document_title: Regents Examinations

question_text: what score do you need to pass regents

question_tokens: what score do you need to pass regents

text: Regents Examinations

text: Purpose[edit]

text: The Regents Examinations are developed and administered by the New York State Education Department (NYSED) under the authority of the Board of Regents of the University of the State of New York. Regents exams are prepared by a conference of selected New York teachers of each test's specific discipline who assemble a test map that highlights the skills and knowledge required from the specific discipline's learning standards. The conferences meet and design the tests three years before the tests' issuance, which includes time for field testing and evaluating testing questions. The tests are for many subjects, some being U.S. history, Geometry, Earth Science, Algebra 1 and 2, Global History, living Environment, Spanish and many more classes.

text: NYSED also sometimes refers to elementary and intermediate grade statewide standardized tests as Regents Examinations.

text: "At the close of each academic term, a public examination shall be held of all scholars presumed to have completed preliminary studies…To each scholar who sustains such examination, a certificate shall entitle the other person holding it to admission into the academic class in any academy subject to the visitation of the Regents, without further examination."[1][2]

text: The legislature’s intent in establishing the Regents Examination system is described in the ordinance. The central idea of the legislation was to create an educational control system that could be used to regulate the flow of funds to the well established academy system of schools that existed throughout the state of New York. This goal would be accomplished by:

text:
creating a Regents Examination system, which would measure student achievement through process of examination; and
creating a new and privileged class of students in the secondary schools of New York.

text: The new class of students would be called the “academic class,” and those students who qualified for admission to it by sustaining a process of examination would be known as “academic scholars.” Academic scholars, and the institutions with which they were affiliated, would receive recognition and privilege under New York’s school funding formula.[1]

text: The focus of the ordinance was on assessing student achievement in the preliminary, or elementary curricula. In essence, the examinations were being positioned in the primary role of gatekeeper between the primary and secondary schools of the state of New York. The need for a gatekeeper examination system was due in part to the state’s 1864 school funding formula, which allocated public funds to private academies based on criteria that included the number of enrolled students. Typically, the academies used money distributed from the state literature fund to offset operating expenses, and any expenses in excess of funds received from the State were passed on to students and their families in the form of “rate bills.” Under this system, individual academies could realize economic advantages by lowering academic standards and enrolling less qualified students. In 1864, during a time of war, the New York legislature became concerned about this issue of who was and who was not qualified to be enrolled in the common, mostly private academies of the state and also in the rare, public high schools of the state. The timing of the legislature’s concern and actions in 1864 may have been related to two conditions that existed during the Civil War: the military’s need for young men of fighting age and a period of fiscal austerity in school funding.[1]

text: History[edit]

text: The first Regents Examinations were administered in November 1866. In 1878, the Regents Examination system was expanded to assess the curricula taught in the secondary schools of New York, and the Regents exams were first administered as high school end-of-course exams.[3] From the original five exams (algebra, Latin, American History, natural philosophy, natural geography), the State Education Department expanded the Regents Exams offerings to forty-two tests in 1879; tests were administered in November, February, and June. Throughout the 1920s and into the 1930s vocational education Regents Exams were approved and administered. These included, but were not limited to, agricultural science, costume draping, and salesmanship.[2] By 1970 the number and types of Regents Exams changed to reflect the changes in high school curriculum: vocational exams were discontinued, and the sheer number of exams were either dropped or consolidated as the curricular emphasis trended toward comprehensive examinations rather than the singularly focused tests of the past. This trend continued into the twenty-first century, with the cancellation of foreign language exams in 2010 and 2011.

text: In 1979, Regents Competency Tests were introduced for all students - in order to graduate students had to pass the RCT OR the Regents exam. Later, they were offered only to students with disabilities. They were discontinued with the class of 2015. In 2000, New York State Alternative Assessments (NYSAA) program was first administered allowing students with severe cognitive disabilities to complete a datafolio-style assessment to demonstrate their performance toward achieving the New York State learning standards.[3]

text: Recent and future changes[edit]

text: 2010 changes[edit]

text: Due to budget cuts, in June 2010 the Board of Regents voted to cancel 7th Grade regents (Integrated Algebra, Geometry, and Living Environment) for students who were in 7th grade Honors/Accelerated Programs in Mathematics or in Science. German, Latin, and Hebrew Regents foreign language exams were also cancelled, and students studying those languages are now allowed to take a locally developed examination to demonstrate competency.[4]

text: 2011 changes[edit]

text: On May 16, 2011, in the face of an $8 million budget gap, the Board of Regents voted to reduce the number of tests administered. The remaining foreign language exams (French, Italian, and Spanish) were eliminated, although districts may administer locally developed foreign language exams to let students attain a Regents Diploma with Advanced Designation. Tests administered during the month of January were to be canceled. In August 2011, New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg and five private donors contributed funds to ensure that the Regents was administered in January 2012, although the foreign language exams remained cancelled.[5]

text: Students that need 3 or less points to pass and came from schools that are viewed as struggling schools, regent scores are invalid and can move on to next course without regent score.

text: 2012 changes[edit]

text: Students graduating in 2012 (who were 9th grade students in 2008) are the first cohort of students required to take all five Regents Exams with a passing score of 65 and obtain a Regents Diploma to graduate.[6] Previously, school districts had been permitted to offer a Local Diploma, with less stringent requirements than the Regents Diploma. Requirements have gradually been increased in recent years.

text: Test security procedures were heightened in response to the Stuyvesant High School cheating scandal.[7] Effective August 2012, test proctors must collect and hold electronic devices for the duration of the exams; students are no longer permitted to have these devices on or near them.[8] Previously, possession of electronic devices was allowed as long as they were not in use.

text: 2014 changes[edit]

text: The Regents exams in ELA, and Algebra I were changed to incorporate the Common Core Standards starting in June 2014.[9] Starting in June 2015, the Geometry regents will incorporate the Common Core, and in June 2016, the Algebra II regents will as well. High school students will be allowed to continue graduating with minimum scores of 65 on state exams until 2022.[10] At that point, required scores would rise to 75 on English exams and 80 in algebra—levels deemed evidence of readiness for college.[10]

text: Future changes[edit]

text:
In April 2012 the Board of Regents decided to formally consider a proposal that would eliminate Regents Examination in Global History and Geography as a graduation requirement for some students beginning September 2013.[11][12] Global History and Geography is the most frequently failed examination. Under the proposal, students would be able to substitute a second Regents Exam in math or science or a vocational exam for this requirement. Another proposal under consideration would keep the Global History and Geography requirement, but split the test into two separate tests, one on Global History and another on Global Geography. NYSED accepts public comment and will provide a formal proposal to the Board of Regents. That proposal must be approved by the Board of Regents before the exam requirements can be changed. The proposal had since been denied.
In June 2014, Regents Exams in Comprehensive English, Algebra 1, and NYSAA will be aligned to the Common Core Learning Standards (CCLS).[13] In June 2015, the Regents Exam in "Geometry" will be aligned with CCLS. In June 2016, the Regents Exam in "Algebra II" will be aligned with CCLS as well. These standards are a result of New York State's participation in the Common Core State Standards Initiative.
In 2015, New York will begin administering computer-based standardized tests.[3][dead link]

text: Most Regents exams are three hours long. The exception is the Earth Science exam, which consists of a 41-minute (approximate) laboratory component usually given up to two weeks prior to the three-hour written exam. Most Regents exams are structured in the following format:

text:
A multiple-choice section (Part I) of usually between 30 and 50 questions
A long-answer/essay section (Part II) consisting of either a selection of detailed questions for which the work must be shown (for math and physical sciences), or a set of essay topics, of which one or two must be written about in detail (for the social sciences)

text: In 2005, the Board of Regents began modifying the mathematics curriculum. An integrated approach that taught topics in geometry and algebra during each of three years, with exams normally taken after a year and a half and again after three years, was replaced by a curriculum that divides topics into Algebra I, Geometry, and Algebra II/Trigonometry. Each of these take the form of a one-year course with a Regents Examination at the end of the year. The "Math A" and "Math B" exams have been eliminated and are replaced by "Integrated Algebra", "Geometry", and "Algebra II and Trigonometry".

text: Beginning in January 2011, the English Language Arts exam was reduced from a six-hour exam to a three-hour exam. The exam still contains essay components, but has greater emphasis on reading comprehension and less on writing.[14]

text: The format of the laboratory practical for Earth Science was changed in 2008. Currently, it consists of three sections, each with a time limit of nine minutes. While administering the test, there are multiple stations for each section. Each station uses different data, but the same task. For example, each section 1 station may have different rocks and minerals, though the task is the same.

text: List of exams[edit]

text: The New York State Regents Exams are the following:

text:
United States History and Government
Global History and Geography (Starting in 2018, the Global History and Geography Regents will be replaced by Global History II)
English Language Arts: RE in English Language Arts (Common Core)
Algebra 1 (Common Core)
Geometry (Common Core)
Algebra 2 (Common Core)
Earth Science/The Physical Setting
Biology/The Living Environment
Chemistry/The Physical Setting
Physics/The Physical Setting

text: For the 2010-11 school year, Latin, German, Greek, and Hebrew language exams were cancelled. For the 2011-12 school year the remaining language exams (Italian, Spanish, and French) were also canceled. Previously, a Regents foreign language exam was an option that would allow for Regents Exam with Advanced Designation. Currently, local school districts can develop their own exams to assess foreign language competency and allow for students to meet the Advanced Designation requirement.

