the final version of the film cut these scenes.[4] Bobb'e J. Thompson, Kiernan Shipka (uncredited), Dylan Sprayberry, and Sierra McCormick appeared in a cameo as Tar Pit Kids and Raymond Ochoa as an uncredited boy in a museum.[5]

text: Production[edit]

text: Production for the film began on March 4, 2008. Only one week's worth of filming was shot using a large-scale soundstage with green screen technology.[6] The rest of filming took place on location in places such as the Dumont Dunes in the Mojave Desert, the La Brea Tar Pits in Hancock Park, and Trona, California.[citation needed]

text: Marketing[edit]

text: The first trailer was shown during Super Bowl XLIII. Subway Restaurants, which paid to appear in the film and had cross promotions with (appearing on their cups), unveiled the second trailer exclusively on their website. JW Marriott Hotels and Pop Rocks also purchased rights to market with film tie-ins.[7] Syfy aired a marathon of the original series on Memorial Day in 2009 in coordination with the studio to have frequent film clips and an interview with Sid and Marty Krofft.[8] After the film's release, another marathon aired on Chiller on June 6. The majority of the first two seasons were also made available on Hulu. Ahead of the film's release, Universal also released the complete series on DVD; it had previously been released by Rhino Home Video. The entire series is also available via download from Xbox Live. Two different games were released online to promote the film. "Chakker" was available to play on the film's official Web site while "Crystal Adventure" was a free downloadable game for iPhones from Kewlbox. Both Subway and MapQuest hosted an online sweepstakes on their respective Web sites with various movie-related merchandise given away as prizes. Both sweepstakes ran from May 18 through June 7 of 2009. Ferrell also appeared on the season 4 premiere of Man vs. Wild, which aired June 2, 2009, to promote the film.

text: Music[edit]

text: The score to Land of the Lost was composed by Michael Giacchino, who recorded his score with an 88-piece ensemble of the Hollywood Studio Symphony and a 35-person choir.[9] On May 10, it was also announced by Dave Mustaine on TheLiveLine that some music from Megadeth would appear in the film.[10] Whether this would be music from the new record was not entirely clear, however during the phone message Mustaine stated that there was new music playing in the background of the message. However parts of the song "The Right to Go Insane", from the 2009 album Endgame, can be heard near the end of the film. In the film, Rick Marshall sings the original Land of the Lost theme and two other tracks (Tracks 5 and 27) utilize parts of the theme as well., The musical A Chorus Line plays a part in the story, and Ferrell sings Cher's 1998 dance pop hit "Believe". Varèse Sarabande released the soundtrack album on June 9, 2009 (tracks 30-32 are bonus tracks).

text: Differences from original series[edit]

text: The film serves as a parody of the original TV series, similar to Starsky & Hutch and The Brady Bunch Movie.[citation needed] In the original series, the main characters were the father and two children. While the first names remain the same, the film converts the Holly character into an unrelated research assistant to allow for more risque humor because she is the main character's love interest.[11] Will, instead of being a son, is an amusement park operator and survivalist.[12] Rick Marshall is a paleontologist in the film, not a park ranger as in the original series. The film's budget also uses CGI special effects rather than the puppet and stop motion animation effects that defined the original series."[13] While the original Saturday morning show targeted a child audience, the film was designed for a more adult audience and includes profanity, sex, and a drug reference, among other adult-oriented items.[14]

text: Release[edit]

text: Land of the Lost was originally scheduled to be released on July 9, but the release date was moved up to June 5 to avoid competition with Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince.[citation needed]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: The film received generally negative reviews from critics. Rotten Tomatoes reports that 26% of critics had given the film a positive review. The Wall Street Journal stated that it "isn't worth the celluloid it's printed on", Entertainment Weekly remarked that "it leaves you feeling splattered", the New York Daily News called it "a high-concept disaster", The Christian Science Monitor labeled it "resolutely uninspired", The Hollywood Reporter labeled it "lame", and The Miami Herald commented that "the whole thing feels at least three summers too stale."[15] A few critics professed admiration for it, notably Roger Ebert who gave the film three stars out of four and wrote:

text:
“
The dinosaurs are so obviously not really there in shots where they menace humans that you could almost say their shots are about how they're not really there. Confronted with such effects, the actors make not the slightest effort to appear terrified, amazed or sometimes even mildly concerned. Some might consider that a weakness. I suspect it is more of a deliberate choice, and I say I enjoyed it.[16]
”

text: Empire magazine's Sam Toy put the film #8 on his best of the year list.[17] On February 1, 2010, the film led the 30th Golden Raspberry Awards with seven nominations (tied with Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen) including Worst Picture, Worst Actor (Ferrell), Worst Director (Silberling), Worst Screenplay, Worst Supporting Actor (Taccone), Worst Screen Couple (Ferrell and any co-star, creature or "comic riff") and Worst Prequel, Remake, Rip-off or Sequel. The film won the Worst Prequel, Remake, Rip-off or Sequel award.[18] While at the Savannah Film Festival in 2011, Ron Meyer (president of Universal Pictures), said that "Land of the Lost was just crap. I mean, there was no excuse for it. The best intentions all went wrong."[19][20]

text: Awards[edit]

text:
Award
Category
Nominee
Result

Golden Raspberry Award
Worst Actor
Will Ferrell
Nominated

Worst Screen Couple
Nominated

Any co-star, creature or "comic riff"
Nominated

Worst Director
Brad Silberling
Nominated

Worst Picture
Universal Pictures
Nominated

Worst Screenplay
Dennis McNicholas and Chris Henchy
Nominated

Worst Supporting Actor
Jorma Taccone
Nominated

Worst Prequel, Remake, Rip-off or Sequel

Won

text: Box office[edit]

text: On its opening day of June 5, the film was a box office flop by grossing only $7.9 million. The film performed under expectations in its first weekend in theaters, its $19 million opening was far less than the expected $30 million. The film's box office results fell far behind that of the 2009 comedy The Hangover, which opened during the same weekend.[21][22] The film's opening weekend gross was about two-thirds what Universal reportedly expected to earn.[23] It made $69 million worldwide.[3] In 2014, the Los Angeles Times listed the film as one of the most expensive box office flops of all time.[24]

text: Home media[edit]

text: The DVD was released on October 13, 2009, with sales reaching $20,286,563 as of August 2011.[3]


document_title: Morgan Grimes

question_text: who does morgan end up with in chuck

question_tokens: who does morgan end up with in chuck

root

text: Morgan Grimes

text: Biography[edit]

text: Morgan Grimes and Chuck Bartowski have been best friends since they were six years old.[2] Much of that time Chuck has looked out for and protected Morgan, including from bullies, but Morgan has also been there for him through many of the most difficult moments of Chuck's life. When Chuck and Ellie's mother left, Morgan was there even though they were both too young to understand what it meant.[3] He also was there to provide support when Chuck was expelled from Stanford and Jill dumped him for Bryce Larkin. In "Chuck Versus the Suitcase," Morgan is given a name tag which states he has been a "team member" at the Buy More since 2003.

