document_title: FIFA World Cup hosts

question_text: when did the us host the world cup

question_tokens: when did the us host the world cup

text: FIFA World Cup hosts

text: List of hosts[edit]

text:
Year
Host
Continent
Winner

1930
 Uruguay
South America
 Uruguay

1934
 Italy
Europe
 Italy

1938
 France
Europe
 Italy

1942
Cancelled due to World War II

1946
Cancelled due to World War II

1950
 Brazil
South America
 Uruguay

1954
  Switzerland
Europe
 West Germany

1958
 Sweden
Europe
 Brazil

1962
 Chile
South America
 Brazil

1966
 England
Europe
 England

1970
 Mexico
North America
 Brazil

1974
 West Germany
Europe
 West Germany

1978
 Argentina
South America
 Argentina

1982
 Spain
Europe
 Italy

1986
 Mexico
North America
 Argentina

1990
 Italy
Europe
 West Germany

1994
 United States
North America
 Brazil

1998
 France
Europe
 France

2002
 South Korea /  Japan
Asia
 Brazil

2006
 Germany
Europe
 Italy

2010
 South Africa
Africa
 Spain

2014
 Brazil
South America
 Germany

2018
 Russia
Europe

2022
 Qatar
Asia

2026
TBD

2030
TBD

text: 1930 FIFA World Cup[edit]

text: Bids:

text:
Hungary
 Italy
 Netherlands
 Spain
 Sweden
 Uruguay

text: Before the FIFA Congress could vote on the first-ever World Cup host, a series of withdrawals led to the election of Uruguay. The Netherlands and Hungary withdrew, followed by Sweden withdrawing in favour of Italy. Then both Italy and Spain withdrew, in favour of the only remaining candidate, Uruguay. The FIFA Congress met in Barcelona, Spain on 18 May 1929 to ratify the decision, and Uruguay was chosen without a vote.[citation needed]

text: Results:

text:
Uruguay
 Italy withdrew
 Spain withdrew
 Sweden withdrew
 Netherlands withdrew
 Hungary withdrew

tag: ol

text: Notice that the celebration of the first World Cup coincided with the centennial anniversary of the first Constitution of Uruguay. For that reason, the main stadium built in Montevideo for the World Cup was named Estadio Centenario.

text: 1934 FIFA World Cup[edit]

text: Bids:

text:
Italy
 Sweden

text: Sweden decided to withdraw before the vote, allowing the only remaining candidate Italy to take the hosting job for the 1934 World Cup. The decision was ratified by the FIFA Congress in Stockholm, Sweden and Zürich, Switzerland on 14 May 1932. The Italian Football Federation accepted the hosting duties on 9 October 1932.

text: Results:

text:
Italy
 Sweden withdrew

text: 1938 FIFA World Cup[edit]

text: Bids:

text:
Argentina
 France
 Germany

text: Without any nations withdrawing their bids before the vote, the FIFA Congress convened in Berlin, Germany on 13 August 1936 to decide the next host of the World Cup. Electing France took only one ballot, as France had more than half of the votes in the first round.[4]

text: Results:

text:
France, 19 votes
 Argentina, 3 votes
 Germany, 1 vote

text: Cancelled FIFA World Cups 1942 and 1946[edit]

text: Bids for 1942:

text:
Argentina
 Brazil
 Germany

text: Cancelled FIFA election of the host due to the outbreak of the Second World War in September 1939.

text: Bids for 1946:

text: 1950 and 1954 FIFA World Cups[edit]

text: 1949 bid[edit]

text: Bid:

text: Brazil

text: Brazil, Argentina, and Germany had official bid for the 1942 World Cup, but the Cup was cancelled after the outbreak of World War II. The 1950 World Cup was originally scheduled for 1949, but the day after Brazil was selected by the FIFA Congress on 26 July 1946 in Luxembourg City, Luxembourg, the World Cup was rescheduled for 1950.

text: Result:

text: Brazil

text: 1951 bid[edit]

text: Bid:

text: Switzerland

text: The 1951 World Cup hosting duty was decided on 26 July 1946, the same day that Brazil was selected for the 1949 World Cup, in Luxembourg City. On 27 July, the FIFA Congress pushed back the 5th World Cup finals for three years, deciding it should take place in 1954.

text: Result:

text: Switzerland

text: 1958 FIFA World Cup[edit]

text: Bid:

text: Sweden

text: Argentina, Chile, Mexico, and Sweden expressed interest in hosting the tournament.[5] Swedish delegates lobbied other countries at the FIFA Congress held in Rio de Janeiro around the opening of the 1950 World Cup finals.[5] Sweden was awarded the 1958 tournament unopposed in on 23 June 1950.[6]

text: Result:

text: Sweden

text: 1962 FIFA World Cup[edit]

text: Bids:

text:
Argentina
 Chile
 West Germany

text: West Germany withdrew before the vote, which took place in Lisbon, Portugal on 10 June 1956, leaving two remaining bids. In one round of voting, Chile won over Argentina.

text: Results:

text:
Chile, 32 votes
 Argentina, 11 votes
 West Germany withdrew

text: 1966 FIFA World Cup[edit]

text: Bids:

text:
England
 West Germany
 Spain

text: Spain withdrew from the bidding prior to voting by the FIFA Congress, held in Rome, Italy on 22 August 1960. Again, there was only one round of voting, with England defeating West Germany for the hosting position.

text: Results:

text:
England, 34 votes
 West Germany, 27 votes
 Spain withdrew

text: 1970 FIFA World Cup[edit]

text: Bids:

text:
Argentina
 Australia
 Colombia
 Japan
 Mexico
 Peru

text: The FIFA Congress convened in Tokyo, Japan on 8 October 1964. One round of voting saw Mexico win the hosting duties over Argentina.

text: Results:

text:
Mexico, 56 votes
 Argentina, 32 votes
 Australia withdrew
 Colombia withdrew
 Japan withdrew
 Peru withdrew

text: 1974, 1978, 1982 FIFA World Cups[edit]

text: Three hosts for the 1974, 1978, and 1982 World Cups were chosen in London, England on 6 July 1966 by the FIFA Congress. Spain and West Germany, both facing each other in the running for hosting duties for the 1974 and 1982 World Cups, agreed to give one another a hosting job. Germany withdrew from the 1982 bidding process while Spain withdrew from the 1974 bidding process, essentially guaranteeing each a hosting spot. Mexico, who had won the 1970 hosting bid over Argentina just two years prior, agreed to withdraw and let Argentina take the 1978 hosting position.

text: 1974 results[edit]

text:
West Germany
 Spain withdrew in exchange for 1982 hosting duties
 Italy withdrew
 Netherlands withdrew

text: 1978 results[edit]

text:
Argentina
 Colombia withdrew
 Mexico withdrew, as they had won hosting for World Cup 1970

text: 1982 results[edit]

text:
Spain
 West Germany withdrew in exchange for 1974 hosting duties
 Italy withdrew

text: 1986 FIFA World Cup[edit]

text: Bid:

text: Colombia

text: Host voting, handled by the then-FIFA Executive Committee (or Exco), met in Stockholm on 9 June 1974 and ratified the unopposed Colombian bid.

text: Result:

text: Colombia

text: However, Colombia withdrew after being selected to host the World Cup due to financial problems on 5 November 1982, less than four years before the event was to start. A call for bids was sent out again, and FIFA received intent from three nations:

text:
Canada
 Mexico
 United States

text: In Zürich on 20 May 1983, Mexico won the bidding unanimously as voted by the Executive Committee, for the first time in FIFA World Cup bidding history (except those nations who bid unopposed).

text: Results:

text:
Mexico unanimous vote
 United States 0 votes
 Canada 0 votes

text: 1990 FIFA World Cup[edit]

text: Bids:

text:
Austria
 England
 France
 Greece
 Iran
 Italy
 Soviet Union
 West Germany
 Yugoslavia

text: Except Italy and the Soviet Union, all nations withdrew before the vote, which was to be conducted by Exco in Zürich on 19 May 1984. Once again, only one round of voting was required, as Italy won more votes than the Soviet Union.

text: Results:

text:
Italy, 11 votes
 Soviet Union, 5 votes
 Austria withdrew
 England withdrew
 France withdrew
 Greece withdrew
 Iran withdrew
 West Germany withdrew
 Yugoslavia withdrew

text: 1994 FIFA World Cup[edit]

text: Bids:

text:
Brazil
 Morocco
 United States
 Chile

text: Despite having three nations bidding for host duties, voting only took one round. The vote was held in Zürich (for the third straight time) on 4 July 1988. The United States won the bid by receiving a little over half of the votes by the Exco members.

text: Results:

text:
United States, 10 votes
 Morocco, 7 votes
 Brazil, 2 votes
 Chile withdrew

text: 1998 FIFA World Cup[edit]

text: Bids:

text:
England
 France
 Germany
 Morocco
  Switzerland

text: This vote was held in Zürich for the fourth straight time on 1 July 1992. Only one round of voting was required to have France assume the hosting job over Morocco.

text: Result:

text:
France, 12 votes
 Morocco, 7 votes
  Switzerland withdrew
 England withdrew
 Germany withdrew

text: 2002 FIFA World Cup[edit]

text: Bids:

text:
South Korea/ Japan
 Mexico

text: On 31 May 1996, the hosting selection meeting was held in Zürich for the fifth straight time. A joint bid was formed between Japan and South Korea, and the bid was "voted by acclamation", an oral vote without ballots. The first joint bid of the World Cup was approved, edging out Mexico.

text: Results:

text:
South Korea/ Japan (joint bid, voted by acclamation)
 Mexico

text: The 2002 FIFA World Cup was co-hosted in Asia for the first time by South Korea and Japan (the final was held in Japan). Initially, the two Asian countries were competitors in the bidding process. But just before the vote, they agreed with FIFA to co-host the event. However, the rivalry and distance between them led to organizational and logistical problems. FIFA has said that co-hosting is not likely to happen again, and in 2004 officially stated that its statutes did not allow co-hosting bids.[7]

text: 2006 FIFA World Cup[edit]

text: Bids:

text:
Brazil
 England
 Germany
 Morocco
 South Africa

text: On 6 July 2000, the host selection meeting was held for the sixth straight time in Zürich. Brazil withdrew its bid three days before the vote, and the field was narrowed to four. This was the first selection in which more than one vote round was required. Three votes were eventually needed. Germany was at least tied for first in each of the three votes, and ended up defeating South Africa by only one vote after an abstention (see below).

