document_title: Atlanta (TV series)

question_text: how many episodes in season 2 of atlanta

text: Atlanta (TV series)

text: Plot[edit]

text: The series follows Earn (Donald Glover) during his daily life in Atlanta, Georgia, as he tries to redeem himself in the eyes of his ex-girlfriend, who is the mother of his daughter, as well as his parents and his cousin Alfred (Brian Tyree Henry), who raps under the stage name "Paper Boi". Having dropped out of Princeton University, Earn has no money and no home, and consequently alternates between staying with his parents and his girlfriend. Once he realizes that his cousin is on the verge of stardom, he desperately seeks to reconnect in order to improve his life and the life of his daughter, Lottie.

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Donald Glover as Earnest "Earn" Marks, a young Princeton dropout turned manager trying to get his cousin Paper Boi's rap career off the ground. Earn is cynical and highly intelligent, yet often makes reckless decisions. He struggles with intermittent homelessness since the pilot episode.
Brian Tyree Henry as Alfred "Paper Boi" Miles, Earn's cousin and up-and-coming rapper.
Lakeith Stanfield as Darius Epps, Alfred’s eccentric right-hand man and visionary. He is a first-generation Nigerian-American.
Zazie Beetz as Vanessa "Van" Keefer, Earn's on-again-off-again girlfriend and the mother of their daughter Lottie. Van is a former grade school science teacher.

text: Guest and recurring roles[edit]

text:
Isiah Whitlock Jr. as Raleigh Marks, Earn's father and Alfred's uncle.
Myra Lucretia Taylor as Gloria Marks, Earn's mother and Alfred's aunt. Also appears in the Robbin' Season episode "FUBU."
Harold House Moore as Swiff, a co-worker of Earn's.
Griffin Freeman as Dave, an acquaintance of Earn's who works at a prominent radio station and the significant other of Van's childhood friend Christina. Also appears in the Robbin' Season episode "Helen."
Brandon Hirsch as Devyonne Johnson, a famous actor who resides in the Atlanta area. Also appears in the Robbin' Season episode "Champagne Papi."
Emmett Hunter as Ahmad White, a mysterious being who appears to Earn and airs strange advertisements on television.
Cranston Johnson as Deshawn, Alfred's friend and confidante.
Lucius Baston as Chris, a shady club promoter who tries to swindle Earn and Alfred.
Alano Miller as Franklin Montague, a pretentious talk-show host who dislikes Alfred.
Niles Stewart as Antoine Smalls, a young black man who identifies as a 35-year-old white man named Harrison Booth.
Freddie Kuguru as Zan, a chauvinistic internet personality who antagonizes Alfred.
Austin Crute as Justin Bieber, an obnoxious and extremely popular teen pop star.
Offset, Quavo, and Takeoff as the Migos, Alfred's drug suppliers.

text:
Khris Davis as Tracy, Alfred's recently paroled friend who is currently staying on their couch. He and Earn often clash personalities.
RJ Walker as Clark County, an egotistical, commercialized rapper that Alfred befriends. Darius and Earn view him as an industry plant.
Matthew Barnes as Lucas, Clark's well-connected manager.
Katt Williams as Willie, Alfred's father and Earn's uncle. He owns an alligator named Coach, which is the reason for his nickname, "Alligator Man."
Robert Powell as Bibby, Alfred's flakey barber.
Derrick J. Haywood as Benny Hope, a reclusive pianist who Darius attempts to buy a piano from. His brother, Teddy Perkins, was the main antagonist of his titular episode and was played by Donald Glover himself in whiteface.
Kevin Waterman as Florida Man, a sinister entity, referred to by Darius as an “Alt-right Johnny Appleseed,” who commits a variety of strange crimes in Florida as part of a plot to keep black voters out.
Michael Vick as himself, an ex-NFL quarterback who challenges club-goers in "Money Bag Shawty" to foot races against himself.
Jerusha Cavazos as Violet, a college girl whom has an obsessive crush on Alfred.
Tim Johnson as Prescott, a frat boy with a fondness for hazing, with whom the characters cross paths. He is a fan of Alfred's and an avid fan of snap music.

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Series overview[edit]

text: SeasonEpisodesOriginally airedFirst airedLast aired110September 6, 2016 (2016-09-06)November 1, 2016 (2016-11-01)211March 1, 2018 (2018-03-01)May 10, 2018 (2018-05-10)

text: Season 1 (2016)[edit]

text:
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateProd.codeU.S. viewers(millions)11"The Big Bang"Hiro MuraiDonald GloverSeptember 6, 2016 (2016-09-06)XAA010011.08[12]
The series opens with a confrontation between local rapper Alfred "Paper Boi" Miles and a man who breaks off one of the mirrors of Alfred's car. Alfred's cousin Earn tries to mediate the situation whilst stoned sidekick Darius has a sensation of déjà vu. Working a dead-end job and trying to split parenting duties with Vanessa (Van), Earn approaches Alfred about managing the rapper since he has connections. Though Alfred sees Earn as a leech (Earn hadn't spoken to him since the funeral of his mother), Earn finds a way to get his song played on the radio. But just as they listen to the song on Alfred's car radio, a man walking by suddenly snaps off one of the side-view mirror, resulting in the incident at the opening (hence the déjà vu) which culminates in a gunshot.

Opening song: "No Hook" by OJ Da Juiceman[11]

Closing song:   "Paper Boi" by Paper Boi
22"Streets on Lock"Hiro MuraiStephen GloverSeptember 6, 2016 (2016-09-06)XAA010020.955[12]
Issues like police brutality, homophobia, transphobia, and mental illness are addressed as Earn awaits bail after he and Alfred get arrested for their shooting incident; Alfred, meanwhile, experiences his first tastes of fame immediately after his release from jail.

Opening song: "Law" by Yo Gotti[11]

Closing song:   "Grandma's Hands" by Bill Withers
33"Go for Broke"Hiro MuraiStephen GloverSeptember 13, 2016 (2016-09-13)XAA010031.07[13]
Earn goes on a date with Van even though he's broke, on his payday. Their date goes bad as the restaurant Earn and Van are dining in repeatedly attempts to upsell them, which hinders at Earn's financial situation. At the same time, Alfred and Darius engage in a drug deal with the Migos (playing fictional versions of themselves).

Opening song: "Skrt" by Kodak Black[11]

Closing song:   "Spray the Champagne" by Migos
44"The Streisand Effect"Hiro MuraiDonald GloverSeptember 20, 2016 (2016-09-20)XAA010040.920[14]
Alfred deals with social media trolling, internet criticism, and exploitation by an obnoxious social media personality named Zan. While Earn tries to trade his phone for quick cash, Darius sets up a dog-breeding investment for the future (which disappoints Earn who needed the money as soon as possible).

Opening song: "Philosophers Throne" by Xavier Wulf[11]

Closing song:   "Home Again" by Michael Kiwanuka
55"Nobody Beats the Biebs"Hiro MuraiStephen GloverSeptember 27, 2016 (2016-09-27)XAA010050.860[15]
Justin Bieber (who is depicted in this episode as an African-American) makes an appearance in Atlanta at a celebrity basketball game, rubbing Alfred the wrong way. Meanwhile, Earn sneaks his way into a high-profile agents meeting after being mistaken for someone else; and Darius gets involved in an incident at a shooting range, where he is criticized for a questionable choice for a shooting target.

