document_title: Smoking age

question_text: whats the legal age to smoke in usa

question_tokens: whats the legal age to smoke in usa

text: Smoking age

text: Smoking age laws by region[edit]

text: Africa[edit]

text:
Country
De jure
Notes

Smoking age
Purchase age

 Algeria
None
19
It is illegal to sell tobacco products to minors under the age of 19 years.
(Chapitre IV sur les problèmes de santé l'article 93: "la vente de tabac ou produits du tabac aux mineurs est interdite".)[1]

 Angola
None
18
It is illegal to sell tobacco to minors under the age of 18.[2]

 Benin
None
18
[3]

 Botswana
None
18
It is illegal to sell tobacco to minors under the age of 18 Any person who sells, by retail, any tobacco product, shall display clearly, for the public, a notice to the effect that the sale of any tobacco product to a person under the age of 18 years is prohibited.[4]

 Burkina Faso
None
18
[5]

 Burundi
None
18
It is illegal to sell cigarettes to anyone under the age of 18. Other tobacco products are not regulated.[6]

 Cameroon
15

 Cape Verde
15

 Central African Republic
14

 Chad
18
It is illegal to sell tobacco to a minor. Minors and pregnant women may not smoke in public.[7]

 Comoros
None
18
The sale of tobacco products to minors is prohibited. Vendors of tobacco products must visibly and prominently display at their point of sale a notice of prohibition of the sale of tobacco to minors and by minors.[8]

 Republic of the Congo
18
[9]

 Democratic Republic of the Congo
18
It is illegal for minors to smoke in public, and for anyone to give or sell tobacco to a minor.
(ARRETE MINISTERIEL N°1250 Article 1: L'usage, la vente, l'achat et la consommation du tabac, de ses produits et de ses dérivés sont strictement interdits aux mineurs.)[10]

 Djibouti
None
16
It is illegal to sell tobacco products to a minor under the age of 16 years. A notice with the sale restrictions has to be placed at point of sale.[11]

 Egypt
18
A person must be eighteen years or over to legally purchase and consume tobacco products in Egypt. The smoking age however isn't strictly enforced, and IDs are barely requested.

 Equatorial Guinea
18
[12]

 Eritrea
None
18
[13]

 Ethiopia
None
18
("No person may directly or indirectly give, provide or sell any tobacco product to a person under the age of 18.")[14]

 Gabon
None
18
[15]

 Gambia
None

 Ghana
18
[16]

 Guinea-Bissau
15

 Kenya
None
18
It is illegal to sell tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years. There is no minimum age to possess tobacco or smoke in public.[17]

 Lesotho
14

 Liberia
18
It is illegal to sell or supply tobacco to a minor. Minors may not consume tobacco at any public place.[18]

 Libya
None
18
It is strictly prohibited to sell any tobacco product to a person under the age of 18 years.[19]

 Madagascar
None
18
[20]

 Malawi
14

 Mali
None
18
[21]

 Mauritius
18
A person must be 18 years old to purchase or to smoke cigarettes including any tobacco products as is indicated in Public Health (Restrictions on Tobacco Products) Regulations 1999, Sec. 2(e)(i)).

 Morocco
16

 Mozambique
None
18
[22]

 Namibia
None
18
It is illegal to sell or supply tobacco to a minor.[23]
No minimum age prior to April 14th 2010.

 Niger
None
18 (to enter smoking room or facility)
18
It is illegal to sell tobacco products to a minor. Minors may not enter any smoking room or facility where smoking is permitted by law.[24]
No minimum age prior to July 17th 2008.

 Nigeria
None
18
It is illegal to sell, give or otherwise supply tobacco products to a minor.[25]

 Republic of the Congo
14

 Rwanda
None
18
It is prohibited to involve a person under 18 in, buying, selling and exchanging of tobacco and tobacco products. It is also prohibited for the seller to sell tobacco and tobacco products to a person under 18.[26]

 São Tomé and Príncipe
None
16
[27]

 Senegal
None
18
It is illegal to sell or give tobacco to a person under the age of 18 years. (Chapitre III.- Accès aux produits du tabac: Article 17 Il est interdit de vendre ou d'offrir aux mineurs ou de faire vendre ou de faire offrir par les mineurs du tabac ou tout produit du tabac.)[28]

 Seychelles
18
[29]

 Somalia
15

 South Africa
18
It is illegal to sell or supply any tobacco product to a person under the age of 18.[30]

 South Sudan
15

 Swaziland
None
18
It is illegal to sell and give tobacco to anyone under the age of 18 years.[31]

 Sudan
None
18 (to enter smoking room or facility)
18
It is illegal to sell or give tobacco to a minor. Anyone under the age of 18 may also not handle, store, work or produce with tobacco or within such a facility.[32]

 Tanzania
18
It is unlawful to sell or give tobacco products to a minor, and to smoke such tobacco products if the individual is younger than 18 years.[33]

 Togo
None
18
It is illegal to sell or give any tobacco product to a minor.[34]

 Tunisia
None
18
[35]

 Uganda
None
21
It is now illegal for a person below the age of 21 to access cigarettes[36]

 Zambia
None
16
It is illegal to sell tobacco to anyone under the age of 16 years. No minimum age for consumption and possession in public.
No minimum age prior to January 1st 1993.[37]

 Zimbabwe
None
18
It is illegal to sell or give tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18. Minors may not sell tobacco.[38]

text: Americas[edit]

text:
Country
De jure
Notes

Smoking age
Purchase age

 Antigua and Barbuda
None
Antigua and Barbuda doesn't have any restrictions towards selling tobacco to minors or smoking in general.[39]

 Argentina
None
18
It is illegal to sell tobacco products to minors.[40]

 Bahamas
None
18
[41]

 Belize
None

 Bermuda
None
18
No person shall sell or supply any cigarettes, tobacco or tobacco products to a minor. A person selling or supplying any cigarettes, tobacco or tobacco products to a person who appears to be under 25 years of age shall, before selling or supplying them, ensure, by requiring photo identification, that the latter person is not a minor.[42]

 Bolivia
None
18
The sale of tobacco products to minors under the age of 18 years is prohibited.[43]

 Brazil
18[44]
18
It is illegal to "sell Products whose ingredients can cause physical or psychic dependence, even if only through improper use" (…). This also includes tobacco products of any kind.[45]

 British Virgin Islands
None
18
It is illegal to sell or offer to sell tobacco to anyone under the age of 18 years. It is not illegal for minors to purchase, possess or consume tobacco.[46]

 Canada

Regulations by province and territory:

Province/territory
Smoking age
Purchase age
Notes

Federal Government
None
18[47]
It is illegal to sell or supply tobacco products to a minor under the age of 18.
The minimum age was 16 years of prior to 1994.[48]

 Alberta
18[49]
It is illegal to sell or supply tobacco products to a minor under the age of 18. Further, minors are not permitted to smoke at any public place.

 British Columbia
None
19[50]

 Manitoba
None
18[51]
It is illegal to sell, give, buy for, lend or otherwise provide tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years. Parents can provide tobacco products to their children on private property. Further it is legal to supply tobacco to a minor if it is solely for use in traditional Aboriginal spiritual or cultural practices or ceremonies.

 New Brunswick
None
19[52]
It is illegal to sell and supply tobacco products to anyone under the age of 19 years. It is also illegal to attempt to purchase tobacco on behalf of, or for the purpose of resale to, a person under the age of 19 years.

 Newfoundland and Labrador
None
19[53]
It is illegal to sell, give or furnish, directly or indirectly, tobacco to a person under the age of 19 years.

 Northwest Territories
None
18[54]
No person shall sell or supply, or offer to sell or supply, tobacco or a tobacco accessory to a person under the age of 18. No one under the age of 18 years shall purchase or attempt to purchase tobacco or a tobacco accessory.

 Nova Scotia
19[55]
19[56]
No vendor or employee of a vendor shall sell or give tobacco or a tobacco product to a person under the age of nineteen years. No person shall purchase tobacco or a tobacco product on behalf of, or for the purpose of resale or give tobacco or a tobacco product, to a person under the age of nineteen years. No person under the age of nineteen years may possess tobacco.

 Nunavut
None
19[57]
No person shall sell or supply, or offer to sell or supply, tobacco to a person who is less than 19 years old.

 Ontario
None
19[58]
No person shall sell or supply tobacco to a person who is less than 19 years old. No person shall sell or supply tobacco to a person who appears to be less than 25 years old unless he or she has required the person to provide identification and is satisfied that the person is at least 19 years old.

 Prince Edward Island
None
19[59]
No person shall sell or supply tobacco to a person under the age of 19 years. No person shall purchase or attempt to purchase tobacco on behalf of, or for the purpose of resale to, a person under the age of 19 years. It is legal to supply tobacco to a minor if it is solely for use in traditional Aboriginal spiritual or cultural practices or ceremonies.

 Quebec
None
18[60]
It is illegal to sell tobacco to anyone under the age of 18 years. The operator of a tobacco retail outlet may not give tobacco to a minor. The operator of a tobacco retail outlet may not sell tobacco to an adult, if the operator knows the person is purchasing the tobacco for a minor.

 Saskatchewan
None
18[61]
It is illegal to sell, lend, assign, give or send tobacco to anyone under the age of 18 years.

 Yukon
18 (federal law)
The territory Yukon has no legislations which restrict the sale of tobacco products to minors. Federal laws apply.

 Chile
None
18
It is illegal to sell any form of tobacco to a person under the age of 18 years.[62]

 Colombia
None
18
It is forbidden for any individual or legal entity to directly or indirectly sell tobacco products and its derivatives in any of its presentations to minors under the age of 18 years. In case of question, one must ask each tobacco purchaser to show that he has reached majority age.[63]

 Costa Rica
None
18
Tobacco products may not be sold to minors. Wholesale or retail vendors of products shall have the obligation, at their own expense, to display posters that are visible, clear and prominently placed on the inside of places of sale, stating that the sale of tobacco products to minors is prohibited.[64]

 Cuba
None
18
You can’t legally buy it if you’re a minor but if you look 13 or more stores will sell you any kind of tobacco.[65]

 Cayman Islands
None
18
(Tobacco Law, 2007 PART V – Section 10: No person shall sell tobacco to a minor.) [66]

 Dominican Republic
None
18
It is illegal to sell tobacco to a person under the age of 18 years.[67]

 Ecuador
None
18
It is illegal to sell or let sell tobacco to or by a minor.[68]

 El Salvador
None
18
It is illegal to sell or give tobacco to a minor.[69]

 Falkland Islands
None

 Guatemala
18
It is illegal to sell tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years. Public consumption of tobacco by minors is prohibited. (El decreto 90-97, Código de Salud, indica en su artículo 50)[70]

 Guyana
None
18
No tobacco may be sold or furnished to a minor.[71]

 Haiti
None
18

 Honduras
None
21
The sale and/or gifting of tobaccoderived products to persons under 21 years of age is prohibited.[72]

 Jamaica
None
18
[73]

 Mexico
None
18
[74]

 Nicaragua
None
18
[75]

 Panama
None
18
The sale of tobacco products to minors is prohibited.[76]

 Paraguay
None
18
It is unlawful to sell tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years.[77]

 Peru
18
The sale of tobacco products to/by minors under the age of 18 is prohibited.[78]

 Trinidad and Tobago
None
18
Tobacco shall not be sold to or by a child under the age of 18 years.[79]

 United States
(50 states and integral territories)
The federal law requires states to have a minimum age of 18 years for sale/purchase of tobacco products (21 U.S.C. § 387f. (3)(a)(ii)). State laws may extend this ban and also prohibit supply, possession and consumption to/by person underage. But most of the states do not directly ban the consumption of tobacco by a minor. The federal law requiring states to have a minimum purchasing age at 18 is enforced by withholding FEMA disaster and non-disaster grants from states that have purchasing ages under 18, and currently no state falls under that category.

