document_title: Ballon d'Or

question_text: who has won the most balon de oro

question_tokens: who has won the most balon de oro

text: Ballon d'Or

text: History[edit]

text: Stanley Matthews of Blackpool was the inaugural winner of the Ballon d'Or.[4] Prior to 1995, the award was often known in English language media as the European Footballer of the Year award. Milan's George Weah, the only African recipient, became the first non-European to win the award in the year the rules of eligibility were changed.[2] Ronaldo of Internazionale became the first South American winner two years later.[2] Three players have won the award three times each: Johan Cruyff of Ajax and Barcelona, Michel Platini of Juventus and Marco van Basten of Milan. With seven awards each, Dutch and German players won the most Ballons d'Or. Spanish club Barcelona had the most winners.[5]

text: Between 2010 and 2015 inclusive the award was merged with a similar award, the FIFA World Player of the Year award, to create the FIFA Ballon d'Or, which was awarded to the world's best male player, before FIFA and France Football broke the merging agreement.[6] After 2011, UEFA created the UEFA Best Player in Europe Award to maintain the format of the original Ballon d'Or.[7]

text: Winners[edit]

text:
Key

Indicates player also won the FIFA World Player of the Year (1991–2009) or The Best FIFA Men's Player (2016–) in the same year

text:
Year
Rank
Player
Team
Points

Ballon d'Or (1956–2009)

1956
1st
 Stanley Matthews
 Blackpool
47

2nd
 Alfredo Di Stéfano
 Real Madrid
44

3rd
 Raymond Kopa
 Real Madrid
33

1957
1st
 Alfredo Di Stéfano[note 1]
 Real Madrid
72

2nd
 Billy Wright
 Wolverhampton Wanderers
19

3rd
 Duncan Edwards
 Manchester United
16

 Raymond Kopa
 Real Madrid

1958
1st
 Raymond Kopa
 Real Madrid
71

2nd
 Helmut Rahn
 Rot-Weiss Essen
40

3rd
 Just Fontaine
 Stade de Reims
23

1959
1st
 Alfredo Di Stéfano
 Real Madrid
80

2nd
 Raymond Kopa
 Real Madrid
42

3rd
 John Charles
 Juventus
24

1960
1st
 Luis Suárez
 Barcelona
54

2nd
 Ferenc Puskás
 Real Madrid
37

3rd
 Uwe Seeler
 Hamburg
33

1961
1st
 Omar Sívori[note 2]
 Juventus
46

2nd
 Luis Suárez
 Internazionale
40

3rd
 Johnny Haynes
 Fulham
22

1962
1st
 Josef Masopust
 Dukla Prague
65

2nd
 Eusébio
 Benfica
53

3rd
 Karl-Heinz Schnellinger
 Köln
33

1963
1st
 Lev Yashin
 Dynamo Moscow
73

2nd
 Gianni Rivera
 Milan
53

3rd
 Jimmy Greaves
 Tottenham Hotspur
33

1964
1st
 Denis Law
 Manchester United
61

2nd
 Luis Suárez
 Internazionale
43

3rd
 Amancio
 Real Madrid
38

1965
1st
 Eusébio
 Benfica
67

2nd
 Giacinto Facchetti
 Internazionale
59

3rd
 Luis Suárez
 Internazionale
45

1966
1st
 Bobby Charlton
 Manchester United
81

2nd
 Eusébio
 Benfica
80

3rd
 Franz Beckenbauer
 Bayern Munich
59

1967
1st
 Flórián Albert
 Ferencváros
68

2nd
 Bobby Charlton
 Manchester United
40

3rd
 Jimmy Johnstone
 Celtic
39

1968
1st
 George Best
 Manchester United
61

2nd
 Bobby Charlton
 Manchester United
53

3rd
 Dragan Džajić
 Red Star Belgrade
46

1969
1st
 Gianni Rivera
 Milan
83

2nd
 Luigi Riva
 Cagliari
79

3rd
 Gerd Müller
 Bayern Munich
38

1970
1st
 Gerd Müller
 Bayern Munich
77

2nd
 Bobby Moore
 West Ham United
70

3rd
 Luigi Riva
 Cagliari
65

1971
1st
 Johan Cruyff
 Ajax
116

2nd
 Sandro Mazzola
 Internazionale
57

3rd
 George Best
 Manchester United
56

1972
1st
 Franz Beckenbauer
 Bayern Munich
81

2nd
 Gerd Müller
 Bayern Munich
79

 Günter Netzer
 Borussia Mönchengladbach

1973
1st
 Johan Cruyff[note 3]
 Barcelona
96

2nd
 Dino Zoff
 Juventus
47

3rd
 Gerd Müller
 Bayern Munich
44

1974
1st
 Johan Cruyff
 Barcelona
116

2nd
 Franz Beckenbauer
 Bayern Munich
105

3rd
 Kazimierz Deyna
 Legia Warsaw
35

1975
1st
 Oleg Blokhin
 Dynamo Kyiv
122

2nd
 Franz Beckenbauer
 Bayern Munich
42

3rd
 Johan Cruyff
 Barcelona
27

1976
1st
 Franz Beckenbauer
 Bayern Munich
91

2nd
 Rob Rensenbrink
 Anderlecht
75

3rd
 Ivo Viktor
 Dukla Prague
52

1977
1st
 Allan Simonsen
 Borussia Mönchengladbach
74

2nd
 Kevin Keegan[note 4]
 Hamburg
71

3rd
 Michel Platini
 Nancy
70

1978
1st
 Kevin Keegan
 Hamburg
87

2nd
 Hans Krankl
 Barcelona
81

3rd
 Rob Rensenbrink
 Anderlecht
50

1979
1st
 Kevin Keegan
 Hamburg
118

2nd
 Karl-Heinz Rummenigge
 Bayern Munich
52

3rd
 Ruud Krol
 Ajax
41

1980
1st
 Karl-Heinz Rummenigge
 Bayern Munich
122

2nd
 Bernd Schuster
 Barcelona
34

3rd
 Michel Platini
 Saint-Étienne
33

1981
1st
 Karl-Heinz Rummenigge
 Bayern Munich
106

2nd
 Paul Breitner
 Bayern Munich
64

3rd
 Bernd Schuster
 Barcelona
39

1982
1st
 Paolo Rossi
 Juventus
115

2nd
 Alain Giresse
 Bordeaux
64

3rd
 Zbigniew Boniek
 Juventus
39

1983
1st
 Michel Platini
 Juventus
110

2nd
 Kenny Dalglish
 Liverpool
26

3rd
 Allan Simonsen
 Vejle
25

1984
1st
 Michel Platini
 Juventus
110

2nd
 Jean Tigana
 Bordeaux
57

3rd
 Preben Elkjær
 Hellas Verona
48

1985
1st
 Michel Platini
 Juventus
127

2nd
 Preben Elkjær
 Hellas Verona
71

3rd
 Bernd Schuster
 Barcelona
46

1986
1st
 Igor Belanov
 Dynamo Kyiv
84

2nd
 Gary Lineker[note 5]
 Barcelona
62

3rd
 Emilio Butragueño
 Real Madrid
59

1987
1st
 Ruud Gullit[note 6]
 Milan
106

2nd
 Paulo Futre[note 7]
 Atlético Madrid
91

3rd
 Emilio Butragueño
 Real Madrid
61

1988
1st
 Marco van Basten
 Milan
129

2nd
 Ruud Gullit
 Milan
88

3rd
 Frank Rijkaard[note 8]
 Milan
45

1989
1st
 Marco van Basten
 Milan
129

2nd
 Franco Baresi
 Milan
80

3rd
 Frank Rijkaard
 Milan
43

1990
1st
 Lothar Matthäus
 Internazionale
137

2nd
 Salvatore Schillaci
 Juventus
84

3rd
 Andreas Brehme
 Internazionale
68

1991
1st
 Jean-Pierre Papin
 Marseille
141

2nd
 Dejan Savićević
 Red Star Belgrade
42

 Darko Pančev
 Red Star Belgrade

 Lothar Matthäus
 Internazionale

1992
1st
 Marco van Basten
 Milan
98

2nd
 Hristo Stoichkov
 Barcelona
80

3rd
 Dennis Bergkamp
 Ajax
53

1993
1st
 Roberto Baggio
 Juventus
142

2nd
 Dennis Bergkamp
 Internazionale
83

3rd
 Eric Cantona
 Manchester United
34

1994
1st
 Hristo Stoichkov
 Barcelona
210

2nd
 Roberto Baggio
 Juventus
136

3rd
 Paolo Maldini
 Milan
109

1995
1st
 George Weah[note 9]
 Milan
144

2nd
 Jürgen Klinsmann
 Bayern Munich
108

3rd
 Jari Litmanen
 Ajax
67

1996
1st
 Matthias Sammer
 Borussia Dortmund
144

2nd
 Ronaldo[note 10]
 Barcelona
143

3rd
 Alan Shearer
 Newcastle United
107

1997
1st
 Ronaldo[note 11]
 Internazionale
222

2nd
 Predrag Mijatović
 Real Madrid
68

3rd
 Zinedine Zidane
 Juventus
63

1998
1st
 Zinedine Zidane
 Juventus
244

2nd
 Davor Šuker
 Real Madrid
68

3rd
 Ronaldo
 Internazionale
66

1999
1st
 Rivaldo
 Barcelona
219

2nd
 David Beckham
 Manchester United
154

3rd
 Andriy Shevchenko
 Milan
64

2000
1st
 Luís Figo[note 12]
 Real Madrid
197

2nd
 Zinedine Zidane
 Juventus
181

3rd
 Andriy Shevchenko
 Milan
85

2001
1st
 Michael Owen
 Liverpool
176

2nd
 Raúl
 Real Madrid
140

3rd
 Oliver Kahn
 Bayern Munich
114

2002
1st
 Ronaldo[note 13]
 Real Madrid
169

2nd
 Roberto Carlos
 Real Madrid
145

3rd
 Oliver Kahn
 Bayern Munich
110

2003
1st
 Pavel Nedvěd
 Juventus
190

2nd
 Thierry Henry
 Arsenal
128

3rd
 Paolo Maldini
 Milan
123

2004
1st
 Andriy Shevchenko
 Milan
175

2nd
 Deco[note 14]
 Porto
139

3rd
 Ronaldinho
 Barcelona
133

2005
1st
 Ronaldinho
 Barcelona
225

2nd
 Frank Lampard
 Chelsea
148

3rd
 Steven Gerrard
 Liverpool
142

2006
1st
 Fabio Cannavaro[note 15]
 Real Madrid
173

2nd
 Gianluigi Buffon
 Juventus
124

3rd
 Thierry Henry
 Arsenal
121

2007
1st
 Kaká
 Milan
444

2nd
 Cristiano Ronaldo
 Manchester United
277

3rd
 Lionel Messi
 Barcelona
255

2008
1st
 Cristiano Ronaldo
 Manchester United
446

2nd
 Lionel Messi
 Barcelona
281

3rd
 Fernando Torres
 Liverpool
179

2009
1st
 Lionel Messi
 Barcelona
473

2nd
 Cristiano Ronaldo[note 16]
 Real Madrid
233

3rd
 Xavi
 Barcelona
170

FIFA Ballon d'Or (2010–2015)

2010
1st
 Lionel Messi
 Barcelona
22.65%

2nd
 Andrés Iniesta
 Barcelona
17.36%

3rd
 Xavi
 Barcelona
16.48%

2011
1st
 Lionel Messi
 Barcelona
47.88%

2nd
 Cristiano Ronaldo
 Real Madrid
21.60%

3rd
 Xavi
 Barcelona
9.23%

2012
1st
 Lionel Messi
 Barcelona
41.60%

2nd
 Cristiano Ronaldo
 Real Madrid
23.68%

3rd
 Andrés Iniesta
 Barcelona
10.91%

2013
1st
 Cristiano Ronaldo
 Real Madrid
27.99%

2nd
 Lionel Messi
 Barcelona
24.72%

3rd
 Franck Ribéry
 Bayern Munich
23.36%

2014
1st
 Cristiano Ronaldo
 Real Madrid
37.66%

2nd
 Lionel Messi
 Barcelona
15.76%

3rd
 Manuel Neuer
 Bayern Munich
15.72%

2015
1st
 Lionel Messi
 Barcelona
41.33%

2nd
 Cristiano Ronaldo
 Real Madrid
27.76%

3rd
 Neymar
 Barcelona
7.86%

Ballon d'Or (2016–present)

