document_title: Glenn Miller

question_text: where did glenn miller perform his final concert

text: Glenn Miller

text: Early life and career[edit]

text: Miller was born in Clarinda, Iowa, the son of Mattie Lou (née Cavender) and Lewis Elmer Miller.[6] He attended grade school in North Platte in western Nebraska. In 1915, Miller's family moved to Grant City, Missouri. Around this time, Miller had finally made enough money from milking cows to buy his first trombone and played in the town orchestra. Originally, Miller played cornet and mandolin, but he switched to trombone by 1916.[7] In 1918, the Miller family moved again, this time to Fort Morgan, Colorado, where Miller went to high school. In the fall of 1919, he joined the high school American football team, Maroons, which won the Northern Colorado American Football Conference in 1920. He was named the Best Left End in Colorado.[8] During his senior year, Miller became very interested in a new style of music called "dance band music". He was so taken with it that he formed his own band with some classmates. By the time Miller graduated from high school in 1921, he had decided to become a professional musician.[6]

text: In 1923, Miller entered the University of Colorado in Boulder, where he joined Sigma Nu Fraternity,[9] but spent most of his time away from school, attending auditions and playing any gigs he could get, including with Boyd Senter's band in Denver. He dropped out of school after failing three out of five classes one semester, and decided to concentrate on making a career as a professional musician. He later studied the Schillinger technique with Joseph Schillinger, under whose tutelage he composed what became his signature theme, "Moonlight Serenade".[10] In 1926, Miller toured with several groups, eventually landing a good spot in Ben Pollack's group in Los Angeles. He also played for Victor Young, allowing him to be mentored by other professional musicians.[11] In the beginning, he was the main trombone soloist of the band. But when Jack Teagarden joined Pollack's band in 1928, Miller found that his solos were cut drastically. From then, he realized that, rather than being a trombonist, his future lay in arranging or writing music.[7] He also had a songbook published in Chicago in 1928 entitled Glenn Miller's 125 Jazz Breaks for Trombone by the Melrose Brothers copyrighted in 1927.[12] During his stint with Pollack, Miller wrote several musical arrangements of his own. He also co-wrote his first composition, "Room 1411", written with Benny Goodman and released as a Brunswick 78, 4013, credited to Bennie Goodman's Boys.[13] In 1928, when the band arrived in New York City, he sent for and married his college sweetheart, Helen Burger. He was a member of Red Nichols's orchestra in 1930, and because of Nichols, Miller played in the pit bands of two Broadway shows, Strike Up the Band and Girl Crazy (where his bandmates included future big band leaders Benny Goodman and Gene Krupa).[14]

text: During the late 1920s and early 1930s, Miller managed to earn a living working as a freelance trombonist in several bands. On a March 21, 1928, Victor session, Miller played alongside Tommy Dorsey, Benny Goodman, and Joe Venuti in the All-Star Orchestra, directed by Nat Shilkret.[15][16][17] During this period, Miller arranged and played trombone on several significant Dorsey Brothers OKeh sessions including "The Spell of The Blues", "Let's Do It" and "My Kinda Love", all with Bing Crosby vocals. On November 14, 1929,[18] an original vocalist named Red McKenzie hired Miller to play on two records that are now considered to be jazz classics:[19][20] "Hello, Lola" and "If I Could Be With You One Hour Tonight". Beside Miller were clarinetist Pee Wee Russell, guitarist Eddie Condon, drummer Gene Krupa and Coleman Hawkins on tenor saxophone.[21]

text: In the early-to-mid-1930s, Miller also worked as a trombonist, arranger, and composer in The Dorsey Brothers, first when they were a Brunswick studio group (under their own name and providing accompaniment for many of The Boswell Sisters sessions), and finally when they formed an ill-fated co-led touring and recording orchestra.[22] Miller composed the songs "Annie's Cousin Fanny",[23][24]<[25] "Dese Dem Dose",[22][25] "Harlem Chapel Chimes", and "Tomorrow's Another Day" for the Dorsey Brothers Band in 1934 and 1935. In 1935, he assembled an American orchestra for British bandleader Ray Noble,[22] developing the arrangement of lead clarinet over four saxophones that eventually became the sonic keynote of his own big band. Members of the Noble band included future bandleaders Claude Thornhill, Bud Freeman and Charlie Spivak. Glenn Miller made his first movie appearance in the 1935 Paramount Pictures release The Big Broadcast of 1936 as a member of the Ray Noble Orchestra performing "Why Stars Come Out at Night".[26] The Big Broadcast of 1936 starred Bing Crosby, George Burns, Gracie Allen, Ethel Merman, Jack Oakie, and Bill "Bojangles" Robinson. The film also featured other performances by Dorothy Dandridge and the Nicholas Brothers, who would appear with Miller again in two movies for Twentieth Century Fox in 1941 and 1942.

text: Glenn Miller compiled several musical arrangements and formed his first band in 1937. The band, after failing to distinguish itself from the many others of the era, broke up after playing its last show at the Ritz Ballroom in Bridgeport, Connecticut, on January 2, 1938.[27] Benny Goodman said in 1976:

text: Success from 1938 to 1942[edit]

text: Discouraged, Miller returned to New York. He realized that he needed to develop a unique sound, and decided to make the clarinet play a melodic line with a tenor saxophone holding the same note, while three other saxophones harmonized within a single octave. George T. Simon discovered a saxophonist named Wilbur Schwartz for Glenn Miller. Miller hired Schwartz, but instead had him play lead clarinet. According to Simon, "Willie's tone and way of playing provided a fullness and richness so distinctive that none of the later Miller imitators could ever accurately reproduce the Miller sound."[29] With this new sound combination, Glenn Miller found a way to differentiate his band's style from the many bands that existed in the late thirties. Miller talked about his style in the May 1939 issue of Metronome magazine. "You'll notice today some bands use the same trick on every introduction; others repeat the same musical phrase as a modulation into a vocal ... We're fortunate in that our style doesn't limit us to stereotyped intros, modulations, first choruses, endings or even trick rhythms. The fifth sax, playing clarinet most of the time, lets you know whose band you're listening to. And that's about all there is to it."[30]

text: Bluebird Records and Glen Island Casino[edit]

text: In September 1938, the Miller band began making recordings for the RCA Victor subsidiary Bluebird.[31] Cy Shribman, a prominent East Coast businessman, began financing the band, providing a much needed infusion of cash.[32] In the spring of 1939, the band's fortunes improved with a date at the Meadowbrook Ballroom in Cedar Grove, New Jersey, and more dramatically at the Glen Island Casino in New Rochelle, New York. The Glen Island date according to author Gunther Schuller attracted "a record breaking opening night crowd of 1800..."[33] With the Glen Island date, the band began a huge rise in popularity.[34] In 1939, Time magazine noted: "Of the twelve to 24 discs in each of today's 300,000 U.S. jukeboxes, from two to six are usually Glenn Miller's."[35] There were record-breaking recordings such as "Tuxedo Junction", which sold 115,000 copies in the first week.[36] Miller's huge success in 1939 culminated with his band appearing at Carnegie Hall on October 6, with Paul Whiteman, Benny Goodman, and Fred Waring also the main attractions.[37]

text: From December 1939 to September 1942, Miller's band was featured three times a week during a quarter-hour broadcast for Chesterfield cigarettes on CBS,[38] for the first 13 weeks with the Andrews Sisters and then on its own.[39] On February 10, 1942, RCA Victor presented Miller with the first gold record for "Chattanooga Choo-Choo".[40] "Chattanooga Choo Choo" was performed by the Miller orchestra with his singers Gordon "Tex" Beneke, Paula Kelly and the vocal group, the Modernaires.[41] Other singers with this orchestra included Marion Hutton,[42] Skip Nelson,[43] Ray Eberle[44] and to a smaller extent, Kay Starr,[45] Ernie Caceres,[46] Dorothy Claire[47] and Jack Lathrop.[48] Pat Friday ghost-sang with the Miller band in their two films, Sun Valley Serenade and Orchestra Wives with Lynn Bari lip synching.[49]

text: Motion pictures[edit]

text: Miller and his band appeared in two Twentieth Century Fox films. In 1941's Sun Valley Serenade, they were major members of the cast, which also featured comedian Milton Berle, and Dorothy Dandridge with the Nicholas Brothers in the show-stopping song and dance number, Chattanooga Choo Choo.[50] The Miller band returned to Hollywood to film 1942's Orchestra Wives,[51] featuring Jackie Gleason playing a part as the group's bassist, Ben Beck. Miller had an ailment that made laughter extremely painful. Since Jackie Gleason was a comedian, Miller had a difficult time watching Gleason more than once, because Miller would start laughing.[52] Harry Morgan appears as Cully Anderson, the unrequited love interest of Ann Rutherford's character, Connie Ward.[53][54][55] Miller was contracted to do a third movie for Fox, Blind Date, but as he entered the U.S. Army, this never panned out.[56] The Glenn Miller Story was released in 1953-1954 by Universal-International.[57]

text: Critical reaction[edit]

