document_title: Olympus Has Fallen

question_text: who played the president's wife in olympus has fallen

question_tokens: who played the president 's wife in olympus has fallen

text: Olympus Has Fallen

text: Plot[edit]

text: Former Army Ranger Mike Banning (Gerard Butler) is the lead U.S. Secret Service agent assigned to head the U.S. Presidential detail. Banning maintains a personal, friendly relationship with President Benjamin Asher (Aaron Eckhart), First Lady Margaret (Ashley Judd) and their son Connor (Finley Jacobsen). During a snowy Christmas evening drive from Camp David to a campaign fundraiser, the car transporting the First Family spins out of control on a bridge due to icy conditions; Banning pulls Asher from the vehicle, but Margaret falls to her death while inside the car.

text: Eighteen months later, having been removed from the presidential detail, Banning works at Treasury headquarters. During a meeting between Asher and South Korean Prime Minister Lee Tae-Woo (Keong Sim), a North Korean terrorist organization: Koreans for United Freedom (KUF) led by Kang Yeonsak (Rick Yune), mounts an air and ground assault that results in the capture of the White House. The group is also aided by treasonous members of the prime minister's own detail, including Dave Forbes (Dylan McDermott), a former Secret Service agent. Asher and several top officials are held hostage in the White House bunker; South Korean Prime Minister Lee is executed on live video. Before his own death, detail agent Roma (Cole Hauser) alerts the Director of the Secret Service Lynne Jacobs (Angela Bassett) that "Olympus has fallen".

text: Kang seeks to use Asher's hostage status as leverage to force U.S. officials to withdraw the Seventh Fleet and U.S. forces from the Korean Peninsula, removing American opposition to a North Korean invasion of South Korea. He also seeks to destroy the American nuclear weapons stockpile by detonating them in their respective silos across the country, turning the U.S. into an irradiated wasteland as revenge for the death of his family. To accomplish this, he requires the access codes to a system in the bunker called Cerberus, which are held by three top government officials within the bunker, including the President. Asher orders the other two officials to reveal their codes to save their lives, certain that he will not give up his code.

text: During the initial assault by Kang's forces, Banning joins the White House's defenders. He falls back into the White House, disabling the internal surveillance and gaining access to Asher's satellite ear phone, which he uses to maintain contact with Jacobs and Allan Trumbull (Morgan Freeman), the Speaker of the House, now the Acting President since the Vice President is being held hostage with the President and others.

text: Authorized to proceed, Banning’s first act is to save Connor, whom Kang plans to use to force Asher to reveal his Cerberus code. Banning finds Connor hiding in the walls, thanks to the training he had given him, and sneaks the boy to safety. Banning begins reconnaissance and reduces the terrorists' numbers. Banning kills Forbes, first convincing the traitor to report to Kang that Banning is dead. Meanwhile, Army Chief of Staff General Edward Clegg (Robert Forster) convinces Trumbull to order an aerial SEAL assault on the White House. Kang discovers the assault force and activates the Hydra 6, an advanced anti-aircraft system built by the military. Discovering the system, Banning advises Trumbull and Clegg to abort the mission, but the new weapon system annihilates most of the assault force before Banning can stop it. Kang retaliates for the infiltration by killing Vice President Charlie Rodriguez (Phil Austin).

text: After Banning disables Kang’s communications, Kang tries to execute Secretary of Defense Ruth McMillan (Melissa Leo) outside the White House in front of the media, but Banning rescues her, taking out several of Kang's men in the process. With his forces dwindling, Kang fakes his and Asher's death by sacrificing several of his men and the remaining hostages. However, knowing that Kang would never go down without fighting, Banning sees through his ruse. Kang eventually cracks Asher’s code using brute-force attack and activates Cerberus. As Kang and his remaining men attempt to escape, Banning ambushes them and kills the remaining terrorists in the process. During the fight, Asher tries to break free from Kang's grip and is subsequently shot by him in the stomach. Banning and Kang confront each other and a climactic fight breaks out, in which Kang quickly gains the upper hand. Eventually, Banning kills Kang by stabbing him in the head with a knife and then disables Cerberus with the assistance of Trumbull and his staff, with only seconds to spare. During daybreak that day, Banning walks out with Asher and is received by the soldiers posted to await their arrival. After the events, the U.S. begins to heal from the attack, while Banning once again heads the president's security detail. President Asher addresses the public while Banning, Jacobs, Clegg, and Connor observe.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Gerard Butler as Mike Banning, a former member of the 75th Ranger Regiment and now Secret Service agent.[4]
Aaron Eckhart as Benjamin Asher, the President of the United States.[5]
Morgan Freeman as Speaker of the House Allan Trumbull[6]
Angela Bassett as Lynne Jacobs, Director of the Secret Service.[7]
Rick Yune as Kang Yeonsak, a North Korean ultra-nationalist mastermind disguised as a South Korean ministerial aide.[8]
Dylan McDermott as Dave Forbes, a former Secret Service agent now working for South Korean Prime Minister's private security detail.[9]
Finley Jacobsen as Connor Asher, the son of Benjamin and Margaret Asher.
Melissa Leo as Secretary of Defense Ruth McMillan[8]
Robert Forster as US Army General Edward Clegg, Army Chief of Staff.[10]
Ashley Judd as Margaret Asher, the First Lady of the United States.[10]
Cole Hauser as Agent Roma, a Secret Service Special Agent-in-Charge.[11]
Radha Mitchell as Leah Banning, a nurse and Mike's wife.[12]
Sean O'Bryan as Ray Monroe, Deputy Director of the National Security Agency.
Lance Broadway as Agent O'Neil, a member of the President's security detail.[13]
Tory Kittles as Agent Jones, a member of the President's security detail.[14]
Keong Sim as South Korean Prime Minister Lee Tae-Woo
Phil Austin as Vice President Charlie Rodriguez
James Ingersoll as Admiral Joe Hoenig, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs.
Freddy Bosche as Agent Diaz, Secret Service.
Kevin Moon as Cho, Kang's henchman
Malana Lea as Lim, Kang's henchwoman who serves as the technical expert of the group.[15]
Sam Medina as Yu, Kang's henchman

text: Production[edit]

text: Olympus Has Fallen was directed by Antoine Fuqua, based on a script by Creighton Rothenberger and Katrin Benedikt in their first screenwriting effort. The production company Millennium Films acquired the spec script in March 2012, and Gerard Butler was cast later in the month as the star.[4] The rest of the characters were cast throughout June and July.

text: In 2012, Millennium Films competed against Sony Pictures, which was producing White House Down (also about a takeover of the White House) to complete casting and to begin filming.[16]

text: Filming began in Shreveport, Louisiana, in mid-July 2012.[10] Because Olympus Has Fallen was filmed so far from its actual setting of Washington, D.C., the entire production relied heavily upon visual effects, particularly computer-generated imagery.[17] For example, computers created nearly all of the opening sequence in which the First Lady is killed in a car accident, with chroma key greenscreen technology used to composite the actors into the computer-generated snowy scenery.[17] For scenes where actors walked in or out of the White House, a first-floor façade and entrance were built; computers added the second floor, roof, and downtown D.C. cityscape. Action scenes with the White House in the background were filmed in open fields and the White House and D.C. were added in post-production.[17]

text: Score[edit]

text: Musician and orchestral composer Trevor Morris produced the score. His past projects include shows The Tudors and The Borgias.[18] The record was released on March 15, 2013 via Relativity Music Group label. The runtime is one hour, eight minutes, and 57 seconds.