Opening song: "Am I Black Enough For You?" by Billy Paul[11]

Closing song:   "Forget About It" by Donald Glover
66"Value"Donald GloverDonald Glover & Stefani RobinsonOctober 4, 2016 (2016-10-04)XAA010060.827[16]
Van meets her WAG friend Jayde for dinner and they clash over their respective lifestyles. Later, they smoke weed and reconcile, but Van forgets she is scheduled for a drug test the next day. She tries to use her daughter's urine, but spills it, therefore she can't take the test. She finally admits to her boss that she's smoked; she understands but has to fire her anyway.

Opening song: "It's Forever" by The Ebonys

Closing song:   "Hit it and Quit It" by Funkadelic
77"B.A.N."Donald GloverDonald GloverOctober 11, 2016 (2016-10-11)XAA010070.770[17]
A satirical episode, Alfred features as a guest on a talk show called Montague, being part of a discussion on the media's indictment of black culture and its intersection with the transgender community. Commercial parodies play throughout the episode during the breaks of the talk show.
88"The Club"Hiro MuraiJamal OloriOctober 18, 2016 (2016-10-18)XAA010080.948[18]
An NBA star named Marcus Miles is in the same club as Alfred, hogging the drinks, women, and limelight, which aggravates Alfred. Additionally, their promoter is avoiding paying Earn, who attempts to chase him down throughout the night. Eventually, Alfred strong-arms him and takes his money. Later, another shooting happens (outside of the club), which the police link to Alfred on the news due to his "armed robbery".

Opening song: "Real Sisters" by Future

Closing song:   "I Can Dig It, Baby" by Little Beaver
99"Juneteenth"Janicza BravoStefani RobinsonOctober 25, 2016 (2016-10-25)XAA010090.651[19]
Earn wakes up in another woman's bed and Van comes by to pick him up for a Juneteenth-themed party which she believes will help her establish good networking. The luxury home's owner is a rich white man (who has an anthropological knowledge of African-American culture) and his bourgeois black wife. To impress the party's attendees, Vanessa and Earnest have to pretend they are a married couple who love fine art. Earn ends up going off on the homeowners when the wife insults Paper Boi and his hip hop management career after his real identity is exposed by the event's valets. On the drive back home, Earn and Van have sex in their car.

Opening song: "Change of the Guard" by Kamasi Washington

Closing song:   "Chain Gang" by Sam Cooke
1010"The Jacket"Hiro MuraiStephen GloverNovember 1, 2016 (2016-11-01)XAA010100.786[20]
Earn loses his bomber jacket, which has important items to him, after a night of partying with Alfred and Darius. After retracing his steps from the locations of the partying, he traces it back to the house of their Uber driver (who is a secret drug and weapons dealer) from that night, who has it but ends up getting shot and killed by police while wearing it. Later, Alfred gives Earn a generous 5% pay which he gives to Van. Earn's coworker comes by and returns the important item he desperately needed: a key which unlocks the storage facility space he is living in.

Opening song: "Broccoli" by DRAM

Closing song:   "Elevators (Me & You)" by Outkast

text: Season 2: Robbin' Season (2018)[edit]

text:
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateProd.codeU.S. viewers(millions)111"Alligator Man"Hiro MuraiDonald GloverMarch 1, 2018 (2018-03-01)XAA020010.851[21]
The episode opens with a robbery of a Mrs. Winner's (which is a secret drug front) committed by two teenagers. Later, sometime before Christmas, Earn is "evicted" from his storage facility space. He then visits Alfred (who is under house arrest) and Darius (who is mutually at odds with Alfred). After Earn reviews the terms of his probation, Earn and Darius then visit Earn's uncle Willie to defuse a domestic disturbance. Willie is antagonistic even when the police arrive but eventually simmers down and flees the house after talking to Earn about not repeating his history of professional and personal mistakes, but not before giving Earn a gold-plated handgun. Earn and Darius then return to Alfred’s house, but Earn chooses not to ask to stay with them after Tracy, one of Alfred’s friends and an ex-con, beats him to it, making him officially homeless.

This episode references the Florida Man meme, which is mentioned throughout the episode by Darius and Willie.

Opening song: "Did It Again" by Jay Critch & Rich The Kid

Closing song: "When Seasons Change" by Curtis Mayfield
122"Sportin' Waves"Hiro MuraiStephen GloverMarch 8, 2018 (2018-03-08)XAA020020.714[22]
After Alfred gets robbed by his long-time drug dealer and he and Earn return from a failed meeting at a start-up—which involved meeting fellow rapper Clark County and his manager Lucas—Darius gifts Earn his half from the dog breeding operation (from season 1 episode "The Streisand Effect") which Tracy flips into an $8000 gift card. While Alfred and Darius look into getting a new dealer, Earn and Tracy head to the mall for a shopping spree; however, Tracy ends up abandoning Earn to head to a job interview after shoplifting several pairs of shoes and the card is shut down once the mall begins to catch on to their fraud. At his job interview, Tracy is told there are no positions available and he furiously accuses the firm of racism.

Opening song: "All There" by Jeezy

Closing song: "Paper Boi (Acoustic Cover)" by Amber (Bryce Hitchcock)
133"Money Bag Shawty"Hiro MuraiStephen GloverMarch 15, 2018 (2018-03-15)XAA020030.561[23]
Along with earning social media attention, Paper Boi's newest single goes Gold, so Earn decides to take Van out for a night on the town to celebrate. Meanwhile, Alfred and Darius visit Clark in the studio to record guest verses but are asked to leave by Clark's crew when the audio engineer has technical difficulties with his software, with it being implied the engineer is going to be savagely beaten. Earn and Van's evening is marred by three racist incidents where places believe he's using counterfeit $100 bills or won't let him pay in cash at all, so Earn chooses to go to a strip club with Van, Alfred, Darius and Tracy; the club ends up burning through more money than Earn intended, leaving him frustrated. After some reassurance from Alfred, Earn tries to salvage the night and his pride by racing Michael Vick for cash in the club's parking lot, but ends up losing the footrace.

The episode's cold open is a homage to the viral video of a mother reciting and criticizing the lyrics to Vince Staples' "Norf Norf".

Opening song: "MF'N Right" by 2 Chainz

Closing song: "Marsupial Superstars" by SahBabii
144"Helen"Amy SeimetzTaofik KoladeMarch 22, 2018 (2018-03-22)XAA020050.499[26]
Earn performs cunnilingus on Van before they take a trip to Helen for a Fastnacht celebration, but Earn's apathy and displeasure towards the bizarre, off-putting festivities (coupled with Van chatting with a German bartender in fluent German) and Van's frustration over his attitude boil over into a profanity-filled argument over their relationship. Later, similar to season 1 episode "Value", Van and her friend Christina, a fellow Afro-German, disagree over their respective identities. She later confides in the bartender that she and Earn are growing apart. As she leaves to use the bathroom, she finds her stolen phone when the Schnappviecher appears behind her; Earn then texts her saying he wants to talk. Van says she feels that Earn only uses her for sex and doesn't value her as a partner, while Earn is fine with the "arrangement"; they decide to settle their differences over a best-of-five game of table tennis, with a victory for Van meaning that the two essentially split outside of Earn providing child support. The explicit outcome is not shown but it is suggested that Van won.