tag: p

text: As close as he is to Chuck, Morgan's relationship with Chuck's sister Ellie has been more complex. His long-time crush on Ellie is widely known;[4][5] he claims to have "dedicated [himself] to the study of [Ellie] for the better part of 19 years"[6] and in 1998 she established a "No Touch" policy.[7] He's confessed to having hidden under Ellie's bed when younger to watch her undress.[8] He also took her pillow to his high school's junior prom.[9]

text: His mother's name is Bolonia (Patricia Rae), but little is known about his father other than he and Bolonia are no longer together.[10] Morgan has implied in at least one episode even his own mother doesn't think much of him.[11] Despite Bolonia's heavy Latin American accent, Morgan does not know how to speak Spanish. Morgan is also the only Hispanic employed at the Burbank Buy More.[8] Morgan has no known siblings but does mention having a nephew. As a child he was teased with the nickname "Organ."[12]

text: Series[edit]

text: Morgan was unaware of Chuck's secret life until the Season 3 episode, "Chuck Versus the Beard." For much of the first season, Morgan is primarily used for comic relief in Chuck's personal life, although as the series progresses he begins to develop and gains more independence from his use as Chuck's foil. However, like Ellie and Devon Woodcomb, Morgan is rarely directly involved with the main plot of the episode. Much of Morgan's development as a character continues to center around his friendship with Chuck and events at the Buy More.

text: On occasion, Morgan is drawn into the main (spy) plot.  Sometimes, Morgan simply unwittingly gives Chuck ideas that allow him to complete a mission.[11][13][14]  At other times, Morgan is inadvertently involved in the events of an episode, such as in "Chuck Versus the Crown Vic" and "Chuck Versus the Marlin." Prior to Season 3, Morgan's biggest roles in the main plots were in "Chuck Versus Santa Claus," where he plays a key role in helping Devon and Big Mike subdue Ned, and in "Chuck Versus the Best Friend," when he is misidentified by Smooth Lau as a spy.

text: But typically, Morgan is simply the focus of the Buy More subplots.  For most of the first two seasons, he avoids a great deal of work and leads the other employees in mischief-making and rebellions against the tyrannical assistant manager of the moment,[6][15][16] but is nevertheless gradually given more responsibility.[4][17][18][19]  Parallel to this development is his romantic development, mostly encapsulated in his on-again, off-again relationship with coworker Anna Wu.

text: In an early episode in the series, Morgan pursues Sarah's DEA friend Carina, and he unknowingly becomes involved in the spy intrigue of the episode.[12]  Carina is uninterested enough in Morgan to frequently forget his name, but feigns a romantic interest in him at her convenience.

text: Morgan's professional life and romantic life both make a transition at the end of the second season and beginning of the third season.  When Emmett tricks Morgan into helping him take Big Mike's position as manager, Morgan reluctantly accepts a promotion to assistant manager to protect the other employees from Emmett and hold the store together.  With Anna's encouragement, he shrugs off that burden, quits the Buy More, and asks Anna to accompany him to Hawaii where he chases his dream of becoming a Benihana chef.[20]  About six months later, Morgan returns to Los Angeles and reveals to Chuck that he was failing in his class, and that Anna left him for another classmate.[21]

text: Since the later episodes of the second season, Morgan is also dealing with the unpleasant and awkward situation of a romantic relationship between Big Mike and his mother, the graphic details of which he is frequently made aware.

text: After returning from Hawaii and getting reinstated at the Buy More, Morgan takes the opportunity to move in with Chuck after Devon and Ellie take the lease on the apartment next door.  In an effort to cheer Chuck up, Morgan takes him out on the town after sitting around their largely unfurnished apartment playing video games. By chance they end up at the same club as Sarah and Carina. While at the club, Morgan repeatedly fails to hook up with any of the women there, or even get close to the bar. The next day at work he mentions to Jeff and Lester how his "girlfriend" Carina is back in town, but neither is convinced Carina would have anything to do with him. The three concoct a plan for him to get together with her by throwing a housewarming party for himself and Chuck at their apartment.[22]  She shows him even greater disregard, but when Morgan stands up to her and says "No," actions to which she is unaccustomed, Carina becomes interested and they sleep together.

text: Shortly thereafter, Morgan is again promoted to assistant manager, this time by Big Mike.  At first, Morgan must quell the kinds of mischief and rebellions he used to lead, and he enjoys some early success with advice from Big Mike and help from John Casey.  Afterward, he begins to enlist Lester and Jeff's help in stalking Hannah (in whom he takes a romantic interest) and Chuck (whom he learns is lying to him). Both investigations converge with a shattering effect on Morgan as he discovers them beginning a relationship.

text: When Chuck ends that relationship and Hannah leaves, Chuck's secrets take Morgan to the breaking point of their friendship, but then Morgan stumbles into Chuck's spy life, and Chuck (initially under duress) reveals the secret story of the last two and a half years.  Morgan is tremendously relieved.  Despite the risks associated with Morgan knowing of this, Chuck convinces his handlers to allow Morgan to stay a part of his life, allowing him to finally reaffirm their friendship on new terms.[2] Morgan is one of only a handful of people outside Team Bartowski who know Chuck is the Intersect and who are not imprisoned.  Morgan accepts Chuck's spy life and is relieved that his friend was only trying to protect him.  For his part, Chuck's relief that Morgan accepts him as-is allows him to regain the confidence to access the Intersect again, and he saves both of their lives when he flashes on martial arts.

text: Morgan played a pivotal role in the rescue of Sarah in "Chuck Versus the Other Guy." After quitting the Buy More when promised a place on Chuck's team, he recognized that the fight between Shaw and several Ring agents had been staged to make it look like Shaw had fought off the agents. He also proved instrumental in waking Casey out of the funk he had been in following his dismissal from the NSA and convincing him to help Chuck stop Shaw from killing Sarah in retaliation for his wife's death. Morgan subsequently got his job at the Buy More back when Big Mike revealed he didn't have the heart to advertise for a replacement, and at Casey's request was officially made a member of Operation Bartowski.

text: When Chuck and Sarah went AWOL together at the end of "Chuck Versus the Other Guy," Beckman ordered Casey to enlist Morgan's aid in tracking the couple down in "Chuck Versus the Honeymooners." Morgan quickly proved himself a valuable asset in the search due to his nearly encyclopedic knowledge of Chuck's life, and he helped Casey narrow where to begin the search. During the mission, Morgan helped them apprehend a defecting Basque terrorist, and his obsession with preparing for the mission to Europe—including exhaustive study of and fascination with Lake Como—helped him recognize that the two Interpol agents who arrived to take custody of terrorist were in fact a trap.

text: Anna returned to Burbank in "Chuck Versus the Tooth," and Morgan was forced to contend with lingering feelings which he likened to Chuck's own relationship with Sarah. When Anna witnessed Morgan's new-found sense of responsibility and purpose, and the manner in which he casually brushed her off on two occasions in order to help Chuck with a mission, she realized she wanted him back. Despite his feelings, Morgan admitted that if it took leaving him for Anna to realize she truly wanted him, then she wasn't the woman he wanted to be with and shot her down when she attempted to reconcile with him.

