question_text: what is the name of blackbeard's ship in pirates of the caribbean

question_tokens: what is the name of blackbeard 's ship in pirates of the caribbean

text: Plot

text: After a failed attempt to rescue his first mate, Joshamee Gibbs, in London, Captain Jack Sparrow is brought before King George II. The king wants Jack to guide an expedition to the Fountain of Youth before King Ferdinand and the Spanish Navy can locate it. Jack's old nemesis, Captain Hector Barbossa, now a privateer in service to the British Navy after losing his leg and ship, the Black Pearl, which he says was sunk, is heading the expedition.

text: Jack refuses the offer and escapes. He meets up with his father, Captain Teague, who warns Jack about the Fountain's rituals. Jack learns someone is impersonating him to recruit a crew to find the Fountain. The impostor is Angelica, Jack's former lover, and the daughter of the ruthless pirate Blackbeard, who practices voodoo magic and wields the mythical "Sword of Triton" that controls his ship, the Queen Anne's Revenge. While Jack is shanghaied aboard Blackbeard's ship, Gibbs escapes execution by memorizing and destroying Jack's map showing the Fountain's location, forcing Barbossa to take him along.

text: Meanwhile, after a failed mutiny aboard the Queen Anne's Revenge, Jack is forced to guide the crew to the Fountain. Blackbeard seeks the Fountain's power to circumvent his predestined fatal encounter with a "one-legged man", who happened to be Barbossa. Jack must find two silver chalices aboard Juan Ponce de León's missing flagship, the Santiago. The Fountain's water must simultaneously be drunk by two people from the chalices. Drinking from one chalice containing a mermaid's tear will extend life; the second person dies, their remaining years of life transferred to the other drinker. Jack also discovers that the Black Pearl was captured and shrunk before being added to Blackbeard's collection of other shrunken ships in bottles.

text: The Queen Anne's Revenge heads for Whitecap Bay to find and harvest mermaid tears. After managing to lure in a mermaid named Tamara, she summons other mermaids to attack the crew before Jack causes an explosion that scares them away. A mermaid named Syrena is caught, but Philip Swift, a captive missionary, falls in love with her. Reaching Ponce de León's ship on an uncharted island, Angelica and Blackbeard coerce Jack into retrieving both chalices. Jack locates the grounded, decaying vessel, only to find Barbossa there. Both guess that the Spanish have taken the chalices, after they are nowhere to be found on the vessel.

text: Jack and Barbossa team up to sneak into the Spanish camp and steal the chalices. Barbossa reveals he only wants revenge against Blackbeard for attacking the Black Pearl, and his leg being amputated. Jack and Barbossa escape with the chalices. Meanwhile, Syrena, reciprocating Philip's love, is tricked into shedding a tear. Blackbeard collects it, leaving her to die of dehydration while Philip is forced to go with them. Jack returns with the chalices and bargains with Blackbeard for Angelica's safety, Jack's confiscated magical compass (which they took from him before sending him to get the chalices), and Gibbs' release. In return, Jack vows to give Blackbeard the chalices and lead him to the Fountain; Blackbeard agrees, and Gibbs is set free with the compass.

text: At the Fountain, Blackbeard's crew is confronted by Barbossa and his men and they battle while Barbossa and Blackbeard fight. The Spanish suddenly arrive, intending to destroy the Fountain, believing its power an abomination against God. They crush the chalices and throw them in the swamp. When Barbossa stabs Blackbeard with a poisoned sword, Angelica pulls it out but is cut and poisoned. Jack notices Angelica is poisoned and begins frantically searching the swamp for the chalices. Barbossa obtains Blackbeard's magic sword and gains control of the Queen Anne's Revenge and her crew. Despite resistance from Blackbeard's crew, the Spanish successfully pull down a pillar, crushing the Fountain of Youth. The Spanish army leaves once the fountain is in ruins. Philip is mortally wounded, but he returns to free Syrena. She helps Jack retrieve the missing chalices and gives them to him, telling him not to waste her tear. Syrena goes back to the dying Philip. She says she can save him if he asks her to. When he asks for her forgiveness, she kisses him and takes him underwater.

text: With Blackbeard and Angelica both nearing death, Jack retrieves the last remaining drops of water from the destroyed fountain and puts the tear in one of them. Knowing that one of them must be sacrificed, he wants Angelica to drink from the chalice containing the tear. Instead, Blackbeard drinks it, asking his daughter to save him. Angelica agrees and drinks from the second chalice. Jack is upset to lose Angelica, but reveals that he made a mistake about which chalice contained the tear. Neither of the two are happy, and they both believe Jack deliberately tricked them. Angelica's wounds are healed as the Fountain fatally consumes Blackbeard's body, killing him.

text: Eventually, Jack and Angelica admit their love for each other, yet he distrusts her intentions (aware that she may try to avenge her father) and strands her on a cay. Now wielding Blackbeard's magical sword, Barbossa captains the Queen Anne's Revenge and returns to piracy. Jack finds Gibbs, who had used the compass to locate the Revenge. He reclaims the shrunken Black Pearl and the other conquered ships in bottles, carrying them in a gunny sack. The two leave, hoping to revert the Black Pearl to its original size and continue living the pirates' life.

text: In a post-credits scene, a voodoo doll of Jack crafted by Blackbeard washes ashore and is found by Angelica, who then smiles.

