document_title: North London derby

question_text: when did arsenal won the premier league at white hart lane

text: North London derby

text: History[edit]

text: Early matches[edit]

text: The first meeting between the two teams was a friendly on 19 November 1887, when Arsenal were located in Plumstead (then part of Kent but now in Greater London), and known as Royal Arsenal. The match, played at the then Spurs ground at Tottenham Marshes, was abandoned 15 minutes before it was due to end "owing to darkness" with Spurs leading 2–1.[3] The first completed match between the two teams was held the following February in Plumstead; Tottenham could only field nine players, and were thus beaten 6–2.[4] Another notable match was in 1898 played at the Spurs ground at Northumberland Park. The match with the then Woolwich Arsenal was attended by a record crowd of 15,000, and the refreshment stand collapsed when spectators climbed up onto its roof in the overcrowded ground, resulting in some injuries and prompting Spurs to start looking for a new ground. The next year the club moved a short distance to what would become known as the White Hart Lane ground.[5] The first League match between the clubs was in the First Division, on 4 December 1909; Arsenal won 1–0.[6]

text: Beginning of rivalry[edit]

text: However, a proper rivalry between the two teams did not begin until 1913, when Arsenal moved from the Manor Ground, Plumstead to Arsenal Stadium, Highbury, just four miles from Tottenham's White Hart Lane; by doing so, they became Tottenham's nearest neighbours and thus began a natural local rivalry. The two teams first faced each other as "north London" in a War Relief Fund friendly on 22 August 1914 at White Hart Lane. Although Arsenal were in the Second Division and Tottenham in the First, Arsenal won 5–1.[7] They would go on to meet regularly during World War I in the London Combination, the regional wartime competition of the time.

text: The rivalry escalated in 1919 when, after World War I, the First Division was to be expanded by two teams, and the League held a meeting of the clubs to decide the two clubs by means of a vote. 19th-placed Chelsea, who would otherwise have been relegated, were allowed to stay and thus they took the first of the two spots. The second spot could have been awarded to 20th-placed Tottenham, or Barnsley, who had finished third in the Second Division, but Arsenal (along with four other clubs) also bid for the place, despite their only finishing sixth in Division Two, although an error in the calculation of goal average meant Arsenal had actually finished fifth, an error which was corrected by the Football League in 1980.[8]

text: After an endorsement by League president and chairman of Liverpool John McKenna on account of their longer membership of the League, Arsenal won the vote by eighteen votes to Spurs' eight (Barnsley got five, Wolves four, Nottingham Forest three, Birmingham two and Hull City one) and were thus elected to the First Division.[9] It has been frequently alleged that Arsenal chairman Sir Henry Norris used underhand dealings in order to bring this about, although nothing has been proven.[10] The decision infuriated Tottenham and their supporters, although eleven years previously, Tottenham themselves had been elected to join the Football League Second Division despite only finishing 7th in the 1907–08 Southern League,[11] at the expense of Southern League champions Queen's Park Rangers, who had also applied and had resigned from the Southern League in expectation of promotion.[12][13]

text: Despite the setback, Tottenham were soon promoted back into the top flight after taking the 1919–20 Second Division title,[14] and the derby was once again regularly contested. The first fully competitive derby match after Arsenal's 1913 move to north London was a First Division match that finished 2–1 to Tottenham, on 15 January 1921 at White Hart Lane. The early matches between the two were noted for their bitterness - a particularly vicious match in September 1922 led to both clubs being censured by the Football Association and threatened with being forced to play behind closed doors.[9][15]

text: Tottenham played in the Second Division between the periods of 1928 and 1933, as well as 1935 to 1950,[14] which naturally led to a drop in the number of matches between the two clubs in this period and a cooling of passions. In 1935 Arsenal registered its highest ever win over Spurs in a 6-0 rout away at White Hart Lane. This 6-0 result remains the biggest win by any team wherein the derby.[2][16] Relations between the two clubs improved somewhat after the Second World War, after Tottenham allowed Arsenal to play their home matches at White Hart Lane while Highbury was requisitioned as an ARP station and subsequently bombed. The two sides met in the FA Cup for the first time in the 1948–49 season, when Arsenal won a third round tie 3–0.[16]

text: 1950 – present[edit]

text: Since 1950, there has only been one season being that of (1977–78)[14] where Spurs and Arsenal have not been in the same division, meaning fixtures between the two are regular. With being so, this has maintained the rivalry to the present day; there have been many notable matches. Several of these comprise those where the course of a title or the journey to a cup final has relied upon the outcome of a derby match. As with any major football rivalry, gloating and banter between the two sets of fans, many of whom work and even live together, is commonplace. Players who transfer between the two teams receive a bad reception from their former fans; an example was defender Sol Campbell,[17] who was nicknamed "Judas" by Spurs fans after he crossed the divide in 2001.

text: Arsenal's Theo Walcott, after picking up a knee injury in the 83rd minute of a FA Cup third round tie against Tottenham in January of 2014, was pelted with a hail of coins and plastic bottles whilst coming off the field on a stretcher by Tottenham fans at the Emirates Stadium. Walcott subsequently made a gesture on the stretcher to the Spurs fans which reflected, at that point in time, the 2-0 scoreline of the game which it finished as eventually. An investigation was eventually made with regard to the perpetrators of the incident by the authorities.[18][19]

text: On April 30, 2017, Tottenham beat Arsenal 2-0 in the final North London Derby at White Hart Lane.[20] This result meant that Tottenham were guaranteed to finish above the Gunners in the league for the first time in 22 years.[21]

text: Arsenal fans have a celebration day related to the north London rivalry called St. Totteringham's Day, which is the day in the season when Tottenham cannot mathematically finish above Arsenal on the league table.[22][23][24][25][26] Spurs fans had long before declared 14 April to be St. Hotspur day in honour of Spurs' 3–1 win over Arsenal in the 1991 FA Cup semi final. St. Hotspur Day was also celebrated on 14 April 2010, when Spurs beat Arsenal 2–1.[27]

text: Fans[edit]

text: Both Spurs' and Arsenal's fan bases are multi-ethnic, due to the racial diversity in London. According to a report in 2002, Arsenal had 7.7% of their fans calling themselves non-white British, the highest in the league at the time.[28] Both clubs also have extensive fan bases throughout the UK and the rest of the world. Arsenal fans call themselves "Gooners" a term that's a reworking of the club's "Gunners" nickname which is itself a reference to Arsenal's origins as a munitions factory team.[29][30]

text: Spurs fans call themselves "yids" - a reference to the fact that, because of the large Jewish community in the vicinity of their ground, hooligans of many other clubs back in the 1970s and 1980s directed antisemitic chants at Spurs fans. In an attempt to draw the sting from these chants, Spurs fans (whether Jewish or not) adopted the words "yid" and "yiddo" for themselves and thereby turned a pejorative into a term of pride and belonging. With the passing of time and as a consequence of the ever-mutating nature of the English language, the words "yid" and "yiddo" now only ever mean "Spurs fan" (or player) when used in the context of English football – even by fans of other teams.[citation needed] There is, however, still some controversy over the use of "yid" or "yiddo".[31]

text: Results[edit]

text: Premier League[edit]

text:
Arsenal vs Tottenham Hotspur[16]

Venue
Date
Score
Home goalscorers
Away goalscorers
Attendance

Highbury
11 May 1993
1–3
Dickov 52'
Sheringham 39', Hendry 46', 78'
26,393

6 December 1993
1–1
Wright 65'
Anderton 25'
35,669

29 April 1995
1–1
Wright 61' (pen.)
Klinsmann 74'
38,337

15 April 1996
0–0

38,273

24 November 1996
3–1
Wright 28' (pen.), Adams 87', Bergkamp 89'
Sinton 57'
38,264

30 August 1997
0–0

38,102

14 November 1998
0–0

38,278

19 March 2000
2–1
Armstrong 20' (o.g.), Henry 45' (pen.)
Armstrong 3'
38,131

31 March 2001
2–0
Pirès 70', Henry 87'

38,121

6 April 2002
2–1
Ljungberg 25', Lauren 86' (pen.)
Sheringham 81' (pen.)
38,186

16 November 2002
3–0
Henry 13', Ljungberg 55', Wiltord 71'

38,152

8 November 2003
2–1
Pirès 69', Ljungberg 79'
Anderton 5'
38,101

25 April 2005
1–0
Reyes 22'

38,147

22 April 2006
1–1
Henry 84'
Keane 66'
38,326

Emirates Stadium
2 December 2006
3–0
Adebayor 20', Gilberto 42' (pen.), 72' (pen.)

60,115

22 December 2007
2–1
Adebayor 47', Bendtner 75'
Berbatov 65'
60,087

29 October 2008
4–4
Silvestre 37', Gallas 46, Adebayor 64', van Persie 68'
Bentley 13', Bent 65', Jenas 89', Lennon 90'
60,043

31 October 2009
3–0
van Persie 42', 60', Fàbregas 43'

60,103

20 November 2010
2–3
Nasri 9', Chamakh 27'
Bale 50', van der Vaart 67' (pen.), Kaboul 86'
60,102

26 February 2012
5–2
Sagna 40', van Persie 43', Rosický 51', Walcott 65', 68'
Saha 4', Adebayor 34' (pen.)
60,106

17 November 2012
5–2
Mertesacker 24', Podolski 42', Giroud 45', Cazorla 60', Walcott 90'
Adebayor 10', Bale 71'
60,111

1 September 2013
1–0
Giroud 23'

60,071

27 September 2014
1–1
Oxlade-Chamberlain 74'
Chadli 56'
59,900

8 November 2015
1–1
Gibbs 77'
Kane 32'
60,060

6 November 2016
1–1
Wimmer 42' (O.G)
Kane 51' (pen.)
60,039

text:
Tottenham Hotspur vs Arsenal[16]

Venue
Date
Score
Home goalscorers
Away goalscorers
Attendance

White Hart Lane
12 December 1992
1–0
Allen 20'

33,707

16 August 1993
0–1

Wright 87'
28,355

2 January 1995
1–0
Popescu 22'

28,747

18 November 1995
2–1
Sheringham 29', Armstrong 54'
Bergkamp 14'
32,894

15 February 1997
0–0

33,039

28 December 1997
1–1
Nielsen 28'
Parlour 62'
29,610

5 May 1999
1–3
Anderton 43'
Petit 17', Anelka 33', Kanu 85'
36,019

7 November 1999
2–1
Iversen 7', Sherwood 20'
Vieira 39'
36,085

18 December 2000
1–1
Rebrov 31'
Vieira 89'
36,062

17 November 2001
1–1
Poyet 90'
Pirès 81'
36,049

15 December 2002
1-1
Ziege 11'
Pirès 45' (pen.)
36,076

25 April 2004
2–2
Redknapp 62', Keane 90' (pen.)
Vieira 3', Pirès 35'
36,097

13 November 2004
4–5
Naybet 37', Defoe 61', King 74', Kanouté 88'
Henry 45', Lauren 55' (pen.), Vieira 60', Ljungberg 69, Pirès 81'
36,095