text: In 2004, Miller orchestra bassist Herman "Trigger" Alpert explained the band's success: "Miller had America's music pulse ... He knew what would please the listeners."[58] Although Miller had massive popularity, many jazz critics of the time had misgivings. They believed that the band's endless rehearsals—and, according to critic Amy Lee in Metronome magazine, "letter-perfect playing"—diminished any feeling from performances.[59] They also felt that Miller's brand of swing shifted popular music away from the "hot jazz" bands of Benny Goodman and Count Basie, and toward commercial novelty instrumentals and vocal numbers.[60] For years, even after Miller died, the Miller estate maintained an unfriendly stance toward critics that derided the band during Miller's lifetime.[61] Miller was often criticized for being too commercial. His answer, "I don't want a jazz band."[62][63] Many modern jazz critics still harbor similar antipathy toward Miller. As recently as 1997 on a website administered by JazzTimes, Miller is listed as an example of an overrated jazz musician by Doug Ramsey. "Miller was a businessman who discovered a popular formula from which he allowed little departure. A disproportionate ratio of nostalgia to substance keeps his music alive."[64][65][66] Jazz critics Gunther Schuller[67] (1991), Gary Giddins[68][69] (2004) and Gene Lees (2007)[70] have separately defended the Miller orchestra for whatever deficiencies earlier critics have found. In an article written for The New Yorker in 2004, Gary Giddins says he feels that these early critics erred in denigrating Miller's music, and that the popular opinion of the time should hold greater sway. The article states: "Miller exuded little warmth on or off the bandstand, but once the band struck up its theme, audiences were done for: throats clutched, eyes softened. Can any other record match 'Moonlight Serenade' for its ability to induce a Pavlovian slaver in so many for so long?"[68] Schuller, notes, "[The Miller sound] was nevertheless very special and able to penetrate our collective awareness that few other sounds have..."[71] He compares it partially to "Japanese Gagaku [and] Hindu music" in its purity.[71] Schuller and Giddins do not take completely uncritical approaches to Miller. Schuller says that Ray Eberle's "lumpy, sexless vocalizing dragged down many an otherwise passable performance."[71] However finally Schuller notes: "How much further [Miller's] musical and financial ambitions might have carried him must forever remain conjectural. That it would have been significant, whatever form(s) it might have taken, is not unlikely."[71]

text: Reaction from musical peers[edit]

text: Louis Armstrong thought enough of Miller to carry around his recordings, transferred to seven-inch tape reels when he went on tour. "[Armstrong] liked musicians who prized melody, and his selections ranged from Glenn Miller to Jelly Roll Morton to Tchaikovsky."[72] Jazz pianist George Shearing's quintet of the 1950s and 1960s was influenced by Miller: "with Shearing's locked hands style piano (influenced by the voicing of Miller's saxophone section) in the middle [of the quintet's harmonies]".[73][74] Frank Sinatra and Mel Tormé held the orchestra in high regard. Tormé credited Miller with giving him helpful advice when he first started his singing and song-writing career in the 1940s. Mel Tormé met Glenn Miller in 1942, the meeting facilitated by Tormé's father and Ben Pollack. Tormé and Miller discussed "That Old Black Magic", which was just emerging as a new song by Johnny Mercer and Harold Arlen. Miller told Tormé to pick up every song by Mercer and study it and to become a voracious reader of anything he could find, because "all good lyric writers are great readers."[75] In an interview with George T. Simon in 1948, Sinatra lamented the inferior quality of music he was recording in the late forties, in comparison with "those great Glenn Miller things"[76] from eight years earlier. Frank Sinatra's recording sessions from the late forties and early fifties use some Miller musicians. Trigger Alpert, a bassist from the civilian band, Zeke Zarchy for the Army Air Forces Band and Willie Schwartz, the lead clarinetist from the civilian band back up Frank Sinatra on many recordings.[77][78] With opposite opinion, fellow bandleader Artie Shaw frequently disparaged the band after Miller's death: "All I can say is that Glenn should have lived, and 'Chattanooga Choo Choo' should have died."[79][80] Clarinetist Buddy DeFranco surprised many people when he led the Glenn Miller Orchestra in the late sixties and early seventies. De Franco was already a veteran of bands like Gene Krupa and Tommy Dorsey in the 1940s. He was also a major exponent of modern jazz in the 1950s.[81] He never saw Miller as leading a swinging jazz band, but DeFranco is extremely fond of certain aspects of the Glenn Miller style. "I found that when I opened with the sound of 'Moonlight Serenade', I could look around and see men and women weeping as the music carried them back to years gone by."[82][83] De Franco says, "the beauty of Glenn Miller's ballads [...] caused people to dance together."[84]

text: Army Air Forces Band: 1942–1944[edit]

text: In 1942, at the peak of his civilian career, Miller decided to join the war effort, forsaking an income of $15,000 to $20,000 per week in civilian life, including a home in Tenafly, New Jersey.[85][86] At 38, Miller was too old to be drafted and first volunteered for the Navy but was told that they did not need his services.[87] Miller then wrote to Army Brigadier General Charles Young. He persuaded the United States Army to accept him so he could, in his own words, "be placed in charge of a modernized Army band".[6] After he was accepted into the Army, Miller's civilian band played its last concert in Passaic, New Jersey, on September 27, 1942, with the last song played by the Miller civilian band being "Jukebox Saturday Night"--featuring an appearance by Harry James on trumpet.[6] His patriotic intention of entertaining the Allied Forces with the fusion of virtuosity and dance rhythms in his music earned him the rank of captain and he was soon promoted to major by August 1944.[11]

text: Miller reported at Omaha on October 8, 1942, to the Seventh Service Command as a captain in the Army Specialist Corps.[88] Miller was soon transferred to the Army Air Forces.[89] Captain Glenn Miller served initially as assistant special services officer for the Army Air Forces Southeast Training Center at Maxwell Field, Montgomery, Alabama, in December 1942. He played trombone with the Rhythmaires, a 15-piece dance band, in both Montgomery and in service clubs and recreation halls on Maxwell. Miller also appeared on both WAPI (Birmingham, Alabama) and WSFA radio (Montgomery), promoting the activities of civil service women aircraft mechanics employed at Maxwell.[90]

text: Miller initially formed a large marching band that was to be the core of a network of service orchestras. His attempts at modernizing military music were met with some resistance from tradition-minded career officers, but Miller's fame and support from other senior leaders allowed him to continue. For example, Miller's arrangement of "St. Louis Blues March", combined blues and jazz with the traditional military march.[91] Miller's weekly radio broadcast "I Sustain the Wings", for which he co-wrote the eponymous theme song, moved from New Haven to New York City and was very popular. This led to permission for Miller to form his 50-piece Army Air Force Band and take it to England in the summer of 1944, where he gave 800 performances.[90] While in England, now Major Miller recorded a series of records at EMI owned Abbey Road Studios.[92][93] The recordings the AAF band made in 1944 at Abbey Road were propaganda broadcasts for the Office of War Information. Many songs are sung in German by Johnny Desmond and Glenn Miller speaks in German about the war effort.[94] Before Miller's disappearance, his music was used by World War II AFN radio broadcasting for entertainment and morale as well as counter-propaganda to denounce fascist oppression in Europe with even Miller once stating on radio:

text: America means freedom and there's no expression of freedom quite so sincere as music.[95][96][97]

text: There were also the Miller-led AAF Orchestra-recorded songs with American singer Dinah Shore. These were done at the Abbey Road studios and were the last recorded songs made by the band while being led by Miller. They were stored with HMV/EMI for fifty years, never being released until their copyright expired in Europe in 1994.[98][99] In summarizing Miller's military career, General Jimmy Doolittle said, "next to a letter from home, that organization was the greatest morale builder in the European Theater of Operations."[100]

text: During Miller's stay in England, he and his band were headquartered in a BBC Radio office at 25 Sloane Court in London.. A bomb landed three blocks away, encouraging Miller to relocate to Bedford, England. The day after he departed London, a V-1 flying bomb demolished his former office, killing at least 70 of his former officemates.[101]

text: Disappearance[edit]

text: While traveling to entertain U.S. troops in France during World War II, Capt. Glenn Miller's aircraft disappeared in bad weather over the English Channel.

text: Miller spent the last night before his disappearance at Milton Ernest Hall, near Bedford. On December 15, 1944, he was to fly from the United Kingdom to Paris, France, to make arrangements to move his entire band there in the near future. His plane, a single-engined UC-64 Norseman, USAAF serial 44-70285, departed from RAF Twinwood Farm in Clapham, on the outskirts of Bedford and disappeared while flying over the English Channel.[102] There were two others on board the plane: Lt. Col. Norman Baessell and pilot John Morgan.[1]

text: A 2014 article in the Chicago Tribune reported that, despite many theories that had been proposed, Miller's plane crashed because it had a faulty carburetor. The plane's engine had a type of carburetor that was known to be defective in cold weather and had a history of causing crashes in other aircraft by icing up.[103] The theory that the plane was hit by a bomb jettisoned by Allied planes returning from an aborted bombing raid on Germany is discredited by the log of a plane-spotter that implies that the plane was heading in a direction that would avoid the zone where such bombs were jettisoned.[104]

text: When Miller disappeared, he left behind his wife, the former Helen Burger, originally from Boulder, Colorado, and the two children they had adopted in 1943 and 1944, Steven and Jonnie.[105] In February 1945, Helen Miller accepted the Bronze Star medal for Miller.[106]

text: Civilian band legacy[edit]

text: The Miller estate authorized an official Glenn Miller "ghost band" in 1946. This band was led by Tex Beneke, former tenor saxophonist and a singer for the civilian band. It had a makeup similar to the Army Air Forces Band: It included a large string section and, at least initially, about two-thirds of the musicians were alumni of either the civilian or AAF orchestras.[107] The orchestra's official public début was at the Capitol Theatre on Broadway where it opened for a three-week engagement on January 24, 1946.[108] Future television and film composer Henry Mancini was the band's pianist and one of the arrangers.[109] This ghost band played to very large audiences all across the United States, including a few dates at the Hollywood Palladium in 1947, where the original Miller band played in 1941.[110] In a website concerning the history of the Hollywood Palladium, it is noted "[even] as the big band era faded, the Tex Beneke and Glenn Miller Orchestra concert at the Palladium resulted in a record-breaking crowd of 6,750 dancers."[111] By 1949, economics dictated that the string section be dropped.[112] This band recorded for RCA Victor, just as the original Miller band did.[112] Beneke was struggling with how to expand the Miller sound and also how to achieve success under his own name. What began as the "Glenn Miller Orchestra Under the Direction of Tex Beneke" finally became "The Tex Beneke Orchestra". By 1950, Beneke and the Miller estate parted ways.[113] The break was acrimonious[114] and Beneke is not currently listed by the Miller estate as a former leader of the Glenn Miller orchestra,[115] although his role has more recently been acknowledged on the orchestra's website.[116]

