document_title: Severus Snape

question_text: why does harry mom and snape have the same patronus

text: Severus Snape

text: Character development

text:
In an interview,[3] Rowling described Snape's character as an "antihero". She has said that she drew inspiration for Snape's character from a disliked teacher from her own childhood,[4] and described Snape as a horrible teacher,[5] saying the "worst, shabbiest thing you can do as a teacher is to bully students."[6] However, she does suggest in the books that he is generally an effective teacher.[7] Although Rowling has said that Gilderoy Lockhart is her only character that she "deliberately based on a real person",[8] Snape was reportedly based, at least in part, on John Nettleship, who taught Rowling chemistry and employed her mother as an assistant at Wyedean School near Chepstow.[9][10][11] For Snape's surname, Rowling borrowed the name of the village of Snape, Suffolk.[12]
In a 1999 interview[13] and again in 2004,[8] Rowling singled out Snape as one of her favourite characters to write.

text: Rowling was less forthcoming about Snape than she was for other characters, because his true loyalties and motivations were not revealed until the final book.[14] However, she hinted numerous times at Snape's important role, suggesting that people should "keep their eye on Snape".[4][15] In 1999, answering a question regarding Snape's love life and the redemptive pattern to his character, Rowling expressed her surprise at the foresight.[16] Rowling also disclosed that after the publication of Prisoner of Azkaban, there was one female fan who guessed Snape loved Lily Potter, making Rowling wonder how she had given herself away.[17]

text: After the completion of the series, Rowling began to speak openly about Snape, discussing the contrast between his character arc and that of Albus Dumbledore.[18] Rowling said "the series is built around [the Dumbledore and Snape storylines]", and maintained that she always knew what Snape would turn out to be at the end and that she carefully plotted his storyline throughout the series. "I had to drop clues all the way through because as you know in the seventh book when you have the revelation scene where everything shifts and you realise...what Snape's motivation was. I had to plot that through the books because at the point where you see what was really going on, it would have been an absolute cheat on the reader at that point just to show a bunch of stuff you've never seen before."[17] Rowling further said in an interview that she wanted Snape to find redemption and forgiveness: "Snape is a complicated man...he was a flawed human being, like all of us. Harry forgives him...Harry really sees the good in Snape ultimately... I wanted there to be redemption."[19]

text: Appearances

text: Snape first appears in Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone, shortly after Harry arrives at Hogwarts. He is the school's Potions Master, though he is widely rumoured to covet the Defence Against the Dark Arts post.[20] Snape himself confirms the rumour in Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix.[21] Snape is a sinister and malicious teacher who makes frequent snide and disparaging remarks at Harry's expense. He quickly becomes the primary antagonist of the book, as Harry suspects him of plotting to steal the philosopher's stone, and of attempting to kill him. Only the climax of the book reveals that Professor Quirrell, in league with Lord Voldemort, is the real enemy; Snape, suspicious of Quirrell, had been looking out for Harry throughout the book. In the final chapter, Dumbledore suggests that because Harry's father James had saved Snape's life when they were both students, even though the two detested each other, Snape felt responsible for Harry in return.[22] As the final book reveals, this is not the full story. In any case, even after Quirrell's true role is revealed, Harry retains feelings of suspicion and resentment towards Snape, and their relationship remains tense. Snape's behaviour and attitude towards Harry also remain unchanged.

text: Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets

text: Snape has a minor role in Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets, where he helps Gilderoy Lockhart oversee Hogwarts' short-lived Duelling Club,[23] but he has little interaction with the main plot. It is while attending the Duelling Club that Harry learns the Expelliarmus spell, which plays a significant role in later books, by seeing Snape use it.

text: In Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban, Snape demonstrates his expertise with potions by brewing the complex Wolfsbane potion for the new Defence Against the Dark Arts professor, Remus Lupin.[24] Throughout the third book, Snape suspects that Lupin may be helping Harry's godfather Sirius Black enter Hogwarts castle; Sirius had been convicted (wrongly, as it is later revealed) of murdering Peter Pettigrew and innocent bystanders, and betraying the Potter family's hiding place to Voldemort. This suspicion stems from Lupin's friendship with Sirius and Harry's father, James, while they were all at Hogwarts as students.[25] Near the climax of the book, Snape attempts to apprehend Sirius, but Sirius escapes with Harry's aid. Snape informs Dumbledore of this circumstance, and when Harry and Lupin are not punished, Snape retaliates by revealing to the entire school that Lupin is a werewolf, forcing the latter to resign his post.[26]

text: Prisoner of Azkaban reveals more details about the connection between Snape and James. While in school together, Sirius once tricked Snape into almost entering the Shrieking Shack while Lupin was there, transformed into a werewolf. James realised the danger and stopped Snape, saving his life; this is the incident Dumbledore referred to at the end of the first book. Snape, however, believes James' actions were self-serving, to avoid being expelled.[27]

text: Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire

text: Snape's role in the fourth novel, Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire, is not substantially different from that of the previous three books. He is apoplectic when Harry is unexpectedly entered into the Triwizard Tournament. Later Harry accidentally falls into Dumbledore's Pensieve and views memories of several Death Eater trials from years before. At one point, Snape is named as a Death Eater by Igor Karkaroff, but Dumbledore comes to Snape's defence, claiming that although Snape had indeed been a Death Eater, he changed sides before Voldemort's downfall and turned spy against him. Later, Dumbledore assures Harry that Snape's reformation is genuine, though he refuses to tell Harry how he knows this, saying the information "is a matter between Professor Snape and myself".[28]

text: At the end of the book, Dumbledore attempts to convince a disbelieving Minister for Magic, Cornelius Fudge, that Voldemort has returned. As proof, Snape willingly shows Fudge the restored Dark Mark on his arm. He is subsequently sent on a secret mission by Dumbledore. This mission, as had been implied in Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix and revealed in Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince, was to rejoin the Death Eaters and spy on Voldemort as a re-doubled agent, while pretending to spy on Dumbledore on behalf of Voldemort.

text: In the fifth novel, Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix, Snape returns to a more prominent role. With Voldemort having returned to a fully corporeal body, Snape continues working as a re-doubled agent for Dumbledore.[29] He is seen prior to the start of school at Number 12, Grimmauld Place giving reports to the Order of the Phoenix.[30] He has a very strained relationship with Sirius, who owns Grimmauld Place and must remain there in hiding. The two trade frequent snide remarks and at one point almost begin a duel. Snape taunts Sirius about the latter's not being able to take an active role in the Order's missions because of his fugitive status. Harry feels later that this taunting contributed to Sirius' willingness to take unsafe risks.[31] Back at school, Snape's allegiance to the Order has no effect on his dislike for Harry.

text: Later in the book, Dumbledore has Snape teach Harry Occlumency, the protection of the mind from outside intrusion or influence.[31] The sessions are made difficult by their mutual hostility and end prematurely when Harry uses Dumbledore's Pensieve to view one of Snape's worst childhood memories without the latter's permission. He sees the memory of Snape being bullied by James and Sirius, and of calling Harry's mother Lily a Mudblood (a highly offensive term).[25] Only in the final book is it revealed that, prior to this confrontation, Snape and Lily had been close friends.

text: Towards the end of the novel, Dolores Umbridge – the school's politically appointed headmistress – captures Harry and interrogates him about Dumbledore's whereabouts. She sends for Snape, demanding that he provide the magical truth serum Veritaserum in order to force Harry to reveal any information he may be hiding. Snape claims that his supplies of the serum have been exhausted after Umbridge tries to use the drug previously on Harry. It is later revealed that Snape had in fact supplied Umbridge with fake Veritaserum on the prior attempt. Snape then carries Harry's cryptic warning about Sirius' capture to the other Order members, allowing them to come to the rescue in the Department of Mysteries.[32] Harry still holds Snape partly responsible for Sirius' death, believing Snape's goading spurred Sirius into joining the battle.

text: Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince

text: In the second chapter of Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince, Bellatrix Lestrange and Narcissa Malfoy visit Snape at his home in Spinner's End. Narcissa's son Draco has been given a difficult task by Voldemort, and Narcissa swears Snape to an Unbreakable Vow that he will protect Draco, help him complete Voldemort's task, and finish the task himself if Draco fails. When questioned by Bellatrix about his loyalties, Snape says he has been working for Voldemort ever since Voldemort's return, and explains his actions in the previous books in that light. He points out that gaining Dumbledore's trust and protection has kept him out of Azkaban and free to operate on Voldemort's behalf.[33]

text: At the start-of-term feast at Hogwarts, Dumbledore announces Snape as the new Defence Against the Dark Arts professor. Horace Slughorn, a retired Hogwarts teacher, replaces Snape as Potions Master. With Snape no longer teaching Potions, Harry enrolls in Slughorn's class and is lent an old textbook until his new one arrives. Harry finds marginalia, including a variety of hexes and jinxes seemingly invented by an unknown student, and substantial improvements to the book's standard potion-making instructions. The text is inscribed as being "the Property of the Half-Blood Prince". The notes greatly bolster Harry's performance in Potions, so much so that he impresses Slughorn. Snape, who maintains that he "never had the impression that [he] had been able to teach Potter anything at all", is suspicious of Harry's newfound Potions success.[34]

text: Later, during a fight with Draco, Harry casts one of the Prince's spells marked "For Enemies," and is horrified by the devastating wounds it inflicts to Draco's face and chest. Snape rushes to the scene and heals Draco, then interrogates Harry regarding the spell, using Legilimency to extract the source of Harry's knowledge (the Potions textbook) from Harry's mind. When Snape insists that Harry show him his Potions textbook, Harry hides the Prince's book and gives him Ron Weasley's book instead. As punishment for the attack and knowing Harry is lying about the textbook, Snape assigns Harry detention during the final Quidditch match of the year.[35]

text: Before leaving Hogwarts to accompany Dumbledore in locating another horcrux –part of Voldemort's soul– Harry discovers from Professor Trelawney that it was Snape who overheard the prophecy and told it to Voldemort, resulting in Voldemort hunting down Harry and his parents. Despite this and Harry's angry questions, Dumbledore avers his trust in Snape. Returning to Hogwarts after retrieving Voldemort's Horcrux, Harry and Dumbledore alight atop the school's astronomy tower. Gravely weakened by the horcrux's protective potion, Dumbledore tells Harry he must fetch Snape, but before Harry can leave, Draco suddenly arrives, intending to carry out Voldemort's order to assassinate Dumbledore, closely followed by other Death Eaters (followers of Voldemort), and Snape. Snape interrupts the planned murder, killing the headmaster himself.[36] Harry, who is paralysed under his invisibility cloak by Dumbledore for his own protection, witnesses the kill, and is released upon Dumbledore's death. Enraged, he pursues Snape, Draco, and the Death Eaters as they flee the castle. Snape easily blocks Harry's spells and jeeringly points out Harry's mistakes, but never strikes back. During the confrontation, Snape reveals himself as the eponymous "Half-Blood Prince" (being the half-blood son of Muggle Tobias Snape and pure-blood Eileen Prince). Snape passes through the school gates and Disapparates with Draco in tow at the book's end.[37] The full relationship between Dumbledore and Snape and the reason for Snape's actions remain unknown until the final book. In an interview, Rowling mentioned that at this point in the series, the Harry–Snape relationship has become "as personal, if not more so, than Harry–Voldemort."[38]

text: Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows

text: In Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, Voldemort and his Death Eaters have tightened their grip on the wizarding world. Snape is named Headmaster of Hogwarts, while Death Eaters Alecto and Amycus Carrow are appointed as Hogwarts staff. The novel focuses largely on Harry and his friends and events outside the school; therefore Snape plays a limited role at the start. In the course of the book, Harry and his friends find out that a few students attempted to steal the Sword of Godric Gryffindor, and that Snape subsequently sent it to be stored at Gringotts Wizarding Bank; however, that sword was only a copy. Later on, Harry and Ron are led to find the real sword by a Patronus taking the form of a doe.[39] (Towards the end of the book, Harry learns that this was Snape's Patronus, taking the same shape as Harry's mother Lily's Patronus, a visible sign of his lifelong love for Harry's mother, and that Dumbledore had asked Snape to ensure that Harry gained possession of the sword.[40] The novel also reveals that Snape had covertly used his position as Headmaster to protect the students and to contain the Carrows.[40])

text: Towards the end of the school year, Professors McGonagall, Flitwick, and Sprout force Snape to flee the school.[41] Voldemort summons Snape to the Shrieking Shack. Erroneously believing Snape is the master of the Elder Wand and that Snape's death will make him the master of the Wand, Voldemort kills Snape by having his pet snake Nagini bite him through the neck.[42] The dying Snape releases a cloud of memories and tells Harry, who has watched the entire scene from a hidden spot, to take and view them.

