document_title: Product design

question_text: at what point in the basic new products process are prototypes typically created

text: Product design

text: Product design process[edit]

text: There are various product design processes, and many focus on different aspects. One example formulation/model of the process is described by Don Koberg and Jim Bagnellin, in "The Seven Universal Stages of Creative Problem-Solving." The process is usually completed by a group of people with different skills and training - e.g. industrial designers, field experts (prospective users), engineers (for engineering design aspects), depending upon the nature and type of product involved. The process often involves figuring out what is required, brainstorming possible ideas, creating mock prototypes, and then generating the product. However, that is not the end. Product designers would still need to execute the idea, making it into an actual product and evaluating its success (seeing if any improvements are necessary).

text: The product design process has experienced huge leaps in evolution over the last few years with the rise and adoption of 3D printing. New consumer-friendly 3D printers can produce dimensional objects and print upwards with a plastic like substance opposed to traditional printers that spread ink across a page.

text: The product design process, as expressed by Koberg and Bagnell, typically involves three main aspects:[6]

text:
Analysis
Concept
Synthesis

text: Depending on the kind of product being designed, the latter two sections are most often revisited (e.g. depending on how often the design needs revision, to improve it or to better fit the criteria). This is a continuous loop, where feedback is the main component.[6] Koberg and Bagnell offer more specifics on the process: In their model, "analysis" consists of two stages, "concept" is only one stage, and "synthesis" encompasses the other four. (These terms notably vary in usage in different design frameworks. Here, they are used in the way they're used by Koberg and Bagnell.)

text: Analysis[edit]

text:
Accept Situation: Here, the designers decide on committing to the project and finding a solution to the problem. They pool their resources into figuring out how to solve the task most efficiently.[6]
Analyze: In this stage, everyone in the team begins research. They gather general and specific materials which will help to figure out how their problem might be solved. This can range from statistics, questionnaires, and articles, among many other sources.[6]

text: Concept[edit]

text: Define: This is where the key issue of the matter is defined. The conditions of the problem become objectives, and restraints on the situation become the parameters within which the new design must be constructed.[6]

text: Synthesis[edit]

text:
Ideate: The designers here brainstorm different ideas, solutions for their design problem. The ideal brainstorming session does not involve any bias or judgment, but instead builds on original ideas.[6]
Select: By now, the designers have narrowed down their ideas to a select few, which can be guaranteed successes and from there they can outline their plan to make the product.[6]
Implement: This is where the prototypes are built, the plan outlined in the previous step is realized and the product starts to become an actual object.[6]
Evaluate: In the last stage, the product is tested, and from there, improvements are made. Although this is the last stage, it does not mean that the process is over. The finished prototype may not work as well as hoped so new ideas need to be brainstormed.[6]

text: Demand-pull innovation and invention-push innovation[edit]

text: Most product designs fall under one of two categories: demand-pull innovation or invention-push innovation.[7]

text: Demand-pull happens when there is an opportunity in the market to be explored by the design of a product.[7] This product design attempts to solve a design problem. The design solution may be the development of a new product or developing a product that's already on the market, such as developing an existing invention for another purpose.[7]

text: Invention-push innovation happens when there is an advancement in intelligence. This can occur through research or it can occur when the product designer comes up with a new product design idea.[7]

text: Product design expression[edit]

text: Design expression comes from the combined effect of all elements in a product. Colour tone, shape and size should direct a person's thoughts towards buying the product.[8] Therefore, it is in the product designer's best interest to consider the audiences who are most likely to be the product's end consumers. Keeping in mind how consumers will perceive the product during the design process will direct towards the product’s success in the market.[9] However, even within a specific audience, it is challenging to cater to each possible personality within that group.

text: The solution to that is to create a product that, in its designed appearance and function, expresses a personality or tells a story.[8] Products that carry such attributes are more likely to give off a stronger expression that will attract more consumers. On that note it is important to keep in mind that design expression does not only concern the appearance of a product, but also its function.[8] For example, as humans our appearance as well as our actions are subject to people's judgment when they are making a first impression of us. People usually do not appreciate a rude person even if they are good looking. Similarly, a product can have an attractive appearance but if its function does not follow through it will most likely drop in regards to consumer interest. In this sense, designers are like communicators, they use the language of different elements in the product to express something.[10]

text: Product design considerations[edit]

text: Product design is not an easy task.[11] The stakeholders involved all demand something different from the product designer and from the design process.[11]

text:
The manufacturer is concerned with production cost; in the end, the manufacturer wants an economically produced product.[11]
The purchaser looks at price, appearance, and prestige value.[11]
The end user is concerned with usability and functionality of the final product.[11]
The maintenance and repair department focuses on how well the final product can be maintained: is the product easily reassembled, disassembled, diagnosed, and serviced?[11]

text: Stakeholders' needs vary from one another and it is the product designer's job to incorporate those needs into their design.

text: Trends in product design[edit]

text: Product designers need to consider all of the details: the ways people use and abuse objects, faulty products, errors made in the design process, and the desirable ways in which people wish they could use objects.[12] Many new designs will fail and many won't even make it to market.[12] Some designs eventually become obsolete. The design process itself can be quite frustrating usually taking 5 or 6 tries to get the product design right.[12] A product that fails in the marketplace the first time may be re-introduced to the market 2 more times.[12] If it continues to fail, the product is then considered to be dead because the market believes it to be a failure.[12] Most new products fail, even if it's a great idea.[12]

text: All types of product design are clearly linked to the economic health of manufacturing sectors. Innovation provides much of the competitive impetus for the development of new products, with new technology often requiring a new design interpretation. It only takes one manufacturer to create a new product paradigm to force the rest of the industry to catch up - fueling further innovation.[13] Products designed to benefit people of all ages and abilities—without penalty to any group—accommodate our swelling aging population by extending independence and supporting the changing physical and sensory needs we all encounter as we grow older.[14]


document_title: Ferdinand (film)

question_text: what is the name of the dog in ferdinand

root

text: Ferdinand (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: In Spain, a ranch owned by Moreno (Raúl Esparza) that trains bulls for bullfighting called Casa del Toro harbours a bull calf named Ferdinand (Colin H. Murphy). He is ridiculed by his fellow calves Bones (Nile Diaz), Guapo (Jet Jurgensmeyer), and Valiente (Jack Gore) for being non-confrontational and his tendency to smell and protect flowers. A saddened Ferdinand runs away from Casa del Toro after his father Raf (Jeremy Sisto) fails to return from a bullfight he was picked for and a flower he was fond of was smashed by Valiente after his own father was defeated by Raf. He eventually winds up at a florist's farm, and is adopted by the owner Juan (Juanes), his dog Paco (Jerrod Carmichael), and his daughter Nina (Julia Saldanha) with whom he shares a bond.

tag: p

text: When Ferdinand (John Cena) eventually grows up into an enormous bull, he still retains his non-violent, flower-loving nature. Due to his size, he is left behind when Juan, Nina (Lily Day), and Paco go to Ronda for an annual flower festival. Ferdinand decides to go anyway, resulting in him getting stung by a bee and unintentionally wreaking havoc around town and is taken away back to Casa del Toro, much to his and Nina’s sadness.

text: Once back there, he finds that Bones (Anthony Anderson), Guapo (Peyton Manning), and Valiente (Bobby Cannavale) have also grown up and have been joined by a Scottish bull named Angus (David Tennant) and a silent but intimidating bull named Maquina (Tim Nordquist). Ferdinand is still disrespected by the bulls, but manages to befriend a crazy goat named Lupe (Kate McKinnon) who wants to be his coach in bullfighting despite his lack of interest and three hedgehogs named Una (Gina Rodriguez), Dos (Daveed Diggs), and Cuatro (Gabriel Iglesias) who frequently invade Casa del Toro to steal food. They used to have another brother named Tres, but they claimed him to be dead.

text: One day, a legendary but egotistical bullfighter named El Primero (Miguel Ángel Silvestre) arrives at Casa del Toro to choose the biggest, strongest, and most aggressive bull to fight with before he retires. When the bulls fail to impress him on the first try, Guapo is suddenly taken to a nearby slaughterhouse (The Chop House by the bulls) and the other bulls tell Ferdinand that it will eventually be their fate if they are not chosen for a bullfight. Although Ferdinand manages to earn the respect of the other bulls, except Valiente, after a dance-off with three German horses (Sally Phillips, Flula Borg and Boris Kodjoe), they still hold on to the belief that fighting is the only way for them to live. Ferdinand manages to convince Lupe to come back with him to Nina's farm and the hedgehogs help them escape, but when Ferdinand is close to freedom, he sees his dad's picture on a wall with his horns mounted, along with dozens of other horns, making him realize that every bull who is chosen to fight, will be slain by the matador.

text: Ferdinand tells the other bulls about how they will all eventually be killed even if they're chosen to fight, but Valiente is the only one unconvinced and charges Ferdinand outside where Ferdinand inadvertently beats him in a fight and knocks off his right horn, much to the animals' shock. Primero witnesses the scuffle, and chooses Ferdinand to fight after seeing him defeat Valiente. When Valiente is taken to the slaughterhouse, Ferdinand rallies up the remaining bulls to escape but first goes to the slaughterhouse to break out Valiente. He at first refuses as he believes that the slaughterhouse is his fate now, but they discover that Guapo is still alive, and Ferdinand questions Valiente's courage after Valiente refuses to help him rescue Guapo. When Ferdinand tries to save Guapo, he accidentally activates a series of deadly contraptions, but with the help of a now-friendlier Valiente, they escape the slaughterhouse and the bulls, Lupe, the hedgehogs and a red bunny rabbit steal the training area's company truck to escape, resulting in Moreno and his employees giving chase to them after Primero threatens to fight Moreno in the ring.

text: The animals try desperately to lose the humans and wind up at Atocha train station in Madrid that Ferdinand sees as his ticket back to Nina. When the bulls push a small railroad cart to catch the train back to Nina's home, Ferdinand sacrifices himself so the other bulls can escape (except for Lupe, who stays behind in shock after Ferdinand's act) and is captured by Moreno and his employees. When news of Ferdinand's upcoming fight with El Primero makes its way to Nina's home, she and Juan set out to Madrid to find and rescue Ferdinand.

text: At Las Ventas bullfight arena, Lupe tries to urge Ferdinand that he must fight in order to survive, but Ferdinand is silently unsure. When Ferdinand is released into the bullfight ring, he refuses to fight at first but is urged into fighting by El Primero. While being forced to run into Primero’s cape, Ferdinand is able to grab the cape from Primero with his horn and is temporarily blinded by it. Primero attempts to grab his cape back from Ferdinand, but is accidentally tossed out of the ring by Ferdinand. Primero re-enters the ring angrily tries to attack Ferdinand using banderillas and in the process, strikes Ferdinand in the shoulder, who almost retaliates against him, but sees a carnation underneath his hoof and sees that he's being the fighter he was unwilling to be. Regardless, Primero removes his sword in attempts to coerce Ferdinand one last time to fight in order to finish Ferdinand. Ferdinand refuses to fight and instead sits down. As Primero approaches to finish Ferdinand, the crowd begins to cheer for Ferdinand, convincing Primero to spare him. Primero then lets Ferdinand live and leaves with dignity. Ferdinand is reunited with Nina, who embraces him and everyone throws carnations to the ring to praise the bull. The other bulls arrive, thinking they’re too late to save Ferdinand, but instead witness Ferdinand making history as the first bull to ever make it out of a bullfight alive by being himself.