text: Release[edit]

text: Olympus Has Fallen was released in the United States on March 22, 2013.[6] It was initially scheduled for an April 5, 2013 release, but moved to avoid competition with The Heat, which was to open at the same time (its release was later pushed back to June 28). FilmDistrict distributed the film.[19]

text: The film's trailer was criticized for using the U.S. Emergency Alert System, and several cable companies were fined by the Federal Communications Commission for airing the ad.[20]

text: Olympus Has Fallen grossed $98.9 million in the U.S. and Canada and $70.3 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $170.2 million against a budget of $70 million.[3] In its first weekend, the film earned $30.5 million finishing second at the box office, and exceeded predictions of $23 million.[21][22]

text: The film was released on DVD and Blu-ray Disc on August 13, 2013, in the U.S. It earned $38.2 million in video rental sales in the U.S.[23]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a rating of 48% based on 186 reviews and a weighted average rating of 5.4/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "It's far from original, but Olympus Has Fallen benefits from Antoine Fuqua's tense direction and a strong performance from Gerard Butler—which might be just enough for action junkies".[24] Metacritic assigns the film a weighted average score of 41 out of 100 based 30 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[25] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film a grade of "A–" on an A+ to F scale.[26]

text: Richard Roeper compared Olympus Has Fallen with the Die Hard series for sharing the same style and momentum, calling it as "just too much of a pale Die Hard ripoff." He gave the film a C.[27]

text: David Edelstein was much more negative about the film. While praising Butler's role as a "solid" character, Edelstein criticized the script and the violence of the film, writing "Olympus Has Fallen is a disgusting piece of work, but it certainly hits its marks – it makes you sick with suspense."[28]

text: Sequel[edit]

text: Gerard Butler, Morgan Freeman, Aaron Eckhart, Angela Bassett and Radha Mitchell returned for a sequel titled London Has Fallen revolving around a plot to strike London during the funeral of the British Prime Minister.[29] Production was scheduled to begin in May 2014 in London, with Creighton Rothenberger and Katrin Benedikt returning to pen the script. Director Antoine Fuqua, however, was not returning due to his commitments with The Equalizer.[30]

text: On May 1, 2014, it was announced that Focus Features had acquired distribution rights to the sequel and would release it on October 2, 2015, though this was later pushed back to January 22, 2016.[31] However, the film's release was delayed to March 4, 2016. On August 18, 2014, it was announced that Charlie Countryman director Fredrik Bond would be taking over direction from Fuqua,[32] but Bond left the film on September 18, just six weeks before the shooting was set to begin.[33] However, on September 28, 2014, it was announced that Babak Najafi will take over direction of the sequel.[34]

text: On October 10, 2014, it was announced that Jackie Earle Haley would be joining London Has Fallen as a Deputy Chief Mason.[35] Filming for the sequel began on October 24, 2014.[36] The film was released on March 4, 2016.


document_title: Territorial evolution of Germany

question_text: which country(s) did germany take prior to the onset of world war ii in 1939

question_tokens: which country ( s ) did germany take prior to the onset of world war ii in 1939

root

text: Territorial evolution of Germany

text: Background

text: German settlement in Central and Eastern Europe

text: Part of the motivation behind the territorial changes is based on historical events in Germany and Western Europe. Migrations that took place over more than a millennium led to pockets of Germans living throughout Central and Eastern Europe as far east as Russia. The existence of these enclaves was sometimes used by German nationalists, such as the Nazis, to justify territorial claims.

tag: p

text: The rise of European nationalism

text: The territorial changes of Germany after World War II can be interpreted in the context of the evolution of global nationalism and European nationalism.

text: The latter half of the 19th century and the first half of the 20th century saw the rise of nationalism in Europe. Previously, a country consisted largely of whatever peoples lived on the land that was under the dominion of a particular ruler. As principalities and kingdoms grew through conquest and marriage, a ruler could wind up with many different ethnicities under his dominion.

text: The concept of nationalism was based on the idea of a "people" who shared a common bond through race, religion, language and culture. Furthermore, nationalism asserted that each "people" had a right to its own state. Thus, much of European history in the latter half of the 19th century and the first half of the 20th century can be understood as efforts to realign national boundaries with this concept of "one people, one state". Many interior conflicts were a result of more or less pressurising citizens of alternative ethnicities and/or other native languages to assimilate to the ethnicity dominant in the state. Switzerland was the bright exception showing that patriotism only needs civic pride and legal equality, not a common native language.

text: Much conflict would arise when one nation asserted territorial rights to land outside its borders on the basis of an ethnic bond with the people living on the land. Another source of conflict arose when a group of people who constituted a minority in one nation would seek to secede from the nation either to form an independent nation or join another nation with whom they felt stronger ties. Yet another source of conflict was the desire of some nations to expel people from territory within its borders because people did not share a common bond with the majority of people of that nation.

text: Formation of the German Empire

text: Prussia

text: Territorial expansion of the Kingdom of Prussia, which in the 19th century would lead the future German reunification efforts, started with the annexation of territories belonging to the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. Between 1772 and 1795, Prussia took 141,400 km2 (54,600 sq mi) of the Commonwealth's western territory—areas known as Greater Poland, Pomorze and Mazovia (renaming them as South Prussia, West Prussia and New East Prussia)—and with it nearly 1 million Polish speaking inhabitants. Frederick the Great immediately sent 57,475 German families to the newly conquered lands in order to solidify his new acquisitions,[2] and abolished the use of the Polish language.[3]

text: North German Confederation

text: Following the Napoleonic wars and the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire the North German Confederation, led by Prussia, was combined with the southern states of Baden, Württemberg, Bavaria and Hesse and the formerly French newly annexed Alsace-Lorraine to form the German Empire in 1871. In some areas of Prussia's eastern provinces, such as the Province of Posen, the majority of the population was Polish. Many Lorrainians were by native language French. Most of the Alsatians and the Lorrainians of German native language rather clung to France,[citation needed] despite all nationalistic claim that language and culture would and should determine one's national affiliation.

text: Heligoland

text: Britain ceded Heligoland to Germany in 1890 in accordance with the terms of the Heligoland–Zanzibar Treaty. The Heligolanders, then still prevailingly fluent in their Heligolandic dialect of North Frisian, adopted German citizenship, like many other Frisians of Germany along the North Sea coast.

text: World War I

text: Brest-Litovsk

text: As part of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, Russia's new Bolshevik (communist) government renounced all claim to Finland, the future Baltic states (Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania), Poland, Belarus, Ukraine.

text: Most of these territories were in effect ceded to the German Empire, intended to become economically dependent on and politically closely tied to that empire under different German kings and dukes.

text: Regarding the ceded territories, the treaty stated that "Germany and Austria-Hungary intend to determine the future fate of these territories in agreement with their population" with few other effects than the appointment of German rulers to the new thrones of Finland, Latvia, Lithuania, and Poland.

text: Territorial changes after World War I

text: Treaty of Versailles

text: The provisions of the Treaty of Versailles at the end of World War I obliged Germany to transfer some territory to other countries. Besides the loss of the German colonial empire the territories Germany lost were:

text:
Alsace-Lorraine, which were annexed by Germany in accordance with the Preliminaries of Peace signed at Versailles on February 26, 1871, and the Treaty of Frankfurt of May 10, 1871, were restored to French sovereignty without a plebiscite as a precondition to armistice (i.e. and therefore not as a clause of the Treaty of Versailles) with effect from the date of the armistice (November 11, 1918). (area 14,522 km², 1,815,000 inhabitants (1905)),
Northern Schleswig including the German-dominated towns of Tondern (Tønder), Apenrade (Aabenraa) and Sonderburg (Sønderborg) in Schleswig-Holstein, after the Schleswig Plebiscite, to Denmark (area 3,984 km², 163,600 inhabitants (1920)).
The Prussian provinces Posen and West Prussia, which Prussia had annexed in Partitions of Poland (1772–1795), were returned to reborn Poland. Most of this territory had already been liberated by local Polish population during the Greater Poland Uprising of 1918-1919 (area 53,800 km², 4,224,000 inhabitants (1931), including 510 km² and 26,000 inhabitants from Upper Silesia). Minor areas of both the provinces remained in Germany and were combined to become the new Prussian province of Grenzmark Posen-West Prussia. On the territories granted to Poland remained a sizeable German minority.
The Hlučín Region (Hlučínsko around Hulczyn) of Upper Silesia to Czechoslovakia (area 316 or 333 km², 49,000 inhabitants).
East Upper Silesia, to Poland (area 3,214 km² out of 10,950 km²- around 30% with 965,000 inhabitants ), after Upper Silesia plebiscite in which 60% had voted in favour of remaining inside Germany and over 40% wanted whole Upper Silesia to become a part of Poland.The plebiscite was designed to provide guidance on how to divide the area, and most of the areas voting for Poland were separated from Germany
The area of Eupen-Malmedy to Belgium, along with the Vennbahn railway trackbed (which created six German enclaves within Belgian territory).
The northern part of East Prussia as Memelland under control of France, Italy, Japan and the United Kingdom, later transferred to Lithuania without a plebiscite.
The area of Soldau in East Prussia (a railway station on the Warsaw-Danzig route) to Poland (area 492 km²).
From the eastern part of West Prussia and the southern part of East Prussia Warmia and Masuria, a small area to Poland (see East Prussian plebiscite); despite nationalistic claim that ethnicity should determine national identity, a majority of the Slavonic Masurians voted for Germany.
The Saar area to be under the control of the League of Nations for 15 years, after that a plebiscite between France and Germany, to decide to which country it would belong. During this time the coal went to France as war reparations.
The port of Danzig (now Gdańsk, Poland) with the delta of Vistula river at the Baltic Sea was made the Free City of Danzig (Freie Stadt Danzig) under the League of Nations. (area 1,893 km², 408,000 inhabitants (1929)), 90% Germans.
Germany acknowledges and will respect strictly the independence of Austria.