text: When Glenn Miller was alive, many bandleaders like Bob Chester imitated his style.[117] By the early 1950s, various bands were again copying the Miller style of clarinet-led reeds and muted trumpets, notably Ralph Flanagan,[118] Jerry Gray,[119] and Ray Anthony.[120] This, coupled with the success of The Glenn Miller Story (1953),[121] led the Miller estate to ask Ray McKinley to lead a new ghost band.[112] This 1956 band is the original version of the current ghost band that still tours the United States today.[122] The official Glenn Miller orchestra for the United States is currently under the direction of Nick Hilscher.[123] The officially sanctioned Glenn Miller Orchestra for the United Kingdom has toured and recorded under the leadership of Ray McVay.[124] The official Glenn Miller Orchestra for Europe has been led by Wil Salden since 1990.[125] The Official Glenn Miller Orchestra for Scandinavia has been led by Jan Slottenäs since 2010.[126]

text: Army Air Force band legacy[edit]

text: In the mid-1940s, after Miller's disappearance, the Miller-led Army Air Force band was decommissioned and sent back to the United States. "The chief of the European theater asked [Warrant Officer Harold Lindsay] Lin [Arinson] to put together another band to take its place, and that's when the 314 was formed." According to singer Tony Bennett who sang with it while in the service, the 314 was the immediate successor to the Glenn Miller led AAF orchestra.[127] The Glenn Miller Army Air Force Band's long-term legacy has carried on with the Airmen of Note, a band within the United States Air Force Band. This band was created in 1950 from smaller groups within the Bolling Air Force Base in Washington, D.C., and continues to play jazz music for the Air Force community and the general public. The legacy also continues through The United States Air Forces in Europe Band, stationed at Ramstein Air Base, Germany.[128]

text: Posthumous events[edit]

text: Annual festivals celebrating Glenn Miller's legacy are held in two of the towns most associated with his youth.

text: Since 1975, the Glenn Miller Birthplace Society has held its annual Glenn Miller Festival in Clarinda, Iowa. The festival's highlights include performances by the official Glenn Miller Orchestra under the direction of Nick Hilscher as well as numerous other jazz musicians, visits to the restored Miller home and the new Glenn Miller Birthplace Museum, historical displays from the Glenn Miller Archive at the University of Colorado, lectures and presentations about Miller's life, and a scholarship competition for young classical and jazz musicians.[129]

text: Every summer since 1996, the city of Fort Morgan, Colorado, has hosted a public event called the Glenn Miller SwingFest. Miller graduated from Fort Morgan High School where he played American football and formed his own band with classmates. Events include musical performances and swing dancing, community picnics, lectures and fundraising for scholarships to attend The School for the Performing Arts,[130] a nonprofit dance, voice, piano, percussion, guitar, violin, and drama studio program in Fort Morgan. Each year, about 2,000 people attend this summer festival, which serves to introduce younger generations to the music Miller made famous, as well as the style of dance and dress popular in the big-band era.

text: Glenn Miller's widow, Helen, died in 1966.[131] Herb Miller, Glenn Miller's brother, led his own band in the United States and England until the late 1980s.[132][133] In 1989, Glenn Miller's adopted daughter Jonnie purchased the house in Clarinda Iowa where Miller was born. The house is located at 601 South 16th Street (at the corner of West Clark Street) which is also known as Glenn Miller Drive. The Glenn Miller Foundation was created to oversee the subsequent restoration. The house is now part of the Glenn Miller Birthplace Museum. In 1953, Universal-International pictures released The Glenn Miller Story, starring James Stewart. Ray Eberle, Marion Hutton and Tex Beneke do not appear in or are referred to in this movie. "Perhaps the only faults The Glenn Miller Story can be cited for are the obvious liberties that were taken with the band leader's career and a tendency to become overly sentimental at times."[134] In 1957, a new student Union Building was completed on the Boulder Campus and the new Ballroom was named "The Glenn Miller Ballroom". In 1996, the U.S. Postal Service issued a Glenn Miller postage stamp.[135]

text: In the United States and England, there are a few archives that are devoted to Glenn Miller.[136] The University of Colorado, Boulder, has an extensive Glenn Miller Archive that not only houses many of Miller's recordings, gold records and other memorabilia, but also is open to scholarly research and the general public.[137] This archive, formed by Alan Cass, includes the original manuscript to Miller's theme song, "Moonlight Serenade", among other items of interest.[138] In 2002, the Glenn Miller Museum opened to the public at the former RAF Twinwood Farm, in Clapham, Bedfordshire, England.[139] Miller's surname resides on the "Wall of Missing" at the Cambridge American Cemetery and Memorial. There is a burial plot and headstone for Major Glenn Miller in Arlington National Cemetery, just outside Washington, D.C. A monument stone was also placed in Grove Street Cemetery in New Haven, Connecticut, next to the campus of Yale University.[140] Miller was awarded a Star for Recording on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6915 Hollywood Boulevard in Hollywood, California.[141] The headquarters of the United States Air Forces in Europe Band at Ramstein Air Base, Germany, is named Glenn Miller Hall.

text: Arranging staff and compositions[edit]

text: Miller had a staff of arrangers who wrote originals like "String of Pearls" (written and arranged by Jerry Gray)[142] or took originals like "In The Mood" (writing credit given to Joe Garland[143] and arranged by Eddie Durham[144]) and "Tuxedo Junction" (written by bandleader Erskine Hawkins[145] and arranged by Jerry Gray[146]) and arranged them for the Miller band to either record or broadcast. Glenn Miller's staff of arrangers in his civilian band, who handled the bulk of the work, were Jerry Gray (a former arranger for Artie Shaw), Bill Finegan (a former arranger for Tommy Dorsey),[147] Billy May[148] and to a much smaller extent, George Williams,[149] who worked very briefly with the band as well as Andrews Sisters arranger Vic Schoen[150][151] According to Norman Leyden, "[s]everal others [besides Leyden] arranged for Miller in the service, including Jerry Gray, Ralph Wilkinson, Mel Powell, and Steve Steck."[152] In 1943, Glenn Miller wrote Glenn Miller's Method for Orchestral Arranging, published by the Mutual Music Society in New York,[153] a one hundred sixteen page book with illustrations and scores that explains how he wrote his musical arrangements.

text: Discography[edit]

text: Band alumni[edit]

text: Many of the Miller musicians went on to studio and touring careers in Hollywood and New York after World War II. Trumpeter Ray Anthony who played with Miller's band at age 18 starting in 1941 and 1942 is perhaps the most well known of the still living members.[154] Musicians who went from the Miller bands to important reputations afterwards include:

text:
George Siravo (1916–2000)[155] was an arranger with Glenn Miller's first band in the late 1930s. Siravo went on to become a staff arranger with Columbia Records in the 1940s, working with Frank Sinatra[156][78] and Doris Day.[157]
Billy May (1916–2004),[158] a trumpeter and an arranger for the civilian band,[159] Billy May was hired from Charlie Barnet's band by Glenn Miller and joined in 1940. Miller and May had a wary relationship with each other. According to Will Friedwald, by 1942, May was ready to resign from the Miller band. A few reasons were, Miller refused to record half of May's arrangements and May objected to the regimented style of Miller's band. But since Miller was joining the military, he convinced May to stay on until the band broke up. May finally said around 1995, after a life of heavy drinking and going to rehabilitation for alcoholism, that working with Glenn Miller "helped me immensely. I learned a lot from Glenn. He was a good musician and an excellent arranger."[160] He became a much-coveted arranger and studio orchestra leader after that band broke up, going on to work with Frank Sinatra,[161] Rosemary Clooney,[162] Anita O'Day,[163] and Bing Crosby,[162] among other singers of the post-war era.
Cornetist Bobby Hackett (1915–1976)[164] solos on "A String of Pearls" with Miller in 1941 for Bluebird records.[165] "[166][167] Hackett went on to work with Jackie Gleason and Dizzy Gillespie.[168]
Johnny Desmond (1919–1985),[169] a lead vocalist from the Army Air Force Band, became a popular singer in the 1950s, and appeared on Broadway in the 1960s in Funny Girl with Barbra Streisand.[170]
Kay Starr (1922–2016)[171] became a pop, jazz and country singer in the post-war period. In 1939, Marion Hutton, the regular "girl singer", became sick and sixteen-year-old Kay Starr was flown in to replace her.[172] Kay Starr's two recordings with Glenn Miller were two 1939 sides, "Baby Me" and "Love With a Capital You".[173]
Paul Tanner (1917–2013),[174][175] trombonist for the civilian band, went on to work with the electrotheremin[176] and perform on songs such as Good Vibrations by The Beach Boys[177]

text: Some of the Army Air Force members went on to notable careers in classical music and modern jazz. Three such are:

text:
Norman Leyden (1917–2014),[178] an arranger from the Army Air Force Band[179] later became a noted arranger in New York, composing arrangements for Sarah Vaughan,[180][181] among other artists. His long career culminated with his highly regarded work for the Oregon Symphony, now as Laureate Associate Conductor.[182][183]
Mel Powell (1923–1998)[184] was the pianist and one of the arrangers in the Glenn Miller Army Air Force Band. Gary Giddins comments on "[Miller's] splendid forty-two-piece Army Air Force Band's startling performance of 'Mission to Moscow.'"[185] "Mission to Moscow" was arranged by Mel Powell, the former pianist for the Benny Goodman orchestra before he was drafted into the service and subsequently joined the Miller orchestra. "Pearls on Velvet" with the Air Force Band is also one of his compositions.[186] "In 1949, he decided on a radical change of direction, setting aside jazz and enrolling as a pupil of the composer and teacher Paul Hindemith at Yale University."[184] Powell started teaching at the California Institute of the Arts in Los Angeles in 1969.[187] He won the Pulitzer Prize for Music in 1990 and was the founding dean of the music department at the CalArts. Powell was the only Pulitizer Prize winner in Music that also won a jazz poll. In 1945 He was named the Best Military Jazz Musician for his work with Miller.[188]
Addison Collins, Jr. (1927–1976) played French horn in the service band. He is featured as "Junior" Collins on the Miles Davis Birth of the Cool recordings of 1949–50.[189]
Artie Malvin (1922–2006),[190] the baritone of the four-man vocal quartet The Crew Chiefs in Glenn Miller's AAF Band. After World War II and Miller's death, Malvin became heavily immersed in the popular music of the forties and fifties, being involved in everything from children's music to the nascent beginnings of rock to jingles for commercials.[190] By the 1970s Artie Malvin was involved with The Carol Burnett Show,[191] doing special musical material.[192]

