document_title: Chip on shoulder

question_text: where did the saying chip on your shoulder come from

text: Chip on shoulder

text: Look up chip on one's shoulder in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

text: To have a chip on one's shoulder refers to the act of holding a grudge or grievance that readily provokes disputation.

text: It can also mean a person thinking too much of oneself (often without the credentials).[1]

text: History[edit]

text: "A chip on the shoulder" comes from the ancient right of shipwrights within the Royal Navy Dockyards to take home a daily allowance of offcuts of timber, even if good wood was cut up for this purpose. The privilege was instated as a prescriptive right from 1634.[2][3][4] By 1756, this privilege had been abused and was costing taxpayers too much in lost timber for warship repair and construction. The decision was then made by the Navy Board to limit the quantity a shipwright could carry home. A warrant was issued to the Royal Dockyards to reduce the quantity of chips by ordering shipwrights to carry their bundles under their arms instead of on their shoulders, as one could not carry as much timber in this fashion. The specific incident from which the expression derives is as follows:

text:
“
Master Shipwright and his Assistant, Chatham Dockyard, to Navy Board, 17 June 1756.
On Tuesday a petition was brought to the Honourable Thomas Cooper, Esq., Commissioner of this yard, by John Bissenden and Robert Woodriff, shipwrights, in behalf of the whole body of shipwrights, relating to their carrying chips out of the yard on their shoulders. The next day the Commissioner sent for them in the presence of the Master Shipwright and the First Assistant and represented to them the ill consequence of such proceedings, and read to them your Honourable Board's warrant of the 4 May 1753 on which the said two men withdrew the petition and said they would talk to all the people and believe everybody would be satisfied with what had been said to them. And in the afternoon the Master Shipwright sent for all the foremen and quartermen and read the Order to them of the 4th May 1753, and give every quarterman a particular charge to tell all his men separately what the order was relating to their lowering their chips and carrying them under their arm out of the yard.
This day at twelve of the clock some few of the workmen about one hundred and fifty came up first to the gate without any chips, afterwards about twenty more came and lowered their chips agreeable to the Board's warrant. Then came John Miller, shipwright, about thirty feet before the main body of the people, on which the Master Shipwright ordered him to lower his chips. He answered he would not, with that the Master Shipwright took hold of him, and said he should. He, the said Miller replied, 'Are not the chips mine? I will not lower them.' Immediately the main body pushed on with their chips on their shoulders, crowded and forced the Master Shipwright and the First Assistant through the gateway, and when out of the yard give three huzzas.[5]

”

text: This custom[clarification needed] is known in North America since the early 19th century. The New York newspaper Long Island Telegraph reported on 20 May 1830 "when two churlish boys were determined to fight, a chip would be placed on the shoulder of one, and the other demanded to knock it off at his peril". A similar notion is mentioned in the issue of the Onondaga Standard of Syracuse, New York on 8 December 1830: "'He waylay me', said I, 'the mean sneaking fellow—I am only afraid that he will sue me for damages. Oh! if I only could get him to knock a chip off my shoulder, and so get round the law, I would give him one of the soundest thrashings he ever had'." Some time later in 1855, the phrase "chip on his shoulder" appeared in the Weekly Oregonian, stating "Leland, in his last issue, struts out with a chip on his shoulder, and dares Bush to knock it off". In American author Mark Twain's 1898 manuscript of Schoolhouse Hill, character Tom Sawyer states his knowledge of the phrase and custom when he says, "[I]f you want your fuss, and can't wait till recess, which is regular, go at it right and fair; put a chip on your shoulder and dare him to knock it off."[6]

text: In Canada, the custom is well described at St. Peter Claver's Indian Residential School for Ojibway boys in the town of Spanish, Ontario:

text:
“
By custom, the challenger, usually one of the intermediates, anxious to prove his worth or avenge some wrong, would deliberately seek out his foe with a wood chip or flat stone on his shoulder, placed there either by his own hand or by that of somebody else.
”

text: The challenger might further provoke his opponent by issuing a dare for him to knock off the chip. The opponent might then display his bravery and contempt by brushing the cheek of the challenger lightly as he did so. In more formal cases, a second might take the chip and present the chip to his man who would then place it on his own shoulder. The boys would then square off and fistfight like boxers.[7][8]


document_title: Embeth Davidtz

question_text: who plays derek's sister nancy on grey's anatomy

question_tokens: who plays derek 's sister nancy on grey 's anatomy

root

text: Embeth Davidtz

text: Early life[edit]