tag: ul

text: Sudetenland

text: The Sudeten Germans had attempted to prevent the German language border areas of former Austria-Hungary from becoming part of Czechoslovakia in 1918. Once part of Bohemia, they had proclaimed the German-Austrian province of Sudetenland in October 1918, voting instead to join the newly declared Republic of German Austria in November 1918. However, this had been forbidden by the victorious allied powers of the First World War (the Treaty of Saint-Germain) and by the Czechoslovak government, partly with force of arms in 1919. Many Sudeten Germans rejected an affiliation to Czechoslovakia, since they had been refused the right to self-determination promised by US president Woodrow Wilson in his Fourteen Points of January 1918.

text: Silesian uprisings

text: The Silesian Uprisings (Polish: Powstania śląskie) were a series of three armed uprisings (1919–1921) of Poles in the Upper Silesia region against Weimar Republic in order to separate the region (where in some parts Poles constituted a majority) from Germany and join it with the Second Polish Republic.

text: Interbellum

text: Territorial claims of German nationalists

text: By World War I, there were isolated groups of Germans or so-called Schwaben as far southeast as the Bosphorus (Turkey), Georgia, and Azerbaijan. After the war, Germany's and Austria-Hungary's loss of territory and the rise of communism in the Soviet Union meant that more Germans than ever constituted sizable minorities in various countries.[clarification needed]

text: German nationalists used the existence of large German minorities in other countries as a basis for territorial claims. Many of the propaganda themes of the Nazi regime against Czechoslovakia and Poland claimed that the ethnic Germans (Volksdeutsche) in those territories were persecuted.

text: The Nazis negotiated a number of population transfers with Joseph Stalin and others with Benito Mussolini so that both Germany and the other country would increase their ethnic homogeneity. However, these population transfers were not sufficient to appease the demands of the Nazis. The Heim ins Reich rhetoric of the Nazis over the continued disjoint status of enclaves such as Danzig and East Prussia was an agitating factor in the politics leading up to World War II, and is considered by many to be among the major causes of Nazi aggressiveness and thus the war. Adolf Hitler used these issues as a pretext for waging wars of aggression against Czechoslovakia and Poland.

text: Rhineland

text: On March 7, 1936, Hitler sent a small expeditionary force into the demilitarized Rhineland. This was a clear violation of the Treaty of Versailles (1919, official end of World War I), and as such, France and Britain were within their rights, via the Treaty, to oust the German forces. British public opinion blocked any use of military force, thus preventing French action, as they were internally divided and would not act without British support.

text: Saar region

text: In 1933, a considerable number of anti-Nazi Germans fled to the Saar, as it was the only part of Germany left outside the Third Reich's control. As a result, anti-Nazi groups campaigned heavily for the Saarland to remain under control of League of Nations as long as Adolf Hitler ruled Germany. However, long-held sentiments against France remained entrenched, with very few sympathizing openly with France. When the 15-year-term was over, a plebiscite was held in the territory on 13 January 1935: 90.3% of those voting wished to join Germany.

text: On 17 January 1935, the territory's re-union with Germany was approved by the League Council. On March 1, Nazi Germany took over the region, and appointed Josef Bürckel as Reichskommissar für die Rückgliederung des Saarlandes, "Imperial Commissioner for the re-union of Saarland".

text: As the new Gau was extended to the Rhine, including the historic Palatinate, the region's name was changed again on 8 April 1940 to Gau Saarpfalz (Saar-Palatinate). After the Battle of France, the re-annexed French département of Moselle was incorporated in the Reichsgau.

text: Anschluss

text: The Allies were, on paper, committed to upholding the terms of the Treaty of Versailles, which specifically prohibited the union of Austria and Germany. This notwithstanding, the Anschluss was among the first major steps in the Austrian-born Adolf Hitler's long-desired creation of an empire including German-speaking lands and territories Germany had lost after World War I.

text: The events of March 12, 1938, marked the culmination of historical cross-national pressures to unify the German populations of Austria and Germany under one nation. However, the 1938 Anschluss, regardless of its popularity, was enacted by Germany. Earlier, Hitler's Germany had provided support for the Austrian National Socialist Party (Austrian Nazi Party) in its bid to seize power from Austria's Austrofascist leadership. Fully devoted to remaining independent but amidst growing pressures, the chancellor of Austria, Kurt Schuschnigg, tried to hold a plebiscite.

text: Although Schuschnigg expected Austria to vote in favour of maintaining autonomy, a well-planned internal overthrow by the Austrian Nazi Party of Austria's state institutions in Vienna took place on March 11, prior to the vote. With power quickly transferred over to Germany, the Wehrmacht troops entered Austria to enforce the Anschluss. The Nazis held a plebiscite within the following month, where they received 99.73% of the vote. No fighting ever took place and the strongest voices against the annexation, particularly Fascist Italy, France and the United Kingdom (parties to the Stresa Front), were powerless or, in the case of Italy, appeased.

text: Czechoslovakia

text: Sudetenland

text: On September 29, 1938 Adolf Hitler, Neville Chamberlain, Benito Mussolini and Édouard Daladier signed the Munich Agreement. The Czechoslovak government capitulated on September 30 and reluctantly agreed to abide by the agreement. The settlement gave Germany the Sudetenland starting October 10, and de facto control over the rest of Czechoslovakia as long as Hitler promised to go no further.

text: Hitler and Chamberlain signed an additional resolution determining to resolve all future disputes between Germany and the United Kingdom through peaceful means. This is often confused with the Four-Power Munich Agreement itself, not least because most photographs of Chamberlain's return show him waving the paper containing the resolution, not the Munich Agreement itself.

text: Without fortification which was built in Sudetenland, Czechoslovakia was now defenseless. On October 5, Edvard Beneš resigned as President of Czechoslovakia, realising that the fall of Czechoslovakia was fait accompli. Following the outbreak of World War II, he would form a Czechoslovak government-in-exile in London.

text: Invasion of the rest of Czechoslovakia

text: On 13 March 1939, Nazi armies entered Prague and proceeded to occupy the remainder of Bohemia and Moravia, which was transformed into a protectorate of the Reich. The eastern half of the country, Slovakia, became a separate pro-Nazi state, the Slovak Republic.

text: Prime Minister Chamberlain felt betrayed by the Nazi seizure of Czechoslovakia, realising his policy of appeasement towards Hitler had failed, and immediately began to mobilize the British Empire's armed forces on a war footing. France did the same. Though no immediate action followed, Hitler's move on Poland in September started World War II in Europe.

text: Memel Territory

text: By late 1938, Lithuania had lost control over the situation in the Memel Territory. In the early hours of 23 March 1939, after a political ultimatum had made a Lithuanian delegation travel to Berlin, the Lithuanian Minister of Foreign Affairs Juozas Urbšys and his German counterpart Joachim von Ribbentrop signed the Treaty of the Cession of the Memel Territory to Germany in exchange for a Lithuanian Free Zone in the port of Memel, using the facilities erected in previous years.

text: World War II

text: Poland

text: After invading Poland in 1939, Germany annexed the lands it was forced to give to a reformed Poland in 1919–1922 by the Treaty of Versailles, including the "Polish Corridor", West Prussia, the Province of Posen, and East Upper Silesia. The Volkstag of the Free City of Danzig voted to become a part of Germany again, although Poles and Jews were deprived of their voting rights and all non-Nazi political parties were banned. Parts of Poland that had not been part of Wilhelmine Germany were also incorporated into the Reich.

text: Two decrees by Adolf Hitler (October 8 and October 12, 1939) provided for the division of the annexed areas of Poland into the following administrative units:

text:
Reichsgau Wartheland (initially Reichsgau Posen), which included the entire Poznań Voivodeship, most of the Łódź Voivodeship, five counties of the Pomeranian Voivodeship, and the Działdowo/Soldau County of the Warsaw Voivodeship;
Reichsgau Danzig-West Prussia (initially Reichsgau West Prussia), which consisted of the remaining area of the Pomeranian Voivodeship and the Free City of Danzig;
Ciechanów District (Regierungsbezirk Zichenau), consisting of the five northern counties of Warsaw Voivodeship (Płock, Płońsk, Sierpc, Ciechanów, and Mława), which became a part of East Prussia;
Katowice District (Regierungsbezirk Kattowitz), or unofficially East Upper Silesia (Ost-Oberschlesien), which included Sosnowiec, Będzin, Chrzanów, and Zawiercie Counties, and parts of Olkusz and Żywiec Counties.

text: These territories had an area of 94,000 km² and a population of 10,000,000 people. The remainder of the Polish territory was annexed by the Soviet Union (c. 52%; see Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact) or made into the German-controlled General Government occupation zone.