2016
1st
 Cristiano Ronaldo
 Real Madrid
745

2nd
 Lionel Messi
 Barcelona
316

3rd
 Antoine Griezmann
 Atlético Madrid
198

text: Wins by player[edit]

text: One-time winners are only included if they have also finished 2nd or 3rd in another year.

text:
Player
1st
2nd
3rd

 Lionel Messi[note 17]
5 (2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2015)
4 (2008, 2013, 2014, 2016)
1 (2007)

 Cristiano Ronaldo[note 18]
4 (2008, 2013, 2014, 2016)
5 (2007, 2009, 2011, 2012, 2015)
—

 Michel Platini
3 (1983, 1984, 1985)
—
2 (1977, 1980)

 Johan Cruyff
3 (1971, 1973, 1974)
—
1 (1975)

 Marco van Basten
3 (1988, 1989, 1992)
—
—

 Franz Beckenbauer
2 (1972, 1976)
2 (1974, 1975)
1 (1966)

 Ronaldo
2 (1997, 2002)
1 (1996)
1 (1998)

 Alfredo Di Stéfano
2 (1957, 1959)
1 (1956)
—

 Kevin Keegan
2 (1978, 1979)
1 (1977)
—

 Karl-Heinz Rummenigge
2 (1980, 1981)
1 (1979)
—

 Luis Suárez
1 (1960)
2 (1961, 1964)
1 (1965)

 Eusébio
1 (1965)
2 (1962, 1966)
—

 Bobby Charlton
1 (1966)
2 (1967, 1968)
—

 Raymond Kopa
1 (1958)
1 (1959)
2 (1956, 1957)

 Gerd Müller
1 (1970)
1 (1972)
2 (1969, 1973)

 Zinedine Zidane
1 (1998)
1 (2000)
1 (1997)

 Gianni Rivera
1 (1969)
1 (1963)
—

 Ruud Gullit
1 (1987)
1 (1988)
—

 Lothar Matthäus
1 (1990)
1 (1991)
—

 Roberto Baggio
1 (1993)
1 (1994)
—

 Hristo Stoichkov
1 (1994)
1 (1992)
—

 Andriy Shevchenko
1 (2004)
—
2 (1999, 2000)

 George Best
1 (1968)
—
1 (1971)

 Allan Simonsen
1 (1977)
—
1 (1983)

 Ronaldinho
1 (2005)
—
1 (2004)

text: Wins by country[edit]

text:
Country
Players
Total

 Germany
5
7

 Netherlands
3
7

 France
4
6

 Portugal
3
6

 Italy
5
5

 Brazil
4
5

 England
4
5

 Argentina
1
5

 Soviet Union
3
3

 Spain
2
3

 Czech Republic
2
2

 Bulgaria
1
1

 Denmark
1
1

 Hungary
1
1

 Liberia
1
1

 Northern Ireland
1
1

 Scotland
1
1

 Ukraine
1
1

text: Wins by club[edit]

text:
Club
Players
Total

 Barcelona
6
11

 Real Madrid
6
9

 Juventus
6
8

 Milan
6
8

 Bayern Munich
3
5

 Manchester United
4
4

 Dynamo Kyiv
2
2

 Internazionale
2
2

 Hamburg
1
2

 Ajax
1
1

 Benfica
1
1

 Blackpool
1
1

 Borussia Dortmund
1
1

 Borussia Mönchengladbach
1
1

 Dukla Prague
1
1

 Dynamo Moscow
1
1

 Ferencváros
1
1

 Liverpool
1
1

 Marseille
1
1

text: Additional awards[edit]

text: A special Ballon d'Or, under the name Super Ballon d'Or, was awarded to Alfredo Di Stéfano in 1989, after he surpassed Johan Cruyff and Michel Platini in France Football's voting.[10] A decade later, France Football elected Pelé the Football Player of the Century after consulting their former Ballon d'Or recipients. Among the 34 previous winners, 30 cast their votes; Stanley Matthews, Omar Sívori and George Best abstained, and Lev Yashin had died. Each voter was allotted five votes worth up to five points; however, Di Stéfano only chose a first place, Platini a first and second place, and George Weah two players for fifth place. Pelé was named the greatest by 17 voters, receiving almost double the number of points earned by the runner-up, Diego Maradona.[11]

text:
Football Player of the Century

Player
Pts
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th

 Pelé (BRA)
122
17
5
4
2
1

 Diego Maradona (ARG)
65
3
6
5
5
1

 Johan Cruyff (NED)
62
1
4
7
9
2

 Alfredo Di Stéfano (ESP)
44
4
3
3
1
1

 Michel Platini (FRA)
40
1
5
1
3
6

text: To coincide with the 60th anniversary of the Ballon d'Or in 2016, France Football published a reevaluation of the awards presented before 1995, when only European players were eligible to win the award. 12 out of the 39 Ballons d'Or presented during this time period would have been awarded to South American players; in addition to Pelé and Diego Maradona, Garrincha, Mario Kempes, and Romário were retrospectively recognized as worthy winners. The original recipients, however, remain unchanged.[12] Maradona and Pelé received honorary Ballons d'Or for their services to football in 1996 and 2013, respectively.[13][14]

text:
Le nouveau palmarès (the new winners)

Year
Original
Alternative

1958
 Raymond Kopa (FRA)
 Pelé (BRA)

1959
 Alfredo Di Stéfano (ESP)
 Pelé (BRA)

1960
 Luis Suárez (ESP)
 Pelé (BRA)

1961
 Omar Sívori (ITA)
 Pelé (BRA)

1962
 Josef Masopust (TCH)
 Garrincha (BRA)

1963
 Lev Yashin (URS)
 Pelé (BRA)

1964
 Denis Law (SCO)
 Pelé (BRA)

1970
 Gerd Müller (FRG)
 Pelé (BRA)

1978
 Kevin Keegan (ENG)
 Mario Kempes (ARG)

1986
 Igor Belanov (URS)
 Diego Maradona (ARG)

1990
 Lothar Matthäus (GER)
 Diego Maradona (ARG)

1994
 Hristo Stoichkov (BUL)
 Romário (BRA)


document_title: Iberian Peninsula

question_text: who lived in and ruled the iberian peninsula for hundreds of years

root

text: Iberian Peninsula

text: Name[edit]

text: Greek name[edit]

text: The word Iberia is a noun adapted from the Latin word "Hiberia" originated by the Ancient Greek word Ἰβηρία (Ibēría) by Greek geographers under the rule of the Roman Empire to refer to what is known today in English as the Iberian Peninsula.[1] At that time, the name did not describe a single political entity or a distinct population of people.[2] Strabo's 'Iberia' was delineated from Keltikē (Gaul) by the Pyrenees[3] and included the entire land mass southwest (he says "west") of there.[4] The noun "Hiberia" fell into disuse when the Romans decided to call the most western part of the peninsula "Lusitania" (today Portugal) and the remaining territory as "Hispania" (modern Spain). With the fall of the Roman Empire and the establishment of the new Castillian language in Spain, the word "Iberia" appeared for the first time in use as a direct 'descendant' of the Greek word "Ἰβηρία" and the Roman word "Hiberia".

tag: p

text: The ancient Greeks reached the Iberian Peninsula, of which they had heard from the Phoenicians, by voyaging westward on the Mediterranean.[5] Hecataeus of Miletus was the first known to use the term Iberia, which he wrote about circa 500 BC.[6] Herodotus of Halicarnassus says of the Phocaeans that "it was they who made the Greeks acquainted with... Iberia."[7] According to Strabo,[8] prior historians used Iberia to mean the country "this side of the Ἶβηρος (Ibēros)" as far north as the river Rhône in France, but currently they set the Pyrenees as the limit. Polybius respects that limit,[9] but identifies Iberia as the Mediterranean side as far south as Gibraltar, with the Atlantic side having no name. Elsewhere[10] he says that Saguntum is "on the seaward foot of the range of hills connecting Iberia and Celtiberia."

text: Strabo[11] refers to the Carretanians as people "of the Iberian stock" living in the Pyrenees, who are distinct from either Celts or Celtiberians.

text: Roman names[edit]

text: According to Charles Ebel, the ancient sources in both Latin and Greek use Hispania and Hiberia (Greek: Iberia) as synonyms. The confusion of the words was because of an overlapping in political and geographic perspectives. The Latin word Hiberia, similar to the Greek Iberia, literally translates to "land of the Hiberians". This word was derived from the river Ebro, which the Romans called Hiberus. Hiber (Iberian) was thus used as a term for peoples living near the river Ebro.[3][12] The first mention in Roman literature was by the annalist poet Ennius in 200 BC.[13][14][15] Virgil refers to the Ipacatos Hiberos ("restless Iberi") in his Georgics.[16] The Roman geographers and other prose writers from the time of the late Roman Republic called the entire peninsula Hispania.

text: As they became politically interested in the former Carthaginian territories, the Romans began to use the names Hispania Citerior and Hispania Ulterior for 'near' and 'far' Hispania. At the time Hispania was made up of three Roman provinces: Hispania Baetica, Hispania Tarraconensis, and Hispania Lusitania. Strabo says[8] that the Romans use Hispania and Iberia synonymously, distinguishing between the near northern and the far southern provinces. (The name "Iberia" was ambiguous, being also the name of the Kingdom of Iberia in the Caucasus.)

text: Whatever language may generally have been spoken on the peninsula soon gave way to Latin, except for that of the Vascones, which was preserved as a language isolate by the barrier of the Pyrenees.

text: Etymology[edit]

text: The Iberian Peninsula has always been associated with the Ebro, Ibēros in ancient Greek and Ibērus or Hibērus in Latin. The association was so well known it was hardly necessary to state; for example, Ibēria was the country "this side of the Ibērus" in Strabo. Pliny goes so far as to assert that the Greeks had called "the whole of Spain" Hiberia because of the Hiberus River.[17] The river appears in the Ebro Treaty of 226 BC between Rome and Carthage, setting the limit of Carthaginian interest at the Ebro. The fullest description of the treaty, stated in Appian,[18] uses Ibērus. With reference to this border, Polybius[19] states that the "native name" is Ibēr, apparently the original word, stripped of its Greek or Latin -os or -us termination.

text: The early range of these natives, which geographers and historians place from today's southern Spain to today's southern France along the Mediterranean coast, is marked by instances of a readable script expressing a yet unknown language, dubbed "Iberian." Whether this was the native name or was given to them by the Greeks for their residence on the Ebro remains unknown. Credence in Polybius imposes certain limitations on etymologizing: if the language remains unknown, the meanings of the words, including Iber, must also remain unknown. In modern Basque, the word ibar[20] means "valley" or "watered meadow", while ibai[20] means "river", but there is no proof relating the etymology of the Ebro River with these Basque names. In Serbia, there is river Ibar, but there is no proof relating the etymology of the Ebro River with this Serbian river name.

text: Prehistory[edit]

text: Palaeolithic[edit]

text: The Iberian Peninsula has been inhabited for at least 1.2 million years as remains found in the sites in the Atapuerca Mountains demonstrate. Among these sites is the cave of Gran Dolina, where six hominin skeletons, dated between 780,000 and one million years ago, were found in 1994. Experts have debated whether these skeletons belong to the species Homo erectus, Homo heidelbergensis, or a new species called Homo antecessor.

text: Around 200,000 BP, during the Lower Paleolithic period, Neanderthals first entered the Iberian Peninsula. Around 70,000 BP, during the Middle Paleolithic period, the last glacial event began and the Neanderthal Mousterian culture was established. Around 37,000 BP, during the Upper Paleolithic, the Neanderthal Châtelperronian cultural period began. Emanating from Southern France, this culture extended into the north of the peninsula. It continued to exist until around 30,000 BP, when Neanderthal man faced extinction.

text: About 40,000 years ago, anatomically modern humans entered the Iberian Peninsula from Southern France.[21] Here, this genetically homogeneous population (characterized by the M173 mutation in the Y chromosome), developed the M343 mutation, giving rise to Haplogroup R1b, still the most common in modern Portuguese and Spanish males.[22] On the Iberian Peninsula, modern humans developed a series of different cultures, such as the Aurignacian, Gravettian, Solutrean and Magdalenian cultures, some of them characterized by the complex forms of the art of the Upper Paleolithic.

