document_title: Capillary

question_text: where are fenestrated capillaries most likely to be found

text: Capillary

text: Structure[edit]

text: Blood flows from the heart through arteries, which branch and narrow into arterioles, and then branch further into capillaries where nutrients and wastes are exchanged. The capillaries then join and widen to become venules, which in turn widen and converge to become veins, which then return blood back to the heart through the venae cavae.

text: Individual capillaries are part of capillary bed, an interweaving network of capillaries supplying tissues and organs. The more metabolically active a tissue is, the more capillaries are required to supply nutrients and carry away waste products. There are two types of capillaries: true capillaries, which branch from arterioles and provide exchange between tissue and the capillary blood, and metarterioles, found only in the mesenteric circulation. They are short vessels that directly connect the arterioles and venules at opposite ends of the beds. Metarterioles are found primarily in the mesenteric microcirculation.[1][1] The physiological mechanisms underlying precapillary resistance is no longer considered to be a result of precapillary sphincters outside of the mesentery organ.[1]

text: Lymphatic capillaries are slightly larger in diameter than blood capillaries, and have closed ends (unlike the blood capillaries open at one end to the arterioles and open at the other end to the venules). This structure permits interstitial fluid to flow into them but not out. Lymph capillaries have a greater internal oncotic pressure than blood capillaries, due to the greater concentration of plasma proteins in the lymph.[7]

text: Types[edit]

text: There are three types of blood capillaries:

text: Continuous[edit]

text: Continuous capillaries are continuous in the sense that the endothelial cells provide an uninterrupted lining, and they only allow smaller molecules, such as water and ions to pass through their intercellular clefts.[citation needed] However lipid-soluble molecules can passively diffuse through the endothelial cell membranes along concentration gradients.[citation needed] Tight junctions can be further divided into two subtypes:[citation needed]

text:
Those with numerous transport vesicles, which are found primarily in skeletal muscles, fingers, gonads, and skin.
Those with few vesicles, which are primarily found in the central nervous system. These capillaries are a constituent of the blood–brain barrier.

text: Fenestrated[edit]

text: Fenestrated capillaries (derived from fenestra, Latin for "window") have pores in the endothelial cells (60–80 nm in diameter) that are spanned by a diaphragm of radially oriented fibrils and allow small molecules and limited amounts of protein to diffuse.[8][9] In the renal glomerulus there are cells with no diaphragms, called podocyte foot processes or pedicels, which have slit pores with a function analogous to the diaphragm of the capillaries. Both of these types of blood vessels have continuous basal laminae and are primarily located in the endocrine glands, intestines, pancreas, and the glomeruli of the kidney.

text: Sinusoidal (discontinuous)[edit]

text: Sinusoidal capillaries (also known as a discontinuous capillary) are a special type of open-pore capillary, that have larger openings (30–40 µm in diameter)[citation needed] in the endothelium. These types of blood vessels allow red and white blood cells (7.5 µm – 25 µm diameter) and various serum proteins to pass, aided by a discontinuous basal lamina. These capillaries lack pinocytotic vesicles, and therefore utilize gaps present in cell junctions to permit transfer between endothelial cells, and hence across the membrane. Sinusoid blood vessels are primarily located in the bone marrow, lymph nodes,[citation needed] and adrenal glands. Some sinusoids are distinctive in that they do not have the tight junctions between cells. They are called discontinuous sinusoidal capillaries, and are present in the liver and spleen, where greater movement of cells and materials is necessary.[citation needed] A capillary wall is only 1 cell thick and is simple squamous epithelium.[citation needed]

text: Function[edit]

text: The capillary wall performs an important function by allowing nutrients and waste substances to pass across it. Molecules larger than 3 nm such as albumin and other large proteins pass through transcellular transport carried inside vesicles, a process which requires them to go through the cells that form the wall. Molecules smaller than 3 nm such as water, ions and gases cross the capillary wall through the space between cells in a process known as paracellular transport.[10] These transport mechanisms allow bidirectional exchange of substances depending on osmotic gradients and can be further quantified by the Starling equation.[11] Capillaries that form part of the blood–brain barrier however only allow for transcellular transport as tight junctions between endothelial cells seal the paracellular space.[12]

text: Capillary beds may control their blood flow via autoregulation. This allows an organ to maintain constant flow despite a change in central blood pressure. This is achieved by myogenic response, and in the kidney by tubuloglomerular feedback. When blood pressure increases, arterioles are stretched and subsequently constrict (a phenomenon known as the Bayliss effect) to counteract the increased tendency for high pressure to increase blood flow.[citation needed]

text: In the lungs special mechanisms have been adapted to meet the needs of increased necessity of blood flow during exercise. When the heart rate increases and more blood must flow through the lungs, capillaries are recruited and are also distended to make room for increased blood flow. This allows blood flow to increase while resistance decreases.[citation needed]

text: Capillary permeability can be increased by the release of certain cytokines, anaphylatoxins, or other mediators (such as leukotrienes, prostaglandins, histamine, bradykinin, etc.) highly influenced by the immune system.[citation needed]

text: The Starling equation defines the forces across a semipermeable membrane and allows calculation of the net flux:

text: where:

text:
(
[

P

c

−

P

i

]
−
σ
[

π

c

−

π

i

]
)

{\displaystyle ([P_{c}-P_{i}]-\sigma [\pi _{c}-\pi _{i}])}

 is the net driving force,

K

f

{\displaystyle K_{f}}

 is the proportionality constant, and

J

v

{\displaystyle J_{v}}

 is the net fluid movement between compartments.

