document_title: Hand sanitizer

question_text: what is in hand sanitizer that kills bacteria

root

text: Hand sanitizer

text: Uses[edit]

text: General public[edit]

text: The CDC Clean Hands campaign instructs the public hand washing. Alcohol- based hand sanitizer is only recommended if soap and water is not available.[14]

tag: p

text:
Apply product to the palm of one hand.
Rub hands together.
Rub the product over all surfaces of hands and fingers until hands are dry.[14]

tag: ul

text: The evidence for hand hygiene in school generally is of poor quality.[15]

text: Health care[edit]

text: Alcohol-based hand sanitizer is preferable to hand washing with soap and water in most situations in the healthcare setting.[3] It is generally more effective at killing microorganisms and better tolerated than soap and water.[4] Hand washing should still be carried out if contamination can be seen or following the use of the toilet.[5]

text: Hand sanitizer that contains at least 60 percent alcohol or contains a "persistent antiseptic" should be used.[16][17] Alcohol rubs kill many different kinds of bacteria, including antibiotic resistant bacteria and TB bacteria. 90% alcohol rubs are highly flammable, but kill many kinds of viruses, including enveloped viruses such as the flu virus, the common cold virus, and HIV, though is notably ineffective against the rabies virus.[18][19][20]

text: 90% alcohol rubs are more effective against viruses than most other form of hand washing.[21] Isopropyl alcohol will kill 99.99 percent or more of all non-spore forming bacteria in less than 30 seconds, both in the laboratory and on human skin.[16][22]

text: The alcohol in hand sanitizers may not have the 10–15 seconds exposure time required to denature proteins and lyse cells in too low quantities (0.3 mL) or concentrations (below 60%).[23] In environments with high lipids or protein waste (such as food processing), the use of alcohol hand rubs alone may not be sufficient to ensure proper hand hygiene.[23]

text: For health care settings like hospitals and clinics, optimum alcohol concentration to kill bacteria is 70% to 95%.[24][25] Products with alcohol concentrations as low as 40% are available in American stores, according to researchers at East Tennessee State University.[26]

text: Alcohol rub sanitizers kill most bacteria, and fungi, and stop some viruses. Alcohol rub sanitizers containing at least 70% alcohol (mainly ethyl alcohol) kill 99.9% of the bacteria on hands 30 seconds after application and 99.99% to 99.999%[note 1] in one minute.[21]

text: For health care, optimal disinfection requires attention to all exposed surfaces such as around the fingernails, between the fingers, on the back of the thumb, and around the wrist. Hand alcohol should be thoroughly rubbed into the hands and on the lower forearm for a duration of at least 30 seconds and then allowed to air dry.[27]

text: Use of alcohol-based hand gels dries skin less, leaving more moisture in the epidermis, than hand washing with antiseptic/antimicrobial soap and water.[28][29][30][31]

text: Safety[edit]

text: Fire[edit]

text: Alcohol gel can catch fire, producing a translucent blue flame. This is due to the flammable alcohol in the gel. Some hand sanitizer gels may not produce this effect due to a high concentration of water or moisturizing agents. There have been some rare instances where alcohol has been implicated in starting fires in the operating room, including a case where alcohol used as an antiseptic pooled under the surgical drapes in an operating room and caused a fire when a cautery instrument was used. Alcohol gel was not implicated. To minimize the risk of fire, alcohol rub users are instructed to rub their hands until dry, which indicates that the flammable alcohol has evaporated.[32] Fire departments suggest refills for the alcohol-based hand sanitizers can be stored with cleaning supplies away from heat sources or open flames.[33][full citation needed]

text: Skin[edit]

text: Research shows that alcohol hand sanitizers do not pose any risk by eliminating beneficial microorganisms that are naturally present on the skin. The body quickly replenishes the beneficial microbes on the hands, often moving them in from just up the arms where there are fewer harmful microorganisms.[34] However, alcohol may strip the skin of the outer layer of oil, which may have negative effects on barrier function of the skin. A study also shows that disinfecting hands with an antimicrobial detergent results in a greater barrier disruption of skin compared to alcohol solutions, suggesting an increased loss of skin lipids.[35][36]

text: Ingestion[edit]

text: In the United States, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) controls antimicrobial handsoaps and sanitizers as over-the-counter drugs (OTC) because they are intended for topical anti-microbial use to prevent disease in humans.[37] The FDA requires strict labeling which informs consumers on proper use of this OTC drug and dangers to avoid, including warning adults not to ingest, not to use in the eyes, to keep out of the reach of children, and to allow use by children only under adult supervision.[38] According to the American Association of Poison Control Centers, there were nearly 12,000 cases of hand sanitizer ingestion in 2006.[39] If ingested, alcohol-based hand sanitizers can cause alcohol poisoning in small children.[40] However, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control recommends using hand sanitizer with children to promote good hygiene, under supervision, and furthermore recommends parents pack hand sanitizer for their children when traveling, to avoid their contracting disease from dirty hands.[41]

text: There have been reported incidents of people drinking the gel in prisons and hospitals, where alcohol is not allowed, to become intoxicated leading to its withdrawal from some establishments.[42][43]

text: Non alcohol based[edit]

text: On April 30, 2015, the FDA announced that they were requesting more scientific data based on the safety of hand sanitizer. Emerging science also suggests that for at least some health care antiseptic active ingredients, systemic exposure (full body exposure as shown by detection of antiseptic ingredients in the blood or urine) is higher than previously thought, and existing data raise potential concerns about the effects of repeated daily human exposure to some antiseptic active ingredients. This would include hand antiseptic products containing alcohol and triclosan.[44]

text: Chemistry[edit]

text: Consumer alcohol-based hand sanitizers, and health care hand alcohol or alcohol hand antiseptic agents, are antiseptic products used to avoid transmission of pathogens. These exist in liquid, foam, and easy-flowing gel formulations. The level of alcohol varies between 60% and 95%.

text: Types[edit]

text: Alcohol-based hand rubs are extensively used in the hospital environment as an alternative to antiseptic soaps. Hand-rubs in the hospital environment have two applications: hygienic hand rubbing and surgical hand disinfection. Alcohol based hand rubs provide a better skin tolerance as compared to antiseptic soap.[31] Hand rubs also prove to have more effective microbiological properties as compared to antiseptic soaps.

text: The same ingredients used in over-the-counter hand-rubs are also used in hospital hand-rubs: alcohols such ethanol and isopropanol, sometimes combined with quats (quaternary ammonium cations) such as benzalkonium chloride. Quats are added at levels up to 200 parts per million to increase antimicrobial effectiveness. Although allergy to alcohol-only rubs is rare, fragrances, preservatives and quats can cause contact allergies.[45] These other ingredients do not evaporate like alcohol and accumulate leaving a "sticky" residue until they are removed with soap and water.

text: The most common brands of alcohol hand rubs include Aniosgel, Avant, Sterillium, Desderman and Allsept S. All hospital hand rubs must conform to certain regulations like EN 12054 for hygienic treatment and surgical disinfection by hand-rubbing. Products with a claim of "99.99% reduction" or 4Log reduction are ineffective in hospital environment, since the reduction must be more than "99.99%".[21]

text: The hand sanitizer dosing systems for hospitals are designed to deliver a measured amount of the product for staff. They are dosing pumps screwed onto a bottle or are specially designed dispensers with refill bottles. Dispensers for surgical hand disinfection are usually equipped with elbow controlled mechanism or infrared sensors to avoid any contact with the pump.

text: Surgical hand disinfection[edit]

text: Hands must be disinfected before any surgical procedure by hand washing with mild soap and then hand-rubbing with a sanitizer. Surgical disinfection requires a larger dose of the hand-rub and a longer rubbing time than ordinarily. It is usually done in two applications according to specific hand-rubbing techniques, EN1499 (hygienic handwash), and EN 1500 (hygienic hand disinfection) to ensure that antiseptic is applied everywhere on the surface of the hand.[46]

text: Alcohol-free[edit]

text: Some hand sanitizer products use agents other than alcohol to kill microorganisms, such as povidone-iodine, benzalkonium chloride or triclosan.[23]

text: The World Health Organization (WHO) and the CDC recommends "persistent" antiseptics for hand sanitizers. Persistent activity is defined as the prolonged or extended antimicrobial activity that prevents or inhibits the proliferation or survival of microorganisms after application of the product. This activity may be demonstrated by sampling a site several minutes or hours after application and demonstrating bacterial antimicrobial effectiveness when compared with a baseline level. This property also has been referred to as "residual activity." Both substantive and nonsubstantive active ingredients can show a persistent effect if they substantially lower the number of bacteria during the wash period.

text: Laboratory studies have shown lingering benzalkonium chloride may be associated with antibiotic resistance in MRSA[47][48] while no mechanism for resistance to alcohol has ever been described in bacteria.[49] Where alcohol sanitizers utilize 62%, or higher, alcohol by weight, only .1 to .13% of benzalkonium chloride by weight provides equivalent antimicrobial effectiveness.

text: Triclosan has been shown to accumulate in biosolids in the environment, one of the top seven organic contaminants in waste water according to the National Toxicology Program[50] Triclosan leads to various problems with natural biological systems,[51] and triclosan, when combined with chlorine e.g. from tap water, produces dioxins, a probable carcinogen in humans.[52] However, 90–98% of triclosan in waste water biodegrades by both photolytic or natural biological processes or is removed due to sorption in waste water treatment plants. Numerous studies show that only very small traces are detectable in the effluent water that reaches rivers.[53]

text: A series of studies show that photodegradation of triclosan produced 2,4-dichlorophenol and 2,8-dichlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (2,8-DCDD). The 2,4-dichlorophenol itself is known to be biodegradable as well as photodegradable.[54][full citation needed] For DCDD, one of the non-toxic compounds of the dioxin family,[55] a conversion rate of 1% has been reported and estimated half-lives suggest that it is photolabile as well.[56][full citation needed] The formation-decay kinetics of DCDD are also reported by Sanchez-Prado et al. (2006) who claim "transformation of triclosan to toxic dioxins has never been shown and is highly unlikely."[57]

text: Alcohol-free hand sanitizers may be effective immediately while on the skin, but the solutions themselves can become contaminated because alcohol is an in-solution preservative and without it, the alcohol-free solution itself is susceptible to contamination. However, even alcohol-containing hand sanitizers can become contaminated if the alcohol content is not properly controlled or the sanitizer is grossly contaminated with microorganisms during manufacture. In June 2009, alcohol-free Clarcon Antimicrobial Hand Sanitizer was pulled from the US market by the FDA, which found the product contained gross contamination of extremely high levels of various bacteria, including those which can "cause opportunistic infections of the skin and underlying tissues and could result in medical or surgical attention as well as permanent damage". Gross contamination of any hand sanitizer by bacteria during manufacture will result in the failure of the effectiveness of that sanitizer and possible infection of the treatment site with the contaminating organisms.[58]

text: Society and culture[edit]

text: Some products claim to kill microorganisms naturally, although these claims are not substantiated in any FDA monograph. All hand sanitizer products require National Drug Code designation in the United States and natural product number designation in Canada.[citation needed]


document_title: Rules of Engagement (TV series)

question_text: who plays mrs dunbar on rules of engagement

text: Rules of Engagement (TV series)

text: Premise[edit]

text: Two couples and their single friend deal with the complications of dating, commitment and marriage. It looks at different relationships in various stages, starring Patrick Warburton and Megyn Price as a long-married couple, Oliver Hudson and Bianca Kajlich as newly engaged sweethearts, and David Spade and Adhir Kalyan (the latter added in season 3) as their still-single friends. They often gather to enjoy a meal and discuss their issues at "The Island Diner".