text: From these memories, Harry sees Snape's childhood and learns his true loyalties. In this vision, Harry learns that Snape befriended Lily as a child when they lived near each other. Upon their arrival at Hogwarts, the Sorting Hat placed Snape and Lily into Slytherin and Gryffindor Houses, respectively. They remained friends for the next few years until they were driven apart by Snape's interest in the Dark Arts; the friendship finally ended following the bullying episode that Harry had briefly seen in the fifth book, in which Snape calls Lily "Mudblood". Despite this separation and Snape's enduring animosity toward Lily's eventual husband James Potter, Snape continued to love Lily for the rest of his life.

text: The memories also show that as a Death Eater, Snape had revealed to Voldemort a prophecy made by Sybill Trelawney, causing Voldemort to attempt to prevent it by killing Harry and his parents. Snape, who had not realised until too late that the prophecy was referring to Lily and her family, asked Voldemort to spare Lily. Still in terror for her life, he also approached Dumbledore, admitted his actions, and begged him to protect the Potters. Dumbledore chided him for thinking only of himself and not of Lily's husband and child, but agreed and ensured that they were placed under the Fidelius Charm. In return, Snape secretly allied himself with Dumbledore and the Order of the Phoenix as a double agent against Voldemort, using his powers of Occlumency to hide his betrayal from Voldemort. However, Snape demanded of Dumbledore that his love for Lily (his reason for switching sides) be kept a secret, especially from Harry, because of the deep animosity he felt towards Harry's father and his mixed feelings towards Harry (who reminded him of both his love for Lily Potter and her death, and his animosity towards James Potter). Dumbledore agreed and kept the secret throughout his life, although questioning Snape's request to "never reveal the best of you". Even with his efforts to protect her, Snape felt responsible for Lily's death at Voldemort's hands.

text: Snape's memories then reveal that Dumbledore had impetuously tried to use the Gaunt ring, which had been cursed by Voldemort, and had been suffering from a powerful curse. Snape's knowledge of the Dark Arts enabled him to slow the spread of the curse from Dumbledore's hand through his body, but he would have died within a year. Dumbledore, aware that Voldemort had ordered Draco to kill him, had asked Snape to kill him instead as a way of sparing the boy's soul and of preventing his own otherwise slow, painful death. Although Snape was reluctant, even asking about the impact of such an action on his own soul, Dumbledore implied that this kind of coup de grâce would not damage a human's soul in the same way murder would.[40] Snape agreed to do as the Headmaster requested. Snape's memories also provide Harry with the information he needs to ensure Voldemort's final defeat, in the form of conversations Snape had with Dumbledore.[40]

text: Rowling noted in an interview that because Snape abandoned his post before dying or officially retiring, a portrait of him does not immediately appear in the Headmaster's office following his death. She adds, however, that she would like to think Harry made Snape's true loyalty and heroism known in the Wizarding world, and that he lobbied to ensure that a portrait be installed in the office.[43] In a separate interview, Rowling discussed Snape's back story, saying she had planned it ever since she wrote the first book because the whole series is built around it and she considers him one of the most important characters of the seventh book.[17]

text: Epilogue

text: In the epilogue to Deathly Hallows, set nineteen years after Harry defeats Voldemort, Harry has named his second-born son Albus Severus, after Albus Dumbledore and Severus Snape. As Albus is about to enter his first year at Hogwarts, he expresses concern that he will be sorted into Slytherin. Harry tells his son, "you were named for two headmasters of Hogwarts. One of them [Snape] was a Slytherin and he was probably the bravest man I ever knew."[44]

text: Appearances in other material

text: Harry Potter and the Cursed Child

text: When Draco and Astoria Greengrass' son Scorpius Malfoy finds himself in an alternate timeline in which Voldemort won the Battle of Hogwarts, killed Harry and his allies and instituted a terrible reign of terror, he desperately searches for help in restoring history to its original course. He finds that in this reality Snape is still alive and still teaches at Hogwarts, and asks for his help. At first Snape is suspicious of him, since this timeline's version of Scorpius is a bully and a Voldemort stalwart. But when Scorpius shows that he knows of Snape having been in love with Lily, Harry's mother - Snape's most closely guarded secret - Snape becomes convinced that he does indeed come from a different timeline where Harry and his friends won. Snape then reveals that he, together with the fugitive Ron and Hermione Granger, maintain the last remnants of Dumbledore's Army - still waging hopeless resistance against the all-powerful Voldemort. In talking with Scorpius, Snape had learned that Harry would name his son "Albus Severus" and would regard Snape as "probably the bravest man I ever knew" - and is deeply moved. Though having guessed that in the other timeline he would die, Snape nevertheless willingly helps Scorpius recreate this timeline - and being discovered by Dementors, Snape sacrifices himself in order to cover Scorpius' escape.

text: Portrayal in films

text: Severus Snape appears in all eight Harry Potter films,[45] portrayed by British actor Alan Rickman. Rickman was Rowling's personal choice to portray the character.[46] He had conversations with Rowling about his character and is one of the few Harry Potter actors that she spoke to prior to the completion of the book series about the future direction of the character.[47] "He knew very early on that he'd been in love with Lily," said Rowling. "He needed to understand […] where this bitterness towards this boy who's the living example of her preference for another man came from."[48]

text: Rickman used this knowledge of Snape's ultimate loyalties throughout the films to decide how to play certain scenes, deliver specific lines, or use body language to convey specific emotions.[49] When the directors of the films would ask him why he was doing a scene a certain way or delivering a line in a specific manner, Rickman would simply reply that he knew something they didn't.[49]

text: Rickman himself refrained from talking about Snape, asking readers to wait and "see what unfolds" in the course of the novels; however, he did say Snape is a complicated person, very rigid and full of himself; in an interview he went further, saying: "Snape isn't one who enjoys jokes and I strongly fear that his sense of humour is extremely limited... But in his defence, I will add that he didn't have an easy adolescence, particularly during his studies at Hogwarts."[50] He also said Snape is a fascinating character, and that he takes immense pleasure in playing such an ambiguous person.[51]

text: Rickman's performance as Snape was widely acclaimed by critics, fans and Rowling herself. Entertainment Weekly listed Rickman as one of the most popular movie stars in 2007 for his performance as Snape, saying: "As the icy, humourless magic instructor Severus Snape, Rickman may not be on screen long—but he owns every minute."[52] Rickman also noted fans' reactions; in an interview, he said he found "that people in general adore Snape. He is sarcastic, stubborn, etc, etc. But he is also fascinating. I have a lot of fun impersonating him."[51] Rickman was nominated for several awards for his portrayal of Snape, and in 2011, was elected the best character portrayal in all the Harry Potter films series.[53]

text: In 2011, Empire magazine published an open letter from Rickman to J.K. Rowling, ruminating on the ten years of working on the Potter films and thanking her for telling the story.[54]

text: In Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix, the fifteen-year-old Snape (portrayed by Alec Hopkins) makes a brief appearance in a flashback to Snape’s youth. In the final film, Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2, the younger Snape, perhaps ten or eleven, is played by Benedict Clarke.  In 2016, a fan film prequel, Severus Snape and the Marauders, was released online and Snape was played by Mick Ignis.[55]

text: Before Alan Rickman was offered the role of Severus Snape, the role was originally offered to Tim Roth,[56] who turned the role down in favour of portraying General Thade in Planet of the Apes.[57]

text: Characterisation

text: Outward appearance

text: Snape is described as a thin man with sallow skin, a large, hooked nose, and yellow, uneven teeth. He has shoulder-length, greasy black hair which frames his face, and cold, black eyes. He wears black, flowing robes which give him the appearance of "an overgrown bat".[58] The youthful Snape had a "stringy, pallid look", being "round-shouldered yet angular", having a "twitchy" walk "that recalled a spider" and "long oily hair that jumped about his face".[25]

text: In the chapter illustrations by Mary GrandPré in the American editions of The Prisoner of Azkaban, The Order of the Phoenix, and The Half-Blood Prince, Snape is depicted with a moustache and goatee, long black hair, and a receding hairline.

text: Personality

text: Snape is generally depicted as being cold, calculating, precise, sarcastic, and bitter. He strongly dislikes Harry and often insults him by insulting his father James. As the series progresses, it is revealed that his treatment of Harry stems from Snape's bitter rivalry with James when they were in school together. In particular, James and Sirius bullied Snape, which according to Alan Rickman caused the already lonely boy to further "shut himself in".[51] Rowling further described the young Snape as insecure and vulnerable: "Given his time over again [Snape] would not have become a Death Eater, but like many insecure, vulnerable people he craved membership of something big and powerful, something impressive.[...] [He] was so blinded by his attraction to the dark side he thought [Lily] would find him impressive if he became a real Death Eater."[3]

text: The adult Snape, on the other hand, is portrayed as very self-assured and confident of his abilities, to a degree that Rickman described as "full of himself."[50] Director David Yates said Snape is a character with gravitas, authority and power.[59] Snape typically displays a very calm and collected demeanour, rarely at a loss for words or taken off guard. His temper, however, is sometimes short where Harry is concerned and positively flares when dealing with his erstwhile tormentor Sirius, or when accused of cowardice. His otherwise impassive and aloof attitude seems to stem from his belief that people who cannot control their emotions are weak.[31]

text: Like some other prominent members of Slytherin house, Snape is shown to be a clever and cunning wizard.[42][60] He is intelligent and has a keen, analytical mind. In an interview, Rowling adds that Snape is immensely brave,[19] and when asked if she considers Snape a hero, replied: "Yes, I do; though a very flawed hero. An anti-hero, perhaps. He is not a particularly likeable man in many ways. He remains rather cruel, a bully, riddled with bitterness and insecurity—and yet he loved, and showed loyalty to that love and, ultimately, laid down his life because of it. That's pretty heroic!"[3]

text: Magical abilities and skills

text: All seven novels show Snape to be a very powerful wizard and to have been outstanding while a student. He specialises in potion making and has talent and passion for the Dark Arts. Sirius claimed that Snape knew more hexes and curses as a first-year student at Hogwarts than most seventh-years knew.[60] Particularly gifted in potion making, Snape added major improvements to his Potions textbook while still a student. Also as a student, Snape shows a rare gift for discovering new spells. Lupin describes Sectumsempra as Snape's "speciality" in Deathly Hallows.[61] Snape is shown using this spell as a teenager against Harry's father James[25] and in the aerial battle in the last novel when he accidentally hits George Weasley (acting as a Potter decoy) with it while actually aiming for a Death Eater who was trying to attack Lupin, permanently severing George's right ear. Despite Sectumsempra's deadly power, Snape can also heal the wounds it causes.[35] Snape is adept at reversing or containing fatal damage from other dark curses as well, due to his vast knowledge of Dark Arts, as he does when Dumbledore[40] and then Katie Bell[62] are cursed. Skilful in the arts of Legilimency and especially Occlumency, Snape is able to both access the minds of others and protect his own thoughts—indeed, though Snape does not care for the term himself, Harry forms the uncomfortable impression early in the series that the Potions Master is able to "read minds." Being an Occlumens, Snape is able to keep his betrayal from Voldemort, who is himself described as being "the greatest Legilimens" in history.[33] According to Rowling, Snape is the only Death Eater capable of producing a full Patronus, which, like Lily's, is a doe.[3] Snape is a talented duellist, able to hold off by himself (if only briefly) a group of three Hogwarts professors that included former duelling champion Filius Flitwick. Professor McGonagall later implies that Snape learned to fly without the use of a broom, a rare skill previously displayed only by Voldemort.[41]

