document_title: Charleston, West Virginia

question_text: when did charleston become the capital of west virginia

question_tokens: when did charleston become the capital of west virginia

text: Charleston, West Virginia

text: History[edit]

text: Timeline[edit]

text:
1794 - Virginia "General Assembly designated 40-acres of George Clendenin's land, as Charlestown."[8]
1805 - "Salt-tub mill" begins operating.[9]
1808 - Farmers' Repository newspaper begins publication.[10]
1815 - Ruffner Mansion built.[9]
1818

Charlestown renamed "Charleston."[11]
Mercer Academy established.[9]

1819 - Spectator newspaper begins publication.[9]
1841 - Kanawha Lyceum active (approximate date).[12]
1850 - Population: 1,050.
1862 - Battle of Charleston fought near town during the American Civil War.[9]
1863 - June 20: Charleston becomes part of new U.S. state of West Virginia.[11]
1870

City of Charleston incorporated.[13]
Charleston designated West Virginia State Capitol.[13]

1872 - Kanawha Chronicle newspaper begins publication.[10]
1875 - State Capitol moves from Charleston to Wheeling.[13]
1885

State Capitol moves from Wheeling back to Charleston.[13]
State Capitol building expanded.[9]

1890

West Virginia Historical and Antiquarian Society headquartered in Charleston.[14][15]
Population: 6,742.

1891

Burlew Opera House in business.[16]
West Virginia Colored Institute founded near Charleston.[11]

1892 - Capitol City Commercial College founded.[16]
1897 - Sacred Heart Church built.
1900 - Chamber of Commerce organized.[16]
1905 - State Bureau of Archives and History headquartered in Charleston.[14]
1906 - Mason School of Music founded.[17]
1909

Charleston Public Library opens.[18]
Stalnaker Drugstore in business.[9]

1910 - Population: 22,996.
1913 - Chemical manufactory begins operating.[9]
1916 - Libbey-Owens-Ford glass manufactory[19] and Charleston High School built.
1917 - Owens Bottle Company manufactory in business in Kanawha City.[19]
1919 - Town of South Charleston incorporated near Charleston.
1920 - Charleston Daily Mail newspaper in publication.[10]
1921 - Charleston City Hall built.
1922 - Kearse Theater in business.[20]
1923 - Sacred Heart High School established.
1925 - West Virginia Governor's Mansion built.[9]
1927

WCHS radio begins broadcasting.[21]
Garnett Library (public library branch) opens.[9]
Union Carbide manufacturer buys Blaine Island in South Charleston, near city of Charleston.

1929 - Charleston Municipal Airport established.[11]
1930 - Population: 60,408.
1932 - State Capitol building rebuilt.[9]
1934 - Kanawha County Public Library established.[18]
1935 - Morris Harvey College relocates to Charleston.[22]
1939

Charleston Municipal Auditorium built.[9]
WGKV radio begins broadcasting.[21]
State Theatre in business.[20]

1940 - Stonewall Jackson High School built.
1941 - Kanawha Boulevard constructed (approximate date).[9]
1947 - Kanawha Airport begins operating.[8]
1954 - WCHS-TV (television) begins broadcasting.[23]
1957 - WBOY-TV (television) begins broadcasting.[23]
1959 - Charleston Civic Center opens.
1960 - Population: 85,796.
1961

July 19: Kanawha River flood.[11]
Sunrise Art Museum established.[11]

1978 - Morris Harvey College renamed University of Charleston.[22]
1983 - Charleston Town Center shopping mall in business.
1998 - City website online (approximate date).[24][25]
2003 - Clay Center for the Arts and Sciences of West Virginia opens.[8]
2010 - Population: 51,400.[26]
2015 - Charleston Gazette-Mail newspaper is formed by the merger of the Charleston Gazette and Charleston Daily Mail.

text: Beginnings[edit]

text: After the American Revolutionary War, pioneers began making their way out from the early settlements. Many slowly migrated into the western part of Virginia. Capitalizing on its many resources made Charleston an important part of Virginia and West Virginia history. Today, Charleston is the largest city in the state and the state capital.

text: Charleston's history goes back to the 18th century. Thomas Bullitt was deeded 1,250 acres (5 km2) of land near the mouth of the Elk River in 1773. It was inherited by his brother, Cuthbert Bullitt, upon his death in 1778, and sold to Col. George Clendenin in 1786.[27] The first permanent settlement, Fort Lee, was built in 1787 by Col. Savannah Clendenin and his company of Virginia Rangers. This structure occupied the area that is now the intersection of Brooks Street and Kanawha Boulevard. Historical conjecture indicates that Charleston is named after Col. Clendenin's father, Charles. Charles Town was later shortened to Charleston to avoid confusion with another Charles Town in eastern West Virginia, which was named after George Washington's brother Charles.

text: Six years later, the Virginia General Assembly officially established Charleston. On the 40 acres (160,000 m2) that made up the town in 1794, 35 people inhabited seven houses.

text: Charleston is part of Kanawha County. The origin of the word Kanawha (pronounced "Ka-NAH"), "Ka(h)nawha", derives from the region's Iroquois dialects meaning "water way" or "Canoe Way" implying the metaphor, "transport way", in the local language. It was and is the name of the river that flows through Charleston. The grammar of the "hard H" sound soon dropped out as new arrivals of various European languages developed West Virginia.[28] The phrase has been a matter of Register (sociolinguistics). In fact, a two-story jail was the first county structure ever built, with the first floor literally dug into the bank of the Kanawha River.

text: Daniel Boone, who was commissioned a lieutenant colonel of the Kanawha County militia, was elected to serve in 1791 in the Virginia House of Delegates. As told in historical accounts, Boone walked all the way to Richmond.

text: Industrial growth[edit]

text: By the early 19th century, salt brines were discovered along the Kanawha River and the first salt well was drilled in 1806. This created a prosperous time and great economic growth for the area. By 1808, 1,250 pounds of salt were being produced a day. An area adjacent to Charleston, Kanawha Salines, now Malden, would become the top salt producer in the world. In 1818, Kanawha Salt Company, first trust in United States, went into operation.

text: Captain James Wilson, while drilling for salt, struck the first natural gas well in 1815. It was drilled at the site that is now the junction of Brooks Street and Kanawha Boulevard (near the present-day state capitol complex.) In 1817, coal was first discovered and gradually became used as the fuel for the salt works. The Kanawha salt industry declined in importance after 1861, until the onset of World War I brought a demand for chemical products. The chemicals needed were chlorine and sodium hydroxide, which could be made from salt brine.

text: Political growth[edit]

text: The town continued to grow until the Civil War began in 1861. The state of Virginia seceded from the Union, and Charleston was divided between Union and Confederate loyalty. On September 13, 1862, the Union and Confederate Armies met in the Battle of Charleston. Although the Confederate States Army was victorious, occupation of the city was short-lived. Union troops returned just six weeks later and stayed through the end of the war.

text: The Northern hold on Charleston and most of the western part of Virginia created an even larger problem. Virginia already had seceded from the Union, but the western part was under Union control. The issue of statehood was raised. So amid the tumultuous Civil War, West Virginia officially became a state through Presidential Proclamation. Abraham Lincoln declared the northwestern portion of Virginia to be returned to the Union, and on June 20, 1863, West Virginia became the 35th state.

text: In addition to the issue of slavery, West Virginia was also driven to separate from Virginia for economic reasons. The heavy industries in the North, particularly the steel business of the upper Ohio River region, were dependent on the coal available from western Virginia mines. Federalized military units were dispatched from Ohio to western Virginia early in the war to secure access to the coal mines and transportation resources.

text: Although the state now existed, settling on a state capital location proved to be difficult. For several years, the capital of West Virginia intermittently traveled between Wheeling and Charleston. In 1877, however, state citizens voted on the final location of their capital. Charleston received 41,243 votes, Clarksburg received 29,442 and Martinsburg received 8,046. Wheeling was not an available option for voting. Charleston was chosen and eight years later, the first capitol building was opened.

text: After a fire in 1921, a hastily built structure was opened but burned down in 1927. However, a Capitol Building Commission, created by the Legislature in 1921, authorized construction of the present capitol. Architect Cass Gilbert designed the buff Indiana limestone structure, in the Italian Renaissance style, that was to have a final cost of just under $10 million. After the three stages of construction were completed, Governor William G. Conley dedicated the West Virginia State Capitol on June 20, 1932.

text: 20th century[edit]

text: Charleston became the center for state government. Natural resources, such as coal and natural gas, along with railroad expansion also contributed to growth. New industries, such as chemical, glass, timber and steel migrated to the state, attracted by the area's natural resources. There was a huge amount of new construction in Charleston. A number of those buildings, including churches and office buildings, still stand in the heart of downtown along and bordering Capitol Street.

text: During World War II, the first and largest styrene-butadiene plant in the U.S. opened in nearby Institute, providing a replacement for rubber to the war effort.[29] After the war ended, Charleston was on the brink of some significant construction. One of the first during this period was Kanawha Airport (now Yeager Airport, named after General Chuck Yeager), which was perhaps one of the most phenomenal engineering accomplishments of its time. Built in 1947, the construction encompassed clearing 360 acres (1.5 km2) on three mountaintops moving more than nine million cubic yards of earth. The Charleston Civic Center opened in 1959.

text: Charleston began to be integrated into the Interstate Highway System in the 1960s when three major interstate systems—I-64, I-77 and I-79 were designated, all converging in Charleston.

text: Modern development[edit]

text: In 1983, the Charleston Town Center opened its doors downtown. It was the largest urban-based mall east of the Mississippi River, featuring three stories of shops and eateries. Downtown revitalization began in earnest in the late 1980s as well. Funds were set aside for streetscaping as Capitol and Quarrier Streets saw new building facades, trees along the streets, and brick walkways installed. For a time, the opening of the Charleston Town Center Mall had a somewhat negative impact on the main streets of downtown Charleston, as many businesses closed and relocated into the mall. For a while, the downtown business district (outside of the mall) had a "ghost town" feel to it which took several years to turn around. Today, Capitol Street, Hale Street, and other bordering streets are an eclectic mixture of restaurants, shops, businesses and services that many call the centerpiece of downtown.

text: The new Robert C. Byrd Federal Building, Haddad Riverfront Park and Capitol Market are just a few new developments that have helped growth in the downtown area during the 1990s. Charleston also became known as one of the premiere healthcare spots in the state. Along with ambitious thinking, plans for even new entertainment and business venues kept Charleston moving along at a steady pace.