text: Neolithic[edit]

text: During the Neolithic expansion, various megalithic cultures developed in the Iberian Peninsula. An open seas navigation culture from the east Mediterranean, called the Cardium culture, also extended its influence to the eastern coasts of the peninsula, possibly as early as the 5th millennium BC. These people may have had some relation to the subsequent development of the Iberian civilization.

text: Chalcolithic[edit]

text: In the Chalcolithic (c. 3000 BC), a series of complex cultures developed that would give rise to the peninsula's first civilizations and to extensive exchange networks reaching to the Baltic, Middle East and North Africa. Around 2800 – 2700 BC, the Beaker culture, which produced the Maritime Bell Beaker, probably originated in the vibrant copper-using communities of the Tagus estuary in Portugal and spread from there to many parts of western Europe.[23]

text: Bronze Age[edit]

text: Bronze Age cultures developed beginning c.1800 BC, when the civilization of Los Millares was followed by that of El Argar. From this centre, bronze technology spread to other cultures like the Bronze of Levante, South-Western Iberian Bronze and Las Cogotas.

text: In the Late Bronze Age, the urban civilisation of Tartessos developed in the area of modern western Andalusia, characterized by Phoenician influence and using the Southwest Paleohispanic script for its Tartessian language, not related to the Iberian language.

text: Early in the first millennium BC, several waves of Pre-Celts and Celts migrated from Central Europe, thus partially changing the peninsula's ethnic landscape to Indo-European-speaking in its northern and western regions. In Northwestern Iberia (modern Northern Portugal, Asturias and Galicia), a Celtic culture developed, the Castro culture, with a large number of hill forts and some fortified cities.

text: Proto-history[edit]

text: By the Iron Age, starting in the 7th century BC, the Iberian Peninsula consisted of complex agrarian and urban civilizations, either Pre-Celtic or Celtic (such as the Lusitanians, Celtiberians, Gallaeci, Astures, Celtici and others), the cultures of the Iberians in the eastern and southern zones and the cultures of the Aquitanian in the western portion of the Pyrenees.

text: The seafaring Phoenicians, Greeks and Carthaginians successively settled along the Mediterranean coast and founded trading colonies there over a period of several centuries. Around 1100 BC, Phoenician merchants founded the trading colony of Gadir or Gades (modern day Cádiz) near Tartessos. In the 8th century BC, the first Greek colonies, such as Emporion (modern Empúries), were founded along the Mediterranean coast on the east, leaving the south coast to the Phoenicians. The Greeks coined the name Iberia, after the river Iber (Ebro). In the sixth century BC, the Carthaginians arrived in the peninsula while struggling with the Greeks for control of the Western Mediterranean. Their most important colony was Carthago Nova (modern-day Cartagena, Spain).

text: History[edit]

text: Roman rule[edit]

text: In 218 BC, during the Second Punic War against the Carthaginians, the first Roman troops invaded the Iberian Peninsula; however, it was not until the reign of Augustus that it was annexed after two centuries of war with the Celtic and Iberian tribes and the Phoenician, Greek and Carthaginian colonies. The result was the creation of the province of Hispania. It was divided into Hispania Ulterior and Hispania Citerior during the late Roman Republic, and during the Roman Empire, it was divided into Hispania Tarraconensis in the northeast, Hispania Baetica in the south and Lusitania in the southwest.

text: Hispania supplied the Roman Empire with silver, food, olive oil, wine, and metal. The emperors Trajan, Hadrian, Marcus Aurelius, and Theodosius I, the philosopher Seneca the Younger, and the poets Martial and Lucan were born from families living on the Iberian Peninsula.

text: Germanic kingdoms[edit]

text: In the early fifth century, Germanic peoples invaded the peninsula, namely the Suebi, the Vandals (Silingi and Hasdingi) and their allies, the Alans. Only the kingdom of the Suebi (Quadi and Marcomanni) would endure after the arrival of another wave of Germanic invaders, the Visigoths, who conquered all of the Iberian Peninsula and expelled or partially integrated the Vandals and the Alans. The Visigoths eventually conquered the Suebi kingdom and its capital city, Bracara (modern day Braga), in 584–585. They would also conquer the province of the Byzantine Empire (552–624) of Spania in the south of the peninsula and the Balearic Islands.

text: Islamic Caliphate[edit]

text: In 711, a Muslim army invaded the Visigothic Kingdom in Hispania. Under Tariq ibn Ziyad, the Islamic army landed at Gibraltar and, in an eight-year campaign, occupied all except the northern kingdoms of the Iberian Peninsula in the Umayyad conquest of Hispania. Al-Andalus (Arabic: الإندلس, tr. al-ʾAndalūs, possibly "Land of the Vandals"),[24][25] is the Arabic name given to what is today southern Spain by its Muslim Berber and Arab occupiers.

text: From the 8th–15th centuries, only the southern part of the Iberian Peninsula was incorporated into the Islamic world and became a center of culture and learning, especially during the Caliphate of Córdoba, which reached its height of its power under the rule of Abd-ar-Rahman III and his successor al-Hakam II.[26] The Muslims, who were initially Arabs and Berbers, included some local converts, the so-called Muladi.[27] The Muslims were referred to by the generic name, Moors[28] The Reconquista gained momentum on c. 718, when the Christian Asturians opposed the Moors, the southern march to push out the Muslims continued for three hundred years[citation needed], so for another four hundred years, only the southern part of the Iberian Peninsula was transformed into a Romance-speaking and Arabic-speaking Muslim land, along with pockets of a large minority of Arabic-speaking Sephardi Jews[citation needed].

text: Reconquest[edit]

text: Many of the ousted Gothic nobles took refuge in the unconquered north Kingdom of Asturias. From there, they aimed to reconquer their lands from the Moors; this war of reconquest is known as the Reconquista. Christian and Muslim kingdoms fought and allied among themselves. The Muslim taifa kings competed in patronage of the arts, the Camino de Santiago attracted pilgrims from all Western Europe, and the Jewish population set the basis of Sephardi culture.[citation needed]

text: During the Middle Ages, the peninsula housed many small states including the Kingdom of Castile, Crown of Aragon, Kingdom of Navarre, Kingdom of León and the Kingdom of Portugal. The peninsula was part of the Almohad Caliphate until they were finally uprooted. The last major Muslim stronghold was Granada, which was conquered by a combined Castilian and Aragonese force in 1492. Muslims and Jews throughout the period were variously tolerated or shown intolerance in different Christian kingdoms. However, after the fall of Granada, all Muslims and Jews were ordered to convert to Christianity or face expulsion. Many Jews and Muslims fled to North Africa and the Ottoman Empire, while others publicly converted to Christianity and became known respectively as Marranos and Moriscos. However, many of these continued to practice their religion in secret. The Moriscos revolted several times and were ultimately forcibly expelled from Spain in the early 17th century.

text: Post-reconquest[edit]

text: The small states gradually amalgamated over time, with the exception of Portugal, even if for a brief period (1580–1640) the whole peninsula was united politically under the Iberian Union. After that point, the modern position was reached and the peninsula now consists of the countries of Spain and Portugal (excluding their islands—the Portuguese Azores and Madeira and the Spanish Canary Islands and Balearic Islands; and the Spanish exclaves of Ceuta and Melilla), Andorra, French Cerdagne and Gibraltar.

text: Geography and geology[edit]

text: The Iberian Peninsula is the westernmost of the three major southern European peninsulas—the Iberian, Italian, and Balkan. It is bordered on the southeast and east by the Mediterranean Sea, and on the north, west, and southwest by the Atlantic Ocean. The Pyrenees mountains are situated along the northeast edge of the peninsula, where it adjoins the rest of Europe. Its southern tip is very close to the northwest coast of Africa, separated from it by the Strait of Gibraltar and the Mediterranean Sea.

text: The Iberian Peninsula extends from the southernmost extremity at Punta de Tarifa (36°00′15″N 5°36′37″W / 36.00417°N 5.61028°W / 36.00417; -5.61028) to the northernmost extremity at Punta de Estaca de Bares (43°47′38″N 7°41′17″W / 43.79389°N 7.68806°W / 43.79389; -7.68806) over a distance between lines of latitude of about 865 km (537 mi) based on a degree length of 111 km (69 mi) per degree, and from the westernmost extremity at Cabo da Roca (38°46′51″N 9°29′54″W / 38.78083°N 9.49833°W / 38.78083; -9.49833) to the easternmost extremity at Cap de Creus (42°19′09″N 3°19′19″E / 42.31917°N 3.32194°E / 42.31917; 3.32194) over a distance between lines of longitude at 40° N latitude of about 1,155 km (718 mi) based on an estimated degree length of about 90 km (56 mi) for that latitude. The irregular, roughly octagonal shape of the peninsula contained within this spherical quadrangle was compared to an ox-hide by the geographer Strabo.[29]

text: About three quarters of that rough octagon is the Meseta Central, a vast plateau ranging from 610 to 760 m in altitude.[30] It is located approximately in the centre, staggered slightly to the east and tilted slightly toward the west (the conventional centre of the Iberian Peninsula has long been considered Getafe just south of Madrid). It is ringed by mountains and contains the sources of most of the rivers, which find their way through gaps in the mountain barriers on all sides.

text: Coastline[edit]

text: The coastline of the Iberian Peninsula is 3,313 km (2,059 mi), 1,660 km (1,030 mi) on the Mediterranean side and 1,653 km (1,027 mi) on the Atlantic side.[31] The coast has been inundated over time, with sea levels having risen from a minimum of 115–120 m (377–394 ft) lower than today at the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) to its current level at 4,000 years BP.[32] The coastal shelf created by sedimentation during that time remains below the surface; however, it was never very extensive on the Atlantic side, as the continental shelf drops rather steeply into the depths. An estimated 700 km (430 mi) length of Atlantic shelf is only 10–65 km (6.2–40.4 mi) wide. At the 500 m (1,600 ft) isobath, on the edge, the shelf drops off to 1,000 m (3,300 ft).[33]

text: The submarine topography of the coastal waters of the Iberian Peninsula has been studied extensively in the process of drilling for oil. Ultimately, the shelf drops into the Bay of Biscay on the north (an abyss), the Iberian abyssal plain at 4,800 m (15,700 ft) on the west, and Tagus abyssal plain to the south. In the north, between the continental shelf and the abyss, is an extension called the Galicia Bank, a plateau that also contains the Porto, Vigo, and Vasco da Gama seamounts, which form the Galicia interior basin. The southern border of these features is marked by Nazaré Canyon, which splits the continental shelf and leads directly into the abyss.

text: Rivers[edit]

text: The major rivers flow through the wide valleys between the mountain systems. These are the Ebro, Douro, Tagus, Guadiana and Guadalquivir. All rivers in the Iberian Peninsula are subject to seasonal variations in flow.

text: The Tagus is the longest river on the peninsula and, like the Douro, flows westwards with its lower course in Portugal. The Guadiana river bends southwards and forms the border between Spain and Portugal in the last stretch of its course.

text: Mountains[edit]

text: The terrain of the Iberian Peninsula is largely mountainous. The major mountain systems are:

text:
The Pyrenees and their foothills, the Pre-Pyrenees, crossing the isthmus of the peninsula so completely as to allow no passage except by mountain road, trail, coastal road or tunnel. Aneto in the Maladeta massif, at 3,404 m, is the highest point
The Cantabrian Mountains along the northern coast with the massive Picos de Europa. Torre de Cerredo, at 2,648 m, is the highest point
The Galicia/Trás-os-Montes Massif in the Northwest is made up of very old heavily eroded rocks.[34] Pena Trevinca, at 2,127 m, is the highest point
The Sistema Ibérico, a complex system at the heart of the Peninsula, in its central/eastern region. It contains a great number of ranges and divides the watershed of the Tagus, Douro and Ebro rivers. Moncayo, at 2,313 m, is the highest point
The Sistema Central, dividing the Iberian Plateau into a northern and a southern half and stretching into Portugal (where the highest point of Continental Portugal (1,993 m) is located in the Serra da Estrela). Pico Almanzor in the Sierra de Gredos is the highest point, at 2,592 m
The Montes de Toledo, which also stretches into Portugal from the La Mancha natural region at the eastern end. Its highest point, at 1,603 m, is La Villuerca in the Sierra de Villuercas, Extremadura
The Sierra Morena, which divides the watershed of the Guadiana and Guadalquivir rivers. At 1,332 m, Bañuela is the highest point
The Baetic System, which stretches between Cádiz and Gibraltar and northeast towards Alicante Province. It is divided into three subsystems:

Prebaetic System, which begins west of the Sierra Sur de Jaén, reaching the Mediterranean Sea shores in Alicante Province. La Sagra is the highest point at 2,382 m.
Subbaetic System, which is in a central position within the Baetic Systems, stretching from Cape Trafalgar in Cádiz Province across Andalusia to the Region of Murcia.[35] The highest point, at 2,027 m (6,650 ft), is Peña de la Cruz in Sierra Arana.
Penibaetic System, located in the far southeastern area stretching between Gibraltar across the Mediterranean coastal Andalusian provinces. It includes the highest point in the peninsula, the 3,478 m high Mulhacén in the Sierra Nevada.[36]

tag: ul

text: Geology[edit]

text: The Iberian Peninsula contains rocks of every geological period from the Ediacaran to the Recent, and almost every kind of rock is represented. World-class mineral deposits can also be found there. The core of the Iberian Peninsula consists of a Hercynian cratonic block known as the Iberian Massif. On the northeast, this is bounded by the Pyrenean fold belt, and on the southeast it is bounded by the Baetic System. These twofold chains are part of the Alpine belt. To the west, the peninsula is delimited by the continental boundary formed by the magma-poor opening of the Atlantic Ocean. The Hercynian Foldbelt is mostly buried by Mesozoic and Tertiary cover rocks to the east, but nevertheless outcrops through the Sistema Ibérico and the Catalan Mediterranean System.

text: Climate[edit]

text: The Iberian peninsula has two dominant climate types. One of these is the oceanic climate seen in the Atlantic coastal region resulting in evenly temperatures with relatively cool summers. However, most of Portugal and Spain have a mediterranean climate with various precipitation and temperatures depending on latitude and position versus the sea. There are also more localized semi-arid climates in central Spain, with temperatures resembling a more continental mediterranean climate. In other extreme cases highland alpine climates such as in Sierra Nevada and areas with extremely low precitipation and desert climates nor semi-arid climates such as the Almería[37] area, Murcia area and southern Alicante area. In the Spanish interior the hottest temperatures in Europe are found, with Córdoba averaging around 37 °C (99 °F) in July.[38] The Spanish mediterranean coast usually averages around 30 °C (86 °F) in summer. In sharp contrast A Coruña at the northern tip of Galicia has a summer daytime high average at just below 23 °C (73 °F).[39] This cool and wet summer climate is replicated throughout most of the northern coastline. Winter temperatures are more consistent throughout the peninsula, although frosts are common in the Spanish interior, even though daytime highs are usually above the freezing point. In Portugal, the warmest winters of the country are found in the area of Algarve, very similar to the ones from Huelva in Spain, while most of the Portuguese Atlantic coast has fresh and humid winters, similar to Galicia.

text:
Average temperatures for the six largest urban areas of the peninsula[40][41]

Location
Coldest month
April
Warmest month
October

Madrid
9.8 °C (49.6 °F)
2.7 °C (36.9 °F)
18.2 °C (64.8 °F)
7.7 °C (45.9 °F)
32.1 °C (89.8 °F)
19.0 °C (66.2 °F)
19.4 °C (66.9 °F)
10.7 °C (51.3 °F)

Barcelona
14.8 °C (58.6 °F)
8.8 °C (47.8 °F)
19.1 °C (66.4 °F)
12.5 °C (54.5 °F)
29.0 °C (84.2 °F)
23.1 °C (73.6 °F)
22.5 °C (72.5 °F)
16.5 °C (61.7 °F)

Valencia
16.4 °C (61.5 °F)
7.1 °C (44.8 °F)
20.8 °C (69.4 °F)
11.5 °C (52.7 °F)
30.2 °C (86.4 °F)
21.9 °C (71.4 °F)
24.4 °C (75.9 °F)
15.2 °C (59.4 °F)

Seville
16.0 °C (60.8 °F)
5.7 °C (42.3 °F)
23.4 °C (74.1 °F)
11.1 °C (52.0 °F)
36.0 °C (96.8 °F)
20.3 °C (68.5 °F)
26.0 °C (78.8 °F)
14.4 °C (57.9 °F)

Lisbon
14.8 °C (58.6 °F)
8.3 °C (46.9 °F)
19.8 °C (67.6 °F)
11.9 °C (53.4 °F)
28.3 °C (82.9 °F)
18.6 °C (65.5 °F)
22.5 °C (72.5 °F)
15.1 °C (59.2 °F)

Porto
13.8 °C (56.8 °F)
5.2 °C (41.4 °F)
18.1 °C (64.6 °F)
9.1 °C (48.4 °F)
25.7 °C (78.3 °F)
15.9 °C (60.6 °F)
20.7 °C (69.3 °F)
12.2 °C (54.0 °F)

tag: table

text: Major modern countries[edit]

text: Political divisions of the Iberian Peninsula sorted by area:

text:
Country/
Territory
Mainland population[42]
km2
sq mi
%
Share

 Spain
43,731,572 approx.[43]
492,175
190,030
79%
occupies most of the peninsula

 Portugal
10,047,083 approx.[44]
89,015
34,369
15%
occupies most of the west of the peninsula

 France
3,191,059
33,563
12,959
6%
French Cerdagne is on the south side of the Pyrenees mountain range, which runs along the border between Spain and France.[45][46][47] For example, the Segre river, which runs west and then south to meet the Ebro, has its source on the French side. The Pyrenees range is often considered the northeastern boundary of Iberian Peninsula, although the French coastline converges away from the rest of Europe north of the range.

 Andorra
84,082
468
181
0.1%
a northern edge of the peninsula in the south side of the Pyrenees range between Spain and France

 Gibraltar ( United Kingdom)
29,431
7
3
<0.1%
a British overseas territory near the southernmost tip of the peninsula

text: Major urban areas[edit]

text:
Urban Area
Country
Region
Population

Madrid
 Spain
 Community of Madrid
6,321,398[48]

Barcelona
 Spain
 Catalonia
4,604,000[49]

Lisbon
 Portugal
 Lisbon
3,035,000[50]

Porto
 Portugal
 Northern Portugal
2,163,000[51]

Valencia
 Spain
 Valencian Community
1,564,145[52]

text: The main metropolitan areas of the Iberian Peninsula are Madrid, Barcelona, Lisbon, Valencia, Porto, Seville, Bilbao, Braga, Málaga, Central Asturias (Gijón-Oviedo-Avilés), Alicante-Elche, Murcia and Coimbra.

text: Major cities[edit]

text:
List of cities in the Iberian Peninsula by population

City/Town
Region & Country
Population (2011–12)

City/Town
Region & Country
Population (2011–12)

1
Madrid
Madrid, Spain
3,233,527

11
Córdoba
Andalusia, Spain
328,841

2
Barcelona
Catalonia, Spain
1,620,943

12
Valladolid
Castile and León, Spain
311,501

3
Valencia
Valencia, Spain
809,267

13
Vigo
Galicia, Spain
297,733

4
Seville
Andalusia, Spain
702,355

14
Vila Nova de Gaia
Norte, Portugal
288,749

5
Zaragoza
Aragon, Spain
679,624

15
Gijón
Asturias, Spain
277,554

6
Málaga
Andalusia, Spain
567,433

16
L'Hospitalet
Catalonia, Spain
257,057

7
Lisbon
Lisboa, Portugal
547,631

17
A Coruña
Galicia, Spain
246,146

8
Murcia
Murcia, Spain
441,354

18
Vitoria-Gasteiz
Basque Country, Spain
242,223

9
Bilbao
Basque Country, Spain
351,629

19
Porto
Norte, Portugal
237,591

10
Alicante
Valencia, Spain
334,678

20
Granada
Andalusia, Spain
237,540

text: Various other notable cities are also present on the peninsula, such as: Elche (230,354), Oviedo (225,973), Badalona (220,977) and Terrassa (215 678) in Spain; and Braga (181,874), Amadora (175,558), Coimbra (102,455) and Setúbal (90,640) in Portugal.

text: Ecology[edit]

text: Forests[edit]

text: The woodlands of the Iberian Peninsula are distinct ecosystems. Although the various regions are each characterized by distinct vegetation, there are some similarities across the peninsula.

text: While the borders between these regions are not clearly defined, there is a mutual influence that makes it very hard to establish boundaries and some species find their optimal habitat in the intermediate areas.

text: East Atlantic flyway[edit]

text: The Iberian Peninsula in an important stopover on the East Atlantic flyway for birds migrating from northern Europe to Africa. For example, curlew sandpipers rest in the region of the Bay of Cádiz.[53]

text: In addition to the birds migrating through, some seven million wading birds from the north spend the winter in the estuaries and wetlands of the Iberian Peninsula, mainly at locations on the Atlantic coast. In Galicia are Ría de Arousa (a home of grey plover), Ria de Ortigueira, Ria de Corme and Ria de Laxe. In Portugal, the Aveiro Lagoon hosts Recurvirostra avosetta, the common ringed plover, grey plover and little stint. Ribatejo Province on the Tagus supports Recurvirostra arosetta, grey plover, dunlin, bar-tailed godwit and common redshank. In the Sado Estuary are dunlin, Eurasian curlew, grey plover and common redshank. The Algarve hosts red knot, common greenshank and turnstone. The Guadalquivir Marshes region of Andalusia and the Salinas de Cádiz are especially rich in wintering wading birds: Kentish plover, common ringed plover, sanderling, and black-tailed godwit in addition to the others. And finally, the Ebro delta is home to all the species mentioned above.[54]

text: Languages[edit]

text: With the sole exception of Basque, which is of unknown origin, all modern Iberian languages descend from Vulgar Latin and belong to the Western Romance languages. Throughout history (and pre-history), many different languages have been spoken in the Iberian Peninsula, contributing to the formation and differentiation of the contemporaneous languages of Iberia; however, most of them have become extinct or fallen into disuse. Basque is the only non-Indo-European surviving language in Iberia and Western Europe.

text: In modern times, Spanish (cf. 30 to 40 million speakers), Portuguese (cf. around 10 million speakers), Catalan (cf. around 9 million speakers), Galician (cf. around 3 million speakers) and Basque (cf. around 1 million speakers)[55] are the most widely spoken languages in the Iberian Peninsula. Spanish and Portuguese have expanded beyond Iberia to the rest of world, becoming global languages.

text: Economy[edit]

text: Major industries include mining, tourism, small farms, and fishing. Because the coast is so long, fishing is popular, especially sardines, tuna, cod and anchovies. Most of the mining happens in the Pyrenees mountains; iron, gold, coal, valuable minerals—such as lead, silver, zinc, and salt—are all mined.


document_title: List of African countries by population

question_text: which is the most populous country in africa

text: List of African countries by population

text: This is a list of African countries and dependent territories sorted by population, which is sorted by the 2015 mid-year normalized demographic projections.

text: Table[edit]

text:
Rank

Country(or dependent territory)

July 1, 2015projection[1]

% ofpop.