text: Family

text: Snape's family background is mostly shown in flashbacks during the course of the last three novels. Snape was born to Eileen Prince, a witch, and Tobias Snape, a Muggle, making him a half-blood (hence the name, "Half-Blood Prince"). This is rare for a Death Eater, as remarked in the last book, though Voldemort himself also had a Muggle father. Snape spent his early childhood living with his parents in a small house in Spinner's End. Snape's family was a poor one and he is described as wearing ill-fitting clothes "that were so mis-matched that it looked deliberate". As a child, Snape was apparently neglected and his parents often fought with one another. Snape was very eager to leave his home to go to Hogwarts.[40] Towards the end of the last novel, Harry draws parallels between his childhood, Snape's, and Voldemort's.[63]

text: Loyalties

text: Snape's true loyalty was one of the most significant questions in the series up until the end of the final instalment, Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows. Although the first five novels depict him as unfair and vindictive towards Harry and his friends, he invariably ends up protecting or otherwise helping them when they or their allies are in danger. Several characters express doubts about his loyalty, but Dumbledore's trust in him is generally taken to be the final word. The sixth novel, Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince, departs from that model. In the second chapter, Snape claims to have been working for Voldemort ever since the latter's return, and only pretending to help Dumbledore.[33] By killing Dumbledore toward the end of the novel, Snape seems to place himself firmly in Voldemort's camp.[36] Rowling maintains this impression through the early chapters of the seventh novel. However, near the climax of the book, Snape leaves Harry his dying thoughts (to be viewed in the Pensieve) and ultimately reveals to Harry that he had been loyal to Albus Dumbledore throughout the series.[40] Snape's fierce devotion to and love of his childhood friend Lily, Harry's mother, is the foundation of that loyalty.[40]

text: After Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince, Snape's loyalty was a matter of intense debate among the fans. The issue was given special attention in the marketing campaigns on behalf of the last book, Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows. "Is Snape Good or Evil?" was one of the questions in Scholastic Inc.'s seven-question series, part of its marketing campaign for the book.[64] As part of the Waldenbooks marketing campaign, two free stickers, one that said "Trust Snape" and another that stated "Snape Is A Very Bad Man" were available with the book. Borders Group published a separate book on the topic, The Great Snape Debate, containing essays and arguments from both sides of the debate.[65][66]

text: Reception

text:
The secretive attitude and gradual unfolding of Snape's character was broadly admired, with Stephen Fry, the UK audio books narrator, saying in 2003: "Most characters like Snape are hard to love but there is a sort of ambiguity—you can’t quite decide—something sad about him—lonely and it’s fascinating when you think he’s going to be the evil one..., then slowly you get this idea he’s not so bad after all."[67] David Yates, who directed the final four films of the series, also expressed his views on the character, saying: "A character like Snape, where you're not really sure if he's a good guy or a bad guy, that gives you a latent tension... I think the coolest thing you can do with an audience is deny them a little bit of information."[59] Despite being less than kind, the character quickly gained popularity within fandom to a level that surprised Rowling herself.[8] Joyce Millman suggests in her essay "To Sir with Love" in the book Mapping the World of Harry Potter, that Snape is derived from a tradition of Byronic heroes such as Wuthering Heights' Heathcliff.[68]
Jenny Sawyer from The Christian Science Monitor commented on the character's development in the series.[69] She claimed that Snape is the only protagonist who genuinely has a choice to make and who struggles to do the right thing, hence the only one to face a "compelling inner crisis". She believed the popularity of the character is due to the moral journey and inner conflict that Snape undergoes within the series, as it is the hero's struggle and costly redemption that really matter: "[Snape's] character ached for resolution. And it is precisely this need for resolution—our desire to know the real Snape and to understand his choices—that makes him the most compelling character in the Potter epic."

text: The final revelation of Snape's loyalty in Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows was viewed positively by fans and critics alike. Daniel Radcliffe, who portrays Harry Potter in the movie series, expressed his delight, saying he was pleased to see that his theory that Snape would end up being a sort of tragic hero came through.[70] Elizabeth Hand from The Washington Post wrote, "The much-maligned loner Snape does not come onstage until the latter part of "Deathly Hallows," but when he does the book becomes his: Snape's fate, more than Voldemort's, perhaps more even than Harry's, is the most heartbreaking, surprising and satisfying of all of Rowling's achievements."[2]

text: IGN listed Snape as their 4th top Harry Potter character, saying that he makes "quite an impact in the Harry Potter series",[71] and IGN's Joe Utichi called Snape his favourite Harry Potter character and praised his character development.[72] Shortly after the release of the final film, MTV held a public poll for fans to vote for the best character in the series, and Snape was voted #1.[73] Around the same time, Empire magazine held a public poll for fans to vote for the 25 greatest characters in the series, and Snape once again came in at #1.[74] In May 2011, Snape was again voted as the #1 favourite Harry Potter character in a public poll held by the Bloomsbury publishing house.[75] In 2014, Watchmojo.com ranked him #1 on their "Top 10 Harry Potter Characters" list (beating Harry Potter; who is ranked #2) while they ranked him #3 on their "Top 10 Most Gut-Wrenching Harry Potter Deaths" list two years later.

text: In popular culture

text: The character of Severus Snape has appeared in various animated parodies of Harry Potter. He is a starring character in Neil Cicierega's online Potter Puppet Pals parodies, and has a centric episode titled Bothering Snape. Also, the video The Mysterious Ticking Noise with the chorus "Snape, Snape, Severus Snape" was the winner for "Best Comedy" of the year 2007 at YouTube; it currently has over 170 million views.[76] Snape is also parodied as Professor Santory Snapekin in Sluggy Freelance's webcomic entitled Torg Potter. In the first parody, Torg defeats a plot by Professor Snapekin to achieve ultimate power.[77]

text: In a 2004 sketch on Saturday Night Live in which Lindsay Lohan appears as Hermione Granger, Snape is portrayed by Will Forte.[78] Snape has also been parodied in UK television. Comic Relief released a story called Harry Potter and the Secret Chamberpot of Azerbaijan, in which Snape is played by Jeremy Irons.[79][80] Snape appeared in a Harry Potter parody named "Louis Potter and the Philosopher's Scone" in Alistair McGowan's Big Impression show, played by Alistair McGowan himself.[81][82] In the Harry Bladder sketches in All That, Snape appears as Professor Chafe (portrayed by Jeremy Rowley), whose legs were badly chafed, causing him to be unnecessarily mean. Many sketches feature students brewing potions that did silly things, like enlarge students' behinds, give males large breasts, or change people into bras. In a sketch comedy named "Cooking With..." on Australian TV series The Wedge, Snape catches Harry and Hermione making love.[83] In A Very Potter Musical, Snape is played by actor Joe Moses.


document_title: El Clásico

question_text: who has scored more goals messi or ronaldo in el clasico

root

text: El Clásico

text: Rivalry

text: History

text: The conflict between Real Madrid and Barcelona has long surpassed the sporting dimension,[13][14] so that elections to the clubs' presidencies are strongly politicized.[15]

tag: p

text: As early as the 1930s, Barcelona "had developed a reputation as a symbol of Catalan identity, opposed to the centralising tendencies of Madrid".[16][17] In 1936, when Francisco Franco started the Coup d'état against the democratic Second Spanish Republic, the president of Barcelona, Josep Sunyol, member of the Republican Left of Catalonia and Deputy to The Cortes, was arrested and executed without trial by Franco's troops[15] (Sunyol was exercising his political activities, visiting Republican troops north of Madrid).[16]

text: Barcelona was on top of the list of organizations to be purged by the National faction, just after communists, anarchists, and independentists.[15][18] During the Franco dictatorship, most citizens of Barcelona were in strong opposition to the fascist-like régime. Phil Ball, the author of Morbo: The Story of Spanish Football, says about the match; "they hate each other with an intensity that can truly shock the outsider".[19]

text: During the dictatorships of Miguel Primo de Rivera and of Francisco Franco, all regional languages and identities in Spain were frowned upon and restrained. In this period, Barcelona gained their motto Més que un club (English: More than a club) because of its alleged connection to Catalan nationalist as well as to progressive beliefs.[20] During Franco's regime, however, Barcelona was granted profit due to its good relationship with the dictator at management level, even giving two awards to him.[21] The links between senior Real Madrid representatives and the Francoist regime were undeniable;[15] for most of the Catalans, Real Madrid was regarded as "the establishment club", despite the fact that presidents of both clubs like Josep Sunyol and Rafael Sánchez Guerra, suffered at the hands of Franco's supporters in the Spanish Civil War.[16][22][23]

text: The image for both clubs was further affected by the creation of Ultras groups, some of which became hooligans. In 1980, Ultras Sur was founded as a far-right-leaning Real Madrid ultras group, followed in 1981 by the foundation of the initially left-leaning and later on far-right, Barcelona ultras group Boixos Nois. Both groups became known for their violent acts,[15][24][25] and one of the most conflictive factions of Barcelona supporters, the Casuals, became a full-fledged criminal organisation.[26]

text: For many people, Barcelona is still considered as "the rebellious club", or the alternative pole to "Real Madrid's conservatism".[27][28] According to polls released by CIS (Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas), Real Madrid is the favorite team of most of the Spanish residents, while Barcelona stands in the second position. In Catalonia, forces of all the political spectrum are overwhelmingly in favour of Barcelona. Nevertheless, the support of the blaugrana club goes far beyond from that region, earning its best results among young people, sustainers of a federal structure of Spain and citizens with left-wing ideology, in contrast with Real Madrid fans which politically tend to adopt right-wing views.[29][30]

text: 1943 Copa del Generalísimo semi-finals

text: On 13 June 1943, Real Madrid beat Barcelona 11–1 at home in the second leg of a semi-final of the Copa del Generalísimo, the Copa del Rey having been renamed in honour of General Franco.[31] The first leg, played at Barcelona's Les Corts stadium in Catalonia, had ended with Barcelona winning 3–0. Madrid complained about all the three goals that referee Fombona Fernández had allowed for Barcelona,[32] with the home supporters also whistling Madrid throughout, whom they accused of employing roughhouse tactics, and Fombona for allowing them to. A campaign began in Madrid. Barcelona player Josep Valle recalled: "The press officer at the DND and ABC newspaper wrote all sorts of scurrilous lies, really terrible things, winding up the Madrid fans like never before". While former Real Madrid goalkeeper Eduardo Teus, who admitted that Madrid had "above all played hard", wrote in a newspaper: "the ground itself made Madrid concede two of the three goals, goals that were totally unfair".[33]

text: Barcelona fans were banned from traveling to Madrid. Real Madrid released a statement after the match which former club president (1985–1995) Ramón Mendoza explained, "The message got through that those fans who wanted to could go to El Club bar on Calle de la Victoria where Madrid's social center was. There, they were given a whistle. Others had whistles handed to them with their tickets." The day of the second leg, the Barcelona team were insulted and stones were thrown at their bus as soon as they left their hotel. Barcelona's striker Mariano Gonzalvo said of the incident, "Five minutes before the game had started, our penalty area was already full of coins." Barcelona goalkeeper Lluis Miró rarely approached his line—when he did, he was armed with stones. As Francisco Calvet told the story, "They were shouting: Reds! Separatists!... a bottle just missed Sospedra that would have killed him if it had hit him. It was all set up."[34]

text: Real Madrid went 2–0 up within half an hour. The third goal brought with it a sending off for Barcelona's Benito García after he made what Calvet claimed was a "completely normal tackle". Madrid's José Llopis Corona recalled, "At which point, they got a bit demoralized," while Mur countered, "at which point, we thought: 'go on then, score as many as you want'." Madrid scored in minutes 31', 33', 35', 39', 43' and 44', as well as two goals ruled out for offside, made it 8–0. Basilo de la Morena had been caught out by the speed of the goals. In that atmosphere and with a referee who wanted to avoid any complications, it was humanly impossible to play... If the azulgranas had played badly, really badly, the scoreboard would still not have reached that astronomical figure. The point is that they did not play at all." Both clubs were fined 2,500 pesetas by the Royal Spanish Football Federation and, although Barcelona appealed, it made no difference. Piñeyro resigned in protest, complaining of "a campaign that the press has run against Barcelona for a week and which culminated in the shameful day at Chamartín".[35][36]

