document_title: Try

question_text: when is a penalty try awarded in rugby

question_tokens: when is a penalty try awarded in rugby

text: Try

text: Scoring a try[edit]

text: Aspects common to both union and league[edit]

text: There are differences in the fine detail of the laws and their interpretation between the two rugby codes. These are the common aspects, while the differences are treated below.

text:
The player holding the ball to score a try and the ball itself must not be in touch or touch-in-goal (including on or over the dead ball line). The touchline, touch-in-goal lines and dead ball lines count as being 'out'. There has to be contact with the ground by a player or the ball for it to be ruled in touch or touch-in-goal. Parts of the body in the air above the lines and outside the field of play or in-goal are not touch, and it is common to see players who are partly in the air over the lines still grounding the ball successfully.
The in-goal area in which the ball must be grounded includes the goal line, but not the touch-in-goal and dead ball lines.
Grounding the ball in both codes means either holding it and touching it to the ground in-goal, or placing hand, arm or front of body between waist and neck (the front torso) on top of the ball which is on the ground in-goal.
A player does not need to be holding the ball to ground it. If the ball is on the ground or just above it, it can be touched to the ground with a hand, arm or front torso. Match officials interpret dropping the ball in-goal as a knock-on, and disallow a try. For a try to be awarded, they consider whether the player had the intention to ground the ball and was in control of the ball when he did. Grounding of the ball can be instantaneous, it does not matter if the player immediately lets go and the ball then bounces forward.
An attacking player who falls to the ground before reaching the goal line scores a try if momentum carries the player so that the ball touches the in-goal, including the goal line.

text: Variations specific to rugby union[edit]

text:
A player may ground the ball in one of two ways: (1) if the ball is held in the hand(s) or arm(s), merely touching the ball to the ground in-goal suffices and no downward pressure is required; (2) if the ball is on the ground in-goal, downward pressure from the hand(s), arm(s) or upper body (waist to neck) is required. For a try to be awarded, an attacking player must ground the ball before a defender does so. If there is doubt about which team first grounded the ball, the attacking team are awarded a 5-metre scrum.
A player who is in touch or touch-in-goal, but who is not carrying the ball, may score a try by grounding the ball in-goal.
The goal-posts and padding at ground level are part of the goal line and therefore of the in-goal, so a try may be scored by grounding the ball at the foot of the posts.
A player may ground the ball in a scrum as soon as the ball reaches or crosses the goal line. (The laws governing the scrum do not apply to the in-goal area, so as soon as the ball crosses the line, players may unbind and ground the ball.)
If an attacking player is tackled short of the goal-line but immediately reaches out and places the ball on or over the goal-line, a try is scored. (This is a direct contrast to rugby league, which would award a penalty for "double movement", see below. There is occasionally confusion amongst spectators and players at community levels of the game and an incorrect protest of "double movement" is a common one at English rugby union matches. A "double movement" in rugby union involves movement of the torso, rather than arms only.)
If a television match official (TMO, or video referee) has been appointed, the referee may ask for advice before deciding whether to award a try, but under current protocols the TMO may only advise on whether the ball was properly grounded, on whether the ball or ball-carrier went into touch or touch-in-goal in the act of scoring; and on any foul play that may have occurred.

text: Variations specific to rugby league[edit]

text:
The laws of rugby league still refer to the need for "downward pressure" to be exerted in grounding the ball with hand or arm.
The laws of rugby league specify that a try is scored if an attacker grounds the ball simultaneously with a defender.
An attacking player whose momentum does not allow the ball to reach the try-line or in-goal after their ball-carrying arm touches the ground may not reach out to score if a defender is in contact with them; this is disallowed by interpretation as a "double movement".
Players who are in touch-in-goal and not carrying the ball may not score a try by pressing a loose ball still in play to the ground.
A try may not be scored in a scrum which crosses the goal line, but when the ball comes out of scrum a player may pick it up and 'bore through' their own scrum to score a try.
Video referees in rugby league are given a wider scope to look at the validity of a try. If the onfield referee is unsure or needs clarification, they may refer to the video referee to award a possible try. This referral must also be sent with the onfield referees opinion on whether the play is a 'Try' (signaled by forming a 'T' with their forearms) or 'No Try' (signaled by folding their arms across the shoulders). The video referee must then find evidence to support the opinion, or conclusive evidence against the opinion. In the event the video referee cannot prove or deny the opinion, the original opinion is upheld.

text: Point value[edit]

text: In rugby union, a try is worth five points, in rugby league, four. Although a try is worth less in rugby league, it is more often the main method of scoring due to the smaller value of a goal kick and surety of possession. In rugby union, however, there is heavier reliance placed on goals to accumulate points at elite levels due to the significant value of goals and the defending team's skills.

text: In rugby union, the value of a try has varied over time, from none to five points. In rugby league, the original value was three; this was increased to four in 1983.

text: The Welsh Rugby Union is planning to trial a change in the scoring value[needs update] in the 2015–16 Welsh Premier Division (the level below Pro12). Under the trial plan, which must still be approved by World Rugby, a try would be worth six points instead of five, with penalty tries worth eight points with no conversion attempt taken. In addition, penalties and drop goals would be reduced from three points to two.[2]

text: Penalty try[edit]

text: In both rugby league and rugby union, if the referee believes that a try has been prevented by the defending team's misconduct, he may award the attacking team a penalty try. Penalty tries are always awarded under the posts regardless of where the offence took place. In rugby union, the standard applied by the referee is that a try "probably" would have been scored. The referee does not have to be certain a try would have been scored. In rugby league, the referee "may award a penalty try if, in his opinion, a try would have been scored but for the unfair play of the defending team".[3]

text: In rugby league, an 8-point try is awarded if the defending team commits an act of foul play as the ball is being grounded. The try is awarded, and is followed by a conversion attempt, in-line from where the try was scored, and then a penalty kick from in front of the posts. In rugby union, foul play after a try being scored results in a penalty being awarded on the half way mark, in lieu of a kick off.

text: Conversion[edit]

text: In both codes, when a try is scored, the scoring team gets to attempt a conversion, which is a kick at goal to convert the try from one set of points into another larger set of points. The kick is taken at any point on the field of play in line with the point that the ball was grounded for the try, and parallel to the touch-lines. If successful, additional points are scored. For the conversion to be successful, the ball must pass over the crossbar and between the uprights. In both codes, the conversion may be attempted as either a place kick (from the ground) or a drop kick. Most players will nevertheless opt for a place kick, this being generally regarded as the easier skill. Note, however, that in both rugby sevens (usually, but not always, played under union rules) and rugby league nines, conversions may only take place as drop kicks. In rugby league, the game clock continues during preparation and execution of a conversion, with the institution of a 25-second shot clock at certain tournaments from the moment the try is awarded by the referee, within which time the conversion kick must be taken, hence a team may decline a conversion attempt if recommencing play as quickly as possible is advantageous to them.

text: To make the conversion easier, attacking players will try to ground the ball as close to the centre of the in-goal area as possible. The attacking player will, however, ground the ball when confronted by a defender rather than risk losing the ball by being tackled or passing it to a teammate.

text: In both rugby union and rugby league, a conversion is worth two points; a successful kick at goal thus converts a five-point try to seven for rugby union, and a four-point try to six for rugby league.

text: Past to present[edit]

text: In early forms of rugby football, the point of the game was to score goals. A try [at goal] was awarded for grounding the ball in the opponents in-goal area. The try had zero value itself, but allowed the attacking team to try a kick at goal without interference from the other team. This kick, if successful, converts a try into a goal.

text: Modern rugby and all derived forms now favour the try over a goal and thus the try has a definite value, that has increased over time and has for many years surpassed the number of points awarded for a goal. In rugby league and rugby union, a conversion attempt is still given, but is simply seen as adding extra 'bonus' points. These points, however, can mean the difference between winning or losing a match, so thought is given to fielding players with good goal-kicking skill.

text: Since 1979, in rugby union, the "try" and "conversion goal" have been officially considered as separate scores. Before then, the converted try was officially a single score called a goal from a try which replaced the score of the (unconverted) "try".[4] The change allowed the player who touched down for the try and the player who kicked the conversion to be credited separately for their portions of the score.


document_title: List of Australian Open men's singles champions

question_text: who was the last australian to win the australian open

root

text: History[edit]

text: Christchurch and Hastings, New Zealand, and Perth, Brisbane, Adelaide, Sydney and Melbourne, Australia, have hosted the men's singles event. The event switched cities every year before it settled in 1972 in Melbourne. The event was held at the Kooyong Stadium before moving to Melbourne Park in 1988.[3]

tag: p

text: The Australian Open court surface changed once, from grass courts to hardcourts in 1988.[3][8][9] Mats Wilander was the only tennis player to win the event on grass and on Rebound Ace surfaces; he won twice on grass and once on the Rebound Ace. Roger Federer is the only player to have won on both the Rebound Ace and Plexicushion surfaces.[10]

text: The men's singles rules have undergone several changes since the first edition. This event has always been contested in a knockout format, and all matches have been best-of-five sets except in 1970, 1973, and 1974, when the first round was best-of-three sets, and in 1982, when the third and fourth round were best-of-three sets.[2] Since 1905, all sets have been decided in the advantage format. The lingering death best-of-twelve points tie-break was introduced in 1971 and has been used for the first four sets since then, except from 1980 to 1982, when the tie-break was also played in fifth sets.[2][11]

text: The champion receives a miniature replica of the silver-gilt Norman Brookes Challenge Cup, named after the 1911 champion and former Lawn Tennis Association of Australia (LTAA) president, and modeled after the Warwick Vase.[12] In 2010, the winner received prize money of A$2,100,000.[13]

text: In the Australasian Championships, James Anderson holds the records for most titles with three (1922, 1924–1925), and the most consecutive titles with two (1924–1925). In the Australian Championships, Roy Emerson holds the records for most titles with six (1961, 1963–1967) and most consecutive titles with five (1963–1967).[4] The inclusion of professional tennis players in 1969 marked the competition's entry into the Open Era, in which Novak Djokovic (2008, 2011–2013, 2015–2016) and Roger Federer (2004, 2006–2007, 2010, 2017–2018) hold the record for most titles with six. The Open Era record for most consecutive titles is three by Djokovic (2011–2013).[4] This event was won without losing a set during the Open Era by Rosewall in 1971 and Federer in 2007.

text: Champions[edit]

text: Australasian Championships[edit]

text:
Year[f]
Country
Champion
Country
Runner-up
Score in the final[4][14]