text:
Results

Nation
Vote

Round 1
Round 2
Round 3

 Germany
10
11
12

 South Africa
6
11
11

 England
5
2
Eliminated

 Morocco
2
Eliminated
Eliminated

Total votes
23
24
23

text: Controversy[edit]

text: The controversy over the decision to award the 2006 FIFA World Cup to Germany led to a further change in practice. The final tally was 12 votes to 11 in favour of Germany over the contenders South Africa, who had been favorites to win. New Zealand FIFA member Charlie Dempsey, who was instructed to vote for South Africa by the Oceania Football Confederation, abstained from voting at the last minute. If he had voted for the South African bid, the tally would have been 12–12, giving the decision to FIFA President Sepp Blatter, who, it was widely believed, would then have voted for South Africa.[8]

text: Dempsey was among eight members of the Executive Committee to receive a fax by editors of the German satirical magazine Titanic on Wednesday, the night before the vote, promising a cuckoo clock and Black Forest ham in exchange for voting for Germany. He argued that the pressure from all sides including "an attempt to bribe" him had become too much for him.[9]

text: On 4 August 2000, consequently, FIFA decided to rotate the hosting of the final tournaments between its constituent confederations. This was until October 2007, during the selection of the host for the 2014 FIFA World Cup, when they announced that they will no longer continue with their continental rotation policy (see below).[10][11]

text: 2010 FIFA World Cup[edit]

text: Bids:

text:
Egypt
 Morocco
 Nigeria
 South Africa
 Tunisia /  Libya

text: The first World Cup bidding process under continental rotation (the process of rotating hosting of the World Cup to each confederation in turn) was the 2010 FIFA World Cup,[7] the first World Cup to be held in Africa. On 7 July 2001, during the FIFA Congress in Buenos Aires, a decision was ratified, which was that the rotation will begin in Africa.[12] On 23 September 2002, FIFA's Executive Committee confirmed that only African member associations, would be invited to submit bids to host the 2010 FIFA World Cup.[13]

text: In January 2003, Nigeria entered the bidding process, but withdrew their bid in September.[14][15] In March 2003, Sepp Blatter initially said Nigeria's plan to co host the 2010 FIFA World Cup with four African countries would not work.[16] Nigeria had originally hoped to bid jointly with West African neighbours Benin, Ghana, and Togo.

text: After it was confirmed by FIFA that joint bidding would not be allowed in the future, Libya and Tunisia withdrew both of their bids on 8 May 2004. On 15 May 2004 in Zürich (the seventh consecutive time that a host selection has been made there), South Africa, after a narrow loss in the 2006 bidding, defeated perennial candidate Morocco to host, 14 votes to 10. Egypt received no votes.

text:
Results

Nation
Vote

Round 1

 South Africa
14

 Morocco
10

 Egypt
0

 Tunisia /  Libya
Withdrew

 Nigeria
Withdrew

Total votes
24

text: Controversy[edit]

text: On 28 May 2015, media covering the 2015 FIFA corruption case reported that high-ranking officials from the South African bid committee had secured the right to host the World Cup by paying US$10 million in bribes to then-FIFA Vice President Jack Warner and to other FIFA Executive Committee members.[17]

text: On 4 June 2015, FIFA executive Chuck Blazer, having co-operated with the FBI and the Swiss authorities, confirmed that he and the other members of FIFA's executive committee were bribed in order to promote the South African 1998 and 2010 World Cups. Blazer stated, "I and others on the Fifa executive committee agreed to accept bribes in conjunction with the selection of South Africa as the host nation for the 2010 World Cup."[18][19]

text: On 6 June 2015, The Daily Telegraph reported that Morocco had received the most votes, but South Africa was awarded the tournament instead.[20]

text: 2014 FIFA World Cup[edit]

text: Bids:

text:
Argentina
 Brazil
 Colombia

text: FIFA continued its continental rotation procedure by earmarking the 2014 World Cup for South America. FIFA initially indicated that it might back out of the rotation concept,[21] but later decided to continue it through the 2014 host decision, after which it was dropped.

text: Colombia had expressed interest in hosting the 2014 World Cup,[22] but withdrew undertaking the 2011 FIFA U-20 World Cup.[23] Brazil also expressed interest in hosting the World Cup. CONMEBOL, the South American Football Federation, indicated their preference for Brazil as a host.[24] Brazil was the only nation to submit a formal bid when the official bidding procedure for CONMEBOL member associations was opened in December 2006, as by that time, Colombia, Chile and Argentina had already withdrawn, and Venezuela was not allowed to bid.

text: Brazil made the first unopposed bid since the initial selection of the 1986 FIFA World Cup (when Colombia was selected as host, but later withdrew for financial problems). The FIFA Executive Committee confirmed it as the host country on 30 October 2007 by a unanimous decision.[25]

text: Result:

text:
2014 FIFA bidding (majority 12 votes)

Bidders
Votes

Round 1
Round 2

 Brazil
N/A
N/A

 Argentina

Withdrew

 Colombia

Withdrew

text: 2018 and 2022 FIFA World Cups[edit]

text:
2018 Bids:

 Belgium /  Netherlands
 England
 Spain /  Portugal
 Russia

2022 Bids:

 Australia
 Japan
 South Korea
 Qatar
 United States

text: Wikinews has related news: FIFA receives eleven bids for 2018 and 2022 World Cups

text: FIFA announced on 29 October 2007 that it will no longer continue with its continental rotation policy, implemented after the 2006 World Cup host selection. The newest host selection policy is that any country may bid for a World Cup, provided that their continental confederation has not hosted either of the past two World Cups. For the 2018 World Cup bidding process, this meant that bids from Africa and South America were not allowed.

text: For the 2022 World Cup bidding process, this meant that bids from South America and Europe were not allowed.[26][27] Also, FIFA formally allowed joint bids once more (after they were banned in 2002), due to there being only one organizing committee per joint bid, unlike Korea/Japan, which had two different organizing committees.[28] Countries that announced their interest included Australia, England, Indonesia, Japan, Qatar, Russia, South Korea, United States, the joint bid of Spain and Portugal and the joint bid of Belgium and Netherlands.[26][29][30]

text: The hosts for both World Cups were announced by the FIFA Executive Committee on 2 December 2010. Russia was selected to host the 2018 FIFA World Cup, making it the first time that the World Cup will be hosted in Eastern Europe and making it the biggest country geographically to host the World Cup. Qatar was selected to host the 2022 FIFA World Cup, making it the first time a World Cup will be held in the Middle East and the second time in Asia. Also, the decision made it the smallest country geographically to host the World Cup.[31]

text:
2018 Results

Nation
Vote

Round 1
Round 2

 Russia
9
13

 Spain /  Portugal
7
7

 Netherlands /  Belgium
4
2

 England
2
Eliminated

Total votes
22
22

text:
2022 results

Nation
Vote

Round 1
Round 2
Round 3
Round 4

 Qatar
11
10
11
14

 United States
3
5
6
8

 South Korea
4
5
5
Eliminated

 Japan
3
2
Eliminated
Eliminated

 Australia
1
Eliminated
Eliminated
Eliminated

Total votes
22
22
22
22

text: Accusations of bribery[edit]

text: Before the vote, allegations of bribery resulted in the suspension of two FIFA Executive Committee members, reducing the number of voters to 22.[32]

text: In May 2011, allegations of corruption within the FIFA senior officials raised questions over the legitimacy of the World Cup being held in Qatar. According to then vice-President Jack Warner, an email has been publicised about the possibility that Qatar 'bought' the 2022 World Cup through bribery via Mohammed bin Hammam who was president of the Asian Football Confederation at the time. Qatar's officials in the bid team for 2022 have denied any wrongdoing.[33]

text: A whistleblower, revealed to be Phaedra Almajid, alleged that several African officials were paid $1.5 million by Qatar.[34] She later retracted her claims of bribery, stating she had fabricated them in order to exact revenge on the Qatari bid team for relieving her of her job with them. She also denied being put under any pressure to make her retraction. FIFA confirmed receiving an email from her which stated her retraction.[35][36]

text: On 1 June 2014, The Sunday Times claimed to have obtained documents including e-mails, letters and bank transfers which allegedly proved that Bin Hammam had paid more than US$5 million to football officials to support the Qatar bid. Bin Hamman and all those accused of accepting bribes denied the charges[37]

text: More suspicions emerged in March 2014 when it was discovered that Jack Warner, who was made to leave his post as president of CONCACAF in disgrace, and his family were paid almost $2 million from a firm linked to Qatar's successful campaign. The FBI is investigating Warner and his alleged links to the Qatari bid.[38]

text: 2026 FIFA World Cup[edit]

text: Bids:

text:
Canada /  USA /  Mexico
 Morocco

text: A CONCACAF bid for the 2026 World Cup is probable, with Canada, USA, and Mexico the most likely nations to bid.[39] Under FIFA rules as of 2016, the 2026 Cup cannot be in either Europe (UEFA) or Asia (Asian Football Confederation),[40][41] leaving an African (CAF) bid, a North American (CONCACAF) bid, a South American (CONMEBOL) bid or an Oceanian (OFC) bid as other possible options.[42] In March 2017, FIFA's president Gianni Infantino confirmed that "Europe (UEFA) and Asia (AFC) are excluded from the bidding following the selection of Russia and Qatar in 2018 and 2022 respectively."[43]

text: The bidding process was originally scheduled to start in 2015, with the appointment of hosts scheduled for the FIFA Congress on 10 May 2017 in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.[44][45] On 10 June 2015, FIFA announced that the bid process for the 2026 FIFA World Cup was postponed.[46][47] However, following the FIFA Council meeting on 10 May 2016, a new bid schedule was announced for May 2020 as the last in a four-phase process.[48]

text: CONCACAF member federations (Canada, Mexico, United States) are favoured to host the 2026 World Cup for the first time since 1994 World Cup. Also, FIFA's president Infantino will consider the option for triple co-hosting by Canada, Mexico and the United States.[40][49] On 14 October 2016, FIFA said it will accept CONCACAF triple tournament-sharing bid by Canada, Mexico and the United States.[50]

text: According to CONCACAF president, Victor Montagliani, there would be a possibility of a joint bid between Canada, United States, and Mexico to host the 2026 FIFA World Cup.[51]

text: On 10 April 2017, Canada, the United States, and Mexico announced their intention to submit a joint bid to co-host the 2026 FIFA World Cup, with three-quarters of the games to be played in the U.S., including the final.[52]

text: On 11 August 2017, Morocco has officially announced a bid to host the 2026 FIFA World Cup.[53]

text: Official 2026 Bids:

text:
CONCACAF:

 Canada /  United States /  Mexico: Canada–United States–Mexico 2026 FIFA World Cup bid[50][54][55][56]

CAF:

 Morocco: Morocco 2026 FIFA World Cup bid[57][58]

text: 2030 FIFA World Cup[edit]

text: Bids:

text:
Uruguay /  Argentina /  Paraguay
 Indonesia

text: Six early bids for the 2030 FIFA World Cup - the Centennial World Cup - have been proposed, with a collective bid from the members of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations,[59] a proposed bid by the Football Federation of Chile,[60] a proposed joint bid from Uruguay and Argentina,[61] a proposed bid from Colombia,[62][63] a proposed bid by The Football Association of England,[64] and a proposed joint bid from New Zealand and Australia.[65][66] Under FIFA rules as of 2017, the 2030 World Cup cannot be held in Asia (AFC) because the Asian Football Confederation is excluded from the bidding following the selection of Qatar in 2022.[43][64] Also in June 2017, UEFA's president Aleksander Čeferin stated that Europe (UEFA) will definitely fight for its right to host the 2030 World Cup.[67]

text: The Uruguay–Argentina bid would coincide with the centennial anniversary of the first FIFA World Cup final, and the bicentennial of the first Constitution of Uruguay. The Uruguay-Argentina bid was officially confirmed on 29 July 2017. Paraguay is aiming for joining the bid, but this is not confirmed or discarded yet. The efforts for the inclusion of Paraguay in the bid caused discomfort in the Uruguayan Football Association, and Wilmar Valdéz (AUF president) accused some insistence of the Conmebol although it is not official that Paraguay joins the event.[68] Chile also wants to organize the World Cup with Uruguay and Argentina.[69]

text: A joint bid was announced by the Argentine Football Association and the Uruguayan Football Association on 29 July 2017.[70] Before Uruguay and Argentina played out a goalless draw in Montevideo, FC Barcelona players Luis Suárez and Lionel Messi promoted the bid with commemorative shirts.[71] On 31 August 2017, it was suggested Paraguay would join as a third host.[72] CONMEBOL, the South American confederation, confirmed the joint three-way bid in September 2017.[73]

text: English FA vice chairman David Gill has proposed that his country could potentially bid for 2030, provided that the bidding process is made more transparent.[74] "England is one of few countries that could stage even a 48-nation event in its entirety, while Football Association chief executive Martin Glenn made it clear earlier this year bidding for 2030 was an option."[64] In June 2017, UEFA stated that "it would support a pan-British bid for 2030 or even a single bid from England."[75]

text: It is expected that countries from "South America (CONMEBOL) and Asia (AFC) will likely to be in a bid competition for 2030.