text: Cast

text:
Johnny Depp as Captain Jack Sparrow: Former captain of the Black Pearl.
Penélope Cruz as Angelica: Jack's former love interest, and daughter of Blackbeard.
Geoffrey Rush as Captain Hector Barbossa: Jack's former-rival-turned-ally, and former captain of the Black Pearl.
Ian McShane as Blackbeard: Legendary pirate, and captain of the Queen Anne's Revenge.
Kevin McNally as Joshamee Gibbs: Jack's friend, and former first mate.
Sam Claflin as Philip Swift: A missionary, kept prisoner aboard Blackbeard's ship.
Àstrid Bergès-Frisbey as Syrena: A mermaid captured by Blackbeard, and love interest of Swift.
Stephen Graham as Scrum: A self-serving member of Blackbeard's crew.
Greg Ellis as Lt. Cmdr. Theodore Groves: Barbossa's second-in-command, former second-in-command of Cutler Beckett and James Norrington's crew.
Damian O'Hare as Lt. Gillette, Barbossa's third-in-command, former second-in-command of James Norrington.
Óscar Jaenada as The Spaniard: King Ferdinand's most trusted agent.
Richard Griffiths as King George II
Keith Richards as Captain Edward Teague: Jack's father, former Pirate Lord of Madagascar, and keeper of the code of the Bretheren Court.
Gemma Ward as Tamara: A mermaid.
Judi Dench as Society Lady
Ian Mercer as the Quartermaster: A psychic who foresees Blackbeard's death.
Robbie Kay as the Cabin Boy
Christopher Fairbank as Ezekiel
Yuki Matsuzaki as Ghareg
Bronson Webb as The Cook
Steve Evets as Purser
Derek Mears as the Master-at-Arms
DeObia Oparei as the Gunner
Sebastian Armesto as King Ferdinand of the Spanish Empire
Anton Lesser as Lord John Carteret, Viscount Carteret, Baron Carteret of Hawnes, 2nd Earl of Granville
Roger Allam as Prime Minister Henry Pelham
Paul Bazely as Salaman: An Indian crew member of the Queen Anne's Revenge

text: Production

text: Development

text: Shortly before the premiere of At World's End, Jerry Bruckheimer stated it was the end of the trilogy, but the idea of a spin-off was still possible.[4] After the film's successful opening weekend, Dick Cook, then Chairman of the Walt Disney Studios, said he was interested in a fourth installment. Los Angeles Times also reported that rights to a book were bought.[5] Ted Elliott and Terry Rossio had started working on a script in 2007, but they were interrupted by the 2007–2008 Writers Guild of America strike, and only resumed in mid-2008.[6]

text: In June 2009, Bruckheimer indicated Disney would prefer the fourth installment of Pirates to be released before The Lone Ranger film, which he, Johnny Depp, Ted Elliott, and Terry Rossio had been working on for release on May 20, 2011. He hoped Gore Verbinski would return to direct the fourth film, as his BioShock film adaptation had been put on hold.[7] As Verbinski was unavailable due to his commitment with Rango the same year, Bruckheimer suggested Rob Marshall, who he considered a "premiere filmmaker", stating that "Every film [Marshall] made I thought was unique and different."[8] On July 21, 2009, Marshall accepted the job, because of the "whole new story line and set of characters. It felt new, and that was important to me."[6] Marshall said the film provided him a long-awaited opportunity to work with Depp, and that his directing was helped by his experience as a choreographer—"the action sequences felt like big production numbers."[9] On September 11, 2009, at Disney's D23 convention during a Disney event, Cook and Johnny Depp, in full Captain Jack Sparrow costume, announced that a fourth Pirates film was in development. The title was announced as Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides.[10] Marshall visited the Pirates of the Caribbean ride in Disneyland for inspiration, eventually paying homage with a skeleton holding a magnifying glass in Ponce de León's ship. An appearance of "Old Bill", the pirate who tries to share his rum with a cat, was also filmed but cut.[11] Pintel and Ragetti were originally supposed to make an appearance, but director Rob Marshall opted out of the idea as he feared their roles would be cut.[12]

text: Cook resigned in September 2009 after working for Disney for over 38 years.[13] Depp's faith in Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides was somewhat shaken after the resignation, with Depp explaining that "There's a fissure, a crack in my enthusiasm at the moment. It was all born in that office".[14] Depp also explained Cook was one of the few who accepted his portrayal of Jack Sparrow: "When things went a little sideways on the first Pirates movie and others at the studio were less than enthusiastic about my interpretation of the character, Dick was there from the first moment. He trusted me".[14]

text: Writing

text: During production of Dead Man's Chest and At World's End, writers Ted Elliott and Terry Rossio discovered Tim Powers' 1987 novel On Stranger Tides, which they considered a good foundation on which to base "a new chapter" in the Pirates series.[8] Disney bought the rights to the novel in April 2007.[15] Rossio stated that he and Elliot had considered using Blackbeard and the Fountain of Youth in the story before reading the book, "but whenever you say those words, Powers' novel comes to mind. There was no way we could work in that field without going into territory Tim had explored." However, they denied that it would be a straight version of the novel: "Blackbeard came from the book, and in the book there is a daughter character, too. But Jack Sparrow is not in the book, nor is Barbossa. So I wouldn't call this an adaptation."[6] Rossio declared the script was written to be a standalone film, "kind of a James Bond sort of thing", instead of the "designed to be a trilogy" structure of the previous installments.[16] They hoped to "design a story that would support new characters," as characters such as Will Turner would not return.[17] Bruckheimer added that there was a decision to "streamline the story a little bit, make it a little simpler and not have as many characters to follow", as the number of characters and subplots in At World's End caused the film to have an unwieldy length.[8] The duo decided to employ another sea myth alluded in the previous episodes: mermaids,[16] which are briefly referenced in the book. The mermaids' role expanded in the script, which included a vast attack sequence.[17]