text: After the German attack on the Soviet Union in June 1941, the Białystok Voivodeship, which included the Białystok, Bielsk Podlaski, Grajewo, Łomża, Sokółka, Volkovysk, and Grodno Counties, was "attached to" (not incorporated into) East Prussia, while East Galicia was added to the General Government.

text: Alsace-Lorraine

text: After the invasion of France in 1940, Germany annexed the départements of Bas-Rhin, Haut-Rhin and Moselle (Alsace-Lorraine). The German government never negotiated or declared a formal annexation, however, in order to preserve the possibility of an agreement with the West.[citation needed]

text: Eupen and Malmedy

text: See Eupen-Malmedy

text: Luxembourg

text: Luxembourg was invaded and occupied by German Forces in June 1940. It was formally annexed to Germany in August 1942.

text: Parts of Yugoslavia

text: From: History of Slovenia "After Yugoslavia fell, Germany, Italy, and Hungary each annexed parts of Slovenia, the largest part being Lower Styria which was annexed to the "Ostmark" (Nazi German Austria)."

text: South Tyrol

text: See Annexation of South Tyrol to Nazi Germany and Italian Social Republic.

text: Recognition

text: All areas that were incorporated into Nazi Germany between 1937 and 8 May 1945 were de facto repudiated at the Yalta and Potsdam Conferences, and were therefore non-issues in the post-war division of Nazi Germany. One exception was Memelland, the incorporation of which at the end of March 1939 was recognised by the UK and France, but not by the USA.

text: Territorial changes after World War II

text: As it became evident that the Allies were going to defeat Nazi Germany decisively, the question arose as to how to redraw the borders of Central and Eastern European countries after the war. In the context of those decisions, the problem arose of what to do about ethnic minorities within the redrawn borders. The territorial changes at the end of World War II were part of negotiated agreements between the victorious Allies to redraw national borders and arrange for deportation of all Germans that were east of the Oder–Neisse line. The Allies occupied Germany, but the Western allies and Soviet Union formed separate governments covering specific parts of Germany (West Germany, as well as West Berlin, and East Germany). The Germanies and West Berlin reunified in 1990.

text: The Yalta Conference

text: The final decision to move Poland's boundary westward was made by the US, Britain and the Soviets at the Yalta Conference, shortly before the end of the war. The precise location of the border was left open; the western Allies also accepted in general the principle of the Oder River as the future western border of Poland and of population transfer as the way to prevent future border disputes. The open question was whether the border should follow the eastern or western Neisse rivers, and whether Stettin, the traditional seaport of Berlin, should remain German or be included in Poland.

text: Originally, Germany was to retain Stettin while the Poles were to annex East Prussia with Königsberg. [1]. Eventually, however, Stalin decided that he wanted Königsberg as a year-round warm water port for the Soviet Navy and argued that the Poles should receive Stettin instead. The wartime Polish government in exile had little to say in these decisions.[2]

text: Key points of the meeting that are relevant to the territorial changes of Germany are as follows:

text:
There was an agreement that the priority would be the unconditional surrender of Nazi Germany. After the war, Germany would be split into four occupied zones, with a quadripartite occupation of Berlin as well, prior unification of Germany.
Stalin agreed to let France have the fourth occupation zone in Germany and Austria, carved out from the British and American zones. France would also be granted a seat in the Allied Control Council.
Germany would undergo demilitarization and denazification.
The status of Poland was discussed, but was complicated by the fact that Poland was at this time under the control of the Red Army. It was agreed to reorganize the Provisionary Polish Government that had been set up by the Red Army through the inclusion of other groups such as the Polish Provisional Government of National Unity and to have democratic elections. This effectively excluded the Polish government-in-exile that had evacuated in 1939.
The Polish eastern border would follow the Curzon Line, and Poland would receive substantial territorial compensation in the west from Germany, although the exact border was to be determined at a later time.
A "Committee on Dismemberment of Germany" was to be set up. The purpose was to decide whether Germany was to be divided into several nations, and if so, what borders and inter-relationships the new German states were to have.

text: The Potsdam Conference

text: At the Potsdam Conference the United States, the United Kingdom, and the Soviet Union placed the German territories within the 1937 Nazi Germany borders east of the Oder–Neisse line, and with the exception of parts of East Prussia, as formally under Polish administrative control (These were referred to by the Polish communist government as the "Western Territories" or "Regained Territories"). It was anticipated that a final peace treaty would follow shortly and either confirm this border or determine whatever alterations might be agreed upon. Northern East Prussia and Memelland were placed under Soviet administrative control. The 1919 Versailles Treaty created Free City of Danzig was also placed under Polish administration. The German population east of the Oder–Neisse line was expelled.

text: At the end of the conference, the Three Heads of Government agreed on the following actions:

text:
Issuance of a statement of aims of the occupation of Germany by the Allies: demilitarization, denazification, democratization and decartelization. (see also: The industrial plans for Germany)
Division of Germany and Austria respectively into four occupation zones (earlier agreed in principle at Yalta), and the similar division of each's capital, Berlin and Vienna, into four and five sectors (one quadripartite sector), respectively.
Reversion of all German annexations in Europe after 1937, among these were Sudetenland, Alsace-Lorraine, Austria, the westmost parts of Poland, and others.
Germany's eastern border was to be shifted westwards to the Oder–Neisse line, effectively reducing Germany in size by approximately 25% compared to its 1937 borders. The territories east of the new border comprised East Prussia, all of Silesia (except for its westernmost part around the city of Görlitz), the eastern part of Brandenburg, and most of Pomerania (including former Grenzmark Posen-West Prussia). These areas included large urban centres such as Stettin, Breslau, Landsberg an der Warthe and so on.
Expulsion of the German populations remaining beyond the new eastern borders of Germany, and ethnically German denaturalised citizens of other states such Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland, Romania, and Yugoslavia. France, which had not participated in the Potsdam conference, took its liberties to dismiss this point and therefore refused to absorb any expellees in its zone of occupation.[4]

text: Finalization of the Polish-German border

text: The problem with the status of these territories was that the concluding document of the Potsdam Conference in 1945 was not a legally binding treaty, but a memorandum between the USSR, the USA and the UK. It regulated the issue of the eastern German border, which was to be the Oder–Neisse line, but the final article of the memorandum said that the final decisions concerning Germany were to be subject to a separate peace treaty.

text: Based upon this interpretation of the Potsdam Agreement, the CDU controlled German government maintained that the Oder–Neisse line was completely unacceptable and subject to negotiation. Also the Social Democrats of the SPD initially refused to accept the Oder–Neisse line. Thus, the official German government position on the status of areas vacated by settled German communities east of the Oder–Neisse rivers was that the areas were "temporarily under Polish (or [Soviet]) administration."

text: Between 1970 and 1990, the West German political establishment gradually recognised the "facts on the ground" and accepted clauses in the Treaty on the Final Settlement, whereby Germany renounced all claims to territory east of the Oder–Neisse line. In the Treaty of Warsaw (1970; ratified in 1972) West Germany recognized the Oder–Neisse line as Poland's western border and renounced any present and future territorial claims; this was reaffirmed by both German states in the 1990 Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany as a pre-condition for re-union. The treaty was ratified in 1991 by the united Germany. United Germany and Poland then finally settled the issue of the Oder–Neisse border by the German–Polish Border Treaty in November 1990. This ended the legal limbo which meant that for 45 years, people on both sides of the border could not be sure whether the status quo reached in 1945 might be changed at some future date.

text: Belgium

text: The "Working Party on Provisional Adjustments to the Western Frontiers of Germany" approved in 1949 the provisional transfer of 20 square kilometres (7.7 sq mi) containing 500 inhabitants to Belgium:[5]

text:
Bildchen (returned in 1956)
Lichtenbusch (returned in 1956)
Fringshaus — roads between Roetgen and Fringshaus, Fringshaus and Lammersdorf, Fringshaus and Konzen (first two returned in 1956)
Leykoul (eastern part returned in 1956)
Elsenborn
Losheim (only the village returned in 1956)
Hemmeres (returned in 1956)

tag: ol

text: As part of the 1956 treaty, in exchange for the territory ceded by Germany, Belgium ceded to Germany its territory north of the Fringshaus roads and bounded by the Vennbahn. The detached territory, in 1956 containing 704 inhabitants including refugees, was, prior to its 1956 dissolution and partition between West Germany and Belgium, ruled as an independent territory by Belgian Army Major General Paul Bolle, who enjoyed dictatorial powers.[6]

text: Netherlands

text: Despite the more extensive annexation proposals of the Bakker-Schut Plan, only a few border modifications were implemented. On April 23, 1949, Dutch troops occupied an area of 69 square kilometres (27 sq mi), the largest parts of which were Elten (near Emmerich am Rhein) and Selfkant. Many other small border changes were executed, mostly in the vicinity of Arnhem and Dinxperlo. At that time, these areas were inhabited by a total of almost 10,000 people.