text: Confirmed 2030 bids:

text:
CONMEBOL:

 Uruguay /  Argentina /  Paraguay: Uruguay–Argentina–Paraguay 2030 FIFA World Cup bid[76][68][77][61][61][75]

text: Expressed interest in bidding:

text:
AFC:

 Indonesia

text: Total bids by country[edit]

text: World Cup-winning bids are bolded. Planned but not-yet-official bids for 2030 and beyond are not included.

text:
Country
Bids
Years

 Germany
6
1938, 1962,[a] 1966,[a] 1974,[a] 1982,[a] 2006

 Argentina
5
1938, 1962, 1970, 1978, 2030[b]

 Mexico
1970, 1978, 1986,[c] 2002, 2026[d]

 Morocco
1994, 1998, 2006, 2010, 2026

 Spain
1930, 1966, 1974, 1982, 2018[e]

 Brazil
4
1950, 1994, 2006, 2014

 England
1966, 1990, 2006, 2018

 United States
1986, 1994, 2022, 2026[d]

 Italy
3
1930, 1934, 1990

 Japan
1970, 2002,[f] 2022

 Canada
2
1986, 2026[d]

 Chile
1962, 2014

 Colombia
1986,[c] 2014

 France
1938, 1998

 Netherlands
1930, 2018[g]

 Russia
1990,[h] 2018

 South Africa
2006, 2010

 South Korea
2002,[f] 2022

  Switzerland
1954, 1998

 Uruguay
1930, 2030[b]

 Australia
2022

 Belgium
1
2018[g]

 Egypt
2010

 Greece
1990

 Hungary
1930

 Iran
1990

 Libya
2010[i]

 Paraguay
2030[b]

 Portugal
2018[e]

 Qatar
2022

 Sweden
1958

 Tunisia
2010[i]

text:
^ Jump up to: a b c d Bid by West Germany, which was joined by East Germany in 1990 to form the reunified nation of Germany.
^ Jump up to: a b c Joint bid by Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay.
^ Jump up to: a b Colombia was originally chosen to host the 1986 World Cup, but withdrew from hosting due to economic concerns. After a second bidding, Mexico was selected as the replacement host.
^ Jump up to: a b c Joint bid by Canada, Mexico and the United States.
^ Jump up to: a b Joint bid by Portugal and Spain.
^ Jump up to: a b Joint bid by Japan and South Korea.
^ Jump up to: a b Joint bid by Belgium and the Netherlands.
Jump up ^ Bid by the Soviet Union, which dissolved into multiple countries in 1991 and whose records are inherited by Russia.
^ Jump up to: a b Joint bid by Libya and Tunisia.

text: Host country performances[edit]

text: It is widely considered that home advantage is common in the World Cup, with the host team usually performing above average.[78] Of the eight countries that have won the tournament, only Brazil and Spain were not champions at home, and both England and France had their only titles as hosts.

text: Further, Sweden got to its only final as hosts of the 1958 tournament, and only the Swedes and Brazilians finished as runner-up in home soil.[79] The host country reached the semi-finals thirteen times in twenty tournaments, and both Chile and South Korea had their only finishes on the top four at home. Only South Africa in 2010 managed to not go past the group stage.[80]

text:
#
Performance
Team
Year
Pld
W
D
L
Win%
GF
GA
GD
GD/M
GF/M

1
Champion
 Uruguay
1930
4
4
0
0
100%
15
3
12
3
3.8

2
Champion
 France
1998
7
6
1
0
93%
15
2
13
1.9
2.1

3
Champion
 England
1966
6
5
1
0
92%
11
3
8
1.3
1.8

4
Champion
 Italy
1934
5
4
1
0
90%
12
3
9
1.8
2.4

5
Champion
 West Germany
1974
7
6
0
1
86%
13
4
9
1.3
1.9

6
Champion
 Argentina
1978
7
5
1
1
79%
15
4
9
1.3
2.1

7
Runner-up
 Brazil
1950
6
4
1
1
75%
22
6
16
2.7
3.7

8
Runner-up
 Sweden
1958
6
4
1
1
75%
12
7
5
0.8
2

9
Third place
 Italy
1990
7
6
1
0
93%
10
2
8
1.1
1.4

10
Third place
 Germany
2006
7
5
1
1
79%
14
6
8
1.1
2

11
Third place
 Chile
1962
6
4
0
2
67%
10
8
2
0.33
1.3

12
Fourth place
 South Korea
2002
7
3
2
2
57%
8
6
2
0.3
1.1

13
Fourth place
 Brazil
2014
7
3
2
2
57%
11
14
−3
−0.4
1.57

14
Quarter-final
 Mexico
1986
5
3
2
0
80%
6
2
4
0.8
1.2

15
Quarter-final
 Mexico
1970
4
2
1
1
63%
6
4
2
0.5
1.5

16
Quarter-final
  Switzerland
1954
4
2
0
2
50%
11
11
0
0
2.8

17
Quarter-final
 France
1938
2
1
0
1
50%
4
4
0
0
2

18
Second round
 Spain
1982
5
1
2
2
40%
4
5
−1
−0.2
0.8

19
Round of 16
 Japan
2002
4
2
1
1
63%
5
3
2
0.5
1.25

20
Round of 16
 United States
1994
4
1
1
2
38%
3
4
−1
−0.3
0.8

21
Group stage
 South Africa
2010
3
1
1
1
50%
3
5
−2
−0.7
1

text: Win% → Every draw counted as a half win. Wins on penalty shootouts are counted as draws.


document_title: Jeff Fischer (actor)

question_text: who plays the voice of jeff on american dad

root

text: Jeff Fischer (actor)

text: This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (June 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

tag: table

text:
Jeff Fischer
Born
Jeffrey Todd Fischer1968 (age 49–50)United StatesOccupation
Voice actor, vintnerYears active
1998–present

text: Jeffrey Todd "Jeff" Fischer (born 1968) is an American voice actor known for his work in commercials, cartoons, and video games. Since 2005, he has eponymously provided the voice of an American Dad! character based on himself (character Jeff Fischer).

tag: p

text: Beyond American Dad!, Fischer's other animation credits include the role of MC Cobra in Jackie Chan Adventures and a guest-starring role as Doug Reisman in Spider-Man: The New Animated Series.  Fischer played Lewis in a stage production of Blockage.[1] In 2005, he announced the Teen Choice Awards.

text: Fischer has voiced several characters in video games such as Pimp My Ride, Tony Hawk's Underground and the Final Fantasy series, and has supplied voiceovers for hundreds of television commercials.[1]

text: In addition to his acting work, Fischer is also a vintner and founded Habit Winery in Santa Barbara, California.[2]

text: Filmography[edit]

text:
Whisper of the Heart (1995) – Additional Voices (2006 Disney dub)
Melrose Place – Gus (1998)
Dinosaur (2000) – Additional Voices
City Boys (2001) – Caller N#2
Lilo and Stich (2002) – Additional Voices
Sommerhitze (2003) – Jorg
Spider-Man: The New Animated Series (2003) – Doug Reisman
Tony Hawk's Underground (2003) (VG) – Additional Voices
Tony Hawk's Underground 2 (2004) (VG) – Additional Voices
Sommersturm (2004) – Flasche
Death and Texas (2004) – Football Guard
Case Closed (2004) – Season 1 Episode 11 - Hotel Receptionist
Innoventions – Piggy Bank Adventure voice
Jackie Chan Adventures (2002–2005) – MC Cobra
Buzz Lightyear Astro Blasters (2005) – Distressed Star Command Member
Der Feigling (2005) – Gang Member
Homerun (2005 short film) – Additional Voices
American Dad! (2005–present) – Jeff Fischer
Happy Feet (2006) – Additional Voices
Pimp My Ride (2006) (VG)
Onkel Dieter (2008 short) – Additional Voices
Garfield's Pet Force – Additional Voices
Infamous – Additional Voices
Lego Indiana Jones 2: The Adventure Continues (2009) (VG) – Coronado Sailor
Doc McStuffins (2011) – Lenny
Final Fantasy XIII (2010) (VG) – Yuj
Final Fantasy XIII-2 (2011) (VG) – Yuj
Chronicle (2012) – Thug #3
Star Wars: The Clone Wars (2012–2013) – Petro
Final Fantasy Type-0 HD (2015) (VG) – Eight
Bob's Burgers (2016) – Walla
Smurfs: The Lost Village (2017) – Additional Voices
iZombie  (2015–16) – ep: 17 season 2 Additional voice

tag: ul


document_title: Crash Bandicoot

question_text: when did the last crash bandicoot come out

text: Crash Bandicoot

text: History[edit]

text:
Timeline of release years

1996
Crash Bandicoot

1997
Cortex Strikes Back

1998
Warped

1999
Team Racing

2000
Bash

2001
Wrath of Cortex

2002
Huge Adventure

2003
N-Tranced

Nitro Kart

2004
Purple: Ripto's Rampage

Twinsanity

2005
Tag Team Racing

2006
Boom Bang!

2007
Crash of the Titans

2008
Mind over Mutant

Nitro Kart 3D

2009
Mutant Island

2010
Nitro Kart 2

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017
N. Sane Trilogy

text: 1996–2000: PlayStation-exclusive[edit]

text: After presenting Way of the Warrior to Mark Cerny of Universal Interactive Studios, Naughty Dog was signed on to the company for three additional games.[1] In August 1994, Jason Rubin and Andy Gavin began their move from Boston, Massachusetts to Los Angeles, California.[2] During the trip, Gavin and Rubin decided to create a 3D action-platform game. Because the player would be forced to constantly look at the character's rear, the game was jokingly code-named "Sonic's Ass Game".[1] The basic technology for the game and the Crash Bandicoot series as a whole was created somewhere near Gary, Indiana. The rough game theory was designed by Colorado and David Siller, the creator of Aero the Acro-Bat and Maximo: Ghosts to Glory. Soon afterward, Gavin and Rubin threw out their previous game design for Al O. Saurus and Dinestein, a side-scrolling video game based on time travel and scientists genetically merged with dinosaurs. After moving into the Universal Interactive Studios backlot, Gavin and Rubin met with Mark Cerny, discussed the design of the game and made an agreement to go into production.[1] In September 1994, Gavin and Rubin decided to develop their new game for the PlayStation, after which Rubin began character design.[2] In November 1994, Naughty Dog hired Dave Baggett, their first employee and a friend of Gavin's from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.[1][2] Together, Gavin and Baggett created the development tool "Game Oriented Object LISP" (GOOL), which would be used to create the characters and gameplay of the game.[1] In January 1995, Rubin became concerned about the programmer-to-artist ratio and hired Bob Rafei and Taylor Kurosaki as additional artists.[1][2]