text: By convention, outward force is defined as positive, and inward force is defined as negative. The solution to the equation is known as the net filtration or net fluid movement (Jv). If positive, fluid will tend to leave the capillary (filtration). If negative, fluid will tend to enter the capillary (absorption). This equation has a number of important physiologic implications, especially when pathologic processes grossly alter one or more of the variables.[citation needed]

text: Variables[edit]

text: According to Starling's equation, the movement of fluid depends on six variables:

text:
Capillary hydrostatic pressure ( Pc )
Interstitial hydrostatic pressure ( Pi )
Capillary oncotic pressure ( πc )
Interstitial oncotic pressure ( πi )
Filtration coefficient ( Kf )
Reflection coefficient ( σ )

text: Clinical significance[edit]

text: Disorders of capillary formation as a developmental defect or acquired disorder are a feature in many common and serious disorders. Within a wide range of cellular factors and cytokines, issues with normal genetic expression and bioactivity of the vascular growth and permeability factor vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) appear to play a major role in many of the disorders. Cellular factors include reduced number and function of bone-marrow derived endothelial progenitor cells.[13] and reduced ability of those cells to form blood vessels.[14]

text:
Formation of additional capillaries and larger blood vessels (angiogenesis) is a major mechanism by which a cancer may help to enhance its own growth. Disorders of retinal capillaries contribute to the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration.
Reduced capillary density (capillary rarefaction) occurs in association with cardiovascular risk factors[15] and in patients with coronary heart disease.[14]

text: Therapeutics[edit]

text: Major diseases where altering capillary formation could be helpful include conditions where there is excessive or abnormal capillary formation such as cancer and disorders harming eyesight; and medical conditions in which there is reduced capillary formation either for familial or genetic reasons, or as an acquired problem.

text: In patients with the retinal disorder, neovascular age-related macular degeneration, local anti-VEGF treatment to limit the bio-activity of vascular endothelial growth factor has been shown to protect vision by limiting progression.[16] In a wide range of cancers, treatment approaches have been studied, or are in development, aimed at decreasing tumour growth by reducing angiogenesis.[17]

text: Blood sampling[edit]

text: Capillary blood sampling can be used to test for, for example, blood glucose (such as in blood glucose monitoring), hemoglobin, pH and lactate[18]

text: Capillary blood sampling is generally performed by creating a small cut using a blood lancet, followed by sampling by capillary action on the cut with a test strip or small pipe.[citation needed]

text: History[edit]

text: Contrary to a popular misconception, William Harvey did not explicitly predict the existence of capillaries, but he clearly saw the need for some sort of connection between the arterial and venous systems. He wrote, "…the blood doth enter into every member through the arteries, and does return by the veins, and that the veins are the vessels and ways by which the blood is returned to the heart itself; and that the blood in the members and extremities does pass from the arteries into the veins (either mediately by an anastomosis, or immediately through the porosities of the flesh, or both ways) as before it did in the heart and thorax out of the veins, into the arteries…"[19]

text: Marcello Malpighi was the first to observe directly and correctly describe capillaries, discovering them in a frog's lung in 1661.[20]


document_title: Han Solo

question_text: who owns the original han solo in carbonite

root

text: Han Solo

text: Appearances[edit]

text: Film[edit]

text: Star Wars[edit]

text: Han Solo is introduced in Star Wars (1977), when he and his co-pilot Chewbacca accept a charter request to transport Luke Skywalker, Obi-Wan Kenobi, C-3PO, and R2-D2 from Tatooine to Alderaan on their ship, the Millennium Falcon. Han owes crime lord Jabba the Hutt a great deal of money and has a price on his head. Bounty hunter Greedo tries to deliver Solo to Jabba, dead or alive, but after a failed attempt to get Han to give him the money he owes Jabba as a bribe for letting him go, the two exchange fire and Greedo is killed. Han then prepares to leave Tatooine. He and his passengers are attacked by Imperial stormtroopers, but escape by accelerating to light speed. When they arrive at Alderaan, however, they discover that the planet has been destroyed. The Falcon is then captured and held within the Death Star, a moon-sized battle station constructed by the Empire. Han and company hide from detection inside the Falcon's smuggling bays, and infiltrate the station disguised as stormtroopers. They discover that Princess Leia Organa is a prisoner on board, and Luke convinces Han to help rescue her by promising him a huge reward. They rescue Leia and escape, though Obi-Wan is killed by Sith Lord Darth Vader.

tag: p

text: After delivering Luke, Leia, C-3PO, and R2-D2 to the Rebel Alliance, Han and Chewbacca receive a payment for their services and prepare to leave. Luke asks Han to stay and help the Rebels attack the Death Star, but he refuses, not wanting to get involved. Han has a change of heart and returns to save Luke's life during the film's climactic battle scene, ultimately enabling Luke to destroy the Death Star. For his heroics, Han is presented with a medal of honor alongside Luke.

text: The Empire Strikes Back[edit]

text: Han returns with the Rebel Alliance to Echo Base on the frozen planet of Hoth. While out on patrol with Luke, they witness a meteor strike the surface. Han returns to base while Luke decides to investigate. Han informs Leia and the General of Echo Base that he must leave in order to clear his debt with Jabba. Before he can depart, it is discovered that Luke has not returned from his reconnaissance. Han rides out alone into the frozen Hoth wastelands, soon finding Luke badly injured and near death from exposure. Using his friend's lightsaber, Han cuts open his tauntaun, providing Luke warmth while he builds a shelter until they can be rescued the next morning.

text: Later, Han and Chewbacca are sent out to investigate another meteor strike. They discover that the 'meteor' is actually an Imperial Probe Droid. The two succeed in destroying the probe, but not before the Empire is alerted to the location of Echo Base.

text: When the Empire attacks Echo Base, Han, Chewie, Leia, and C-3PO narrowly escape on board the Millennium Falcon. Han evades a squad of Imperial TIE fighters by flying through an asteroid field, and unwittingly flies into the mouth of a giant worm. Han and Leia fall in love during the long journey. They manage to hide from the Imperial fleet long enough to escape, but not entirely unnoticed. Bounty hunter Boba Fett secretly follows the Falcon during this getaway.

text: Han and company eventually end up at the Bespin system's Cloud City seeking repairs and shelter from his old friend Lando Calrissian, the city's administrator. However, Fett had arrived first and alerted the Empire. Under threat of death, Lando betrays Han to the Empire. Vader wishes to capture Luke by freezing him in carbonite, and subjects Solo to the freezing process first to test its lethality. Solo survives, his captors are satisfied, and Fett leaves for Tatooine with a frozen Han in tow to collect the bounty from Jabba.

