document_title: Guglielmo Marconi

question_text: where was the first transatlantic wireless message sent

text: Guglielmo Marconi

text: Biography[edit]

text: Early years[edit]

text: Marconi was born into the Italian nobility as Guglielmo Giovanni Maria Marconi[9] in Bologna on 25 April 1874, the second son of Giuseppe Marconi (an Italian aristocratic landowner from Porretta Terme) and his Irish/Scot wife Annie Jameson (daughter of Andrew Jameson of Daphne Castle in County Wexford, Ireland and granddaughter of John Jameson, founder of whiskey distillers Jameson & Sons[10]). Between the ages of two and six, Marconi and his elder brother Alfonso were brought up by his mother in the English town of Bedford.[11][12] After returning to Italy, and at the age of 18 Marconi became a neighbour of University of Bologna physicist Augusto Righi, who had done research on Heinrich Hertz's work. Righi permitted Marconi to attend lectures at the university and also to use the University's laboratory and library.[13] Marconi received further education in Florence at the Istituto Cavallero and, later, in Livorno.[14][not in citation given] Marconi did not do well in school, according to Robert McHenry,[15] though historian Giuliano Corradi characterizes him in his biography as a true genius.[16] He was baptised as a Catholic but had been brought up as a member of the Anglican Church, being married into it (although this marriage was later annulled). Marconi was confirmed in the Catholic faith and became a devout member of the Church before his marriage to Maria Christina in 1927.[17]

text: Radio work[edit]

text: During his early years, Marconi had an interest in science and electricity and in the early 1890s he began working on the idea of "wireless telegraphy"—i.e., the transmission of telegraph messages without connecting wires as used by the electric telegraph. This was not a new idea; numerous investigators and inventors had been exploring wireless telegraph technologies and even building systems using electric conduction, electromagnetic induction and optical (light) signalling for over 50 years, but none had proven technically and commercially successful. A relatively new development came from Heinrich Hertz, who in 1888 demonstrated that one could produce and detect electromagnetic radiation, at the time commonly called "Hertzian" waves, and now generally referred to as radio waves.[18]

text: There was a great deal of interest in radio waves in the physics community, but the interest was in radio as a scientific phenomenon, not in its potential as a communication method. Physicists generally looked on radio waves as an invisible form of light, a short range phenomenon which could only travel along a line of sight path, and thus its range was limited to the visual horizon like existing forms of visual signaling, making it unsuitable for long distance communication.[19] Hertz's death in 1894 brought published reviews of his earlier discoveries including a demonstration on the transmission and detection of radio waves by the British physicist Oliver Lodge and an article about Hertz's work by Marconi's teacher, Augusto Righi. Righi's article renewed Marconi's interest in developing a wireless telegraphy system based on radio waves,[20] a line of inquiry that Marconi noted other inventors did not seem to be pursuing.[7]

text: Developing radio telegraphy[edit]

text: Marconi, then twenty years old, began to conduct experiments in radio waves, building much of his own equipment in the attic of his home at the Villa Griffone in Pontecchio (now an administrative subdivision of Sasso Marconi), Italy with the help of his butler Mignani. He built on Hertz's original experiments and, at the suggestion of Righi, began using a coherer, an early detector based on the 1890 findings of French physicist Edouard Branly and used in Lodge's experiments, that changed resistance when exposed to radio waves.[21] In the summer of 1894, he built a storm alarm made up of a battery, a coherer, and an electric bell, which went off when it picked up the radio waves generated by lightning.

text: He continued to work in the attic. Late one night in December 1894 he demonstrated a radio transmitter and receiver to his mother, a set-up that made a bell ring on the other side of the room by pushing a telegraphic button on a bench.[22][21] Financed by his father, Marconi continued to read through the literature and picked up on the ideas of physicists who were experimenting with radio waves, but did a great deal to develop devices, such as portable transmitters and receiver systems, that could work over long distances,[7] turning what was essentially a laboratory experiment into a useful communication system.[23] Marconi came up with a functional system with many components:[24]

text:
A relatively simple oscillator or spark-producing radio transmitter;
A wire or metal sheet capacity area suspended at a height above the ground;
A coherer receiver, which was a modification of Edouard Branly's original device with refinements to increase sensitivity and reliability;
A telegraph key to operate the transmitter to send short and long pulses, corresponding to the dots-and-dashes of Morse code; and
A telegraph register activated by the coherer which recorded the received Morse code dots and dashes onto a roll of paper tape.

text: In the summer of 1895, Marconi moved his experimentation outdoors and continued to experiment on his father's estate in Bologna. He tried different arrangements and shapes of antenna but even with improvements he was able to transmit signals only up to one half mile, a distance Oliver Lodge had predicted in 1894 as the maximum transmission distance for radio waves.

text: Transmission breakthrough[edit]

text: A breakthrough came that summer when Marconi found that much greater range could be achieved after he raised the height of his antenna and, borrowing from a technique used in wired telegraphy, grounding his transmitter and receiver. With these improvements the system was capable of transmitting signals up to 2 miles (3.2 km) and over hills.[25][26] The monopole antenna reduced the frequency of the waves compared to the dipole antennas used by Hertz, and radiated vertically polarized radio waves which could travel longer distances. By this point, he concluded that a device could become capable of spanning greater distances, with additional funding and research, and would prove valuable both commercially and militarily. Marconi's experimental apparatus proved to be the first engineering-complete, commercially successful radio transmission system.[27][28][29]

text: Marconi wrote to the Ministry of Post and Telegraphs, then under the direction of Pietro Lacava, explaining his wireless telegraph machine and asking for funding. He never received a response to his letter, which was eventually dismissed by the Minister, who wrote "to the Longara" on the document, referring to the insane asylum on Via della Lungara in Rome.[30]

text: In 1896, Marconi spoke with his family friend Carlo Gardini, Honorary Consul at the United States Consulate in Bologna, about leaving Italy to go to England. Gardini wrote a letter of introduction to the Ambassador of Italy in London, Annibale Ferrero, explaining who Marconi was and about these extraordinary discoveries. In his response, Ambassador Ferrero advised them not to reveal the results until after they had obtained the patents. He also encouraged him to come to England where he believed it would be easier to find the necessary funds to convert the findings from Marconi's experiment into a practical use. Finding little interest or appreciation for his work in Italy, Marconi travelled to London in early 1896 at the age of 21, accompanied by his mother, to seek support for his work. (He spoke fluent English in addition to Italian.) Marconi arrived at Dover and the Customs officer opened his case to find various apparatus. The customs officer immediately contacted the Admiralty in London. While there, Marconi gained the interest and support of William Preece, the Chief Electrical Engineer of the British Post Office.

text: The British become interested[edit]

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text: Marconi made his first demonstration of his system for the British government in July 1896.[31] A further series of demonstrations for the British followed—by March 1897, Marconi had transmitted Morse code signals over a distance of about 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) across Salisbury Plain. On 13 May 1897, Marconi sent the world's first ever wireless communication over open sea. The experiment, based in Wales, witnessed a message transversed over the Bristol Channel from Flat Holm Island to Lavernock Point in Penarth, a distance of 6 kilometres (3.7 mi). The message read "Are you ready".[32] The transmitting equipment was almost immediately relocated to Brean Down Fort on the Somerset coast, stretching the range to 16 kilometres (9.9 mi).

text: Impressed by these and other demonstrations, Preece introduced Marconi's ongoing work to the general public at two important London lectures: "Telegraphy without Wires", at the Toynbee Hall on 11 December 1896; and "Signaling through Space without Wires", given to the Royal Institution on 4 June 1897.

text: Numerous additional demonstrations followed, and Marconi began to receive international attention. In July 1897, he carried out a series of tests at La Spezia, in his home country, for the Italian government. A test for Lloyds between Ballycastle and Rathlin Island, Northern Ireland, was conducted on 6 July 1898. The English channel was crossed on 27 March 1899, from Wimereux, France to South Foreland Lighthouse, England. Marconi set up an experimental base at the Haven Hotel, Sandbanks, Poole Harbour, Dorset, where he erected a 100-foot high mast. He became friends with the van Raaltes, the owners of Brownsea Island in Poole Harbour, and his sailing boat, the Elletra, was often moored on Brownsea or at the Haven Hotel, when he was not conducting experiments at sea.

text: In December 1898, the British lightship service authorized the establishment of wireless communication between the South Foreland lighthouse at Dover and the East Goodwin lightship, twelve miles distant. On 17 March 1899 the East Goodwin lightship sent a signal on behalf of the merchant vessel Elbe which had run aground on Goodwin Sands. The message was received by the radio operator of the South Foreland lighthouse, who summoned the aid of the Ramsgate lifeboat.[33][34]

text: In the autumn of 1899, the first demonstrations in the United States took place. Marconi had sailed to the U.S. at the invitation of the New York Herald newspaper to cover the America's Cup international yacht races off Sandy Hook, New Jersey. The transmission was done aboard the SS Ponce, a passenger ship of the Porto Rico Line.[35] Marconi left for England on 8 November 1899 on the American Line's SS Saint Paul, and he and his assistants installed wireless equipment aboard during the voyage. On 15 November Saint Paul became the first ocean liner to report her imminent return to Great Britain by wireless when Marconi's Royal Needles Hotel radio station contacted her 66 nautical miles off the English coast.