text: George T. Simon (1912–2001) knew and worked with Glenn Miller from his early sideman days to the days of leading his civilian band and finally, worked with him when he was stateside with the Army Air Force band. Simon was a drummer for some of the Miller bands. He helped his friend Glenn Miller with personnel using the connections that Simon had as editor with the now defunct Metronome magazine.[193] George Simon wrote the liner notes for eleven Miller reissues, among them: Glenn Miller Army Air Force Band, 1955, Glenn Miller On The Air, 1963, and Glenn Miller: A Legendary Performer, 1974.[194] During a long career, he also wrote articles with topics ranging from Miller and Frank Sinatra to Thelonious Monk. In 1974, Simon won a Grammy award for his liner notes for the RCA record: Bing Crosby: A Legendary Performer.[195]

text: Awards, decorations and honors[edit]

text: Military awards and decorations[edit]

text:
Bronze Star

American Campaign Medal
European-African-Middle Eastern
Campaign Medal
with two stars
World War II Victory Medal

Marksmanship Badge
with Carbine and Rifle Bars

text: Bronze Star citation[edit]

text: "Major Alton Glenn Miller (Army Serial No. 0505273), Air Corps, United States Army, for meritorious service in connection with military operations as Commander of the Army Air Force Band (Special), from 9 July 1944 to 15 December 1944. Major Miller, through excellent judgment and professional skill, conspicuously blended the abilities of the outstanding musicians, comprising the group, into a harmonious orchestra whose noteworthy contribution to the morale of the armed forces has been little less than sensational. Major Miller constantly sought to increase the services rendered by his organization, and it was through him that the band was ordered to Paris to give this excellent entertainment to as many troops as possible. His superior accomplishments are highly commendable and reflect the highest credit upon himself and the armed forces of the United States."

text: Grammy Hall of Fame[edit]

text: Glenn Miller had three recordings that were posthumously inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame, which is a special Grammy award established in 1973 to honor recordings that are at least 25 years old and that have "qualitative or historical significance."

text:
Glenn Miller: Grammy Hall of Fame Awards[196]

Year Recorded
Title
Genre
Label
Year Inducted
Notes

1939
"Moonlight Serenade"
Jazz (single)
RCA Bluebird
1991

1941
"Chattanooga Choo Choo"
Jazz (single)
RCA Bluebird
1996

1939
"In the Mood"
Jazz (single)
RCA Bluebird
1983


document_title: St. Augustine, Florida

question_text: which european country built the first permanent settlement in what is now the united states

root

text: St. Augustine, Florida

text: History[edit]

text: Founding by Pedro Menéndez de Avilés[edit]

text: Founded in 1565 by the Spanish conquistador, Pedro Menéndez de Avilés, St. Augustine is the oldest continuously occupied settlement of European origin in the contiguous United States. In 1562, a group of Huguenots led by Jean Ribault arrived in Spanish Florida to establish a colony in the territory claimed by Spain. They explored the mouth of the St. Johns River, calling it la Rivière de Mai (the River May), then sailed northward and established a settlement called Charlesfort at Port Royal Sound in present-day South Carolina. Spain learned of this French expedition through its spies at ports on the Atlantic coast of France. The Huguenot nobleman René de Laudonnière, who had participated in the expedition, returned to Florida in 1564 with three ships and 300 Huguenot colonists. He arrived at the mouth of the River May on June 22, 1564, sailed up it a few miles, and founded Fort Caroline.

tag: p

text: Desiring to protect its claimed territories in North America against such incursions, the Spanish Crown issued an asiento to Menéndez, signed by King Philip II on March 20, 1565, granting him expansive trade privileges, the power to distribute lands, and licenses to sell 500 slaves, as well as various titles, including that of adelantado of Florida.[11] This contract directed Menéndez to sail for La Florida, reconnoitre it from the Florida Keys to present-day Canada, and report on its coastal features, with a view to establishing a permanent settlement for the defense of the Spanish treasure fleet. He was ordered as well to drive away any intruders who were not subjects of the Spanish crown.[12]

text: On July 28, Menéndez set sail from Cádiz with a fleet led by his 600-ton flagship, the San Pelayo, accompanied by several smaller ships, and carrying over 1,000 sailors, soldiers, and settlers.[13] On the feast day of St. Augustine, August 28, the fleet sighted land and anchored off the north inlet of the tidal channel the French called the River of Dolphins.[14] Menéndez then sailed north and confronted Ribault's fleet outside the bar of the River May in a brief skirmish. On September 6, he returned to the site of his first landfall, naming it after the Catholic saint, disembarked his troops, and quickly constructed fortifications to protect his people and supplies.[15][16]

text: Menéndez then marched his soldiers overland for a surprise attack on Fort Caroline, where they killed almost everyone in the fort except for the women and children. Jean Ribault had already put out to sea with his ships for an assault on St. Augustine, but was surprised by a storm that wrecked his ships further south. Informed by his Indian allies that the survivors were walking northward on the coast, Menéndez began to search for the Frenchmen, who had made it as far as the banks of the Matanzas River's south entrance.[17] There they were confronted by the Spaniard and his men on the opposite side. After several parleys with the Spanish, Jean Ribault and the Frenchmen with him (between 150–350, sources differ) surrendered; almost all of them were executed in the dunes near the inlet, thereafter called Matanzas (Spanish for "slaughters").[18]

text: In May 1566, as relations with the neighboring Timucua Indians deteriorated, Menéndez moved the Spanish settlement to a more defensible position on the north end of the barrier island between the mainland and the sea, and built a wooden fort there. In 1572, the settlement was relocated to the mainland, in the area just south of the future town plaza. Confident that he had fulfilled the primary conditions of his contract with the King, including the building of forts along the coast of La Florida, Menéndez returned to Spain in 1567. After several more transatlantic crossings, Menéndez fell ill and died on September 17, 1574.[19]

text: Invasions by pirates and enemies of Spain[edit]

text: Succeeding governors of the province maintained a peaceful coexistence with the local Native Americans, allowing the isolated outpost of St. Augustine some stability for a few years. On May 28 and 29, 1586, soon after the Anglo-Spanish War began between England and Spain, the English privateer Sir Francis Drake sacked and burned St. Augustine.[20] The approach of his large fleet obliged Governor Pedro Menéndez Márquez and the townspeople to flee for their safety. When the English got ashore, they seized some artillery pieces and a royal strongbox containing gold ducats, the garrison payroll.[21] The killing of their sergeant major by the Spanish rearguard caused Drake to order the town burnt.[22][23]

text: In 1609 and 1611, expeditions were sent out from St. Augustine against the English colony at Jamestown, Virginia.[24] In the second half of the 17th century, unsettled groups of Indians, forced southward by the expanding English colony in Carolina, made raids into Florida and killed the Franciscan priests who served at the Catholic missions. Requests by successive governors of the province to strengthen the presidio’s garrison and fortifications were ignored by the Crown. The charter of 1663 for the new Province of Carolina, issued by King Charles II of England, was revised in 1665, claiming lands as far southward as 29 degrees north latitude, about 65 miles south of the existing settlement at St. Augustine.[25][26]

text: The English buccaneer Robert Searle then sacked St. Augustine in 1668, killing sixty people and pillaging government buildings, churches and houses,[27] after which his pirates ransomed off some of their hostages and sold others into slavery. This raid and the establishment of the English settlement at Charles Town spurred the Spanish monarchy to finally acknowledge the threat represented by the new English colonies to the north and strengthen the city's defenses. In 1669, Queen Regent Mariana ordered the Viceroy of New Spain to disburse funds for the construction of a permanent masonry fortress, which began in 1672.[28] The Castillo de San Marcos was completed in 1695, not long before an attack by Governor Moore's forces from Carolina in November, 1702. Failing to take the fort after a siege of 58 days, the British troops burned St. Augustine to the ground as they retreated.[29] In 1740, the town was again besieged, this time by the governor of the British colony of Georgia, General James Oglethorpe, who was also unable to take the fort.[30]

text: Loyalist haven under British rule[edit]

text: The Treaty of Paris (1763), signed after Great Britain's victory over France and Spain during the Seven Years' War, ceded Florida to Great Britain and consequently St. Augustine became a Loyalist haven during the American Revolutionary War.[31] The second Treaty of Paris (1783), which recognized the independence of the former British colonies north of Florida, also ceded Florida back to Spain, and as a result many of the town's Spanish citizens returned to St Augustine. Refugees from Dr. Andrew Turnbull's troubled colony in New Smyrna had fled to St. Augustine in 1777, and made up the majority of the city's population during British rule. This group was, and still is, referred to locally as "Menorcans", even though it also included settlers from Italy, Corsica and the Greek islands as well.[32][33]

text: Second Spanish period[edit]

text: During the Second Spanish period (1784-1821) of Florida, Spain was dealing with invasions of the Iberian peninsula by Napoleon's armies in the Peninsular War, and struggled to maintain a tenuous hold on its territories in the western hemisphere as revolution swept South America. The royal administration of Florida was neglected, as the province had long been regarded as an unprofitable backwater by the Crown. The United States, however, considered Florida vital to its political and military interests as it expanded its territory in North America, and maneuvered by sometimes clandestine means to acquire it.[34] The Adams–Onís Treaty, negotiated in 1819 and ratified in 1821, ceded Florida and St. Augustine, still its capital at the time, to the United States.[35]

text: Territory of Florida[edit]

text: Florida remained an organized territory of the United States until 1845, when it was admitted into the Union as the State of Florida.[36] The Territorial Period (1821-1845) was marked by protracted wars with the Creek Indian groups who occupied the peninsula, collectively known as "Seminoles", during the Second Seminole War (1835-1842). The United States Army took command of the Castillo de San Marcos and renamed it Fort Marion after General Francis Marion, who fought in the American Revolutionary War. The capital of the territory was moved to Tallahassee in 1824.