text: Exam requirements[edit]

text: Local Diplomas are offered by New York State school districts for students who did not pass the Regents Diploma requirements. For students entering 9th grade in September 2008 and thereafter, the Local Diploma is only offered to disabled students, and the rest of the students must attain at least a Regents Diploma. Advanced and Honors designations are available for exemplary students. In addition to the Regents exam requirements, there are additional requirements for attaining a Regents or Regents with Advanced Designation Diploma, which are described in a NYSED handout titled "General Education & Diploma Requirements",[6] and are codified in Section 100.5 of the Part 100 Regulations of the Commissioner of Education.[15]

text: Most students are required to achieve a score of 65 or higher on Regents Exams to pass. Students with disabilities are required to achieve a score of 45 through 54 out of a possible 100 on a state Regents exam.[16] However this only qualifies for a local diploma as long as they compensate with a score of 65 or higher on another Regents exam.[16] Students with disabilities still must earn minimum 55 scores on Regents exams in Comprehensive English and math.[16] NYSED considers a score of 75 to 80 to indicate college readiness,[17] with a score of 75 to 85 being a cutoff for admission for some selective colleges and universities and a score below 75 being a threshold for placement in remediation for some schools, including CUNY schools.[18]

text: Regents Diploma exam requirements[edit]

text: Passing the following Regents exams with a score of 65 or better is required for a Regents Diploma:

text:
Global History and Geography;
U.S. History and Government;
Common Core English Language Arts;
Any one math exam (usually Algebra I);
Any one science exam (usually Earth Science or Living Environment/Biology).

text: Regents Diploma with Advanced Designation exam requirements[edit]

text: Passing the following Regents exams with a score of 65 or better is required for a Regents Diploma with Advanced Designation:

text:
Global History and Geography;
U.S History and Government;
Common Core English Language Arts;
All three math exams;(Algebra I, Geometry, Algebra II/Trigonometry)
Two science exams (Biology/Living Environment, Earth Science/The Physical Setting, Chemistry/The Physical Setting, Physics/The Physical Setting);
Language other than English[19]

text: Additional honors designations[edit]

text: The New York State Board of Regents offers the following honors to students with exemplary academic performance:

text:
A student who earns an average score of 90 or higher (without rounding) on required exams is eligible for a Regents Diploma with Honors or a Regents Diploma with Advanced Designation with Honors.[19]
A student who earns scores of 85 or higher on all of the required mathematics Regents Examinations is eligible for an annotation on their diploma that states that the student has mastery in mathematics.[20]
A student who earns scores of 85 or higher on at least three science Regents Examinations is eligible for an annotation on their diploma that states that the student has mastery in science.[21]

text: Exemptions[edit]

text: Alternative public schools[edit]

text: During the 1990s, some alternative assessment schools, similar in character to charter schools, were founded in parts of New York in an attempt to provide a way for students to graduate from high school without taking any Regents Exams. Usually, the substitute graduation assessment involved would consist of the review and grading, by a panel of teachers, of an academic portfolio — a collection of the student's best work from all his or her years at the school. From such a "portfolio examination" would be issued a "Regents equivalency" grade for the areas of Math, English, History, and Science, and a "Regents Equivalency" diploma would be awarded to the student at commencement.

text: Private schools[edit]

text: Though all public schools are required to follow either the Regents Exam system or some form of alternative assessment, private schools may or may not follow either of these systems. The vast majority of private schools actually do use Regents exams and award Regents diplomas, but some, usually academically prestigious private schools, do not. These schools' argument is that their own diploma requirements exceed Regents standards. Schools run by the Society of Jesus, such as Canisius High School, Fordham Prep, McQuaid Jesuit, Regis, and Xavier and the Society of Mary (Marianists), such as Chaminade and Kellenberg, have not used Regents exams for decades. Additionally, some other schools like The Masters School, The Ursuline School, The Hackley School, The Harvey School, Long Island Lutheran Middle & High School, Manlius Pebble Hill School, and Nichols School not associated with those groups do not use the Regents system.

text: Allowable substitute examinations[edit]

text: Some Advanced Placement exams and SAT subject tests are allowable by NYSED as substitutes for the Regents Examination for that subject (e.g., AP American History in place of the U.S. History and Government Regents). NYSED has approved a limited number of allowable substitute exams and has published required scores for the exams.[22]

text: Regents Competency Test[edit]

text: Regents Competency High School tests, or simply RCT's,[23] are exit exams given to identified special education students with Individualized Education Programs or students with a 504 plan seeking a high school diploma but cannot pass the standard Regents exams. Like the Regents Examinations, the RCT is provided and overseen by NYSED, and is designed and administered under the authority of the Board of Regents.

text: Most RCT's can be taken before a student takes the corresponding Regents exam. The RCT's are available for students until they graduate or when they turn 21. If the student still cannot pass all of the RCT exams, an Individualized Education Program Diploma (IEP Diploma) is awarded instead. The IEP Diploma is not the equivalent to a high school diploma, and rather is a certificate given to students who complete the twelfth grade but do not pass the standards based testing. The IEP Diploma is intended only for students with severe cognitive disabilities.[24]

text:
Ninth grade

Students take the Math and Science RCT in June. This is done in case the students fail the Math and Living Environment Regents or Earth Science Regents which can be taken in 9th or 10th grade. Some students, however, can take Regents in 8th grade.

Tenth grade

Students take the Math and the Living Environment Regents or the Earth Science Regents in June. Students also take the Global History and Geography exam. Students can take the Global RCT if they failed the Global Regents.

Eleventh grade

Students take the Reading RCT in January. In June, students take the English and U.S. History Regents. Students can take the U.S. History RCT if they failed the U.S. History Regents.

Twelfth grade

Students take the Writing RCT in January if they have failed the English Regents.

text: There are six RCTs that are administered. They can be taken in January, June, and August. The Global and U.S. History Regents Exam is the only exception that does not allow students to take the RCT tests before student fails the corresponding Regents Exam.

text: Beginning in the 2011-2012 school year, in public schools, only students with disabilities who first enter ninth grade prior to September 2011 are eligible to take the RCTs. Additional information on eligibility for the RCT safety net option has been provided by NYSED.[25][26]


document_title: Into Thin Air

question_text: who died in the book into thin air

question_tokens: who died in the book into thin air

root

text: Into Thin Air

text: Summary[edit]

text: In the book, Jon Krakauer described the events leading up to his eventual decision to participate in an Everest expedition in May 1996, despite having mostly given up mountain climbing years before. The 1996 season expedition recorded 8 deaths, the third most on Everest in a single day (the April 2015 Nepal earthquake caused the most, at least 19 deaths), including Krakauer's guide Andy Harris. Initially, Krakauer, a journalist for adventure magazine Outside, stated that his intentions to climb Everest were purely professional. The original magazine story was to have Krakauer climb only to base camp, and report on the commercialization of the mountain. However, the idea of Everest reawakened his childhood desire for climbing the mountain. Krakauer asked his editor to put off the story for a year so that he could train for a climb to the summit. From there, the book chronologically moves between events that take place on the mountain and the unfolding tragedy which takes place during the push to the summit. In the book, Krakauer alleges that essential safety methods adopted over the years by experienced guides on Everest are sometimes compromised by the competition between rival guiding agencies to get their clients to the summit.

tag: p

text: Controversy[edit]

text: Krakauer's recounting of certain aspects of the ill-fated climb has generated considerable criticism, both from some of the climb's participants and from renowned mountaineers such as Galen Rowell. Much of the disputed material centers on Krakauer's accounting of the actions of Russian climber and guide Anatoli Boukreev. An experienced high-altitude climber and guide for Scott Fischer, Boukreev descended the summit prior to his clients, ostensibly out of concern for their safety and in preparation for potential rescue efforts. Boukreev later mounted repeated solo rescue efforts, saving several lives. In his book, Krakauer acknowledged Boukreev's heroism in saving two climbers' lives, but questions his judgment, his decision to descend before clients, not using supplementary oxygen, his choices of gear on the mountain, and his interaction with clients. Boukreev provides a rebuttal to these allegations in his book, The Climb.

text: Galen Rowell criticized Krakauer's account, citing numerous inconsistencies in his narrative while observing that Krakauer was sleeping in his tent while Boukreev was rescuing other climbers. Rowell argued that Boukreev's actions were nothing short of heroic, and his judgment prescient: "[Boukreev] foresaw problems with clients nearing camp, noted five other guides on the peak [Everest], and positioned himself to be rested and hydrated enough to respond to an emergency. His heroism was not a fluke."[4]

text: The account has also been criticized for not informing the reader that the team members were receiving accurate daily weather forecasts and knew about the storm in advance.[5]

text: In Krakauer's 1999 paperback edition of Into Thin Air, he addresses some of the criticism in a lengthy postscript.[6]

text: Adaptation[edit]

text: Film adaptation rights for Into Thin Air were purchased by Sony almost immediately after publication.[7] The book was adapted into the TV movie Into Thin Air: Death on Everest (1997), starring Peter Horton as Scott Fischer and Christopher McDonald as Jon Krakauer. The book and the film both contain the same strong editorial viewpoint regarding the fundamental causes of the tragedy, although the film differs sharply from the book in details regarding responsibility.[citation needed]

text: The 2015 film Everest, by director Baltasar Kormákur[8] depicts the same events as the book, with actor Michael Kelly portraying Krakauer.[7] According to Kormákur, it is not based on Krakauer's book.[9]


document_title: Highway 1 (Australia)

question_text: how long does it take to drive around the coast of australia

text: Highway 1 (Australia)

text: History[edit]

text: Highway 1 was created as part of the National Route Numbering system, adopted in 1955.[2] The route was compiled from an existing network of state and local roads and tracks.[2] Highway 1 is the only route to reach across all Australian states and territories, with the exception of the Australian Capital Territory. Many of the other national routes are tributaries of Highway 1.