Parts of the episode bear similarities to the film Get Out.[24][25]

Opening song: "At Sea Again" by Slime

Closing song: "My Angel" by Harry Belafonte & Miriam Makeba
155"Barbershop"Donald GloverStefani RobinsonMarch 29, 2018 (2018-03-29)XAA020040.607[28]
Alfred looks to get his hair cut before a photo shoot for a magazine by his regular barber Bibby, but is instead led through a whirlwind of events involving: visiting one of Bibby's girlfriends, cutting their son's hair before Alfred's, illegally repossessing lumber, chasing down a different, truant son, and inadvertently committing a hit-and-run. Alfred finally gets his haircut upon returning to the barbershop and reluctantly pays Bibby for his services. Sometime later, Alfred comes into the same shop for a haircut but settles for another barber; he then realizes he doesn't understand barber jargon—given he would tell Bibby he wants "the usual"—as he watches Bibby handle a different patron.

Musical score by: Flying Lotus and Thundercat[27]
166"Teddy Perkins"Hiro MuraiDonald GloverApril 5, 2018 (2018-04-05)XAA020060.776[29]
Darius answers an ad off of a message board for a piano and ends up at a mansion owned by a pale, idiosyncratic man with a mask-like face named Theodore "Teddy" Perkins. Teddy cares for a man named Benny Hope, who he claims is his brother. Benny is non-verbal and uses a wheelchair, and Teddy claims that Benny is extremely photosensitive. After being urged by Alfred over the phone to be direct and leave as soon as possible, Darius is eventually granted the piano but is taken to the mansion's basement via elevator where he meets Benny, who communicates with him through a chalkboard that "Teddy [will] kill us both" and that he should retrieve a rifle located in the attic. Darius, nevertheless, plans to leave without dealing with the brothers but is forced to confront Teddy when he blocks the loading bay of Darius' rental truck and he hears a loud sound back inside. Teddy holds Darius at gunpoint and informs him that he plans to kill him and stage the scene to look like a home invasion, but an injured Benny arrives just in time to kill Teddy and then himself. The police haul off the corpses and the piano as Darius drives away.

This episode references the psychological pressures and traumas child stars sometimes face, especially ones with abusive and controlling stage parents such as Michael Jackson, Marvin Gaye, Tiger Woods, and Serena Williams.

Opening song: "Sweet Little Girl" by Stevie Wonder

Closing song: "Evil" by Stevie Wonder
177"Champagne Papi"Amy SeimetzIbra AkeApril 12, 2018 (2018-04-12)XAA020070.694[30]
On New Year's Eve, Van and her friends Candice (Adriyan Rae), Tami (Danielle Deadwyler) and Nadine (Gail Bean) head for a party at a mansion hosted by Drake; Candice looks to spend the party with a boyfriend named DJ and Van wants a photo with Drake to spice up her Instagram. Upon arriving, the ladies meet DJ and take marijuana-infused gummies (sans Candice), but Nadine reacts badly to hers and ends up separated from Van and by a pool speaking with Darius (who was invited to the party because he knows Drake's personal chef). While Van looks for Nadine and Drake throughout the mansion, she stumbles upon a television-lit room with an elderly, Spanish-speaking man (Carlos Guerrero) who claims to be Drake's grandfather and learns that Drake is currently on tour in Europe. She also learns that people are actually just posing with cardboard cutouts of Drake. Van and Tammi then find Nadine and Darius, where they all learn that Candice left with DJ to go to T-Pain's New Year's Eve party and people are being kicked out of the house. The next morning, as the four walk back home, Van has an epiphany that Drake must be Mexican.

The episode briefly touches upon the feminine beauty ideal and some negative effects of social media. The Bostrom simulation argument is also mentioned.
Part of this episode is later interpolated in the song "In My Feelings" by Drake from the album Scorpion.

Opening song: "Never Created, Never Destroyed" by Jlin

Closing song: "Cuando suena el bling" (Hotline Bling Spanish Remix) by Fuego
188"Woods"Hiro MuraiStefani RobinsonApril 19, 2018 (2018-04-19)XAA020080.595[33]
Alfred spends the day with a female friend named Sierra but ends up abandoning her at a nail salon after an argument over the authenticity of his career. On the walk home, he meets three fans who decide to mug him when they realize he's alone. Alfred flees into the woods after narrowly avoiding being shot but finds himself lost. As he looks for a way out and day turns into night, he's followed by an apparently mentally unstable man called Wiley. Although he initially seems innocuous, Wiley eventually holds Alfred at knifepoint and threatens to hunt him down if he doesn't find a way out of the woods. Alfred finds himself at a BP gas station after a mad dash and, after a moment of catharsis, enters to get something cold to numb his wounds. When approached by a fan, he decides to break personal tradition and take some selfies with him.

Opening song: "Meditate" by EarthGang

In lieu of a closing song, a dedication to Willow Kearse-Rice, Henry's mother, was displayed before the closing credits; she died on May 12, 2016.[31][32]
199"North of the Border"Hiro MuraiJamal OloriApril 26, 2018 (2018-04-26)XAA020090.487[34]
Earn, Alfred, Darius and Tracy drive to Statesboro for a university concert and lodge with Violet (Jerusha Cavazos)—a girl Earn and Darius met whom also has an obsessive crush on Alfred—in her apartment. After Alfred and Clark's performances at the night-time concert, Violet dumps beer on Alfred for talking to another girl; the situation escalates due to Tracy's brash decision-making and the four flee and end up at a frat house in the middle of a party and hazing ritual. While Darius and Tracy visit the house's gun room, Alfred informs Earn that he's considering dropping him as his manager due to his continuous stinginess and lack of perks and that he's looking into being managed by Lucas. In the morning, the four return to Violet's apartment complex to find Alfred's car vandalized and their belongings stolen and/or damaged. Earn is particularly incensed when he finds his laptop missing and resorts to pulling a fire alarm and unsuccessfully attempting to kick Violet's door in. On the ride home, Tracy mocks Earn's decision-making throughout the entire ordeal and pretend-shoots him with a flintlock that was stolen from the frat house. Earn reaches his breaking point and demands to fight Tracy as Alfred pulls the car over and he and Darius watch. Tracy easily beats Earn into submission and the four re-enter the car without a word.

The silk pajamas Earn, Alfred and Darius wear throughout much of the episode bear a strong resemblance to those worn by TLC in the music video for "Creep".

Opening song: "Patty Cake" by Kodak Black

Closing song: "Am I a Good Man" by Them Two
2010"FUBU"Donald GloverStephen GloverMay 3, 2018 (2018-05-03)XAA020100.694[35]
In a flashback to the late 1990s, a high school-aged Earn (Alkoya Brunson) comes to school wearing a yellow FUBU shirt he ecstatically picked from Marshalls. However, another student named Devin Meyers comes to school wearing an extremely similar shirt and word quickly spreads that one or both are counterfeit; ridicule from upperclassmen also accompany these accusations. Once the school day ends, Earn is close to being exposed but Alfred (Abraham Clinkscales) interjects and deflects the accusations onto Devin. The following day, Earn's homeroom class is informed that Devin committed suicide, with early theories stating that the choice stemmed from trauma from his parents' divorce compounded with the bullying; the latter appears to be unknown to faculty. Earn is guilt-ridden but keeps it to himself. Alfred, alternatively, seems apathetic.

