document_title: Human skin

question_text: what is the outer skin layer in human body called

question_tokens: what is the outer skin layer in human body called

root

text: Human skin

text: Structure[edit]

text: Skin has mesodermal cells, pigmentation, such as melanin provided by melanocytes, which absorb some of the potentially dangerous ultraviolet radiation (UV) in sunlight. It also contains DNA repair enzymes that help reverse UV damage, such that people lacking the genes for these enzymes suffer high rates of skin cancer. One form predominantly produced by UV light, malignant melanoma, is particularly invasive, causing it to spread quickly, and can often be deadly. Human skin pigmentation varies among populations in a striking manner. This has led to the classification of people(s) on the basis of skin color.[9]

tag: p

text: The skin is the largest organ in the human body. For the average adult human, the skin has a surface area of between 1.5-2.0 square meters (16.1-21.5 sq ft.). The thickness of the skin varies considerably over all parts of the body, and between men and women and the young and the old. An example is the skin on the forearm which is on average 1.3 mm in the male and 1.26 mm in the female.[10] The average square inch (6.5 cm²) of skin holds 650 sweat glands, 20 blood vessels, 60,000 melanocytes, and more than 1,000 nerve endings.[11][better source needed] The average human skin cell is about 30 micrometers in diameter, but there are variants. A skin cell usually ranges from 25-40 micrometers (squared), depending on a variety of factors.

text: Skin is composed of three primary layers: the epidermis, the dermis and the hypodermis.[10]

text: Epidermis[edit]

text: Epidermis, "epi" coming from the Greek meaning "over" or "upon", is the outermost layer of the skin. It forms the waterproof, protective wrap over the body's surface which also serves as a barrier to infection and is made up of stratified squamous epithelium with an underlying basal lamina.

text: The epidermis contains no blood vessels, and cells in the deepest layers are nourished almost exclusively by diffused oxygen from the surrounding air[12] and to a far lesser degree by blood capillaries extending to the outer layers of the dermis. The main type of cells which make up the epidermis are Merkel cells, keratinocytes, with melanocytes and Langerhans cells also present. The epidermis can be further subdivided into the following strata (beginning with the outermost layer): corneum, lucidum (only in palms of hands and bottoms of feet), granulosum, spinosum, basale. Cells are formed through mitosis at the basale layer. The daughter cells (see cell division) move up the strata changing shape and composition as they die due to isolation from their blood source. The cytoplasm is released and the protein keratin is inserted. They eventually reach the corneum and slough off (desquamation). This process is called "keratinization". This keratinized layer of skin is responsible for keeping water in the body and keeping other harmful chemicals and pathogens out, making skin a natural barrier to infection.

text: Components[edit]

text: The epidermis contains no blood vessels, and is nourished by diffusion from the dermis. The main type of cells which make up the epidermis are keratinocytes, melanocytes, Langerhans cells and Merkel cells. The epidermis helps the skin to regulate body temperature.

text: Layers[edit]

text: Epidermis is divided into several layers where cells are formed through mitosis at the innermost layers. They move up the strata changing shape and composition as they differentiate and become filled with keratin. They eventually reach the top layer called stratum corneum and are sloughed off, or desquamated. This process is called keratinization and takes place within weeks. The outermost layer of the epidermis consists of 25 to 30 layers of dead cells.

text: Sublayers[edit]

text: Epidermis is divided into the following 5 sublayers or strata:

text:
Stratum corneum
Stratum lucidum
Stratum granulosum
Stratum spinosum
Stratum germinativum (also called "stratum basale").

tag: ul

text: Blood capillaries are found beneath the epidermis, and are linked to an arteriole and a venule. Arterial shunt vessels may bypass the network in ears, the nose and fingertips.

text: Genes and proteins expressed in the epidermis[edit]

text: About 70% of all human protein-coding genes are expressed in the skin.[13][14] Almost 500 genes have an elevated pattern of expression in the skin. There are less than 100 genes that are specific for the skin and these are expressed in the epidermis.[15] An analysis of the corresponding proteins show that these are mainly expressed in keratinocytes and have functions related to squamous differentiation and cornification.

text: Dermis[edit]

text: The dermis is the layer of skin beneath the epidermis that consists of connective tissue and cushions the body from stress and strain. The dermis is tightly connected to the epidermis by a basement membrane. It also harbors many nerve endings that provide the sense of touch and heat. It contains the hair follicles, sweat glands, sebaceous glands, apocrine glands, lymphatic vessels and blood vessels. The blood vessels in the dermis provide nourishment and waste removal from its own cells as well as from the Stratum basale of the epidermis.

text: The dermis is structurally divided into two areas: a superficial area adjacent to the epidermis, called the papillary region, and a deep thicker area known as the reticular region.

text: Papillary region[edit]

text: The papillary region is composed of loose areolar connective tissue. It is named for its fingerlike projections called papillae, that extend toward the epidermis. The papillae provide the dermis with a "bumpy" surface that interdigitates with the epidermis, strengthening the connection between the two layers of skin.

text: In the palms, fingers, soles, and toes, the influence of the papillae projecting into the epidermis forms contours in the skin's surface. These epidermal ridges occur in patterns (see: fingerprint) that are genetically and epigenetically determined and are therefore unique to the individual, making it possible to use fingerprints or footprints as a means of identification.

text: Reticular region[edit]

text: The reticular region lies deep in the papillary region and is usually much thicker. It is composed of dense irregular connective tissue, and receives its name from the dense concentration of collagenous, elastic, and reticular fibers that weave throughout it. These protein fibers give the dermis its properties of strength, extensibility, and elasticity.

text: Also located within the reticular region are the roots of the hairs, sebaceous glands, sweat glands, receptors, nails, and blood vessels.

text: Tattoo ink is held in the dermis. Stretch marks often from pregnancy and obesity, are also located in the dermis.

text: Subcutaneous tissue[edit]

text: The subcutaneous tissue (also hypodermis and subcutis) is not part of the skin, and lies below the dermis of the cutis. Its purpose is to attach the skin to underlying bone and muscle as well as supplying it with blood vessels and nerves. It consists of loose connective tissue, adipose tissue and elastin. The main cell types are fibroblasts, macrophages and adipocytes (subcutaneous tissue contains 50% of body fat). Fat serves as padding and insulation for the body.

text: Cross-section[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: Skin color[edit]

text: Human skin shows high skin color variety from the darkest brown to the lightest pinkish-white hues. Human skin shows higher variation in color than any other single mammalian species and is the result of natural selection. Skin pigmentation in humans evolved to primarily regulate the amount of ultraviolet radiation (UVR) penetrating the skin, controlling its biochemical effects.[16]

text: The actual skin color of different humans is affected by many substances, although the single most important substance determining human skin color is the pigment melanin. Melanin is produced within the skin in cells called melanocytes and it is the main determinant of the skin color of darker-skinned humans. The skin color of people with light skin is determined mainly by the bluish-white connective tissue under the dermis and by the hemoglobin circulating in the veins of the dermis. The red color underlying the skin becomes more visible, especially in the face, when, as consequence of physical exercise or the stimulation of the nervous system (anger, fear), arterioles dilate.[17]

text: There are at least five different pigments that determine the color of the skin.[18][19] These pigments are present at different levels and places.

text:
Melanin: It is brown in color and present in the basal layer of the epidermis.
Melanoid: It resembles melanin but is present diffusely throughout the epidermis.
Carotene: This pigment is yellow to orange in color. It is present in the stratum corneum and fat cells of dermis and superficial fascia.
Hemoglobin (also spelled haemoglobin): It is found in blood and is not a pigment of the skin but develops a purple color.
Oxyhemoglobin: It is also found in blood and is not a pigment of the skin. It develops a red color.

text: There is a correlation between the geographic distribution of UV radiation (UVR) and the distribution of indigenous skin pigmentation around the world. Areas that highlight higher amounts of UVR reflect darker-skinned populations, generally located nearer towards the equator. Areas that are far from the tropics and closer to the poles have lower concentration of UVR, which is reflected in lighter-skinned populations.[20]

text: In the same population it has been observed that adult human females are considerably lighter in skin pigmentation than males. Females need more calcium during pregnancy and lactation, and vitamin D which is synthesized from sunlight helps in absorbing calcium. For this reason it is thought that females may have evolved to have lighter skin in order to help their bodies absorb more calcium.[21]

text: The Fitzpatrick scale[22][23] is a numerical classification schema for human skin color developed in 1975 as a way to classify the typical response of different types of skin to ultraviolet (UV) light:

text:
I
Always burns, never tans
Pale, Fair, Freckles

II
Usually burns, sometimes tans
Fair

III
May burn, usually tans
Light Brown

IV
Rarely burns, always tans
Olive brown

V
Moderate constitutional pigmentation
Brown

VI
Marked constitutional pigmentation
Black

tag: table

text: Aging[edit]

text: As skin ages, it becomes thinner and more easily damaged. Intensifying this effect is the decreasing ability of skin to heal itself as a person ages.