text: Davidtz was born in Lafayette, Indiana, while her father was studying chemical engineering at Purdue University. Her parents, John and Jean, later moved to Trenton, New Jersey, and then back to their native South Africa, when Davidtz was nine years old.[1] Davidtz has Dutch, English, and French ancestry.[2] She had to learn Afrikaans before attending school classes in South Africa,[1] where her father took up a teaching post at Potchefstroom University. She graduated from The Glen High School in Pretoria in 1983 and studied at Rhodes University in Grahamstown.[3]

tag: p

text: Early roles[edit]

text: Davidtz made her professional acting debut at age 21 with CAPAB (Cape Performing Arts Board, now known as Artscape) in Cape Town, playing Juliet in a stage production of Romeo and Juliet, at the Maynardville Open-Air Theatre. Performing in English and Afrikaans, the bilingual actress also starred in other local plays, including Stille Nag (Silent Night) and A Chain of Voices, both earning her nominations for the South African equivalent of the Tony Award.[3]

text: Her film debut came in 1988 with a small role in South African-filmed American horror Mutator.[4] Shortly after, she won a bigger part in South African short telemovie A Private Life, as the daughter of an interracial couple.[3] Davidtz won a DALRO Award for Best Supporting Actress for her work in the 1990 play Houd-den-bek.[5] For the same play, she was nominated in 1991 for the Esther Roos Award for Best Actress in a Supporting role in Afrikaans film. Steven Spielberg noticed her performance in the 1992 South African film, Nag van die Negentiende and offered her the role in Schindler's List.[6]

text: Hollywood career[edit]

text: Davidtz moved to Los Angeles in 1991,[3] and quickly landed a role in her first American film, Sam Raimi's Evil Dead sequel Army of Darkness. Soon after, she appeared in two NBC projects, the made-for-television film Till Death Do Us Part and the miniseries Deadly Matrimony.[7] She was also seen in Laura Ziskin's short film Oh, What A Day, opposite Viggo Mortensen.[3]

text: Davidtz next had a high-profile central role in the fact-based film Murder in the First (1995), followed by the Merchant Ivory production Feast of July (also 1995). In Matilda (1996), a feature based on Roald Dahl's children's fantasy, she played the role of Miss Honey, the grade-one teacher of the title character.

text: In 1998, Davidtz played a theologian helping Denzel Washington crack a supernatural wave of crimes in the mystery drama Fallen and a femme fatale linked to Kenneth Branagh in Robert Altman's take on a previously unused John Grisham manuscript, The Gingerbread Man. The following year, Davidtz portrayed a 19th-century woman of the world in Patricia Rozema's reworking of the Jane Austen comedy Mansfield Park and played a dual role opposite Robin Williams in the futuristic fable Bicentennial Man.

text: A supporting role in the film adaptation of Bridget Jones' Diary (2001) saw Davidtz play Natasha, a colleague and one of the love interests of Mark Darcy (Colin Firth). That year, she began her run on the CBS drama, Citizen Baines, playing the daughter of a defeated United States Senate incumbent (James Cromwell) who is herself leaning towards a career in politics. Other roles included horror thrillers like 2001's Thir13en Ghosts. In 2002, she appeared in the Michael Hoffman drama, The Emperor's Club, which co-starred Kevin Kline and Emile Hirsch.

text: In Junebug (2005), Davidtz played an outsider art dealer from Chicago brought to North Carolina by her husband (Alessandro Nivola) to meet his family for the first time. Davidtz has also guest-starred on the hit ABC drama series Grey's Anatomy as Dr. Derek Shepherd's sister Nancy in the Season 3 episode "Let the Angels Commit". In 2008, she had a regular role on HBO's In Treatment as Amy, part of a fractious couple alongside Josh Charles's Jake.

text: She portrayed the unfaithful and unfortunate wife of Anthony Hopkins's character in the 2007 drama Fracture.

text: From 2009 to 2012, she played Rebecca Pryce, wife of Lane Pryce in the hit AMC television show Mad Men.[8] She also played Felicia Koons, the wife of the dean and the mother of Becca's best friend, Chelsea, on Showtime's Californication.

text: Davidtz played Annika Blomkvist in David Fincher's adaptation of The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo. She also appeared in Marc Webb's Spider-Man reboot The Amazing Spider-Man as Peter Parker's mother Mary, who vanished under mysterious circumstances along with Peter's father Richard.