text: Under the original Highway 1 scheme, certain major traffic routes that ran parallel to the main route were designated National Route Alternative 1. Most of these route designations have been replaced by either a state route designation, or an alpha-numeric route designation, depending on which state the section is in. An example of the Alternative 1 designation remaining is on the old Princes Highway route from Dandenong to South Melbourne in Victoria.

text: Route markers[edit]

text: The entirety of Highway 1 was originally marked with a National Route 1 shield (black number on a white shield). In 1974, the segments of the route that were declared part of the National Highway network were updated to use the National Highway shield (gold number on a green shield).[3]

text: Since that time, all states and territories except for Western Australia have adopted (or are in the process of adopting) alphanumeric route numbers. As a consequence, much of Highway 1 is now marked with a M1, A1 or B1 route marker (depending on the route's quality and importance). A notable exception is in Tasmania, which was the first state to adopt alphanumeric route numbers but Highway 1 is still marked with a National Highway 1 shield.

text: In South Australia, sections of Highway 1 which were once part of the National Highway are marked as A1 or M1 but retain the National Highway "shield".

text: Track[edit]

text: From Sydney, it heads southwards to Melbourne and then on to Adelaide via the Eastern Distributor, Southern Cross Drive, General Holmes Drive, The Grand Parade, President Avenue, Princes Highway (NSW), Princes Motorway, Princes Highway (VIC), Princes Freeway (east), Monash Freeway, CityLink, West Gate Freeway, Princes Freeway (west), Geelong Ring Road, Princes Highway (SA). From then on to Perth via Port Wakefield Road, Augusta Highway, Eyre Highway, Coolgardie-Esperance Highway, South Coast Highway and South Western Highway. It then heads to Darwin via Brand Highway, North West Coastal Highway, Great Northern Highway, Victoria Highway, and Stuart Highway.

text: From Darwin, Highway 1 follows the Stuart Highway to Daly Waters, and thereafter the Carpentaria Highway to Borroloola. The Savannah Way is the largely unsignposted route for Highway 1 between the QLD/NT border, east of Borroloola, and Normanton, Queensland.

text: From there, it follows the Gulf Developmental Road and Kennedy Highway to Cairns and southwards via Bruce Highway to Brisbane and then back to Sydney via the Pacific Motorway (QLD/NSW), Pacific Highway (NSW), Pacific Motorway (NSW), Pacific Highway (Sydney), Gore Hill Freeway, Warringah Freeway, Sydney Harbour Tunnel, and the Cahill Expressway.

text: In Tasmania it starts at the Brooker Highway in Hobart and heads towards Launceston via the Midland Highway. At Launceston it becomes the Bass Highway to Burnie. Highway 1 ends at Burnie; the Bass Highway continues to Marrawah on the west coast as Highway A2.

text: Large sections of Highway 1 are shared with the Australian National Highway, though the two are not synonymous. For instance, the Princes Highway from Sydney to Melbourne is part of Highway 1, but is not part of the National Highway, which follows the Hume Highway and Freeway.

text: Route markers[edit]

text:
State
Segment
Route marker
Road(s)
See also

New South Wales
QLD border to Ewingsdale
 M1
Pacific Motorway (QLD/NSW)
Highway 1 (New South Wales)

Ewingsdale to Tintenbar
 A1

Tintenbar to West Ballina
 M1

West Ballina to Newcastle
 A1
Pacific Highway (NSW)

Newcastle to Wahroonga
 M1
Pacific Motorway (NSW)

Wahroonga to Artarmon
 A1
Pacific Highway (NSW)

Artarmon to Mascot
 M1

Gore Hill Freeway
Warringah Freeway
Sydney Harbour Tunnel
Cahill Expressway
Eastern Distributor
Southern Cross Drive

Mascot to Waterfall
 A1

General Holmes Drive
The Grand Parade
President Avenue
Princes Highway (NSW)

Waterfall to Yallah
 M1
Princes Motorway

Yallah to VIC border
 A1
Princes Highway (NSW)

Victoria
NSW border to Traralgon
 A1
Princes Highway (VIC)
Highway 1 (Victoria)

Traralgon to Winchelsea
 M1

Princes Freeway (east)
Monash Freeway
CityLink (southern link)
West Gate Freeway
Princes Freeway (west)
Geelong Ring Road

Winchelsea to SA border
 A1
Princes Highway (VIC)

South Australia
VIC border to Tailem Bend
 B1
Princes Highway (SA)
Highway 1 (South Australia)

Tailem Bend to Murray Bridge
 National Highway A1
Princes Highway (SA)

Murray Bridge to Glen Osmond
 National Highway M1
South Eastern Freeway

Glen Osmond to Waterloo Corner
 A1

Glen Osmond Road
Main North Road
Port Wakefield Road

Waterloo Corner to WA border
 National Highway A1

Augusta Highway
Eyre Highway

Western Australia
SA border to Norseman
 National Highway 1
Eyre Highway
Highway 1 (Western Australia)

Norseman to Port Hedland
 National Route 1

Coolgardie–Esperance Highway (south)
South Coast Highway
South Western Highway
Robertson Drive
Forrest Highway
Old Coast Road
Mandurah Road
Ennis Avenue
Patterson Road
Rockingham Road
Stock Road
Leach Highway
Kwinana Freeway
Canning Highway
Great Eastern Highway
Morrison Road
Great Northern Highway
Brand Highway
North West Coastal Highway

Port Hedland to NT border
 National Highway 1

Great Northern Highway
Victoria Highway

Northern Territory
WA border to Katherine
 National Highway 1
Victoria Highway
Highway 1 (Northern Territory)

Katherine to Daly Waters
 National Highway 1
Stuart Highway

Daly Waters to QLD border
 National Route 1

Carpentaria Highway
Savannah Way

Queensland
NT border to Cairns
 National Route 1

Savannah Way
Gulf Developmental Road
Kennedy Highway
Captain Cook Highway

Highway 1 (Queensland)

Cairns to Cooroy
 A1
Bruce Highway

Cooroy to NSW border
 M1

Bruce Highway
Gateway Motorway
Pacific Motorway (QLD/NSW)

Tasmania
Entire Route
 National Highway 1

Brooker Highway
Midland Highway
Brighton Bypass
Bass Highway

Highway 1 (Tasmania)

tag: table

text: Road conditions[edit]

text: With such a vast and incomparable length, road conditions vary greatly;[4] from multi-lane freeways in populous urban and rural areas, to sealed two-laners in remote areas, such as the Nullarbor Plain, to single lane roads, such as in northern Queensland.

text: Some stretches are very isolated, such as the Eyre Highway, which crosses the Nullarbor Plain, and the Great Northern Highway, which runs close to the north-western coastline. Isolated roadhouses serving the small amount of passing traffic are often the only signs of human activity for hundreds of kilometres.

text: Highway 1 has been described as a "death trap",[4] particularly two-lane sections in northern Queensland, due to driver fatigue.[4] The vast distances between destinations and limited rest areas, especially those suitable to trucks, contribute to the problem.[4]

text: Sights[edit]

text: Highway 1 covers practically every major inhabited part of Australia. Large capital cities, busy holiday resorts, dramatic coastlines, forests ranging from tropical to temperate gum forests, giant karri stands, scrubland, deserts, and huge tropical swamps are some of the variety of landscapes that can be found along the route.

text: Stretches of Highway 1 are very popular with interstate and overseas tourists. A drive around Highway 1 with a major detour to Uluru and back again practically covers most of Australia. The number 1 shield became part of the bush landscape to many travellers, truckers, and country people.

text: Record[edit]

text: On the 18th June 2017 team 'Highway One to Hell’ set a new world record for a complete lap of Australia[5]. While there have been previous attempts (notably Motor Magazine's 2004 record of 6 days, 8 hours and 52 minutes[6]) which skipped inland direct to Mt Isa, the 'Highway One to Hell’ team traveled the entire route of Highway 1 (equaling 14280km) in 5 days, 13 hours and 43 minutes[7].


document_title: Mark Brendanawicz

question_text: where did mark from parks and recreation go

text: Mark Brendanawicz

text: Background[edit]

text: Mark Brendanawicz was a city planner with the Pawnee municipal government. When he studied city planning in college, Mark was optimistic about the field and dreamed of designing huge and impressive cities. However, since graduation, Mark learned most of the career largely involved mundane technical issues, such as regulating the sizes of garages and proposed construction additions to houses. As a result, Mark grew jaded and disillusioned with the career, and became critical of government processes in general.[1]

text: Mark has a self-absorbed personality and engages in romantic flings with multiple women without any sign of seeking a commitment.[2] Mark and Leslie had sex on one occasion and Leslie harbored romantic feelings for the next six years, although Mark does not return the feelings, and in fact did not recollect their night together for several years afterward.[3][4] In season two, he enters a committed relationship with Ann and even considers marriage before the breakup.