1905
 AUS
Heath, RodneyRodney Heath
 AUS
Curtis, AlbertAlbert Curtis
4–6, 6–3, 6–4, 6–4

1906
 NZL
Wilding, AnthonyAnthony Wilding
 NZL
Fisher, FrancisFrancis Fisher
6–0, 6–4, 6–4

1907
 AUS
Rice, HoraceHorace Rice
 NZL
Parker, HarryHarry Parker
6–3, 6–4, 6–4

1908
 USA
Alexander, FredFred Alexander
 AUS
Dunlop, AlfredAlfred Dunlop
3–6, 3–6, 6–0, 6–2, 6–3

1909
 NZL
Wilding, AnthonyAnthony Wilding
 AUS
Parker, ErnieErnie Parker
6–1, 7–5, 6–2

1910
 AUS
Heath, RodneyRodney Heath
 AUS
Rice, HoraceHorace Rice
6–4, 6–3, 6–2

1911
 AUS
Brookes, NormanNorman Brookes
 AUS
Rice, HoraceHorace Rice
6–1, 6–2, 6–3

1912
 BRI[j]
Parke, James CecilJames Cecil Parke
 BRI
Beamish, AlfredAlfred Beamish
3–6, 6–3, 1–6, 6–1, 7–5

1913
 AUS
Parker, ErnieErnie Parker
 NZL
Parker, HarryHarry Parker
2–6, 6–1, 6–3, 6–2

1914
 AUS
O'Hara Wood, ArthurArthur O'Hara Wood
 AUS
Patterson, GeraldGerald Patterson
6–4, 6–3, 5–7, 6–1

1915
 BRI
Lowe, GordonGordon Lowe
 AUS
Rice, HoraceHorace Rice
4–6, 6–1, 6–1, 6–4

1916
No competition (due to World War I)

1917

1918

1919
 BRI
Kingscote, AlgernonAlgernon Kingscote
 AUS
Pockley, EricEric Pockley
6–4, 6–0, 6–3

1920
 AUS
O'Hara Wood, PatPat O'Hara Wood
 AUS
Thomas, RonaldRonald Thomas
6–3, 4–6, 6–8, 6–1, 6–3

1921
 AUS
Gemmell, RhysRhys Gemmell
 AUS
Hedeman, AlfAlf Hedeman
7–5, 6–1, 6–4

1922
 AUS
Anderson, JamesJames Anderson
 AUS
Patterson, GeraldGerald Patterson
6–0, 3–6, 3–6, 6–3, 6–2

1923
 AUS
O'Hara Wood, PatPat O'Hara Wood
 AUS
St. John, BertBert St. John
6–1, 6–1, 6–3

1924
 AUS
Anderson, JamesJames Anderson
 AUS
Schlesinger, RichardRichard Schlesinger
6–3, 6–4, 3–6, 5–7, 6–3

1925
 AUS
Anderson, JamesJames Anderson
 AUS
Patterson, GeraldGerald Patterson
11–9, 2–6, 6–2, 6–3

1926
 AUS
Hawkes, JohnJohn Hawkes
 AUS
Willard, JamesJames Willard
6–1, 6–3, 6–1

tag: table

text: Australian Championships[edit]

text:
Year[f]
Country
Champion
Country
Runner-up
Score in the final[4][14]

1927
 AUS
Patterson, GeraldGerald Patterson
 AUS
Hawkes, JohnJohn Hawkes
3–6, 6–4, 3–6, 18–16, 6–3

1928
 FRA
Borotra, JeanJean Borotra
 AUS
Cummings, JackJack Cummings
6–4, 6–1, 4–6, 5–7, 6–3

1929
 GBR
Gregory, John ColinJohn Colin Gregory
 AUS
Schlesinger, RichardRichard Schlesinger
6–2, 6–2, 5–7, 7–5

1930
 AUS
Moon, EdgarEdgar Moon
 AUS
Hopman, HarryHarry Hopman
6–3, 6–1, 6–3

1931
 AUS
Crawford, JackJack Crawford
 AUS
Hopman, HarryHarry Hopman
6–4, 6–2, 2–6, 6–1

1932
 AUS
Crawford, JackJack Crawford
 AUS
Hopman, HarryHarry Hopman
4–6, 6–3, 3–6, 6–3, 6–1

1933
 AUS
Crawford, JackJack Crawford
 USA
Gledhill, KeithKeith Gledhill
2–6, 7–5, 6–3, 6–2

1934
 GBR
Perry, FredFred Perry
 AUS
Crawford, JackJack Crawford
6–3, 7–5, 6–1

1935
 AUS
Crawford, JackJack Crawford
 GBR
Perry, FredFred Perry
2–6, 6–4, 6–4, 6–4

1936
 AUS
Quist, AdrianAdrian Quist
 AUS
Crawford, JackJack Crawford
6–2, 6–3, 4–6, 3–6, 9–7

1937
 AUS
McGrath, VivianVivian McGrath
 AUS
Bromwich, JohnJohn Bromwich
6–3, 1–6, 6–0, 2–6, 6–1

1938
 USA
Budge, DonDon Budge
 AUS
Bromwich, JohnJohn Bromwich
6–4, 6–2, 6–1

1939
 AUS
Bromwich, JohnJohn Bromwich
 AUS
Quist, AdrianAdrian Quist
6–4, 6–1, 6–3

1940
 AUS
Quist, AdrianAdrian Quist
 AUS
Crawford, JackJack Crawford
6–3, 6–1, 6–2

1941
No competition (due to World War II)

1942

1943

1944

1945

1946
 AUS
Bromwich, JohnJohn Bromwich
 AUS
Pails, DinnyDinny Pails
5–7, 6–3, 7–5, 3–6, 6–2

1947
 AUS
Pails, DinnyDinny Pails
 AUS
Bromwich, JohnJohn Bromwich
4–6, 6–4, 3–6, 7–5, 8–6

1948
 AUS
Quist, AdrianAdrian Quist
 AUS
Bromwich, JohnJohn Bromwich
6–4, 3–6, 6–3, 2–6, 6–3

1949
 AUS
Sedgman, FrankFrank Sedgman
 AUS
Bromwich, JohnJohn Bromwich
6–3, 6–2, 6–2

1950
 AUS
Sedgman, FrankFrank Sedgman
 AUS
McGregor, KenKen McGregor
6–3, 6–4, 4–6, 6–1

1951
 USA
Savitt, DickDick Savitt
 AUS
McGregor, KenKen McGregor
6–3, 2–6, 6–3, 6–1

1952
 AUS
McGregor, KenKen McGregor
 AUS
Sedgman, FrankFrank Sedgman
7–5, 12–10, 2–6, 6–2

1953
 AUS
Rosewall, KenKen Rosewall
 AUS
Rose, MervynMervyn Rose
6–0, 6–3, 6–4

1954
 AUS
Rose, MervynMervyn Rose
 AUS
Hartwig, RexRex Hartwig
6–2, 0–6, 6–4, 6–2

1955
 AUS
Rosewall, KenKen Rosewall
 AUS
Hoad, LewLew Hoad
9–7, 6–4, 6–4

1956
 AUS
Hoad, LewLew Hoad
 AUS
Rosewall, KenKen Rosewall
6–4, 3–6, 6–4, 7–5

1957
 AUS
Cooper, AshleyAshley Cooper
 AUS
Fraser, NealeNeale Fraser
6–3, 9–11, 6–4, 6–2

1958
 AUS
Cooper, AshleyAshley Cooper
 AUS
Anderson, MalcolmMalcolm Anderson
7–5, 6–3, 6–4

1959
 USA[g]
Olmedo, AlexAlex Olmedo
 AUS
Fraser, NealeNeale Fraser
6–1, 6–2, 3–6, 6–3

1960
 AUS
Laver, RodRod Laver
 AUS
Fraser, NealeNeale Fraser
5–7, 3–6, 6–3, 8–6, 8–6

1961
 AUS
Emerson, RoyRoy Emerson
 AUS
Laver, RodRod Laver
1–6, 6–3, 7–5, 6–4

1962
 AUS
Laver, RodRod Laver
 AUS
Emerson, RoyRoy Emerson
8–6, 0–6, 6–4, 6–4

1963
 AUS
Emerson, RoyRoy Emerson
 AUS
Fletcher, KenKen Fletcher
6–3, 6–3, 6–1

1964
 AUS
Emerson, RoyRoy Emerson
 AUS
Stolle, FredFred Stolle
6–3, 6–4, 6–2

1965
 AUS
Emerson, RoyRoy Emerson
 AUS
Stolle, FredFred Stolle
7–9, 2–6, 6–4, 7–5, 6–1

1966
 AUS
Emerson, RoyRoy Emerson
 USA
Ashe, ArthurArthur Ashe
6–4, 6–8, 6–2, 6–3

1967
 AUS
Emerson, RoyRoy Emerson
 USA
Ashe, ArthurArthur Ashe
6–4, 6–1, 6–4

1968
 AUS
Bowrey, WilliamWilliam Bowrey
 ESP
Gisbert, JuanJuan Gisbert
7–5, 2–6, 9–7, 6–4

text: Australian Open[edit]

text:
Year[f]
Country
Champion
Country
Runner-up
Score in the final[4][14]

1969
 AUS
Laver, RodRod Laver[b]
 ESP
Gimeno, AndrésAndrés Gimeno
6–3, 6–4, 7–5

1970
 USA
Ashe, ArthurArthur Ashe
 AUS
Crealy, DickDick Crealy
6–4, 9–7, 6–2

1971
 AUS
Rosewall, KenKen Rosewall
 USA
Ashe, ArthurArthur Ashe
6–1, 7–5, 6–3

1972
 AUS
Rosewall, KenKen Rosewall
 AUS
Anderson, MalcolmMalcolm Anderson
7–6(7–2), 6–3, 7–5

1973
 AUS
Newcombe, JohnJohn Newcombe
 NZL
Parun, OnnyOnny Parun
6–3, 6–7, 7–5, 6–1

1974
 USA
Connors, JimmyJimmy Connors
 AUS
Dent, PhilPhil Dent
7–6(9–7), 6–4, 4–6, 6–3

1975
 AUS
Newcombe, JohnJohn Newcombe
 USA
Connors, JimmyJimmy Connors
7–5, 3–6, 6–4, 7–6(9–7)

1976
 AUS
Edmondson, MarkMark Edmondson
 AUS
Newcombe, JohnJohn Newcombe
6–7, 6–3, 7–6, 6–1

1977 (1)
 USA
Tanner, RoscoeRoscoe Tanner[j]
 ARG
Vilas, GuillermoGuillermo Vilas
6–3, 6–3, 6–3

1977 (2)
 USA
Gerulaitis, VitasVitas Gerulaitis[j]
 GBR
Lloyd, JohnJohn Lloyd
6–3, 7–6(7–1), 5–7, 3–6, 6–2