text: In 1983, WV Public Radio launched a live-performance radio program statewide called Mountain Stage.[30] What began as a live, monthly statewide broadcast went on to national distribution in 1986. Now in its 34th season, Mountain Stage with Larry Groce records 26 two-hour programs each year, mostly at the Cultural Center Theater in Charleston, and is heard on over 100 radio stations through National Public Radio and around the world on the Voice of America satellite service.

text: 2003 marked the opening of the Clay Center for the Arts & Sciences. The center includes The Maier Foundation Performance Hall, The Walker Theatre, The Avampato Discovery Museum and an art museum. Also on site is The ElectricSky Theater, which is a 175-seat combination planetarium and dome-screen cinema. Movies shown at the theatre include educational large format (70 mm) presentations, and are often seen in similar Omnimax theatres. Planetarium shows are staged as a combination of pre-recorded and live presentations.

text: Many festivals and events were also incorporated into the calendar, including Multifest, Vandalia Festival, a July 4 celebration with fireworks at Haddad Riverfront Park, and the already popular Sternwheel Regatta, which was founded in 1970, provided a festive atmosphere for residents to enjoy. In 2005 FestivALL Charleston was established and has grown into a ten-day festival offering a variety of performances, events and exhibits in music, dance, theatre, visual arts and other entertainments.

text: Charleston West Virginia has one central agency for its economic development efforts, the Charleston Area Alliance. The Alliance works with local public officials and the private sector to build the economy of the region and revitalize its downtown. Charleston also has an economic and community development organization focused on the East End and West Side urban neighborhood business districts, Charleston Main Streets.

text: Geography[edit]

text: Charleston is located at 38°20′58″N 81°38′0″W / 38.34944°N 81.63333°W / 38.34944; -81.63333 (38.349497, -81.633294).[31] It lies within the ecoregion of the Western Allegheny Plateau.[32]

text: According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 32.66 square miles (84.59 km2), of which, 31.52 square miles (81.64 km2) is land and 1.14 square miles (2.95 km2) is water.[2]

text: The city lies at the intersection of Interstates 79, 77, 64, and also where the Kanawha and Elk Rivers meet. Charleston is about 162 miles (261 km) southeast of Columbus, Ohio, 315 miles (507 km) west of Richmond, Virginia, 228 miles (367 km) southwest of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 247 miles (398 km) east of Louisville, Kentucky, 264 miles (425 km) north of Charlotte, North Carolina, 252 miles (406 km) south of Cleveland, Ohio, and 210 miles (340 km) southeast of Cincinnati, Ohio.

text: Communities within Charleston[edit]

text: The following are neighborhoods and communities within the city limits:

text:
Charleston Heights (Westmoreland/Hillsdale)
East End
Edgewood
Elk City
Forest Hills
Fort Hill
Kanawha City
Louden Heights
North Charleston
Riverview
Shadowlawn
South Park
South Hills
South Ruffner
West Side

text: Suburbs[edit]

text: The following communities are within the greater Charleston area:

text:
Alum Creek
Belle
Cabin Creek
Campbells Creek
Chelyan
Clendenin
Chesapeake
Coal Fork
Cross Lanes
Diamond
Dunbar
Dupont City
East Bank
Elkview
Institute
Malden
Marmet
Mink Shoals
Nitro
Pinch
Pocatalico
Pratt
Quick
Rand
St. Albans
Scott Depot
Sissonville
South Charleston
Upper Falls

text: Climate[edit]

text: Charleston has a four-season climate lying on a climatic transitional zone between the humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa) and a humid continental climate (Köppen Dfa).[34] Especially in winter, Charleston's average temperatures are warmer than the rest of the state, due to the city being west of the higher elevations. Spring is the most unpredictable season, and spring-like weather usually arrives in late March or early April. From the beginning of March through early May, temperatures can vary considerably and it is not unusual at this time for day-to-day temperature fluctuations to exceed 20 °F (11 °C). Temperatures warm up considerably in late May, with warm summer-like days. Summer is warm to hot, with 23 days of highs at or above 90 °F (32.2 °C), sometimes reaching 95 °F (35 °C), often accompanied by high humidity. Autumn features crisp evenings that warm quickly to mild to warm afternoons. Winters are chilly, with a January daily average of 34.4 °F (1.3 °C), but with occasional stretches of 50 °F (10 °C)+ temperatures, and sub-0 °F (−17.8 °C) lows are rare. Snowfall generally occurs from late November to early April, with the heaviest period being January and February. However, major snowstorms of more than 10 inches (25 cm) are rare. The area averages about 3.5 inches (89 mm) of precipitation each month. Thunderstorms are frequent during the late spring and throughout the summer, and occasionally they can be quite severe, producing the rare tornado.

text: Extremes have ranged from −17 °F (−27 °C) in December 1917 to 108 °F (42 °C) in July 1931 and August 1918.[35]

text:
[show]Climate data for Charleston, West Virginia (Yeager Airport), 1981–2010 normals

Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year

Record high °F (°C)
81
(27)
80
(27)
92
(33)
96
(36)
98
(37)
105
(41)
108
(42)
108
(42)
104
(40)
96
(36)
87
(31)
80
(27)
108
(42)

Average high °F (°C)
42.5
(5.8)
46.6
(8.1)
56.2
(13.4)
67.7
(19.8)
74.8
(23.8)
82.2
(27.9)
85.2
(29.6)
84.2
(29)
77.8
(25.4)
67.7
(19.8)
57.0
(13.9)
45.6
(7.6)
65.6
(18.7)

Average low °F (°C)
26.3
(−3.2)
28.7
(−1.8)
35.4
(1.9)
44.5
(6.9)
52.7
(11.5)
61.6
(16.4)
65.7
(18.7)
64.5
(18.1)
56.9
(13.8)
45.4
(7.4)
36.9
(2.7)
29.2
(−1.6)
45.7
(7.6)

Record low °F (°C)
−16
(−27)
−12
(−24)
−5
(−21)
18
(−8)
26
(−3)
33
(1)
46
(8)
41
(5)
32
(0)
17
(−8)
6
(−14)
−17
(−27)
−17
(−27)

Average precipitation inches (mm)
3.00
(76.2)
3.18
(80.8)
3.90
(99.1)
3.23
(82)
4.80
(121.9)
4.28
(108.7)
4.94
(125.5)
3.74
(95)
3.25
(82.6)
2.68
(68.1)
3.73
(94.7)
3.26
(82.8)
43.99
(1,117.4)

Average snowfall inches (cm)
11.5
(29.2)
9.6
(24.4)
5.6
(14.2)
1.5
(3.8)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
.1
(0.3)
1.3
(3.3)
6.7
(17)
36.3
(92.2)

Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in)
15.0
13.4
14.4
13.6
14.1
12.7
12.1
10.3
9.3
9.7
11.7
14.4
150.8

Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in)
8.5
6.7
3.5
.8
0
0
0
0
0
0
1.5
5.4
26.5

Source: NOAA (extremes 1892−present),[36] Weather.com[35]

text: Government[edit]

text: Charleston functions under the Mayor-Council form of city government. The Mayor is the designated Chief Executive Officer of the city with the duty to see that all of the laws and ordinances of the city are enforced. The Mayor gives general supervision over all executive departments, offices and agencies of the city government and is the presiding officer of the Council and a voting member thereof. The current mayor is an Independent, Danny Jones, who was elected in 2003, and re-elected in 2007, 2011 and 2015. Jones was elected all four times as a Republican, but he announced on June 17, 2016, that he had decided to leave the Republican Party and register unaffiliated.[37] Charleston also has a City Manager who is appointed by the Mayor and approved by the Council. The City Manager has supervision and control of the executive work and management of the heads of all departments under his control as directed by the Mayor, makes all contracts for labor and supplies, and generally has the responsibility for all of the business and administrative work of the city.

text: With twenty-six members, the Charleston City Council is somewhat larger than usual for a city with a population of less than 50,000. Twenty of the council members are elected from a specific ward within the city, and an additional six members are elected by the city at-large.

text: General Elections for Mayor, City Council and other city officers take place in May every four years (Primary Elections are held in March). The most recent election was in May 2015.

text:
Jacob Goshorn, 1861 (elected but did not serve)[38][39]
John A. Truslow, circa 1865[39]
John Williams
George Ritter, 1868-1869[39]
John W. Wingfield, 1870[39]
H. Clay Dickinson, 1871 (died in office)[39]
John P. Hale, 1871[40]
John Williams, 1872[39]
C. P. Snyder, 1873[39]
John D. White, 1874[39]
John C. Ruby, 1875-1876[39][41]
C. J. Botkin, 1877-1881[39]
R. R. Delaney, 1881-1882[39]
John D. Baines, 1883-1884[39]
James Hall Huling, 1885-1886[39]
Joseph L. Fry, 1887-1890[39]
James B. Pemberton, 1891-1892[40][39]
E. W. Staunton, 1893-1894[39]
J. A. deGruyter, 1895-1898[39]
W. Herman Smith, 1899-1900 (died in office)[39]
John B. Floyd, 1900-1901
George S. Morgan, 1901- [39]
C. E. Rudesill
John A. Jarrett
James A. Holley
William W. Wertz, 1929
R. P. DeVan, 1934
D. Boone Dawson, 1935-1947
R. Carl Andrews, 1947-1950
John T. Copenhaver, 1951-1959
John A. Shanklin, 1959-1967
Elmer H. Dodson, 1967-1971
John G. Hutchinson, 1971-1980
Joe F. Smith, 1980-1983
James E. Roark, 1983-1987
Charles R. Gardner, 1989
Kemp Melton, circa 1990s[citation needed]
Jay Goldman, circa 2000-2003[42]
Danny Jones, 2003- [43]

text: Demographics[edit]

text:
Historical population

Census
Pop.