text: Return of the Jedi[edit]

text: Han, still imprisoned in carbonite, is now Jabba's favorite decoration at his palace on Tatooine. Luke attempts a rescue operation aided by Leia, Lando, Chewbacca, C-3PO, and R2D2, but they are caught. Jabba sentences Han and Luke to die in the Sarlaac Pit. Luke, Leia, and Han overpower their captors and Leia kills Jabba enabling their escape.

text: Retreating back to the Rebel Base, they discover that the Empire is building another Death Star which orbits the forest moon of Endor. Following his return, Han is made a general in the Rebel Alliance along with Leia. Reuniting with Luke after his return from Dagobah, Han leads the Rebels down to Endor to take down the force field surrounding the battle station, which is still under construction. With help from the native Ewoks, Han and his team destroy the Death Star's shield generator, allowing Lando and his strike force to destroy the Death Star. Han then reunites with Leia and Luke on Endor to celebrate the defeat of the Empire.

text: The Force Awakens[edit]

text: In The Force Awakens, set approximately 30 years after Return of the Jedi, Han Solo has returned to his old life as a smuggler. Before the events of the film, he and Chewbacca had lost the Millennium Falcon to thieves, but they reclaim the ship after it takes off from the planet Jakku, piloted by the scavenger Rey and the renegade stormtrooper Finn. As mercenaries close in on them, Han takes the Falcon into light speed, and they get away. When Han learns that Rey is looking for Luke, who disappeared years before, he takes them to Maz Kanata, who can deliver the droid BB-8 to the Resistance. They are forced to flee when First Order troops descend upon them. Han is impressed with Rey's piloting skills, and offers her a job on the Falcon. She declines his offer, but comes to think of him as a mentor and father figure. When Rey is kidnapped by the First Order, Han sees her being carried off by First Order commander Kylo Ren, whom Han seems to recognize.

text: Han and Finn meet with the Resistance, which is led by Leia, whom Han has not seen in many years. It is then revealed that Ren is their son, Ben Solo, who trained as a Jedi under Luke. However, he was corrupted by the First Order's Supreme Leader Snoke, and turned to the dark side. As Kylo Ren, he betrayed the Republic and destroyed the Jedi – much like his grandfather, Darth Vader. Heartbroken by Ben's betrayal, Han and Leia separated, while Luke went into exile. Leia asks him to find Ben and bring him home, convinced that there is still good in him.

text: Han and Chewbacca go with Finn to the First Order's battle station, Starkiller Base, to destroy the base and rescue Rey. There, he sees Ren walk onto the bridge above the reactor chasm. Han follows Ren onto the bridge, and calls out to him by his real name. Han pleads with him to abandon the dark side and come back with him. Ren tells Han that he knows what he should do, but that he doesn't have the strength to do it, and asks Han to help him. Han agrees. After a moment, an unrepentant Ren ignites his lightsaber, fatally wounding his father. Han looks into his son's eyes and touches his face before falling off the bridge and into the reactor, to his death.

text: Solo[edit]

text: A film featuring Han Solo before the events of the 1977 film is currently in production. Actor Alden Ehrenreich is portraying Han Solo in the film, which is directed by Ron Howard and written by Lawrence Kasdan and Jon Kasdan. The film is produced by Lucasfilm and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures. The film also stars Donald Glover, Emilia Clarke, and Woody Harrelson.

text: Television[edit]

text: Forces of Destiny[edit]

text: Han appeared in the Star Wars: Forces of Destiny Season 2 episode, "Tracker Trouble", where he was voiced by Kiff VandenHeuvel.[3]

text: Comics[edit]

text: Han is a main character in the 2015 Star Wars comic series. Issue #6 introduces Sana Starros, an associate of Han's who has previously posed as his wife.[1][4] Lando appears in the comic miniseries Shattered Empire published by Marvel Comics in 2015.

text: Star Wars: Han Solo is a five-issue mini-series focused on Han entering a race called the Dragon Void Rule.[5]

text: Legends[edit]

text: Television film[edit]

text: The Star Wars Holiday Special[edit]

text: In the Star Wars Holiday Special, Han helps Chewbacca join his family on the Wookiee homeworld Kashyyyk. He faces Imperial forces on Kashyyyk, and later joins Luke, Leia, R2-D2, C-3PO, Chewbacca, and other Wookiees for their holiday, Life Day.

text: Novels and Comics[edit]

text: In April 2014, most of the licensed Star Wars novels and comics produced since the originating 1977 film Star Wars were rebranded by Lucasfilm as Star Wars Legends and declared non-canon to the franchise.[6][7][8]

text: Brian Daley wrote a series of novels (The Han Solo Adventures), first published in 1979, exploring Han Solo and Chewbecca's smuggling adventures, and Ann C. Crispin's The Han Solo Trilogy (1997–1998) further develops the character's backstory.[9] Crispin's books depict Solo as a beggar and pickpocket throughout much of his youth. He becomes a pilot and, in the process of undermining a religious fraud, falls in love with Bria Tharen, who disappears before Solo joins the Imperial Navy. Solo loses his commission and is cashiered when he refuses an order to skin Chewbacca for commandeering a ship carrying Wookiee children destined for slavery; Chewbacca, in turn, swears a "life-debt" to Solo. The two become smugglers, and help repel an Imperial blockade of a Hutt moon. Solo soon thereafter wins the Millennium Falcon from Lando Calrissian in a card tournament. Tharen, now a Rebel agent, reappears and asks for Solo, Chewbacca and Calrissian's help in attacking a slave colony. After succeeding, Tharen's troopers steal the smuggler's valuables to aid the Rebel Alliance. To compensate their losses, Solo and Chewbacca accept a smuggling job from Jabba the Hutt; but Imperial ships force the smugglers to jettison their cargo, invoking the debt Solo and Chewbacca owe the Hutt at the beginning of Star Wars.

text: Solo plays a central role in a couple of Star Wars stories set after Return of the Jedi. In The Courtship of Princess Leia (1995), he resigns his commission to pursue Leia, whom he eventually marries. Solo and Leia have three children: twins Jaina and Jacen and son Anakin. Han Solo was the general in command of the New Republic task force assigned to track down Imperial Warlord Zsinj and his forces, in the 1999 novel Solo Command. Chewbacca dies saving Anakin's life in Vector Prime (1999), sending Solo into a deep depression. In Star by Star (2001), Anakin dies as well, compounding Solo's despair. At the end of the series, however, Solo accepts the deaths of his son and his best friend, and reconciles with his family.