text: The match report in the newspaper La Prensa described Barcelona's only goal as a "reminder that there was a team there who knew how to play football and that if they did not do so that afternoon, it was not exactly their fault".[37] Another newspaper called the scoreline "as absurd as it was abnormal".[32] According to football writer Sid Lowe, "There have been relatively few mentions of the game [since] and it is not a result that has been particularly celebrated in Madrid. Indeed, the 11–1 occupies a far more prominent place in Barcelona's history. This was the game that first formed the identification of Madrid as the team of the dictatorship and Barcelona as its victims."[32] Fernando Argila, Barcelona's reserve goalkeeper from the game, said, "There was no rivalry. Not, at least, until that game."[38]

text: Di Stéfano transfer

text: The rivalry was intensified during the 1950s when the clubs disputed the signing of Alfredo Di Stéfano. Di Stéfano had impressed both Barcelona and Real Madrid while playing for Los Millionarios in Bogotá, Colombia, during a players' strike in his native Argentina.[39] Both Real Madrid and Barcelona attempted to sign him and, due to confusion that emerged from Di Stéfano moving to Millonarios from River Plate following the strike, both clubs claimed to own his registration.[39] After intervention from FIFA representative Muñoz Calero, it was decided that both Barcelona and Real Madrid had to share the player in alternate seasons. Barcelona's humiliated president was forced to resign by the Barcelona board, with the interim board cancelling Di Stéfano's contract.[39] This ended the long struggle for Di Stéfano, as he moved definitively to Real Madrid.[39]

text: Di Stéfano became integral in the subsequent success achieved by Real Madrid, scoring twice in his first game against Barcelona. With him, Real Madrid won the initial five European Champions Cup competitions. The 1960s saw the rivalry reach the European stage when they met twice at the European Cup, Real Madrid winning in 1960 and Barcelona winning in 1961.

text: Luís Figo Transfer

text: In 2000, Real Madrid's then-presidential candidate, Florentino Pérez, offered Barcelona's vice-captain Luís Figo $2.4 million just to sign an agreement binding him to Madrid if he won the elections. If the player broke the deal, he would have to pay Pérez $30 million in compensation. When his agent confirmed the deal, Figo denied everything, insisting, "I'll stay at Barcelona whether Pérez wins or loses." He accused the presidential candidate of "lying" and "fantasizing". He told Barcelona teammates Luis Enrique and Pep Guardiola he was not leaving and they conveyed the message to the Barcelona squad.[40]

text: On 9 July, Sport ran an interview in which he said, "I want to send a message of calm to Barcelona's fans, for whom I always have and always will feel great affection. I want to assure them that Luís Figo will, with absolute certainty, be at the Camp Nou on the 24th to start the new season... I’ve not signed a pre-contract with a presidential candidate at Real Madrid. No. I'm not so mad as to do a thing like that."[40]

text: The only way Barcelona could prevent Figo's transfer to Real Madrid was to pay the penalty clause, $30 million. That would have effectively meant paying the fifth highest transfer fee in history to sign their own player. Barcelona's new president, Joan Gaspart, called the media and told them, "Today, Figo gave me the impression that he wanted to do two things: get richer and stay at Barça." Only one of them happened. The following day, 24 July, Figo was presented in Madrid and handed his new shirt by Alfredo Di Stéfano. His buyout clause was set at $180 million. Gaspart later admitted, "Figo's move destroyed us."[41]

text: On his return to Barcelona in a Real Madrid shirt, banners with "Judas", "Scum" and "Mercenary" were hung around the stadium. Thousands of fake 10,000 peseta notes had been printed and emblazoned with his image, were among the missiles of oranges, bottles, cigarette lighters, even a couple of mobile phones were thrown at him.[42] In his third season with Real Madrid, the 2002 Clásico at Camp Nou produced one of the defining images of the rivalry. Figo was mercilessly taunted throughout; missiles of coins, a knife, a whisky bottle, were raining down from the stands, mostly from areas populated by the Boixos Nois where he had been taking a corner. Among the debris was a pig's head.[43][44]

text: Recent issues

text: During the last three decades, the rivalry has been augmented by the modern Spanish tradition of the Pasillo, where one team is given the guard of honor by the other team, once the former clinches the La Liga trophy before El Clásico takes place. This has happened in three occasions. First, during El Clásico that took place on 30 April 1988, where Real Madrid won the championship on the previous round. Then, three years later, when Barcelona won the championship two rounds before El Clásico on 8 June 1991.[45] The last pasillo, and most recent, took place on 7 May 2008, and this time Real Madrid had won the championship.[46]

text: The two teams met again in the UEFA Champions League semi-final in 2002, with Real Madrid winning 2–0 in Barcelona and a 1–1 draw in Madrid. The match was dubbed by Spanish media as the "Match of the Century".[47]

text: While El Clásico is regarded as one of the fiercest rivalries in world football, there have been rare moments when fans have shown praise for a player on the opposing team. In 1980, Laurie Cunningham was the first Real Madrid player to receive applause from Barcelona fans at Camp Nou; after excelling during the match, and with Madrid winning 2–0, Cunningham left the field to a standing ovation from the locals.[48][49] On 26 June 1983, during the second leg of the Copa de la Liga final at the Santiago Bernabéu in Madrid, having dribbled past the Real Madrid goalkeeper, Barcelona star Diego Maradona ran towards an empty goal before stopping just as the Madrid defender came sliding in an attempt to block the shot and crashed into the post, before Maradona slotted the ball into the net.[48] The manner of Maradona's goal led to many Madrid fans inside the stadium start applauding.[48][50] In November 2005, Ronaldinho became the second Barcelona player to receive a standing ovation from Madrid fans at the Santiago Bernabéu.[48] After dribbling through the Madrid defence twice to score two goals in a 3–0 win, Madrid fans paid homage to his performance with applause.[51][52] On 21 November 2015, Andrés Iniesta became the third Barcelona player to receive applause from Real Madrid fans while he was substituted during a 4–0 away win, with Iniesta scoring Barça's third.[53]

text: A 2007 survey by the Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas showed that 32% of the Spanish population supported Real Madrid, while 25% supported Barcelona. In third place came Valencia, with 5%.[54] According to a poll performed by Ikerfel in 2011, Barcelona is the most popular team in Spain with 44% of preferences, while Real Madrid is second with 37%. Atlético Madrid, Valencia and Athletic Bilbao complete the top five.[55] Both clubs have a global fanbase and are the world's two most followed sports teams on social media—on Facebook, as of March 2016, Barcelona has 91 million fans, Real Madrid has 87 million fans.[11][56]

text: The rivalry intensified in 2011 where, due to the final of the Copa Del Rey and the meeting of the two in the UEFA Champions League, Barcelona and Real Madrid were scheduled to meet each other four times in 18 days. Several accusations of unsportsmanlike behaviour from both teams and a war of words erupted throughout the fixtures which included four red cards. Spain national team coach Vicente del Bosque stated that he was "concerned" that due to the rising hatred between the two clubs, that this could cause friction in the Spain team.[57]

text: In recent years, the rivalry has been "encapsulated" by the rivalry between Cristiano Ronaldo and Lionel Messi.[58] Following the star signings of Neymar and Luis Suárez to Barcelona, and Gareth Bale and Karim Benzema to Madrid, the rivalry has been expanded to a battle of the clubs attacking trios, "BBC" (Bale, Benzema, Cristiano) against "MSN" (Messi, Suárez, Neymar).[59]

text: Results

text:
Matches
Wins
Draws
Goals
Home Wins
Home Draws
Away Wins

M
B
M
B
M
B
M
B
M
B

La Liga
176
72
70
34
286
282
52
49
15
19
20
21

Copa del Rey
33
12
14
7
64
63
5
7
5
2
3
5

Copa de la Liga
6
0
2
4
8
13
0
1
2
2
0
1

Supercopa de España
14
8
4
2
30
18
6
4
1
1
2
0

Champions League
8
3
2
3
13
10
1
1
2
1
2
1

All competitions
237
95
92
50
401
386
64
61
25
25
27
28

Friendly
34
4
20
10
44
86
3
11
4
6
1
8

All matches
271
99
112
60
445
472
67
72
29
31
28
36

tag: table

text: Records

text: Biggest wins (5+ goals)

text:
10
Real Madrid 11–1 Barcelona
19 June 1943
Copa del Rey

6
Real Madrid 8–2 Barcelona
3 February 1935
La Liga

5
Barcelona 7–2 Real Madrid
24 September 1950
La Liga

Barcelona 6–1 Real Madrid
19 May 1957
Copa del Rey

Real Madrid 6–1 Barcelona
18 September 1949
La Liga

Barcelona 5–0 Real Madrid
21 April 1935

Barcelona 5–0 Real Madrid
25 March 1945

Real Madrid 5–0 Barcelona
5 October 1953

Real Madrid 0–5 Barcelona
17 February 1974

Barcelona 5–0 Real Madrid
8 January 1994

Real Madrid 5–0 Barcelona
7 January 1995

Barcelona 5–0 Real Madrid
29 November 2010

text: Longest runs

text: Most consecutive wins

text:
Games
Club
Period

6
Barcelona
25 January 1948 – 15 January 1949

6
Real Madrid
30 September 1962 – 28 February 1965

5
Real Madrid
5 March 1933 – 3 February 1935

5
Barcelona
13 December 2008 – 29 November 2010

text: Most consecutive draws

text:
Games
Period

3
11 September 1991 – 7 March 1992

3
1 May 2002 – 20 April 2003

text: Most consecutive matches without a draw

text:
Games
Period

18
25 January 1948 – 21 November 1954

17
23 November 1960 – 19 March 1967

14
4 December 1977 – 4 June 1983

12
19 May 1957 – 27 April 1960

10
5 March 1933 – 28 January 1940

text: Longest undefeated runs

text:
Games
Club
Period

14
Real Madrid
31 January 1931 – 3 February 1935

13
Barcelona
1 November 1917 – 3 June 1928

text: Longest undefeated runs in the league

text:
Games
Club
Period

7 (5 Wins)
Real Madrid
31 January 1932 – 3 February 1935

7 (5 Wins)
Barcelona
13 December 2008 – 10 December 2011

6 (6 Wins)
Real Madrid
30 September 1962 – 28 February 1965

6 (4 Wins)
Barcelona
11 May 1997 – 13 October 1999

6 (3 Wins)
Barcelona
28 November 1971 – 17 February 1974

5 (4 Wins)
Barcelona
30 March 1947 – 15 January 1949

5 (3 Wins)
Barcelona
11 May 1975 – 30 January 1977

text: Most consecutive matches without conceding a goal

text:
Games
Club
Period

5
Barcelona
3 April 1972 – 17 February 1974

3
Barcelona
10 January 1914 – 7 March 1916

3
Real Madrid
29 June 1974 – 11 May 1975

3
Barcelona
29 November 2009 – 29 November 2010

text: Most consecutive games scoring

text:
Games
Club
Period

23
Barcelona
27 April 2011 – 13 August 2017

18
Real Madrid
3 May 2011 – 22 March 2015

17
Barcelona
27 November 1982 – 31 January 1987

14
Real Madrid
15 February 1959 – 21 January 1962

14
Real Madrid
5 December 1990 – 16 December 1993

13
Real Madrid
1 December 1946 – 23 November 1952

13
Real Madrid
22 April 1962 – 9 April 1968

12
Barcelona
26 March 1916 – 26 April 1926

11
Barcelona
11 September 1991 – 7 May 1994

10
Barcelona
30 January 1997 – 13 October 1999

text: Goalscoring

text: Top goalscorers

text: Players in bold are still active

tag: ul

text:
Player
Club
La Liga
Copa
Super Cup
League Cup
Europe
Total

 Lionel Messi
Barcelona
18
—
6
—
2
26[note 1]