text: Storyline[edit]

text: Season one[edit]

text: Leslie continues to harbor a crush on Mark, but Mark is not interested in her romantically, and instead appears to be more interested in her friend Ann; an early draft of the script had Mark stating that he didn't care about Leslie or the park project but supported her efforts because it would allow him to spend more time around Ann, but this was changed to the final version where Mark is impressed by Leslie's fighting spirit and helps the park project for that reason.[3] Mark agrees to help Leslie in her quest to turn a large construction pit into a park, but he is pragmatic about her chances of success, and warns it has little chance of succeeding.[5] When Leslie seeks his help in dealing with newspaper reporter Shauna Malwae-Tweep, who is planning to write a negative story, Mark makes the situation worse by having sex with her. This angers Leslie, particularly after Mark tells the reporter in confidence that the pit project will never be successful, only to later learn she plans to use that it in the story.[2]

text: One night, while feeling particularly disillusioned and unhappy with the insignificance of his career,[1][6] Mark makes a halfhearted attempt to flirt with Ann, unaware of Ann's anger over problems with her boyfriend Andy. Mark's advances are quickly and harshly rejected by an irritated Ann as a result.[6][7] Later that night, Mark and Leslie spend time together at the pit and an intoxicated Mark attempts to kiss her. Not wishing to reconnect with Mark in his drunken state, Leslie rejects his advances, and Mark accidentally falls into the pit and injures his legs.[6]

text: Season two[edit]

text: Following the accident at the pit, Mark becomes less jaded and abandons his promiscuous lifestyle. He and Ann develop a romantic interest in each other after she nurses him back to health at the hospital while his legs healed. They start dating only after Leslie assures Ann she is fine with the pairing and appears to have moved on from her long-standing infatuation with Mark.[8] He fences off Andy's juvenile insults and attempts to mess with his and Ann's relationship,[9] but also contends with some jealousy when Ann tries to "save" her close friend Justin as a potential future mate.[4] Mark planned to propose to Ann, but she'd told Leslie she wanted to break up with him, and she did dump him after Leslie narrowly prevented Mark from making what would have been a humiliating proposal during the Diabetes Telethon.[10] Mark and Ann have a breakfast sit-down where Mark says he's shocked that she wanted to end the relationship when they never even fought with each other, but Ann tells him that the lack of conflict meant neither of them really had any passion or stake in the relationship at all, and also says Mark overstated them as a couple because he'd never had a relationship that lasted for months before. When the Pawnee government is shut down, Mark decides to take an offered buyout and leave his city hall position for a private-sector job with a construction company,[11] causing Leslie to call him "Mark Brendanaquits." In a scene echoing their moment together in the pit during the first season, Mark shares a tender goodbye with Leslie and gives her plans he drafted for the park she wants to build in place of the pit.[12][13]

text: Development[edit]

text: When Mark Brendanawicz was originally conceived, it was anticipated that the character would eventually start to appear infrequently in Parks and Recreation, switching between his city planner job and work in the private sector.[14][15] Series co-creator Michael Schur said this is because real-life city planners often move back and forth between different jobs.[16] Schur said Mark is partially based on a real-life city planner who eventually got tired of the bureaucratic red tape of government and moved into the private sector, but eventually moved back to government when he was tired of the negative corporate environment. When Paul Schneider was cast as Mark, Schur told him the character might eventually leave Pawnee government and come back working for a different company, then keep moving back and forth in such a manner. Schur said, "It's not something you usually do on TV shows but we thought it was a good way to illustrate both the positive and negative aspects of working for a government. It was one of the first things we talked about with [Schneider]."[17]

text: Elements of the character were designed based on advice by Scott Albright, a California city planner who worked as a consultant with Parks and Recreation. The discrepancy between Mark's optimism in college and pragmatism after encountering the real world were inspired by feedback Albright provided about the urban planning profession.[1] The Mark character underwent major changes after receiving feedback at press tours and focus group screenings. In the original pilot episode script, Mark was portrayed as slightly less likable than the final character became. For example, in the final episode Mark asked Ron Swanson to green-light the park project to help Leslie, but in the original script, he did so only because he was attracted to Ann and wanted another excuse to keep seeing her.[18] During the first season, Paul Schneider said he was insecure about playing Mark in early episodes because he was still trying to figure out and understand the motivations of his character.[19]

text: Departure[edit]

text: Wikinews has related news: Paul Schneider leaving NBC's Parks and Recreation; Rob Lowe, Adam Scott to appear in series

text: It was announced in March 2010 that Schneider would leave Parks and Recreation at the end of the second season. Schur claimed the decision was a combination of the original conception of the character switching between the government and the private sector, as well as Schneider's increasing success in such independent films as Bright Star. In the initial announcement, Schur claimed that both the producers and Schneider were interested in having Schneider return for guest appearances in the future, including in season three.[14][15][17] Schur said at the time: "He's going to remain in the world of the show in a way that not only allows but hopefully demands that he'll reenter it. He's not going to be killed in some weird accident."[17]

text: Despite Schur's statements, Schneider never made a return appearance on Parks and Recreation, and the show made absolutely no reference to Mark Brendanawicz after Schneider's departure. In a TV show where Schur and other TV comedy showrunners discussed their work, Schur's story about the Season 2 episode where Jerry Gergich found out he was adopted talked about Mark revealing that information but only by referring to Mark as "a character" who accidentally revealed the truth. Even during the sixth season, when Ann Perkins extensively reminisced about her past romances, she never once mentioned Mark, even though they dated for almost all of the second season. In addition, although virtually every major and minor supporting character that ever appeared on Parks and Recreation made at least a cameo appearance in the seventh and final season, Mark was not one of them, nor was he shown in any clips in a flashback montage during the series' final episode. Shortly before the series finale, Schneider stated that he was not interested in returning to the show, and had never been contacted about it.[20]


document_title: Cassidy Casablancas

question_text: who blew up the bus in veronica mars

question_tokens: who blew up the bus in veronica mars

text: Cassidy Casablancas

text: Background[edit]

text: Cassidy, known as "Beaver" (a nickname he despises), is a son of one of Neptune, California's richest men, Richard Casablancas, and younger brother of town bully Dick Casablancas. Cassidy hangs around with his older brother, even though Dick victimizes him almost as much as his usual targets. Despite his unspoken reservations, Cassidy acts as accomplice when Dick and his friend Logan Echolls cause trouble in the community. He is also depicted as very smart, earning a high score on his SATs and leading his FBLA class's stock-market game even though he is a year younger than the other students.

text: Cassidy is extremely needy as a result of the emotional neglect he suffers at the hands of his father, who openly favors Dick. His mother also rejects him, refusing to let him live with her since she is always travelling Europe. In season three, a guilt-ridden Dick reveals that he and his father would have contests to see which one could make Cassidy cry. Dick also admits to duct-taping Cassidy's feet to the pedals of his bike, forgetting about it and a couple of hours later finding him pedaling around desperately in circles.

text: Notable events[edit]

text: Dick and Cassidy provide an alibi for Logan even though he had returned to Neptune the day of Lilly Kane's murder. Eventually, Cassidy tells Veronica Mars that they had lied to the police.

text: During Veronica's investigation of her rape at Shelley Pomroy's party, she discovers Dick had encouraged Cassidy to rape her while she was unconscious to lose his virginity. Cassidy, however, denies it. He tells Veronica that he ran out of the room and threw up, after realizing that he could not go through with it.

text: In the season two premiere "Normal Is the Watchword", while Dick is talking to Logan in a flashback, it is shown that Cassidy avoids directly looking at Veronica.

text: When his father marries a younger woman, Kendall Casablancas, Cassidy tells Veronica that he suspects she is having an affair and hires Veronica to find proof. In the process, Veronica exposes Cassidy's father's real estate scam. Cassidy's father quickly abandons his family and flees the country.

text: After a failed request to move back in with his birth mother, Cassidy and Kendall start a new real estate business to make money. With help from Cindy "Mac" Mackenzie as his tech girl, he creates a company named Phoenix Land Trust, using Kendall as the on-paper "owner" of the company, as Cassidy is underage. The Trust buys up cheap properties outside the proposed borders for the City of Neptune, a risky move that bet heavily against passage of incorporation.

text: Cassidy and Mac soon begin dating. In "Ain't No Magic Mountain High Enough", they attend the school's winter carnival together. Dick and his friends make fun of Cassidy for holding hands with Mac. He lets go of Mac's hand and walks away angrily. Later, the two prank Dick by finding a transgender woman online to set him up. Dick sees her leaning on his car and begins to make out with her, believing she is a "hot mom". He brings her into his car and soon comes out disgusted. He threatens Cassidy, but decides not to punch him when the latter warns him he'll get him even worse next time.

text: Cassidy and Mac's relationship falls apart when he refuses to become sexually intimate with her. When she mentions to Cassidy that she had gone to Veronica for advice, Cassidy abruptly dumps her for bringing Veronica into his personal life. In "Not Pictured", the pair reunites on time for graduation. They attend Logan Echolls' party at the Neptune Grand. They go back to their hotel room, but Cassidy is unable to perform. Mac comforts him and gets up to take a shower.

text: In the second season finale, "Not Pictured", it is revealed that he was among the boys molested by Woody Goodman. Veronica discovers that Cassidy set up the bus crash to kill Woody's other victims, who intended to come forward. He had planted the rat on the bus so that some of the kids (including himself) would plan for another ride back to school, giving him a perfect view of the bus and thus enabling him to crash it at the right moment by detonating the explosives he had planted via cellphone. Cassidy, who was in charge of the special effects for his friend Hart Hanson's war movies, had gotten the explosives from his Dad's mechanic Curly Moran, Aaron Echolls' former stuntman. He then proceeded to frame Moran for the bus crash. The PCHers beat up Curly, but Cassidy realized they would not kill him and finished the job himself by running him over with his car. He then wrote Veronica Mars' name on Curly's hand and dropped the corpse in the water, effectively sending the investigation in the wrong direction.