1978
 ARG
Vilas, GuillermoGuillermo Vilas
 AUS
Marks, JohnJohn Marks
6–4, 6–4, 3–6, 6–3

1979
 ARG
Vilas, GuillermoGuillermo Vilas
 USA
Sadri, JohnJohn Sadri
7–6(7–4), 6–3, 6–2

1980
 USA
Teacher, BrianBrian Teacher
 AUS
Warwick, KimKim Warwick
7–5, 7–6(7–4), 6–3

1981
 RSA
Kriek, JohanJohan Kriek
 USA
Denton, SteveSteve Denton
6–2, 7–6(7–1), 6–7(1–7), 6–4

1982
 USA[m]
Kriek, JohanJohan Kriek
 USA
Denton, SteveSteve Denton
6–3, 6–3, 6–2

1983
 SWE
Wilander, MatsMats Wilander
 TCH
Lendl, IvanIvan Lendl
6–1, 6–4, 6–4

1984
 SWE
Wilander, MatsMats Wilander
 RSA
Curren, KevinKevin Curren
6–7(5–7), 6–4, 7–6(7–3), 6–2

1985
 SWE
Edberg, StefanStefan Edberg
 SWE
Wilander, MatsMats Wilander
6–4, 6–3, 6–3

1986
—
None[e]
—
—
—

1987
 SWE
Edberg, StefanStefan Edberg
 AUS
Cash, PatPat Cash
6–3, 6–4, 3–6, 5–7, 6–3

1988
 SWE
Wilander, MatsMats Wilander
 AUS
Cash, PatPat Cash
6–3, 6–7(3–7), 3–6, 6–1, 8–6

1989
 TCH
Lendl, IvanIvan Lendl
 TCH
Mečíř, MiloslavMiloslav Mečíř
6–2, 6–2, 6–2

1990
 TCH
Lendl, IvanIvan Lendl
 SWE
Edberg, StefanStefan Edberg
4–6, 7–6(7–3), 5–2 retired[k]

1991
 GER
Becker, BorisBoris Becker
 TCH
Lendl, IvanIvan Lendl
1–6, 6–4, 6–4, 6–4

1992
 USA
Courier, JimJim Courier
 SWE
Edberg, StefanStefan Edberg
6–3, 3–6, 6–4, 6–2

1993
 USA
Courier, JimJim Courier
 SWE
Edberg, StefanStefan Edberg
6–2, 6–1, 2–6, 7–5

1994
 USA
Sampras, PetePete Sampras
 USA
Martin, ToddTodd Martin
7–6(7–4), 6–4, 6–4

1995
 USA
Agassi, AndreAndre Agassi
 USA
Sampras, PetePete Sampras
4–6, 6–1, 7–6(8–6), 6–4

1996
 GER
Becker, BorisBoris Becker
 USA
Chang, MichaelMichael Chang
6–2, 6–4, 2–6, 6–2

1997
 USA
Sampras, PetePete Sampras
 ESP
Moyá, CarlosCarlos Moyá
6–2, 6–3, 6–3

1998
 CZE
Korda, PetrPetr Korda
 CHI
Ríos, MarceloMarcelo Ríos
6–2, 6–2, 6–2

1999
 RUS
Kafelnikov, YevgenyYevgeny Kafelnikov
 SWE
Enqvist, ThomasThomas Enqvist
4–6, 6–0, 6–3, 7–6(7–1)

2000
 USA
Agassi, AndreAndre Agassi
 RUS
Kafelnikov, YevgenyYevgeny Kafelnikov
3–6, 6–3, 6–2, 6–4

2001
 USA
Agassi, AndreAndre Agassi
 FRA
Clément, ArnaudArnaud Clément
6–4, 6–2, 6–2

2002
 SWE
Johansson, ThomasThomas Johansson
 RUS
Safin, MaratMarat Safin
3–6, 6–4, 6–4, 7–6(7–4)

2003
 USA
Agassi, AndreAndre Agassi
 GER
Schüttler, RainerRainer Schüttler
6–2, 6–2, 6–1

2004
  SUI
Federer, RogerRoger Federer
 RUS
Safin, MaratMarat Safin
7–6(7–3), 6–4, 6–2

2005
 RUS
Safin, MaratMarat Safin
 AUS
Hewitt, LleytonLleyton Hewitt
1–6, 6–3, 6–4, 6–4

2006
  SUI
Federer, RogerRoger Federer
 CYP
Baghdatis, MarcosMarcos Baghdatis
5–7, 7–5, 6–0, 6–2

2007
  SUI
Federer, RogerRoger Federer
 CHI
González, FernandoFernando González
7–6(7–2), 6–4, 6–4

2008
 SRB
Djokovic, NovakNovak Djokovic
 FRA
Tsonga, Jo-WilfriedJo-Wilfried Tsonga
4–6, 6–4, 6–3, 7–6(7–2)

2009
 ESP
Nadal, RafaelRafael Nadal
  SUI
Federer, RogerRoger Federer
7–5, 3–6, 7–6(7–3), 3–6, 6–2

2010
  SUI
Federer, RogerRoger Federer
 GBR
Murray, AndyAndy Murray
6–3, 6–4, 7–6(13–11)

2011
 SRB
Djokovic, NovakNovak Djokovic
 GBR
Murray, AndyAndy Murray
6–4, 6–2, 6–3

2012
 SRB
Djokovic, NovakNovak Djokovic
 ESP
Nadal, RafaelRafael Nadal
5–7, 6–4, 6–2, 6–7(5–7), 7–5

2013
 SRB
Djokovic, NovakNovak Djokovic
 GBR
Murray, AndyAndy Murray
6–7(2–7), 7–6(7–3), 6–3, 6–2

2014
  SUI
Wawrinka, StanStan Wawrinka
 ESP
Nadal, RafaelRafael Nadal
6–3, 6–2, 3–6, 6–3

2015
 SRB
Djokovic, NovakNovak Djokovic
 GBR
Murray, AndyAndy Murray
7–6(7–5), 6–7(4–7), 6–3, 6–0

2016
 SRB
Djokovic, NovakNovak Djokovic
 GBR
Murray, AndyAndy Murray
6–1, 7–5, 7–6(7–3)

2017
  SUI
Federer, RogerRoger Federer
 ESP
Nadal, RafaelRafael Nadal
6–4, 3–6, 6–1, 3–6, 6–3

2018
  SUI
Federer, RogerRoger Federer
 CRO
Čilić, MarinMarin Čilić
6–2, 6–7(5–7), 6–3, 3–6, 6–1

text: Statistics[edit]

text: Multiple champions[edit]

text:
Player
Amateur Era
Open Era
All-time
Years

 Emerson, RoyRoy Emerson (AUS)
6
0
6
1961, 1963, 1964, 1965, 1966, 1967

 Djokovic, NovakNovak Djokovic (SRB)
0
6
6
2008, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2015, 2016

 Federer, RogerRoger Federer (SUI)
0
6
6
2004, 2006, 2007, 2010, 2017, 2018

 Crawford, JackJack Crawford (AUS)
4
0
4
1931, 1932, 1933, 1935

 Agassi, AndreAndre Agassi (USA)
0
4
4
1995, 2000, 2001, 2003

 Rosewall, KenKen Rosewall (AUS)
2
2
4
1953, 1955, 1971, 1972

 Anderson, JamesJames Anderson (AUS)
3
0
3
1922, 1924, 1925

 Laver, RodRod Laver (AUS)
2
1
3
1960, 1962, 1969

 Quist, AdrianAdrian Quist (AUS)
3
0
3
1936, 1940, 1948

 Wilander, MatsMats Wilander (SWE)
0
3
3
1983, 1984, 1988

 Becker, BorisBoris Becker (GER)
0
2
2
1991, 1996

 Bromwich, JohnJohn Bromwich (AUS)
2
0
2
1939, 1946

 Cooper, AshleyAshley Cooper (AUS)
2
0
2
1957, 1958

 Courier, JimJim Courier (USA)
0
2
2
1992, 1993

 Edberg, StefanStefan Edberg (SWE)
0
2
2
1985, 1987

 Heath, RodneyRodney Heath (AUS)
2
0
2
1905, 1910

  Kriek, JohanJohan Kriek (RSA) (USA)[m]
0
2
2
1981, 1982

 Lendl, IvanIvan Lendl (TCH)
0
2
2
1989, 1990

 Newcombe, JohnJohn Newcombe (AUS)
0
2
2
1973, 1975

 Sampras, PetePete Sampras (USA)
0
2
2
1994, 1997

 Sedgman, FrankFrank Sedgman (AUS)
2
0
2
1949, 1950

 Vilas, GuillermoGuillermo Vilas (ARG)
0
2
2
1978, 1979

 Wilding, AnthonyAnthony Wilding (NZL)
2
0
2
1906, 1909

 O'Hara Wood, PatPat O'Hara Wood (AUS)
2
0
2
1920, 1923

text: Champions by country[edit]

text:
Australian Open men's singles champions by country

Country
Amateur Era
Open Era
All-time
First title
Last title

 Australia (AUS)
44
6
50
1905
1976

 United States (USA)
4
15
19
1908
2003

  Switzerland (SUI)
0
7
7
2004
2018

 Sweden (SWE)
0
6
6
1983
2002

 Serbia (SRB)
0
6
6
2008
2016

 United Kingdom (UK/GBR)[l]
5
0
5
1912
1934

 Argentina (ARG)
0
2
2
1978
1979

 Czechoslovakia (TCH)[m]
0
2
2
1989
1990

 Germany (GER)
0
2
2
1991
1996

 New Zealand (NZL)
2
0
2
1906
1909

 Russia (RUS)
0
2
2
1999
2005

 South Africa (RSA)
0
1
1
1981
1981

 Czech Republic (CZE)[n]
0
1
1
1998
1998

 France (FRA)
1
0
1
1928
1928

 Spain (ESP)
0
1
1
2009
2009


document_title: Do the Right Thing

question_text: who dies at the end of the movie do the right thing

text: Do the Right Thing

text: Plot[edit]

text: Mookie (Spike Lee) is a 25-year-old delivery man living in Bedford-Stuyvesant, Brooklyn with his sister, Jade (Joie Lee). He and his girlfriend, Tina (Rosie Perez), have a son. He works at the local pizzeria, but lacks ambition. Sal (Danny Aiello), the pizzeria's Italian-American owner, has been in the neighborhood for 25 years. His older son Pino (John Turturro) intensely dislikes blacks, and does not get along with Mookie. Because of this, Pino is at odds with both his father, who refuses to leave the increasingly African-American neighborhood, and his younger brother Vito (Richard Edson), who is friendly with Mookie.

text: The neighborhood is full of distinct personalities, including Da Mayor (Ossie Davis), a friendly local drunk; Mother Sister (Ruby Dee), who watches the neighborhood from her brownstone; Radio Raheem (Bill Nunn), who blasts Public Enemy on his boombox wherever he goes; and Smiley (Roger Guenveur Smith), a mentally disabled man, who meanders around the neighborhood trying to sell hand-colored pictures of Malcolm X and Martin Luther King, Jr.

text: While at Sal's, Mookie's trouble-making b-boyish friend, Buggin' Out (Giancarlo Esposito), questions Sal about his "Wall of Fame", a wall decorated with photos of famous Italian-Americans. Buggin' Out demands that Sal put up pictures of black celebrities since Sal's pizzeria is in a black neighborhood. Sal replies that it is his business, and that he can have whomever he wants on "The Wall of Fame". Buggin' Out attempts to start a protest over the Wall of Fame. Only Radio Raheem and Smiley support him.