text: Starting in March 1957, West Germany negotiated with the Netherlands for the return of these areas. The negotiations led to an agreement (German: Vertrag vom 8. April 1960 zwischen der Bundesrepublik Deutschland und dem Königreich der Niederlande zur Regelung von Grenzfragen und anderen zwischen beiden Ländern bestehenden Problemen; short: Ausgleichsvertrag, i.e. treaty of settlement[7]) made in The Hague on April 8, 1960, in which Germany agreed to pay 280 million German marks for the return of Elten, Selfkant, and Suderwick, as Wiedergutmachung.

text: The territory was returned to Germany on August 1, 1963, except for one small hill (about 3 square kilometres (1.2 sq mi)) near Wyler village, called Duivelsberg/Wylerberg which was annexed by the Netherlands.

text: France

text: Starting on 16 February 1946 France disentangled the Saar area and established the separate Saar Protectorate, further attaching parts of the Prussian Rhine Province and the Bavarian Palatinate (Saarpfalz). Like the former eastern territories of Germany the Saar area was out of the jurisdiction of the Allied Control Council for Germany and thus no part of Allied-occupied Germany. However, unlike the eastern territories the domestic Saar population was not expelled by the controlling French. With effect of 1 January 1957 the Saar Protectorate declared its accession to the Federal Republic of Germany, as provided by its Grundgesetz (constitution) art. 23 (Little Reunification), thus becoming the new federal state of Saarland.


document_title: Silver Spoons

question_text: who played ricky's mom on silver spoons

question_tokens: who played ricky 's mom on silver spoons

text: Silver Spoons

text: Synopsis[edit]

text: In the pilot episode, Ricky Stratton (Ricky Schroder) arrives at the mansion of the father he has never met to introduce himself, move in, and get to know him better. Edward Stratton III (Joel Higgins) epitomizes the phrase "overgrown child"; he has never taken responsibility for anything in his life, including his toy business, Eddie's Toys.  Ricky recognizes that his father needs to grow up; Edward thinks his son is too uptight and needs to have more fun while he's still young.

text: Edward's father is played by John Houseman as the thoughtful, well-to-do patriarch and industrialist whose demeanor starkly contrasts with Edward's and seems more similar to Ricky's (at first). Throughout the series, the comic tension arises between Grandfather Stratton's belief that people with money are obligated to make more money and Edward's belief that money should be used to make people happy. Ricky is often caught between the two, wishing only for peace and harmony within the family.

text: Ricky's mother is Evelyn Bluedhorn (Christine Belford). Edward and Evelyn's romantic relationship led to a week-long marriage. Now Evelyn has remarried and placed Ricky in a military boarding school. When Ricky arrives at the Stratton residence, Edward is stunned to discover that his long-ago brief marriage produced a son (when he expressed incredulousness because he "wasn't married that long," Ricky pointed out, "It doesn't take that long"). At first he sends Ricky right back to the boarding school; later he dresses up as a swamp monster to take Ricky out of the school and back to the mansion to live with him. The mansion is stocked with arcade games and a scale-model freight train runs through it.

text: Edward exhibits his childishness and playfulness in many ways, such as performing a little dance while the Pac-Man plays its theme song. Stratton's personal assistant, Kate Summers (Erin Gray), is often the voice of reason. Kate's role adds tension to the show and provides incentive for Edward to act more maturely (at least sometimes). Edward and Kate's will-they-or-won't-they relationship gives way to a third-season wedding.

text: During the series' early years, Ricky befriends "bad boy" Derek Taylor (Jason Bateman, seasons 1–2), smooth-talking "cowboy" J.T. Martin (Bobby Fite, seasons 1–2), and "nerdy" Freddy Lippincottleman (Corky Pigeon, seasons 1–4). They get into a lot of trouble and learn many childhood lessons along the way.

text: Edward's original attorney was Leonard Rollins (Leonard Lightfoot), who departed after the first season, and was replaced by the aptly named business manager Dexter Stuffins (Franklyn Seales), who was somewhat stuffier and more erudite than Leonard had been. Dexter remained through the rest of the series and was joined in fall 1984 by his hip, break dancing nephew Alfonso Spears (Alfonso Ribeiro, seasons 3–5), who became Ricky's new best friend. Once Ricky, Freddy and Alfonso were in high school in season four, their circle was completed by Brad (Billy Jacoby, seasons 4–5), a reintroduction of the type of "bad boy"-character similar to that of Derek during the show's early years. That year, as Kate and Edward adjusted to married life, Kate's doddering uncle, Harry Summers (Ray Walston), moved into the Stratton mansion.

text: Cast[edit]

text: Main cast[edit]

text:
Ricky Schroder as Richard Bluedhorn "Rick" or "Ricky" Stratton
Joel Higgins as Edward Stratton III
Erin Gray as Katherine "Kate" Summers Stratton
Leonard Lightfoot as Leonard Rollins (Season 1)
Franklyn Seales as Dexter Roosevelt Stuffins (Seasons 2–5)
Alfonso Ribeiro as Alfonso Spears (Seasons 3–5)

text: Recurring cast[edit]

text:
Jason Bateman as Derek Taylor (Seasons 1–2)
Bobby Fite as J.T. Martin (Seasons 1–2)
Corky Pigeon as Fredrick March "Freddy" Lippincottleman (Seasons 1–4)
Billy Jacoby as Brad Langford (Seasons 4–5)
John Houseman as Grandfather Edward Stratton II (Seasons 1–5)
Christine Belford as Evelyn Bluedhorn Stratton (Seasons 1–5)
Ray Walston as Uncle Harry Summers (Season 4)

text: Broadcast history[edit]

text:
Season
Time

1
Saturday at 8:30–9:00 on NBC

2

3
Sunday at 7:00–7:30 on NBC

4
Sunday at 7:30–8:00 on NBC (September 15, 1985 – March 16, 1986)Sunday at 7:00–7:30 on NBC (May 4–11, 1986)

5
In first-run syndication

tag: table

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Production notes[edit]

text: Theme song[edit]

text: The show's theme song titled "Together" was written by Rik Howard and Bob Wirth.[3] The original version was accompanied mostly by guitar with vocals by Ron Dante. Two other versions of the theme were used during the show's run. A synthesized version was used in 1985 with a different vocalist. The third version of the theme, a rock version, was introduced in 1986 when the show moved to first-run syndication, with vocals again by Ron Dante.

text: The Stratton mansion[edit]

text: The brick Tudor period mansion shown in the opening credits is actually a private residence located in Warwickshire, England. The elaborate home, named Compton Wynyates, was built in 1481.  Before Silver Spoons, it was used in the 1977 Disney film Candleshoe, starring Helen Hayes, Jodie Foster and David Niven.[4]

text: Reruns and syndication[edit]

text: Reruns of Silver Spoons aired on NBC's daytime schedule from July 1, 1985 to September 20, 1985 at 10:00am (EST)[5]. Reruns of the NBC run (seasons 1–4) aired with the first-run syndicated episodes (season five) every weekday on local stations, starting in 1986; many stations (such as KTLA in Los Angeles) elected to air the first-run episodes either Monday or Friday, with episodes from the NBC run filling-out the remaining four weekdays.  Webster, another 1980s family sitcom, used that same format when it left ABC for first-run syndication after its fourth season (1986–87); that series ran an additional two seasons (1987–89) in first-run syndication.

text: The show was also reran on WWOR EMI Service from December 28, 1992 to September 3, 1993. Select episodes were also aired on Nick at Nite in 2001 and 2005. The show is also available on Comcast digital cable's On Demand service as of September 19, 2006. Chicago's WWME ("Me TV") currently airs two episodes back to back on Saturday afternoons. The first season is also available for purchase by episode or season on iTunes. In 2008, video on demand sites Hulu and Crackle began airing the syndicated version of the first season of Silver Spoons.[citation needed]

text: FamilyNet (now The Cowboy Channel) aired reruns of the series nightly with back-to-back episodes at 9pm Eastern (and noon ET Mondays-Saturdays), until June 30, 2017, when the network underwent a programming format change the following day. Antenna TV began airing reruns of the series starting in January 2018.[6]

text: DVD release[edit]

text: On June 19, 2007, Sony Pictures Home Entertainment released the first season of Silver Spoons on DVD in Region 1.[7]  As of 2015, this release has been discontinued and is out of print.  It is unknown if the remaining 4 seasons will be released.