text: Depp was deeply involved with the story design, frequently meeting the writers to show what he was interested in doing, and in the words of Rossio, being "involved in coming up with story lines, connecting characters, creating moments that we would then fashion, shape and then go back."[16] Among Depp's suggestions were turning Phillip into a missionary and having a Spanish contingent following the protagonists. Afterwards, Rob Marshall and executive producer John DeLuca met Rossio and Elliot, and did alterations of their own, including building the female lead.[17]

text: Casting

text: Depp signed on to return as Captain Jack Sparrow in September 2008, saying that he would come back if the script was good.[18] Almost a year later, Disney announced that Depp would be paid $55.5 million for his role, realizing that without him the franchise would be "dead and buried."[19] Geoffrey Rush expressed interest in returning to his role as Barbossa,[20] and Bruckheimer later confirmed his presence.[21] Rush was positive on Barbossa having lost a leg, as he considered the disability made him "angrier, more forceful and resilient as a character", and had to work with the stunt team for an accurate portrayal of the limp and usage of crutch, particularly during sword fighting scenes.[22] While the production team considered a prop pegleg to be put over Rush's leg, the tight schedule caused it to be replaced with a blue sock that was replaced digitally, with a knob on the shoe to give Rush a reference for his walk.[23] Three other actors from the previous films returned, Kevin McNally as Joshamee Gibbs, Greg Ellis as Lt. Theodore Groves,[24] and Damian O'Hare as Lt. Gilette.[25] Keith Richards also had a cameo, reprising his role as Captain Teague from At World's End; he and Depp tried to persuade Mick Jagger to audition for the part of a pirate elder.[26] Previous cast members Orlando Bloom and Keira Knightley stated that they would not reprise their roles, as they wanted to be involved in different films. They both thought the storyline involving their characters had gone as far as it could.[27][28][29] On August 1, 2009, Bill Nighy expressed his desire to return as Davy Jones, who died in the previous film, saying the possibility to resurrect the character, but at the end, his inclusion was scrapped.[30][31] On February 5, 2010, Mackenzie Crook also announced he would not be reprising his role of Ragetti, stating, "They haven't asked me. But actually I don't mind that at all. I'm a fan of the first one especially and I think the trilogy we've made is great. I'd almost like them to leave it there."[32]

text: New cast members include Ian McShane, who plays the notorious pirate and primary antagonist of the film, Blackbeard, and Penélope Cruz, who plays Angelica, Jack Sparrow's love interest.[21] According to Marshall, McShane was chosen because "he can play something evil but there's always humor behind it as well" and the actor accepted the job due to both the "very funny and charming" script and the opportunity to work with Marshall.[33] The beard took one hour and a half to get applied, and McShane likened the character's costume to "a real biker pirate—it's all black leather.”[34] Marshall said Cruz was the only actress considered for the role, as she fit the description as "an actress who could not only go toe to toe with Johnny and match him, but also needed to be all the things that Jack Sparrow is in a way. She needed to be funny and clever and smart and crafty and beautiful",[9] and invited her for the role as they wrapped the production of Nine.[23] The actress spent two months working out and learning fencing for the role.[35] During filming, Cruz discovered she was pregnant, leading the costume department to redesign her wardrobe to be more elastic,[23] and the producers to hire her sister Mónica Cruz to double for Penélope in risky scenes.[36] Depp recommended Stephen Graham, who worked with him in Public Enemies, to play Scrum, a Machiavellian pirate and sidekick to Jack Sparrow,[37][38] and Richard Griffiths for the role of King George II, as Depp was a fan of Griffiths' work on Withnail and I.[23] Sam Claflin, a recent drama school graduate with television experience, was chosen to play the missionary Philip,[39] and British actor Paul Bazely also joined the cast.[40] Spanish news website El Pais reported that the film had four Spanish actors: Cruz, Bergès-Frisbey, Óscar Jaenada, and Juan Carlos Vellido.[41] Jaenada was picked for both his work in The Losers and a recommendation by Cruz.[42]

text: Casting for mermaids required the actresses to have natural breasts—no implants. As Bruckheimer explained to EW, "I don't think they had breast augmentation in the 1700s, [...] So it's natural for casting people to say, 'We want real people.'"[43] Marshall invited Spanish-French actress Àstrid Bergès-Frisbey to play Syrena after seeing her in a French magazine article on up-and-coming actresses.[22] Bergès-Frisbey had to take lessons of English, swimming and breath control for the role.[44] The rest of the mermaid portrayers, such as Australian supermodel Gemma Ward,[45] were chosen for having "exotic sense, an otherworldly sensibility, but also under those layers a deadly quality", according to Marshall, and had to take swimming lessons to learn movements such as the dolphin and eggbeater kicks.[46]

text: Filming

text: Principal photography began on June 14, 2010, in Hawaii.[17][47] Filming was moved to California in August 2010,[48] primarily at the Long Beach shore[33] and a recreation of Whitecap Bay done in the Universal Studios backlot,[17] as the original Hawaiian location on Halona Cove was plagued with strong tides.[22] After a brief shoot in Puerto Rico,[33] with locations in both Palomino Island and the Fort of San Cristóbal in San Juan,[49] production moved to the United Kingdom in September, where principal photography wrapped on November 18 after 106 days of shooting.[17] Locations included Hampton Court Palace in London,[23] Knole House in Kent,[33] and Old Royal Naval College at Greenwich.[50] Interiors were shot at London's Pinewood Studios, and a replica of an 18th-century London street was built on the backlot alongside the soundstages.[33][51] The producers also considered using New Orleans as a location.[52] In October, security was breached at the UK site when a celebrity impersonator gained access to filming at the Old Royal Naval College by dressing up as Captain Jack.[53]