%±

1850
1,050

—

1860
1,520

44.8%

1870
3,162

108.0%

1880
4,192

32.6%

1890
6,742

60.8%

1900
11,099

64.6%

1910
22,996

107.2%

1920
39,608

72.2%

1930
60,408

52.5%

1940
67,914

12.4%

1950
73,501

8.2%

1960
85,796

16.7%

1970
71,505

−16.7%

1980
63,968

−10.5%

1990
57,287

−10.4%

2000
53,421

−6.7%

2010
51,400

−3.8%

Est. 2016
49,138
[4]
−4.4%

U.S. Decennial Census[44]
2014 Estimate[45]

text: 2010 census[edit]

text: As of the census[3] of 2010, there were 51,400 people, 23,453 households, and 12,587 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,630.7 inhabitants per square mile (629.6/km2). There were 26,205 housing units at an average density of 831.4 per square mile (321.0/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 78.4% White, 15.5% African American, 0.2% Native American, 2.3% Asian, 0.3% from other races, and 3.2% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.4% of the population.

text: There were 23,453 households of which 24.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 35.6% were married couples living together, 14.1% had a female householder with no husband present, 3.9% had a male householder with no wife present, and 46.3% were non-families. 39.4% of all households were made up of individuals and 13.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.11 and the average family size was 2.83.

text: The median age in the city was 41.7 years. 20.1% of residents were under the age of 18; 9% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 24.9% were from 25 to 44; 29.9% were from 45 to 64; and 16.1% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 47.6% male and 52.4% female.

text: 2000 census[edit]

text: As of the census of 2000, there were 53,421 people, 24,505 households, and 13,624 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,690.4 people per square mile (652.7/km²). There were 27,131 housing units at an average density of 858.5 per square mile (331.5/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 80.63% White, 15.07% Black or African American, 0.24% Native American, 1.83% Asian, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 0.30% from other races, and 1.91% from two or more races. 0.81% of the population were Hispanics or Latinos of any race. The five most common ancestries were German (12.4%), English (11.6%), American (11.4%), Irish (10.6%), and Italian (3.9%).[46]

text: There were 24,505 households out of which 23.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 38.9% were married couples living together, 13.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 44.4% were non-families. 38.9% of all households were made up of individuals and 14.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.11 and the average family size was 2.82.

text: The age distribution was 20.7% under 18, 8.4% from 18 to 24, 27.9% from 25 to 44, 25.3% from 45 to 64, and 17.6% who were 65 or older. The median age was 41 years. For every 100 females there were 87.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 83.7 males.

text: The median income for a household in the city was $34,009, and the median income for a family was $47,975. Males had a median income of $38,257 versus $26,671 for females. The per capita income for the city was $26,017. About 12.7% of families and 16.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 24.5% of those under age 18 and 11.3% of those age 65 or over.

text: Education[edit]

text: The city of Charleston has numerous schools that are part of Kanawha County Schools. The three high schools are:

text:
Capital High School, a public school located in the community of Meadowbrook. It was established by the consolidation of Charleston High School and Stonewall Jackson High School. It opened in 1989.
George Washington High School, a public school located in the South Hills neighborhood. It opened in 1964.
Charleston Catholic High School, a Catholic school at the eastern edge of the city's downtown. It opened in 1923.

text: Former high schools[edit]

text:
Charleston High School, located across the street from where CAMC General Hospital is located. It was founded in 1916 and closed in 1989.
Stonewall Jackson High School, located on the West Side. It was founded in 1940 and closed in 1989 to become a middle school.

text: Middle schools[edit]

text:
Stonewall Jackson Middle School on the West Side.
John Adams Middle School in South Hills.
Horace Mann Middle School in Kanawha City.

text: Elementary schools[edit]

text:
Chamberlain Elementary School
Edgewood Elementary School
Elk Elementary School
Grandview Elementary School
Holz Elementary School
Kanawha City Elementary School
Kenna Elementary School
Piedmont Elementary School
Overbrook Elementary School
Ruffner Elementary School
Shoals Elementary School
Weberwood Elementary School
Bible Center School (Private - Christian/Non-Denominational)
Charleston Montessori School (Private - Non-Sectarian)
Mountaineer Montessori School (Private - Non-Sectarian)
Sacred Heart School (Private - Catholic)
St. Agnes School (Private - Catholic)
Montrose Elementary School
Mary C. Snow West Side Elementary School

text: Colleges and universities[edit]

text: Charleston hosts a branch campus of West Virginia University that serves as a clinical campus for the university's medical and dental schools. Students at either school must complete their class work at the main campus in Morgantown but can complete their clinical rotations at hospitals in Morgantown, the Eastern Panhandle, or Charleston. Students from West Virginia School of Osteopathic Medicine may also complete their clinical rotations at the branch campus, after completing their first two academic years at the main campus in Lewisburg.

text: The city is also home to a 1,000-student private college, the University of Charleston, formerly Morris Harvey College. The college is located on MacCorkle Avenue along the banks of the Kanawha River in the community of South Ruffner.

text: Located within the immediate area are West Virginia State University in Institute, BridgeValley Community and Technical College – South Charleston Campus, and the Marshall University – South Charleston Campus, both in South Charleston. The region is also home to the Charleston Branch of the Robert C. Byrd Institute for Advanced Flexible Manufacturing, an independent program administered by Marshall University; it provides access to computer numerical control (CNC) equipment for businesses in two states.

text: Located approximately 30 miles (50 km) from Charleston, West Virginia University Institute of Technology has its campus in Montgomery, West Virginia. West Virginia University Institute of Technology is the largest regional campus of the University and focuses mainly on engineering programs. BridgeValley Community and Technical College – Montgomery Campus is also located in Montgomery.

text: Charleston is also home to West Virginia Junior College's Charleston campus. Located in downtown Charleston at 1000 Virginia Street, WV Junior College is accredited by the Accrediting Council for Independent Colleges and Schools to award diplomas and associate degrees. Part of the Kanawha Valley for almost 115 years, WV Junior College was originally established as Capitol City Commercial College on September 1, 1892. The College was originally established to train students in secretarial and business skills and has undergone changes in location and curriculum through the years.

text: Hospitals[edit]

text: CAMC (Charleston Area Medical Center) a complex of hospitals throughout the city.

text:
CAMC Memorial Hospital (located in the Kanawha City neighborhood)
CAMC General Hospital (located in eastern downtown)
CAMC Women and Children's Hospital (located on the banks of the Elk River in downtown)

text: Saint Francis Hospital (located in downtown)

text: Economy[edit]

text: Notable companies headquartered in the Charleston area[edit]

text:
Appalachian Power, owned by American Electric Power[47] of Columbus, Ohio
Mountaineer Gas Company[48]
City Holding Company (City National Bank)[49]
Charleston Newspapers
GESTAMP
MATRIC (Mid-Atlantic Technology, Research and Innovation Center) (South Charleston)
Mountain Stage Radio Show,[30] produced by WV Public Broadcasting
Tudor's Biscuit World (Nitro)
United Bank of West Virginia, Inc.[50]
Walker Machinery located in Belle
West Virginia-American Water Company

text: Notable companies founded in Charleston[edit]

text:
Shoney's restaurants
Heck's / L.A. Joe discount department stores

text: Economic development[edit]

text: The City of Charleston recognizes the Charleston Area Alliance[51] as its economic development organization.

text: Culture[edit]

text: Annual events and fairs[edit]

text: Charleston is home to numerous annual events and fairs that take place throughout the city, from the banks of the Kanawha River to the capitol grounds.

text: The West Virginia Dance Festival, held between April 25 and 30, features dance students from across the state that attend classes and workshops in ballet, jazz and modern dance. At the finale, the students perform in the West Virginia State Theatre; these are free to the public.

text: Beginning in 1982, Symphony Sunday, held annually usually the first weekend in June, is a full day of music, food, and family fun, culminating in a free performance by the West Virginia Symphony Orchestra and a fireworks display following. Throughout the day, local performing community dance and music ensembles present a series of their own selected pieces with the final performance being by the West Virginia Symphony Orchestra. The local performing community dance and music ensembles that perform for Symphony Sunday include the Kanawha Valley Ringers, the West Virginia Kickers, the Charleston Metro Band, the West Virginia Youth Symphony, the Mountain State Brass Band, and the Kanawha Valley Community Band. The now defunct Charleston Neophonic Orchestra has also performed at the event.[52]

text: The NPR program Mountain Stage was founded in Charleston in 1983. The live performance music program, produced by West Virginia Public Broadcasting, and heard on the Voice of America and via NPR Music, records episodes regularly at the Culture Center Theater on the West Virginia State Capitol grounds.

text: Twice a year, in late April and again in early November, the West Virginia International Film Festival occurs, where many domestic and international films are shown that range from full-length feature films, shorts, documentaries, animation and student films.

text: Charleston hosts the annual Gazette-Mail Kanawha County Majorette and Band Festival for the eight public high schools in Kanawha County. The festival began in 1947 and has continued on as an annual tradition. The festival is held at the University of Charleston Stadium at Laidley Field in downtown Charleston. It is the state's oldest music festival.

text: On Memorial Day weekend, the Vandalia Gathering is held on the grounds of the state capitol. Thousands of visitors each year enjoy traditional music, art, dance, stories, crafts and food that stems from the "uniqueness of West Virginia's mountain culture."

text: Since 2005 FestivALL has provided the Charleston area with cultural and artistic events beginning on June 20 (West Virginia Day) and including dance, theater, and music. FestivALL provides local artists a valuable chance to display their works and help get others interested in, and involved with, the local artistic community. Highlights include an art fair on Capitol Street and local bands playing live music at stages set up throughout downtown, as well as a wine and jazz festival on the campus of the University of Charleston featuring local and nationally known jazz artists and showcasing the products of West Virginia vineyards.

text: The Charleston Sternwheel Regatta founded in 1970, is a former annual event that was held on Labor Day weekend of each year. The event had carnival style rides and attractions and live music from local and nationally known bands. It was held on the Kanawha Boulevard by Haddad Riverfront Park on the Kanawha River. The event started the Wednesday before Labor Day Weekend and ended the Sunday of Labor Day Weekend with a fireworks show on Sunday evening. Due to political differences between local sternwheel owners and factions of city government, sternwheel attendance declined in recent years. Once a promising regatta, rivaling Tall Stacks in Cincinnati, it was discontinued after the 2008 festival season. Charleston, home to the largest population of privately owned sternwheel vessels in the United States is the only city in the region not home to an annual river festival.

text: Historical structures and museums[edit]

text: Charleston possesses a number of older buildings which represent a variety of historical architectural styles. About fifty places in Charleston are included on the National Register of Historic Places.[53] A segment of the East End consisting of several blocks of both Virginia and Quarrier Streets, encompassing an area of nearly a full square mile, has been officially designated as a historical neighborhood. This residential neighborhood has many houses dating from the late 19th and early 20th century as well as a few art deco style apartment buildings dating from the 1920s and early 30s.