text: Transatlantic transmissions[edit]

text:
“
See if you can hear anything, Mr. Kemp![37]
”

text: At the turn of the 20th century, Marconi began investigating the means to signal completely across the Atlantic in order to compete with the transatlantic telegraph cables. Marconi established a wireless transmitting station at Marconi House, Rosslare Strand, Co. Wexford in 1901 to act as a link between Poldhu in Cornwall, England and Clifden in Co. Galway, Ireland. He soon made the announcement that the message was received at Signal Hill in St John's, Newfoundland (now part of Canada) on 12 December 1901, using a 500-foot (150 m) kite-supported antenna for reception—signals transmitted by the company's new high-power station at Poldhu, Cornwall. The distance between the two points was about 2,200 miles (3,500 km). It was heralded as a great scientific advance, yet there also was—and continues to be—considerable scepticism about this claim. The exact wavelength used is not known, but it is fairly reliably determined to have been in the neighbourhood of 350 meters (frequency ≈850 kHz). The tests took place at a time of day during which the entire transatlantic path was in daylight. We now know (although Marconi did not know then) that this was the worst possible choice. At this medium wavelength, long distance transmission in the daytime is not possible because of heavy absorption of the skywave in the ionosphere. It was not a blind test; Marconi knew in advance to listen for a repetitive signal of three clicks, signifying the Morse code letter S. The clicks were reported to have been heard faintly and sporadically. There was no independent confirmation of the reported reception, and the transmissions were difficult to distinguish from atmospheric noise. (A detailed technical review of Marconi's early transatlantic work appears in John S. Belrose's work of 1995.) The Poldhu transmitter was a two-stage circuit.[38][39]

text: Feeling challenged by skeptics, Marconi prepared a better organised and documented test. In February 1902, the SS Philadelphia sailed west from Great Britain with Marconi aboard, carefully recording signals sent daily from the Poldhu station. The test results produced coherer-tape reception up to 1,550 miles (2,490 km), and audio reception up to 2,100 miles (3,400 km). The maximum distances were achieved at night, and these tests were the first to show that radio signals for medium wave and longwave transmissions travel much farther at night than in the day. During the daytime, signals had been received up to only about 700 miles (1,100 km), less than half of the distance claimed earlier at Newfoundland, where the transmissions had also taken place during the day. Because of this, Marconi had not fully confirmed the Newfoundland claims, although he did prove that radio signals could be sent for hundreds of kilometres, despite some scientists' belief that they were limited essentially to line-of-sight distances.

text: On 17 December 1902, a transmission from the Marconi station in Glace Bay, Nova Scotia, Canada became the world's first radio message to cross the Atlantic from North America. In 1901, Marconi built a station near South Wellfleet, Massachusetts that sent a message of greetings on 18 January 1903 from United States President Theodore Roosevelt to King Edward VII of the United Kingdom. However, consistent transatlantic signalling was difficult to establish.

text: Marconi began to build high-powered stations on both sides of the Atlantic to communicate with ships at sea, in competition with other inventors. In 1904, a commercial service was established to transmit nightly news summaries to subscribing ships, which could incorporate them into their on-board newspapers. A regular transatlantic radio-telegraph service was finally begun on 17 October 1907[40][41] between Clifden, Ireland and Glace Bay, but even after this the company struggled for many years to provide reliable communication to others.

text: Titanic[edit]

text: The role played by Marconi Co. wireless in maritime rescues raised public awareness of the value of radio and brought fame to Marconi, particularly the sinkings of the RMS Titanic on 15 April 1912 and the RMS Lusitania on 7 May 1915.

text: RMS Titanic radio operators Jack Phillips and Harold Bride were not employed by the White Star Line but by the Marconi International Marine Communication Company. After the sinking of the ocean liner on 15 April 1912, survivors were rescued by the RMS Carpathia of the Cunard Line.[42] Also employed by the Marconi Company was David Sarnoff, who later headed RCA. Wireless communications were reportedly maintained for 72 hours between Carpathia and Sarnoff,[43] but Sarnoff's involvement has been questioned by some modern historians. When Carpathia docked in New York, Marconi went aboard with a reporter from The New York Times to talk with Bride, the surviving operator.[42]

text: On 18 June 1912, Marconi gave evidence to the Court of Inquiry into the loss of Titanic regarding the marine telegraphy's functions and the procedures for emergencies at sea.[44] Britain's postmaster-general summed up, referring to the Titanic disaster: "Those who have been saved, have been saved through one man, Mr. Marconi...and his marvellous invention."[45] Marconi was offered free passage on Titanic before she sank, but had taken Lusitania three days earlier. As his daughter Degna later explained, he had paperwork to do and preferred the public stenographer aboard that vessel.[46]

text: Continuing work[edit]

text:
“
Have I done the world good, or have I added a menace?[47]
”

text: Over the years, the Marconi companies gained a reputation for being technically conservative, in particular by continuing to use inefficient spark-transmitter technology, which could be used only for radio-telegraph operations, long after it was apparent that the future of radio communication lay with continuous-wave transmissions which were more efficient and could be used for audio transmissions. Somewhat belatedly, the company did begin significant work with continuous-wave equipment beginning in 1915, after the introduction of the oscillating vacuum tube (valve). The New Street Works factory in Chelmsford was the location for the first entertainment radio broadcasts in the United Kingdom in 1920, employing a vacuum tube transmitter and featuring Dame Nellie Melba. In 1922, regular entertainment broadcasts commenced from the Marconi Research Centre at Great Baddow, forming the prelude to the BBC, and he spoke of the close association of aviation and wireless telephony in that same year at a private gathering with Florence Tyzack Parbury, and even spoke of interplanetary wireless communication.

text: Later years[edit]

text: In 1914, Marconi was made a Senator in the Italian Senate and appointed Honorary Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order in the UK. During World War I, Italy joined the Allied side of the conflict, and Marconi was placed in charge of the Italian military's radio service. He attained the rank of lieutenant in the Italian Army and of commander in the Italian Navy. In 1929, he was made a marquess by King Victor Emmanuel III.

text: Marconi joined the Italian Fascist party in 1923. In 1930, Italian dictator Benito Mussolini appointed him President of the Royal Academy of Italy, which made Marconi a member of the Fascist Grand Council.

text: Marconi died in Rome on 20 July 1937 at age 63, following a series of heart attacks, and Italy held a state funeral for him. As a tribute, shops on the street where he lived were "Closed for national mourning".[48] In addition, at 6 pm the next day, the time designated for the funeral, all BBC transmitters and wireless Post Office transmitters in the British Isles observed two minutes of silence in his honour. The British Post Office also sent a message requesting that all broadcasting ships honour Marconi with two minutes of broadcasting silence as well.[48] His remains are housed in the Villa Griffone at Sasso Marconi, Emilia-Romagna, which assumed that name in his honour in 1938.[49][50]

text: In 1943, Marconi's elegant sailing yacht, the Elettra, was commandeered and re-fitted as a warship by the German Navy. She was sunk by the RAF on 22 January 1944. After the war, the Italian Government tried to retrieve the wreckage, to re-build the boat, and the wreckage was removed to Italy. Eventually, the idea was abandoned, and the wreckage was cut into pieces which were distributed amongst Italian museums.

text: In 1943, the Supreme Court of the United States handed down a decision on Marconi's radio patents restoring some of the prior patents of Oliver Lodge, John Stone Stone, and Nikola Tesla.[51][52] The decision was not about Marconi's original radio patents[53] and the court declared that their decision had no bearing on Marconi's claim as the first to achieve radio transmission, just that since Marconi's claim to certain patents were questionable, he could not claim infringement on those same patents.[54] There are claims the high court was trying to nullify a World War I claim against the United States government by the Marconi Company via simply restoring the non-Marconi prior patent.[51]

text: Personal life[edit]

text: Marconi had a brother, Alfonso, and a stepbrother, Luigi.

text: As recorded above, Marconi became friends of Charles van Raalte and his wife Florence, the owners of Brownsea Island; and of Margherita, their daughter, and in 1904 he met her friend, the Hon. Beatrice O'Brien (1882–1976), a daughter of Edward O'Brien, 14th Baron Inchiquin. On 16 March 1905, Beatrice O'Brien and Marconi were married, and spent their honeymoon on Brownsea Island.[55] They had three daughters, Degna (1908–1998), Gioia (1916–1996), and Lucia (born and died 1906), and a son, Giulio, 2nd Marchese Marconi (1910–1971).