text: In the end, Ferdinand returns home with Nina, Juan, and Paco. They are joined by the other bulls, the hedgehogs, the bunny, and Lupe, who all move into the farm. The film ends with Ferdinand, his bull friends, and Lupe watching the sunset over Ronda from a field of flowers.

text: In a brief mid-credits scene, the hedgehogs are confronted by Tres who is revealed to have been alive the whole time, which shocks the other hedgehogs and Cuatro faints in response while Una and Dos cross themselves.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
John Cena as Ferdinand the Bull[8]
Colin H. Murphy voices a calf Ferdinand.
Kate McKinnon as Lupe, an old goat and Ferdinand's mentor[8]
Anthony Anderson as Bones, a bull[8]
Nile Diaz voices a calf Bones
Bobby Cannavale as Valiente, a bull.
Jack Gore voices a calf Valiente.
Cannavale also voices Valiente's father.
Peyton Manning as Guapo, a bull[9]
Jet Jurgensmeyer voices a calf Guapo
Gina Rodriguez as Una, a hedgehog who is Dos and Cuatro's sister[8]
Miguel Ángel Silvestre as El Primero, a famous bull fighter who is in search of the fiercest bull to fight in his final bull fight.[8]
David Tennant as Angus, a Scottish Highland bull from Scotland who had hair over his eyes until Ferdinand came up with a way to fix it.[10]
Tim Nordquist as Maquina, a cloned Belted Galloway bull made in a laboratory who doesn't talk and mostly makes sounds.
Daveed Diggs as Dos, a hedgehog, Una and Cuatro's brother[8][11]
Gabriel Iglesias as Cuatro, a hedgehog, Una and Dos' brother[12][8][13]
Flula Borg as Hans, a Lipizzan at Casa del Toro.[8]
Boris Kodjoe as Klaus, a Lipizzan at Casa del Toro.[8]
Sally Phillips as Greta, a Lipizzan at Casa del Toro.[8]
Juanes as Juan, the father of Nina and the owner of Ferdinand and Paco.[9]
Jerrod Carmichael as Paco, a dog owned by Nina and Juan[8]
Lily Day as Nina, the original owner of Ferdinand and Paco. In the end, she becomes the new owner of Lupe.
Julia Scarpa Saldanha voices a young Nina.
Jeremy Sisto as Raf, Ferdinand's father who died in the bullfights.
Karla Martínez as Isabella, a village mother.[8]
Raúl Esparza as Moreno, the owner of Casa del Toro[8]
Belita Moreno as the Shopkeeper of a China shop.
Carlos Saldanha as Screaming Matador and additional voices
Cindy Slattery as Bunny, a red rabbit and additional voices.

tag: ul

text: Production[edit]

text: In 2011, it was reported that 20th Century Fox Animation had acquired the rights to the children's book The Story of Ferdinand by Munro Leaf to adapt it into a computer-animated feature film with Carlos Saldanha attached to direct it.[14] In May 2013, Fox titled the film simply Ferdinand, which would be produced by Blue Sky Studios.[15] John Powell, a frequent collaborator with Saldanha, would be composing the film's score.[16] In November 2016, it was reported that Gabriel Iglesias would voice a character named Cuatro, a hedgehog, Una and Dos' brother.[12]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text:
Ferdinand (Music from the Motion Picture)Soundtrack album by Various artistsReleased
December 1, 2017 (2017-12-01)Genre
Pop, Latin popLabel
Island RecordsProducer
John Powell

tag: table

text: On September 19, 2017, it was announced that singer Nick Jonas wrote and recorded a song called "Home" for the movie. It was featured in the third trailer released in the next day and will also appear in the movie and end credits.[17] It was released as the first promotional single of the soundtrack on October 20, 2017.[18] A Second song by Nick Jonas named "Watch Me" was released alongside the film's EP on December 1.[19]

text: Track listing[edit]

text: The soundtrack features three original tracks: "Home" and "Watch Me" by Nick Jonas, and "Lay Your Head On Me" by Juanes.[19][20]

text: No.TitleArtist(s)Length1."Home"Nick Jonas3:002."Lay Your Head On Me"Juanes3:163."Watch Me"Jonas2:264."Freedom"Pitbull2:545."Macarena"Los del Rio4:096."Home (Film Version)"Jonas2:48Total length:18:55

text: Original Motion Picture Score is composed by John Powell, additional music by Batu Sener, Anthony Willis and Paul Mounsey. The album was released on December 15, 2017.

text: Most of Albert Hay Malotte's score from Walt Disney's Ferdinand The Bull (1938) were included and recomposed by John Powell, who also created an additional original theme music for the 2017 film.

text: Release[edit]

text: In May 2013, Fox scheduled the film for April 7, 2017 release.[15] In February 2016, the release date was pushed back from its original release date of April 7, 2017 to July 21, 2017.[21] In August 2016, the release date was again pushed back, this time from July 21, 2017 to December 22, 2017, taking over the release date of DreamWorks Animation's The Croods 2,[22] before that film was temporarily cancelled.[23] In February 2017, the film was moved up by one week from December 22, 2017 to December 15, 2017.[5] The first trailer premiered on March 28, 2017,[24] followed by the second trailer on June 14, 2017.[25]

text: Home media[edit]

text: Ferdinand was released on Digital HD on February 27, 2018, and was released on DVD and Blu-ray on March 13, 2018.

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: As of  April 17, 2018[update], Ferdinand has grossed $84.2 million in the United States and Canada, and $210.2 million in other countries, for a worldwide total of $294.4 million, against a production budget of $111 million.[4]

text: In the United States and Canada, Ferdinand was released alongside Star Wars: The Last Jedi, and was projected to gross $15–20 million from 3,621 theaters in its opening weekend.[26] It made $350,000 from Thursday night previews at 2,385 theaters, which began at 5 P.M. and $3.6 million on its first day. It went on to open to $13.3 million, finishing second behind The Last Jedi.[27]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 71% based on 103 reviews and an average rating of 6.2/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "Ferdinand's colorful update on a classic tale doesn't go anywhere unexpected, but its timeless themes – and John Cena's engaging voice work in the title role – make for family-friendly fun."[28] On Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating to reviews, the film has a weighted average score of 58 out of 100, based on 20 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[29] Audience polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A" on an A+ to F scale.[27]

text: Spanish bullfighting critic of El País, Antonio Lorca, in a critique of the film said that the film's message is "profoundly unnatural", and that the "renunciation" of the lead character to its "animal nature" is a lie that manipulates children, who will become "tomorrow's anti-bullfighters".[30] El Diario.es commented on this article by Lorca, saying that it had been widely commented on social networks and that the anti-bullfighting narrative of the film "raised hackles" for its message against animal abuse, which can also be interpreted as "fight against school bullying" and "implicit defense of sexual and gender diversity".[31]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Award

Date of ceremony

Category

Recipient(s) and nominee(s)

Result

Ref(s)

Academy Awards

March 4, 2018

Best Animated Feature

Carlos Saldanha and Lori Forte

Nominated

Annie Awards

February 3, 2018

Design in an Animated Feature Production

Thomas CardoneArden ChanAndrew HicksonMike LeeJason Sadler

Nominated

Editorial in an Animated Feature Production

Harry HitnerTim Nordquist

Nominated

Golden Globe Awards

January 7, 2018

Best Animated Feature Film

Carlos Saldanha

Nominated

[32]

Best Original Song

"Home"

Nominated

Cinema Audio Society Awards

February 24th 2018

Outstanding Achievement in Sound Mixing for a Motion Picture – Animated

Bill Higley, Randy Thom, Lora Hirschberg, Leff Lefferts, Shawn Murphy and Scott Curtis

Nominated

[33]

Guild of Music Supervisors Awards

February 8, 2018

Best Song/Recording Created for a Film

"Home"

Nominated

[34]

Humanitas Prize

February 16, 2018

Feature – Family

Ron Burch & David Kidd, Don Rhymer, Robert L. Baird and Tim Federle and Brad Copeland

Won

[35]

Kids' Choice Awards

March 24, 2018

Favorite Animated Film

Ferdinand

Nominated

[36]

Producers Guild of America Awards

January 20, 2018

Outstanding Producer of Animated Theatrical Motion Picture

Lori Forte and Bruce Anderson

Nominated

[37]

Visual Effects Society Awards

February 13, 2018

Outstanding Effects Simulations in an Animated Feature

Yaron Canetti, Allan Kadkoy, Danny Speck, Mark Adams

Nominated

[38]

Movieguide Awards

March 2018

Best Movie for Families

Ferdinand

Nominated

[39]


document_title: Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867

question_text: what is one of the main factors in the collapse of the habsburg empire

text: Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867

text: Historical background[edit]

text: In the Middle Ages Duchy of Austria was a quasi-independent state within the Holy Roman Empire, ruled by the House of Habsburg, and the Kingdom of Hungary was a sovereign state outside the empire. In 1526, Hungary was defeated and partially conquered by the Ottoman Empire. King Louis II of Hungary and Bohemia had no legitimate heir and died young in the Battle of Mohács. Louis II's brother-in-law, Ferdinand I of Habsburg was elected King of Hungary by a rump Parliament in Pozsony in December 1526.[4][5] The Ottomans were subsequently driven out of Hungary in 1699. From 1526 to 1804, Hungary was ruled by the Habsburg kings, but remained nominally and legally separate from the other lands of the Habsburg Monarchy.

text: In 1804, Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor, who was also ruler of the lands of the Habsburg Monarchy, founded the Empire of Austria in which all his lands were included. In doing so he created a formal overarching structure for the Habsburg Monarchy, which had functioned as a composite monarchy for about 300 years. Until the 1848 revolution, the workings of the overarching structure and the status of Hungary stayed much the same as they had been before 1804. The Kingdom of Hungary had always been considered a separate realm, the country's status was affirmed by Article X, which was added to Hungary's constitution in 1790 during the phase of the composite monarchy; it described the state as a Regnum Independens. Hungary's affairs continued to be administered by its own institutions (King and Diet) as they had been previously. Thus, under the new arrangements, no imperial institutions were involved in its internal government.[6][7][8] The Holy Roman Empire was abolished in 1806.