text: In "Chuck Versus the Ring: Part II," Morgan worked with Ellie and Devon to save Sarah, Casey and Chuck from imminent death at the hands of Shaw using a rocket from Casey's Crown Vic. He also helped apprehend the Ring Elders and broke his thumbs in order to free himself and help evacuate the Buy More when Shaw tried to blow it up. He later found the detonator and accidentally blew up the store by dropping it since his hands were heavily bandaged. Also, in the finale, he became acquainted with Casey's daughter Alex, but he was told by Casey to stop flirting with her. Morgan, nevertheless, continued to speak with Alex.[23]

text: Morgan was promoted to manager of the Buy More by Brigadier General Beckman in "Chuck Versus the Suitcase," after successfully identifying that the Buy More functioned too efficiently and pleasantly to successfully operate under the cover of a retail chain, and rectifying it by rehiring the store's former civilian employees. After beginning to date Alex in "Chuck Versus the Coup d'Etat," Morgan was placed in the position of having to tell Casey, who nearly strangled Morgan after the revelation. However, when Morgan was first shot and then nearly sacrificed himself to electrocute members of Casey's former team to save Casey, Chuck and Sarah (dying for three seconds in the process), Casey relented and gave his blessing with the warning of what would happen if Morgan were to break Alex's heart. Following his actions in "Chuck Versus the Couch Lock," Casey began including Morgan more directly in spy operations, acknowledging that he may indeed have value as part of the team. Casey admired Morgan's courage and dedication to his subordinates' safety in "Chuck Versus the Leftovers," and lent him a sidearm for close-quarters combat, despite Morgan's less than stellar marksmanship.

text: In "Chuck Versus Phase Three," Morgan explained to Sarah that a folded-up paper she found in Chuck's work shirt pocket was Chuck's proposal plan because he wanted to marry her. The plan was put on hold while Chuck had to deal with losing the intersect.

text: In "Chuck Versus the Cliffhanger," Morgan puts on a pair of sunglasses found in a box left for Chuck in Castle, not realizing at the time that he was downloading the Intersect. Though the team assumed that Beckman sent the glasses, they were in fact sent by Clyde Decker, intended for Chuck. The Intersect Morgan had was faulty, altered his personality, made him reckless, caused memory loss, joined Gertrude Verbanski and made Morgan break up with Alex over a text message. Chuck was able to coax Morgan back to himself by reminding him of how they got back at a bully in grade school. However, Morgan had also let out that he was the Intersect, causing Decker to put a kill order out on him. After Beckman removed the Intersect, she managed to call off the assassins, all but one: the Viper. When the team apparently caught the Viper and Morgan felt safe enough to try to apologize to Alex, the real Viper showed up, but she was stopped by the Bartowskis. Morgan and Alex eventually get back together with help from the Woodcombs.

text: In "Chuck Versus the Goodbye," Alex officially moves in with Morgan and Casey but her father moves out to be with Verbanski.

text: Development[edit]

text: In March, 2007, Joshua Gomez was cast in what was then the role of "Morgan Pace," joining Zachary Levi (Chuck), Yvonne Strahovski (Sarah), and Adam Baldwin (John Casey).[24] Prior to the beginning of filming his last name was changed to Grimes. Much like the character he portrays, Gomez is an avid gamer. Additionally, Levi and Gomez quickly established a close friendship when production began and Levi describes themselves as "Two little peas in a pod."[25]

text: As the series has progressed, the show involved less of the relationship between Chuck and Morgan. Morgan began to feature more into the Buy More sub-plots, and although Gomez enjoys them, misses the interaction between Chuck and Morgan from earlier in the series.[26] Gomez has also expressed an interest in being involved in more of the show's action.[27]

text: At WonderCon 2009, it was indicated Big Mike would be upgrading Morgan's position at the Buy More.[28] Indeed, Big Mike promoted Morgan to assistant manager. After the Buy More's destruction and reconstruction as a CIA/NSA cover, Morgan returned initially as merely a salesman, but was quickly promoted to store manager by General Beckman.

text: Personality[edit]

text: Morgan begins the series as immature and spends most of his time at the Buy More, keeping company with Chuck, playing video games, or some combination of the above. He is extremely talkative, loyal, and expresses a romantic interest in Chuck's sister, Ellie. He is somewhat romantic even at this stage of his character development, taking a pronounced interest in a girl named Karina (who was in fact an undercover agent) and in the debut episode he claimed that his attraction to a famous porn star was in fact "love." Over the course of the series, he progresses in his romantic and professional life, and though his friendship with Chuck continues to be important to him, he becomes more independent. He has shown himself to be very courageous in the face of fear or adversity: when the Ring tried to take over the Buy More, he encouraged Chuck to fight for their country. He has also taken on a Bengal tiger in order to protect Casey, he broke his thumbs in order to evacuate the Buy More and save lives from a possible explosion, risked very likely fatal electrocution to save his team-mates, and engaged armed terrorists to rescue his employees; each time earning Casey's admiration.

text: Professional life[edit]

text: Aside from a brief resignation to train as a Benihana chef in Hawaii and being effectively laid off for a few months after Daniel Shaw's bomb destroyed the store, Morgan has been employed by the Burbank Buy More since 2003.[23] Throughout the first two seasons, Morgan is frequently involved in antics in the store, often including misuse of store equipment: he has destroyed a store display computer by picking up a virus when surfing for porn,[13] he has become the store champ of a TV show guessing competition on the video wall[15] and has used the storage cage for a Thunderdome match to determine the new assistant store manager.[6] Chuck has told Morgan he's not allowed access to Chuck's advanced demos of new games without "adult supervision."[29] Morgan has also been known to "borrow" Buy More's DVDs off the shelf, copy them, and then re-shrinkwrap them before returning them.[6]  He has also nearly gotten in trouble for sexual harassment and has skipped work to visit an arcade.[30]

text: He has, however, shown signs of growing responsibility. Though Morgan is a poor salesman,[8] Big Mike placed him in charge of the store for Black Friday in both seasons,[4][19] and when Emmett Milbarge is threatening to fire much of the staff, Morgan takes it upon himself to try to hold the store together despite having to endure abuse from all sides.[20]  He quits the Buy More in "Chuck Versus the Colonel" with the encouragement of his girlfriend and moves to Hawaii to chase his dream of becoming a Benihana chef.  After failing at that, he returns to the Buy More.  Big Mike soon promotes him to assistant manager, and he successfully quells the kind of employee mischief and rebellions he used to lead. In emulation of Big Mike, Morgan is revealed to have a "fish" mounted on his office wall. In this case, it is a Billy Bass.[2]

text: He initially returns to the government-rebuilt Buy More as a green shirt under interim store manager Diane (a/k/a Brigadier General Diane Beckman of the National Security Agency).  While readily acknowledging to Diane that he knows nothing about running a CIA/NSA base, Morgan posits that he does know about running a Buy More. A dubious Diane gives him five minutes to plead his case; he requires only two minutes to convince her that her staff of undercover agents and analysts have made the store so incredibly efficient, tidy and friendly that its cover is virtually transparent.  Diane immediately authorizes Morgan to rehire the former staff of surly, creepy and lazy green shirts and Nerd Herders, and appoints him store manager the following day. Morgan teams with his partner, John Casey, to forcibly retrieve Nerd Herders Jeff Barnes and Lester Patel (if not other employees as well) with a tranquilizer gun.[23]

text: Friendship with Chuck[edit]