29 October 2005
1–1
King 17'
Pirès 77'
36,154

21 April 2007
2–2
Keane 30', Jenas 90'
Touré 64', Adebayor 78'
36,050

15 September 2007
1–3
Bale 15'
Adebayor 65', 90', Fàbregas 80'
36,053

8 February 2009
0–0

36,021

14 April 2010
2–1
Rose 10', Bale 47'
Bendtner 85'
36,041

20 April 2011
3–3
van der Vaart 7', 70' (pen.), Huddlestone 44'
Walcott 5', Nasri 12', van Persie 40'
36,138

2 October 2011
2–1
van der Vaart 40', Walker 73'
Ramsey 51'
36,274

3 March 2013
2–1
Bale 37', Lennon 39'
Mertesacker 51'
36,170

16 March 2014
0–1

Rosický 2'
35,711

7 February 2015
2–1
Kane 55', 86'
Özil 11'
35,659

5 March 2016
2–2
Alderweireld 60', Kane 62'
Ramsey 39', Sánchez 76'
35,762

30 April 2017
2–0
Alli 55', Kane 58' (pen.)

31,811

text: Fixture top scorers in the Premier League

text: Players in BOLD represent those who are currently playing for Arsenal or Tottenham.

text:
Rank
Scorer
Club
Goals

1
 Emmanuel Adebayor
Arsenal, Tottenham Hotspur
8

2
 Robert Pirès
Arsenal
7

3
 Harry Kane
Tottenham Hotspur
6

4
 Thierry Henry
Arsenal
5

 Robin van Persie
Arsenal
5

 Gareth Bale
Tottenham Hotspur
5

7
 Ian Wright
Arsenal
4

 Patrick Vieira
Arsenal
4

 Fredrik Ljungberg
Arsenal
4

 Rafael van der Vaart
Tottenham Hotspur
4

 Theo Walcott
Arsenal
4

text: Cup semi-finals and title deciders[edit]

text: Although Arsenal and Tottenham have never met in a major cup final, there have been North London derby matches that have significantly contributed to one of the two clubs winning a trophy, such as semi-finals and title deciders. These include:

text:
Tottenham 0–1 Arsenal (3 May 1971) The final match of the 1970–71 league campaign, with Arsenal needing a win or a goalless draw to take the First Division title (a score draw would have meant Leeds United won on goal average). The game was tight with few real chances on goal, until the very end. With three minutes to go, John Radford's shot forced Pat Jennings into a good save; George Armstrong got to the rebound and chipped the ball across goal and Ray Kennedy headed home the winner. Spurs desperately tried to get a goal back but to no avail; Arsenal held on to win the title (the first half of the Double that season).[32]
Tottenham 1–2 Arsenal (4 March 1987) Arsenal and Spurs had drawn 2–2 on aggregate in the League Cup semi-finals; with no away goals rule in force, the match was replayed at Spurs' home ground of White Hart Lane. Spurs went 1–0 up through Clive Allen but Arsenal substitute Ian Allinson equalised and David Rocastle scrambled home the winner to send Arsenal through to the Final, where they won their first trophy since 1979.
Tottenham 3–1 Arsenal (14 April 1991 at Wembley) – The first FA Cup semi-final between the two sides. Arsenal were chasing a second Double, but Tottenham's Paul Gascoigne scored after just five minutes with a free kick from 30 yards out. Gary Lineker made it two, and although Alan Smith pulled one back for the Gunners before half-time, Lineker scored again in the second half to seal the result. Arsenal's Double dream was dashed, though they still won the League that season; Spurs lifted the Cup a month later. Known as St Hotspur Day for Tottenham fans.
Arsenal 1–0 Tottenham (4 April 1993 at Wembley) The second FA Cup semi-final between the two, in which Arsenal sought revenge over their North London rivals for the 3–1 semi-final defeat two years earlier. Tony Adams scored with a header from a Paul Merson free kick for the Gunners in the 79th minute; Arsenal prevailed despite Lee Dixon's sending-off, and went on to win the FA Cup in May and complete the first ever domestic cup double.
Arsenal 2–1 Tottenham (8 April 2001 at Old Trafford) The third FA Cup semi-final between the two. Gary Doherty gave Spurs the lead, before Patrick Vieira equalised for Arsenal. Robert Pirès scored a second half winner to send Arsenal through to the first FA Cup final to be played outside England, where they lost 2–1 to Liverpool in Cardiff.
Tottenham 2–2 Arsenal (25 April 2004) Arsenal were unbeaten in the Premier League and only needed a point to secure the title. The Gunners were 2–0 up after 35 minutes thanks to Patrick Vieira and Robert Pirès' goals. A famous win looked to be on the cards, but Spurs restored some pride by denying Arsenal victory; in the second half Jamie Redknapp scored from long-range, then Robbie Keane converted a 90th-minute penalty. Nevertheless, Arsenal still won the title at their rivals' home ground, repeating their triumph of 1971.
Arsenal 3–1 Tottenham a.e.t (31 January 2007) Arsenal booked their place in the 2007 League Cup Final, for the first time since winning the competition in 1993, after this extra-time victory. The teams drew the first leg 2–2 at White Hart Lane where Tottenham threw away a 2–0 first half lead, eventually drawing the game. The return leg game was goalless until the 77th minute when Emmanuel Adebayor gave Arsenal the lead, before Mido equalised for Tottenham five minutes from time. Jérémie Aliadière restored Arsenal's lead in the 105th minute and the game was eventually won by Arsenal after a 113th minute own goal by Tottenham's Pascal Chimbonda, sending Arsenal through to the final, 5–3 on aggregate. Arsenal, however, would eventually lose the final to Chelsea.
Tottenham 5–1 Arsenal (22 January 2008) Tottenham's first victory over Arsenal since November 1999, in the second leg of the League Cup semi-final; the teams had drawn 1–1 at the Emirates Stadium. Tottenham were 2–0 up by half time with Jermaine Jenas' strike and a Nicklas Bendtner own goal. After half-time, Spurs added two more from Robbie Keane and Aaron Lennon; Emmanuel Adebayor pulled one back for Arsenal, before Steed Malbranque scored a fifth goal in injury time to put Tottenham into the 2008 League Cup Final, 6–2 on aggregate. Spurs went on to lift the trophy.[33]

text: Statistics and records[edit]

text: As of 20 August 2017, there have been 180 competitive first-class meetings between the two teams since the first league meeting in 1909, of which Arsenal have won 75 and Tottenham 56.[34] The most goals in one game were scored in the closely contested 5–4 Arsenal Premiership victory at White Hart Lane on 13 November 2004. The biggest winning margin was a 6–0 away win by Arsenal on 6 March 1935. Tottenham have twice won 5–0 (25 December 1911 and 4 April 1983) and Arsenal once (23 December 1978), with all three fixtures taking place at White Hart Lane. Arsenal also won by 5-2 margins both in February and November of 2012 home at the Emirates.[6][16]

text: Tottenham's record for goals scored against Arsenal is shared by Billy Minter and Bobby Smith, with nine goals each.[35] Arsenal's record is held jointly by Emmanuel Adebayor, Alan Sunderland and Robert Pirès, with eight goals each.[1] Adebayor also holds the record for most goals by a player in the North London derby with ten: eight scored for Arsenal and two for Tottenham. Arsenal's long-time defender David O'Leary holds the record for most North London derbies played with 35, while Gary Mabbutt and Steve Perryman shared the corresponding record for Spurs, with 31.[1]

text: Terry Dyson is the only Spurs player to score a hat-trick in a first-class derby game, having done so on 26 August 1961 in a 4–3 win for Spurs.[36] The Arsenal players to have done so are Ted Drake (20 October 1934) and Alan Sunderland (23 December 1978).[37]

text: Summary of results[edit]

text:
Arsenal wins
Draws
Spurs wins
Arsenal goals
Spurs goals

League
64
45
51
245
216

FA Cup
4
0
2
9
5

League Cup
7
3
3
21
17

Charity Shield
0
1
0
0
0

Total
75
49
56
275
238

text: Crossing the divide[edit]

text: Due to the rivalry between the clubs, relatively few players have played for both Arsenal and Spurs since 1913. The players who have played for both are listed below.[35][37]

text: Arsenal, then Tottenham[edit]

text:
Name
Pos
Arsenal
Tottenham

Career
Apps
Goals
Career
Apps
Goals

Jimmy Brain
FW
1924–31
232
139
1931–35
34
10

Laurie Brown
DF
1961–64
109
2
1964–66
65
3

David Jenkins
MF
1966–68
25
9
1968–70
17
2

Rohan Ricketts
MF
2001–02
1
0
2002–05
36
2

David Bentley
MF
1997–2006
8
1
2008–11
41
3

William Gallas
DF
2006–10
101
12
2010–13
61
1

Emmanuel Adebayor
FW
2006–09
143
62
2011–15
106
41

text: Former Arsenal winger Joe Hulme managed Tottenham Hotspur between 1945 and 1949. George Graham was firstly an Arsenal player, then managed the Gunners between 1986 and 1994, before later taking up the reins at White Hart Lane between 1998 and 2001.

text: Clive Allen played three matches in Arsenal's 1980–81 pre-season friendly campaign, although never played a competitive league match for them.

text: Jamie O'Hara was a youth player at Arsenal before joining Tottenham. However, he did not play a single game for Arsenal.[38]

text: Lee Butcher was a youth player at Arsenal, then joined Tottenham and played many games in the reserves before moving to his current team, fellow London club Leyton Orient.

text: Ron Piper was an amateur at Arsenal without playing a senior match before joining Tottenham in October 1960.

text: Harry Kane joined the Arsenal youth academy aged eight, and was released after one season.[39]

text: Tottenham, then Arsenal[edit]

text:
Name
Pos
Tottenham
Arsenal

Career
Apps
Goals
Career
Apps
Goals

Tom Pratt
FW
1899-1900
39
28
1903-1904
10
2

Peter Kyle
FW
1905-1906
39
17
1906-1908
60
23

George Payne
FW
1906-1908
7
3
1912-1913
3
0

George Hunt
FW
1930–37
198
138
1937–38
21
3

Freddie Cox
RW
1938–49
105
18
1949–53
94
16

Vic Groves
MF
1952–53
4
3
1955–64
201
37

Jimmy Robertson
RW
1964–68
181
31
1968–70
59
8

Steve Walford
DF
1975–77
1
1
1977–81
98
4

Willie Young
DF
1975–77
64
4
1977–81
237
19

Pat Jennings
GK
1964–77
590
1
1977–85
327
0

Sol Campbell
DF
1992–2001
315
15
2001–06 and 2010
197
11

text: In addition, former Spurs player Herbert Chapman subsequently became manager of Arsenal from 1925 to 1934.[45] Forward Billy Lane of whom played for Tottenham in two spells firstly within 1922 then from 1924 to 1926 in his second started in 1963 to feature as a scout for Arsenal.[46] While Terry Neill was Spurs manager between 1974 and 1976, before crossing back to manage Arsenal between 1976 and 1983.[47]

text: Narada Bernard started his youth footballing career with Tottenham in 1997 but thereafter made the switch to Arsenal's Academy in 1999.[48][49] Pat Holland was a reserve and youth team coach at Spurs from 1988 to 1995 in his first stint and from 1997 to 2005 in a second spell with the club.[50] Holland then went on to take up the role of a coach within Arsenal's Academy in 2012.[51] Holland left the role after less than two months due to personal reasons, but has continued to feature for Arsenal as a scout.[52][53] Youth player Nya Kirby rejected a contract with Tottenham and thus left White Hart Lane in the summer of 2016 to have look ins at several clubs later that year. Kirby of whom plays as a midfielder in the role of a playmaker also trialed with Spurs's arch rivals Arsenal. He went on to play for the Gunners under 18s against Hamburger SV in Hamburg prior to him linking up as of January 2017 with Crystal Palace.[54][55][56][57]

text: Played for both teams in North London derby[edit]

text: The following players have played in at least one North London derby for both teams:[58]

text:
Name
For Arsenal
For Tottenham

Laurie Brown
4
3

Sol Campbell
8
13

David Jenkins
2
1

Pat Jennings
9
23

Jimmy Robertson
1
8

Willie Young
8
3

William Gallas
6
2

Emmanuel Adebayor
9
4

Note: Jimmy Robertson and Emmanuel Adebayor are the only players to have scored for both teams in North London derbies.