Opening song: "Give Me One Reason" by Tracy Chapman

Closing song: "If I Ruled the World (Imagine That)" by Nas
2111"Crabs in a Barrel"Hiro MuraiStephen GloverMay 10, 2018 (2018-05-10)XAA020110.553[36]
At a parent-teacher conference, Lottie's teacher informs Van and Earn that their daughter is gifted like Earn and requires a transfer to an expensive private school if she wants to reach her full potential. Meanwhile, Alfred and Darius pack to move out of their house and go on a European tour headlined by Clark County. Alfred finds the gun from "Alligator Man" while packing and tells Earn he wants it gone. Thinking nothing of it, Earn puts it in his backpack. Additionally, Darius' passport has expired, but he "knows a guy". While at Darius's passport agency, Earn receives a text from Van that she's thinking of taking Lottie and moving in with her mom. Darius tells Earn that he has seen his improvement as a manager and, even though he may be fired, he's family and will always be taken care of by Alfred. At the airport, the three meet up with Clark and Luke. Earn finds the gun in his carry-on at security and slips it into Clark's bag. On the plane, Alfred tells Earn that he saw what he did and believes it was planned. However, he isn't angry about it and even compliments the decision; he tells Earn that people only care about themselves in this business but the two of them are different because they watch out for one another. Clark walks down the aisle and, when asked, tells Alfred that Luke couldn't make the trip since he got caught with a gun in his bag. Earn confirms to Alfred that he placed the gun in Clark's bag, not Lucas', solidifying Alfred's feelings about Clark as well as corroborating the talk the two had.

The episode addresses the Jewish lawyer stereotype and institutional racism against black lawyers.

Opening song: "Walk in the Way" by Ray Barnette & Larry Hall

Closing song: "I Shall Be Released" by Nina Simone

text: Production[edit]

text: FX first began developing the show in August 2013,[37] and then the pilot was ordered to series by FX Networks in December 2014.[38] It was directed by Hiro Murai and shot in Atlanta.[39] It got picked up to series with a 10-episode order in October 2015.[4] Glover, who grew up in Atlanta and also works as a musician, stated that "the city influenced the tone of the show".[40]

text: The series is also notable for having an all-black writing staff, which is virtually unheard of in television. The writer's room consists of Donald himself, his brother Stephen, and members of his rap collective 'Royalty' including Fam Udeorji (Donald's manager), Ibra Ake (Donald's longtime photographer), and Jamal Olori. Stefani Robinson, a writer for Man Seeking Woman, and Taofik Kolade round out the writer's room.[41][42]

text: In January 2017, the series was renewed for a second season, however, FX announced the series would not return until 2018 due to Glover's busy production schedule.[43] A third season was announced in June 2018, slated for a 2019 premiere.[8]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical response[edit]

text:
Season

Critical response

Rotten Tomatoes

Metacritic

1

97% (67 reviews)

90 (36 reviews)

2

99% (50 reviews)

97 (28 reviews)

text: Atlanta has received widespread acclaim from television critics. The review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes gives the first season an approval rating of 97% based on 67 reviews, with an average rating of 8.56/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "Ambitious and refreshing, Atlanta offers a unique vehicle for star and series creator Donald Glover's eccentric brand of humor—as well as a number of timely, trenchant observations."[44] On Metacritic, the first season has a score of 90 out of 100, based on reviews from 36 critics, indicating "universal acclaim".[45]

text: David Wiegand of the San Francisco Chronicle gave it a highly positive review, writing: "The scripts for the four episodes made available to critics are as richly nuanced as anything you'll see on TV or, to be sure, in a movie theater. You will not only know these characters after only one episode, you'll be hooked on them, as well. In so many areas, Atlanta sets the bar exceptionally high."[46] Sonia Saraiya of Variety also praised the series, declaring it a "finished, cinematic, and beautiful production that may be one of the best new shows of the fall."[47]

text: The second season received further critical acclaim. On Rotten Tomatoes, it has an approval rating of 99%, based on 50 reviews, with an average rating of 9.08/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Donald Glover continues to subvert expectations with a sophomore season of Atlanta that proves as excellent as it is eccentric."[48] On Metacritic, the second season has a score of 97 out of 100, based on 28 critics, indicating "universal acclaim".[49]

text: Ratings[edit]

text: Season 1 (2016)[edit]

text:
No.

Title

Air date
Rating(18–49)
Viewers(millions)
DVR(18–49)
DVR viewers(millions)
Total(18–49)
Total viewers(millions)

1

"The Big Bang"

September 6, 2016
0.5
1.08[12]
0.4
N/A
0.9[50]1
N/A

2

"Streets on Lock"

September 6, 2016
0.5
0.955[12]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

3

"Go for Broke"

September 13, 2016
0.6
1.07[13]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

4

"The Streisand Effect"

September 20, 2016
0.5
0.920[14]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

5

"Nobody Beats the Biebs"

September 27, 2016
0.4
0.860[15]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

6

"Value"

October 4, 2016
0.4
0.827[16]
0.4
N/A
0.8[51]
N/A

7

"B.A.N."

October 11, 2016
0.4
0.770[17]
0.6
1.05
1.0
1.82[52]

8

"The Club"

October 18, 2016
0.4
0.948[18]
0.6
0.97
1.0
1.92[53]

9

"Juneteenth"

October 25, 2016
0.3
0.651[19]
0.6
0.97
0.9
1.62[54]

10

"The Jacket"

November 1, 2016
0.4
0.786[20]
0.6
0.87
1.0
1.66[55]

text: ^1  Live +7 ratings were not available, so Live +3 ratings have been used instead.

text: Season 2 (2018)[edit]

text:
No.

Title

Air date
Rating(18–49)
Viewers(millions)
DVR(18–49)
DVR viewers(millions)
Total(18–49)
Total viewers(millions)

1

"Alligator Man"

March 1, 2018
0.4
0.851[21]
0.7
1.11
1.1
1.97[56]

2

"Sportin' Waves"

March 8, 2018
0.4
0.714[22]
0.5
0.90
0.9
1.61[57]

3

"Money Bag Shawty"

March 15, 2018
0.3
0.561[23]
0.5
0.85
0.8
1.41[58]

4

"Helen"

March 22, 2018
0.3
0.499[26]
0.4
0.75
0.7
1.25[59]

5

"Barbershop"

March 29, 2018
0.3
0.607[28]
0.5
0.78
0.8
1.39[60]

6

"Teddy Perkins"

April 5, 2018
0.4
0.776[29]
0.6
0.99
1.0
1.77[61]

7

"Champagne Papi"

April 12, 2018
0.4
0.694[30]
0.4
0.76
0.8
1.45[62]

8

"Woods"

April 19, 2018
0.3
0.595[33]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

9

"North of the Border"

April 26, 2018
0.2
0.487[34]
0.5
0.71
0.7
1.20[63]

10

"FUBU"

May 3, 2018
0.4
0.694[35]
N/A
N/A
TBD
N/A

11

"Crabs in a Barrel"

May 10, 2018
0.3
0.553[36]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Award

Category

Nominees

Result

Ref.

Season 1

American Film Institute Awards

Top 10 Television Programs

Atlanta

Won

[64]

Critics' Choice Television Awards

Best Comedy Series

Nominated

[65]

Best Actor in a Comedy Series

Donald Glover

Won

Directors Guild of America Awards

Outstanding Directorial Achievement for a Comedy Series

Donald Glover (for "B.A.N.")