text: Needing a lead character for the game, Naughty Dog recruited American Exitus artists Charles Zembillas and Joe Pearson and met with them weekly to create the characters and environments of the game,[1][2] eventually creating a character named "Willy the Wombat".[3] The marketing director of Universal Interactive Studios insisted that the character be named "Wez", "Wuzzles" or "Wizzy the Wombat".[4] On creating the levels for the game, Zembillas and Pearson first sketched each environment, designing and creating additional individual elements later. They aimed for an organic, overgrown look to the game and worked to completely avoid straight lines and 90-degree corners. A Naughty Dog artist sketched every single background object in the game before it was modeled. The artists were tasked with making the best use of textures and reducing the amount of geometry. Dark and light elements were juxtaposed to create visual interest and separate geometry. The Naughty Dog artists would squint when sketching, texturing and playing the levels to make sure they could be played by light value alone. Correct use of color was an important goal for Naughty Dog's artists; for example, mutually accentuating colors were chosen as the theme for the "Lost City" and "Sunset Vista" levels. The interior of Doctor Neo Cortex's castle was designed to reflect Cortex's twisted mind.[5]

text: After the main character's creation, the team went into three months of developing the game. The game first became functional in April 1995 and became playable in June 1995. The first 3 levels in the game were completed by August 1995. However, they were judged to be too difficult to appear so early in the game and were moved to the game's power plant area. Artist Charlotte Francis joined Naughty Dog at around this time.[2] In September 1995, a videotape of Crash Bandicoot was shown to Sony Computer Entertainment behind closed doors.[1][2] While playing the game during development, Rubin realized that there were many empty areas in the game due to the PlayStation's inability to process numerous on-screen enemy characters at the same time. Additionally, players were solving the game's puzzles too fast. Rubin soon came up with the idea of a box and putting various symbols on the sides to create puzzles. Breaking these boxes would serve to fill in the boring parts of the levels and give the player additional puzzles.[4] The first "crate" was placed in the game in January 1996, and would become the primary gameplay element of the series.[2] Willy the Wombat's destruction of the crates would eventually lead him to be renamed "Crash Bandicoot".[2][4] On March 1996, Sony agreed to publish Crash Bandicoot, which went into the alpha stage in April 1996. Crash Bandicoot was first shown at the Electronic Entertainment Expo in May 1996.

text: Development of Cortex Strikes Back began in October 1996. For the game, Andy Gavin created a new engine and scripting language named "Game Oriented Object LISP 2" (GOOL 2) that was three times faster than the previous game's engine, could handle ten times the animation frames and twice the polygon count.[1][2] The jungle levels were originally to have featured ground fog, but this was abandoned when magazines and the public began to heavily criticize other developers for using fog to hide polygon count. Sunlight and depth accentuation was experimented with for these levels. Wanting to have some "dirty" locations in the game, Naughty Dog worked in the sewer levels and added color contrast to the levels to show depth and break up the repetitive monotony of the endless sewer pipes.[5] A flat plane z-buffer was created for the game; because the water surfaces and mud in the jungle had to be a flat plane and be exactly flat on the Y-axis, there could be no waves and the subdividing plane could not be at an odd angle. The effect only worked on objects in the foreground and was only used on Crash, some enemies and a few boxes at the same time.[1] The soundtrack of Crash Bandicoot 2: Cortex Strikes Back was provided by Mutato Muzika (consisting of Mark Mothersbaugh and Josh Mancell), while the sound effects were created by Universal Sound Studios (consisting of Mike Gollom, Ron Horwitz and Kevin Spears). The characters were designed by Charles Zembillas of American Exitus, Incorporated. Clancy Brown provided the voice of Doctor Neo Cortex, while Brendan O'Brien voiced the dual role of Doctor N. Gin and Doctor Nitrus Brio and Vicki Winters voiced Coco Bandicoot.[6] The game was unveiled at the Electronic Entertainment Expo in Atlanta, Georgia in June 1997 to a positive response from the game industry. The game went into the alpha stage in August 1997. Around that time, Dan Arey, the lead designer of Gex: Enter the Gecko, joined Naughty Dog and streamlined the level design.[2]

text: Like the first, the second game was a commercial success, green-lighting a third game. Production of Crash Bandicoot: Warped began in January 1998, with Naughty Dog given only 10½ months to complete the game.[1][2] Programmers Andy Gavin, Stephen White and Greg Omi created three new gameplay engines for the game. Two of the three new engines were three-dimensional in nature and were created for the airplane and jet-ski levels; the third new engine was created for the motorcycle levels in the style of a driving simulator. The new engines combined make up a third of the game, while the other two-thirds of the game consist of the tweaked engine used in the previous games. Jason Rubin explained that the "classic" engine and game style was preserved due to the success of the previous two games and went on to say that "were we to abandon that style of gameplay, that would mean that we would be abandoning a significant proportion of gamers out there". An arbitrary plane z-buffer was created for the jet-ski and flooded Egyptian hallway levels of the game.[1] To create a completely fluid feel for the water on these levels, an environment map that reflects the sky was fitted onto the surface of the water. A real shadow was given to the Crash character at the request of the Sony Computer Entertainment America producers, who were "sick of that little discus that's following him around." To create an "arcade" experience in the airplane levels and to differentiate them from flight simulators, the enemy planes were programmed to come out in front of the player and give the player ample time to shoot them before they turn around and shoot the player rather than come up behind the player and hit them from behind. The Relic system was introduced to give players a reason to return to the game after it has been completed.[7]

text: While initially Naughty Dog was only signed on to make three games, Crash Team Racing was a possible Crash 3 as it started out in production after Crash 2 and the game which was finished first in production would be released first. However, Naughty Dog had already gotten far into the project and decided to finish it and release it. David Baggett produced the game's soundtrack, with Mark Mothersbaugh and Josh Mancell of Mutato Muzika composing the music. Sound effects were created by Mike Gollum, Ron Horwitz and Kevin Spears of Universal Sound Studios.[8] This marked the end of Naughty Dog's Crash Bandicoot games.

text: With the release of Crash Bash, Vivendi Universal's publishing deal with SCE had ended. Crash's prominent status within the video game community prompted the company to make Crash a multiplatform series, giving the series to Mark Cerny and Vicarious Visions to develop two separate but connected games.

text: 2001–06: Jump to multiplatform[edit]

text: Crash Bandicoot: The Wrath of Cortex was originally in development by Traveller's Tales. After a falling-out between Vivendi Universal and the two entities, Traveller's Tales was forced to alter the game from a free-roaming title to a standard Crash title. Traveller's Tales had to begin development of the game from scratch and were given only twelve months to complete it.[9] The game received mixed reviews but made the Greatest Hits lineup due to strong sales. Despite the rights of Crash Bandicoot going to Vivendi Universal, Sony still retained the rights for the distribution and porting of the original Crash Bandicoot game series.

text: The following year, Vivendi would have Vicarious Visions release their first Crash Bandicoot game, a handheld exclusive called The Huge Adventure was developed by Vicarious Visions and released to favourable reviews. The game would be noted for being extremely similar to Naughty Dog's Crash Bandicoot 3. This would warrant a sequel, N-Tranced, which would also be met to similar reception. During this time a subsidy of Traveller's Tales – Traveller's Tales Oxford Studio were developing a new Crash game for console. This game was to be Crash Nitro Kart but due to unknown circumstances Vivendi moved development of Crash Nitro Kart over to Vicarious Visions. Traveller's Tales Oxford Studio then moved on to their next project, Crash Bandicoot Evolution.

text: Crash Bandicoot Evolution was set to create a new form of gameplay for Crash, with the game planned to be a platformer/RPG with many different elements planned for the game; it eventually became Crash Twinsanity. Although Traveller's Tales planned on creating a Crash Bandicoot game titled Cortex Chaos and a sequel to Crash Twinsanity, Vivendi never picked up the games, effectively cancelling them. Vicarious Visions's fourth and final game was Crash Bandicoot Purple: Ripto's Rampage for the Game Boy Advance.

text: Although Cortex Chaos and the sequel to Crash Twinsanity were cancelled, Traveller's Tales was nonetheless commissioned to develop one final Crash Bandicoot game. It was to be a kart racing game titled Crash Clash Racing. However, Traveller's Tales was taken off the project as it was given to Radical Entertainment. The new studio proceeded to change the project into an entirely new game, keeping only two core ideas, clashing and fusion. The game marked the first game published under Vivendi's Sierra Entertainment brand, and the first game to use Radical's Titanium Engine, receiving the title Crash Tag Team Racing.

text: The following year Crash Boom Bang! was released on July 20, 2006. This was the first Crash game to be developed by a Japanese video game studio called Dimps. This was also the first game to exclusively feature a Japanese voice cast in all regional versions of the game.[10]

text: 2007–10: Redesign[edit]

text: Development on Crash of the Titans, Radical's second title, began after the completion of Crash Tag Team Racing.[11] The graphics of the Wii version of the game was one of Radical Entertainment's main focuses in the game's development,[12] with Radical stating that the Wii has "a lot of horsepower under the hood" and expressing their desire to make full use of it.[13] They also considered implementing a feature to connect the Wii to DS during gameplay, but stopped due to technical issues and time limitations.[14] The Xbox 360 version got a few extra months of development time to improve its graphics before setting a final release date.[15]

text: While the game was being developed, the title's main character, Crash Bandicoot, became the new mascot of the Leukemia & Lymphoma Society's "School and Youth" programs in an effort to promote the battle against blood cancer.[16] In a bid to further promote the game, a Hummer was painted with imagery from the game and displayed at the Annual Balloon Fiesta in Bristol, United Kingdom.[17] A "Monster Edition" of the game was released exclusively in Europe on October 12, 2007 for the PlayStation 2. This special edition of the game features "Making-of" videos, water-on tattoos, game hints, a cheat code list, and the game's E3 and theatrical trailers in multiple languages. Due to its "mild cartoon violence and language", the game received a PG rating from the BBFC.[18]

text: Development on Crash: Mind over Mutant, Radical's third and final Crash title so far, began immediately after the completion of Crash of the Titans. The idea of preserving a Titan for later use came from the play testing sessions of Crash of the Titans, in which the testers were found to be reluctant to leave the Titans behind after an epic battle was won. Fans of the series were also a source of inspiration for Crash: Mind over Mutant, having such wishes as a free-roaming environment, Coco Bandicoot being a playable character and the return of the character Doctor Nitrus Brio. Full camera control was considered for the game, but was rejected for graphical reasons and to avoid having to insert a split-screen view in the cooperation mode.[19] Online gameplay was also considered as a feature in the finished game,[20] but was omitted due to the brief development schedule.[21] Coco Bandicoot as a playable character was omitted from the PlayStation 2 version of the game due to her distinct animations taking up much of the console's memory.[21] The Wii version of Crash: Mind over Mutant was created first, with the graphics scaled up for the Xbox 360, and scaled down for the PlayStation 2.[22]

text: In 2010, rumors appeared that Radical Entertainment was developing a fourth Crash Bandicoot title, under the name Crash Landed, but due to large layoffs in the studio, the game was cancelled with all remaining developers put to work on Prototype 2.[23] The DS edition of this game would be in development by Renegade Kid for approximately two weeks before similarly being cancelled by Activision.[24][25][26] High Impact Games was developing a reboot of Crash Team Racing for PlayStation 3, Xbox 360 and Wii, but the game was cancelled by Activision before the initial prototype. Several ideas for the game eventually made it into DreamWorks Super Star Kartz.[27]