text: In the Legacy of the Force series, Jacen Solo becomes the Sith Lord Darth Caedus and plunges the galaxy into a bloody civil war. Solo disowns Jacen, but is still devastated by each new outrage his son commits. He and Leia adopt Allana (Jacen's daughter) after Jacen's death in the novel Invincible.

text: Creation and conception[edit]

text: In the earliest version of the initial draft for Star Wars, Solo was a Ureallian with green skin, no nose and enormous gills, also being a member of the Jedi Bendu and being acquainted with General Skywalker.[10] The following draft saw Solo as a pirate with a beard and flamboyancy, Lucas settling on making him a human to better develop the relationship between the three central characters (Luke, Leia and Han) and Chewbacca instead being used for the part of the alien sidekick.[11] By the time of the third draft, Solo had developed into the "tough James Dean style starpilot" that would appear in the finished film.[12] Harrison Ford was not immediately cast for the role of Han Solo, as George Lucas had already used him in the film American Graffiti and wanted somebody new for the role. However he hired Ford to rehearse lines with other actors and he was so impressed by the actor's performance that he eventually gave him the role. Other actors that were considered for the role include: Al Pacino, Christopher Walken, Jack Nicholson, Sylvester Stallone, Kurt Russell, Bill Murray, Steve Martin, Robert Englund, Nick Nolte, and Burt Reynolds.[13]

text: During the early development of Star Wars: Episode III - Revenge of the Sith, Solo was originally considered to make an appearance helping Yoda to locate General Grievous at Kashyyyk. Some concept art of a 10 year old Solo was made, but Lucas decided to omit Solo's appearance from the film before any actor was cast, or considered for the role.[14][15]

text: Ford, believing his character should die, was reluctant to sign onto the sequels of Star Wars.[16] Solo's death in The Force Awakens came about when Abrams felt the character wasn't evolving or contributing to the story's development, believing Kylo Ren's killing of him would give the latter a chance to develop into a worthy successor for Darth Vader.[17]

text: Influence and critical reaction[edit]

text: Han Solo is a reckless smuggler with a sarcastic wit;[9] he is "a very practical guy" and considers himself "a materialist";[18] but the adventures in the first Star Wars movie evoke his compassion, a trait "he didn't know he possessed".[18]

text: The American Film Institute ranked Solo as the 14th greatest film hero.[19] He was also deemed the 4th greatest movie character of all-time by Empire magazine.[20] Entertainment Weekly ranked the character 7th on their list of The All-Time Coolest Heroes in Pop Culture.[21] On their list of the 100 Greatest Fictional Characters, Fandomania.com ranked Solo at number 15.[22] IGN listed Han Solo as the second greatest Star Wars character of all time (behind Darth Vader),[23] as well as listing him as one of the top 10 characters who most needed a spin-off, saying he was "Arguably the coolest character in the Star Wars universe".[24]

text: Prince of Persia producer Ben Mattes explained that their "inspiration was anything Harrison Ford has ever done: Indiana Jones, Han Solo".[25] The antihero of the Japanese manga and anime Space Adventure Cobra has been compared by reviewers to Solo.[26][27] In preparing to play James T. Kirk, Chris Pine drew inspiration from Ford's depictions of Han Solo and Indiana Jones, highlighting their humor and "accidental hero" traits.[28]

text: Ford won a 2016 Saturn Award for Best Actor for his portrayal in The Force Awakens.[29]

text: Merchandising[edit]

text: Solo has been merchandised in multiple media, including action figures, video games, and other collectibles. A Han Solo action figure with "human proportions" was released in 1977 to follow with the initial release of the original Star Wars films, while a figure created for the films' mid-1990s re-release was criticized as "unrealistically muscled."[30][31]

text: Family tree[edit]

text:
This Star Wars-related article describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in-universe style. Please help rewrite it to explain the fiction more clearly and provide non-fictional perspective. (November 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

[hide]

v
t
e

Skywalker family tree

Aika
Lars[a]

Cliegg
Lars[b]

Shmi
Skywalker[c]

Jobal
Naberrie[d]

Ruwee
Naberrie[d]

Beru
Whitesun[e]

Owen
Lars[f]

Anakin
Skywalker[g][h]

Padmé
Amidala[i]

Bail
Organa[j][k]

Breha
Organa[l]

Luke
Skywalker[m][n]

Leia
Organa[o]

Han
Solo[p]

Ben
Solo[p][q]

References:

Jump up ^ Hidalgo, Pablo (2016). Star Wars Character Encyclopedia: Updated and Expanded.
Jump up ^ "Databank: Cliegg Lars". StarWars.com. Retrieved December 3, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Databank: Shmi Skywalker Lars". StarWars.com. Retrieved December 3, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Attack of the Clones (2002) and Revenge of the Sith (2005)
Jump up ^ "Databank: Beru Lars". StarWars.com. Retrieved December 3, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Databank: Owen Lars". StarWars.com. Retrieved December 3, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Databank: Anakin Skywalker". StarWars.com. Retrieved December 4, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Databank: Darth Vader". StarWars.com. Retrieved December 4, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Databank: Padmé Amidala". StarWars.com. Retrieved December 4, 2015.
Jump up ^ Adopted father of Leia Organa, as established in Revenge of the Sith (2005).
Jump up ^ "Databank: Bail Organa". StarWars.com. Retrieved December 3, 2015.
Jump up ^ Adopted mother of Leia Organa, as established in Revenge of the Sith (2005).
Jump up ^ "Databank: Luke Skywalker". StarWars.com. Retrieved December 4, 2015.
Jump up ^ In the alternate Star Wars expanded universe (Legends), Luke is married to Mara Jade and has a son, Ben Skywalker.
Jump up ^ "Databank: Princess Leia Organa". StarWars.com. Retrieved December 4, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b The Force Awakens. 2015.
Jump up ^ In the alternate Star Wars expanded universe (Legends) continuity, Han and Leia have three children: Jaina, Jacen and Anakin Solo.