text: History[edit]

text: The show was heavily promoted by CBS during Super Bowl XLI[4] and launched the following night, the first of seven episodes in its first season. The pilot episode remains the highest rated episode of the show. The series was renewed for a second season, which began as a mid-season replacement for The New Adventures of Old Christine on Monday, September 24, 2007, with production halted after nine episodes on November 6, 2007, in the wake of a writers' strike. After the strike ended, CBS announced that the show would return April 14, 2008, with a further six episodes.[5]

text: Seasons three and four were both mid-season entries launched in March 2009 and March 2010.[6][7] On May 18, 2010, it was announced that CBS had renewed Rules of Engagement for a 5th season.[8]  It was later announced that this season would start in September, in contrast to its usual midseason start, and received an expanded 24-episode order. (The fifth season was the first and only season to have a full-season order.) The first 15 episodes aired on Monday nights, usually in the 8:30 pm Eastern/7:30 pm Central time slot following How I Met Your Mother. Then on February 24, 2011, the series moved to Thursdays at 8:30 pm Eastern/7:30 pm Central, following The Big Bang Theory, after the cancellation of $h*! My Dad Says. On January 31, 2011, CBS ordered an additional two episodes of the series to prepare for the possibility of Two and a Half Men going into hiatus following Charlie Sheen's real-life issues, taking the episode order to 26.[9] Two of these episodes were held back and aired as part of the sixth season.

text: On May 17, 2011, the series was renewed for a sixth season to begin airing in fall 2011.  One day later, CBS announced that Rules of Engagement would move to Saturday nights at 8:00 pm Eastern/7:00 pm Central as part of the network's new Comedytime Saturday block; the first time in six years that an original CBS program would air on that night. It also marked the fourth night on which the series would air, with it previously airing on Mondays, Wednesdays (two airings), and Thursdays.[10] On October 7, 2011, however, it was announced that Rules of Engagement would move back to its 8:30PM EST Thursday timeslot following The Big Bang Theory, replacing new sitcom How to Be a Gentleman which was moved to the new Saturday time slot.[11] The episode order was cut from the original 18, down to 13 (plus two unaired episodes from season five) on November 14, 2011.[12]

text: Effective January 12, 2012, CBS removed Rules of Engagement from its Thursday lineup, replacing it with the new sitcom Rob starring Rob Schneider.  Rules would return to its Thursday 8:30 PM time slot on March 29, after Rob had finished airing its 8-episode order,[13] resulting in a total of 15 episodes in season 6.

text: On May 21, 2012, CBS renewed Rules of Engagement for a seventh season of 13 episodes to air mid-season, bringing the total number of produced episodes to 100.[14] Season 7 began airing on Mondays at 8:30, starting February 4, 2013.[15]

text: On May 10, 2013, Rules of Engagement was cancelled by CBS after seven seasons and 100 episodes.[16] The series finale episode aired on May 20, 2013.

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text: Main characters[edit]

text:
Patrick Warburton as Jeff Bingham, a financial manager and husband of Audrey since August 12, 1995.[17] He has a rather deadpan, cold and sardonic personality and sense of self, particularly when dealing with Russell and Adam, but he is not sadistic or unkind, thereby rendering these traits as merely ironic and biting humor. He loves sports (NY Giants, NY Mets, NY Rangers, NY Knicks), shuns anything that might resemble sensitivity and often views his marriage as a competition, refusing to let Audrey "win" the upper hand at anything. He frequently complains about Audrey's work stories being boring, often forgets plans they have made or tasks she has asked him to complete and, on many occasions, embarrasses her publicly. He is also very frugal and extremely careful with his money – to the extent where he will buy socks in New Jersey to avoid paying additional tax on them – and tries to discourage Audrey from overspending while planning for their future.  He often reminisces about his college days at Syracuse.
Megyn Price as Audrey Bingham (née Curtis), formerly from Lincoln, Nebraska, an editor at Indoor Living magazine (before later resigning) and the assertive, modern wife of Jeff. She likes to do things on spur of the moment, such as when she buys furniture on the Internet or makes Jeff's shirts into a quilt. She tolerates her husband's insensitivity because she knows he is not malicious and will do whatever it takes to make the situation right once he realizes his mistake. As a couple, they both can be very condescending and manipulative towards each other, in order to gain the upper hand, and typically don't like to concede to the other that they were wrong, for example when they both repeatedly lied about their whereabouts during a weekend when Audrey's aunt was supposed to visit but fell ill. They, however, often recognize where both were wrong and apologize. Audrey does not make fun of her friends as much as her friends make fun of each other, but she will frequently save her most-biting criticisms for Russell. She often insists that she is a "people person", but her attempts to prove it usually result in embarrassment, such as having a co-worker lodge a sexual harassment complaint against her. Audrey likes to think of herself as kind, cultured and smarter than her friends. She desperately wants to be liked by persons and/or impress them, but her attempts at being charitable and sociable often end in her becoming frustrated, either as a result of her own awkwardness or due to Jeff's manners. She and Jeff had a baby, Shea, via a surrogate, Brenda, after Audrey assumed she could never get pregnant, only to discover in the series finale that she is in fact pregnant with Jeff's child.
Oliver Hudson as Adam Rhodes, a sensitive and well-meaning – but extremely naive – co-worker of Russell and Timmy, and Jennifer's fiancé throughout the series until they are married in the series finale. He is a neighbor of Jeff and Audrey, looks up to Jeff, and often acts on Jeff's relationship advice (which is hardened by years of marriage) to attempt to receive more frequent sexual relations with Jennifer. This usually results in making the situation worse for himself. As an example, he once revealed to Jennifer his strategies for avoiding her bad moods, because he was proud that Jeff considered them to be a good idea. Oftentimes because of his childlike naivete (almost borderline stupidity), people find it hard to explain things to him. He cannot keep secrets and rarely thinks before he speaks. Adam frequently exhibits feminine or flamboyant behavior and characteristics, which make him the target of many barbs from Jeff and Russell regarding his homosexual tendencies. It is to be noted that Adam, initially, was simply a smooth, charming guy who was a bit naive but over the course of the series, noticeably after Season 2, the writers opted to "dumb-down" his character turning him from naive and sweet to borderline moronic and dim-witted.[18]
Bianca Kajlich as Jennifer Morgan, the charismatic live-in fiancée and eventual wife of Adam, who endures his faults because of his good looks and underlying good nature. She is very self-conscious of his naivete, and will often try to spare him from embarrassment. She also has a need for thrills and can easily manipulate Adam into doing whatever she wants, but often feels guilty about it afterward. She was openly promiscuous in her past[19][20][21] and is often referred to by Jeff, Russell and even Adam as being "easy" and always "good to go". Her love for sex means Adam rarely has to "work for it", a fact that Adam enjoys and the guys envy. Jennifer did, however, attempt to fabricate a clichéd love story of how she and Adam met, due to being slightly embarrassed when Adam continually boasts that they slept together on their first date.[22][23][24][25] She and Adam are often naive about their relationship as they typically assume they won't end up bickering like Jeff & Audrey, who often laugh at them for being so clueless & optimistic, and they think will be able to agree on everything. However, despite their best efforts, this often backfires specifically when they tried working together, cutting back on expenses or when they got into a big fight while trying to plan their entire future during a weekend getaway.
David Spade as Russell Dunbar, an acerbic, womanizing single friend of the main characters and boss of Adam and Timmy. Russell is fast-talking, and is an eternal optimist when it comes to women, often ignoring multiple sexual harassment lawsuits leveled against him in the pursuit of sex. He is also an incompetent manager at his father's real estate and development business, Dunbar Industries. If left to his own devices and forced to fend for himself without assistance (e.g., from Timmy) he would completely destroy his office in minutes. He is often mocked because of his height (especially by Jeff), choice of wardrobe, and his penchant for prostitutes and young women with "daddy" issues. He also frequently uses his wealth to lure women and do whatever he wants. In the Season 6 episode "Audrey's Shower", Russell takes a break from women and starts to display many creative talents. It is revealed in a flashback that he was an intelligent child and a musical prodigy, until he saw his piano teacher's cleavage and wound up taking a different path in life. His favorite expression, spoken in a high-pitched voice after incredulous questions about his doing something outrageous, is: "I kinda did". In the series finale, Russell proposes to Timmy and marries him in order to help Timmy avoid deportation.
Adhir Kalyan as Timir "Timmy" Patel (recurring Season 3; regular cast from Seasons 4–7), whom Russell hires as his assistant. He is a mild-mannered man with a quick wit, often matching Russell's jabs in their verbal sparring. Although he is fluent in seven languages and holds an MBA from Oxford University, Timmy is often forced to do menial work or to solve Russell's trivial problems. While many of Russell's schemes disgust him, Timmy will often see them through so that he can enjoy Russell's come-uppance. He plays cricket and is also an avid fan of the Boston Bruins. In the series finale, Timmy's work visa expires and he faces deportation. In an uncharacteristic act of selflessness, Russell sets aside his womanizing ways to marry Timmy so he can stay in the country. This brought criticism, however, due to the fact that it had already been established in Season 5 that Timmy had been a US citizen for over 10 years which he revealed when Russell wanted to throw him a "Citizenship Party". This wasn't the first time there had been an inconsistent discrepancy with Timir's background as he tells his then-girlfriend, Allison, in the episode "Play Ball", that he was an only child yet in the following season, in the episode "The Set-Up", it is revealed that he has a sister, Simran, who is currently living in Chicago.[18][26][27]

text: Major recurring characters[edit]

text:
Diane Sellers as Doreen, waitress at The Island Diner.
Wendi McLendon-Covey as Liz, an unlikeable, annoying, unattractive neighbor and friend of Audrey's who lives directly upstairs from the Binghams; for a brief story arc in Season 6 she was married to Russell, but they later separated. In Season 7, Episode 7, she admitted to Russell that she is a sex addict and that she cheated on him multiple times (with multiple partners) during their brief marriage.
Sara Rue as Brenda, Jeff’s lesbian softball teammate who agrees to be a surrogate mother for Audrey and Jeff.
Nazneen Contractor as Suneetha, Timmy’s fiancée in an arranged marriage, who becomes an object of Russell’s affections.
Susan Yeagley as Tracy, a man-hungry co-worker of Audrey’s.
Beth Littleford as Laura, another man-hungry co-worker of Audrey’s.
Taryn Southern as Allison, the object of Timmy's affections, which blossoms into an intra-office romance, then ends when she moves away and breaks up with Timmy.
Geoff Pierson as Franklin Dunbar, Russell's wealthy, lecherous father.
Orlando Jones as Brad, Jeff's gay friend from his gym who eventually makes friends with the rest of the gang.
Jaime Pressly as Pam, the Bingham's initial surrogate who they soon soured on due to her sleeping with Russell.
Heather Locklear as Barbara, Audrey's sister, on whom Russell has a crush.
Joan Collins as Bunny Dunbar, Russell's wealthy, superficial mother.

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
Season

Episodes

Originally aired

First aired

Last aired

1

7

February 5, 2007 (2007-02-05)

March 19, 2007 (2007-03-19)

2

15

September 24, 2007 (2007-09-24)

May 19, 2008 (2008-05-19)

3

13

March 2, 2009 (2009-03-02)

May 18, 2009 (2009-05-18)

4

13

March 1, 2010 (2010-03-01)

May 24, 2010 (2010-05-24)

5

24

September 20, 2010 (2010-09-20)

May 19, 2011 (2011-05-19)

6

15

October 20, 2011 (2011-10-20)

May 17, 2012 (2012-05-17)

7

13

February 4, 2013 (2013-02-04)

May 20, 2013 (2013-05-20)

tag: table

text: U.S. ratings[edit]

text:
Season

Time slot (EST)

Number of episodes

Premiere

Finale

TV season

Overall rank

Viewers(in millions)

Date

Viewers(in millions)

Date

Viewers(in millions)

1

Monday 9:30 p.m.