text:
DVD Name

Ep #

Release Date

The Complete First Season

22

June 19, 2007


document_title: List of NHL players with 100-point seasons

question_text: first nhl player to score 100 points in a season crossword

text: Season achievements[edit]

text: The first NHL season in which a player scored 100 points was the 1968–69 season: on March 2, 1969, Phil Esposito scored his hundredth point of the season. Esposito finished the season with 126 points, and two other players achieved 100 points that season: Bobby Hull, who finished with 107 points, and Gordie Howe, who finished with 103 points. (All three scored goals to reach the milestone.) The first (of only five) defencemen to reach the 100-point mark in the NHL was Bobby Orr, in the 1969–70 season.

text: Since 1968–69, there have only been seven seasons without a 100-point player. No player achieved 100 points during the lockout years of 1994–95, 2004–05 (which was cancelled outright), and 2012–13. In addition, no player achieved 100 points in the full seasons of 1999–2000, 2001–02, 2003–04, and 2014–15.

text: The 100-point player became a rarity in the nine seasons from 1996–97 to 2003–04. Only eight unique players, on eleven occasions, playing for only five teams, reached the century mark.

text: The 1992–93 NHL season had the most 100-point players, with 21. The second most was the 1984–85 NHL season, with 16.

text: Player achievements[edit]

text: The player with the most 100-point seasons is Wayne Gretzky, with 15 (four of which were 200-point seasons). Mario Lemieux is second, with 10 seasons of 100 points. Gretzky also holds the record of 13 consecutive 100-point seasons. The defenceman with the most 100-point seasons, and the most consecutive, is Bobby Orr, with six.

text: Three players could have made the list on assists alone: Orr, Gretzky (11 times), and Lemieux have had more than 100 assists in a single season.

text: On six occasions a player has been traded during a 100-point season: Jean Ratelle, Bernie Nicholls, John Cullen, Teemu Selanne, Wayne Gretzky, and Joe Thornton. Thornton is also the only player to be traded in the same year as he won the Art Ross Trophy (led the NHL in scoring).

text: Excluding the six split-team situations above, and excluding franchises that have simply changed cities, 16 players have achieved complete 100-point-or-more seasons with two teams. The first was Marcel Dionne in 1974–75 with the Detroit Red Wings and then 1976–77 season with the Los Angeles Kings. No player has done this with three teams, unless the split-team situations are counted, in which case Gretzky would be considered the only player to accomplish this.

text: Only five defencemen have scored at least 100 points in a season. They are Bobby Orr (six times), Denis Potvin, Paul Coffey (five times), Al MacInnis, and Brian Leetch.

text: The youngest player to achieve a 100-point season is Sidney Crosby, at 18 years, 253 days old. He scored his 100th NHL point on April 17, 2006, the Pittsburgh Penguins' 81st game of the 2005–06 season, his rookie season. The oldest player to achieve a 100-point season is Gordie Howe, at 40 years, 364 days. He scored his hundredth point of the 1968–69 season on March 30, 1969 — only four weeks after Phil Esposito became the first ever player to score 100 points, and the day before his 41st birthday — while playing for the Detroit Red Wings.

text: Wayne Gretzky is the only player to surpass the 200-point mark, doing so with the Edmonton Oilers four times.

text: Team achievements[edit]

text: Excluding the six split-team players above, the Pittsburgh Penguins have had the most incidents of a player achieving 100 points during the franchise's history, with 33. Excluding the same six players, the Pittsburgh Penguins also had the greatest number of unique players achieve 100 points, with 12. The Boston Bruins have had nine players achieve 100 points while with the team.

text: The Boston Bruins were the first team to have four players achieve 100 points in the same season, 1970–71. This has been matched by only two other teams, the Edmonton Oilers (three times) and the Pittsburgh Penguins.

text: The Pittsburgh Penguins have had at least one 100-point player in 22 seasons.[1] The Los Angeles Kings and the Colorado Avalanche (formerly the Quebec Nordiques) have both achieved this feat in 14 seasons. The Edmonton Oilers had at least one 100-point player in eleven consecutive seasons, from 1979–80 to 1989–90.

text: The Los Angeles Kings are the only team to have two players achieve 150+ points in the same year, with Wayne Gretzky (168 points) and Bernie Nicholls (150 points) achieving this in 1988–89. The Pittsburgh Penguins almost matched this feat in 1995–96, when Mario Lemieux scored 161 points and Jaromir Jagr amassed 149.

text: Three franchises have had 100 point players before and after the entire team moved: the Hartford Whalers/Carolina Hurricanes, the Atlanta Flames/Calgary Flames, and the Quebec Nordiques/Colorado Avalanche. Three franchises have had 100-point players in their original city, but not their new city: Minnesota North Stars (now Dallas Stars), Winnipeg Jets (now Arizona Coyotes) and Atlanta Thrashers (now Winnipeg Jets).

text: Six franchises currently playing in the NHL have never had a player achieve 100 points: New Jersey Devils (started as Kansas City Scouts in 1974–75), Florida Panthers (started 1993–94), Nashville Predators (1998–99), and the three newest teams: Columbus Blue Jackets & Minnesota Wild (2000–01) and Vegas Golden Knights (2017–18).

text: Players and their 100-point seasons[edit]

text:
Player

Team

Season

GP

G

A

Pts.

Daniel Alfredsson

Ottawa Senators

2005–06
77
43
60
103

Glenn Anderson

Edmonton Oilers

1981–82
80
38
67
105

1982–83
72
48
56
104

1985–86
72
54
48
102

Nicklas Backstrom

Washington Capitals

2009–10
82
33
68
101

Bill Barber

Philadelphia Flyers

1975–76
80
50
62
112

Mike Bossy

New York Islanders

1978–79
80
69
57
126

1980–81
79
68
51
119

1981–82
80
64
83
147

1982–83
79
60
58
118

1983–84
79
51
67
118

1984–85
76
58
59
117

1985–86
80
61
62
123

Neal Broten

Minnesota North Stars

1985–86
80
29
76
105

Rob Brown

Pittsburgh Penguins

1988–89
68
49
66
115

Johnny Bucyk

Boston Bruins

1970–71
78
51
65
116

Mike Bullard

Calgary Flames

1987–88
79
48
55
103

Pavel Bure

Vancouver Canucks

1992–93
83
60
50
110

1993–94
76
60
47
107

Jimmy Carson

Los Angeles Kings

1987–88
80
55
52
107

Edmonton Oilers

1988–89
80
49
51
100

Guy Chouinard

Atlanta Flames

1978–79
80
50
57
107

Dino Ciccarelli

Minnesota North Stars

1981–82
76
55
51
106

1986–87
80
52
51
103

Bobby Clarke

Philadelphia Flyers

1972–73
78
37
67
104

1974–75
80
27
89
116

1975–76
76
30
89
119

Paul Coffey (D)