text: The administration and the structures of central government of Kingdom of Hungary remained separated from the Austrian administration and Austrian government until the 1848 revolution. Hungary, was governed, to a greater degree by the Council of Lieutenancy of Hungary (the Gubernium) in Pressburg (Pozsony) and, to a lesser extent, by the Hungarian Royal Court Chancellery in Vienna, independent of the Imperial Chancellery of Austria[9]

text: While in most Western European countries (like France and England) the king's reign began immediately upon the death of his predecessor, in Hungary the coronation was absolutely indispensable as if it were not properly executed, the Kingdom stayed "orphaned". Even during the long personal union between Kingdom of Hungary and other Habsburg ruled areas, the Habsburg monarchs had to be crowned as King of Hungary in order to promulgate laws there or exercise his royal prerogatives in the territory of Kingdom of Hungary.[10][11][12] Since the Golden Bull of 1222, all Hungarian monarchs had to take a coronation oath during the coronation procedure, where the new monarchs had to agree to uphold the constitutional arrangement of the country, to preserve the liberties of his subjects and the territorial integrity of the realm.[13]

text: From 1526 to 1851, the Kingdom of Hungary maintained its own customs borders, which separated Hungary from the united customs system of other Habsburg ruled territories. The Hungarian legal system and judicial system remained separated and independent from the unified legal and judicial systems of the other Habsburg ruled areas.

text: In the failed Hungarian Revolution of 1848, the Magyars came close to regaining independence and were defeated by the Austrian Empire only by the military intervention of the Russian Empire. After the restoration of Habsburg power, Hungary was placed under martial law.[14] Prime Minister Prince Felix of Schwarzenberg and his government, operating from November 1848, pursued a radically new imperial policy. It wanted to develop a uniform empire in the spirit of the imperial constitution issued by Franz Joseph I in Olmütz on 4 March 1849, and as a result, Hungary's constitution and territorial integrity were abolished. The centralist March Constitution of Austria introduced the neo-absolutism in Habsburg ruled territories, and it provided absolute power for the monarch.[15] The Austrian constitution was accepted by the Imperial Diet of Austria, in which Hungary had no representation and traditionally had no legislative power in the territory of Kingdom of Hungary; still, it also tried to abolish the Diet of Hungary, which existed as the legislative power in Hungary since the late 12th century.[16] The new Austrian constitution also went against the historical constitution of Hungary and tried to nullify it.[17] A military dictatorship was created in Hungary. Every aspect of Hungarian life was put under close scrutiny and governmental control.[18]

text: German became the official language of public administration. An edict issued on 9 October 1849[19] placed education under state control, the curriculum was prescribed and controlled by the state, the teaching of national history was restricted and history was taught from a Habsburg viewpoint.[20] Even the bastion of Hungarian culture, the Academy, was kept under control: the institution was staffed with foreigners, mostly Germans, and the institution was practically defunct until[clarification needed] the end of 1858.[21][22][23] Hungarians responded with passive resistance. Anti-Habsburg and anti-German sentiments were strong. In the following years, the empire instituted several reforms but failed to resolve problems.[24]

text: After the Hungarian revolution of 1848–49, the independent customs system of Hungary was abolished, and Hungary became part of the unified imperial customs system on 1 October 1851.[25][26]

text: Adoption[edit]

text: In 1866, Austria was completely defeated in the Austro-Prussian War. Its position as the leading state of Germany ended, and the remaining German minor states were soon absorbed into the German Empire, created by Prussia. Austria also lost much of its remaining claims and influence in Italy, which had been its chief foreign policy interest.

text: After a period of Greater German ambitions, when Austria tried to establish itself as the leading German power, Austria again needed to redefine itself to maintain unity in the face of nationalism.[27]

text: As a consequence of the Second Italian War of Independence and the Austro-Prussian War, the Habsburg Empire was on the verge of collapse in 1866, as the wars caused monumental state debt and a financial crisis.[28]

text: The Habsburgs were forced to reconcile with Hungary to save their empire and dynasty. The Habsburgs and part of the Hungarian political elite arranged the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867, but the overwhelming majority of the populace wanted full independence.

text: Hungarian statesman Ferenc Deák is considered the intellectual force behind the Compromise. Deák initially wanted independence for Hungary and supported the 1848 Revolution, but he broke with hardline nationalists and advocated a modified union under the Habsburgs. Deák believed that while Hungary had the right to full internal independence, questions of defence and foreign affairs were "common" to both Austria and Hungary, under the Pragmatic Sanction of 1723. He also felt that Hungary benefited from continued union with wealthier, more industrialized Austria and that the Compromise would end the continual pressures on Austria to choose between the Magyars and the Slavs of the Kingdom of Hungary.[29] Imperial Chancellor Beust quickly negotiated the Compromise with the Hungarian leaders.[30] Beust was particularly eager to renew the conflict with Prussia and thought a quick settlement with Hungary would make that possible.[31] Franz Joseph and Deák signed the Compromise, and it was ratified by the restored Diet of Hungary on 29 May 1867.[32]

text: The Compromise was negotiated and legitimised by only a very small part of Hungarian society (suffrage was very limited: less than 8 percent of the population had voting rights), and was seen by a very large part of the population as a betrayal of the Hungarian cause and the heritage of the 1848-49 War of Independence. The Compromise was very unpopular and the government resorted to force to suppress civil dissent. The Compromise caused deep and lasting schisms in Hungarian society.[33]

text: Beust's revenge against Prussia did not materialize. When, in 1870, Beust wanted Austria-Hungary to support France against Prussia, Hungarian Prime Minister Gyula Andrássy was "vigorously opposed" and effectively vetoed Austrian intervention.[34]

text: The settlement with Hungary consisted then of three parts: the political settlement, which was to be permanent and would remain part of the fundamental constitution of the monarchy; the periodical financial settlement, determining the partition of the common expenses as arranged by the Quota-Deputations and ratified by the parliaments and the Customs Union and the agreement on currency, a voluntary, reversible arrangement between the two governments and parliaments.[35]

text: Terms[edit]

text: Under the Compromise:

text:
The Hungarian parliament was re-established (which was the legislative power in Hungary since the 12th century), thus Austria and Hungary had separate parliaments again. Each region had its own government, headed by its own prime minister. The "dual monarchy" consisted of the emperor-king, and the common ministers of foreign affairs, defence, and a finance ministry only for the army, navy and diplomatic expenditures.
The Hungarian legal system and Hungarians laws were restored in the territory of Kingdom of Hungary;[36] the traditionally independent and separate judicial systems of Hungary were re-established.
Austria-Hungary, as a common entity, had no jurisdiction and legislative power, which was shaped by the fact that there was no common parliament. The common diplomatic and military affairs were managed by delegations from the Imperial Council and the Hungarian parliament. The delegations had 60 members from the Imperial Council, and 60 members from the Hungarian parliament, and the ratios of various political fractions exactly and proportionally mirrored their own political parties of their parliaments. The members of the delegates from the two parliaments had no right to debate or introduce new ideas during the meetings, and they were nothing more than the extended arms of their own parliaments. All decisions had to be ratified by the Austrian and Hungarian parliaments to be valid.[37]
A common Ministry of Foreign Affairs was created, responsible for diplomacy and foreign policy.
There was no common citizenship in Austria-Hungary: one was either an Austrian citizen or a Hungarian citizen, never both.[38] Austria-Hungary used two separate passports: the Austrian passport and the Hungarian one. There was no common passport.[39]
A common finance ministry was founded, only for the expenditures of the army, the navy and the diplomatic service and for the issue of banknotes. It was headed by the Common Finance Minister. All other expenditures belonged to the Austrian Finance Ministry in the Austrian Empire and the Hungarian Finance Ministry in the Kingdom of Hungary. The Austrian finance minister was subordinated only to the Minister-President of Austria in Austrian Empire, and the Hungarian Finance Minister was subordinated only to the Prime Minister of Hungary.
The monetary and economic terms of the Compromise and the customs union had to be renegotiated every ten years.
Despite Austria and Hungary sharing a common currency, they were fiscally sovereign and independent entities.[40] International commercial treaties were conducted independently by Austria and Hungary.[41]
The Royal Hungarian Honvéd was restored, and the Imperial-Royal Landwehr was created, but both states had to continue to finance the Common Army, much larger than both. A common Austro-Hungarian War Ministry was formed immediately for the large Common Army, but it had no right to command directly the smaller Landwehr and the Honvéd armies, which were respectively placed under the direct control of the separate Austrian and Hungarian Ministries of Defence. The Austrian and Hungarian Ministers of Defence were not placed under the command and jurisdiction of the Common War Ministry; they were subordinated only to their own prime ministers and the respective parliaments in Vienna and Budapest.[42]
Hungary took on a large part of the towering Austrian state debt.[43]
The King became the supreme warlord, holding all authority over the structure, organization, and administration of the army. He appointed the senior officials, had the right to declare war, and was the commander-in-chief of the army.
He had the right to declare a state of emergency.
He had the right of preliminary royal assent to every bill the Cabinet Council wanted to report to the National Assembly. He had the right to veto any law passed by the National Assembly.
He had the right to dissolve the National Assembly.
He had the right to appoint and dismiss the members of the Cabinet Council.

text: This meant a great reduction in Hungarian sovereignty and autonomy, even in comparison with the pre-1848 status quo.

text: Continuing pressures[edit]

text: The resulting system was maintained until the dissolution of the dual monarchy after World War I. The favoritism shown to the Magyars, the second largest ethnic group in the dual monarchy after the Germans, caused discontent on the part of other ethnic groups like the Slovaks and Romanians.[44] Although a "Nationalities Law" was enacted to preserve the rights of ethnic minorities, the two parliaments took very different approaches to this issue.

text: The basic problem in the later years was that the Compromise with Hungary only encouraged the appetites of non-Hungarian minorities in Hungary that were historically within the boundaries of the Hungarian Kingdom. The majority of Hungarians felt they had accepted the Compromise only under coercion. The Austrian Emperor, separately crowned King of Hungary, had to swear in his coronation oath not to revise or diminish the historic imperial (Hungarian) domains of the Hungarian nobility, magnates, and upper classes. The Hungarians, having been given self-rule and a separate status, only partially acquiesced to granting "their" minorities recognition and local autonomy.

text: In the Kingdom of Hungary, several ethnic minorities faced increased pressures of Magyarization.[45] Further, the renegotiations that occurred every ten years often led to constitutional crises. Ultimately, although the Compromise hoped to fix the problems faced by a multi-national state while maintaining the benefits of a large state, the new system still faced the same internal pressures as the old. To what extent the dual monarchy stabilized the country in the face of national awakenings and to what extent it alleviated, or aggravated, the situation are debated even today.