text: After the joint production of Dead Man's Chest and At World's End cost over $300 million, Disney decided to give a lower budget to the fourth installment.[54] Many costs had to be cut, including moving primary production to Hawaii and London, where tax credits are more favorable, and having a shorter shooting schedule and fewer scenes featuring special effects compared to At World's End.[55] The tighter schedule—according to Bruckheimer, "We had a 22-week post, and for a picture like this, with almost 1,200 visual effects shots, it's usually 40 weeks"—meant that Marshall supervised editing of sequences during filming.[17] The British financial statements of the film revealed total expenditures of £240.7 million ($410.6 million) by 2013, with Disney receiving a rebate of $32.1 million from the British government, making Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides the most expensive film ever made to date.[2]

text: Bruckheimer said the decision to film in 3D was made due to its being "immersive filmmaking; I think it makes you part of the actual filming because you're part of the screen." Bruckheimer described it as the first major "exterior movie" to be shot in 3D, as Avatar was mostly done in sound stages.[8] At first Marshall was not much interested in 3D, but the director eventually considered it a film that could benefit from the format. "You are on an adventure and with the 3D experience you are inside that adventure."[9] While the original plan was to add 3D effects during post-production, the decision was made to shoot digitally with 3D cameras. Only one sequence was shot conventionally and needed a 3D conversion.[8] The cameras were improved versions of the ones James Cameron developed for Avatar, which were made more compact for extra mobility. This meant the cameras could be brought into locations such as the Hawaiian jungle.[56]

text: The Queen Anne's Revenge was built atop the Sunset, the same ship used to depict the Black Pearl in previous installments. On February 2010, the Sunset was sailed from Long Beach to a shipyard in Hawaii for the reforms, where a big concern was to make it imposing, with three stories, without sacrificing actual seakeeping. Given Blackbeard was meant to be the meanest pirate to appear in the series, the look for the Queen Anne's Revenge was ominous, with sails dyed blood red, various elements on fire, and a decoration based on skulls and bones (drawing inspiration from the Sedlec Ossuary in Czech Republic). Damage from cannon fire was also added to show that "not only Blackbeard was a dying man, but his ship is also a dying ship". The ship's figurehead also drew inspiration from Blackbeard's pirate flag.[57] The replica ship HMS Surprise was used for Barbossa's ship, the HMS Providence,[58] and all the scenes aboard the Providence were shot on the Long Beach shore as the Surprise could not be sailed to Hawaii.[23] Over 50 designs were considered for the Fountain of Youth, with the final one representing a temple built by an ancient civilization around the Fountain, which itself was located in a round rocky structure to represent "the circle of life". The locations leading up to the Fountain were shot in the Hawaiian islands of Kauai and Oahu, but the Fountain itself was built at the 007 Stage on Pinewood.[59]

text: Effects

text: On Stranger Tides employed 1,112 shots of computer-generated imagery,[17] which were done by ten visual effects companies.[60] Cinesite visual effects supervisor Simon Stanley-Clamp claimed that the most difficult part was doing the effects in 3D: "Rotoscoping is tricky. Cleaning up plates is double the work, and tracking has to be spot on."[50] The lead companies, with over 300 effects each, were Industrial Light & Magic—responsible for, among others, the mermaids and most water effects[61]—and Moving Picture Company, who created digital ships and environment extensions, such as changing weather and designing cliffs and waterfalls.[62] Filming the mermaids involved eight model-actresses, who portrayed them outside the water, as well as 22 synchronized swimming athletes and a group of stuntwomen, both of whom wore motion capture suits to be later replaced by digital mermaids. Mermaid corpses were depicted by plaster models.[33][46] The design tried to avoid the traditional representations of mermaids in paintings and literature, instead going for a scaly body with a translucent membrane inspired by both jellyfish and the fabric employed in ballet tutus. To make the mermaids more menacing underwater, the faces of the actresses had some digital touch-ups on the underwater scenes, adding sharper teeth and a shimmery fish scale quality on the skin.[63] ILM also handled Blackbeard's death, where Ian McShane's actual performance was covered by digital doubles which turned him into a "boiling mass of blood and clothing", and a hurricane-like formation that represented "the waters of the Fountain taking his life".[59] Cinesite handled the recreation of London and Barbossa's peg leg,[50] CIS Hollywood did 3D corrections and minor shots, and Method Studios created matte paintings.[64]

text: Music

text: The film's score was written by Hans Zimmer, who had worked in all of the previous entries in the franchise; being the main composer for the second and third installments.[65] Zimmer said that he tried to incorporate a rock n' roll sound, as he felt "pirates were the rock 'n' rollers of many, many years ago",[66] and Spanish elements, which led to a collaboration with Mexican guitarists Rodrigo y Gabriela and a tango song written by Penélope Cruz's brother Eduardo.[67] American composer Eric Whitacre contributed several choir-based cues,[67][68] as well as regular assistant Geoff Zanelli.[65]

text: Release

text: On January 6, 2010, Disney announced that the film would be released in the United States and Canada on May 20, 2011, following Columbia Pictures' announcement of a delay in the Spider-Man reboot and Paramount Pictures slating Thor for May 6, 2011.[69] The film was released in IMAX 3D, as well as traditional 2D and IMAX format,[70][71] with Dolby 7.1 surround sound.[72] This film was also the first film to be released in the 4DX motion theaters in Mexico and in the Western Hemisphere, featuring strobe lights, tilting seats, blowing wind and fog and odor effects.[73] It is available exclusively at select Cinépolis cinemas.[74]