Edmonton Oilers

1983–84
80
40
86
126

1984–85
80
37
84
121

1985–86
79
48
90
138

Pittsburgh Penguins

1988–89
75
30
83
113

1989–90
80
29
74
103

Sidney Crosby

Pittsburgh Penguins

2005–06
81
39
63
102

2006–07
79
36
84
120

2008–09
77
33
70
103

2009–10
81
51
58
109

2013–14
80
36
68
104

John Cullen

Pittsburgh Penguins/Hartford Whalers

1990–91
78
39
71
110

Marcel Dionne

Detroit Red Wings

1974–75
80
47
74
121

Los Angeles Kings

1976–77
80
53
69
122

1978–79
80
59
71
130

1979–80
80
53
84
137

1980–81
80
58
77
135

1981–82
78
50
67
117

1982–83
80
56
51
107

1984–85
80
46
80
126

Phil Esposito

Boston Bruins

1968–69
74
49
77
126

1970–71
78
76
76
152

1971–72
76
66
67
133

1972–73
78
55
75
130

1973–74
78
68
77
145

1974–75
79
61
66
127

Bernie Federko

St. Louis Blues

1980–81
78
31
73
104

1983–84
79
41
66
107

1984–85
76
30
73
103

1985–86
80
34
68
102

Sergei Fedorov

Detroit Red Wings

1993–94
82
56
64
120

1995–96
78
39
68
107

Theoren Fleury

Calgary Flames

1990–91
79
51
53
104

1992–93
83
34
66
100

Peter Forsberg

Colorado Avalanche

1995–96
82
30
86
116

2002–03
75
29
77
106

Ron Francis

Hartford Whalers

1989–90
80
32
69
101

Pittsburgh Penguins

1992–93
84
24
76
100

1995–96
77
27
92
119

Mike Gartner

Washington Capitals

1984–85
80
50
52
102

Doug Gilmour

St. Louis Blues

1986–87
80
42
63
105

Toronto Maple Leafs

1992–93
83
32
95
127

1993–94
83
27
84
111

Claude Giroux

Philadelphia Flyers

2017–18
82
34
68
102

Michel Goulet

Quebec Nordiques

1982–83
80
57
48
105

1983–84
75
56
65
121

1985–86
75
53
51
104

1987–88
80
48
58
106

Wayne Gretzky

Edmonton Oilers

1979–80
79
51
86
137

1980–81
80
55
109
164

1981–82
80
92
120
212

1982–83
80
71
125
196

1983–84
74
87
118
205

1984–85
80
73
135
208

1985–86
80
52
163
215

1986–87
79
62
121
183

1987–88
64
40
109
149

Los Angeles Kings

1988–89
78
54
114
168

1989–90
73
40
102
142

1990–91
78
41
122
163

1991–92
74
31
90
121

1993–94
81
38
92
130

Los Angeles Kings/St. Louis Blues

1995–96
80
23
79
102

Vic Hadfield

New York Rangers

1971–72
78
50
56
106

Dale Hawerchuk

Winnipeg Jets

1981–82
80
45
58
103

1983–84
80
37
65
102

1984–85
80
53
77
130

1985–86
80
46
59
105

1986–87
80
47
53
100

1987–88
80
44
77
121

Dany Heatley

Ottawa Senators

2005–06
82
50
53
103

2006–07
82
50
55
105

Ken Hodge

Boston Bruins

1970–71
78
43
62
105

1973–74
76
50
55
105

Marian Hossa

Atlanta Thrashers

2006–07
82
43
57
100

Gordie Howe

Detroit Red Wings

1968–69
76
44
59
103

Bobby Hull

Chicago Black Hawks

1968–69
74
58
49
107

Brett Hull

St. Louis Blues

1989–90
80
72
41
113

1990–91
78
86
45
131

1991–92
73
70
39
109

1992–93
80
54
47
101

Jaromir Jagr

Pittsburgh Penguins

1995–96
82
62
87
149

1997–98
77
35
67
102

1998–99
81
44
83
127

2000–01
81
52
69
121

New York Rangers

2005–06
82
54
69
123

Craig Janney

St. Louis Blues

1992–93
84
24
82
106

Joe Juneau

Boston Bruins

1992–93
84
32
70
102

Patrick Kane

Chicago Blackhawks

2015–16
82
46
60
106

Paul Kariya

Mighty Ducks of Anaheim

1995–96
82
50
58
108

1998–99
82
39
62
101

Nikita Kucherov

Tampa Bay Lightning

2017–18
80
39
61
100

Jari Kurri

Edmonton Oilers

1982–83
80
45
59
104

1983–84
64
52
61
113

1984–85
73
71
64
135

1985–86
78
68
63
131

1986–87
79
54
54
108

1988–89
76
44
58
102

Pat LaFontaine

New York Islanders

1989–90
74
54
51
105

Buffalo Sabres

1992–93
84
53
95
148

Guy Lafleur

Montreal Canadiens

1974–75
70
53
66
119

1975–76
80
56
69
125

1976–77
80
56
80
136

1977–78
78
60
72
132

1978–79
80
52
77
129

1979–80
74
50
75
125

Steve Larmer

Chicago Blackhawks

1990–91
80
44
57
101

Pierre Larouche

Pittsburgh Penguins

1975–76
76
53
58
111

Vincent Lecavalier

Tampa Bay Lightning

2006–07
82
52
56
108

Brian Leetch (D)

New York Rangers

1991–92
80
22
80
102

Mario Lemieux

Pittsburgh Penguins

1984–85
73
43
57
100

1985–86
79
48
93
141

1986–87
63
54
53
107

1987–88
77
70
98
168

1988–89
76
85
114
199

1989–90
59
45
78
123

1991–92
64
44
87
131

1992–93
60
69
91
160

1995–96
70
69
92
161

1996–97
76
50
72
122

Eric Lindros

Philadelphia Flyers

1995–96
73
47
68
115

Hakan Loob

Calgary Flames

1987–88
80
50
56
106

Al MacInnis (D)

Calgary Flames

1990–91
78
28
75
103

Paul MacLean

Winnipeg Jets

1984–85
79
41
60
101

Rick MacLeish

Philadelphia Flyers

1972–73
78
50
50
100

Bob MacMillan

Atlanta Flames

1978–79
79
37
71
108

Peter Mahovlich

Montreal Canadiens

1974–75
80
35
82
117

1975–76
80
34
71
105

Evgeni Malkin

Pittsburgh Penguins

2007–08
82
47
59
106

2008–09
82
35
78
113

2011–12
75
50
59
109

Dennis Maruk

Washington Capitals

1981–82
80
60
76
136

Connor McDavid

Edmonton Oilers

2016–17
82
30
70
100

2017–18
82
41
67
108

Mark Messier

Edmonton Oilers

1982–83
77
48
58
106

1983–84
73
37
64
101

1986–87
77
37
70
107

1987–88
77
37
74
111

1989–90
79
45
84
129

New York Rangers

1991–92
79
35
72
107

Rick Middleton

Boston Bruins

1980–81
80
44
59
103

1983–84
80
47
58
105

Alexander Mogilny

Buffalo Sabres

1992–93
77
76
51
127

Vancouver Canucks

1995–96
79
55
52
107

Joe Mullen

Calgary Flames

1988–89
79
51
59
110

Markus Naslund

Vancouver Canucks

2002–03
82
48
56
104

Mats Naslund

Montreal Canadiens

1985–86
80
43
67
110

Bernie Nicholls

Los Angeles Kings

1984–85
80
46
54
100

1988–89
79
70
80
150

Los Angeles Kings/New York Rangers

1989–90
79
39
73
112

Kent Nilsson

Calgary Flames

1980–81
80
49
82
131

1982–83
80
48
56
104

Adam Oates

St. Louis Blues

1989–90
80
23
79
102

1990–91
61
25
90
115

Boston Bruins

1992–93
84
45
97
142

1993–94
77
32
80
112

John Ogrodnick

Detroit Red Wings

1984–85
79
55
50
105

Bobby Orr (D)

Boston Bruins

1969–70
76
33
87
120

1970–71
78
37
102
139

1971–72
76
37
80
117

1972–73
63
29
72
101

1973–74
74
32
90
122

1974–75
80
46
89
135

Alexander Ovechkin

Washington Capitals

2005–06
81
52
54
106

2007–08
82
65
47
112

2008–09
79
56
54
110

2009–10
72
50
59
109

Barry Pederson

Boston Bruins

1982–83
77
46
61
107

1983–84
80
39
77
116

Gilbert Perreault

Buffalo Sabres

1975–76
80
44
69
113

1979–80
80
40
66
106

Denis Potvin (D)