text: Among other things, skin aging is noted by a decrease in volume and elasticity. There are many internal and external causes to skin aging. For example, aging skin receives less blood flow and lower glandular activity.

text: A validated comprehensive grading scale has categorized the clinical findings of skin aging as laxity (sagging), rhytids (wrinkles), and the various facets of photoaging, including erythema (redness), and telangiectasia, dyspigmentation (brown discoloration), solar elastosis (yellowing), keratoses (abnormal growths) and poor texture.[24]

text: Cortisol causes degradation of collagen,[25] accelerating skin aging.[26]

text: Anti-aging supplements are used to treat skin aging.

text: Photoaging[edit]

text: Photoaging has two main concerns: an increased risk for skin cancer and the appearance of damaged skin. In younger skin, sun damage will heal faster since the cells in the epidermis have a faster turnover rate, while in the older population the skin becomes thinner and the epidermis turnover rate for cell repair is lower which may result in the dermis layer being damaged.[27]

text: Functions[edit]

text: Skin performs the following functions:

text:
Protection: an anatomical barrier from pathogens and damage between the internal and external environment in bodily defense; Langerhans cells in the skin are part of the adaptive immune system.[5][6] Perspiration contains lysozyme that break the bonds within the cell walls of bacteria.[28]
Sensation: contains a variety of nerve endings that react to heat and cold, touch, pressure, vibration, and tissue injury; see somatosensory system and haptics.
Heat regulation: the skin contains a blood supply far greater than its requirements which allows precise control of energy loss by radiation, convection and conduction. Dilated blood vessels increase perfusion and heatloss, while constricted vessels greatly reduce cutaneous blood flow and conserve heat.
Control of evaporation: the skin provides a relatively dry and semi-impermeable barrier to fluid loss.[6] Loss of this function contributes to the massive fluid loss in burns.
Aesthetics and communication: others see our skin and can assess our mood, physical state and attractiveness.
Storage and synthesis: acts as a storage center for lipids and water, as well as a means of synthesis of vitamin D by action of UV on certain parts of the skin.
Excretion: sweat contains urea, however its concentration is 1/130th that of urine, hence excretion by sweating is at most a secondary function to temperature regulation.
Absorption: the cells comprising the outermost 0.25–0.40 mm of the skin are "almost exclusively supplied by external oxygen", although the "contribution to total respiration is negligible".[12] In addition, medicine can be administered through the skin, by ointments or by means of adhesive patch, such as the nicotine patch or iontophoresis. The skin is an important site of transport in many other organisms.
Water resistance: The skin acts as a water-resistant barrier so essential nutrients are not washed out of the body.

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text: Skin flora[edit]

text: The human skin is a rich environment for microbes.[7][8] Around 1000 species of bacteria from 19 bacterial phyla have been found. Most come from only four phyla: Actinobacteria (51.8%), Firmicutes (24.4%), Proteobacteria (16.5%), and Bacteroidetes (6.3%). Propionibacteria and Staphylococci species were the main species in sebaceous areas. There are three main ecological areas: moist, dry and sebaceous. In moist places on the body Corynebacteria together with Staphylococci dominate. In dry areas, there is a mixture of species but dominated by b-Proteobacteria and Flavobacteriales. Ecologically, sebaceous areas had greater species richness than moist and dry ones. The areas with least similarity between people in species were the spaces between fingers, the spaces between toes, axillae, and umbilical cord stump. Most similarly were beside the nostril, nares (inside the nostril), and on the back.

text: Reflecting upon the diversity of the human skin researchers on the human skin microbiome have observed: "hairy, moist underarms lie a short distance from smooth dry forearms, but these two niches are likely as ecologically dissimilar as rainforests are to deserts."[7]

text: The NIH has launched the Human Microbiome Project to characterize the human microbiota which includes that on the skin and the role of this microbiome in health and disease.[29]

text: Microorganisms like Staphylococcus epidermidis colonize the skin surface. The density of skin flora depends on region of the skin. The disinfected skin surface gets recolonized from bacteria residing in the deeper areas of the hair follicle, gut and urogenital openings.

text: Clinical significance[edit]

text: Diseases of the skin include skin infections and skin neoplasms (including skin cancer).

text: Dermatology is the branch of medicine that deals with conditions of the skin.[4]

text: Society and culture[edit]

text: Hygiene and skin care[edit]

text: The skin supports its own ecosystems of microorganisms, including yeasts and bacteria, which cannot be removed by any amount of cleaning. Estimates place the number of individual bacteria on the surface of one square inch (6.5 square cm) of human skin at 50 million, though this figure varies greatly over the average 20 square feet (1.9 m2) of human skin. Oily surfaces, such as the face, may contain over 500 million bacteria per square inch (6.5 cm²). Despite these vast quantities, all of the bacteria found on the skin's surface would fit into a volume the size of a pea.[30] In general, the microorganisms keep one another in check and are part of a healthy skin. When the balance is disturbed, there may be an overgrowth and infection, such as when antibiotics kill microbes, resulting in an overgrowth of yeast. The skin is continuous with the inner epithelial lining of the body at the orifices, each of which supports its own complement of microbes.

text: Cosmetics should be used carefully on the skin because these may cause allergic reactions. Each season requires suitable clothing in order to facilitate the evaporation of the sweat. Sunlight, water and air play an important role in keeping the skin healthy.

text: Oily skin[edit]

text: Oily skin is caused by over-active sebaceous glands, that produce a substance called sebum, a naturally healthy skin lubricant.[1] When the skin produces excessive sebum, it becomes heavy and thick in texture. Oily skin is typified by shininess, blemishes and pimples.[1] The oily-skin type is not necessarily bad, since such skin is less prone to wrinkling, or other signs of aging,[1] because the oil helps to keep needed moisture locked into the epidermis (outermost layer of skin).

text: The negative aspect of the oily-skin type is that oily complexions are especially susceptible to clogged pores, blackheads, and buildup of dead skin cells on the surface of the skin.[1] Oily skin can be sallow and rough in texture and tends to have large, clearly visible pores everywhere, except around the eyes and neck.[1]

text: Permeability[edit]

text: Human skin has a low permeability; that is, most foreign substances are unable to penetrate and diffuse through the skin. Skin's outermost layer, the stratum corneum, is an effective barrier to most inorganic nanosized particles.[31][32] This protects the body from external particles such as toxins by not allowing them to come into contact with internal tissues. However, in some cases it is desirable to allow particles entry to the body through the skin. Potential medical applications of such particle transfer has prompted developments in nanomedicine and biology to increase skin permeability. One application of transcutaneous particle delivery could be to locate and treat cancer. Nanomedical researchers seek to target the epidermis and other layers of active cell division where nanoparticles can interact directly with cells that have lost their growth-control mechanisms (cancer cells). Such direct interaction could be used to more accurately diagnose properties of specific tumors or to treat them by delivering drugs with cellular specificity.

text: Nanoparticles[edit]

text: Nanoparticles 40 nm in diameter and smaller have been successful in penetrating the skin.[33][34][35] Research confirms that nanoparticles larger than 40 nm do not penetrate the skin past the stratum corneum.[33] Most particles that do penetrate will diffuse through skin cells, but some will travel down hair follicles and reach the dermis layer.

text: The permeability of skin relative to different shapes of nanoparticles has also been studied. Research has shown that spherical particles have a better ability to penetrate the skin compared to oblong (ellipsoidal) particles because spheres are symmetric in all three spatial dimensions.[35] One study compared the two shapes and recorded data that showed spherical particles located deep in the epidermis and dermis whereas ellipsoidal particles were mainly found in the stratum corneum and epidermal layers.[36] Nanorods are used in experiments because of their unique fluorescent properties but have shown mediocre penetration.