7

February 5, 2007

14.83[28]

March 19, 2007

9.26[29]

2006–07

25th[30]

12.38[31]

2

15

September 24, 2007

12.23[32]

May 19, 2008

12.29[33]

2007–08

33rd[34]

10.89[31]

3

13

March 2, 2009

11.82[35]

May 18, 2009

12.87[36]

2008–09

24th[37]

11.37[31]

4

Monday 8:30 p.m.

13

March 1, 2010

9.73[38]

May 24, 2010

8.23[39]

2009–10

50th[40]

7.91[40]

5

Monday 8:30 p.m.(2010–11)Thursday 8:30 p.m.(2011)

24

September 20, 2010

8.35[41]

May 19, 2011

8.80[42]

2010–11

49th[43]

8.77[44]

6

Thursday 8:30 p.m.

15

October 20, 2011

11.45[45]

May 17, 2012

7.17[46]

2011–12

42nd[47]

10.10[40]

7

Monday 8:30 p.m.

13

February 4, 2013

9.40[48]

May 20, 2013

6.25[49]

2012–13

52nd[50]

7.69[50]

text: Syndication[edit]

text: In June 2011, the series was picked up for syndication by local affiliates, The CW Plus, and WGN America, making its debut on September 10, 2012.[51] On Wednesday, January 2, 2013, the series began airing weekdays on TBS at 2/1c. Shortly thereafter, it moved to the early morning hour of 6 A.M. throughout the week. As of May 2016, the series has left the line-up entirely. All 7 seasons are available for streaming on Netflix.[52]

text: In Canada, the series is syndicated on CMT.[53]

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
Year

Award

Category

Recipient(s)

Result

2007

Primetime Emmy Award

Outstanding Cinematography for a Multi-Camera Series

Wayne Kennan

Nominated

Teen Choice Award

Choice TV Actor: Comedy

David Spade

Nominated

2008

Art Directors Guild Award

Excellence in Production Design

Bernard Vyzga and Lynn Griffin

Nominated

BMI Film and TV Award

Best TV Music

David Schwartz

Won

2009

Evan Frankfort, Bert Selen, and George Ritter

Won

Art Directors Guild Award

Excellence in Production Design

Bernard Vyzga, Joe Pew, and Jerie Kelter

Nominated

ASCAP Film and Television Music Award

Top Television Series

Steve Mazur, Tom Polce, and Derek Schanche

Won

2010

Primetime Emmy Award

Outstanding Art Direction for a Multi-Camera Series

Bernard Vyzga an Jerie Kelter

Nominated

2011

Nominated

Outstanding Cinematography for a Multi-Camera Series

Wayne Kennan

Nominated

2012

BMI Film and TV Award

Best TV Music

Bert Selen and George Ritter

Won

Image Award

Outstanding Directing in a Comedy Series

Leonard R. Garner, Jr.

Won

2013

BMI Film and TV Award

Best TV Music

Bert Selen and George Ritter

Won

text: DVD releases[edit]

text: Sony Pictures Home Entertainment owns the rights to release DVDs in Region 1. The fifth season of the series was made available beginning February 7, 2012, exclusively as a made-on-demand release from Sony Pictures Home Entertainment, in conjunction with amazon.com.[54] Similarly, the sixth season received a MOD release from online retailers, on October 2, 2012.[55] The seventh and final season has not yet been released on DVD and it is unknown whether the series will see completion on DVD. However, the entire series is available to purchase and download from amazon.com and the iTunes Store.

text: Paramount Pictures, in conjunction with CBS Home Entertainment, began releasing the series on DVD internationally in 2011. Season One was released in the UK (Region 2 DVD) on April 4, 2011.[56] In region 4, the entire series has been released, as individual season sets.

text:
DVD name
Release date
Ep #

The Complete First Season
September 4, 2007
7

The Complete Second Season
October 14, 2008
15

The Complete Third Season
September 14, 2010
13

The Complete Fourth Season
January 11, 2011
13

The Complete Fifth Season
February 7, 2012
26

The Complete Sixth Season
October 2, 2012
13

The Complete Seventh Season
February 18, 2016
13

text: Note: Following the events of Charlie Sheen’s departure from Two and a Half Men, CBS ordered an additional two episodes for Rules of Engagement’s fifth season, bringing the total number of episodes to 26 from the initial 24 ordered. Despite the episodes, "Scavenger Hunt" and "Cheating," airing during the sixth season, they were originally produced for the fifth season, and are included in the fifth season collection. Therefore, the sixth season’s DVD release features the 13 episodes produced over that time period, versus the 15 that were broadcast by CBS.

text: International broadcasters[edit]

text:
Country
Network
Series Premiere
Timeslot

 Australia
Network TenElevenTV1
February 13, 2008May 15, 20122010
Sunday 7:00 PMTuesday 8:00 PMWednesdays 7:30 PM

 Austria
ORF einsPuls 4
May 21, 2012December 19, 2012
Monday – Friday, 12:05 PMWednesday – Friday, 10:55 AM

 Belgium
ZES

Monday – Friday

 Bosnia and Herzegovina
RTRS, Comedy Central Extra

 Brazil
Sony

 Bulgaria
Fox Life

Wednesday 21:00 PM

 Canada
City
February 5, 2007
Thursday 8:30 PM

 Croatia
Fox Life, RTL 2. Comedy Central Extra

Monday-Friday 12:00 PM

 Cyprus
FOX Greece / Sigma TV
October 12, 2012 / September 2016
Monday – Friday, 11:00 PM / Monday - Friday 01:00 AM

 Denmark
3+

Week days, 06:00 AM

 Estonia
Fox Life

Weekdays, 05:05 PM (replay) and 07.55 AM, 09.30 AM

 France
M6
April 1, 2011
Monday – Friday 10:15 AM

 Germany
kabel einsFox ChannelComedy Central
November 12, 2009January 2, 2012November 12, 2012
between seasonsMonday – Friday, 11:00 PMMonday – Friday, 11:05 PM

 Greece
FOX Greece
October 12, 2012
Monday – Friday, 11:00 PM

 Hungary
Viasat3
12 May 2010
Weekdays, 07:25 (replay) and 07.55 PM

 India
Big CBS LoveComedy Central

Monday – Thursday, 8.00 PMMonday – Thursday, 11:00 PM

 Ireland
RTÉ Two

Saturdays, 00:30

 Israel
Xtra HOTHOT family/yes stars Base
2007January 4, 2009
UnknownSundays, 8:15 PM, 11:45 PM

 Italy
Comedy Central, Italia 1
June 21, 2009
Saturdays & Sundays, 1:00 PM

 Latin America
Sony Entertainment Television1

Mondays, 10:30 PM

 Latvia
SET

Weekdays, 05.35 PM (replay) 07.30 PM, 03.00 AM and 06.15 AM

 Macedonia
Fox Life

 Montenegro
VIJESTI TV
2012
Monday – Friday

 Netherlands
Veronica

Monday – Friday, 7:30 PM

 New Zealand
FOUR

Sundays, 7:00PM

 Norway
TV 2 bliss

Off,

 Pakistan
Star World

Monday-Friday, 7:30 PM

 Peru
Sony Entertainment Television

Mondays, 12.00 AM

 Poland
Polsat, Comedy Central Polska
January 6, 2008
Fridays, 9:00 PM

 Portugal
AXN White

Mondays, 10:25pm (Mainland and Madeira)/9:25pm (in Azores)

 Romania
Comedy Central Extra

Monday – Friday, 8:00 AM and 7:00 PM

 Russia
Sony Entertainment Television
2009
Weekdays

 Serbia
Fox Life, Comedy Central Extra
July 7, 2009
Weekends

 Slovenia
POP TV
2008
Weekends

 South Africa
SABC 3

Mondays, 9:40 PM

 Spain
Paramount Comedy, FDF

Thursdays, 11:15 PM

 Sweden
Kanal 5

Tuesdays, 10:00 PM

  Switzerland
SF zwei
September 9, 2011
Tuesday – Friday, 7:30 PM

 Taiwan
Star World

Weekdays, 07:35 PM

 Thailand
True Series

Tuesdays, 9:00 PM

 United Kingdom
Comedy CentralE4

Weekdays, 12:30 PM and 3:30 PM (Re-runs)Tuesdays 9:00 PM (Season 7), Weekdays 4:00 PM – 5:00 PM (Re-runs)

 United States
CBS (orig. network)Broadcast syndication (reruns)WGN America (reruns)TBS
February 5, 2007September 10, 2012September 10, 2012January 2, 2013
Mondays 8:30 PMVariousSunday-Friday 12:00 AM and Wednesdays 10:00 PMWeekdays 6:00 AM, 11:00 AM

text: Polish version[edit]

text: Polish channel TVN started filming its own version of the show, called Reguły Gry (literally meaning Rules of the Game in Polish). It premiered on 16 February 2012 on TVN sister channel TVN 7 as its first original production.[57][58][59]


document_title: John Garrett (comics)

question_text: who plays the clairvoyant in agents of shield

text: John Garrett (comics)

text: Publication history[edit]

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (January 2016)

text: John Garrett first appeared in Elektra: Assassin #2 and was created by Frank Miller and Bill Sienkiewicz.

text: Fictional character biography[edit]

text: This article's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed. Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise. (March 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: John Garrett worked for the CIA and went through special covert training.[1] In 1961, Leonardo da Vinci invited Garrett to the Pieta base in Rome to become a member of the Great Wheel. Leornardo sent Garrett, Vasili Dassiev, Shoji Soma, and Daniel Whitehall to Giza to acquire a power source from a Brood vessel after destroying the Brood inside. Garrett approved the idea of using the power source to run the rejuvenations chambers found by another team. He was present when the chambers were stolen by Russian soldiers led by Victor Uvarov and Dassiev where they nearly murdered him.[2]

text: Garrett served three months at Dannemora for assault. Then he served two years in Ryker's Island for larceny. Garrett had a history of resisting arrest. After assaulting a police officer in Kentucky, Garrett was sentenced to six months in a prison farm. After his times in each prison, Garrett was recruited to work for S.H.I.E.L.D. where his criminal records mysteriously vanished. He served in Libya with agent Chasity McBride. When Chasity discovered that there were no records of Garrett, this gets brought with ExTechOp where Chasity was swiftly transferred to a minor police action in Venezuela and the complaint to Nick Fury wasn't received.[3]

text: Garrett has been rebuilt as a cyborg with a six-inch removable portion on his skull (which a recorder can be placed in) and a cybernetic right hand.[4] Three years after the Libya mission, Garrett and his partner Arthur Perry were sent to San Concepcion as part of "Operation: Scrambled Eggs" where they had to investigate the assassination of President Carlos Huevos. Garrett and Arthur interrogated Julio Gonzales confessing to hiring a woman to assassinate Huevos. Then they interrogated a political prisoner who told them about Elektra. During the research on Elektra, Garrett became a victim of a psychic link with Electra where he began to be influenced and manipulated. During Garrett's confrontation with Elektra where Perry was slain, Elektra cut off his hand and blew up the munitions shipments in the harbor building they were in. Garrett's body was recovered by ExTechOp where they began replacing 80% of his body with cybernetics as the S.H.I.E.L.D. engineers successfully replaced Garrett's arms, legs, spine, nervous system, heart, liver, and lungs. During this time, Elektra slipped in and stole the recorder implant from Garrett's skull. Hours later, Elektra raided S.H.I.E.L.D.'s information bank and was apprehended by the S.H.I.E.L.D. Agents. After being reactivated, Garrett filed his report on Elektra where he suspects that Elektra's a Russian agent. This report was not believed and Garrett was reprimanded by his superior Dr. Harold Beaker. Later that night, Elektra sunk her psychic claws into Garrett in order to get out of the chamber that she's being kept inert in. As Garrett worked to fight Elektra's control, Elektra got him to shut down the power to her chamber. After Elektra escaped, Garrett made a false report to cover up his involvement in the escape. Garrett then recalled that Elektra was going after Ambassador Reich (who at the time was possessed by the Beast of the Hand). After Elektra sent Garrett on a wild goose chase, Reich transferred the Beast of the Hand into the USA's presidential candidate Ken Wind. When Garrett prepared to return to the United States, Elektra stole his plane ticket and framed him so that the airport security would discover a bag of drugs during a body cavity search.[5]