New York Islanders

1978–79
73
31
70
101

Jean Pronovost

Pittsburgh Penguins

1975–76
80
52
52
104

Jean Ratelle

New York Rangers

1971–72
63
46
63
109

New York Rangers/Boston Bruins

1975–76
80
36
69
105

Mark Recchi

Pittsburgh Penguins

1990–91
78
40
73
113

Philadelphia Flyers

1992–93
84
53
70
123

1993–94
84
40
67
107

Jacques Richard

Quebec Nordiques

1980–81
78
52
51
103

Rene Robert

Buffalo Sabres

1974–75
74
40
60
100

Luc Robitaille

Los Angeles Kings

1987–88
80
53
58
111

1989–90
80
52
49
101

1991–92
80
44
63
107

1992–93
84
63
62
125

Jeremy Roenick

Chicago Blackhawks

1991–92
80
53
50
103

1992–93
84
50
57
107

1993–94
84
46
61
107

Mike Rogers

Hartford Whalers

1979–80
80
44
61
105

1980–81
80
40
65
105

New York Rangers

1981–82
80
38
65
103

Joe Sakic

Quebec Nordiques

1989–90
80
39
63
102

1990–91
80
48
61
109

1992–93
78
48
57
105

Colorado Avalanche

1995–96
82
51
69
120

2000–01
82
54
64
118

2006–07
82
36
64
100

Denis Savard

Chicago Blackhawks

1981–82
80
32
87
119

1982–83
78
35
86
121

1984–85
79
38
67
105

1985–86
80
47
69
116

1987–88
80
44
87
131

Daniel Sedin

Vancouver Canucks

2010–11
82
41
63
104

Henrik Sedin

Vancouver Canucks

2009–10
82
29
83
112

Teemu Selanne

Winnipeg Jets

1992–93
84
76
56
132

Winnipeg Jets/Mighty Ducks of Anaheim

1995–96
79
40
68
108

Mighty Ducks of Anaheim

1996–97
78
51
58
109

1998–99
75
47
60
107

Brendan Shanahan

St. Louis Blues

1993–94
81
52
50
102

Steve Shutt

Montreal Canadiens

1976–77
80
60
45
105

Charlie Simmer

Los Angeles Kings

1979–80
64
56
45
101

1980–81
65
56
49
105

Darryl Sittler

Toronto Maple Leafs

1975–76
79
41
59
100

1977–78
80
45
72
117

Bobby Smith

Minnesota North Stars

1981–82
80
43
71
114

Martin St. Louis

Tampa Bay Lightning

2006–07
82
43
59
102

Eric Staal

Carolina Hurricanes

2005–06
82
45
55
100

Peter Stastny

Quebec Nordiques

1980–81
77
39
70
109

1981–82
80
46
93
139

1982–83
75
47
77
124

1983–84
80
46
73
119

1984–85
75
32
68
100

1985–86
76
41
81
122

1987–88
76
46
65
111

Kevin Stevens

Pittsburgh Penguins

1991–92
80
54
69
123

1992–93
72
55
56
111

Blaine Stoughton

Hartford Whalers

1979–80
80
56
44
100

Mats Sundin

Quebec Nordiques

1992–93
80
47
67
114

Brent Sutter

New York Islanders

1984–85
72
42
60
102

Dave Taylor

Los Angeles Kings

1980–81
72
47
65
112

1981–82
78
39
67
106

Joe Thornton

Boston Bruins

2002–03
77
36
65
101

Boston Bruins/San Jose Sharks

2005–06
81
29
96
125

San Jose Sharks

2006–07
82
22
92
114

Rick Tocchet

Pittsburgh Penguins

1992–93
80
48
61
109

John Tonelli

New York Islanders

1984–85
80
42
58
100

Bryan Trottier

New York Islanders

1977–78
77
46
77
123

1978–79
76
47
87
134

1979–80
78
42
62
104

1980–81
73
31
72
103

1981–82
80
50
79
129

1983–84
68
40
71
111

Pierre Turgeon

Buffalo Sabres

1989–90
80
40
66
106

New York Islanders

1992–93
83
58
74
132

Doug Weight

Edmonton Oilers

1995–96
82
25
79
104

Steve Yzerman

Detroit Red Wings

1987–88
64
50
52
102

1988–89
80
65
90
155

1989–90
79
62
65
127

1990–91
80
51
57
108

1991–92
79
45
58
103

1992–93
84
58
79
137


document_title: Apparent retrograde motion

question_text: a constellation appears to move from east to west in the sky during the night because

text: Apparent retrograde motion

text: Etymology[edit]

text: The term retrograde is from the Latin word retrogradus – "backward-step", the affix retro- meaning "backwards" and gradus "step". Retrograde is most commonly an adjective used to describe the path of a planet as it travels through the night sky, with respect to the zodiac, stars, and other bodies of the celestial canopy. In this context, the term refers to planets, as they appear from Earth, to stop briefly and reverse direction at certain times though in reality, of course, we now understand that they perpetually orbit in the same uniform direction.[2]

text: "Mercury in retrograde" is an example of the term used as a noun for retrograde motion. Retrograde is also sometimes used as an intransitive verb meaning to become, to appear, to behave—or appear to move—in a retrograde fashion.

text: Although planets can sometimes be mistaken for stars as one observes the night sky, the planets actually change position from night to night in relation to the stars. Retrograde (backward) and prograde (forward) are observed as though the stars revolve around the Earth. Ancient Greek astronomer Ptolemy in 150 AD believed that the Earth was the center of the Solar System and therefore used the terms retrograde and prograde to describe the movement of the planets in relation to the stars. Although it is known today that the planets revolve around the sun, the same terms continue to be used in order to describe the movement of the planets in relation to the stars as they are observed from Earth. Like the sun, the planets appear to rise in the East and set in the West. When a planet travels eastward in relation to the stars, it is called prograde. When the planet travels westward in relation to the stars (opposite path) it is called retrograde.[3]

text: Apparent motion[edit]

text: From Earth[edit]

text: In Earth's sky, the Sun, Moon, and stars appear to move from east to west because of the rotation of Earth (so-called diurnal motion). However, orbiters such as the Space Shuttle and many artificial satellites appear to move from west to east. These are direct satellites (they actually orbit Earth in the same direction as the Moon), but they orbit Earth faster than Earth itself rotates, and so appear to move in the opposite direction of the Moon. Mars has a natural satellite Phobos, with a similar orbit. From the surface of Mars it appears to move in the opposite direction because its orbital period is less than a Martian day. There are also smaller numbers of truly retrograde artificial satellites orbiting Earth which counter-intuitively appear to move westward, in the same direction as the Moon.

text: As seen from Earth, all the other objects in the Solar System appear to periodically switch direction as they cross the sky. Though all stars and planets appear to move from west to east on a nightly basis in response to the rotation of Earth, the outer planets generally drift slowly eastward relative to the stars. Asteroids and Kuiper Belt objects (including Pluto) exhibit apparent retrogradation. This motion is normal for the planets, and so is considered direct motion. However, since Earth completes its orbit in a shorter period of time than the planets outside its orbit, it periodically overtakes them, like a faster car on a multi-lane highway. When this occurs, the planet being passed will first appear to stop its eastward drift, and then drift back toward the west. Then, as Earth swings past the planet in its orbit, it appears to resume its normal motion west to east.[4] Inner planets Venus and Mercury appear to move in retrograde in a similar mechanism, but as they can never be in opposition to the Sun as seen from Earth, their retrograde cycles are tied to their inferior conjunctions with the Sun.[5] They are unobservable in the Sun's glare and in their "new" phase, with mostly their dark sides toward Earth; they occur in the transition from morning star to evening star.

text: The more distant planets retrograde more frequently, as they do not move as much in their orbits while Earth completes an orbit itself. The center of the retrograde motion occurs when the body is exactly opposite the sun, and therefore high in the ecliptic at local midnight. The retrogradation of a hypothetical extremely distant (and nearly non-moving) planet would take place during a half-year, with the planet's apparent yearly motion being reduced to a parallax ellipse.

text: The period between the center of such retrogradations is the synodic period of the planet.

text:
Planetary retrograde constants

Planet
Synodic period (days)
Synodic period (mean months)
Days in retrogradation

Mercury
116
≈ 21

Venus
584
19.2
41

Mars
780
25.6
72

Jupiter
399
13.1
121

Saturn
378
12.4
138

Uranus
370
12.15
151

Neptune
367
12.07
158

Hypothetical far-out planet
365.25
12
182.125

text: This apparent retrogradation puzzled ancient astronomers, and was one reason they named these bodies 'planets' in the first place: 'Planet' comes from the Greek word for 'wanderer'. In the geocentric model of the Solar System proposed by Apollonius in the third century BCE, retrograde motion was explained by having the planets travel in deferents and epicycles.[4] It was not understood to be an illusion until the time of Copernicus, although the Greek astronomer Aristarchus in 240 BCE proposed a heliocentric model for the Solar System.

text: Interestingly, Galileo's drawings show that he first observed Neptune on December 28, 1612, and again on January 27, 1613. On both occasions, Galileo mistook Neptune for a fixed star when it appeared very close—in conjunction—to Jupiter in the night sky, hence, he is not credited with Neptune's discovery. During the period of his first observation in December 1612, Neptune was stationary in the sky because it had just turned retrograde that very day. Since Neptune was only beginning its yearly retrograde cycle, the motion of the planet was far too slight to be detected with Galileo's small telescope.

text:
Retrograde dates in 2016

Planet
stationary (retrograde)
opposition or inferior conjunction
stationary (direct)

Mercury
Jan 5
Jan 15
Jan 25

Venus
No retrograde motion in 2016

Mars
Apr 18
May 22
Jul 1

Jupiter
Jan 8
March 8
May 10

Saturn
March 26
June 3
Aug 15

Uranus
Jul 31
Oct 15
Dec 31

Neptune
Jun 15
Sept 2
Nov 21

text: From Mercury[edit]

text: From any point on the daytime surface of Mercury when the planet is near perihelion (closest approach to the Sun), the Sun undergoes apparent retrograde motion. This occurs because, from approximately four Earth days before perihelion until approximately four Earth days after it, Mercury's angular orbital speed exceeds its angular rotational velocity.[6] Mercury's elliptical orbit is farther from circular than that of any other planet in the Solar System, resulting in a substantially higher orbital speed near perihelion. As a result, at specific points on Mercury's surface an observer would be able to see the Sun rise part way, then reverse and set before rising again, all within the same Mercurian day.