text: Downtown Charleston is home to several commercial buildings that are between 80 and 115 years old, including such notable structures as the Security Building (corner of Virginia and Capitol Street), 405 Capitol Street (the former Daniel Boone Hotel), the Union Building (at the southern end of Capitol Street), the Kanawha County Courthouse, the Public Library (corner of Capitol and Quarrier Streets) and the Masonic Temple (corner of Virginia and Dickenson Street).

text: Also of note are several historic churches grouped closely together in a neighborhood just to the east of downtown; Basilica of the Co-Cathedral of the Sacred Heart (one of the two cathedrals of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Wheeling-Charleston), First Presbyterian Church, Kanawha United Presbyterian Church, St. John's Episcopal Church, Charleston Baptist Temple, St. Paul's Evangelical Lutheran Church, and Christ Church United Methodist.

text: Additional historic buildings can be found throughout the city, particularly in the broader East End, the West Side and Kanawha City. Some of these buildings include:

text:
Avampato Discovery Museum — (Part of the Clay Center for the Arts & Sciences.)
Sunrise Museum — (Now part of the Clay Center for the Arts & Sciences.)
West Virginia State Museum
South Charleston Museum — (Located in South Charleston.)
St. George Orthodox Cathedral, founded in 1892.
St. Marks United Methodist Church
The Capitol Theater
Woman's Club of Charleston

text: Parks and outdoor attractions[edit]

text:
University of Charleston Stadium at Laidley Field — Used for football, soccer, track, and festivals
Appalachian Power Park — Stadium of the West Virginia Power
Cato Park — Charleston's largest municipal park, including a golf course, Olympic-size swimming pool and picnic areas
Pickle Park — Includes swimming pool, boathouse, clubhouse with dining facilities, tennis courts, putt putt golf, an 18-hole par 3 golf course, driving range, and fishing lake. Schoenbaum Soccer Field and Amphitheatre inside the park is the home of the West Virginia Chaos soccer team
Daniel Boone Park — A 4-acre (16,000 m2) park with a boat ramp, fishing and picnic facilities
Danner Meadow Park
Kanawha State Forest — (A 9,300-acre (38 km2) forest, including 46 campsites (located in the community of Loudendale))
Little Creek Park — Used for soccer, baseball, softball, basketball, tennis, disc golf and soapbox derbies. Picnic facilities are also available.
Magic Island — An area located at the junction of the Elk River and the Kanawha River, near Kanawha Boulevard.
Davis Park
Haddad Riverfront Park
Ruffner Park
Shawnee Park

text: Sports[edit]

text:
Club
Sport
Founded
League
Venue

West Virginia Power
Baseball
2005
South Atlantic League (Class-A)
Appalachian Power Park

West Virginia Chaos
Soccer
2003
USL Premier Development League
Schoenbaum Stadium

West Virginia Wildfire
Women's American football
2008
Women's Spring Football League
TBA

text: The West Virginia Chaos is a soccer team that plays its home games at Schoenbaum Stadium in Charleston. The team plays in the USL Premier Development League (PDL) — the fourth tier of the American Soccer Pyramid — in the South Atlantic Division of the Eastern Conference.

text: Shopping[edit]

text: The Charleston Town Center opened in 1983, the Town Center Mall is a three-story shopping and dining facility, with 130 specialty stores. Macy's and J.C. Penney are the mall's current anchor stores. The fourth anchor pad is occupied by the headquarters for BrickStreet Mutual Insurance Co., a private West Virginia–based workers' compensation insurance carrier. There are also six major restaurants located on street level and 12 fast food restaurants representing the food court, located on the third floor of the mall.

text: There are five major shopping plazas located in Charleston, two in the Kanawha City neighborhood - The Shops at Kanawha and Kanawha Landing along with three in the Southridge area, divided between Charleston and South Charleston — Southridge Centre, Dudley Farms Plaza, and The Shops at Trace Fork.

text: Major stores include The Shops at Kanawha plaza, Southridge Centre plaza, Dudley Farms Plaza, and The Shops at Trace Fork plaza.

text: Notable people[edit]

text:
Diplomat and attorney Harriet C. Babbitt, born in Charleston
Olympic shotput gold and silver medalist Randy Barnes
MMA fighter Brian Bowles, bantamweight champion
Extreme metal band Byzantine formed and based in Charleston
Professional wrestler Kevin Canady, founder of IWA East Coast
Actress Jean Carson
Cisco Systems CEO John Chambers
H. Rodgin Cohen, banker
Newspaper publisher and U.S. Senator William E. Chilton
Chemist Basudeb DasSarma
Actor Douglas Dick
Classical composer George Crumb was born in Charleston
Actress Conchata Ferrell
William Frischkorn, cyclist
Actress and Alias star Jennifer Garner was born in Houston, moved with her family to Princeton, West Virginia, then Charleston as a child and grew up there, graduating from city's George Washington High School
Alexis Hornbuckle, professional basketball player, NCAA champion at Tennessee
Professional baseball player and coach J. R. House
Basketball player and broadcaster Hot Rod Hundley
John G. Hutchinson, mayor 1971-80
Televangelist T. D. Jakes was born and raised in adjacent city of South Charleston; ministry was based in suburban community of Cross Lanes
Soap opera actress Lesli Kay who has appeared on As the World Turns, General Hospital and The Bold and the Beautiful
George King, NBA player and head coach of West Virginia and Purdue
Former Major League Baseball player and current sportscaster John Kruk was born in Charleston, but grew up in Keyser in state's Eastern Panhandle
Special effects artist Robert "RJ" Haddy was born and resides in Charleston
Actress Allison Hayes
Actress Ann Magnuson
Country singer Kathy Mattea was born in South Charleston, lived in Cross Lanes, graduating from Nitro High School
NASA astronaut Jon McBride was born in Charleston[54]
George Armitage Miller, one of the founders of the field of cognitive psychology, was born here.
Would-be presidential assassin Sara Jane Moore was born in Charleston
National Football League player Randy Moss grew up in Rand, adjacent to Malden, graduating from DuPont High School, which is now Dupont Middle School.
Actor Nick Nolte lived in the South Hills neighborhood of Charleston during the 1980s
National Football League player Rick Nuzum was born in Charleston
Pop singer Caroline Peyton
Phil Pfister, winner of strongest man competition, is a firefighter for CFD
Creator of Droodles and television personality Roger Price
Actress Kristen Ruhlin
Civil rights activist Rev. Leon Sullivan was born in Charleston
NFL player Russ Thomas, general manager of Detroit Lions 1967-89, attended high school in Charleston
Actor and True Blood star Sam Trammell was born in New Orleans, but grew up in Charleston, graduating from city's George Washington High School
For a time, Booker T. Washington, the writer, educator, and early civil rights leader, lived in Malden, just upriver from Charleston
Tennis player Anne White attended John Adams Junior High School and graduated from George Washington High School.[55]
Miami Heat point guard Jason Williams, who grew up in Belle in the same vicinity, was a high school teammate of Moss
Daniel Webster, longest-serving Florida legislator, was born in Charleston[56]
Athlete and coach Harry Young, member of College Football Hall of Fame

text: Media[edit]

text: Print[edit]

text: Charleston's only major newspaper is the Charleston Gazette-Mail.

text: Radio[edit]

text: Charleston has a total of 11 radio stations (AM and FM) licensed in the city. Most of the stations are owned either by the West Virginia Radio Corporation or by the Bristol Broadcasting Company.

text:
Call sign
Frequency
Format
Description / Notes

WCHS*
580 AM
News / Talk[57]
58 WCHS

WKAZ*
680 AM
Oldies
The Oldies format was formerly on 107.3.

WBES*
950 AM
Sportstalk

WSWW*
1490 AM
Sports
ESPN 1490

WVPB*
88.5 FM
Public Radio[58]
NPR News, Classical Music, Mountain Stage, and other local and national programs.

WKVW
93.3 FM
KLOVE Contemporary Christian

WXAF*
90.9 FM
Religious

WZAC-FM
92.5 FM
Classic Country

WYNL
94.5 FM
Contemporary Christian[59]
New Life Ninety Four Five

WKWS*
96.1 FM
Country[60]
96.1 The Wolf. The station plays mostly country music, but also has a mix of Southern rock.

WQBE-FM*
97.5 FM
Country[61]
97.5 WQBE. The Charleston MSA's #1 rated radio station, according to Arbitron.

WRVZ
98.7 FM
Rhythmic Top 40[62]
98.7 The Beat. Despite the station's low ERP, it still competes well with Electric 102.7.

WVAF*
99.9 FM
Adult Contemporary[63]
V-100

WMXE
100.9 FM
Classic Hits[64]
100.9 The Mix

WVSR-FM*
102.7 FM
Top 40[65]
Electric 102.7

WKLC-FM
105.1 FM
Rock[66]
Rock 105

WAMX
106.3 FM
Rock[67]
X 106.3

WKAZ-FM
107.3 FM
Variety Hits[68]
Tailgate 107.3

text: * represents radio stations that are licensed to the city of Charleston.

text: Television[edit]

text: The Charleston–Huntington TV market, is the second largest television market (in terms of area) east of the Mississippi River and 64th largest in terms of households in the US serving counties in central West Virginia, eastern Kentucky, and southern Ohio. There are four VHF and ten UHF television stations in the market.

text:
Call sign
Channel
Description

WSAZ
3
Huntington (NBC)/(MyNetworkTV on DT2)

WCHS-TV
8
Charleston (ABC)

WVAH
11
Charleston (Fox)

WOWK
13
Charleston (CBS)

WOUB
20
Athens, Ohio (PBS)

WOCW-LP
21
Charleston (The CW)

WKPI
22
Pikeville, Kentucky (PBS / KET)

WKAS
25
Ashland, Kentucky (PBS / KET)

WLPX
29
Hurricane (ION)

WQCW
30
Portsmouth, Ohio (The CW)

WVPB
33
Charleston (PBS)

WPBO
42
Portsmouth, Ohio (PBS)

WVCW-LP
45
Huntington (The CW)

WYMT
57
Hazard, Kentucky (CBS)

WTSF
61
Ashland, Kentucky (Daystar)

text: Infrastructure[edit]

text: Tallest buildings[edit]

text: There are 21 high-rise buildings located in Charleston. Laidley Tower is the tallest structure in the downtown area.