text: Nanoparticles of different materials have shown skin’s permeability limitations. In many experiments, gold nanoparticles 40 nm in diameter or smaller are used and have shown to penetrate to the epidermis. Titanium oxide (TiO2), zinc oxide (ZnO), and silver nanoparticles are ineffective in penetrating the skin past the stratum corneum.[37][38] Cadmium selenide (CdSe) quantum dots have proven to penetrate very effectively when they have certain properties. Because CdSe is toxic to living organisms, the particle must be covered in a surface group. An experiment comparing the permeability of quantum dots coated in polyethylene glycol (PEG), PEG-amine, and carboxylic acid concluded the PEG and PEG-amine surface groups allowed for the greatest penetration of particles. The carboxylic acid coated particles did not penetrate past the stratum corneum.[36]

text: Increasing permeability[edit]

text: Scientists previously believed that the skin was an effective barrier to inorganic particles. Damage from mechanical stressors was believed to be the only way to increase its permeability.[39] Recently, however, simpler and more effective methods for increasing skin permeability have been developed. For example, ultraviolet radiation (UVR) has been used to slightly damage the surface of skin, causing a time-dependent defect allowing easier penetration of nanoparticles.[40] The UVR’s high energy causes a restructuring of cells, weakening the boundary between the stratum corneum and the epidermal layer.[40][41] The damage of the skin is typically measured by the transepidermal water loss (TEWL), though it may take 3–5 days for the TEWL to reach its peak value. When the TEWL reaches its highest value, the maximum density of nanoparticles is able to permeate the skin. Studies confirm that UVR damaged skin significantly increases the permeability.[40][41] The effects of increased permeability after UVR exposure can lead to an increase in the number of particles that permeate the skin. However, the specific permeability of skin after UVR exposure relative to particles of different sizes and materials has not been determined.[40]

text: Other skin damaging methods used to increase nanoparticle penetration include tape stripping, skin abrasion, and chemical enhancement. Tape stripping is the process in which tape is applied to skin then lifted to remove the top layer of skin. Skin abrasion is done by shaving the top 5-10 micrometers off the surface of the skin. Chemical enhancement is the process in which chemicals such as polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), and oleic acid are applied to the surface of the skin to increase permeability.[42][43]

text: Electroporation is the application of short pulses of electric fields on skin and has proven to increase skin permeability. The pulses are high voltage and on the order of milliseconds when applied. Charged molecules penetrate the skin more frequently than neutral molecules after the skin has been exposed to electric field pulses. Results have shown molecules on the order of 100 micrometers to easily permeate electroporated skin.[43]

text: Applications[edit]

text: A large area of interest in nanomedicine is the transdermal patch because of the possibility of a painless application of therapeutic agents with very few side effects. Transdermal patches have been limited to administer a small number of drugs, such as nicotine, because of the limitations in permeability of the skin. Development of techniques that increase skin permeability has led to more drugs that can be applied via transdermal patches and more options for patients.[43]

text: Increasing the permeability of skin allows nanoparticles to penetrate and target cancer cells. Nanoparticles along with multi-modal imaging techniques have been used as a way to diagnose cancer non-invasively. Skin with high permeability allowed quantum dots with an antibody attached to the surface for active targeting to successfully penetrate and identify cancerous tumors in mice. Tumor targeting is beneficial because the particles can be excited using fluorescence microscopy and emit light energy and heat that will destroy cancer cells.[44]

text: Sunblock and sunscreen[edit]

text: Sunblock and sunscreen are different important skin-care products though both offer full protection from the sun.[45][46]

text: Sunblock—Sunblock is opaque and stronger than sunscreen, since it is able to block most of the UVA/UVB rays and radiation from the sun, and does not need to be reapplied several times in a day. Titanium dioxide and zinc oxide are two of the important ingredients in sunblock.[47]

text: Sunscreen—Sunscreen is more transparent once applied to the skin and also has the ability to protect against UVA/UVB rays, although the sunscreen's ingredients have the ability to break down at a faster rate once exposed to sunlight, and some of the radiation is able to penetrate to the skin. In order for sunscreen to be more effective it is necessary to consistently reapply and use one with a higher sun protection factor.

text: Diet[edit]

text: Vitamin A, also known as retinoids, benefits the skin by normalizing keratinization, downregulating sebum production which contributes to acne, and reversing and treating photodamage, striae, and cellulite.

text: Vitamin D and analogs are used to downregulate the cutaneous immune system and epithelial proliferation while promoting differentiation.

text: Vitamin C is an antioxidant that regulates collagen synthesis, forms barrier lipids, regenerates vitamin E, and provides photoprotection.

text: Vitamin E is a membrane antioxidant that protects against oxidative damage and also provides protection against harmful UV rays. [48]

text: Several scientific studies confirmed that changes in baseline nutritional status affects skin condition. [49]

text: The Mayo Clinic lists foods they state help the skin: fruits and vegetables, whole-grains, dark leafy greens, nuts, and seeds.[50]


document_title: List of Shadowhunters episodes

question_text: when does the season finale of shadowhunters air

text: List of Shadowhunters episodes

text: Series overview[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired

First aired
Last aired

1
13
January 12, 2016 (2016-01-12)
April 5, 2016 (2016-04-05)

2
20
10
January 2, 2017 (2017-01-02)
March 6, 2017 (2017-03-06)

10
June 5, 2017 (2017-06-05)
August 14, 2017 (2017-08-14)

3
22[4]
10
March 20, 2018 (2018-03-20)
May 15, 2018 (2018-05-15)

12[4]
2019 (2019)[4]
2019 (2019)[4]

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Season 1 (2016)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

1
1
"The Mortal Cup"
McG
Ed Decter
January 12, 2016 (2016-01-12)
267314-1
1.82[5]

On Clary Fray's eighteenth birthday, her mother, Jocelyn, is kidnapped. Soon after, Clary discovers that her mother belongs to a supernatural group called Shadowhunters, a half-angel/half-human race tasked to protect the Downworld (faeries, werewolves, vampires, and warlocks) from demons. Clary learns she also belongs to this race, after being saved by a fellow Shadowhunter named Jace – who then introduces her to his adoptive siblings Alec and Isabelle. Clary overhears her mother's friend, Luke, claim that he cares nothing about her or her mother. Clary is at a crossroads not knowing who to trust – her best friend Simon or the Shadowhunters – to help save Jocelyn from Valentine, a dangerous rogue Shadowhunter.

2
2
"The Descent Into Hell Isn't Easy"
Mick Garris
Ed Decter & Hollie Overton
January 19, 2016 (2016-01-19)[a]
267314-2
1.01[7]

The Circle has returned, as has Valentine. With the Shadowhunters searching for the Mortal Cup, the Institute is on alert. After Hodge tells Clary that Jocelyn was once a Circle member, they realize Clary's significance in the cause. Jace realizes Clary's memories are the only way to find Jocelyn and the Cup. Unfortunately, without her memories they are unable to help her or the Shadowhunter team. Thus Jace, Isabelle and a reluctant Alec take Clary and Simon to visit the powerful Silent Brothers in the City of Bones, where Clary fails to retrieve any memories but finds out her biological father is Valentine himself. Meanwhile, Luke is worried about Clary's whereabouts, while Simon comes to terms with Clary's new life and gets kidnapped by vampires.

3
3
"Dead Man's Party"
Andy Wolk
Marjorie David
January 26, 2016 (2016-01-26)
267314-3
0.98[8]

The Shadowhunters plan to rescue Simon, who has been taken captive by vampires in exchange for the Mortal Cup. Jace, Isabelle, Alec and Clary locate Simon's whereabouts to the Hotel Dumort, where he is being held by Camille Belcourt, Raphael Santiago and the rest of Camille's outfit. Alec and Jace have a dispute over Clary and her loyalty, since her father is their enemy. Isabelle visits Meliorn, her Seelie lover, in order to extract information about the Hotel Dumort, so the group can get into the building unnoticed. The Shadowhunters retrieve Simon and he is reunited with Clary, but he appears to be turning into a vampire after drinking Camille's blood.

4
4
"Raising Hell"
Tawnia McKiernan
Michael Reisz
February 2, 2016 (2016-02-02)
267314-4
0.96[9]

Simon quarrels with Jace and leaves the Institute. The Shadowhunters lure warlock Magnus Bane out of hiding with a prized necklace, in order to gain his help in retrieving Clary's memories. Magnus informs them that he fed the memories to a memory demon for safekeeping. The Shadowhunters track Magnus to his lair, where the Circle has attacked. Magnus transports the group to his loft, where they summon the demon. Alec's personal insecurities about his feelings for Jace disrupt the ritual when they are each asked to relinquish a beloved memory, forcing Clary to kill the demon before recovering any memories. Meanwhile, Simon is plagued with visions of Camille, and ends up returning to the Hotel Dumort.

