document_title: Agent A: A Puzzle in Disguise

question_text: when is chapter 5 of agent a coming out

question_tokens: when is chapter 5 of agent a coming out

root

text: Agent A: A Puzzle in Disguise

text: Gameplay[edit]

text: The player takes the role of Agent A, a genderless secret agent assigned to catch a dangerous enemy spy that has been targeting fellow agents. The game takes place in the secret lair of the main antagonist, Ruby La Rouge. After witnessing La Rouge’s infiltration scheme that leads to the supposed demise of Agent A’s chief in the prologue video, the player is then led to the secret lair on the shoreline not far from the committed crime. The player then gathers key items hidden in spots around certain parts of the map that will lead to unlocking new areas in hopes of finally catching up with and defeating La Rouge. Collecting the key items and utilising them in the environment to solve the puzzles is the core mechanic while relying on the player’s keen eye, logic and memory.[4]

tag: p

text: Development[edit]

text: A teaser trailer was released on April 8, 2015[5] and the full trailer was released later on October 26, 2015.[6] The art style of the game was inspired by the works of Kevin Dart and Shag which combined a cartoonish style world with a retro 60’s look, further added on with textures, furniture and architecture from the same era.[7] Its initial working title was ‘Snowy Village’ with the art style more based on Fire Maple’s “The Lost City” with the same mechanics as the final version.[7] The art style was then changed into a more appealing theme that not only rooted from developer Mark White’s own preference for the secret agent theme and his love for the Bond films, but fit accordingly to the mechanic of finding hidden clues and objects.[7]

text: Chapters[edit]

text: The game has an episodic structure with the chapters released one at a time as development is completed. Currently four of the five chapters are available with a final chapter planned.

text:
Chapter 1 - A puzzle in disguise
Chapter 2 - The chase continues
Chapter 3 - Ruby's trap
Chapter 4 - A narrow escape
Chapter 5 - The final blow (currently in development; release Expect it out later this year 2018 )

tag: ul

text: Reception[edit]

text: ReceptionAggregate scoreAggregatorScoreMetacritic81/100[8]Review scorePublicationScoreTouchArcade[9]

tag: table

text: The iOS version has received “generally favourable reviews” according to video game review aggregator Metacritic, rating at 81 out of 100.[8]


document_title: Indus River

question_text: where do the river indus have their origin

text: Indus River

text: Etymology and names[edit]

text: This river was known to the ancient Indians in Sanskrit as Sindhu and the Old Iranians as Hindu, which was regarded by both of them as "the border river".[5][6][7][8][9] The variation between the two names is explained by the Old Iranian sound change *s > h, which occurred between 850–600 BCE according to Asko Parpola.[10][11] From Iran, the name passed to the Greeks as Hindós (Ἰνδός), which later turned into Indós, with a loss of the initial aspirant.[12] It was adopted by the Romans as Indus.

text: The meaning of Sindhu as a "large body of water, sea, or ocean" is a later meaning in Classical Sanskrit.[13] A later Persian name for the river was Darya,[14] which similarly has the connotations of large body of water and sea.[citation needed]

text: Other variants of the name Sindhu include Assyrian Sinda (as early as the 7th century BC), Persian  Ab-e-sind,  Pashto  Abasind, Arab Al-Sind,  Chinese Sintow, and Javanese  Santri.[citation needed]

text: Indus and the name of India[edit]

text: India is a Greek and Latin term for "the country of the River Indus". The region through which the river drains into sea is called Sindh and owes its name to the river (Sanskrit Sindhu).[15]

text: Megasthenes' book Indica derives its name from the river's Greek name, "Indós" (Ἰνδός), and describes Nearchus's contemporaneous account of how Alexander the Great crossed the river. The ancient Greeks referred to the Indians (people of present-day northwest India and Pakistan) as "Indói" (Ἰνδοί), literally meaning "the people of the Indus".[16]

text: Rigveda and the Indus[edit]

text: Rigveda also describes several mythical rivers, including one named "Sindhu". The Rigvedic "Sindhu" is thought to be the present-day Indus river and is attested 176 times in its text – 95 times in the plural, more often used in the generic meaning. In the Rigveda, notably in the later hymns, the meaning of the word is narrowed to refer to the Indus river in particular, as in the list of rivers mentioned in the hymn of Nadistuti sukta. The Rigvedic hymns apply a feminine gender to all the rivers mentioned therein but "Sindhu" is the only river attributed the masculine gender which means Sindhu is the warrior and greatest among all other rivers in whole world.[citation needed]

text: Other names[edit]

text: In other languages of the region, the river is known as सिन्धु (Sindhu) in Hindi and Nepali, سنڌو (Sindhu) in Sindhi, سندھ (Sindh) in Shahmukhi Punjabi, ਸਿੰਧ ਨਦੀ (Sindh Nadī) in Gurmukhī Punjabi, اباسين (Abāsin lit. "Father of Rivers") in Pashto, نهر السند (Nahar al-Sind) in Arabic, སེང་གེ་གཙང་པོ། (seng ge gtsang po lit. "Lion River" or Lion Spring) in Tibetan, 印度 (Yìndù) in Chinese, and Nilab in Turki.[citation needed]

text: Description[edit]

text: The Indus River provides key water resources for Pakistan's economy – especially the breadbasket of Punjab province, which accounts for most of the nation's agricultural production, and Sindh. The word Punjab means "land of five rivers" and the five rivers are Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Beas and Sutlej, all of which finally flow into the Indus. The Indus also supports many heavy industries and provides the main supply of potable water in Pakistan.

text: The ultimate source of the Indus is in Tibet; the river begins at the confluence of the Sengge Zangbo and Gar Tsangpo rivers that drain the Nganglong Kangri and Gangdise Shan (Gang Rinpoche, Mt. Kailas) mountain ranges. The Indus then flows northwest through Ladakh and Baltistan into Gilgit, just south of the Karakoram range. The Shyok, Shigar and Gilgit rivers carry glacial waters into the main river. It gradually bends to the south, coming out of the hills between Peshawar and Rawalpindi. The Indus passes gigantic gorges 4,500–5,200 metres (15,000–17,000 feet) deep near the Nanga Parbat massif. It flows swiftly across Hazara and is dammed at the Tarbela Reservoir. The Kabul River joins it near Attock. The remainder of its route to the sea is in the plains of the Punjab[17] and Sindh, where the flow of the river becomes slow and highly braided. It is joined by the Panjnad at Mithankot. Beyond this confluence, the river, at one time, was named the Satnad River (sat = "seven", nadī = "river"), as the river now carried the waters of the Kabul River, the Indus River and the five Punjab rivers. Passing by Jamshoro, it ends in a large delta to the east of Thatta.

text: The Indus is one of the few rivers in the world to exhibit a tidal bore. The Indus system is largely fed by the snows and glaciers of the Himalayas, Karakoram and the Hindu Kush ranges of Tibet, the Indian states of Jammu and Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh and Gilgit-Baltistan region of Pakistan. The flow of the river is also determined by the seasons – it diminishes greatly in the winter, while flooding its banks in the monsoon months from July to September. There is also evidence of a steady shift in the course of the river since prehistoric times – it deviated westwards from flowing into the Rann of Kutch and adjoining Banni grasslands after the 1816 earthquake.[18][19] Presently, Indus water flows in to the Rann of Kutch during its floods breaching flood banks.[20]

text: The traditional source of the river is the Senge Khabab or "Lion's Mouth", a perennial spring, not far from the sacred Mount Kailash marked by a long low line of Tibetan chortens. There are several other tributaries nearby, which may possibly form a longer stream than Senge Khabab, but unlike the Senge Khabab, are all dependent on snowmelt. The Zanskar River, which flows into the Indus in Ladakh, has a greater volume of water than the Indus itself before that point.[21]

text: History[edit]

text: The major cities of the Indus Valley Civilisation, such as Harappa and Mohenjo-daro, date back to around 3300 BC, and represent some of the largest human habitations of the ancient world. The Indus Valley Civilisation extended from across northeast Afghanistan to Pakistan and northwest India,[22] with an upward reach from east of Jhelum River to Ropar on the upper Sutlej. The coastal settlements extended from Sutkagan Dor at the Pakistan, Iran border to Kutch in modern Gujarat, India. There is an Indus site on the Amu Darya at Shortughai in northern Afghanistan, and the Indus site Alamgirpur at the Hindon River is located only 28 km (17 mi) from Delhi. To date, over 1,052 cities and settlements have been found, mainly in the general region of the Ghaggar-Hakra River and its tributaries. Among the settlements were the major urban centres of Harappa and Mohenjo-daro, as well as Lothal, Dholavira, Ganeriwala, and Rakhigarhi. Only 90–96 of more than 800 known Indus Valley sites have been discovered on the Indus and its tributaries.[citation needed] The Sutlej, now a tributary of the Indus, in Harappan times flowed into the Ghaggar-Hakra River, in the watershed of which were more Harappan sites than along the Indus.