text: Personal life[edit]

text: Davidtz married entertainment attorney Jason Sloane on June 22, 2002, and has two children, Charlotte Emily (born 2002) and Asher Dylan Sloane (born in 2005). Embeth also has a younger sister who is a successful psychologist at Nova Southeastern University in Fort Lauderdale, Florida.[9]

text: In an interview regarding her current guest appearances on Ray Donovan in which she portrays a breast-cancer survivor, Davidtz revealed that she had been diagnosed with breast cancer in 2013, which had caused her to stop working and for which she underwent a mastectomy.[10] The role was Davidtz's first after undergoing treatment, and when informed that it required nudity, Davidtz worked with producer David Hollander to incorporate her partially-reconstructed right breast into the story, turning down the use of a prosthetic as a substitute for her right nipple that was due to be restored through surgery.[10] "Somebody might not believe it if an actress pretended to have their nipple gone and said, 'Look, I'm still sexual and pretty.' But when it's real, I hope it makes someone feel beautiful. I still feel beautiful," said Davidtz regarding the message she wished to convey by taking the role.[10]

text: Filmography[edit]

text: Film[edit]

text:
Year
Title
Role
Notes

1992
Army of Darkness
Sheila

1993
Schindler's List
Helen Hirsch

1995
Murder in the First
Mary McCasslin

1995
Feast of July
Bella Ford

1996
Matilda
Miss Honey

1998
Fallen
Gretta Milano

Gingerbread Man, TheThe Gingerbread Man
Mallory Doss

1999
Simon Magus
Leah

Mansfield Park
Mary Crawford

Bicentennial Man
"Little Miss" Amanda Martin / Portia Charney

2001
Bridget Jones's Diary
Natasha

Hole, TheThe Hole
Dr. Philippa Horwood

Thir13en Ghosts
Kalina Oretzia

2002
Emperor's Club, TheThe Emperor's Club
Elizabeth

2005
Junebug
Madeleine Johnsten

2007
Fracture
Jennifer Crawford

2009
Fragments
Joan Laraby

2010
3 Backyards
The Actress

2011
The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo
Annika Giannini

2012
The Amazing Spider-Man
Mary Parker

2013
Paranoia
Dr. Judith Bolton

Europa Report
Dr. Samantha Unger

Miracle Rising: South Africa
Herself

2014
The Amazing Spider-Man 2
Mary Parker

tag: table

text: Television[edit]

text:
Year
Title
Role
Notes

1989
Screen Two
Older Karen
Episode: "A Private Life"

1992
Till Death Us Do Part
Katherine Palliko
TV movie

Deadly Matrimony
Dianne Masters
TV movie

1997
Garden of Redemption, TheThe Garden of Redemption
Adriana
TV movie

1998
Last Rites
Dr. Lauren Riggs
TV movie

2001
Citizen Baines
Ellen Baines Croland
7 episodes

2002
Shackleton
Rosalind Chetwynd
TV movie

2004
Scrubs
Maddie
Episode: "My Tormented Mentor"

2006
Grey's Anatomy
Nancy Shepherd
Episode: "Let the Angels Commit"

2008
In Treatment
Amy
8 episodes

2009
Californication
Felicia Koons
10 episodes

2009–2012
Mad Men
Rebecca Pryce
8 episodes

2015
The Secret Life of Marilyn Monroe
Natasha Lytess
TV Miniseries

2016
Ray Donovan
Sonia Kovitzky
7 episodes


document_title: The Whole Nine Yards (film)

question_text: where does the whole 9 yards take place

question_tokens: where does the whole 9 yards take place

text: The Whole Nine Yards (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: Nicholas "Oz" Oseransky (Matthew Perry) is a Quebec dentist from Chicago, who happens to be genuinely likable to almost everyone who knows him. However, he is trapped in a miserable marriage to the daughter of his late business partner. His wife Sophie (Rosanna Arquette) and mother-in-law (Carmen Ferland) hate him, and his deceased father-in-law has saddled him with a lot of debt. He can't divorce his wife because her father embezzled from the dental practice, and he has nothing but debt if they separate. As the movie opens, Sophie tells Oz she needs $5000, but won't say what for.

text: At the office, Oz and his assistant, Jill (Amanda Peet) have lunch and she tells him that his wife isn't a good person. They joke about the fact that, due to his insurance, he's worth more dead than alive, and discuss having her taken out of the picture, and Jill playfully tells him to name a price. When Oz gets home, he meets his new neighbor, "Jimmy Jones." After recognizing a tattoo on Jimmy's forearm, realizes that he's Jimmy "the Tulip" Tudeski (Bruce Willis). Tudeski is an infamous contract killer from Chicago who was given a shorter sentence after ratting out Laszlo Gogolak and other members of the Gogolak gang.

text: Oz runs home in a panic and explains to Sophie that their new neighour is a hitman on whom there is a contract. Sophie shows interest in the contract and in Jimmy. Later, while Jimmy asks Oz to join him for a sudden trip to the city in order to get to know each other. Oz befriends Jimmy and reveals his marriage problem: his father-in-law got involved with an underage boy, whose family blackmailed him. Oz's father-in-law embezzled money to pay off his blackmailer and then committed suicide, saddling Oz with the debt. Jimmy sympathizes with Oz and the two become friends. However, when Oz returns home, Sophie tells him she has arranged for him to fly to Chicago, then collect a finder's fee by giving up Jimmy's whereabouts to Lazlo's son, Janni (Kevin Pollak). Oz argues against this, saying he quite likes Jimmy and that he has paid his debt to society. Sophie says that if he does not do it, she will make his future life hell.