5
5
"Moo Shu to Go"
Kelly Makin
Angel Dean Lopez
February 9, 2016 (2016-02-09)
267314-5
0.95[10]

The Lightwood family matriarch, Maryse, arrives at the Institute with a Seelie intel mission for Isabelle and Jace. Alec is ordered to watch over Clary, but she escapes the Institute for her old apartment to locate her mother's secret box – that once belonged to a "Jonathan Clark". Clary and Simon are subsequently kidnapped by werewolves while searching the apartment, to Alec's chagrin. Clary is interrogated about the location of the Mortal Cup, and the alpha werewolf threatens to kill Simon if she does not reveal the information. Jace, Isabelle and Alec then head to rescue the two, after Simon calls for help. The Shadowhunters are assisted in their escape by an unlikely ally – werewolf Luke, who defeats his alpha and assumes the title.

6
6
"Of Men and Angels"
Oz Scott
Y. Shireen Razack
February 16, 2016 (2016-02-16)
267314-6
0.98[11]

Clary, Jace and Simon take a mortally wounded Luke to Magnus for help. At Luke's insistence, Magnus informs Clary of the Circle's past and her mother's involvement with the group. Meanwhile, Robert Lightwood arrives at the Institute, and he and Maryse task Isabelle with mending the Seelies' broken ties with the Clave and restoring the family name. When Isabelle informs Alec that their parents plan to marry him off, he angrily leaves the Institute for Magnus' loft. There, he, Magnus and the others save Luke's life with magic. Luke informs Clary that she had a brother, Jonathan Christopher, who died in a fire caused by Valentine. Clary then discovers one of her powers, making her realize she knows the whereabouts of Mortal Cup.

7
7
"Major Arcana"
J. Miles Dale
Peter Binswanger
February 23, 2016 (2016-02-23)
267314-7
0.84[12]

Clary reveals that the Cup is hidden in a tarot card that Luke took for safekeeping. When Luke goes to retrieve it from his desk at the precinct, he is detained by internal affairs officers due to demonic murders whose real killer was Valentine. While being questioned about his part in the demonic murders, Luke's boss is killed by a shapeshifter. Clary, Jace, Isabelle and Alec enact a plan to obtain the Cup, but are tracked by demons. When a demon posing as Jace attempts to take the Cup from Clary, she kills it. Afterward, Clary and the real Jace share a kiss at the Institute. Meanwhile, Simon's odd behavior worries Maureen and his family, who fear he is on drugs. He returns to the Hotel Dumort looking for answers and is met by Camille.

8
8
"Bad Blood"
Jeremiah S. Chechik
Allison Rymer
March 1, 2016 (2016-03-01)
267314-8
0.87[13]

Raphael arrives at the Institute with Simon, who has been attacked and killed by Camille. He informs Clary that, unless Simon is staked or turned before sunset, his soul will be trapped for eternity. An envoy from the Clave, Lydia Branwell, arrives to temporarily take over the Institute. Valentine sends a Forsaken to attack the werewolf pack, but Luke kills it. While retrieving the corpse from Luke, Lydia inadvertently reveals to Alec that his parents are ex-Circle members. Isabelle performs a pathology test on the Forsaken and finds that it has angel blood. Alec decides to restore his family's honor (due to the current situation) by proposing to Lydia. Later, another Forsaken attacks Hodge and Alec at the Institute, but they eventually defeat it. Clary decides to bury Simon in order for him to turn into a vampire, but he emerges thinking of himself as a monster.

9
9
"Rise Up"
J. Miller Tobin
Hollie Overton
March 8, 2016 (2016-03-08)
267314-9
0.95[14]

Following the Forsaken attack, the Institute is on high alert. Lydia arrests Meliorn for supposedly leaking Shadowhunter information to Valentine. During his interrogation, Meliorn lets slip that Clary is in possession of the Mortal Cup. Jace, Isabelle and Clary decide to take matters into their own hands to prevent the Cup from reaching the Clave. With the help of Magnus, the three Shadowhunters sneak the Cup out of the Institute. Later, Isabelle, Clary, Jace, Simon, Luke and Raphael team up to rescue Meliorn from his impending torture in the City of Bones. Afterward, Meliorn informs Clary that he can help find her father. Meanwhile, Alec's siding with Lydia and the Clave causes rifts with his personal relationships, and Simon makes peace with his newfound status as a vampire.

10
10
"This World Inverted"
J. Miles Dale
Y. Shireen Razack
March 15, 2016 (2016-03-15)
267314-10
0.78[15]

Meliorn takes Clary and Jace to the Seelie realm where he reveals a portal to an alternate dimension. He tells Clary that if she locates another portal within this dimension, she will be transported to her father. However, when Clary arrives, she finds that Shadowhunters have ceased to exist in this peaceful world and may assimilate to Clary from that dimension. Jace and Meliorn protect the entrance to the dimension from demons, but when one slips through, Jace ventures in to stop it. With the help of Magnus, Clary finds the portal at the Institute, and she and Jace step through it. When they arrive at Valentine's hideout, they discover Jace's father, Micheal Wayland, assumed to be dead, is being held captive there. Meanwhile, in reality, Isabelle is arrested for the Meliorn mission, much to the anguish of Alec, who tries in vain to prevent her from going on trial.

11
11
"Blood Calls to Blood"
Mairzee Almas
Marjorie David
March 22, 2016 (2016-03-22)
267314-11
0.78[16]

Clary, Jace and Michael Wayland head to Luke's for help. While there, Michael discloses the location of Valentine's new hideout – an abandoned hospital in Long Island. Jace, Michael, Luke and Clary go to rescue a still-unconscious Jocelyn, but are surrounded by demons. Michael takes the Mortal Cup to command the demons, but then reveals himself to be Valentine in disguise. Clary subsequently reveals that Valentine is holding a duplicate Cup. Before fleeing through a portal, he informs Clary and Jace that they are siblings. Meanwhile, Isabelle's trial begins, with Magnus as her defense attorney. During questioning, Lydia states that the trial is nonsense and withdraws the charges, but Inquisitor Herondale states that Isabelle will still be banished from Shadowhunter society if the Clave does not receive the Cup within 24 hours. Jace and Clary arrive back at the Institute with the Cup, dropping the charges against Isabelle.

12
12
"Malec"
James Marshall
Michael Reisz
March 29, 2016 (2016-03-29)
267314-12
0.82[17]

Jace is conflicted over his feelings for his sister Clary, and Alec is conflicted over his feelings for Magnus as his wedding approaches. Isabelle throws her brother a bachelor party, where Alec and Jace mend their broken bond. Meanwhile, Jace and Clary are led by Magnus to visit Ragnor Fell, a former friend and warlock, for help on waking Jocelyn, believing that he is the one who created the spell that she is under. A demon follows them and kills Ragnor, but before he dies, he tells them that the Book of the White holds the antidote. Isabelle invites Magnus to Alec's wedding; seeing him, Alec realizes that he cannot go through with the marriage. After apologizing to an understanding Lydia, he approaches Magnus and kisses him in front of the guests. Later, Maryse expresses her disappointment in Alec at publicly shaming them, though Robert offers support. Magnus finds that the Book of the White is in Camille's possession. Packing up to head back to Idris, Lydia retrieves the Cup from a safe but is attacked by Hodge. It is revealed that Hodge has stolen the Cup for Valentine in order to be freed from his binding curse.