tag: table


document_title: Fair Housing Act

question_text: when was familial status added to fair housing

text: Fair Housing Act

text: Summary[edit]

text: The Fair Housing Act (Title VIII of the Civil Rights Act of 1968) introduced meaningful federal enforcement mechanisms. It outlaws:

text:
Refusal to sell or rent a dwelling to any person because of race, color, disability, religion, sex, familial status, or national origin.
Discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, disability, familial status, or national origin in the terms, conditions or privileges of sale or rental of a dwelling.
Advertising the sale or rental of a dwelling indicating preference, limitation, or discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, handicap, familial status, disability or national origin.
Coercing, threatening, intimidating, or interfering with a person's enjoyment or exercise of housing rights based on discriminatory reasons or retaliating against a person or organization that aids or encourages the exercise or enjoyment of fair housing rights.

tag: ul

text: When the Fair Housing Act was first enacted, it prohibited discrimination only on the basis of race, color, religion, and national origin.[3] Sex was added as a protected characteristic in 1974.[4] In 1988, disability and familial status (the presence or anticipated presence of children under 18 in a household) were added (further codified in the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990).[3] In certain circumstances, the law allows limited exceptions for discrimination based on sex, religion, or familial status.[5]

text: In 2017, a federal judge ruled that sexual orientation and gender identity are protected classes under the Fair Housing Act.[6][7] As of May 2018, there is an additional pending effort to amend the Fair Housing Act to make this explicit (HR 1447).[8] In a meeting on May 16, 2018 with the National Association of Realtors (NAR), Rep. Dana Rohrabacher (R-Calif.), who is campaigning for his 16th term, said he believed that homeowners should be allowed to refuse to sell their home to gay and lesbian homebuyers. NAR disagreed and withdrew its endorsement of the Congressman over the matter.[9]

text: The United States Department of Housing and Urban Development is the federal executive department with the statutory authority to administer and enforce the Fair Housing Act. The Secretary of Housing and Urban Development has delegated fair housing enforcement and compliance activities to HUD's Office of Fair Housing and Equal Opportunity (FHEO) and HUD's Office of General Counsel. FHEO is one of the United States' largest federal civil rights agencies. It has a staff of more than 600 people located in 54 offices around the United States. As of August 2017, the head of FHEO is Assistant Secretary for Fair Housing and Equal Opportunity Anna Maria Farias, whose appointment was confirmed on August 3, 2017.[10]

text: Individuals who believe they have experienced housing discrimination can file a complaint with FHEO at no charge. FHEO funds and has working agreements with many state and local governmental agencies where "substantially equivalent" fair housing laws are in place. Under these agreements, FHEO refers complaints to the state or locality where the alleged incident occurred, and those agencies investigate and process the case instead of FHEO. This is known as FHEO's Fair Housing Assistance Program (or "FHAP").

text: There is also a network of private, non-profit fair housing advocacy organizations throughout the country. Some are funded by FHEO's Fair Housing Initiatives Program (or "FHIP"), and some operate with private donations or grants from other sources.

text: Victims of housing discrimination need not go through HUD or any other governmental agency to pursue their rights, however. The Fair Housing Act confers jurisdiction to hear cases on federal district courts. The United States Department of Justice also has jurisdiction to file cases on behalf of the United States where there is a pattern and practice of discrimination or where HUD has found discrimination in a case and either party elects to go to federal court instead of continuing in the HUD administrative process.

text: The Fair Housing Act applies to landlords renting or leasing space in their primary residence only if the residence contains living quarters occupied or intended to be occupied by three or more other families living independently of each other, such as an owner-occupied rooming house.

text: Enforcement[edit]

text: The Fair Housing Act has been strengthened since its adoption in 1968, but enforcement continues to be a concern among housing advocates. According to a 2010 evaluation of Analysis of Impediments (AI) reports done by the Government Accountability Office, enforcement is particularly inconsistent across local jurisdictions.[11]


document_title: Equilateral triangle

question_text: how many lines of symmetry has an equilateral triangle

text: Equilateral triangle

text: Principal properties[edit]

text: Denoting the common length of the sides of the equilateral triangle as a, we can determine using the Pythagorean theorem that:

text:
The area is

A
=

3

4

a

2

{\displaystyle A={\frac {\sqrt {3}}{4}}a^{2}}

The perimeter is

p
=
3
a

{\displaystyle p=3a\,\!}

The radius of the circumscribed circle is

R
=

a

3

{\displaystyle R={\frac {a}{\sqrt {3}}}}

The radius of the inscribed circle is

r
=

3

6

a

{\displaystyle r={\frac {\sqrt {3}}{6}}a}

 or

r
=

R
2

{\displaystyle r={\frac {R}{2}}}

The geometric center of the triangle is the center of the circumscribed and inscribed circles
And the altitude (height) from any side is

h
=

3

2

a

{\displaystyle h={\frac {\sqrt {3}}{2}}a}

.

text: Denoting the radius of the circumscribed circle as R, we can determine using trigonometry that:

text:
The area of the triangle is

A

=

3

3

4

R

2

{\displaystyle \mathrm {A} ={\frac {3{\sqrt {3}}}{4}}R^{2}}

text: Many of these quantities have simple relationships to the altitude ("h") of each vertex from the opposite side:

text:
The area is

A
=

h

2

3

{\displaystyle A={\frac {h^{2}}{\sqrt {3}}}}

The height of the center from each side, or apothem, is

h
3

{\displaystyle {\frac {h}{3}}}

The radius of the circle circumscribing the three vertices is

R
=

2
h

3

{\displaystyle R={\frac {2h}{3}}}

The radius of the inscribed circle is

r
=

h
3

{\displaystyle r={\frac {h}{3}}}

text: In an equilateral triangle, the altitudes, the angle bisectors, the perpendicular bisectors and the medians to each side coincide.

text: Characterizations[edit]

text: A triangle ABC that has the sides a, b, c, semiperimeter s, area T, exradii ra, rb, rc (tangent to a, b, c respectively), and where R and r are the radii of the circumcircle and incircle respectively, is equilateral if and only if any one of the statements in the following nine categories is true. Thus these are properties that are unique to equilateral triangles.