text: Morgan's most important relationship since childhood is his friendship with Chuck.  Morgan was there for Chuck through the abandonment by his parents, Bryce's betrayal and the resulting expulsion from Stanford, and his painful break-up with Jill; in turn, Chuck has saved Morgan countless times.  He is very nosy about Chuck's personal life (to the extent that he doesn't see why Chuck would object to Morgan knowing his ATM PIN)[6] and believes his approval of Chuck's girlfriends is important.[31]

text: Like Ellie, Morgan can be highly protective of Chuck and their continued close friendship.  In the first season, he is generally unsupportive of any career or romantic progress that might drive him and Chuck apart.  So when Ellie tries to push Chuck into moving forward with his life, Morgan objects on the grounds that Chuck was not ready for the "real world" and insists on having a part in drawing up a five-year plan for Chuck.[32]  At the end of the first season, Morgan is aghast to find an engagement ring in Chuck's bag that he assumes is meant for Sarah.[29]

text: In the second season, Morgan becomes more supportive of Chuck's relationship with Sarah and helps protect him from new threats at work.  Morgan stood up to Milbarge to protect Chuck,[14] and when Chuck skipped his interview for an emergency mission, Morgan tried unsuccessfully to interview on his behalf.[30]  Recalling the long-term pain that Jill caused Chuck with their first break-up, Morgan was upset when he thought Chuck was cheating on Sarah with Jill.[19]  Later, Morgan is distressed to learn that Ellie supported Chuck's intent to break up with Sarah, and quickly reminded her that Sarah was the best thing to have happened to Chuck since the Jill break-up.[33]  Morgan was even willing to go to the extreme measure of delaying Ellie's wedding to cover for Chuck.[34]

text: He is visibly hurt when Chuck keeps secrets from him,[19][35] and is particularly stung when Chuck shames him in front of Anna and others.[3]  He still feels betrayed when, late in the second season, Chuck interviews for a job at Roark Instruments, where Morgan could not join him, without even informing him.  In the third season, he is aghast to learn that Chuck is outright lying to him and conspires with Lester and Jeff to get underneath the seeming "web of conspiracy and deception" surrounding Chuck. He is also crushed when he sees Chuck making out with Hannah, whom he was interested in.[36]  When Morgan discovers the secret Castle base below the store and Chuck's secret life as a spy, however, his resentment of Chuck's secrecy vanishes and he considers it the greatest day of his life.[2]

text: His friendship with Chuck has saved Morgan on numerous occasions, most notably in "Chuck Versus the Beard", where Morgan is nearly put into witness protection in the aftermath of the episode. Chuck vouches for Morgan, admitting his faults, but defending his loyalty as Chuck's best friend, to which Sarah, unenthusiastically, sides with Chuck. His loyalty to Chuck does fail when pitted against Sarah's interrogation techniques, however, when Chuck confides in Morgan in "Chuck Versus the Living Dead" and Morgan, clad in a bulletproof vest and riot shield, caves under her gaze.

text: At the start of the fifth season, Chuck uses Morgan's skills to help find the perfect house for Sarah, Chuck wanting to surprise Sarah keeps the search a secret. when Sarah realises the two are up to something, she dresses up in a seductive pose and breaks Chuck and then takes the planning binder from Morgan.

text: Romantic life[edit]

text: A recurring thread throughout much of the first season is Morgan's obsessive love for Ellie Bartowski, which is not reciprocated. However, as the series progressed, the two came to an understanding and developed something of a friendship after "bonding over an 'I miss Chuck' moment".[8] Morgan has admitted that he sees Ellie as a sister, albeit one with whom he wants to have sex.[7] Morgan's crush on Ellie generated some problems in "Chuck Versus the Nemesis" when he brought Anna Wu to Thanksgiving dinner.

text: Morgan fruitlessly chases Carina early in the first season, not knowing that she's a DEA agent or that she's leading him on.

text: But Morgan's most significant relationship in the series' first two seasons, aside from his friendship with Chuck, is with his on again/off again girlfriend Anna Wu, who during that time also works at the Buy More as a member of the Nerd Herd.  Morgan's immature behavior acts as a barrier to a stable relationship between them.  When they are together, his antics and fear of commitment (to someone other than Chuck) often create problems, and when they are apart, his jealousy leads him to stalkerish behavior.[3][11]  When Morgan and Anna first explore moving in together, he borrows $2500 from Captain Awesome for a deposit on an apartment, which he then impulsively spends on a used, broken-down DeLorean.[37] When Anna finds an apartment lease intended for Chuck and himself, mistakenly believing Morgan intended to move in with her, Morgan attempted to repel her indirectly rather than tell the truth.[38]  Later, he realizes he truly does want to be with her and accepts.[38] However, Morgan evidently does not finalize living arrangements with Anna and still lives with his mother until the end of the second season.[39]  Anna proves protective and supportive of Morgan: she fought a much larger, stronger man on Morgan's behalf[40] and, in "Chuck Versus the Colonel," encourages Morgan to stop tolerating mistreatment at the Buy More and chase his dreams.  He follows her advice and asks her to accompany him to Hawaii while he trains to be a Benihana chef, and she accepts.  More than six months later, Anna leaves him for one of his classmates, and Morgan returns to Los Angeles.

text: In "Chuck Versus the Three Words," he once again runs into Carina, and this time she doesn't even make an effort at showing interest; after he summons the confidence to tell her off, she becomes attracted to him and sleeps with him.  Despite only seemingly having recently gained experience with women, he is apparently very skilled in bed: Carina remarks that while he isn't the best lover she's had, there were very few better.

text: Morgan later takes an interest in Hannah from the moment she enters the Buy More, and returns to an old habit when he recruits Jeff and Lester to stalk her and discover her interests, which he pretends to share.  He is momentarily distracted from pursuing her, however, when she reveals that Chuck traveled to Paris and kept it a secret from him.

text: During Anna's return to "Chuck Versus the Tooth", he constantly avoids talking to her while concentrating on more pressing matters, such as Chuck's mission then his detainment. While she originally only wished to return a box of his items, his new-found sense of responsibility leads her to realize she misses him; but despite his reciprocating feelings, he rejects her as he notes that it took her to have left to know she wanted him, something he didn't want in a partner.

text:
In "Chuck Versus the Ring: Part II", Casey discovers that Morgan has his daughter Alex's phone number. Morgan asserts that they only want to be friends, but Casey can tell from Morgan's pulse and other signs that he is lying (however, as Casey was throttling Morgan to ascertain these signs, Morgan's note that Casey was choking him was a valid possibility to the cause of these signs). Morgan later flirts with Alex, and Casey threatens him. Nevertheless, Morgan continues to communicate with Alex and encourages Casey to be part of her life.[23] Impressed by Morgan's courage and loyalty when he willingly nearly electrocutes himself to save the team, Casey deems Morgan fit to date Alex, but warns him not to break her heart.[41] He realizes that he loves Alex when Chuck points out that Morgan is not bothered by Alex wearing his
"previously unworn, original issue Zemeckis-authenticated Back to the Future t-shirt" nor her messy consumption of pizza and orange juice. When Casey intimidatingly confronts Morgan after seeing Alex leaving Morgan's and Chuck's apartment that morning in one of Morgan's shirts, Morgan initially attempts to deny the sexual component to his relationship with Alex but eventually explains that he cares deeply about Alex; Casey then releases his grip on Morgan and explains, "That's all I wanted to hear."[42] Some weeks later,[43] Morgan goes to dinner for the first time with  Alex's mother and the latter's suitor.[44]

text: The Morgan[edit]

text: In "Chuck Versus the First Kill" Chuck introduces a move he calls "the Morgan." It is performed by twisting the body to the side and raising one knee to cover the groin, while covering both face and groin with his hands. According to Chuck, Morgan used this stance to protect himself from being hit in school, often by girls.