13
13
"Morning Star"
J. Miles Dale
Peter Binswanger
April 5, 2016 (2016-04-05)
267314-13
0.76[18]

The Shadowhunters cannot prevent Hodge from giving the Mortal Cup to Valentine, and he proceeds with creating his Shadowhunter army. Valentine betrays Hodge by refusing him protection from the Clave after getting the cup. Jace and Alec hunt down Hodge with Luke's help, and Jace chops off Hodge's hand in the ensuing battle. Jace then goes after Valentine with Hodge as guide, sending the others to aid Clary. Meanwhile, Clary, Isabelle and Simon visit the Hotel Dumort to ask Camille (imprisoned for Simon's unlawful death) about the Book of the White. In exchange for her help, Camille demands that they break her out from her prison and provide a signed statement from Simon that he asked her to turn him into a vampire. Magnus, at his warlock loft, drafts the contract. The group then heads to Camille's apartment, where she believes the book was hidden by Dot. They do find the Book, but are then ambushed by the Circle. Jace arrives to fight Valentine, but they are all captured. Jace agrees to join Valentine for the safe release of his friends. Back at the Institute, the devastated group uses the spell and wakes Jocelyn, who reunites with her daughter and Luke.

text: Jump up ^ The second episode, "The Descent Into Hell Isn't Easy", was released online on January 12, 2016, after the premiere of the first episode.[6]

text: Season 2 (2017)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

14
1
"This Guilty Blood"
Matt Hastings
Michael Reisz
January 2, 2017 (2017-01-02)
267314-14
1.19[19]

Jace is held captive on Valentine's ship. He attempts to kill Valentine, but his victim turns out to be one of Valentine's thugs under glamour, and Jace is whipped for disloyalty. Maryse goes behind Lydia's back to the Clave, and representative Victor Aldertree is instated as the new head of the New York Institute. Clary's debriefing wrongly convinces him that Jace is in league with Valentine; Jace is declared a criminal wanted dead or alive, the Institute is put on lockdown, and Clary, Alec, and Isabelle are forbidden to take part in the search, but they do anyway. Clary tells a newly awakened Jocelyn that Jace is her son, and she is shocked having believed that JC (Jonathan Christopher) had died in a fire with his father. Magnus and Alec quarrel over how to retrieve Jace, and also about Alec's motivation in calling off the wedding. Valentine tells Jace that Valentine experimented on him in-vitro using demon blood to make him stronger, this cause self-doubt in Jace. Valentine opens a portal to land, allowing their location to be revealed to the various parties tracking them. He wants Jace to break the accords and execute a rogue vampire, Jace refuses, but the vampire dies in the resulting altercation. When Jocelyn attempts to shoot Jace with a crossbow, Valentine steps in front of the shot. Jace supports a wounded Valentine and they escape.

15
2
"A Door Into the Dark"
Andy Wolk
Y. Shireen Razack
January 9, 2017 (2017-01-09)
267314-15
0.75[20]

Jocelyn defends her attempt on Jace's life by explaining the effect Valentine's experiments had on him as a baby. Upset, Clary seeks solace at the Brooklyn Academy of Art where she is kidnapped by Dot and taken to Valentine. With Clary missing, Jocelyn offers her assistance to Isabelle and Alec by providing adamas, a metal that can be used to track Jace using his and Alec's bond. Meanwhile at Camille's Indian residence, Simon and Magnus search for the vampire, whom Raphael is being pressured by the Clave to produce, and find some items from Magnus' past. With Dot's help, Jace and Clary flee Valentine's ship, but not before the risky parabatai tracking renders Alec comatose.

16
3
"Parabatai Lost"
Gregory Smith
Peter Binswanger
January 16, 2017 (2017-01-16)
267314-16
0.81[21]

Magnus works to stabilize a failing Alec with magic, but only Jace can save him. After escaping from Valentine's ship, Clary loses Jace and returns to the Institute. Meanwhile, Jace is hunted by werewolves, including a girl named Maia, who believe he has killed one of their own. Isabelle makes a deal with Aldertree in order to find Jace and save Alec's life. Magnus transports Alec to his loft, where Jace arrives to revive him. As the parabatai reunite, Clave representatives appear and arrest Jace for high treason.

17
4
"Day of Wrath"
Joe Lazarov
Jamie Gorenberg
January 23, 2017 (2017-01-23)
267314-17
0.64[22]

Jace is imprisoned in the City of Bones, where he encounters Hodge. Valentine arrives to break him out, but Jace fights back. Valentine kills Hodge and steals the Soul Sword before disappearing. Clary helps Alec and Isabelle search for a powerful demon with the ability to possess others, but it infiltrates the Institute. Meanwhile, Raphael is tortured by Aldertree for Camille's whereabouts and goes to Magnus for help. With Camille's grave dirt found at her house in India, an emotionally conflicted Magnus summons his ex-girlfriend and sends her to the Clave. At the Institute, a possessed Alec kills Jocelyn. The demon then inhabits Isabelle but Clary breaks its hold and succeeds in killing it.

18
5
"Dust and Shadows"
Salli Richardson-Whitfield
Zac Hug
January 30, 2017 (2017-01-30)
267314-18
0.58[23]

Jace is freed from the City of Bones, but Aldertree, still suspicious of Jace, bans him from the field of duty. Clary seeks the help of a warlock named Iris Rouse to resurrect Jocelyn and swears a blood oath to provide a favor in return for the spell. Isabelle's wound from her possession is not healing, so Aldertree prescribes a drug named yin fen. Iris traps Clary with the intention of claiming her favor: mating her with a demon in order to create more warlocks. Jace, Isabelle, and Alec arrive to save her, but Clary creates a new rune that helps her escape. Simon struggles with his double life as he moves back home and eventually admits his vampirism to his mother, but his confession goes awry and Raphael wipes his mother's memory. The Shadowhunters hold a funeral for Jocelyn and some of the deceased Shadowhunters, and a distraught Luke wakes naked in the wilderness.

19
6
"Iron Sisters"
Mike Rohl
Allison Rymer
February 6, 2017 (2017-02-06)
267314-19
0.65[24]

Simon and Maia team up to find Luke and begin to form a bond. Alec and Magnus go on their first date and discover a disparity in their romantic pasts. Isabelle and Clary go to the Iron Sisters for help in defeating Valentine and meet Luke's sister, Cleophas. To enter the Citadel, the two must endure a trial which detects demon impurities; Clary passes, but Isabelle fails and is informed that yin fen she has been using is made of vampire venom. Maia and Simon find Luke and convince him to return to the pack. Cleophas tells Clary that the Soul Sword has a second purpose: it can kill all demon-blooded creatures, including Downworlders. Clary shows Cleophas her runic power. Magnus and Alec decide to begin a relationship, despite their differences, but are surprised by Jace's appearance: he has left the Institute due to Aldertree's treatment and asks to stay with Magnus. Later, Cleophas kills Magdelena, an Iron Sister, and activates a Circle rune, indicating her allegiance to Valentine.

20
7
"How Are Thou Fallen"
Ben Bray
Hollie Overton
February 13, 2017 (2017-02-13)
267314-20
0.55[25]

Cleophas tells Valentine of Clary's rune-creating ability, then approaches Luke and Clary, but her brother is unwilling to trust her. Simon goes on a wholly unsuccessful first date with Maia, and Isabelle, now addicted to yin fen, is caught by Magnus at the Hunter's Moon seeking the drug. She convinces Magnus her search is for a mission, and he tells her to go straight to the source: vampires themselves. Clary hears strange noises, and is convinced that Valentine is responsible. Alec, after going to Isabelle for advice, finds Magnus at his loft and the two consummate their relationship. Figuring out the noises Clary is hearing are the distress calls of an angel Valentine is holding captive, Jace, Clary, Luke, and Cleophas infiltrate his lair, and Clary creates a rune to free the angel. The angel shows Clary and Jace a vision of a cloaked figure destroying the Soul Sword.

21
8
"Love is a Devil"
Catriona McKenzie
Y. Shireen Razack
February 20, 2017 (2017-02-20)
267314-21
0.67[26]

Alec asks Magnus to hold his little brother Max's Rune Party at his loft, Magnus agrees. Simon confesses his love for Clary and they start dating. Isabelle is now getting her yin fen fix straight from the source by letting Raphael feed on her. Max's party is in full swing when things take a turn for the worse, and guests begin seeing their fears and insecurities manifest. Magnus determines that they have all been be-spelled by a hostile warlock and undoes the curse. Magnus identifies the culprit as Iris Rouse, captures her and sends her to Idris. However, Iris invokes the blood oath Clary swore her and instructs her to find the warlock child Madzie who has been kidnapped by Valentine. Jace and Clary tell their friends what they have learned of the Soul Sword and of Clary's runic abilities, which Magnus identifies marks her as angel-blooded, and thus able to activate the Soul Sword herself. Maryse tells Alec and Jace their father has been cheating on her.

22
9
"Bound by Blood"
Matt Hastings
Peter Binswanger
February 27, 2017 (2017-02-27)
267314-22
0.52[27]

Clary's hand suddenly begins to burn and turn to stone, a symptom of blood oath she swore to Iris Rouse. Clary goes to Magnus, who tells her that her only cure lies in finding Madzie. Maia, who fears Clary's power to activate the Soul Sword and kill all Downworlders, tries to kill her. A Downworlder council meeting takes place where Meliorn and Raphael both agree that Clary must be killed, while Magnus and Luke disagree. Alec is searching for Isabelle, and Magnus, having figured out her yin fen addiction, sends him to Raphael. Alec discovers Isabelle being fed on, and the siblings quarrel; Magnus also expresses his displeasure with Raphael. Jace tracks Madzie and brings her back to heal Clary, but the young warlock portals Clary to Valentine. Jace and Simon find and save Clary, but Simon is captured by Valentine.