text: In 1913, the Marconis returned to Italy and became part of Rome society. Beatrice served as a lady-in-waiting to Queen Elena. The Marconis divorced in 1924, and, at Marconi's request, the marriage was annulled on 27 April 1927, so he could remarry.[56] Beatrice Marconi married her second husband, Liborio Marignoli, Marchese di Montecorona, on 3 March 1924 and had a daughter, Flaminia.[57]

text: On 12 June 1927 (religious 15 June)[clarification needed], Marconi married Maria Cristina Bezzi-Scali (1900–1994), only daughter of Francesco, Count Bezzi-Scali. They had one daughter, Maria Elettra Elena Anna (born 1930), who married Prince Carlo Giovannelli (1942–2016) in 1966; they later divorced. For unexplained reasons, Marconi left his entire fortune to his second wife and their only child, and nothing to the children of his first marriage.[58]

text: Later in life, Marconi was an active Italian Fascist[59] and an apologist for their ideology and actions such as the attack by Italian forces in Ethiopia.[citation needed]

text: Marconi wanted to personally introduce in 1931 the first radio broadcast of a Pope, Pius XI, and did announce at the microphone: "With the help of God, who places so many mysterious forces of nature at man's disposal, I have been able to prepare this instrument which will give to the faithful of the entire world the joy of listening to the voice of the Holy Father".[60]

text: Legacy and honours[edit]

text: Honours and awards[edit]

text:
In 1909, Marconi shared the Nobel Prize in Physics with Karl Braun for his contributions to radio communications.[4]
In 1914 named senator by the king of Italy Vittorio Emanuele III
In 1918, he was awarded the Franklin Institute's Franklin Medal.
In 1920, he was awarded the IRE Medal of Honor, now the IEEE Medal of Honor.
In 1929, he was made a marquess by King Victor Emmanuel III, thus becoming Marchese Marconi.
In 1931, he was awarded with John Scott Medal by wireless telegraphy
In 1934, he was awarded the Wilhelm Exner Medal.
In 1975, Marconi was inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame.
In 1977, Marconi was inducted into the National Broadcasters Hall of Fame.[61]
In 1988, the Radio Hall of Fame (Museum of Broadcast Communications, Chicago) inducted Marconi as a Pioneer (soon after the inception of its awards).[62]
In 1990, the Bank of Italy issued a 2000 lire banknote featuring his portrait on the front and on the back his accomplishments.[63]
In 2001, Great Britain released a commemorative British two pound coin celebrating the 100th anniversary of Marconi's first wireless communication.
Marconi's early experiments in wireless telegraphy were the subject of two IEEE Milestones; one in Switzerland in 2003[64] and most recently in Italy in 2011.[65]
In 2009, Italy issued a commemorative silver €5 coin honouring the centennial of Marconi's Nobel Prize.
In 2009, he was inducted into the New Jersey Hall of Fame.[66]
The Dutch radio academy bestows the Marconi Awards annually for outstanding radio programmes, presenters and stations.[citation needed]
The National Association of Broadcasters (US) bestows the annual NAB Marconi Radio Awards also for outstanding radio programs and stations.

text: Tributes[edit]

text:
A funerary monument to the effigy of Marconi can be seen in the Basilica of Santa Croce, Florence but his remains are in near the Mausoleum of Guglielmo Marconi in Pontecchio Marconi, near Bologna. His former villa, adjacent to the mausoleum is the Marconi Museum (Italy) with much of his equipment.
A statue of Guglielmo Marconi stands in Church Square Park in Hoboken, NJ.
A Guglielmo Marconi sculpture by Attilio Piccirilli stands in Washington, D.C.
A large collection of Marconi artefacts was held by The General Electric Company, p.l.c. (GEC) of the United Kingdom which later renamed itself Marconi plc and Marconi Corporation plc. In December 2004 the extensive Marconi Collection, held at the former Marconi Research Centre at Great Baddow, Chelmsford, Essex UK was donated to the nation by the Company via the University of Oxford.[67] This consisted of the BAFTA award-winning MarconiCalling website, some 250+ physical artefacts and the massive ephemera collection of papers, books, patents and many other items. The artefacts are now held by The Museum of the History of Science and the ephemera Archives by the nearby Bodleian Library.[68] Following three years work at the Bodleian, an Online Catalogue to the Marconi Archives was released in November 2008.
A granite obelisk stands on the cliff top near the site of Marconi's Marconi's Poldhu Wireless Station in Cornwall, commemorating the first transatlantic transmission.

text: Places and organizations named after Marconi[edit]

text: Outer space[edit]

text: The asteroid 1332 Marconia is named in his honour. A large crater on the far side of the moon is also named after him.

text: Europe[edit]

text: Italy[edit]

text:
Bologna Guglielmo Marconi Airport (IATA: BLQ – ICAO: LIPE), of Bologna, is named after Marconi, its native son.
Open University Guglielmo Marconi in Rome, Italy (Università Telematica "Guglielmo Marconi")
Ponte Guglielmo Marconi, bridge that connects Piazza Augusto Righi with Piazza Tommaso Edison, in Rome
Department of Electrical, Electronic and Information Engineering "Guglielmo Marconi" (DEI), Università di Bologna

text: Oceania[edit]

text: Australia[edit]

text: Australian football (soccer) and social club Marconi Stallions

text: North America[edit]

text: Canada[edit]

text:
The 'Marconi's Wireless Telegraph Company of Canada' (now CMC Electronics, of Montreal, Canada, was created in 1903 by Guglielmo Marconi.[69] In 1925 the company was renamed to the 'Canadian Marconi Company', which was acquired by English Electric in 1953.[69] The company name changed again to CMC Electronics Inc. (French: CMC Électronique) in 2001.
The Marconi National Historic Sites of Canada was created by Parks Canada as a tribute to Marconi's vision in the development of radio telecommunications. The first official wireless message was sent from this location by the Atlantic Ocean to England in 1902. The museum site is located in Glace Bay, Nova Scotia, at Table Head on Timmerman Street.

text: As of 2016 the Canadian Marconi Company and CMC Electronics no longer exist. Most bought up by Esterline in Ottawa. The Marine Service Group was acquired by MacKay Marine but many of the employees left the group at transition.

text: United States[edit]

text: California[edit]

text: Marconi Conference Center and State Historic Park, site of the transoceanic Marshall Receiving Station, Marshall

text: Massachusetts[edit]

text: Marconi Beach in Wellfleet, Massachusetts, part of the Cape Cod National Seashore, located near the site of his first transatlantic wireless signal from the United States to England. There are still remnants of the wireless tower at this beach and at Forest Road Beach in Chatham, Massachusetts.[70]

text: New Jersey[edit]

text:
New Brunswick Marconi Station, now the Guglielmo Marconi Memorial Plaza in Somerset, NJ. President Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points speech was transmitted from the site in 1918.
Belmar Marconi Station, now the InfoAge Science History Center in Wall Township, NJ.

text: New York[edit]

text: La Scuola d'Italia Guglielmo Marconi on New York City's Upper East Side

text: Pennsylvania[edit]

text: Marconi Plaza, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Roman terrace-styled plaza originally designed by the architects Olmsted Brothers in 1914–1916, built as the grand entrance for the 1926 Sesquicentennial Exposition and renamed to honor Marconi.

text: Patents[edit]

text: British patents[edit]

text:
British patent No. 12,039 (1897) "Improvements in Transmitting Electrical impulses and Signals, and in Apparatus therefor". Date of Application 2 June 1896; Complete Specification Left, 2 March 1897; Accepted, 2 July 1897 (later claimed by Oliver Lodge to contain his own ideas which he failed to patent).
British patent No. 7,777 (1900) "Improvements in Apparatus for Wireless Telegraphy". Date of Application 26 April 1900; Complete Specification Left, 25 February 1901; Accepted, 13 April 1901.
British patent No. 10245 (1902)
British patent No. 5113 (1904) "Improvements in Transmitters suitable for Wireless Telegraphy". Date of Application 1 March 1904; Complete Specification Left, 30 November 1904; Accepted, 19 January August 1905.
British patent No. 21640 (1904) "Improvements in Apparatus for Wireless Telegraphy". Date of Application 8 October 1904; Complete Specification Left, 6 July 1905; Accepted, 10 August 1905.
British patent No. 14788 (1904) "Improvements in or relating to Wireless Telegraphy". Date of Application 18 July 1905; Complete Specification Left, 23 January 1906; Accepted, 10 May 1906.

text: US patents[edit]