text: Sides[edit]

text:
a
=
b
=
c

{\displaystyle \displaystyle a=b=c}

a

2

+

b

2

+

c

2

=
a
b
+
b
c
+
c
a

{\displaystyle \displaystyle a^{2}+b^{2}+c^{2}=ab+bc+ca}

 [1]

a
b
c
=
(
a
+
b
−
c
)
(
a
−
b
+
c
)
(
−
a
+
b
+
c
)

(Lehmus)

{\displaystyle \displaystyle abc=(a+b-c)(a-b+c)(-a+b+c)\quad {\text{(Lehmus)}}}

[2]

(
a
+
b
+
c
)

(

1
a

+

1
b

+

1
c

)

=
9

{\displaystyle \displaystyle (a+b+c)\!\left({\frac {1}{a}}+{\frac {1}{b}}+{\frac {1}{c}}\right)=9}

 [3]

1
a

+

1
b

+

1
c

=

25
R
r
−
2

r

2

4
R
r

{\displaystyle \displaystyle {\frac {1}{a}}+{\frac {1}{b}}+{\frac {1}{c}}={\frac {\sqrt {25Rr-2r^{2}}}{4Rr}}}

 [4]

text: Semiperimeter[edit]

text:
s
=
2
R
+
(
3

3

−
4
)
r

(Blundon)

{\displaystyle \displaystyle s=2R+(3{\sqrt {3}}-4)r\quad {\text{(Blundon)}}}

[5]

s

2

=
3

r

2

+
12
R
r

{\displaystyle \displaystyle s^{2}=3r^{2}+12Rr}

 [6]

s

2

=
3

3

T

{\displaystyle \displaystyle s^{2}=3{\sqrt {3}}T}

 [7]

s
=
3

3

r

{\displaystyle \displaystyle s=3{\sqrt {3}}r}

s
=

3

3

2

R

{\displaystyle \displaystyle s={\frac {3{\sqrt {3}}}{2}}R}

text: Angles[edit]

text:
A
=
B
=
C
=

60

∘

{\displaystyle \displaystyle A=B=C=60^{\circ }}

cos

A

+
cos

B

+
cos

C

=

3
2

{\displaystyle \displaystyle \cos {A}+\cos {B}+\cos {C}={\frac {3}{2}}}

sin

A
2

sin

B
2

sin

C
2

=

1
8

{\displaystyle \displaystyle \sin {\frac {A}{2}}\sin {\frac {B}{2}}\sin {\frac {C}{2}}={\frac {1}{8}}}

 [2]

text: Area[edit]

text:
A
=

a

2

+

b

2

+

c

2

4

3

{\displaystyle \displaystyle A={\frac {a^{2}+b^{2}+c^{2}}{4{\sqrt {3}}}}\quad }

 (Weitzenböck) [8]

A
=

3

4

(
a
b
c

)

2
3

{\displaystyle \displaystyle A={\frac {\sqrt {3}}{4}}(abc)^{^{\frac {2}{3}}}}

 [7]

text: Circumradius, inradius and exradii[edit]

text:
R
=
2
r

(Chapple-Euler)

{\displaystyle \displaystyle R=2r\quad {\text{(Chapple-Euler)}}}

[1]

9

R

2

=

a

2

+

b

2

+

c

2

{\displaystyle \displaystyle 9R^{2}=a^{2}+b^{2}+c^{2}}

 [1]

r
=

r

a

+

r

b

+

r

c

9

{\displaystyle \displaystyle r={\frac {r_{a}+r_{b}+r_{c}}{9}}}

 [2]

r

a

=

r

b

=

r

c

{\displaystyle \displaystyle r_{a}=r_{b}=r_{c}}

text: Equal cevians[edit]

text: Three kinds of cevians are equal for (and only for) equilateral triangles:[9]

text:
The three altitudes have equal lengths.
The three medians have equal lengths.
The three angle bisectors have equal lengths.

text: Coincident triangle centers[edit]

text: Every triangle center of an equilateral triangle coincides with its centroid, which implies that the equilateral triangle is the only triangle with no Euler line connecting some of the centers. For some pairs of triangle centers, the fact that they coincide is enough to ensure that the triangle is equilateral. In particular:

text:
A triangle is equilateral if any two of the circumcenter, incenter, centroid, or orthocenter coincide.[10]:p.37
It is also equilateral if its circumcenter coincides with the Nagel point, or if its incenter coincides with its nine-point center.[1]

text: Six triangles formed by partitioning by the medians[edit]

text: For any triangle, the three medians partition the triangle into six smaller triangles.

text:
A triangle is equilateral if and only if any three of the smaller triangles have either the same perimeter or the same inradius.[11]:Theorem 1
A triangle is equilateral if and only if the circumcenters of any three of the smaller triangles have the same distance from the centroid.[11]:Corollary 7

text: Points in the plane[edit]

text: A triangle is equilateral if and only if, for every point P in the plane, with distances p, q, and r to the triangle's sides and distances x, y, and z to its vertices,[12]:p.178,#235.4

text: Notable theorems[edit]

text: Morley's trisector theorem states that, in any triangle, the three points of intersection of the adjacent angle trisectors form an equilateral triangle.

text: Napoleon's theorem states that, if equilateral triangles are constructed on the sides of any triangle, either all outward, or all inward, the centers of those equilateral triangles themselves form an equilateral triangle.

text: A version of the isoperimetric inequality for triangles states that the triangle of greatest area among all those with a given perimeter is equilateral.[13]

text: Viviani's theorem states that, for any interior point P in an equilateral triangle with distances d, e, and f from the sides and altitude h,

text: independent of the location of P.[14]

text: Pompeiu's theorem states that, if P is an arbitrary point in an equilateral triangle ABC, then there exists a triangle with sides of lengths PA, PB, and PC. That is, PA, PB, and PC satisfy the triangle inequality that any two of them sum to at least as great as the third.

text: Other properties[edit]

text: By Euler's inequality, the equilateral triangle has the smallest ratio R/r of the circumradius to the inradius of any triangle: specifically, R/r = 2.[15]:p.198

text: The triangle of largest area of all those inscribed in a given circle is equilateral; and the triangle of smallest area of all those circumscribed around a given circle is equilateral.[16]

text:
The ratio of the area of the incircle to the area of an equilateral triangle,