23
10
"By the Light of Dawn"
Joshua Butler
Todd Slavkin & Darren Swimmer
March 6, 2017 (2017-03-06)
267314-23
0.64[28]

Madzie infiltrates the Institute on Valentine's behalf, killing many Shadowhunters, but sparing Alec. Jace, Clary and Luke take Dot to Magnus'. She reveals that Valentine believes that Jace can destroy the Soul Sword and Clary receives a video call from Valentine: he slits Simon's throat to draw her to the Institute. The group head to the Institute, and Clary, who goes to feed Simon to heal him, is revealed to be a glamoured Jace. Magnus finds and comforts Madzie. Jace attempts to destroy the Sword but inadvertently charges it and Valentine activates it as a Downworlder army storms in, killing all of them. Jace and Valentine battle for the Sword outside and it is revealed that Valentine is actually not Jace's father. Alec frantically searches for Magnus in the aftermath, and upon finding him safe, the two profess their love for each other. Simon discovers he can now be in the sunlight without being burned. Valentine is taken into custody as the Soul Sword disappears and is picked up by a strange figure in black.

24
11
"Mea Maxima Culpa"
Matt Hastings
Michael Reisz
June 5, 2017 (2017-06-05)
267314-24
0.71[29]

The Inquisitor Imogen Herondale arrives at the Institute and tortures Valentine for the whereabouts of The Mortal Cup. The Greater Demon Azazel arrives in town also looking for The Cup. The wolves of the New York pack challenge the leadership of their alpha Luke. Isabelle, in the throes of yin fen withdrawal, seeks out Raphael for help, but he refuses to feed on her. She is attacked by Azazel, but is saved by a new Shadowhunter, Sebastian Verlac. Simon talks to Maia about his new ability to survive sunlight. Raphael tells Magnus and Alec about Isabelle coming to him; Alec thinks that Isabelle has been taken by Azazel. Jace and Clary go to Valentine for help finding the Greater Demon, and he reveals they are not related. Luke's new police partner Ollie is suspicious of his actions. Isabelle accompanies Sebastian to his apartment where he gives advice on overcoming yin fen addiction. Upon Alec's request, Magnus summons Azazel, with Valentine as bait. But the demon manages to escape the summoning circle and appears to cast a spell on Magnus and Valentine.

25
12
"You Are Not Your Own"
Bille Woodruff
Jamie Gorenberg
June 12, 2017 (2017-06-12)
267314-25
0.55[30]

Azazel has cast a body-swapping spell on Magnus and Valentine. Isabelle brings Sebastian back to the institute to help catch the still-at-large Azazel; Alec heads to Magnus' loft for help with tracking the demon. When Alec arrives, Azazel attacks him but is vanquished, leaving Valentine and Magnus trapped in one another's bodies. Magnus, in Valentine's body, is locked up in the Institute; he tries to explain the body-swap to Alec, but Alec does not believe him and he is tortured in Valentine's place for information about the Mortal Cup. Simon fights with Raphael over revealing how he became a daylighter. Imogen prepares to execute Valentine against Clave orders, but Valentine, masquerading as Magnus, has kidnapped Jace and sends a visual message to the cells revealing that Jace is actually a Herondale; he demands his body be sent to him at Magnus' loft. The demands are met, and the body-swapping spell is undone. At the last second, Clary pushes Valentine, now back in his own body, through a portal back to the cells at the Institute. Alec tries to comfort Magnus in the aftermath.

26
13
"Those of Demon Blood"
Michael Goi
Zac Hug
June 19, 2017 (2017-06-19)
267314-26
0.59[31]

Several Shadowhunters are killed and their runes cut-off. Imogen Herondale appoints Jace as the head of the New York Institute. Alec goes to Magnus loft to get a DNA sample to prove he isn't involved in the killings; the two fight and Magnus demands he leave. Imogen suggests micro-chipping all Downworlders to be constantly aware of their whereabouts, Alec vehemently disagrees, but Jace seems amenable to the idea. Max arrives and Isabelle is appointed his tutor. Clary is attacked and injured but Simon rescues her and takes her to the Institute. Jace heads to the Hunter's Moon to begin chipping werewolves and he and Maia get into a physical fight which results in her being chipped. Luke, angered at the Shadowhunters' behaviour, tells Jace to leave. An upset and tipsy Magnus spends some time with Dot. Isabelle meets Raphael for help finding the killer, Max follows her and is kidnapped. With Meliorn's help, they find Max and kill the culprit, a Seelie named Kaelie. Jace appoints Alec head of the Institute. Alec apologises to Magnus, and the two reconcile. Jace, on Alec's orders, de-chips Maia, and the two sleep together.

27
14
"The Fair Folk"
Chris Grismer
Taylor Mallory
June 26, 2017 (2017-06-26)
267314-27
0.67[32]

Alec sends Clary and Jace on a mission to the Seelie Court; Simon insists on joining them. At the Institute, Alec begins the Downworlder Cabinet, a weekly meeting with representatives from the warlocks, vampires, Seelies, and werewolves. Alec discusses the Institute's new policy of complete transparency with Magnus, Luke, Meliorn and Raphael. Maryse is back in town; her and Isabelle discuss her father's infidelity and Isabelle's yin fen addiction. They reconcile. At the Seelie Court, the Seelie Queen drives a wedge between Simon and the Shadowhunters by revealing Clary still harbors feelings for Jace. An unknown individual with a plot to execute Valentine contacts Luke. Luke heads down to the Institute cells to kill Valentine, but is foiled by Sebastian and Alec. Alec decides not to press charges. Isabelle asks Raphael to pursue a relationship with her and he refuses. Sebastian plays piano next to several burner phones on a chair. Hearing a noise from a closet, he threatens a bound man he has kept inside.

28
15
"A Problem of Memory"
Peter DeLuise
Allison Rymer
July 10, 2017 (2017-07-10)
267314-28
0.46[33]

Alec is worried about Magnus' wellbeing, he questions Magnus, but is assured by the warlock nothing is amiss. Simon breaks up with Clary, and Isabelle comforts her. That night Simon is introduced to a Bleeder's Den, where vampires bite mundanes to get high; a girl is found dead the next morning and Simon worries he may be the culprit. Sebastian's cousin, Aline, arrives at the New York Institute; the man captive in Sebastian's apartment is revealed to be the real Sebastian. After being arrested by Luke's police partner Ollie, Simon returns to the Bleeder's Den and stakes the real murderer of the dead girl. As a result of the torture he suffered in Valentine's body, Magnus is having flashbacks of the night he found his mother, dead. He finally confesses his struggles to Alec, who consoles him. The real Sebastian escapes and tries to warn Aline, but his captor kills him before he can reach her. The Shadowhunters portal Valentine to Idris, but are circumvented with Valentine ending up at Sebastian's apartment. Sebastian's true form is revealed and he calls Valentine "father".

29
16
"Day of Atonement"
Paul Wesley
Peter Binswanger
July 17, 2017 (2017-07-17)
267314-29
0.59[34]

Sebastian holds Valentine captive; he intends to send him to Edom as punishment for Valentine doing the same to him. Jace suspects Valentine is hiding in a cabin in Idris where he spent time during his childhood. Clary draws a portal rune and the two are transported to Lake Lyn in Idris. Jace and Clary lose track of each other and Clary hallucinates the Angel Ithuriel who tells her that Jonathan is alive. Alec senses Jace is in trouble through their parabatai bond and with the help of his father Robert, sends Isabelle to find him. Isabelle finds Jace and together they retrieve Clary and cure her of the hallucinogenic effects of the waters of Lake Lyn. The three look for the cabin only to find it deserted. Robert reveals to Alec that the Clave never recovered the Soul Sword and has been lying to the Downworld. Valentine convinces Sebastian to work with him. With information they found at the cabin, Clary realizes that her real brother Jonathan is still alive.