text: Civil War[edit]

text: Florida joined the Confederacy after the Civil War began in 1861, and Confederate authorities remained in control of St. Augustine for fourteen months, although it was barely defended. The Union conducted a blockade of shipping. In 1862 Union troops gained control of St. Augustine and controlled it through the rest of the war. With the economy already suffering, many residents fled.[37][38]

text: Henry Flagler and the railroad[edit]

text: Henry Flagler, a co-founder with John D. Rockefeller of the Standard Oil Company, spent the winter of 1883 in St. Augustine and found the city charming, but considered its hotels and transportation systems inadequate.[39] He had the idea to make St. Augustine a winter resort for wealthy Americans from the north, and to bring them south he bought several short line railroads and combined these in 1885 to form the Florida East Coast Railway. He built a railroad bridge over the St. Johns River in 1888, opening up the Atlantic coast of Florida to development.[40][41]

text: Flagler began construction in 1887 on two large ornate hotels in the city, the 540-room Ponce de Leon Hotel and the 250-room Hotel Alcazar. The next year, he purchased the Casa Monica Hotel across the street from both the Alcazar and the Ponce de Leon. His chosen architectural firm, Carrère and Hastings, radically altered the appearance of St. Augustine with these hotels, giving it a skyline and beginning an architectural trend in the state characterized by the use of the Moorish Revival style. With the opening of the Ponce de Leon in 1888, St. Augustine became the winter resort of American high society for a few years.[42]

text: When Flagler's Florida East Coast Railroad was extended southward to Palm Beach and then Miami in the early 20th Century, the rich mostly abandoned St. Augustine. Wealthy vacationers began to customarily spend their winters in South Florida, where the climate was warmer and freezes were rare. St. Augustine nevertheless still attracted tourists, and eventually became a destination for families traveling in automobiles as new highways were built and Americans took to the road for annual summer vacations. The tourist industry soon became the dominant sector of the local economy.[43]

text: Civil Rights movement[edit]

text: In late 1963, nearly a decade after the Supreme Court ruling in Brown v. Board of Education that segregation of schools was unconstitutional, African Americans were still trying to get St. Augustine to integrate the public schools in the city. They were also trying to integrate public accommodations, such as lunch counters,[44] and were met with arrests[45] and Ku Klux Klan violence.[46][47] Local college students held non-violent protests throughout the city, including sit-ins at the local Woolworth's, picket lines, and marches through the downtown. These protests were often met with police violence. Homes of African Americans were firebombed,[48] black leaders were assaulted and threatened with death, and others were fired from their jobs.

text: In the spring of 1964, St. Augustine civil rights leader Robert Hayling[49] asked the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) and its leader Martin Luther King, Jr. for assistance.[50] From May until July 1964, King and Hayling, along with Andrew Young, organized marches, sit-ins, and other forms of peaceful protest in St. Augustine. Hundreds of black and white civil rights supporters were arrested,[51] and the jails were filled to capacity.[52] At the request of Hayling and King, white civil rights supporters from the North, including students, clergy, and well-known public figures, came to St. Augustine and were arrested together with Southern activists.[53][54][55]

text: St. Augustine was the only place in Florida where King was arrested; his arrest there occurred on June 11, 1964, on the steps of the Monson Motor Lodge's restaurant. The demonstrations came to a climax when a group of black and white protesters jumped into the hotel's segregated swimming pool. In response to the protest, James Brock, the manager of the hotel and the president of the Florida Hotel & Motel Association, poured what he claimed to be muriatic acid into the pool to burn the protesters. Photographs of this, and of a policeman jumping into the pool to arrest the protesters, were broadcast around the world.

text: The Ku Klux Klan responded to these protests with violent attacks that were widely reported in national and international media.[56] Popular revulsion against the Klan and police violence in St. Augustine generated national sympathy for the black protesters and became a key factor in Congressional passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964,[57] leading eventually to passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965,[58] both of which provided federal enforcement of constitutional rights.

text: Modern St. Augustine[edit]

text: In 1965, St. Augustine celebrated the 400th anniversary of its founding,[59] and jointly with the State of Florida, inaugurated a program to restore part of the colonial city. The Historic St. Augustine Preservation Board was formed to reconstruct more than thirty-six buildings to their historical appearance, which was completed within a few years. When the State of Florida abolished the Board in 1997, the City of St. Augustine assumed control of the reconstructed buildings, as well as other historic properties including the Government House. In 2010, the city transferred control of the historic buildings to the University of Florida.

text: In 2015, St. Augustine celebrated the 450th anniversary of its founding with four-day long festival and a visit from Felipe VI of Spain and Queen Letizia of Spain.[60]

text: On October 7, 2016 Hurricane Matthew caused widespread flooding in downtown St. Augustine.[61]

text: Geography and climate[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

tag: table

text: St. Augustine is located at 29°53′41″N 81°18′52″W / 29.89472°N 81.31444°W / 29.89472; -81.31444 (29.8946910, −81.3145170).[1] According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 10.7 square miles (27.8 km2), 8.4 square miles (21.7 km2) of which is land and 2.4 square miles (6.1 km2) (21.99%) is water. Access to the Atlantic Ocean is via the St. Augustine Inlet of the Matanzas River.

text: St. Augustine has a humid subtropical climate or Cfa – typical of the Gulf and South Atlantic states. The low latitude and coastal location give the city a mostly warm and sunny climate. Like much of Florida, St. Augustine enjoys a high number of sunny days, averaging 2,900 hours annually. Unlike much of the contiguous United States, St. Augustine’s driest time of year is winter. The hot and wet season extends from May through October, while the cool and dry season extends November through April.

text: In the hot season, average daytime highs are in the upper 80s to low 90s  °F (26° to 33 °C) and average night-time lows are in the low 70s °F (21 °C). The Bermuda High pumps in hot and unstable tropical air from the Bahamas and Gulf of Mexico, which help create the daily thundershowers that are typical in summer months. Intense but very brief downpours are common in mid-summer in the city. Fall and spring are warm and sunny with highs in the 75 to 80 F (21 to 24 °C) range and overnight lows in the 50s to low 60s (10 to 17 °C).

text: In the dry winter season, St. Augustine has generally mild and sunny weather typical of the Florida peninsula. The coolest months are from December through February, with average daytime highs that range from 65 to 70 °F (18 to 21 °C) and nighttime lows in the 46-49 F (8 to 10 °C) range. From November through April, St. Augustine often has long periods of rainless weather. Early spring (April) can see near drought conditions with brush fires and water restrictions in place. St. Augustine averages six frosts per year. Hurricanes occasionally impact the region; however, like most areas prone to such storms, St. Augustine rarely suffers a direct hit by a major hurricane. The last direct hit by a major hurricane to the city was Hurricane Dora in 1964. Extensive flooding occurred in the downtown area of St. Augustine when Hurricane Matthew passed east of the city in October 2016.[62]

text:
[hide]Climate data for St. Augustine

Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year

Record high °F (°C)
87
(31)
90
(32)
94
(34)
96
(36)
99
(37)
104
(40)
103
(39)
102
(39)
100
(38)
98
(37)
92
(33)
89
(32)
104
(40)

Average high °F (°C)
66
(19)
69
(21)
73
(23)
78
(26)
84
(29)
88
(31)
90
(32)
89
(32)
86
(30)
81
(27)
74
(23)
68
(20)
79
(26)

Average low °F (°C)
46
(8)
49
(9)
53
(12)
58
(14)
65
(18)
71
(22)
72
(22)
73
(23)
71
(22)
65
(18)
56
(13)
49
(9)
61
(16)

Record low °F (°C)
10
(−12)
18
(−8)
23
(−5)
33
(1)
41
(5)
52
(11)
58
(14)
59
(15)
51
(11)
31
(−1)
25
(−4)
16
(−9)
10
(−12)

Average precipitation inches (mm)
2.7
(69)
3.1
(79)
3.9
(99)
2.6
(66)
3.1
(79)
5.6
(142)
5.7
(145)
6.5
(165)
7.5
(191)
4.6
(117)
2.3
(58)
2.4
(61)
49.49
(1,257)

Source: [63]

text: Demographics[edit]

text:
Historical population

Census
Pop.