text: During the day, the heat and tensions begin to rise. The local teenagers open a fire hydrant and douse the street, before police officers intervene. Mookie and Pino begin arguing over race, which leads to a series of scenes in which the characters spew racial insults into the camera. Pino and Sal talk about the neighborhood, with Pino expressing his hatred, and Sal insisting that he is not leaving. Sal almost fires Mookie, but Jade intervenes, before Mookie confronts her for being too close to Sal.

text: That night, Buggin' Out, Radio Raheem, and Smiley march into Sal's and demand that Sal change the Wall of Fame. Raheem's boombox is blaring and Sal demands that they turn the radio off, but they refuse. Buggin' Out calls Sal and sons guineas while saying that they're closing down the pizzeria for good until they change the Wall of Fame. Sal, in a fit of frustration, tells him he will "tear his nigger ass", then destroys the boombox with a baseball bat. Raheem attacks Sal, leading to a huge violent fight that spills out into the street, attracting a crowd. While Radio Raheem is choking Sal, the police arrive. They break up the fight and apprehend Radio Raheem and Buggin' Out. Despite the pleas of his fellow officers and the onlookers, one officer refuses to release his chokehold on Raheem, killing him. Realizing that Raheem has been killed in front of onlookers, the officers place his body in the back of a squad car, and drive off, leaving Sal, Pino, and Vito unprotected.

text: The onlookers, enraged about Radio Raheem's death, blame Sal and his sons. Mookie grabs a trash can and throws it through the window of Sal's pizzeria, sparking the crowd to rush into the restaurant and destroy it, with Smiley finally setting it on fire. Da Mayor pulls Sal, Pino, and Vito out of the mob's way. Firemen and riot patrols arrive to put out the fire and disperse the crowd. After police issue a warning, the firefighters turn their hoses on the rioters, leading to more fighting and arrests. Mookie and Jade sit on the curb, watching in disbelief. Smiley wanders back into the smoldering building and hangs one of his pictures on what is left of Sal's Wall of Fame.

text: The next day, after having an argument with Tina, Mookie returns to Sal, who feels that Mookie betrayed him. Mookie demands his weekly pay, leading to an argument. They cautiously reconcile, and Sal finally pays him. Mister Señor Love Daddy (Samuel L. Jackson), a local DJ, dedicates a song to Raheem.

text: The film ends with two quotations expressing different views about violence, one from Martin Luther King and one from Malcolm X, before fading to a photograph of them shaking hands. Prior to the credits, Lee dedicates the film to the families of six victims of police brutality: Eleanor Bumpurs, Michael Griffith, Arthur Miller, Jr., Edmund Perry, Yvonne Smallwood, and Michael Stewart.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Spike Lee as Mookie
Danny Aiello as Sal
Ossie Davis as Da Mayor
Ruby Dee as Mother Sister
Giancarlo Esposito as Buggin' Out
Bill Nunn as Radio Raheem
John Turturro as Pino
Richard Edson as Vito
Roger Guenveur Smith as Smiley
Rosie Perez as Tina
Joie Lee as Jade
Steve White as Ahmad
Martin Lawrence as Cee
Leonard L. Thomas as Punchy
Christa Rivers as Ella
Robin Harris as Sweet Dick Willie
Paul Benjamin as ML
Frankie Faison as Coconut Sid
Samuel L. Jackson as Mister Señor Love Daddy (credited as Sam Jackson)
Steve Park as Sonny
Rick Aiello as Officer Gary Long
Miguel Sandoval as Officer Mark Ponte
Luis Antonio Ramos as Stevie
John Savage as Clifton
Frank Vincent as Charlie
Richard Parnell Habersham as Eddie
Ginny Yang as Kim
Nicholas Turturro (extra) (uncredited)

tag: ul

text: Production[edit]

text: Spike Lee wrote the screenplay in two weeks.[9] The original script of Do the Right Thing ends with a stronger reconciliation between Mookie and Sal. Sal's comments to Mookie mirror Da Mayor's earlier comments in the film and hint at some common ground and perhaps Sal's understanding of why Mookie was motivated to destroy his restaurant. It is unclear why Lee changed the ending.[10]

text: The film was shot entirely on Stuyvesant Avenue between Quincy Street and Lexington Avenue in the Bedford-Stuyvesant neighborhood of Brooklyn. The street's color scheme was heavily altered by the production designer, who used a great deal of red and orange paint in order to help convey the sense of a heatwave.

text: Spike Lee campaigned for Robert De Niro as Sal the pizzeria owner, but De Niro had to decline due to prior commitments. The character of Smiley was not in the original script; he was created by Roger Guenveur Smith, who was pestering Spike Lee for a role in the film.[11] Four of the cast members were stand-up comedians: Martin Lawrence, Steve Park, Steve White, and Robin Harris.

text: Controversies[edit]

text: The film was released to protests from many reviewers, and it was openly stated in several newspapers that the film could incite black audiences to riot.[12] Lee criticized white reviewers for implying that black audiences were incapable of restraining themselves while watching a fictional motion picture.[13] In a 2014 interview Lee stated "That still bugs the shit out of me," calling the remarks "outrageous, egregious and, I think, racist," and further elaborating, "I don't remember people saying people were going to come out of theatres killing people after they watched Arnold Schwarzenegger films." [14]

text: One of many questions at the end of the film is whether Mookie "does the right thing" when he throws the garbage can through the window, thus inciting the riot that destroys Sal's pizzeria. Critics have seen Mookie's action both as an action that saves Sal's life, by redirecting the crowd's anger away from Sal to his property, and as an "irresponsible encouragement to enact violence".[15] The question is directly raised by the contradictory quotations that end the film, one advocating nonviolence, the other advocating violent self-defense in response to oppression.[15]

text: Spike Lee has remarked that he has only ever been asked by white viewers whether Mookie did the right thing; black viewers do not ask the question.[16] Lee believes the key point is that Mookie was angry at the death of Radio Raheem, and that viewers who question the riot's justification are implicitly failing to see the difference between property and the life of a black man.[13]

text: In June 2006, Entertainment Weekly magazine placed Do the Right Thing at No. 22 on its list of The 25 Most Controversial Movies Ever.[17]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (September 2016)

text: Do the Right Thing was met with acclaim from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a rating of 93%, based on 68 reviews, with an average rating of 8.9/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Smart, vibrant and urgent without being didactic, Do the Right Thing is one of Spike Lee's most fully realized efforts – and one of the most important films of the 1980s."[18] On Metacritic, the film has a score of 91 out of 100, based on 15 critics, indicating "universal acclaim", and placing it as the 68th highest film of all-time on the site.[19]

text: Both Gene Siskel and Roger Ebert ranked the film as the best of 1989 and later ranked it as one of the top 10 films of the decade (#6 for Siskel and #4 for Ebert).[20] Ebert later added the film to his list of The Great Movies.[21] According to online film resource They Shoot Pictures, Don't They?, Do the Right Thing is the most acclaimed film of 1989.[22]

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
List of awards and nominations

Award
Date of ceremony
Category
Recipients and nominees
Result

Academy Awards
March 28, 1990
Best Supporting Actor
Danny Aiello
Nominated

Best Original Screenplay
Spike Lee

Belgian Syndicate of Cinema Critics
1990
Grand Prix

Boston Society of Film Critics
1990
Best Supporting Actor
Danny Aiello
Won

Cannes Film Festival[23]
May 23, 1989
Palme d'Or
Spike Lee
Nominated

Chicago Film Critics Association
1990
Best Picture

Won

Best Director
Spike Lee

Best Supporting Actor
Danny Aiello

Golden Globe Awards
January 20, 1990
Best Motion Picture – Drama

Nominated

Best Supporting Actor – Motion Picture
Danny Aiello

Best Director – Motion Picture
Spike Lee

Best Screenplay – Motion Picture

Los Angeles Film Critics Association
December 16, 1989
Best Film

Won

Best Supporting Actor
Danny Aiello

Best Director
Spike Lee

Best Screenplay
2nd place

Best Music
Bill Lee
Won

MTV Movie Awards
June 6, 2006
Silver Bucket of Excellence

NAACP Image Awards
December 11, 1989
Outstanding Actress in a Motion Picture
Ruby Dee

Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Motion Picture
Ossie Davis

National Society of Film Critics Awards
January 8, 1990
Best Director
Spike Lee
3rd place

New York Film Critics Circle
January 14, 1990
Best Film

5th place

Best Screenplay
Spike Lee
4th place

Best Cinematography
Ernest Dickerson
Won

The 20/20 Awards
2010
Best Picture

Nominated

Best Director
Spike Lee
Won

Best Supporting Actor
Danny Aiello
Nominated

John Turturro

Best Original Screenplay
Spike Lee

Best Film Editing
Barry Alexander Brown
Won

Best Original Song
"Fight the Power"
Music and Lyrics by Chuck D, Hank Shocklee, Eric Sadler, and Keith Shocklee

text: American Film Institute lists

text:
AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs:

"Fight the Power" – No. 40

AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies (10th Anniversary Edition) – No. 96

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text: The film's score (composed and partially performed by jazz musician Bill Lee, father of Spike Lee) and soundtrack were both released in July 1989 on Columbia Records and Motown Records, respectively. The soundtrack was successful, reaching the number eleven spot on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart, and peaking at sixty-eight on the Billboard 200.[24] On the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles & Tracks chart, the Perri track "Feel So Good" reached the fifty-first spot, while Public Enemy's "Fight the Power" reached number twenty, and Guy's "My Fantasy" went all the way to the top spot. "My Fantasy" also reached number six on the Hot Dance Music/Maxi-Singles Sales chart, and sixty-two on Billboard's Hot 100. "Fight the Power" also charted high on the Hot Dance Music chart, peaking at number three, and topped the Hot Rap Singles chart.[25][26]

text: Score[edit]

text:
Do the Right Thing: Original Motion Picture Score

Film score by Bill Lee

Released
1989

Recorded
December 12, 1988 – December 16, 1988

Genre
Film score

Length
35:36

Label
Columbia

Producer
Spike Lee (exec.)

text:
No.
Title
Length

1.
"Mookie Goes Home"
1:21

2.
"We Love Roll Call Y-All"
1:40

3.
"Father to Son"
4:24

4.
"Da Mayor Drinks His Beer"
1:03

5.
"Delivery for Love Daddy"
1:08

6.
"Riot"
1:08

7.
"Magic, Eddie, Prince Ain't Niggers"
1:58

8.
"Mookie [Septet]"
6:45

9.
"How Long?"
3:43

10.
"Mookie [Orchestra]"
6:32

11.
"Da Mayor Loves Mother Sister"
1:23

12.
"Da Mayor Buys Roses"
1:14

13.
"Tawana"
1:31

14.
"Malcolm and Martin"
1:46

15.
"Wake Up Finale"
7:26

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text:
Do the Right Thing: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack

Soundtrack album by Various artists

Released
1989

Genre
Soundtrack

Length
53:14

Label
Motown Records

Producer
Gregory "Sugar Bear" Elliott (exec.), Ted Hopkins (exec.), Mark Kibble (exec.), Spike Lee (exec.), Johnny Mercer (exec.)