Regulations by state:

State/territory
Smoking age
Purchase age
Notes

 Alabama
19 (including Alabama National Guard Bases)
18 (on military bases under federal law)
[80]
It is illegal to sell or give tobacco products to anyone under the age of 19 years. Minors are prohibited from using and possessing tobacco products.
The minimum age was introduced in 1896.[81]

 Alaska
None
19[82]
It is illegal to sell or give tobacco products to anyone under the age of 19 years. Possession by minors is prohibited. The minimum age requirement does not apply to a person who is a prisoner at an adult correctional facility.[83]
The minimum age of 16 years was introduced in 1978.
The minimum age was raised from 16 to 19 in 1988.[81]

 American Samoa
18

 Arizona
None
18[84]
It is illegal to sell or give tobacco products or smoking equipment to anyone under the age of 18 years. It is illegal for a minor to be in possession of tobacco or smoking equipment, or to receive them.

None
21[85][86]
Cottonwood and Douglas have raised their tobacco age to 21

 Arkansas
18[87]
It is illegal to give or sell tobacco to anyone under the age of 18 years. It is illegal for minors to be in possession of tobacco products and to smoke in public.

 California
18[88]
21[89]
As of June 9, 2016, it is illegal to sell or furnish tobacco to a person under 21 years of age, with an exception for people in active military service who are 18 years old.
Before June 9, the age to purchase tobacco was 18 years of age. Amended after the 2016 election it is legal for persons age 18 and older to buy tobacco products with no filter. (Cigars, e-cigarettes, chewing tobacco, etc.)

 Colorado
18[90]
It is illegal to sell, give or distribute tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years. Minors under the age of 18 years are prohibited from being in possession of any tobacco product.

 Connecticut
None
18[91]
It is illegal to sell or give tobacco products to anyone under 18. It is illegal for minors to possess tobacco in public.
A minimum age of 16 was introduced in 1902.
The minimum age was raised from 16 to 18 in 1987.[81]

 Delaware
None
18[92]
Selling, giving or otherwhise distributing tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years is illegal. Minors under the age of 18 years are not allowed to attempt to purchase tobacco or to be in the possession of tobacco products.
The minimum age of 17 years was introduced in 1953.
The minimum age was raised from 17 to 18 in 1992.[81][93]

 Florida
None
18[94]
The Florida Statutes make it a criminal offence so sell or supply tobacco to an individual under the age of 18 years. Minors may also not be in possession of tobacco products.

 Georgia
None
18[95]
It is illegal to sell or give tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years. It is illegal for minors to possess tobacco in public. Minors are allowed to possess tobacco products and to consume those, in private home if permission is given by parents or legal guardian.
The minimum age of 17 years was introduced in 1987.
The minimum age was raised from 17 to 18 in 1993.[81][93]

 Guam
18
The minimum age will be raised from 18 to 21, as of January 1, 2018.[96]

 Hawaii
21[97][98]
It is illegal to sell or furnish tobacco to a person under 21 years of age. It is also illegal for a person under 21 years of age to attempt to purchase tobacco.
The minimum age of 15 years was introduced on November 11, 1890.[99]
The minimum age was raised from 15 to 18 on January 1, 1988.[100]
The minimum age was raised from 18 to 21 on January 1, 2016.[101]

 Idaho
18[102][103]

 Illinois
18[104]
18[105][106]

[104] 18
21[107][108]
The cities of Chicago and Evanston have a tobacco sales age of 21

 Indiana
None
18[109]
Giving, selling, providing and distributing tobacco to minors is illegal. Minors may not possess, accept or purchase tobacco. Minors are not allowed to enter a tobacco business, defined in state law as a business whose primary activity is the sale of tobacco products and accessories.
The minimum age of 16 years was introduced in 1980.
The minimum age was raised from 16 to 18 in 1987.[81]

 Iowa
18[110]
It is illegal for minors to be in possession of tobacco, to smoke in public or to purchase tobacco products. It is illegal to sell or distribute tobacco to anyone under the age of 18 years.

 Kansas
None
18[111]
It is illegal to sell or supply tobacco to a minor. Minors may not possess or purchase or attempt to possess or purchase tobacco.

None
21[112]
Eight cities in Kansas have raised their tobacco age to 21

 Kentucky
None
18[113]
It is illegal to sell or supply tobacco to minors. Minors may not purchase or possess tobacco products. Prior to 1990 Kentucky had no minimum age to purchase tobacco. From 1990 until 1992 the minimum age was 16 years.
In 1992 the age was raised from 16 to 18 years of age. [93]

 Louisiana
None
18[114]
It is illegal to sell or distribute tobacco to a minor. A minor is not permitted to possess tobacco, except in private residences or if accompanied by a parent, spouse, or legal guardian 21 years of age or older.
Prior to 1991 there was no minim age limit in Louisiana.

 Maine
18, 21[115]
[116]

 Maryland
None
18[117][118]
Minimum age raised from 16 to 18 in 1989. [93]

 Massachusetts
None
18[119]
It is illegal to sell tobacco to minors. Anyone else than the parents or guardian are prohibited from giving any form of tobacco to a minor.

None
21[120]
Over 100 cities in Massachusetts, including Boston, have age to 21 years.

 Michigan
18[121]
It is illegal to sell, give, supply or otherwise provide tobacco to minors. Minors may not purchase, attempt to purchase, possess, attempt to possess or consume tobacco products in public. Minors are permitted to smoke on private premises.

 Minnesota
18[122]
It is illegal to sell, give, supply or otherwise provide tobacco to minors. Minors may not purchase, attempt to purchase, possess, attempt to possess or consume tobacco products in public. Indian may furnish tobacco to an Indian under the age of 18 years if the tobacco is furnished as part of a traditional Indian spiritual or cultural ceremony.

 Mississippi
18[123]
It is illegal to sell, give, supply or otherwise provide tobacco to minors. Minors may not purchase, attempt to purchase, possess, attempt to possess or consume tobacco products in public.

None
21[124]
Adams County has raised their tobacco age to 21

 Missouri
None
18[125]
It is illegal to sell, give, supply or otherwise provide tobacco to minors. It is not illegal to give tobacco to minors on private premises nor is it illegal for minors to smoke in public.
Prior to 1992 Missouri did not have a minimum age limit.[93]

None
21[126]
Twelve cities in Missouri, including Kansas City, St. Louis and Jefferson City, have raised their tobacco age to 21

 Montana
None
18[127]
Sale or distribution of tobacco products to persons under 18 years of age is prohibited, whether over the counter, by vending machine, or otherwise.
Prior to 1993 there was no minimum age limit.[93]

 Nebraska
18[128][129]
It is illegal to sell, give or furnish, in any way tobacco to a minor. Minors may not smoke in public.

 Nevada
None
18[130]

 New Hampshire
18[131]
It is illegal to sell, give, supply or otherwise provide tobacco to minors. Minors may not purchase, attempt to purchase, possess, attempt to possess or consume tobacco products in public.

 New Jersey
None
21[132]
No person shall sell, give or furnish to a person under 21 years of age, any cigarettes made of tobacco.
The minimum age of 16 years was introduced in 1904.
The minimum age was raised from 16 to 18 in 1988.
The minimum age was raised from 18 to 19 in 2005.
The minimum age was raised from 19 to 21 on November 1, 2017.[81]

 New Mexico
None
18[133]
Prior to 1991 New Mexico had no minimum age.

 New York
None
18[134]
It is illegal to sell tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years.

None
21[135]
18 (Smoking supplies under federal/state law)
New York City bans all tobacco and e-cigarette sales to anyone under the age of 21.
Prior to May 18, 2014 the minimum age was 18 (by state law).

None
21[136]
Suffolk County bans all herbal cigarettes, rolling papers and pipes sales to anyone under the age of 21.

None
21
18 (Military)[137]
Onondaga County bans all tobacco product sales to anyone under the age of 21.

None
21
Orange County bans all tobacco product sales to anyone under the age of 21.

None
19[138]
Nassau County bans all tobacco product sales to anyone under the age of 19.

 North Carolina
None
18[139]
It is illegal for anyone under age 18 to buy, attempt to buy, to receive, or to use a false or misleading proof of age for the purpose of purchasing or receiving any tobacco product or cigarette wrapping papers.
The minimum age of 17 years was introduced in 1891.
The minimum age was raised from 17 to 18 in 1991.[81][93]

  North Dakota
18[140]

 Northern Mariana Islands
18
It is illegal to sell and supply tobacco to a minor.

 Ohio
18[141]

None
21[142]
Five cities in Ohio, including Cleveland, have raised their tobacco age to 21

 Oklahoma
None
18[143]
It is illegal to sell, give or otherwise supply tobacco to anyone under the age of 18 years.
The minimum age of 18 years was introduced in 1915.

 Oregon
None
21[144]
It is illegal to sell, give or otherwise supply tobacco to anyone under the age of 21 years since January 1, 2018.

 Pennsylvania
None
18[145]
It is illegal to sell, furnish, give or otherwise provide tobacco to a minor. Minors may not purchase or attempt to purchase tobacco products.
The minimum age of 16 years was introduced in 1972.
The minimum age was raised from 16 to 18 in 1990.[81][93]

 Puerto Rico
None
18

 Rhode Island
18[146][147]
No person under eighteen years of age shall purchase, nor shall any person sell, give, or deliver to any person under eighteen years of age, any tobacco products. No person under eighteen years of age shall use or possess, tobacco in any public street, place, or resort, any tobacco and/or electronic nicotine delivery system in any form.
The minimum age of 16 years was introduced in 1896.
The minimum age was raised from 16 to 18 in 1988.[81]

 South Carolina
None
18[148]
It is illegal to sell, give or otherwise supply tobacco to anyone under the age of 18 years. It is illegal for minors to purchase, attempt to purchase, possess, or attempt to possess a tobacco product, or present or offer proof of age that is false or fraudulent for the purpose of purchasing or possessing a tobacco product.

 South Dakota
None
18
Prior to 1989 South Dakota didn't regulate the sale of cigarettes to minors. Only smokeless tobacco products could not be sold to minors.

 Tennessee
None
18[149]
It is unlawful for a person who has not attained 18 years of age to possess a tobacco product, to purchase or accept receipt of a tobacco product, or to present or offer to any person any purported proof of age which is false, fraudulent, or not actually that person's own for the purpose of purchasing or receiving any tobacco product.

 Texas
18[150]
It is illegal to sell, give, supply or otherwise provide tobacco to minors. Minors may not purchase, attempt to purchase, possess, attempt to possess or consume tobacco products in public. Exception: The individual younger than 18 years of age possessed the cigarette or tobacco product in the presence of an adult parent, a guardian, or a spouse of the individual or an employer of the individual, if possession or receipt of the tobacco product is required in the performance of the employee's duties as an employee.
The minimum age to purchase, possess and consume tobacco was 16 years of age from 1899 to 1989.[93]

 United States Virgin Islands
None
18
[151]

 Utah
19[152]
It is illegal to sell, supply, give or otherwise furnish tobacco products or smoking devices to anyone under the age of 19 years. It is illegal for anyone under the age of 19 years to possess, consume, purchase any tobacco product.