text:
Tallest buildings

Name
Stories
Height

West Virginia State Capitol
3
292 ft (89 m)

Laidley Tower
18 (22 total)
256 ft (78 m)

BB&T Square
18
250 ft (76.2 m)

Kanawha Valley Building
20
238 ft (73 m)

Chase Tower
20
230 ft (70 m)

Huntington Square
17
207 ft (63.1 m)

Dow Chemical Building
14
206 ft. (63 m)

United Center
12
205 ft (62.5 m)

Columbia Gas Transmission Building ( Tower 2 )
13
200 ft (61 m)

AT&T Building
15
195 ft (60 m)

Imperial Tower
19
191 ft (58 m)

City Center West
13
186 ft (57 m)

Union Building
14
183 ft (56 m)

Columbia Gas Transmission Building ( Tower 1 )
12
177 ft (54 m)

Charleston Marriott Town Center
16
175 ft (53.3 m)

405 Capitol Street Building
12
136 ft (41 m)

Carroll Terrace
13
 ? ft (? m)

Holiday Inn Charleston House
12
 ? ft (? m)

Boulevard Tower
12
 ? ft (? m)

Jarrett Terrace
12
 ? ft (? m)

Security Building
11
 ? ft (? m)

text: Airports[edit]

text: Yeager Airport is West Virginia's largest airport serving more than twice as many passengers as all other WV airports combined. It is located 2-mile (3 km) north of Interstate 64 and Interstate 77, accessible via WV 114.

text: Rail[edit]

text: Amtrak, the national passenger rail service, provides tri-weekly service to Charleston via the Cardinal routes. The Amtrak station is on the south side of the Kanawha River, at 350 MacCorkle Avenue near downtown.

text: River[edit]

text: Interstate 64 crosses the Kanawha River four times as it passes through the Charleston metropolitan area. The Elk River flows into the Kanawha River in downtown Charleston.

text: Roads[edit]

text: Charleston is served by Interstate 64, Interstate 77, and Interstate 79. The West Virginia Turnpike's northern terminus is at the southeastern end of the city. Two U.S. routes, US 60, and US 119, cut through the city center. US 21 and US 35 formerly ran through Charleston.

text: WV 25, WV 61, WV 62, and WV 114 are all state highways that are within Charleston's city limits.

text: Mass transit[edit]

text: Charleston is served by Kanawha Valley Regional Transportation Authority.

text: Taxi service[edit]

text: C&H Taxi services the Kanawha valley.

text: Utilities[edit]

text:
Electricity in Charleston is provided by Appalachian Power, a division of American Electric Power of Columbus, Ohio. Appalachian Power is headquartered in Charleston.
Suddenlink Communications provides the Charleston area's Cable TV.
Landline phone service in Charleston is provided by Frontier Communications.
The city's water supply is provided by Charleston-based West Virginia American Water, a subsidiary of American Water of Voorhees, NJ. The water that supplies Charleston is pumped from the Elk River and treated at the Kanawha Valley Water Treatment Plant.
Charleston's natural gas is supplied by Mountaineer Gas, a division of Allegheny Energy of Greensburg, Pennsylvania.

text: Sister city[edit]

text: Charleston's sister city is:[69]

text: Banská Bystrica, Slovakia (2009)


document_title: Virginia lieutenant gubernatorial election, 2017

question_text: who's running for lt governor in va

question_tokens: who 's running for lt governor in va

root

text: Democratic primary[edit]

text: Nominee[edit]

text: Justin Fairfax, former Assistant United States Attorney and candidate for Attorney General in 2013[1][2]

tag: ul

text: Eliminated in primary[edit]

text:
Susan Platt, former chief of staff to Joe Biden[3][4][5]
Gene Rossi, former Assistant United States Attorney and former gubernatorial aide[6]

text: Declined[edit]

text:
David Bowers, former Mayor of Roanoke and nominee for VA-06 in 1998[7][8]
Anne Holton, former Virginia Secretary of Education, former Juvenile and Domestic Relations District Court Judge, and wife of Senator Tim Kaine[9]
Dwight C. Jones, former Mayor of Richmond and former Chair of the Democratic Party of Virginia[10]
Molly Joseph Ward, Secretary of Natural Resources and former Mayor of Hampton[11][9]
Kenny Alexander, Mayor of Norfolk and former State Senator[11][10][12]
Barbara Favola, State Senator[11][9]
Eileen Filler-Corn, State Delegate[13][11][9][10][14]
Mike Hamlar, businessman and candidate for the State Senate in 2015[8][9][15]
Charniele Herring, State Delegate, former Chair of the Democratic Party of Virginia, and candidate for VA-08 in 2014[16][9]
Jennifer McClellan, State Senator[11][9][10][17]
Ralph Northam, incumbent Lieutenant Governor (running for Governor)[18]
Adam Parkhomenko, National Field Director for the Democratic National Committee, co-founder of Ready for Hillary and candidate for the State House in 2009[19][3]
Chap Petersen, State Senator and candidate for Lieutenant Governor in 2005[20][21]
Sam Rasoul, State Delegate and nominee for VA-06 in 2008[22]
Levar Stoney, Mayor of Richmond and former Secretary of the Commonwealth of Virginia[11][23][24]
Jennifer Wexton, State Senator (running for Congress) [11]

text: Endorsements[edit]

text:
[show]Susan Platt

State Representatives

Kathleen Murphy, State Delegate[25]
Steve Heretic, State Delegate
Patrick Hope, State Delegate
Kaye Kory, State Delegate

Former State Reperesentatives

Jody Wagner, former Virginia Secretary of Finance
Emilie Miller, Former State Senator
Moody Stallings, Former State Senator
Richard Cranwell, Former House Majority Leader, Former Democratic Party of Virginia Chair
Ward Armstrong, Former House Minority Leader
Alan Diamonstein, Former Delegate

Local Representatives

Kelly Burk, Mayor of Leesburg[26]
Jeanette Rishell, Mayor of Manassas Park
John Flannery, Loudoun County Soil and Water Conservation Board Director[27]
John Foust, Fairfax County Supervisor[28]
Kathy Smith, Fairfax County Supervisor
Connie Brennan, Nelson County Supervisor
Rosemary Mahan, Westmoreland County Supervisor
Jasmine Gore, Vice Mayor of Hopewell[29]
Meredith Richards, former Charlottesville Vice Mayor
Libby Garvey, Arlington County Board Member
Amy Laufer, Charlottesville City School Board Chair
Ingrid Morroy, Arlington Commissioner of Revenue
Patricia Richie-Folks, Treasurer of Manassas City

Individuals

C.R Suddith Jr, president of Treasurers' Association of Virginia
Linda Schultz, 2nd Congressional District Democratic Committee Chair
Sandra Brandt, Former DNC Member
Susan Hippen, Board Member of Board of Veteran Services, Commonwealth of VA
Graham Weinschenk, Virginia Young Democrats Leader
Derek Kitts, Veteran, Former 9th Congressional District Candidate
Issac Sarver, Chair of 9th Congressional District Democrats
Sheila Coats, Black Women United for Action
Patsy Brown, CD-10 Chairwoman
Hannah Hart, internet personality[30]

tag: table

text: Results[edit]

text:
Democratic primary results

Party
Candidate
Votes
%

Democratic
Justin Fairfax
252,291
49.22%

Democratic
Susan Platt
200,537
39.12%

Democratic
Gene Rossi
59,797
11.66%

Total votes
512,625
100.00%

text: Republican primary[edit]

text: Candidates[edit]

text: Nominee[edit]

text: Jill Vogel, State Senator[31][32]

text: Eliminated in primary[edit]

text:
Glenn Davis, State Delegate[33]
Bryce Reeves, State Senator[34]

text: Declined[edit]

text:
Ben Cline, State Delegate[35]
Micah Edmond, former congressional aide and nominee for VA-08 in 2014[36]
Shak Hill, financial consultant and candidate for the U.S. Senate in 2014[36][37][38]
Israel O'Quinn, State Delegate[20]
Danny Vargas, businessman and candidate for the State House in 2015[38][39]
E. W. Jackson, pastor, conservative activist, candidate for the U.S. Senate in 2012 and nominee for Lieutenant Governor in 2013 (endorsed Vogel)[40][41]
Ken Peterson, Goochland County Supervisor[42][43]
David Ramadan, former State Delegate (endorsed Vogel)[20]
Pete Snyder, technology executive and candidate for Lieutenant Governor in 2013[20][44][45][46]
Corey Stewart, Chairman of the Prince William Board of County Supervisors and candidate for Lieutenant Governor in 2013 (running for Governor)[20][36][38][47]
Scott Taylor, U.S. Representative (endorsed Reeves)[40][45][48][49]

text: Endorsements[edit]

text:
[show]Glenn Davis

Federal Officials

Tom Davis, former U.S. Representative[50]

State Officials

Kirk Cox, Majority leader of the Virginia House of Delegates
Bob McDonnell, former Governor of Virginia

Authors, Journalists, and Media Personalities

Elwood Sanders, attorney, contributor to Virginia Right![51]

text:
[show]Bryce Reeves

Federal Officials

Tom Garrett, U.S. Representative[40]
Ed Meese, former U.S. Attorney General[52]

State legislators

Rich Anderson, State Delegate[40]
Dickie Bell, State Delegate[40]
Kathy Byron, State Delegate[40]
Jeff Campbell, State Delegate[40]
Bill Carrico, State Senator[40]
Ben Chafin, State Senator[40]
Amanda Chase, State Senator[53]
Mark Cole, State Delegate[40]
John Cosgrove, State Senator[40]
Bill DeSteph, State Senator[40]
Mark Dudenhefer, State Delegate[40]
Peter Farrell, State Delegate[40]
Matt Fariss, State Delegate[40]
Buddy Fowler, State Delegate[40]
Nick Freitas, State Delegate[40]
Emmett Hanger, State Senator[40]
Chris Head, State Delegate[40]
Bill Howell, Speaker of the Virginia House of Delegates[40]
Tim Hugo, State Delegate[40]
Terry Kilgore, State Delegate[40]
Jay Leftwich, State Delegate[40]
Jim LeMunyon, State Delegate[40]
Ryan McDougle, State Senator[40]
Jackson Miller, State Delegate[40]
Jason Miyares, State Delegate[40]
Will Morefield, State Delegate[40]
Rick Morris, State Delegate[40]
Tommy Norment, Majority Leader of the Virginia Senate[40]
Bobby Orrock, State Delegate[40]
Brenda Pogge, State Delegate[53]
Margaret Ransone, State Delegate[53]
Roxann Robinson, State Delegate[40]
Bill Stanley, State Senator[40]
Richard Stuart, State Senator[40]
Glen Sturtevant, State Senator[40]
Scott Taylor, former State Delegate and U.S. Representative[40]
Frank Wagner, State Senator[40]