Singles from Do the Right Thing: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack

"Fight the Power"
Released: June 1989

text:
No.
Title
Music
Producer(s)
Length

1.
"Fight the Power"
Public Enemy
Hank Shocklee, Carl Ryder, Eric Sadler
5:23

2.
"My Fantasy"
Teddy Riley, Guy
Teddy Riley, Gene Griffin
4:57

3.
"Party Hearty"
E.U.
Kent Wood, JuJu House
4:43

4.
"Can't Stand It"
Steel Pulse
David R. Hinds, Sidney Mills
5:06

5.
"Why Don't We Try?"
Keith John
Vince Morris Raymond jones larry decarmine
3:35

6.
"Feel So Good"
Perri
Paul Laurence, Jones
5:39

7.
"Don't Shoot Me"
Take 6
Mervyn E. Warren
4:08

8.
"Hard to Say"
Lori Perry, Gerald Alston
Laurence
3:21

9.
"Prove to Me"
Perri
Jones, Sami McKinney
5:24

10.
"Never Explain Love"
Al Jarreau
Jones
5:58

11.
"Tu y Yo/We Love [Jingle]"
Rubén Blades
Blades
5:12


document_title: Rosaline Bozimo

question_text: who is the chief judge of delta state

question_tokens: who is the chief judge of delta state

text: Rosaline Bozimo

text:
Rosaline Patricia Irorefe Bozimo

Chief Judge of Delta State

In office
3 April 2003 – 1 January 2011

Succeeded by
Honorable Justice Abiodun Smith

Personal details

Born
(1946-01-01) 1 January 1946 (age 71)
Udu, Delta State, Nigeria

Nationality
Nigerian

Spouse(s)
Alaowei Broderick Bozimo

Alma mater
Ahmadu Bello University

Occupation
Lawyer, Judge

text: Rosaline Patricia Irorefe Bozimo (born 1 January 1946) is a Nigerian lawyer who was appointed Chief Justice of Delta State with effect from 23 March 2003.[1] She retired on 1 January 2011 and was succeeded by Honorable Justice Abiodun Smith.[2]

text: Background[edit]

text: Rosaline Bozimo was born on 1 January 1946 in Warri South Local Government Area of Delta State. She attended St. Maria Goretti Grammar School, Benin City for her Secondary education, and then Urhobo College, Effurun. In September 1970 she was admitted to Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, gaining a degree in Law in 1973. She then went to the Nigerian Law School and was called to Bar in 1974.[1]

text: After National Youth Service in Enugu and Onitsha in the then East Central State, she became a private legal practitioner in 1975. With her husband Alaowei Broderick Bozimo she was a founding partner of Broderick Bozimo & Co. She was briefly a member of the Judiciary of the old Bendel State as a Magistrate, before returning to private law practice (1978–1983). In December 1983 she was again appointed a Magistrate of Bendel State, becoming a Chief Magistrate in August 1988. When Delta State was created out of the old Bendel State in 1991, she became the first Chairman of the Tenders Board of the High Court of Delta State, and Chief Registrar of the state High Court in September of the same year. In December she was sworn in as a High Court judge.[1]

text: The Military Administrator of Delta State, Colonel Bassey Asuquo, appointed her Chairman of the Armed Robbery and Firearms Tribunal, Effurun, Delta State. She was also Chairman, Failed Banks Tribunal, Enugu Zone. After serving as Administrative Judge in three Judicial Divisions, she was appointed as the Chief Judge of Delta state with effect from 23 March 2003.[1]

text: Chief Judge, Delta State[edit]

text: In December 2003 in a bid to ease the congestion in prisons, Rosaline Bozimo set free 59 prisoners awaiting trial. She warned police against dumping suspected criminals in prisons without making real efforts to prosecute them.[3] In September 2007 Bozimo sacked Agbor Chief Magistrate, Mr. Charles Maidoh based on allegations he had been collecting a N5,000 bribe for each application for bail he granted.[4]

text: In November 2007, at the All Nigeria Judges Conference, she spoke about the National Judicial Council (NJC), which is charged with monitoring and evaluating judges. After giving a brief history of the NJC and discussing its roles, she gave a very positive appraisal, stating that standards of judicial conduct were now extremely high throughout Nigeria.[5] In October 2007 Bozimo made a strong case for the financial autonomy of the judiciary in Delta State and canvassed for better working conditions for members of the state's judiciary.[6]

text: In November 2008, Bozimo and Delta State Governor, Emmanuel Uduaghan approved establishment of sanitation mobile courts to prosecute sanitation offenders in the State.[7] Due to repeated petitions over electoral irregularities, Bozimo appointed Local Government Election Tribunals for three zones of the state, adding a fourth in August 2009.[8]


document_title: Tin Woodman

question_text: who needs a heart in the wizard of oz

question_tokens: who needs a heart in the wizard of oz

text: Tin Woodman

text: Character in the book series[edit]

text: Originally an ordinary man by the name of Nick Chopper (the name first appearing in The Marvelous Land of Oz), the Tin Woodman used to make his living chopping down trees in the forests of Oz, as his father had before him. The Wicked Witch of the West enchanted his axe to prevent him from marrying his sweetheart, after being bribed by the lazy old woman who kept the Munchkin maiden as a servant, and did not wish to lose her. (In a later book of the series, The Tin Woodman of Oz, the woman is said to be the Witch's servant, and it is the Witch herself who decides to enchant Nick's axe.) The enchanted axe chopped off his limbs, one by one. Each time he lost a limb, Ku-Klip the tinsmith replaced it with a prosthetic limb made of tin. Finally, nothing was left of him but tin. However, Ku-Klip neglected to replace his heart. Once Nick Chopper was made entirely of tin, he was no longer able to love the lady he had fallen for.

text: In The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, Dorothy Gale befriends the Tin Woodman after they find him rusted in the forest, as he was caught in rain, and use his oil can to release him. He follows her to the Emerald City to get a heart from The Wizard. They are joined on their adventure by the Scarecrow and the Cowardly Lion. The Wizard sends Dorothy and her friends to the Winkie Country to kill the Wicked Witch of the West. The Tin Woodman's axe proves useful in this journey, both for chopping wood to create a bridge or raft as needed, and for chopping the heads off animals that threaten the party. When the Winged monkeys are sent by the Witch of the West against the group, they throw the Tin Woodman from a great height, damaging him badly. However Winkie Tinsmiths are able to repair him after the death of the Witch.

text: His desire for a heart notably contrasts with the Scarecrow's desire for brains, reflecting a common debate between the relative importance of the mind and the emotions. This occasions philosophical debate between the two friends as to why their own choices are superior; neither convinces the other, and Dorothy, listening, is unable to decide which one is right. Symbolically, because they remain with Dorothy throughout her quest, she is provided with both and need not select.[1] The Tin Woodman states unequivocally that he has neither heart nor brain, but cares nothing for the loss of his brain. Towards the end of the novel, though, Glinda praises his brain as not quite that of the Scarecrow's.

text: The Wizard turns out to be a "humbug" and can only provide a placebo heart made of silk and filled with sawdust. However, this is enough to please the Tin Woodman, who, with or without a heart, was all along the most tender and emotional of Dorothy's companions (just as the Scarecrow was the wisest and the Cowardly Lion the bravest). When he accidentally crushes an insect, he is grief-stricken and, ironically, claims that he must be careful about such things, while those with hearts do not need such care. This tenderness remains with him throughout the series, as in The Patchwork Girl of Oz, where he refuses to let a butterfly be maimed for the casting of a spell.[2]

text: When Dorothy returns home to her farm in Kansas, the Tin Woodman returns to the Winkie Country to rule as emperor. Later, he has his subjects construct a palace made entirely of tin — from the architecture all the way down to the flowers in the garden.

text: Baum emphasized that the Tin Woodman remains alive, in contrast to the windup mechanical man Tik-Tok Dorothy meets in a later book. Nick Chopper was not turned into a machine, but rather had his flesh body replaced by a metal one. Far from missing his original existence, the Tin Woodman is proud (perhaps too proud) of his untiring tin body.

text: A recurring problem for the Tin Woodman in The Wonderful Wizard of Oz and afterward was his tendency to rust when exposed to rain, tears, or other moisture. For this reason, in The Marvelous Land of Oz the character has himself nickel-plated before helping his friend the Scarecrow fight to regain his throne in the Emerald City. Even so, the Tin Woodman continues to worry about rusting throughout the Oz series.

text: This is inaccurate, in that tin does not rust; only iron does. This may reflect the usage where an object made of iron or steel but coated with tin (in order to prevent rusting) is called a "Tin" object, as a "tin bath", a "tin toy", or a "tin can"; thus, the Tin Woodman might be interpreted (in English, at least) as being made of steel with a tin veneer. One passage in The Road to Oz, by Baum himself, wherein the Woodman attends Ozma's birthday party accompanied by a Winkie band playing a song called "There's No Plate Like Tin," strongly implies that this is the case. Another explanation may be that the Woodman is chiefly made of tin, with iron joints; in some of the illustrations, his joints are a different color from the rest of his body.[3] In Alexander Volkov's Russian adaptation of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, Volkov avoided this problem by the translation of "The Tin Woodman" as the "Iron Woodchopper".

text: The Tin Woodman appeared in most of the Oz books that followed. He is a major character in the comic page Baum wrote with Walt McDougall in 1904-05, Queer Visitors from the Marvelous Land of Oz. In Ozma of Oz, he commands Princess Ozma's army, and is briefly turned into a tin whistle. In Dorothy and the Wizard in Oz, he serves as defense counsel in the trial of Eureka. He affects the plot of a book most notably in The Patchwork Girl of Oz, in which he forbids the young hero from collecting the wing of a butterfly needed for a magical potion because his heart requires him to protect insects from cruelty. Baum also wrote a short book titled The Scarecrow and the Tin Woodman, part of the Little Wizard Stories of Oz series for younger readers.

text: In The Tin Woodman of Oz, Nick Chopper finally sets out to find his lost love, Nimmie Amee, but discovers that she has already married Chopfyt, a man constructed partly out of his own dismembered and discarded limbs. For the Tin Woodman, this encounter with his former fiancée is almost as jarring as his experiences being transformed into a tin owl, meeting another tin man, Captain Fyter, and conversing with his ill-tempered original head.

text: Baum's successors in writing the series tended to use the Tin Woodman as a minor character, still ruling the Winkie Country but not governing the stories' outcome. Two exceptions to this pattern are Ozoplaning with the Wizard of Oz, by Ruth Plumly Thompson, and Lucky Bucky in Oz, by John R. Neill. The biggest exception is in Rachel Cosgrove's The Hidden Valley of Oz, in which the Tin Woodman leads the forces in the defeat of Terp the Terrible and cuts down the Magic Muffin Tree that gives Terp his great size.

text: The fact that Nick includes the natural deaths of his parents in the story of how he came to be made of tin has been a major element of debate. In his eponymous novel, he proclaims that no one in Oz ever died as far back as Lurline's enchantment of the country, which occurred long before the arrival of any outsiders such as the Wizard. (It should be noted, however, that although the living creatures of Oz do not die of age or disease, they may die of accidents or be killed by others.)