text: The world premiere of On Stranger Tides was on May 7, 2011, at a premium ticket screening at Disneyland in Anaheim, California, home of the original Pirates of the Caribbean ride that inspired the film series. Many of the film's stars were in attendance. Two other early screenings followed, one in Moscow on May 11,[75] and another during the Cannes International Film Festival on May 14.[76] The international release dates fell within May 18 and 20, with opening dates in the United Kingdom on May 18, in Australia on May 19, and in North America on May 20.[77][78][79][80] The film was released on a then-record 402 IMAX screens, 257 screens in North America, and 139 in other territories.[81] The total number of theaters was 4,155 in North America and 18,210 worldwide.[82][83]

text: Promotion

text: Disney's marketing president, MT Carney, said that the film's advertising campaign was intended "to remind people of why they fell in love with Jack Sparrow in the first place and also introduce new elements in a way that was elegant".[17] Sony Pictures' former marketing president, Valerie Van Galder, was hired as a consultant.[84] The first footage from the film appeared on Entertainment Tonight on December 4, 2010.[85] Three trailers were released,[17] one in December, which had a 3D version included with the release of Tron: Legacy[71] and broadcast by ESPN 3D;[86] a Super Bowl XLV spot on February 2011, which was later released online in an extended version;[87] and a final trailer in March that focused more on the plot than the previous trailer and commercials.[88]

text: Promotional tie-ins included Lego Pirates of the Caribbean toy sets and a related video game,[89][90] a cell phone app by Verizon Wireless,[91] a special edition of Pirate's Booty,[92] lines of nail polish by OPI,[93] clothing from Hot Topic,[94] and jewelry from Swarovski.[95] Goldline International produced replicas of the "Pieces of Eight" coins from the movies and gold Mexican Escudo coins, which were given in sweepstakes at the El Capitan Theatre.[96] At Disney California Adventure Park, the Pirates of the Caribbean segment of the World of Color show was extended to include visual clips and music from On Stranger Tides.[97]

text: Home media

text: The film was released on DVD and Blu-Ray on September 12, 2011 in the UK, topping both the Blu-ray and DVD sales charts during its first two weeks. The film had its high-definition home release on October 18, 2011 in the United States and Canada. Three different physical packages were made available: a 2-disc combo pack (Blu-ray and DVD), a 5-disc combo pack (2-disc Blu-ray, 1-disc Blu-ray 3D, 1-disc DVD, and 1-disc Digital Copy), and a 15-disc collection featuring all four Pirates movies. On Stranger Tides was also released as a movie download in both high definition and 3D.[98][99][100] The regular DVD edition came out on December 6.[101]

text: In its first week of release, it sold 1.71 million Blu-ray units and generated $48.50 million, topping the weekly Blu-ray chart. However these results were quite skewed due to the one-month delay of its DVD-only release.[102] It sold 3.20 million Blu-ray units ($83.46 million) after 11 weeks.[103] It has also sold 1.12 million DVD units ($19.32 million).[104] Upon its television premiere on December 29, 2013 in the UK on BBC One, it was watched by a total of 5.4 million viewers, making it the third-most watched program that night, according to overnight figures.[105]

text: Reception

text: Box office

text: On Stranger Tides earned $241.1 million in the North America and $804.6 million in other countries for a worldwide total of $1.045 billion.[106] It is the 23rd highest-grossing film worldwide, the third-highest-grossing 2011 film, the second-most successful installment of the Pirates of the Caribbean series, the eleventh-highest-grossing Disney feature and the second-highest-grossing fourth film in a franchise (behind Transformers: Age of Extinction).[107] On its worldwide opening weekend, it grossed $350.6 million, surpassing At World's End's $344 million opening as best in the series and ranking as the seventh-highest worldwide opening.[108] It scored an IMAX worldwide opening-weekend record with $16.7 million[109] (first surpassed by Transformers: Dark of the Moon).[110]

text: It set records for the least time to reach $500, $600, and $700 million worldwide (in 10, 12 and 16 days, respectively).[111][112][113] The first of these records was first surpassed by Dark of the Moon[114] and the other two by Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2.[115] After 46 days in theaters (July 2, 2011), it became the eighth film in cinema history and the fourth film released by Walt Disney Studios to cross the $1-billion-mark.[116] It set a record for the fastest Disney-distributed film to reach the milestone (first surpassed by Marvel's The Avengers)[117] and it is the fifth-fastest film overall to achieve this.[118]

text: North America

text: During its Thursday-midnight showings, On Stranger Tides earned $4.7 million from 2,210 theaters,[119] and $34,860,549 in total on its opening day.[120] It earned $90.2 million on its opening weekend, topping the weekend box office, but earning much less than its two immediate predecessors (At World's End – $114.7 million and Dead Man's Chest – $135.6 million) and the directly preceding Johnny Depp spectacle (Alice in Wonderland – $116.1 million).[121] 3D showings accounted for only 46% of its opening-weekend gross.[122] It closed on September 29, 2011, with a $241.1 million gross, ranking as the fifth-highest-grossing film of 2011[123] and the least profitable film of the franchise.[124] However, it was the top-grossing movie during May 2011 (with $166.8 million by May 31).[125]