text: Most scholars believe that settlements of Gandhara grave culture of the early Indo-Aryans flourished in Gandhara from 1700 BC to 600 BC, when Mohenjo-daro and Harappa had already been abandoned.

text: The word "India" is derived from the Indus River. In ancient times, "India" initially referred to those regions immediately along the east bank of the Indus, but by 300 BC, Greek writers including Herodotus and Megasthenes were applying the term to the entire subcontinent that extends much farther eastward.[23][24]

text: The lower basin of the Indus forms a natural boundary between the Iranian Plateau and the Indian subcontinent; this region embraces all or parts of the Pakistani provinces Balochistan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Punjab and Sindh and the countries Afghanistan and India. It was crossed by the invading armies of Alexander, but after his Macedonians conquered the west bank—joining it to the Hellenic Empire, they elected to retreat along the southern course of the river, ending Alexander's Asian campaign. The Indus plains were later dominated by the Persian empire and then the Kushan empire. Over several centuries Muslim armies of Muhammad bin Qasim, Mahmud of Ghazni, Mohammed Ghori, Tamerlane and Babur crossed the river to invade the inner regions of the Punjab and points farther south and east

text: Geography[edit]

text: Tributaries[edit]

text:
Beas River
Chenab River
Gar River
Gilgit River
Gomal River
Hunza River
Jhelum River
Kabul River
Kunar River
Kurram River
Panjnad River
Ravi River
Shyok River
Soan River
Suru River
Satluj River
Swat River
Zanskar River
Zhob River

text: Geology[edit]

text: The Indus river feeds the Indus submarine fan, which is the second largest sediment body on the Earth.[25] It consists of around 5 million cubic kilometres of material eroded from the mountains. Studies of the sediment in the modern river indicate that the Karakoram Mountains in northern Pakistan and India are the single most important source of material, with the Himalayas providing the next largest contribution, mostly via the large rivers of the Punjab (Jhelum, Ravi, Chenab, Beas and Sutlej). Analysis of sediments from the Arabian Sea has demonstrated that prior to five million years ago the Indus was not connected to these Punjab rivers which instead flowed east into the Ganga and were captured after that time.[26] Earlier work showed that sand and silt from western Tibet was reaching the Arabian Sea by 45 million years ago, implying the existence of an ancient Indus River by that time.[27] The delta of this proto-Indus river has subsequently been found in the Katawaz Basin, on the Afghan-Pakistan border.

text: In the Nanga Parbat region, the massive amounts of erosion due to the Indus river following the capture and rerouting through that area is thought to bring middle and lower crustal rocks to the surface.[28]

text: In November 2011, satellite images showed that the Indus river had re-entered India, feeding Great Rann of Kutch, Little Rann of Kutch and a lake near Ahmedabad known as Nal Sarovar.[20] Heavy rains had left the river basin along with the Lake Manchar, Lake Hemal and Kalri Lake (all in modern-day Pakistan) inundated. This happened two centuries after the Indus river shifted its course westwards following the 1819 Rann of Kutch earthquake.

text: The Induan Age at start of the Triassic Period of geological time is named for the Indus region.

text: Wildlife[edit]

text:
Accounts of the Indus valley from the times of Alexander's campaign indicate a healthy forest cover in the region, which has now considerably receded. The Mughal Emperor Babur writes of encountering rhinoceroses along its bank in his memoirs (the Baburnama). Extensive deforestation and human interference in the ecology of the Shivalik Hills has led to a marked deterioration in vegetation and growing conditions. The Indus valley regions are arid with poor vegetation. Agriculture is sustained largely due to irrigation works.
The Indus river and its watershed has a rich biodiversity. It is home to around 25 amphibian species and 147 fish species, 22 of which are only found in the Indus.[29]

text: Mammals[edit]

text: The Indus River Dolphin (Platanista indicus minor) is a sub-species of dolphin found only in the Indus River. It formerly also occurred in the tributaries of the Indus river. According to the World Wildlife Fund it is one of the most threatened cetaceans with only about 1,000 still existing.[30]

text: Fish[edit]

text: Palla fish Tenualosa ilisha of the river is a delicacy for people living along the river. The population of fish in the river is moderately high, with Sukkur, Thatta and Kotri being the major fishing centres – all in the lower Sindh course. But damming and irrigation has made fish farming an important economic activity. Located southeast of Karachi, the large delta has been recognised by conservationists as one of the world's most important ecological regions. Here the river turns into many marshes, streams and creeks and meets the sea at shallow levels. Here marine fishes are found in abundance, including pomfret and prawns.

text: Economy[edit]

text: The Indus is the most important supplier of water resources to the Punjab and Sindh plains – it forms the backbone of agriculture and food production in Pakistan. The river is especially critical since rainfall is meagre in the lower Indus valley. Irrigation canals were first built by the people of the Indus Valley Civilisation, and later by the engineers of the Kushan Empire and the Mughal Empire. Modern irrigation was introduced by the British East India Company in 1850 – the construction of modern canals accompanied with the restoration of old canals. The British supervised the construction of one of the most complex irrigation networks in the world. The Guddu Barrage is 1,350 m (4,430 ft) long – irrigating Sukkur, Jacobabad, Larkana and Kalat. The Sukkur Barrage serves over 20,000 km2 (7,700 sq mi).

text: After Pakistan came into existence, a water control treaty signed between India and Pakistan in 1960 guaranteed that Pakistan would receive water from the Indus River and its two tributaries the Jhelum River & the Chenab River independently of upstream control by India.[31]

text: The Indus Basin Project consisted primarily of the construction of two main dams, the Mangla Dam built on the Jhelum River and the Tarbela Dam constructed on the Indus River, together with their subsidiary dams.[32] The Pakistan Water and Power Development Authority undertook the construction of the Chashma-Jhelum link canal – linking the waters of the Indus and Jhelum rivers – extending water supplies to the regions of Bahawalpur and Multan. Pakistan constructed the Tarbela Dam near Rawalpindi – standing 2,743 metres (9,000 ft) long and 143 metres (470 ft) high, with an 80-kilometre (50 mi) long reservoir. It supports the Chashma Barrage near Dera Ismail Khan for irrigation use and flood control and the Taunsa Barrage near Dera Ghazi Khan which also produces 100,000 kilowatts of electricity. The Kotri Barrage near Hyderabad is 915 metres (3,000 ft) long and provides additional water supplies for Karachi. The extensive linking of tributaries with the Indus has helped spread water resources to the valley of Peshawar, in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The extensive irrigation and dam projects provide the basis for Pakistan's large production of crops such as cotton, sugarcane and wheat. The dams also generate electricity for heavy industries and urban centers.

text: People[edit]

text: The inhabitants of the regions are mainly Muslim as Pakistan is an Islamic country through which the Indus river passes and forms a major natural feature and resource are diverse in ethnicity, religion, national and linguistic backgrounds. On the northern course of the river in the state of Jammu and Kashmir in India, live the Buddhist people of Ladakh, of Tibetan stock, and the Dards of Indo-Aryan or Dardic stock and practising Islam. Then it descends into Baltistan, northern Pakistan passing the main Balti city of Skardu. A river from Dubair Bala also drains into it at Dubair Bazar. People living in this area are mainly Kohistani and speak the Kohistani language. Major areas through which the Indus river passes in Kohistan are Dasu, Pattan and Dubair. As it continues through Pakistan, the Indus river forms a distinctive boundary of ethnicity and cultures – upon the western banks the population is largely Pashtun, Baloch, and of other Iranian stock. The eastern banks are largely populated by people of Indo-Aryan stock, such as the Punjabis and the Sindhis. In northern Punjab and the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, ethnic Pashtun tribes live alongside Dardic people in the hills (Khowar, Kalash, Shina, etc.), Burushos (in Hunza), and Punjabi people.

text: The people living along the Indus river speak Punjabi and Sindhi on the eastern side (in Punjab and Sindh provinces respectively), Pushto plus Balochi as well as Barohi (in Khyber Pakhtoonkha and Baluchistan provinces). In the province of Sindh, the upper third of the river is inhabited by people speaking Saraiki; which is a somewhat transitional dialect of the Punjabi and Sindhi languages.