  Alfredo Di Stéfano
Real Madrid
14
2
2
—
—
18

 Cristiano Ronaldo
Real Madrid
9
5
4
—
—
18

 Raúl
Real Madrid
11
—
3
—
1
15

 César
Barcelona
12
2
—
—
—
14

 Francisco Gento
Real Madrid
10
2
—
—
2
14

  Ferenc Puskás
Real Madrid
9
2
—
—
3
14

 Santillana
Real Madrid
9
2
—
1
—
12

 Hugo Sánchez
Real Madrid
8
—
2
—
—
10

 Juanito
Real Madrid
8
—
—
2
—
10

 Josep Samitier
Barca / Real
4
6
—
—
—
10

 Estanislao Basora
Barcelona
8
1
—
—
—
9

 Jaime Lazcano
Real Madrid
8
—
—
—
—
8

 Karim Benzema
Real Madrid
6
1
1
—
—
8

 Iván Zamorano
Real Madrid
4
2
2
—
—
8

 Eulogio Martínez
Barcelona
2
5
—
—
1
8

 Luis Suárez
Barcelona
2
4
—
—
2
8

 Santiago Bernabéu
Real Madrid
—
8
—
—
—
8

text: Consecutive goalscoring

text:
Player
Club
Consecutive matches
Total goals in the run
Start
End

 Cristiano Ronaldo
Real Madrid
6
7
2011–12 Copa del Rey (1st leg)
2012–13 La Liga (7th round)

 Iván Zamorano
Real Madrid
5
5
1992–93 La Liga (20th Round)
1993 Supercopa de España (2nd leg)

 Simón Lecue
Real Madrid
4
5
1935–36 La Liga (7th Round)
1939–40 La Liga (9th Round)

 Ronaldinho
Barcelona
4
5
2004–05 La Liga (12th Round)
2005–06 La Liga (31st Round)

 Giovanni
Barcelona
4
4
1997 Supercopa de España (1st leg)
1997–98 La Liga (28th Round)

text: Most hat-tricks

text: Five players have been able to score more than one hat trick: Jaime Lazcano, Santiago Bernabéu, Paulino Alcántara, Lionel Messi and Ferenc Puskás have all scored two hat-tricks in El Clásico history (2).

text: Most assists

text: Lionel Messi has delivered the most assists in El Clásico history (14).[61]

text: Most appearances

text: Players in bold are still active

text:
Appearances
Player
Club

43
Manuel Sanchís
Real Madrid

42
Francisco Gento
Real Madrid

42
Xavi
Barcelona

38
Lionel Messi
Barcelona

38
Sergio Ramos
Real Madrid

38
Andrés Iniesta
Barcelona

37
Fernando Hierro
Real Madrid

37
Raúl
Real Madrid

37
Iker Casillas
Real Madrid

text: Players who played for both clubs

text:
1902:  Alfonso Albéniz
1906:  José Quirante
1911:  Alfonso Albéniz
1911:  Arsenio Comamala
1913:  Walter Rozitsky
1930:  Ricardo Zamora (via Espanyol)
1932:  Josep Samitier
1950:  Alfonso Navarro
1961:  Justo Tejada
1962:  Evaristo
1965:  Fernand Goyvaerts
1988:  Bernd Schuster
1990:  Luis Milla
1992:  Nando
1994:  Michael Laudrup
1995:  Miquel Soler (via Sevilla)
2000:  Luís Figo
2000:  Albert Celades (via Celta Vigo)
2002:  Ronaldo (via Inter Milan)
2007:  Javier Saviola

text:
1905:  Luciano Lizarraga
1939:  Hilario (via Valencia)
1961:  Jesús María Pereda (via Real Valladolid, then Sevilla)
1965:  Lucien Muller
1980:  Lorenzo Amador (via Hércules)
1994:  Gheorghe Hagi (via Brescia)
1994:  Julen Lopetegui (via Logroñés)
1995:  Robert Prosinečki (via Real Oviedo)
1996:  Luis Enrique
1999:  Dani García (via Mallorca)
2000:  Alfonso Pérez (via Real Betis)
2004:  Samuel Eto'o (via Mallorca)

text:
From Barcelona to Madrid
16

From Barcelona to another club before Madrid
4

Total
20

From Madrid to Barcelona
3

From Madrid to another club before Barcelona
9

Total
12

Total Switches
32

text: Honours

text: The rivalry reflected in El Clásico matches comes about as Real Madrid and Barcelona are the most successful football clubs in Spain. As seen below, Barcelona leads Real Madrid 94–91 in terms of official overall trophies.[62] While the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup is recognised as the predecessor to the UEFA Cup, it was not organised by UEFA. Consequently, UEFA does not consider clubs' records in the Fairs Cup to be part of their European record.[63] However, FIFA does view the competition as a major honour.[64]

text:
Real Madrid
Competition
Barcelona

Domestic

33
La Liga
25

19
Copa del Rey
30

10
Supercopa de España
12

1
Copa Eva Duarte (defunct)
3

1
Copa de la Liga (defunct)
2

64
Aggregate
72

European and Worldwide

13
UEFA Champions League
5

—
UEFA Cup Winners' Cup (defunct)
4

2
UEFA Europa League
—

4
UEFA Super Cup
5

—
Inter-Cities Fairs Cup (defunct)
3

3
Intercontinental Cup (defunct)
—

2
Latin Cup (defunct)
2

3
FIFA Club World Cup
3

27
Aggregate
22

91
Total Aggregate
94

text: Note: FIFA recognized the winner of the Intercontinental Cup as a World Champion.

text: Note: The Inter-Cities Fairs Cup is not recognized in the UEFA records and statistics


document_title: List of Washington Wizards seasons

question_text: when was the last time the wizards were in the playoffs

text: List of Washington Wizards seasons

text: Table key[edit]

text:
AMVP
All-Star Game Most Valuable Player

COY
Coach of the Year

DPOY
Defensive Player of the Year

Finish
Final position in league or division standings

GB
Games behind first-place team in division[a]

Italics
Season in progress

L
Number of regular season losses

EOY
Executive of the Year

FMVP
Finals Most Valuable Player

JWKC
J. Walter Kennedy Citizenship

MVP
Most Valuable Player

ROY
Rookie of the Year

SMOY
Sixth Man of the Year

MIP
Most Improved Player Award

W
Number of regular season wins

text: Seasons[edit]

text:
League Champions
Conference Champions
Division Champions
Playoff Berth

text:
Season
Conference
Finish
Division
Finish
Wins
Losses
Win%
GB
Postseason Results
Awards

Chicago Packers

1961–62

Western
5th
18
62
.225
36

Walt Bellamy (RoY)

Chicago Zephyrs

1962–63

Western
5th
25
55
.313
28

Terry Dischinger (RoY)

Baltimore Bullets

1963–64

Western
4th
31
49
.388
17

1964–65

Western
3rd
37
43
.463
12
Won Division Semifinals (Hawks) 3–1
Lost Division Finals (Lakers) 4–2[1]

1965–66

Western
2nd
38
42
.475
7
Lost Division Semifinals (Hawks) 3–0[2]

1966–67

Eastern
5th
20
61
.247
48

1967–68

Eastern
6th
36
46
.439
26

Earl Monroe (RoY)

1968–69

Eastern
1st
57
25
.695
—
Lost Division Semifinals (Knicks) 4–0[3]
Wes Unseld (MVP, RoY)
Gene Shue (CoY)

1969–70

Eastern
3rd
50
32
.610
10
Lost Division Semifinals (Knicks) 4–3[4]

1970–71
Eastern
2nd
Central
1st
42
40
.512
—
Won Conference Semifinals (76ers) 4–3
Won Conference Finals (Knicks) 4–3
Lost NBA Finals (Bucks) 4–0[5]

1971–72
Eastern
2nd
Central
1st
38
44
.463
—
Lost Conference Semifinals (Knicks) 4–2

1972–73
Eastern
2nd
Central
1st
52
30
.634
—
Lost Conference Semifinals (Knicks) 4–1

Capital Bullets

1973–74
Eastern
2nd
Central
1st
47
35
.573
—
Lost Conference Semifinals (Knicks) 4–3[6]

Washington Bullets

1974–75
Eastern
2nd
Central
1st
60
22
.732
—
Won Conference Semifinals (Braves) 4–3
Won Conference Finals (Celtics) 4–2
Lost NBA Finals (Warriors) 4–0[7]

1975–76
Eastern
3rd
Central
2nd
48
34
.585
1
Lost Conference Semifinals (Cavaliers) 4–3[8]

1976–77
Eastern
3rd
Central
2nd
48
34
.585
1
Won First Round (Cavaliers) 2–1
Lost Conference Semifinals (Rockets) 4–2[9]

1977–78
Eastern
3rd
Central
2nd
44
38
.537
8
Won First Round (Hawks) 2–0
Won Conference Semifinals (Spurs) 4–2
Won Conference Finals (76ers) 4–2
Won NBA Finals (SuperSonics) 4–3[10]
Wes Unseld (FMVP)

1978–79
Eastern
1st
Atlantic
1st
54
28
.659
—
The Bullets had a first round bye
Won Conference Semifinals (Hawks) 4–3
Won Conference Finals (Spurs) 4–3
Lost NBA Finals (SuperSonics) 4–1[11]
Bob Ferry (EoY)

1979–80
Eastern
6th
Atlantic
3rd
39
43
.476
22
Lost First Round (76ers) 2–0[12]

1980–81
Eastern
7th
Atlantic
4th
39
43
.476
23

1981–82
Eastern
5th
Atlantic
4th
43
39
.524
20
Won First Round (Nets) 2–0
Lost Conference Semifinals (Celtics) 4–1[13]
Gene Shue (CoY)
Bob Ferry (EoY)

1982–83
Eastern
7th
Atlantic
5th
42
40
.512
23

1983–84
Eastern
8th
Atlantic
5th
35
47
.427
27
Lost First Round (Celtics) 3–1[14]

1984–85
Eastern
6th
Atlantic
4th
40
42
.488
23
Lost First Round (76ers) 3–1[15]

1985–86
Eastern
6th
Atlantic
4th
39
43
.476
28
Lost First Round (76ers) 3–2[16]

1986–87
Eastern
6th
Atlantic
3rd
42
40
.512
17
Lost First Round (Pistons) 3–0[17]

1987–88
Eastern
7th
Atlantic
2nd
38
44
.463
19
Lost First Round (Pistons) 3–2[18]

1988–89
Eastern
9th
Atlantic
4th
40
42
.488
12

1989–90
Eastern
10th
Atlantic
4th
31
51
.378
22

1990–91
Eastern
10th
Atlantic
4th
30
52
.366
26

1991–92
Eastern
13th
Atlantic
6th
25
57
.305
26

Pervis Ellison (MIP)

1992–93
Eastern
14th
Atlantic
7th
22
60
.268
38

1993–94
Eastern
12th
Atlantic
7th
24
58
.293
33

Don MacLean (MIP)

1994–95
Eastern
14th
Atlantic
7th
21
61
.256
36

1995–96
Eastern
10th
Atlantic
4th
39
43
.476
21

Gheorghe Mureșan (MIP)

1996–97
Eastern
8th
Atlantic
4th
44
38
.537
17
Lost First Round (Bulls) 3–0[19]

Washington Wizards

1997–98
Eastern
9th
Atlantic
4th
42
40
.512
13

1998–99[b]
Eastern
13th
Atlantic
6th
18
32
.360
15

1999–00
Eastern
13th
Atlantic
7th
29
53
.354
23

2000–01
Eastern
14th
Atlantic
7th
19
63
.232
37

2001–02
Eastern
10th
Atlantic
5th
37
45
.451
15

2002–03
Eastern
10th
Atlantic
6th
37
45
.451
12

2003–04
Eastern
13th
Atlantic
6th
25
57
.305
22

2004–05
Eastern
5th
Southeast
2nd
45
37
.549
14
Won First Round (Bulls) 4–2
Lost Conference Semifinals (Heat) 4–0[21]

2005–06
Eastern
5th
Southeast
2nd
42
40
.512
10
Lost First Round (Cavaliers) 4–2[22]