π

3

3

{\displaystyle {\frac {\pi }{3{\sqrt {3}}}}}

, is larger than that of any non-equilateral triangle.[17]:Theorem 4.1

text:
The ratio of the area to the square of the perimeter of an equilateral triangle,

1

12

3

,

{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{12{\sqrt {3}}}},}

 is larger than that for any other triangle.[13]

text: If a segment splits an equilateral triangle into two regions with equal perimeters and with areas A1 and A2 , then[12]:p.151,#J26

text:
If a triangle is placed in the complex plane with complex vertices z1, z2, and z3, then for either non-real cube root

ω

{\displaystyle \omega }

 of 1 the triangle is equilateral if and only if[18]:Lemma 2

text: Given a point P in the interior of an equilateral triangle, the ratio of the sum of its distances from the vertices to the sum of its distances from the sides is greater than or equal to 2, equality holding when P is the centroid. In no other triangle is there a point for which this ratio is as small as 2.[19] This is the Erdős–Mordell inequality; a stronger variant of it is Barrow's inequality, which replaces the perpendicular distances to the sides with the distances from P to the points where the angle bisectors of ∠APB, ∠BPC, and ∠CPA cross the sides (A, B, and C being the vertices).

text: For any point P in the plane, with distances p, q, and t from the vertices A, B, and C respectively,[20]

text: For any point P on the inscribed circle of an equilateral triangle, with distances p, q, and t from the vertices,[20]

text: and

text: For any point P on the minor arc BC of the circumcircle, with distances p, q, and t from A, B, and C respectively,[14]:170[20]

text: and

text: moreover, if point D on side BC divides PA into segments PD and DA with DA having length z and PD having length y, then[14]:172

text:
which also equals

t

3

−

q

3

t

2

−

q

2

{\displaystyle {\tfrac {t^{3}-q^{3}}{t^{2}-q^{2}}}}

 if t ≠ q; and

text: which is the optic equation.

text: There are numerous triangle inequalities that hold with equality if and only if the triangle is equilateral.

text: An equilateral triangle is the most symmetrical triangle, having 3 lines of reflection and rotational symmetry of order 3 about its center. Its symmetry group is the dihedral group of order 6 D3.

text: Equilateral triangles are the only triangles whose Steiner inellipse is a circle (specifically, it is the incircle).

text: Equilateral triangles are found in many other geometric constructs. The intersection of circles whose centers are a radius width apart is a pair of equilateral arches, each of which can be inscribed with an equilateral triangle. They form faces of regular and uniform polyhedra. Three of the five Platonic solids are composed of equilateral triangles. In particular, the regular tetrahedron has four equilateral triangles for faces and can be considered the three-dimensional analogue of the shape. The plane can be tiled using equilateral triangles giving the triangular tiling.

text: Geometric construction[edit]

text: An equilateral triangle is easily constructed using a compass and straightedge, as 3 is a Fermat prime. Draw a straight line, and place the point of the compass on one end of the line, and swing an arc from that point to the other point of the line segment. Repeat with the other side of the line. Finally, connect the point where the two arcs intersect with each end of the line segment

text: An alternative method is to draw a circle with radius r, place the point of the compass on the circle and draw another circle with the same radius. The two circles will intersect in two points. An equilateral triangle can be constructed by taking the two centers of the circles and either of the points of intersection.

text: In both methods a by-product is the formation of vesica piscis.

text: The proof that the resulting figure is an equilateral triangle is the first proposition in Book I of Euclid's Elements.

text: Derivation of area formula[edit]

text:
The area formula

A
=

3

4

a

2

{\displaystyle A={\frac {\sqrt {3}}{4}}a^{2}}

 in terms of side length a can be derived directly using the Pythagorean theorem or using trigonometry.

text: Using the Pythagorean theorem[edit]

text: The area of a triangle is half of one side a times the height h from that side:

text: The legs of either right triangle formed by an altitude of the equilateral triangle are half of the base a, and the hypotenuse is the side a of the equilateral triangle. The height of an equilateral triangle can be found using the Pythagorean theorem

text: so that

text: Substituting h into the area formula (1/2)ah gives the area formula for the equilateral triangle:

text: Using trigonometry[edit]

text: Using trigonometry, the area of a triangle with any two sides a and b, and an angle C between them is

text: Each angle of an equilateral triangle is 60°, so

text:
The sine of 60° is

3

2

{\displaystyle {\tfrac {\sqrt {3}}{2}}}

. Thus

text: since all sides of an equilateral triangle are equal.

text: In culture and society[edit]

text: Equilateral triangles have frequently appeared in man made constructions:

text:
Some archaeological sites have equilateral triangles as part of their construction, for example Lepenski Vir in Serbia.
The shape also occurs in modern architecture such as Randhurst Mall and the Jefferson National Expansion Memorial.
The Flag of Nicaragua, the Flag of the Philippines, the Seal of the President of the Philippines, and the Flag of Junqueirópolis contain equilateral triangles.
It is a shape of a variety of road signs, including the Yield sign.
The fraternity Tau Kappa Epsilon uses the equilateral triangle as its primary symbol.


document_title: Spanish settlement in Jamaica

question_text: list 10 places in jamaica with spanish names

text: Spanish settlement in Jamaica

text:
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text: The Spanish settlement in Jamaica was a settlement that originated from the 16th century, when Jamaica was Spanish, ending essentially in 1670, the date on which Spain delivered the island to the British Crown under the Treaty of Madrid. However, there was never significant Spanish communities on the island, why was easily occupied by the British.

text: History[edit]

text: The arrival of Spaniards in Jamaica began in 1494, with the arrival of Christopher Columbus to the island in search of gold (as in Cuba and the Spanish, where he had reported the existence of the island, called it Xaymaca, who wants say, in the indigenous language, "place of gold blessed"), but then discovered that this was nonexistent in island. Columbus named the island as Santiago and used it as a mini-state for family. addition, he and his sailors founded some places, such as Santa Gloria (now Bay St. Anne), named by Columbus, as it was the first that was sighted when they came to Jamaica.