text: Modern issues[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The Indus is a strategically vital resource for Pakistan's economy and society. After Pakistan and India declared Independence from the British Raj, the use of the waters of the Indus and its five eastern tributaries became a major dispute between India and Pakistan. The irrigation canals of the Sutlej valley and the Bari Doab were split – with the canals lying primarily in Pakistan and the headwork dams in India disrupting supply in some parts of Pakistan. The concern over India building large dams over various Punjab rivers that could undercut the supply flowing to Pakistan, as well as the possibility that India could divert rivers in the time of war, caused political consternation in Pakistan. Holding diplomatic talks brokered by the World Bank, India and Pakistan signed the Indus Waters Treaty in 1960. The treaty gave India control of the three easternmost rivers of the Punjab, the Sutlej, the Beas and the Ravi, while Pakistan gained control of the three western rivers, the Jhelum, the Chenab and the Indus. India retained the right to use of the western rivers for non-irrigation projects.[33]

text: There are concerns that extensive deforestation, industrial pollution and global warming are affecting the vegetation and wildlife of the Indus delta, while affecting agricultural production as well. There are also concerns that the Indus river may be shifting its course westwards – although the progression spans centuries. On numerous occasions, sediment clogging owing to poor maintenance of canals has affected agricultural production and vegetation. In addition, extreme heat has caused water to evaporate, leaving salt deposits that render lands useless for cultivation.

text: Indus delta[edit]

text: Originally, the delta used to receive almost all of the water from the Indus river, which has an annual flow of approximately 180 billion cubic metres (240 billion cubic yards), and is accompanied by 400 million tonnes of silt. Since the 1940s, dams, barrages and irrigation works have been constructed on the river Indus.[34] The Indus Basin Irrigation System is the "largest contiguous irrigation system developed over the past 140 years" anywhere in the world.[35] This has reduced the flow of water and by 2018, the average annual flow of water below the Kotri barrage was 32×10^9 m3 (1.1×10^12 cu ft), and annual amount of silt discharged was estimated to be 100 million tonnes (98 million long tons).[36] Substantial annual chemical/dissolved load of 46 million tons in the river basin is unable to reach the sea as it is getting trapped in the irrigated areas by increasing the ground water salinity. Nearly 90% of the water from Indus River System has been harnessed already in Pakistan and India leaving rest of water to join the sea. Any further utilization of the river basin water is not economically feasible.[37][38]  The result has been catastrophic for both the environment and the local population. The reduction of freshwater due to the dams also increases salinity, making the surface and ground water available in the delta area unsuitable for the freshwater species and crops.[39][40] As a result, the 2010 Pakistan floods were considered "good news" for the ecosystem and population of the river delta as they brought much needed fresh water.[41][42] In case of the Indus dolphin, the damming of the river has isolated the delta dolphin population from those dolphins upstream.

text: Effects of climate change on the river[edit]

text: The Tibetan Plateau contains the world's third-largest store of ice. Qin Dahe, the former head of the China Meteorological Administration, said the recent fast pace of melting and warmer temperatures will be good for agriculture and tourism in the short term, but issued a strong warning:

text: "There is insufficient data to say what will happen to the Indus," says David Grey, the World Bank's senior water advisor in South Asia. "But we all have very nasty fears that the flows of the Indus could be severely, severely affected by glacier melt as a consequence of climate change," and reduced by perhaps as much as 50 percent. "Now what does that mean to a population that lives in a desert [where], without the river, there would be no life? I don't know the answer to that question," he says. "But we need to be concerned about that. Deeply, deeply concerned."[44]

text: U.S. diplomat Richard Holbrooke said, shortly before his death in 2010, that he believed that falling water levels in the Indus River "could very well precipitate World War III."[45]

text: Pollution[edit]

text: Over the years factories on the banks of the Indus River have increased levels of water pollution in the river and the atmosphere around it. High levels of pollutants in the river have led to the deaths of endangered Indus River Dolphin. The Sindh Environmental Protection Agency has ordered polluting factories around the river to shut down under the Pakistan Environmental Protection Act, 1997.[46] Death of the Indus River Dolphin has also been attributed to fishermen using poison to kill fish and scooping them up.[47][48] As a result, the government banned fishing from Guddu Barrage to Sukkur.[49]

text: Coming second after the Yangtze, and together with 9 other rivers, the Indus transports 90 % of all the plastic that reaches the oceans.[50][51]

text: 2010 floods[edit]

text: In July 2010, following abnormally heavy monsoon rains, the Indus River rose above its banks and started flooding. The rain continued for the next two months, devastating large areas of Pakistan. In Sindh, the Indus burst its banks near Sukkur on 8 August, submerging the village of Mor Khan Jatoi.[52] In early August, the heaviest flooding moved southward along the Indus River from severely affected northern regions toward western Punjab, where at least 1,400,000 acres (570,000 ha) of cropland was destroyed, and the southern province of Sindh.[53] As of  September 2010[update], over two thousand people had died and over a million homes had been destroyed since the flooding began.[54][55]

text: 2011 floods[edit]

text: The 2011 Sindh floods began during the Pakistani monsoon season in mid-August 2011, resulting from heavy monsoon rains in Sindh, eastern Balochistan, and southern Punjab.[56] The floods caused considerable damage; an estimated 434 civilians were killed, with 5.3 million people and 1,524,773 homes affected.[57] Sindh is a fertile region and often called the "breadbasket" of the country; the damage and toll of the floods on the local agrarian economy was said to be extensive. At least 1.7 million acres (690,000 ha; 2,700 sq mi) of arable land were inundated. The flooding followed the previous year's floods, which devastated a large part of the country.[57] Unprecedented torrential monsoon rains caused severe flooding in 16 districts of Sindh.[58]

text: Barrages, bridges and dams[edit]

text: In Pakistan currently there are three barrages on the Indus: Guddu barrage, Sukkur Barrage, and Kotri barrage (also called Ghulam Muhammad barrage). There are some bridges on river Indus, such as, Dadu Moro Bridge, Larkana Khairpur Indus River Bridge, Thatta-Sujawal bridge, Jhirk-Mula Katiar bridge and recently planned Kandhkot-Ghotki bridge.[59]

text: Kala Bagh Barrage, Chasma Barrage, and Taunsa Barrage are also built in Punjab on the Indus.

text: Tarbela Dam in Pakistan is constructed on the Indus River, while the controversial Kalabagh dam is also being constructed on Indus river.

text: Gallery[edit]

text:
Play media

Video of River Indus at Kotri Barrage, Sindh, Pakistan.

Frozen Indus, Near Nyoma

Indus at Skardu


document_title: Political interpretations of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz

question_text: who did dorothy represent in the wizard of oz

text: Monetary policy[edit]

text: In a 1964 article,[5] educator and historian Henry Littlefield outlined an allegory in the book of the late 19th-century debate regarding monetary policy. According to this view, for instance, the Yellow Brick Road represents the gold standard, and the silver slippers (ruby in the 1939 film version) represent the Silverite sixteen to one silver ratio (dancing down the road). The City of Oz earns its name from the abbreviation of ounces "Oz" in which gold and silver are measured.

text: The thesis achieved considerable popular interest and elaboration by many scholars in history, economics and other fields,[6] but that thesis has been challenged.[7][8][9] Certainly the 1901 musical version of Oz written by Baum, was for an adult audience and had numerous explicit references to contemporary politics,[2] though in these references Baum seems just to have been "playing for laughs".[10] The 1902 stage adaptation mentioned, by name, President Theodore Roosevelt and other political celebrities.[11] For example, the Tin Woodman wonders what he would do if he ran out of oil. "You wouldn't be as badly off as John D. Rockefeller", the Scarecrow responds, "He'd lose six thousand dollars a minute if that happened."[2]

text: Littlefield's knowledge of the 1890s was thin, and he made numerous errors, but since his article was published, scholars in history,[8] political science,[1] and economics[7] have asserted that the images and characters used by Baum closely resemble political images that were well known in the 1890s. Quentin Taylor, for example, claimed that many of the events and characters of the book resemble the actual political personalities, events and ideas of the 1890s.[11] Dorothy—naïve, young and simple—represents the American people. She is Everyman, led astray and seeking the way back home.[11] Moreover, following the road of gold leads eventually only to the Emerald City, which may symbolize the fraudulent world of greenback paper money that only pretends to have value.[11] It is ruled by a scheming politician (the Wizard) who uses publicity devices and tricks to fool the people (and even the Good Witches) into believing he is benevolent, wise, and powerful when really he is a selfish, evil humbug. He sends Dorothy into severe danger hoping she will rid him of his enemy the Wicked Witch of the West. He is powerless and, as he admits to Dorothy, "I'm a very bad Wizard".[12]

text: Social groups[edit]

text: Historian Quentin Taylor sees additional metaphors, including:

text:
The Scarecrow as a representation of American farmers and their troubles in the late 19th century
The Tin Man representing the industrial workers, especially those of American steel industries
The Cowardly Lion as a metaphor for William Jennings Bryan

text: Taylor also claimed a sort of iconography for the cyclone: it was used in the 1890s as a metaphor for a political revolution that would transform the drab country into a land of color and unlimited prosperity. It was also used by editorial cartoonists of the 1890s to represent political upheaval.[11]