 Vermont
None
18[153]
It is illegal to sell, supply, give or otherwise furnish tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years. It is illegal for anyone under the age of 18 years to possess or purchase tobacco products.
The minimum age of 17 years was introduced in 1888.
The minimum age was raised from 17 to 18 in 1991.[81][93]

 Virginia
18[154]
It is illegal to sell, supply, give or otherwise furnish tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years. It is illegal for anyone under the age of 18 years to possess or purchase tobacco products.
Prior to 1991 the minimum age to purchase tobacco products was 16 years of age.[93]

 Washington
None
18[155]
It is illegal to sell, give or permit to sell or give tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years. It is not illegal for minors to possess or consume tobacco products in public.

 Washington, D.C.
None
18[156]
It is illegal to sell, give or permit to sell or give tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years. It is not illegal for minors to possess or consume tobacco products in public.
The minimum age of 16 years was introduced in 1891.
The minimum age was raised from 16 to 18 in 1990.[81][93]

 West Virginia
18[157]
It is illegal to sell, supply, give or otherwise furnish tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years. It is illegal for anyone under the age of 18 years to possess, consume or purchase tobacco products.

 Wisconsin
None
18[158]
It is illegal to sell, give or permit to sell or give tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years. It is not illegal for minors to possess or consume tobacco products in public.

 Wyoming
18[159]
It is illegal to sell, supply, give or otherwise furnish tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years. It is illegal for anyone under the age of 18 years to possess, consume or purchase tobacco products.
Prior to 1991 Wyoming had no minimum purchase/sale age for tobacco products.[93]

 Uruguay
None
18
It is illegal to sell tobacco to a minor. A clearly legible notice with the sale ban to under anyone under the age of 18 years has to be placed inside and outside the premises.[160]

 Venezuela
None
18
It is illegal to sell or supply tobacco products to a minor.[161]

text: Asia[edit]

text:
Country
De jure
Notes

Smoking age
Purchase age

 Afghanistan
18
It is illegal to sell, give or otherwise furnish tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years. It is illegal to smoke or the use of tobacco in public buildings such as hospitals, schools and restaurants.[162]

 Bhutan
Illegal
In 2004, Bhutan became the first country to ban the sale, cultivation, and production of tobacco. People 18 and over may bring a limited amount of tobacco into Bhutan if they pay import duties.

 Brunei
18
It is illegal to sell, give or otherwise furnish tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years. It is illegal for minors to possess, buy or consume tobacco products.[163]

 Bangladesh
16
It is illegal to sell tobacco products to anyone under the age of 16 years. Any police-officer in uniform or any other person or class of persons duty authorized by the Government has the power to seize and destroy tobacco products of anyone under the age of 16 years whom he finds smoking in public.[164]

 Cambodia
None
18
Any act of selling or distributing all types of tobacco products to persons aged under 18 years or to pregnant women whose pregnancy is obvious or is realized must be punished with six days to one month in prison and a fine of 100,000 riel to 1 million riel.[165]

 China
None
18
It is illegal to sell tobacco products to minors. No one shall smoke on school or education premises. Weakly enforced to not enforced.
No age limit prior to December 29th 2006.[166]

 Hong Kong
18
It is illegal to sell, give or otherwise furnish tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years.[167]

 India
None
18
It is illegal to sell cigarettes or any other tobacco product to a person under the age of 18 years. It is illegal to sell tobacco within a radius of one hundred yards of any educational institution.[168]

 Indonesia
None
18
It is illegal to sell an supply tobacco products to pregnant women anyone under the age of 18 years.[169]

 Iran
None
18
It is illegal to sell and supply tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years. Violation will result in confiscation of tobacco from the minor and a fine for the salesperson.[170]

 Iraq
14

 Israel
None
18
It is illegal to sell tobacco products to a minor.
No minimum age prior to November 12th 2004.[171]

 Jordan
None
18 (Consumption of water pipes on premises)
18
It is illegal to sell tobacco to a minor. It is also illegal to provide water pipes in cafes, restaurants and similar places.[172]

 Japan
20
Supplying tobacco to persons under 20 is punishable by a ¥10,000 fine.[173]

 Kazakhstan
None
18
[174]

 Kuwait
None
21
It is illegal to sell or give tobacco products to anyone under the age of 21 years.[175]

 Kyrgyzstan
None
18
No minor shall sell or be sold tobacco products.[176]

 Lebanon
18
18
It is illegal to sell or distribute tobacco to a minor.[177]

 Macau
None
18
It is illegal to sell tobacco to a person under the age of 18 years. It is not illegal for a minor to smoke or to obtain tobacco from a person of the legal age.[178]

 Malaysia
None
18
It is illegal to sell tobacco products to a minor.[179]

 Maldives
None
18
It is illegal to sell tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years. The retailer must ensure that the buyer is at least 18 years of age. Furthermore, a clearly legible notice has to be displayed at point of sale stating that tobacco sales to minors are illegal.[180]

 Mongolia
15

   Nepal
None
18
It is illegal to sell or distribute tobacco products to minors and pregnant women.[181]

 North Korea
None
17
It is illegal to sell tobacco products to a minor.[182] (The tobacco law does not define the word "minor", but age of majority is reached at the age of 17 years).

 Oman
18

 Pakistan
None
18
It is illegal to sell tobacco to a person under the age of 18 years. A clearly legible notice with the sale restriction has to be placed at point of sale.[183]

 Palestine
14

 Philippines
18
Only people over 18 may buy cigarettes and tobacco due to the "STOP for Health Act". (Stop Tobacco and Other Products for Health)[184]

 Qatar
None
18
It is illegal to sell cigarettes or any other tobacco to a person unter the age of 18 years.[185]

 Saudi Arabia
18

 Singapore
18
Age of smoking in Singapore currently 18. Increasing at 19 by 2019 and 21 by 2021.
It is illegal to sell or give, directly or indirectly any tobacco product to a person under the age of 18 years. No minor is allowed to consume or to possess any tobacco product in public.[186]

 South Korea
19
20
[187]

 Sri Lanka
None
21
It is illegal to sell any tobacco product to a person under the age of 21 years.[188]

 Syria
None
18
It is unlawful to sell or give tobacco to a person under the age of 18 years.[189]

 Taiwan
18
It is illegal to sell or provide tobacco to a pregnant women and anyone under the age of 18 years. It is illegal for a pregnant women or a child to smoke.[190]

 Tajikistan
14

 Thailand
None
18
[191]

 Turkmenistan
Illegal
In January 2016, President Gurbanguly Berdymukhammedow reportedly banned tobacco sales in Turkmenistan.[192]

 United Arab Emirates
18

 Vietnam
18
It is illegal for people less than 18 years of age use, buy, and sell tobacco products. It is illegal to sell and supply tobacco product to people less than 18 years of age.[193]

 Yemen
14

text: Europe[edit]

text:
Country
De jure
Notes

Smoking age
Purchase age

 Albania
None
18
It is illegal to sell or supply tobacco products to minors under the age of 18 years.[194]

 Armenia
None
18
It is illegal to sell tobacco products anyone under the age of 18 years. Minors may not sell tobacco products.[195]
No minimum age prior to December 24th 2004.

 Austria
16
The minimum age is regulated by each federal state, but is nationwide 16 years. It is illegal in every state to sell or give tobacco products to a person under the age of 16 years as well as the consumption by a person under the age of 16 years in any public place.[196]

 Azerbaijan
None
18
It is illegal to sell tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years. The packaging of tobacco products must contain a warning that sale to minors is prohibited.[197]
No minimum age prior to January 1st 2002.

 Belarus
None
18
(Decree No. 28 of 2002 Section 32. "It is banned to sell tobacco products to citizens (by citizens) of the Republic of Belarus, foreign citizens and individuals with no citizenship under 18 years old.")[198]

 Belgium
None
16
("Il est interdit de vendre des produits de tabac aux jeunes de moins de 16 ans et la publicité pour les produits de tabac est interdite.")[199]

 Bosnia and Herzegovina
18
It is illegal to sell and gift tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years. It is illegal for minors under the age of 18 years to gift, sell and consume tobacco products.[200]
The minimum age was 15 years prior to September 28th 2004.
No minimum age prior to March 9th 1998.[201]

 Bulgaria
None
18
It is illegal to sell tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years.[202]

 Croatia
None
18
It is illegal to sell tobacco products to minors. It is the responsibility of any salesperson to ensure that no tobacco is sold to minors and therefore to request an ID to make sure that the purchaser is at least 18 years of age. Minors may not sell tobacco products.[203]

 Cyprus
None
18
It is illegal to sell or otherwise provide tobacco products to a minor.
"(…)any person who provides a tobacco product to a minor is guilty of offense and in any case of his/her conviction, he/she shall be subject to a penalty not exceeding one thousand pounds or to incarceration not exceeding six months and/or to both penalties."[204]

 Czech Republic
None
18
Selling tobacco products to anyone under 18 is prohibited. Sale of tobacco products and tobacco through vending machines is permitted if the tobacco purchase age is not violated. The seller shall place a clearly visible notice displaying the sale restrictions of tobacco to person under the age of 18. A person selling tobacco must be 18 years or older, unless the minor is preparing for a future career in the hotel or tourism industry, as a cook-waiter or salesman. However, it is very easy to get tobacco products for minors as many sellers don't check the age.[205]
The minimum age was 16 years prior to September 2nd 1999.[206]

 Denmark
None
18
The minimum age was 16 years prior to September 1st 2008.[207]

 Estonia
18
The minimum age to purchase tobacco products or to smoke in public is set at 18. Minors may not be in possession of, or handle tobacco products.[208]

 Finland
18
Prior to October 2010 it was not illegal for minors to smoke in public.
The minimum age was 16 years prior to March 1st 1995.[209]

 France
None
18
It is illegal to sell tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years. Minors under the age of 18 years may not smoke in any school or on school property.[210] Vending machines outside a tobacco shop is prohibited.
Prior to 21 July 2009 the minimum age to purchase tobacco products was 16 years of age.

 Georgia
None
18
It is illegal to sell tobacco products to minors under the age of 18.[211]

 Germany
18
The Protection of Young Persons Act states that children and young people under 18 years of age shall not be sold tobacco products nor should they be permitted to smoke in public. This does not apply to married adolescents.[212]
Minimum age was 18 from June 10th 1943 until January 1st 1952.[213]
Minimum age was 16 from January 1st 1952 to September 1st 2007.[214]

 Gibraltar
18
It is illegal to sell and furnish tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years. Any police officer may confiscate tobacco from a minor in public.[215]
The minimum age was 16 years prior to July 7th 2006.[216]

 Greece
None
18
It is illegal to sell tobacco to minors.[217]

 Hungary
18
It is illegal to sell or supply tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18. It is illegal to smoke under the age of 18. The sale of tobacco is prohibited within 200 m of schools and health care units.