%±

1830
1,708

—

1840
2,450

43.4%

1850
1,934

−21.1%

1860
1,914

−1.0%

1870
1,717

−10.3%

1880
2,293

33.5%

1890
4,742

106.8%

1900
4,272

−9.9%

1910
5,494

28.6%

1920
6,192

12.7%

1930
12,111

95.6%

1940
12,090

−0.2%

1950
13,555

12.1%

1960
14,734

8.7%

1970
12,352

−16.2%

1980
11,985

−3.0%

1990
11,692

−2.4%

2000
11,592

−0.9%

2010
12,975

11.9%

Est. 2016
14,280
[5]
10.1%

U.S. Decennial Census[64]

text: As of the 2010 United States Census, there were 12,975 people, 5,743 households, and 2,679 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,376.2 people per square mile (531/km²). There were 6,978 housing units at an average density of 549.4 per square mile (211.4/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 84.2% Caucasian, 11.6% African American, 0.4% Native American, 1.2% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 0.8% from other races, and 1.6% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 5.1% of the population.

text: There were 5,743 households out of which 14.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 31.7% were married couples living together, 10.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 53.4% were non-families. 37.8% of all households were made up of individuals and 14.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.03 and the average family size was 2.67.

text: In the city, the population was spread out with 13.1% under the age of 18, 15.3% from 18 to 24, 23.9% from 25 to 44, 25.2% from 45 to 64, and 19% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 42.6 years. For every 100 females there were 88.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 85.8 males.

text: The median income for a household in the city was $36,424, and the median income for a family was $56,055. Males had a median income of $32,409 versus $30,188 for females. The per capita income for the city was $23,485. About 7.6% of families and 21.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 18.8% of those under age 18 and 24.4% of those age 65 or over.

text: Transportation[edit]

text: Highways[edit]

text:
Interstate 95 runs north–south.
 U.S. Route 1 runs north–south.
 State Road A1A runs north–south.
 State Road 16 runs east–west
 State Road 207 runs northeast–southwest
 State Road 312 runs east–west

tag: ul

text: Buses[edit]

text: Bus service is operated by the Sunshine Bus Company. Buses operate mainly between shopping centers across town, but a few go to Hastings and Jacksonville, where one can connect to JTA for additional service across Jacksonville.

text: Airport[edit]

text: St. Augustine has one public airport 4 miles (6.4 km) north of the downtown. It has three runways and two seaplane lanes.[65] Frontier Airlines provides seasonal service from the airport to Philadelphia and ViaAir provides seasonal service to Charlotte.[66] Various private jets and tour helicopters also operate from the airport. Northrop Grumman runs a large manufacturing plant on the grounds, where the E-2 Hawkeye is produced.

text: Points of interest[edit]

text: First and second Spanish eras[edit]

text:
Avero House
Castillo de San Marcos National Monument
Fort Matanzas National Monument
Fort Mose Historic State Park
Nombre de Dios
Gonzalez-Alvarez House
Fountain of Youth Archaeological Park
The Spanish Military Hospital Museum
St. Francis Barracks
Colonial Quarter
Ximenez-Fatio House
González-Jones House
Llambias House
Oldest Wooden Schoolhouse
Tolomato Cemetery and Huguenot Cemetery

text: British era[edit]

text: The King's Bakery

text: Pre-Flagler era[edit]

text:
St. Augustine Lighthouse and Museum
Markland Mansion

text: Flagler era[edit]

text:
Ponce de Leon Hotel
Casa Monica Hotel
Hotel Alcazar
Zorayda Castle
Bridge of Lions
Old St. Johns County Jail
Ripley's Believe it or Not! Museum located in 1887 mansion of William Worden.
St. Augustine Alligator Farm Zoological Park

text: Historic churches[edit]

text:
Grace United Methodist Church
Cathedral Basilica of St. Augustine
Memorial Presbyterian Church
Trinity Church of St. Augustine

text: Lincolnville National Historic District – Civil Rights era[edit]

text: St. Benedict the Moor School

text: Other points of interest[edit]

text:
Anastasia State Park
Florida School for the Deaf and Blind
St. Augustine Amphitheatre
St. Augustine Pirate & Treasure Museum
World Golf Hall of Fame

text: Sister cities[edit]

text:
Avilés, Asturias, Spain
Laayoune, Western Sahara
 Cartagena, Colombia
 Menorca, Balearic Islands, Spain
 Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic

text: Education[edit]

text: Primary and secondary education in St. Augustine is overseen by the St. Johns County School District. There are no county high schools located within St. Augustine's current city limits, but St. Augustine High School, Pedro Menendez High School, and St. Johns Technical High School are located in the vicinity. The Florida School for the Deaf and Blind, a state-operated boarding school for deaf and blind students, was founded in the city in 1885.[67] The Catholic Diocese of St. Augustine operates the St. Joseph Academy, Florida's oldest Catholic high school, to the west of the city.[68]

text: There are several institutions of higher education in and around St. Augustine. Flagler College is a four-year liberal arts college founded in 1968. It is located in the former Ponce de Leon Hotel in downtown St. Augustine.[69] St. Johns River State College, a state college in the Florida College System, has its St. Augustine campus just west of the city. Also in the area are the University of North Florida, Jacksonville University, and Florida State College at Jacksonville in Jacksonville.[70]

text: The institution now known as Florida Memorial University was located in St. Augustine from 1918 to 1968, when it relocated to its present campus in Miami. Originally known as Florida Baptist Academy, then Florida Normal, and then Florida Memorial College, it was a historically black institution and had a wide impact on St. Augustine while it was located there. During World War II it was chosen as the site for training the first blacks in the U. S. Signal Corps. Among its faculty members was Zora Neale Hurston; a historic marker is placed at the house where she lived while teaching at Florida Memorial[71] (and where she wrote her autobiography Dust Tracks on a Road.)[72][73]

text: Notable people[edit]

text:
Jim Albrecht, poker tournament director and commentator
Andrew Anderson, physician, St. Augustine mayor
John Alexander Armstrong, political theorist and scholar
Murray Armstrong, hockey coach
Pete Banaszak, professional football player[74]
Frances Bemis, public relations specialist
Jorge Biassou, Haitian revolutionary and first black American general
Richard Boone, actor
James Branch Cabell, novelist
Doug Carn, jazz musician
Cris Carpenter, Major League baseball player
Ray Charles, pianist, singer, composer
George J. F. Clarke, Surveyor General of Spanish East Florida
Earl Cunningham, artist
Alexander Darnes, born a slave, became a celebrated physician
Edmund Jackson Davis, governor of Texas
Frederick Delius, composer
Henry Flagler, industrialist
Willie Galimore, football player
Michael Gannon, historian
Laura Jane Grace, singer
William H. Gray, U. S. congressman and president of the United Negro College Fund
Robert Hayling, civil rights leader
Hurley Haywood endurance race car driver[75]
Martin Johnson Heade, artist
Louise Homer, opera singer
Sidney Homer, composer
Jack D. Hunter, novelist, author of The Blue Max
Zora Neale Hurston, novelist and folklorist
Lindy Infante, professional football coach
Willie Irvin, professional football player
Brandon James, professional football player
Stetson Kennedy, author and human rights activist
Jack Temple Kirby, historian
LaChanze, Tony Award & Emmy Award winning actor, singer, and dancer
Scott Lagasse Jr., race car driver
Charlie LaPradd, college football player, college president
Jacob Lawrence, artist
Sinclair Lewis, novelist
John C. Lilly, neuroscientist, developer of the isolation tank
William W. Loring, Confederate general
Mary MacLane, author
Albert Manucy, historian, author, Fulbright Scholar
George McGovern, U.S. Senator, presidential candidate
Howell W. Melton, United States district judge
Howell W. Melton Jr., attorney, law firm managing partner
Johnny Mize, Hall of Fame baseball player
Prince Achille Murat, nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte
David Nolan, author and historian
Ashley Ann Olsen, murder victim
Osceola, Seminole War leader (held prisoner at Fort Marion, now Castillo de San Marcos)
Tom Petty, rock musician
Scott Player, professional football punter
Verle A. Pope, state legislator
Richard Henry Pratt, soldier and educator
Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings, novelist
Marcus Roberts, musician
Gamble Rogers, folksinger
John M. Schofield, Union general
Steven L. Sears, television writer-producer
Sheamus, Irish professional wrestler
Edmund Kirby Smith, Confederate general
Steve Spurrier, college/pro (American) football coach
Caleb Sturgis, NFL kicker
Peter Taylor, novelist
Travis Tomko, professional wrestler
The Wobbly Toms, music group
Felix Varela, Cuban national hero
Augustin Verot, first Bishop of St. Augustine
Patty Wagstaff, aerobatic pilot
DeWitt Webb, physician, St. Augustine mayor, state representative
David Levy Yulee, first Jewish U.S. Senator, Levy County and Yulee, Florida namesake

text: Gallery[edit]

text:
Bell tower on northeast bastion of the Castillo de San Marcos

North bastions and wall of the Castillo, looking eastward toward Anastasia Island

Seawall south of the Castillo

The city gates of St. Augustine, built in 1808, part of the much older Cubo Line

The Government House. East wing of the building dates to the 18th-century structure built on original site of the colonial governor's residence.[76]

Roman Catholic Cathedral of St. Augustine

Shrine of Our Lady of La Leche at Mission Nombre de Dios

Statue of Ponce de León

Memorial Presbyterian Church

The former Hotel Alcazar now houses the Lightner Museum and City Hall

Flagler College, formerly the Ponce de Leon Hotel

Bridge of Lions, looking eastward to Anastasia Island

Tolomato Cemetery


document_title: List of National Basketball Association career turnovers leaders

question_text: who has the most turnovers in the nba this year

text: Turnover Leaders[edit]

text: This is a list of National Basketball Association players by total career regular season turnovers recorded.[2]

text:
^
Active NBA player

*
Inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame

†
Not yet eligible for Hall of Fame consideration [3]

§
1st time nominee for Hall of Fame in 2018 [4]

text:
Rank
Player
Position(s)
Team(s) played for (years)[5]
Total turnovers
Games played
Turnovers per game
average[6]

1
Malone, KarlKarl Malone*
PF
Utah Jazz (1985–2003)
Los Angeles Lakers (2003–2004)
4,524
1,476
3.07

2
Stockton, JohnJohn Stockton*
PG
Utah Jazz (1984–2003)
4,248
1,504
2.82

3
Bryant, KobeKobe Bryant†
SG
Los Angeles Lakers (1996–2016)
4,010
1,346
2.98

4
Kidd, JasonJason Kidd§
PG
Dallas Mavericks (1994–1996)
Phoenix Suns (1996–2001)
New Jersey Nets (2001–2008)
Dallas Mavericks (2008–2012)
New York Knicks (2012–2013)
4,003
1,391
2.88