text: Upon arriving in Chicago, Oz has lunch with an old reporter friend and confesses that he has no intention of meeting with Janni or giving up Jimmy; unfortunately, when Oz returns to his hotel room, he is greeted by Franklin "Frankie Figs" Figueroa (Michael Clarke Duncan) who is one of Janni's enforcers. Frankie tells him they know he has come with information about Oz, though he will not confirm where the information came from; Oz denies any knowledge of Jimmy; Frankie roughs Oz up to get the truth out of him and then takes him to Janni.

text: At Janni's estate, Oz meets Cynthia (Natasha Henstridge), Jimmy's estranged wife. Janni instructs Frankie to accompany Oz back to Canada and keep an eye on Jimmy until Janni and his men arrive to take him out. Back at the hotel, Oz calls Jimmy in a panic, warning him to run, but Jimmy casually reassures him everything is okay, that he knows what Oz has done. The more he reassures Oz, the more scared Oz becomes. He is then visited by Cynthia, who asks Oz if he really knows where to find Jimmy, explaining that Janni and Jimmy both want her (as well as each other) dead in order to collect on $10 million, which is being held in trust in their names (the "whole nine yards" of the title). Oz explains that he never wanted to do it, that his wife arranged things, and that he doesn't want anyone to die. Oz and Cynthia share a bottle of scotch and end up sleeping together after he says she is the most beautiful thing he has ever seen and that his whole life has been leading to this moment. Afterwards, Oz vows to find a way to protect Cynthia from Jimmy.

text: Back in Canada, Frankie and a very nervous Oz enter another hotel room and see Jimmy waiting inside. It turns out that Frankie and Jimmy are old friends and, together, are planning to take out Janni and Cynthia. Jimmy explains he knew about the Chicago visit because Sophie wanted to hire him to kill Oz, an earlier hit having been called off for some unknown reason. Jimmy and Frankie both praise Oz's sincerity and loyalty, even to a wife that hates him, and let him know about their plans to lure Janni to Montreal and kill him preemptively. Revealing that Sophie approached him to kill Oz, Jimmy offers to kill Sophie as a favor to Oz, which he refuses. Oz returns to work and tells Jill about the events in Chicago. Jill is extremely excited when she finds out that Jimmy 'the Tulip' is Oz's neighbor and makes Oz take her to meet him. Jill tells Jimmy that he's her hero and the reason she wants to be a contract killer. She also tells him that Sophie tried to use the $5000 to have Jill kill Oz, but Jill ended up liking Oz after getting to know him (like nearly everyone else does) and refused to follow through on the contract, cancelling it.

text: Jimmy enlists Jill's help, and as Jimmy and Jill discuss the upcoming ambush, Oz gets angry and says that he won't stand by and let them kill Cynthia. Oz goes back home and tries to call and warn Cynthia about Jimmy's plan, but she is already on the way with Janni. When Janni's gang arrive at Oz's house, Oz gets a chance to warn Cynthia, while she warns him that Janni will kill him after killing Jimmy. The two watch from Oz's garage as Janni's gang walks into the trap.

text: Down the street, Sophie and her new hired hitman (Harland Williams) are in his car. She is discussing the payment and promises that her mother will pay the remainder of his fee after the job is done. The hitter cuts their rendezvous short when he recognizes Janni Gogolak heading toward Jimmy's house. When Sophie tells him whose house it is, he realizes what's about to happen, pulls out a gun and exits the car, taking the car keys with him.

text: When Janni enters the house, he is distracted by a naked Jill, and she, Jimmy and Frankie are easily able to kill Janni and his men. Oz and Cynthia make a break for it. Sophie's hitter is in the yard when he hears Oz's car peel out behind him. This draws Jimmy's attention to the window. He has Jill use nakedness to get the mystery hitter's attention and then Jimmy shoots him. Sophie sees this and runs, screaming, down the street. When they get the body inside, they realize he is an undercover Sûreté du Québec detective constable.