text: 2011–16: Hiatus[edit]

text: On a Kotaku interview with Activision CEO Eric Hirshberg regarding the future of the Crash series, he said, "I don't have anything official to announce, but I can speak as an individual, I love Crash Bandicoot. Those were some of my favorite video games growing up. And I would love to find a way to bring him back, if we could."[28] Andy Gavin, co-creator of Crash Bandicoot, has said that he would love to see a HD version of the marsupial's first four games, or even a full blown reboot.[29] Jason Rubin, co-creator of Crash Bandicoot, said he is hopeful that Activision will "Bring Crash back to their glory days and that the character is still very dear to fans between 18–49 years".[30] A new design of Crash Bandicoot has been spotted in a photo from the Vicarious Visions's studio, raising rumors that a new game might be in development,[31] though this was later confirmed to be concept art from a previous Crash Bandicoot cancelled game.[32]

text: In June 2013, co-creator Andy Gavin suggested ways to revitalize the series. "Crash needs a total reboot. There's an opportunity to reset the history, and go back to his creation story and the original conflict with Cortex. In that context, you could reprise classic Crash 1 and 2's settings and villains. It would make sense to use a more modern, free-roaming style. I would concentrate on Looney Tunes-esque animation and really addictive action. That's what we did with the original Crash, and there's no reason it couldn't be done today. Given the current Crash games, people forget that he was once cool. Our Crash had a certain whimsical edge to him. Sure, it was goofy – but it wasn't dumb.".[33]

text: In November 2013, rumours began circulating that Sony bought the rights to the franchise from Activision.[34] Speculations have been fueled after the release of PlayStation 4's #4ThePlayers campaign, featuring a road sign of a bandicoot, with an arrow pointing towards the orange diamond logo of Sony Computer Entertainment.[35][36] It was also noted by publications such as IGN that Crash had been removed from Activision's official website,[37] which would seem to add further credibility to the rumor. However, shortly after, this was proven false, as an Activision representative told Game Informer that "[Activision still owns] Crash Bandicoot and we continue to explore ways in which we could bring the beloved series to life".[38]

text: In July 2014, Sony Computer Entertainment CEO Andrew House revealed that reviving the Crash Bandicoot series is something that they have been thinking about, saying "It's never off the table.", and Naughty Dog also revealed through an IGN interview the possibility that they may revive both series of Crash Bandicoot as well as Jak & Daxter.[39] In January 2015, however, Naughty Dog's Josh Scherr stated in an interview with Game Informer that Naughty Dog does not miss working on either series and has no intention of bringing them back to life.[40] Despite this, Naughty Dog co-president Evan Wells stated that the company would love to return to Crash Bandicoot but doesn't see it as viable.[41]

text: On December 5, 2015, rumors of a possible Crash Bandicoot return flared up once again when SIE Worldwide Studios Chairman and SCEA President and CEO Shawn Layden appeared onstage at PlayStation Experience wearing a Crash Bandicoot shirt. Layden, however, never mentioned the series at the event, and has yet to address why he wore the shirt.[42] In February 2016, a new Crash game appeared to be on the horizon when NECA Director of Product Development Randy Falk stated in an interview with YouTuber Pixel Dan that the company has "a lot of stuff going on with Sony" before mentioning that "I see they're bringing Crash Bandicoot back, so there's some great stuff there."[43] Shortly after, however, an NECA representative clarified with GameSpot that Falk's comments were misunderstood, and that Falk was only speaking of a hypothetical return of the series after seeing a fan-made Crash art just before being interviewed.[44]

text: In Naughty Dog's 2016 game Uncharted 4: A Thief's End, in which protagonist Nathan Drake is seen playing a level from the original Crash Bandicoot, further adding to the rumor that a return for the series was imminent.[45] Speculation was fueled even further when it was discovered that Activision's legal ownership of the franchise was not mentioned anywhere in the game's credits, sparking rumors that the franchise had been purchased by Sony.[46] Lex Lang has also hinted on Facebook that he has been asked to return to his role as voice actor of Dr. Neo Cortex.[47] However, shortly after, the rumors and speculations were derailed when Sony VP of Publisher Relations Adam Boyes confirmed on Twitter that Activision still owns the rights to the franchise,[48] and Lang clarified that he was not teasing a Crash Bandicoot revival, and that he had not been asked to return to the series, but would be open to potentially lending his voice to a new Crash game in the future.[49]

text: 2016–present: Return[edit]

text: At E3 2016, after years of rumors and speculation, Crash Bandicoot made his official return when it was announced that Crash would be a playable character in Activision's upcoming game Skylanders: Imaginators, released on October 16, 2016. It was announced at Gamescom 2016 that Dr. Neo Cortex would also be playable in Skylanders: Imaginators, and that Vicarious Visions had developed a Crash-themed level for the game, "Thumpin' Wumpa Islands".[50] A remaster of the first, second, and third titles developed by Vicarious Visions, titled Crash Bandicoot N. Sane Trilogy, was released on the PlayStation 4 on June 30, 2017 in partnership with Activision.[51][52] During the interview with Metro Game Central, Vicarious Visions producer, Kara Massie refused to rule out the possibility of a remaster of Crash Team Racing for the PlayStation 4. Massie has also acknowledged that she's repeatedly asked about Crash Team Racing, explaining that the game gets “asked about a lot” by the fans.[53] Massie has not confirmed if the game will be in the works after the release of N. Sane Trilogy.[54] Vicarious Visions has also expressed interest in making a new Crash Bandicoot game.[55]

text: Common gameplay elements[edit]

text: Crash Bandicoot is primarily a platforming series. The goal of each level is to guide Crash from the beginning to the end, travelling either into the screen, towards the player or left and right in a side-scrolling manner. Several levels place Crash in unique situations which require the use of motorbikes, jet skis, submarines and various wild animals to reach the level's end.

text: In the original Crash Bandicoot, Crash's moveset is rather limited; he can run, jump and spin his way through treacherous environments and hostile creatures. Cortex Strikes Back introduces several new moves for Crash to utilise, including a high jump, high spin jump, body slam and slide attack. Warped expands on this by awarding the player with new abilities after each boss is defeated, which was carried over to The Wrath of Cortex. You can also spin and slide at the same time when pressing the right buttons.

text: Collectibles[edit]

text: The most common collectible in the series is Wumpa Fruit, which is found on the main path of most levels, as well as inside most crates. Collecting 100 Wumpa Fruits will award the player an extra life. Wumpa Fruit takes on other uses in most spin-off titles, such as restoring health in certain Crash Bash levels and increasing weapon power in Crash Team Racing. In recent titles, Wumpa Fruit is used to replenish Crash's health, with Mojo effectively replacing it as the new main collectible item. By collecting Aku-Aku masks, Crash can be protected from harm from most enemies and obstacles (though certain elements such as bottomless pits will cause him to lose a life regardless.) Crash can collect up to two masks for two extra hits of damage, with an additional mask granting him temporary invincibility.

text: The other major recurring valuables Crash finds on his adventures include Gems and Crystals. Most Gems in the series are won by breaking open every crate in a level. Starting with Cortex Strikes Back, an additional five coloured Gems can be obtained by completing special tasks or finding hidden areas. Crash Twinsanity contains six colored Gems per level, most of which are earned by solving a small puzzle. Crystals, which play a key role in the plot of most Crash games following Cortex Strikes Back, are usually required to make progress through most games. Relics, first introduced in Warped are earned in Time Trial modes, with more valuable relics earned for higher times.

text: Crates[edit]

text: Crates come in several varieties and can be found in abundance across Crash's world. Most crates will assist the player's journey through the game, providing Wumpa Fruit, additional hit points in the form of Aku Aku masks and extra lives. In most games, players will be awarded a gem if they break all the crates in a level.

text: TNT and Nitro Crates are the only boxes that can damage Crash. TNT Crates have a three-second fuse when jumped on, but Nitro Crates will explode instantly upon any contact with Crash or anything else that runs into them. Switch Boxes (distinguished by an exclamation mark) are used to make previously invisible crates appear. A green Switch Box will detonate all Nitro Crates in the level.

text: Crates marked with a "C" are checkpoints that Crash will return to if he is killed during play. Locked Crates are protected by a metal casing that can only be destroyed with Crash's body slam move, while Spring Crates allow him to reach high up areas by bouncing on them. Slot Boxes rapidly switch between multiple types of crates, and if they are not broken in time, will become metallic and indestructible. Time Boxes are a special crate found exclusively in Time Trial mode. They will freeze the clock for the number of seconds displayed on the box, increasing the player's chance of beating the time trial.

text: Structure[edit]

text: The original Crash Bandicoot uses a fairly linear structure in which Crash clears through levels on a map, with some areas accessible by locating gems. Beginning with Cortex Strikes Back, the game usually takes place in a hub world called a Warp Room, with levels divided up into sets of five. To progress, the player must find and collect a Crystal within each of the stages, which can be played in any order, before facing the boss of each room. From Twinsanity onwards, the games took a more free-roaming approach, with Crash travelling various areas on foot.

text: Music[edit]

text: Numerous composers have contributed music to the Crash Bandicoot series. Mutato Muzika's Josh Mancell was responsible for the music of the first four games. After the fourth game, numerous other composers were responsible for the music in other games. Steve Duckworth composed music for Crash Bash, Andy Blythe and Marten Joustra for The Wrath of Cortex, Ashif Hakik and Todd Masten for Crash Nitro Kart and Spiralmouth for Twinsanity. The music for Tag Team Racing was composed by both Spiralmouth and Marc Baril, while Crash of the Titans and Mind Over Mutant were composed by Baril alone.

text: Developers and publishers[edit]

text: The first four Crash Bandicoot games were developed by Naughty Dog. Bash was developed by Eurocom. The Wrath of Cortex and Twinsanity were developed by Traveller's Tales and its division Traveller's Tales Oxford, respectively. The Huge Adventure (Crash Bandicoot XS in Europe), 2: N-Tranced, Nitro Kart, Purple: Ripto's Rampage (Crash Bandicoot Fusion in Europe) and N. Sane Trilogy have all been developed by Vicarious Visions. Tag Team Racing, Crash of the Titans and Mind Over Mutant were developed by Radical Entertainment and Boom Bang! was developed by Dimps.

text: The first five Crash titles were published by Sony Computer Entertainment and produced by Universal Interactive Studios. Wrath of Cortex was published by Universal Interactive Studios. All of the other Crash titles were published by Universal Interactive Studios (now the defunct Vivendi Games). Konami published and distributed some Japanese-released Crash Bandicoot games for the Japanese market and the worldwide release of The Wrath of Cortex.

text: Other media[edit]

text: Manga[edit]

text: In 1998 Coro Coro Comics developed a manga series titled Crash Bandicoot—Dansu! de Jump! na Daibōken; was drawn and produced by Ari Kawashima in 1998, and only been two manga volumes published to date, leaving the total number of comics unknown. It is loosely based off the events of Crash Bandicoot 2: Cortex Strikes Back.

text: Animation[edit]

text: In 2007, The Animation Picture Company had produced four web-short films, to promote the game Crash of the Titans, titled Crash Bandicoot: No Use Crying, Crash Bandicoot Monster Truck, Crash Bandicoot – Titan Idol and Crash Bandicoot – Have Another, all lasting for about three minutes. These are available for free download on the Xbox 360 video service or are available to watch on the web, originally available for viewing on the Crash Bandicoot official website.

text: On a somewhat related note, the original game had short start and end cutscenes made for it that were not used in the game- this is because they were hand-drawn, animated by Universal Animation Studios during early development of the game (with Jim Cummings providing a backing song), for possible extrapolation into an animated TV series; it had a similar look and feel to another video game adaptation from Universal in the same timeframe, Earthworm Jim. However, when Sony purchased rights to publish the game, the scenes were ordered dropped to push the 3D elements. They were not seen publicly until 2015, when producer David Siller uploaded the scenes to YouTube.

text: Crash also makes a guest appearance in the Skylanders Academy animated series. At the end of the episode "The Skylands Are Falling!", due to the actions of the Skylanders, Crash is inadvertently pulled through a dimensional rift while battling Cortex, ending up in the Skylands. The episode "Crash Landing" features Crash allying with Spyro and the Skylanders to recover the dark relic needed to return him to the Wumpa Islands. Crash's appearance in Skylanders Academy is largely based on his design from Skylanders: Imaginators, but unlike other appearances, he is capable of speaking full sentences with an Australian accent.

text: Reception[edit]

text:
Aggregate review scores
As of January 4, 2011.