text: The Morgan only appeared thrice in the show, twice performed by Chuck and once by Morgan. All three times resulted in fatality to the attackers.

text: Morgan and the Intersect[edit]

text: At the end of the fourth season, Morgan accidentally uploads the Intersect. However, soon after uploading, the Intersect begins to malfunction in Morgan's head causing paranoia, a change in personality, and partial amnesia, as Morgan proves unable to remember who Indiana Jones or Luke Skywalker are. Morgan becomes reckless, arrogant, selfish and narcissistic under the effects of the Intersect; he carelessly addresses himself as the Intersect, he jumps into situations best attacked covertly, he bullies Verbanski's agents and breaks up with Alex using a text message. It was later discovered that the malfunction was expected by Clyde Decker, who supplied the glasses in the hopes that Chuck would be the recipient of the faulty Intersect. Decker is likely to have deliberately sabotaged the Intersect program on the glasses in the first place.


document_title: The Three Graces

question_text: what are the 3 graces in greek mythology

text: The Three Graces

text: The term The Three Graces may refer to:

text:
Charites, known in Greek mythology as The Three Graces, goddesses of such things as charm, beauty, and creativity. In Roman mythology they were known as the Gratiae.
A subject in art, depicted in dozens of paintings and sculptures, including:

Primavera (Botticelli), a 15th-century painting by Botticelli
The Three Graces (Raphael), a 16th-century painting by Raphael
The Three Graces (Rubens), a 17th-century painting by Rubens
The Three Graces (sculpture), a 19th-century neoclassical sculpture by Antonio Canova
The Three Graces (Indianapolis), a 19th- or 20th-century neoclassical sculpture by an unknown artist, located at the Indianapolis Museum of Art
Three Graces (Mack), an abstract sculpture by Heinz Mack, located at the Lynden Sculpture Garden
The Three Graces, painting by Michael Parkes referred to in Dan Brown's 2009 novel The Lost Symbol
The Three Graces (Cranach), a 16th-century painting by Lucas Cranach the Elder
The Three Graces (d'Antoine) (Trois Graces), an 18th-century fountain by Étienne d'Antoine in the Place de la Comédie, Montpellier, France
Nymph (Central Figure for "The Three Graces"), a 20th-century sculpture by Aristide Maillol
Les Trois Grâces, a 20th-century sculpture by Niki de Saint Phalle

Theological virtues, specifically faith, hope and charity
The Three Graces, a 1908 opera that opened at the Chicago Opera House and starred such performers as Trixie Friganza
The Three Graces (Три грации), a 1988 Russian opera parody composed by Vladimir Tarnopolsky
The Three Graces, a set of three historic buildings on the waterfront in the UNESCO World Heritage site of Pier Head, Liverpool, England
The Three Graces of Admin, three minor characters in the British situation comedy Campus.
"The Bachelor and Three Graces", a set of four sequoia trees growing with intertwined roots growing in Mariposa Grove, Yosemite National Park. Three of these trees ("The Three Graces") grow adjacent to one another and the fourth ("The Bachelor") at a small distance away.

tag: ul


document_title: Prokaryote

question_text: when did prokaryotic cells first appear on earth

text: Prokaryote

text: Structure[edit]

text: Prokaryotes have a prokaryotic cytoskeleton, albeit more primitive than that of the eukaryotes. Besides homologues of actin and tubulin (MreB and FtsZ), the helically arranged building-block of the flagellum, flagellin, is one of the most significant cytoskeletal proteins of bacteria, as it provides structural backgrounds of chemotaxis, the basic cell physiological response of bacteria. At least some prokaryotes also contain intracellular structures that can be seen as primitive organelles. Membranous organelles (or intracellular membranes) are known in some groups of prokaryotes, such as vacuoles or membrane systems devoted to special metabolic properties, such as photosynthesis or chemolithotrophy. In addition, some species also contain carbohydrate-enclosed microcompartments, which have distinct physiological roles (e.g. carboxysomes or gas vacuoles).

text: Most prokaryotes are between 1 µm and 10 µm, but they can vary in size from 0.2 µm (Mycoplasma genitalium) to 750 µm (Thiomargarita namibiensis).

text:
Prokaryotic cell structure

Flagellum (only in some types of prokaryotes)[which?]
Long, whip-like protrusion that aids cellular locomotion used by both gram positive and gram negative organisms.

Cell membrane
Surrounds the cell's cytoplasm and regulates the flow of substances in and out of the cell.

Cell wall (except genera Mycoplasma and Thermoplasma)
Outer covering of most cells that protects the bacterial cell and gives it shape.

Cytoplasm
A gel-like substance composed mainly of water that also contains enzymes, salts, cell components, and various organic molecules.

Ribosome
Cell structures responsible for protein production.

Nucleoid
Area of the cytoplasm that contains the prokaryote's single DNA molecule.

Glycocalyx (only in some types of prokaryotes)
A glycoprotein-polysaccharide covering that surrounds the cell membranes.

Inclusions
It contains the inclusion bodies like ribosomes and larger masses scattered in the cytoplasmic matrix.

tag: table

text: Morphology[edit]

text: Prokaryotic cells have various shapes; the four basic shapes of bacteria are:[9]

text:
Cocci – spherical
Bacilli – rod-shaped
Spirochaete – spiral-shaped
Vibrio – comma-shaped

text: The archaeon Haloquadratum has flat square-shaped cells.[10]

text: Reproduction[edit]

text: Bacteria and archaea reproduce through asexual reproduction, usually by binary fission. Genetic exchange and recombination still occur, but this is a form of horizontal gene transfer and is not a replicative process, simply involving the transference of DNA between two cells, as in bacterial conjugation.

text: DNA transfer[edit]

text: DNA transfer between prokaryotic cells occurs in bacteria and archaea, although it has been mainly studied in bacteria. In bacteria, gene transfer occurs by three processes. These are (1) bacterial virus (bacteriophage)-mediated transduction, (2) plasmid-mediated conjugation, and (3) natural transformation. Transduction of bacterial genes by bacteriophage appears to reflect an occasional error during intracellular assembly of virus particles, rather than an adaptation of the host bacteria. The transfer of bacterial DNA is under the control of the bacteriophage’s genes rather than bacterial genes. Conjugation in the well-studied E. coli system is controlled by plasmid genes, and is an adaptation for distributing copies of a plasmid from one bacterial host to another. Infrequently during this process, a plasmid may integrate into the host bacterial chromosome, and subsequently transfer part of the host bacterial DNA to another bacterium. Plasmid mediated transfer of host bacterial DNA (conjugation) also appears to be an accidental process rather than a bacterial adaptation.