text: Outside North America

text: Outside North America, On Stranger Tides is the sixth-highest-grossing film,[126] the third-highest-grossing Disney film,[127] the second-highest-grossing 2011 film and the highest-grossing film of the Pirates of the Caribbean series.[128] It is the highest-grossing Pirates film in at least 58 territories.[116]

text: During its opening day (Wednesday, May 18, 2011), On Stranger Tides made $18.5 million from 10 territories.[129] It added 37 territories and $25.7 million on Thursday, for a two-day total of $44.2 million,[130] and on Friday, it expanded to almost all countries, earning $46.2 million for a three-day total of $92.1 million.[131] On its five-day opening weekend as a whole, it earned a then-record $260.4 million from 18,210 screens in more than 100 territories, in all which it reached first place at the box office.[132] The record debut was surpassed later in the same summer season by Deathly Hallows Part 2.[133] Earnings originating from 3-D showings accounted for 66% of the weekend gross, which was a much greater share than in North America.[122] Its highest-grossing countries during its first weekend were Russia and the CIS ($31.42 million including previews),[134] China ($22.3 million)[135] and Germany ($20.53 million).[136][137] It dominated for three weekends at the overseas box office despite competition from The Hangover Part II, Kung Fu Panda 2, and X-Men: First Class.[138][139] It reached the $300, $400 and $500-million-mark at the box office outside North America in record time (7, 11 and 14 days respectively), records first surpassed by Deathly Hallows – Part 2.[116][140][141]

text: On Stranger Tides set opening day records in both Russia (including the CIS) and Sweden.[129] Subsequently, it set opening-weekend records in Latin America, the Middle East, Russia, Norway, Ukraine and Turkey,[83] still retaining the record in Russia ($26.8 million)[142] and Ukraine ($2.15 million).[143] Its highest-grossing market after North America is Japan ($108.9 million), followed by China ($71.8 million)[144] and Russia and the CIS ($63.7 million).[145] It is the highest-grossing film of 2011 in Russia and the CIS,[146] Austria,[147] Ukraine,[148] Greece,[149] Portugal and Angola,[150] South Africa,[151] Romania,[152] Bulgaria,[153] Egypt,[154] Estonia,[155] and Latvia.[145][156]

text: Critical reception

text: Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes gives the film an approval rating of 33% based on 259 reviews, with an average rating of 5/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "It's shorter and leaner than the previous sequel, but this Pirates runs aground on a disjointed plot and a non-stop barrage of noisy action sequences."[157] Metacritic, which assigns a weighted average rating to reviews, gives the film an average score of 45 out of 100, based on 39 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[158] CinemaScore polls reported that the average grade moviegoers gave the film was a "B+" on an A+ to F scale.[82]

text: Roger Ebert gave On Stranger Tides two out of four stars, saying that although the removal of Knightley and Bloom as well as the addition of Cruz were positive aspects, the film in general was "too much of a muchness" for him.[159] Tom Long of The Detroit News gave a D+, saying that Jack Sparrow had "worn out his welcome". Despite the more linear plot, "the movie is still ridiculous". He found On Stranger Tides to be "precisely what you'd expect of the fourth installment of a movie based on an amusement park ride: a whole lot of noise, plenty of stunts and complete silliness."[160] British film critic Mark Kermode gave the film an overwhelmingly negative review on his 5 Live show, saying "it's not as staggeringly misjudged as the third part, because it is just nothing, it is just a big empty nothing, whereas part three I think was an active atrocity, it's just nothing at all".[161]

text: As with the previous films, the plot was criticized as incoherent and confusing. The Arizona Republic critic Bill Goodykoontz rated the film two out of five, stating that "the movie is a series of distractions tossed together in the hopes that they will come together in a coherent story. That never really happens."[162] Online reviewer James Berardinelli considered the script "little more than a clothesline from which to dangle all of the obligatory set pieces",[163] and USA Today's Claudia Puig found On Stranger Tides "familiar and predictable...often incoherent and crammed with pointless details."[164]

text: Mike Scott from The Times-Picayune mentions that "while this latest chapter isn't quite sharp enough to restore the sense of discovery that made that first outing so darn exciting, it's enough to make up for most of the missteps that made the third one so darn arrgh-inducing."[165] Writing for The A.V. Club, Tasha Robinson described On Stranger Tides as "a smaller film than past installments, by design and necessity", and felt that "the series has needed this streamlining" as the film "feels lightweight, but that's still better than bloated."[166]

text: On Stranger Tides also had positive reviews; some critics found the film to be entertaining and well-made. Richard Roeper gave the film a B+, describing it as "the most fun installment since the first", calling the story "pure cartoon, but a lot easier to follow than the other sequels", and summing as "the franchise is getting tired, but Penelope energizes it."[167] Along the same lines, Ann Hornaday of The Washington Post gave the film three out of four stars, writing that it "feels as fresh and bracingly exhilarating as the day Jack Sparrow first swashed his buckle, infusing new reckless energy into a franchise that shows no signs of furling its sails". She said that Marshall "swiftly and without fuss delivers the action set pieces and eye-popping escapism" and praised Depp, Cruz, and McShane's performances.[168] Ray Bennett from The Hollywood Reporter considered that Marshall "shows terrific flair with all the usual chases and sword fights, and he handles the 3D well", and welcomed Penélope Cruz's character, saying she "brings her Oscar-winning vivacity" and had "lively sexual tension" with Depp.[169] Writing for The Globe and Mail, Rick Groen found the action scenes to range from "merely competent to tritely cluttered", but he was pleased with the overall result, calling McShane a "fresh villain" whose "stentorian tones are welcome anywhere".[170] Variety's Andrew Barker considered the film derivative, but accessible. "It has nary an original idea and still doesn't make much sense, but it's lost all pretensions that it should". He praised Geoffrey Rush, stating that he "not only gets the funniest lines and reaction shots, but also starts to siphon away much of the roguish charm that used to be Depp's stock and trade."[168]