Averagerelativeannualgrowth(%)[2]

Averageabsoluteannualgrowth[3]

Estimateddoublingtime(Years)[4]

Officialfigure(whereavailable)

Date oflast figure

Source

1
 Nigeria
181,563,000
15.98
2.91
4,731,000
24
173,000,000
2013
Official estimate

2
 Ethiopia
103,764,000
7.81
2.41
2,424,000
29
99,391,000
2015
Official estimate

3
 Egypt
89,125,000
7.68
2.29
2,028,000
31
94,408,000
August 12, 2018
Official population clock

4
 Democratic Republic of the Congo
77,267,000
6.70
3.13
2,390,000
22
86,026,000
July 1, 2015
Official estimate

5
 South Africa
54,957,000
4.77
1.61
873,000
43
54,956,900
July 1, 2015
Official estimate

6
 Tanzania
51,046,000
4.23
2.97
1,414,000
24
51,046,000
2015
Official estimate

7
 Kenya
45,533,000
3.84
2.87
1,196,000
24
45,533,000
2015
Official estimate

8
 Sudan
40,235,000
3.33
3.07
912,000
23
40,235,000
2015
Official estimate

9
 Algeria
39,670,000
3.46
2.07
768,000
34
40,100,000
January 1, 2016
Official estimate

10
 Uganda
37,102,000
3.10
3.09
1,201,000
23
34,856,813
August 28, 2014
Preliminary 2014 census result

11
 Morocco[5]
34,380,000
3.33
1.24
412,000
56
33,337,529
September 1, 2014
Preliminary 2014 census result

12
 Mozambique
28,013,000
2.23
2.74
702,000
26
28,013,000
2015
Official estimate

13
 Ghana
27,414,000
2.40
2.48
621,000
28
27,043,093
2014
Official estimate

14
 Angola
25,326,000
2.20
3.43
839,000
21
24,383,301
May 16, 2014
Preliminary 2014 census result

15
 Ivory Coast
23,126,000
2.02
2.55
451,000
27
22,671,331
May 15, 2014
Preliminary 2014 census result

16
 Madagascar
23,043,000
2.00
2.71
609,000
26
22,434,363
2014
Official estimate

17
 Cameroon
21,918,000
1.90
2.65
565,000
27
21,917,602
2015
Official estimate

18
 Niger
18,880,000
1.64
3.86
701,000
18
17,138,707
December 10, 2012
Final 2012 census result

19
 Burkina Faso
18,450,000
1.60
3.26
582,000
22
18,450,494
2015
Official estimate

20
 Mali
17,796,000
1.54
3.30
568,000
21
14,528,662
April 1, 2009
Final 2009 census result

21
 Malawi
16,307,000
1.41
3.18
502,000
22
16,832,900
July 1, 2016
Official estimate

22
 Zambia
15,474,000
1.34
3.00
451,000
23
15,473,905
2015
Official estimate

23
 Somalia
14,317,996
0.95
1.54
166,000
45
12,316,895
January 1, 2016
Official estimate

24
 Senegal
14,150,000
1.23
2.92
401,000
24
14,354,690
2015
Official estimate

25
 Chad
13,675,000
1.19
3.57
471,000
20
11,039,873
May 20, 2009
Final 2009 census result

26
 Zimbabwe
13,503,000
1.17
1.17
156,000
60
13,061,239
August 17, 2012
Final 2012 census result

27
 South Sudan
12,519,000
1.09
5.95
703,000
12
8,260,490
April 22, 2008
2008 census result

28
 Rwanda
11,324,000
0.98
2.61
288,000
27
10,515,973
August 15, 2012
Final 2012 census result

29
 Tunisia
11,118,000
0.96
1.04
114,000
67
10,982,754
April 23, 2014
Preliminary 2014 census result

30
 Guinea
10,935,000
0.95
2.30
246,000
30
10,628,972
April 2, 2014
Preliminary 2014 census result

31
 Benin
10,782,000
0.93
3.54
369,000
20
10,008,749
May 11, 2013
Final 2013 census result

32
 Burundi
9,824,000
0.85
2.93
280,000
24
9,823,828
2015
Official estimate

33
 Togo
7,065,000
0.61
2.87
197,000
25
6,191,155
November 6, 2010
Final 2010 census result

34
 Eritrea
6,895,000
0.60
5.49
359,000
13
6,536,000
July 1, 2014
Official estimate

35
 Sierra Leone
6,513,000
0.56
2.57
163,000
27
6,348,350
2014
Official estimate

36
 Libya
6,278,000
0.54
1.13
70,000
62
5,298,152
April 15, 2006
2006 census result

37
 Republic of the Congo
4,706,000
0.41
2.98
136,000
24
3,697,490
April 28, 2007
2007 census result

38
 Central African Republic
4,659,080
0.42
2.00
96,000
35
3,859,139
2017
[1]

39
 Liberia
4,046,000
0.35
2.09
83,000
33
3,476,608
March 21, 2008
Final 2008 census result

40
 Mauritania
3,632,000
0.31
2.43
86,000
29
3,718,678
2016
Official estimate

41
 Namibia
2,281,000
0.20
2.01
45,000
35
2,280,700
July 1, 2015
Official estimate

42
 Botswana
2,176,000
0.19
1.92
41,000
36
2,024,904
August 22, 2011
Final 2011 census result

43
 Gambia
2,022,000
0.18
3.27
64,000
22
1,882,450
April 15, 2013
Preliminary 2013 census result[permanent dead link]

44
 Equatorial Guinea
1,996,000
0.17
4.23
81,000
17
1,222,442
July 4, 2015
Preliminary 2015 census result

45
 Lesotho
1,908,000
0.17
0.21
4,000
330
1,894,194
2011
Official estimate

46
 Gabon
1,873,000
0.16
1.85
34,000
38
1,802,278
October 5, 2013
Preliminary 2013 census result

47
 Guinea-Bissau
1,788,000
0.16
2.58
45,000
27
1,530,673
2015
Official estimate

48
 Mauritius
1,263,000
0.11
0.16
2,000
437
1,261,208
July 1, 2014
Official estimate

49
 Swaziland
1,119,000
0.10
1.18
13,000
59
1,119,375
2015
Official estimate

50
 Djibouti
961,000
0.08
2.67
25,000
26
864,618
July 1, 2011
Official estimate

51
 Réunion (France)
853,000
0.07
0.71
6,000
98
840,974
January 1, 2013
Official estimate

52
 Comoros
783,000
0.07
2.62
20,000
27
806,200
July 1, 2016
Official estimate

53
 Cape Verde
525,000
0.05
1.35
7,000
52
491,875
June 16, 2010
Final 2010 census result[permanent dead link]

54
Western Sahara[6]
509,000
0.04
1.80
9,000
39
510,713
September 2, 2014
Preliminary 2014 census result

55
 Mayotte (France)
229,000
0.02
2.69
6,000
26
212,600
August 21, 2012
2012 census result

56
 São Tomé and Príncipe
194,000
0.02
2.65
5,000
27
179,200
May 13, 2012
Final 2012 census result

57
 Seychelles
97,000
0.01
1.04
1,000
67
90,945
August 26, 2010
Final 2010 census result

58
 Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha (UK)
4,000
<0.01
0.0
0
-
5,633
June 2016
2016 census result

Total
1,153,308,000
100.00
2.68
30,155,000
26

text: African population by country (top 8).


document_title: American Dad!

question_text: who does seth macfarlane voice in american dad

question_tokens: who does seth macfarlane voice in american dad

text: American Dad!

text: Premise[edit]

text: The series focuses on the eccentric upper middle class Smith family in the fictional community of Langley Falls, Virginia and their three housemates:[3] Father, husband, CIA Agent, Republican, and breadwinner Stan; his wife and homemaker/housewife, Francine; their liberal, hippie, college-aged daughter, Hayley; and their dorky high-school-aged son, Steve. There are three additional main characters, including Hayley's boyfriend/husband, Jeff Fischer; the family's unusual goldfish, Klaus, who has the mind of an East German athlete; and Roger, the alien, who is a deceitful, self-serving master of disguise.[15][16] Stan's CIA boss, the Deputy Director Avery Bullock, is a recurring focal point.

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text: Voice cast[edit]

text:
Cast members

Seth MacFarlane
Wendy Schaal
Scott Grimes
Rachael MacFarlane
Dee Bradley Baker
Jeff Fischer
Patrick Stewart

Stan Smith, Roger
Francine Smith
Steve Smith
Hayley Smith
Klaus Heissler
Jeff Fischer
Deputy Director Avery Bullock

text: The voice actors are not assembled as a group when performing the lines of their characters; rather, each of the voice actors perform their lines privately. The voice actors have stated that because of their personalities and tendency to goof off when together as a group, they would never get anything completed if they performed their lines collectively.[17]

text: Main characters[edit]

text: American Dad! centers on the absurd circumstances, adventures and domestic life of its title character Stan Smith, his immediate family, and their three housemates. Adding to all the ridiculousness and absurdity are the various personality traits of all the show's eccentric main characters, listed as follows:

text:
Seth MacFarlane voices Stan Smith (father/husband) and Roger (alien)
Wendy Schaal voices Francine Smith (wife/mother)
Scott Grimes voices Steve Smith (Stan and Francine's son)
Rachael MacFarlane voices Hayley Smith (Stan and Francine's daughter)
Dee Bradley Baker voices Klaus Heissler (the Smiths' man-in-a-fish-body pet)
Jeff Fischer voices Jeff Fischer (Hayley's boyfriend then husband)
Patrick Stewart voices Deputy Director Avery Bullock (Stan's manager)

text: Production[edit]

text: Early seasons and comparison with Family Guy and All in the Family[edit]

text: When asked what first spurred the idea for American Dad! Seth MacFarlane answered, "It was right after the [2000] election, and me [sic] and co-creator Matt Weitzman were so frustrated with the Bush administration that we would just spend days bitching and complaining, and we figured we should channel this into something creative and hopefully profitable."[7][10] In early February 2005, Barker stated, "About a year and a half ago, Seth called and asked if Matt and I would be interested in working on a show about a right-wing CIA agent and his liberal daughter. It was right up our alley, and everything just fell into place."[5][10][18] On September 14, 2003, Variety reported that Fox Broadcasting had ordered a pilot presentation of the then tentatively titled American Dad! and "If greenlit, American Dad! could launch as early as fall 2004." At the time, Fox was aiming to develop a new lineup of adult animated sitcoms.[19]

text: American Dad! had a mid-season debut. Its first episode, titled "Pilot", was originally shown directly following Super Bowl XXXIX on February 6, 2005. The rest of the first season, however, would not launch until May 1, 2005, on Fox's Animation Domination lineup which had its debut on that date.[6][9][20] Initially, it was a replacement for the originally failed series Family Guy (1999–2003). American Dad! was originally intended to be Fox's answer to the hordes of fans left behind from the original failure of MacFarlane's previous animated venture.[2] Just three short months after American Dad!'s debut however, Family Guy was revived, leaving American Dad! with a formidable expectation: whether the series could distinguish itself from its counterpart and succeed on its own merits.[2] Instead of taking over creative direction of the series, MacFarlane left the job largely in the hands of Barker and Weitzman so as to distinguish American Dad![7]

text: In its early going, American Dad! brought in strong ratings but fought an uphill battle in gaining widespread acceptance and approval from viewers and critics alike.[10] The popularity of MacFarlane and his involvement with Family Guy have led to foregone conclusions and prejudices against American Dad! as a rip-off of the predecessor[10] and some critics had already written off American Dad! prior to its birth as nothing more than a pale imitation of Family Guy and MacFarlane's attempts to get his old show back on the air.[9] One example, prior to the American Dad! series debut, a writer of The Washington Post published a piece that reads "But those same executives have also given MacFarlane a whole new animated half-hour to play with in the disappointing American Dad! The new series officially premieres in May but has a sneak preview tomorrow night in the coveted post-Super Bowl time period ... The look and pace of American Dad! is the same as Family Guy."[21]

text: In actuality, however, the program's beginnings take cues from the TV series All in the Family, almost a farcical animated version of the live action sitcom.[22][23] Both shows make use of political satire, bigotry, ludicrous expressions of Conservatism from their paternal main character (Stan likened to Archie Bunker), and sensible expressions of Liberalism from their daughter character (Hayley likened to Gloria Stivic). Moreover, the daughter in both series each have a Liberal hippie boyfriend turned husband (Jeff likened to Michael Stivic) of whom the daughter's Conservative father is antagonistic towards. Also in both, the daughter lives in her parents' home with her boyfriend turned husband as a housemate. American Dad! in its original form was even said to have been inspired by All in the Family.[22][24]

text: Development of a specific identity[edit]

text: In American Dad!'s initial seasons MacFarlane was described as focusing more attention on his coexisting obligation of Family Guy. This was to the extent that American Dad! was completely secondary to him, and he did not understand the show. Because he was not getting the show at the time, he was described as "just going along for the ride." Likewise, the rest of the show's creators Mike Barker and Matt Weitzman were also trying to figure out the show and where it was going.[9][10]

text: After American Dad!'s initial couple of seasons and as it progressed, the show began to increasingly develop its very own distinct approach and identity, becoming more and more distinguished from all other programs on the air. Standing out from its counterparts increasingly with each passing season, the series has been described as eventually becoming the weirdest show in network prime time. It has been characterized as serving up distinguishing blasts of surrealism.[9] As the series progressed, MacFarlane realized that Mike Barker and Matt Weitzman were on to something uniquely appealing; moreover, he realized they were on to something that sharply contrasted from Family Guy, which audiences appreciated.[9][10]

text: After the show's first several seasons, MacFarlane not only came to fully understand and appreciate American Dad!'s value but also came to consider himself a huge fan of the series. Taking note of his Twitter followers increased fanaticism and excitement over American Dad! and the "Roger" character, MacFarlane began putting considerable amounts of his time and efforts into the series, more so in the last several seasons than ever before (this observation made in fall 2012).[9] In describing American Dad! comedy styles, Barker noted that it is not as reference-laden as Family Guy or South Park. He added that American Dad!'s humor more frequently derives from "the human condition and emotions that everyone can relate to: ego, the feds, etc. And for that reason, I think our humor is a little more evergreen."[25]

text: Developing plot lines and scripts[edit]

text: On developing scripts for American Dad! episodes, co-creator Mike Barker revealed that he and the rest of the show's staff never know when and from where plot line ideas will emerge. "Just as an example," Barker explained, "All About Steve" is an episode where Stan wants his son to be more of a jock and more like he was when he was his age. That whole episode came about from one of our writers Dave Hemingson coming into our office, telling us he just visited the dentist and he may need to get braces. And the idea of a grown man with braces appealed to us, and we just decided what if we put Stan in braces, and he understands for the first time what it's like to feel like a geek."[26]

text: During the 2012–13 season, Barker revealed that much of his inspiration for American Dad! plots has come through listening to music. Barker's revelation to use music as a muse for his American Dad! writing came from attending the 2008 Bonnaroo Music & Arts Festival. During that event, he watched the rock band My Morning Jacket perform a four-hour set in the rain and realized from the experience that he could generate ideas for American Dad! by tapping into music: "From that point on, I realized that music should be playing a bigger role in my writing", Barker told the Louisville Courier-Journal. "Writing is hard for me, and when you hear music that inspires good ideas, you're really grateful."[27] The Beginning of the show's main theme "Good Morning USA" uses the beginning introduction to "Stars and Stripes Forever".