text: In a letter of February 1, 1913, to Foreign Minister Berchtold, Archduke Franz Ferdinand said that "irredentism in our country ... will cease immediately if our Slavs are given a comfortable, fair and good life" instead of being trampled on (as they were being trampled on by the Hungarians).[46]

text: Final dissolution[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: With the political agenda dominated by the imminent defeat in World War I in the middle of October 1918, the Hungarian government, with the agreement of King Charles IV of Hungary, who was also Emperor Charles I of Austria, gave notice of termination. The Compromise was formally terminated on 31 October 1918, ending the Chrysanthemum Revolution. Shared institutions, such as the Council of Ministers, remained formally in force until 2 November 1918, but for all practical purposes, power had devolved from Budapest to the various emerging nationally-based regions that would form the basis for the redrawing of the map of Central Europe at the Paris Peace Conference, which formally began its work early in 1919.


document_title: I Dreamed a Dream

question_text: who sang i dreamed a dream in the original london cast

text: I Dreamed a Dream

text: History[edit]

text: The song, as it appeared in the original Paris production from 1980, was entitled J'avais rêvé d'une autre vie ("I had dreamed of another life"), and was originally sung by Rose Laurens. The first English-language production of Les Misérables opened on the West End in London in October 1985, with the role of Fantine portrayed by Patti LuPone.[3] She would later feature the song on her 1993 album Patti LuPone Live![4]

text: When the musical made its Broadway début in New York City in March 1987, Fantine was played by Randy Graff.[1] Laurie Beechman would perform the role in the original U.S. touring production in 1988 and then on Broadway in 1990. That year she included the song on her album Listen to My Heart.[5] Debra Byrne sang the song on the Complete Symphonic Recording. Ruthie Henshall sang it on the Tenth Anniversary Concert Recording (1995). A Broadway revival in 2006 featured Daphne Rubin-Vega (2006–07), Lea Salonga (2007), and Judy Kuhn (2007–08). Lea Salonga sang it for the 25th Anniversary Concert in London (2010).

text: The show, and the song, has been translated into twenty-one languages, including Japanese, Hebrew, Icelandic, Norwegian, Czech, Polish, Spanish, and Estonian, and there have been 31 cast recordings featuring the song.[6] The London cast version is Triple Platinum in the UK, for sales of more than 900,000, and Platinum in the U.S., for sales of more than one million. The Broadway cast version is Quadruple Platinum in the U.S. (more than four million sold), where four other versions have also gone Gold.[7]

text: Cover versions[edit]

text: Numerous popular singers have recorded cover versions of "I Dreamed a Dream". Neil Diamond recorded the song for his 1987 live album Hot August Night II and released the song as a single. It peaked at no. 13 on the U.S. Billboard Adult Contemporary chart in November 1987[8] and at no. 90 on the UK Singles Chart.[9] Diamond's version features a lyrical alteration at the end of the song; instead of "Now life has killed the dream I dreamed" Diamond sings, "But life can't kill the dream I dreamed".[10]

text: Other male singers who have recorded the song include rock singer David Essex on his 1987 album Centre Stage,[11] Phantom of the Opera star Michael Crawford on his 1987 album The Phantom Unmasked and on his 1992 release "With Love",[12] LuPone's Evita co-star Mandy Patinkin on his 1994 album Experiment and British theater star Michael Ball (Marius in the Original London production of Les Mis) on his 1996 album The Musicals.

text: In 1991, Aretha Franklin included a version of the song on her album What You See is What You Sweat.[13] Although not released as a single, Franklin has performed the song at various venues, including the 1993 inaugural celebration for U.S. President Bill Clinton.[14]

text: In the film The Commitments (1991), one of the girls auditioning for the titular band sings "I Dreamed a Dream" as her audition song.

text: Other female singers who have recorded versions of the song include English singer and stage actress Elaine Paige, from a 1993 performance at Birmingham Symphony Hall which was included on her 1995 album, Encore,[15] original Annie title cast member Andrea McArdle in the 1996 recording On Broadway,[16] New Zealander singer Hayley Westenra and British pop star Petula Clark, each in 2001, Canadian singer-songwriter Allison Crowe in 2005, and Broadway actress Susan Egan in 2008. British actress and singer Marti Webb performed the song on her album Performance (1989). In 2008, Italian rock noir band Belladonna covered the song in their London show. In 2010, popera singer Rose Jang covered the song for her digital album Songs of Hope by Mnet Media.

text: The song was covered on the Glee episode "Dream On" by Shelby Corcoran and Rachel Berry, portrayed by Idina Menzel and Lea Michele respectively. This song took the place of a meeting between Shelby and Rachel, who found out during that episode that Shelby was her birth mother. At the end of that episode, Rachel met Shelby for the first time in real life (the sequence where Shelby and Rachel sang "I Dreamed a Dream" was, in fact, something akin to a dream sequence).

text: Josh Groban and Michael Ball sang a duet at the end of Never Mind the Buzzcocks (Broadcast 21 December 2010).

text: Joe McElderry recorded the song for his second album, Classic.

text: Katherine Jenkins released a French cover of the song entitled "J'avais rêvé d'une autre vie/I dreamed of another life" in her 8th studio album Daydream.

text: Kika Edgar recorded a Spanish cover titled "Un sueño que alguna vez soñé/A dream I once dreamed" for her album Broadway.

text: In 2011, Celtic Woman performed "I Dreamed a Dream" as part of their 2011 "Believe" tour, recorded by PBS at the Fox Theatre in Atlanta. The song was one of two songs sung as "A Tribute to Broadway", the other song being "Circle of Life" from the Disney movie The Lion King. The song, which was only released on DVD and as part of the television special, was sung by Lisa Kelly and Chloë Agnew.

text: As part of a compilation, and the title track to the Australian album, Lucy Maunder sang the song for ABC Classics I Dreamed a Dream: The Hit Songs of Broadway[17]

text: Susan Boyle version[edit]

text:
"I Dreamed a Dream"

Single by Susan Boyle

from the album I Dreamed a Dream

Released
15 April 2010

Format
Music Download

Recorded
2009

Genre
Operatic pop

Length
3:11

Label
Syco, Columbia

Songwriter(s)

Claude-Michel Schönberg (music)
Alain Boublil (French lyrics)
Herbert Kretzmer (English lyrics)

Susan Boyle singles chronology

"Wild Horses"
(2009)
"I Dreamed a Dream"
(2010)
"Perfect Day"
(2010)

"Wild Horses"
(2009)
"I Dreamed a Dream"
(2009)
"Perfect Day"
(2010)

text: The song had a resurgence in popularity in 2009 when Scottish singer Susan Boyle performed it as her audition for the third series of the British reality television programme, Britain's Got Talent. Boyle's performance elicited a unanimous vote for passage into the next round of competition by judges Piers Morgan, Amanda Holden and Simon Cowell, with Morgan giving Boyle "the biggest yes [he had] ever given" in his three years of judging the show. Elaine Paige, Boyle's role model, later expressed interest in singing a duet with her.[18] The programme received high ratings and Boyle's performance was quickly added to sites such as YouTube, where millions of people viewed it in the first month alone.[19][20] Boyle sang the song again during the finals of Britain's Got Talent on 30 May 2009, where she placed second in the competition behind British dance troupe Diversity.[21] Today, it is known as the song that catapulted her to super-stardom, and it helped sales of her album I Dreamed a Dream. Currently, the album has been declared as the fastest selling debut album of all time in the UK, and sold 701,000 copies in its first week in just the US, breaking the record for highest debut ever for a solo female artist.

text: Shortly after Boyle's audition aired on ITV in April, the Original London Cast Recording of LuPone singing "I Dreamed a Dream" was downloaded to such a degree that the song entered music charts in the U.S. and UK. The U.S. Billboard magazine's Hot Digital Songs and Hot Singles Recurrents charts for the week of 2 May 2009 had LuPone's 1985 recording at no. 61 and no. 20, respectively.[22] LuPone's version also reached no. 45 on the UK Singles Chart on the week of 25 April 2009.[23] Susan Boyle's later 2009 recording rivalled pre-order sales records on Amazon.com in November 2009.

text: Chart performance[edit]

text: "I Dreamed a Dream" entered the Irish Singles Chart on 26 November 2009 at number 20. It also entered the UK Singles Chart on 29 November 2009 at no. 37.[citation needed]

text:
Chart (2009)
Peak
position

Australia (ARIA)[24]
66

Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[25]
1

Belgium (Ultratop 50 Wallonia)[26]
27

Canada (Canadian Hot 100)[27]
65

France (SNEP) Download Chart[28]
37

Ireland (IRMA)[29]
20

Spain (PROMUSICAE)[30]
49

Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[31]
37

UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[32]
37

US Billboard Hot 100[33]
62

Scotland (The Official Charts Company)
27

text: 2012 film version[edit]

text:
"I Dreamed a Dream"

Song by Anne Hathaway

from the album Les Misérables: Highlights from the Motion Picture Soundtrack

Published
1980

Released
21 December 2012

Recorded
2012

Genre

Musical
theatrical
pop

Length
4:38

Label
Universal Republic

Composer(s)
Claude-Michel Schönberg

Lyricist(s)
Herbert Kretzmer

text: "I Dreamed a Dream" was covered again for the 2012 film adaption. The movie was produced by Working Title Films and directed by Tom Hooper from a script by William Nicholson, Alain Boublil and Claude-Michel Schönberg with Herbert Kretzmer. The role of Fantine was played by Anne Hathaway for which she won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress. The film changed the ordering of some songs, and this song was swapped around with "Lovely Ladies", to place dramatic emphasis on Fantine's depression, after she has become a prostitute. As with the rest of the film, the vocals for the song were recorded by Hathaway, live on the set, and later edited together with the music.

text: Her performance of the song was released as part of the Les Misérables: Highlights from the Motion Picture Soundtrack on 21 December 2012 and was confirmed to be featured in the upcoming deluxe edition of the album. It was well received by music critics and it was very commercially successful, entering the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 and reaching the top thirty of the UK Singles Chart, along with entering various other singles charts around the world.