text: Cassidy is also responsible for many of the events of the first two seasons such as orchestrating the exposure of his father's real estate fraud, and Goodman's fall from public favor. When Veronica finds out Cassidy was a part of Woody's Little League team, she puts the pieces together. A call to Hart Hanson confirms her theory. Veronica also discovers that he did rape her after all, giving her chlamydia in the process, which he had, in turn, contracted after being molested by Woody. Cassidy leads Veronica to the roof of the Neptune Grand after he intercepts a text message she had sent to Mac, warning her to stay away from 'Beaver'. After Cassidy blows up the plane bringing Goodman back to Neptune following his arrest (believing Keith Mars was also on the plane), he tries to kill Veronica. Logan stops him, however, and Cassidy prepares to commit suicide by jumping off the roof of the Neptune Grand. Logan tries to stop him, but Cassidy asks why he shouldn't kill himself. When Logan is unable to answer, Cassidy jumps to his death.

text: Appearances[edit]

text: Season 1[edit]

text:
1x20 M.A.D.
1x21 A Trip to the Dentist
1x22 Leave It to Beaver

tag: ul

text: Season 2[edit]

text:
2x01 Normal Is the Watchword
2x02 Driver Ed
2x03 Cheatty Cheatty Bang Bang
2x07 Nobody Puts Baby in a Corner
2x09 My Mother, the Fiend
2x12 Rashard and Wallace Go to White Castle
2x13 Ain't No Magic Mountain High Enough
2x15 The Quick and the Wed
2x17 Plan B
2x18 I Am God
2x21 Happy Go Lucky
2x22 Not Pictured


document_title: Dielectric

question_text: what is the purpose of a dielectric material used in a capacitor

text: Dielectric

text: Terminology[edit]

text: Although the term insulator implies low electrical conduction, dielectric typically means materials with a high polarizability. The latter is expressed by a number called the relative permittivity. The term insulator is generally used to indicate electrical obstruction while the term dielectric is used to indicate the energy storing capacity of the material (by means of polarization). A common example of a dielectric is the electrically insulating material between the metallic plates of a capacitor. The polarization of the dielectric by the applied electric field increases the capacitor's surface charge for the given electric field strength.[1]

text: The term dielectric was coined by William Whewell (from dia- + electric) in response to a request from Michael Faraday.[5][6] A perfect dielectric is a material with zero electrical conductivity (cf. perfect conductor),[7] thus exhibiting only a displacement current; therefore it stores and returns electrical energy as if it were an ideal capacitor.

text: Electric susceptibility[edit]

text: The electric susceptibility χe of a dielectric material is a measure of how easily it polarizes in response to an electric field. This, in turn, determines the electric permittivity of the material and thus influences many other phenomena in that medium, from the capacitance of capacitors to the speed of light.

text: It is defined as the constant of proportionality (which may be a tensor) relating an electric field E to the induced dielectric polarization density P such that

text: where ε0 is the electric permittivity of free space.

text: The susceptibility of a medium is related to its relative permittivity εr by

text: So in the case of a vacuum,

text: The electric displacement D is related to the polarization density P by

text: Dispersion and causality[edit]

text: In general, a material cannot polarize instantaneously in response to an applied field. The more general formulation as a function of time is

text: That is, the polarization is a convolution of the electric field at previous times with time-dependent susceptibility given by χe(Δt). The upper limit of this integral can be extended to infinity as well if one defines χe(Δt) = 0 for Δt < 0. An instantaneous response corresponds to Dirac delta function susceptibility χe(Δt) = χeδ(Δt).

text: It is more convenient in a linear system to take the Fourier transform and write this relationship as a function of frequency. Due to the convolution theorem, the integral becomes a simple product,

text: Note the simple frequency dependence of the susceptibility, or equivalently the permittivity. The shape of the susceptibility with respect to frequency characterizes the dispersion properties of the material.

text: Moreover, the fact that the polarization can only depend on the electric field at previous times (i.e., χe(Δt) = 0 for Δt < 0), a consequence of causality, imposes Kramers–Kronig constraints on the real and imaginary parts of the susceptibility χe(ω).

text: Dielectric polarization[edit]

text: Dipolar polarization is a polarization that is either inherent to polar molecules (orientation polarization), or can be induced in any molecule in which the asymmetric distortion of the nuclei is possible (distortion polarization). Orientation polarization results from a permanent dipole, e.g., that arising from the 104.45° angle between the asymmetric bonds between oxygen and hydrogen atoms in the water molecule, which retains polarization in the absence of an external electric field. The assembly of these dipoles forms a macroscopic polarization.

text: When an external electric field is applied, the distance between charges within each permanent dipole, which is related to chemical bonding, remains constant in orientation polarization; however, the direction of polarization itself rotates. This rotation occurs on a timescale that depends on the torque and surrounding local viscosity of the molecules. Because the rotation is not instantaneous, dipolar polarizations lose the response to electric fields at the highest frequencies. A molecule rotates about 1 radian per picosecond in a fluid, thus this loss occurs at about 1011 Hz (in the microwave region). The delay of the response to the change of the electric field causes friction and heat.

text: When an external electric field is applied at infrared frequencies or less, the molecules are bent and stretched by the field and the molecular dipole moment changes. The molecular vibration frequency is roughly the inverse of the time it takes for the molecules to bend, and this distortion polarization disappears above the infrared.

text: Ionic polarization[edit]

text: Ionic polarization is polarization caused by relative displacements between positive and negative ions in ionic crystals (for example, NaCl).

text: If a crystal or molecule consists of atoms of more than one kind, the distribution of charges around an atom in the crystal or molecule leans to positive or negative. As a result, when lattice vibrations or molecular vibrations induce relative displacements of the atoms, the centers of positive and negative charges are also displaced. The locations of these centers are affected by the symmetry of the displacements. When the centers don't correspond, polarization arises in molecules or crystals. This polarization is called ionic polarization.

text: Ionic polarization causes the ferroelectric effect as well as dipolar polarization. The ferroelectric transition, which is caused by the lining up of the orientations of permanent dipoles along a particular direction, is called an order-disorder phase transition. The transition caused by ionic polarizations in crystals is called a displacive phase transition.

text: In cells[edit]

text: Ionic polarization enables the production of energy-rich compounds in cells (the proton pump in mitochondria) and, at the plasma membrane, the establishment of the resting potential, energetically unfavourable transport of ions, and cell-to-cell communication (the Na+/K+-ATPase).

text: All cells in animal body tissues are electrically polarized – in other words, they maintain a voltage difference across the cell's plasma membrane, known as the membrane potential. This electrical polarization results from a complex interplay between ion transporters and ion channels.

text: In neurons, the types of ion channels in the membrane usually vary across different parts of the cell, giving the dendrites, axon, and cell body different electrical properties. As a result, some parts of the membrane of a neuron may be excitable (capable of generating action potentials), whereas others are not.

text: Dielectric dispersion[edit]

text: In physics, dielectric dispersion is the dependence of the permittivity of a dielectric material on the frequency of an applied electric field. Because there is a lag between changes in polarization and changes in the electric field, the permittivity of the dielectric is a complicated function of frequency of the electric field. Dielectric dispersion is very important for the applications of dielectric materials and for the analysis of polarization systems.

text: This is one instance of a general phenomenon known as material dispersion: a frequency-dependent response of a medium for wave propagation.

text: When the frequency becomes higher:

text:
dipolar polarization can no longer follow the oscillations of the electric field in the microwave region around 1010 Hz;
ionic polarization and molecular distortion polarization can no longer track the electric field past the infrared or far-infrared region around 1013 Hz, ;
electronic polarization loses its response in the ultraviolet region around 1015 Hz.

tag: ol

text: In the frequency region above ultraviolet, permittivity approaches the constant ε0 in every substance, where ε0 is the permittivity of the free space. Because permittivity indicates the strength of the relation between an electric field and polarization, if a polarization process loses its response, permittivity decreases.

text: Dielectric relaxation[edit]

text: Dielectric relaxation is the momentary delay (or lag) in the dielectric constant of a material. This is usually caused by the delay in molecular polarization with respect to a changing electric field in a dielectric medium (e.g., inside capacitors or between two large conducting surfaces). Dielectric relaxation in changing electric fields could be considered analogous to hysteresis in changing magnetic fields (for inductors or transformers). Relaxation in general is a delay or lag in the response of a linear system, and therefore dielectric relaxation is measured relative to the expected linear steady state (equilibrium) dielectric values. The time lag between electrical field and polarization implies an irreversible degradation of Gibbs free energy.

text: In physics, dielectric relaxation refers to the relaxation response of a dielectric medium to an external, oscillating electric field. This relaxation is often described in terms of permittivity as a function of frequency, which can, for ideal systems, be described by the Debye equation. On the other hand, the distortion related to ionic and electronic polarization shows behavior of the resonance or oscillator type. The character of the distortion process depends on the structure, composition, and surroundings of the sample.