text: In particular, Barker has credited music from Wax Fang for his inspiration in writing certain American Dad! plots. Said Barker, "There's just something so inherently cinematic about Wax Fang's music. [Scott] Carney's voice is stunningly clear and dramatic. And his lyrics are specific enough to build stories around while staying flexible enough for different interpretations." Barker added that through listening to the Wax Fang track Majestic, he was able to come up with major plot elements for the episode "Lost in Space" (this episode features the Wax Fang songs Majestic and At Sea).[28]

text: Barker has stated that once he and the rest of the show's staff get the idea for the plot line, they spend a couple of weeks in a room with all the screenwriters. There, they break the story and make sure that each act of the two act breaks are strong. As another procedure, Barker stated that they make a point of twisting the story in such a way so as to make audiences come back for more after the commercial break.[26]

text: "The final process," Barker explained, "is sending a screenwriter out to write the script. The screenwriter gets two weeks to write the script. The script then comes back." Barker explained that they then all edit and rewrite it, "hopefully keeping as much of the first draft as we can and punching the jokes and making sure all the motivations are there, and then we take it to the table and read it."[26]

text: In February 2005, Barker stated that as creative directors, all decisions made about the plot line and direction of the series go through himself and Weitzman. He explained that the show had reflected their point of view since the beginning. Barker has also credited the program's other staff beyond himself, Weitzman, and MacFarlane, remarking "We couldn't have made it all happen without them." At the time, it was noted that the series had a staff of 17 writers, which was described as "a big undertaking."[22]

text: When Barker was asked what his favorite part was of the American Dad! pre-production process, he answered, "I like the story breaking process, personally—coming up with the stories. To me, that's the most gratifying."[26]

text: Barker and Matt Weitzman have stated that they are accustomed to feeling scruples with adding certain material into the plots, but always follow this up by going ahead with incorporating the material anyway. They added that their goal is to create laughs combined with groans and going over the line.[29]

text: Animated scenes[edit]

text: MacFarlane played a lead role in the animated character designs for American Dad!.[22]

text: In describing the characters' appearances, Weitzman remarked "It's all very bright, very easy on the eyes."[5][18]

text: In explaining the animated side of the job, Barker stated, "Fifty or so animators from the Fox animation group are involved. A lot is done in-house: poses, models, props, all storyboards and timing."[22]

text: Also as reported in February 2005, animation for American Dad! is colored and detailed overseas. Sunwoo Entertainment of Korea was said to handle that end of the pre-production process.[22]

text: Editing, completion, and deadlines[edit]

text: Barker has explained that because American Dad! creators are working in animation as opposed to live action, they have the ability to redraw and rewrite up until the show is aired.

text: However, Barker has also stated, "It's really hard to accept anything less than perfect when you start to get wrapped up in this process of being able to constantly make changes. Eventually you have to kind of bring down the hammer at the color stage and live with what you've got."

text: Barker has explained that, ultimately, the creation process of an American Dad! episode is completed upon the producers' say-so, not anyone else's.[26]

text: When American Dad! co-creator Matt Weitzman was asked what his favorite part was of the show's pre-production process, he answered, "I probably enjoy the editing process a lot. I think I like the fine tuning of things and making things happen just so. Making the episode just kind of pop in its own subtle ways."[26]

text: American Dad! creators have revealed to working significantly in advance of newly broadcast episodes. As many as 20 to 42 unaired episodes are typically ready for finishing touches. Barker explained that a key to this system is making sure that the writing is timeless, as opposed to topical and contemporary. He added that if any material within the script deals with contemporary issues, the creators have to hope that they're also contemporary issues two years down the line. When asked whether or not this method has ever brought on difficulties, Barker answered in the affirmative and explained:

text: In discussing the creation of American Dad! and animated sitcoms in general, MacFarlane has stated:

text: Conversely, Barker has stated:

text: Setting[edit]

text: The Smith family and their two housemates reside on Cherry Street in the fictional suburb of Langley Falls, Virginia.[30] It is worth noting that there is an actual Langley, Virginia (home to the headquarters of the CIA, which is where Stan works in the series) and a Great Falls, Virginia, both communities located in Fairfax County, Virginia. The Smiths and their two housemates live in a large, two-story residence with a basement and an attic. In addition, the Smith house is apparently enhanced with numerous secret rooms, facilities, and large habitats, these unorthodox attachments usually only seen once for each (i.e., the episodes "Of Ice and Men", "Bush Comes to Dinner", "The Missing Kink", "The Full Cognitive Redaction of Avery Bullock by the Coward Stan Smith", etc.).[31] The house is also shown to be filled with many pitfall traps, one of which is filled with alligators and another named by Stan as the "Pit of No Return."[32][33] Greg and Terry are a gay couple that live across the street from the Smiths. Within the neighborhood, they are portrayed as running a neater and tidier home than the Smiths. Greg and Terry are also the local news anchor for W-ANG-TV. Also in the area is the high school attended by Steve, Pearl Bailey High School.[34]

text: Plot techniques[edit]

text: Farces[edit]

text: American Dad! has commonly made use of farces as most of the predicaments that befall the main characters have escalated into the extremes, to the point of getting outrageously out-of-hand.[3][35][36] For example, in the episode "Home Wrecker", Stan and Francine's marital harmony breaks down from a difference of opinion on remodeling the house. It gets to the point where they divide the house in two, each decorating their half of the house in their desired fashion. Not satisfied with this however, they both attempt to drive the other out of the home and eventually erect a colossal block wall, dividing the two halves of the house. The rest of the family members are forced to spend one holiday after the next alternating between Fran's and Stan's place (the sides of the house treated as distinct homes). As another example, in the episode "Stan's Food Restaurant", Stan asks for Roger's help in starting a restaurant. As things progress, Roger makes heavy changes in the layout, eventually kicking Stan out of the project. Stan retaliates by opening another restaurant next door, which becomes a smashing success. Roger responds by blowing up Stan's restaurant but destroying his own in the process. Stan threatens to kill Roger, but backs down after Roger pulls a gun on him and tells him to relax.[36]

text: Surreal humor[edit]

text: American Dad! plots are generally teeming with surrealism and nonsensical elements.[37] Many of the occurrences, circumstances, and behaviors are unrestrainedly preposterous, senseless, and illogical.[3][38]

text: As further examples of surrealism on American Dad!—in the episode "Hurricane!", a ferocious bear pauses in his attack, lowers his eyelids halfway, and repeatedly shakes his head horizontally, shaming Stan for missing him in a harpoon shot and instead spearing Francine into a wall; in the episode "Why Can't We Be Friends?", the hallways of the Smith house transform into dark and dangerous ghetto alleyways for every time Roger ambushed, stole money from, and even tried to forcibly rape Jeff Fischer;[39] in the episode "The Missing Kink", Steve and family fish Klaus are shown competing in a one-on-one basketball game between each other, the score nearly tied at 11 to 10; also in the "Missing Kink" episode, the Smith house is shown to consist of a never-before-seen underworld to which various friends and acquaintances of the Smiths party and frolic; in the episode "The Full Cognitive Redaction of Avery Bullock by the Coward Stan Smith", Stan has a never-before-seen secret control room hidden underground just beside the house. The control room door's exterior side is camouflaged with the grass surrounding it. The room is filled with highly advanced, state-of-the-art equipment. Access to the control room is achieved through a handprint reading device that extends from the ground when Stan extends his arm/hand at it; etc.[37][38]

text: Non sequitur[edit]

text: Among one of the many forms of surreal humor and nonsense elements that have been used by American Dad! is the non sequitur. This arises when the show's focus becomes sidetracked by entirely unknown and unrelated characters in circumstances that are irrelevant to the episode's main plot. Typically when this happens, it is after the show has maintained focus on its main characters for much of the episode; following this, the scenes randomly lose focus and become deeply wrapped up into the lives of never-before-seen characters who are non-central to the plot. A prime example of this is in the episode "Homeland Insecurity". As opposed to scenes focusing on main characters, attention is redirected deep into the lives of unknown characters who gain possession of Roger's transforming feces turned gold. As another example, in the episode "The Missing Kink", the show's focus is sporadically sidetracked with brief scenes revolving around the life of a drug abusing bird and Francine's inexplicable ability to both understand and communicate with the bird's chirping.[37][40]

text: Plot twists and unexpected elements[edit]

text: The series has abounded with random, unexpected occurrences and surprise plot twists as result of the characters and the very makeup of the program.[41] For example, in the episode "The Full Cognitive Redaction of Avery Bullock by the Coward Stan Smith", Steve refers to Roger for help in dealing with a school bully. Because Steve is able to correctly predict Roger's original game plan of handling the situation himself under an alter ego, Roger throws him a curveball: he not only hires someone else, Stelio Kontos (from the episode "Bully for Steve"), to handle the matter but hires him to bully Steve in combination with Steve's original bully. As another example, in the episode "The Vacation Goo", Francine becomes frustrated that she cannot get the family together for Sunday night dinner. For family time, Stan suggests a vacation, and the Smiths have a great time in Maui as a family. This is up until Roger shuts down the mechanism Francine and the kids are all attached to so as to believe they are all on vacation. Francine and the kids then learn that Stan has been programming a pseudo-vacation every year in a contraption dubbed "the goo chambers". After learning of this, Francine demands they go on a real vacation. Twice they appear to do so, first skiing, then to Italy, until it is ultimately revealed that they are in the "goo chambers" all along, with Steve and then Hayley having programmed the vacations, respectively. In the episode "Spelling Bee My Baby", Steve deliberately misspells his words in a spelling bee so as to express his love for Akiko (who is also competing), instead spelling random Tyler Perry/Madea films.[41]

text: Story arc use[edit]

text: Another technique used by American Dad! is the story arc. On several occasions, a circumstance expands and progresses across a collection of episodes.[3][18] As an example, one of Hayley's temporary breakups with Jeff expanded across a string of episodes, in which she instead temporarily dated a black man in a koala body, Reginald Koala—known for his very urban mannerisms and behaviors. As another example, since the 9th season episode "Naked to the Limit, One More Time", Jeff Fischer has been absent from the Smith house and planet Earth altogether. In that episode, Jeff is blindsided when Roger hurls him into a spaceship. This spacecraft belongs to Roger's race of aliens and was intended to return him back to his birth planet; however, Roger remains behind after casting Jeff into the spaceship. The spaceship immediately takes off and Jeff is not seen until several episodes later, the episode "Lost in Space". During episodes that aired between the two aforementioned episodes, allusions to the ongoing plot line are made. For example, in the episode "Spelling Bee My Baby", Hayley is shown holding out hope for Jeff's return. In the episode, Roger and Stan attempt to rush Hayley through her grieving process so she will be willing to be their tennis official.[3][42] In the episode "The Longest Distance Relationship" Jeff gets in touch with Hayley via a radio and ultimately tells her not to wait for him and to move on with her life. This story arc is finally resolved in the episode "Holy Shit, Jeff's Back!", Jeff supposedly returns to Earth but it turns out to be an alien called Zebleer masquerading as Jeff and the real Jeff has been dissected, however Jeff's brain is transplanted into Zebleer's body allowing the real Jeff to live, after which Stan and Hayley's memories are wiped, leaving them unaware that Jeff is no longer entirely human. This plot point is continued at the end of "Bahama Mama", where Roger mentions Jeff cannot get Hayley pregnant because he has an alien body, so he agrees to rebirth Jeff in "Roger's Baby". By the end of the episode, Jeff is human again and with Hayley on Earth.