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: On his review of Les Misérables: Highlights from the Motion Picture Soundtrack, Rolling Stone's Jody Rosen mentions Hathaway's rendition of the classic as one of the two decent tracks on the compilation, stating that "There are a couple of redeeming moments on this chart-topping soundtrack; Sacha Baron Cohen has fun with the jaunty "Master of the House," and Anne Hathaway gives the schmaltzy "I Dreamed a Dream" her all."[34]

text: Commercial reception[edit]

text: On the week ending 19 January 2013 the song entered and peaked in the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 at number 69,[35] and spent a total of three weeks on the chart. The song was also a hit on the UK Singles Chart where it peaked at number 22 (higher than Susan Boyle's rendition) and spent six weeks on the chart.[36] It was also present for a week on the Canadian Hot 100 at number 73.[37] Among others, the song has also peaked in the Irish Singles Chart at number 26, the Dutch Top 100 at number 58, and the Spanish Singles Chart at number 21.[38][39] The song is also atop the iTunes Top Soundtrack Songs in Romania since January, 2013, where the song sold over 6,000 digital copies.[40]

text: Tomomi Kahara version[edit]

text:
"Yume Yaburete (I Dreamed a Dream)"

Single by Tomomi Kahara

from the album Dream: Self Cover Best

Released
17 April 2013

Format
CD single, music download

Genre
Pop

Length
3:52

Label
Universal J

Songwriter(s)

Claude-Michel Schönberg (music)
Tokiko Iwatani (Japanese lyrics)

Producer(s)
Satoshi Takebe

Tomomi Kahara singles chronology

"Ano Sayonara ni Sayonara o"
(2006)
"Yume Yaburete (I Dreamed a Dream)"
(2013)

"Ano Sayonara ni Sayonara o"
(2006)
"Yume Yaburete (I Dreamed a Dream)"
(2013)

text: "Yume Yaburete (I Dreamed a Dream)" (夢やぶれて -I DREAMED A DREAM-, lit. "Broken Dreams") is Tomomi Kahara's twenty-seventh single and first in over seven years. "Yume Yaburete" is the Japanese version of "I Dreamed a Dream" from the musical Les Misérables. The Japanese lyrics were written by lyricist and translator Tokiko Iwatani. Despite being famously sung by Hiromi Iwasaki, the Japanese rendition of "I Dreamed a Dream" was never released as a single until Kahara's cover. The song was suggested for Kahara's comeback by executives at Universal J, Kahara's record label and the one behind the Japanese release of the soundtrack for the 2012 film adaptation of Les Misérables. Coincidentally, the song happened to be a favorite of Kahara's that she often sang at auditions.[41]

text: The song was recorded with a backing orchestra of 41 musicians.[41] The cover art for the single pays homage to the musical and the character of Fantine by depicting Kahara as a broken but hopeful woman. The single also includes a piano version of "Yume Yaburete" as well as a self-cover of Kahara's 1996 hit song "I'm Proud". First pressing of the single includes a DVD featuring the music video for "Yume Yaburete".

text: Commercial performance[edit]

text: "Yume Yaburete (I Dreamed a Dream)" entered the Oricon weekly singles chart at number 13, marking Kahara's first top 20 single since "Anata ga Ireba" (2004).[42]

text: Track listing[edit]

text:
CD

No.
Title
Length

1.
"Yume Yaburete (I Dreamed a Dream)" (夢やぶれて "Broken Dreams")
3:52

2.
"I'm Proud" (2013 Orchestra Version)
4:44

3.
"Yume Yaburete (I Dreamed a Dream)" (Piano Version)
4:02

4.
"Yume Yaburete (I Dreamed a Dream)" (Instrumental)
3:52

5.
"I'm Proud" (2013 Orchestra Version – Instrumental)
4:42

Total length:
21:14

text:
[show]DVD

No.
Title
Length

1.
"Yume Yaburete (I Dreamed a Dream)" (Music Video)

text: Charts[edit]

text:
Chart (2013)
Peak
position

Japan Billboard Hot 100[43]
6

Japan Hot Top Airplay (Billboard)[44]
5

Japan Hot Singles Sales (Billboard)[45]
9

Japan Daily Singles (Oricon)[46]
11

Japan Weekly Singles (Oricon)[42]
13

Japan Weekly Singles (Recochoku)[47]
34


document_title: The Crossing (TV series)

question_text: where does the show the crossing take place

text: The Crossing (TV series)

text: Premise[edit]

text: Refugees fleeing a war seek asylum in an American town—but they claim to be from America, 180 years in the future.[3] Moreover, at least one of the refugees exhibits apparently superhuman powers that may make them a threat.[4]

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Steve Zahn as Sheriff Jude Ellis[5]
Natalie Martinez as Reece[6]
Sandrine Holt as Agent Emma Ren[7]
Tommy Bastow as Marshall
Rob Campbell as Paul[8]
Rick Gomez as Nestor Rosario
Marcuis W. Harris as Caleb
Grant Harvey as Roy Aronson[5]
Jay Karnes as Craig Lindauer[5]
Simone Kessell as Rebecca[9]
Kelley Missal as Hannah[10]
Luc Roderique as Bryce Foster[11]
Bailey Skodje as Leah[12]
John D'Leo as Will
Georgina Haig as Dr. Sophie Forbin[13]

text: Production[edit]

text: Set in the fictional town of Port Canaan, Oregon and in Seattle, the series was filmed in coastal areas of British Columbia and in the city of Vancouver in 2017. The beach where the refugees arrive is near Ucluelet on Vancouver Island[14] while the sheriff's office and some other locations were filmed in and around the village of Britannia Beach, north of Vancouver.[15] The Oceanic Plaza in Vancouver was the setting for the Seattle offices of the show's Homeland Security and other scenes were filmed in and around the city. Additional shooting locations in BC were in Steveston, British Columbia and in New Westminster.[16] The first camp footage was filmed at Camp McLean. Filming in Vancouver started in July and wrapped in late-November 2017.[17]

text: On May 11, 2018, ABC canceled the show after one season.[18]

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No.
Title [1]
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

1
"Pilot"
Rob Bowman
Dan Dworkin & Jay Beattie
April 2, 2018 (2018-04-02)[a]
5.40[20]

People awaken underwater in the ocean near Port Canaan, Oregon. Most drown, but 47 survivors wash ashore and are interned. One, Reece, is picked up by fishermen. Local Sheriff Jude Ellis is the first on the scene, but is soon pushed aside by FBI Agent Emma Ren of the Department of Homeland Security. The survivors all claim to have fled from 180 years in the future. Apex, a race of more evolved humans with extraordinary abilities, took over and began exterminating normal humans. Reece seeks out Jude to try to find her daughter Leah, but events reveal that she is an Apex. A survivor named Thomas insists on meeting Emma's boss, Craig Lindauer, a Homeland Security deputy undersecretary, claiming they are not the first group to come from the future, but is horrified when he recognizes Lindauer as one of them.

2
"A Shadow Out of Time"
David Von Ancken
Dan Dworkin & Jay Beattie
April 9, 2018 (2018-04-09)
4.48[21]

In a flash-forward to the year 2187, Apex agent Reece finds Leah, an orphaned normal human baby, and secretly raises her. When this is finally discovered, she shoots her superiors and flees. In the present day, Jude tries to arrange a peaceful meeting between Reece and Emma, but Emma informs Lindauer, who instead dispatches a heavily armed team to capture Reece by any means necessary. Meanwhile, Leah shows symptoms of the incurable disease engineered by Apex to wipe out the rest of humanity.

3
"Pax Americana"
Ken Girotti
Michael Narducci
April 16, 2018 (2018-04-16)
4.09[22]

A wounded Reece neutralizes her pursuers, then kidnaps Jude's son Oliver. Survivor Hannah sneaks out of the guarded refugee camp and meets Marshall, a troubled young man, in Port Canaan. Somehow, Marshall's photo is in her now-lost locket. Lindauer assigns virologist Dr. Sophie Forbin to study Leah's disease. Meanwhile, Emma discovers unsettling information which makes her question Lindauer's motives.

4
"The Face of Oblivion"
Tara Nicole Weyr
Evan Bleiweiss
April 23, 2018 (2018-04-23)
4.08[23]

After Reece offers to trade Oliver for Leah, Jude reaches out to Emma, but Leah is very ill and in quarantine. Sophie volunteers to explain the situation to Reece. Meanwhile, Hannah's secret past comes to light; she was forced to collaborate with Apex. Survivor Paul wants to try to locate his wife, part of the earlier migration. When Emma visits the woman, she discovers something that costs her her life.

5
"Ten Years Gone"
Jeffrey Hunt
Rebecca Sonnenshine
April 30, 2018 (2018-04-30)
3.62[24]

Flashbacks reveal the coming of the "First Arrivals" inadvertently caused a car accident that killed Marshall's mother. The earlier time travelers tried to change history and prevent Apex from coming into existence by secretly assassinating 27 key people. However, the appearance of the second group shows they failed. Their leader, Paul's wife, decides much more drastic measures are needed. Jude investigates Emma's mysterious disappearance, and Sophie risks her career to save Leah's life.

6
"LKA"
Hanelle M. Culpepper
Vivian Tse
May 7, 2018 (2018-05-07)
3.67[25]

Jude seeks assistance from a former colleague in Oakland. He receives information that makes him suspicious of Lindauer. Minutes later, Lindauer calls and offers to meet privately with him. Lindauer fires Sophie, derailing her plan to reunite Reece with Leah. She later blacks out and wakes up very ill in a hospital bed. Survivor Caleb sends photographs of the situation at the camp to Marshall, who uploads them to conspiracy websites. Jude arrests Lindauer as he is on his way to the rendezvous.

7
"Some Dreamers of the Golden Dream"
Alrick Riley
Deirdre Mangan
May 14, 2018 (2018-05-14)
3.53[26]

Mayor Vanessa Conway pressures Jude into releasing Lindauer. When Jude tells her about the refugees, Lindauer agrees to let them spend a day in town, under supervision. Leah and Hannah are among the first group given the privilege. To Roy's dismay, Hannah spends the day with Marshall. Anticipating Reece's plan to get her child, Jude removes Leah's tracking bracelet. However, there is a second tracker inside Leah's doll, and Reece is captured. At the camp, a woman finally regains consciousness; she covers the walls of her cabin with Apex writing.

8
"The Long Morrow"
Hanelle M. Culpepper
Vivian Tse
May 28, 2018 (2018-05-28)
TBD

9
"Hope Smiles from the Threshold"
P. J. Pesce[27]
Matt Olmstead[27]
June 4, 2018 (2018-06-04)
TBD

10
"The Androcles Option"
Alex Zakrzewski[28]
Michael Narducci & Rebecca Sonnenshine[28]
June 9, 2018 (2018-06-09)
TBD

11
"These are the Names"
David Von Ancken[29]
Dan Dworkin & Jay Beattien[29]
June 9, 2018 (2018-06-09)
TBD

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the series has an approval rating of 69% based on 16 reviews, with an average rating of 6.1/10.[30] Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned a score of 59 out of 100 based on 12 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[31]

text: Ratings[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Air date
Rating/share
(18–49)
Viewers
(millions)
DVR
(18–49)
DVR viewers
(millions)
Total
(18–49)
Total viewers
(millions)

1
"Pilot"
April 2, 2018
0.9/3
5.40[20]
0.7
2.97
1.6
8.37[32]

2
"A Shadow Out of Time"
April 9, 2018
0.8/3
4.48[21]
0.6
2.80
1.4
7.28[33]

3
"Pax Americana"
April 16, 2018
0.7/3
4.09[22]
N/A
2.31
N/A
6.40[34]

4
"The Face of Oblivion"
April 23, 2018
0.7/3
4.08[23]
N/A
2.07
N/A
6.16[35]

5
"Ten Years Gone"
April 30, 2018
0.5/2
3.62[24]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