text: Upon returning to the United States, Garrett was subjected to rigorous testing before being brought before Fury. Fury told Garrett that his reports are unlikely and has him redo them or find a way to back his outrageous claims. Garrett was sent to offer his protection to Wind. Due to his previous interactions with Elektra, he was able to detect the Beast of the Hand within Wind. When the Hand trapped Elektra's mind in the body of a young girl named Sandy and planned to dispose of, Garrett came to Elektra's rescue where he fought off his fellow S.H.I.E.L.D. Agents Honda and Minelli at the cost of the Hand framing him for the deaths of Honda and Minelli.[6]

text: Garrett and Elektra fought off the assassins of the Hand and then were confronted by S.H.I.E.L.D. Agents led by Chasity as he tried to warn them that Wind is possessed by the Beast of the Hand. Chasity knocked out Garrett only for Elektra to forcefully enable Garrett to regain his consciousness. Due to Elektra's hallucination tricks, Garrett thought he shot Elektra to free himself only for him to actually shoot McBride. The other S.H.I.E.L.D Agents present were also affected and ended up bringing Garrett and Elektra to a S.H.I.E.L.D. base for treatment. Garrett finally stopped resisting and states that he was Elektra's.[7]

text: Garrett and Elektra recovered and prepared for their assault on Wind.[3]

text: While Elektra communed with the Beast of the Hand, Garrett was nearby as they learned that the Beast of the Hand would orchestrate the annihilation of the human race by launching nuclear missile attacks. At a rally held by Wind, Garrett posed as an ice cream vendor as Elektra hid in the shadows waiting for the chance to assassinate Wind.[8]

text: Garrett's cyborg systems were identified by McBride leading a group of S.H.I.E.L.D. Agents to converge on him. Elektra took out the S.H.I.E.L.D. Agents as a bunch of Hand assassins attacked. Garrett pulled out a rocket launcher from the ice cream stand a fired at Wind only for the shot to be deflected when Chasity shot him in the shoulder. As a result, Wind was placed in an escape module and was airlifted out as Garrett and Elektra had snagged the helicopter. Garrett and Elektra were then assaulted by the rebuilt and Hand-controlled Perry and Chuck the Dwarf who impaled Garrett with a spear. Garrett hurdled a bunch of grenades at the helicopter that Wind was in which caused it to crash into the Lincoln Memorial enough to strike Perry. Emerging from the wreckage, Garrett charged toward Wind only to end up fighting Perry who dismantled Garrett. Elektra managed to destroy Arthur and drive away the Beast of the Wind. It appeared that Elektra transferred Garrett's mind into Wind's body as he becomes the President of the United States.[9] What Garrett didn't know is that he was actually hypnotized by Elektra when he was really in dismantled form when held in a stasis tube in a S.H.I.E.L.D. facility.[10] Trapped in the delusion caused by Elektra, Garrett believed that he was meeting a Russian leader.[9]

text: Garrett was still in storage while still believing that he is the President.[10]

text: Agents from the Snakeroot raided the S.H.I.E.L.D. facility as Tekagi broke Garrett out of his stasis tube during their escape.[11] At the Snakeroot's stronghold, Tekagi revealed that a part of Elektra is in Garrett where it was merged with him on the plane of the mind. Tekagi drew the dark essence out of Garrett and placed into the mind of a new warrior of the Snakeroot as the shadow warriors initiated the process.[12] As the Snakeroot continued the process of transferring the dark essence into a female corpse that was reanimated as Erynys, the technicians present worked on rebuilding Garrett.[13] The rebuilt Garrett and Erynys stood before the Snakeroot where Garrett insulted Eddie Pasim (who was involved with the About Face Virus which the Hand seeks to make the presence of Erynys permanent) until Erynys commanded him to be quiet.[14] Garrett and Erynys are sent to attack Daredevil and Chaste member Stone as Garrett continued to confuse Erynys with Elektra. When the real Elektra showed up, it caused pain in both Garrett and Erynys where Garrett followed Erynys' orders to flee.[15] Garrett and Erynys accompanied the Snakeroot and the Hand into forcing Eddie Pasim to relocate the missing sample of the About Face Virus. Garrett defended Erynys when she was criticized for her failure to kill Daredevil. During the Snakeroot's fight with Daredevil and Elektra over the sample of the About Face Virus, Garrett was still confused over Elektra and Erynys. After Erynys was killed by Daredevil enabling the dark essence to possess Elektra again, Garrett was apprehended by S.H.I.E.L.D. and placed in S.H.I.E.L.D. Detention Cell #7[16] On the S.H.I.E.L.D. Helicarrier, Fury questioned Garrett about what happened.[16]

text: Fury reactivated Garrett's status as a S.H.I.E.L.D. Agent and had the cyber-warrior Siege keep an eye on him.[17]

text: When Garrett attempted for unemployment, he left past employment empty and was thrown out when they thought he was lying about working as a S.H.I.E.L.D. Agent.[18] Garrett then visited Karen Page's apartment where he used his optic lasers to kill the cockroaches as part of demonstrating his credentials to her.[19]

text: Following the Civil War storyline, Tony Stark considered Garrett a potential recruit for the Fifty State Initiative.[20]

text: During the Dark Reign storyline, Garrett was listed as an unaffiliated S.H.I.E.L.D. Agent in S.H.I.E.L.D.'s agent files.[21] Garrett had stopped drinking and had moved to Toronto where he opened Natchios' Total Car Pit where he worked under the supervision of another former S.H.I.E.L.D. Agent. Garrett was later visited by Fury who called him out of retirement.[22] Garrett went with Fury to Alexandria, Virginia where they had coffee. During this time, Fury showed Garrett a file of former S.H.I.E.L.D. Agent Seth Waters who is now working for the Department of Treasury with his suspicions that he is a double agent. Garrett is sent by Fury to find Seth Waters to see if he is working for HYDRA or someone else.[23] Garrett went to the Department of Treasury to talk to Seth Waters who was surprised that he didn't set off the metal detectors. He told Garrett was he knows.[1] Garrett flew Fury to Avengers Tower in one of the flying cars where Fury had told Norman Osborn that Seth Waters was a national security issue resulting in his capture at the hands of H.A.M.M.E.R. As Bullseye interrogated Garrett and Seth Waters, Fury sniped Seth Waters after he mentioned that he was working for Leviathan. Garrett and Fury then escaped while evading the H.A.M.M.E.R. Agents. Fury and Garrett then traveled to Rome to the Pieta base where they logged into the systems to find out what they know about Leviathan and the Great Wheel.[24]

text: At the Pieta base, Fury discussed with Dum Dum Dugan, Garrett, and the Professor to discuss their next action against HYDRA and Leviathan. Garrett told Fury not to hesitate because now was not the time to end HYDRA and Leviathan.[25] Garrett traveled to Sudan where he met with former Howling Commandos Steve Rogers, Sharon Carter and Fury at Fury's Sandbox for one last party together.[26] Garrett then listened to the Howling Commandos members' stories and had a good laugh.[27] Garrett then participate in a toast to the fallen members of the Howling Commandos.[28]

text: Garrett visited Sebastian Druid at his apartment in Hawaii to tell him that there is no out of the Secret Warriors. Garrett got Sebastian Druid into good shape and was allowed to prove himself in the field. He took Sebastian to China to use magic to make two destroyed Helicarriers from a recent battle with HYDRA disappear and then sped up their corrosion. Although he was impressed, Garrett wanted to know if Sebastian Druid was working under the pressure. Then he took Sebastian Druid to Leviathan's Ursa Major base where he created a magic bullet that Garrett used to kill Leviathan's leader Magadane as the magical component of the bullet was sprayed on HYDRA's sign in order sow dissension between HYDRA and Leviathan. At Fury's Excalibur base, Garrett told Sebastian Druid that Hellfire and Phobos died in battle with Daisy Johnson stating Fury's suspicions that Hellfire was a traitor all along. After Fury told him that the Secret Warriors would be broken up, Garrett congratulated Sebastian Druid for his hard work.[29]

text: Garrett was with Fury when they rode a limo to pick up Dum Dum Dugan and Jasper Sitwell at the UN White Box Facility. Shortly after that, Garrett rejoined the ranks of S.H.I.E.L.D. under Daisy Johnson's leadership.[30]

text: During the Avengers: Standoff! storyline, Garrett was present during the attack on A.I.M. Island to reclaim Rick Jones from the New Avengers. He served as Songbird's supervisor.[31]

text: Powers and abilities[edit]

text: John Garrett was a trained S.H.I.E.L.D. agent. He is a skilled marksman.

text: In other media[edit]

text: John Garrett appears in Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. portrayed by Bill Paxton. He is a high-level S.H.I.E.L.D. agent/munitions expert who is a former cohort of Phil Coulson and works alongside Grant Ward and Melinda May.[32][33] He is revealed to be a high-ranking member of Hydra (known as "The Clairvoyant") and the mastermind behind Project Centipede in the episode "Turn, Turn, Turn".[34] He is also the first test subject of the Deathlok program. In the episode "Beginning of the End", Garrett engaged Coulson in battle who was later assisted by Nick Fury. Thanks to Skye helping to regain control of Mike Peterson, Garrett was badly defeated by Peterson but evades arrest and upgrades himself, however, is then killed by Coulson using the 0-8-4 weapon.[35]


document_title: List of Celebrity Big Brother (UK) housemates

question_text: who won channel 5s first celebrity big brother

text: Programme[edit]

text: Twenty-one editions of Celebrity Big Brother have been made, involving a total of 262 housemates. The programme has been the centre of controversies over the actions and inclusion of some of its housemates. For instance, viewer and People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) complaints prompted Hertfordshire Police to remove a coat from the 2006 edition after Pete Burns claimed that it was made from gorilla fur and therefore against the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species agreement of 1975.[7][8] However, after an analysis at the Natural History Museum, it was later discovered that the coat was made from the fur of Colobus monkeys.[8] Fellow members of parliament criticised George Galloway's participation in the same series, stating that Galloway had missed important debates regarding his constituency, Bethnal Green and Bow, and rejecting claims that Galloway took part to raise political awareness amongst the British youth.[9] The family of Stuart Lubbock, a man who died in Michael Barrymore's swimming pool, criticised the programme makers for paying the entertainer £150,000 to participate on the programme.[10] The mental states of the contestants were called into question during the first series; psychologist Mark Griffiths highlighted behaviour displayed by Anthea Turner and Vanessa Feltz as examples of the negative effects of the programme.[11] Germaine Greer voluntarily left the 2005 series after accusing the producers of using "superior bullying" tactics against contestants; commentators such as Graham Norton have argued that the housemates are not "actual celebrities".[12][13] During the 2009 series, 527 viewers complained to Ofcom, the majority concerned about Coolio's conduct towards female contestants, but it was decided that the broadcaster's code was not breached.[14] Comments made by Heidi Fleiss also proved controversial during the final series to air on Channel 4 of the programme in 2010; she accused Ivana Trump of smuggling drugs onto the programme, a claim that Trump's spokesperson denied, and made comments about abortion that attracted criticism.[15][16]

text: During the 2007 series, comments directed to and made about Shilpa Shetty from Jade Goody, Danielle Lloyd, Jo O'Meara and Jack Tweed caused an international racism controversy.[17] The British and Indian governments commented on the issue, while Ofcom decreed that Channel 4 had been guilty of "serious editorial misjudgements" after 54,000 viewers claimed that Shetty had been the victim of racial discrimination.[18] The broadcaster was made to air a series of on-air apologies, and the programme was not included in Channel 4's 2008 schedule; it was replaced by Big Brother: Celebrity Hijack.[17][19] In 2009, Channel 4's director of television Kevin Lygo announced that Big Brother "had reached a natural end point" and the 2010 edition was the final celebrity series to air on the channel.[4][20] However, Channel 5 stated in April 2011 that it has signed a two-year deal with Endemol, the show's creators, to air both version of the programme for a reported £220m.[4] The series started on 18 August 2011 and former Big Brother winner Brian Dowling replaced Davina McCall as the programme's presenter.[4] Dowling presented the programme until January 2013, his final series being Celebrity Big Brother 11. Since the twelfth series of the show, Emma Willis has presented.