text: Clubs' honours[edit]

text: These are the major football honours of Arsenal and Tottenham Hotspur:[59][60]

text:
National Competition
Arsenal
Tottenham Hotspur

First Division / Premier League
13
2

FA Cup
13
8

Football League Cup
2
4

FA Community Shield
14
7

Total
42
21

text:
European Competition
Arsenal
Tottenham Hotspur

UEFA Cup Winners' Cup
1
1

UEFA Cup / Europa League
0
2

Inter-Cities Fairs Cup
1
0

Total
2
3

text: In its present format, Arsenal have, as of 2017–18, qualified to play in the UEFA Champions League on 19 occasions and Tottenham 3, although Spurs did achieve a fourth-place finish in the 2011–12 Premier League season but were denied a place in the Champions League due to Chelsea winning the Champions League. Arsenal were runners-up in the 2005–06 UEFA Champions League competition.[61] Prior to this, Arsenal qualified for the former European Cup on three occasions, while Tottenham did so once. Arsenal were unable to compete in the 1989–90 competition owing to a ban on English clubs following the Heysel Stadium Disaster.[62] Both clubs have reached the semi-final stage of the competition.

text: While the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup is recognised as the predecessor to the UEFA Cup, it was not organised by UEFA. Consequently, UEFA do not consider clubs' records in the Fairs Cup to be part of their European record. However, FIFA does view the competition as a major honour.[63]

text: Highest attendances[edit]

text:
Tottenham 3–1 Arsenal; 77,893 (14 April 1991); Wembley (neutral)[64]
Tottenham 1–4 Arsenal; 69,821 (10 October 1953); White Hart Lane (Tottenham home)[65]
Arsenal 1–1 Tottenham; 72,164 (29 September 1951), Highbury (Arsenal home)
Arsenal 3–0 Tottenham; 60,115 (2 December 2006), Emirates Stadium (in Emirates Stadium)[66]


document_title: He Stopped Loving Her Today

question_text: who wrote the song he stopped loving her today

root

text: He Stopped Loving Her Today

text: Recording and composition[edit]

text: By 1980, Jones had not had a number one single in six years and many critics began to write him off. However, the music industry was stunned in July when "He Stopped Loving Her Today" shot to number one on the country charts. The song was written by Bobby Braddock and Curly Putman and tells the story of a friend who has never given up on his love; he keeps old letters and photos from back in the day and hangs on to hope that she would "come back again". The song reaches its peak in the chorus, revealing that he indeed stopped loving her when he died and the woman does return—for his funeral. In a different singer's hands, the song might have sounded irreverent but Jones' interpretation, buoyed by his delivery of the line "...first time I'd seen him smile in years", gives it a realism.

tag: p

text: Producer Billy Sherrill introduced Jones to the song in 1978[3][full citation needed] but, according to Sherrill and Jones himself, the singer hated the song when he first heard it. In Bob Allen's biography of the singer, Sherrill states, "He thought it was too long, too sad, too depressing and that nobody would ever play it...He hated the melody and wouldn't learn it."[4][full citation needed] Sherrill also claims that Jones frustrated him by continually singing the song to the melody of the Kris Kristofferson hit "Help Me Make It Through the Night".[5][full citation needed] In the Same Ole Me retrospective, Sherrill recalls a heated exchange during one recording session: "I said 'That's not the melody!' and he said 'Yeah, but it's a better melody.' I said 'It might be—Kristofferson would think so too, it's his melody!'" In the same documentary, Sherrill claims that Jones was in such bad physical shape during this period that "the recitation was recorded 18 months after the first verse was" and added that the last words Jones said about "He Stopped Loving Her Today" was "Nobody'll buy that morbid son of a bitch". Although he had disliked "He Stopped Loving Her Today" when it was first offered to him, Jones ultimately gave the song credit for reviving his flagging career, stating that "a four-decade career had been salvaged by a three-minute song."[6][full citation needed] It was as much a tour de force for the producer was for the singer, featuring all the hallmarks of Sherrill's symphonic approach to country production, featuring cresting strings and dramatic flourishes. Had it not been for Sherrill, it is unlikely the song would have ever been recorded, such was his belief in the song, although he did share some of Jones' misgivings initially; in his 1995 memoir, Jones recalled, "Putnam and Braddock killed the song's main character too soon in their early versions. Billy kept telling them to kill the guy at a different time and then have the woman come to his funeral...He gave the song to me, and I carried it for more than a year, also convinced that it needed rewriting. Billy had a notebook about an inch thick that was nothing but rewrites for 'He Stopped Loving Her Today.'"[7][full citation needed]

text: Reception[edit]

text: The success of "He Stopped Loving Her Today" led CBS Records to renew Jones' recording contract and sparked new interest in the singer. Jones earned the Grammy Award for Best Male Country Vocal Performance in 1980. The Academy of Country Music awarded the song Single of the Year and Song of the Year in 1980. It also became the Country Music Association's Song of the Year in both 1980 and 1981. The song became so synonymous with Jones that few singers dared to cover it. Jones recorded the song again with producer Keith Stegall for the 2005 album Hits I Missed...And One I Didn't. A recording of Johnny Cash performing the song is featured on the 2003 collection Unearthed and Trent Summar & the New Row Mob recorded it on 2006's Horseshoes & Hand Grenades.

text: Chart performance[edit]

text:
Chart (1980)
Peak
position

U.S. Billboard Hot Country Singles
1

Canadian RPM Country Tracks
2

Chart (2013)
Peak
position

US Hot Country Songs (Billboard)[8]
21

tag: table


document_title: List of Still Game episodes

question_text: where does winston moved to in still game

text: List of Still Game episodes

text: Series overview[edit]

text:
Series/other
Airdates
Channel

Series 1
September 6, 2002 – October 11, 2002
BBC One Scotland

Series 2
March 28, 2003 – May 23, 2003
BBC One Scotland

Series 3
May 7, 2004 – June 11, 2004
BBC One Scotland

Series 4
July 22, 2005 – August 26, 2005
BBC Two

2005 Christmas Special
December 28, 2005
BBC One

Series 5
June 19, 2006 – July 24, 2006
BBC Two

2006 Hogmanay Special
December 31, 2006January 1, 2007
BBC One ScotlandBBC Two

Series 6
July 12, 2007 – August 23, 2007
BBC Two

2007 Christmas Special
December 23, 2007December 28, 2007
BBC One ScotlandBBC Two

2007 Hogmanay Special
December 31, 2007January 2, 2008
BBC One ScotlandBBC Two

Still Game Live
November 7, 2014
BBC One ScotlandBBC Two

Children In Need Special 2014
November 15, 2014

BBC One Scotland

Still Game: The Story So Far
December 31, 2014

BBC One Scotland

 Series 7
October 7, 2016 – November 11, 2016
BBC One

 Series 8
March 8, 2018 – April 12, 2018
BBC One

text: Episode list[edit]

text: Series 1 (2002)[edit]

text:
Overall

No. in series

Title

Writers

Airdate

Viewing figures(million)
11"Flittin'"Ford Kiernan & Greg Hemphill6 September 2002 (2002-09-06)3.18
Jack's life is increasingly miserable due to anti-social neighbours. He is keen to move but can't find a house until the man across the landing from his best friend Victor dies. Meanwhile Jack and Victor's friend Winston is teaching his grandson how to fight for a boxing match coming up.

Guest Starring Gordon McCorkell, Finlay McLean, Alex Robertson & Richard Mark
22"Faimly"Ford Kiernan & Greg Hemphill27 September 2002 (2002-09-27)3.16
Victor is awaiting a visit from his son John who now lives in Johannesburg. But when John leaves a message on Victor's answering machine, a crucial part of the message is inaudible due to background noise. Jack and Victor set out to discover what it says with help from their friend Shug who has an acute sense of hearing. Meanwhile, Winston gets injured in a fight with Peggy at the butchers over who gets the gigot chops.

Guest Starring: Billy Boyd, Jackie Farrell, Carolyn Conrad & Billy Riddoch
33"Cauld"Ford Kiernan & Greg Hemphill13 September 2002 (2002-09-13)3.72
The residents of Craiglang are experiencing one of the coldest winters in years when Winston offers a solution - free electricity by tampering with the meter. Gradually a number of locals accept Winston's help but Victor takes the moral high ground and refuses to participate.
In the original, incorrect BBC broadcast, this episode ran second.

Guest Starring: Stevie Allen, Finlay McLean & James O'Hara
44"Courtin'"Ford Kiernan, Greg Hemphill & Paul Riley20 September 2002 (2002-09-20)N/A
Jack asks Barbara, the woman from the charity shop, to go out with him leaving Victor feeling lonely and resentful of his friend's new romance. Meanwhile, Winston gets barred from The Clansman and goes in search of other ways to spend his time.
This episode was broadcast third in the original run of the show.

Guest Starring: Eileen McCallum, Maureen Carr and Noddy Davidson
55"Waddin"Ford Kiernan & Greg Hemphill11 October 2002 (2002-10-11)3.44
It's the wedding of the year and both Jack and Victor still haven't received an invite - they decide to do something about it. Meanwhile, it is thought that Wullie MacIntosh has died and Winston plans to rummage through his house to find something that will assure him an invite.
This episode ran last in the original broadcast.

Guest Starring: Johnny Irvine & Donald Cameron
66"Scones"Ford Kiernan & Greg Hemphill4 October 2002 (2002-10-04)3.81
Jack and Victor are irritated by Tam's success at entering and winning competitions and embark on an attempt of their own, involving composing a slogan for scones. Their attempts are futile, and of course, hilarious. Meanwhile, Winston is having problems with the Social Security office who have stopped his benefits. Isa's estranged husband, Harry, also returns after a six year absence.
Notes: This episode ran fifth in the original broadcast.

Guest Starring Bill Murdoch, James Weir & Ronnie Letham

text: Early series of the show featured short sound clips whenever an establishing shot of Osprey Heights (the building Jack, Victor, Winston, Tam, and Isa live in) occurred. These included Jack and Victor sighing contentedly and one of the two saying "Is that you?" with the other replying "Oh, aye, that's me." Arguably the most common was one where Jack and Victor hummed a song ("Hurdy gurdy gurdy, in the windae boxes"). These decreased in frequency after the first couple of series, and were discontinued altogether by the fourth series.

text: Series 2 (2003)[edit]

text:
Overall

No. in series

Title

Writers

Airdate

Viewing figures(million)
71"Gairden"Ford Kiernan and Greg Hemphill28 March 2003 (2003-03-28)2.88
The residents of Craiglang are being terrorised by the local neds, but the pensioners have had enough and decide to make their own haven they can escape to. Meanwhile, Jack and Victor check on old Ronnie, who has been recently committed to a sanatorium after being found dancing in George Square in his underwear.

Guest Starring: Gary Sweeney & James Young
82"Wummin"Ford Kiernan and Greg Hemphill4 April 2003 (2003-04-04)4.11
Jack and Victor are concerned for old friend Bert Findley, who is deeply depressed following the death of his wife. Winston is having his own troubles with a less than sympathetic home help.
Notes: Winston's faked leg injury is juxtaposed in the Series 3 episode "Aff," where his former smoking habit leads him to need a leg amputation. After the operation, Winston has a wooden leg, and always walks with a real limp.