text: As they begin to bag and dispose of the bodies, Oz calls. While they are on the phone, Jill reveals that Oz slept with Cynthia in Chicago — which she thinks is great — but it infuriates Jimmy, who feels that friends shouldn't sleep with each other's wives. Oz suggests a deal with them that will benefit everyone. Back at his office, he alters the cop's teeth to exactly match Jimmy's. They then put the cop's body and Janni's into Oz's car and set it on fire, rendering the bodies unidentifiable, except by dental records. The next day, two investigators arrive at Oz's office, convinced that Janni and Jimmy are both dead. The investigators also find the undercover cop's car when they go to check out Jimmy's house. Inside the car is a tape recorder with Sophie and the undercover cop's conversation to kill Oz, the contents of which are more than enough to put Sophie and her mother in prison, even though Sophie claims that Jill is also a killer, but they do not believe her story. The police clear Oz of suspicion and he jokingly asks if they know any good divorce lawyers. The confirmation of the deaths of Jimmy and Janni allows Cynthia to collect the $10 million, using the required two death certificates. As part of the deal, she agrees to transfer the money to Jimmy in exchange for her and Oz's lives.

text: Some time later, the key players meet up in the city. While Cynthia and Jill go to the bank to transfer the money, Oz heads to an art museum with Jimmy, where they will be around people and Oz thinks he'll be safe. Jimmy has other plans though and takes Oz (along with Frankie Figs) out on a private yacht. Back at the bank, Jill urges Cynthia to split the money with her and run, leaving Jimmy to kill Oz when he is double-crossed. Cynthia realises that she loves Oz and can't leave him to be killed by Jimmy. Jill tells Cynthia that it was a test, and that Jimmy wants her and Oz to have $1 million as a wedding gift, which can be collected only when they show a wedding certificate. Cynthia wonders about the divorce, and Jill points out that Jimmy is officially dead. The two women make the transfers.

text: On the boat, Jimmy gets the call that the money has been received. He pulls out a gun and points it at Oz. Frankie grins knowingly before Jimmy turns and shoots him instead; Jimmy explains that he had to kill Frankie or Frankie would kill Oz and then potentially come after Jimmy himself or send others after him in the belief that Jimmy had gone soft. Oz is floored, but happy to be alive. He tells Jimmy that the supposed softness may be because it's obvious Jimmy's in love with "her." Jimmy feigns confusion, asking if Oz is referring to Cynthia. Oz looks at him silently. In the next shot, Jill runs towards the dock and jumps into Jimmy's arms. Oz leaves to meet Cynthia. As soon as he sees her, he asks her to marry him. She looks disappointed and asks if Jimmy told him, but when Oz asks what she's talking about, she realizes he truly doesn't know about the million dollars and then happily agrees to marry him, and when he says he hopes she won't mind marrying a poor dentist, she replies she is sure they'll be okay. In the closing scene, Oz and Cynthia are on a hotel balcony overlooking Niagara falls, dancing to a bluesy version of Ira Gershwin's "They All Laughed" as the credits roll.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Bruce Willis as James Stefan "Jimmy The Tulip" Tudeski
Matthew Perry as Dr. Nicholas "Oz" Oseransky
Rosanna Arquette as Sophie Oseransky
Michael Clarke Duncan as Franklin "Frankie Figs" Figueroa
Natasha Henstridge as Cynthia Tudeski
Amanda Peet as Jill St. Claire
Kevin Pollak as Janni Pytor Gogolak
Harland Williams as Special Agent Steve Hanson

tag: ul

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: The film grossed $57,262,492 during its U.S. theatrical run, with an additional $49,109,159 internationally. Its worldwide total is $106,371,651.[1]

text: Critical reaction[edit]

text: The Whole Nine Yards received mixed reviews from critics; review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a score of 45% based on 100 reviews from critics, with an average rating of 5.2/10 and the site's consensus reading: "Despite a charming cast, The Whole Nine Yards could only tickle half of the critics' funny bones. The other half thought it an underwhelming, depressing sitcom".[2] Metacritic gives the film an average score of 47%, based on 32 reviews.[3] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B" on an A+ to F scale.[4]

text: Roger Ebert gave the film one of the more positive reviews, noting in particular that the highlight was Amanda Peet's performance as Jill, which Ebert called "perfect".[5]

text: Sequel[edit]

text: A sequel titled The Whole Ten Yards with most of the original cast was released on April 9, 2004.


document_title: Red giant

question_text: when does the sun turn into a red giant

question_tokens: when does the sun turn into a red giant

text: Red giant

text: Characteristics[edit]

text: Red giants are stars that have exhausted the supply of hydrogen in their cores and have begun thermonuclear fusion of hydrogen in a shell surrounding the core. They have radii tens to hundreds of times larger than that of the Sun. However, their outer envelope is lower in temperature, giving them a reddish-orange hue. Despite the lower energy density of their envelope, red giants are many times more luminous than the Sun because of their great size. Red-giant-branch stars have luminosities up to nearly three thousand times that of the Sun (L☉), spectral types of K or M, have surface temperatures of 3,000–4,000 K, and radii up to about 200 times the Sun (R☉). Stars on the horizontal branch are hotter, with only a small range of luminosities around 75 L☉. Asymptotic-giant-branch stars range from similar luminosities as the brighter stars of the red giant branch, up to several times more luminous at the end of the thermal pulsing phase.