text: In 1505 Juan de Guzman, Duke of Medina Sidonia in agreement with Columbus proposed a project to populate the island but Ferdinand turned it down because he worried that the cumulative power nobiliaria house. In 1509 the first Spanish settlement on the island was founded which was named New Sevilla and was located in a place near Santa Gloria. As early as 1510, the first governor of Jamaica, Juan de Esquivel, and the island was incorporated into the Viceroyalty of New Spain was appointed.

text: In 1524, settlers left New Seville1 and, around 1534, moved to the current Spanish Town, founded by the advance and colonial governor of Jamaica Francisco de Garay with the name of Our Lady of the Blessed Villa de la Vega, Santiago de la Vega, St. Jago de la Vega or Villa de la Vega (place that took the new name English Spanish Town when they conquered the island in 1655). Here the oldest cathedral was built Jamaica. Eventually the Spanish founded elsewhere across the island (as was the case of Las Chorreras 5 or Eight rivers, and Santa Cruz), but that city was chosen as the capital of Jamaica. The settlers, as they used to do in the colonies in which they settled, took the island crops (such as sugar cane and banana) and pets (including dogs, cats and horses), where these animals most currently on Jamaica.

text: Most Spaniards arrived on the island for gold and silver but to his absence in Jamaica, they generally abandoned, being based only on the coastal plains, mainly in the northern part of the island. So, Jamaica became a center mainly supply and descanso.

text: However, from 1595, pirates, buccaneers and English privateers began to attack the island with some frequency, in order to challenge the papal bull, which stated that all territories of the new world belonged to the kingdoms of Castile and Portugal. In 1596 attack, was followed by other developed in 1603, 1640 and 1643. Thus, the Spanish were forcibly evicted by the English at Ocho Rios in St. Ann. However, it was in 1655 when the English army, led by the British Admiral Sir William Penn and General Robert Venables, finally occupied the island, taking over the last Spanish fort in Jamaica.

text: Dominated the Spanish colony by the British, the fear of loss of the island official from Spain meant that, in 1659, the political and noble Spanish Juan Francisco de Leiva, began to develop means to expel foreigners on the island, proposed sending a "dispatched armed Peninsula, full of people who should be working and enjoyment such as the Canary". Thus, a group of Spanish came to Jamaica soldiers, who settled in the already Santiago de la Vega said, reinforcing this Spanish community in the capital of the island, to exert greater resistance to British occupation. Meanwhile, in 1660, was named the first British governor of Jamaica, Edward D'Oyley. The British government was already a sign of sovereignty, but Spain did not recognize Jamaica as a British until 1670.

text: Furthermore, in 1660, as in other Spanish colonies, Jamaica became a refuge for Jews, also attracting those who had been expelled from Spain and Portugal. Already in 1510 he had signed an agreement with the Jews, shortly after the son of Christopher Columbus was established on the island. The Jewish community in Jamaica, mainly composed of merchants and traders, was forced to lead a secret life, calling himself "Portugals". All this increased the Hispanic community on the island.

text: With the signing of the Treaty of Madrid in 1670, Spain finally gave Jamaica and the Cayman Islands to the UK. After the official British occupation of the island, the Spanish colonists fled after freeing their slaves, which were scattered throughout the mountains, joining the Maroons, slaves who had previously escaped from the Spanish to live with the Taínos. The Jamaican Maroons fought the British during the 18th century

text: After the British took Jamaica, the Jews of the colony, many of whom were from Spain and Portugal, decided that the best defense to try to prevent the recovery of the island from Spain was encouraged to make the colony a base for pirates of the Caribbean. With pirates installed in Puerto Real, the Spanish would be deterred from attacking. British leaders agreed on the feasibility of this strategy to prevent aggression was abroad."10 and began an arrivo of Caribbean pirates to the island again." - previous section in "" makes no sense

text: Legacy[edit]

text: According to JG Bruton, apart from Santiago de la Vega, other places named by the Spaniards during this time, and extending across the island are eight rivers (also known as Robert Wallace Thompson, Las Chorreras by Spanish coloniales5) Rio Bueno, Santa Cruz, 6 Miño7 River and Port Antonio (also known as Thompson, during the Spanish era, Puerto Antón5) .6 Also, the name of Montego Bay, the capital of St. James Parish, could lead according Bruton, the Spanish name Bay butter, referring to the large number of pigs used there in the industry butter, 12 and the people Oracabessa derived surely the Spanish word Cabeza de Oro with which would be designated the people during the Spanish domination of all, due to the existence of a nearby hill to the region, whose summit is covered, at certain times of the year, yellow flowers. For its part, the names of other places, according to the author, are a translation of the names by which the Spaniards called it: Thus Bay Dry Harbour (Puerto Seco) was a place where he entered Colón for water when he sought refuge with two caravels already in bad shape and partially destroyed. Runaway Bay (Bay Escape), meanwhile, is a bay from which fled in 1665, the Spanish governor of the island, Ysassi, bound for Cuba. On the other hand, the town's name derive from the Spanish Moneague The adjective Monte de Agua (the name by which the Spaniards called it because it is a village surrounded by hills, one of which emanates a creek) 7 or, as Yates, La Manigua, word much used in Cuba to refer to a dense forest and impenetrable.5 Some Spanish gentilicios of the island, however, have been lost, such is the case of the Río de la Villa (Current Copper River name appointed to the region by the British, probably as HP Jacobs, after seeing the word copper on a map, pointing at one point there, and believe that was the name of the Rio5) and river near Spanish Town, Boca Water, river is now called Bog Walk (Paseo del Pantano) .7 However, Robert Wallace Thompson rejects the idea of Bruton on the relationship between the current names of Jamaican places mentioned the names designated by the Spanish in the same the absence, according to him, documents and colonial sources indicating, if you like, the existence of those names during the Spanish era of the island, indicating that such names derive from Indian words (Orocabezzas, perhaps Orocavis, word found in Santo Domingo) or English (Ocho Rios, Port Antonio maybe) .5 The Spanish introduced many crops Jamaica as sugar cane, bananas and citrus. Also it was they who apparently introduced most of the pets that are currently on the island, such as pigs, horses, goats, cats, dogs and chickens.

text: POORLY WRITTEN or simply copy pasted from another source, case in point: Las Chorreras by Spanish coloniales5) Rio Bueno,

text: History of Jamaica

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