text: Debye relaxation[edit]

text: Debye relaxation is the dielectric relaxation response of an ideal, noninteracting population of dipoles to an alternating external electric field. It is usually expressed in the complex permittivity ε of a medium as a function of the field's frequency ω:

text: where ε∞ is the permittivity at the high frequency limit, Δε = εs − ε∞ where εs is the static, low frequency permittivity, and τ is the characteristic relaxation time of the medium. Separating the real and imaginary parts of the complex dielectric permittivity yields:[8]

text: The dielectric loss is also represented by:

text: This relaxation model was introduced by and named after the physicist Peter Debye (1913).[9] It is characteristic for dynamic polarization with only one relaxation time.

text: Variants of the Debye equation[edit]

text: Paraelectricity[edit]

text: Paraelectricity is the ability of many materials (specifically ceramics) to become polarized under an applied electric field. Unlike ferroelectricity, this can happen even if there is no permanent electric dipole that exists in the material, and removal of the fields results in the polarization in the material returning to zero.[10] The mechanisms that cause paraelectric behaviour are the distortion of individual ions (displacement of the electron cloud from the nucleus) and polarization of molecules or combinations of ions or defects.

text: Paraelectricity can occur in crystal phases where electric dipoles are unaligned and thus have the potential to align in an external electric field and weaken it.

text: An example of a paraelectric material of high dielectric constant is strontium titanate.

text: The LiNbO3 crystal is ferroelectric below 1430 K, and above this temperature it transforms into a disordered paraelectric phase. Similarly, other perovskites also exhibit paraelectricity at high temperatures.

text: Paraelectricity has been explored as a possible refrigeration mechanism; polarizing a paraelectric by applying an electric field under adiabatic process conditions raises the temperature, while removing the field lowers the temperature.[11] A heat pump that operates by polarizing the paraelectric, allowing it to return to ambient temperature (by dissipating the extra heat), bringing it into contact with the object to be cooled, and finally depolarizing it, would result in refrigeration.

text: Tunability[edit]

text: Tunable dielectrics are insulators whose ability to store electrical charge changes when a voltage is applied.[12][13]

text: Generally, strontium titanate (SrTiO3) is used for devices operating at low temperatures, while barium strontium titanate (Ba1−xSrxTiO3) substitutes for room temperature devices. Other potential materials include microwave dielectrics and carbon nanotube (CNT) composites.[12][14][15]

text: In 2013 multi-sheet layers of strontium titanate interleaved with single layers of strontium oxide produced a dielectric capable of operating at up to 125 GHz. The material was created via molecular beam epitaxy. The two have mismatched crystal spacing that produces strain within the strontium titanate layer that makes it less stable and tunable.[12]

text: Systems such as Ba1−xSrxTiO3 have a paraelectric–ferroelectric transition just below ambient temperature, providing high tunability. Such films suffer significant losses arising from defects.

text: Applications[edit]

text: Capacitors[edit]

text: Commercially manufactured capacitors typically use a solid dielectric material with high permittivity as the intervening medium between the stored positive and negative charges. This material is often referred to in technical contexts as the capacitor dielectric.[16]

text: The most obvious advantage to using such a dielectric material is that it prevents the conducting plates, on which the charges are stored, from coming into direct electrical contact. More significantly, however, a high permittivity allows a greater stored charge at a given voltage. This can be seen by treating the case of a linear dielectric with permittivity ε and thickness d between two conducting plates with uniform charge density σε. In this case the charge density is given by

text: and the capacitance per unit area by

text: From this, it can easily be seen that a larger ε leads to greater charge stored and thus greater capacitance.

text: Dielectric materials used for capacitors are also chosen such that they are resistant to ionization. This allows the capacitor to operate at higher voltages before the insulating dielectric ionizes and begins to allow undesirable current.

text: Dielectric resonator[edit]

text: A dielectric resonator oscillator (DRO) is an electronic component that exhibits resonance of the polarization response for a narrow range of frequencies, generally in the microwave band. It consists of a "puck" of ceramic that has a large dielectric constant and a low dissipation factor. Such resonators are often used to provide a frequency reference in an oscillator circuit. An unshielded dielectric resonator can be used as a dielectric resonator antenna (DRA).

text: BST thin films[edit]

text: From 2002 to 2004, the Army Research Laboratory (ARL) conducted research on thin film technology. Barium strontium titanate (BST), a ferroelectric thin film, was studied for the fabrication of radio frequency and microwave components, such as voltage-controlled oscillators, tunable filters, and phase shifters.[17]

text: The research was part of an effort to provide the Army with highly-tunable, microwave-compatible materials for broadband electric-field tunable devices, which operate consistently in extreme temperatures.[18] This work improved tunability of bulk barium strontium titanate, which is a thin film enabler for electronics components.[19]

text: In a 2004 research paper, ARL researchers explored how small concentrations of acceptor dopants can dramatically modify the properties of ferroelectric materials such as BST.[20]

text: Researchers “doped” BST thin films with magnesium, analyzing the “structure, microstructure, surface morphology and film/substrate compositional quality” of the result. The Mg doped BST films showed “improved dielectric properties, low leakage current, and good tunability,” meriting potential for use in microwave tunable devices.[17]

text: Some practical dielectrics[edit]

text: Dielectric materials can be solids, liquids, or gases. In addition, a high vacuum can also be a useful,[21] nearly lossless dielectric even though its relative dielectric constant is only unity.

text: Solid dielectrics are perhaps the most commonly used dielectrics in electrical engineering, and many solids are very good insulators. Some examples include porcelain, glass, and most plastics. Air, nitrogen and sulfur hexafluoride are the three most commonly used gaseous dielectrics.

text:
Industrial coatings such as parylene provide a dielectric barrier between the substrate and its environment.
Mineral oil is used extensively inside electrical transformers as a fluid dielectric and to assist in cooling. Dielectric fluids with higher dielectric constants, such as electrical grade castor oil, are often used in high voltage capacitors to help prevent corona discharge and increase capacitance.
Because dielectrics resist the flow of electricity, the surface of a dielectric may retain stranded excess electrical charges. This may occur accidentally when the dielectric is rubbed (the triboelectric effect). This can be useful, as in a Van de Graaff generator or electrophorus, or it can be potentially destructive as in the case of electrostatic discharge.
Specially processed dielectrics, called electrets (which should not be confused with ferroelectrics), may retain excess internal charge or "frozen in" polarization. Electrets have a semipermanent electric field, and are the electrostatic equivalent to magnets. Electrets have numerous practical applications in the home and industry.
Some dielectrics can generate a potential difference when subjected to mechanical stress, or (equivalently) change physical shape if an external voltage is applied across the material. This property is called piezoelectricity. Piezoelectric materials are another class of very useful dielectrics.
Some ionic crystals and polymer dielectrics exhibit a spontaneous dipole moment, which can be reversed by an externally applied electric field. This behavior is called the ferroelectric effect. These materials are analogous to the way ferromagnetic materials behave within an externally applied magnetic field. Ferroelectric materials often have very high dielectric constants, making them quite useful for capacitors.


document_title: May

question_text: who is the month of may named after

question_tokens: who is the month of may named after

text: May

text: Background[edit]

text: The month May was named for the Greek Goddess Maia, who was identified with the Roman era goddess of fertility, Bona Dea, whose festival was held in May. Conversely, the Roman poet Ovid provides a second etymology, in which he says that the month of May is named for the maiores, Latin for "elders," and that the following month (June) is named for the iuniores, or "young people" (Fasti VI.88).

text: Mayovka, in the context of the late Russian Empire, was a picnic in the countryside or in a park in the early days of May, hence the name. Eventually, "mayovka" (specifically, "proletarian mayovka") came to mean an illegal celebration of May 1 by revolutionary public, typically presented as an innocent picnic.[1]

text: Special devotions to the Virgin Mary take place in May. See May devotions to the Blessed Virgin Mary.

text: Eta Aquariids meteor shower appears in May. It is visible from about April 21 to about May 20 each year with peak activity on or around May 6. The Arietids shower from May 22 – July 2, and peaks on June 7. The Virginids also shower at various dates in May.

text: Ancient Roman observances[edit]

text: Under the calendar of ancient Rome, the festival of Bona Dea fell on May 1, Argei fell on May 14 or May 15, Agonalia fell on May 21, and Ambarvalia on May 29. Floralia was held April 27 during the Republican era, or April 28 on the Julian calendar, and lasted until May 3. Lemuria (festival) fell on 9,11, and 13 May under the Julian calendar. The College of Aesculapius and Hygia celebrated two festivals of Rosalia (festival), one on May 11 and one on May 22. Rosalia was also celebrated at Pergamon on May 24–26. A military Rosalia festival, Rosaliae signorum, also occurred on May 31. Ludi Fabarici was celebrated on May 29 – June 1. Mercury would receive a sacrifice on the Ides of May (May 15).  Tubilustrium took place on May 23 as well as in March. These dates do not correspond to the modern Gregorian calendar.

text: May symbols[edit]

text:
Emerald broochMay's birthstone is the emerald which is emblematic of love and success.
The May birth flowers are the Lily of the Valley and the Crataegus monogyna.[2]  Both are native throughout the cool temperate Northern Hemisphere in Asia, Europe, and in the southern Appalachian Mountains in the United States, but have been naturalized throughout the temperate climactic world.
 MayflowersThe "Mayflower" Epigaea repens is a North American harbinger of May, and the floral emblem of both Nova Scotia and Massachusetts. Its native range extends from Newfoundland south to Florida, west to Kentucky in the southern range, and to Northwest Territories in the north.
The zodiac signs for the month of May are Taurus (until May 20) and Gemini (May 21 onwards).