text: Among the asymptotic-giant-branch stars belong the carbon stars of type C-N and late C-R, produced when carbon and other elements are convected to the surface in what is called a dredge-up.[1] The first dredge-up occurs during hydrogen shell burning on the red-giant branch, but does not produce a large carbon abundance at the surface. The second, and sometimes third, dredge up occurs during helium shell burning on the asymptotic-giant branch and convects carbon to the surface in sufficiently massive stars.

text: The stellar limb of a red giant is not sharply defined, contrary to their depiction in many illustrations. Rather, due to the very low mass density of the envelope, such stars lack a well-defined photosphere, and the body of the star gradually transitions into a 'corona'.[2] The coolest red giants have complex spectra, with molecular lines, emission features, and sometimes masers, particularly from thermally pulsing AGB stars.[3]

text: Another noteworthy feature of red giants is that, unlike Sun-like stars whose photospheres have a large number of small convection cells (solar granules), red-giant photospheres, as well as those of red supergiants, have just a few large cells, the features of which cause the variations of brightness so common on both types of stars.[4]

text: Evolution[edit]

text: Red giants are evolved from main-sequence stars with masses in the range from about 0.3 M☉ to around 8 M☉.[5]  When a star initially forms from a collapsing molecular cloud in the interstellar medium, it contains primarily hydrogen and helium, with trace amounts of "metals" (in stellar structure, this simply refers to any element that is not hydrogen or helium i.e. atomic number greater than 2). These elements are all uniformly mixed throughout the star. The star reaches the main sequence when the core reaches a temperature high enough to begin fusing hydrogen (a few million kelvin) and establishes hydrostatic equilibrium. Over its main sequence life, the star slowly converts the hydrogen in the core into helium; its main-sequence life ends when nearly all the hydrogen in the core has been fused. For the Sun, the main-sequence lifetime is approximately 10 billion years. More-massive stars burn disproportionately faster and so have a shorter lifetime than less massive stars.[6]

text: When the star exhausts the hydrogen fuel in its core, nuclear reactions can no longer continue and so the core begins to contract due to its own gravity. This brings additional hydrogen into a zone where the temperature and pressure are adequate to cause fusion to resume in a shell around the core. The outer layers of the star then expand greatly, thus beginning the red-giant phase of the star's life. As the star expands, the energy produced in the burning shell of the star is spread over a much larger surface area, resulting in a lower surface temperature and a shift in the star's visible light output towards the red—hence it becomes a red giant. At this time, the star is said to be ascending the red-giant branch of the Hertzsprung–Russell (H–R) diagram.[6]

text: The evolutionary path the star takes as it moves along the red-giant branch, which ends with the complete collapse of the core, depends on the mass of the star. For the Sun and stars of less than about 2 M☉[7] the core will become dense enough that electron degeneracy pressure will prevent it from collapsing further. Once the core is degenerate, it will continue to heat until it reaches a temperature of roughly 108 K, hot enough to begin fusing helium to carbon via the triple-alpha process. Once the degenerate core reaches this temperature, the entire core will begin helium fusion nearly simultaneously in a so-called helium flash. In more-massive stars, the collapsing core will reach 108 K before it is dense enough to be degenerate, so helium fusion will begin much more smoothly, and produce no helium flash.[6] The core helium fusing phase of a star's life is called the horizontal branch in metal-poor stars, so named because these stars lie on a nearly horizontal line in the H–R diagram of many star clusters. Metal-rich helium-fusing stars instead lie on the so-called red clump in the H–R diagram.[8]

text: An analogous process occurs when the central helium is exhausted and the star collapses once again, causing helium in a shell to begin fusing. At the same time hydrogen may begin fusion in a shell just outside the burning helium shell. This puts the star onto the asymptotic giant branch, a second red-giant phase.[9] The helium fusion results in the build up of a carbon–oxygen core. A star below about 8 M☉ will never start fusion in its degenerate carbon–oxygen core.[7] Instead, at the end of the asymptotic-giant-branch phase the star will eject its outer layers, forming a planetary nebula with the core of the star exposed, ultimately becoming a white dwarf. The ejection of the outer mass and the creation of a planetary nebula finally ends the red-giant phase of the star's evolution.[6] The red-giant phase typically lasts only around a billion years in total for a solar mass star, almost all of which is spent on the red-giant branch. The horizontal-branch and asymptotic-giant-branch phases proceed tens of times faster.