30
17
"A Dark Reflection"
Jeffrey Hunt
Hollie Overton
July 24, 2017 (2017-07-24)
267314-30
0.60[35]

Sebastian is revealed to be in possession of the Soul Sword, thus with two of the three Mortal Instruments, he and Valentine hunt for the Mortal Mirror. Luke receives a message from Cleophas, still Valentine's captive, that the Clave lied about possessing the Soul Sword; he shares the information with Magnus. Magnus confronts Alec with the news and is furious that it was kept from him. No longer able to trust the Clave, he debates aligning with the Seelie Queen. Isabelle struggles with the fact that Max is growing up and convinces Maia to give a relationship with Simon a chance. Sebastian is torn about his loyalty to Valentine, as it pits him against his sister, Clary. Jace and Clary find out that her mother had hidden The Mortal Mirror. With the help of Dot, they recover it before being attacked by Sebastian. Dot stays behind to give them a chance to escape. Max uses a hair he found to track Jonathan to Sebastian. He challenges Sebastian with this knowledge.

31
18
"Awake, Arise, or Be Forever Fallen"
Amanda Row
Jamie Gorenberg
July 31, 2017 (2017-07-31)
267314-31
0.63[36]

Max lies in a coma following Jonathan's attack and the Institute is put on lockdown when it becomes clear Jonathan is inside. Magnus and Luke meet with the Seelie Queen, who proposes a Downworlder alliance against Valentine, even if it means starting a war with the Shadowhunters. Luke refuses immediately while Magnus is given time to decide. Jonathan steals the Mortal Mirror. Magnus chooses to serve his people over his relationship with Alec and breaks up with him. Clary discovers Sebastian is Jonathan when he fails a test and manages to get the Mirror back before he escapes the Institute. However, her attempt to disarm the Mirror destroys it, and she realizes the real Mirror is Lake Lyn in Idris.

32
19
"Hail and Farewell"
Matt Hastings
Bryan Q. Miller
August 7, 2017 (2017-08-07)
267314-32
0.60[37]

Isabelle, Jace and Clary are trying to take out Valentine and Jonathan but get attacked by a possessing demon. Jace kills the demon. Clary tells the Inquisitor that the Mortal Mirror is Lake Lyn in Idris. The Seelie Queen comes to the institute to meet with the Downworld Council but she refuses to give her support to capture and execute Valentine. Maia and Simon are dating.

33
20
"Beside Still Water"
Matt Hastings
Todd Slavkin & Darren Swimmer
August 14, 2017 (2017-08-14)
267314-33
0.59[38]

The dying Jonathan washed ashore on the shore of Manhattan, and using his blood, he summoned the wraith demons. Meanhwhile, Luke and Simon comes to Magnus after Maia's abduction, and in the final battle, Valentine eventually succedded in summoning Raziel and killed Jace. Clary, in a fit of rage, stabs Valentine, finally killing him. With Raziel's summoning, Clary wishes for Jace's resurrection. At the end, Magnus and Alec get back together.

text: Season 3 (2018)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

34
1
"On Infernal Ground"
Matt Hastings
Todd Slavkin & Darren Swimmer
March 20, 2018 (2018-03-20)
267314-34
0.49[39]

Clary becomes a fully fledged Shadowhunter but her and Jace are concealing the truth over what happened at Lake Lyn. An owl faced demon starts preying on mundanes. Magnus deals with the fall out of his decision to side with the Seelie Queen.

35
2
"The Powers That Be"
Peter DeLuise
Peter Binswanger
March 27, 2018 (2018-03-27)
267314-35
0.44[40]

Jace asks Clary out on their first proper date but it ends up being an awkward double date. Whilst attending a party Magnus realises the ley lines have been corrupted, he and Alec work together to try and fix it.

36
3
"What Lies Beneath"
Amanda Row
Alex Schemmer
April 3, 2018 (2018-04-03)
267314-36
0.46[41]

Alec hosts a dinner with his mother at Magnus' in which she reveals news which upsets him. Raphael faces an extremely upsetting personal loss. Simon tries desperately to enter the Seelie Realm and ask about the mysterious mark they gave him.

37
4
"Thy Soul Instructed"
Emile Levisetti
Jamie Gorenberg
April 10, 2018 (2018-04-10)
267314-37
0.35[42]

Jace's friends and family begin to notice some changes within his personality. Simon happens to bump into the ideal roommate, who might have ulterior motives for befriending Simon. Clary and Izzy pursue a Vampire that is out of control.

38
5
"Stronger Than Heaven"
Geoff Shotz
Brian Millikin
April 17, 2018 (2018-04-17)
267314-38
0.30[43]

Alec learns more about Magnus' past after asking to move in. To try and deal with the owl Clary seeks out Cleophas to see if she has any way to contact the angels. She manages to contact Ithuriel but he is killed by Lilith before he could say anything important. Jace is suspicious of Simons well timed new roommate and it is revealed he is a werewolf.

39
6
"A Window Into an Empty Room"
Alexis Korycinsk
Aisha Porter-Christie
April 24, 2018 (2018-04-24)
267314-39
0.43[44]

Magnus and Alec have a fight about their varying experiences which is left unresolved. Magnus and Clary team up to investigate the demon and a face from Magnus' past appears to help them. Simon tries to make amends to visitor who won't seem to leave him alone. The Lightwoods go out for a meal at the hunters moon. While investigating the demon Clary and Magnus find the owl demon trying to possess Ollie, Luke comes along and helps. The Owls identity is revealed and Ollie has been possessed.

40
7
"Salt in the Wound"
Joshua Butler
Celeste Vasquez
May 1, 2018 (2018-05-01)
267314-40
0.42[45]

Following the reveal of the Owl's identity, Jace and Clary fight upon the roof. Simon helps Clary after she was injured in the fight and takes her to the institute. Here its revealed to everyone that Jace is the owl and Lilith is controlling him. Clary finally reveals her secret about bringing Jace back at Lake Lyn. Magnus and Alec make up as the issues with Jace are more pressing. The shadowhunters head to Alicante to follow him. Alec, Isabelle and Clary tell the inquisitor that Jace has been possessed but it's too late for her to help as he murders her in her office. They manage to trap Jace and Clary sends them to Magnus' and allows herself to be taken to the Gard to buy them more time. While this is happening flashbacks show the past relationship of Maia and Jordan; they dated and eventually he turned her. Simon and Luke investigate Lilith's lair and the mark of Cain turns two of Lilith's children to salt.

41
8
"A Heart of Darkness"
Ari Sandel
Jamie Gorenberg
May 8, 2018 (2018-05-08)
267314-41
0.42[46]

Clary is questioned by Jia Penhallow regarding her visit to the city and she reveals that she used the angel's wish to resurrect Jace. After this revelation, Penhallow sentences her to death. Simon, Maia and Jordan manage to locate the location that Lilith was using and try to find clues to her whereabouts. Ollie reveals to Lilith that Simon has the mark of Cain. Knowing that this is one of the only things that can banish her, Lilith goes to the Seelie realm. In order to preserve her life, the Seelie Queen tells Lilith where Jace is. Magnus uses his magic to send Alec and Isabelle into Jace's mind in hopes breaking Lilith's control over him. When he is found, Alec sees that he has been forced to kill Clary repeatedly and has tried to kill himself. Jace begs his siblings to kill him rather than remain under Lilith's control but Alec promises to get him out. Before they can, Lilith arrives. She threatens Magnus and takes back Jace.

42
9
"Familia Ante Omnia"
Matt Hastings
Taylor Mallory
May 15, 2018 (2018-05-15)
267314-42
0.37[47]

Jia Penhallow wants to question Valentine about a demon, so Clary resurrects him using a rune. Heidi tricks Simon into returning to his family's home when he is desperate for blood by holding them hostage; once there, he feeds on his sister Rebecca, revealing he is a vampire to his mother and sister. Clary deactivates the resurrection rune and Valentine returns to the grave. Jace takes Valentine's flesh but still needs Clary's heart for Lilith to resurrect Jonathan.

43
10
"Erchomai"
Jeff Hunt
Bryan Q. Miller
May 15, 2018 (2018-05-15)
267314-43
0.31[47]

Magnus goes to Edom to look for his father Asmodeus who can help him save Jace. Simon enchants his mother, making her think that he is dead, but his sister forgives him and offers him help. Jace and Alec fight, but Magnus arrives just in time to free Jace from the possession, revealing that he traded his magic and now it is gone. Simon goads Lilith into attacking him, which triggers his mark and sends her back to Edom, but causes a huge explosion. Just before the explosion, Simon is knocked out of the window and when he regains consciousness, he tells Jace that Clary is dead and that he killed her.