text: Housemates[edit]

text:
Series
Celebrity
Age[3]
Notability
Status

1
Jack Dee
38
Comedian
1st – Winner

1
Claire Sweeney
29
Actress
2nd – Runner-up

1
Keith Duffy
26
Singer and actor
3rd – Third place

1
Anthea Turner
40
Presenter
4th – Evicted

1
Vanessa Feltz
39
Broadcaster and journalist
5th – Evicted

1
Chris Eubank
35
Boxer
6th – Evicted

2
Mark Owen
30
Singer
1st – Winner

2
Les Dennis
48
Presenter and comedian
2nd – Runner-up

2
Melinda Messenger
31
Glamour model and presenter
3rd – Third place

2
Sue Perkins
33
Comedian and presenter
4th – Evicted

2
Anne Diamond
48
Journalist and presenter
5th – Evicted

2
Goldie
37
Musician, DJ and actor
6th – Evicted

3
Bez
40
Dancer and percussionist
1st – Winner

3
Kenzie
19
Rapper
2nd – Runner-up

3
Brigitte Nielsen
41
Actress and model
3rd – Third place

3
Jeremy Edwards
33
Actor
4th – Evicted

3
Caprice Bourret
33
Model and actress
5th – Evicted

3
Lisa I'Anson
39
Presenter
6th – Evicted

3
John McCririck
64
Horse racing pundit
7th – Evicted

3
Jackie Stallone
83
Mother of Sylvester Stallone
8th – Evicted

3
Germaine Greer
65
Feminist, academic and journalist
9th – Walked

4
Chantelle Houghton
22
Non-celebrity
1st – Winner

4
Michael Barrymore
53
Comedian and presenter
2nd – Runner-up

4
Maggot
24
Rapper
3rd – Third place

4
Preston
23
Singer
4th – Evicted

4
Pete Burns
46
Singer
5th – Evicted

4
Traci Bingham
37
Actress and model
6th – Evicted

4
Dennis Rodman
44
Basketball player
7th – Evicted

4
George Galloway
51
Politician and journalist
8th – Evicted

4
Rula Lenska
57
Actress
9th – Evicted

4
Faria Alam
39
Affair with Sven-Goran Eriksson
10th – Evicted

4
Jodie Marsh
27
Glamour model
11th – Evicted

5
Shilpa Shetty
31
Actress
1st – Winner

5
Jermaine Jackson
52
Jackson family member and singer
2nd – Runner-up

5
Dirk Benedict
61
Actor
3rd – Third place

5
Ian "H" Watkins
30
Singer
4th – Evicted

5
Danielle Lloyd
23
Glamour model and Miss Great Britain
5th – Evicted

5
Jack Tweed
19
Boyfriend of Jade Goody
6th – Evicted

5
Cleo Rocos
44
Actress
7th – Evicted

5
Jo O'Meara
27
Singer
8th – Evicted

5
Jade Goody
25
Reality TV star
9th – Evicted

5
Carole Malone
52
Journalist and broadcaster
10th – Evicted

5
Leo Sayer
58
Singer
11th – Walked

5
Jackiey Budden
48
Mother of Jade Goody
12th – Evicted

5
Ken Russell
79
Director
13th – Walked

5
Donny Tourette
22
Singer
14th – Walked

6
Ulrika Jonsson
41
Presenter
1st – Winner

6
Terry Christian
45
Presenter
2nd – Runner-up

6
Coolio
45
Musician
3rd – Third place

6
Verne Troyer
40
Actor
4th – Evicted

6
Ben Adams
27
Singer
5th – Evicted

6
Tommy Sheridan
44
Politician
6th – Evicted

6
La Toya Jackson
52
Jackson family member and singer
7th – Evicted

6
Michelle Heaton
28
Singer
8th – Evicted

6
Mutya Buena
23
Singer
9th – Walked

6
Tina Malone
45
Actress
10th – Evicted

6
Lucy Pinder
25
Glamour model
11th – Evicted

7
Alex Reid
34
Mixed martial artist
1st – Winner

7
Dane Bowers
30
Singer
2nd – Runner-up

7
Vinnie Jones
44
Actor and ex-footballer
3rd – Third place

7
Jonas Altberg
25
Singer, record producer and DJ
4th – Evicted

7
Stephanie Beacham
62
Actress
5th – Evicted

7
Nicola T
27
Glamour model
6th – Evicted

7
Ivana Trump
60
Model and socialite
7th – Evicted

7
Sisqó
31
Singer
8th – Evicted

7
Stephen Baldwin
43
Actor
9th – Evicted

7
Lady Sovereign
24
Rapper
10th – Evicted

7
Heidi Fleiss
44
Former pimp and TV personality
11th – Evicted

7
Katia Ivanova
21
Ex-girlfriend of Ronnie Wood
12th – Evicted

8
Paddy Doherty
52
Reality TV star
1st – Winner

8
Kerry Katona
30
Media personality and singer
2nd – Runner-up

8
Jedward
19
Singers
3rd – Third place

8
Amy Childs
21
Reality TV star
4th – Evicted

8
Lucien Laviscount
19
Actor
5th – Evicted

8
Darryn Lyons
45
Paparazzo
6th – Evicted

8
Bobby Sabel
25
Model
7th – Evicted

8
Tara Reid
35
Actress and model
8th – Evicted

8
Pamela Bach Hasselhoff
47
Actress, ex-wife of David Hasselhoff
9th – Evicted

8
Sally Bercow
41
Wife of John Bercow
10th – Evicted

9
Denise Welch
53
Actress and TV panellist
1st – Winner

9
Frankie Cocozza
18
Singer
2nd – Runner-up

9
Gareth Thomas
37
Rugby player
3rd – Third place

9
Michael Madsen
54
Actor, poet and photographer
4th – Evicted

9
Karissa and Kristina Shannon
22
Playboy playmates and glamour models
5th – Evicted

9
Romeo
31
Rapper
6th – Evicted

9
Nicola McLean
30
Glamour model and media personality
7th – Evicted

9
Natalie Cassidy
28
Actress and TV personality
8th – Evicted

9
Kirk Norcross
23
Reality TV star
9th – Evicted

9
Georgia Salpa
26
Model
10th – Evicted

9
Natasha Giggs
29
Affair with Ryan Giggs
11th – Evicted

9
Andrew Stone
39
Reality TV star
12th – Evicted

10
Julian Clary
53
Comedian
1st – Winner

10
Coleen Nolan
47
Singer and TV presenter
2nd – Runner-up

10
Martin Kemp
50
Singer and actor
3rd – Third place

10
The Situation
30
Reality TV star
4th – Evicted

10
Ashley McKenzie
21
Judoka
5th – Evicted

10
MC Harvey
33
Rapper
6th – Evicted

10
Julie Goodyear
70
Actress
7th – Evicted

10
Prince Lorenzo
40
Italian prince and entrepreneur
8th – Evicted

10
Danica Thrall
24
Glamour model and TV personality
9th – Evicted

10
Samantha Brick
41
Journalist and writer
10th – Evicted

10
Rhian Sugden
25
Glamour model
11th – Evicted

10
Cheryl Fergison
46
Actress
12th – Evicted

10
Jasmine Lennard
27
Fashion model
13th – Evicted

11
Rylan Clark
24
Singer
1st – Winner

11
Heidi Montag and
Spencer Pratt
26
29
Reality TV stars
2nd – Runner-up

11
Ryan Moloney
33
Actor
3rd – Third place

11
Claire Richards
35
Singer
4th – Evicted

11
Razor Ruddock
44
Ex-footballer and TV personality
5th – Evicted

11
Tricia Penrose
42
Actress and singer
6th – Evicted

11
Frankie Dettori
42
Jockey
7th – Evicted

11
Gillian Taylforth
57
Actress
8th – Evicted

11
Lacey Banghard
19
Glamour model
9th – Evicted

11
Sam Robertson
27
Actor
10th – Evicted

11
Paula Hamilton
51
Supermodel
11th – Evicted

12
Charlotte Crosby
23
Reality TV star
1st – Winner

12
Abz Love
34
Singer
2nd – Runner-up

12
Lauren Harries
35
Media personality
3rd – Third place

12
Carol McGiffin
53
TV presenter and journalist
4th – Evicted

12
Mario Falcone
25
Reality TV star
5th – Evicted

12
Vicky Entwistle
44
Actress
6th – Evicted

12
Louie Spence
44
Dancer and TV personality
7th – Evicted

12
Courtney Stodden
18
TV and media personality
8th – Evicted

12
Bruce Jones
60
Actor
9th – Evicted

12
Dustin Diamond
36
Actor
10th – Evicted

12
Sophie Anderton
36
Model and reality TV star
11th – Evicted

12
Ron Atkinson
74
Former football manager and pundit
12th – Evicted

12
Danielle Marr
33
Reality TV star
13th – Evicted

13
Jim Davidson
60
Comedian and TV presenter
1st – Winner

13
Dappy
26
Rapper
2nd – Runner-up

13
Ollie Locke
26
Reality TV star
3rd – Third place

13
Luisa Zissman
26
Reality TV star
4th – Evicted

13
Sam Faiers
23
Reality TV star
5th – Evicted

13
Casey Batchelor
29
Glamour model
6th – Evicted

13
Lee Ryan
30
Singer
7th – Evicted

13
Linda Nolan
54
Singer
8th – Evicted

13
Liz Jones
55
Journalist and columnist
9th – Evicted

13
Lionel Blair
85
Actor
10th – Evicted

13
Jasmine Waltz
31
US media personality
11th – Evicted

13
Evander Holyfield
51
Boxer
12th – Evicted

14
Gary Busey
70
Actor
1st – Winner

14
Audley Harrison
42
Heavyweight boxer
2nd – Runner-up

14
James Jordan
36
Professional dancer
3rd – Third place

14
George Gilbey
30
Reality TV star
4th – Evicted

14
Dee Kelly
43
Reality TV star
5th – Evicted

14
Edele Lynch
35
Singer
6th – Evicted

14
Lauren Goodger
27
Reality TV star
7th – Evicted

14
Ricci Guarnaccio
27
Reality TV star
8th – Evicted

14
Kellie Maloney
61
Boxing manager and former UKIP politician
9th – Evicted

14
Stephanie Pratt
28
Reality TV star
10th – Evicted

14
Frenchy
38
Model, actress and TV personality
11th – Evicted

14
Claire King
52
Actress
12th – Walked

14
Leslie Jordan
59
Actor
13th – Evicted

14
David McIntosh
28
Model and Kelly Brook's fiancé
14th – Evicted

15
Katie Price
36
TV personality and glamour model
1st – Winner

15
Katie Hopkins
39
TV personality and columnist
2nd – Runner-up

15
Calum Best
33
Model and TV personality
3rd – Third place

15
Keith Chegwin
57
Actor and presenter
4th – Evicted

15
Michelle Visage
46
Singer and presenter
5th – Evicted

15
Perez Hilton
36
Blogger and TV personality
6th – Evicted

15
Kavana
37
Singer
7th – Evicted

15
Cami-Li
26
Model
8th – Evicted

15
Nadia Sawalha
50
Actress and presenter
9th – Evicted

15
Patsy Kensit
46
Actress
10th – Evicted

15
Alicia Douvall
35
Media personality
11th – Evicted