text:
U.S. Patent 586,193 "Transmitting electrical signals", (using Ruhmkorff coil and Morse code key) filed December 1896, patented July 1897
U.S. Patent 624,516 "Apparatus employed in wireless telegraphy".
U.S. Patent 627,650 "Apparatus employed in wireless telegraphy".
U.S. Patent 647,007 "Apparatus employed in wireless telegraphy".
U.S. Patent 647,008 "Apparatus employed in wireless telegraphy".
U.S. Patent 647,009 "Apparatus employed in wireless telegraphy".
U.S. Patent 650,109 "Apparatus employed in wireless telegraphy".
U.S. Patent 650,110 "Apparatus employed in wireless telegraphy".
U.S. Patent 668,315 "Receiver for electrical oscillations".
U.S. Patent 676,332 "Apparatus for wireless telegraphy" (later practical version of system)
U.S. Patent 757,559 "Wireless telegraphy system". Filed 19 November 1901; Issued 19 April 1904.
U.S. Patent 760,463 "Wireless signaling system". Filed 10 September 1903; Issued 24 May 1904.
U.S. Patent 763,772 "Apparatus for wireless telegraphy" (Four tuned system; this innovation was predated by N. Tesla, O. Lodge, and J. S. Stone)
U.S. Patent 786,132 "Wireless telegraphy". Filed 13 October 1903
U.S. Patent 792,528 "Wireless telegraphy". Filed 13 October 1903; Issued 13 June 1905.
U.S. Patent 884,986 "Wireless telegraphy". Filed 28 November 1902; Issued 14 April 1908.
U.S. Patent 884,987 "Wireless telegraphy".
U.S. Patent 884,988 "Detecting electrical oscillations". Filed 2 February 1903; Issued 14 April 1908.
U.S. Patent 884,989 "Wireless telegraphy". Filed 2 Feb 1903; Issued 14 April 1908.
U.S. Patent 924,560 "Wireless signaling system". Filed 9 August 1906; Issued 8 June 1909.
U.S. Patent 935,381 "Transmitting apparatus for wireless telegraphy". Filed 10 April 1908; Issued 28 September 1909.
U.S. Patent 935,382 "Apparatus for wireless telegraphy".
U.S. Patent 935,383 "Apparatus for wireless telegraphy". Filed 10 April 1908; Issued 28 September 1909.
U.S. Patent 954,640 "Apparatus for wireless telegraphy". Filed 31 March 1909; Issued 12 April 1910.
U.S. Patent 997,308 "Transmitting apparatus for wireless telegraphy". Filed 15 July 1910; Issued 11 July 1911.
U.S. Patent 1,102,990 "Means for generating alternating electric currents". Filed 27 January 1914; Issued 7 July 1914.
U.S. Patent 1,226,099 "Transmitting apparatus for use in wireless telegraphy and telephony". Filed 31 December 1913; Issued 15 May 1917.
U.S. Patent 1,271,190 "Wireless telegraph transmitter".
U.S. Patent 1,377,722 "Electric accumulator". Filed 9 March 1918
U.S. Patent 1,148,521 "Transmitter for wireless telegraphy". Filed 20 July 1908; Issued 3 August 1915.
U.S. Patent 1,981,058 "Thermionic valve". Filed 14 October 1926; Issued 20 November 1934.

text: Reissued (US)[edit]

text: U.S. Patent RE11,913 "Transmitting electrical impulses and signals and in apparatus, there-for". Filed 1 April 1901; Issued 4 June 1901.


document_title: Cardiopulmonary bypass

question_text: where are the cannula most commonly placed for cardiopulmonary bypass procedures

root

text: Cardiopulmonary bypass

text: Uses[edit]

text: Cardiopulmonary bypass is commonly used in coronary bypass heart surgery because of the difficulty of operating on the beating heart. Operations requiring the opening of the chambers of the heart require the use of CPB to support the circulation during that period. The machine pumps the blood, and, using an oxygenator, allows red blood cells to pick up oxygen, as well as allowing carbon dioxide levels to decrease. This mimics the function of the heart and the lungs, respectively.

tag: p

text: CPB can be used for the induction of total body hypothermia, a state in which the body can be maintained for up to 45 minutes without perfusion (blood flow). If blood flow is stopped at normal body temperature, permanent brain damage normally occurs in three to four minutes – death may follow shortly afterward. Similarly, CPB can be used to rewarm individuals suffering from hypothermia.[1]

text: Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is a form of CPB sometimes used as life-support for newborns with serious birth defects, or to oxygenate and maintain recipients for organ transplantation until new organs can be found.

text: CPB mechanically circulates and oxygenates blood for the body while bypassing the heart and lungs. It uses a heart–lung machine to maintain perfusion to other body organs and tissues while the surgeon works in a bloodless surgical field. The surgeon places a cannula in right atrium, vena cava, or femoral vein to withdraw blood from the body. The cannula is connected to tubing filled with isotonic crystalloid solution. Venous blood that is removed from the body by the cannula is filtered, cooled or warmed, oxygenated, and then returned to the body. The cannula used to return oxygenated blood is usually inserted in the ascending aorta, but it may be inserted in the femoral artery. The patient is administered heparin to prevent clotting, and protamine sulfate is given after to reverse effects of heparin. During the procedure, hypothermia may be maintained; body temperature is usually kept at 28 °C to 32 °C (82.4–89.6 °F). The blood is cooled during CPB and returned to the body. The cooled blood slows the body's basal metabolic rate, decreasing its demand for oxygen. Cooled blood usually has a higher viscosity, but the crystalloid solution used to prime the bypass tubing dilutes the blood.

text: Surgical procedures in which cardiopulmonary bypass is used[edit]

text:
Coronary artery bypass surgery
Cardiac valve repair and/or replacement (aortic valve, mitral valve, tricuspid valve, pulmonic valve)
Repair of large septal defects (atrial septal defect, ventricular septal defect, atrioventricular septal defect)
Repair and/or palliation of congenital heart defects (Tetralogy of Fallot, transposition of the great vessels)
Transplantation (heart transplantation, lung transplantation, heart–lung transplantation)
Repair of some large aneurysms (aortic aneurysms, cerebral aneurysms)
Pulmonary thromboendarterectomy
Pulmonary thrombectomy

tag: ul

text: History[edit]

text: An Austrian-German physiologist Maximilian von Frey constructed an early prototype of a heart-lung machine in 1885 at Carl Ludwig’s Physiological Institute of the University of Leipzig.[2] However, such machines were not feasible before the discovery of heparin in 1916 which prevents blood coagulation. A Soviet scientist Sergei Brukhonenko developed a heart-lung machine for total body perfusion in 1926 which was used in experiments with canines. Dr. Clarence Dennis led the team that conducted the first known operation involving open cardiotomy with temporary mechanical takeover of both heart and lung functions on April 5, 1951 at the University of Minnesota Hospital. The patient did not survive due to an unexpected complex congenital heart defect. This followed four years of laboratory experimentation with dogs with a unit called the Iron Heart. A team of scientists at Birmingham University (including Eric Charles, a Chemical Engineer) were among the pioneers of this technology.[3][4] Another member of the team was Dr. Russell M. Nelson, who performed the first open heart surgery in Utah.

text: During the 1940s, a Russian scientist named Sergei Brukhonenko developed a machine called the Autojektor (or Autojector), capable of substituting the heart of a living organism. In a documentary entitled Experiments in the Revival of Organisms, which showed the Autojektor in use, the severed head of a canine was attached to the Autojektor. The Autojektor then supplied blood and oxygen to the head, keeping it in a basic level of consciousness. While the Autojektor was a primitive system, advanced versions of the technology it used can be found in modern ECMO machines.

text: The first successful mechanical support of left ventricular function was performed in July 3, 1952 by Forest Dewey Dodrill using a machine, the Dodrill-GMR co-developed with General Motors. The machine was later used to support right ventricular function.[5]

text: The first successful open heart procedure on a human utilizing the heart lung machine was performed by John Gibbon on May 6, 1953 at Thomas Jefferson University Hospital in Philadelphia. He repaired an atrial septal defect in an 18-year-old woman.[6] Gibbon's machine was further developed into a reliable instrument by a surgical team led by John W. Kirklin at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota in the mid-1950s.[7]

text: The oxygenator was first conceptualized in the 17th century by Robert Hooke and developed into practical extracorporeal oxygenators by French and German experimental physiologists in the 19th century. Bubble oxygenators have no intervening barrier between blood and oxygen, these are called 'direct contact' oxygenators. Membrane oxygenators introduce a gas-permeable membrane between blood and oxygen that decreases the blood trauma of direct-contact oxygenators. Much work since the 1960s focused on overcoming the gas exchange handicap of the membrane barrier, leading to the development of high-performance microporous hollow-fibre oxygenators that eventually replaced direct-contact oxygenators in cardiac theatres.[8]

text: Components[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

tag: table

text: Cardiopulmonary bypass consists of two main functional units, the pump and the oxygenator which removes relatively oxygen-depleted blood from a patient's body and replaces it with oxygen-rich blood through a series of tubes (hoses).

text: Tubing[edit]

text: The components of the CPB circuit are interconnected by a series of tubes made of silicone rubber or PVC.

text: Pumps[edit]

text: Roller pump[edit]

text: The pump console usually comprises several rotating motor-driven pumps that peristaltically "massage" tubing. This action gently propels the blood through the tubing. This is commonly referred to as a roller pump, or peristaltic pump.

text: Centrifugal pump[edit]

text: Many CPB circuits now employ a centrifugal pump for the maintenance and control of blood flow during CPB. By altering the speed of revolution (RPM) of the pump head, blood flow is produced by centrifugal force. This type of pumping action is considered to be superior to the action of the roller pump by many because it is thought to produce less blood damage (hemolysis, etc.), but mostly due to the centrifugal pump being pressure limited, therefore less likely to rupture the system if a sudden occlusion occurs on the high-pressure line system.

text: Oxygenator[edit]

text: The oxygenator is designed to add oxygen to infused blood and remove some of the carbon dioxide from the venous blood. Cardiac surgery was made possible by CPB using bubble oxygenators, but membrane oxygenators have supplanted bubble oxygenators since the 1980s. The main reasons for this are that membrane oxygenators tend to generate much fewer micro bubbles, referred to as gaseous microemboli, which is generally considered harmful to the patient [9] and reduce damage to blood cells,[10] compared to bubble oxygenators.

text: Another type of oxygenator gaining favour recently is the heparin-coated blood oxygenator which is believed to produce less systemic inflammation and decrease the propensity for blood to clot in the CPB circuit.

text: Cannulae[edit]

text: Multiple cannulae are sewn into the patient's body in a variety of locations, depending on the type of surgery. A venous cannula removes oxygen depleted venous blood from a patient's body. An arterial cannula infuses oxygen-rich blood into the arterial system. A cardioplegia cannula delivers a cardioplegia solution to cause the heart to stop beating.