text: The Tin Man in later fiction[edit]

text: In the 1998 novel The Tin Man, by Dale Brown, the eponymous protagonist is a power-armored vigilante whom the media and police have dubbed The Tin Man for his physical resemblance to the Wizard of Oz character.

text: The Tin Woodman is a minor character in author Gregory Maguire's 1995 revisionist novel Wicked: The Life and Times of the Wicked Witch of the West, its 2003 Broadway musical adaptation and Maguire's 2005 sequel Son of a Witch. In the book, Nessarose - the Wicked Witch of the East - is seen enchanting the axe to swing around and chop off Nick Chopper's limbs. She does this for a peasant woman who wishes to stop her servant, probably Nimmie Amee, from marrying Nick Chopper. This seems to be close to the Tin Man's origin in the original books, but from the Witch's perspective.

text: In the musical adaptation of Wicked the Tin Man is revealed to be Boq, a Munchkin whom Nessarose, the Wicked Witch of the East, fell in love with when they were at school together. When she discovered his heart belonged to Glinda, she botched a spell that was meant to make him fall in love with her by taking his heart, but instead shrunk his heart to nothing by taking it away without 'giving' it to Nessa. To save his life, Elphaba, the Wicked Witch of the West, was forced to turn him into tin. Not understanding her reasons, he pursues Elphaba with a single-minded vengeance for his current form. The Tin Man's humble origin in the novel conflicts with his having been the aristocratic Boq.

text: In Oz Squad, Nick was shown in a sexual relationship with "Rebecca Eastwitch" in order to get closer to Nimmie Amee and attempt to elope with her.

text: A darker twist to the beloved woodman is made by author James A. Owen in the fourth installment of his series, The Chronicles of the Imaginarium Geographica when his identity is revealed to be Roger Bacon.[4]

text: The Tin Woodman appears in the 2011 TV series Once Upon a Time episode "Where Bluebirds Fly" portrayed by Austin Obiajunwa (as a teenager) and by Alex Désert (as an adult).[5] In this version he goes by the name Stanum (derived from the Latin word "stannum", which means "tin").

text: Since youth, Stanum has been a woodcutter and one day when he first met Zelena, the daughter of another woodsman, he finds out that Zelena has magic and befriends her, regardless of whatever the children say about Zelena, who they see as a freak. Many years later, Stanum, now a man, is punished by the Wicked Witch of the North for chopping down a tree in her domain, and his body slowly begins to transform into tin. To prevent himself from completely becoming tin, Stanum seeks out help from Zelena (now the Wicked Witch of the West) at the Emerald City of Oz. Zelena agrees to help him seek out the Crimson Heart, which can save him. During their quest, Stanum tells Zelena that she doesn't have to be lonely but she is doing her best to deny his advice. Suddenly, a lion comes of nowhere to attack Stanum, and Zelena uses her magic to make the lion go away (at this point the lion has become as Zelena would put it, cowardly). When they finally arrived to the location of the Crimson Heart, the two learned that the only way to make it work is through the absorption of another person's magic. Unfortunately Zelena's actions and selfish greed for magic causes her to betray Stanum, whom she suspect was aligned with Dorothy by keeping the Crimson Heart for herself, leaving Stanum to transform into the Tin Man permanently. Some time later, when Robin Hood arrives in Oz in the episode "Heart of Gold", the Tin Man is seen on the side of the Yellow Brick Road, torn apart.

text: Depictions on stage and screen[edit]

text:
In 1902, Baum helped to adapt The Wizard of Oz into a wildly successful stage extravaganza. David C. Montgomery played the Tin Woodman, Niccolo Chopper (who played the piccolo), opposite Fred Stone as the Scarecrow, and the team became headliners. The piccolo would continue to appear in early adaptations, such as the 1910 film, but was largely forgotten, and the name "Niccolo" never appeared in one of the books. Revisionist books like Oz Squad have referred to him as "Nicholas," a name not found in the books, either.
In the classic 1939 film The Wizard of Oz, the Tin Man was played by actor Jack Haley. Originally, Ray Bolger was cast to play the role of Tin Man, despite his desire to play the Scarecrow. Buddy Ebsen was, at the time, cast as Scarecrow, and was convinced to swap roles with Bolger.[6] While this pleased Bolger, it led to medical problems for Ebsen. The Tin Man's makeup originally contained aluminum powder which got into Ebsen's lungs, bringing him to the edge of death. He was rushed to a hospital and had to give up the role. Despite this, and the fact that the Tin Man's makeup was changed to a safer aluminum paste, Ebsen went on to outlive both Bolger and Haley. Haley based his breathy speaking style in the movie on the voice he used for telling his son bedtime stories. His portrayal of the character is by far the most famous. There is no explanation in the film of how the Tin Man became the Tin Man. It is subtly implied that he was always made of tin; the only reference to the tinsmith is the Tin Man's remark "The tinsmith forgot to give me a heart". Unlike the costumes of the Scarecrow (in the National Museum of American History) and Cowardly Lion (two sets in private hands), that of the Tin Man "was largely destroyed".[7][8] Haley also portrayed the Tin Man's Kansas counterpart, Hickory (one of Aunt Em and Uncle Henry's farmworkers). Screenwriter Noel Langley created this character for the film.[9] Hickory helps Zeke (Lion's alter ego) lower a bed into its place on a wagon at the farm. Unlike Zeke, Hickory and Hunk (Scarecrow's alter ego) lose their hats with Uncle Henry as they struggle to open the cellar when the tornado approaches the farm. He reunites with Dorothy when she awakes from being unconscious. Hickory is seen with Aunt Em, Uncle Henry, Zeke, and Hunk as well as Professor Marvel (The Wizard's alter ego).
In the original Broadway version of The Wiz, Tiger Haynes played the Tinman, a human woodcutter who became tin after the Wicked Witch of the East cursed his axe to chop him up (as in the book). Nipsey Russell played the Tinman in the film adaptation of The Wiz. In this version, as in the 1939 movie, there is no explanation of how he became tin, just a reference of the "genius who created me". He worked as the carnival barker and when the park was closed, he was abandoned, rusted and squeezed by his fourth wife, "Teeny" (a heavy tin sculpture of a fat lady). He was saved by Dorothy and the Scarecrow. Ne-Yo played the Tinman in the TV special The Wiz Live!. This version portrayed him as a construction worker on whom the Wicked Witch of the East developed an unrequited crush. When she found out he already had a girlfriend, "Bertha", she became so jealous, she turned him into a heartless tinman. The Witch boasted afterwards that if she couldn't have his heart, then no one could. Like Jack Haley in the 1939 movie, Ne-Yo also played one of Aunt Em's farmhands - John, who walks with a metal leg brace.
Other notable actors who have played the Tin Woodman include Oliver Hardy in a 1925 silent version of The Wizard of Oz directed by and starring Larry Semon, in which a villainous farmhand briefly fell into a tin pile and emerged as a "Tin Woodsman" [sic]. In subsequent scenes the tin was removed and he became "Knight of the Garter". In the 1960 television adaptation of The Land of Oz, he was played by vaudeville comedian Gil Lamb; in the 1969 film, The Wonderful Land of Oz he was played by Al Joseph; and in the 1985 film Return to Oz, he was played by Deep Roy, a little person who was able to fit inside a costume that looked nearly identical to John R. Neill's artwork.
In the 1961 animated TV series, Tales of the Wizard of Oz and its sequel, the 1964 NBC animated television special Return to Oz, the Tin Man (here named Rusty) was voiced by Larry D. Mann.
In the 1970s, the Tin Woodman appeared in a series of short animated educational films about heart health from Joleron Productions.
In an episode of The World's Greatest Super Friends, Superman temporarily became the Tin Man after a tornado took him, Wonder Woman, and Aquaman to Mister Mxyzptlk's planet of Oz.
In a 1981 episode of Scooby-Doo and Scrappy-Doo, Scrappy is dressed as the Tin Man after a tornado took him, Shaggy, and Scooby to "Ahz", a direct spoof of Oz with a different spelling by its enunciation.
In 1985, the Tin Woodman appeared in the educational film Act on Arthritis as well as in promotional commercials.
Roger Daltrey portrayed this character in the 1995 television stage performance The Wizard of Oz in Concert: Dreams Come True. The Kansas farmworker Hickory does not appear in this production. Daltrey performed a rock and roll tempo of "If I Only Had a Heart" in which he swung his microphone mimicking his Who persona. He also performed the bridge verses sung by the Tin Man in Nathan Lane's long version of "If I Only Had the Nerve". Toward the end, he hugged the Wizard (Joel Grey) saying to him "Thank you from the bottom of my heart!".
In 1996, they made a cartoon animated The Oz Kids. He has a son named Tin Boy. Like his father he can cut wood with his ax. And he has to be careful with water and snow or he'll be rust. His voice played by Andy Milder.
Hiroki Tsujiai from Ultra Maniac dresses as the Tin Man in the costume party.
James Kall portrayed the Tin Man in the 2001 ABC miniseries Life with Judy Garland: Me and My Shadows.
The Muppet Gonzo plays a similar role, the Tin Thing, in 2005's television film The Muppets' Wizard of Oz. In this version, he is the Wicked Witch's research assistant, transformed into a robot to prevent him wanting a day off to marry Camilla. Gonzo's other role is himself. He appears at the end of this film in the Muppets' show.
In 2006, the Tin Man was the protagonist in a pair of television commercials for Chef Boyardee brand canned Beef Ravioli, in a costume identical to the design used in the 1939 Oz film. In the commercials, the Tin Man (played by Australian actor David Somerville) is pursued by groups of children due to the fact that an oversized Beef Ravioli can label has been affixed to the back of his cylindrical torso (which he doesn't notice until the midpoint of the first commercial); thus, he appears to be a very large, mobile can of ravioli. In the first ad, the Tin Man escapes from his pursuers only to discover that the building he ducked into is an elementary school cafeteria full of hungry children and a teacher. The second ad begins with the Tin Man running through a residential neighborhood, accidentally adding to his pursuers when he stumbles across a backyard birthday party; after fleeing across a golf course (while dodging balls from the driving range), he is cornered in another backyard and threatened with a garden hose (playing on the Tin Man's classic weakness of rusting). As the scene shifts to the image of a Beef Ravioli can, sounds of water hitting metal and the Tin Man's cries for help are heard.
In 2006, the Chicago Under Ground Film Festival premiered Lee Lynch’s feature film titled Transposition of the Great Vessels. Based on the story of his own parents, who moved from Redding to Los Angeles, in hopes of making a better life. His father wanted to work for the forest service, and his mother wanted to be a cook, but their baby was born with a rare heart condition. They were forced to give up those dreams, and make choices that would give them insurance and stability. A naturalist movie interspersed with dream sequences; the “Tin Woodman” makes an appearance while on his deathbed, at UCLA Medical Center.
At Sundance of 2007, a film premiered by young director Ray Tintori entitled Death to the Tinman. It is a somewhat modernized retelling that takes place at sometime in the 1900s, in the town Verton, rather than Oz. However, the book of the same name, which tells the origins of the character, is cited by opening intertitles as the source. Although the basic premise is nearly identical, much of the details and all names and locations have been changed. This is partially due to the film's satirical look at criminal reenactments, as it states at the beginning that names "have been changed to protect the innocent." Perhaps the most interesting change that story makes, though, is the origin of the curse upon the Tinman's Axe, which is changed from being the Witch to being a curse from God. This film won a short filmmaking award at Sundance.
A 2007 CG animated short film called "After Oz",[10] produced by the film students at Vancouver Film School, centered on a stylized version of the Tin Man, after he has received his heart from Oz. The movie shows him moving through a colorful Oz city with his brand-new mechanical heart, before meeting a reddish female Tin Woman (or robot?) to whom he gives the heart. She proceeds to cruelly play with the heart.
An internet-collaboration, CG animated feature based on Baum's book The Tin Woodman of Oz was produced by A:M Films, and completed in 2009.
In 2010, Whitestone Motion Pictures[11] produced a 23-minute live-action short film, Heartless: The Story of the Tin Man. The film is based on the book The Tin Woodman of Oz, where Woot the Wanderer visits the Tin Man and asks how he came to be made of tin. In the film, the Tin Man appears to be more steam- or coal-powered. His chest cavity is covered by a door which reads "Pedudoe Tin Co." but this is a reference to the workings of the film company, and not a reference to any Oz book or material. The movie was made available for free viewing online and free downloading of its soundtrack.
In the 2013 prequel, Oz the Great and Powerful, although the Tin Woodman does not physically appear, the film introduces his creator, the Master Tinker, portrayed by Bill Cobbs.[12]
Tin Man appears in the animated film Legends of Oz: Dorothy's Return (which is based on Dorothy of Oz), voiced by Kelsey Grammer.
The Woodsman, a 2012 stage play written by James Ortiz with music by Edward W. Hardy, tells the backstory of the Tin Man, using puppetry, movement, and music. The play has received multiple Off Broadway productions, and won a 2016 Obie Award for Ortiz's puppet design.[13]
In the TV series Emerald City, the Tin Woodman equivalent is Jack (Gerran Howell), a friend of the enigmatic Tip, who helps 'him' escape from his imprisonment by a witch. When it is revealed that Tip is actually a girl whose true identity was suppressed by a potion, her strained emotional state causes her to push Jack over a balcony after he kisses her. Jack is subsequently found and rebuilt by scientists in a cyborg-like state; his head and right arm are still organic, but his heart and the rest of his body has been replaced or covered by mechanical armour.
The Tin Man appears in Once Upon a Time. In this show, he started out as a woodcutter named Stanum (portrayed by Austin Obiajunwa as a young man and by Alex Désert as an adult) who encountered a younger Zelena when she saved a bird's nest. When two bullies show up to harm Zelena, Stanum helped to fend them off. Years later, Stanum comes to Zelena for help. He tells Zelena that he is slowly turning to tin after he was cursed by the Wicked Witch of the North for cutting down a tree in her area. Stanum states that the Crimson Heart artifact might be able to help him, but needs Zelena's help to get by the beast that guards it. When close to its location, Stanum is attacked by a lion who is then fended off by Zelena. When they get to the heart, Zelena picks it up and felt some of her magic draining. When Zelena claims that Dorothy Gale put Stanum up to this task, Stanum commented that he never met Dorothy. He also stated that Zelena once claimed on the day they met that she would be happy being a normal human. As Stanum fully turns to tin and is unable to move, Zelena takes the box containing the Crystal Heart and leaves while telling Stanum that perhaps Dorothy will meet Stanum and free him.