text: Natural bacterial transformation involves the transfer of DNA from one bacterium to another through the intervening medium. Unlike transduction and conjugation, transformation is clearly a bacterial adaptation for DNA transfer, because it depends on numerous bacterial gene products that specifically interact to perform this complex process.[11] For a bacterium to bind, take up and recombine donor DNA into its own chromosome, it must first enter a special physiological state called competence. About 40 genes are required in Bacillus subtilis for the development of competence.[12] The length of DNA transferred during B. subtilis transformation can be as much as a third to the whole chromosome.[13][14] Transformation is a common mode of DNA transfer, and 67 prokaryotic species are thus far known to be naturally competent for transformation.[15]

text: Among archaea, Halobacterium volcanii forms cytoplasmic bridges between cells that appear to be used for transfer of DNA from one cell to another.[16] Another archaeon, Sulfolobus solfataricus, transfers DNA between cells by direct contact. Frols et al.[17] found that exposure of S. solfataricus to DNA damaging agents induces cellular aggregation, and suggested that cellular aggregation may enhance DNA transfer among cells to provide increased repair of damaged DNA via homologous recombination.

text: Sociality[edit]

text: While prokaryotes are considered strictly unicellular, most can form stable aggregate communities.[18] When such communities are encased in a stabilizing polymer matrix ("slime"), they may be called "biofilms".[19] Cells in biofilms often show distinct patterns of gene expression (phenotypic differentiation) in time and space. Also, as with multicellular eukaryotes, these changes in expression often appear to result from cell-to-cell signaling, a phenomenon known as quorum sensing.

text: Biofilms may be highly heterogeneous and structurally complex and may attach to solid surfaces, or exist at liquid-air interfaces, or potentially even liquid-liquid interfaces. Bacterial biofilms are often made up of microcolonies (approximately dome-shaped masses of bacteria and matrix) separated by "voids" through which the medium (e.g., water) may flow easily. The microcolonies may join together above the substratum to form a continuous layer, closing the network of channels separating microcolonies. This structural complexity—combined with observations that oxygen limitation (a ubiquitous challenge for anything growing in size beyond the scale of diffusion) is at least partially eased by movement of medium throughout the biofilm—has led some to speculate that this may constitute a circulatory system [20] and many researchers have started calling prokaryotic communities multicellular (for example [21]). Differential cell expression, collective behavior, signaling, programmed cell death, and (in some cases) discrete biological dispersal[22] events all seem to point in this direction. However, these colonies are seldom if ever founded by a single founder (in the way that animals and plants are founded by single cells), which presents a number of theoretical issues. Most explanations of co-operation and the evolution of multicellularity have focused on high relatedness between members of a group (or colony, or whole organism). If a copy of a gene is present in all members of a group, behaviors that promote cooperation between members may permit those members to have (on average) greater fitness than a similar group of selfish individuals[23] (see inclusive fitness and Hamilton's rule).

text: Should these instances of prokaryotic sociality prove to be the rule rather than the exception, it would have serious implications for the way we view prokaryotes in general, and the way we deal with them in medicine.[24] Bacterial biofilms may be 100 times more resistant to antibiotics than free-living unicells and may be nearly impossible to remove from surfaces once they have colonized them.[25] Other aspects of bacterial cooperation—such as bacterial conjugation and quorum-sensing-mediated pathogenicity, present additional challenges to researchers and medical professionals seeking to treat the associated diseases.

text: Environment[edit]

text: Prokaryotes have diversified greatly throughout their long existence. The metabolism of prokaryotes is far more varied than that of eukaryotes, leading to many highly distinct prokaryotic types. For example, in addition to using photosynthesis or organic compounds for energy, as eukaryotes do, prokaryotes may obtain energy from inorganic compounds such as hydrogen sulfide. This enables prokaryotes to thrive in harsh environments as cold as the snow surface of Antarctica, studied in cryobiology or as hot as undersea hydrothermal vents and land-based hot springs.

text: Prokaryotes live in nearly all environments on Earth. Some archaea and bacteria are extremophiles, thriving in harsh conditions, such as high temperatures (thermophiles) or high salinity (halophiles).[26] Many archaea grow as plankton in the oceans. Symbiotic prokaryotes live in or on the bodies of other organisms, including humans.

text: Classification[edit]

text: In 1977, Carl Woese proposed dividing prokaryotes into the Bacteria and Archaea (originally Eubacteria and Archaebacteria) because of the major differences in the structure and genetics between the two groups of organisms. Archaea were originally thought to be extremophiles, living only in inhospitable conditions such as extremes of temperature, pH, and radiation but have since been found in all types of habitats. The resulting arrangement of Eukaryota (also called "Eucarya"), Bacteria, and Archaea is called the three-domain system, replacing the traditional two-empire system.[27][28]

text: Evolution[edit]

text: A widespread current model of the evolution of the first living organisms is that these were some form of prokaryotes, which may have evolved out of protocells, while the eukaryotes evolved later in the history of life.[30] Some authors have questioned this conclusion, arguing that the current set of prokaryotic species may have evolved from more complex eukaryotic ancestors through a process of simplification.[31][32][33] Others have argued that the three domains of life arose simultaneously, from a set of varied cells that formed a single gene pool.[34] This controversy was summarized in 2005:[35]

text: There is no consensus among biologists concerning the position of the eukaryotes in the overall scheme of cell evolution. Current opinions on the origin and position of eukaryotes span a broad spectrum including the views that eukaryotes arose first in evolution and that prokaryotes descend from them, that eukaryotes arose contemporaneously with eubacteria and archeabacteria and hence represent a primary line of descent of equal age and rank as the prokaryotes, that eukaryotes arose through a symbiotic event entailing an endosymbiotic origin of the nucleus, that eukaryotes arose without endosymbiosis, and that eukaryotes arose through a symbiotic event entailing a simultaneous endosymbiotic origin of the flagellum and the nucleus, in addition to many other models, which have been reviewed and summarized elsewhere.

text: The oldest known fossilized prokaryotes were laid down approximately 3.5 billion years ago, only about 1 billion years after the formation of the Earth's crust. Eukaryotes only appear in the fossil record later, and may have formed from endosymbiosis of multiple prokaryote ancestors. The oldest known fossil eukaryotes are about 1.7 billion years old. However, some genetic evidence suggests eukaryotes appeared as early as 3 billion years ago.[36]

text: While Earth is the only place in the universe where life is known to exist, some have suggested that there is evidence on Mars of fossil or living prokaryotes.[37][38] However, this possibility remains the subject of considerable debate and skepticism.[39][40]

text: Relationship to eukaryotes[edit]

text: The division between prokaryotes and eukaryotes is usually considered the most important distinction or difference among organisms. The distinction is that eukaryotic cells have a "true" nucleus containing their DNA, whereas prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus. Both eukaryotes and prokaryotes contain large RNA/protein structures called ribosomes, which produce protein.

text: Another difference is that ribosomes in prokaryotes are smaller than in eukaryotes. However, two organelles found in many eukaryotic cells, mitochondria and chloroplasts, contain ribosomes similar in size and makeup to those found in prokaryotes.[41] This is one of many pieces of evidence that mitochondria and chloroplasts are themselves descended from free-living bacteria. This theory holds that early eukaryotic cells took in primitive prokaryotic cells by phagocytosis and adapted themselves to incorporate their structures, leading to the mitochondria we see today.