text: Some commonly used cannulation sites:

text:
Venous
Arterial
Cardioplegia

Right atrium
Proximal aorta, distal to the cross-clamp
Proximal aorta, proximal to the cross-clamp

Vena cavae
Femoral artery
Coronary sinus (retrograde delivery)

Femoral vein
Axillary artery
Coronary ostia

Distal aorta
Bypass grafts (during CABG)

Apex of the heart

text: Cardioplegia[edit]

text: A CPB circuit consists of a systemic circuit for oxygenating blood and reinfusing blood into a patient's body (bypassing the heart); and a separate circuit for infusing a solution into the heart itself to produce cardioplegia (i.e. to stop the heart from beating), therefore providing myocardial protection (i.e. to prevent death of heart tissue).

text: Operation[edit]

text: A CPB circuit must be primed with fluid and all air expunged from the arterial line/cannula before connection to the patient. The circuit is primed with a crystalloid solution and sometimes blood products are also added. The patient must be fully anticoagulated with an anticoagulant such as heparin to prevent massive clotting of blood in the circuit.

text: Complications[edit]

text: CPB is not benign and there are a number of associated problems:

text:
Postperfusion syndrome (also known as "pumphead")
Hemolysis
Capillary leak syndrome
Clotting of blood in the circuit – can block the circuit (particularly the oxygenator) or send a clot into the patient.
Air embolism
Leakage – a patient can rapidly exsanguinate (lose blood perfusion of tissues) if a line becomes disconnected.
1.5% of patients that undergo CPB are at risk of developing Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome.

text: As a consequence, CPB is only used during the several hours a cardiac surgery may take. Most oxygenators come with a manufacturer's recommendation that they are only used for a maximum of 6 hours, although they are sometimes used for up to 10 hours, with care being taken to ensure they do not clot off and stop working. For longer periods than this, an ECMO (extracorporeal membrane oxygenation) is used, which can be in operation for up to 31 days – such as in this Taiwanese case, for 16 days, after which the patient received a heart transplant.[11]

text: CPB may contribute to immediate cognitive decline. The heart-lung blood circulation system and the connection surgery itself release a variety of debris into the bloodstream, including bits of blood cells, tubing, and plaque. For example, when surgeons clamp and connect the aorta to tubing, resulting emboli may block blood flow and cause mini strokes. Other heart surgery factors related to mental damage may be events of hypoxia, high or low body temperature, abnormal blood pressure, irregular heart rhythms, and fever after surgery.[12]


document_title: Sicario: Day of the Soldado

question_text: when is sicario 2 coming out in canada

question_tokens: when is sicario 2 coming out in canada

text: Sicario: Day of the Soldado

text: Plot[edit]

text: A suicide bombing in a Kansas City retail shop kills 15 people. In response, the United States government gives CIA agent Matt Graver permission to use extreme measures to combat Mexican drug cartels, who are suspected of having transported the Islamic terrorists across the border. Graver and the DoD decide the best option is to start a war between the major cartels, and Graver recruits black operative Alejandro Gillick for the mission. Gillick kills a high-profile lawyer of the Matamoros cartel in Mexico City, and later Graver and his team kidnap the daughter of the kingpin of their rival in a false flag operation.

text: Graver, Gillick, and their team take Isabela to Texas and stage a "rescue" with the DEA and local police to make her think she was kidnapped by her father's enemies. Gillick bonds with Isabela and the team attempts to transport her back to Mexico, planning to leave her in territory controlled by her father's rivals in order to further escalate the conflict. However, the Mexican police escort for their trip back across the border double-crosses them and attacks the U.S. vehicles in an ambush. Graver and his team are forced to kill dozens of corrupt Mexican policemen to escape the ambush.

text: Isabela runs away amidst the chaos and Gillick goes after her alone. Meanwhile, the U.S. government determines that at least two of the suicide bombers in Kansas City were actually U.S. citizens from New Jersey, not foreign nationals -- and thus were not smuggled into the United States from  Mexico by the drug cartels. In order to quell tensions with Mexico, the U.S. president orders the CIA to abandon the mission and erase all proof of U.S. involvement by having Isabela executed as part of the cover-up. Therefore Graver orders Gillick to kill Isabela, but he refuses and turns rogue to keep her alive. Graver assembles his team to hunt them both in Mexico. Gillick and Isabela try to enter the United States disguised as illegal immigrants, as it would be illegal for the CIA to execute Isabela on U.S. territory.

text: Miguel, a Mexican-American "coyote", recognizes Gillick from a chance encounter in a parking lot. He alerts his boss, and Gillick and Isabela are captured. They force Miguel to execute Gillick. Miguel hesitates and unwillingly shoots Gillick in the head and the gang leaves him for dead. Miguel is disappointed with the gang and leaves them after this incident. Graver and his team track the Mexican gang and Isabela with the help of the GPS transmitter that she was wearing and kill all the gang members. Graver takes pity on Isabela and brings her back to the United States to put her in witness protection rather than following his orders to kill her. Meanwhile, Gillick wakes up finding the bullet went through his jaw, takes one of the gang members' cars, and drives for the border. One year later, Gillick finds Miguel  and asks him if he wants to become a sicario.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Benicio del Toro as Alejandro Gillick
Josh Brolin as Matt Graver, CIA Special Activities Division officer
Isabela Moner as Isabela Reyes
Jeffrey Donovan as Steve Forsing
Manuel Garcia-Rulfo as Gallo
Catherine Keener as Cynthia Foards
Matthew Modine as Secretary of Defense James Riley
Shea Whigham as Andy Wheeldon
Elijah Rodriguez as Miguel Hernandez
Howard Ferguson Jr. as Troy
David Castaneda as Hector
Jacqueline Torres as Blandina
Raoul Trujillo as Rafael
Bruno Bichir as Angel
Jake Picking as Shawn

text: Production[edit]

text: In September 2015, Lionsgate commissioned a sequel to Sicario, centering on Benicio del Toro's character. The project was being overseen by writer Taylor Sheridan, with Denis Villeneuve initially involved.[8] In April 2016, producers Molly Smith and Trent Luckinbill said Emily Blunt, del Toro and Josh Brolin would return.[9][10] By June 1, 2016, Italian director Stefano Sollima had been hired to direct what was now  titled Soldado from a script by Sheridan.[11] On October 27, 2016, Catherine Keener was cast in the film, which Lionsgate and Black Label Media financed, and which was produced by Thunder Road's Basil Iwanyk, Black Label's Molly Smith and Thad and Trent Luckinbill, and Edward McDonnell.[12] By November 2016, Blunt was no longer attached.[13] The following month, Isabela Moner, David Castaneda and Manuel Garcia-Rulfo joined the cast.[14][15][16] Jeffrey Donovan, who returned as Steve Forsing, said that the story would focus on Forsing, Gillick and Graver "going down into Mexico to basically start a war, on purpose, between the rival Mexican cartels," and described the film as a "stand-alone spin-off" rather than a sequel or prequel.[17] In January 2017, Elijah Rodriguez, Matthew Modine and Ian Bohen also joined the cast.[18][19][20] Sheridan said, "if Sicario is a film about the militarization of police and that blending over, this is removing the policing aspect from it."[21]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Principal photography on the film began in New Mexico on November 8, 2016.[22]

text: Music[edit]

text: Hildur Guðnadóttir composed the score for the film, after collaborating with Jóhann Jóhannsson on the first film as cello soloist. The soundtrack was released by Varese Sarabande Records.

text: Release[edit]

text: The film was originally set to be released by Lionsgate in the United States, under the title Soldado, but a disagreement between Lionsgate and production company Black Label Media saw the U.S. and Canadian distribution rights change to Columbia Pictures, who then changed the title to Sicario 2: Soldado and then thereafter to Sicario: Day of the Soldado, in the North American market. Columbia Pictures distributes the film in the US, Canada, Latin America, and Spain, while Lionsgate distributes it in the UK, as well as handling international rights.[23] In August 2017, Sony set the release date for June 29, 2018.[24]

text: Marketing[edit]

text: On December 19, 2017, the first trailer was released.[25] The second trailer debuted on March 19, 2018, confirming the new title as Sicario: Day of the Soldado.[26][27] The film was released outside North America under the title Sicario 2: Soldado in some locations, and in Italy, the Philippines and others keeping the initial title of Soldado.