2006–07
Eastern
7th
Southeast
2nd
41
41
.500
3
Lost First Round (Cavaliers) 4–0[23]

2007–08
Eastern
5th
Southeast
2nd
43
39
.524
9
Lost First Round (Cavaliers) 4–2[24]

2008–09
Eastern
15th
Southeast
5th
19
63
.232
40

2009–10
Eastern
14th
Southeast
5th
26
56
.317
33

2010–11
Eastern
13th
Southeast
5th
23
59
.280
35

2011–12
Eastern
14th
Southeast
4th
20
46
.303
26

2012–13
Eastern
12th
Southeast
3rd
29
53
.354
37

2013–14
Eastern
5th
Southeast
2nd
44
38
.537
10
Won First Round (Bulls) 4–1
Lost Conference Semifinals (Pacers) 4–2[25]

2014–15
Eastern
5th
Southeast
2nd
46
36
.561
14
Won First Round (Raptors) 4–0
Lost Conference Semifinals (Hawks) 4–2[26]

2015–16
Eastern
10th
Southeast
4th
41
41
.500
16

2016–17
Eastern
4th
Southeast
1st
49
33
.598
—
Won First Round (Hawks) 4–2
Lost Conference Semifinals (Celtics) 4–3[27]

2017–18
Eastern
8th
Southeast
2nd
43
39
.524
1
Lost First Round (Raptors) 4–2 [28]

Regular Season
2096
2519
.454
1961–2018

Playoffs
89
124
.418
1 NBA Championship

text: All-time records[edit]

text: Note: Statistics are correct as of the 2012–13 season.

text:
Statistic
Wins
Losses
Win%

Chicago Packers regular season record (1961–1962)
18
62
.225

Chicago Zephyrs regular season record (1962-1963)
25
55
.313

Baltimore Bullets regular season record (1963–1973)
401
412
.493

Capital Bullets regular season record (1973-1974)
47
35
.573

Washington Bullets regular season record (1974–1997)
887
999
.470

Washington Wizards regular season record (1997–present)
718
956
.429

All-time regular season record (1961–present)
2096
2519
.454

Baltimore Bullets post-season record (1964–1973)
19
34
.358

Capital Bullets post-season record (1973-1974)
3
4
.428

Washington Bullets post-season record (1974–1997)
47
59
.443

Washington Wizards post-season record (1997–present)
20
27
.426

All-time post-season record (1964–present)
89
124
.418

All-time regular and post-season record
2052
2530
.448

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ The formula is as followed:

G
a
m
e
s

b
e
h
i
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d

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(

T
e
a
m

A
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s

w
i
n
s

−

T
e
a
m

B
′

s

w
i
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+
(

T
e
a
m

B
′

s

l
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{\displaystyle \mathrm {Games} \ \mathrm {behind} ={\frac {(\mathrm {TeamA's} \ \mathrm {wins} -\mathrm {TeamB's} \ \mathrm {wins} )+(\mathrm {TeamB's} \ \mathrm {losses} -\mathrm {TeamA's} \ \mathrm {losses} )}{\mathrm {2} }}}

Jump up ^ Due to a lockout, the season did not start until February 5, 1999, and all 29 teams played a shortened 50 game regular season schedule.[20]

tag: ol


document_title: Oldest McDonald's restaurant

question_text: where was the first mcdonald's located at

question_tokens: where was the first mcdonald 's located at

text: Oldest McDonald's restaurant

text: History[edit]

text: The McDonald brothers opened their first restaurant adjacent to the Monrovia Airport in 1937. It was a tiny octagonal building informally called The Airdrome. That octagonal building was later moved to 1398 North E Street in San Bernardino, California, in 1940. It was originally a barbecue drive-in, but the brothers discovered that most of their profits came from hamburgers. In 1948, they closed their restaurant for three months, reopening it in December as a walk-up hamburger stand that sold hamburgers, potato chips, and orange juice; the following year, french fries and Coca-Cola were added to the menu. This simplified menu, and food preparation using assembly line principles, allowed them to sell hamburgers for 15 cents, or about half as much as at a sit-down restaurant. The restaurant was very successful, and the brothers started to franchise the concept in 1953.

text: The first franchisee was Occidental Petroleum executive Neil Fox, who opened a restaurant at 4050 North Central Avenue in Phoenix, Arizona, in May, for a flat fee of $1,000. His restaurant was the first to employ the McDonald brothers' Golden Arches standardized design, created by Southern California architect Stanley Clark Meston and his assistant Charles Fish. Fox's use of the "McDonald's" name evidently came as a surprise to the brothers, but all subsequent franchises (except for the third location in North Hollywood, CA, which operated as Peak's,) used the "McDonald's" brand. (Although there was also a "Peak's" that had been franchised by McDonald Brothers on Foothill Blvd. in Pasadena, Golden Arches and all, at the foot of Hastings Ranch).

text: Fox's brothers-in-law and business partners, Roger Williams and Bud Landon, were the franchisees for the fourth McDonald's, and used their expertise in siting gasoline stations in choosing the Downey location. Like the McDonald brothers' other franchisees, they were required to use Meston's design.[2]

text: The purchase of the chain from the McDonald brothers by Ray Kroc did not affect the Downey restaurant, as it was franchised under an agreement with the McDonald brothers, not with Kroc's company McDonald's Systems, Inc., which later became McDonald's Corporation. As a result, the restaurant was not subject to the modernization requirements that McDonald's Corporation placed on its franchisees. Its menu came to differ from that of other McDonald's restaurants, and lacked items such as the Big Mac that were developed in the corporation. In part due to these differences, as well as a corporate McDonald's opening in the mid 1970s less than a half mile away, the restaurant came to suffer poor sales, and was finally acquired by McDonald's Corporation in 1990, when it was the only remaining McDonald's that was independent of the chain.

text: With low sales, damage from the 1994 Northridge earthquake, and the lack of a drive-up window and indoor seating, the restaurant was closed, and McDonald's planned to demolish it and incorporate some of its features in a modern "retro" restaurant nearby. However, it was listed on the National Trust for Historic Preservation's 1994 list of the 11 Most Endangered Historic Places. With both the public and preservationists demanding the restaurant be saved, McDonald's spent two years restoring the restaurant and reopened it. Customers today can visit the restored restaurant and an adjoining gift shop and museum.

text: Other early McDonald's restaurants[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Very few early McDonald's restaurants remain, largely because McDonald's Corporation required its franchisees to update their buildings. The original hexagonal McDonald's hamburger stand in San Bernardino was demolished in 1953 to be replaced by a building in the now familiar Golden Arches style; in an oversight, the McDonald brothers failed to retain rights to the McDonald's name when they sold the chain to Kroc, and were forced to rename it "The Big M". It went out of business and was demolished in 1972, although part of the sign remains; an independent McDonald's museum was opened on the site in 1998.

text: Other early buildings still standing include the seventh McDonald's, at 1057 East Mission Boulevard in Pomona, California, which is now a doughnut shop (currently the second-oldest existing McDonald's building). The 11th McDonald's at 1900 South Central Avenue in Los Angeles, (later a taco restaurant), was demolished in 2016. Kroc's 1955 McDonald's franchise in Des Plaines, Illinois, the ninth in the chain, was demolished in 1984, but a replica was built on the original foundation and is now described as the McDonald's USA No. 1 Store Museum. It will be torn down at the end of 2017.[citation needed]

text: A single-arch McDonald's sign at 2801 S. Olive Street, Pine Bluff, Arkansas, dating from 1962, was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2006.

text: A restaurant built in 1962 at 2434 Almaden Road in San Jose, California, is the only other remaining early McDonald's still in operation in the state, although a modern restaurant is now attached to it. This location is listed as one of the city's historic resources.[3]

text: An early McDonald's stands at 9100 SE Powell Boulevard in Portland, Oregon, on Southeast 91st Avenue and Powell Boulevard. It is not attached to the adjacent McDonald's but is available for party rentals. It is scheduled for demolition February 22, 2018, to be replaced by a new McDonald's with self-service kiosks.[4]

text: The site of the original McDonald's on 1398 North E Street in San Bernardino was purchased in 1998 by Albert Okura, owner of the Juan Pollo chicken restaurant chain, for $135,000 in a foreclosure sale.[5][6] Okura turned the property into the headquarters for his chain of restaurants and opened an unofficial McDonald's museum on the site, which, due to communications with McDonald's, Okura refers to as the "historic site of the original McDonald's". Okura said though he did not intend to open the museum, an erroneous news story that mentioned he was planning on opening a museum gave him the idea; former employees and customers sent the museum many of the items on display.[7]

text: Gallery[edit]

text:
The sign outside the Downey McDonald's in 2014

A view of the inside of the Downey McDonald's

Another view from the outside of the Downey McDonald's in 2014, with the museum to the right

The Downey McDonald's in 2017


document_title: List of U.S. stadiums by capacity

question_text: what is the biggest stadium in the united states

text: List of U.S. stadiums by capacity

text: This article needs to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (June 2015)

text: The following is a list of stadiums in the United States. They are ordered by capacity, which is the maximum number of spectators the stadium can accommodate. All U.S. stadiums with a current capacity of 20,000 or more are included in the list. The majority of these stadiums are used for American football, either in college football or the NFL. Most of the others are Major League Baseball ballparks or Major League Soccer stadiums.

text:
Rank
Stadium
Capacity
City
State
Year opened
Type
Tenant

1
Michigan Stadium[1]
107,601
Ann Arbor
Michigan
1927
Football
Michigan Wolverines

2
Beaver Stadium[2]
106,572
State College
Pennsylvania
1960
Football
Penn State Nittany Lions

3
Ohio Stadium[3]
104,944
Columbus
Ohio
1922
Football
Ohio State Buckeyes

4
Kyle Field
102,995
College Station
Texas
1927
Football
Texas A&M Aggies

5
Neyland Stadium[4]
102,455
Knoxville
Tennessee
1921
Football
Tennessee Volunteers

6
Tiger Stadium[5]
102,321
Baton Rouge
Louisiana
1924
Football
LSU Tigers

7
Bryant–Denny Stadium[6]
101,821
Tuscaloosa
Alabama
1929
Football
Alabama Crimson Tide

8
Darrell K Royal–Texas Memorial Stadium[7]
100,119
Austin
Texas
1924
Football
Texas Longhorns

9
Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum[8][9]
93,607
Los Angeles
California
1923
Football
USC Trojans,
Los Angeles Rams

10
Sanford Stadium[10]
92,746
Athens
Georgia
1929
Football
Georgia Bulldogs

11
Rose Bowl[11]
92,542
Pasadena
California
1922
Football
UCLA Bruins, the annual Rose Bowl Game

12
Cotton Bowl
92,100
Dallas
Texas
1930
Football
no home team, used for annual Red River Rivalry, State Fair Classic, and Heart of Dallas Bowl

13
Memorial Stadium[12]
91,000
Lincoln
Nebraska
1923
Football
Nebraska Cornhuskers

14
Ben Hill Griffin Stadium[13]
88,548
Gainesville
Florida
1930
Football
Florida Gators

15
Jordan–Hare Stadium[14]
87,451
Auburn
Alabama
1939
Football
Auburn Tigers

16
MetLife Stadium
82,500
East Rutherford
New Jersey
2010
Football
New York Giants, New York Jets

17
Gaylord Family Oklahoma Memorial Stadium
86,112
Norman
Oklahoma
1925
Football
Oklahoma Sooners

18
FedExField[15]
82,000
Landover
Maryland
1997
Football
Washington Redskins

19
Memorial Stadium
82,000
Clemson
South Carolina
1942
Football
Clemson Tigers

20
Lambeau Field
81,435
Green Bay
Wisconsin
1957
Football
Green Bay Packers

21
Notre Dame Stadium
80,795
Notre Dame
Indiana
1930
Football
Notre Dame Fighting Irish

22
Camp Randall Stadium
80,321
Madison
Wisconsin
1917
Football
Wisconsin Badgers

23
Williams-Brice Stadium
80,250
Columbia
South Carolina
1934
Football
South Carolina Gamecocks

24
AT&T Stadium
80,000
Arlington
Texas
2009
Football
Dallas Cowboys, Cotton Bowl Classic

25
Doak Campbell Stadium
79,560
Tallahassee
Florida
1950
Football
Florida State Seminoles

26
EverBank Field
76,867
Jacksonville
Florida
1949;1995
Football
Jacksonville Jaguars,
Florida vs. Georgia Football Classic, Gator Bowl