text: The genome in a prokaryote is held within a DNA/protein complex in the cytosol called the nucleoid, which lacks a nuclear envelope.[42] The complex contains a single, cyclic, double-stranded molecule of stable chromosomal DNA, in contrast to the multiple linear, compact, highly organized chromosomes found in eukaryotic cells. In addition, many important genes of prokaryotes are stored in separate circular DNA structures called plasmids.[2]

text: Prokaryotes lack mitochondria and chloroplasts. Instead, processes such as oxidative phosphorylation and photosynthesis take place across the prokaryotic cell membrane.[43] However, prokaryotes do possess some internal structures, such as prokaryotic cytoskeletons.[44][45] It has been suggested that the bacterial order Planctomycetes have a membrane around their nucleoid and contain other membrane-bound cellular structures.[46] However, further investigation revealed that Planctomycetes cells are not compartmentalized or nucleated and like the other bacterial membrane systems are all interconnected.[47]

text: Prokaryotic cells are usually much smaller than eukaryotic cells.[2] Therefore, prokaryotes have a larger surface-area-to-volume ratio, giving them a higher metabolic rate, a higher growth rate, and as a consequence, a shorter generation time than eukaryotes.[2]


document_title: Assam Human rights Commission

question_text: in which year was the assam state human rights commission established

text: Assam Human rights Commission

text:
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text:
Assam Human rights Commission
असम मानवाधिकार आयोग

Agency overview

Formed
19 March 1996

Legal personality
Governmental: Government agency

Jurisdictional structure

Federal agency
India

Size
78438 km2

Population
31,205,576 (2011)

General nature

Federal law enforcement
Civilian agency

Operational structure

Headquarters
Guwahati, Assam

Agency executives

Justice Aftab Hussain Saikia, Chairman
Shri Tarun Phookan, Member

Website

Official website

text: The Assam Human rights Commission was constituted on 19 March 1996.[1]

text: Composition[edit]

text: As per chapter-V of TPHRA, 1993 (with amendment act 2006) commission is headed by a Chairperson who has been a Chief Justice of a High Court along with an active Member who is, or has been, a Judge of a High Court or District Judge in the State with minimum seven year experience as a District Judge, assisted by another expert member on the matters of human rights.

text:
Justice Aftab Hussain Saikia, former Chief Justice of the High Courts of Sikkim and Jammu & Kashmir assumed as the Chairperson on December 1, 2011
Shri Tarun Phookan, Former District & Session's Judge who assumed charge as an active member on December 16, 2011
Shri Jyoti Prasad Chaliha, assumed charge on February 18, 2008 also as an active member of the commission


document_title: 2018 Winter Olympics closing ceremony flag bearers

question_text: who carried the us flag at the closing ceremonies

text:
Part of a series on the

2018 Winter Olympics

Bid process (bid details)
Venues
Torch relay
Mascots
Broadcasters
Opening ceremony (flag bearers)
Chronological summary
Medal table (medalists)
World and Olympic records
Controversies (ban on Russian athletes)
Closing ceremony (flag bearers)
Paralympics

IOC
KOC
POCOG

v
t
e

text: During the closing ceremony of the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang, the flag bearers of 92 National Olympic Committees (NOCs) arrived into Pyeongchang Olympic Stadium. The flag bearers from each participating country entered the stadium informally in single file, and behind them marched all the athletes, without any distinction or grouping by nationality. The blending of all the athletes is a tradition that dates from the 1956 Summer Olympics, after a suggestion by Australian-born British student John Ian Wing, who thought it would be a way of bringing the athletes of the world together as "one nation." The flags of each country were not necessarily carried by the same flag bearer as in the opening ceremony. The flag-bearers entered in ganada order of the Korean alphabet.

text: Countries and flagbearers[edit]

text: The following is a list of each country's flag bearer. The list is sorted by the order in which each nation appears in the parade of nations. This table is sortable by country name in English, country name in Korean, the flag bearer's name, or the flag bearer's sport. Names are given as were officially designated by the International Olympic Committee (IOC).[1][2]