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: As of  July 15, 2018[update], Sicario: Day of the Soldado has grossed $43.2 million in the United States and Canada, and $15.8 million in other territories, for a total worldwide gross of $59 million.[4] The studio has stated the production budget was $35 million, although Deadline Hollywood reported the film cost as high as $45 million before prints and advertising.[3]

text: In the United States and Canada, Day of the Soldado was released alongside Uncle Drew, and was initially projected to gross around $12 million from 3,055 theaters in its opening weekend.[28] After making $7.5 million on its first day (including $2 million from Thursday night previews), estimates were raised to $19 million. Its debut was ultimately $19.1 million, an improvement over the $12.1 million the first film took in during its wide expansion, and third at the box office that weekend, behind Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom and Incredibles 2.[3] It fell 61% in its second weekend, to $7.3 million, finishing fifth at the box office.[29]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: On review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes, Day of the Soldado holds an approval rating of 64% based on 215 reviews, with an average rating of 6.4/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "Though not as strong as its predecessor, Sicario: Day of the Soldado succeeds as a stylish, dynamic thriller—even if its amoral machismo makes for grim viewing."[30] On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 61 out of 100, based on 50 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[31] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B" on an A+ to F scale, down from the first film's "A–".[3]

text: Variety's Peter Debruge called the film "tense, tough, and shockingly ruthless at times," and wrote, "Soldado may not be as masterful as Villeneuve's original, but it sets up a world of possibilities for elaborating on a complex conflict far too rich to be resolved in two hours' time."[32] Todd McCarthy of The Hollywood Reporter praised the film as a "worthy, rough-and-tough sequel", highlighting the direction, lead performances and Sheridan's script, and saying "Sicario: Day of the Soldado emerges as a dynamic action drama in its own right."[33]

text: Darren Franich of Entertainment Weekly gave the film a 'B' rating, praising the performance of Del Toro while criticizing the plot, stating: "Alejandro (played by Del Toro) assassinates a cartel functionary in broad daylight... He executes the man, firing his gun exactly 417 times. So Sicario 2 is junk, but it's terrifically stylish junk. Director Stefano Solima has worked in Italian crime thrillers, and he brings a run-and-gun humanity to this, suggesting complexities of border society where the first film defaulted to moody hellscapery".[34]

text: Time magazine's Stephanie Zacharek found the film to be adequate, though lacking the presence of a character in the sequel as emotive as the one played by Emily Blunt in the original, stating: "There's not a Blunt in sight, though special task force macho men Matt Graver and Alejandro... return. This time their job is to stir up a war between rival Mexican drug cartels; part of the scheme involves kidnapping a drug lord's scrappy teenage daughter. Although she has enough teen-beat orneriness to kick both Matt's and Alejandro's butts, the movie doesn't let her."[35]

text: In an opinion piece for NBC News, Ani Bundel called the film "as implausible as it is irresponsible" and criticized the use of negative stereotypes, concluding that the film "is the worst kind of propaganda, in that it probably doesn’t even realize just how harmful it really is."[6] Monica Castillo at IndieWire describes the first film as an unsympathetic portrayal of Mexicans, and compares the sequel to state-sanctioned propaganda, decrying the "xenophobic absurdity" of it.[7]

text: Sequel[edit]

text: In June 2018, prior to the release of Soldado, producer Trent Luckinbill stated that a third film is in development.[36]


document_title: List of Wolfblood episodes

question_text: how many episodes are in wolfblood season 1

text: List of Wolfblood episodes

text: Series overview[edit]

text: SeriesEpisodesOriginally airedFirst airedLast aired11310 September 2012 (2012-09-10)22 October 2012 (2012-10-22)2139 September 2013 (2013-09-09)21 October 2013 (2013-10-21)31315 September 2014 (2014-09-15)27 October 2014 (2014-10-27)4128 March 2016 (2016-03-08)13 April 2016 (2016-04-13)51027 February 2017 (2017-02-27)1 May 2017 (2017-05-01)

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Series 1 (2012)[edit]

text:
No.overallNo. inseriesTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateUK viewers(millions) [1]11"Lone Wolf"Will SinclairDebbie Moon10 September 2012 (2012-09-10)N/A
Teenager Maddy Smith is hiding an extraordinary secret about who she really is, which is a wolfblood, even from her closest friends. But when new boy Rhydian Morris turns up at school, Maddy finds out he is a wolfblood too and has a hard time letting him on their territory. In the end, Maddy accepts Rhydian being there when she found out Rhydian is an orphan. When Rhydian reveals he thinks that they're werewolves, she says that it's "wolfblood" and not "werewolves".
22"Mysterious Developments"Will SinclairJames Whitehouse & Hannah George11 September 2012 (2012-09-11)N/A
When Shannon takes a picture of a wolfblood in wolf form, she thinks she's seen the beast and classmates make fun of her. Rhydian and Maddy discover that there are wolfbloods who don't lock themselves up during a full moon, called wild wolfbloods, which causes trouble when Tom and Shannon go beast-hunting. They got there just in time when they see the wolfblood. Rhydian attacks the wild wolfblood while Maddy guides everyone else to safety. Meanwhile, Shannon reveals to Rhydian she's so crazy about finding the beast because one night, she saw a shadowy figure outside her tent. When she took a peek, she saw a beast, when, actually she saw a wolfblood in wolf form.
33"Family Ties"Will SinclairDebbie Moon17 September 2012 (2012-09-17)N/A
A school project reminds Rhydian how alone he is without his own wolfblood family. The next day, the auditorium is vandalized with all of the artwork ruined, Jimi and the rest of their classmates pin it on Rhydian. Maddy suspects Tom, who sweats and his heartbeat races when someone talks about that night to him. It is revealed that neither Rhydian nor Tom did it, but Jimi.
44"Cry Wolf"Will SinclairClare Saxby18 September 2012 (2012-09-18)0.294
Maddy is on the brink of her first full blown transformation and she's struggling to keep her powers hidden during a big test at school and when there is a school fire in the chemistry lab, with Shannon in it, she walks in to apologize to Shannon and she is about to transform, which is what happens when a wolfblood is near fire. Shannon, unconscious before this, had woken up and seen a glimpse of this before passing out with Maddy. Rhydian gets help from Tom and Mr. Jeffries and later, outside, Tom meets up with Maddy and says that Shannon believes Maddy is a werewolf, which is too close a guess than she can handle.
55"Occam's Razor"Declan O'DwyerDebbie Moon24 September 2012 (2012-09-24)0.416
Maddy is stuck with her schoolmates in a creepy old castle on Lindisfarne Island on the night of her first full moon transformation, and Shannon wants to test her theories and believes that Rhydian is in on it. Tom suggests that they might be dating, even though they are supposedly "distant cousins", which is practically not being related at all. Shannon says that they could try the Occam's Razor theory, which is that the simplest explanation is usually the right explanation. In the end, Maddy and Rhydian sneak out to transform on the beach and roam the tunnels, but almost got caught by Shannon and Tom.
66"Maddy Cool"Declan O'DwyerJames Whitehouse & Hannah George25 September 2012 (2012-09-25)0.411
With the energy of her first full transformation still coursing through her veins, Maddy succumbs to its power and gets a whole new goth identity. Tom gets he has a crush on the new Maddy, and is jealous of Rhydian who he thinks is dating Maddy. After getting some encouragement from Bernie, he tries to ask her out, but when he sees her in the dark room, she is face to face arguing with Rhydian, but to him it looks as if they are about to kiss. Eventually, Maddy turns back to normal after a series of events make her realize how she's acting.
77"Dark Moon"Declan O'DwyerJonny Kurzman1 October 2012 (2012-10-01)0.422
It's the day of the dark moon, and Maddy and Rhydian have lost all of their wolfblood powers. Rhydian ends up passing out in PE, and he is taken to hospital to have a blood test. Maddy, Shannon and Tom go to the hospital to visit him. Tom and Shannon go to see Tom's mom, who is Rhydian's doctor, whilst Maddy passes out too, and both her and Rhydian have blood samples taken. Maddy convinces Rhydian to try and steal their blood back, in case their secret is discovered, but it turns out to be a harder task than she thought.
88"Wolfsbane"Declan O'DwyerKirstie Falkous2 October 2012 (2012-10-02)0.427
During a sleepover with her friends at Shannon's, Maddy has a cold, so Shannon gives her a herb pill to make her better. It turns out to contain wolfsbane, which causes Maddy to partially transform into her wolf; She has yellow eyes, dark veins and a longing for meat. Rhydian tries desperately to restrain her before she gets found out, dragging her upstairs and locking themselves in so he can show Maddy her reflection. Tom and Shannon race up the stairs after them and Rhydian fabricates a lie that Maddy's being sick. Neither of them believe it, Tom is jealous of Rhydian, and Shannon thinks she's just doing it for attention from the boys. Rhydian, Tom and Shannon go hunting for the beast on the moors with a huge bowl of meat, whilst Maddy escapes and hunts down the nearest source of meat.
99"A Quiet Night In"Andrew GunnDebbie Moon8 October 2012 (2012-10-08)0.421
Rhydian agrees to spend the full moon in the den with Maddy and her parents, but he's getting into some dodgy business with stolen property, and the prospect of a night in the cells isn't looking good.
1010"The Call of the Wild"Andrew GunnDebbie Moon9 October 2012 (2012-10-09)0.479
Rhydian's past catches up with him and his world completely changes with a new arrival in Stoneybridge. He has a big decision to make, but will he make the right choice?
1111"Eolas"Andrew GunnClare Saxby15 October 2012 (2012-10-15)0.418
Rhydian starts dabbling with his ancient eolas powers in school. He shares the secret with Maddy, who runs off joyously using her new skills without thinking, and she ends up getting into serious trouble.
1212"Caged"Andrew GunnKirstie Falkous16 October 2012 (2012-10-16)0.357
It's a full moon and out-of-town beast hunter Kyle enlists Shannon and Tom to help him track down the beast of Stoneybridge. Maddy and Rhydian decide they can't live with the idea of staying in the basement every time the change happens and take to the woods. Meanwhile, Kyle and crew make preparations to capture 'the beast' in a large box using multiple kinds of bait, while Kyle's documentarian films the process. Kyle successfully takes both of them down, then decides to take them to sell, thinking they're normal wolves thought to be extinct in Britain. Shannon, Tom, and Jo (the filmmaker) take a short-cut to stop Kyle's truck and save the wolves. The next morning, with foggy memories of the prior evening, Maddy decides to tell her parents what happened and accept the consequences of having tricked them into the basement and going out in the wild.
1313"Irresistible"Andrew GunnDebbie Moon22 October 2012 (2012-10-22)0.540
Rhydian's younger brother shows up in town and Shannon gets hold of Kyle's wolf bait - irresistible to all wolfbloods, including Maddy. Maddy's got the choice of letting Rhydian's family take control and cause chaos, or revealing herself to be what she is.