Game
GameRankings
Metacritic

Crash Bandicoot
(PS1) 80.40%[56]
—

Cortex Strikes Back
(PS1) 88.54%[57]
—

Warped
(PS1) 89.07%[58]
(PS1) 91[59]

Team Racing
(PS1) 91.78%[60]
(PS1) 88[61]

Bash
(PS1) 71.27%[62]
(PS1) 68[63]

The Wrath of Cortex
(Xbox) 70.48%[64]
(PS2) 70.12%[65]
(GC) 63.01%[66]
(Xbox) 70[67]
(PS2) 66[68]
(GC) 62[69]

The Huge Adventure
(GBA) 78.82%[70]
(GBA) 78[71]

N-Tranced
(GBA) 75%[72]
(GBA) 75[73]

Nitro Kart
(GBA) 69.71%[74]
(PS2) 67.02%[75]
(Xbox) 65.98%[76]
(GC) 63.19%[77]
(NGE) 58.56%[78]
(GBA) 77[79]
(Xbox) 70[80]
(PS2) 69[81]
(GC) 66[82]
(NGE) 64[83]

Ripto's Rampage
(GBA) 64.20%[84]
(GBA) 67[85]

Twinsanity
(Xbox) 68.84%[86]
(PS2) 66.20%[87]
(Xbox) 66[88]
(PS2) 64[89]

Tag Team Racing
(Xbox) 68.39%[90]
(PS2) 68.25%[91]
(PSP) 68.12%[92]
(GC) 66.65%[93]
(Xbox) 69[94]
(PSP) 68[95]
(PS2) 66[96]
(GC) 66[97]

Boom Bang!
(NDS) 42.45%[98]
(NDS) 37[99]

Crash of the Titans
(NDS) 72.00%[100]
(PS2) 71.86%[101]
(Wii) 71.03%[102]
(PSP) 70.00%[103]
(X360) 64.79%[104]
(NDS) 73[105]
(PS2) 70[106]
(Wii) 69[107]
(X360) 65[108]

Mind Over Mutant
(PS2) 74.60%[109]
(Wii) 71.79%[110]
(X360) 61.94%[111]
(PSP) 54.75%[112]
(NDS) 48.55%[113]
(PS2) 73[114]
(Wii) 70[115]
(X360) 60[116]
(NDS) 45[117]

N. Sane Trilogy
(PS4) 82.06%[118]
(PS4) 81[119]

text: The Crash Bandicoot series has been a commercial success. As of 2007, the series altogether has sold over 50 million units worldwide.[120] According to Gamasutra, the first Crash Bandicoot game has sold 6.8 million units as of November 2003,[121] making it the seventh best-selling PlayStation game of all time. Cortex Strikes Back sold 3.87 million units in the U.S.,[122] while Warped sold 3.76 million.[122] The last 2 games on the PlayStation console, Crash Team Racing and Crash Bash, sold 1.9 and 1.6 million units in the U.S. respectively.[122] 'Crash Bandicoot: The Wrath of Cortex, which has sold 1.95 million units in the U.S.[122]

text: The Crash Bandicoot series is one of the few Western video game series to find blockbuster success in Japan. Cortex Strikes Back and Warped sold 1.3 and 1.4 million units in the country respectively,[123] while the PlayStation 2 version of Wrath of Cortex sold 203 thousand units.[124]


document_title: Beef. It's What's For Dinner

question_text: who does the beef it's what's for dinner commercials

question_tokens: who does the beef it 's what 's for dinner commercials

text: Beef. It's What's For Dinner

text: History[edit]

text: The campaign was launched the week of May 18, 1992 by the Chicago-based National Livestock and Meat Board through a promotional arm, "The Beef Industry Council",[1] by the advertising firm of Leo Burnett Company. The "Beef. It's What's For Dinner" campaign was established through television and radio advertisements that featured actor Robert Mitchum as its first narrator,[2] and scenarios and music ("Hoe-Down") from the Rodeo suite by Aaron Copland,[3] followed by a large magazine campaign that was rolled out in late July and early August.[1]

text: The initial campaign ran for 17 months at a cost of US$42 million.[4]

text: The new campaign replaced the slogan "Beef. Real food for real people" from the San Francisco firm of Ketchum Advertising. Leo Burnett beat out Ketchum, GSD&M Advertising, and DDB Needham.[1] Mitchum replaced such spokespeople as James Garner, Cybill Shepherd, and Larry Bird, who had appeared in recent beef campaigns for The Beef Council. The previous campaigns had featured these stars in front of the camera, but the new one only used voice-over narration and highlighted the prepared beef.[2]

text: The Beef Checkoff promotion was funded by collecting a dollar on every cow, steer, and bull sold in the United States.[3] The program was challenged in the 2005 Supreme Court case Johanns v. Livestock Marketing Association.

text: 22 spots ran during the 1992 Summer Olympics broadcast from Barcelona, Spain.[5] For the Lillehammer, Norway-based 1994 Winter Olympics, 34 spots were run at a cost of US$2 million.[6]

text: In May 1993, Dairy Management Inc. and the Beef Industry Council created a promotion called "Double Cheese Cheeseburger Days".

text: After the death of Robert Mitchum on July 1, 1997, the campaign let the existing advertisements that were scheduled play-out through their contract over the next few months. The campaign was already set to switch to new advertisements featuring anonymous narrators with the new campaign and slogan: "Beef. It's what you want".[7] The new campaign was less favorable and "Beef. It's What's For Dinner." was brought back in the fall of 1999 with Sam Elliott now reading the voice-over in place of Mitchum.[8]

text: A Web site, BeefItsWhatsForDinner.com, was launched in 2002 and serves as a resource for how to prepare and enjoy beef. The site addresses topics such as recipes, shopping recommendations, cooking tips, proper food handling and nutrition facts. www.BeefItsWhatsForDinner.com also includes Beef So Simple, a weekly electronic newsletter featuring beef cooking tips and recipes.

text: Current campaign[edit]

text: "Powerful Beefscapes" is the latest advertising campaign from The Beef Checkoff. Building on the "Beef. It's What's for Dinner" slogan, the print and radio advertisements, voiced by actor Matthew McConaughey, ask people to "Discover the Power of Protein in the Land of Lean Beef". Launched in 2008, with the support of partner advertising agency Leo Burnett Worldwide, the new print ads demonstrate a creative approach to food photography. Each ad brings to life one of the 29 cuts of lean beef as a landscape such as flatlands, beach, cliff, mountain, canyon and river. On the radio, the new campaign continues to use the long-standing tagline and Aaron Copland's Rodeo music.

text: Reception[edit]

text: "Beef. It's What's For Dinner" is recognized by more than 88 percent of Americans.[9]

text: Awards[edit]

text: The campaign has received awards, including the 2006 Sappi Award, and the 2003, 2004, and 2007 Effie Awards.


document_title: List of Smithsonian museums

question_text: how many smithsonian museums are there in washington

text: List of Smithsonian museums

text: The Smithsonian museums are the most widely visible part of the United States' Smithsonian Institution and consist of nineteen museums and galleries as well as the National Zoological Park.[1]  Seventeen of these collections are located in Washington D.C., with eleven of those located on the National Mall. The remaining ones are in New York City and Chantilly, Virginia. As of 2010, one museum, the Arts and Industries Building, is closed in preparation for a substantial renovation,[1] and its newest museum building, the National Museum of African American History and Culture, opened in 2016.[2]

text: The birth of the Smithsonian Institution can be traced to the acceptance of James Smithson's legacy, willed to the United States in 1826. Smithson died in 1829, and in 1836, President Andrew Jackson informed Congress of the gift, which it accepted. In 1838, Smithson's legacy, which totaled more than $500,000, was delivered to the United States Mint and entered the Treasury. After eight years, in 1846, the Smithsonian Institution was established.[3]

text: The Smithsonian Institution Building (also known as "The Castle") was completed in 1855 to house an art gallery, a library, a chemical laboratory, lecture halls, museum galleries, and offices.[4] During this time the Smithsonian was a learning institution concerned mainly with enhancing science and less interested in being a museum. Under the second secretary, Spencer Fullerton Baird, the Smithsonian turned into a full-fledged museum, mostly through the acquisition of 60 boxcars worth of displays from the Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia. The income from the exhibition of these artifacts allowed for the construction of the National Museum, which is now known as the Arts and Industries Building. This structure was opened in 1881 to provide the Smithsonian with its first proper facility for public display of the growing collections.[5]

text: The Institution grew slowly until 1964 when Sidney Dillon Ripley became secretary. Ripley managed to expand the institution by eight museums and increased admission from 10.8 million to 30 million people a year.[6] This period included the greatest and most rapid growth for the Smithsonian, and it continued until Ripley's resignation in 1984.[6] Since the completion of the Arts and Industries Building, the Smithsonian has expanded to twenty separate museums with roughly 137 million objects in their collections, including works of art, natural specimens, and cultural artifacts.[1] The Smithsonian museums are visited by over 25 million people every year.[1]

text: Museums[edit]

text: Eleven of the 19 Smithsonian Institution museums and galleries are at the National Mall in Washington D.C., the open-area national park in Washington, D.C running between the Lincoln Memorial and the United States Capitol, with the Washington Monument providing a division slightly west of the center.[1] Five other Smithsonian museums and the National Zoo are located elsewhere in Washington. Two more Smithsonian museums are located in New York City and one is located in Chantilly, Virginia.

text: The Smithsonian also holds close ties with 171 museums in 41 states, as well as Panama and Puerto Rico.[1] These museums are known as Smithsonian Affiliates. Collections of artifacts are given to these museums in the form of long-term loans from the Smithsonian. These long-term loans are not the only Smithsonian exhibits outside the Smithsonian museums. The Smithsonian also has a large number of traveling exhibitions. Each year more than 50 exhibitions travel to hundreds of cities and towns all across the United States.[1]

text:
Museums, galleries and park[1]

Type of collection

Location[7]

Opened

Picture

Anacostia Community Museum

African American culture[8]

Washington, D.C.  Anacostia

1967[8]

Arthur M. Sackler Gallery (Part of the National Museum of Asian Art)

Asian art[9]

Washington, D.C.  National Mall

1987[9]