 Iceland
None
18
It is illegal to sell or deliver tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years. Minors may not handle or sell tobacco products.[218]
No minimum age prior to January 1st 1985.
The minimum age was 16 years from January 1st 1985 to October 1st 1996.[219]

 Ireland
18
The sale of tobacco to persons under 18 is illegal. It is illegal to buy or smoke cigarettes if you are under the age of 18.[220]
The minimum age was 16 years prior to March 27th 2002.[221]

 Italy
None
18
It is illegal to sell tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years. Violation is punished with a fine between €250.00 and €1000.00. If the law is violated more than once the fine is increased to €500.00 and €2,000.00 and a revocation of the tobacco license for at least 3 months.[222][223]

Minimum age for electronic cigarettes was 16 prior to May 1st 2013.[224]

 Kosovo[a]
None
[225]

 Latvia
None
18
The sale of tobacco products to persons under the age of 18 is prohibited.[226]

 Liechtenstein
16
It is illegal for anyone under the age of 16 to possess or consume tobacco products.[227]

 Lithuania
18
No minimum age to smoke prior to May 1st 2015.

 Luxembourg
None
18
It is illegal to sell tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years.[228][229]
No minimum age prior to January 1st 2006.
Minimum purchase age increased from 16 to 18 on 1 August 2017.

 Macedonia
None
18
It is illegal to sell tobacco to anyone under the age of 18 years.[230]

 Malta
None
18
"No person shall sell, supply or distribute by way of compensation or otherwise, any cigarettes, cigars, tobacco, tobacco products or smoking requisites to any person who is under the age of 18 years, or in any manner induce such person to smoke."[231]

 Moldova
None
18
It is illegal to sell tobacco to anyone under the age of 18 years.[232]

 Montenegro
None
18
It is illegal to sell tobacco to anyone under the age of 18. A poster with the sale restrictions must be placed at point of sale.[233]

 Netherlands
None
18
The sale of tobacco to persons under 18 is illegal.[234] Smoking of tobacco is prohibited by law in all public buildings and in public transport. As of 1 January 2004 every employee has the right to work in a smoke-free environment. All forms of tobacco advertising, promotion or sponsorship are prohibited. Smoking remains prevalent in the Netherlands despite these efforts. Tobacco can be bought at every supermarket and at other stores.

 Norway
None
18
(No age limit for use of tobacco but no sales of cigarettes or Swedish snus to people under 18 by law.[235] Vending machines are only allowed when they are cited inside an approved store, with a demand of buying a receipt from the cashier first.[235] and imitation tobacco products are not allowed. Cigarette commercials are also strictly forbidden by law. As of June 2004, smoking is prohibited in all public places, including restaurants, pubs and work places.)

 Poland
None
18
Minors are not allowed to buy tobacco products.[236]

 Portugal
18
It is illegal to sell or give any tobacco product to a minor as well as the consumption of a tobacco product in any public place by a minor. There is a proposition to ban vending machines in places accessible to people younger than 18.[237]
Minimum age was 16 prior to January 1, 2008.

 Romania
None
18
There is a ban on sale of tobacco to those younger than 18. Vending machines selling tobacco are banned. There is no minimum legal age of smoking.

 Russia
None
18
Retail sales of tobacco products to any person under the age of 18 years are an offence.[238]

 Serbia
None
18
The sale to persons under 18 is prohibited. Contrary to that, a lot of salesmen sell cigarettes to minors in Serbia. Acquiring tobacco products is very easy for minors despite the law.

 Slovakia
None
18
Tobacco sales to under 18 year olds are prohibited.[239]

 Slovenia
None
18
It is illegal to sell tobacco to anyone under the age of 18. ID-Card or passport has to be shown if requested.[240]

 Spain
None
18
It is illegal to sell any tobacco product or other smoking substances (e.g. electronic cigarettes) to a person under the age of 18 years.[241]
Minimum age was 16 in most regions prior to January 1st 2006.

 Sweden
None
18
It is illegal to sell or commercially distribute tobacco to a person under the age of 18 years.[242]
No minimum age prior to January 1st 1997.

  Switzerland

Regulations by canton:

States/territories
Smoking age
Purchase age
Notes

 Aargau
None
16
It is an offence to sell or supply (except for Parents) any tobacco product to a person under 16 years of age.[243]

 Appenzell Ausserrhoden
None
16
It is an offence to sell or supply any tobacco product to a person under 16 years of age.[244]

 Appenzell Innerrhoden
None
No cantonal regulation towards sale and supply of tobacco products to minors.[245]

 Basel-Landschaft
None
18
Selling any tobacco product to a minor is unlawful. If a customer appears to be under the age of 18 years the salesperson must check a valid ID.[246]

 Basel-Stadt
None
18
Selling any tobacco product to a minor is unlawful. If a customer appears to be under the age of 18 years the salesperson must check a valid ID.[247]

 Bern
None
18 (to enter smoking facility or premises)
18
Selling or giving any tobacco product to a minor is unlawful. If a customer appears to be under the age of 18 years the salesperson must check a valid ID.[248]

 Fribourg
None
16
Selling or supplying any tobacco product to a person under the age of 16 is unlawful. If a customer appears to be under the age of 16 years the salesperson must check a valid ID.[249]

 Geneva
None
No cantonal regulation towards sale and supply of tobacco products to minors.[245]

 Glarus
None
16
Selling any tobacco product to a person under the age of 16 is unlawful. If a customer appears to be under the age of 16 years the salesperson must check a valid ID.[250]

 Graubünden
None
16
[251]

 Jura
None
18
It is illegal to sell or supply tobacco to a minor.[252]

 Luzern
None
16
Selling any tobacco product to a person under the age of 16 is unlawful.[253]

 Neuchâtel
None
18
Selling any tobacco product to a minor is unlawful.[254]

 Nidwalden
None
18
Selling any tobacco product to a minor is unlawful.[255]

 Obwalden
None
No cantonal regulation towards sale and supply of tobacco products to minors.[245]

 Schaffhausen
None
18
Selling any tobacco product to a minor is unlawful.[245]

 Schwyz
None
No cantonal regulation towards sale and supply of tobacco products to minors.[245]

 Solothurn
None
16
Selling any tobacco product to a person under the age of 16 is unlawful.[256]

 St. Gallen
None
16
Selling or supplying any tobacco product to a person under the age of 16 is unlawful. If a customer appears to be under the age of 16 years the salesperson must check a valid ID.[257]

 Thurgau
None
16
Selling or supplying any tobacco product to a person under the age of 16 is unlawful. If a customer appears to be under the age of 16 years the salesperson must check a valid ID.[258]

 Ticino
None
18
Selling any tobacco product to a minor is unlawful.[245]

 Uri
None
16
Selling or supplying any tobacco product to a person under the age of 16 is unlawful.[259]

 Valais
None
16
Selling or supplying any tobacco product to a person under the age of 16 is unlawful. Currently the cantonal government is planning to raise the minimum age to 18 years.[260]

 Vaud
None
18
Selling any tobacco product to a minor is unlawful.[261]

 Zug
None
18
Selling any tobacco product to a minor is unlawful.[262]

 Zürich
None
16
Selling or supplying any tobacco product to a person under the age of 16 is unlawful. If a customer appears to be under the age of 16 years the salesperson must check a valid ID.[263]

 Turkey
None
18

 Ukraine
14
18

 United Kingdom

18 (purchase) 16 (public possession)

 England and  Wales:
It is illegal to sell tobacco to anyone under the age of 18.[264] The minimum age to smoke in public is 16 and authorities have the duty to seize any tobacco or cigarette papers in the possession of any person apparently under the age of 16.[265]
Minimum age to purchase was 16 from 1908 to October 1st 2007.
No Minimum age prior 1908.

18
 Scotland:
A person who sells a tobacco product or cigarette papers to a person under the age of 18 commits an offence. Any person under the age of 18 who buys or attempts to buy a tobacco product or cigarette papers commits an offence as well as an adult who knowlingly buys a tobacco product or cigarette papers on behalf of a person under the age of 18.[266] Any constable who has reasonable grounds for suspecting that a person in a public place is under the age of 18, and in possession of a tobacco product or cigarette papers may require the person to surrender the tobacco product.[267]
Minimum age was 16 prior to September 30th 2007.

18
Northern Ireland:
A person who sells to a person under the age of 18 any tobacco or cigarette papers, whether for his own use or not, shall be guilty of an offence. A member of the Police Service of Northern Ireland may seize any tobacco or cigarette papers in the possession of any person apparently under the age of 18 whom he finds smoking in any street or public place.[268]
Minimum age was 16 prior to September 1st 2008.

text: ^ Disputed.

text: Oceania[edit]

text:
Country
De jure
Notes

Smoking age
Purchase age

 Australia

Regulations by state/territory:

Province/territory
Smoking age
Purchase age
Notes

 Australian Capital Territory
None
18
It is illegal to sell tobacco products to a person under the age of 18 years.[269] Further it is illegal to buy a tobacco product for a minor.[270]

 New South Wales
None
18
It is illegal to sell any tobacco or non-tobacco smoking product to a person who is under the age of 18 years.[271]

 Northern Territory
None
18
It is illegal to sell any tobacco product to a minor or on behalf of a minors. It is illegal to smoke in a vehicle with a person under the age of 18 years present.[272][273]

 Queensland
None
18
It is illegal for an adult to supply a tobacco product to a person under the age of 18 years; however, a responsible adult for a child does not commit an offence by supplying a smoking product to the child.[274]

 South Australia
None
18
It is an offence to supply any tobacco product to a person under the age of 18 years.[275]

 Tasmania
None
18
It is illegal to sell or supply tobacco to a person under the age of 18 years.
Minimum age was 16 prior to January 1st 1997.[276]

 Victoria
None
18
It is illegal to supply tobacco to a minor. Smoking in a vehicle with a person under 18 present is an offence.[277]

 Western Australia
None
18
It is illegal to sell, deliver or supply tobacco or smoking implement to a minor. Purchase on behalf of people under 18 prohibited.[278][279]

 Fiji
None
18
It is illegal to sell and supply tobacco to a minor.[280]

 Micronesia, Federated States of
18
It is illegal to sell and supply tobacco to a minor.