text: Other putative allegorical devices of the book include the Wicked Witch of the West as a figure for the actual American West; if this is true, then the Winged Monkeys could represent another western danger: Indigenous peoples of the Americas. The King of the Winged Monkeys tells Dorothy, "Once we were a free people, living happily in the great forest, flying from tree to tree, eating nuts and fruit and doing just as we pleased without calling anybody master. ... This was many years ago, long before Oz came out of the clouds to rule over this land."[10]

text: In fact, Baum proposed in two editorials he wrote in December 1890 for his newspaper, the Saturday Pioneer, the total genocidal slaughter of all remaining indigenous peoples. "The Whites," Baum wrote, "by law of conquest, by justice of civilization, are masters of the American continent, and the best safety of the frontier settlements will be secured by the total annihilation of the few remaining Indians. Why not annihilation?"[13][14]

text: Alternative allegory[edit]

text: Other writers have used the same evidence to lead to precisely opposite allegorical interpretations.[8]

text: Apart from intentional symbolism, scholars have speculated on the sources of Baum's ideas and imagery. The "man behind the curtain" could be a reference to automated store window displays of the sort famous at Christmas season in big city department stores; many people watching the fancy clockwork motions of animals and mannequins thought there must be an operator behind the curtain pulling the levers to make them move (Baum was the editor of the trade magazine read by window dressers).[15]

text: Additional allegories have been developed, without claims that they were originally intended by Baum. The text has been treated as a theosophical allegory.[16] In 1993, W. Geoffrey Seeley recast the story as an exercise in treachery, suggesting the supposed "Good Witch Glinda" used an innocent, ignorant patsy (Dorothy) to overthrow both her own sister witch (Witch of the West) and the Wizard of Oz, leaving herself as undisputed master of all four corners of Oz: North, East, West and South (and presumably the Emerald City). She even showed her truest "Machiavellian brilliance" by allowing the story to be entitled after the weakest of her three opponents. Glinda could have told Dorothy that the "silver slippers would easily do the job [of returning Dorothy to her beloved home] but decided that a destabilizing force such as Dorothy might be just the thing to shake up her other rival [The Wizard of Oz]."[17] Kassinger, in her book Gold: From Greek Myth to Computer Chips, purports that "The Wizard symbolizes bankers who support the gold standard and oppose adding silver to it... Only Dorothy's silver slippers can take her home to Kansas," meaning that by Dorothy not realizing that she had the silver slippers the whole time, Dorothy, or "the westerners", never realized they already had a viable currency of the people.[18]


document_title: Ethyl heptanoate

question_text: name the ester formed by the reaction of heptanoic acid and ethanol

text: Ethyl heptanoate

text:
Ethyl heptanoate

Names

Preferred IUPAC name

Ethyl heptanoate

Other names
Heptanoic acid ethyl ester
Ethyl enanthate
Ethyl heptylate
Enanthic acid ethyl ester

Identifiers

CAS Number

106-30-9 Y

3D model (JSmol)

Interactive image

ChEBI

CHEBI:86618 N

ChemSpider

7509 N

ECHA InfoCard
100.003.076

PubChem CID

7797

UNII

45R404Y5X8 N

InChI[show]

InChI=1S/C9H18O2/c1-3-5-6-7-8-9(10)11-4-2/h3-8H2,1-2H3 N
Key: TVQGDYNRXLTQAP-UHFFFAOYSA-N N

InChI=1/C9H18O2/c1-3-5-6-7-8-9(10)11-4-2/h3-8H2,1-2H3
Key: TVQGDYNRXLTQAP-UHFFFAOYAW

SMILES[show]

CCCCCCC(OCC)=O

Properties

Chemical formula

C9H18O2

Molar mass
158.24 g·mol−1

Odor
Grape

Density
0.860 g/cm3

Melting point
−66 °C (−87 °F; 207 K)

Boiling point
188 to 189 °C (370 to 372 °F; 461 to 462 K)

Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).

N verify (what is YN ?)

Infobox references

text: Ethyl heptanoate is the ester resulting from the condensation of heptanoic acid and ethanol. It is used in the flavor industry because of its odor that is similar to grape.


document_title: NBA high school draftees

question_text: who was the first nba player drafted out of high school

text: NBA high school draftees

text: History[edit]

text: Early years[edit]

text: In the early years of the NBA draft, a player had to finish his four-year college eligibility to be eligible for selection. Reggie Harding, who had graduated from high school but did not enroll in a college, became the first player drafted out of high school when the Detroit Pistons selected him in the fourth round of the 1962 draft.[3] However, the NBA rules at that time prohibited a high school player to play in the league until one year after his high school class graduated.[4][5] Thus, he spent a year playing in a minor basketball league before he was drafted again in the 1963 draft by the Pistons.[6] He finally entered the league in the 1963–64 season and played four seasons in the NBA and American Basketball Association (ABA).[7]

text: In 1971, the U.S. Supreme Court decision Haywood v. National Basketball Association ruled, 7–2 against the National Basketball Association's requirement that a player must wait four years after high school graduation (which in most cases was spent playing in college) before turning professional. This ruling allowed players to enter the NBA Draft without four years of college, provided they could give evidence of hardship to the NBA office.[8]

text: In 1974, the NBA's rival, the ABA, drafted high school star Moses Malone. He was immediately signed by the Utah Stars and became the first player to go directly from high school basketball to a professional league.[9] He became an instant success, averaging 18 points and 14 rebounds per game in his rookie season. He played in the ABA until the ABA–NBA merger in 1976. He then played 19 successful seasons with 7 NBA teams. He won the NBA championship, along with the Finals Most Valuable Player Award, with the Philadelphia 76ers in 1983. His other achievements include 3 Most Valuable Player Awards, 12 consecutive All-Star Game selections, 8 All-NBA Team selections and 6 rebounding titles. He has been inducted to the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame and was also named in the 50 Greatest Players in NBA History list announced at the league's 50th anniversary in 1996.[10]

text: A year later, two high school players, Darryl Dawkins and Bill Willoughby, applied for hardship and were declared eligible to be selected in the 1975 draft.[11] They had applied and gave evidence of financial hardship to the league, which granted them the right to start earning their living by starting their professional careers earlier.[8] Dawkins was selected 5th by the Philadelphia 76ers while Willoughby was selected 19th by the Atlanta Hawks. Dawkins played 14 seasons and averaged 12 points and 6 rebounds per game. Willoughby played 8 seasons with 6 different teams and averaged only 6 points per game. Neither player reached the level of success that was expected. It is argued that they could have been better players if they had college basketball experience before entering the NBA.[12][13][14]

text: After Dawkins and Willoughby, no high schoolers were drafted for 14 years, though several players entered the league without playing college basketball. One notable player, Shawn Kemp, enrolled in college but never played any games due to personal problems. In 1989, a year after his high school graduation, he was drafted by the Seattle SuperSonics.[15] He played 14 seasons in the NBA and was selected to 6 All-Star Games and 3 All-NBA Teams.[16]

text: In 1995, Kevin Garnett, USA Today's high school basketball player of the year, announced his intentions to forgo college, and declared himself eligible for the 1995 NBA draft. The move was highly controversial; the conventional wisdom at the time was that high-schoolers were neither emotionally nor physically mature enough for the rigors of the NBA game. On draft day, Garnett was selected with the #5 pick in the first round by the Minnesota Timberwolves. Garnett led the Timberwolves to eight consecutive playoff berths and was a multiple All-Star during his time with the team. In 2004, the Wolves advanced to the Western Conference Finals before losing to the Lakers; Garnett was named Most Valuable Player that year. After a trade in the 2007 offseason to the Boston Celtics, he was a core player in the Celtics' first NBA title in over 20 years.

text: In 1996, two notable players made the jump from high school to the NBA. The first was Kobe Bryant, selected by the Charlotte Hornets with the 13th pick of the NBA draft, but traded almost immediately to the Los Angeles Lakers. The second was Jermaine O'Neal, selected by the Trail Blazers with the 17th pick. O'Neal was traded in 2000 to the Indiana Pacers (and later to the Miami Heat). In 1997, another All-Star caliber player, Tracy McGrady, was selected by the Toronto Raptors. In 1998, three high-schoolers were drafted with Al Harrington and Rashard Lewis experiencing the most success. Darius Miles became the highest high school player selected with the third pick in the 2000, until the following year.

text: In 2001, Kwame Brown (selected by the Washington Wizards) became the first high-schooler to be selected with the number one pick in the draft; since then, LeBron James (2003) and Dwight Howard (2004) have also been selected with the first pick. Other notable high-schoolers include Tyson Chandler and Eddy Curry (2001); Amar'e Stoudemire (2002); Josh Smith, Sebastian Telfair, J. R. Smith, and Shaun Livingston (2004); Andrew Bynum and Monta Ellis (2005).