text: Accolades

text: The film was nominated for four Teen Choice Awards: Sci-Fi/Fantasy Movie, Sci-Fi/Fantasy Actor, Sci-Fi/Fantasy Actress, and Villain.[171] Its trailer and TV spot were nominated for Golden Trailer Awards.[172] The film won Best Movie for Mature Audiences Award at the 2012 Movieguide Awards.[173]

text: Sequel

text: On May 29, 2013, it was announced that Kon-Tiki directors Joachim Rønning and Espen Sandberg would be directing Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales.[174][175]

text: While earlier reports stated Dead Men Tell No Tales would be released between 2015 and 2016,[176] Disney announced in 2014 that the film would enter theaters on July 2017.[177] Production began in late February 2015 in Australia.[178]


document_title: Vrishasena

question_text: in mahabharata who was father of chitrasena vrishsena

root

text: Vrishasena

text: Vrishasena

tag: table

text: Vrishasena was the eldest son of Karna and Vrishali.[1] With his father, he entered battle field on the 11th day of Kurukshetra war and fought for Kauravas. He was killed by Arjuna.

tag: p

text: Kurukshetra War[edit]

text: During the Kurukshetra war, Karna did not take part for the first ten days due to the dispute he had with Bhishma. Only when Bhishma fell on the tenth day, Karna and his son Vrishasena joined the Kauravas to fight against the Pandavas on the eleventh day in the Kurukshetra war. Arjuna gave the challenge to Karna to save his son and attacked Vrishasena fiercely and fired four razor headed arrows, cutting off Vrishasena's bow, his two arms and then his head infront of Karna karna failed to protect his son. As a revenge, Karna took part in Abhimanyu's killing. Arjuna killed Vrishasena without violating Dharma but Karna violated Dharma in killing Abhimanyu. First, Karna broke Abhimanyu's bow from behind, since it was impossinble to face an armed Abhimanyu and then finally Karna stabbed Abhimanyu from back, which are against the rules of he war.[2]


document_title: Patricia

question_text: what is the meaning of the name patricia

text: Patricia

text:
PatriciaPronunciation
/pəˈtrɪʃə/, US also /-ˈtriːʃə/Gender
FemaleOriginWord/name
LatinMeaning
Noblewoman, patricianRegion of origin
WorldwideOther namesRelated names
Patrick, Pat, Patrice, Patsy, Patti, Tricia, Trish

text: Patricia is a common female given name of Latin origin. Derived from the Latin word patrician, meaning "noble", it is the feminine form of the masculine given name Patrick. The name Patricia was the second most common female name in the United States according to the 1990 US Census.[1]

text: It is commonly shortened to "Pat", "Patsy", "Patti"/"Pattie", "Trish" or "Trisha"/"Tricia". These diminutives are sometimes used as names in their own right. Another well-known variant of this is "Patrice".

text: According to the US Social Security Administration records, the use of the name for newborns peaked at #3 from 1937 to 1943 in the United States, after which it dropped in popularity, sliding to #745 in 2016.[2]  From 1928 to 1967, the name was ranked among the top 11 female names.[2]

text: In Portuguese and Spanish-speaking countries, the name Patricia is common as well, pronounced [paˈtrisja], while in Italy, Germany and Austria Patrizia is the form, pronounced [paˈtritstsja]. In Polish, the variant is Patrycja. It is also used in Romania, in 2009 being the 43rd most common name for baby girls.[3]

text: People[edit]

text:
Patricia Angadi (1914-2001), British portrait painter and novelist
Patricia Arquette, American actress and director
Patricia Briggs, American author
Pat Cadigan, American author
Patricia Clarkson, American actress
Patricia Hill Collins, American scholar of feminism and gender, author, sociologist, philosopher
Patricia Cornwell, American author
Pat Dowell, American politician
Patricia Fink, Japanese–American singer
Patricia C. Frist, American businesswoman and philanthropist
Patricia Gibney, Irish author
Patricia Grace, Maori writer
Patricia Hernández Gutiérrez, Canary Island politician
Patricia Harless, American politician
Patricia Heaton, American actress, comedian, producer and model
Patricia Highsmith, American novelist
Patricia Hodge, English actress
Patricia Kalember, American actress
Rooney Mara, American film actress (born Patricia Rooney Mara)
Patricia Marroquín, Guatemalan public figure and the incumbent First Lady of Guatemala
Patricia McConnell, American ethologist, author, advice columnist, and radio host
Patricia McKenzie, Canadian actress, dancer and singer
Patricia McPherson, American actress
Patricia Neal, American actress
Patricia Owens, Canadian-born American actress
Patricia Petersen, Australian academic, politician, actress, playwright and director
Pat Phoenix, British actress (born Patricia Phoenix)
Patricia Piccinini, Australian artist and sculptor
Patricia Quinn, Northern Irish actress
Patricia Richardson, American television and film actress
Patricia Routledge, British actress
Patricia Ruanne (born 1945), British ballerina
Patricia Taylor, American author and sex educator
Patricia Wettig, American actress and playwright
Patricia Young, Canadian poet

tag: ul


document_title: List of National Basketball Association career 3-point scoring leaders

question_text: who has scored the most 3 pointers in nba history

text: Three-point field goals made leaders[edit]

text: This is a list of National Basketball Association players by total career regular-season three-point field goals made.