 New Zealand
None
18
It is illegal to sell and supply tobacco to a minor.
No minimum age prior to 1903.
Minimum age of 15 years from 1903 to 1988.
Minimum age of 16 years from 1988 to 1998.[281][282]

 Palau
None
18
21 (Only rolling papers and elaus)
It is illegal to sell or give tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years. If the purchaser appears to be under the age of 30 years, ID must be checked before sale. It is illegal to employ anyone under the age of 21 handling tobacco products. It is illegal to sell rolling papers and elaus to anyone under the age of 21 years.[283]

 Papua New Guinea
None
18
It is illegal to sell or give tobacco to a person under the age of 18 years.[284]

 Samoa
21
It is illegal to sell tobacco to anyone under the age of 21 years. It is not illegal for a person under the age of 21 years to possess or smoke tobacco in public.[285]

 Solomon Islands
None
18
It is illegal to sell, give or otherwise supply tobacco to a minor.[286]

 Tonga
None
18
It is illegal to sell, give or otherwise supply tobacco to a minor.[287]

 Tokelau
16
It is illegal for a person under 16 to smoke tobacco.[288]

 Vanuatu
18
It is illegal to sell tobacco to a persons under 18. It is illegal for persons under 18 to smoke tobacco.[289]

text: Historical regulations[edit]

text:
Minimum age to purchase tobacco in Europe as of 1995:
  Minimum age is 18
  Minimum age is 16
  No minimum age

Minimum age to purchase tobacco in the United States as of 1989:[290]
  Minimum age is 19
  Minimum age is 18
  Minimum age is 17
  Minimum age is 16
  No minimum age


document_title: DC Extended Universe

question_text: when does the next dc movie come out

question_tokens: when does the next dc movie come out

root

text: DC Extended Universe

text: Development[edit]

text: In 2002, Wolfgang Petersen was set to direct a Batman vs. Superman film from a script by Akiva Goldsman.[10] Warner Bros. canceled development to focus on individual Superman and Batman projects after J. J. Abrams submitted another draft for Superman: Flyby.[11][12] In February 2007, Warner Bros. hired husband and wife duo Michele and Kieran Mulroney to write a script for a Justice League film.[13] Christian Bale, who starred as Batman in Batman Begins (2005), was not approached to reprise the role,[14] nor was Brandon Routh, who starred as Superman in Superman Returns (2006).[15] George Miller was hired to direct the film,[16] reportedly titled Justice League Mortal,[17] with Armie Hammer cast as Batman, D. J. Cotrona as Superman, Adam Brody as Flash, Santiago Cabrera as Aquaman, Common as Green Lantern, Megan Gale as Wonder Woman, Hugh Keays-Byrne as Martian Manhunter and Jay Baruchel as Maxwell Lord.[18] The project was put on indefinite hold in January 2008, after failing to secure tax breaks for filming in Australia, as well as the 2007–2008 Writers Guild of America strike preventing progress on the script.[19]

tag: p

text: In 2013, a reboot of the Superman franchise, Man of Steel, was set to lay the groundwork for future DC films.[20] The film contained references to other characters in the DC Universe, so if it were a success, it could launch a shared universe.[21][22] Days before Man of Steel's release in June, it was reported that director Zack Snyder and screenwriter David S. Goyer would be returning for a sequel, which was being fast-tracked by Warner Bros.[23] In July, at San Diego Comic-Con, it was revealed that the sequel would include Batman in a main role, thus establishing the shared universe.[24][25] In October 2014, Warner Bros. announced a slate of ten DC films.[26]

text: Upon announcement, the universe was commonly called the "DC Cinematic Universe" by fans and the media, in keeping with the naming convention of the already established Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU).[27][28][29] Keith Staskiewicz, writing for Entertainment Weekly, coined the term "DC Extended Universe™" as a joke on an article of his about Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice on July 1, 2015. This and the abbreviation DCEU quickly spread among the press and fans thinking of it as the official name of the franchise over the following years.[30][9] According to Vulture writer Abraham Riesman, DC confirmed to him in September 2017 that the term is not used internally and they do not consider it official.[7] While the MCU includes television productions, the DCEU is a shared continuity for films. Several television series featuring DC characters and storylines have their own shared continuity, frequently referred to as the Arrowverse.[31] DC's chief creative officer Geoff Johns explained DC's difference in approach to Marvel Studios and their cinematic universe, saying, "We look at it as the multiverse. We have our TV universe and our film universe, but they all co-exist. For us, creatively, it’s about allowing everyone to make the best possible product, to tell the best story, to do the best world. Everyone has a vision and you really want to let the visions shine through ... It's just a different approach."[32] In June 2015, Warner Bros. president of creative development Greg Silverman expanded on DC's approach to their cinematic universe, saying, "We ... take these beloved characters and put them in the hands of master filmmakers and make sure they all coordinate with each other. You'll see the difference when you see ... the things that we are working on."[33]

text: In May 2016, following criticism of Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice, Warner Bros. established a DC Films division with Geoff Johns and Warner Bros. executive vice president Jon Berg as its heads,[34] which oversees production to form a cohesive creative direction for the franchise.[35][36] DC Films will not be fully autonomous, with Johns reporting to DC president Diane Nelson and Berg reporting to Silverman.[35] Charles Roven was also moved from his day-by-day producer role on future DC films, which he had served since 2005's Batman Begins, to an administrative executive producer role.[37] In December, Silverman was ousted from his role in Warner Bros., and Toby Emmerich was promoted to president and chief content officer, in his place.[38] Later in 2016, as part of DC Films Presents: Dawn of the Justice League!, both Geoff Johns and Kevin Smith referred to the franchise's name as being the "Justice League Universe".[4][5] As of January 2017, Johns and Berg report to Emmerich.[39] Following the financial and critical success of Wonder Woman in June 2017, Johns stated that moving forward the films will focus on the heart, humor, hope, heroics, and optimism of the characters.[40]

text: Released films[edit]

text:
Film
U.S. release date
Director(s)
Screenwriter(s)
Story by
Producer(s)

Man of Steel
June 14, 2013 (2013-06-14)
Zack Snyder
David S. Goyer
Christopher Nolan & David S. Goyer
Charles Roven, Christopher Nolan, Emma Thomas and Deborah Snyder

Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice
March 25, 2016 (2016-03-25)
Chris Terrio and David S. Goyer
Charles Roven and Deborah Snyder

Suicide Squad
August 5, 2016 (2016-08-05)
David Ayer
Charles Roven and Richard Suckle

Wonder Woman
June 2, 2017 (2017-06-02)
Patty Jenkins
Allan Heinberg
Zack Snyder & Allan Heinberg and Jason Fuchs
Charles Roven, Deborah Snyder, Zack Snyder and Richard Suckle

tag: table

text: Man of Steel (2013)[edit]

text: Clark Kent / Kal-El, who arrived on Earth years ago from Krypton, struggles with why he was sent to Earth. Raised by his adoptive parents, Jonathan and Martha Kent, Kent adopts the persona "Superman", and learns if his abilities are meant to maintain peace or conquer the world.[41]

text: During story discussions for The Dark Knight Rises, David S. Goyer told Christopher Nolan his idea regarding how to present Superman in a modern context.[42] Impressed with Goyer's concept, Nolan pitched the idea to the studio,[43] who hired Nolan to produce and Goyer to write based on the financial and critical success of The Dark Knight.[44][45] Zack Snyder was hired in October 2010 to direct the film.[46] In January 2011, Henry Cavill was cast as Clark Kent / Superman.[47] Other cast members included Amy Adams as Lois Lane,[48] Michael Shannon as the villain General Zod,[49] Diane Lane as Martha Kent,[50] Kevin Costner as Jonathan Kent,[51] Russell Crowe as Jor-El,[52] and Laurence Fishburne as Perry White.[53] Principal photography began on August 1, 2011.[54] Man of Steel released in North America on June 14, 2013.[55]

text: Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016)[edit]

text: Gotham City-based vigilante Batman travels to Metropolis to preemptively combat Superman, fearing what would happen if the latter is kept unchecked, while another threat endangers humankind.[56]

text: In June 2013, it was reported that Snyder and Goyer would be returning for a sequel to Man of Steel, which was being fast-tracked by Warner Bros.[23] Nolan was involved in an advisory role as executive producer.[57] In July, at the San Diego Comic-Con, Warner Bros. announced that Superman and Batman would meet for the first time in a cinematic format in the film, which would be the follow-up to Man of Steel and a reboot of the Batman film series.[24][25] According to Snyder, the film took inspiration from the comic The Dark Knight Returns.[58] Cavill, Adams, Lane, and Fishburne reprised their roles.[59] In August, Ben Affleck was cast as Bruce Wayne / Batman.[60] In December, Gal Gadot was cast as Diana Prince / Wonder Woman, marking the character's first appearance in a live-action theatrical film.[61] Later in the month, Chris Terrio was hired to rewrite Goyer's script.[62] In January 2014, the film was delayed from its July 17, 2015, release date to May 6, 2016, to give the filmmakers "time to realize fully their vision, given the complex visual nature of the story".[63] Later that month, Jesse Eisenberg and Jeremy Irons joined the cast as Lex Luthor and Alfred Pennyworth, respectively.[64] In May 2014, the film's title was revealed to be Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice.[65] Initial filming occurred on October 19, 2013, at East Los Angeles College,[66] before full principal photography began on May 21, 2014, in Detroit.[67] Production also took place in Illinois, New Mexico, Africa and the South Pacific.[67][68] After another date change, the film was released in North America on March 25, 2016.[69]

text: The film is set 18 months after the events of Man of Steel.[70] Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice introduced Ezra Miller as Barry Allen / The Flash, Jason Momoa as Arthur Curry / Aquaman and Ray Fisher as Victor Stone / Cyborg, whose roles will be expanded upon in future films.[71][72][59] The film also introduced Steppenwolf, who will serve as the main antagonist in Justice League, through a brief scene. The scene was not included in the film's theatrical release, but instead was revealed online by Warner Bros. on March 28,[73] before being included in the Ultimate Edition home video release.[74]

text: Suicide Squad (2016)[edit]

text: After the death of Superman, a secret government agency recruits imprisoned supervillains to execute dangerous black ops missions and rescue the world from a powerful threat, in exchange for clemency.[75]

text: In February 2009, prior to the development of the DCEU, Warner Bros. was developing a Suicide Squad film, with Dan Lin producing and Justin Marks writing the script.[76] In October 2014, Suicide Squad was announced by Warner Bros., with David Ayer confirmed as director.[26] In December, it was revealed that Ayer would also be writing the screenplay.[77] The main cast included Will Smith as Deadshot, Margot Robbie as Harley Quinn, Jared Leto as the Joker, Jai Courtney as Captain Boomerang, Jay Hernandez as El Diablo, Adewale Akinnuoye-Agbaje as Killer Croc, Karen Fukuhara as Katana, Cara Delevingne as Enchantress, Viola Davis as Amanda Waller, and Joel Kinnaman as Rick Flag.[78] Tom Hardy was originally cast as Rick Flag, but dropped out due to scheduling issues with his film The Revenant.[79] Principal photography commenced April 13, 2015,[80] and took place in and around Toronto.[81] Filming concluded August 28, 2015.[82] Suicide Squad was released in North America on August 5, 2016.[83]

text: The film is set after the events of Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice.[84] Affleck as Bruce Wayne / Batman and Miller as Barry Allen / The Flash made appearances in the film.[84] In a mid-credits scene, Waller meets Wayne in a restaurant and hands him a dossier containing information on future members of the Justice League.[85]

text: Wonder Woman (2017)[edit]

text: Diana of Themyscira, an Amazon warrior who also is the demigoddess daughter of the god Zeus, uses her talents and abilities in order to help humanity during World War I.

text: In December 2013, Gal Gadot was cast as Diana Prince / Wonder Woman and signed a three-picture deal which included a solo film.[61][86] In October 2014, Wonder Woman was announced by Warner Bros.[26] In November, Michelle MacLaren was confirmed to direct the film from a screenplay by Jason Fuchs.[87][88] In April 2015, MacLaren left the project due to creative differences.[89] Later that month, Patty Jenkins was announced as the new director of the film.[90] In July, Chris Pine was cast as Steve Trevor.[91] Other cast members include Connie Nielsen as Queen Hippolyta, Robin Wright as General Antiope, Danny Huston as Erich Ludendorff, Elena Anaya as Doctor Poison, and David Thewlis as Ares.[92][93] Filming began in November 2015, and was shot in the United Kingdom, France and Italy.[94] Wonder Woman was released in North America on June 2, 2017.[83]

text: Upcoming films[edit]

text:
Film
U.S. release date
Director(s)
Screenwriter(s)
Story by
Producer(s)
Status

Justice League
November 17, 2017 (2017-11-17)
Zack Snyder
Chris Terrio and Joss Whedon[95]
Chris Terrio & Zack Snyder
Charles Roven, Deborah Snyder, Jon Berg and Geoff Johns
Post-production

Aquaman
December 21, 2018 (2018-12-21)
James Wan
Will Beall
James Wan & Geoff Johns
Peter Safran[96]
Filming