text: May observances[edit]

text: Month-long observances[edit]

text:
In Catholic tradition, May is the Month of the Blessed Virgin Mary. See May devotions to the Blessed Virgin Mary
Celiac Awareness Month
Cystic Fibrosis Awareness Month.[3]
Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome Awareness month[4]
International Mediterranean Diet Month[5]
National Mobility Awareness Month (United States, Canada)
Season of Emancipation (April 14 to August 23) (Barbados)
Better Hearing and Speech Month[6]
Kaamatan harvest festival (Labuan, Sabah)
National Electrical Safety Month (United States)[7]
Flores de Mayo (Philippines)
Garden for Wildlife month[8]
New Zealand Music Month (New Zealand)[9]
National Pet Month (United Kingdom)[10]
Skin Cancer Awareness Month[11]
National Smile Month (United Kingdom)
South Asian Heritage Month (International)
World Trade Month[12]

text: United States[edit]

text:
Asian Pacific American Heritage Month
National ALS Awareness Month
Bicycle Month (United States)
National Brain Tumor Awareness Month [13]
National Burger Month [14]
Community Action Awareness Month (North Dakota, United States)[15]
National Foster Care Month (United States)[16]
National Golf Month [17]
Jewish American Heritage Month
Haitian Heritage Month
Hepatitis Awareness Month[18]
Mental Health Awareness Month
National Military Appreciation Month[19]
National Moving Month [20]
Older Americans Month [21]
National Osteoporosis Month [22]
National Stroke Awareness Month[23]
National Water Safety Month [24]
National Corps Member Appreciation Month

text: Non-Gregorian observances, 2018[edit]

text: (Please note that all Baha'i, Islamic, and Jewish observances begin at the sundown prior to the date listed, and end at sundown of the date in question unless otherwise noted.)

text: May 29: Poya (Buddhism, public holiday in Sri Lanka)

text: Movable observances, 2018[edit]

text:
Phi Ta Khon (Dan Sai, Loei province, Isan, Thailand) Dates are selected by village mediums and can take place anywhere between March and July.
National Small Business Week (United States): April 28 – May 5[25]
National Hurricane Preparedness Week (United States): May 6–12[26]
National Stuttering Awareness Week (United States): May 7–13[27]
New Zealand Sign Language Week: May 7 – May 13[28]
Green Office Week (Britain, United States): May 13 – May 17[29]
Walk Safely to School Day (Australia): May 18[30]
Emergency Medical Services Week (United States): May 20–26[31]
Bike to Work Week Victoria

text: Last Friday in April to the first Sunday in May: April 27 – May 6[edit]

text: National Arbour Week (Ontario, Canada)

text: First Tuesday: May 1[edit]

text: World Asthma Day

text: First Thursday: May 3[edit]

text:
Arbor Day (Nova Scotia, Canada)
National Day of Prayer (United States)
National Day of Reason (United States)

text: Friday preceding Second Sunday in May: May 4[edit]

text:
Military Spouse Day (United States)
National Public Gardens Day (United States)

text: First Saturday: May 5[edit]

text:
Kentucky Derby
Free Comic Book Day
Green Up Day (Vermont, United States)
World Naked Gardening Day

text: First full week: May 6–12[edit]

text:
National Teacher Appreciation Week (United States)
North American Occupational Safety and Health Week

text: Wednesday of first full week: May 9[edit]

text: Occupational Safety and Health Professional Day

text: Week of May 12: May 6–12[edit]

text: National Nursing Week (United States)

text: First Sunday: May 6[edit]

text:
Mother's Day (Angola, Cape Verde, Hungary, Lithuania, Mozambique, Portugal, Romania, Spain)
World Laughter Day

text: Tuesday of First full week: May 8[edit]

text: National Teacher Appreciation Day (United States)

text: Saturday closest to May 10: May 12[edit]

text: National Train Day (United States)

text: Second Saturday: May 12[edit]

text:
International Migratory Bird Day (Canada, the United States, Mexico, Central and South America, and the Caribbean)
National Tree Planting Day (Mongolia)

text: Second Weekend: May 12–13[edit]

text:
National Mills Weekend (United Kingdom)
World Migratory Bird Day

text: Second Sunday: May 13[edit]

text:
National Nursing Home Week (United States)
Children's Day (Spain)
Father's Day (Romania)
Mother's Day (Anguilla, Aruba, Australia, Austria, Bahamas, Barbados, Bangladesh, Belgium, Belize, Bermuda, Bonaire, Brazil, Brunei, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Cuba, Croatia, Curaçao, Czech Republic, Denmark, Ecuador, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Greece, Grenada, Honduras, Hong Kong, Iceland, India, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Latvia, Malta, Malaysia, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Pakistan, Peru, Philippines, Puerto Rico, Singapore, Slovakia, South Africa, Suriname, Switzerland, Taiwan, Trinidad and Tobago, Turkey, United States, Uruguay, Venezuela, Zimbabwe)
State Flag and State Emblem Day (Belarus)
World Fair Trade Day

text: Third Friday: May 18[edit]

text:
Arbor Day (Prince Edward Island, Canada)
National Defense Transportation Day
National Defense Transportation Week is the week in which National Transportation Day falls.
Endangered Species Day (United States)[32]
National Pizza Party Day (United States)[33]

text: Third Saturday: May 19[edit]

text:
The Preakness Stakes is run, second jewel in the triple crown of horse racing.
Armed Forces Day (United States)
Culture Freedom Day
Sanja Matsuri
World Whisky Day

text: Third Sunday: May 20[edit]

text:
Commemoration Day of Fallen Soldiers
Father's Day (Tonga)
Feast of Our Lady of the Audience
Sanja Matsuri (Tokyo, Japan)

text: Monday on or before May 24: May 20[edit]

text: Victoria Day (Scotland)

text: Third Monday: May 21[edit]

text: Discovery Day (Cayman Islands)

text: Monday on or before May 25: May 21[edit]

text: National Patriots' Day (Quebec)

text: Last Monday preceding May 25: May 21[edit]

text: Victoria Day (Canada)

text: May 24, or the nearest weekday if May 24 falls on a weekend: May 24[edit]

text: Bermuda Day (Bermuda)

text: Saturday closest to May 30: May 26[edit]

text: Armed Forces Day (Spain)

text: Last Weekend: May 26–27[edit]

text: Kiev Day (Kiev)

text: Last Sunday: May 27[edit]

text:
Arbor Day (Venezuela)
Children's Day (Hungary)
Mother's Day (Algeria, Dominican Republic, Haiti, Mauritius, Morocco, Sweden, Tunisia)
Turkmen Carpet Day (Turkmenistan)

text: Last Monday: May 28[edit]

text:
Heroes' Day (Turks and Caicos Islands)
Memorial Day (United States), a public holiday, is on May 30, but observed on the last Monday in May.
Ratu Sir Lala Sukuna Day (Fiji), removed as a national holiday in 2010.

text: Last Wednesday: May 30[edit]

text: World Multiple Sclerosis Day

text: Last Thursday: May 31[edit]

text: Take a Girl Child to Work Day (South Africa)

text: Movable Western Christian observances, 2018 dates[edit]

text:
Rogation Sunday – May 6
Earth Day Sunday: May 6 (some Protestant denominations) (Sunday before Earth Day)
Minor Rogation days – May 7–9
Feast of the Ascension – May 10
Father's Day (Germany)
Festa della Sensa  (Venice)
Global Day of Prayer
Sheep Festival (Cameroon)
Pentecost begins: May 20
Whitsun: May 20
Whit Monday: May 21
Azores Day (Portugal)
Whit Tuesday: May 22
Feast of Christ the Priest: May 24 (first Thursday after start of Pentecost)
Whit Friday: May 25 (North West England)
Trinity Sunday: May 27
Corpus Christi (feast): May 31

text: Movable Eastern Christian observances, 2018 dates[edit]

text:
Mid-Pentecost: May 2 (Wednesday after the Sunday of the Paralytic)
Sunday of the Samaritan Woman – May 6 (5th Sunday of Pascha)
Sunday of the Blind Man – May 13 (6th Sunday of Pascha)
Feast of the Ascension – May 17 (forty days after Pascha)
Heroes Day (Romania)
Sunday of the Holy Fathers: May 20 (7th Sunday of Pascha)
Saturday of the Dead: May 26 (7th Saturday of Pascha)
Pentecost: May 27 (Fifty days after Pascha)
Day of the Holy Spirit: May 28
Third Day of the Trinity: May 29

text: Fixed observances in May[edit]