text: If the star has about 0.2 to 0.5 M☉,[7] it is massive enough to become a red giant but does not have enough mass to initiate the fusion of helium.[5] These "intermediate" stars cool somewhat and increase their luminosity but never achieve the tip of the red-giant branch and helium core flash. When the ascent of the red-giant branch ends they puff off their outer layers much like a post-asymptotic-giant-branch star and then become a white dwarf.

text: Stars that do not become red giants[edit]

text: Very low mass stars are fully convective[10][11] and may continue to fuse hydrogen into helium for up to a trillion years[12] until only a small fraction of the entire star is hydrogen. Luminosity and temperature steadily increase during this time, just as for more-massive main-sequence stars, but the length of time involved means that the temperature eventually increases by about 50% and the luminosity by around 10 times. Eventually the level of helium increases to the point where the star ceases to be fully convective and the remaining hydrogen locked in the core is consumed in only a few billion more years. Depending on mass, the temperature and luminosity continue to increase for a time during hydrogen shell burning, the star can become hotter than the Sun and tens of times more luminous than when it formed although still not as luminous as the Sun. After some billions more years, they start to become less luminous and cooler even though hydrogen shell burning continues. These become cool helium white dwarfs.[5]

text: Very-high-mass stars develop into supergiants that follow an evolutionary track that takes them back and forth horizontally over the HR diagram, at the right end constituting red supergiants. These usually end their life as a type II supernova. The most massive stars can become Wolf–Rayet stars without becoming giants or supergiants at all.[13][14]

text: Planets[edit]

text: This section needs to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (April 2015)

text: Red giants with known planets: the M-type HD 208527, HD 220074 and, as of February 2014, a few tens[15] of known K-giants including Pollux, Gamma Cephei and Iota Draconis.

text: Prospects for habitability[edit]

text: Although traditionally it has been suggested the evolution of a star into a red giant will render its planetary system, if present, uninhabitable, some research suggests that, during the evolution of a 1 M☉ star along the red-giant branch, it could harbor a habitable zone for several times 109 years at 2 AU out to around 108 years at 9 AU out, giving perhaps enough time for life to develop on a suitable world. After the red-giant stage, there would for such a star be a habitable zone between 7 and 22 AU for an additional 109 years.[16] Later studies have refined this scenario, showing how for a 1 M☉ star the habitable zone lasts from 108 years for a planet with an orbit similar to that of Mars to 7015662709600000000♠2.1×108 yr for one that orbits at Saturn's distance to the Sun, the maximum time (7016116763120000000♠3.7×108 yr) corresponding for planets orbiting at the distance of Jupiter. However, for planets orbiting a 0.5 M☉ star in equivalent orbits to those of Jupiter and Saturn they would be in the habitable zone for 7017183034080000000♠5.8×109 yr and 7016662709600000000♠2.1×109 yr respectively; for stars more massive than the Sun, the times are considerably shorter.[17]

text: Enlargement of planets[edit]

text: As of June 2014, 50 giant planets have been discovered around giant stars. However, these giant planets are more massive than the giant planets found around solar-type stars. This could be because giant stars are more massive than the Sun (less massive stars will still be on the main sequence and will not have become giants yet) and more massive stars are expected to have more massive planets. However, the masses of the planets that have been found around giant stars do not correlate with the masses of the stars; therefore, the planets could be growing in mass during the stars' red giant phase. The growth in planet mass could be partly due to accretion from stellar wind, although a much larger effect would be Roche lobe overflow causing mass-transfer from the star to the planet when the giant expands out to the orbital distance of the planet.[18]

text: Well known examples[edit]

text: Many of the well known bright stars are red giants, because they are luminous and moderately common.  The red giant branch variable star Gamma Crucis is the nearest M class giant star at 88 light years.[19]  The K0 red giant branch star Arcturus is 36 light years away.[20]

text: Red-giant branch[edit]

text:
Aldebaran (α Tauri)
Arcturus (α Bootis)
Gacrux (γ Crucis)

text: Red-clump giants[edit]

text:
Hamal (α Arietis)
κ Persei
δ Andromedae[21]

text: Asymptotic giant branch[edit]

text:
Mira (ο Ceti)
χ Cygni
α Herculis

text: The Sun as a red giant[edit]

text: In about 5 to 6 billion years, the Sun will have depleted the hydrogen fuel in its core. It will shrink, with the hydrogen outside the core able to compress enough for hydrogen there to fuse, and will begin to expand into a subgiant. Eventually, the pressure builds up so much that the core will begin to fuse helium, and will expand even more into a red giant. At its largest, its surface (photosphere) will approximately reach the current orbit of Earth. It will then lose its atmosphere completely; its outer layers forming a planetary nebula and the core a white dwarf. The evolution of the Sun into and through the red-giant phase has been extensively modelled, but it remains unclear whether Earth will be engulfed by the Sun or will continue in orbit. The uncertainty arises in part because as the Sun burns hydrogen, it loses mass causing Earth (and all planets) to orbit farther away. There are also significant uncertainties in calculating the orbits of the planets over the next 5–6.5 billion years, so the fate of Earth is not well understood. At its brightest, the red-giant Sun will be several thousand times more luminous than today but its surface will be at about half the temperature.