text:
Order
Nation
Hangul
Roman Transliteration
Flag bearer
Sport

1
 Greece (GRE)
그리스
geu ri seu
Ioannis Antoniou
Alpine skiing

2
 Ghana (GHA)
가나
ga na
Akwasi Frimpong
Skeleton

3
 Nigeria (NGR)
나이지리아
na i ji ri a
Simidele Adeagbo
Skeleton

4
 South Africa (RSA)
남아프리카 공화국
nam a peu ri ka gong hwa guk
Connor Wilson
Alpine skiing

5
 Netherlands (NED)
네덜란드
ne deol ran deu
Ireen Wüst[3]
Speed skating

6
 Norway (NOR)
노르웨이
no reu we i
Marit Bjørgen
Cross-country skiing

7
 New Zealand (NZL)
뉴질랜드
nyu jil raen deu
Zoi Sadowski-Synnott[4]
Snowboarding

8
 Denmark (DEN)
덴마크
den ma keu
Viktor Hald Thorup
Speed skating

9
 Germany (GER)
독일
dok il
Christian Ehrhoff[5]
Ice hockey

10
 East Timor (TLS)
동티모르
dong ti mo reu
Yohan Goutt Goncalves
Alpine skiing

11
 Latvia (LAT)
라트비아
ra teu bi a
Haralds Silovs
Speed skating

12
 Lebanon (LBN)
레바논
re ba non
POCOG Volunteer
N/A

13
 Romania (ROU)
루마니아
ru ma ni a
Raluca Strămăturaru
Luge

14
 Luxembourg (LUX)
룩셈부르크
ruk sem bu reu keu
Matthieu Osch
Alpine skiing

15
 Lithuania (LTU)
리투아니아
ri tu a ni a
Andrej Drukarov
Alpine skiing

16
 Liechtenstein (LIE)
리히텐슈타인
ri hi ten syu ta in
POCOG Volunteer
N/A

17
 Madagascar (MAD)
마다가스카르
ma da ga seu ka reu
Mialitiana Clerc
Alpine skiing

18
 Malaysia (MAS)
말레이시아
mal re isi a
Julian Yee
Figure skating

19
 Mexico (MEX)
멕시코
mek si ko
Rodolfo Dickson
Alpine skiing

20
 Monaco (MON)
모나코
mo na ko
Boris Vain
Bobsleigh

21
 Morocco (MAR)
모로코
mo ro ko
Adam Lamhamedi
Alpine skiing

22
 Montenegro (MNE)
몬테네그로
mon te ne geu ro
Eldar Salihović
Alpine skiing

23
 Moldova (MDA)
몰도바
mol do ba
Nicolae Gaiduc
Cross-country skiing

24
 Malta (MLT)
몰타
mol ta
Élise Pellegrin
Alpine skiing

25
 Mongolia (MGL)
몽골
mong gol
Chinbatyn Otgontsetseg
Cross-country skiing

26
 United States (USA)
미국
mi guk
Jessie Diggins[6]
Cross-country skiing

27
 Bermuda (BER)
버뮤다
beo myu da
Tucker Murphy
Cross-country skiing

28
 Belgium (BEL)
벨기에
bel gi e
Bart Swings[7]
Speed skating

29
 Belarus (BLR)
벨라루스
bel ra ru seu
Darya Domracheva
Biathlon

30
 Bosnia and Herzegovina (BIH)
보스니아 헤르체고비나
bo seu ni a he reu che go bi na
Elvedina Muzaferija
Alpine skiing

31
 Bolivia (BOL)
볼리비아
bol ri bi a
Timo Grönlund
Cross-country skiing

32
 Bulgaria (BUL)
불가리아
bul ga ri a
Yordan Chuchuganov
Cross-country skiing

33
 Brazil (BRA)
브라질
beu ra jil
Isadora Williams
Figure skating

34
 San Marino (SMR)
산마리노
san ma ri no
Alessandro Mariotti
Alpine skiing

35
 Serbia (SRB)
세르비아
se reu bi a
Nevena Ignjatović
Alpine skiing

36
 Sweden (SWE)
스웨덴
seu we den
Charlotte Kalla
Cross-country skiing

37
 Switzerland (SUI)
스위스
seu wi seu
Ramon Zenhäusern
Alpine skiing

38
 Spain (ESP)
스페인
seu pe in
Javier Fernández
Figure skating

39
 Slovakia (SVK)
슬로바키아
seul ro ba ki a
Petra Vlhová
Alpine skiing

40
 Slovenia (SLO)
슬로베니아
seul ro be ni a
Filip Flisar
Freestyle skiing

41
 Singapore (SGP)
싱가포르
sing ga po reu
POCOG Volunteer
N/A

42
 Armenia (ARM)
아르메니아
a reu me ni a
Mikayel Mikayelyan
Cross-country skiing

43
 Argentina (ARG)
아르헨티나
a reu hen ti na
Verónica María Ravenna
Luge

44
 Iceland (ISL)
아이슬란드
a i seul ran deu
Snorri Einarsson[8]
Cross-country skiing

45
 Ireland (IRL)
아일랜드
a il raen deu
Brendan Newby[9]
Freestyle skiing

46
 Azerbaijan (AZE)
아제르바이잔
a je reu bai jan
POCOG Volunteer
N/A

47
 Andorra (AND)
안도라
an do ra
Irineu Altimiras
Cross-country skiing

48
 Albania (ALB)
알바니아
al ba ni a
Suela Mëhilli
Alpine skiing

49
 Eritrea (ERI)
에리트레아
e ri teu re a
Shannon-Ogbnai Abeda
Alpine skiing

50
 Estonia (EST)
에스토니아
e seu to ni a
Saskia Alusalu
Speed skating

51
 Ecuador (ECU)
에콰도르
e kwa do reu
Klaus Jungbluth
Cross-country skiing

52
 Great Britain (GBR)
영국
yeong guk
Billy Morgan [10]
Snowboarding

53
 Australia (AUS)
오스트레일리아
o seu teu re il ri a
Jarryd Hughes[11]
Snowboarding

54
 Austria (AUT)
오스트리아
o seu teu ri a
Madeleine Egle
Luge

55
 Olympic Athletes from Russia (OAR)
러시아 출신 올림픽 선수
reo si a chul sin ol lim pik seon su
POCOG Volunteer
N/A

56
 Uzbekistan (UZB)
우즈베키스탄
u jeu be ki seu tan
POCOG Volunteer
N/A

57
 Ukraine (UKR)
우크라이나
u keu ra i na
Oleksandr Abramenko
Freestyle skiing

58
 Iran (IRI)
이란
i ran
POCOG Volunteer
N/A

59
 Italy (ITA)
이탈리아
i tal ri a
Carolina Kostner
Figure skating

60
 Israel (ISR)
이스라엘
i seu ra el
Itamar Biran
Alpine skiing

61
 India (IND)
인도
in do
POCOG Volunteer
N/A

62
 Japan (JPN)
일본
il bon
Nao Kodaira
Speed skating

63
 Jamaica (JAM)
자메이카
ja me i ka
Carrie Russell
Bobsleigh

64
 Georgia (GEO)
조지아
jo ji a
Iason Abramashvili
Alpine skiing

65
 China (CHN)
중국
jung guk
Wu Dajing[12]
Short track speed skating

66
 Czech Republic (CZE)
체코
che ko
Ester Ledecká
Snowboarding
Alpine skiing

67
 Chile (CHI)
칠레
chil re
Claudia Salcedo
Cross-country skiing

68
 Kazakhstan (KAZ)
카자흐스탄
ka ja heu seu tan
Abzal Azhgaliyev
Short track speed skating

69
 Canada (CAN)
캐나다
kae na da
Kim Boutin[13]
Short track speed skating

70
 Kenya (KEN)
케냐
ke nya
POCOG Volunteer
N/A

71
 Kosovo (KOS)
코소보
ko so bo
Albin Tahiri
Alpine skiing

72
 Colombia (COL)
콜롬비아
kol rom bi a
Michael Poettoz
Alpine skiing

73
 Croatia (CRO)
크로아티아
keu ro a ti a
Dražen Silić
Bobsleigh

74
 Kyrgyzstan (KGZ)
키르기스스탄
ki reu gi seu seu tan
Evgeniy Timofeev
Alpine skiing

75
 Cyprus (CYP)
키프로스
ki peu ro seu
Dinos Lefkaritis
Alpine skiing

76
 Chinese Taipei (TPE)
차이니스 타이베이
cha i ni seu ta i be i
Huang Yu-Ting
Speed skating

77
 Thailand (THA)
태국
tae guk
Mark Chanloung
Cross-country skiing

78
 Turkey (TUR)
터키
teo ki
Hamza Dursun
Cross-country skiing

79
 Togo (TOG)
토고
to go
Mathilde-Amivi Petitjean
Cross-country skiing

80
 Tonga (TGA)
통가
tong ga
Pita Taufatofua
Cross-country skiing

81
 Pakistan (PAK)
파키스탄
pa ki seu tan
Muhammad Karim
Alpine skiing

82
 Portugal (POR)
포르투갈
po reu tu gal
Arthur Hanse
Alpine skiing

83
 Poland (POL)
폴란드
pol ran deu
Mateusz Luty
Bobsleigh

84
 Puerto Rico (PUR)
푸에르토리코
pu e reu to ri ko
Charles Flaherty
Alpine skiing

85
 France (FRA)
프랑스
peu rang seu
Gabriella Papadakis
Guillaume Cizeron[14]
Figure skating

86
 Macedonia (MKD)
구유고슬라비아 마케도니아 공화국
gu yu go seul ra bi a ma ke do ni a gong hwa guk
POCOG Volunteer
N/A

87
 Finland (FIN)
핀란드
pin ran deu
Mika Poutala
Speed skating

88
 Philippines (PHI)
필리핀
pil ri pin
Asa Miller
Alpine skiing

89
 Hungary (HUN)
헝가리
heong ga ri
POCOG Volunteer
N/A

90
 Hong Kong (HKG)
홍콩 차이나
Hong Kong cha i na
POCOG Volunteer
N/A

91
 Korea (COR)
코리아
ko ri a
(South Korea) Lee Seung-hoon
Speed skating

(North Korea) Kim Ju-sik
Figure skating