Nominated

[66]

Golden Globe Awards

Best Television Series – Musical or Comedy

Atlanta

Won

[67]

Best Actor in a Television Series - Musical or Comedy

Donald Glover

Won

Gotham Independent Film Awards

Breakthrough Series – Long Form

Atlanta

Won

[68]

MTV Movie & TV Awards

Show of the Year

Atlanta

Nominated

[69]

Best Actor in a Show

Donald Glover

Nominated

Best Duo

Brian Tyree Henry and Keith Stanfield

Nominated

NAACP Image Awards

Outstanding Comedy Series

Atlanta

Nominated

[70]

Outstanding Actor in a Comedy Series

Donald Glover

Nominated

Outstanding Directing in a Comedy Series

Won

Outstanding Writing in a Comedy Series

Nominated

Peabody Awards

Area of Excellence

Atlanta

Won

[71]

People's Choice Awards

Favorite Cable TV Comedy

Nominated

[72]

Primetime Emmy Awards

Outstanding Comedy Series

Atlanta

Nominated

[73]

Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series

Donald Glover

Won

Outstanding Directing for a Comedy Series

Donald Glover (for "B.A.N.")

Won

Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series

Donald Glover (for "B.A.N.")

Nominated

Stephen Glover (for "Streets on Lock")

Nominated

Outstanding Casting for a Comedy Series

Alexa L. Fogel, Tara Feldstein Bennett, Chase Paris

Nominated

Producers Guild of America Awards

Episodic Television, Comedy

Donald Glover, Dianne McGunigle, Paul Simms, Hiro Murai, Alex Orr

Won

[74]

Writers Guild of America Awards

Comedy Series

Donald Glover, Stephen Glover, Stefani Robinson, Paul Simms

Won

[75]

New Series

Won

Episodic Comedy

Stephen Glover (for "Streets on Lock")

Nominated

TCA Awards

Program of the Year

Atlanta

Nominated

[76]

Outstanding Achievement in Comedy

Won

Outstanding New Program

Nominated

Individual Achievement in Comedy

Donald Glover

Won

Season 2

Primetime Emmy Awards

Outstanding Comedy Series

Atlanta

Pending

[77]

Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series

Donald Glover

Pending

Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series

Brian Tyree Henry

Pending

Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series

Zazie Beetz

Pending

Outstanding Guest Actor in a Comedy Series

Katt Williams

Pending

Outstanding Directing for a Comedy Series

Donald Glover (for "FUBU")

Pending

Hiro Murai (for "Teddy Perkins")

Pending

Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series

Donald Glover (for "Alligator Man")

Pending

Stefani Robinson (for "Barbershop")

Pending

Outstanding Casting for a Comedy Series

Alexa L. Fogel, Tara Feldstein Bennett, Chase Paris

Pending

Outstanding Cinematography for a Single-Camera Series (Half-Hour)

Christian Sprenger (for "Teddy Perkins")

Pending

Outstanding Music Supervision

Jen Malone and Fam Udeorji (for "Alligator Man")

Pending

Outstanding Production Design for a Narrative Program (Half-Hour or Less)

Timothy O'Brien, Taylor Mosbey, Aimee Athnos (for "Teddy Perkins")

Pending

Outstanding Single-Camera Picture Editing for a Comedy Series

Isaac Hagy (for "Alligator Man")

Pending

Kyle Reiter (for "Teddy Perkins")

Pending

Outstanding Sound Editing for a Comedy or Drama Series (Half-Hour) and Animation

Trevor Gates, Jason Dotts, David Barbee, Jordan McClain, Tara Blume, Matt Salib (for "Teddy Perkins")

Pending

TCA Awards

Program of the Year

Atlanta

Nominated

[78]

Outstanding Achievement in Comedy

Nominated

Individual Achievement in Comedy

Donald Glover

Nominated


document_title: United Nations Security Council veto power

question_text: 5. name the members of the un security council who have power of veto

question_tokens: 5 . name the members of the un security council who have power of veto

root

text: Article 27[edit]

text: Article 27 of the United Nations Charter states:

tag: p

text:
Each member of the Security Council shall have a vote.
Decisions of the Security Council on procedural matters shall be made by an affirmative vote of nine members.
Decisions of the Security Council on all other matters shall be made by an affirmative vote of nine members including the concurring votes of the permanent members; provided that, in decisions under Chapter VI, and under paragraph 3 of Article 52, a party to a dispute shall abstain from voting.[6]

tag: ol

text: Although the "power of veto" is not explicitly mentioned in the UN Charter, the fact that "substantive" decisions by the UNSC require "the concurring votes of the permanent members", means that any of those permanent members can prevent the adoption, by the Council, of any draft resolutions on "substantive" matters. For this reason, the "power of veto" is also referred to as the principle of "great power unanimity" and the veto itself is sometimes referred to as the "great power veto".[7]

text: Origins of the veto provision[edit]

text: The idea of states having a veto over the actions of international organizations was not new in 1945. From the foundation of the League of Nations in 1920, each member of the League Council, whether permanent or non-permanent, had a veto on any non-procedural issue.[8] From 1920 there were 4 permanent and 4 non-permanent members, but by 1936 the number of non-permanent members had increased to 11. Thus there were in effect 15 vetoes. This was one of several defects of the League that made action on many issues impossible.

text: The UN Charter provision for unanimity among the Permanent Members of the Security Council (the veto) was the result of extensive discussion, including at Dumbarton Oaks (August–October 1944) and Yalta (February 1945).[9] The evidence is that the UK, US, USSR, and France all favoured the principle of unanimity, and that they were motivated in this not only by a belief in the desirability of the major powers acting together, but also by a concern to protect their own sovereign rights and national interest.[10] Truman, who became President of the US in April 1945, went so far as to write in his memoirs: "All our experts, civil and military, favored it, and without such a veto no arrangement would have passed the Senate."[11]

text: The veto was forced on all other governments by the (soon to be) five veto holders. In the negotiations building up to the creation of the UN, the veto power was resented by many small countries, and in fact was forced on them by the veto nations - US, UK, China, France and the Soviet Union - through a threat that without the veto there would be no UN. Francis O. Wilcox, an adviser to US delegation to the 1945 conference described it: "At San Francisco, the issue was made crystal clear by the leaders of the Big Five: it was either the Charter with the veto or no Charter at all. Senator Connally [from the US delegation] dramatically tore up a copy of the Charter during one of his speeches and reminded the small states that they would be guilty of that same if they opposed the unanimity principle. "You may, if you wish," he said, "go home from this Conference and say that you have defeated the veto. But what will be your answer when you are asked: 'Where is the Charter'?"[1]

text: The United Nations Security Council veto system was established in order to prohibit the UN from taking any future action directly against its principal founding members. One of the lessons of the League of Nations (1919–46) had been that an international organization cannot work if all the major powers are not members. The expulsion of the Soviet Union from the League of Nations in December 1939, following its November 1939 attack on Finland soon after the outbreak of World War II, was just one of many events in the League's long history of incomplete membership.