27
Arrowhead Stadium
76,416
Kansas City
Missouri
1972
Football
Kansas City Chiefs

28
Sports Authority Field at Mile High
76,125
Denver
Colorado
2001
Football
Denver Broncos

29
Donald W. Reynolds Razorback Stadium
76,000
Fayetteville
Arkansas
1938
Football
Arkansas Razorbacks (primary)

30
Bank of America Stadium
75,419
Charlotte
North Carolina
1996
Football
Carolina Panthers, Belk Bowl, ACC Championship Game

31
Spartan Stadium
75,005
East Lansing
Michigan
1923
Football
Michigan State Spartans

32
Mercedes-Benz Superdome
73,370
New Orleans
Louisiana
1975
Football
New Orleans Saints, Tulane Green Wave,
Sugar Bowl, New Orleans Bowl, Bayou Classic

33
New Era Field
71,608
Orchard Park
New York
1973
Football
Buffalo Bills

34
Legion Field
71,594
Birmingham
Alabama
1926
Football
UAB Blazers, BBVA Compass Bowl

35
NRG Stadium
71,500
Houston
Texas
2002
Football
Houston Texans, Meineke Car Care Bowl of Texas

36
SDCCU Stadium
71,294
San Diego
California
1967
Multi-purpose
San Diego State Aztecs, Holiday Bowl, Poinsettia Bowl

37
Georgia Dome
71,228
Atlanta
Georgia
1992
Football
Atlanta Falcons, Georgia State Panthers, SEC Championship Game, Chick-fil-A Bowl

38
M&T Bank Stadium
71,008
Baltimore
Maryland
1998
Football
Baltimore Ravens

39
Faurot Field
71,004
Columbia
Missouri
1926
Football
Missouri Tigers

40
Kinnick Stadium
70,585
Iowa City
Iowa
1929
Football
Iowa Hawkeyes

41
Husky Stadium
70,083
Seattle
Washington
1920
Football
Washington Huskies

42
Rice Stadium
70,000
Houston
Texas
1950
Football
Rice Owls

43
Nissan Stadium
68,798
Nashville
Tennessee
1999
Football
Tennessee Titans, Tennessee State Tigers,
Franklin American Mortgage Company Music City Bowl

44
Gillette Stadium
68,756
Foxborough
Massachusetts
2002
Football
New England Revolution, New England Patriots, UMass Minutemen

45
Lincoln Financial Field
68,532
Philadelphia
Pennsylvania
2003
Football
Philadelphia Eagles, Temple Owls, Army–Navy Game (most years)

46
Levi's Stadium
68,500
Santa Clara
California
2014
Football
San Francisco 49ers,

47
Heinz Field
68,400
Pittsburgh
Pennsylvania
2001
Football
Pittsburgh Steelers, Pittsburgh Panthers

48
Kroger Field
67,606
Lexington
Kentucky
1973
Football
Kentucky Wildcats

49
FirstEnergy Stadium
67,431
Cleveland
Ohio
1999
Football
Cleveland Browns

50
CenturyLink Field
67,000
Seattle
Washington
2002
Football
Seattle Seahawks, Seattle Sounders FC

51
Dome at America's Center
66,965
St. Louis
Missouri
1995
Football
no home team

52
U.S. Bank Stadium
66,655
Minneapolis
Minnesota
2016
Football
Minnesota Vikings

53
Lane Stadium
66,233
Blacksburg
Virginia
1965
Football
Virginia Tech Hokies

54
Raymond James Stadium
65,857
Tampa
Florida
1998
Football
Tampa Bay Buccaneers, South Florida Bulls, Outback Bowl

55
Paul Brown Stadium
65,790
Cincinnati
Ohio
2000
Football
Cincinnati Bengals

56
Hard Rock Stadium
65,326
Miami Gardens
Florida
1987
Football
Miami Dolphins, Miami Hurricanes, and annual Orange Bowl

57
Camping World Stadium
65,000
Orlando
Florida
1936
Football
Jones Tigers, annual Florida Classic, Capital One Bowl, Champs Sports Bowl, and East–West Shrine Game

58
Alamodome
65,000
San Antonio
Texas
1993
Football
UTSA Roadrunners, Alamo Bowl, U.S. Army All-American Bowl

59
Ford Field
65,000
Detroit
Michigan
2002
Football
Detroit Lions, MAC Championship Game, Little Caesars Pizza Bowl

60
Vaught–Hemingway Stadium
64,038
Oxford
Mississippi
1915
Football
Ole Miss Rebels

61
LaVell Edwards Stadium
63,470
Provo
Utah
1964
Football
BYU Cougars

62
University of Phoenix Stadium
63,400
Glendale
Arizona
2006
Football
Arizona Cardinals and Fiesta Bowl

63
Oakland–Alameda County Coliseum
63,026
Oakland
California
1966
Multi-purpose
Oakland Raiders, Oakland Athletics

64
Lucas Oil Stadium
63,000
Indianapolis
Indiana
2008
Football
Indianapolis Colts, Big Ten Championship Game

65
Memorial Stadium
62,872
Champaign
Illinois
1923
Football
Illinois Fighting Illini

66
California Memorial Stadium
62,717
Berkeley
California
1923
Football
California Golden Bears

67
Kenan Memorial Stadium
62,562
Chapel Hill
North Carolina
1927
Football
North Carolina Tar Heels

68
Ross–Ade Stadium
62,500
West Lafayette
Indiana
1924
Football
Purdue Boilermakers

69
Liberty Bowl Memorial Stadium
62,380
Memphis
Tennessee
1965
Football
Memphis Tigers

70
Soldier Field
61,500
Chicago
Illinois
1924;2003
Football
Chicago Bears

71
Jack Trice Stadium
61,500
Ames
Iowa
1975
Football
Iowa State Cyclones

72
Scott Stadium
61,500
Charlottesville
Virginia
1931
Football
Virginia Cavaliers

73
Yale Bowl
61,446
New Haven
Connecticut
1914
Football
Yale Bulldogs

74
Davis Wade Stadium
61,337
Starkville
Mississippi
1914
Football
Mississippi State Bulldogs

75
Jones AT&T Stadium
61,000
Lubbock
Texas
1947
Football
Texas Tech Red Raiders

76
Mississippi Veterans Memorial Stadium
60,492
Jackson
Mississippi
1941
Football
Jackson State Tigers

77
Mountaineer Field[16]
60,000
Morgantown
West Virginia
1980
Football
West Virginia Mountaineers

78
Boone Pickens Stadium
60,000
Stillwater
Oklahoma
1920
Football
Oklahoma State Cowboys

79
Arizona Stadium
57,803
Tucson
Arizona
1928
Football
Arizona Wildcats

80
Carter–Finley Stadium[17]
57,583
Raleigh
North Carolina
1966
Football
NC State Wolfpack

81
RFK Stadium
56,692
Washington, D.C.
District of Columbia
1961
Multi-purpose
D.C. United, Military Bowl

82
Sun Devil Stadium
56,232
Tempe
Arizona
1958
Football
Arizona State Sun Devils

83
Dodger Stadium[18]
56,000
Los Angeles
California
1962
Baseball
Los Angeles Dodgers

84
Papa John's Cardinal Stadium
56,000
Louisville
Kentucky
1998
Football
Louisville Cardinals

85
Bobby Dodd Stadium at Historic Grant Field
55,000
Atlanta
Georgia
1913
Football
Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets

86
Autzen Stadium
53,800
Eugene
Oregon
1967
Football
Oregon Ducks

87
Folsom Field
53,750
Boulder
Colorado
1924
Football
Colorado Buffaloes

88
War Memorial Stadium
53,727
Little Rock
Arkansas
1948
Football
Arkansas Razorbacks (secondary to Razorback Stadium)

89
Memorial Stadium
53,500
Bloomington
Indiana
1960
Football
Indiana Hoosiers

90
Franklin Field
52,593
Philadelphia
Pennsylvania
1895
Football
Penn Quakers

91
Falcon Stadium
52,480
Colorado Springs
Colorado
1962
Football
Air Force Falcons

92
High Point Solutions Stadium
52,454
Piscataway
New Jersey
1994
Football
Rutgers Scarlet Knights

93
Bill Snyder Family Football Stadium
52,200
Manhattan
Kansas
1968
Football
Kansas State Wildcats

94
Maryland Stadium
51,500
College Park
Maryland
1950
Football
Maryland Terrapins

95
Sun Bowl stadium
51,500
El Paso
Texas
1963
Football
UTEP Miners and Sun Bowl

96
Independence Stadium
50,832
Shreveport
Louisiana
1925
Football
no home team, Independence Bowl

97
TCF Bank Stadium
50,805
Minneapolis
Minnesota
2009
Football
Minnesota Golden Gophers

98
Coors Field[19]
50,445
Denver
Colorado
1995
Baseball
Colorado Rockies

99
Yankee Stadium[20]
50,291
Bronx
New York
2009
Baseball
New York Yankees, New York City FC, Pinstripe Bowl

100
Turner Field[21]
50,096
Atlanta
Georgia
1996
Baseball
None

101
University of Kansas Memorial Stadium
50,071
Lawrence
Kansas
1921
Football
Kansas Jayhawks

102
Aloha Stadium
50,000
Honolulu
Hawaiʻi
1975
Football
Hawaiʻi Warriors, local high schools and Pro Bowl

103
The Bagwell Field at Dowdy–Ficklen Stadium
50,000
Greenville
North Carolina
1963
Football
East Carolina Pirates

104
Stanford Stadium
50,000
Stanford
California
1921;2006
Football
Stanford Cardinal

105
Carrier Dome
49,262
Syracuse
New York
1980
Football
Syracuse Orange, men's basketball, women's basketball, and men's lacrosse

106
Globe Life Park[22]
49,115
Arlington
Texas
1994
Baseball
Texas Rangers

107
Chase Field[23]
49,033
Phoenix
Arizona
1998
Baseball
Arizona Diamondbacks

108
Oriole Park at Camden Yards[24]
48,876
Baltimore
Maryland
1992
Baseball
Baltimore Orioles

109
Ryan Field
47,130
Evanston
Illinois
1996
Football
Northwestern Wildcats

110
Safeco Field[25]
47,116
Seattle
Washington
1999
Baseball
Seattle Mariners

111
Busch Stadium[26]
46,861
St. Louis
Missouri
2006
Baseball
St. Louis Cardinals

112
Reser Stadium
45,674
Corvallis
Oregon
1953
Football
Oregon State Beavers

113
Rice-Eccles Stadium
45,634
Salt Lake City
Utah
1998
Football
Utah Utes

114
Spectrum Stadium
45,301
Orlando
Florida
2007
Football
UCF Knights

115
McLane Stadium
45,140
Waco
Texas
2014
Football
Baylor Bears

116
Angel Stadium of Anaheim[27]
45,050
Anaheim
California
1966
Baseball
Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim

117
Alumni Stadium
44,500
Chestnut Hill
Massachusetts
1957
Football
Boston College Eagles

118
Amon G. Carter Stadium
44,008
Fort Worth
Texas
1930
Football
TCU Horned Frogs, The Bell Helicopter Armed Forces Bowl

119
Citizens Bank Park[28]
43,647
Philadelphia
Pennsylvania
2004
Baseball
Philadelphia Phillies

120
Petco Park[29]
42,445
San Diego
California
2004
Baseball
San Diego Padres

121
Great American Ball Park[30]
42,059
Cincinnati
Ohio
2003
Baseball
Cincinnati Reds

122
Miller Park[31]
41,900
Milwaukee
Wisconsin
2001
Baseball
Milwaukee Brewers

123
Nationals Park[32]
41,888
Washington, D.C.
District of Columbia
2008
Baseball
Washington Nationals

124
Citi Field[33]
41,800
Flushing, New York
New York
2009
Baseball
New York Mets

125
Comerica Park[34]
41,782
Detroit
Michigan
2000
Baseball
Detroit Tigers

126
AT&T Park
41,503
San Francisco
California
2000
Baseball
San Francisco Giants, Fight Hunger Bowl

127
Wrigley Field[35][36]
41,160
Chicago
Illinois
1914
Baseball
Chicago Cubs

128
Bulldog Stadium
41,031
Fresno
California
1980
Football
Fresno State Bulldogs

129
Minute Maid Park[37]
40,950
Houston
Texas
2000
Baseball
Houston Astros

130
Ladd–Peebles Stadium
40,646
Mobile
Alabama
1948
Football
South Alabama Jaguars, Senior Bowl and GoDaddy.com Bowl

131
Guaranteed Rate Field[38]
40,615
Chicago
Illinois
1991
Baseball
Chicago White Sox

132
University Stadium
40,094
Albuquerque
New Mexico
1960
Football
New Mexico Lobos, New Mexico Bowl

133
Howard J. Lamade Stadium
40,000[39]
South Williamsport
Pennsylvania
1959
Baseball
no home team, hosts annual Little League World Series

134
Rentschler Field
40,000
East Hartford
Connecticut
2003
Football
Connecticut Huskies, Hartford Colonials

135
Michie Stadium
40,000
West Point
New York
1924
Football
Army Black Knights

136
Nippert Stadium
40,000
Cincinnati
Ohio
1915
Football
Cincinnati Bearcats football / FC Cincinnati

137
TDECU Stadium
40,000
Houston
Texas
2014
Football
Houston Cougars

138
Vanderbilt Stadium at Dudley Field
39,790
Nashville
Tennessee
1922
Football
Vanderbilt Commodores

139
Target Field[40]
39,504
Minneapolis
Minnesota
2010
Baseball
Minnesota Twins

140
Ewing M. Kauffman Stadium[41]
39,000
Kansas City
Missouri
1973
Baseball
Kansas City Royals

141
PNC Park[42]
38,496
Pittsburgh
Pennsylvania
2001
Baseball
Pittsburgh Pirates

142
Joan C. Edwards Stadium
38,019
Huntington
West Virginia
1991
Football
Marshall Thundering Herd

143
Progressive Field[43]
38,000
Cleveland
Ohio
1994
Baseball
Cleveland Indians

144
Fenway Park[44]
37,402
Boston
Massachusetts
1912
Baseball
Boston Red Sox

145
Albertsons Stadium
37,000
Boise
Idaho
1970
Football
Boise State Broncos, Famous Idaho Potato Bowl

146
Marlins Park[45]
37,000
Miami
Florida
2012
Baseball
Miami Marlins

147
Tropicana Field[46]
36,973
St. Petersburg
Florida
1990
Baseball
Tampa Bay Rays, Beef 'O' Brady's Bowl

148
Sam Boyd Stadium
36,800
Las Vegas
Nevada
1971
Football
UNLV Rebels, annual Las Vegas Bowl and USA Sevens and Monster Jam World Finals

149
M. M. Roberts Stadium
36,000
Hattiesburg
Mississippi
1932
Football
Southern Miss Golden Eagles

150
Martin Stadium
35,117
Pullman
Washington
1972
Football
Washington State Cougars

151
Sonny Lubick Field at Hughes Stadium
34,400
Fort Collins
Colorado
1968
Football
Colorado State Rams

152
Navy–Marine Corps Memorial Stadium
34,000
Annapolis
Maryland
1959
Football
Navy Midshipmen, Chesapeake Bayhawks

153
Wallace Wade Stadium
33,941
Durham
North Carolina
1929
Football
Duke Blue Devils

154
Jonah Field at War Memorial Stadium
32,580
Laramie
Wyoming
1950
Football
Wyoming Cowboys

155
Gerald J. Ford Stadium
32,000
University Park
Texas
2000
Football
SMU Mustangs

157
BB&T Field at Groves Stadium
31,500
Winston-Salem
North Carolina
1968
Football
Wake Forest Demon Deacons

158
Cajun Field
31,000
Lafayette
Louisiana
1971
Football
Louisiana–Lafayette Ragin' Cajuns

159
Rubber Bowl
31,000
Akron
Ohio
1940
Football
local high school teams

160
Brigham Field at Huskie Stadium
31,000
DeKalb
Illinois
1965
Football
Northern Illinois Huskies

161
ASU Stadium
30,964
Jonesboro
Arkansas
1974
Football
Arkansas State Red Wolves

162
Apogee Stadium
30,850
Denton
Texas
2011
Football
North Texas Mean Green

163
Joe Aillet Stadium
30,600
Ruston
Louisiana
1960
Football
Louisiana Tech Bulldogs

164
CEFCU Stadium
30,456
San Jose
California
1933
Football
San Jose State Spartans

165
Malone Stadium
30,427
Monroe
Louisiana
1978
Football
Louisiana–Monroe Warhawks

166
Aggie Memorial Stadium
30,343
Las Cruces
New Mexico
1978
Football
New Mexico State Aggies

167
Harvard Stadium
30,323
Allston
Massachusetts
1903
Football
Harvard Crimson, Boston Cannons

168
Kelly/Shorts Stadium
30,295
Mount Pleasant
Michigan
1972
Football
Central Michigan Chippewas

169
Rynearson Stadium
30,200
Ypsilanti
Michigan
1969
Football
Eastern Michigan Eagles

170
Waldo Stadium
30,200
Kalamazoo
Michigan
1939
Football
Western Michigan Broncos

171
FAU Stadium
30,000
Boca Raton
Florida
2011
Football
Florida Atlantic Owls

172
Benson Field at Yulman Stadium
30,000
New Orleans
Louisiana
2014
Football
Tulane Green Wave

173
Jim Wacker Field at Bobcat Stadium
30,000
San Marcos
Texas
1981
Football
Texas State Bobcats

174
New Alabama State stadium
30,000
Montgomery
Alabama
2012
Football
Alabama State Hornets

175
H. A. Chapman Stadium
30,000
Tulsa
Oklahoma
1930
Football
Tulsa Golden Hurricane

176
InfoCision Stadium – Summa Field
30,000
Akron
Ohio
2009
Football
Akron Zips

177
Veterans Memorial Stadium
30,000
Troy
Alabama
1950
Football
Troy Trojans

178
William "Dick" Price Stadium
30,000
Norfolk
Virginia
1997
Football
Norfolk State Spartans

179
Mackay Stadium[47]
30,000
Reno
Nevada
1966
Football
Nevada Wolf Pack and women's soccer

180
UB Stadium
29,013
Amherst
New York
1993
Football
Buffalo Bulls

181
Ace W. Mumford Stadium
29,000
Baton Rouge
Louisiana
1928
Football
Southern Jaguars

182
Joe Albi Stadium
28,646
Spokane
Washington
1950
Football
Spokane Spiders, Spokane Black Widows, local high schools

183
Doyt L. Perry Stadium
28,599
Bowling Green
Ohio
1966
Football
Bowling Green Falcons

184
Princeton University Stadium
27,800
Princeton
New Jersey
1998
Football
Princeton Tigers

185
StubHub Center
27,000
Carson
California
2003
Soccer
Los Angeles Galaxy Los Angeles Chargers

186
The Glass Bowl
26,248
Toledo
Ohio
1937
Football
Toledo Rockets

187
Eddie Robinson Stadium
25,600
Grambling
Louisiana
1983
Football
Grambling State Tigers

188
Schoellkopf Field
25,597
Ithaca
New York
1915
Football
Cornell Big Red

189
Bragg Memorial Stadium
25,500
Tallahassee
Florida
1957
Football
Florida A&M Rattlers

190
John B. and June M. Scheumann Stadium
25,400
Muncie
Indiana
1967
Football
Ball State Cardinals

191
Dix Stadium
25,319[48]
Kent
Ohio
1969
Football
Kent State Golden Flashes

192
Washington–Grizzly Stadium
25,200
Missoula
Montana
1986
Football
Montana Grizzlies

193
Red Bull Arena
25,189
Harrison
New Jersey
2010
Soccer
New York Red Bulls

194
Bridgeforth Stadium
24,877
Harrisonburg
Virginia
1975
Football
James Madison Dukes

195
Cramton Bowl
24,600
Montgomery
Alabama
1922
Football
Alabama State Hornets

196
Fred C. Yager Stadium
24,286
Oxford
Ohio
1983
Football
Miami RedHawks

197
TD Ameritrade Park Omaha
24,000
Omaha
Nebraska
2011
Baseball
Creighton Bluejays, NCAA College World Series

198
Don Peden Stadium
24,000
Athens
Ohio
1929
Football
Ohio Bobcats

##
Arthur Ashe Stadium
23,711
Flushing Meadows
New York
1997
Tennis
U.S. Open

199
Fitton Field
23,500
Worcester
Massachusetts
1924
Football
Holy Cross Crusaders

200
Kidd Brewer Stadium
23,150
Boone
North Carolina
1962
Football
Appalachian State Mountaineers

201
Jack Spinks Stadium
22,500
Lorman
Mississippi
1992
Football
Alcorn State Braves

202
Maverik Stadium
22,059
Logan
Utah
1968
Football
Utah State Aggies

203
BBVA Compass Stadium
22,000
Houston
Texas
2012
Football
Houston Dynamo, Texas Southern Tigers football

204
Delaware Stadium
22,000
Newark
Delaware
1952
Football
Delaware Fightin' Blue Hens

205
Houchens Industries–L. T. Smith Stadium
22,000
Bowling Green
Kentucky
1968
Football
Western Kentucky Hilltoppers

206
Oliver C. Dawson Stadium
22,000
Orangeburg
South Carolina
1955
Football
South Carolina State Bulldogs

207
Kidd Brewer Stadium
21,650
Boone
North Carolina
1962
Football
Appalachian State Mountaineers

208
Hornet Stadium
21,650
Sacramento
California
1969
Football
Sacramento State Hornets

209
Aggie Stadium
21,500
Greensboro
North Carolina
1981
Football
North Carolina A&T Aggies

210
Johnson Hagood Stadium
21,000
Charleston
South Carolina
1946
Football
The Citadel Bulldogs

211
Louis Crews Stadium
21,000
Huntsville
Alabama
1996
Football
Alabama A&M Bulldogs

212
Finley Stadium
20,668
Chattanooga
Tennessee
1997
Football
Chattanooga Mocs

213
Stambaugh Stadium
20,630
Youngstown
Ohio
1982
Football
Youngstown State Penguins

214
Quicken Loans Arena
20,562
Cleveland
Ohio
1994
Basketball
Cleveland Cavaliers

215
FC Dallas Stadium
20,500
Frisco
Texas
2005
Soccer
FC Dallas, NCAA Division I Football Championship Game (FCS)

216
Columbus Crew Stadium
20,455
Columbus
Ohio
1999
Soccer
Columbus Crew

217
Lockhart Stadium
20,450
Fort Lauderdale
Florida
1959
Soccer
Fort Lauderdale Strikers

218
Providence Park
20,438
Portland
Oregon
1926
Soccer
Portland Timbers

219
Hughes Stadium
20,311
Sacramento
California
1928
Multi-purpose
Sacramento Republic FC

220
Foreman Field at S.B. Ballard Stadium
20,118
Norfolk
Virginia
1936
Football
Old Dominion Monarchs football

221
Rio Tinto Stadium
20,008
Sandy
Utah
2008
Soccer
Real Salt Lake

222
Brown Stadium
20,000
Providence
Rhode Island
1925
Football
Brown Bears

223
FIU Stadium
20,000
Miami
Florida
1995
Football
FIU Golden Panthers, Miami FC

224
Roy Kidd Stadium
20,000
Richmond
Kentucky
1969
Football
Eastern Kentucky Colonels

225
Mesquite Memorial Stadium
20,000
Mesquite
Texas
1977
Football
Local high schools

226
Kimbrough Memorial Stadium
20,000
Canyon
Texas
1959
Football
West Texas A&M University, local high schools

227
Toyota Park
20,000
Bridgeview
Illinois
2006
Soccer
Chicago Fire Soccer Club