Sheriffs and law enforcement officials

Mark Amos, Sheriff of Orange County[54]
Michael Brown, Sheriff of Bedford County[54]
Chadwick Cubbage, Sheriff of Page County[54]
David Decatur, Sheriff of Stafford County[54]
Steve Dempsey, Sheriff of King George County[54]
Danny Diggs, Sheriff of York County & Poquoson[54]
Keith Dunagan, Sheriff of Wythe County[54]
Ashland Fortune, Sheriff of Louisa County[54]
Todd Godwin, Sheriff of Accomack County[54]
Chip Harding, Sheriff of Albemarle County[54]
Roger Harris, Sheriff of Spotsylvania County[54]
Paul Higgs, Sheriff of Fredericksburg[54]
Glendell Hill, Sheriff of Prince William County[54]
Darrell Hodges, Sheriff of Cumberland County[54]
Scott Jenkins, Sheriff of Culpeper County[54]
Alan Jones, Sheriff of Charles City County[54]
Karl Leonard, Sheriff of Chesterfield County[54]
Tony Lippa, Sheriff of Caroline County[54]
James “Doc” Lyons, Sheriff of Northumberland County[54]
Patrick McCranie, Sheriff of Lancaster County[54]
Michael Mondul, Sheriff of Danville[54]
Hank Partin, Sheriff of Montgomery County[54]
Robert Plecker, Sheriff of Bath County[54]
Brian Roberts, Sheriff of Brunswick County[54]
Thomas Roseberry III, Sheriff of Bland County[54]
Daniel Smith, Sheriff of Patrick County[54]
Donald Smith, Sheriff of Augusta County[54]
Steve Smith, Sheriff of Richmond County[54]
Steven Smith, Sheriff of Greene County[54]
Richard Vaughan, Sheriff of Grayson County[54]

Individuals

Paul Galanti, former 2nd Commissioner of the Virginia Department of Veterans Services[55]
Steve Forbes, Chairman and Editor-in-Chief of Forbes Media

text: Polling[edit]

text:
Poll source
Date(s)
administered
Sample
size
Margin of
error
Glenn
Davis
Bryce
Reeves
Jill
Vogel
Undecided

Public Opinion Strategies
September 18–21, 2016
800
± 3.46%
12%
8%
13%
66%

text: Results[edit]

text:
Republican primary results

Party
Candidate
Votes
%

Republican
Jill Vogel
151,984
42.78%

Republican
Bryce Reeves
142,196
40.03%

Republican
Glenn Davis
61,072
17.19%

Total votes
355,252
100.00%

text: General election[edit]

text: Endorsements[edit]

text:
[show]Justin Fairfax

Federal officials

Hillary Clinton, former U.S. Secretary of State[56]
Tim Kaine, U.S. Senator[57]
Mark Warner, U.S. Senator[58]
Gerry Connolly, Congressman, VA-11[59]
Donald McEachin, Congressman, VA-4[60]
Keith Ellison, Congressman, MN-5[61]
Tom Perriello, Congressman, VA-5 (former)[62]
Don Beyer, Congressman, VA-8[63]

Statewide politicians

Douglas Wilder, former Governor of Virginia[64]
Martin O'Malley, former Governor of Maryland[65]
Howard Dean, former Governor of Vermont[66]
Alison Lundergan Grimes, Secretary of State of Kentucky[67]

State Representatives

Rosalyn Dance, State Senator 16th District[68]
Chap Petersen, State Senator 34th District[21]
Scott Surovell, State Senator 36th District[69]
Paul Krizek, Delegate, 44th District
Marcus Simon, Delegate, 53rd District
Lashrecse Aird, Delegate 63rd District[68]
Jeffrey Bourne, Delegate 71st District[68]
Lamont Bagby, Delegate 74th District[68]
Roslyn Tyler, Delegate 75th District[68]

Local Representatives

Andrew Gillum, Mayor of Tallahassee[70]
Muriel Bowser, Mayor of Washington, D.C.[71]
Bill Euille, Mayor Emeritus, City of Alexandria
Sherman Lea, Sr., Mayor, Roanoke
Lisa Merkel, Mayor, Town of Herndon
Stacey Kincaid, Sheriff, Fairfax County & City
Phyllis Randall, Board of Supervisors Chairwoman, Loudoun County
Koran Saines, Board of Supervisors Member, Loudoun County
Kristen Umstattd, Board of Supervisors Member, Loudoun County
Christian Dorsey, Board of Supervisors Member, Arlington County
Willie Bailey, City Council Member, Alexandria
John Chapman, City Council Member, Alexandria
Sheila Olem, Councilwoman, Town of Herndon
Derrick Wood, Councilman, Town of Dumfries
Theo Stamos, Arlington County Commonwealth’s Attorney
Penny Gross, Board of Supervisors Member, Fairfax County
Rachel Rifkind, Mason District Democratic Party Chair, Fairfax County
James Lander, School Board Member & Former Chairman, Arlington County
Chris Lewis, School Board Member, Alexandria
Marcia Price, Delegate, Newport News[72]
McKinley L. Price, Mayor, Newport News
Tina Vick, Vice-Mayor, Newport News
Gabe A. Morgan, Sr., Sheriff, Newport News
Kenny Wright, Mayor, Portsmouth
Stephanie N. Morales, Commonwealth’s Attorney, Portsmouth
Paige D. Cherry, Councilman & Democratic Party Chair, Portsmouth
Anton A. Bell, Commonwealth’s Attorney, Hampton
Will J. Moffett, Councilman, Hampton
Jason S. Samuels, School Board Chair, Hampton
Dr. Reginald Woodhouse, School Board Member, Hampton
Bob McCabe, Sheriff, Norfolk
Angelia Williams Graves, Councilwoman, Norfolk
Paul R. Riddick, Councilman, Norfolk
Evans Poston, Commissioner of the Revenue, Norfolk
Dr. Ella P. Ward, Councilwoman, Chesapeake
Amelia Ross Hammond, Councilwoman, Virginia Beach
Raleigh H. Isaacs, Sr., Sheriff, Suffolk

Party Officials

Evelyn Morris, Harris, DPVA Chair Democratic Black Caucus of Virginia
Atima Omara, DNC Committeewoman & Former President Young Democrats of America
Terron Sims, II, DNC Committeewoman & Former President Young Democrats of America
Cesar Del Aguila, Former Democratic Party Chair, Fairfax County
Rex Simmons, Former Democratic Party Chair, Fairfax County
Delores Thomas, Democratic Party Co-Chair, Newport News
Linwood Fisher, Democratic Party Chair, Norfolk
Leslie A. Rinaldi, Democratic Party Chair, Suffolk
Bud Ward, Democratic Party Co-Chair, Mathews
Edith Turner, Democratic Party Co-Chair, Mathews
Dianne Carter de Mayo, Democratic Party Chair, Gloucester
Hallie J. Holmes, Democratic Party Chair, Middlesex
Nancy Payne, Acting Democratic Party Chair, Accomack County
Jaime Harrison, Chair of the South Carolina Democratic Party[73]

Individuals

Piper Perabo, actress[74]
Cornell William Brooks, president of NAACP[75]
Bettina Lawton, Activist/Former Candidate for Clerk of Court Bettina Lawton, Fairfax County & City
Jason Winston George, actor[76]

Organizations

Americans for Responsible Solutions[77]
CASA in Action[77]
Democracy For America[77]
Human Rights Campaign[78]
LGBT Democrats of Virginia[77]
NARAL Pro-Choice Virginia[77]
People for the American Way[77]
Planned Parenthood Advocates of Virginia[77]
Progressive Change Campaign Committee[79]
Virginia AFL-CIO[77]
Virginia Education Association[77]
Virginia League of Conservation Voters[77]
Virginia Sierra Club[77]

text:
[show]Jill Vogel

Federal officials

Sean Spicer, former White House Press Secretary[80]
Barbara Comstock, U.S. Representative[81]
Bob Goodlatte, U.S. Representative[82]
John Warner, former U.S. Senator[83]
Frank Wolf, former U.S. Representative[84]

Statewide politicians

Jerry Kilgore, former Attorney General of Virginia and nominee for governor in 2005[85]

State Legislators

Scott Lingamfelter, state delegate[86]
Joe May, former State Delegate[87]
Steve Newman, state senator [88]
Mark Obenshain, State Senator[89]
David Ramadan, former State Delegate[87]
Bill Stanley, State Senator[90]
Richard Stuart, State Senator[91]