text: It had already been decided at the UN's founding conference in 1944, that United Kingdom, China, the Soviet Union, the United States and, "in due course" France, should be the permanent members of any newly formed Council. France had been defeated and occupied by Germany (1940–44), but its role as a permanent member of the League of Nations, its status as a colonial power and the activities of the Free French forces on the allied side allowed it a place at the table with the other four.[citation needed]

text: Use of the veto power[edit]

text: The actual use of the veto, and the constant possibility of its use, have been central features of the functioning of the Security Council throughout the UN's history. In the period from 1945 to the end of 2009, 215 resolutions on substantive issues were vetoed, sometimes by more than one of the P5. The average number of vetoes cast each year to 1989 was over five: since then the average annual number has been just above one.[citation needed]

text: The figures reflect the fact that a Permanent Member of the Security Council can avoid casting a veto if the proposal in question does not in any event obtain the requisite majority. In the first two decades of the UN, the Western states were frequently able to defeat resolutions without actually using the veto; and the Soviet Union was in this position in the 1970s and 1980s. Use of the veto has reflected a degree of diplomatic isolation of the vetoing state(s) on the particular issue. Because of the use or threat of the veto, the Security Council could at best have a limited role in certain wars and interventions in which its Permanent Members were involved – for example in Algeria (1954–62); Suez (1956), Hungary (1956), Vietnam (1946–75), the Sino-Vietnamese war (1979), Afghanistan (1979–88), Panama (1989), Iraq (2003), and Georgia (2008).[citation needed]

text: Not all cases of UN inaction in crises have been due to actual use of the veto. For example, re the Iran–Iraq war of 1980–88 there was no use of the veto, but the UN role was minimal except in its concluding phase. Likewise the limited involvement of the UN in the crisis in the Darfur region of Sudan from 2003 onwards was not due to any actual use of the veto. A general lack of willingness to act was the main problem.[citation needed]

text: Since 1990 the veto has been used sparingly. The period from 31 May 1990 to 11 May 1993 was the longest without use of the veto in the history of the UN. Up until the end of 1989 the number of resolutions passed by the Security Council had been 646 – an average of about 15 per annum. The figures for the years since then show a peak of Security Council activism in 1993, followed by a modest degree of retrenchment.[12]

text: In 1950 the Soviet Union missed one important opportunity to exercise its veto power. The Soviet government had adopted an "empty chair" policy at the Security Council from January 1950, owing to its discontent over the UN's refusal to recognize the People's Republic of China's representatives as the legitimate representatives of China,[13] and with the hope of preventing any future decisions by the Council on substantive matters. Despite the wording of the Charter (which makes no provisions for passing resolutions with the abstention or absence of a veto-bearing member), this was treated as a non-blocking abstention. This had in fact already become Council practice by that time, the Council having already adopted numerous draft resolutions despite the lack of an affirmative vote by each of its permanent members. The result of the Soviet Union's absence from the Security Council was that it was not in a position to veto the UN Security Council resolutions 83 (27 June 1950) and 84 (7 July 1950) authorising the US-led military coalition in Korea that assisted South Korea in repelling the North Korean attack.[14]

text: Selection of a Secretary-General[edit]

text: The veto power can also be used to block the selection of a Secretary-General.[15] However, this is not counted as a veto of a Security Council Resolution, because the Security Council is only issuing a "recommendation" to the General Assembly. Since 1981, no Secretary-General has been formally vetoed, because the Security Council does not vote until they have already agreed on a Secretary-General in a series of straw polls. A vote by a permanent member to "discourage" a candidate is considered equivalent to a veto, and the candidate will withdraw from the race without forcing a formal veto. The formal recommendation of a Secretary-General is approved unanimously by acclamation.

text: Every permanent member has vetoed at least one candidate for Secretary-General. The United States circumvented the Soviet veto in 1950 by asking the General Assembly to vote on Trygve Lie's reappointment without a recommendation from the Security Council.[16] However, every Secretary-General since 1953 has been recommended by a unanimous vote of the permanent members of the Security Council. Vetoes have not been recorded publicly since 1981, because the straw poll is taken by secret ballot. However, countries may announce their votes to encourage the rotating members to vote for another candidate.

text: Most common users[edit]

text: In the history of the Security Council, almost half the vetoes were cast by the Soviet Union, with the vast majority of those being before 1965.[18]

text: Since 1966, out of the total 153 vetoes cast, 119 were issued by one of the council's three NATO members: the US, the UK and France.[19]

text: From 1946 to 2016, vetoes were issued on 258 occasions. For that period, usage breaks down as follows:

text:
The United States has used the veto on 79 occasions between 1946 and 2016; and since 1972, it has used its veto power more than any other permanent member.[19]
Russia and the Soviet Union have used the veto on 122 occasions, more than any other of the five permanent members of the Security Council.[20]

tag: ul

text: Most recent veto per country[edit]

text: The following list describes the most recent veto from each of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council. France and the United Kingdom have not vetoed any resolutions since 1989. However, China, Russia and the United States have all exercised their veto power in 2017.

text:
December 17, 2017: The United States vetoed a draft resolution calling on countries to avoid establishing embassies in Jerusalem. (14-1-0)[21]
November 17, 2017: Russia vetoed a 30-day renewal of a commission investigating chemical weapons attacks in Syria. (11-2-2)[22]
February 28, 2017: China and Russia vetoed UN sanctions over chemical weapons in Syria. (9-3-3)[23]
December 23, 1989: France, the United Kingdom and the United States vetoed a draft resolution condemning the United States invasion of Panama. (10-4-1)[24]

text: Analysis by country[edit]

text: China (ROC/PRC)[edit]

text: Between 1946 and 1971, the Chinese seat on the Security Council was the government of the Republic of China (that retreated to Taiwan in 1949) during which time its representative used the veto only once, to block Mongolia's application for membership in 1955, because the ROC considered the country to be a part of China. This postponed the admission of Mongolia until 1961, when the Soviet Union announced that unless Mongolia was admitted, it would block the admission of all of the newly independent African states. Faced with this pressure, the ROC relented under protest.

text: After the Republic of China's expulsion from the United Nations in 1971, the first veto cast by the present occupant, the People's Republic of China, was issued on 25 August 1972 over Bangladesh's admission to the United Nations. As of February 2017, the People's Republic of China has used its veto eleven times.[25] Observers have noted a preference for China to abstain rather than veto on resolutions not directly related to Chinese interests.[17]

text: Soviet Union/Russia[edit]

text: In the early days of the United Nations, the Soviet Union commissar and later minister for foreign affairs, Vyacheslav Molotov, vetoed resolutions so many times that he was known as "Mr. Veto". In fact, the Soviet Union was responsible for nearly half of all vetoes ever cast—79 vetoes were used in the first 10 years. Molotov regularly rejected bids for new membership because of the US's refusal to admit all of the Soviet republics. Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Russia used its veto power sparingly. However, its use of the veto increased in the late 2000s and 2010s, due to a number of resolutions on conflicts that it was involved militarily in, including Georgia, Syria and Ukraine.[26]

text: France[edit]

text: France uses its veto power sparingly. The last time it unilaterally vetoed a draft was in 1976 to block a Resolution on the question of the Comoros independence, which was done to keep the island of Mayotte as a French overseas territory.[27] It also vetoed, along with U.K, a resolution calling on the immediate cessation of military action by the Israeli army against Egypt in 1956 during the Suez Crisis.[27] The last time France used its veto power was in December 1989 concerning the situation in Panama.[27] In 2003, the threat of a French veto of resolution on the impending invasion of Iraq caused friction between France and the United States.