15
Alexander O'Neal
61
Singer
12th – Walked

15
Chloe Goodman
21
Reality TV star
13th – Evicted

15
Ken Morley
72
Actor
14th – Ejected

15
Jeremy Jackson
34
Actor
15th – Ejected

16
James Hill
28
Reality TV star
1st – Winner

16
Austin Armacost
27
Reality TV star
2nd – Runner-up

16
Natasha Hamilton
33
Singer
3rd – Third place

16
Bobby Davro
56
Comedian
4th – Evicted

16
Stevi Ritchie and
Chloe-Jasmine Whichello
34
25
Singers and Reality TV stars
5th – Evicted

16
Sherrie Hewson
64
Actress
6th – Evicted

16
Janice Dickinson
60
Model
7th – Evicted

16
Jenna Jameson
41
Porn star
8th – Evicted

16
Farrah Abraham
24
Reality TV star
9th – Evicted

16
Gail Porter
44
TV presenter
10th – Evicted

16
Fatman Scoop
35
Rapper
11th – Evicted

16
Chris Ellison
68
Actor
12th – Evicted

16
Daniel Baldwin
54
Actor
13th – Evicted

16
Tila Tequila
33
Internet personality and reality TV star
14th – Ejected

17
Scotty T
27
Reality TV star
1st – Winner

17
Stephanie Davis
22
Actress
2nd – Runner-up

17
Darren Day
47
Actor and singer
3rd – Third place

17
Tiffany Pollard
33
Reality TV star
4th – Evicted

17
Danniella Westbrook
42
Actress
5th – Evicted

17
John Partridge
44
Actor
6th – Evicted

17
Gemma Collins
34
Reality TV star
7th – Evicted

17
Jeremy McConnell
25
Reality TV star and model
8th – Evicted

17
Christopher Maloney
38
Singer
9th – Evicted

17
Megan McKenna
23
Reality TV star
10th – Evicted

17
Kristina Rihanoff
38
Professional dancer
11th – Evicted

17
Angie Bowie
66
Ex-wife of David Bowie
12th – Walked

17
David Gest
62
Producer and TV personality
13th – Walked

17
Nancy Dell'Olio
54
Ex-girlfriend of Sven-Göran Eriksson
14th – Evicted

17
Jonathan Cheban
42
Reality TV star
15th – Walked

17
Winston McKenzie
59
Former boxer and UKIP candidate
16th – Evicted

18
Stephen Bear
26
Reality TV star
1st – Winner

18
Ricky Norwood
28
Actor
2nd – Runner-up

18
Renee Graziano
47
Reality TV star
3rd – Third place

18
Marnie Simpson
24
Reality TV star
4th – Evicted

18
Aubrey O'Day
32
Singer and reality TV star
5th – Evicted

18
Frankie Grande
33
Internet personality and half-brother of Ariana Grande
6th – Evicted

18
Samantha Fox
50
Model and singer
7th – Evicted

18
Katie Waissel
30
Singer
8th – Evicted

18
James Whale
65
Radio broadcaster
9th – Evicted

18
Lewis Bloor
26
Reality TV star
10th – Evicted

18
Heavy D
43
Reality TV star
11th – Evicted

18
Chloe Khan
25
Media personality
12th – Evicted

18
Saira Khan
46
TV presenter
13th – Evicted

18
Grant Bovey
55
Media personality and ex-husband of Anthea Turner
14th – Evicted

18
Christopher Biggins
67
Actor and TV presenter
15th – Ejected

19
Coleen Nolan
51
Singer, TV presenter and CBB10 housemate
1st – Winner

19
Jedward
24
Singers and CBB8 housemates
2nd – Runner-up

19
Kim Woodburn
74
Television presenter and expert cleaner
3rd – Third place

19
James Cosmo
68
Actor
4th – Evicted

19
Nicola McLean
35
Model, media personality and CBB9 housemate
5th – Evicted

19
Bianca Gascoigne
30
Model and TV personality
6th – Evicted

19
Calum Best
35
Model, TV personality and CBB15 housemate
7th – Evicted

19
Jamie O'Hara
30
Footballer
8th – Evicted

19
Heidi Montag and
Spencer Pratt
30
33
Reality TV stars and CBB11 housemates
9th – Evicted

19
Jessica Cunningham
29
Reality TV star
10th – Evicted

19
Stacy Francis
47
Singer and reality TV star
11th – Evicted

19
Chloe Ferry
21
Reality TV star
12th – Evicted

19
James Jordan
38
Professional dancer and CBB14 housemate
13th – Evicted

19
Jasmine Waltz
34
US media personality and CBB13 housemate
14th – Evicted

19
Austin Armacost
28
Reality TV star and CBB16 housemate
15th – Evicted

19
Angie Best
64
Model and ex-wife of George Best
16th – Evicted

19
Brandon Block
49
DJ
17th – Walked

19
Ray J
35
Singer and TV personality
18th – Walked

20
Sarah Harding
35
Singer and actress
1st – Winner

20
Amelia Lily
22
Singer and actress
2nd – Runner-up

20
Sam Thompson
24
Reality TV star
3rd – Third place

20
Derek Acorah
67
Spiritual medium
4th – Evicted

20
Chad Johnson
29
Reality TV star
5th – Evicted

20
Jemma Lucy
29
Reality TV star
6th – Evicted

20
Shaun Williamson
51
Actor
7th – Evicted

20
Helen Lederer
62
Comedian and actress
8th – Evicted

20
Sandi Bogle
52
Reality TV star
9th – Evicted

20
Paul Danan
39
Actor
10th – Evicted

20
Brandi Glanville
44
Reality TV star
11th – Evicted

20
Jordan Davies
25
Reality TV star
12th – Evicted

20
Trisha Paytas
29
Internet personality
13th – Walked

20
Karthik Nagesan
34
Reality TV star
14th – Evicted

20
Marissa Jade
32
Reality TV star
15th – Evicted

21
Shane Jenek/Courtney Act
35
Reality TV star, drag queen and singer
1st – Winner

21
Ann Widdecombe
70
Politician
2nd – Runner-up

21
Shane Lynch
41
Singer
3rd – Third place

21
Jess Impiazzi
28
Reality TV star
4th – Evicted

21
Wayne Sleep
69
Dancer
5th – Evicted

21
Amanda Barrie
82
Actress
6th – Evicted

21
Malika Haqq
34
Reality TV star
7th – Evicted

21
Ashley James
30
Reality TV star
8th – Evicted

21
Daniel O'Reilly
33
Comedian
9th – Evicted

21
Jonny Mitchell
26
Reality TV star
10th – Evicted

21
Andrew Brady
27
Reality TV star
11th – Evicted

21
Ginuwine
47
Singer
12th – Evicted

21
John Barnes
54
Footballer
13th – Evicted

21
Maggie Oliver
62
Detective constable
14th – Evicted

21
Rachel Johnson
52
Journalist and presenter
15th – Evicted

21
India Willoughby
52
Newsreader
16th – Evicted

text: Notes[edit]

text: ^ Ages at the time the celebrity entered the house

text: Statistics[edit]

text:
Number of housemates: 263
Male housemates: 125
Female housemates: 132
Two competing as one housemate: 6 (2 male pairs, 1 female pair, 3 mixed pairs)
Male winners: 13 (Latest: Shane Jenek – Celebrity Big Brother 21)
Female winners: 8 (Latest: Sarah Harding – Celebrity Big Brother 20)
Walks: 13 (Latest: Trisha Paytas – Celebrity Big Brother 20)
Ejections: 4 (Latest: Christopher Biggins – Celebrity Big Brother 18)
First to enter: Anthea Turner (Celebrity Big Brother 1)
Last to enter: Ginuwine (Celebrity Big Brother 21)
Last out: Shane Jenek/Courtney Act (Winner) (Celebrity Big Brother 21)
Biggest winning percentage: 77% to win – Mark Owen (Celebrity Big Brother 2)
Closest winning percentage: 54% to win – Bez (Celebrity Big Brother 3)
Biggest eviction percentage: 82% to evict – Jade Goody (Celebrity Big Brother 5)
Closest eviction percentage: 50.6% to evict – Anne Diamond (Celebrity Big Brother 2)
Most nominations: 24 nominations – Gary Busey (Celebrity Big Brother 14)
Most nominations in a single week: 11 nominations – James Whale (Celebrity Big Brother 18)
Most times up for eviction: 5 times* – Jim Davidson, Liz Jones, Luisa Zissman (Celebrity Big Brother 13), Gary Busey (Celebrity Big Brother 14), Stevi Ritchie and Chloe-Jasmine Whichello (Celebrity Big Brother 16), Stephen Bear (Celebrity Big Brother 18), Jedward (Celebrity Big Brother 19)
Most nominations from a winner: 24 nominations – Gary Busey (Celebrity Big Brother 14)
Least nominations from a winner: 0 nominations – Paddy Doherty (Celebrity Big Brother 8)
Most nominations from a finalist: 24 nominations – Gary Busey (Celebrity Big Brother 14)
Least nominations from a finalist: 0 nominations – Vinnie Jones (Celebrity Big Brother 7), Paddy Doherty, Kerry Katona, Jedward, Amy Childs (Celebrity Big Brother 8), Casey Batchelor (Celebrity Big Brother 13), Amelia Lily (Celebrity Big Brother 20), Jess Impiazzi (Celebrity Big Brother 21)

text: *Heidi and Spencer (Celebrity Big Brother 11 and Celebrity Big Brother 19) were up for eviction a combined total of 6 times during their two appearances.

text: Deaths[edit]

text: 22 March – Jade Goody, Big Brother 3, Big Brother Panto and Celebrity Big Brother 5, Bigg Boss 2 housemate. (b. 1981)

text: 27 November – Ken Russell, Celebrity Big Brother 5 housemate. (b. 1927)

text:
12 April – David Gest, Celebrity Big Brother 17 housemate. (b. 1953)
23 October – Pete Burns, Celebrity Big Brother 4 housemate. (b. 1959)

text: 11 December – Keith Chegwin, Celebrity Big Brother 15 housemate. (b. 1957)

text: Guests[edit]

text: On some occasions, celebrities have entered the house for a short period of time as guests.

text:
Series
Celebrity
Notability
Ref(s)

4
Jimmy Savile
Television presenter
[24]

5
John and Sylvia Caddock
Parents of Jackiey Budden, grandparents of Jade Goody
[25][26]

6
Michelle Marsh
Glamour model
[27]

Michael Barrymore
TV presenter, comedian and CBB4 housemate

Chesney Hawkes
Singer

Alice Barry
Shameless actress

Rebecca Ryan

Nikki Grahame
BB7 housemate
[28]