Arts and Industries Building

Closed for renovationOpened May-June 2016 as a special events venue.[10]

Washington, D.C.  National Mall

1881[10]

Cooper Hewitt, Smithsonian Design Museum

Design history[11]

New York City  Museum Mile

1897[11]

Freer Gallery of Art (Part of the National Museum of Asian Art)

Asian art[9]

Washington, D.C.  National Mall

1923[9]

Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden

Contemporary and modern art[12]

Washington, D.C.  National Mall

1974[12]

National Air and Space Museum

Aviation and spaceflight history[13]

Washington, D.C.  National Mall

19461976[13]

National Air and Space Museum's Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center

Aviation and spaceflight history[14]

Chantilly, Virginia

2003[14]

National Museum of African American History and Culture

African-American history and culture[15]

Washington, D.C.  National Mall

20032016[2]

National Museum of African Art

African art[16]

Washington, D.C.  National Mall

1964,1987[16]

National Museum of American History

American history[17]

Washington, D.C.  National Mall

1964[17]

National Museum of the American Indian

Native American history and art[18]

Washington, D.C.  National Mall

2004[19]

National Museum of the American Indian's George Gustav Heye Center

Native American history and art[18]

New York City  Bowling Green

1994[20]

National Museum of Natural History

Natural history[21]

Washington, D.C.  National Mall

1858,1911[21]

National Portrait Gallery

Portraiture[22]

Washington, D.C.  Penn Quarter

1968[23]

National Postal Museum

United States Postal Service; postal history; philately[24]

Washington, D.C.  NoMa

1993[24]

Renwick Gallery

American craft and decorative arts[25]

Washington, D.C.  Lafayette Square

1972[25]

Smithsonian American Art Museum

American art[25]

Washington, D.C.  Penn Quarter

1968[25]

Smithsonian Institution Building (The Castle)

Visitor center and offices[26]

Washington, D.C.  National Mall

1855[26]

National Zoological Park (National Zoo)

Zoo[27]

Washington, D.C.  Rock Creek Park

1889[27]

text: Year museum moved to current building


document_title: Blue Ridge Parkway

question_text: where does the blue ridge parkway start in va

text: Blue Ridge Parkway

text: History[edit]

text: Begun during the administration of President Franklin D. Roosevelt, the project was originally called the Appalachian Scenic Highway. Most construction was carried out by private contractors under federal contracts under an authorization by Harold L. Ickes in his role as federal public works administrator. Work began on September 11, 1935, near Cumberland Knob in North Carolina; construction in Virginia began the following February. On June 30, 1936, Congress formally authorized the project as the Blue Ridge Parkway and placed it under the jurisdiction of the National Park Service. Some work was carried out by various New Deal public works agencies. The Works Progress Administration did some roadway construction. Crews from the Emergency Relief Administration carried out landscape work and development of parkway recreation areas. Personnel from four Civilian Conservation Corps camps worked on roadside cleanup, roadside plantings, grading slopes, and improving adjacent fields and forest lands. During World War II, the CCC crews were replaced by conscientious objectors in the Civilian Public Service program.

text: The parkway's construction created jobs in the region, but also displaced many residents and created new rules and regulations for landowners, including requirements related to how farmers could transport crops.[6] Residents could no longer build on their lands without permission, or develop land except for agricultural use.[6] They were not permitted to use the parkway for any commercial travel but were required to transport equipment and materials on side roads.[6]

text: The Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians were also affected by the parkway, which was built through their lands.[7] From 1935 to 1940, they resisted giving up the right-of-way through the Qualla Boundary, and they were successful in gaining more favorable terms from the U.S. government.[7] Specifically, the revised bill "specified the parkway route, assured the $40,000 payment for the tribe's land, and required the state to build [a] regular highway through the Soco Valley". (The highway referred to is part of U.S. Route 19.)[7] Cherokee leaders participated in the dedications when the Cherokee sections opened in the 1950s.

text: Construction of the parkway was complete by the end of 1966 with one notable exception.[8] The 7.7-mile (12.4 km) stretch including the Linn Cove Viaduct around Grandfather Mountain did not open until 1987.[9] The project took over 52 years to complete.

text: Ecology along the parkway[edit]

text: Flowering shrubs and wildflowers dominate the parkway in the spring, including rhododendrons and dogwoods, moving from valleys to mountains as the cold weather retreats. Smaller annuals and perennials such as the daisy and aster flower through the summer. Brilliant autumn foliage occurs later in September on the mountaintops, descending to the valleys by later in October. Often in early-to-middle October and middle to late April, all three seasons can be seen simply by looking down from the cold and windy parkway to the green and warm valleys below. October is especially dramatic, as the colored leaves stand out boldly and occur mostly at the same time, unlike the flowers.

text: Major trees include oak, hickory, and tulip tree at lower elevations and buckeye and ash in the middle, turning into conifers such as fir and spruce at the highest elevations on the parkway. Trees near ridges, peaks, and passes (often called gaps or notches) are often distorted and even contorted by the wind, and persistent rime ice is deposited by passing clouds in the winter.

text: Route description[edit]

text: The Blue Ridge Parkway tunnels were constructed through the rock—one in Virginia and twenty-five in North Carolina. Sections of the parkway near the tunnels are often closed in winter. (Due to dripping groundwater from above, freezing temperatures, and the lack of sunlight, ice often accumulates inside these areas even when the surrounding areas are above freezing.) The highest point on the parkway (south of Waynesville, near Mount Pisgah in North Carolina) is 6,053 feet (1,845 m) above sea level on Richland Balsam at Milepost 431, and is often closed from November to April due to inclement weather such as snow, fog, and even freezing fog from low clouds. The parkway is carried across streams, railway ravines and cross roads by 168 bridges and six viaducts.

text: The parkway runs from the southern terminus of Shenandoah National Park's Skyline Drive in Virginia at Rockfish Gap to U.S. Route 441 at Oconaluftee in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park near Cherokee, North Carolina. There is no fee for using the parkway; however, commercial vehicles are prohibited without approval from the Park Service Headquarters, near Asheville, North Carolina.[10][11] The roadway is not maintained in the winter, and sections which pass over especially high elevations and through tunnels are often impassable and therefore closed from late fall through early spring. Weather is extremely variable in the mountains, so conditions and closures often change rapidly. The speed limit is never higher than 45 mph (72 km/h) and lower in some sections.

text: The parkway uses short side roads to connect to other highways, and there are no direct interchanges with Interstate Highways,[a] making it possible to enjoy wildlife and other scenery without stopping for cross-traffic. Mileposts along the parkway start at zero at the northeast end in Virginia and count to 469 at the southern end in North Carolina. The mileposts can be found on the right-hand side of the road while traveling southbound on the parkway. Major towns and cities along the way include Waynesboro, Roanoke, and Galax in Virginia; and in North Carolina, Boone and Asheville, where it runs across the property of the Biltmore Estate. The Blue Ridge Music Center (also part of the park) is located in Galax, and Mount Mitchell (the highest point in eastern North America) is only accessible via a state highway (NC 128) from the parkway at milepost 355.4.[12]

text: Highlights in Virginia[edit]

text:
Mile 0 Rockfish Gap near Waynesboro, Virginia, is the northern end of the Blue Ridge Parkway. To the north the parkway connects directly to Skyline Drive, which winds 105 miles (169 km) through Shenandoah National Park.
5 to 9.3 Humpback Rock has a self-guiding trail through a collection of old Appalachian farm buildings. A hiking trail from the parking area (at mile 6.1) leads 0.75 miles (1.21 km) to The Rocks, whose humped appearance gives the area its name. Greenstone self-guiding trail (8.8).
10.7 Ravens Roost offers vistas of Torry Mountain and the Shenandoah Valley to the west. The overlook is built above a cliff, so it is frequently used for rock climbing and hang gliding. There is also a single picnic table.
16 Sherando Lake is a recreation area in George Washington National Forest 4.5 miles (7.2 km) from the parkway via VA 814. Swimming, picnicking, and camping.
29 Whetstone Ridge provided many a mountain man with a fine-grained sharpening stone.
34.4 Yankee Horse Ridge supposedly is where a hard-riding Union soldier's horse fell and had to be shot. A reconstructed spur of an old logging railroad provides access to Wigwam Falls.
58 to 63.6 Otter Creek runs 10 miles (16 km) down the Blue Ridge to the James River. Otter Lake (63.1), fishing, trail.
63.8 The James River and Kanawha Canal is where a footbridge leads across the river to the restored canal locks and exhibits. A self-guiding trail follows the river bluff.
71 Onion Mountain's short loop trail leads through rhododendron and mountain laurel.
83.4 Fallingwater Cascades can be seen along a 1.6-mile (2.6 km) loop trail.
84 to 87 Peaks of Otter are three mountain peaks which have been popular viewing sites since the days of Thomas Jefferson. A shuttle bus provides service to Sharp Top.
114.9 The Roanoke River Gorge is visible after a short walk.
120.4 Roanoke Mountain is a 3.7-mile (6.0 km) side trip. A one-way loop road, with steep grades, crosses over the mountain. Towed vehicles are prohibited.
129.6 Roanoke Valley Overlook gives a view of the largest city along the parkway.
154.5 Smart View is named for having "a right smart view". A nearby cabin built in the 1890s is known as a spot for viewing dogwood blooms in early May.
167 to 174 Rocky Knob overlooks Rock Castle Gorge.
176.1 Mabry Mill was operated by E.B. Mabry from 1910 to 1935. A trail leads to his gristmill, sawmill, blacksmith shop, and other exhibits. Old-time skills are demonstrated in the summer and fall.
188.8 Groundhog Mountain has a variety of rural fences: snake, Post-and-rail, picket and buck. Picnic grounds and observation tower are also nearby.
189.1 Groundhog Mountain
189.9 Aunt Orelena Puckett Cabin Exhibit was the home of an area midwife.
213 Blue Ridge Music Center near the town of Galax with concerts, music demonstrations, and a 17,000-square-foot (1,600 m2) museum dedicated to anything musical, especially old-time music.

text: Highlights in North Carolina[edit]

text: The Blue Ridge Parkway crosses the North Carolina-Virginia state line at mile 216.9. The 1749 party that surveyed the boundary included Peter Jefferson, father of Thomas Jefferson.