text: United Kingdom[edit]

text: The United Kingdom has used its Security Council veto power on 32 occasions.[28] The first occurrence was in October 1956 when the United Kingdom and France vetoed a letter from the USA to the President of the Security Council concerning Palestine. The most recent was in December 1989 when the United Kingdom, France and the United States vetoed a draft resolution condemning the United States invasion of Panama.[29]

text: The United Kingdom used its veto power, along with France, to veto a draft resolution aimed at resolving the Suez Canal crisis (in which France and UK were militarily involved) in 1956. The UK and France eventually withdrew from Egypt after the U.S. instigated an 'emergency special session' of the General Assembly, under the terms of the "Uniting for Peace" resolution, which led to the establishment of the United Nations Emergency Force I (UNEF I), by the adoption of Assembly resolution 1001.[30] The UK also used its veto seven times in relation to Rhodesia from 1963 to 1973, five of these occasions were unilateral; the only occasions on which the UK has used its veto power unilaterally.[29]

text: United States[edit]

text: Ambassador Charles W. Yost cast the first U.S. veto in 1970, regarding a crisis in Rhodesia, and the U.S. cast a lone veto in 1972 to block a resolution that condemned Israel for war against Syria and Lebanon. Since that time it has become the most frequent user of veto power, mainly on resolutions criticizing and condemning Israel and almost always unilaterally for war and human rights violations; since 2002, the Negroponte doctrine has been applied for the use of a veto on resolutions relating to the ongoing Israel-Palestinian conflict. This has been a constant cause of friction between the General Assembly and the Security Council. On 18 February 2011, the Obama administration vetoed resolutions condemning Israeli settlements. On December 23, 2016, the Obama administration allowed a resolution calling for an end to Israeli settlements to pass.[31]

text: Criticism[edit]

text: The veto power has brought criticism to the Security Council. As it stands, a veto from any of the permanent members can halt any possible action the Council may take. One country's objection, rather than the opinions of a majority of countries, may cripple any possible UN armed or diplomatic response to a crisis. For instance, John J. Mearsheimer claimed that "since 1982, the US has vetoed 32 Security Council resolutions critical of Israel, more than the total number of vetoes cast by all the other Security Council members."[32] Since candidates for the Security Council are proposed by regional blocs, the Arab League and its allies are usually included but Israel, which joined the UN in 1949, has never been elected to the Security Council. The Council has repeatedly condemned Israel. On the other hand, critics contend that, while Israel has the United States to rely on to veto any pertinent legislation against it, the Palestinians lack any such power.

text: Apart from the US, several resolutions have been vetoed by Russia, notably attempts to impose sanctions on Syria during the Syrian Civil War and to condemn Russia's own annexation of Crimea in 2014. In the case of the latter, Russia's lone veto overruled the thirteen other votes in favor of the condemnation.[33] As part of the Soviet Union, Russia also vetoed a UN resolution condemning the USSR's shooting down of Korean Air Lines Flight 007 in 1983. The veto has been singled out as a threat to human rights, with Amnesty International claiming that the five permanent members had used their veto to "promote their political self interest or geopolitical interest above the interest of protecting civilians." As of 2015, Amnesty International has suggested that a solution would involve the five permanent members surrendering their veto on issues of genocide.[34]

text: Some see the fact that veto power exclusive to the permanent five as being anachronistic, unjust, or counterproductive. Peter Nadin writes that "The veto is an anachronism ... In the twenty-first century, the veto has come to be almost universally seen as a disproportionate power and an impediment to credible international action to crises."[35] The "enormous influence of the veto power" has been cited as a cause of the UN's ineffectiveness in preventing and responding to genocide, violence, and human rights violations.[36] In an address to the UN General Assembly on the Russian annexation of Crimea, Ukrainian President Petro Poroshenko said: "In every democratic country, if someone has stolen your property, an independent court will restore justice, in order to protect your rights, and punish the offender. However, we must recognize that in the 21st century our organization lacks an effective instrument to bring to justice an aggressor country that has stolen the territory of another sovereign state.”[37] Various countries outside the P5, such as the Non-Align Movement and African Union have proposed limitations on the veto power.[38]

text: Because of this situation, it has been denounced that the Security Council is only effective when it comes to safeguarding the interests of its permanent members, and is unable to act against them. Consequently, resolutions authorizing intervention in the internal affairs of other countries have been few. The interests of the permanent members have come to rest on the concept of non-interference, at the expense of the "keep the peace and security" mandate with which the Security Council was created. Perhaps because, while the "responsibility to protect" is not binding, state sovereignty remains a priority and, as the specialist in international relations Philippe Moreau-Desfarges points out, "even if the rights of their populations are violated, only the Security Council can decide whether peace is threatened and take measures to protect that peace". Thus, the Security Council has not taken forceful measures to punish governments considered as authoritarian, neglecting the "responsibility to defend civilian populations", recognized by the UN General Assembly in 2005.[39]

text: Veto power reform[edit]

text: Various discussions have taken place in recent years over the suitability of the Security Council veto power in today's world. Key arguments include that the five permanent members no longer represent the most stable and responsible member states in the United Nations, and that their veto power slows down and even prevents important decisions being made on matters of international peace and security. Due to the global changes that have taken place politically and economically since the formation of the UN in 1945, widespread debate has been apparent over whether the five permanent members of the UN Security Council remain the best member states to hold veto power. While the permanent members are still typically regarded as great powers, there is debate over their suitability to retain exclusive veto power.[40]

text: A second argument against retaining the UNSC veto power is that it is detrimental to balanced political decisions, as any draft text needs to be approved of by each permanent member before any draft resolution can possibly be adopted. Indeed, several proposed draft resolutions are never formally presented to the Council for a vote owing to the knowledge that a permanent member would vote against their adoption (the so-called "pocket veto"). Debate also exists over the potential use of the veto power to provide "diplomatic cover" to a permanent member's allies[citation needed]. The United States has used its veto power more than any other permanent member since 1972, particularly on resolutions condemning the actions or policies of Israel.

text: Advocates of the veto power believe that it is just as necessary in the current geo-political landscape, and that without the veto power, the Security Council would be open to making democratic "majority rules" decisions on matters that have implications at a global level[41]—decisions that may well go directly against the interests of a permanent member.

text: Discussions on improving the UN's effectiveness and responsiveness to international security threats often include reform of the UNSC veto. Proposals include: limiting the use of the veto to vital national security issues; requiring agreement from multiple states before exercising the veto; and abolishing the veto entirely. However, any reform of the veto will be very difficult, if not impossible. In fact, Articles 108 and 109 of the United Nations Charter grant the P5 veto over any amendments to the Charter, requiring them to approve of any modifications to the UNSC veto power that they themselves hold: it is highly unlikely that any of the P5 would accept a reform of the UN Charter that would be detrimental to their own national interests.

text: Nonetheless, it has been argued that with the adoption of the "Uniting for Peace" resolution by the General Assembly, and given the interpretations of the Assembly's powers that became customary international law as a result, that the Security Council "power of veto" problem could be surmounted.[42] By adopting A/RES/377 A, on 3 November 1950, over two-thirds of UN Member states declared that, according to the UN Charter, the permanent members of the UNSC cannot and should not prevent the UNGA from taking any and all action necessary to restore international peace and security, in cases where the UNSC has failed to exercise its "primary responsibility" for maintaining peace. Such an interpretation sees the UNGA as being awarded "final responsibility"—rather than "secondary responsibility"—for matters of international peace and security, by the UN Charter. Various official and semi-official UN reports make explicit reference to the Uniting for Peace resolution as providing a mechanism for the UNGA to overrule any UNSC vetoes;[43][44][45][46] thus rendering them little more than delays in UN action, should two-thirds of the Assembly subsequently agree that action is necessary.