44
11
"Lost Souls"[48]
Matt Hastings[49]
TBA
2019 (2019)
267314-44
TBD

45
12
"Original Sin"[50]
Matt Hastings[51]
TBA
2019 (2019)
267314-45
TBD

46
13
"Beati Bellicosi"[52]
Paul Wesley[53]
TBA
2019 (2019)
267314-46
TBD

47
14
"A Kiss from a Rose"[54]
Salli Richardson-Whitfield[55]
Zoe Broad[56]
2019 (2019)
267314-47
TBD

48
15
"To the Night Children"[57]
Siluck Saysanasy[51]
TBA
2019 (2019)
267314-48
TBD

49
16
"Stay With Me"[58]
Amanda Row[59]
Aisha Porter-Christie[60]
2019 (2019)
267314-49
TBD

50
17
"Heavenly Fire"[61]
Shannon Kohli[62]
Celeste Vasquez[62]
2019 (2019)
267314-50
TBD

51
18
"The Beast Within"[63]
Joshua Butler[64]
Taylor Mallory[65]
2019 (2019)
267314-51
TBD

52
19
"Aku Cinta Kamu"[66]
Todd Slavkin[67]
Jamie Gorenberg[68]
2019 (2019)
267314-52
TBD

53
20
"City of Glass"[69]
Matt Hastings[70]
Bryan Q. Miller[70]
2019 (2019)
267314-53
TBD

text: Ratings[edit]

text: Season 1 (2016)[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Air date
Rating
(18–49)
Viewers
(millions)
DVR
(18–49)
DVR viewers
(millions)
Total
(18–49)
Total viewers
(millions)

1
"The Mortal Cup"
January 12, 2016
0.8
1.82[5]
0.4
0.88
1.2
2.70[71]

2
"The Descent Into Hell Isn't Easy"
January 19, 2016
0.4
1.01[7]
0.3
0.75
0.7
1.76[72]

3
"Dead Man's Party"
January 26, 2016
0.5
0.98[8]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

4
"Raising Hell"
February 2, 2016
0.4
0.96[9]
0.4
0.93
0.8
1.89[73]

5
"Moo Shu to Go"
February 9, 2016
0.4
0.95[10]
0.4
0.75
0.8
1.70[74]

6
"Of Men and Angels"
February 16, 2016
0.4
0.98[11]
0.4
N/A
0.8[75]
N/A

7
"Major Arcana"
February 23, 2016
0.4
0.84[12]
0.3
0.72
0.7
1.56[76]

8
"Bad Blood"
March 1, 2016
0.4
0.87[13]
0.3
0.74
0.7
1.61[77]

9
"Rise Up"
March 8, 2016
0.4
0.95[14]
0.3
0.77
0.7
1.72[78]

10
"This World Inverted"
March 15, 2016
0.3
0.78[15]
0.4
0.74
0.7
1.52[79]

11
"Blood Calls to Blood"
March 22, 2016
0.3
0.78[16]
0.3
N/A
0.6[80]
N/A

12
"Malec"
March 29, 2016
0.3
0.82[17]
0.3
N/A
0.6[81]
N/A

13
"Morning Star"
April 5, 2016
0.3
0.76[18]
0.3
N/A
0.6[82]
N/A

text: Season 2 (2017)[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Air date
Rating
(18–49)
Viewers
(millions)
DVR
(18–49)
DVR viewers
(millions)
Total
(18–49)
Total viewers
(millions)

1
"This Guilty Blood"
January 2, 2017
0.4
1.19[19]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

2
"A Door Into the Dark"
January 9, 2017
0.3
0.75[20]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

3
"Parabatai Lost"
January 16, 2017
0.3
0.81[21]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

4
"Day of Wrath"
January 23, 2017
0.3
0.64[22]
N/A
0.55
N/A
1.19[83]

5
"Dust and Shadows"
January 30, 2017
0.2
0.58[23]
0.3
N/A
0.5[84]
N/A

6
"Iron Sisters"
February 6, 2017
0.3
0.65[24]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

7
"How Are Thou Fallen"
February 13, 2017
0.2
0.55[25]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

8
"Love is the Devil"
February 20, 2017
0.3
0.67[26]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

9
"Bound by Blood"
February 27, 2017
0.2
0.52[27]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

10
"By the Light of Dawn"
March 6, 2017
0.3
0.64[28]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

11
"Mea Maxima Culpa"
June 5, 2017
0.3
0.71[29]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

12
"You Are Not Your Own"
June 12, 2017
0.2
0.55[30]
0.2
0.44
0.4
0.99[85]

13
"Those of Demon Blood"
June 19, 2017
0.2
0.59[31]
0.2
N/A
0.4[86]
N/A

14
"The Fair Folk"
June 26, 2017
0.3
0.67[32]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

15
"A Problem of Memory"
July 10, 2017
0.2
0.46[33]
0.2
0.47
0.4
0.92[87]

16
"Day of Atonement"
July 17, 2017
0.2
0.59[34]
0.2
N/A
0.4[88]
N/A

17
"A Dark Reflection"
July 24, 2017
0.2
0.60[35]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

18
"Awake, Arise, or Be Forever Fallen"
July 31, 2017
0.3
0.63[36]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

19
"Hail and Farewell"
August 7, 2017
0.2
0.60[37]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

20
"Beside Still Water"
August 14, 2017
0.2
0.59[38]
N/A
0.52
N/A
1.11[89]

text: Season 3 (2018)[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Air date
Rating
(18–49)
Viewers
(millions)
DVR
(18–49)
DVR viewers
(millions)
Total
(18–49)
Total viewers
(millions)

1
"On Infernal Ground"
March 20, 2018
0.2
0.49[39]
N/A
0.51
N/A
1.01[90]

2
"The Powers That Be"
March 27, 2018
0.2
0.44[40]
N/A
0.43
N/A
0.88[91]

3
"What Lies Beneath"
April 3, 2018
0.2
0.46[41]
0.2
N/A
0.4[92]
N/A

4
"Thy Soul Instructed"
April 10, 2018
0.1
0.35[42]
0.2
0.46
0.3
0.81[93]

5
"Stronger Than Heaven"
April 17, 2018
0.1
0.30[43]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

6
"A Window Into an Empty Room"
April 24, 2018
0.2
0.43[44]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

7
"Salt in the Wound"
May 1, 2018
0.2
0.42[45]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

8
"A Heart of Darkness"
May 8, 2018
0.2
0.42[46]
0.2
0.41
0.4
0.83[94]

9
"Familia Onte Omnia"
May 15, 2018
0.1
0.37[47]
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD

10
"Erchomai"
May 15, 2018
0.1
0.31[47]
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD


document_title: 2017 World's Strongest Man

question_text: who won the 2017 world strongest man competition

text: 2017 World's Strongest Man

text:
2017 World's Strongest Man

Host city
 Gaborone, Botswana

Winner
 Eddie Hall[1]

Athletes participating
29

← Kasane 2016

text: The 2017 World's Strongest Man was the 40th edition of the World's Strongest Man competition. It was held in Gaborone, Botswana from May 20-28 2017.

text: The tournament was won by Eddie Hall of the United Kingdom , with Hafþór Júlíus Björnsson of Iceland second and defending champion Brian Shaw of the United States third. Hall announced after the competition that he would not defend his title.[2] Multiple time champion Zydrunas Savickas of Lithuania finished in ninth place; this marked the first time in his career that he failed to finish in the top three after qualifying for the final.

text: Qualifying[edit]

text: A change was made to the qualifying rounds for 2017. Each group participated in five normal events, with the highest scoring competitor at the end of those events being declared the group winner and automatically qualifying for the final. The lowest scoring competitor was eliminated from further competition.

text: In a throwback to early competitions, where a head to head competition determined the overall champion, the four remaining competitors faced off in an event called Last Man Standing. The event consisted of a hurdle placed in the middle of an octagon with a white square in the middle, in which was placed an Atlas Stone.

text: The event was conducted in a stepladder format, with the fifth place and fourth place competitors beginning the event. Each competitor took turns lifting the stone from their side of the square and dropping it over the hurdle. The lift had to be started from within the square and each competitor was given ten seconds to lift and drop the stone. Once one of them could not complete the task, he was eliminated from the event and the third place competitor stepped in. The survivor of that matchup took on the second place competitor, with the winner of the event joining the overall group winner in the final.

text: Final standings[edit]

text:
Name
Nationality
Pts

Eddie Hall

51

Hafþór Júlíus Björnsson

50

Brian Shaw

48

Martins Licis

36.5

Jean-François Caron

35.5

Mateusz Kieliszkowski

29

Laurence Shahlaei

25.5

Konstantine Janashia

23

Zydrunas Savickas

21.5

Nick Best

10