5
James, LeBronLeBron James^
SF
Cleveland Cavaliers (2003-2010)
Miami Heat (2010–2014)
Cleveland Cavaliers (2014–present)
3,813
1,106
3.45

6
Malone, MosesMoses Malone*
C
Buffalo Braves (1976)[7]
Houston Rockets (1976–1977)[7]
Houston Rockets (1977–1982)
Philadelphia 76ers (1982–1986)
Washington Bullets (1986–1988)
Atlanta Hawks (1988–1991)
Milwaukee Bucks (1991–1993)
Philadelphia 76ers (1993–1994)
San Antonio Spurs (1994–1995)
3,804
1,247
3.05

7
Thomas, IsiahIsiah Thomas*
PG
Detroit Pistons (1981–1994)
3,682
979
3.76

8
Olajuwon, HakeemHakeem Olajuwon*[8]
C
Houston Rockets (1984–2001)
Toronto Raptors (2001–2002)
3,667
1,238
2.96

9
Ewing, PatrickPatrick Ewing*
C
New York Knicks (1985–2000)
Seattle SuperSonics (2000–2001)
Orlando Magic (2001–2002)
3,537
1,183
2.99

10
Pierce, PaulPaul Pierce†
SF
Boston Celtics (1999–2013)
Brooklyn Nets (2013–2014)
Washington Wizards (2014–2015)
Los Angeles Clippers (2015–2017)
3,532
1,343
2.63

11
Johnson, MagicMagic Johnson*
PG
Los Angeles Lakers (1979–1991, 1996)
3,506
906
3.87

12
Theus, ReggieReggie Theus
PG/SG
Chicago Bulls (1978–1984)
Kansas City/Sacramento Kings (1984–1988)
Atlanta Hawks (1988–1989)
Orlando Magic (1989–1990)
New Jersey Nets (1990–1991)
3,493
1,026
3.40

13
Nash, SteveSteve Nash§
PG
Phoenix Suns (1996–1998)
Dallas Mavericks (1999–2004)
Phoenix Suns (2004–2012)
Los Angeles Lakers (2012–2014)
3,478
1,217
2.86

14
Duncan, TimTim Duncan†
PF/C
San Antonio Spurs (1997–2016)
3,381
1,392
2.43

15
Barkley, CharlesCharles Barkley*
PF
Philadelphia 76ers (1984–1992)
Phoenix Suns (1992–1996)
Houston Rockets (1996–2000)
3,376
1,073
3.15

16
O'Neal, ShaquilleShaquille O'Neal*
C
Orlando Magic (1992–1996)
Los Angeles Lakers (1996–2004)
Miami Heat (2004–2008)
Phoenix Suns (2008–2009)
Cleveland Cavaliers (2009–2010)
Boston Celtics (2010–2011)
3,310
1,207
2.74

17
Iverson, AllenAllen Iverson*
SG/PG
Philadelphia 76ers (1996–2006)
Denver Nuggets (2006–2008)
Detroit Pistons (2008–2009)
Memphis Grizzlies (2009)
Philadelphia 76ers (2009–2010)
3,262
914
3.57

18
Pippen, ScottieScottie Pippen*
SF
Chicago Bulls (1987–1998)
Houston Rockets (1999)
Portland Trail Blazers (1999–2003)
Chicago Bulls (2003–2004)
3,257
1,178
2.76

19
Parish, RobertRobert Parish*
C
Golden State Warriors (1976–1977)[7]
Golden State Warriors (1977–1980)
Boston Celtics (1980–1994)
Charlotte Hornets (1994–1996)
Chicago Bulls (1996–1997)
3,183
1,534
2.07

20
Garnett, KevinKevin Garnett†
PF/C
Minnesota Timberwolves (1995–2007), (2015–2016)
Boston Celtics (2007–2013)
Brooklyn Nets (2013–2015)
3,179
1,462
2.17

21
Jackson, MarkMark Jackson
PG
New York Knicks (1987–1992)
Los Angeles Clippers (1992–1994)
Indiana Pacers (1994–1996)
Denver Nuggets (1996–1997)
Indiana Pacers (1997–2000)
Toronto Raptors (2000–2001)
New York Knicks (2001–2002)
Utah Jazz (2002–2003)
Houston Rockets (2004)
3,155
1,296
2.43

22
Miller, AndreAndre Miller†
PG
Cleveland Cavaliers (1999–2002)
Los Angeles Clippers (2002–2003)
Denver Nuggets (2003–2006)
Philadelphia 76ers (2006–2009)
Portland Trail Blazers (2009–2011)
Denver Nuggets (2011–2013)
Washington Wizards (2014–2015)
Sacramento Kings (2015)
Minnesota Timberwolves (2015–2016)
San Antonio Spurs (2016)
3,121
1,304
2.39

23
Wade, DwyaneDwyane Wade^
SG
Miami Heat (2003–2016)
Chicago Bulls (2016–2017)
Cleveland Cavaliers (2017–present)
3,101
956
3.24

24
Payton, GaryGary Payton*
PG
Seattle SuperSonics (1990–2003)
Milwaukee Bucks (2003)
Los Angeles Lakers (2003–2004)
Boston Celtics (2004–2005)
Miami Heat (2005–2007)
3,030
1,335
2.27

25
Drexler, ClydeClyde Drexler*
SG
Portland Trail Blazers (1983–1995)
Houston Rockets (1995–1998)
2,977
1,086
2.74

26
Howard, DwightDwight Howard^
C
Orlando Magic (2004–2012)
Los Angeles Lakers (2012–2013)
Houston Rockets (2013–2016)
Atlanta Hawks (2016–2017)
Charlotte Hornets (2017–present)
2,968
998
2.97

27
Jordan, MichaelMichael Jordan*
SG
Chicago Bulls (1984–1993, 1995–1998)
Washington Wizards (2001–2003)
2,924
1,072
2.73

28
Strickland, RodRod Strickland
PG
New York Knicks (1988–1990)
San Antonio Spurs (1990–1992)
Portland Trail Blazers (1992–1996)
Washington Bullets/Wizards (1996–2001)
Portland Trail Blazers (2001)
Miami Heat (2001–2002)
Minnesota Timberwolves (2002–2003)
Orlando Magic (2003–2004)
Toronto Raptors (2004)
Houston Rockets (2005)
2,862
1,094
2.62

29
Westbrook, RussellRussell Westbrook^
PG
Oklahoma City Thunder (2008–present)
2,831
714
3.96

30
English, AlexAlex English*
SF/PF
Milwaukee Bucks (1976–1977)[7]
Milwaukee Bucks (1977–1978)
Indiana Pacers (1978–1980)
Denver Nuggets (1980–1990)
Dallas Mavericks (1990–1991)
2,821
1,133
2.49

31
Bird, LarryLarry Bird*
SF/PF
Boston Celtics (1979–1992)
2,816
897
3.14

32
King, BernardBernard King*
SF
New Jersey Nets (1977–1979)
Utah Jazz (1979–1980)
Golden State Warriors (1980–1982)
New York Knicks (1982–1985, 1987)
Washington Bullets (1987–1991)
New Jersey Nets (1993)
2,791
874
3.19

33
Oakley, CharlesCharles Oakley
PF
Chicago Bulls (1985–1988)
New York Knicks (1988–1998)
Toronto Raptors (1999–2001)
Chicago Bulls (2001–2002)
Washington Wizards (2002–2003)
Houston Rockets (2004)
2,785
1,282
2.17

34
Anthony, CarmeloCarmelo Anthony^
SF
Denver Nuggets (2003–2011)
New York Knicks (2011–2017)
Oklahoma City Thunder (2017–present)
2,784
1,021
2.73

Williams, BuckBuck Williams
PF
New Jersey Nets (1981–1989)
Portland Trail Blazers (1989–1996)
New York Knicks (1996–1998)
1,307
2.13

36
Thorpe, OtisOtis Thorpe
PF/C
Kansas City/Sacramento Kings (1984–1988)
Houston Rockets (1988–1995)
Portland Trail Blazers (1995)
Detroit Pistons (1995–1997)
Vancouver Grizzlies (1997–1998)
Sacramento Kings (1998)
Washington Wizards (1999)
Miami Heat (1999–2000)
Charlotte Hornets (2000–2001)
2,774
1,257
2.21

37
Kemp, ShawnShawn Kemp
PF/C
Seattle SuperSonics (1989–1997)
Cleveland Cavaliers (1997–2000)
Portland Trail Blazers (2000–2002)
Orlando Magic (2002–2003)
2,766
1,051
2.63

38
Parker, TonyTony Parker^
PG
San Antonio Spurs (2001–present)
2,754
1,165
2.36

39
Allen, RayRay Allen§
SG
Milwaukee Bucks (1996–2003)
Seattle SuperSonics (2003–2007)
Boston Celtics (2007–2012)
Miami Heat (2012–2014)
2,709
1,300
2.08

40
Wilkins, DominiqueDominique Wilkins*
SF
Atlanta Hawks (1982–1994)
Los Angeles Clippers (1994)
Boston Celtics (1994–1995)
San Antonio Spurs (1996–1997)
Orlando Magic (1999)
2,669
1,074
2.49

41
Porter, TerryTerry Porter
PG/SG
Portland Trail Blazers (1985–1995)
Minnesota Timberwolves (1995–1998)
Miami Heat (1999)
San Antonio Spurs (1999–2002)
2,666
1,274
2.09

42
Stackhouse, JerryJerry Stackhouse
SG
Philadelphia 76ers (1995–1997)
Detroit Pistons (1997–2002)
Washington Wizards (2002–2004)
Dallas Mavericks (2004–2009)
Milwaukee Bucks (2010)
Miami Heat (2010)
Atlanta Hawks (2011–2012)
Brooklyn Nets (2012–2013)
2,641
970
2.72