text: In discussing the cartoon's distinguishing story arc element, co-creator Mike Barker explained:

text: Black comedy[edit]

text: Much of the wit used in American Dad! has come in the form of black comedy as many of the predicaments and circumstances have made fun of the characters in life-threatening, disastrous, terrifying, and traumatic situations.[43] As an example, the episode "A Ward Show" is chock full of suicide and murder: Roger became Steve's legal guardian and responded to him getting picked on at school by rigging the teachers' cars with explosives and killing them all. Later on in the episode while Principal Lewis was driving his vehicle with Steve as the passenger, he informed Steve that he was about to drive off the Grand Canyon in a murder-suicide. This culminated in Roger saving the day, his love supernaturally allowing the car to fly once Principal Lewis drove off the Canyon; however, another vehicle with a random white man and a black boy in it (opposite of Principal Lewis, a black man and Steve, a white boy) had also, coincidentally enough, driven off the opposite side of the Grand Canyon in a murder-suicide attempt. This resulted in a midair collision between the car with Principal Lewis and Steve in it and the car with the white man and black boy in it.[43] Another example, in the episode "Da Flippity Flop", Roger leaves a long series of harassing answering machine messages for Steve, trying to get him to sign up for his gym. In these messages, Roger is also heard snapping on various people, killing three individuals from reckless driving, landing himself in court, and subsequently becoming irate and shooting up numerous people at the city courthouse for being scolded to turn off his mobile phone.[44]

text: Cringe comedy and shock value[edit]

text: This section possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (April 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Much of the comedy on the show is in the form of cringe comedy and shock value, intended to elicit sharp disgust, discomfort or shock. The show's creators have stated that if material elicits laughter combined with groans and offense, it is a shoo-in for American Dad![29] As an example, in the episode "Can I Be Frank with You", during a massage treatment in which Roger has a nurse reaching her arms/hands up his anal/colon region to squirt water inside him, it is revealed that Roger knowingly has a live house cat residing in his anus and colon. Roger chides the cat for coming out during the massage.[45] As another example, in the episode "The Scarlett Getter", Steve magically starts having good luck whenever he wears his sister Hayley's panties. Also, in the episode "Stanny Boy and Frantastic", when Stan and Francine are free-running with new couple friends, Tom and Cami, Francine gets Stan's head out of bannisters that it is stuck in and subsequently Stan falls down multiple flights of stairs and fractures his shin bone.

text: Some episodes have hinted at incest. On more than one occasion, Stan has flexed and shown off his derrière at his own children, Steve and Hayley, once even making attempts to get them to grab onto it. In the episode "Great Space Roaster", Stan remarks, "Steve, don't steal glances. If you want to check out my meatballs in this thing, go right ahead. I'm your dad." In the episode "Why Can't We Be Friends?" as Steve turns around and walks away from an upset Stan who has just finished scolding him, Stan quietly admires his son's derrière, remarking to himself, "Kid's got his mother's ass, lucky bastard." Further, in the episode "Pulling Double Booty", Hayley is seen making out with a man identical to her father. Mistaking him for Stan, Francine disgustedly passes out. Stan later reveals the look-alike to be a body double of his named Bill, who works for the CIA. Hayley is convinced that Bill is the one and if he dumps her, she would go "maximum insane": She would kill Bill, burn down the neighborhood, and rape Roger, according to her. While the four spend time together at the beach, Stan gives Bill a detailed account of Francine's sex drive, leading Bill to seduce and attempt to have sexual intercourse with Francine. Stan later kicks Bill out of his house. He then passes himself off as Bill to Hayley, hoping to prevent her from going "maximum insane", with Hayley under the impression that Stan is Bill, the two travel to a romantic resort, with Hayley making sexual advances on her own father.

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired

First aired
Last aired
Network

1
7
February 6, 2005 (2005-02-06)
June 19, 2005 (2005-06-19)
Fox

2
16
September 11, 2005 (2005-09-11)
May 14, 2006 (2006-05-14)

3
19
September 10, 2006 (2006-09-10)
May 20, 2007 (2007-05-20)

4
16
September 30, 2007 (2007-09-30)
May 18, 2008 (2008-05-18)

5
20
September 28, 2008 (2008-09-28)
May 17, 2009 (2009-05-17)

6
18
September 27, 2009 (2009-09-27)
May 16, 2010 (2010-05-16)

7
19
October 3, 2010 (2010-10-03)
May 22, 2011 (2011-05-22)

8
18
September 25, 2011 (2011-09-25)
May 13, 2012 (2012-05-13)

9
19
September 30, 2012 (2012-09-30)
May 12, 2013 (2013-05-12)

10
20
September 29, 2013 (2013-09-29)
May 18, 2014 (2014-05-18)

11
3
September 14, 2014 (2014-09-14)
September 21, 2014 (2014-09-21)

12
15
October 20, 2014 (2014-10-20)
June 1, 2015 (2015-06-01)
TBS

13
22
January 25, 2016 (2016-01-25)
June 27, 2016 (2016-06-27)

14
22
November 7, 2016 (2016-11-07)
September 11, 2017 (2017-09-11)

text: Season number discrepancies and episode misreports[edit]

text: Season number discrepancies[edit]

text: There are multiple conflicting reports and models as to the number of seasons American Dad! has had.[10]

text: (A): One of the reports upholds a one-season-fewer numbering model: Under this arrangement, season 1 is a combination of both the first 7 episodes and the following 16 episodes, despite the separation of these two episode collections by a summer hiatus. Under this system, season 1 is uncharacteristically longer in contrast to the rest of the show's seasons, consisting of 23 episodes.[46][47]

text: (B): The other report upholds a one-season-more numbering model: Under this arrangement, season 1 ended after the program's first 7 episodes leading into the summer hiatus. Season 2 then picked up when the following 16 episodes began that fall. Under this system, season 1 is uncharacteristically shorter in contrast to the rest of the show's seasons, consisting of only 7 episodes.[48]

text: Commentary from American Dad! co-creators Matt Weitzman and Mike Barker has largely been consistent with (A): on September 28, 2012, the two were interviewed and reported that they had 20 episodes completed for the then imminent "2012–13 eighth season," and were in the process of doing early work on the show's "2013–14 ninth season."[49] During the show's life on Fox however, the network contradicted that arrangement as it presented information on the show's now former website in the form of (B): in listing all episodes from the 2012–13 season, Fox reported each as existing as part of the show's "ninth season."[50] In addition, Fox contradicted its own American Dad! website, also supporting the one-season-fewer numbering scheme: Fox Flash, which is the publicity center for Fox, labeled the 2012–13 broadcasts as the "eighth season."[51] Websites releasing the show's season-based ratings have also used the one-season-fewer numbering method.

text: Episode misreporting by Fox[edit]

text: It is evident that Fox either miscounts American Dad! episodes or at least intentionally discounts one episode of the series. This was established in Fox advertisements for the episode "Lost in Space." The episode was promoted by Fox as American Dad!'s 150th episode. Subsequently, numerous mainstream media reports also labeled the episode as the 150th.[52][53][54] In actuality, however, it was the show's 151st episode while the episode "The Full Cognitive Redaction of Avery Bullock by the Coward Stan Smith" was the 150th episode of the series. In addition, Fox has misreported the "Lost in Space" episode as the revealing of Roger's birth planet. In actuality, the setting of this episode is a spaceship owned by members of Roger's alien race. To date, Roger's birth planet has yet to be revealed.[55]

text: Adjustments in on-air presentation, production and broadcasts[edit]

text: The unaired precursory pilot[edit]

text: While the series premiere of American Dad! is entitled "Pilot", "Pilot" is not the show's actual pilot presentation. The actual pilot is a 6-minute version of the first 6 minutes in the series premiere. This precursory pilot was used by MacFarlane, Barker and Weitzman to sell American Dad! to Fox and was never aired along with the rest of the series. While much of the dialogue and general scenery were simply redone between the precursory pilot and the following series premiere, there are sharp distinctions between the two. Differences also exist between the precursory pilot and the official series as a whole. Most of these are in pictorial technique. For example, scenes from the pilot are drawn in a rougher, more cursory fashion with weaker coloration than scenes from the official series. Most prominently, Steve's physical design and outfit in the predecessor greatly contrast from his official design and outfit. In addition, Steve is voiced by Ricky Blitt in the precursory pilot but by Scott Grimes in the official series. There are also variations in Steve's personality.[56][57]

text: Characterization[edit]

text: Early episodes of the series featured political banter between the conservative Stan and liberal Hayley. However, the creators learned quickly that this had only "a limited shelf life" and did not provide them as much as they originally thought it would. Said co-creator Matt Weitzman, "There are times when we still have that kind of dynamic between them, but not nearly what it was in the first season. And I think the show, honestly, has grown and benefited from it, because that would have gotten boring after a while."[9]

text: Roger was enhanced by being provided with a running gag of alternate disguises and freedom to exist outside of the Smith house. The show's original concept basically portrayed him as being similar to Alf, having him sit in the house all day while commenting on life. The creators, however, have stated that the character was far too much fun to keep restricted to the house, and having him interact with different people provided for lots of material. The creators have further appreciated the direction of Roger for the fact that he almost serves as a different guest star for each episode what with his many alter egos. The show's staff believe this element of the show highlights MacFarlane's versatility as he voices Roger and his countless alter egos.[9]

text: There have been three versions of the "Steve" character, the creators having twice made considerable adjustments to his design. Steve's initial design ended up being a one-off execution limited to the unaired precursory pilot (not to be confused with the series premiere, entitled "Pilot"). By the season premiere, Scott Grimes had begun voicing Steve, and his design was made taller, more filled out, and less geeky. After early seasons of the series, Steve was remodeled again. This time he was made softer, more emotional, cuter and more endearing, creating a sharper contrast to his father Stan's ruggedness and machismo.[58]

text: Between the eighth and ninth seasons there were significant changes in the show's writing staff. Mike Barker mentions (with one-season-less numbering) "We lost some animators, and we lost a lot of writers. Season eight, our writing staff is about 65–70 percent new."[9]

text: Network relocation from Fox to TBS[edit]

text: On July 16, 2013, it was announced that American Dad! had been cancelled by Fox. Shortly thereafter, however, the cable station TBS picked up the show for a 15-episode 11th season, slated to premiere on October 20, 2014.[59][60] Currently, TBS airs reruns of American Dad! in syndication.[61] The tenth season was initially to be the final one on Fox; however, on July 20, 2014, it was announced that Fox had three unaired episodes left for broadcast. Two of the three aired back-to-back on September 14, 2014, and the final one aired on September 21, 2014. Reports from Fox seemed to imply that these three episodes constituted a season of their own, season 10. Among multiple discrepant reports from TBS however, one indicated that the three episodes were the beginning of the 11th season to resume on their network.[62] TBS actually debuted their first episode through social media websites YouTube and Facebook on October 13, 2014. However, the October 20, 2014 date still applies to the television debut.[63]

text: On the show's network relocation, Mike Barker has stated, "It's going to be the same American Dad!, just in a different place." Barker also joked that the network relocation was to execute a Tyler Perry crossover they [Barker and American Dad! production staff] had long aspired to.[64] In reality, the purpose of the network relocation was Fox's move away from the "Animation Domination" format to make room for sitcoms like Brooklyn Nine-Nine. It may also have been due to the arrival of a new animated series from Family Guy writer Mark Hentemann and executive produced by American Dad! creator Seth MacFarlane called Bordertown.