text: Series 2 (2013)[edit]

text:
No.overallNo. inseriesTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateUK viewers(millions) [1]141"Leader of the Pack"Stewart SvaasandDebbie Moon9 September 2013 (2013-09-09)0.422
On a full moon, Maddy and her parents transform in the cellar when Rhydian returns to Stonebridge. He is chased by three wolves from the wild, led by Alric, who wants to take him back to the wild. At school, Maddy and Rhydian face the wild wolfbloods with the help of Tom and Shannon and they leave without him.
152"The Girl from Nowhere"Stewart SvaasandDebbie Moon10 September 2013 (2013-09-10)0.328
Maddy's parents let Rhydian stay with them and try to get things back to normal but Rhydian is followed by Jana, a wild wolfblood who says she's been exiled by her father, Alric. To stop suspicions arising, Maddy and Rhydian take her to school where her abnormal behavior forces to teach her control.
163"Grave Consequences"Stewart SvaasandJames Whitehouse & Hannah George16 September 2013 (2013-09-16)0.375
Liam finds what he believes is a werewolf skeleton and a scientist Dr. Whitewood arrives, discovering a silver bullet in its remains. Jana wants them to be given a decent burial and Maddy and Rhydian steal them to be buried. After a fight, Maddy thinks that Dr Whitewood has her DNA and is close to discovering her secret but Shannon swaps it for hers before the secret can be discovered.
174"Total Eclipse of the Moon"Stewart SvaasandJames Whitehouse & Hannah George17 September 2013 (2013-09-17)0.408
A total eclipse falls on a full moon, and Jana is determined to have Rhydian join her to understand what being a wolfblood really means. Meanwhile, Shannon is discovered to be a singer, and leader of a school boy band Harry Averwood notices and wants her singing for the Lunar Festival, but can Shannon overcome her stage nerves?
185"Ancient Grudge"Roger SimonszRichard Kurti & Bev Doyle23 September 2013 (2013-09-23)0.378
Alric visits Jana and tells her the wild pack will punish Rhydian themselves if he does not come back to the pack to beg for mercy, and Rhydian decides to go through with it, only so he can see his family and Jana again. But is Alric really trustworthy?
196"Mottled Poppy"Roger SimonszRichard Kurti & Bev Doyle24 September 2013 (2013-09-24)0.375
Maddy, Shannon, Tom and Maddy's parents are on their way to a theme park, but their car breaks down and they stumble across a home of werewolf hunters who believe all of them are werewolves. Elsewhere, Rhydian takes Jana to the Smith's house.
207"Top Dog"Roger SimonszRichard Kurti & Bev Doyle30 September 2013 (2013-09-30)0.421
The pack is falling to pieces and a school council competition is being held between Jana, Maddy, Kara and Jimi.
218"Desperate Measures"Roger SimonszDebbie Moon1 October 2013 (2013-10-01)0.326
When Shannon accuses Jana of stealing her laptop, containing all the wolfblood secrets, the pack threatens to tear itself apart. After it transpires that none of the wolfbloods have stolen anything, it's a race to find the missing laptop before all the wolfblood secrets are revealed. Meanwhile, groups of girls and boys squabble over tickets to a football match.
229"Dances with Wolfbloods"Jermain JulienJames Whitehouse & Hannah George7 October 2013 (2013-10-07)0.316
It's a dark moon day and a school disco, and Maddy attempts to cheer Shannon up after she deleted all her evidence. Shannon is asked to the disco by Harry Averwood, but Jana overhears some girls talking about where Harry's loyalties lie and Maddy tries to warn her friend, resulting in their friendship hanging on by a very thin thread.
2310"Fall of the Wild"Matthew EvansJames Whitehouse & Hannah George[2]8 October 2013 (2013-10-08)0.369
The class is on an orienteering trip, and Liam believes his ancestor may have found a werewolf den, and is determined to find it again. Maddy tries to stop Liam discovering the den, ending in disastrous consequences for the both of them.
2411"Best of Both Worlds"Matthew EvansDebbie Moon14 October 2013 (2013-10-14)N/A
Rhydian's mother Ceri returns claiming Alric has been exiled by the pack, and Jana is the new leader, but with parents evening on the way Jana needs a parent and wants Ceri to do the job. In the end, Jana leaves with Ceri for the wild pack.
2512"Going Underground"Matthew EvansDebbie Moon15 October 2013 (2013-10-15)0.301
It's the full moon and Alric returns to get revenge on Rhydian, and he and Maddy lie in danger. Liam also goes back to the den with Jimi and Sam, unknowing to them leading to Maddy's cellar.
2613"The Discovery"Matthew EvansDebbie Moon21 October 2013 (2013-10-21)0.342
Doctor Whitewood gets Maddy's dad's DNA and she finds out about the wolfblood secret, Rhydian also asks Maddy on a date. Maddy and her family decide to leave the human world and go to Jana's pack to stay safe, leaving Rhydian, Shannon and Tom behind.

text: Series 3 (2014)[edit]

text:
No.overallNo. inseriesTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateUK viewers(millions) [1]271"Ulterior Motives"Matthew EvansDebbie Moon15 September 2014 (2014-09-15)0.477
A new company of wolfbloods Segolia is discovered and Dacia, the messenger, claims Maddy is being shipped off to Canada. Rhydian, Shannon and Tom face a new future and Dr. Whitewood returns on a full moon, discovering Rhydian is the same as Maddy, and locks him in her car to show everyone who Rhydian is, but is stopped by Dacia, who offers her a job at Segolia.
282"Alpha Material"Matthew EvansDebbie Moon16 September 2014 (2014-09-16)0.408
Rhydian's alpha skills are tested when Aran, Meinir and Ceri return with an injured Jana who has been shot and risks death. The pack have to find a way to save Jana before it is too late.
293"With Friends like These"Matthew EvansSophie Petzal22 September 2014 (2014-09-22)0.324
After Tom is accused by Liam of poaching, Shannon offers Tom an alibi when she claims they were on a date, just after breaking-up with Harry.
304"Wolfblood Is Thicker than Water"Matthew EvansJames Whitehouse & Hannah George23 September 2014 (2014-09-23)N/A
Rhydian is reunited with his father, but his reasons for returning are unclear, and loyalties begin to break down within the pack as Dacia divides them all. Meanwhile the news of Jana's return spreads amongst the pupils of Bradlington High, and Dacia must convince Segolia veteran Victoria of her loyalty.
315"The Dark Ages"Matthew EvansDebbie Moon29 September 2014 (2014-09-29)0.244
When some ancient wolfblood artefacts are found, sparks fly as Shannon believes they should go to a museum, Jana and Ceri believe it belongs to the wild pack with Rhydian helping and Jimi, Sam, Liam, Katrina and Kara all want it for themselves for money. Aran comes back, saying that the pack has left the territory, and Meinir has taken over. Aran leaves to find them, but Jana has no hope left. Also, Tom and Kay begin to form a romantic relationship.
326"Who's Afraid of the Big Bad Wolf?"Jermain JulienCatrin Clarke30 September 2014 (2014-09-30)0.260
Jana struggles to deal with the fact that her pack betrayed her, and it results in the Morwal, a vicious and werewolf like part that develops in a wolfblood who is in pain. Jana comes to back to school on the full moon and causes trouble on her first day. This results in Jana being locked up in school and dangerous, Tom ending his relationship with Kay and Tom and Shannon attempting to calm Jana.
337"Wolves Amongst Us"Jermain JulienSophie Petzal6 October 2014 (2014-10-06)0.298
To help cheer Jana up, Rhydian takes her on a trip to mark an old wolfblood den suggested by Ceri. Unfortunately, it means they bunk off work experience. Tom works in the Kafe alongside Kay and Katrina and Kara does work experience for Segolia. Shannon goes behind Rhydian's back and also undergoes work at Segolia. Ollie, Rhydian's foster brother, follows Jana and Rhydian and almost discovers the secret. In the end, Rhydian and Shannon fall out and he discovers his father was a fraud, working for a mysterious company named Cerberus and Tom and Kay make up.
348"Dark of the Rune"Jermain JulienJames Whitehouse & Hannah George7 October 2014 (2014-10-07)0.327
With Rhydian and Shannon still at odds, a meteor shower falls on a dark moon. Jana and Tom try to end the feud, but during the night all wolfbloods around the world fall unconscious and Shannon, Tom, and Dr. Whitewood work together to wake them all up, succeeding in the process. Rhydian and Shannon finally make up, and the pack is restored to normal.
359"The Cure"Jermain JulienPaul Mousley13 October 2014 (2014-10-13)0.343
Tom, Shannon and Jana head to Segolia for more work experience. Victoria takes an interest into Jana's wild wolfblood abilities, Shannon helps Kincaid and Dr Whitewood to perfect a serum that heals Kincaid's limp, and Tom sees Victoria is holding someone hostage and finds a strange device. The pack discuss what they all saw, and Tom later accidentally fires a serum at himself while messing around with the device. It later gives him wolfblood abilities, and he starts to let his new found powers take over his self-control, and ends up dragging himself away from his pack into the wrong crowd. Him and Kay start going back out again.
3610"The Cult of Tom"Sallie AprahamianNeil Jones14 October 2014 (2014-10-14)0.273
Tom lets his powers turn him into a typical bad-boy. The rest of the pack ask for help from Dacia and then Kincaid after he starts losing control. Tom starts showing strange symptoms and loses his control of the wolf in the Kafe before running away and collapsing, with Mr. Jefferies seeing his eyes change yellow. Kincaid tries to use another serum on Tom to cure him, but it doesn't work, leading to Ceri's wolfblood healing turning him human again and the pack reunited once more. Shannon and Tom then reveal their feelings for each other before nearly kissing.
3711"The Suspicions of Mr Jeffries"Sallie AprahamianDebbie Moon20 October 2014 (2014-10-20)0.358
Mr. Jeffries becomes curious after he saw Tom's eyes change. Meanwhile Ceri is being questioned by Victoria, Segolia's head. Mr. Jeffries see them all with their changed eyes and is caught, riding his bike and eventually being caught in a forest. Rhydian knocks over Victoria's guards whom of which holding Mr. Jeffries in wolf form and then transforming back into human form in front of Mr. Jeffries whom of which is sworn to secrecy by the pack. Tom and Kay, once again, make up after the previous events at the Kafe.
3812"Cerberus"Sallie AprahamianLee Walters21 October 2014 (2014-10-21)0.377
Gerwyn and the wild pack arrive at Stoneybridge, where Rhydian explains that Alex Kincaid can keep them safe from Sweeney and the rest of Segolia. Shannon, Tom, Liam and Mr. Jeffries catch Sweeney just as Kincaid drives away with the pack. This is where Sweeney reveals that in fact, Kincaid is behind Cerberus and he is the enemy of the wolfbloods. The van arrives at Kincaid's mansion, the pack delirious after eating drugged meat.
3913"Moonrise"Sallie AprahamianDebbie Moon27 October 2014 (2014-10-27)0.271
The pack wake up in a cell, where they discover that Meiner has been scientifically turned human. Kincaid reveals that it was in fact him who was responsible for the corrupt account, as he stole the money to perfect his serums capable of altering wolfblood DNA, as he had a violent wolfblood foster brother, which led him to believe that all wolfbloods are monsters. The wolfbloods, however, manage to find some of the serum that turned Tom into wolfblood, and distribute it to all of the other wolfbloods, foiling Kincaid's scheme. After this, Rhydian discovers an ancestry in Canada, and decides to live in Canada. In more happier events, Tom and Shannon finally kiss, leaving thought as to whether they will become a couple. (Although this kiss is missing from the version shown in the US, Tom does embrace Shannon in an affectionate way.) The episode ends with Maddy and Rhydian reuniting (in wolf form).