43
Sikma, JackJack Sikma
C
Seattle SuperSonics (1977–1986)
Milwaukee Bucks (1986–1991)
2,586
1,107
2.34

44
Gasol, PauPau Gasol^
C/PF
Memphis Grizzlies (2001–2008)
Los Angeles Lakers (2008–2014)
Chicago Bulls (2014–2016)
San Antonio Spurs (2016–present)
2,582
1,165
2.22

45
Richmond, MitchMitch Richmond*
SG
Golden State Warriors (1988–1991)
Sacramento Kings (1991–1998)
Washington Wizards (1999–2001)
Los Angeles Lakers (2001–2002)
2,579
976
2.64

46
Chambers, TomTom Chambers
PF/C
San Diego Clippers (1981–1983)
Seattle SuperSonics (1983–1988)
Phoenix Suns (1988–1993)
Utah Jazz (1993–1995)
Charlotte Hornets (1997)
Philadelphia 76ers (1997)
2,549
1,107
2.30

47
Marbury, StephonStephon Marbury
PG
Minnesota Timberwolves (1996–1999)
New Jersey Nets (1999–2001)
Phoenix Suns (2001–2004)
New York Knicks (2004–2008)
Boston Celtics (2009)
2,547
846
3.01

48
Davis, WalterWalter Davis
SF/SG
Phoenix Suns (1977–1988)
Denver Nuggets (1988–1991)
Portland Trail Blazers (1991)
Denver Nuggets (1991–1992)
2,541
1,033
2.46

49
Abdul-Jabbar, KareemKareem Abdul-Jabbar*[9]
C
Milwaukee Bucks (1969–1975)[7]
Los Angeles Lakers (1975–1977)[7]
Los Angeles Lakers (1977–1989)
2,527
929
2.72

50
Willis, KevinKevin Willis
PF/C
Atlanta Hawks (1984–1994)
Miami Heat (1994–1996)
Golden State Warriors (1996)
Houston Rockets (1996–1998)
Toronto Raptors (1999–2001)
Denver Nuggets (2001)
Houston Rockets (2001–2002)
San Antonio Spurs (2002–2004)
Atlanta Hawks (2004–2005)
Dallas Mavericks (2007)
2,520
1,424
1.77

text: Progressive List of Turnover Leaders[edit]

text: This is a progressive list of turnover leaders showing how the record increased through the years.[2]

text:
^
Active NBA player

*
Inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame

†
Not yet eligible for Hall of Fame consideration[3]

§
1st time nominee for Hall of Fame in 2018 [4]

text:
Team Abbreviations
Team listed is the one player was on when he established the record.

ATL
Atlanta Hawks
HOU
Houston Rockets
NJN
New Jersey Nets
POR
Portland Trail Blazers

BOS
Boston Celtics
IND
Indiana Pacers
NYK
New York Knicks
SAS
San Antonio Spurs

CHI
Chicago Bulls
KCK
Kansas City Kings
OKC
Oklahoma City Thunder
UTA
Utah Jazz

CLE
Cleveland Cavaliers
LAC
Los Angeles Clippers
ORL
Orlando Magic
VAN
Vancouver Grizzlies

DAL
Dallas Mavericks
LAL
Los Angeles Lakers
PHI
Philadelphia 76ers
WAS
Washington Wizards

DEN
Denver Nuggets
MIA
Miami Heat
PHO
Phoenix Suns
WSB
Washington Bullets

DET
Detroit Pistons
MIL
Milwaukee Bucks

text:
NBA Progressive Leaders and Records for Turnovers for Every Season

Season
Year-by-Year Leader
TOV
Active Player Leader
TOV
Career Turnover Record
TOV
Single Season Record
TOV
Season

1977–78
Artis Gilmore*000CHI
366
Artis Gilmore*000CHI
366
Artis Gilmore*000CHI
366
Artis Gilmore*000CHI
366
1977–78

1978–79
George McGinnis*000DEN
346
Kevin Porter000DET
697
Kevin Porter000DET
697
1978–79

1979–80
Micheal Ray Richardson000NYK
359
George McGinnis*
000DEN 1979–80
000IND 1980–81
939
George McGinnis*
000DEN 1979–80
000IND 1980–81
939
1979–80

1980–81
Moses Malone*000HOU
308
1,160
1,160
1980–81

1981–82
Isiah Thomas*000DET
Adrian Dantley*000UTA
299
Moses Malone*
000HOU 1981–82
000PHI 1982–86
000WSB 1986–88
000ATL 1988–91
000MIL 1991–93
000PHI 1993–94
000SAS 1994–95
1,448
Moses Malone*
000HOU 1981–82
000PHI 1982–86
000WSB 1986–88
000ATL 1988–91
000MIL 1991–93
000PHI 1993–94
000SAS 1994–95
1,448
1981–82

1982–83
Ray Williams000KCK
335
1,712
1,712
1982–83

1983–84
Jeff Ruland000WSB
342
1,962
1,962
1983–84

1984–85
Ralph Sampson*000HOU
326
2,248
2,248
1984–85

1985–86
Charles Barkley*000PHI
350
2,509
2,509
1985–86

1986–87
Ron Harper000CLE
345
2,711
2,711
1986–87

1987–88
Karl Malone*000UTA
325
2,960
2,960
1987–88

1988–89
Kevin Johnson000PHO
322
3,205
3,205
1988–89

1989–90
Isiah Thomas*000DET
322
3,437
3,437
1989–90

1990–91
Magic Johnson*000LAL
314
3,574
3,574
1990–91

1991–92
John Stockton*000UTA
286
3,724
3,724
1991–92

1992–93
Shaquille O'Neal*000ORL
307
3,734
3,734
1992–93

1993–94
Jim Jackson000DAL
334
3,793
3,793
1993–94

1994–95
Glenn Robinson000MIL
313
3,804
3,804
1994–95

1995–96
Jason Kidd§000DAL
328
Magic Johnson*000LAL
3,506
1995–96

1996–97
Allen Iverson*000PHI
337
John Stockton*000UTA
3,201
1996–97

1997–98
Antoine Walker000BOS
292
3,362
1997–98

1998–99
Shareef Abdur-Rahim000VAN
186
Karl Malone*
000UTA 1998–03
000LAL 2003–04
3,473
1998–99

1999–00
Jerry Stackhouse000DET
311
3,704
1999–00

2000–01
326
3,948
Karl Malone*
000UTA 2000–03
000LAL 2003–04
3,948
2000–01

2001–02
Jason Kidd§000NJN
286
4,211
4,211
2001–02

2002–03
Steve Francis000HOU
299
4,421
4,421
2002–03

2003–04
Paul Pierce†000BOS
303
4,524
4,524
2003–04

2004–05
Allen Iverson*000PHI
344

Gary Payton*000BOS
Rod Strickland000HOU
2,862
2004–05

2005–06
Gilbert Arenas000WAS
297
Gary Payton*000MIA
2,964
2005–06

2006–07
Dwight Howard^000ORL
317
3,030
2006–07

2007–08
Steve Nash§000PHO
295
Jason Kidd§
000NJN 2007–08
000DAL 2008–12
000NYK 2012–13
3,277
2007–08

2008–09
Russell Westbrook^000OKC
274
3,462
2008–09

2009–10
Steve Nash§000PHO
295
3,657
2009–10

2010–11
Russell Westbrook^000OKC
316
3,836
2010–11

2011–12
John Wall^000WAS
255
3,927
2011–12

2012–13
James Harden^000HOU
295
4,003
2012–13

2013–14
John Wall^000WAS
295
Kobe Bryant†000LAL
3,753
2013–14

2014–15
James Harden^000HOU
321
3,881
2014–15

2015–16
374
4,010
James Harden^000HOU
374
2015–16

2016–17
464
LeBron James^000CLE
3,619
464
2016–17

2017–18
DeMarcus Cousins^000NOP
208
3,797
2017–18

Season
Year-by-Year Leader
TOV
Active Player Leader
TOV
Career Turnover Record
TOV
Single Season Record
TOV
Season


document_title: Udyog Vihar

question_text: nearest metro station to udyog vihar phase iv gurgaon

text: Udyog Vihar

text: Background[edit]

text: Udyog Vihar is located near Delhi-Gurgaon Border and 8 km from Indira Gandhi International Airport on National Highways 8. Total area of estate is 728 acres including all phases.

text: Connectivity[edit]

text: Roads: Udyog Vihar is well designed, and having well connected roads. Companies using charted buses and cabs for their employee, which is near Delhi Gurgaon Expressway, NH 8.

text: Rapid metro: Rapid Metro Gurgaon is another transport option available. The nearest Rapid Metro Station is DLF Phase III.

text: Rapid Metro Station DLF Phase III is connected to Sikandarpur Metro Station. From here it is connected to different parts of Gurgaon and Delhi.

text: Detail of Phases[edit]

text: Udyog Vihar is further divided into 5 phases.

text:
Udyog Vihar Phase I
Udyog Vihar Phase II
Udyog Vihar Phase III
Udyog Vihar Phase IVAnd
Udyog Vihar Phase v

text: Companies[edit]

text: Information Technologies[edit]

text:
Tata Consultancy Services
FIS
IBM
Wipro
HCL
HEGOCH PVT LTD
Gambit Tech PVT LTD
Concentrix Technologies (India) Pvt. Ltd.
Ameriprise India Pvt. Ltd.
Accenture
SoftAge Information Technology Limited
Quatrro Global Services

text: Aviation[edit]

text: SpiceJet

text: Engineering and Construction[edit]

text:
jughTP
Lanco Infratech
bry air
International Design & Engineering Solutions

text: Real Estate Brokeraging[edit]

text: .in Udyog Vihar Property

text: Telecommunication[edit]

text:
Bharti Airtel
MTS

text: Hotels[edit]

text:
Hyatt Place Gurgaon/Udyog Vihar
The Leela Kempinski
Trident Hotel
Hotel Lemon Tree, Udyog Vihar
Country Inn Carlson
[ [The Oberoi Gurgaon]]