text: Modern works[edit]

text: This article gives self-sourcing examples without describing their significance in the context of the article. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources that describe the examples' significance, and by removing less pertinent examples. Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged or removed. (November 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
The song "Country Robot/A Letter to Dorothy" by The Incredible Moses Leroy is written from the Tin Man's perspective; it includes the lyrics "You gave me oil, I was a rusty load/ You even helped me find my heart."
In the song "Tin Man" by the band America, the lyrics state that "Oz never did give nothin' to the Tin Man, that he didn't, didn't already have." The rest of the song has nothing to do with the Tin Man or Oz.
Country artist Kenny Chesney recorded the song "Tin Man" for his album "All I Need to Know". The first verse and refrain state:
Tracy Chapman included a song titled "Remember the Tinman" on her 1995 album New Beginning.
In the VeggieTales episode The Wonderful Wizard of Ha's, the Tin Man and his Kansas counterpart from the 1939 film were played by Larry the Cucumber.
In the 2007 Sci-Fi miniseries Tin Man, a "Tin Man" is a term used for the law enforcers of Central City in the Outer Zone (O.Z.) One of the story's protagonists, Wyatt Cain (played by Neal McDonough in the title role), is a Tin Man whose past left him hardened and distant from others. In addition, he is first found by Dorothy imprisoned in an iron suit that replays a non-stop loop of the capture of his wife and child.
The Avett Brothers 2009 Album I and Love and You features a song called "Tin Man".
Verses of the Future Islands 2010 post-pop, synth-ballad Tin Man contain numerous metaphorical, Tin-Man related references. The song also features a powerful and climactic end chorus consisting solely of the repeated line - "I am the Tin Man".
In the 2011 direct-to-DVD animated film Tom and Jerry and the Wizard of Oz, the Tin Man was voiced by Rob Paulsen.
The Tin Man appears in Dorothy and the Witches of Oz played by Jordan Turnage. He appears in the form of a man named Nick (played by Billy Boyd).
A 1990 episode of Star Trek: The Next Generation is titled "Tin Man."
The Phineas & Ferb episode "Wizard of Odd" features the Tin Man in his rusted state, but he is never freed from this condition. He is also featured in an end credits song entitled "Rusted."
Mickey Mouse Clubhouse did a parody special entitled "The Wizard of Dizz," in which the role of the Tin Man is played by Mickey Mouse.
The parody The Muppets' Wizard of Oz featured Gonzo the Great in the role of the Tin Man.
In the game Code Name: S.T.E.A.M., Tin Man, along with other Oz characters, is a playable character. His design is more based on Japanese culture and he have the ability to give steam to allies.
The Tin Woodman appears as a major antagonist in Danielle Paige's Dorothy Must Die novel series. In this series, Dorothy and her friends have been corrupted by Dorothy's use of magic and the 'magic' in the gifts they received from the Wizard, with the Tin Woodman now driven by a twisted 'love' for Dorothy that is nevertheless unrequited. He is described as possessing a more twisted appearance, with his legs compared to horses' legs and his hands possessing knives for fingers. At the conclusion of the first novel, series protagonist Amy Gumm cuts out his heart, having been informed by the Wizard that she must take the gifts of Dorothy's companions to kill Dorothy herself.

text: Sources of the Tin Man image[edit]

text: Economics and history professors have published scholarly studies that indicate the images and characters used by Baum and Denslow closely resembled political images that were well known in the 1890s.[14] They state that Baum and Denslow did not simply invent the Lion, Tin Woodman, Scarecrow, Yellow Brick Road, Silver Slippers, cyclone, monkeys, Emerald City, little people, Uncle Henry, passenger balloons, witches and the wizard. These were all common themes in the editorial cartoons of the previous decade. The notion of a "Tin Man" has deep roots in European and American history, according to Green (2006), and often appeared in cartoons of the 1880s and 1890s.[15] Baum and Denslow, like most writers and illustrators, used the materials at hand that they knew best. They built a story around them, added Dorothy, and added a series of lessons to the effect that everyone possesses the resources they need (such as brains, a heart and courage) if only they had self-confidence. The Wonderful Wizard of Oz was a children’s book, of course, but as Baum warned in the preface, it was a "modernized" fairy tale as well.

text: The Tin Man—the human turned into a machine—was a common feature in political cartoons and in advertisements in the 1890s. Indeed, he had been part of European folk art for 300 years. In political interpretations of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, the Tin Woodman is supposedly described as a worker, dehumanized by industrialization. The Tin Woodman little by little lost his natural body and had it replaced by metal; so he has lost his heart and cannot move without the help of farmers (represented by the Scarecrow); in reality he has a strong sense of cooperation and love, which needs only an infusion of self-confidence to be awakened. In the 1890s many argued that to secure a political revolution a coalition of Farmers and Workers was needed.[16]

text: The 1890 editorial cartoon to the right shows President Benjamin Harrison wearing improvised tin armor because he wanted a tariff on tin. Such images support the argument that the figure of a "tin man" was in use as political allegory in the 1890s. The man on the right is politician James G. Blaine.

text: The oil needed by the Tin Woodman had a political dimension at the time because Rockefeller's Standard Oil Company stood accused of being a monopoly (and in fact was later found guilty by the Supreme Court). In the 1902 stage adaptation, which is full of topical references that do not appear either in the novel or in any of the film adaptations (unless they are satirical), the Tin Woodman wonders what he would do if he ran out of oil. "You wouldn't be as badly off as John D. Rockefeller," the Scarecrow responds, "He'd lose six thousand dollars a minute if that happened."[17]


document_title: Full House (season 6)

question_text: what season does steve come in full house

text: Full House (season 6)

text: Plot[edit]

text: In season six, Danny proposes to Vicky as she gladly accepts. Jesse and Joey are both fired from their daytime jobs and instead become radio hosts on the show "Rush Hour Renegades," which eventually turns into a success. Rebecca also has to deal with Jesse's recent climb to stardom as he tours Japan with his band for the first half of the season, in the second half of the season, he returns to high school to get his diploma. D.J. is a sophomore in high school and gets her first real boyfriend, Steve Hale, who begins his senior year in high school; Stephanie is in fifth grade; Michelle starts first grade.

text: Main cast[edit]

text:
John Stamos as Jesse Katsopolis
Bob Saget as Danny Tanner
Dave Coulier as Joey Gladstone
Candace Cameron as D.J. Tanner
Jodie Sweetin as Stephanie Tanner
Mary-Kate and Ashley Olsen as Michelle Tanner
Lori Loughlin as Rebecca Donaldson-Katsopolis
Andrea Barber as Kimmy Gibbler
Scott Weinger as Steve Hale
Blake & Dylan Tuomy-Wilhoit as Alex & Nicky Katsopolis

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date

121
1
"Come Fly with Me"
Joel Zwick
Marc Warren & Dennis Rinsler
September 22, 1992 (1992-09-22)

The family awaits D.J.'s return from her trip to Spain. D.J. tells her family she has a big surprise for them, only it turns out to be her new boyfriend, which is a concern to Danny. Stephanie and Michelle are not amused by Steve and after a boring summer, they decide to have some fun by illegally sneaking onto a plane to New Zealand.

122
2
"The Long Goodbye"
Joel Zwick
Ellen Guylas
September 29, 1992 (1992-09-29)

Michelle attempts to "kidnap" her best friend, Teddy (Tahj Mowry), when she finds out that he is moving to Texas. Meanwhile, Vicky gets a new job in Chicago, and Danny is making important decisions on how they will maintain a long-distance relationship.