Guest Starring: Celia Imrie
93"Doacters"Ford Kiernan and Greg Hemphill11 April 2003 (2003-04-11)3.90
Jack and Victor are amazed at the dynamic vitality of their friend Stuart, who has a newfound zest for life after being prescribed a new "yankee" wonder drug and they plan a strategy to obtain a supply for themselves. Meanwhile, both Tam and Winston try to impress the new librarian, Frances.
Notes: This episode establishes that Tam has a grandson, named Ryan, but is unmarried. In a later episode, it is stated that Tam had a wife who left him because he cheated on her.

Guest Starring: Alec Heggie
104"Brief"Ford Kiernan & Greg Hemphill18 April 2003 (2003-04-18)3.76
Victor buys a new car hoping it will give him the freedom he always wanted, but it ends up that he is the one being taken for a ride. Meanwhile, Winston tries his hardest to encourage Tam not to be tight-fisted.
Notes: This episode implies that for unknown reasons, Jack is unable to drive. In all scenes, Victor is shown driving, and in fact Victor is the only one of the two who has any interest in the car. Jack does, however, drive in "All the Best," from the fifth series of the show. Jack is also seen driving in Chewin the fat.

Guest Starring: Stevie Allen, Tom Urie & Richard Wallis
115"Tappin'"Ford Kiernan & Greg Hemphill25 April 2003 (2003-04-25)4.06
A money lender appears in Craiglang and soon finds customers. Isa thinks Jack and Victor have borrowed money when she notices they have more than usual, when in fact they are spending some extra money they had saved. Tam and Winston are enjoying a round of golf at Craiglang golf course until they are interrupted by the neds. Their attempts to solve the problem only end in disaster.

Guest Starring: James Young & Jim Murray
126"Scran"Ford Kiernan, Greg Hemphill and Paul Riley2 May 2003 (2003-05-02)3.94
Jack and Victor are left in charge of Navid's shop as Navid is in India attending a funeral. Winston sees an opportunity to make some extra cash and decides to set up a take-away hot food sideline from the back of the shop while at the same time getting on the wrong side of a snack van vendor whom Winston has history with.

Guest Starring: David Hayman
137"Shooglies"Ford Kiernan & Greg Hemphill9 May 2003 (2003-05-09)3.18
Jack and Victor celebrate their momentous sixtieth anniversary as best pals and decide to have a day out when they encounter a face from the past.

Guest Starring: Finlay Welsh
148"Buntin'"Ford Kiernan & Greg Hemphill16 May 2003 (2003-05-16)3.41
Craiglang is suspicious when Pete, the local alcoholic tramp, tells everyone he has secured a very important job at the council's new "facility", Jack and Victor decide to follow him to find the truth of the rumours. Meanwhile Navid, Winston and Shug are on a hunt for a bin-raiding fox.

Guest Starring: Donald Cameron & Nik Weir
159"Dug"Ford Kiernan & Greg Hemphill23 May 2003 (2003-05-23)4.14
Jack is invited to visit his daughter, Fiona who lives in Canada. Asked to come along, Victor initially refuses, but in the end goes with his friend on the holiday. Meanwhile, Winston ends up having to pretend to be Isa's "Pumpkin" to see off her estranged husband Harry.

Guest Starring: Ronnie Letham

text: Series 3 (2004)[edit]

text:
Overall

No. in series

Title

Airdate

Viewing figures(million)
161"Hoaliday"7 May 2004 (2004-05-07)3.14
Jack and Victor arrive in Canada to visit Fiona. Just like in Scotland, the two get up to more mischief than the usual pensioners. Back home, Winston tries to ignore Isa's gossip while still enjoying her home cooking as he continues seeing her even though Harry has left.

Guest Starring: Stevie Allen, Finlay McLean & Steve Hemphill
172"Swottin"14 May 2004 (2004-05-14)3.66
Jack and Victor are back in Craiglang and on the hunt for more adventures - in this case enrolling in a night class for a first-aid course at the University. When they realise how cheap the alcohol is in the University, they decide to skip classes and engage in antics with students young enough to be their grandchildren, unaware of the implications of their actions. They make a team with Winston and enter into a quiz Boabby is throwing at the Clansman in order to make the pub more popular, but when a pregnant woman goes into labour, Jack & Victor are put forward to help.

Guest Starring: Kate Dickie, Ryan Hassan & Bridget McCann
183"Cairds"21 May 2004 (2004-05-21)3.52
Jack and Victor enlist the help of their friends and set about winning back disabled Joe's electric scooter from Tam who won it in a poker game. Shug is arrested on suspicion of being a peeping-tom and Lady Luck shines on Winston as his long-shot accumulator bet at the bookie's returns a big win - or does it?

Guest Starring: John Buick
194"Big Yin"28 May 2004 (2004-05-28)3.24
Jack and Victor need a favour from an old friend, Big Innes, who has moved away from Craiglang to a remote area. The neds are out of control and Big Innes is just the man to sort them out! However, it is emphasised to everybody that Innes must not be given Midori liqueur under any circumstances. Winston joins the staff of "Food-Fare" and deals with workplace bullying in his own unique way.

Guest Starring: Clive Russell, Jordan Young & Sheila Latimer
205"Oot"4 June 2004 (2004-06-04)2.98
Long time recluse, Archie, has no option but to leave his home which is earmarked for demolition. Oblivious to world events and bewildered by all the changes over the decades, he re-enters society under the care of Jack and Victor. Winston inquires about a new, large screen, wall-mounted television in the High Street, but when he sees the price makes plans to build his own.

Guest Starring: Sylvester McCoy
216"Aff"11 June 2004 (2004-06-11)3.44
Isa is frantic with worry after a psychic in The Clansman tells her she is going to be run over by a silver car. Will she meet her date with destiny? Winston is told by doctors his leg will need to be amputated, a consequence of years of heavy smoking. He takes solace in the news that he will qualify for extra money in invalidity benefits. On seeing Winston's leg, Jack throws his pipe in a bin pledging never to smoke again, while Victor fakes illness in a bid to get more attention from his absent son John.

Guest Starring: Mary Riggans & Sandy Welsh

text: Series 4 (2005)[edit]

text:
Overall

No. in series

Title

Airdate

Viewing figures(million)
221"Kill Wullie"22 July 2005 (2005-07-22)2.22
Jack and Victor's friend, Wullie, is dating a younger woman. Rumours abound in Craiglang that his mistress is trying to bump him off. Meanwhile Winston struggles with his new leg and a young hooligan is conning pensioners out of money.

This is the first episode to receive a standard English title, as the show had begun to be broadcast in England and Wales by this time.
232"Wireless"29 July 2005 (2005-07-29)1.83
Jack and Victor take up the job of the local hospital's radio DJs as stand-ins for Tam who is away on holiday and build up quite a fanbase in the process. Navid also ends up in hospital with a very personal problem.

Guest Starring: Bill Murdoch, James Fleming & Sandy Neilson
243"Dial-A-Bus"5 August 2005 (2005-08-05)2.15
Jack and Victor find themselves on a terrifying bus journey when the driver, Davie, suffers a funny turn. Meanwhile Tam decides to tag along while Navid goes to get stock, and Boaby decides to take time off work to go cycling, leaving The Clansman under control of a temporary barman. Winston takes advantage of Boaby's absence by pretending to be the real owner of The Clansman.

Guest Starring: Robbie Coltrane & Sharon McKenzie
254"Ring"12 August 2005 (2005-08-12)1.72
Tam decides to marry Frances, his sweetheart from the second series. As always in Craiglang, things never go to plan. Meanwhile Navid's shop is part of a big business take-over.

Guest Starring: Michael McKenzie
265"Hatch"19 August 2005 (2005-08-19)3.08
Jack has got Sky Digital TV, Victor hasn't, they solve this problem by arranging for Shug to put a "hatch" put in between their rooms so that they can both watch. But things go wrong when Isa suspects they are gay. Meanwhile, Winston has to look after his obnoxious seventeen-year old grandson Thomas while his parents go away on holiday.

Guest Starring: Kevin Guthrie
276"Who's the Daddy?"26 August 2005 (2005-08-26)2.16
Jack, Victor and Winston fear they may have fathered a child in their twenties, but they are unsure who it may be. The child in question is also part of the plan to demolish The Clansman.

Guest Starring: Martin Docherty & Vincent Freill

text: Christmas Special (2005)[edit]

text:
Overall

No. in series

Title

Airdate

Viewing figures(million)
28Special"Cold Turkey"28 December 2005 (2005-12-28)3.07
Jack and Victor fear for their usual Christmas dinner arrangement after they upset Isa and Winston gets to grips with his turkey. Meanwhile Frances gives Tam a ton of Christmas cards for him to deliver.

Guest Starring: Mark Young & Michael MacKenzie

text: Series 5 (2006)[edit]

text:
Overall

No. in series

Title

Airdate

Viewing figures(million)
291"Drama"19 June 2006 (2006-06-19)2.23
Jack and Victor learn about free whisky tasting sessions and win a visit to a distillery. Winston is in no mood to welcome the new bookie to Craiglang, being certain that it's his old nemesis, Stevie.

Guest Starring: John McCririck
302"Fresh Lick"26 June 2006 (2006-06-26)2.48
The pensioners put on their decorator's overalls to redesign Isa's flat. In their usual style, the two have trouble adjusting to the job at hand. Meanwhile Tam discovers a video featuring Bobby and some scantily clad women.

Guest Starring: Dougie Wallace
313"Smoke on the Water"3 July 2006 (2006-07-03)2.57
Jack and Victor sail in celebration of Victor's 75th birthday. The two decide, along with Winston, to take a sail down the local river. Unfortunately, a run-in with the local neds means things won't go smoothly.

Guest Starring: James MacKenzie
324"Hard Nuts"10 July 2006 (2006-07-10)2.31
Boaby the Barman has a chance to be on television. Unbeknownst to him at first, the programme is Blighty's Hardest Boozers. Meanwhile, Navid goes through some changes when he dyes his hair.

Guest Starring: John Jack
335"All the Best"17 July 2006 (2006-07-17)2.94
A sad farewell to Winston as he leaves Craiglang for a new life in the seaside resort of Finport. Meanwhile Jack and Victor are chauffeurs for the day.

Guest Starring: Juliet Cadzow & Iain Davidson
346"Saucy"24 July 2006 (2006-07-24)2.18
Frances's sister, Molly, comes to visit and makes a huge impression on Tam who is in awe of his sister-in-law's tight-fistedness. Meanwhile, Jack and Victor arrange to visit Winston in Finport but when they arrive, they find that all is not well.

Guest Starring: Dorothy Paul

text: Hogmanay Special (2006)[edit]

text:
Overall

No. in series

Title

Airdate

Viewing figures(million)
35Special"The Party"31 December 2006 (2006-12-31)[fn 1]3.87
Similar to the previous stage play (see History) Jack, Victor and Winston (also Isa in this version) are stuck in the Osprey Heights lift on their way to a Hogmanay party, they reminisce about Hogmanay 1975 (featuring flashbacks).

Guest Starring: Ronnie Letham & Grant Thomson

text: Series 6 (2007)[edit]

text:
Overall

No. in series

Title

Airdate

Viewing figures(million)
361"Hot Seat"12 July 2007 (2007-07-12)2.90
Craiglang is in the grip of a heatwave. Jack and Victor have found the perfect place to relax in the park on the ultimate bench. Unfortunately, Tam and Winston have the same idea. Isa receives bad news about her estranged husband Harry.

Guest Starring: Grant Thomson & Doreen McGillivray
372"Fly Society"19 July 2007 (2007-07-19)2.11
Jack and Victor get a taste of how the other half live when they pose as two wealthy socialites to impress a couple of widows. But the gang from Craiglang are not happy at missing out.