text: Many prep-to-pro players like Kevin Garnett, Kobe Bryant, LeBron James, and Tracy Mcgrady went on to become star players in the NBA. Kevin Garnett, Kobe Bryant, LeBron James have all won the league's MVP Award; as well as holding at least one NBA title under their belt, and are widely regarded as future Hall-of-Famers. Dwight Howard, Jermaine O'Neal and Amar'e Stoudemire also became perennial All-Stars in their prime. However, not all high-schoolers were successful. Kwame Brown and Eddy Curry are widely regarded as draft busts, while Jonathan Bender and Darius Miles had their careers cut short by injury. Korleone Young (drafted in 1998) and Leon Smith (drafted in 1999) only played a handful of games in the NBA, while Lenny Cooke and DeAngelo Collins, both of whom declared for the 2002 Draft, went undrafted and never played in the NBA.

text: Beginning 2005, both the NBA and the players' union started to discuss the possibility of implementing a new age limit. The league lobbied for an age minimum of 20 while the union was against an age limit.[17] Finally in July 2005, both sides compromised in the new collective bargaining agreement, requiring that the minimum age for entry into the NBA be 19 and that entrants be at least one year removed from high school.[18] For the first time, teams are also allowed to send players, with two years of NBA experience or less, to the NBA Development League (NBA D-League).[17]

text: The terms of the new agreement ended the practice of drafting high school players, starting in the 2006 Draft. A high school player must wait at least a year to be eligible for selection. However, they are not required to spend that year in college. In 2008, high school star Brandon Jennings decided to skip college and play professional basketball in Italy. After a year, he was eligible for the 2009 draft and was selected 10th by the Milwaukee Bucks.[19] In the 2010 draft, Latavious Williams, who did not qualify academically to go to college, spent a year playing in the NBA D-League before he was drafted in the second round.[20] Emmanuel Mudiay decided to take a route similar to that of Brandon Jennings by skipping college to play professionally in China in 2014 before being selected by the Denver Nuggets at pick 7 a year later. In the 2015 draft, Satnam Singh Bhamara, who did not qualify academically to go to college, went straight to the NBA draft as a post-graduate after being at IMG Academy for five years. He would be taken by the Dallas Mavericks with the 52nd pick in the draft, thus becoming the first high school student to be drafted since the rule changes. Most recently, in the 2016 draft, one of the Top–10 players that was declared eligible for NCAA play in 2016, Thon Maker, decided to enter the draft instead as a post-graduate from Orangeville Prep in Orangeville, Ontario, Canada due to him originally declaring himself as eligible for college in 2015. Thon would also mark the first player to be drafted directly from a Canadian high school, as well as the second player to enter as a post-graduate. He'd also be the first high schooler to be drafted in the first round since 2005, being drafted by the Milwaukee Bucks with the tenth pick in the draft, thus becoming the first high school lottery pick since 2005.

text: Some players support the new age limit. Gerald Green called it "a smart move", saying that "[not everybody is] LeBron James ... He came in ready and he dominated the league. There's a lot of players that have to get developed. Me, I've got to get developed. But I guess that age limit, that one year of college experience, can get you more developed and I think that's pretty good."[17] Others, however, strongly criticize the rule. Andrew Bynum said "That's something I'll never understand. Because in no other business can the owner, or a stock trader or a C.E.O. of a company try to protect themselves by putting rules like that."[21] Former Florida Gators and current Oklahoma City Thunder head coach Billy Donovan believed that the rule made high schoolers feel like they were being punished.[22]

text: List[edit]

text: There have been 44 high school draftees in the NBA Draft. Three draftees were selected first overall; Kwame Brown in 2001 NBA draft, LeBron James in 2003 and Dwight Howard in 2004 NBA draft. Two draftees went on to win the Rookie of the Year Award in their first season; LeBron James and 2002 draftee Amar'e Stoudemire.[23] Three draftees went on to win the Most Valuable Player Award; Kevin Garnett in 2004, Kobe Bryant in 2008 and LeBron James in 2009, 2010, 2012, and 2013.[24] Ten draftees have been selected to the All-Star Game while seven draftees have been selected to the All-NBA Team.

text:
Pos.
G
F
C

Position
Guard
Forward
Center

text:
^
Denotes player who has been inducted to the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame

*
Denotes player who has been selected for at least one All-Star Game and All-NBA Team

+
Denotes player who has been selected for at least one All-Star Game

#
Denotes player who never played in the NBA regular season or playoffs

text:
Draft[a]
Round
Pick
Player
Pos.
Nationality
Draft team
High school (city)
Ref.

1962
4
29
Harding, ReggieReggie Harding
C
 United States
Detroit Pistons
Detroit Eastern High School (Detroit)1[›]
[25]

1975
1
5
Dawkins, DarrylDarryl Dawkins
C
 United States
Philadelphia 76ers
Maynard Evans High School (Orlando, Florida)
[26]

1975
2
19
Willoughby, BillBill Willoughby
F/C
 United States
Atlanta Hawks
Dwight Morrow High School (Englewood, New Jersey)
[27]

1995
1
5
Garnett, KevinKevin Garnett*
F
 United States
Minnesota Timberwolves
Farragut Career Academy (Chicago)
[28]

1996
1
13
Bryant, KobeKobe Bryant*
G
 United States
Charlotte Hornets
Lower Merion High School (Ardmore, Pennsylvania)
[29]

1996
1
17
O'Neal, JermaineJermaine O'Neal*
F/C
 United States
Portland Trail Blazers
Eau Claire High School (Columbia, South Carolina)
[30]

1997
1
9
McGrady, TracyTracy McGrady^
F
 United States
Toronto Raptors
Mount Zion Christian Academy (Durham, North Carolina)
[31]

1998
1
25
Harrington, AlAl Harrington
F
 United States
Indiana Pacers
St. Patrick High School (Elizabeth, New Jersey)
[32]

1998
2
32
Lewis, RashardRashard Lewis+
F
 United States
Seattle SuperSonics
Alief Elsik High School (Houston, Texas)
[33]

1998
2
40
Young, KorleoneKorleone Young
F
 United States
Detroit Pistons
Hargrave Military Academy (Chatham, Virginia)
[34]

1999
1
5
Bender, JonathanJonathan Bender
F
 United States
Toronto Raptors
Picayune Memorial High School (Picayune, Mississippi)
[35]

1999
1
25
Smith, LeonLeon Smith
C
 United States
Dallas Mavericks
Martin Luther King High School (Chicago)
[36]

2000
1
3
Miles, DariusDarius Miles
F
 United States
Los Angeles Clippers
East St. Louis High School (East St. Louis, Illinois)
[37]

2000
1
23
Stevenson, DeShawnDeShawn Stevenson
G
 United States
Utah Jazz
Washington Union High School (Fresno, California)
[38]

2001
1
1
Brown, KwameKwame Brown
F
 United States
Washington Wizards
Glynn Academy (Brunswick, Georgia)
[39]

2001
1
2
Chandler, TysonTyson Chandler*
C
 United States
Los Angeles Clippers
Dominguez High School (Compton, California)
[40]

2001
1
4
Curry, EddyEddy Curry
C
 United States
Chicago Bulls
Thornwood High School (South Holland, Illinois)
[41]

2001
1
8
Diop, DeSaganaDeSagana Diop
C
 Senegal
Cleveland Cavaliers
Oak Hill Academy (Mouth of Wilson, Virginia)
[42]

2001
2
46
Cisse, OusmaneOusmane Cisse#
F
 Mali
Denver Nuggets
St. Jude High School (Montgomery, Alabama)
[43]

2002
1
9
Stoudemire, Amar'eAmar'e Stoudemire*
F/C
 United States
Phoenix Suns
Cypress Creek High School (Orlando, Florida)
[44]

2003
1
1
James, LeBronLeBron James*
F
 United States
Cleveland Cavaliers
St. Vincent – St. Mary High School (Akron, Ohio)
[45]

2003
1
23
Outlaw, TravisTravis Outlaw
F
 United States
Portland Trail Blazers
Starkville High School (Starkville, Mississippi)
[46]

2003
1
26
Ebi, NdudiNdudi Ebi
F
 United Kingdom
 Nigeria2[›]
Minnesota Timberwolves
Westbury Christian School (Houston, Texas)
[47]

2003
1
27
Perkins, KendrickKendrick Perkins
C
 United States
Memphis Grizzlies
Clifton J. Ozen High School (Beaumont, Texas)
[48]

2003
2
48
Lang, JamesJames Lang
C
 United States
New Orleans Hornets
Central Park Christian High School (Birmingham, Alabama)
[49]

2004
1
1
Howard, DwightDwight Howard*
F/C
 United States
Orlando Magic
Southwest Atlanta Christian Academy (Atlanta)
[50]