Shazam!
April 5, 2019 (2019-04-05)
David F. Sandberg
Henry Gayden
Peter Safran[97]
Pre-production[98]

Wonder Woman 2
December 13, 2019 (2019-12-13)
Patty Jenkins[99]
Geoff Johns & Patty Jenkins and David Callaham[100]
Patty Jenkins & Geoff Johns[101]
TBA
In development

Cyborg
April 3, 2020 (2020-04-03)
TBA
TBA
TBA
TBA

Green Lantern Corps
July 24, 2020 (2020-07-24)
TBA
David S. Goyer and Justin Rhodes
David S. Goyer & Geoff Johns
David S. Goyer

text: Justice League (2017)[edit]

text: Motivated by Superman's death at the hands of Doomsday, Bruce Wayne / Batman and Diana Prince / Wonder Woman assemble a team of metahumans to face a new catastrophic threat.[102]

text: In June 2013, it was reported that Goyer would be writing Justice League as part of a three-film deal he signed for Man of Steel.[23] In April 2014, it was announced that Snyder would return as director.[103] The film was announced in October as Justice League Part One.[26] In March 2016, it was confirmed that Chris Terrio had written the script, who said that the film would not be as tonally dark as Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice.[104] In June, Geoff Johns announced that the title had been changed to simply Justice League.[105] Affleck, Cavill, Gadot, Momoa, Miller, Fisher, Irons, Lane, Adams, Eisenberg, Nielsen and Wright will reprise their respective roles from previous films.[106][107] Ciarán Hinds provides the voice and performance capture for the villain Steppenwolf.[108] Beginning on April 11, 2016, filming took place at Warner Bros. Studios, Leavesden, in England, as well as locations around London and in Iceland.[109] Filming concluded in October 2016.[110] In May 2017, Snyder stepped down from his duties on the film due to his daughter's death; Joss Whedon will fill his position on post-production, with additional scenes being written and directed by him.[111] Justice League is scheduled to be released worldwide on November 17, 2017.[109]

text: Justice League will introduce various characters, including J. K. Simmons as James Gordon,[112] Amber Heard as Mera,[113] Willem Dafoe as Nuidis Vulko,[114] Kiersey Clemons as Iris West,[115] and Billy Crudup as Henry Allen.[116] It was officially reported in August of 2017 that Whedon would receive a screenwriting credit for the film.[117]

text: Aquaman (2018)[edit]

text: Following the events of Justice League, Arthur Curry / Aquaman must fight to retain the Atlantean throne from opposing threats.

text: In June 2014, Jason Momoa was cast as Arthur Curry / Aquaman.[59] By August, Will Beall and Kurt Johnstad were writing competing scripts for the character's solo film.[118] Aquaman was announced in October.[26] In June 2015, James Wan was hired as director, as well as to oversee the screenplay by Johnstad.[119] The film's plot takes place after the events of Justice League.[120] In July 2016, Beall returned to write the script, based on a story treatment by Wan and Geoff Johns.[121] In December, Patrick Wilson was cast as Orm Marius / Ocean Master, the half-brother of Aquaman.[122] In January 2017, Yahya Abdul-Mateen II was cast in the role of villain Black Manta.[123] In March, Nicole Kidman confirmed that she will play Queen Atlanna, Aquaman's mother.[124] In April, Dolph Lundgren was cast as the villain King Nereus.[125] Heard and Dafoe will reprise their roles from Justice League.[96][113] Other cast members include Temuera Morrison as Aquaman's father Tom Curry,[96] and Ludi Lin as Murk, an ally of Aquaman.[126] Principal photography began on May 2, 2017, in Queensland, Australia.[96] Aquaman is scheduled to be released in North America on December 21, 2018.[127]

text: Shazam (2019)[edit]

text: In August 2014, Dwayne Johnson announced his attachment to a project about the superhero Shazam, formerly known as Captain Marvel.[128] In September, it was revealed that Johnson would portray Shazam's nemisis, the anti-hero Black Adam, in the film, and that he and Hiram Garcia would serve as producers, with Darren Lemke set to write the script.[129] New Line Cinema president Toby Emmerich told Entertainment Weekly that the film will have a tone unto itself different from other comic book films; with a sense of fun and humor, but with real stakes.[130] In October, Warner Bros. announced Shazam as a film in its upcoming slate.[26] By January 2017, Henry Gayden was working on the script.[131] In July, David F. Sandberg was confirmed as director of the film, while production will begin in early 2018.[98] Despite the initial announcement, Dwayne Johnson will not appear as Black Adam in Shazam, but will still star in his own solo film.[132] Sandberg stated that he will cast both a child and an adult to play the dual role of the titular character.[133] Pre-production started when the casting process for Billy Batson began in August of 2017.[134] The film is scheduled to film in Toronto between February and May 2018 under the working title "Franklin".[135] Shazam will be released in North America in 2019.[26]

text: Wonder Woman 2 (2019)[edit]

text: By June 2017, Geoff Johns and Patty Jenkins had begun work on the story treatment for a Wonder Woman sequel.[136] By July, Johns announced that he is working on the script for the film.[137] That same month, the sequel was officially announced at San Diego Comic-Con.[138] By August, Jenkins was in final negotiations to return as director,[139] officially signing the deal a month later, with confirmation that Gadot will be returning as the titular role.[99] By September, Jenkins brought on David Callaham to pen the script with her and Johns.[100] Wonder Woman 2 is scheduled to be released in North America on December 13, 2019. [140]

text: Cyborg (2020)[edit]

text: In April 2014, Ray Fisher was cast as Victor Stone / Cyborg.[71] In October, Warner Bros. announced the character's solo film, titled Cyborg, with release scheduled for 2020.[26] In August 2017, Joe Morton stated that he signed a three-picture deal and that he will reprise his role as Dr. Silas Stone.[141]

text: Green Lantern Corps (2020)[edit]

text: In October 2014, Warner Bros. announced a Green Lantern film.[26] The title was revealed as Green Lantern Corps in July 2015 at San Diego Comic-Con.[142] In January 2017, David S. Goyer and Justin Rhodes were hired to co-write the screenplay, based on a story draft by Goyer and Geoff Johns. Goyer will also be involved as a producer.[143] Green Lantern Corps is scheduled to be released in North America in 2020.[26]

text: Undated films[edit]

text: Warner Bros Studios has various films in varying stages of development. The films which have been announced to be in development, are part of the shared film universe, but do not yet have official release dates are listed hereafter in alphabetical order, followed by the films that do not yet have an official title.

text: Batgirl[edit]

text: In March 2017, Joss Whedon was hired to write, direct and produce a Barbara Gordon / Batgirl film.[144] According to Entertainment Weekly, the film will draw inspiration from The New 52 comics by Gail Simone.[145] In April, Whedon stated that he was drawn to the character because of her choice to become a vigilante, even though she did not have a childhood tragedy like Bruce Wayne / Batman had, and that the damaged aspect of the character will be explored in the film.[146] In July, Geoff Johns stated that Whedon will begin production on the film in 2018.[147] At the San Diego Comic-Con, the title was announced to be Batgirl.[138]

text: The Batman[edit]

text: In October 2014, Warner Bros. announced that a Batman standalone film was in development, with Affleck set to reprise the role.[26] By July 2015, Affleck was in negotiations to also produce, direct and co-write the screenplay with Geoff Johns.[148] In March 2016, William Morris Endeavor's co-CEO Patrick Whitesell stated that Affleck had written a screenplay for a Batman film.[149] In April, Warner Bros. confirmed that Affleck would direct the film.[150] In May, Jeremy Irons confirmed that he was "tied into The Batman",[151] while Affleck stated that the film would borrow from the comics, but mainly be an "original story".[152] In August, Affleck teased Deathstroke on social media through test footage. Geoff Johns later revealed that the character will be played by Joe Manganiello.[153] In October, Affleck stated the intended title for the film was The Batman, adding "At least that's what we're going with now. I might change it."[154] In December, Affleck confirmed that the film was on track to begin shooting in Q1/Q2 2017.[155] Later that month, Warner Bros. executive Greg Silverman stated that the film would be released in 2018.[156] In January 2017, in an interview with The Guardian, Affleck stated that the film does not have a set script, and that he will only direct it if he feels like it will be a great movie.[157] Later that month, Affleck stepped down as director in order to more efficiently focus on starring as the eponymous role. He will continue to serve as writer, producer, and star of the film.[158] Upon Affleck's announcement, it was noted by Deadline that Chris Terrio had turned in a rewrite of the original script by Affleck and Johns.[159] In February, Warner Bros. announced the title as The Batman and that Matt Reeves would direct and co-produce the film.[160] In June, Reeves stated that the movie will focus on the detective side of the character, with a Hitchcock-influenced noir style that emphasizes seeing into Batman's mind and heart in the storytelling techniques.[161] In July, Reeves confirmed that the script was being re-written so as to be in line with his style and vision for the film.[162]

text: Flashpoint[edit]

text: In July 2013, it was reported that Greg Berlanti, who is involved with The CW's The Flash series, was developing a Flash film for Warner Bros.[163] In October 2014, The Flash was announced, and that Ezra Miller would portray the Barry Allen incarnation of the character.[26][72] In April 2015, a story treatment for the film was being written by Phil Lord and Christopher Miller.[164] The studio was also courting the duo to direct, but signed Seth Grahame-Smith as screenwriter and director in October after scheduling conflicts with Lord and Miller.[165] Grahame-Smith dropped out due to creative differences in April 2016, but the studio retained his script.[166] In June, Rick Famuyiwa was hired to direct the film.[167] The following month, Kiersey Clemons was cast as Iris West.[168] By August, it was revealed that Ray Fisher would reprise his role as Victor Stone / Cyborg in the movie.[169] In September, Billy Crudup was cast as Barry's father, Henry Allen.[170] The next month, Famuyiwa also left the project citing creative differences with the studio as the reason.[171] In January 2017, Joby Harold was hired to do a page-one rewrite of the script.[172] In May, the studio reportedly had Robert Zemeckis, Matthew Vaughn, and Sam Raimi on a shortlist of possible directors for the film.[173] Later that month, Raimi and Marc Webb had withdrawn their names from the potential director position.[174] In June, TheWrap reported that Lord and Miller were again available, and in discussions to direct the film.[175] In July at San Diego Comic-Con, the title for the film was revealed to have been changed to Flashpoint,[138] based on the comic book story arc of the same name.[176] In September 2017, Deadline reported that Gal Gadot will reprise her role as Diana Prince / Wonder Woman in the movie.[177] Later that month it was reported that the script was finished.[178]

text: Gotham City Sirens[edit]

text: In May 2016, it was reported that a Harley Quinn spin-off film, which will also feature other female villains, was in development.[179] Margot Robbie will reprise her role as Quinn, and will serve as executive producer through her newly established production company, LuckyChap Entertainment.[180] In December, David Ayer was hired to direct and produce the film, titled Gotham City Sirens, based on the comic book series, from a screenplay by Geneva Robertson-Dworet.[181] Leto will reprise his role as the Joker in the film.[182]

text: Untitled Justice League sequel[edit]

text: In October 2014, Warner Bros. announced the film as Justice League Part Two, with Snyder returning as director.[26] In June 2016, it was revealed that Justice League would be a standalone story, leaving the film untitled.[183] Originally scheduled to be released on June 14, 2019,[83] the film was reportedly pushed back to an unspecified date to make room for The Batman.[184]

text: Justice League Dark[edit]