7
Barry Fry
Football manager
[29]

Edward
Lionel Richie impersonator
[30]

Davina McCall
TV presenter (Big Brother and Celebrity Big Brother)
[31]

8
Mohamed Al-Fayed
Businessman
[32]

Marco Pierre White
Chef
[33]

Christopher Mintz-Plasse
Actor
[34]

Anton Yelchin
Actor

9
Jodie Marsh
Glamour model and CBB4 housemate
[35]

Jedward
Singers and CBB8 housemates
[36]

Aldo Zilli
Chef
[37]

10
Marilyn Galsworthy
Actress and Jasmine Lennard's mother
[38]

11
Paula Hamilton
Supermodel and ex-housemate
[39]

Jamie East
TV presenter
[40]

12
Doug Hutchison
Actor and Courtney Stodden's husband
[41]

Vanessa Feltz
Broadcaster, journalist and CBB1 and UBB housemate
[42]

Rylan Clark
TV personality, CBB11 housemate and Bit on the Side host
[43]

Danielle Marr
Reality TV star and ex-housemate

Sophie Anderton
Model, reality TV star and ex-housemate

13
Antony Costa
Members of Blue
[44]

Duncan James

Simon Webbe

Jasmine Waltz
US media personality, ex-housemate
[45]

Emma Willis
TV presenter (Big Brother and Celebrity Big Brother)
[46]

15
Emma Willis
TV presenter (Big Brother and Celebrity Big Brother)
[47]

Eamonn Holmes
TV presenter
[48]

James Jordan
Professional dancer and CBB14 housemate

16
Paul Burrell
Former British Royal Household servant
[49]

Jennie Bond
Journalist and TV presenter
[50]

Emma Willis
TV presenter (Big Brother and Celebrity Big Brother)
[51]

Eamonn Holmes
Television presenter
[52]

17
Gillian McKeith
Nutritionist, author and television presenter
[53]

Vanessa Feltz
Broadcaster, Journalist and CBB1 and UBB housemate
[54]

Luisa Zissman
Reality TV star and CBB13 housemate
[54]

Megan McKenna
Reality TV star and ex-housemate
[54]

Rylan Clark
TV personality, CBB11 housemate and Bit on the Side host
[55]

Vicky Pattison
Reality TV star
[56]

Joe Swash
Actor

18
Emma Willis
TV presenter (Big Brother and Celebrity Big Brother)
[57]

Sophie Kasaei
Reality TV star
[58]

Lillie Lexie Gregg
Media personality and Reality TV star
[59]

19
Austin Armacost
Reality TV star and ex-housemate
[60]

John McCririck
Horse racing pundit and CBB3 and UBB housemate

Luisa Zissman
Reality TV star and CBB13 housemate

Saira Khan
TV presenter and CBB18 housemate

Vanessa Feltz
Broadcaster, journalist and CBB1 and UBB housemate

text: International versions[edit]

text:
Name
Celebrity Big Brother UK history
Big Brother International history

Series
Status
Country
Series
Season(s)
Status

Brandi Glanville
Celebrity Big Brother 20
Evicted – 11th place
 America
Celebrity Big Brother
Celebrity Big Brother 1
Evicted – 7th place


document_title: Globe Theatre

question_text: where did the actors change in the globe theatre

text: Globe Theatre

text: Locations

text: Examination of old property records has identified the plot of land occupied by the Globe as extending from the west side of modern-day Southwark Bridge Road eastwards as far as Porter Street and from Park Street southwards as far as the back of Gatehouse Square.[7][8] However, the precise location of the building remained unknown until a small part of the foundations, including one original pier base, was discovered in 1989 beneath the car park at the rear of Anchor Terrace on Park Street.[9] The shape of the foundations is now replicated on the surface. As the majority of the foundations lies beneath 67—70 Anchor Terrace, a listed building, no further excavations have been permitted.[10]

text: History

text: The Globe was owned by actors who were also shareholders in the Lord Chamberlain's Men. Two of the six Globe shareholders, Richard Burbage and his brother Cuthbert Burbage, owned double shares of the whole, or 25% each; the other four men, Shakespeare, John Heminges, Augustine Phillips, and Thomas Pope, owned a single share, or 12.5%. (Originally William Kempe was intended to be the seventh partner, but he sold out his share to the four minority sharers, leaving them with more than the originally planned 10%).[13] These initial proportions changed over time as new sharers were added. Shakespeare's share diminished from 1/8 to 1/14, or roughly 7%, over the course of his career.[14]

text: The Globe was built in 1599 using timber from an earlier theatre, The Theatre, which had been built by Richard Burbage's father, James Burbage, in Shoreditch in 1576. The Burbages originally had a 21-year lease of the site on which the theatre was built but owned the building outright. However, the landlord, Giles Allen, claimed that the building had become his with the expiry of the lease. On 28 December 1598, while Allen was celebrating Christmas at his country home, carpenter Peter Street, supported by the players and their friends, dismantled The Theatre beam by beam and transported it to Street's waterfront warehouse near Bridewell.[15] With the onset of more favourable weather in the following spring, the material was ferried over the Thames to reconstruct it as The Globe on some marshy gardens to the south of Maiden Lane, Southwark. While only a hundred yards from the congested shore of the Thames, the piece of land was situated close by an area of farmland and open fields.[16] It was poorly drained and, notwithstanding its distance from the river, was liable to flooding at times of particularly high tide; a "wharf" (bank) of raised earth with timber revetments had to be created to carry the building above the flood level.[17] The new theatre was larger than the building it replaced, with the older timbers being reused as part of the new structure; the Globe was not merely the old Theatre newly set up at Bankside.[18][19] It was probably completed by the summer of 1599, possibly in time for the opening production of Henry V and its famous reference to the performance crammed within a "wooden O".[20] Dover Wilson, however, defers the opening date until September 1599, taking the "wooden O" reference to be disparaging and thus unlikely to be used in the Globe's inaugural staging. He suggests that a Swiss tourist's account of a performance of Julius Caesar witnessed on 21 September 1599 describes the more likely first production.[21] The first performance for which a firm record remains was Jonson's Every Man out of His Humour—with its first scene welcoming the "gracious and kind spectators"—at the end of the year.[17][22]

text: On 29 June 1613 the Globe Theatre went up in flames during a performance of Henry VIII. A theatrical cannon, set off during the performance, misfired, igniting the wooden beams and thatching. According to one of the few surviving documents of the event, no one was hurt except a man whose burning breeches were put out with a bottle of ale.[23] It was rebuilt in the following year.

text: Like all the other theatres in London, the Globe was closed down by the Puritans in 1642. It was pulled down in 1644–45; the commonly cited document dating the act to 15 April 1644 has been identified as a probable forgery—to make room for tenements.[24]

text: A modern reconstruction of the theatre, named "Shakespeare's Globe", opened in 1997, with a production of Henry V. It is an academic approximation of the original design, based on available evidence of the 1599 and 1614 buildings,[25] and is located approximately 750 feet (230 m) from the site of the original theatre.[6]

text: In February 2016, a temporary full-scale replica of the Second Globe Theatre, called the Pop-up Globe and based on scholarly reanalyses of the surviving evidence for the 1614 building, opened in downtown Auckland, New Zealand, and presented a three-month season of Shakespeare's plays performed by a house company and by visiting local production groups.[26] It was reconstructed in a second Auckland location to host a three-month 2017 season.[27]

text: Layout

text: The Globe's actual dimensions are unknown, but its shape and size can be approximated from scholarly inquiry over the last two centuries.[28] The evidence suggests that it was a three-storey, open-air amphitheatre approximately 100 feet (30 m) in diameter that could house up to 3,000 spectators.[29] The Globe is shown as round on Wenceslas Hollar's sketch of the building, later incorporated into his etched Long View of London from Bankside in 1647. However, in 1988–89, the uncovering of a small part of the Globe's foundation suggested that it was a polygon of 20 sides.[30][31]

text: At the base of the stage, there was an area called the pit,[32] (or, harking back to the old inn-yards, yard)[33] where, for a penny, people (the "groundlings") would stand on the rush-strewn earthen floor to watch the performance.[34] During the excavation of the Globe in 1989 a layer of nutshells was found, pressed into the dirt flooring so as to form a new surface layer.[9] Vertically around the yard were three levels of stadium-style seats, which were more expensive than standing room. A rectangular stage platform, also known as an apron stage, thrust out into the middle of the open-air yard. The stage measured approximately 43 feet (13.1 m) in width, 27 feet (8.2 m) in depth and was raised about 5 feet (1.5 m) off the ground. On this stage, there was a trap door for use by performers to enter from the "cellarage" area beneath the stage.[35]

text: The back wall of the stage had two or three doors on the main level, with a curtained inner stage in the centre (although not all scholars agree about the existence of this supposed "inner below"),[36] and a balcony above it. The doors entered into the "tiring house"[37] (backstage area) where the actors dressed and awaited their entrances. The floors above may have been used as storage for costumes and props and management offices.[38] The balcony housed the musicians and could also be used for scenes requiring an upper space, such as the balcony scene in Romeo and Juliet. Rush matting covered the stage, although this may only have been used if the setting of the play demanded it.[23]

text: Large columns on either side of the stage supported a roof over the rear portion of the stage. The ceiling under this roof was called the "heavens," and was painted with clouds and the sky.[39] A trap door in the heavens enabled performers to descend using some form of rope and harness.[40] The stage was set in the south-east corner of the building, so as to be in shade during afternoon performances in Summer.[41]

text: Name

text: The name of the Globe supposedly alludes to the Latin tag totus mundus agit histrionem, in turn derived from quod fere totus mundus exerceat histrionem—"because all the world is a playground"—from Petronius,[42] which had wide circulation in England in the Burbages' time. Totus mundus agit histrionem was, according to this explanation, therefore adopted as the theatre's motto. Another allusion, familiar to the contemporary theatre-goer, would have been to Teatrum Mundi, a meditation by the twelfth-century classicist and philosopher John of Salisbury, in his Policraticus, book three.[43] In either case, there would have been a familiar understanding of the classical derivation without the adoption of a formal motto.[43]

text: It seems likely that the link between the supposed motto and the Globe was made only later, originating with the industrious early Shakespeare biographer William Oldys, who claimed as his source a private manuscript to which he once had access. This was repeated in good faith by his literary executor George Steevens, but the tale is now thought "suspicious".[44][45]