2004
1
4
Livingston, ShaunShaun Livingston
G
 United States
Los Angeles Clippers
Peoria High School (Peoria, Illinois)
[51]

2004
1
12
Swift, RobertRobert Swift
C
 United States
Seattle SuperSonics
Bakersfield High School (Bakersfield, California)
[52]

2004
1
13
Telfair, SebastianSebastian Telfair
G
 United States
Portland Trail Blazers
Abraham Lincoln High School (Brooklyn, New York)
[53]

2004
1
15
Jefferson, AlAl Jefferson
F
 United States
Boston Celtics
Prentiss High School (Prentiss, Mississippi)
[54]

2004
1
17
Smith, JoshJosh Smith
F
 United States
Atlanta Hawks
Oak Hill Academy (Mouth of Wilson, Virginia)
[55]

2004
1
18
Smith, J. R.J. R. Smith
G
 United States
New Orleans Hornets
Saint Benedict's Preparatory School (Newark, New Jersey)
[56]

2004
1
19
Wright, DorellDorell Wright
G/F
 United States
Miami Heat
South Kent Preparatory School (South Kent, Connecticut)
[57][58]

2005
1
6
Webster, MartellMartell Webster
G/F
 United States
Portland Trail Blazers
Seattle Preparatory School (Seattle)
[59]

2005
1
10
Bynum, AndrewAndrew Bynum+
C
 United States
Los Angeles Lakers
St. Joseph High School (Metuchen, New Jersey)
[60]

2005
1
18
Green, GeraldGerald Green
F
 United States
Boston Celtics
Gulf Shores Academy (Houston, Texas)
[61]

2005
2
34
Miles, C. J.C. J. Miles
G
 United States
Utah Jazz
Skyline High School (Dallas)
[62]

2005
2
35
Sánchez, RickyRicky Sánchez#
F
 Puerto Rico
Portland Trail Blazers
IMG Academy (Bradenton, Florida)
[63]

2005
2
40
Ellis, MontaMonta Ellis
G
 United States
Golden State Warriors
Lanier High School (Jackson, Mississippi)
[64]

2005
2
45
Williams, LouisLouis Williams
G
 United States
Philadelphia 76ers
South Gwinnett High School (Snellville, Georgia)
[65]

2005
2
49
Blatche, AndrayAndray Blatche
F
 United States
 Philippines3[›]
Washington Wizards
South Kent Preparatory School (South Kent, Connecticut)
[66]

2005
2
56
Johnson, AmirAmir Johnson
F
 United States
Detroit Pistons
Westchester High School (Los Angeles)
[67]

2015
2
52
Singh, SatnamSatnam Singh#
C
 India4[›]
Dallas Mavericks
IMG Academy (Bradenton, Florida)
[68]

2016
1
10
Maker, ThonThon Maker
F/C
 Sudan
 South Sudan
 Australia5[›]
Milwaukee Bucks
Orangeville District Secondary School (Orangeville, Ontario, Canada)6[›]
[69]

text:
^ 1: Reggie Harding played and graduated from Detroit Eastern High School in January but he played high school basketball in Nashville, Tennessee prior to the draft.[70][71]
^ 2: While Ndudi Ebi was originally born and raised in London, England, he also holds Nigerian nationality due to his parents being born and raised there.
^ 3: Andray Blatche was born and raised in Syracuse, New York and holds American nationality, but he had become a naturalized Filipino since June 2014 and has officially represented the Philippines since.
^ 4: Satnam Singh officially marks the first ever player to be taken from India in the NBA. He also marks the first time since 2005 after their latest ruling on high school players that someone directly from high school would be taken in the draft, albeit as a postgraduate senior.
^ 5: Thon Maker was born in Wau, Sudan at the time, but Wau has now since become a part of South Sudan instead due to war. Even then, though, he would be raised as an Australian representative.
^ 6: Thon Maker would become the first high schooler (and second overall high school postgraduate student) to be selected from the nation of Canada instead of somewhere in the United States of America. Also, while Thon attended classes at Orangeville Prep, he would play basketball games for the Athlete Institute nearby in Mono, Ontario as well.

text: Other players[edit]

text: The following players also played in the NBA or were drafted without playing college basketball; however, these players did not get drafted or join the NBA directly after their high school graduation.

text:
Year[b]
Debut[c]
Player
Pos.
Nationality
High school (city)
Notes
Ref.

—[d]
1946
Kappen, TonyTony Kappen
G
 United States
—[d]

Played in the ABL before making his BAA debut
The first player to play in the BAA/NBA without any college experience
Made his BAA debut at the age of 27

[72][73][74]

—[d]
1946
Simmons, ConnieConnie Simmons
F/C
 United States
Flushing High School (Flushing, New York)5[›]

The second player to play in the BAA/NBA without any college experience
Made his BAA debut at the age of 21

[75][76]

—[d]
1948
Graboski, JoeJoe Graboski
F/C
 United States
Tuley High School (Chicago)

The third and final player to play in the BAA before its merger as the NBA
Made his BAA debut at the age of 18

[77][78]

1960
1969
Hawkins, ConnieConnie Hawkins^
F/C
 United States
Boys High School (Brooklyn, New York)

Was permanently banned by the NBA due to a point shaving scandal in college, but was later reinstated in 1969
Attended University of Iowa
Played in the ABL and the ABA before making his NBA debut

[79][80][81]

1974
1976
Malone, MosesMoses Malone^
F/C
 United States
Petersburg High School (Petersburg, Virginia)

Drafted by the Utah Stars in the 1974 ABA Draft
Played in the ABA before the ABA–NBA merger

[82]

1988
1989
Kemp, ShawnShawn Kemp*
F/C
 United States
Concord High School (Elkhart, Indiana)

Attended University of Kentucky and Trinity Valley Community College
Drafted by the Seattle SuperSonics in the 1989 NBA draft (1st round, 17th pick)

[83][84]

1986
1992
Daniels, LloydLloyd Daniels
G
 United States
Andrew Jackson High School (Queens, New York)

Attended Mt. San Antonio College
Played in various minor basketball leagues before making his NBA debut

[85][86][87]

1993
1996
Hamilton, ThomasThomas Hamilton
C
 United States
Martin Luther King High School (Chicago)

Attended University of Pittsburgh
Declared for the 1994 NBA draft but went undrafted

[88][89]

1996
2000
Jackson, StephenStephen Jackson
F
 United States
Oak Hill Academy (Mouth of Wilson, Virginia)

Attended Butler Community College
Drafted by the Phoenix Suns in the 1997 NBA draft (2nd round, 43rd pick)

[90][91]

2001
2015
Huertas, MarceloMarcelo Huertas
G
 Brazil
 Italy
Coppell High School (Coppell, Texas)

Was born in Brazil and played for the Esporte Clube Pinheiros before moving to the U.S.A. around 2000.
Played senior year in Coppell High School before beginning his professional international career.
Went undrafted in the 2005 NBA draft.
Played in Brazil, Spain, and Italy before making his NBA debut in 2015.

[92]

2004
2005
Butler, JackieJackie Butler
F/C
 United States
Coastal Christian Academy (Virginia Beach, Virginia)

Initially committed to Mississippi State University and, later on, the University of Tennessee
Declared for the 2004 NBA draft but went undrafted
Played in the CBA before making his NBA debut

[93][94][95]

2008
2009
Jennings, BrandonBrandon Jennings
G
 United States
Oak Hill Academy (Mouth of Wilson, Virginia)

Initially committed to the University of Southern California and, later on, the University of Arizona
Played in the Italian league in the 2008–09 season
Drafted by the Milwaukee Bucks in the 2009 NBA draft (1st round, 10th pick)

[96][97]

2009

Williams, LataviousLatavious Williams#
F
 United States
Christian Life Center Academy (Humble, Texas)

Initially committed to the University of Memphis
Played in the NBA D-League in the 2009–10 season
Drafted by the Miami Heat in the 2010 NBA draft (2nd round, 43rd pick)

[98][99]

2010
2011
Kanter, EnesEnes Kanter
F/C
 Turkey
Stoneridge Preparatory School (Simi Valley, California)

Previously played in both youth squads and professionally in Turkey
Moved to the U.S.A. in 2009 and played basketball in his senior year of high school
Attended the University of Kentucky, but was barred from playing due to his previous time spent in Turkey
Drafted by the Utah Jazz in the 2011 NBA draft (1st round, 3rd pick)

2010
2011
Tyler, JeremyJeremy Tyler
C
 United States
San Diego High School (San Diego)

Initially committed to the University of Louisville
Left high school after his junior year in 2009
Played in the Israeli league in the 2009–10 season
Played in the Japanese league in the 2010–11 season
Drafted by the Charlotte Bobcats in the 2011 NBA draft (2nd round, 39th pick)

[100][101]

2012
2013
Ledo, RickyRicky Ledo
G
 United States
South Kent High School (South Kent, Connecticut)

Attended Providence College
Drafted by the Dallas Mavericks in the 2013 NBA draft (2nd round, 43rd pick)

2013
2015
Felício, CristianoCristiano Felício
C
 Brazil
CCSE Prep Academy (Sacramento)

Was born in Brazil and played professionally there before moving in his senior year.
Tried to get a scholarship for the University of Oregon, but was deemed ineligible.
Returned to playing professionally in Brazil.