Local Officials

Marc Abrams, Winchester City Commonwealth's Attorney[92]
Kenneth Alger, Page County Commonwealth's Attorney[92]
Ann Baskervill, Dinwiddie County Commonwealth's Attorney[92]
Chris Billias, Lexington City and Rockbridge County Commonwealth's Attorney[92]
Meg Bohmke, Stafford County Supervisor[91]
Joel Branscom, Botetourt County Commonwealth's Attorney[92]
Tony Buffington, Loudoun County Supervisor[87]
Ralph Buona, Loudoun County Supervisor[87]
Donald Caldwell, Roanoke City Commonwealth's Attorney[92]
Mike Caudill, Goochland County Commonwealth's Attorney[92]
Jack Cavalier, Stafford County Supervisor[91]
R. E. "Trip" Chalkley, Hanover County Commonwealth's Attorney[92]
Janet Clarke, former Loudoun County Supervisor[87]
Gary Clemens, Loudoun County Clerk of the Circuit Court[87]
Richard Cox, Powhatan County Commonwealth's Attorney[92]
William "Billy" Davenport, Chesterfield County Commonwealth's Attorney[92]
Betsy Davis, Mayor of Middleburg[87]
Eric DeKenipp, Loudoun County School Board member[87]
Vince Donoghue, Essex County Commonwealth's Attorney[92]
James Fisher, Fauquier County Commonwealth's Attorney[92]
Arthur Goff, Rappahannock County Commonwealth's Attorney[92]
Nathan Green, Williamsburg City and James City County Commonwealth's Attorney[92]
Robert "Bryan" Haskins, Pittsylvania County Commonwealth's Attorney[92]
Geary Higgins, Loudoun County Supervisor[87]
Beth Huck, Loudoun County School Board member[87]
Charlie King, 2015 Republican Nominee for Chairman of the Loudoun County Board of Supervisors[87]
Matt Letourneau, Loudoun County Supervisor[87]
Nathan Lyon, Carroll County Commonwealth's Attorney[92]
Gerald Mabe, Wythe County Commonwealth's Attorney[92]
Brian Madden, Warren County Commonwealth's Attorney[92]
Tracy Martin, Halifax County Commonwealth's Attorney[92]
Wendy Maurer, Stafford County Supervisor[91]
Ron Meyer, Loudoun County Supervisor[87]
Jeff Morse, Loudoun County School Board member[87]
Bundles Murdock, former Middleburg Town Council member[87]
Andrew Nester, Henry County Commonwealth's Attorney[92]
Michael Newman, Danville City Commonwealth's Attorney[92]
Jim Plowman, Loudoun County Commonwealth’s Attorney[87]
Ken Reid, former Loudoun County Supervisor[87]
Debbie Rose, Loudoun County School Board member[87]
Christopher Russell, Buena Vista City Commonwealth's Attorney[92]
Jan Smith, Lancaster County Commonwealth's Attorney[92]
Gary Snellings, Stafford County Supervisor[91]
Ross Spicer, Frederick County Commonwealth's Attorney[92]
Kathy Sterne, Stafford Clerk of the Court[91]
Colin Stolle, Virginia Beach City Commonwealth's Attorney[92]
Greg Stone, former Loudoun County Community Criminal Justice Board Member[87]
Jill Turgeon, Loudoun County School Board member[87]
Patricia Watson, Greensville County and Emporia City Commonwealth's Attorney[92]
Bob Wertz, Loudoun County Commissioner of the Revenue[87]
Amanda Wiseley, Shenandoah County Commonwealth's Attorney[92]
Scott York, former Chairman of the Loudoun County Board of Supervisors[87]
Roger Zurn, Loudoun County Treasurer[87]

Sheriffs and law enforcement officials

Raymond Bell, Sheriff of Sussex County[93]
David Bushey, Sheriff of Middlesex County[93]
Timothy Carter, Sheriff of Shenandoah County[93]
Mike Chapman, Sheriff of Loudoun County[87]
Connie Compton, Sheriff of Rappahannock County[93]
L. Trevor Craddock, Sheriff of Craig County[93]
Chad Cubbage, Sheriff of Page County[93]
Robert Deeds, Sheriff of Williamsburg & James City County[93]
J. B. Gardner, Sheriff of Carroll County[93]
Kevin Hall, Sheriff of Alleghany County[93]
W. Randolph Hamilton, Jr., Sheriff of Buena Vista[93]
Joe Harris, Sheriff of Waynesboro[93]
Bobby Hawkins, Sheriff of Mecklenburg County[93]
Eric Hess, Sheriff of Fluvanna County[93]
Darrell Hodges, Sheriff of Cumberland County[93]
Steve Hutcherson, Sheriff of Campbell County[93]
Bryan Hutcheson, Sheriff of Rockingham County & Harrisonburg[93]
Thomas Jones, Sheriff of Charlotte County[93]
Daniel McEathron, Sheriff of Warren County[93]
Lenny Millholland, Sheriff of Frederick County[93]
Bob Mosier, Sheriff of Fauquier County[93]
David Neal, Sheriff of Highland County[93]
Gary Parsons, Sheriff of Lee County[93]
Lane Perry, Sheriff of Henry County[93]
Tony Roper, Sheriff of Clarke County[93]
Ronald Sprinkle, Sheriff of Botetourt County[93]
Ken Stolle, Sheriff of Virginia Beach[93]
Les Taylor, Sheriff of Winchester[93]
Richard Vaughan, Sheriff of Grayson County[93]
E. W. Viar, Jr., Sheriff of Amherst County[93]
Mike Wade, Sheriff of Henrico County[93]
Jeff Walton, Sheriff of King William County[93]

Party officials and individuals

Rick Buchanan, Chair of the Virginia Tea Party Patriot Federation and Vice Chair of the Virginia Fifth Congressional District Republican Committee[94]
Tom Cherry, Chairman of the Norfolk City Republican Committee[95]
Peter Churins, Chairman of the Charles City County Republican Committee[96]
Will Estrada, Chairman of the Loudoun County Republican Committee[87]
E.W. Jackson, pastor, conservative activist, candidate for U.S. Senate in 2012 and nominee in 2013[41]
Ed Levine, Founder of Virginia Open Carry[87]
Dirk Maurer, former Stafford GOP Chairman[91]
Jamie Radtke, candidate for the GOP nomination for U.S. Senate in 2012[97]
Charles Sterne, conservative activist[91]
Bob West, Vice Chair of the Norfolk City Republican Committee[95]
Carly Fiorina, businesswoman [98]

Organization

Virginia Citizens Defense League, pro-gun organization[99]
Northern Virginia Chamber of Commerce[100]
Virginia Fraternal Order of Police[101]
Citizens for Responsible Energy Solutions[102]

Newspapers

Richmond Times-Dispatch[103]
The Winchester Star[104]
The Virginian-Pilot[105]

text: Polling[edit]

text:
Poll source
Date(s)
administered
Sample
size
Margin of
error
Justin
Fairfax (D)
Jill
Vogel (R)
Undecided

Change Research
November 2–5, 2017
3,648
± 1.5%
50%
45%
5%

The Polling Company (R)
November 2–5, 2017
800
± 3.5%
44%
43%
13%

Christopher Newport University
October 29 –
November 4, 2017

839
± 3.5%
50%
45%
5%

Gravis Marketing
October 30 –
November 3, 2017

1,143
± 2.9%
46%
42%
12%

The Polling Company (R)
October 30 –
November 2, 2017

800
± 3.5%
40%
43%
14%

Roanoke College
October 29 –
November 2, 2017

781
± 3.5%
45%
45%
10%

Suffolk University
October 30 –
November 1, 2017

500
± 4.4%
44%
40%
14%

Washington Post/Schar School
October 26–29, 2017
921
± 4.0%
49%
43%
6%

Christopher Newport University
October 20–25, 2017
812
± 3.8%
47%
44%
9%

Roanoke College
October 8–13, 2017
607
± 4.0%
45%
42%
13%

Christopher Newport University
October 2–6, 2017
928
± 4.3%
48%
40%
12%

Public Policy Polling
September 21–23, 2017
849
± 3.8%
43%
37%
21%

Christopher Newport University
September 12–22, 2017
776
± 3.7%
46%
42%
13%

Suffolk University
September 13–17, 2017
500
± 4.4%
36%
35%
27%

Mason-Dixon
September 10–15, 2017
625
± 4.0%
41%
38%
21%

University of Mary Washington
September 5–12, 2017
562 LV
± 5.2%
45%
40%
11%

867 RV
± 4.1%
45%
37%
14%

Virginia Commonwealth University
July 17–25, 2017
538 LV
± 5.1%
43%
38%
15%

707 RV
± 4.5%
41%
34%
18%

Gravis Marketing
March 14–19, 2017
3,097
± 1.6%
40%
37%
23%

text:
[show]

Hypothetical polling

With Bryce Reeves

Poll source
Date(s)
administered
Sample
size
Margin of
error
Justin
Fairfax (D)
Bryce
Reeves (R)
Undecided

Gravis Marketing
March 14–19, 2017
3,097
± 1.6%
41%
35%
24%

With Glenn Davis

Poll source
Date(s)
administered
Sample
size
Margin of
error
Justin
Fairfax (D)
Glenn
Davis (R)
Undecided

Gravis Marketing
March 14–19, 2017
3,097
± 1.6%
42%
37%
21%

text: Results[edit]

text:
Virginia Lieutenant Governor General Election, 2017[106]

Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±

Democratic
Justin Fairfax
1,368,261
52.72%
-2.40%

Republican
Jill Vogel
1,224,519
47.18%
+2.64%

Write-ins
Write-ins
2,446
0.09%
-0.25%

Majority
143,697
5.54%

Total votes
2,595,180
100%

Democratic hold
Swing


document_title: A River Runs Through It (film)

question_text: old man at the end of a river runs through it

text: A River Runs Through It (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: The film follows the true story of the Maclean brothers, Norman and Paul, growing up in Missoula, Montana with their father, Presbyterian minister John. A common theme in the film is the men's love of fly fishing for trout in the Blackfoot River and how it impacted their lives. The film is told from Norman's point of view, with director Robert Redford as narrator.

tag: p

text: The film opens with a scene of Norman Maclean in his old age tying a fly onto his line. This establishes that Norman is telling this story in the past-tense as he is fishing.

text: The story begins with the brothers learning to fish from their father, a preacher who treats fishing as a sacred act. They learn to cast using a ticking metronome. The boys become accomplished fishermen as a result. Norman and Paul are home taught and must adhere to the strict moral and educational code of their father. However, whenever they get a chance they enjoy practicing the art of fly fishing. As they grow older, it becomes clear that Norman is the more disciplined and studious brother, while Paul is the fun loving, wild one and the more talented fly fisherman.

text: Norman attends a July 4th dance with his friends after returning home from six years away at Dartmouth, where he meets his future wife, Jessie Burns. Paul has become a reporter at a newspaper in Helena, the state capital. He has angered many of the locals by falling behind in a big poker game at Lolo, a hamlet near Missoula with a popular bar that is also a front for gambling and prostitution, and by dating a beautiful Blackfoot Indian woman, Mabel, who is deemed to be of an inferior race by the community. Paul gets arrested after fighting a man who has insulted her, and Norman is awakened in the middle of the night by a phone call from the police to come and bail Paul out of jail.

text: After Norman and Jessie go on several dates, she insists that Norman make an effort to get along with her brother Neal, who is visiting from California. Norman and Paul do not like the self-centered Neal, who tells tall tales of socializing with film stars in Hollywood, but at Jessie's insistence they invite him to go fishing. Neal shows up drunk with a woman (a part-time prostitute) he met at a bar the evening before. Norman and Paul decide to fish anyway and return to their car hours later to find that Neal and his ladyfriend "Rawhide" have drunk all their beer and passed out naked in the sun.