document_title: The Simpsons (season 29)

question_text: when does season 29 of the simpsons come out

text: The Simpsons (season 29)

text:
The Simpsons (season 29)

Digital purchase image

Country of origin
United States

Release

Original network
Fox

Original release
October 1, 2017 (2017-10-01) – present

Season chronology

← Previous
Season 28

List of The Simpsons episodes

text: The twenty-ninth season of the animated television series The Simpsons premiered on Fox in the United States on October 1, 2017.[1] On November 4, 2016, The Simpsons was renewed for seasons 29 and 30, enabling the show to surpass Gunsmoke as the longest-running scripted series in primetime television.[2]

text: The season will feature guest appearances from Martin Short, Nikolaj Coster-Waldau and Norman Lear.[3] In addition, Bob's Burgers and The Simpsons will team up for a couch gag this season,[4] and Bill Plympton will likewise animate a sixth couch gag, having previously done so in season 23's "Beware My Cheating Bart", season 24's "Black Eyed, Please", season 25's "Married to the Blob", season 27's "Lisa the Veterinarian", and season 28's "22 for 30".[5] This season will also feature Kelsey Grammer reprising his role as Sideshow Bob for a singing cameo in a 2018 episode,[6] Homer seeking help from Shaquille O'Neal,[7] and a song written by guest star Rachel Bloom.[8][9] It was also announced at the season preview at San Diego Comic-Con International that the Simpson family will travel to New Orleans for JazzFest in an upcoming episode, and that there will be an episode that reimagines Stephen King's It featuring Krusty the Clown.[10]

text: On August 30, 2017, it was announced that longtime Simpsons score composer Alf Clausen was let go from the series.[11] The new composers are a part of Bleeding Fingers Music.

text: Episodes

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

619
1
"The Serfsons"
Rob Oliver
Brian Kelley
October 1, 2017 (2017-10-01)
WABF17
3.26[13]

Homer has to undertake a dangerous mission to save the life of Marge's mother.
Guest stars: Billy Boyd as himself and Nikolaj Coster-Waldau as Markery[12]

620
2
"Springfield Splendor"
Matthew Faughnan
Tim Long & Miranda Thompson
October 8, 2017 (2017-10-08)
WABF22
5.25[14]

Marge and Lisa have creative differences after creating a graphic novel.
Guest stars: Alison Bechdel as herself, Rachel Bloom as herself, Roz Chast as herself, Dan Harmon as himself, Marjane Satrapi as herself and Martin Short as Guthrie Frenel

621
3
"Whistler's Father"[16]
TBA
TBA
October 15, 2017 (2017-10-15)
WABF16
TBD

Guest stars: Nick Fascitelli as Professor Whistler[15] and Joe Mantegna as Fat Tony

622
4
"Treehouse of Horror XXVIII"[21]
Timothy Bailey[22]
John Frink[23]
October 22, 2017 (2017-10-22)[24]
WABF18
TBD

In the segment "Exor-Sis", Maggie is possessed. In "MMM... Homer", Homer cannibalizes himself after he runs out of food while Marge and the kids are away from home.[17][18][19][20] In another segment, Lisa discovers an alternate reality where the Simpsons are a creepy yet perfect family.
Guest stars: Mario Batali as himself, Ben Daniels as a priest and William Friedkin as Dr. Kenneth Humphries[20]

623
5
"Grampy Can Ya Hear Me"[25]
TBA
Bill Odenkirk[26]
November 5, 2017 (2017-11-05)[27][28]
WABF19
TBD

TBA
TBA
"Mr. Lisa's Opus"[32]
TBA
Al Jean[32]
November 2017 (2017-11)[30][31]
XABF01
TBD

Lisa's version of Barthood. Homer discovers how smart she is, she will go to college, and be scared out of Springfield. Ned will try to cure Homer of his alcohol problem.[29]
Guest stars: Valerie Harper as Lisa's teacher and Norman Lear[30][31][29]

TBA
TBA
"Haw-Haw Land"[35][33]
TBA
TBA
2017 (2017)[33]
XABF03
TBD

Lisa becomes smitten with an older musician called Brendan. Both Nelson and Milhouse try to win Lisa over instead.[33]
Guest star: Ed Sheeran as Brendan[34]