6
"LKA"
May 7, 2018
0.5/2
3.67[25]
0.4
N/A
0.9[36]
N/A

7
"Some Dreamers of the Golden Dream"
May 14, 2018
0.5/2
3.53[26]
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD


document_title: Most favoured nation

question_text: when did china receive most favored nation status

text: Most favoured nation

text: History[edit]

text: The earliest form of the most favoured nation status can be found as early as in the 11th century. Today's concept of the most favoured nation status starts to appear in the 18th century, which is when the division of conditional and unconditional most favoured nation status also began.[3] In the early days of international trade, "most favoured nation" status was usually used on a dual-party, state-to-state basis. A nation could enter into a "most favoured nation" treaty with another nation. In the treaty of Madrid in 1667 Spain granted England "most favoured nation" trading status.[4] With the Jay Treaty in 1794, the US also granted the same to Britain.

text: After World War II, tariff and trade agreements were negotiated simultaneously by all interested parties through the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), which ultimately resulted in the World Trade Organization in 1995. The World Trade Organization requires members to grant one another "most favoured nation" status. A "most favoured nation" clause is also included in the majority of the numerous bilateral investment treaties concluded between capital exporting and capital importing countries after World War II.[citation needed]

text: Benefits[edit]

text: Trade experts consider MFN clauses to have the following benefits:[citation needed]

text:
Increases trade creation and decreases trade diversion. A country that grants MFN on imports will have its imports provided by the most efficient supplier if the most efficient supplier is within the group of MFN. Otherwise, that is, if the most efficient producer is outside the group of MFN and additionally, is charged higher rates of tariffs, then it is possible that trade would merely be diverted from this most efficient producer to a less efficient producer within the group of MFN (or with a tariff rate of 0). This leads to economic costs for the importing country, which can outweigh the gains from free trade.
MFN allows smaller countries, in particular, to participate in the advantages that larger countries often grant to each other, whereas on their own, smaller countries would often not be powerful enough to negotiate such advantages by themselves.
Granting MFN has domestic benefits: having one set of tariffs for all countries simplifies the rules and makes them more transparent. Theoretically, if all countries in the world confer MFN status to each other, there will be no need to establish complex and administratively costly rules of origin to determine which country a product (that may contain parts from all over the world) must be attributed to for customs purposes. However, if at least one nation lies outside the MFN alliance, then customs cannot be done away with.
MFN restrains domestic special interests from obtaining protectionist measures. For example, butter producers in country A may not be able to lobby for high tariffs on butter to prevent cheap imports from developing country B, because, as the higher tariffs would apply to every country, the interests of A's principal ally C might get impaired.

text: As MFN clauses promote non-discrimination among countries, they also tend to promote the objective of free trade in general.

text: Exceptions[edit]

text: GATT members recognized in principle that the "most favoured nation" rule should be relaxed to accommodate the needs of developing countries, and the UN Conference on Trade and Development (established in 1964) has sought to extend preferential treatment to the exports of the developing countries.[5]:fol.93

text: Another challenge to the "most favoured nation" principle has been posed by regional trade blocs such as the European Union and the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), which have lowered or eliminated tariffs among the members while maintaining tariff walls between member nations and the rest of the world. Trade agreements usually allow for exceptions to allow for regional economic integration.[citation needed]

text: Specific countries' policies[edit]

text: United States[edit]

text: This article appears to contradict the article Permanent normal trade relations. Please see discussion on the linked talk page. (August 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: In the 1990s, continued "most favoured nation" status for the People's Republic of China by the United States created controversy because of its sales of sensitive military technology and China's serious and continuous persecution of human rights.[6] China's MFN status was made permanent on December 27, 2001. All of the former Soviet states, including Russia, were granted MFN status in 1996. On a bilateral level, however, the United States could not grant MFN status to some members of the former Soviet Union, including the Russian Federation, because of the Jackson-Vanik amendment. This presented an obstacle to those countries' accession to the WTO.[7] At the urging of Vice President Joe Biden,[8] the Jackson-Vanik amendment was repealed on December 14, 2012.[9]

text: In 1998, in the United States, "most favoured nation status" has been renamed "permanent normal trade relations" (NTR) as all but a handful of countries had this status already.

text: The ideas behind MFN policies can first be seen in US foreign policy during the opening of Japan in the mid to late 1850s, when they were included as a clause in the Commercial Treaty of 1858, which signalled the opening of the Japanese market.

text: Since 1998, the term normal trade relations (NTR) has replaced most favoured nation in all U.S. statutes. This change was included in section 5003 of the Internal Revenue Service Restructuring and Reform Act of 1998 (P.L. 105-206). However, Title IV of the Trade Act of 1974 (P.L. 93-618) established conditions on U.S. MFN/NTR tariff treatment to certain non-market economies, one of which is certain freedom-of-emigration requirements (better known as the Jackson-Vanik amendment). The act authorizes the president to waive a country’s full compliance with Jackson-Vanik under specified conditions, and this must be renewed by June 3 of each year. Once the president does so, the waiver is automatic unless Congress passes (and avoids or overturns a presidential veto of) a disapproval resolution.

text: MFN/NTR status for China, a non-market economy, which had been originally suspended in 1951, was restored in 1980 and was continued in effect through subsequent annual Presidential extensions. Following the massacre of pro-democracy demonstrators in Tiananmen Square in 1989, however, the annual renewal of China’s MFN status became a source of considerable debate in the Congress; and legislation was introduced to terminate China’s MFN/NTR status or to impose additional conditions relating to improvements in China’s actions on various trade and non-trade issues. Agricultural interests generally opposed attempts to block MFN/NTR renewal for China, contending that several billion dollars annually in current and future U.S. agricultural exports could be jeopardized if that country retaliated. In China’s case, Congress agreed to permanent normal trade relations (PNTR) status in P.L. 106-286, President Clinton signed into law on October 10, 2000.[10] PNTR paved the way for China’s accession to the WTO in December 2000; it provides U.S. exporters of agricultural products the opportunity to benefit from China’s WTO agreements to reduce trade barriers and open its agricultural markets.

text: India[edit]

text: MFN status to Pakistan, Bangladesh and Vietnam, but review on withdrawal MFN status of Pakistan.[11]

text: Pakistan[edit]

text: There are increasing calls in Pakistan to grant the MFN status to China. During the negotiations for the $6.64 billion bailout package from the International Monetary Fund (IMF), Pakistan had given an undertaking that it would take positive steps to grant MFN status to India.

text: In contract law[edit]

text: A most favoured nation clause (also called a most favoured customer clause or most favoured licensee clause) is a contract provision in which a seller (or licensor) agrees to give the buyer (or licensee) the best terms it makes available to any other buyer (or licensee). In some contexts, the use of such clauses may become commonplace, such as when online ebook retailers contract with publishers for the supply of e-books.[12] Use of such clauses, in some contexts, may provoke concerns about anticompetitive influences and antitrust violations, while in other contexts, the influence may be viewed as procompetitive.[13]

text: One example where most favoured nation clauses may appear is in institutional investment advisory contracts, where if a certain number of conditions are met, one client may be entitled to the lowest fee offered to other clients with a substantially identical investment strategy and the same or lower level of assets under management.[14]

text: European Union[edit]

text: The current EU competition law position is that MFN clauses will infringe Article 101(i) if in the individual circumstances of the case result in an appreciable adverse effect on competition in the European Union. This is likely to happen when the parties to the agreement have substantial market power.

text: It is recognised by EU courts and regulators that such clauses are widely used in a number of industries including most topically with online travel agents. However the regulatory tide in the EU appears to be turning against the use of these clauses. In a number of recent EU cases in the UK and Germany, MFNs have been condemned when used by companies with significant market power.

text: In January 2014, the UK competition regulator, the Office of Fair Trading (“OFT”) accepted binding commitments from leading on-line booking platforms, Expedia and Booking.com to alter the way they operated their MFN clauses with a major hotel chain International Hotel Group. The decision is being appealed by the price comparison website Skyscanner,[15] and supported by online travel agent, Skoosh.


document_title: Kennedy Center Honors

question_text: who decides who gets the kennedy center honors

text: Kennedy Center Honors

text: History[edit]

text: George Stevens Jr. created the Kennedy Center Honors with the late Nick Vanoff, and produced the first gala in 1978. He was the producer and co-writer through the 2014 awards,[2] after which he sold the production rights to the Kennedy Center.

text: The Kennedy Center Honors started in 1977, after that year's 10th-anniversary White House reception and Kennedy Center program for the American Film Institute (AFI). Roger L. Stevens, the founding chairman of the Kennedy Center, asked George Stevens, Jr., (no relation), the founding director of the AFI, to hold an event for the Center. George Stevens asked Isaac Stern to become involved, and then "pitched" the idea to the television network CBS, who "bought it." With the announcement of the first honors event and honorees, CBS vice president for specials Bernie Sofronski stated:[3][4]

text: George [Stevens] came to us with this. What turned us on is that this is the only show of its kind. In Europe and most countries, they have ways of honoring their actors and their athletes. England has its command performances for the queen. We see this as a national honoring of people who have contributed to society, not someone who happens to have a pop record hit at the moment...Our intention is not to do just another award show. We're going to make an effort in terms of a real special.

text: The first host was Leonard Bernstein in 1978, followed by Eric Sevareid in 1979 and Beverly Sills in 1980. Walter Cronkite hosted from 1981 to 2002 and Caroline Kennedy hosted from 2003 until 2012. Glenn Close was host in 2013 and Stephen Colbert hosted from 2014 to 2016.[5][6] There was no formal host in 2017, though Caroline Kennedy delivered an introduction.

text: Ricky Kirshner and Glenn Weiss of White Cherry Entertainment were selected as Executive Producers of the 38th annual Kennedy Center Honors (2015) after George Stevens, Jr. stepped down.[7]

text: This is one of the few awards shows that does not air live (with the exception of closed-circuit venues), but a re-edited version lasting approximately two hours is normally televised on CBS after Christmas.[8][9]

text: Selection process[edit]

text: Honoree recommendations are accepted from the general public,[10] and the Kennedy Center initiated a Special Honors Advisory Committee, which comprises two members of the Board of Trustees as well as past Honorees and distinguished artists. The Executive Committee of the Board of Trustees selects the Honoree recipients based on excellence in music, dance, theater, opera, motion pictures or television.[11] The selections are typically announced sometime between July and September.

text: The events[edit]

text: The invitation-only weekend-long ceremony includes the Chairman's Luncheon, State Department dinner, White House reception, and the Honors gala performances and supper.

text: Surrounded by the Honorees, the luncheon is held on Saturday at the Kennedy Center, with a welcoming speech by the Chairman of the Board of Trustees. At that evening's reception and dinner at the State Department, presided over by the Secretary of State, the Honorees are introduced and the Honors medallions are presented by the Chairman of the Board.[11] The wide rainbow-colored ribbon then hung around the necks of the recipients, and prominently noticeable when the events are televised, symbolizes "a spectrum of many skills within the performing arts" according to creator Ivan Chermayeff.[12]

text: On Sunday, there is an early-evening White House reception[13] hosted by the President of the United States and the First Lady, followed by the Honors gala performance at the Kennedy Center and supper.