123
3
"Road to Tokyo"
Joel Zwick
Ken Hecht
October 6, 1992 (1992-10-06)

Jesse's song "Forever" is number 1 on the music charts—in Japan; but the pleasures of Jesse's stardom affect Becky in a negative way, and Jesse gets offered a year-long tour across the Pacific. Meanwhile, D.J. tries to help Kimmy run for student body president.

124
4
"Radio Days"
Richard Correll
Tom Burkhard
October 13, 1992 (1992-10-13)

Jesse and Joey are offered jobs as afternoon radio DJs, but when Joey makes jokes about Jesse, they start arguing with each other. Meanwhile, Joey deals with Mr. Strowbridge's wife as a partner, and Stephanie's short story has characters that are closely related to D.J. and Steve.

125
5
"Lovers and Other Tanners"
Joel Zwick
Jay Abramowitz
October 20, 1992 (1992-10-20)

D.J. forgets all her priorities when her relationship with Steve begins to grow, causing Danny to forbid them from seeing each other. Meanwhile, Jesse and Joey debut their radio show Rush Hour Renegades, although Jesse comes down with a cold right before the show.

126
6
"Educating Jesse"
Joel Zwick
Tom Burkhard
October 27, 1992 (1992-10-27)

D.J. and Kimmy launch a "Stay in School" campaign and ask Jesse to compose a song for it, but Jesse declines. When asked why not, he admits that it would be hypocritical to do so as he dropped out of high school, but their campaign has inspired him to earn his GED. Meanwhile, Michelle tries to learn how to tie her shoes.

127
7
"Trouble in Twin Town"
Joel Zwick
Ellen Guylas
November 10, 1992 (1992-11-10)

Becky's rich cousins, Dick and Donna Donaldson, come to visit with their twin daughters, and are going to enter them in a local "Best Twins" contest. The twins are brats, and Dick and Donna won't stop insulting Jesse, which prompts Jesse to enter Nicky and Alex into the contest so that he can beat them.

128
8
"The Play's the Thing"
Joel Zwick
Tom Amundsen
November 17, 1992 (1992-11-17)

Jesse and Joey direct Michelle's play, "Yankee Doodle", and Michelle wants to play the lead role of Yankee Doodle because both of her sisters played the part when they were her age. Jesse and Joey choose her, but the last person to audition is clearly better than Michelle, so Jesse and Joey pick him and Michelle is infuriated. Meanwhile, Danny tries to spend time with Nicky and Alex because Michelle is growing up. D.J and Steve argue about Michelle's play for a bit.

129
9
"Nice Guys Finish First"
Joel Zwick
Jamie Tatham & Chuck Tatham
November 24, 1992 (1992-11-24)

Joey plans to play in a charity hockey game, but Herschel "Stonewall" Binkley comes back to hassle Joey with a bad memory that Joey would much rather forget. Meanwhile, Michelle is scared by Goatboy and Muttman stories, and gets more afraid when Joey starts acting aggressive.

130
10
"I'm Not D.J."
Richard Correll
Sarit Katz & Gloria Ketterer
December 1, 1992 (1992-12-01)

Stephanie wants to get her ears pierced after seeing two of her peers with pierced ears, but Danny thinks she is not ready yet because D.J. did not get her ears pierced until starting junior high school. Tired of being babied and doing everything the same as D.J. did, Stephanie makes a big mistake by letting Kimmy pierce her ears and they become infected. Meanwhile, Nicky and Alex get their first haircut at Joey's Uncle Jasper's (Dave Coulier) barber shop. Dave Coulier in a dual role.

131
11
"Designing Mothers"
Joel Zwick
Sarit Katz & Gloria Ketterer
December 8, 1992 (1992-12-08)

Vicky's mother re-decorates Stephanie and Michelle's room, but Danny is not ready to change his ways or his environment. Meanwhile, Jesse and Joey get a new boss, which frightens them.

132
12
"A Very Tanner Christmas"
Joel Zwick
Jay Abramowitz
December 15, 1992 (1992-12-15)

The Tanners celebrate Christmas, only for D.J. to find out that Steve is planning to move to Florida for college, upon graduating. Meanwhile, Becky misses having white Christmases in Nebraska, and Jesse takes Stephanie and Michelle to a homeless shelter to show them the real meaning of Christmas.

133
13
"The Dating Game"
Joel Zwick
Jerry Winnick
January 5, 1993 (1993-01-05)

Stephanie "goes out" with a friend, thinking that it is an actual date. Stephanie gets nervous and decides to read a teen magazine to help her. Her date turns out to be a get-together with the boys' baseball team. Stephanie gets embarrassed so she decides to follow DJ. Meanwhile, Joey has a crush on his boss at the radio station, so Jesse sets up a date for them.

134
14
"Birthday Blues"
John Tracy
Mark Fink
January 19, 1993 (1993-01-19)

Preoccupied by celebrating her six months with Steve, D.J. forgets about Kimmy's 16th birthday, so a last-minute party is concocted with the help of her family. Steve accidentally tells Kimmy that DJ put the party together in fifteen minutes.

135
15
"Be True to Your Preschool"
Joel Zwick
Tom Amundsen
January 26, 1993 (1993-01-26)

Jesse lies on an application for the twins to get into an exclusive pre-school, but he has to think fast when the school says that they are interested. Kimmy gets her driver's license, and the girls end up getting locked out of her brother's car, "The Wild Thing".

136
16
"The Heartbreak Kid"
Joel Zwick
Cathy Jung
February 9, 1993 (1993-02-09)

Steve gives Michelle a Valentine's Day cookie, which leads to her believing that Steve wants to marry her. However, after a cute mock ceremony, Michelle discovers it is not the real thing, which upsets her. Meanwhile, Jesse tries to figure out how to use a computer and Danny and Joey reminisce about an old flame.

137
17
"Silence Is Not Golden"
Joel Zwick
Ken Hecht
February 16, 1993 (1993-02-16)

Stephanie is paired up with her nemesis Charles on a school project. He comes to her house to work on it and Stephanie finds out that his father physically abuses him, but she is sworn to secrecy. Meanwhile, Michelle has been calling her funny buddy on the phone without her father's permission after she and Denise were watching a funny joke ad knowing it costs $2.00 a minute. The next day, Charles is not at school, and Stephanie realizes that his father had hurt him again. Danny is mad at Michelle after he discovers the phone calls from his bills and punishes Michelle by having her go to bed an hour earlier for a week. Then Michelle goes upstairs and says mean things about Danny, causing an argument with Stephanie. After school, Stephanie finally gives in and tells Jesse, who calls the city and has Charles put into a foster family home away from his father. Stephanie feels guilty at first about Charles being separated from his father, but then she realizes that telling an adult was the right thing to do, and starts to appreciate her own father.

138
18
"Please Don't Touch the Dinosaur"
John Tracy
Jamie Tatham & Chuck Tatham
February 23, 1993 (1993-02-23)

Danny and Jesse chaperones Michelle's class trip to the museum, but Jesse is unable to keep discipline in his group of kids, leading to terrible events. Meanwhile, Stephanie accidentally gives one of Joey's valuable baseball cards to Steve.

139
19
"Subterranean Graduation Blues"
John Tracy
Story by: Marc Warren & Dennis Rinsler
Teleplay by: Tom Burkhard
March 2, 1993 (1993-03-02)

On the way to his high school graduation, Jesse and the family get stuck on the subway. Again, Kimmy babysits the twins, with disastrous results again, involving finger paint.

140
20
"Grand Gift Auto"
John Tracy
Ellen Guylas
March 16, 1993 (1993-03-16)

Joey gets D.J. a 1977 Pontiac Firebird for her 16th birthday, but later, it is revealed that Joey did not get a pink slip showing that he bought the car, making the police officer believe that he stole it. The way the family handles it doesn't make him feel any better and he considers leaving. They later convince him to stay.

141
21
"Room for One More?"
Tom Rickard
Story by: Marc Warren & Dennis Rinsler
Teleplay by: Stacey Hur
April 6, 1993 (1993-04-06)

Jesse tries to prove to Becky that they can have another baby, despite their busy lives, and the responsibilities of taking care of Nicky and Alex. But it turns out to be a disaster when Stephanie and Michelle care for a neighbor's pig, Nicky has a cold, Joey gets rollerblade injuries, and Becky gets a new weekend job.

142
22
"Prom Night"
Joel Zwick
Adrienne Armstrong & Martie Cook
May 4, 1993 (1993-05-04)

D.J. and Steve go to the prom, where Steve and his ex-girlfriend are announced as "King" and "Queen" of the prom. Meanwhile, Danny feels intimidated when he finds out Vicky is older and stronger than him.

143
23
"The House Meets the Mouse" (Part 1)
Joel Zwick
Marc Warren & Dennis Rinsler
May 11, 1993 (1993-05-11)

When Jesse is sent to Walt Disney World, he brings Becky for their anniversary, however, the Tanners get to go too much to Jesse's dismay. While there, Joey goes to Disney's Hollywood Studios, meets animator Mark Henn (appearing as himself) and draws an animation of himself, which comes to life. Jesse must work instead of spending time with Becky. Danny keeps trying to propose to Vicky. And D.J., Kimmy, Stephanie and Michelle find an attraction where the first person to "make the genie appear" by rubbing a "magic lamp" gets three wishes. Michelle cuts in front of Stephanie and gets the three wishes. She uses her first on to ride anything with no lines. They then ride the carousel over six times and Michelle will not let them ride anything else. When Michelle overhears the other girls' conversation about how bossy she's getting, she runs away. Meanwhile, D.J. sees Steve in everyone, including Prince Charming, Mary Poppins, Captain Hook, Peter Pan, Robin Hood, Indiana Jones and Aladdin (who was also voiced by Scott Weinger in the 1992 movie).

144
24
"The House Meets the Mouse" (Part 2)
Joel Zwick
Marc Warren & Dennis Rinsler
May 18, 1993 (1993-05-18)

Michelle uses her second wish to have a tea party. Jesse and Joey do their report underwater in a diving bell. However, Joey is afraid to go back up when he sees a shark, which causes Jesse to miss his picnic with Becky. Much to Stephanie's annoyance, Michelle, after running away, gets in trouble but still gets to have her tea party. When they go see the Indiana Jones Stunt Show, Danny reveals that he has found an uninterrupted way to propose to Vicky. After the show, Stephanie asks to go back to the hotel because she is tired. Stephanie also says under her breath that her day wasn't as big as Michelle's and Michelle hears this. While D.J. and Kimmy are at the hotel, they see Steve there checking in, and says he could not stand to be away from D.J. Michelle does the right thing and uses her third wish to give Stephanie her "Princess of the Day" title. The whole family then ride on the main float with Mickey Mouse. They all then go to Jesse's concert and he dedicates "A Dream Is A Wish Your Heart Makes" to Becky. As the fireworks go into the sky, one reads "Vicky, will you marry me?" and Vicky says "yes".