text: The threat of the use of the veto by the P5 has led the UN Security Council to adopt what some commentators have described as unlawful resolutions that violated the UN Charter. For example, UNSC resolution 1422 of 2002, renewed once through resolution 1487 of 2003, aimed at exempting peace-keepers and other military personnel conducting operations authorized by the Security Council from the jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court (ICC) for a period of 12 months. Resolution 1422 was adopted as a consequence to the US veto on 30 June 2002 to the renewal of the Peace-keeping operation in Bosnia and Herzegovina, a State Party to the Rome Statute of the ICC.[47]

text: Notes[edit]

text:
^ Jump up to: a b c II. The Yalta Voting Formula, Author(s): Francis O. Wilcox, Source: The American Political Science Review, Vol. 39, No. 5 (Oct., 1945), pp. 943-956, Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/1950035, Accessed: 05-05-2015 17:13 UTC
Jump up ^ Oliphant, Roland (4 October 2016). "'End Security Council veto' to halt Syria violence, UN human rights chief says amid deadlock". The Telegraph.
Jump up ^ Putin, Vladimir V. (11 September 2013). "What Putin Has to Say to Americans About Syria". The New York Times. The United Nations’ founders understood that decisions affecting war and peace should happen only by consensus, and with America’s consent the veto by Security Council permanent members was enshrined in the United Nations Charter. The profound wisdom of this has underpinned the stability of international relations for decades.
Jump up ^ "Wang Yi: China Is Participant, Facilitator and Contributor of International Order". Consulate-General of the People's Republic of China in Los Angeles. 27 June 2015. China’s veto at the Security Council has always played an important role in checking the instinct of war and resisting power politics.
Jump up ^ "Veto right prevents UNSC from turning into 'rubber stamp' for US & allies – Churkin". RT International. 16 October 2016.
Jump up ^ UN Charter, Article 27, as amended in 1965. Before that date, Articles 27(2) and (3) had specified the affirmative votes of seven members. The change was part of the process whereby the size of the Council was increased from 11 to 15 members.
Jump up ^ "Membership of the Security Council". www.un.org. 2 May 2012. Archived from the original on 2012-05-02. Retrieved 25 October 2017.
Jump up ^ League of Nations Covenant, Article 5(1).
Jump up ^ Luck, Edward C. (2008). "Creation of the Council". In Lowe, Vaughan; Roberts, Adam; Welsh, Jennifer; et al. The United Nations Security Council and War: The Evolution of Thought and Practice since 1945. Oxford University Press. pp. 61–85.
Jump up ^ See e.g. Winston S. Churchill, The Second World War, vol. 6: Triumph and Tragedy, Cassell, London, 1954, pp. 181-2 and 308-13; Harry S. Truman, Year of Decisions: 1945 (London, 1955), pp. 194-5, 201, and 206-7; Charles de Gaulle, War Memoirs: Salvation 1944-1946 – Documents, tr. Murchie and Erskine (London, 1960), pp. 94-5.
Jump up ^ Truman, Year of Decisions: 1945, p. 207. See also US Department of State: "The United States and the Founding of the United Nations". October 2005. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
Jump up ^ Lowe, Vaughan; Roberts, Adam; Welsh, Jennifer; et al., eds. (2008). The United Nations Security Council and War: The Evolution of Thought and Practice since 1945. Oxford University Press. pp. 78–82, 135–7, 155–65, 688–705.
Jump up ^ Malanczuk, P. Akehurst's Modern Introduction to International Law, Ed. 7, page 375, Routledge, 1997
Jump up ^ Stueck, Wiliam (2008). "The United Nations, the Security Council, and the Korean War". In Lowe, Vaughan; Roberts, Adam; Welsh, Jennifer; et al. The United Nations Security Council and War: The Evolution of Thought and Practice since 1945. Oxford University Press. pp. 266–7, 277–8.
Jump up ^ Chesterman, Simon (2007). "Introduction". In Chesterman, Simon. Secretary or General? The UN Secretary-General in World Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 7.
Jump up ^ "An Historical Overview on the Selection of United Nations Secretaries-General" (PDF). UNA-USA. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 October 2007. Retrieved 30 September 2007.
^ Jump up to: a b Global Policy Forum (2008): "Changing Patterns in the Use of the Veto in the Security Council". Retrieved 30 December 2008.
Jump up ^ Veto database and information at Global Policy Forum
^ Jump up to: a b Security Council - Veto List at Global Policy Forum
Jump up ^ [1] United Nations Documentation at The United Nations
Jump up ^ Foroohar, Kambiz. "Jerusalem Embassy Vote Draws First U.S. Veto at UN Under Trump".
Jump up ^ Nichols, Michelle. "Russia casts 10th U.N. veto on Syria action, blocking inquiry renewal".
Jump up ^ "Double Veto Prevents Security Council from Adopting Draft Resolution Intended to Impose Sanctions for Use of Chemical Weapons in Syria". United Nations.
Jump up ^ List of vetoes in the United Nations Security Council. Retrieved 20 November 2011.
Jump up ^ Security Council - Veto List. Retrieved 13 April 2017.
Jump up ^ "Veto List". United Nations. Retrieved 2017-02-20.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Subjet of UN Security Council Vetoes". Retrieved 18 April 2013.
Jump up ^ "Changing Patterns in the Use of the Veto in The Security Council" (PDF). Global Policy Forum. Retrieved 29 October 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "Security Council - Veto List". UN Dag Hammarskjöld Library. Retrieved 29 October 2015.
Jump up ^ "Emergency Special Sessions". United Nations. Retrieved 25 October 2015.
Jump up ^ "Israeli settlements: UN Security Council calls for an end". BBC News. 2016-12-23. Retrieved 2016-12-23.
Jump up ^ John J. Mearsheimer and Stephen Walt. "The Israel Lobby and U.S. Foreign Policy". KSG Faculty Research Working Paper Series. Harvard University. Archived from the original on February 2, 2007. Retrieved 2017-01-26.
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Jump up ^ "Amnesty calls on UN powers to lose veto on genocide votes - BBC News". BBC News. Retrieved 2017-01-26.
Jump up ^ Peter Nadin, UN Security Council Reform (Routledge, 2016), pp. 133-34.
Jump up ^ Sevak Joseph Manjikian, "Genocide and the Failure to Respond" in Civil Courage: A Response to Contemporary Conflict and Prejudice (ed. Naomi Kramer: Peter Lang, 2007), pp. 49-50.
Jump up ^ "Experts praise Poroshenko's call for restrictions on UN Security Council veto powers". KyivPost. Retrieved 2017-01-26.
Jump up ^ Edwin Egede & Peter Sutch, The Politics of International Law and International Justice (Edinburgh University Press, 2013), p. 142.
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Jump up ^ Writings of Flavia Lattanzi, Kai Ambos and Claus Kress, inter alia

text: Further reading[edit]

text:
Bardo Fassbender, UN Security Council Reform and the Right of Veto: A Constitutional Perspective, Kluwer Law International, The Hague / London / Boston, 1998. ISBN 90-411-0592-1.
Bardo Fassbender, 'Pressure for Security Council Reform', in: David M. Malone (ed.), The UN Security Council: From the Cold War to the 21st Century, Lynne Rienner Publishers, Boulder, Colorado, and London, 2004, pp. 341–355.
Bardo Fassbender, 'The Security Council: Progress is Possible but Unlikely', in: Antonio Cassese (ed.), Realizing Utopia: The Future of International Law, Oxford University Press, 2012, pp. 52–60.
Vaughan Lowe; Adam Roberts; Jennifer Welsh; Dominik Zaum (eds.). The United Nations Security Council and War: The Evolution of Thought and Practice since 1945, Oxford University Press, 2008.  ISBN 978-0-19-953343-5 (hardback); ISBN 978-0-19-958330-0 (paperback). US edition. On Google.
David Malone (ed), The UN Security Council: From the Cold War to the 21st Century, Lynne Rienner, Boulder, Colorado, 2004. ISBN 1-58826-240-5 (paperback).