text: Series 4 (2016)[edit]

text:
No.overallNo. inseriesTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateUK viewers(millions)401"Captivity"Jermain JulienDebbie Moon8 March 2016 (2016-03-08)0.231
Jana is working for Segolia, under the eye of Imara Cipriani. After finding her reckless son, TJ, they both stumble into the tranquilising of two wolfbloods. Meanwhile, Katrina is angry with Kay for having to stop living in the Kafe. Can Jana and TJ save these unlucky wolfbloods and can Kay and Katrina sort out their friendship?
412"A Long Way from Home"Jermain JulienDebbie Moon8 March 2016 (2016-03-08)0.257
Jana and TJ attempt to solve the mystery of the fire that killed Matei and Emilia's parents, but fears that Segolia might be concealing evidence, while Katrina is trying to deal with a new flatmate. Can the mystery of the fire be solved once and for all, and can Katrina get on with this new guest?
423"Wolfblood Ultimatum"Jermain JulienSophie Petzal15 March 2016 (2016-03-15)N/A
After Imara's decision to send Matei and Emilia to Romania, she gives Jana an ultimatum to decide once and for all. But there is also something else to deal with: Aran and Meiner have come out from the wild, and Meiner is just not the same anymore.
434"Morwal"Jermain JulienSophie Petzal16 March 2016 (2016-03-16)N/A
A dangerous wolfblood has arrived in the city, which poses as a threat to both Segolia and humans, and she claims to want the help of Alex Kincaid. With Aran and Meiner also to deal with, Jana's life is starting to get a bit too much.
445"The Quiet Hero"Sarah WalkerFurquan Akhtar22 March 2016 (2016-03-22)N/A
TJ tries to help Selina with a problem that threatens to expose her as a wolfblood.
456"She-Wolf"Sarah WalkerFurquan Akhtar23 March 2016 (2016-03-23)0.199
With a Dark Moon looming, the pack is fraying at the edges and Selina's alter-ego is uncovered.
467"Sheep's Clothing"Sarah WalkerNeil Jones29 March 2016 (2016-03-29)N/A
When TJ falls for a human, he's in danger of breaking more than his heart.
478"Where Wolf"Sarah WalkerNeil Jones30 March 2016 (2016-03-30)0.181
Jana and TJ are forced to find Carrie to avoid their secret being exposed by Niamh/Holly.
489"Into the Wild"John DowerMatt Sinclair5 April 2016 (2016-04-05)N/A
Jana's mission to the wild pack ends in disaster.
4910"The Wild at Heart"John DowerMatt Sinclair6 April 2016 (2016-04-06)N/A
Jana must decide where she belongs as Emilia chooses to stay with the wild pack, Madoc's betrayal is revealed & Katrina now knows the secret.
5011"Viral"John DowerDebbie Moon12 April 2016 (2016-04-12)N/A
Jana's world crumbles and a face from the past returns.
5112"Protocol 5"John DowerDebbie Moon13 April 2016 (2016-04-13)N/A
Jana has to make a decision that will change the world forever.

text: Series 5 (2017)[edit]

text:
No.overallNo. inseriesTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateUK viewers(millions)521"Brave New World"John DowerDebbie Moon27 February 2017 (2017-02-27)N/A
Jana makes the shock decision that this will be her last full moon in the city. While the pack wrestle with the disappointment of losing their alpha, TJ falls for the smoke and mirrors of movie producer Joshua Hartington.
532"The Once and Future Alpha"John DowerDebbie Moon6 March 2017 (2017-03-06)N/A
The mystery wolfblood is unmasked and brings startling news from the Wild Pack. Jana summons the strength to help locate TJ, but her interference backfires with devastating consequences.
543"The Dawnus Torc"John DowerMichelle Gayle13 March 2017 (2017-03-13)N/A
The pack investigate the Segolia Vault and in doing so find the precious Dawnus Torc, which takes them on an adventure like never before. TJ falls sick with a mystery illness.
554"The Shadow in the Light"John DowerMatt Sinclair20 March 2017 (2017-03-20)N/A
Jana and Imara run into some familiar faces as they track Hartington. Selina competes in the taekwondo fight of her life and in doing so makes an unlikely ally. Jeffries laments the end of his career.
565"Humans"John DowerEd Aldridge27 March 2017 (2017-03-27)N/A
TJ's good intentions land him in hot water with Selina, the Humans group target the Kafe and a face from the past returns to take action that will change everything.
576"The Last Dark Moon"Steve HughesNeil Jones3 April 2017 (2017-04-03)N/A
It is dark moon day, and Katrina's grandfather has made the Kafe a wolfblood-free zone. Matei is reunited with Emilia, but finds that she is not who she used to be. Her fate rests with Hannah, while Imara and Jana make a breakthrough in proving the conspiracy - but who can they trust?
587"Torn"Steve HughesSimon Underwood10 April 2017 (2017-04-10)N/A
Jana and the pack ask Emilia to tread carefully now that they suspect government officials are conspiring with Hartington to chip and de-wolf wolfbloods. But Emilia has no intention of backing down and makes a public display of rebellion. Matei learns Eolas and chooses a side.
598"The One Who Sees"Steve HughesVictoria Asare-Archer17 April 2017 (2017-04-17)N/A
Unable to help Selina's parents, Jana resolves to find a way to help the other trapped wolfbloods, starting with the Genesis Project. Matei returns to the den to seek Jana's help in convincing Emilia that her vision of Blydissiad is false.
609"The War With the Humans"Steve HughesDebbie Moon24 April 2017 (2017-04-24)N/A
Jana is forced to realise that she can't save everyone and must make a decision about her future. TJ and Matei track Emilia but discover that Madoc is now pack leader. They join the journey to Blydissiad but are in for a shock.
6110"United We Stand"Steve HughesDebbie Moon1 May 2017 (2017-05-01)N/A
Jana fulfils her promise to come after Hartington. Dr Whitewood discovers the amazing truth about Project Genesis. TJ finds himself with a huge responsibility.