text: For the 2015 gala performance, President Barack Obama did attend, after addressing the nation in a live telecast.[14] There have been four occasions where the President did not attend the gala performances: President Jimmy Carter did not attend the December 1979 gala performance during the hostage crisis,[15] President George H.W. Bush did not attend in December 1989 and President Bill Clinton did not attend in 1994.[16][17]

text: On August 19, 2017, the White House announced that President Donald Trump and the first lady, Melania Trump, have decided not to participate in events honoring recipients of the 2017 Kennedy Center Honors awards to “allow the honorees to celebrate without any political distraction.”[18] At the 2017 ceremony, held on December 3, 2017, President and Mrs. Trump did not attend. Caroline Kennedy was the hostess and presented the honorees. The traditional dinner at the State Department on the Saturday evening before the ceremony was hosted by Secretary of State Rex Tillerson and the White House reception was canceled.[19]

text: Recipients[edit]

text: There have been 213 recipients to date of the Kennedy Center Honors Awards during the Honor's 40 years (as of 2017). The vast majority have been bestowed on individuals. On ten occasions since 1985, awards have been presented to duos or groups, including three married couples who were actors: Hume Cronyn and Jessica Tandy, Paul Newman and Joanne Woodward, and Ossie Davis and Ruby Dee. The dancers Fayard Nicholas and Harold Nicholas of the Nicholas Brothers were honored, along with three musical theater songwriting duos: Alan Jay Lerner and Frederick Loewe, Betty Comden and Adolph Green, and John Kander and Fred Ebb. The musicians of three rock groups were also awarded: Pete Townshend and Roger Daltrey of The Who, John Paul Jones, Jimmy Page and Robert Plant of Led Zeppelin, and Don Henley, Timothy B. Schmit, Joe Walsh and (posthumously) Glenn Frey of the Eagles.

text:
1978 – Marian Anderson, Fred Astaire, George Balanchine, Richard Rodgers, and Arthur Rubinstein
1979 – Aaron Copland, Ella Fitzgerald, Henry Fonda, Martha Graham, and Tennessee Williams

text:
1980 – Leonard Bernstein, James Cagney, Agnes de Mille, Lynn Fontanne, and Leontyne Price
1981 – Count Basie, Cary Grant, Helen Hayes, Jerome Robbins, and Rudolf Serkin
1982 – George Abbott, Lillian Gish, Benny Goodman, Gene Kelly, and Eugene Ormandy
1983 – Katherine Dunham, Elia Kazan, Frank Sinatra, James Stewart, and Virgil Thomson
1984 – Lena Horne, Danny Kaye, Gian Carlo Menotti, Arthur Miller, and Isaac Stern
1985 – Merce Cunningham, Irene Dunne, Bob Hope, Alan Jay Lerner & Frederick Loewe, and Beverly Sills
1986 – Lucille Ball, Ray Charles, Hume Cronyn & Jessica Tandy, Yehudi Menuhin, and Antony Tudor
1987 – Perry Como, Bette Davis, Sammy Davis Jr., Nathan Milstein, and Alwin Nikolais
1988 – Alvin Ailey, George Burns, Myrna Loy, Alexander Schneider, and Roger L. Stevens
1989 – Harry Belafonte, Claudette Colbert, Alexandra Danilova, Mary Martin, and William Schuman

text:
1990 – Dizzy Gillespie, Katharine Hepburn, Risë Stevens, Jule Styne, and Billy Wilder
1991 – Roy Acuff, Betty Comden & Adolph Green, Fayard & Harold Nicholas, Gregory Peck, and Robert Shaw
1992 – Lionel Hampton, Paul Newman & Joanne Woodward, Ginger Rogers, Mstislav Rostropovich, and Paul Taylor
1993 – Johnny Carson, Arthur Mitchell, Georg Solti, Stephen Sondheim, and Marion Williams
1994 – Kirk Douglas, Aretha Franklin, Morton Gould, Harold Prince, and Pete Seeger
1995 – Jacques d'Amboise, Marilyn Horne, B.B. King, Sidney Poitier, and Neil Simon
1996 – Edward Albee, Benny Carter, Johnny Cash, Jack Lemmon, and Maria Tallchief
1997 – Lauren Bacall, Bob Dylan, Charlton Heston, Jessye Norman, and Edward Villella
1998 – Bill Cosby, Fred Ebb & John Kander, Willie Nelson, André Previn, and Shirley Temple Black
1999 – Victor Borge, Sean Connery, Judith Jamison, Jason Robards, and Stevie Wonder

text:
2000 – Mikhail Baryshnikov, Chuck Berry, Plácido Domingo, Clint Eastwood, and Angela Lansbury
2001 – Julie Andrews, Van Cliburn, Quincy Jones, Jack Nicholson, and Luciano Pavarotti
2002 – James Earl Jones, James Levine, Chita Rivera, Paul Simon, and Elizabeth Taylor
2003 – James Brown, Carol Burnett, Loretta Lynn, Mike Nichols, and Itzhak Perlman
2004 – Warren Beatty, Ossie Davis & Ruby Dee, Elton John, Joan Sutherland, and John Williams
2005 – Tony Bennett, Suzanne Farrell, Julie Harris, Robert Redford, and Tina Turner
2006 – Zubin Mehta, Dolly Parton, Smokey Robinson, Steven Spielberg, and Andrew Lloyd Webber
2007 – Leon Fleisher, Steve Martin, Diana Ross, Martin Scorsese, and Brian Wilson
2008 – Morgan Freeman, George Jones, Barbra Streisand, Twyla Tharp, and The Who (Pete Townshend and Roger Daltrey)
2009 – Mel Brooks, Dave Brubeck, Grace Bumbry, Robert De Niro, and Bruce Springsteen

text:
2010 – Merle Haggard, Jerry Herman, Bill T. Jones, Paul McCartney, and Oprah Winfrey
2011 – Barbara Cook, Neil Diamond, Yo-Yo Ma, Sonny Rollins, and Meryl Streep[20]
2012 – Buddy Guy, Dustin Hoffman, Led Zeppelin (John Paul Jones, Jimmy Page and Robert Plant), David Letterman, and Natalia Makarova[21]
2013 – Martina Arroyo, Herbie Hancock, Billy Joel, Shirley MacLaine, and Carlos Santana[22]
2014 – Al Green, Tom Hanks, Patricia McBride, Sting, and Lily Tomlin[23]
2015 – Carole King, George Lucas, Rita Moreno, Seiji Ozawa, and Cicely Tyson[24]
2016 – Martha Argerich, Eagles (Don Henley, Timothy B. Schmit and Joe Walsh, with Glenn Frey[25]), Al Pacino, Mavis Staples, and James Taylor[26][27]
2017 – Carmen de Lavallade, Gloria Estefan, LL Cool J, Norman Lear, and Lionel Richie

text: Prospective honorees who declined, canceled, or postponed[edit]

text: Pianist Vladimir Horowitz was to be an honoree, but the selection committee withdrew the offer when Horowitz conditioned his acceptance on being honored alone and at 4 in the afternoon.[28]

text: Actress Katharine Hepburn declined the committee's first offer, though she relented in 1990.[28]

text: Doris Day repeatedly turned down the honors because her fear of flying prevented her from attending the ceremony.[29]

text: When considering Irving Berlin for the 1987 awards because of criticism for overlooking him, the Center was informed that Berlin wanted to be honored only if he surpassed his 100th birthday (which would not be until May 1988). Also, he was in failing health, used a wheelchair following a series of strokes, and could not attend a public event. The Center instead chose to pay special tribute to him at the 1987 Gala. He died in 1989.[30]

text: Paul McCartney was selected as an honoree in 2002, but was unable to attend because of an "inescapable personal obligation," his cousin's previously planned wedding. After initially saying that McCartney's award would be postponed until the following year, the Kennedy Center announced in August 2003 that "Paul McCartney will not be receiving a Kennedy Center Honor."[31] McCartney later became a 2010 honoree.[32]

text: Mel Brooks has stated that he refused the honor when George W. Bush was in office, due to his distaste for Bush's Iraq policy, but Brooks was an honoree in 2009, the first year Barack Obama was President.[33] [34]

text: In November 2015, one month before the actual ceremony, the Eagles postponed their honors until the following year because Glenn Frey had intestinal problems that required major surgery and a long recovery period.[26] Despite their absence, they were still honored in 2015 via a performance of "Desperado" by country singer Miranda Lambert. Glenn Frey died on January 18, 2016,[35] though the Center made him and the three surviving members 2016 honorees.[25]

text: In 2017 Norman Lear announced that he would accept the honors, but would boycott the White House ceremony because of his opposition to President Donald Trump, citing Trump's proposal to end the National Endowment for the Humanities and the National Endowment for the Arts.[36] Lear did attend the 2017 events and ceremony, but Donald and Melania Trump were not present, becoming the first US presidential couple to skip the event, in order "to allow the honorees to celebrate without any political distraction".[19]


document_title: P&O Cruises

question_text: which is the biggest p and o ship

question_tokens: which is the biggest p and o ship

text: P&O Cruises

text: History of P&O passenger services[edit]

text: 19th century[edit]

text: P&O Cruises originates from 1822, with the formation of the Peninsular & Oriental Steam Navigation Company, which began life as a partnership between Brodie McGhie Willcox, a London ship broker, and Arthur Anderson, a sailor from the Shetland Isles. The company first operated a shipping line with routes between England and the Iberian Peninsula, adopting the name Peninsular Steam Navigation Company.[2] In 1837, the company won a contract to deliver mail to the Peninsula,[2] with its first mail ship, RMS Don Juan, departing from London on 1 September 1837. The ship collected mail from Falmouth four days later, however it hit rocks on the homeward bound leg of the trip. The company’s reputation survived only because all objects including mail were rescued.

text: In 1840, the company acquired a second contract to deliver mail to Alexandria, Egypt, via Gibraltar and Malta.[2] The company was incorporated by Royal Charter the same year, becoming the Peninsular and Oriental Steam Navigation Company. At the time, the company had no ships available to use on the route, so agreed to merge with the Liverpool based Transatlantic Steamship Company, acquiring two ships, the 1,300-ton Great Liverpool and the newly built 1,600-ton Oriental.

text: P&O first introduced passenger services in 1844, advertising sea tours to destinations such as Gibraltar, Malta and Athens, sailing from Southampton. The forerunner of modern cruise holidays, these voyages were the first of their kind, and have led to P&O Cruises being recognised as the world's oldest cruise line. The company later introduced round trips to destinations such as Alexandria and Constantinople and underwent rapid expansion in the later half of the 19th century, with its ships becoming larger and more luxurious. Notable ships of the era include the SS Ravenna built in 1880, which became the first ship to be built with a total steel superstructure, and the SS Valetta built in 1889, which was the first ship to use electric lights.