text: In January 2013, Guillermo del Toro confirmed that he was working on a film with the working title Dark Universe, based on the superhero team Justice League Dark.[185] He revealed that Dr. Alec Holland / Swamp Thing, John Constantine / Hellblazer, Jason Blood / Etrigan The Demon, Jim Corrigan / The Spectre, Nimue Inwudu / Madame Xanadu, Boston Brand / Deadman, and Zatanna Zatara would be characters in the story,[185][186] which would center around Constantine recruiting several of these characters. The film would not be an origin story, with each character already established and elements of their backstory coming into play throughout the film.[187] In November 2014, del Toro submitted the script to Warner Bros. to be reviewed.[188] In December, del Toro revealed that the film would be a part of the DC Extended Universe.[189] By June 2015, del Toro was no longer attached to the project.[190] In August 2016, Doug Liman was hired to direct the film, with Scott Rudin producing and Michael Gilio writing the script.[191] In May 2017, Liman dropped out as director due to scheduling conflicts.[192] At the San Diego Comic-Con in July 2017, the film's title was announced to be Justice League Dark.[138] In August 2017, it was reported that Gilio's script is going to be rewritten after studio executives were underwhelmed by recent pitches from possible directors.[193] That same month, Gerard Johnstone was hired to work on the film's script.[194]

text: Nightwing[edit]

text: In February 2017, the Hollywood Reporter, reported that there is a film centered on Dick Grayson / Nightwing in development, with Chris McKay and Bill Dubuque signed on as director and screenwriter respectively. In discussing what he is looking for in casting the character, McKay cited the level of physical activity the actor will have to endure, including martial arts, gymnastics and stunts as what will be required for the role. In an interview with Collider, McKay confirmed the film's title to be Nightwing.

text: Discussing why he likes the character and signed on for the project, McKay cited the character's showman personality and background as an entertainer and expressed his excitement for depicting that in the film.[195] He later stated that he wants to introduce a complete adaptation of the character, something that hasn't been done in previous film interpretations of him before.[196] McKay continued to state that the director-driven approach is why he loves Warner Bros., and how the franchise is differentiating itself from other popular shared universes.[197] In an interview with Cinemablend the director confirmed that the film would acknowledge the titular character's past from the source material, including his time as a part of Haly's Circus, and also reaffirmed that the film will be a straight-forward action movie with minimal use of CGI special effects and grounded realism.[198][199][200]

text: Suicide Squad 2[edit]

text: In March 2016, it was reported that a Suicide Squad sequel is in development.[201] In February 2017, the studio had a shortlist of potential directors for the project, including Mel Gibson, Jonathan Levine, Ruben Fleischer and Daniel Espinosa.[202][203] In March, Adam Cozad was hired to write the script.[204] Due to delays with the script, Gibson passed on the project and by July, Jaume Collet-Serra was named as the studio's first choice to be director of the sequel. Zak Penn submitted a story treatment and stated that a new script is in the process of being written.[205] Collet-Serra later dropped out of negations to direct.[206] That same month, the film was officially titled Suicide Squad 2 at San Diego Comic-Con.[138]

text: Leto was confirmed to reprise his role as the Joker in the film.[182] In September of 2017, Gavin O'Connor was officially hired as screenwriter and director.[207][208][208][209] Suicide Squad 2 is scheduled to begin production in mid-2018.[205]

text: Untitled Black Adam film[edit]

text: In January 2017, it was reported that Dwayne Johnson will feature in his own film, as the anti-hero Black Adam.[131] Johnson has since revealed that Black Adam will debut in the franchise sooner than expected and that there will be a Black Adam and Superman fight in the DCEU, though he cannot state where and when.[210]

text: Untitled Harley Quinn and the Joker film[edit]

text: In July 2017, Screen Rant reported that a film featuring the Joker and Harley Quinn was in early development. The film, a spin-off of Suicide Squad, was tentatively given the working-title of Harley Quinn vs. The Joker.[211][212] In August 2017, the film was confirmed by the studio to be in active development, with Leto and Robbie reprising their roles, though the film is now described as a "criminal love story" and is untitled. In a later report, Glenn Ficarra and John Requa were named as being in final negotiations to co-write and co-direct the film.[213] After speculation, it was later confirmed by Forbes that the untitled Harley Quinn and the Joker film is a separate project from Gotham City Sirens.[214] By September, Robbie confirmed the roles of Ficarra and Requa as writers/directors/producers for the film, as well as her role as executive producer.[215]

text: Untitled Man of Steel sequel[edit]

text: In October 2014, Warner Bros. announced that a sequel to Man of Steel was in development, with Cavill set to reprise the role.[26] In November 2016, Amy Adams confirmed that work had begun on the screenplay.[216] In September 2017, Matthew Vaughn confirmed he is in discussions with the studio to direct the film.[217][218]

text: Untitled Lobo film[edit]

text: Warner Bros. announced in September of 2009 that a feature film focusing on the DC Comics character Lobo was in development. That same year, Deadline reported that Guy Ritchie would direct the film, and that production would begin in early-2010. His "irreverent, gruff tone" from his previous work would be utilized for the adaptation, though the studio was aiming for a PG-13 rating from the MPAA.[219] In their coverage of the film's development, Variety described the film's premise as: "Lobo is a seven-foot tall, blue-skinned, indestructible and heavily muscled anti-hero who drives a pimped out motorcycle, and lands on Earth in search of four fugitives who are bent on wreaking havoc. Lobo teams with a small town teenage girl to stop the creatures."[219] However, by 2010 Ritchie left the project to pursue a sequel to his box-office hit, Sherlock Holmes and the film was put on hold.[220][221][222] By April of 2012, Brad Peyton had signed on as writer and director, with Dwayne Johnson entering negotiations to play the titular character in July.[223] By the next year, Johnson had signed on to portray Black Adam in the shared universe, withdrawing from the running to play Lobo.[224][225] In March 2016, it was reported that Jason Fuchs was working on a re-write of the script.[226] June of the same year, the Fuchs confirmed that the character would be portrayed as he was in the original comic book story arcs.[227]

text: Untitled Deadshot Spinoff[edit]

text: In December 2016, The Hollywood Reporter announced that a Deadshot solo movie is in development with Smith reprising his role as Lawton. The film will be a spinoff of Suicide Squad.[228]

text: Recurring cast and characters[edit]

text:
This table only includes characters that have appeared in multiple DCEU films.
A dark grey cell indicates the character was not in the film, or that the character's presence in the film has not yet been announced.
A Y indicates an appearance by an actor portraying a younger version of a pre-existing character.
A E indicates an appearance not included in the theatrical cut of the film.
A U indicates an uncredited appearance.
A C indicates a cameo appearance.
A EC indicates a cameo appearance not included in the theatrical cut of the film.
A P indicates a new appearance in onscreen photographs only.
An A indicates an appearance through archival footage or stills.

tag: ul

text:
Character
Released films
Upcoming films
Undated films

Man of Steel
(2013)
Batman v Superman:
Dawn of Justice
(2016)
Suicide Squad
(2016)
Wonder Woman
(2017)
Justice League
(2017)
Aquaman
(2018)
Shazam
(2019)
Wonder Woman 2
(2019)
Cyborg
(2020)
Green Lantern Corps
(2020)
The Batman
Flashpoint
Gotham City Sirens
Suicide Squad 2

Barry Allen
The Flash

Ezra MillerC

Ezra Miller

Ezra Miller

Henry Allen

Billy CrudupC

Billy Crudup

Antiope

Robin Wright

Arthur Curry
Aquaman

Jason MomoaC
Jason MomoaA

Jason Momoa
Jason Momoa

Otis DhanjiY

Kaan GuldurY

Carrie Farris
Christina Wren

Hippolyta

Connie Nielsen

The Joker

Jared Leto

Jared Leto

Kal-El / Clark Kent
Superman
Henry Cavill

Dylan SprayberryY

Cooper TimberlineY

Evan GilliamY
Henry Cavill

Henry Cavill

Jonathan Kent
Kevin Costner
Kevin CostnerC

Martha Kent
Diane Lane

Diane Lane

Lois Lane
Amy Adams

Amy Adams

Lex Luthor

Jesse Eisenberg

Mera

Amber Heard

Alfred Pennyworth

Jeremy Irons

Jeremy Irons

Jeremy Irons

Diana Prince
Wonder Woman

Gal Gadot

Gal Gadot

Emily CareyY

Lilly AspelY
Gal Gadot

Gal Gadot

Gal Gadot

Harleen Quinzel
Harley Quinn

Margot Robbie

Margot Robbie

Steppenwolf

CGIEC

Ciarán Hinds

Silas Stone

Joe MortonC

Joe Morton

Joe Morton

Victor Stone
Cyborg

Ray FisherC

Ray Fisher

Ray Fisher

Ray Fisher

Steve Trevor

Chris PineP[229]

Chris Pine

Bruce Wayne
Batman

Ben Affleck

Brandon SpinkY
Ben AffleckUC

Ben Affleck

Ben Affleck

Iris West

Kiersey ClemonsEC

Kiersey Clemons

Perry White
Laurence Fishburne

General Zod
Michael Shannon
Michael ShannonUC

text: Music[edit]

text: Film soundtracks[edit]

text:
Title
U.S. release date
Length
Composer(s)
Label

Man of Steel (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)
June 11, 2013 (2013-06-11)
87:49
Hans Zimmer
WaterTower Music

Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)
March 18, 2016 (2016-03-18)
71:35
Hans Zimmer and Junkie XL

Suicide Squad (Original Motion Picture Score)
August 8, 2016 (2016-08-08)
72:00
Steven Price

Wonder Woman (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)
June 2, 2017 (2017-06-02)
78:38
Rupert Gregson-Williams

text: Singles[edit]

text:
Title
U.S. release date
Length
Artist(s)
Label
Album

"Heathens"
June 16, 2016
3:15
Twenty One Pilots
Atlantic Records
Suicide Squad: The Album

"Sucker for Pain"
June 24, 2016
4:04
Lil Wayne, Wiz Khalifa, Imagine Dragons, Logic, Ty Dolla $ign and X Ambassadors

"Purple Lamborghini"
July 22, 2016
3:35
Skrillex and Rick Ro$$

"Gangsta"
August 8, 2016
2:57
Kehlani

"To Be Human"
May 25, 2017
4:01
Sia and Labrinth
WaterTower Music
Wonder Woman (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)

"Come Together"
September 7, 2017
3:13
Gary Clark Jr. and Junkie XL
Justice League (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office performance[edit]

text:
Film
U.S. release date
Box office gross
All-time Ranking
Budget
Ref(s)

U.S. and Canada
Other territories
Worldwide
U.S. and Canada
Worldwide

Man of Steel
June 14, 2013
$291,045,518
$377,000,000
$668,045,518
78
105
$225 million
[230]

Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice
March 25, 2016
$330,360,194
$542,900,000
$873,260,194
50
52
$250 million
[231]

Suicide Squad
August 5, 2016
$325,100,054
$420,500,000
$745,600,054
52
85
$175 million
[232]

Wonder Woman
June 2, 2017
$412,313,943
$408,800,000
$821,113,943
20
64
$149 million
[233]

Total
$7009135881970900000♠1,358,819,709
$7009174920000000000♠1,749,200,000
$7009310801970900000♠3,108,019,709
17
17
$799 million
[2]

text: Critical and public response[edit]

text:
Film
Rotten Tomatoes
Metacritic
CinemaScore

Man of Steel
55% (303 reviews)[234]
55 (47 reviews)[235]
A–[236]

Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice
27% (367 reviews)[237]
44 (51 reviews)[238]
B[239]

Suicide Squad
25% (320 reviews)[240]
40 (53 reviews)[241]
B+[242]

Wonder Woman
92% (346 reviews)[243]
76 (50 reviews)[244]
A[245]

Average
50%
54
B+

text: Accolades[edit]

text: At the 89th Academy Awards, Suicide Squad won the Academy Award for Best Makeup and Hairstyling.[246]

text: In other media[edit]

text: Books[edit]

text:
Title
Publication date(s)
Writer(s)
Note
Ref

Man of Steel: The Early Years: Junior Novel
April 30, 2013
Frank Whitman
Tie-in children's book to Man of Steel
[247]

Man of Steel: The Official Movie Novelization
June 18, 2013
Greg Cox
Novelization of the film
[248]

Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice – Cross Fire
February 16, 2016
Michael Kogge
Tie-in prequel novel to Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice.
[249]

Suicide Squad: The Official Movie Novelization
August 5, 2016
Marv Wolfman
Novelization of the film
[250]

Wonder Woman: The Junior Novel
May 30, 2017
Steve Korte
Novelization of the film
[251]

Wonder Woman: The Official Movie Novelization
June 6, 2017
Nancy Holder
Novelization of the film
[252]

text: Comic books[edit]

text:
Title
Issue(s)
Publication date(s)
Writer(s)
Artist(s)
Notes
Ref.