2014
2015
Mudiay, EmmanuelEmmanuel Mudiay
PG
 Democratic Republic of the Congo
 United States
Prime Prep Academy (Dallas)

Initially committed to Southern Methodist University
Played in the Chinese professional league in the 2014–15 season
Drafted by the Denver Nuggets in the 2015 NBA draft (1st round, 7th pick)

2014
2016
Papagiannis, GeorgiosGeorgios Papagiannis
C
 Greece
Westtown School (West Chester, Pennsylvania)

Was born in Greece and played professionally for Peristeri at 14 before moving in his freshman year
Went to Westtown as a junior before moving back to Greece
Played professionally for the Panathinaikos while also attending the American School in Athens, Greece
Drafted by the Phoenix Suns and traded to the Sacramento Kings in the 2016 NBA draft (1st round, 13th pick)

text: ^ 5: Secondary source mentions that Connie Simmons attended Forest Hills High School (Queens, New York).[76]

text: Controversy[edit]

text: Despite the success of some high school players drafted, the entry of high school players into the NBA remains controversial. Critics say that high school players are not mentally and physically mature or prepared enough to handle the pressure of professional play. Thus, they are more likely to fail.[14][102] Instead, they believe that colleges are useful at filtering out players who can dominate against weak competition in high school, but cannot succeed at a higher level of play. They also think that the influx of high schoolers bypassing colleges in favor of the NBA has caused collegiate game to deteriorate. Universities are wary of spending time recruiting as many players that are motivated financially to turn pro fresh out of high school.[102][103]

text: On the other hand, proponents argue that there is no valid reason to exclude high school players. Michael McCann, writer of law article "Illegal Defense: The Irrational Economics of Banning High School Players from the NBA Draft", contends that players drafted straight out of high school can do as well as any other players in the NBA. The article finds that "on average, these [high school] players perform better in every major statistical category than does the average NBA player".[104] Others instead believe that the problem was due to the lack of established farm system in basketball until recently. In other major sports, such as baseball and hockey, it is common for young players to develop in their minor league systems.[102]


document_title: Just Go with It

question_text: who plays michael in just go with it

question_tokens: who plays michael in just go with it

text: Just Go with It

text: Plot[edit]

text: This article's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed. Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise. (September 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: In 1988, Daniel "Danny" Maccabee (Adam Sandler), a 22-year old man, leaves his wedding right before the ceremony is about to begin after learning that his fiancee is cheating on him, and was only marrying because he was going to be a doctor and provide her with a comfortable lifestyle. He goes to drink alone at a bar, where a young, beautiful woman (Minka Kelly) walks in. She sees that Danny has a wedding ring on his hand, and asks him about his wife and he says how she recently left him for someone else, and the woman from the bar ends up sleeping with him.

text: Twenty-three years later in 2011, Danny (now 45-years old) is now a successful plastic surgeon in Los Angeles who feigns unhappy marriages to get women, and to avoid romantic commitment that may lead to heartbreak. The only woman aware of his schemes is his office manager and best friend Katherine Murphy (Jennifer Aniston), a divorced mother of two. At a party, Danny meets Palmer (Brooklyn Decker), a sixth grade math teacher, without his wedding ring on, and they have a connection together. The next morning, she finds the ring and assumes he is married. She refuses to date him because her parents divorced due to adultery and does not want to be an adulteress herself.

text: Instead of telling her the truth, Danny tells her that he is getting divorced from a woman named Devlin, named after Devlin Adams who Katherine had mentioned was an old college sorority nemesis. Danny tells Palmer that they are getting divorced because she cheated on him with a man named "Dolph Lundgren" (not the actor). Palmer then insists on meeting Devlin. Danny asks Katherine to pose as "Devlin" and they go shopping on Rodeo Drive for new clothes to dress like a trophy wife.

text: A made-over Katherine/Devlin then meets with Danny and Palmer and gives them her blessing. However, after hearing Katherine talking on the phone with her kids, Palmer assumes that her kids are Danny's as well. Danny then privately meets with Katherine's kids, Maggie (Bailee Madison) and Michael (Griffin Gluck), to get them to play along with the ruse and gives them the aliases of "Kiki Dee" and "Bart" respectively.

text: Palmer meets the kids, who then blackmail Danny in front of Palmer to take them all to Hawaii. At the airport, they are all surprised by Danny's goofball cousin Eddie (Nick Swardson), who has adopted an Austrian disguise as the "Dolph Lundgren" that Danny had made up earlier. To maintain the lies, Danny and Katherine are forced to bring him along.

text: At the resort in Hawaii, Danny tells Eddie he is considering asking Palmer to marry him. Katherine and Danny also run into the real-life Devlin Adams (Nicole Kidman) and her husband Ian Maxtone-Jones (Dave Matthews), who allegedly invented the iPod. Because of Katherine and Devlin's long-time rivalry, Katherine introduces Danny as her husband rather than admit she is a single mother.

text: Later, Palmer decides to spend time with Katherine so that Danny can spend more time with the kids. Danny teaches Michael how to swim, and Katherine and Palmer look on in admiration.

text: Katherine again runs into Devlin, who invites her and Danny out to dinner. Eddie agrees to take Palmer out to dinner so that Danny can go with Katherine. Since he is supposed to be a sheep salesman, Eddie's cover is nearly blown when he is forced to save the life of an actual sheep who choked on a toy whistle, though he nearly kills the animal in the process. At dinner, Devlin asks Danny and Katherine to tell each other what they admire most about each other, and, as Danny and Katherine talk, they start to feel a connection. Later, when Palmer and Eddie return from their dinner date, Palmer suggests that she and Danny get married now, since a drunken Eddie told her about Danny's plans of engagement. Danny and Katherine are both surprised by her proposition, but Danny ultimately agrees. Danny later calls Katherine regarding his confusion, but Katherine says that she will be taking a job in New York City (which she had mentioned to him earlier) to get a fresh start to her life.

text: The next day, Palmer confronts Katherine about Danny's feelings for her, which Katherine dismisses. Katherine then runs into Devlin at a bar and admits that she pretended to be married to Danny to avoid embarrassment. Devlin confesses that she is divorcing Ian because he is gay and also that he did not invent the iPod, but made his money by suing the Los Angeles Dodgers after getting hit by a foul ball. Katherine confides in Devlin about being in love with Danny, but then Danny shows up behind her saying that he is not marrying Palmer and that he is in love with Katherine. Meanwhile, on the plane ride back to the mainland, Palmer meets a professional tennis player (Andy Roddick) who shares her interests. Sometime later, Danny and Katherine get married.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Adam Sandler as Dr. Daniel "Danny" Maccabee
Jennifer Aniston as Katherine Murphy, later Maccabee / Devlin Maccabee
Bailee Madison as Maggie Murphy / Kiki Dee Maccabee
Griffin Gluck as Michael Murphy / Bart Maccabee
Nick Swardson as Eddie Simms / Dolph Lundgren
Brooklyn Decker as Palmer Dodge
Nicole Kidman as Devlin Adams
Dave Matthews as Ian Maxtone-Jones
Rachel Dratch as Kirsten Brant
Kevin Nealon as Adon
Heidi Montag as Kimberly
Minka Kelly as Joanna Damon
Rakefet Abergel as Patricia
Dan Patrick as Tanner Patrick
Mario Joyner as Henderson
Keegan-Michael Key as Ernesto
Allen Covert as Brian (Soul Patch)
Andy Roddick as Himself

text: Production[edit]

text: Originally titled "Holiday in Hawaii", and then "Pretend Wife",[3] it was released as "Just Go with It".

text: The film was shot in Los Angeles and the Hawaiian islands of Maui and Kauai between March 2, 2010 and May 25, 2010.[citation needed] The film is deliberately vague about which Hawaiian island its latter portion depicts; thus, the characters hike across a rope bridge on Maui and arrive in the next scene at a spectacular waterfall on Kauai, rather than the ordinary irrigation dam and pond on Maui where the actual trail terminates.

text: The characters stay at a Hawaiian hotel called the Waldorf Astoria. In actuality, the film was shot at the Grand Wailea in Maui, which is owned by Waldorf Astoria Hotels and Resorts.[4]

text: One of the film's in-jokes is the scene wherein Decker's character meets her obvious soulmate - professional tennis player Andy Roddick - as Decker and Roddick are actually married.

text: Release[edit]

text: The film was released in theaters in the United States and Canada on February 11, 2011.