text: 20th century[edit]

text: In 1904 the company advertised its first cruise on the 6,000-ton Vectis, a ship specially fitted out for the purpose of carrying 150 first-class passengers. Ten years later the company merged with the British India Steam Navigation Company, leaving the fleet with a total of 197 ships. In the same year the company had around two-thirds of its fleet relinquished for war service. However, the company was fortunate and only lost 17 ships in the First World War, with a further 68 lost in subsidiary companies. A major event in the company’s history took place in December 1918, when P&O purchased 51% of the Orient Steam Navigation Company, which had been previously operating jointly with P&O on the Australian mail contract. During the 1920s, P&O and Orient Line took delivery of over 20 passenger liners, allowing them to expand their operations once again. Cruises began operating once again in 1925, when Ranchi’s maiden voyage was a cruise to Norway. During 1929, P&O offered 15 cruises, some aboard Viceroy of India, the company’s first turbo-electric ship.

text: The P&O Group left the Second World War with a loss of 156 ships including popular liners such as Viceroy of India, Cathay, Oronsay and Orcades. By the late 1940s commercial aviation was beginning to take hold of the industry so newer ships became larger and faster, allowing the sailing time to Australia to be cut from five to four weeks. In 1955 P&O and Orient Lines ordered what were to be their last passenger liners — the Canberra and Oriana. These fast ships bought the Australian run down another week to just three, with Oriana recording a top speed of just over 30 knots during trials.

text: P&O-Orient Lines[edit]

text: During 1961, P&O bought out the remaining stake in Orient Lines and renamed its passenger operations as P&O-Orient Lines. The decreasing popularity of line voyages during the 1960s and 1970s meant that cruising became an important deployment for these ships in-between line voyages. In 1971 the company reorganised its 100 subsidiaries and 239 ships into several operating divisions, one of which was The Passenger Division which began with 13 ships.

text: The 1970s was a grim time for the passenger liner as many young liners were sold for scrap. Princess Cruises was acquired in 1974 which allowed the almost new Spirit of London to be transferred to the Princess fleet. This left Canberra and Oriana to serve the UK market on their own, with Arcadia deployed in Australia and Uganda offering educational cruises.

text: P&O Princess Cruises[edit]

text: In February 2000, it was announced that all cruise ship operations, including P&O Cruises, were to be de-merged from the P&O group, forming a new independent company, P&O Princess Cruises. The company operated the P&O Cruises, Princess Cruises, P&O Cruises Australia, AIDA Cruises and later A'Rosa Cruises and Ocean Village fleets, before merging with Carnival Corporation to form Carnival Corporation & plc in 2003.

text: P&O Cruises[edit]

text: In 1977, P&O re-branded its passenger division, creating P&O Cruises and P&O Cruises Australia. In February 1979 Kungsholm, a former Swedish American Line vessel, was acquired from Flagship Cruises and after a major refit was renamed Sea Princess. Operating out of Australia, she replaced Arcadia that was then sold to Taiwanese ship breakers. In spring 1982 Oriana replaced Sea Princess in Australia, leaving Sea Princess to be transferred to the UK. When Canberra returned from the Falklands War, Sea Princess was switched to the Princess fleet in 1986 leaving just the Canberra for the UK market. With Canberra's withdrawal becoming ever more imminent, P&O ordered its first new ship for the British market, the Oriana, delivered in 1995. Canberra ran alongside her for two years until she was scrapped in 1997.

text: Canberra was replaced by Star Princess, renamed Arcadia. She became the first ship in the P&O fleet to be dedicated for adults only, a role that would be continued by her replacement Adonia, the second Sea Princess. In April 2000 Aurora, a half-sister ship to Oriana entered service for P&O. Although externally Aurora is similar to her half-sister Oriana, internally she is much different. Aurora also has a larger Gross Tonnage partly due to the fact that she has an enclosed centre swimming pool.

text: In 2003 Arcadia was transferred to the new Ocean Village brand and was renamed Ocean Village. At the same time, Oceana (ex Ocean Princess) and her sister the Adonia (ex Sea Princess) were transferred to the P&O fleet. Oceana remains with P&O but Adonia was transferred back to Princess Cruises in 2005, when she was replaced by the new Arcadia, an original Vista class design. Another former Princess ship, Artemis, joined P&O in 2005, and left the fleet in 2011 to be replaced by the second Adonia, the former Royal Princess. She is even smaller than the Artemis at 30,000 gross tons and is the smallest in the fleet. The advantage of her small size is that she can visit more remote places on her 'Discovery Voyages'.

text: As of 2012, the Arcadia, Adonia and the Oriana are adult-only ships.

text: P&O Cruises announced in June 2011 that it will expand its fleet with a 141,000-ton cruise ship, Britannia, built by Italian shipbuilder Fincantieri, scheduled to enter service in 2015.[3]

text: On 1 June 2011, Carnival Corporation & plc announced an order from Fincantieri for a new 145,000 ton cruise ship for P&O.[3] The ship, unnamed at the time of the announcement, is to have a capacity of 3,611 people, and will enter service in 2015.[3] According to the P&O Peninsular club magazine, the new ship will have 14 passenger decks and 1,819 cabins. P&O Cruises has also teamed up with British Hotel designers, Richmond International to design the interior of the new ship. On 15 May 2013, the keel of the new ship was laid at the Monfalcone shipyard of Fincantieri near Trieste, in Italy. The keel laying involved the placement in the dry dock of the first section of the ship’s hull.[4] On 24 September 2013 it was reported that the ship would be named Britannia.[5] The ceremonial float out took place on the afternoon of 14 February 2014, with the traditional champagne bottle smashed against the vessel's hull.[6]

text: In January 2014, P&O Cruises unveiled plans to introduce a new fleet-wide livery based on the UK's Union Flag design to emphasise the line's British heritage.[7]

text: On 4 June 2015, it was announced that Adonia would be transferred to Fathom, a new brand of Carnival Corporation & plc, for a maiden voyage in April 2016.[8] It was later announced on 23 November 2016 that the Fathom brand would cease dedicated sailings and Adonia would be returning to the P&O fleet in June 2017.

text: On 5 September 2016, it was announced that a new 180,000 ton ship would be built for the British cruise market, delivery expected in 2020.[9] It will be the largest cruise ship in the P&O Fleet, as well as being the largest designed for the British market, surpassing its previous holder Britannia. The new ship will be built by Meyer Werft at its shipyard in Papenburg, Germany and will feature the company’s exclusive "green cruising" design as one of the first generation of cruise ships to be fully powered by Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG), shipping’s most advanced fuel technology, which will significantly reduce air emissions.[10]. This is known as project Gala, the name of the vessel does not relate to the project name.

text: Golden Cockerel[edit]

text: MV Oriana holds the Golden Cockerel trophy for the fastest ship in the P&O fleet. Previously held by SS Oriana it passed to SS Canberra on retirement of the first Oriana in 1986. On Canberra's final cruise in 1997 the Golden Cockerel was handed over to the new Oriana when both ships were anchored off Cannes and sent boats out to perform the handover.

text: Fleet[edit]

text: Current Fleet[edit]

text: P&O Cruises operates a modern fleet of 8 ships:

text:
Ship
Class
Built
Entered service
for P&O
Gross Tonnage
Flag
Notes
Image

Oriana

1995
1995 – present
02 69,153 GT
 Bermuda[11]
Currently the oldest vessel sailing in P&O Cruises, Refitted in 2011 and 2016

Aurora

2000
2000 – present
03 76,152 GT
 Bermuda
Refitted in 2014.

Oceana
Sun-class
2000
2002 – present
04 77,499 GT
 Bermuda[11]
Originally Ocean Princess for Princess Cruises, Refitted in 2012.

Adonia
R Class
2001
2011 - 2016, 2017 - present
30,277 GT
 Bermuda
Built as the last of eight R class ships for Renaissance Cruises. Sailed as Fathom Adonia from 2016 to 2017, will leave the P&O Cruises fleet in 2018.

Arcadia
Vista-class
2005
2005 – present
05 84,342 GT (post 2013 refit)
 Bermuda
Originally Intended for Holland America Line; was transferred to Cunard Line; Originally ordered as Queen Victoria for Cunard Line; transferred to P&O during construction. Refitted in 2008.

Ventura
Grand-class
2008
2008 – present
07 116,017 GT
 Bermuda
The second-largest cruise ship to enter service with P&O Cruises. Refitted in 2013.

Azura
Grand-class
2010
2010 – present
06 115,000 GT
 Bermuda[12]
Has a modified stern. Refitted in 2015.

Britannia
Royal class
2015
2015 – present
141,000 GT
 UK
Currently the largest cruise ship to be built for the UK market and for P&O.[3]

text: Future Fleet[edit]

text:
Ship
Class
Built
Entered service
for P&O
Gross Tonnage
Flag
Notes
Image

TBC
Excellence class
TBC
Expected 2020
180,000 GT
TBC
When built will become the largest cruise ship ever built for the British market with guest capacity for 5,200 guests. It will also be powered by Liquified Natural Gas.[13]

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ "2012 World Wide Market Share". Cruise Market Watch. 2011-11-20.
^ Jump up to: a b c "pohub.com".
^ Jump up to: a b c d "USA: Fincantieri Receives Order from Carnival Corps to Build New Cruise Ship". Shipbuilding Tribune. 2 June 2011. Archived from the original on 2 October 2011. Retrieved 3 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Keel Laid for P&O Cruises’ 141,000-Ton Cruise Ship". World Maritime News. Retrieved 16 May 2013.
Jump up ^ King, Martin (24 September 2013). "P&O unveils mega-cruise ship Britannia". Independent. Retrieved 24 September 2013.
Jump up ^ "Britannia rules the waves! - P&O's Britannia". On Board Boats. Retrieved 14 February 2014.
Jump up ^ "P&O Cruises reveals new Union Flag livery". Travel Weekly (UK). 2014-01-16.
Jump up ^ Sampson, Hannah (4 June 2015). "Carnival launches fathom, a new "social impact travel" brand". Miami Herald. Retrieved 5 June 2015.
Jump up ^ http://www.burtonmail.co.uk/p-o-cruises-to-build-largest-ever-cruise-ship-specifically-for-british-market/story-29689194-detail/story.html
Jump up ^ "Carnival Corporation to Build Three New LNG-Powered Cruise Ships with Meyer Werft and Meyer Turku". 2016-09-06. Retrieved 2016-10-18.
^ Jump up to: a b "Shipping News 2006". Maritime Matters. 2008-11-23. Archived from the original on 2007-12-13. Retrieved 2008-03-19.
Jump up ^ "Vessel Database - Discover more than 570000 ships".
Jump up ^ Cruises, P&O. "Meet the latest addition to the P&O Cruises family - Coming 2020". www.pocruises.com. Retrieved 2016-10-27.

tag: ol