Man of Steel Prequel
1
May 18, 2013
Sterling Gates
Jerry Ordway
Promotional digital comic from Walmart
[253]

Warner Bros. Pictures Presents Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice
5
January 28, 2016
Christos Gage
Joe Bennet
Promotional digital prequel comics from Dr Pepper
[254]

General Mills Presents Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice
4
February 28, 2016
Jeff Parker, Christos Gage, Marguerite Bennett, and Joshua Williamson
R.B. Silva, Federico Dallochio, Marcus To, and Eduardo Pansica
Promotional prequel mini-comics that appeared in select General Mills cereal
[255]

Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice – Upstairs/Downstairs
1
February 29, 2016
Christos Gage
Joe Bennet
Promotional prequel digital comic from Doritos and Walmart
[256]

Suicide Squad: Suicide Blonde
1
June 2, 2016
Tony Bedard
Tom Derenick; Juan Albarran; Hi-Fi; Lori Jackson
Promotional prequel comic from SPLAT hair dye
[257]

text: Video games[edit]

text:
Title
Release date(s)
Publisher(s)
Notes
Ref.

Man of Steel
2013
Warner Bros. International Enterprises
Tie-in video games to Man of Steel.
[258]

Kellogg's Man of Steel
Catapult Marketing
[259]

Batman vs Superman – Who Will Win?
March 16, 2016
Warner Bros. International Enterprises
Endless runner;
tie-in video game to Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice.
[260]

Suicide Squad: Special Ops
July 19, 2016
First-person shooter;
tie-in video game to Suicide Squad.
[261]

Wonder Woman: Rise of the Warrior
2017
Endless runner;
tie-in video game to Wonder Woman.
[262]


document_title: Atmosphere

question_text: what term do we use for the lowest layer of the atmosphere

text: Atmosphere

text: Pressure[edit]

text: Atmospheric pressure at a particular location is the force per unit area perpendicular to a surface determined by the weight of the vertical column of atmosphere above that location. On Earth, units of air pressure are based on the internationally recognized standard atmosphere (atm), which is defined as 101.325 kPa (760 Torr or 14.696 psi). It is measured with a barometer.

text: Atmospheric pressure decreases with increasing altitude due to the diminishing mass of gas above. The height at which the pressure from an atmosphere declines by a factor of e (an irrational number with a value of 2.71828...) is called the scale height and is denoted by H. For an atmosphere with a uniform temperature, the scale height is proportional to the temperature and inversely proportional to the product of the mean molecular mass of dry air and the local acceleration of gravity at that location. For such a model atmosphere, the pressure declines exponentially with increasing altitude. However, atmospheres are not uniform in temperature, so estimation of the atmospheric pressure at any particular altitude is more complex.

text: Atmospheric escape[edit]

text: Surface gravity differs significantly among the planets. For example, the large gravitational force of the giant planet Jupiter retains light gases such as hydrogen and helium that escape from objects with lower gravity. Secondly, the distance from the Sun determines the energy available to heat atmospheric gas to the point where some fraction of its molecules' thermal motion exceed the planet's escape velocity, allowing those to escape a planet's gravitational grasp. Thus, distant and cold Titan, Triton, and Pluto are able to retain their atmospheres despite their relatively low gravities.

text: Since a collection of gas molecules may be moving at a wide range of velocities, there will always be some fast enough to produce a slow leakage of gas into space. Lighter molecules move faster than heavier ones with the same thermal kinetic energy, and so gases of low molecular weight are lost more rapidly than those of high molecular weight. It is thought that Venus and Mars may have lost much of their water when, after being photo dissociated into hydrogen and oxygen by solar ultraviolet, the hydrogen escaped. Earth's magnetic field helps to prevent this, as, normally, the solar wind would greatly enhance the escape of hydrogen. However, over the past 3 billion years Earth may have lost gases through the magnetic polar regions due to auroral activity, including a net 2% of its atmospheric oxygen.[3]

text: Other mechanisms that can cause atmosphere depletion are solar wind-induced sputtering, impact erosion, weathering, and sequestration—sometimes referred to as "freezing out"—into the regolith and polar caps.

text: Terrain[edit]

text: Atmospheres have dramatic effects on the surfaces of rocky bodies. Objects that have no atmosphere, or that have only an exosphere, have terrain that is covered in craters. Without an atmosphere, the planet has no protection from meteoroids, and all of them collide with the surface as meteorites and create craters.

text: Most meteoroids burn up as meteors before hitting a planet's surface. When meteoroids do impact, the effects are often erased by the action of wind. As a result, craters are rare on objects with atmospheres.[clarification needed]

text: Wind erosion is a significant factor in shaping the terrain of rocky planets with atmospheres, and over time can erase the effects of both craters and volcanoes. In addition, since liquids can not exist without pressure, an atmosphere allows liquid to be present at the surface, resulting in lakes, rivers and oceans. Earth and Titan are known to have liquids at their surface and terrain on the planet suggests that Mars had liquid on its surface in the past.

text: Composition[edit]

text: A planet's initial atmospheric composition is related to the chemistry and temperature of the local solar nebula during planetary formation and the subsequent escape of interior gases. The original atmospheres started with the radially local rotating gases that collapsed to the spaced rings that formed the planets.[clarification needed] They were then modified over time by various complex factors, resulting in quite different outcomes.

text: The atmospheres of the planets Venus and Mars are primarily composed of carbon dioxide, with small quantities of nitrogen, argon, oxygen and traces of other gases.

text: The atmospheric composition on Earth is largely governed by the by-products of the life that it sustains. Dry air from Earth's atmosphere contains 78.08% nitrogen, 20.95% oxygen, 0.93% argon, 0.04% carbon dioxide, and traces of hydrogen, helium, and other "noble" gases (by volume), but generally a variable amount of water vapor is also present, on average about 1% at sea level.

text: The low temperatures and higher gravity of the Solar System's giant planets—Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune—allow them more readily to retain gases with low molecular masses. These planets have hydrogen–helium atmospheres, with trace amounts of more complex compounds.

text: Two satellites of the outer planets possess significant atmospheres. Titan, a moon of Saturn, and Triton, a moon of Neptune, have atmospheres mainly of nitrogen. When in the part of its orbit closest to the Sun, Pluto has an atmosphere of nitrogen and methane similar to Triton's, but these gases are frozen when it is farther from the Sun.

text: Other bodies within the Solar System have extremely thin atmospheres not in equilibrium. These include the Moon (sodium gas), Mercury (sodium gas), Europa (oxygen), Io (sulfur), and Enceladus (water vapor).

text: The first exoplanet whose atmospheric composition was determined is HD 209458b, a gas giant with a close orbit around a star in the constellation Pegasus. Its atmosphere is heated to temperatures over 1,000 K, and is steadily escaping into space. Hydrogen, oxygen, carbon and sulfur have been detected in the planet's inflated atmosphere.[4]

text: Structure[edit]

text: Earth[edit]

text: Earth's atmosphere consists of a number of layers that differ in properties such as composition, temperature and pressure. The lowest layer is the troposphere, which extends from the surface to the bottom of the stratosphere. Three quarters of the atmosphere's mass resides within the troposphere, and is the layer within which the Earth's terrestrial weather develops. The depth of this layer varies between 17 km at the equator to 7 km at the poles. The stratosphere, extending from the top of the troposphere to the bottom of the mesosphere, contains the ozone layer. The ozone layer ranges in altitude between 15 and 35 km, and is where most of the ultraviolet radiation from the Sun is absorbed. The top of the mesosphere, ranges from 50 to 85 km, and is the layer wherein most meteors burn up. The thermosphere extends from 85 km to the base of the exosphere at 690 km and contains the ionosphere, a region where the atmosphere is ionised by incoming solar radiation. The ionosphere increases in thickness and moves closer to the Earth during daylight and rises at night allowing certain frequencies of radio communication a greater range. The Kármán line, located within the thermosphere at an altitude of 100 km, is commonly used to define the boundary between Earth's atmosphere and outer space. The exosphere begins variously from about 690 to 1,000 km above the surface, where it interacts with the planet's magnetosphere. Each of the layers has a different lapse rate, defining the rate of change in temperature with height.

text: Others[edit]

text: Other astronomical bodies such as these listed have known atmospheres.

text: In the Solar System[edit]

text:
Atmosphere of the Sun
Atmosphere of Mercury
Atmosphere of Venus
Atmosphere of Earth

Atmosphere of the Moon

Atmosphere of Mars
Atmosphere of Ceres
Atmosphere of Jupiter

Atmosphere of Io
Atmosphere of Callisto
Atmosphere of Europa
Atmosphere of Ganymede

Atmosphere of Saturn

Atmosphere of Titan
Atmosphere of Enceladus

Atmosphere of Uranus

Atmosphere of Titania

Atmosphere of Neptune

Atmosphere of Triton

Atmosphere of Pluto

text: Outside the Solar System[edit]

text: Atmosphere of HD 209458 b

text: Circulation[edit]

text: The circulation of the atmosphere occurs due to thermal differences when convection becomes a more efficient transporter of heat than thermal radiation. On planets where the primary heat source is solar radiation, excess heat in the tropics is transported to higher latitudes. When a planet generates a significant amount of heat internally, such as is the case for Jupiter, convection in the atmosphere can transport thermal energy from the higher temperature interior up to the surface.

text: Importance[edit]

text: From the perspective of a planetary geologist, the atmosphere acts to shape a planetary surface. Wind picks up dust and other particles which, when they collide with the terrain, erode the relief and leave deposits (eolian processes). Frost and precipitations, which depend on the atmospheric composition, also influence the relief. Climate changes can influence a planet's geological history. Conversely, studying the surface of the Earth leads to an understanding of the atmosphere and climate of other planets.

text: For a meteorologist, the composition of the Earth's atmosphere is a factor affecting the climate and its variations.

text: For a biologist or paleontologist, the Earth's atmospheric composition is closely dependent on the appearance of the life and its evolution.