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Just Go with It grossed $103 million in the U.S. and Canada and $111.9 million in other territories for a worldwide gross of $214.9 million.[5]

text: The film topped its opening weekend box office with $30.5 million.[6] The biggest market in other territories being Russia, where it grossed $13,174,937.[7]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the film received a rating of 18%, based on 136 reviews, with an average rating of 3.7/10. The site's consensus reads: "Just Go With It may be slightly better than some entries in the recently dire rom-com genre, but that's far from a recommendation."[8] On Metacritic, the film has a score of 33 out of 100, based on 31 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews".[9]

text: The Telegraph named Just Go with It in its "ten worst films of 2011" list, saying it is "a crass and overpopulated remake of Cactus Flower, served up as a mangy romcom of serial deceptions."[10] Christopher Orr of The Atlantic noted that "the title itself seems a plea for audiences' forbearance" and is part of a disappointing trend involving "the reimagining of good, if perhaps not quite classic, films associated with the latter 1960s and early 1970s."[11] Entertainment Weekly's Lisa Schwarzbaum wrote that Just Go With It "is saved from utter disaster, though, by Jennifer Aniston" who has "expert comic timing" and "plays like a grown-up."[12]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
List of awards and nominations

Award
Date of ceremony
Category
Recipient(s) and nominee(s)
Result
Ref

Golden Raspberry Awards
April 1, 2012
Worst Actor
Adam Sandler (also for Jack and Jill)
Won

Worst Supporting Actor
Nick Swardson (also for Jack and Jill)
Nominated

Worst Supporting Actress
Nicole Kidman
Nominated

Worst Screen Couple
Adam Sandler and either Jennifer Aniston or Brooklyn Decker
Nominated

Worst Director
Dennis Dugan (also for Jack and Jill)
Won

Teen Choice Awards
August 7, 2011
Choice Movie: Romantic Comedy
Just Go with It
Nominated
[13]

Choice Movie Actor: Romantic Comedy
Adam Sandler
Nominated

Choice Movie Actress: Romantic Comedy
Jennifer Aniston
Nominated

Choice Movie Breakout: Female
Brooklyn Decker
Won

Choice Movie: Chemistry
Adam Sandler and Jennifer Aniston
Won

text: Home media[edit]

text: Sony Pictures Home Entertainment released Just Go with It on DVD and Blu-ray disc on June 7, 2011. It has so far grossed $14,535,543 in North America DVD sales.[14]


document_title: Fn key

question_text: where is the function key on my dell keyboard

text: Fn key

text: Compact layouts[edit]

text: Typically, in a compact layout the main area of the keyboard (containing the letter keys) is kept in much the same layout as with a full-sized keyboard, and the numeric keypad is moved to share a group of central keys. This allows typists to enter text without having to learn a new layout. The symbol that is accessed through pressing Fn is often printed on the key in a smaller font, a box, or different color (usually blue but sometimes orange).

text: This 78-key UK layout is taken from the Apple iBook. Characters in blue are accessed through the Fn key, but functions on the top row can be accessed without Fn key in Mac OS X.

text: Technical details[edit]

text: Fn is a modifier key, and works like other modifiers keys, such as Ctrl, Shift, Alt and AltGr. For a standard modifier key, the microcontroller inside the keyboard sends a scancode for the modifier itself, which is then interpreted by the operating system and combined with other simultaneous key-presses. The Fn key is a form of meta-modifier key, in that it causes the operating system to see altered scancodes when other keys on the keyboard are pressed. This allows the keyboard to directly emulate a full-sized keyboard, so the operating system can use standard keymaps designed for a full-sized keyboard. However, because the operating system has no notion of the Fn key, the key can not normally be remapped in software, unlike all other standard keyboard keys.

text: While it is most common for the Fn key processing to happen directly in the keyboard micro-controller, offering no knowledge to the main computer of whether the Fn key was pressed, some manufacturers, like Lenovo, perform this mapping in BIOS running on the main CPU, allowing remapping the Fn key by modifying the BIOS interrupt handler;[1] and Apple, in which the Fn key is mappable and serves other uses too, as triggering the Dictation function by pressing the Fn key twice.

text: In addition to being mapped to standard keyboard keys like Scroll Lock and Num Lock, the Fn key combinations may also be mapped to control system interfaces to change the LCD brightness, VGA output, or speaker volume on most laptop computers.

text: Fn and Control key placement[edit]

text: There is not yet an agreed-upon standard for the placement of the Fn key, although most manufacturers have elected to place it alongside a shrunken and/or displaced left Control key. Because the Control key is most frequently associated with OS and application shortcuts (such as Control+S to save a document, or Control+Shift+Escape to launch the Task Manager in modern versions of Microsoft Windows) altering its size and placement is often regarded as inconvenient for users accustomed to the larger left Control key on IBM PC-style keyboards commonly used for desktop computers.[2][3][4][5][6]

text: The majority of portable computer manufacturers today (including HP, Dell, and Samsung) currently place the Fn key between the left Control key and the left Windows key, making it the second key from the left on the bottom row of the keyboard. This usually means that the Control key is reduced in size, but allows it to remain in the lowest-left position on the keyboard.

text: Conversely, Lenovo currently arrange keyboards on their ThinkPad computers with the Fn key as the lowest-left, making Control the second-from-left on the bottom row. This arrangement is currently unique to ThinkPads amongst all laptops shipped with Windows, but it is one that has been in place since the modern ThinkPad product line was introduced by IBM in 1992. IBM designers rationalised that since the Fn key was used to control features that in some cases had no other physical or software controls (for example, the ThinkLight keyboard-illumination lamp, which is switched only by the Fn+PgUp keys), the Fn key should have the more prominent position on the keyboard. Notably, IBM did not include Windows keys on any of their keyboards until 2006, which meant that though the left Control key was displaced by the Fn key, neither it nor the left Alt key needed to be made smaller. The inclusion of Windows keys on ThinkPad models from mid-2006 onwards was achieved mainly by shrinking the left Alt key, which means that ThinkPad keyboards now generally have larger left Control keys than those of many other manufacturers, and are unique in preserving on laptops the Control; Windows; Alt key arrangement used on most desktop keyboards.

text: Apple also place the Fn key at the bottom left of the keyboard, displacing and shrinking the left Control key, though this is less controversial as macOS, the main operating system for most Apple laptops, is much less reliant on the Control key for shortcuts and modifiers than Windows or Unix-like operating systems.

text: This inconsistency between manufacturers, and the overall issue of Control key shrinkage, has long been a point of contention between laptop purchasers and users, which is aggravated by the fact that on most keyboards the Fn key is mapped at the hardware level and so cannot be remapped (that is, reconfigured or virtually "moved") at the OS level.[7] Lenovo, however, have since circa 2011 allowed users to reverse the Fn and left Control key arrangement via a BIOS setting.[8] A different solution, which side-steps the Fn key placement issue altogether, is to remap the Caps-Lock key as Control.[9] This emulates the layout of the IBM Model F keyboard for the original IBM PC, which placed the Caps-Lock key where right Control is found on modern keyboards, a location that is favoured by some Vim and Emacs users because of its prominent location and long-time use on Unix workstations.

text: Control Key Preference Factors[edit]

text: This section possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (September 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Paramount seems to be whether the user keeps their palm stationary on a wrist rest or not. Other factors include the control key's size, displacement, and position relative to the left-shift key.

text: A touch typist who prefers to keep their palm resting on a fixed position has difficulty reaching a lower-left control, whereas they can reach a right-displaced control without palm movement. Executing a control-and-shift operation with a right-displaced-control involves curling the little finger slightly underneath the ring-finger. Control key combinations involving the upper-left of the keyboard, including the keys (1, Q, W, 2) require either moving the hand, or using the right-control key with the opposite hand.

text: A user who hovers their hands and/or moves them laterally may prefer the lower-left control, as combined with movement of the palm, it offers a more open access to the leftmost keys. It also allows control-and-shift operations to be performed without curling the little finger underneath. Some workarounds include using little-finger-shift and ring-finger-control or thumb-control presses. Such change to the point of origin does reduce the useful radius of the first four fingers across the keyboard, yet may be more ergonomic for the hand.

text: On a fullsize keyboard, some users access the lower-left Control key using the side of their palm, a technique which is not generally possible on shallow throw laptop keyboards with wrist rests.

text: Common Fn key features[edit]

text: Fn key features vary from keyboard to keyboard, but the common ones are the follow:

text:
Turn the laptop's internal speaker volume up and down
Mute the laptop's internal speaker
Increase or decrease the monitor's brightness or contrast
Activate an external monitor for giving a presentation
Activate Stand By mode
Hibernate the laptop
Eject a CD/DVD
Lock the keyboard[10]