text:
Mile 217.5 Cumberland Knob, at 2,885 feet (879 m), is the centerpiece of a small parkway recreation area.
218.6 Fox Hunters Paradise, down a short walking path, is where hunters could listen to their hounds baying in the valley below.
238.5 Brinegar Cabin was built by Martin Brinegar about 1880 and lived in until the 1930s when the homestead was purchased from his widow for the parkway. The original cabin stands there today.
238.5 to 244.7 Doughton Park was named for Congressman Robert L. Doughton, a staunch supporter and neighbor of the parkway. The park has many miles of hiking trails, a lodge, dinner, picnic area and a campground.
258.6 Northwest Trading Post offers crafts from North Carolina's northwestern counties.
260.6 Jumpinoff Rock is at the end of a short woodland trail.
264.4 The Lump is a grassy knob that provides views of the forested foothills.
272 E. B. Jeffress Park has a self-guided trail to a waterfall known as the Cascades. Another trail goes to an old cabin and church.
285.1 Daniel Boone's Trace, which Boone blazed to the West, crosses near here.
292 to 295 Moses H. Cone Memorial Park has hiking, fishing and horse trails. Flat Top Manor, the former house of Moses H. Cone, is now used as the Parkway Craft Center.
295.1 to 298 Julian Price Memorial Park, the former retreat of the insurance executive Julian Price, offers a variety of hiking trails, campground, and 47-acre (190,000 m2) Price Lake. This is the only lake on the parkway on which paddling is allowed.
304.4 Linn Cove Viaduct, the last segment of the parkway built, skirts the side of Grandfather Mountain. A visitor center is located nearby and provides access to a trail under the viaduct.
308.3 Flat Rock provides views of Grandfather Mountain and Linville Valley.
316.3 Linville Falls Recreation Area provides trails with overlooks of Linville Falls and the Linville Gorge. A campground and picnic area are also provided.
331 The Museum of North Carolina Minerals interprets the state's mineral wealth.
339.5 Crabtree Meadows & Crabtree Falls is a parkway recreation area with a picnic area, campground, giftshop and hiking trails.
349.2 Laurel Knob provides views of Grandfather Mountain, Linville Mountain, Hawksbill Mountain, and Table Rock.
355.4 Mount Mitchell State Park, reached via N.C. 128, is the highest point east of the Mississippi River.
359.8 Walker Knob, formerly known as Balsam Gap, is located where the Black Mountains and the Great Craggy Mountains meet.
361.2 Glassmine Falls is an 800-foot (240 m) ephemeral waterfall visible from an overlook on the side of the parkway.
363.4 to 369.6 Craggy Gardens in the Great Craggy Mountains are covered with purple rhododendron in mid-to-late June. Craggy Pinnacle Trail and other trails (364.1 and 364.6); road to picnic area and trails (367.6).
382 The Folk Art Center is the flagship facility of the Southern Highland Craft Guild. It offers sales and exhibits of traditional and contemporary crafts of the Appalachian region. There are interpretive programs, three galleries, a library and a book store.
384 The Blue Ridge Parkway Visitor Center is the newest attraction along the parkway. The building itself is LEED- certified[13] The visitor center houses a 70-seat theater showing an award-winning 24-minute film about the region. Information and orientation services are provided by the National Park Service and the Blue Ridge National Heritage Area. Eastern National has a retail shop offering books, apparel and more. There are several exhibits, including a 22-foot (6.7 m) interactive map of the entire Blue Ridge Parkway known as the "I-Wall" which provides multi-media information on places to visit on and around the parkway. Other exhibits focus on the history and heritage of the parkway and western North Carolina.
408.6 Mount Pisgah was part of the Biltmore Estate. The estate became home of the first forestry school in America and the nucleus of the Pisgah National Forest. Also located here is the Pisgah Inn resort, a park service concession.
417 Looking Glass Rock is visible from many spots on the parkway starting at Mount Pisgah.
418 East Fork Overlook. Located here are the headwaters of the Pigeon River. Yellowstone Falls is a short distance away and gets its name from the yellowish moss covering the rocks.
420.2 Shining Rock Wilderness is the largest wilderness area in North Carolina, covering 18,483 acres (74.80 km2), with 25 miles (40 km) of trails and peaks over 6,000 ft (1,800 m). The wilderness is named for Shining Rock.
420.2 Black Balsam Knob is a grassy bald with panoramic views just outside the Shining Rock Wilderness in Pisgah National Forest. The wilderness area also includes Cold Mountain.
422.4 Devil's Courthouse is a rugged exposed mountaintop rich in Cherokee traditions.
423.5 Herrin Knob Overlook. A hiking trail goes around Tanasee Bald and Herrin Knob. Tanasee Bald (423.7) is said to be the home of the mythical Cherokee giant Tsul 'Kalu.
431 Richland Balsam is the highest point on the parkway at 6,053 feet (1,845 m). There is a self-guiding trail that passes through a remnant spruce-fir forest.
435.7 Licklog Ridge once hosted cattlemen and their herds of cattle before it became part of the national forest. The area earns its name from the cattlemen who would place rocks of salt into logs and holes in the earth.
451.2 Waterrock Knob provides a panorama of the Great Smokies, visitor center, trail, comfort station, exhibits.
458.2 Heintooga Ridge Road runs north from the parkway 8.8 miles (14.2 km) to Heintooga Overlook in Great Smoky Mountains National Park.
Mile 469 The southern end of the Blue Ridge Parkway intersects with U.S. 441 in Great Smoky Mountains National Park and the Cherokee Reservation near Cherokee, North Carolina.

text: Closures[edit]

text: It is not unusual for small sections of the parkway to be temporarily closed to repair damage caused by the cold winter climate of the mountains or for other maintenance. Detours caused by these closures are well-marked, and are arranged to cause as little disruption as possible, though maintenance such as repaving only warrants a stop/slow switch with a one-lane only restriction.

text: Due to serious damage in 2004 from Hurricane Frances, then again by Hurricane Ivan, many areas along the parkway were closed until the spring of 2005, with two areas that were not fully repaired until the spring of 2006.

text: Major intersections[edit]

text:
Commonwealth/State
County[14]
Location
mi[15]
km
Destinations
Notes

Virginia
Augusta
Rockfish Gap
0.00
0.00
 US 250 to I‑64 / Skyline Drive north – Charlottesville, Waynesboro, Shenandoah National Park
One-quadrant interchange plus connector road; northern terminus of parkway; I-64 exit 99

Reids Gap
13.7
22.0
 SR 664 (Beech Grove Road / Reeds Gap Road) – Waynesboro

Nelson

16.0
25.7
 SR 814 (Campbells Mountain Road) to SR 56
Unpaved road

16.1
25.9
 SR 814 (Love Road) – Sherando Lake

Tye River Gap
27.1
43.6
 SR 56 – Montebello, Steele's Tavern
One-quadrant interchange

Rockbridge
Humphreys Gap
45.5
73.2
 US 60 – Buena Vista, Amherst
One-quadrant interchange

Amherst
Otter Creek
61.3
98.7
 SR 130 – Natural Bridge, Lynchburg
One-quadrant interchange

Bedford

63.9
102.8
 US 501 – Big Island, Glasgow
One-quadrant interchange

Peaks of Otter
85.9
138.2
 SR 43 south – Bedford
North end of SR 43 overlap; north end of VDOT maintenance of SR 43 (southern segment)

Botetourt
Powell Gap
89.0
143.2
 SR 618 north

Bearwallow Gap
90.9
146.3
 SR 43 north – Buchanan
Two-quadrant interchange; south end of SR 43 overlap; south end of VDOT maintenance of SR 43 (northern segment)

105.9
170.4
 US 460 (US 221) – Bedford, Roanoke
Two-quadrant interchange

Roanoke

112.3
180.7
 SR 24 – Stewartsville, Vinton, Roanoke, Booker T. Washington National Monument
Two-quadrant interchange

115.2
185.4
Blue Ridge Parkway Visitor Center, Virginia's Explore Park (Roanoke River Parkway)

120.5
193.9
Mill Mountain Park & Zoo, Historic Roanoke Star, Downtown Roanoke (Mill Mountain Parkway)

121.4
195.4
 US 220 – Rocky Mount, Roanoke
Two-quadrant interchange

Adney Gap
136.0
218.9
 US 221
Connector road

Floyd

159.3
256.4
 SR 860 (Shooting Creek Road)
Former SR 109

Tuggle Gap
165.1
265.7
 SR 8 – Floyd, Stuart
One-quadrant interchange

174.0
280.0
 SR 799 (Conner Grove Road)
former SR 102 north

174.1
280.2
 SR 758 (Woodberry Road)
former SR 102 south

174.2
280.3
 SR 758 (Buffalo Mountain Road)

Patrick
Meadows of Dan
177.7
286.0
 US 58 (via US 58 Bus.) – Stuart, Hillsville
Parkway and US 58 grade-separated; two-quadrant interchange with US 58 Bus.

Patrick–Carroll
county line
Willis Gap
192.1
309.2
 SR 771 (Willis Gap Road)

Carroll

199.0
320.3
 SR 608 (Lightning Ridge Road)

199.2
320.6
 SR 608 (Ranger Road)

Fancy Gap
199.4
320.9
 US 52 to I‑77 – Mt. Airy, Hillsville
Two-quadrant interchange

Grayson
Low Gap
215.7
347.1
 SR 89 – Mt. Airy, Galax
One-quadrant interchange

North Carolina
Alleghany

217.2
349.5
 NC 18 – Sparta, Mt. Airy
One-quadrant interchange

229.6
369.5
 US 21 – Roaring Gap, Sparta
Two-quadrant interchange

248.0
399.1
 NC 18 – North Wilkesboro, Laurel Springs
One-quadrant interchange

Ashe
Miller Gap
258.7
416.3
Trading Post Road – Glendale Springs

Horse Gap
261.2
420.4
 NC 16 – North Wilkesboro, West Jefferson
Two-quadrant interchange

Watauga
Deep Gap
276.5
445.0
 US 421 – Boone, Wilkesboro, North Wilkesboro
One-quadrant interchange

280.9
452.1
Old US 421
Connector road

290.8
468.0
Green Hill Road

291.9
469.8
 US 221 / US 321 – Blowing Rock, Boone
Two-quadrant interchange

Avery

294.6
474.1
 US 221 – Linville, Grandfather Mountain
One-quadrant interchange

312.1
502.3
 NC 181 – Pineola, Morganton
One-quadrant interchange

316.4
509.2
Linville Falls Road  – Linville Falls

317.5
511.0
 US 221 – Linville Falls Community
One-quadrant interchange

Mitchell
Gillespie Gap
330.8
532.4
 NC 226 – Spruce Pine, Marion
One-quadrant interchange

333.9
537.4
 NC 226A – Little Switzerland
One-quadrant interchange/connector road hybrid

Yancey
Buck Creek Gap
344.1
553.8
 NC 80 – Marion, Burnsville
One-quadrant interchange

Black Mountain Gap
355.4
572.0
 NC 128 – Mount Mitchell State Park

Buncombe
Bull Gap
375.7
604.6
Elk Mountain Scenic Highway – Weaverville
To Vance Birthplace

Craven Gap
377.4
607.4
 NC 694 south (Town Mountain Road)

Asheville
382.6
615.7
 US 70 (Tunnel Road) – Black Mountain, Asheville
Two-quadrant interchange

384.8
619.3
 US 74A to I‑40 / I‑240 – Asheville
Two-quadrant interchange

388.8
625.7
 US 25 – Hendersonville, Asheville, NC Arboretum
Two-quadrant interchange

393.6
633.4
 NC 191 to I‑26 – Asheville, Hendersonville
One-quadrant interchange

Henderson
Elk Pasture Gap
405.6
652.7
 NC 151 north – Candler

Haywood
Wagon Road Gap
411.8
662.7
 US 276 – Brevard, Waynesville
One-quadrant interchange

Transylvania
Beech Gap
423.3
681.2
 NC 215
One-quadrant interchange

Haywood
Balsam Gap
443.5
713.7
 US 74 / US 23 – Waynesville, Sylva
One-quadrant interchange

Soco Gap
455.7
733.4
 US 19 (Soco Road) – Cherokee, Maggie Valley
Two-quadrant interchange

Jackson
Wolf Laurel Gap
458.2
737.4
Balsam Mountain, Black Camp Gap, Masonic Marker (Heintooga Ridge Road)

Swain
Ravensford
469.1
754.9
 US 441 – Cherokee, Great Smoky Mountains National Park, Gatlinburg
Southern terminus of parkway

1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi

      Concurrency terminus