text: Mike Barker's exit[edit]

text: On November 4, 2013, it was announced that Mike Barker had departed American Dad![65] Barker had served for ten seasons as the show's co-creator/executive and producer/co-showrunner. Matt Weitzman is now serving as the show's sole showrunner. The news came as early production for season 11 commenced. As of November 2013, the show's production crew was developing its first four episodes for season 11, slated to begin airing on October 20, 2014 when American Dad! moved to TBS. Barker remained under an overall contract with 20th Century Fox Television.[66][67]

text: Following Mike Barker's exit, Brian Boyle replaced him as the showrunner for the television series[68] and his sole character on the show, Terry Bates, was written out of the series.[citation needed]

text: Reception[edit]

text: In 2016, a New York Times study of the 50 TV shows with the most Facebook Likes found that American Dad! "is not popular in Utah or much of the South".[69]

text: Series premiere[edit]

text: Until season 12 when American Dad! moved to TBS, all but one episode originally aired on Animation Domination. The program's series premiere is the only episode that pre-dates the Animation Domination lineup. In addition, American Dad!'s series premiere predated the rest of the first season by roughly three months. The series premiere episode, "Pilot", aired directly following Fox's broadcast of Super Bowl XXXIX on February 6, 2005. The episode aired alongside The Simpsons and pulled in 15 million viewers,[70] with 23 million viewers overall.[71] Both Animation Domination and the rest of the show's first season commenced on May 1, 2005. The show returned with the episode "Threat Levels", obtaining 9.47 million viewers, after the season premiere/revival of Family Guy.[72]

text: TBS ratings[edit]

text: On November 18, 2014, it was reported that the show's outstanding performance in cable quickly moved TBS to order another season of the series, bringing the show to 13 seasons. [11][12]

text: Nielsen ratings[edit]

text:
Season
No. of
episodes
Timeslot (ET)
Network
First aired
Last aired
Overall ratings

Date
Premiere viewers
(in millions)
Date
Finale viewers
(in millions)
Rank
Viewers
(in millions)

1
2004–05
7
Sunday at 11:15 pm (Episode 1)
Sunday at 9:30 pm (Episodes 2-7)
FOX
February 6, 2005
15.10[73]
June 19, 2005
6.55[74]
67[75]
8.49[75]

2
2005–06
16
Sunday at 9:30 pm
September 11, 2005
7.83[76]
May 14, 2006
6.86[77]
97[78]
7.16[78]

3
2006–07
19
Sunday at 8:30 pm (Episodes 1-10)
Sunday at 9:30 pm (Episodes 11-19)
September 10, 2006
8.93[79]
May 20, 2007
7.62[80]
79[81]
7.6[81]

4
2007–08
16
Sunday 9:30 PM
September 30, 2007
6.07[82]
May 18, 2008
5.64[83]
105[84]
6.6[84]

5
2008–09
20
September 28, 2008
6.89[85]
May 17, 2009
5.64[86]
96[87]
5.5[87]

6
2009–10
18
September 27, 2009
7.12[88]
May 16, 2010
5.82[89]
84[90]
5.9[90]

7
2010–11
19
Sunday 9:30 PM (2010)
Sunday 7:30 PM (2011)
October 3, 2010
6.16[91]
May 22, 2011
3.57[92]
111[93]
4.07[93]

8
2011–12
18
Sunday 9:30 PM
September 25, 2011
5.83[94]
May 13, 2012
4.13[95]
110[96]
5.47[96]

9
2012–13
19
September 30, 2012
5.25[97]
May 12, 2013[98]
4.01[99]
84[100]
5.24[100]

10
2013–14
20
Sunday at 9:30 pm (Episodes 1-11)
Sunday at 7:30 pm (Episodes 12-20)
September 29, 2013
4.32[101]
May 18, 2014
2.36
89
5.14

11
2014–15
3
Sunday 9:00 PM (Episode 1)
Sunday 9:30 PM (Episodes 2-3)
September 14, 2014
2.62
September 21, 2014
3.03
TBA
2.77

12
2014–15
15
Monday at 9:00 pm
TBS
October 20, 2014
1.09
June 1, 2015
1.113[102]
TBA
1.118

13
2015–16
22
Monday at 8:30 pm[103]
January 25, 2016[103]
1.04
June 27, 2016
0.98[104]
TBA
TBA

14
2016–17
TBA
November 7, 2016[105]
1.00[106]
TBA
TBA
TBA
TBA

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
Year
Award
Category
Recipients and nominees
Outcome

2005
Teen Choice Awards[107]
Choice Summer Series
American Dad!
Nominated

Teen Choice Awards[107]
Choice V-Cast
American Dad!
Nominated

2006
Golden Reel Award[108]
Best Sound Editing in Television Animated
American Dad! for episode "Homeland Insecurity" (1.6)
Nominated

Teen Choice Awards[107]
Choice TV: Animated Show
American Dad!
Nominated

2007
Annie Awards[108]
Best Writing in an Animated Television Production
Dan Vebber for episode "The American Dad After School Special" (2.2)
Nominated

GLAAD Media Award[108]
Outstanding Individual Episode
For episode "Lincoln Lover" (2.4)
Nominated

Golden Reel Award[108]
Best Sound Editing in Television Animated
American Dad! for episode "Dungeon and Wagons" (2.5)
Nominated

2008
Teen Choice Award[108]
Choice TV: Animated Show
American Dad!
Nominated

2009
Prism Award[108]
Comedy Episode
For episode "Spring Break-Up" (3.16)
Nominated

Primetime Emmy Awards[109]
Outstanding Animated Program
American Dad! for episode "1600 Candles" (4.1)
Nominated

Teen Choice Awards[110]
Choice TV: Animated Show
American Dad!
Nominated

2010
Annie Awards[108]
Directing in a Television Production
Pam Cooke and Jansen Lee for episode "Brains, Brains & Automobiles" (5.4)
Nominated

Artios[108]
Outstanding Achievement in Casting
Linda Lamontagne
Nominated

Teen Choice Awards[111]
Choice TV: Animated Show
American Dad!
Nominated

2011
Teen Choice Awards[112]
Choice TV: Animated Show
American Dad!
Nominated

2012
Primetime Emmy Awards[113]
Outstanding Animated Program
American Dad! for episode "Hot Water" (7.1)
Nominated

2012
POPrepublic.tv IT LIST AWARDSM[114]
Favourite International TV Show
American Dad!
Nominated

2013
American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers[115]
Top Television Series
American Dad!
Won

2015
People's Choice Awards[116]
Favorite Animated TV Show
American Dad!
Nominated

2016
People's Choice Awards[117]
Nominated

2017
Primetime Emmy Awards[118]
Outstanding Character Voice-Over Performance
Dee Bradley Baker for "Fight and Flight"
Pending

text: Other media[edit]

text: DVD releases[edit]

text:
DVD Name
Release dates
Ep #
BBFC/IFCO/ACB rating
Additional information

Region 1
Region 2
Region 4

Volume One
April 25, 2006
April 24, 2006
May 24, 2006
13
12/15/M
This 3-disc box set includes all 7 episodes of Season 1 and the first 6 episodes of Season 2 ("Pilot" through "Stan of Arabia: Part 2"). Special features include commentaries, featurettes, and animatics. It was renamed 'Season 1' for regions 2 and 4. When a compilation comprising Volumes 1–3 was released in the UK, 'Season 1' was renamed to 'Volume 1' much like its US counterpart.

Volume Two
May 15, 2007
May 28, 2007
May 21, 2007
19
12/15/M
This 3-disc box set includes the remaining 10 episodes from Season 2 and the first 9 episodes from Season 3 ("Stannie Get Your Gun" through "The Best Christmas Story Never"). Special features include commentaries on all episodes, featurettes, multi-angle scene studies, and deleted scenes. An uncensored audio track is also available on the episode "Tears of a Clooney".

Volume Three
April 15, 2008
May 12, 2008
May 14, 2008
18
15/15/M
This 3-disc box set includes the remaining 10 episodes from Season 3 and 8 of the first 9 episodes from Season 4 ("Bush Comes to Dinner" through "Frannie 911"), though "The Most Adequate Christmas Ever" does not appear on the DVD.[119] Special features include commentaries on all episodes, unrated audio, a table read, and deleted scenes.[120]

Volume Four
April 28, 2009
April 20, 2009
November 18, 2009
14
15/15/M
This 3-disc box set includes the remaining 8 episodes of Season 4 (including "The Most Adequate Christmas Ever") and the first 6 episodes of Season 5. Special features include commentaries on every episode, storyboards/animatics, multi-angle scene studios, deleted scenes, and optional censored audio. On the Region 2 DVD release, a typo was made on the back cover.*

Volume Five
June 15, 2010
June 14, 2010
November 3, 2010
14
15/15/M
This 3-disc boxset includes the remaining 14 episodes from Season 5. Special features include commentaries on all episodes, deleted scenes, and a Power Hour Drinking Game.

Volume Six
April 19, 2011
June 27, 2011
July 13, 2011[121]
18
15/15/M
This 3-disc box set includes all 18 episodes from Season 6. Special features include commentaries on selected episodes, deleted scenes, and the making of the episode "Rapture's Delight".[122]

Volume Seven
April 17, 2012
May 14, 2012[123]
May 16, 2012
19
15/15/M
This 3-disc box set includes all 19 episodes from Season 7, along with commentaries on select episodes, deleted scenes, American Dad! at Comic-Con 2010, and "I ❤ Sir Patrick Stewart".

Volume Eight
September 24, 2013
August 5, 2013[124]
August 21, 2013
18
15/15/M
This 3-disc box set includes all 18 episodes of Season 8, along with commentaries on select episodes, deleted scenes, and "Stan's Booty Dance".

Volume Nine
July 1, 2014
October 6, 2014[125]
September 3, 2014
19
15/15/M
This 3-disc box set includes all 19 episodes of Season 9. The Region 1 version is an Amazon exclusive being manufactured on demand on DVD-R by CreateSpace.

Volume Ten
May 21, 2015[126]
October 17, 2016[127]
January 6, 2016
20
15/15/M
This 3-disc box set contains all 20 episodes from Season 10. The Region 1 version is an Amazon exclusive being manufactured on demand on DVD-R by CreateSpace.

Volume Eleven
December 13, 2016
November 14, 2016[128]
November 30, 2016
18
15/15/M
This 3-disc box set contains all three episodes from Season 11 and all 15 episodes from Season 12. The Region 1 version is an Amazon exclusive being manufactured on demand on DVD-R by CreateSpace.

text:
The Volume One release was retitled Season One for the Region 2 and 4 releases, however the subsequent releases retained the Volume titles.
On the packaging for the Season 1 release on Region 2 DVD, there was no mention of audio commentaries or some of the bonus features, leading many to mistakenly believe they had been omitted from the release.
The Region 2 and 4 DVDs do not have censored audio tracks on any episodes; however, Volume 3 has so-called "uncensored tracks" on the set (probably an error from the transfer because the tracks are already automatically uncensored on the set).
The Volume 4 DVD release blurb contained information on the episode "Phantom of the Telethon", which was instead featured on Volume 5.
On Volume 6, despite claims of being uncensored, the bleeps from "Home Adrone", "My Morning Straitjacket", and "G-String Circus" are not removed.
Volume 9 features all episodes from Season 9, but features the poster from Season 10's "Poltergasm".

text: Potential film adaptation[edit]

text: At Comic-Con 2013 on July 20, Mike Barker revealed that an American Dad! movie—centering on Roger and set on his birth planet—may take place in the future. Barker did not announce any specifics as it relates to the nature and type of film he and the rest of the show's creators had in mind for the series; however, he strongly suggested that a movie is where the show's staff and creators would like to take things. Barker further hinted that an American Dad! movie may already even be in the works and partially written. No further information about the movie was released following Barker's exit from the series in November 2013.[64]

text: Crossovers with other animated sitcoms[edit]

text: American Dad! characters have appeared on other animated sitcoms and vice versa. To date, all of American Dad!'s crossovers have involved two other animated programs. The other two animated programs were also created by Seth MacFarlane: Family Guy (the crossover episode "Bigfat" also consisted of King of the Hill characters), and the cancelled series The Cleveland Show.

text: On December 8, 2013, Bart Simpson made a cameo appearance in the American Dad! season 10 episode, "Faking Bad". Though unofficial, this marked the first ever Simpsons/American Dad! crossover.[129]

text: Online Gaming[edit]

text: Playtech signed on for the development of a 40-line branded slot game based on Fox Broadcasting Company's animated sitcom, American Dad. Released online in May 2017, Stan Smith, Francine, Hayley, Klaus and Roger are featured along with special game bonuses including re-spins, free spins and 'Wheels and the Legman'.[130]