Guest Starring: Una McLean, Jeannie Fisher & Ron Donachie
383"Lights Out"26 July 2007 (2007-07-26)1.86
After an accident at the local sub station involving a runaway lorry, Craiglang is plunged into darkness. After a crime wave occurs, the vulnerable pensioners start taking radical measures to protect themselves from the night crawlers.

Guest Starring: John Buick & Johnny Mac
394"Seconds Out"2 August 2007 (2007-08-02)2.09
When a new pizza shop opens in Craiglang, Boaby the barman and Stevie the Bookie battle it out for the affection of the new pizza girl. Jack and Victor are hell bent on getting a free pizza now that their old pal Winston works there.

Guest Starring: Jim Watt, Michelle McManus & John Buick
405"Hyper"9 August 2007 (2007-08-09)2.18
Navid's business is suffering at the hands of the new corporate giant Hyperdales and his regular customers' loyalty is being put to the test. Meanwhile, an electric shock causes Tam to go through some bizarre changes in behaviour. Eventually, Navid cracks and tries to burn down Hyperdales causing him, Jack, Victor, Winston and Tam's to be locked in for the night.

Guest Starring: Trish Mullen
416"Recipe"16 August 2007 (2007-08-16)1.98
Jack and Victor discover Pete the Jakey was the inventor of the famous Beefy Bake and seek recompense on his behalf. Tam and Frances are having marital problems. Who can offer counsel, Navid? Trivia: In Pete's trial it is argued that Pete invented the Beefy Bake on Sunday, September 15th 1979. However, this was actually a Saturday.[2]

Guest Starring: Eric Potts & Gary Lamont
427"One in One Out"23 August 2007 (2007-08-23)2.08
Tam and Frances enjoy fame and fortune with their new addition, but it means babysitting stints for Jack and Victor which is proving a bit of a strain. As both wind up in hospital and Jack is diagnosed with a life-threatening condition, could this be the end for the duo?

Guest Starring: Lorraine Kelly & Michael Hines

text: Christmas Special (2007)[edit]

text:
Overall

No. in series

Title

Airdate

Viewing figures(million)
43Special"Plum Number"23 December 2007 (2007-12-23)[fn 2]2.28
Jack and Victor join the choir. Winston offers to cover for the lollipop man while he's away after learning that the job can be very rewarding during Christmas. Boaby gets a new puggy for The Clansman that boasts a jackpot of £1000. Tam enlists the help of Shug and Eric to intercept the slot machine's pay-out ratio but soon, they are joined by Jack and Victor who want their slice of the action.

Guest Starring: Iain McColl, Paul Donnelly & Dave Anderson

text: Hogmanay Special (2007)[edit]

text:
Overall

No. in series

Title

Airdate

Viewing figures(million)
44Special"Hootenanny"31 December 2007 (2007-12-31)[fn 3]2.59
Jack, Victor, Winston and Tam decide to spend their Hogmanay in a cottage on the remote island of Tighnahulish. Their celebrations are short-lived though when Jack and Victor manage to antagonise the island's few residents. Meanwhile, in Craiglang, Navid's wife Meena has gone on holiday to India, leaving Navid to enjoy a brief taste of single life.

Guest Starring: John Buick, Lewis Howden & Michelle Gallagher

text: Live At The Hydro (2014)[edit]

text:
Overall

No. in series

Title

Airdate#

Viewing figures(million)
-Live Special"Live At The Hydro"7 November 2014 (2014-11-07)1.96
When Jack is faced with the dilemma of attending his daughter's vow renewal in Canada, he decides to embrace new technology - Boaby the barman's tablet - in an attempt to be there from the comfort of The Clansman. However, Victor's promise to be a supportive wing man backfires while Isa tries her best to hold her tongue.
Meanwhile Winston needs a new leg thanks to an incident at the canal, Isa's mushroom soup needs a new recipe, Navid has money in mind at the live shows, while Tam and Boaby face a battle of wills against each other.

This was an edited version of the live show.

text: Children In Need Special (2014)[edit]

text:
Overall

No. in series

Title

Airdate
-Children In Need Special"Still Game at River City"15 November 2014 (2014-11-15)
Jack and Victor win tickets to see River City being filmed and Isa Turns a new Career in becoming an Extra.

Guest Starring: Sally Howitt, Billy McEnhaley, Jordan Young, Carmen Pieraccini & Michael Hines

text: The Story So Far (2014)[edit]

text:
Overall

No. in series

Title

Airdate

Viewing figures(million)
-Documentary Special"The Story So Far"31 December 2014 (2014-12-31)0.817
A salute to Scotland's favourite TV OAPs in a special programme that puts the spotlight on the celebrated Criaiglang gang. We focus on the jaunty journey Jack and Victor have taken the nation on since they first appeared on the small screen. Contributors include actor Martin Compston, TV presenter Lorraine Kelly and film star Robbie Coltrane, with insights from Scott Cassidy, Holly Tindall, Kirsty Ferguson and Rebecca Cochrane.

text: Series 7 (2016)[edit]

text: On 12 May 2016, Ford and Greg announced a new series of Still Game was in the works. Filming of the long-awaited seventh series commenced on 4 July 2016, with the series airing in late 2016 on BBC One nationwide. All of the original main cast reprised their roles. Recurring character Pete "The Jakey" McCormack, played by Jake D'Arcy, who died in May 2015, did not return; and the character's death was announced in the second episode, "The Undrinkables."

text:
Overall

No. in series

Title

Writers

Airdate

Viewing figures(million)
451"Gadgets"Ford Kiernan & Greg Hemphill7 October 2016 (2016-10-07)4.31
Craiglang's residents can't resist the temptation of the Futuroo catalogue and its innovations to "make life that wee bit easier". However, it quickly becomes apparent these gadgets do anything but make life easier. Winston receives a registered letter which sees him prepare for the arrival of his brother, Walter. As Jack and Victor spar over whose gadget is best, there's a spot of sibling rivalry between Winston and Walter.

Guest Starring: David Ireland & Gary Miller
462"The Undrinkables"Ford Kiernan & Greg Hemphill14 October 2016 (2016-10-14)4.37
Jack and Victor receive the sad news that dear old friend, Pete the Jakey, has died. Pete may have been homeless, but he held a special place in the heart of Craiglang's community. However, as everyone gathers at the Clansman after Pete's funeral, tight-fisted Tam still can't find it in himself to contribute to the kitty. Beyond the grave, Pete leaves his legacy with Boaby and Winston through his pal, Methadone Mick.

Guest Starring: Frank Gilhooley
473"Job"Ford Kiernan & Greg Hemphill21 October 2016 (2016-10-21)3.94
Charity begins at home, as Jack and Victor offer a helping hand to Methadone Mick; a £4,000 parking fine from the past comes back to haunt Winston, and Boaby's award glory goes awry when he has to decide who to take to the City Chambers when he receives his Citizen Civic Medal.

Guest Starring: Kevin Whately & Barbara Rafferty
484"Small Change"Ford Kiernan & Greg Hemphill28 October 2016 (2016-10-28)3.33
Affairs of the heart stir up emotions as when Jack and Victor offer unconventional marriage guidance to Fergie and his wife Sinead, their advice proves to be less than helpful. Meanwhile, Navid and Boaby swap jobs to prove who really has it the hardest, after Boaby struggles to see bargains in Navid's shop when him and Meena have a special rollback day to celebrate forty years of being in business.

Guest Starring: Claire Gray Wilson & Louise Stewart
495"Heavy Petting"Ford Kiernan & Greg Hemphill4 November 2016 (2016-11-04)3.01
Jack and Victor decide to become dog sitters and enlist the help of computer-savvy Isa to register them on the "Pets Home From Home" website. Meanwhile Isa limbers up for the Craiglang Bake Off and locks whisks with local cake rival, Peggy. Utterly determined to beat the reigning baking champion, Isa strong-arms her pals into becoming reluctant cake-tasting guinea pigs.

Guest Starring: Paul-James Corrigan
506"Down and Out"Ford Kiernan & Greg Hemphill11 November 2016 (2016-11-11)3.17
Emotions run high as Jack, Victor and the Osprey Heights residents gather to watch the demolition of a Craiglang tower block, Tam drags Winston into a new moneymaking scheme, and Jack and Victor are enticed by Mrs. Fletcher, the beguiling manager of the local care home.

Guest Starring: Jackie Bird, Ronni Ancona and Sheila Donald

text: Series 8 (2018)[edit]

text: The eighth series of Still Game aired from March 8 to April 12, 2018, in Wales it aired on BBC2 only[3]

text:
Overall

No. in series

Title

Writers

Airdate

Viewing figures(million)
511"Fly Fishing[4]"Ford Kiernan & Greg Hemphill8 March 2018 (2018-03-08)3.75
Winston appeals to his friends for help as asbestos forces him out of his flat. Isa's birthday is on the horizon and she's on a mission to find out who's throwing her a surprise party. Boabby turfs the regulars out of the Clansman, so they hide in the flat upstairs, stealing booze through a hole cut in the floor, and fishing the alcohol with wires and tack.

Guest Starring: Steven Duffy and Sheena Penson
522"Grim Up North[5]"Ford Kiernan & Greg Hemphill15 March 2018 (2018-03-15)3.88
Death comes calling to Craiglang when a new undertaker arrives and - for at least one resident - it's time to meet their maker.  As new undertaker I.D Sheathing arrives in Craiglang, it's not long before Isa begins to tell everybody all about him, involving a story about attending the funeral of a young girl, and Sheathing patting a man on the shoulder, and the man dying a week later; Methadone Mick backs her up, with similar stories of his fellow homeless dying due to this funeral director. But is Sheathing really who they believe him to be? Eric falsely claims to have pumped Gina Lollobrigida in Rome in 1958. He dies at the puggy after being touched by Sheathing, although it is later established that Eric died of heart failure, having been ill for some time.
Guest Starring: Bruce Morton and Fiona Knowles

Note: last appearance of James Martin as Eric
533"Balls Up[6]"Ford Kiernan & Greg Hemphill22 March 2018 (2018-03-22)N/A
It's a must-win match which sees Jack, Victor and the rest of the Craiglang gang in sporting spirit as they take part in a walking football tournament, where the prize is a new community centre astroturf, after Boabby suffers a heart attack and has to have eighteen stents put in. Methadone Mick gets a job as the football mascot but can't help show that the Craiglang team are who he likes best, even going so far as to injure the opposition.

Guest Starring: Bruce Morton, Neil Leiper, Ralph Riach and Julie Wilson Nimmo
544"South Africa [7]"Ford Kiernan & Greg Hemphill29 March 2018 (2018-03-29)N/A
Jack and Victor pack their bags for a night away that they'll never forget - even if they want to, as they discover Navid and Meena own a caravan. They go away for the night, with Winston in tow, but almost from the beginning, everything appears to go wrong, including Victor eating an entire jam roly-poly, Winston leaving something unholy in the caravan's toilet, and Jack forgetting the alcohol, forcing Winston to go into town to get alcohol and pizza for them - but he promptly spends all the money in the pub on himself! In amongst laughing about old times, including romantic encounters, can they keep the caravan tidy for Navid and Meena?

Guest Starring: Estrid Barton
555"Pie [8]"Ford Kiernan & Greg Hemphill5 April 2018 (2018-04-05)N/A
The residents become suspicious of Tam's motives, when he befriends an elderly woman who has a lot of money. Meanwhile, at the Butchers, Jack & Victor, and half of Craiglang are trying to get their hands on the last steak pie in the shop.