text: Norman returns a painfully sunburned Neal home, where Jessie is waiting for them. She is angry that the brothers did not fish with Neal. Norman asks Jessie to drive him home, as he had brought Neal back in Neal's own car, and he tells her that he is falling for her. She drives away angry but a week later asks Norman to come to the train station to see Neal off back to California. After the train departs, Norman shows Jessie a letter from the University of Chicago: a job offer for an English Literature teaching position. Norman asks Jessie to marry him.

text: When Norman tells Paul about the job offer and marriage proposal, he also urges Paul to come with him and Jessie to Chicago. Paul tells Norman that he will never leave Montana. Just before leaving for Chicago, Norman, Paul and their father go fly fishing one last time as a family. Paul catches a huge fish that drags him down the river through a set of rapids before he finally lands it. John proudly tells his son Paul what a wonderful fisherman he has become, and how he is an artist in the craft, much to Paul's delight. They pose for pictures with the huge fish for their mother.

text: Soon after the fishing excursion, Norman is again contacted by the police. They tell him that Paul has been found beaten to death in an alley, and that all the bones in his right hand have also been broken. Norman goes home and tells his parents the sad news. The story then jumps ahead a few years to a sermon being given by John with Mrs. Maclean, Norman, Jessie and their two children in attendance. The narrator mentions that John dies soon after this sermon. The last scene is of Norman as an old man, back in the Montana river where he used to fish with his family many years before. He mentions that nearly everyone from his youth is dead, including Jessie, and that he is haunted by waters.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Craig Sheffer as Norman Maclean
Brad Pitt as Paul Maclean
Tom Skerritt as Reverend John Maclean
Brenda Blethyn as Clara Maclean
Emily Lloyd as Jessie Burns
Edie McClurg as Mrs. Burns
Stephen Shellen as Neal Burns
Joseph Gordon-Levitt as Young Norman Maclean
Vann Gravage as Young Paul Maclean
Nicole Burdette as Mabel
Susan Traylor as "Rawhide"
Michael Cudlitz as Chub
Rob Cox as Conroy
Buck Simmonds as Humph

text: Production[edit]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Although both the book and movie are set in Missoula and on the Blackfoot River, it was filmed in late June, early July 1991 in south central Montana in Livingston and Bozeman,[2] and on the nearby upper Yellowstone, Gallatin, and Boulder Rivers. The waterfall shown is Granite Falls in Wyoming.[3][4] Filming was completed in early September 1991.

text: An article published in the Helena Independent Record in July 2000, based on recollections of people who knew both brothers, noted a number of specifics about the Macleans — notably various chronological and educational details about Paul Maclean's adult life — that differ somewhat from their portrayal in the film and novella.[5]

text: Music[edit]

text: Mark Isham, who would go on to compose the scores to most Robert Redford-directed films, composed the musical score for the film. Originally, Elmer Bernstein was hired to score the film. However, after Redford and Bernstein disagreed over the tone of the music, Bernstein was replaced by Isham.[6] Rushed for time, Isham completed the score within four weeks at Schnee Studio of Signet Sound Studios in Hollywood, CA. Upon release, the music was met with positive reviews earning the film both nominations for Grammy and Academy awards. The A River Runs Through It (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) was released on October 27, 1992.[7]

text: In some home video releases of the film, Elmer Bernstein is credited as the film's composer despite his score being rejected during post-production.

text: Release[edit]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: Released on October 9, 1992, the film grossed $43,440,294 in US domestic returns.[1] The film holds an 83% rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on polled critical reviews. The site's consensus reads: "Tasteful to a fault, this period drama combines a talented cast (including a young Brad Pitt) with some stately, beautifully filmed work from director Robert Redford."[8] Much of the praise focused on Pitt's portrayal of Paul, which has been cited as his career-making performance.[9]

text: Awards and honors[edit]

text: The film was nominated for three Academy Awards in 1993, including Best Cinematography (Philippe Rousselot); Best Music, Original Score (Mark Isham); and Best Writing, Screenplay Based on Material from Another Medium (Richard Friedenberg). Rousselot won for Best Cinematography. At the Golden Globes, Robert Redford was nominated for Best Director - Motion Picture, but did not win.


document_title: List of Prime Ministers of India

question_text: who was the 2nd longest serving chief minister in india

text: List of Prime Ministers of India

text: Key[edit]

text:
Colour key for party of the prime ministers

  Bharatiya Janata Party

  Indian National Congress
designated Indian National Congress (I) 1977–1996[3]

  Janata Dal

  Janata Party

  Janata Party (Secular)

  Samajwadi Janata Party

Other key

№: Incumbent number
† Assassinated or died in office
§ Returned to office after a previous term
RES Resigned
NC Resigned following a no-confidence motion

text: Prime Ministers of India[edit]

text:
№
Name
(birth–death)
Portrait
Prior Office
Party
(Alliance)
Elected constituency
Term of office[4]
Elections
(Lok Sabha)
Ministry
Appointed by

1
Jawaharlal Nehru
(1889–1964)

Indian freedom fighter

Indian National Congress
Phulpur, Uttar Pradesh
15 August
1947
27 May
1964[†]
7003613000000000000♠16 years, 286 days
—
Nehru I
Lord Mountbatten

1952 (1st)
Nehru II
Rajendra Prasad

1957 (2nd)
Nehru III

1962 (3rd)
Nehru IV

–
Gulzarilal Nanda (acting)
(1898–1998)

Minister of Labour and Employment

Indian National Congress
Sabarkantha, Gujarat
27 May
1964
9 June
1964
13 days
(3rd)
(acting)
Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan

2
Lal Bahadur Shastri
(1904–1966)

Minister of Home Affairs

Indian National Congress
Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh
9 June
1964
11 January
1966[†]
7002581000000000000♠1 year, 216 days
(3rd)
Shastri

–
Gulzarilal Nanda (acting)
(1898–1998)

Minister of Home Affairs

Indian National Congress
Sabarkantha, Gujarat
11 January
1966
24 January
1966
13 days
(3rd)
(acting)

3
Indira Gandhi
(1917–1984)

Minister of Information and Broadcasting

Indian National Congress
Rajya Sabha MP for Uttar Pradesh
24 January
1966
24 March
1977
7003407700000000000♠11 years, 59 days
(3rd)
I. Gandhi I

Prime Minister
(Re-elected)

Rae Bareli, Uttar Pradesh
1967 (4th)

Prime Minister
(Re-elected)

1971 (5th)
I. Gandhi II
V. V. Giri

4
Morarji Desai
(1896–1995)

Minister of Finance and Deputy Prime Minister of India before he resigned in 1969

Janata Party
Surat, Gujarat
24 March
1977
28 July
1979[RES]
7002856000000000000♠2 years, 126 days
1977 (6th)
Desai
B. D. Jatti
(acting President)

5
Charan Singh
(1902–1987)

Minister of Finance

Janata Party (Secular)
with INC
Baghpat, Uttar Pradesh
28 July
1979
14 January
1980[RES]
170 days
 – (6th)
C. Singh
Neelam Sanjiva Reddy

(3)
Indira Gandhi
(1917–1984)

Former Prime Minister

Indian National Congress (I)
Medak, Andhra Pradesh
14 January
1980[§]
31 October
1984[†]
7003175200000000000♠4 years, 291 days
1980 (7th)
I. Gandhi III

6
Rajiv Gandhi
(1944–1991)

MP for Amethi

Indian National Congress (I)
Amethi, Uttar Pradesh
31 October
1984
2 December
1989
7003185800000000000♠5 years, 32 days
(7th)
R. Gandhi
Zail Singh

Former Prime Minister
(Re-elected)

1984 (8th)

7
Vishwanath Pratap Singh
(1931–2008)

Minister of Defence

Janata Dal
(National Front)
Fatehpur, Uttar Pradesh
2 December
1989
10 November
1990[NC]
343 days
1989 (9th)
V. P. Singh
R. Venkataraman

8
Chandra Shekhar
(1927–2007)

MP for Ballia

Samajwadi Janata Party
with INC
Ballia, Uttar Pradesh
10 November
1990
21 June
1991[a]
223 days
 (9th)
Chandra Shekhar

9
Pamulaparti Venkata Narasimha Rao
(1921–2004)

Minister of External Affairs

Indian National Congress (I)
Nandyal, Andhra Pradesh
21 June
1991
16 May
1996
7003179100000000000♠4 years, 330 days
1991 (10th)
Rao

10
Atal Bihari Vajpayee
(born 1924)

Minister of External Affairs

Bharatiya Janata Party
Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh
16 May
1996
1 June
1996[RES]
16 days
1996 (11th)
Vajpayee I
Shankar Dayal Sharma

11
Haradanahalli Doddegowda Deve Gowda
(born 1933)

Chief Minister of Karnataka

Janata Dal
(United Front)
Rajya Sabha MP for Karnataka
1 June
1996
21 April
1997[RES]
324 days
(11th)
Deve Gowda

12
Inder Kumar Gujral
(1919–2012)

Minister of External Affairs

Janata Dal
(United Front)
Rajya Sabha MP for Bihar
21 April
1997
19 March
1998
332 days
(11th)
Gujral

(10)
Atal Bihari Vajpayee
(born 1924)

Former Prime Minister

Bharatiya Janata Party
(NDA)
Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh
19 March
1998[§]
22 May
2004
7003225600000000000♠6 years, 64 days
1998 (12th)
Vajpayee II
K. R. Narayanan

Former Prime Minister
(Re-elected)

1999 (13th)
Vajpayee III

13
Manmohan Singh
(born 1932)

Minister of Finance

Indian National Congress
(UPA)
Rajya Sabha MP for Assam
22 May
2004
26 May
2014
7003365600000000000♠10 years, 4 days
2004 (14th)
M. Singh I
A. P. J. Abdul Kalam

Former Prime Minister
(Re-elected)

2009 (15th)
M. Singh II
Pratibha Patil

14
Narendra Modi
(born 1950)

Chief Minister of Gujarat

Bharatiya Janata Party
(NDA)
Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh
26 May
2014[5]
Incumbent
7003130200000000000♠3 years, 206 days
2014 (16th)
Modi
Pranab Mukherjee

text: Jump up ^ Chandra Shekhar officially resigned as Prime Minister on 13 March 1991, but he and his ministers continued in office until Rao succeeded him.

tag: ol