text: Notes

text:
^ Jump up to: a b Cooper, Tarnya, ed. (2006). "A view from St Mary Overy, Southwark, looking towards Westminster, c.1638". Searching for Shakespeare. London: National Portrait Gallery. pp. 92–93. ISBN 978-0-300-11611-3.
Jump up ^ Wilson, Ian (1993). Shakespeare the Evidence. London: Headline. xiii. ISBN 0-7472-0582-5.
Jump up ^ Bowsher and Miller (2009: 87)
Jump up ^ Nagler 1958, p. 8.
Jump up ^ Encyclopædia Britannica 1998 edition.
^ Jump up to: a b Measured using Google earth
Jump up ^ Mulryne; Shewring (1997: 69)
Jump up ^ Braines, William (1924). The site of the Globe Playhouse Southwark (2 ed.). London: Hodder and Stoughton. OCLC 3157657.
^ Jump up to: a b Simon McCudden 'The Discovery of The Globe
Jump up ^ Bowsher and Miller (2009: 4)
Jump up ^ Bowsher; Miller (2009:112)
Jump up ^ Location taken from Bowsher; Miller (2009:107)
Jump up ^ Gurr (1991: 45–46)
Jump up ^ Schoenbaum, pp. 648–9.
Jump up ^ Shapiro, James (2005). 1599—a year in the life of William Shakespeare. London: Faber and Faber. p. 7. ISBN 0-571-21480-0.
Jump up ^ Shapiro (2005: 122–3; 129)
^ Jump up to: a b Bowsher and Miller (2009: 90)
Jump up ^ Allen's court proceedings against Street and the Burbages noted that the timber from The Theatre was "sett up…in an other forme" at Bankside. Quoted in Bowsher and Miller (2009: 90)
Jump up ^ Adams, John Cranford (1961). The Globe Playhouse. Its design and equipment (2 ed.). London: John Constable. OCLC 556737149.
Jump up ^ Bate, Jonathan; Rasmussen, Eric (2007). William Shakespeare Complete Works. London: Macmillan. p. 1030. ISBN 978-0-230-00350-7.
Jump up ^ Dover Wilson, John (1968). The Works of Shakespeare—Julius Caesar. Cambridge New Shakespeare. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. p. ix. ISBN 0-521-09482-8.
Jump up ^ Stern, Tiffany (2010). "The Globe Theatre and the open-air amphitheatres". In Sanders, Julie. Ben Jonson in Context. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. p. 113. ISBN 0-521-89571-5.
^ Jump up to: a b Wotton, Henry (2 July 1613). "Letters of Wotton". In Smith, Logan Pearsall. The Life and Letters of Sir Henry Wotton. Two. Oxford, England: Clarendon Press. pp. 32–33.
Jump up ^ Mulryne; Shewring (1997: 75)
Jump up ^ Martin, Douglas. "John Orrell, 68, Historian On New Globe Theater, Dies", The New York Times, 28 September 2003, accessed 19 December 2012
Jump up ^ Awde, Nick. "Shakespeare's Other Home in the Southern Hemisphere". thestage.co.uk. Retrieved 21 November 2016.
Jump up ^ "Pop-up Globe to rise in the gardens at Ellerslie Racecourse". Stuff. Fairfax NZ Ltd. 25 October 2016. Retrieved 3 May 2017.
Jump up ^ Egan 1999, pp. 1–16
Jump up ^ Orrell 1989
Jump up ^ Mulryne; Shewring (1997: 37; 44)
Jump up ^ Egan 2004, pp. 5.1–22
Jump up ^ Britannica Student: The Theater past to present > Shakespeare and the Elizabethan Theater
Jump up ^ Dekker, Thomas (1609), reprinted 1907, ISBN 0-7812-7199-1. The Gull’s Hornbook: "the stage...will bring you to most perfect light... though the scarecrows in the yard hoot at you".
Jump up ^ Dekker (1609)
Jump up ^ Nagler 1958, pp. 23–24.
Jump up ^ Kuritz, Paul (1988). The making of theatre history. Englewood Cliffs, N.J: Prentice Hall. pp. 189–191. ISBN 0-13-547861-8.
Jump up ^ from attiring—dressing: "tiring, n.3". Oxford English Dictionary (2 ed.). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. 1989.
Jump up ^ Bowsher and Miller (2009: 136–137)
Jump up ^ Mulryne; Shewring (1997: 139)
Jump up ^ Mulryne; Shewring (1997: 166)
Jump up ^ Egan, Gabriel (2015). "Lighting". In Wells, Stanley. The Oxford Companion to Shakespeare (2 ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780198708735.
Jump up ^ Ingleby, Clement Mansfield; Toulmin Smith, Lucy; Furnival, Frederick (1909). Monro, John, ed. The Shakespere allusion-book : a collection of allusions to Shakespere from 1591 to 1700. 2. London: Chatto and Windus. p. 373. OCLC 603995070.
^ Jump up to: a b Gillies, John (1994). Shakespeare and the Geography of Difference. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. p. 76. ISBN 9780521417198.
Jump up ^ Stern, Tiffany (1997). "Was 'Totus mundus agit histrionem' ever the motto of the Globe Theatre?". Theatre Notebook. The Society for Theatre Research. 51 (3): 121. ISSN 0040-5523.
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tag: ol


document_title: Mr. Noodle

question_text: who plays mr noodle's brother on sesame street

question_tokens: who plays mr noodle 's brother on sesame street

text: Mr. Noodle

text:
Mr. Noodle

Sesame Street character

Mr. Noodle in Elmo's World

Portrayed by
Bill Irwin

Information

Gender
Male

text: Mr. Noodle and his siblings—Mr. Noodle's brother Mister Noodle, Ms Noodle, and Miss Noodle—are characters who appear in the "Elmo's World" segments during the educational children's television program Sesame Street. Mr. Noodle was played by Broadway actor Bill Irwin, who had previously worked with Arlene Sherman, executive producer of Sesame Street and co-creator of "Elmo's World", in short films for the program.[1]

text: When Irwin became unavailable, Sherman asked Michael Jeter, who was her friend, to replace Irwin as Mr. Noodle's brother Mister Noodle, which he accepted enthusiastically,[2] calling it his favorite role in twenty years.[3] Jeter was in the role beginning in 2000, until his death in 2003.[4] Kristin Chenoweth played Mr. Noodle's sister Ms. Noodle,[4] and Sarah Jones played Mr. Noodle's other sister Miss Noodle. As of January 2017, Daveed Diggs and comedian Daniel Koren, have played two more of Mr. Noodle's brothers.[5] Five actors playing members of the Noodle family have won Tonys.

text: Writer Louise A. Gikow calls the Noodles "a dynasty of mimes,...in the tradition of great silent film comedians like Charlie Chaplin, Buster Keaton, and Harold Lloyd".[4] They made mistakes, but solved them with the help of "enthusiastic kid voice overs",[4] which empowered children and helped them feel smarter than the adults.

text: They were silent in order to allow Elmo to do all the talking, and to give children the opportunity to respond to what they saw on the screen. They would physically and humorously act out their replies to Elmo's questions.[4][6]

text: According to writer and "Elmo's World" co creator Judy Freudberg, "Mr. Noodle, who never speaks, is all about trial and error. When you throw him a hat, he acts like he's never seen one before. Kids feel empowered watching him because they can do what he can't".[7] According to Sesame Street researcher Lewis Bernstein, the characters, whom he called "bungling", gave young viewers "the opportunity to figure it out" before the adults did.[4]


document_title: Sacramental bread

question_text: who makes the hosts for the catholic church

text: Sacramental bread

text: Etymology of host[edit]

text: The word "host" is derived from the Latin hostia, which means "sacrificial victim."  The term can be used to describe the bread both before and after consecration, though it is more correct to use it after consecration. Prior to consecration, the term "altar bread" is preferred. The sacrifice of Jesus according to Christian theology puts an end to the need for animal sacrifice as had been practiced in the Jerusalem Temple and all blood sacrifice once-for-all. However the word was retained to describe the bread of Eucharist as a liturgical representation of the Christ's sacrifice.

text: Eastern traditions[edit]

text: With the exception of Churches of the Armenian Rite, Orthodox Churches and Eastern Catholic Churches use leavened bread for the Eucharist. Thus, the sacramental bread symbolizes the Resurrected Christ.  The hostia or sacramental bread, known as prosphorá or a πρόσφορον (prósphoron, "offering") may be made out of only four ingredients: fine (white) wheat flour, pure water, yeast, and salt. Sometimes holy water will be either sprinkled into the dough or on the kneading trough at the beginning of the process.

text: Armenian rite[edit]

text: Because leaven is symbolic of sin, the Armenian Catholic Church and the Armenian Apostolic Orthodox Church traditionally offer unleavened bread (although it is distinctively different from the kind used by the Roman Catholic Church) to symbolize the sinlessness of Christ.

text: Eastern Orthodox Churches[edit]

text: The baking may only be performed by a believing Orthodox Christian in good standing—having preferably been recently to Confession, and is accompanied by prayer and fasting. Before baking, each loaf is formed by placing two disks of dough, one on top of the other, and stamping it with a special liturgical seal. The prosphora should be fresh and not stale or moldy when presented at the altar for use in the Divine Liturgy. Often several prosphora will be baked and offered by the faithful, and the priest chooses the best one for the Lamb (Host) that will be consecrated.  The remaining loaves are blessed and offered back to the congregation after the end of the Divine Liturgy (Eucharist); this bread is called the antidoron (Greek: αντίδωρον, antídōron), i.e. a "gift returned," or "in place of the gifts."

text: Eastern Catholic Churches[edit]

text: The Byzantine Rite Eastern Catholic Churches (like the Eastern Orthodox Church) use leavened bread for Prosphora (the Greek word for Eucharistic altar bread).

text: The Syro-Malabar Church and the Maronite Church have adopted the use of unleavened bread due to Liturgical Latinisation.

text: Western traditions[edit]

text: Roman Catholic Church[edit]

text: A Host is a portion of bread used for Holy Communion in many Christian churches.  In Western Christianity the host is often a thin, round unleavened wafer.

text: In the Roman Rite, unleavened bread is used as in the Jewish Passover or Feast of Unleavened Bread. The Code of Canon Law, Canon 924 requires that the hosts be made from wheat flour and water only and recently made so that there is no danger of spoiling.

text: Hosts are often made by nuns as a means of supporting their religious communities. However, in New Zealand, the St Vincent de Paul Society hires individuals with intellectual disabilities to bake, cut out and sort the bread, thereby offering paid employment to those who wouldn't have that option otherwise.[1]

text: The General Instruction of the Roman Missal §321 recommends that "the eucharistic bread ... be made in such a way that the priest at Mass with a congregation is able in practice to break it into parts for distribution to at least some of the faithful. ... The action of the fraction or breaking of bread, which gave its name to the Eucharist in apostolic times, will bring out more clearly the force and importance of the sign of unity of all in the one bread, and of the sign of charity by the fact that the one bread is distributed among the brothers and sisters."

text: In 1995 Joseph Cardinal Ratzinger, then Prefect of the Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments, wrote a letter to the Episcopal Conferences in which he expanded the Code of Canon Law, stating that low-gluten bread would be considered “valid matter” for hosts as long as no additional substances “alter[ed] the nature of the substance of the bread.”[2] Since the 2000s, hosts with low gluten content have been manufactured in the United States, especially in parts of Missouri and New York.[2] Hosts are one of the causes of lack of recovery for people with celiac disease who follow a gluten-free diet,[3] which must be strict and maintained for life to allow the recovery of the intestinal mucosa and reduce the risk of developing severe health complications.[4]

text: Protestantism[edit]

text: In the varying Protestant denominations, there is a wide variety of practices concerning the sacramental bread used. Some, such as the Christian Congregation use leavened loaves of bread, others, such as Lutherans, continue to use unleavened wafers like the Roman Catholics, and some use matzo.[5] Reformed Christians use rolls which are broken and distributed to symbolize their belief that Christ is not physically present in the bread.[6] Among those who use the unleavened wafers, there is a great deal of variation: some are square or triangular rather than round, and may even be made out of whole wheat flour.

text: Latter-day Saints[edit]

text: The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormons) has no strict rules on the type of bread used for sacramental purposes. Latter-day Saint scriptures state: "For, behold, I say unto you, that it mattereth not what ye shall eat or what ye shall drink when ye partake of the sacrament, if it so be that ye do it with an eye single to my glory—remembering unto the Father my body which was laid down for you, and my blood which was shed for the remission of your sins." (Doctrine and Covenants 27:2) Different congregations may use either commercial bread or homemade bread prepared by members of the congregation. It is permissible to substitute rice cakes or other gluten-free breads for members who suffer from food allergies.[7] The bread is broken into fragments just prior to being blessed by one of the officiating priests.

text: In popular culture[edit]

text: In Bram Stoker’s 1897 novel Dracula, sacramental bread (referred to as sacred communion wafers) is used to ward off vampires.