Guest Starring: Alison Peebles, Colin McCredie, Benny Young,  Bruce Morton, and Dolina MacLennan.
566"The Fall Guy [9]"Ford Kiernan & Greg Hemphill12 April 2018 (2018-04-12)N/A
Isa's pulse is set racing when her long-lost friend, retired Hollywood stuntman Callum Coburn, returns to Craiglang. Elsewhere, Boabby has decided to give driving lessons a go, but it turns out driving a car is harder than he thinks. Methadone Mick starts a course over the Internet.

Guest Starring: Craig Ferguson, Bruce Morton, and Maureen Carr

text: Series 9 (Late 2018)[edit]

text:
The ninth series will be broadcast on BBC One in late 2018. This will be the final series, as Still Game will be retired thereafter.
Filming on the 9th Series will begin in August and six episodes will be produced. [10]

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ Originally broadcast on BBC One Scotland, it aired later on BBC Two on 1 January 2007

Jump up ^ Originally broadcast on BBC One Scotland, it aired later on BBC Two on 28 December 2007

Jump up ^ Originally broadcast on BBC One Scotland, it aired later on BBC Two on 2 January 2008

tag: ol


document_title: The Ridiculous 6

question_text: who played wyatt earp in the ridiculous six

text: The Ridiculous 6

text: Plot[edit]

text: This film's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed. Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise. (September 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: In the Old West era, a calm man named Tommy, known as "White Knife" by the Native American tribe who raised him after his mother was murdered, is to marry a member of the tribe named Smoking Fox. Following a run-in with a deranged, Native American-racist food proprietor named Clem and the Left-Eye Gang, bandits led by under Will Patch who claimed to have removed their right eyes as proof of membership, Tommy and his troop are visited by a bank robber named Frank Stockburn who claims to be Tommy's biological father. Tommy explains to Frank that his mother was shot by a man with a tattooed hand when she was escorting him to school during his childhood, something that has haunted his dreams since. Frank also tells Tommy that he is dying of consumption and had amassed $50,000 which he buried in a meadow next to a pine tree and is offering to Tommy and the Natives. The next day, a group of bandits with connections to Frank come to the village, led by the ruthless Cicero who wants Frank to give them his "big score" he gained a while back. Frank has the bandits kidnap him so he can lead them to the $50,000 at the so-called "Singing Windmill", in return for the bandits not attacking Tommy or the Indians. With no time to search the meadow and find the money, and to live to his tribe's standards, Tommy decides to resort to stealing from dishonorable persons (corrupt politicians, racist bankers, and thugs alike) to obtain the amount needed and save his father. During his quest, Tommy discovers that he has 5 half-brothers: Mexican burro rider Ramon whose innkeeper mother had a fling with Frank; mentally challenged yet happy-go-lucky Lil' Pete (Lautner) whose strong neck makes him immune to hanging; feral mountain-man Herm (Garcia) who speaks incomprehensibly while having helped his mother sell their moonshine.

text: Tommy meets his last two half-brothers, Abraham Lincoln's former bodyguard Danny who resorts to drinking from guilt of accidentally leading John Wilkes Booth to murder him; and African-American saloon pianist Chico who confesses to be half-White, when the brothers stole a large gold nugget from Chico's boss: the ever smiling sociopathic saloon owner Smiley Harris, who was part of Frank's gang until Frank stole his cut of their biggest score and left him to die at the windmill. When Smiley attempts to kill the brothers as revenge against Frank, he ended up being unintentionally decapitated by Ramon who was trying to knock him out. Meanwhile, having joined the Left-Eye Gang at the cost of his only functional eye, Clem helps the bandits abduct Smoking Fox while searching for Tommy before their captive ultimately eluded them while they learn of the brothers' exploits as they came to be known as the Ridiculous 6. The Left-Eye Gang soon catch up to the Ridiculous 6 while they were relaxing in a pond, overpowered but stealing their loot. But at Herm's notion, which Tommy translates through his mysticism, the brothers decide to rob from gambling game in Yuma hosted by Ezekiel Grant and attended by Mark Twain and General George Armstrong Custer. Through Wyatt Earp nearly jeopardized their plan, the brothers succeed and head out to ransom their father, saving the Eye Patch Gang after learning they were left to die by Cicero while forcing them to reform and getting back the original $50,000.

text: As dusk falls, Tommy realizes through a Danny's photograph of their father that Cicero is his mother's murderer, leaving his brothers in the cover of night to rescue his father and kill Cicero. The half-brothers, who followed Tommy along with the Left-Eye Gang, have a reunion with their long lost father, who reveals to have masterminded his abduction upon learning his sons exceed his expectations in amassing $100,000 and had taken Smoking Fox captive when she found him after eluding the Left-Eye Gang. But Tommy reveals his group had a Plan B: a hidden bomb inside the bag containing the ransom money. When the bomb explodes and commotion ensues, Frank runs off with Smoking Fox inside a mine. Tommy runs after them and successfully rescues his bride-to-be and captures his father. Also, in the process of the fighting, the Left-Eye Gang accidentally reveal that they lied about removing their right eyes, much to Clem's outrage. Back in the Native Village, Tommy weds Smoking Fox with his brothers in attendance. Since the revelation that their biological father Frank Stockburn was no more than a two-bit crook, the Native chief decides to adopt the half-brothers as he did with Tommy.

text: Cast[edit]

text: Adam Sandler as Tommy "White Knife" Stockburn[2]

tag: ul

text: Henry Steckman as young Tommy Stockburn

text:
Terry Crews as Chico Stockburn[2]
Jorge Garcia as Herm Stockburn[3]
Taylor Lautner as Lil' Pete Stockburn[2]
Rob Schneider as Ramon Stockburn[2]
Luke Wilson as Danny Stockburn[2]
Nick Nolte as Frank Stockburn[2]
Will Forte as Will Patch[2]
Nick Swardson[2] as Nelly Patch
Steve Zahn as Clem, former general store owner[2]
Julia Jones as Smoking Fox
Lavell Crawford as Gus Patch[2]
Jared Sandler as Babyface Patch
Paul Sado as Stumbles Patch
Danny Trejo as Cicero[2]
Harvey Keitel as Smiley Harris, owner of "The Golden Nugget"[4]
Steve Buscemi as Doc Griffin[2]
David Spade as General Custer[2]
Whitney Cummings as Susannah[2]
Jon Lovitz as Ezekiel Grant[2]
Saginaw Grant as Screaming Eagle
Norm Macdonald as Nugget Customer
Chris Parnell as William the Bank Manager[2]
Blake Shelton as Wyatt Earp[2]
John Turturro as Abner Doubleday[5]
Vanilla Ice as Mark Twain[2]
Dan Patrick as Abraham Lincoln
Chris Kattan as John Wilkes Booth
Lenda Murray[6] as Chico's mother
Jackie Sandler as Never Wears Bra

text: Production[edit]

text: Prior to Netflix picking up the film, it had been in the works and dropped by three studios, Columbia Pictures, Paramount Pictures and Warner Bros..[2][7] The latter dropped out soon after Adam Sandler and Happy Madison Productions signed a four-picture deal with Netflix, although an insider noted to The Hollywood Reporter that the deal had nothing to do with their decision.[7]

text: By January 2015, Netflix picked up the film with others joining the cast including Taylor Lautner, Nick Nolte, Blake Shelton, Steve Buscemi, Rob Schneider, Will Forte, Vanilla Ice, and Luke Wilson.[2] On February 16, 2015, Jorge Garcia joined the cast.[2] Principal photography began on February 20, 2015, and ended on May 2, 2015.[3][8]

text: Controversy[edit]

text: On April 23, 2015, Indian Country Today Media Network reported that approximately "a dozen Native actors and actresses, as well as the Native cultural advisor, left the set of Adam Sandler’s newest film production, The Ridiculous Six" in protest of its portrayal of the Apache culture.[9] The New York Daily News later reported that there were only four who left, out of over 100 Native American actors on the set.[10] Navajo Nation tribal members Loren Anthony and film student Allison Young said they left because they felt the film portrayed Native Americans in a negative light and took satire too far. They also complained that the portrayal of women was degrading.[11][12] A representative of Netflix responded saying, "The movie has ridiculous in the title for a reason: because it is ridiculous. It is a broad satire of Western movies and the stereotypes they popularized, featuring a diverse cast that is not only part of—but in on—the joke."[13]

text: On May 4, the New York Daily News reported that Ricky Lee, one of the Native American actors on the Ridiculous Six set, said previous news reports were exaggerated and indeed there were only "four actors who left, but there were 150 extras, including grandmas and grandpas and children, who kept working." Apparently, before the film's wrap party, he and several other actors were approached by Sandler to speak about the controversy. According to the actor, those who left raised legitimate issues but it was "the wrong battlefield."[10]

text: Release[edit]

text: The film premiered on Netflix on December 11, 2015.[14] On January 6, 2016, Netflix announced that the film had been viewed more times in 30 days than any other movie in Netflix history. It also made it to the #1 spot in every territory in which Netflix operates.[15]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: The film currently holds a rare 0% rating on Rotten Tomatoes, based on 35 reviews, with an average rating of 2.3/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Every bit as lazily offensive as its cast and concept would suggest, The Ridiculous Six is standard couch fare for Adam Sandler fanatics and must-avoid viewing for film enthusiasts of every other persuasion."[16] On Metacritic, the film has a score of 18 out of 100, based on 12 critics, indicating "overwhelming dislike".[17]


document_title: When I Consider How My Light is Spent

question_text: who said they also serve who stand and wait

text: When I Consider How My Light is Spent

text: "When I Consider How My Light is Spent" is one of the best known of the sonnets of John Milton (d. 1674). The last three lines (concluding with "They also serve who only stand and wait.") are particularly well known, though rarely quoted in context.

text: The sonnet was first published in Milton's 1673 Poems. In his autograph notebook (known as the "Trinity Manuscript" from its location in the Wren Library of Trinity College, Cambridge), Milton gave the sonnet the number 19, but in the published book it was numbered 16 (see Kelley, 1956;[1] Revard, 2009,[2] p. 569), so both numbers are in use for it. It is popularly given the title On His Blindness, but there is no evidence that Milton used this title; it was assigned a century later by Thomas Newton in his 1761 edition of Milton's poetry,[3] as was commonly done at the time by editors of posthumous collections (Ferry, 1996, p. 18[4]).

text: It is always assumed that the poem was written after the publication of Milton's 1645 Poems. It may have been written as early as 1652, although most scholars believe it was composed sometime between June and October 1655, when Milton's blindness was essentially complete.[5] However, most discussions of the dating depend on the assumption that Newton's title reflects Milton's intentions, which may not be true. More reliable evidence of the date of the poem comes from the fact that it appears in the "Trinity Manuscript", which is believed to contain material written between about 1631 and 1659 (see Revard, 2009, p. 543); and that, unlike earlier material in the Trinity manuscript, it is not written in Milton's own handwriting, but that of a scribe, who also wrote out several other of the sonnets to which Milton assigned higher numbers (Shawcross, 1959[6]).

text: Haskin (1994[7]) discusses some of the likely interpretative errors that readers have made as a result of assuming that the common title of the poem is authentic. For example, the "one talent" that Milton mourns his inability to use is not necessarily his poetic ability; it might as easily be his ability to translate texts from foreign languages, the task for which he was responsible in the Commonwealth government. However, the references to light and darkness in the poem make it virtually certain that Milton's blindness was at least a secondary theme.

text: The sonnet is in the Petrarchan form, with the rhyme scheme a b b a a b b a c d e c d e, as can be seen in the text below.