text:
April 29 to May 5 in Japan, which includes four different holidays, is called "Golden Week". Many workers have up to 10 days off. There is also 'May sickness', where new students or workers start to be tired of their new routine. (In Japan the school year and fiscal year start on April 1.)
May 1
Armed Forces Day (Mauritania)
Beltane (Ireland, Neopaganism)
Constitution Day (Argentina)
Lei Day (Hawaii, United States
May Day (International observance)
May 2
Anniversary of the Dos de Mayo Uprising (Community of Madrid, Spain)
Birth Anniversary of Third Druk Gyalpo (Bhutan)
Flag Day (Poland)
Indonesia National Education Day
Teachers' Day (Iran)
May 3
Constitution Day  (Poland)
Constitution Memorial Day (Japan)
Roodmas
World Press Freedom Day
May 4
Anti-Bullying Day (United Nations)
Bird Day (United States)
Cassinga Day (Namibia)
Death of Milan Rastislav Štefánik Day (Slovakia)
Greenery Day (Japan)
International Firefighters' Day
May Fourth Movement commemorations:
Literary Day (Republic of China)
Youth Day (China)
Remembrance Day for Martyrs and Disabled (Afghanistan)
Remembrance of the Dead (Netherlands)
Restoration of Independence day (Latvia)
Star Wars Day (International observance)
World Give Day
Youth Day (Fiji)
May 5
Children's Day (Japan, Korea)
Cinco de Mayo
Constitution Day (Kyrgyzstan)
Coronation Day (Thailand)
Europe Day in Europe (uncommon usage, largely replaced by May 9).
Feast of al-Khadr or Saint George (Palestinian people)
Indian Arrival Day (Guyana)
International Midwives' Day
Liberation Day (Denmark)
Liberation Day (Netherlands)
Lusophone Culture Day (Community of Portuguese Language Countries)
Martyrs' Day (Albania)
Patriots' Victory Day (Ethiopia)
Senior Citizens Day (Palau)
Tango no sekku (Japan)
May 6
Martyrs' Day (Gabon)
Martyrs' Day (Lebanon and Syria)
International No Diet Day
Teachers' Day (Jamaica)
The first day of Hıdırellez (Turkey)
St George's Day related observances (Eastern Orthodox Church):
Day of Bravery, also known as Gergyovden (Bulgaria)
Đurđevdan (Gorani, Roma)
Police Day (Georgia)
Yuri's Day (Russian Orthodox Church)
May 7
Defender of the Fatherland Day (Kazakhstan)
Dien Bien Phu Victory Day (Vietnam)
Radio Day (Russia, Bulgaria)
May 8
Miguel Hidalgo's birthday (Mexico)
Parents' Day (South Korea)
Time of Remembrance and Reconciliation for Those Who Lost Their Lives during the Second World War, continues to May 9
Truman Day (Missouri, United States)
White Lotus Day (Theosophy)
World Red Cross and Red Crescent Day
Veterans Day (Norway)
VE Day in Western Europe. In Eastern Europe it is celebrated on May 9.
May 9
Anniversary of Dianetics (Church of Scientology)
Europe Day (European Union)
Liberation Day (Guernsey), commemorating the end of the German occupation of the Channel Islands during World War II.
Liberation Day (Jersey), commemorating the end of the German occupation of the Channel Islands during World War II.
Time of Remembrance and Reconciliation for Those Who Lost Their Lives during the Second World War, continued from May 8.
Victory Day observances, celebration of the Soviet Union victory over Nazi Germany (Soviet Union, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Georgia, Israel, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Russia, Serbia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan)
Victory Day over Nazism in World War II (Ukraine)
Victory and Peace Day (Armenia) marks both the capture of Shusha (1992) in the Nagorno-Karabakh War, and the end of World War II.
May 10
Children's Day (Maldives)
Confederate Memorial Day (North Carolina and South Carolina)
Constitution Day (Federated States of Micronesia)
Golden Spike Day (1869 – Completion of the First Transcontinental Railroad – Promontory Summit, Utah)[34]
Independence Day (Romania), celebrating the declaration of independence of Romania from the Ottoman Empire in 1877.
Liberation Day (Sark), commemorating the end of the German occupation of the Channel Islands during World War II.
May 11
National Technology Day (India)
Statehood Day (Minnesota)
Vietnam Human Rights Day (Vietnam)
May 12
Saint Andrea the First Day (Georgia (country))
Day of the Finnish Identity (Finland)
International Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Awareness Day
International Nurses Day
May 13
Abbotsbury Garland Day (Dorset, England)
Heroes' Day (Romania)
Rotuma Day (Rotuma, Fiji)
May 14
Hastings Banda's Birthday (Malawi)
First day of Izumo-taisha Shrine Grand Festival. (Izumo-taisha, Japan)
National Unification Day (Liberia)
May 15
Beginning of Tourette Syndrome awareness month. It ends on June 15
Army Day (Slovenia)
Constituent Assembly Day (Lithuania)
Independence Day (Paraguay)
International Day of Families
Nakba Day (Palestinian communities)
Peace Officers Memorial Day (United States)
Republic Day (Lithuania)
Saint Ubaldo Day
Teachers' Day (Colombia, Mexico, South Korea)
May 16
Martyrs of Sudan (Episcopal Church (USA))
St Brendan Birthday & Feast day
Mass Graves Day (Iraq)
National Day, declared by Salva Kiir Mayardit (South Sudan)
Teachers' Day (Malaysia)
May 17
National Day Against Homophobia (Canada)
International Day Against Homophobia and Transphobia aka IDAHO
Birthday of the Raja (Perlis)
Children's Day (Norway)
Constitution Day (Nauru)
Galician Literature Day (Galicia (Spain))
World Hypertension Day
World Information Society Day
Liberation Day (Democratic Republic of the Congo)
Navy Day (Argentina)
Norwegian Constitution Day
May 18
Baltic Fleet Day (Russia)
Battle of Las Piedras Day (Uruguay)
Day of Remembrance of Crimean Tatar genocide (Ukraine)
Flag and Universities Day (Haiti)
Independence Day (Somaliland) (unrecognized)
International Museum Day
Mullivaikkal Remembrance Day (Sri Lankan Tamils)
Revival, Unity, and Poetry of Magtymguly Day (Turkmenistan)
Teacher's Day (Syria)
Victory Day (Sri Lanka)
World AIDS Vaccine Day
May 19
Commemoration of Atatürk, Youth and Sports Day (Turkey, Northern Cyprus)
Greek Genocide Remembrance Day (Greece)
Hồ Chí Minh's Birthday (Vietnam)
Malcolm X Day (United States of America)
National Asian & Pacific Islander HIV/AIDS Awareness Day
Hepatitis Testing Day (United States)
May 20
Day of Remembrance (Cambodia)
Emancipation Day (Florida)
European Maritime Day (European Council)
Independence Day (Cuba)
Independence Day, East Timor
Josephine Baker Day (NAACP)
National Awakening Day (Indonesia)
National Day (Cameroon)
World Metrology Day
May 21
Afro-Colombian Day (Colombia)
Circassian Day of Mourning (Circassians)
Day of Patriots and Military (Hungary)
Navy Day (Chile)
Saint Helena Day, celebrates the discovery of Saint Helena in 1502.
World Day for Cultural Diversity for Dialogue and Development (International)
One of the three festivals of Vejovis  (Roman Empire)
May 22
Abolition Day (Martinique)
Harvey Milk Day (California)
International Day for Biological Diversity (International)
National Maritime Day (United States)
National Sovereignty Day (Haiti)
Republic Day (Sri Lanka)
Translation of the Relics of Saint Nicholas from Myra to Bari (Ukraine)
Unity Day (Yemen)
World Goth Day
May 23
Constitution Day (Germany)
Labour Day (Jamaica)
Students' Day (Mexico)
World Crohn's and Colitis Day
World Turtle Day
May 24
Feast of Mary Help of Christians (Roman Catholicism)
Aldersgate Day/Wesley Day (Methodism)
Battle of Pichincha Day (Ecuador)
Commonwealth Day (Belize)
Independence Day (Eritrea)
Lubiri Memorial Day (Buganda)
Saints Cyril and Methodius Day (Eastern Orthodox Church) and its related observance:
Bulgarian Education and Culture and Slavonic Literature Day (Bulgaria)
Saints Cyril and Methodius, Slavonic Enlighteners' Day (Republic of Macedonia)
May 25
Africa Day (African Union)
African Liberation Day (African Union)
Day of Youth
Geek Pride Day
Independence Day (Jordan)
Liberation Day (Lebanon)
May Revolution (or Revolución de Mayo), a national holiday in Argentina
International Missing Children's Day
Last bell (Russia, post-Soviet countries)
Liberation Day (Lebanon)
National Day (Argentina)
National Missing Children's Day (United States)
National Tap Dance Day (United States)
Towel Day
May 26
Crown Prince's Birthday (Denmark)
Independence Day (Guyana)
Independence Day (Georgia)
Mother's Day (Poland)
National Day of Healing (Australia)
National Paper Airplane Day (United States)
May 27
Armed Forces Day (Nicaragua)
Children's Day (Nigeria)
Mother's Day (Bolivia)
Navy Day (Japan)
Slavery Abolition Day (Guadeloupe, Saint Barthélemy, Saint Martin)
World MS Day
Start of National Reconciliation Week (Australia)
May 28
Armed Forces Day (Croatia)
Downfall of the Derg Day (Ethiopia)
Flag Day (Philippines) (Display of the flag in all places until June 12 is encouraged)
Independence Day (Armenia)
Republic Day (Nepal)
TDFR Republic Day
Youm-e-Takbir (Pakistan)
May 29
Army Day (Argentina)
Democracy Day (Nigeria)
International Day of United Nations Peacekeepers (International)
Oak Apple Day (England), and its related observance:
Castleton Garland Day (Castleton)
Statehood Day (Rhode Island and Wisconsin)
Veterans Day (Sweden)
World Digestive Health Day
May 30
Anguilla Day (Anguilla)
Canary Islands Day (Spain)
Indian Arrival Day (Trinidad and Tobago)
Lod Massacre Remembrance Day (Puerto Rico)
Mother's Day (Nicaragua)
Parliament Day (Croatia)
May 31
Anniversary of Royal Brunei Malay Regiment (Brunei)
Castile–La Mancha Day (Castile-La Mancha)
Visitation of Mary (Western Christianity)
World No Tobacco Day (International)