text: Text[edit]

text: Meaning[edit]

text: When Milton mentions "that one talent which is death to hide" he is specifically alluding to the parable of the talents in the Gospel of Matthew.[8]


document_title: Mutualism (biology)

question_text: what is an example of a species that humans interact with mutually

text: Mutualism (biology)

text: Types of relationships[edit]

text: Mutualistic transversals can be thought of as a form of "biological barter"[4] in mycorrhizal associations between plant roots and fungi, with the plant providing carbohydrates to the fungus in return for primarily phosphate but also nitrogenous compounds. Other examples include rhizobia bacteria that fix nitrogen for leguminous plants (family Fabaceae) in return for energy-containing carbohydrates.[6]

text: Service-resource relationships[edit]

text: Service-resource relationships are also common.

text: Pollination in which nectar or pollen (food resources) are traded for pollen dispersal (a service) or ant protection of aphids, where the aphids trade sugar-rich honeydew (a by-product of their mode of feeding on plant sap) in return for defense against predators such as ladybugs.

text: Phagophiles feed (resource) on ectoparasites, thereby providing anti-pest service, as in cleaning symbiosis. Elacatinus and Gobiosoma, genus of gobies, also feed on ectoparasites of their clients while cleaning them.[7]

text: Zoochory is the dispersal of the seeds of plants by animals. This is similar to pollination in that the plant produces food resources (for example, fleshy fruit, overabundance of seeds) for animals that disperse the seeds (service).

text: Service-service relationships[edit]

text: Strict service-service interactions are very rare, for reasons that are far from clear.[4] One example is the relationship between sea anemones and anemone fish in the family Pomacentridae: the anemones provide the fish with protection from predators (which cannot tolerate the stings of the anemone's tentacles) and the fish defend the anemones against butterflyfish (family Chaetodontidae), which eat anemones. However, in common with many mutualisms, there is more than one aspect to it: in the anemonefish-anemone mutualism, waste ammonia from the fish feed the symbiotic algae that are found in the anemone's tentacles.[8][9] Therefore, what appears to be a service-service mutualism in fact has a service-resource component. A second example is that of the relationship between some ants in the genus Pseudomyrmex and trees in the genus Acacia, such as the whistling thorn and bullhorn acacia. The ants nest inside the plant's thorns. In exchange for shelter, the ants protect acacias from attack by herbivores (which they frequently eat, introducing a resource component to this service-service relationship) and competition from other plants by trimming back vegetation that would shade the acacia. In addition, another service-resource component is present, as the ants regularly feed on lipid-rich food-bodies called Beltian bodies that are on the Acacia plant.

text: In the neotropics, the ant, Myrmelachista schumanni makes its nest in special cavities in Duroia hirsute. Plants in the vicinity that belong to other species are killed with formic acid. This selective gardening can be so aggressive that small areas of the rainforest are dominated by Duroia hirsute. These peculiar patches are known by local people as "devil's gardens".[10]

text: In some of these relationships, the cost of the ant’s protection can be quite expensive. Cordia sp. trees in the Amazonian rainforest have a kind of partnership with Allomerus sp. ants, which make their nests in modified leaves. To increase the amount of living space available, the ants will destroy the tree’s flower buds. The flowers die and leaves develop instead, providing the ants with more dwellings. Another type of Allomerus sp. ant lives with the Hirtella sp. tree in the same forests, but in this relationship the tree has turned the tables on the ants. When the tree is ready to produce flowers, the ant abodes on certain branches begin to wither and shrink, forcing the occupants to flee, leaving the tree’s flowers to develop free from ant attack.[10]

text: The term "species group" can be used to describe the manner in which individual organisms group together. In this non-taxonomic context one can refer to "same-species groups" and "mixed-species groups." While same-species groups are the norm, examples of mixed-species groups abound. For example, zebra (Equus burchelli) and wildebeest (Connochaetes taurinus) can remain in association during periods of long distance migration across the Serengeti as a strategy for thwarting predators. Cercopithecus mitis and Cercopithecus ascanius, species of monkey in the Kakamega Forest of Kenya, can stay in close proximity and travel along exactly the same routes through the forest for periods of up to 12 hours. These mixed-species groups cannot be explained by the coincidence of sharing the same habitat. Rather, they are created by the active behavioural choice of at least one of the species in question.[11]

text: Humans[edit]

text: Humans also engage in mutualisms with other species, including their gut flora without which they would not be able to digest food efficiently.[12] Infestations of head lice might have been beneficial for humans by fostering an immune response that helps to reduce the threat of body louse borne lethal diseases.[13]

text: Some relationships between humans and domesticated animals and plants are to different degrees mutualistic. For example, agricultural varieties of maize provide food for humans and are unable to reproduce without human intervention because the leafy sheath does not fall open, and the seedhead (the "corn on the cob") does not shatter to scatter the seeds naturally.[14]

text: In traditional agriculture, some plants have mutualist as companion plants, providing each other with shelter, soil fertility and/or natural pest control. For example, beans may grow up cornstalks as a trellis, while fixing nitrogen in the soil for the corn, a phenomenon that is used in Three Sisters farming.[15]

text: Boran people of Ethiopia and Kenya traditionally use a whistle to call the honeyguide bird, though the practice is declining. If the bird is hungry and within earshot, it guides them to a bees' nest. In exchange the Borans leave some food from the nest for the bird.[16]

text: A population of bottlenose dolphins in Laguna, Brazil coordinates, via body language, with local net-using fishermen in order for both to catch schools of mullet.[17]

text: One researcher has proposed that the key advantage Homo sapiens had over Neanderthals in competing over similar habitats was the former's mutualism with dogs.[18]

text: Mathematical modeling[edit]

text: Mathematical treatments of mutualisms, like the study of mutualisms in general, has lagged behind those of predation, or predator-prey, consumer-resource, interactions. Here we present two such approaches. In models of mutualisms, the terms "type I" and "type II" functional responses refer to the linear and saturating relationships, respectively, between benefit provided to an individual of species 1 (y-axis) on the density of species 2 (x-axis).

text: Type I functional response[edit]

text: One of the simplest frameworks for modeling species interactions is the Lotka–Volterra equations.[19] In this model, the change in population density of the two mutualists is quantified as:

text: where

text:
N and M = the population densities.
r = intrinsic growth rate of the population.
K = carrying capacity of its local environmental setting.
β = coefficient converting encounters with one species to new units of the other.

text: Mutualism is in essence the logistic growth equation + mutualistic interaction. The mutualistic interaction term represents the increase in population growth of species one as a result of the presence of greater numbers of species two, and vice versa. As the mutualistic term is always positive, it may lead to unrealistic unbounded growth as it happens with the simple model.[20] So, it is important to include a saturation mechanism to avoid the problem.

text:
The type I functional response is visualized as the graph of

β

12

K

1

M

{\displaystyle {\cfrac {\beta _{12}}{K_{1}}}M}

 vs. M.

text: Type II functional response[edit]

text: In 1989, David Hamilton Wright modified the Lotka–Volterra equations by adding a new term, βM/K, to represent a mutualistic relationship.[21] Wright also considered the concept of saturation, which means that with higher densities, there are decreasing benefits of further increases of the mutualist population. Without saturation, species' densities would increase indefinitely. Because that isn't possible due to environmental constraints and carrying capacity, a model that includes saturation would be more accurate. Wright's mathematical theory is based on the premise of a simple two-species mutualism model in which the benefits of mutualism become saturated due to limits posed by handling time. Wright defines handling time as the time needed to process a food item, from the initial interaction to the start of a search for new food items and assumes that processing of food and searching for food are mutually exclusive. Mutualists that display foraging behavior are exposed to the restrictions on handling time. Mutualism can be associated with symbiosis.

text: Handling time interactions In 1959, C. S. Holling performed his classic disc experiment that assumed the following: that (1), the number of food items captured is proportional to the allotted searching time; and (2), that there is a variable of handling time that exists separately from the notion of search time. He then developed an equation for the Type II functional response, which showed that the feeding rate is equivalent to

text: where,

text:
a = the instantaneous discovery rate
x = food item density
TH = handling time

text: The equation that incorporates Type II functional response and mutualism is:

text: where

text:
N and M = densities of the two mutualists
r = intrinsic rate of increase of N
c = coefficient measuring negative intraspecific interaction. This is equivalent to inverse of the carrying capacity, 1/K, of N, in the logistic equation.
a = instantaneous discovery rate
b = coefficient converting encounters with M to new units of N

text: or, equivalently,

text: where

text:
X = 1/a TH
β = b/TH

text: The model presented above is most effectively applied to free-living species that encounter a number of individuals of the mutualist part in the course of their existences. Of note, as Wright points out, is that models of biological mutualism tend to be similar qualitatively, in that the featured isoclines generally have a positive decreasing slope, and by and large similar isocline diagrams. Mutualistic interactions are best visualized as positively sloped isoclines, which can be explained by the fact that the saturation of benefits accorded to mutualism or restrictions posed by outside factors contribute to a decreasing slope.

text:
The type II functional response is visualized as the graph of

b
a
M

1
+
a

T

H

M

{\displaystyle {\cfrac {baM}{1+aT_{H}M}}}

 vs. M.

text: Structure of networks[edit]

text: Mutualistic networks made up out of the interaction between plants and pollinators were found to have a similar structure in very different ecosystems on different continents, consisting of entirely different species.[22] The structure of these mutualistic networks may have large consequences for the way in which pollinator communities respond to increasingly harsh conditions and on the community carrying capacity.[23]

text: Mathematical models that examine the consequences of this network structure for the stability of pollinator communities suggest that the specific way in which plant-pollinator networks are organized minimizes competition between pollinators,[24] reduce the spread of indirect effects and thus enhance ecosystem stability [25] and may even lead to strong indirect facilitation between pollinators when conditions are harsh.[26] This means that pollinator species together can survive under harsh conditions. But it also means that pollinator species collapse simultaneously when conditions pass a critical point.[27] This simultaneous collapse occurs, because pollinator species depend on each other when surviving under difficult conditions.[26]

text: Such a community-wide collapse, involving many pollinator species, can occur suddenly when increasingly harsh conditions pass a critical point and recovery from such a collapse might not be easy. The improvement in conditions needed for pollinators to recover, could be substantially larger than the improvement needed to return to conditions at which the pollinator community collapsed.[26]


document_title: List of Olympic Games host cities

question_text: where have the olympics been in the us

question_tokens: where have the olympics been in the us

text: List of Olympic Games host cities

text: Olympic Games host cities[edit]

text:
City

Country

Continent

Summer (Olympiad)

Winter

Summer (Youth)

Winter (Youth)

Year

Opening Ceremony

Closing Ceremony

Athens
 Greece
Europe
S005I

1896
April 6
April 15

Paris
 France
Europe
S005II

1900
May 14
October 28

St. Louis[a]
 United States
North America
S005III

1904
July 1
November 23

London[c]
 United Kingdom
Europe
S005IV

1908
April 27
October 31

Stockholm
 Sweden
Europe
S005V

1912
May 5
July 22

Berlin
 Germany
Europe
S006VI

1916
Cancelled due to WWI[10]

Antwerp[d]
 Belgium
Europe
S007VII

1920
April 20
September 12[11]

Chamonix
 France
Europe

W001I

1924
January 25
February 5[12]

Paris
 France
Europe
S008VIII

May 4
July 27[13]

St. Moritz
  Switzerland
Europe

W002II

1928
February 11
February 19[14]

Amsterdam
 Netherlands
Europe
S009IX

May 17
August 12[15]

Lake Placid
 United States
North America

W003III

1932
February 4
February 15[16]

Los Angeles
 United States
North America
S010X

July 30
August 14[17]

Garmisch-Partenkirchen
 Nazi Germany
Europe

W004IV

1936
February 6
February 16[18]

Berlin
 Nazi Germany
Europe
S011XI

August 1
August 16[19]

SapporoGarmisch-Partenkirchen[e]
 Empire of Japan Nazi Germany
AsiaEurope

W005aV

1940
Cancelled due to WWII[10]

TokyoHelsinki[f]
 Empire of Japan Finland
AsiaEurope
S012XII

Cortina d'Ampezzo
 Italy
Europe

W005bV

1944

London
 United Kingdom
Europe
S013XIII

St. Moritz
  Switzerland
Europe

W005cV

1948
January 30
February 8

London
 United Kingdom
Europe
S014XIV

July 29
August 14

Oslo
 Norway
Europe

W006VI

1952
February 14
February 25

Helsinki
 Finland
Europe
S015XV

July 19
August 3

Cortina d'Ampezzo
 Italy
Europe

W007VII

1956
January 26
February 5

MelbourneStockholm[g]
 Australia Sweden
OceaniaEurope
S016XVI

November 22June 10
December 8June 17

Squaw Valley
 United States
North America

W008VIII

1960
February 18
February 28

Rome
 Italy
Europe
S017XVII

August 25
September 11

Innsbruck
 Austria
Europe

W009IX

1964
January 29
February 9

Tokyo
 Japan
Asia
S018XVIII

October 10
October 24

Grenoble
 France
Europe

W010X

1968
February 6
February 18

Mexico City
 Mexico
North America
S019XIX

October 12
October 27

Sapporo
 Japan
Asia

W011XI

1972
February 3
February 13

Munich
 West Germany
Europe
S020XX

August 26
September 11

Innsbruck
 Austria
Europe

W012XII

1976
February 4
February 15

Montreal
 Canada
North America
S021XXI

July 17
August 1

Lake Placid
 United States
North America

W013XIII

1980
February 13
February 24

Moscow
 Soviet Union
Europe[h]
S022XXII

July 19
August 3

Sarajevo
 Yugoslavia
Europe

W014XIV

1984
February 7
February 19

Los Angeles
 United States
North America
S023XXIII

July 28
August 12

Calgary
 Canada
North America

W015XV

1988
February 13
February 28

Seoul
 South Korea
Asia
S024XXIV

September 17
October 2

Albertville
 France
Europe

W016XVI

1992
February 8
February 23

Barcelona
 Spain
Europe
S025XXV

July 25
August 9

Lillehammer
 Norway
Europe

W017XVII

1994
February 12
February 27

Atlanta
 United States
North America
S026XXVI

1996
July 19
August 4

Nagano
 Japan
Asia

W018XVIII

1998
February 7
February 22

Sydney
 Australia
Oceania
S027XXVII

2000
September 15
October 1

Salt Lake City
 United States
North America

W019XIX

2002
February 8
February 24

Athens
 Greece
Europe
S028XXVIII

2004
August 13
August 29

Turin
 Italy
Europe

W020XX

2006
February 10
February 26

Beijing[i]
 China
Asia
S029XXIX

2008
August 8
August 24

Vancouver
 Canada
North America

W021XXI

2010
February 12
February 28

Singapore
 Singapore
Southeast Asia

SY01I

August 14
August 26

Innsbruck
 Austria
Europe

WY01I
2012
January 13
January 22

London
 United Kingdom
Europe
S030XXX

July 27
August 12

Sochi
 Russia
Europe[h]

W022XXII

2014
February 7
February 23

Nanjing
 China
Asia

SY02II

August 16
August 28

Lillehammer
 Norway
Europe

WY02II
2016
February 12
February 21

Rio de Janeiro
 Brazil
South America
S031XXXI

August 5
August 21

Pyeongchang
 South Korea
Asia

W023XXIII

2018
February 9
February 25

Buenos Aires
 Argentina
South America

SY03III

October 6
October 18

Lausanne
  Switzerland
Europe

WY03III
2020
January 10
January 19

Tokyo
 Japan
Asia
S032XXXII

July 24
August 9

Beijing
 China
Asia

W024XXIV

2022
February 4
February 20

TBD
TBD
Africa

SY04IV

(TBD)

Paris
 France
Europe
S033XXXIII

2024
July 26
August 11

TBD
TBD

W025XXV

2026
(TBD)

Los Angeles
 United States
North America
S034XXXIV

2028
July 21
August 6

text: Host cities for multiple Summer and Winter Olympic Games and Youth Olympic Games[edit]

text:
List of cities that hosted multiple editions of the Olympic Games

City
Country
Continent
Summer Olympics
Winter Olympics
Summer Youth Olympics
Winter Youth Olympics
Total

London
 United Kingdom
Europe
3 (1908, 1948, 2012)
0
0
0
3

Paris
 France
Europe
3 (1900, 1924, 2024)
0
0
0

Los Angeles
 United States
North America
3 (1932, 1984, 2028)
0
0
0

Innsbruck
 Austria
Europe
0
2 (1964, 1976)
0
1 (2012)

Athens
 Greece
Europe
2 (1896, 2004)
0
0
0
2

Tokyo
 Japan
Asia
2 (1964, 2020)
0
0
0

Beijing
 China
Asia
1 (2008)
1 (2022)
0
0

St. Moritz
  Switzerland
Europe
0
2 (1928, 1948)
0
0

Lake Placid
 United States
North America
0
2 (1932, 1980)
0
0

Lillehammer
 Norway
Europe
0
1 (1994)
0
1 (2016)

text: The 1906 Intercalated Games are not officially recognized by the IOC as an official Olympic Games.

text: Number of Olympic Games by country[edit]

text:
List of countries ranked by the number of times they hosted the Olympic Games

Rank
Country
Continent
Summer Olympics
Winter Olympics
Summer Youth Olympics
Winter Youth Olympics
Total

1
 United States
North America
5 (1904, 1932, 1984, 1996, 2028)
4 (1932, 1960, 1980, 2002)
0
0
9

2
 France
Europe
3 (1900, 1924, 2024)
3 (1924, 1968, 1992)
0
0
6

3
 Japan
Asia
2 (1940, 1964, 2020)
2 (1940, 1972, 1998)
0
0
4

4
 China
Asia
1 (2008)
1 (2022)
1 (2014)
0
3

5
  Switzerland
Europe
0
2 (1928, 1940, 1948)
0
1 (2020)

6
 Norway
Europe
0
2 (1952, 1994)
0
1 (2016)

7
 United Kingdom
Europe
3 (1908, 1944, 1948, 2012)
0
0
0

8
 Austria
Europe
0
2 (1964, 1976)
0
1 (2012)

9
 Canada
North America
1 (1976)
2 (1988, 2010)
0
0

10
 Italy
Europe
1 (1960)
2 (1944, 1956, 2006)
0
0

11
 German Empire/ Nazi Germany/ West Germany/ Germany
Europe
2 (1916, 1936, 1972)
1 (1936, 1940)
0
0

12
 South Korea
Asia
1 (1988)
1 (2018)
0
0
2

13
 Soviet Union/ Russia
Europe
1 (1980)
1 (2014)
0
0

14
 Greece
Europe
2 (1896, 2004)
0
0
0

15
 Australia
Oceania
2 (1956, 2000)
0
0
0

16
TBD
Africa
0
0
1 (2022)
0
1

17
 Argentina
South America
0
0
1 (2018)
0

18
 Brazil
South America
1 (2016)
0
0

19
 Singapore
Asia
0
0
1 (2010)
0

20
 Spain
Europe
1 (1992)
0
0
0

21
 SFR Yugoslavia/ Bosnia and Herzegovina
Europe
0
1 (1984)
0
0

22
 Mexico
North America
1 (1968)
0
0
0

23
 Finland
Europe
1 (1940, 1952)
0
0
0

24
 Netherlands
Europe
1 (1928)
0
0
0

25
 Belgium
Europe
1 (1920)
0
0
0

26
 Sweden
Europe
1 (1912)
0
0
0

text: Number of Olympic Games by continent[edit]

text:
Rank
Continent
Summer Olympics
Winter Olympics
Summer Youth Olympics
Winter Youth Olympics
Total

1
Europe
17 (1896, 1900, 1908, 1912,  1916, 1920, 1924, 1928, 1936,  1940, 1944, 1948, 1952, 1960, 1972, 1980, 1992, 2004, 2012, 2024)
14 (1924, 1928, 1936, 1940, 1944, 1948, 1952, 1956, 1964, 1968, 1976, 1984, 1992, 1994, 2006, 2014)
0
3 (2012, 2016, 2020)
34

2
North America
7 (1904, 1932, 1968, 1976, 1984, 1996, 2028)
6 (1932, 1960, 1980, 1988, 2002, 2010)
0
0
13

3
Asia
4 (1940, 1964, 1988, 2008, 2020)
4 (1940, 1972, 1998, 2018, 2022)
1 (2014)
0
9

4
Oceania
2 (1956, 2000)
0
0
0
2

5
South America
1 (2016)
0
1 (2018)
0
2

6
Africa
0
0
1 (2022)
0
1

7
Antarctica
0
0
0
0
0

text: Unsuccessful cities[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
Country
City
Bids

 United States
Detroit
7

 Hungary
Budapest
6

 Turkey
Istanbul
5

 Spain
Madrid
4

 Argentina
Buenos Aires
4

  Switzerland
Lausanne
4

 United States
Philadelphia
5

 United States
Chicago
4

 United States
Minneapolis
3

 Cuba
Havana
3

 Belgium
Brussels
3

 Azerbaijan
Baku
2

 Qatar
Doha
2

 Spain
Seville
2

 Yugoslavia/ Serbia
Belgrade
2

 Mexico
Guadalajara
2

 Mexico
Monterrey
1

 Puerto Rico
San Juan
1

 Australia
Brisbane
1

 Slovakia
Poprad
1

text: Notes[edit]

text: Olympics portal

text:
a  Originally awarded to Chicago, but moved to St. Louis to coincide with the World's Fair.[20][21]
b  The 1906 Games were sanctioned and treated as an Olympic Games when held, and they were recognized as an Olympic Games by the IOC until 1949[22]
c  The 1908 Games were originally given to Rome, but were moved to London when Mount Vesuvius erupted.[23]
d  The sailing events in 1920 were held in Ostend, Belgium and in Amsterdam, Netherlands.
e  The 1940 winter games were originally awarded to Sapporo, but were moved to Garmisch-Partenkirchen before being cancelled.
f  The 1940 summer games were originally awarded to Tokyo, but were moved to Helsinki before being cancelled.
g Equestrian events were held in Stockholm, Sweden. Stockholm had to bid for the equestrian competition separately; it received its own Olympic flame and had its own formal invitations and opening and closing ceremonies, just like the regular Summer Olympics.[24]
h Russia/Soviet Union spans the continents of Europe and Asia. However, the Russian National Olympic Committee is part of the European Olympic Committees. Also, Moscow is on the European side of the most commonly recognized boundary between Europe and Asia. (Sochi is in Asia per the usual geographic boundary, being just south of the Greater Caucasus' western end; but political approximations of the continental boundary place it in Europe.)
i Equestrian events were held in China's Hong Kong SAR.[25] Although Hong Kong's separate NOC conducted the equestrian competition, it was an integral part of the Beijing Games (unlike the 1956 Stockholm equestrian competition it was not conducted under a separate Hong Kong bid, separate flame, etc.).[26]


document_title: Bombay Spinning and Weaving Company

question_text: the first modern textile mill was established at mumbai in 1854 by whom

text: Bombay Spinning and Weaving Company

text: Bombay Spinning and Weaving Company was the first cotton mill to be established in Bombay, India on 7 July 1854 at Tardeo by Cowasjee Nanabhoy Davar (1815-73) and his associates. The Company was designed by Sir William Fairbaim. This mill began production on 7 February 1856 under the supervision of British engineers and skilled cotton operatives.