text:
^
Active NBA player

*
Inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame

†
Not yet eligible for Hall of Fame consideration [3]

§
1st time eligible for Hall of Fame in 2018 [4]

text:
Rank
Name
Position(s)
Team(s) played for (years)[6]
Total 3-point field
goals made
Total 3-point field
goals attempted
3-point field goal
percentage

1
Allen, RayRay Allen†
SG
Milwaukee Bucks (1996–2003)
Seattle SuperSonics (2003–2007)
Boston Celtics (2007–2012)
Miami Heat (2012–2014)
2,972
7,429

.400

2
Miller, ReggieReggie Miller*
SG
Indiana Pacers (1987–2005)
2,560
6,486
.395

3
Terry, JasonJason Terry^
SG/PG
Atlanta Hawks (1999–2004)
Dallas Mavericks (2004–2012)
Boston Celtics (2012–2013)
Brooklyn Nets (2013–2014)
Houston Rockets (2014–2016)
Milwaukee Bucks (2016–2017)
2,243
5,895
.380

4
Pierce, PaulPaul Pierce†
SF
Boston Celtics (1998–2013)
Brooklyn Nets (2013–2014)
Washington Wizards (2014–2015)
Los Angeles Clippers (2015–2017)
2,143
5,816
.368

5
Korver, KyleKyle Korver^
SG/SF
Philadelphia 76ers (2003–2007)
Utah Jazz (2007–2010)
Chicago Bulls (2010–2012)
Atlanta Hawks (2012–2017)
Cleveland Cavaliers (2017–present)
2,049
4,754
.431

Carter, VinceVince Carter^
SG/SF
Toronto Raptors (1998–2004)
New Jersey Nets (2004–2009)
Orlando Magic (2009–2010)
Phoenix Suns (2010–2011)
Dallas Mavericks (2011–2014)
Memphis Grizzlies (2014–2017)
Sacramento Kings (2017–present)
2,049
5,485
.374

Crawford, JamalJamal Crawford^
SG/PG
Chicago Bulls (2000–2004)
New York Knicks (2004–2008)
Golden State Warriors (2008–2009)
Atlanta Hawks (2009–2011)
Portland Trail Blazers (2011–2012)
Los Angeles Clippers (2012–2017)
Minnesota Timberwolves (2017–present)
2,049
5,861
.350

8
Kidd, JasonJason Kidd§
PG
Dallas Mavericks (1994–1996, 2008–2012)
Phoenix Suns (1996–2001)
New Jersey Nets (2001–2008)
New York Knicks (2012–2013)
1,988
5,701
.349

9
Johnson, JoeJoe Johnson^
SG/SF
Boston Celtics (2001–2002)
Phoenix Suns (2002–2005)
Atlanta Hawks (2005–2012)
Brooklyn Nets (2012–2016)
Miami Heat (2016)
Utah Jazz (2016–present)
1,938
5,186
.374

10
Curry, StephenStephen Curry^
PG
Golden State Warriors (2009–present)
1,917
4,379
.438

11
Billups , ChaunceyChauncey Billups †
PG/SG
Boston Celtics (1997–1998)
Toronto Raptors (1998)
Denver Nuggets (1999, 2008–2011)
Minnesota Timberwolves (2000–2002)
Detroit Pistons (2002–2008, 2013–2014)
New York Knicks (2011)
Los Angeles Clippers (2011–2013)
1,830
4,725
.387

12
Bryant, KobeKobe Bryant†
SG
Los Angeles Lakers (1996–2016)
1,827
5,546
.330

13
Lewis, RashardRashard Lewis†
SF/PF
Seattle SuperSonics (1998–2007)
Orlando Magic (2007–2010)
Washington Wizards (2010–2012)
Miami Heat (2012–2014)
1,787
4,625
.386

14
Nowitzki, DirkDirk Nowitzki^
PF
Dallas Mavericks (1998–present)
1,780
4,668
.381

15
Smith, J. R.J. R. Smith^
SG
New Orleans/Oklahoma City Hornets (2004–2006)
Denver Nuggets (2006–2011)
New York Knicks (2011–2015)
Cleveland Cavaliers (2015–present)
1,774
4,747
.374

16
Stojaković, PejaPeja Stojaković
SF
Sacramento Kings (1998–2006)
Indiana Pacers (2006)
New Orleans/Oklahoma City Hornets (2006–2010)
Toronto Raptors (2010–2011)
Dallas Mavericks (2011)
1,760
4,392
.401

17
Ellis, DaleDale Ellis
SF/SG
Dallas Mavericks (1983–1986)
Seattle SuperSonics (1986–1991, 1997–1999)
Milwaukee Bucks (1991–1992, 1999–2000)
San Antonio Spurs (1992–1994)
Denver Nuggets (1994–1997)
Charlotte Hornets (2000)
1,719
4,266
.403

18
Nash, SteveSteve Nash†
PG
Phoenix Suns (1996–1998, 2004–2012)
Dallas Mavericks (1998–2004)
Los Angeles Lakers (2012–2015)
1,685
3,939
.428

19
Richardson, JasonJason Richardson†
SG
Golden State Warriors (2001–2007)
Charlotte Bobcats (2007–2008)
Phoenix Suns (2008–2010)
Orlando Magic (2010–2012)
Philadelphia 76ers (2012–2015)
1,608
4,344
.370

20
Miller, MikeMike Miller^
SF/SG
Orlando Magic (2000–2003)
Memphis Grizzlies (2003–2008, 2013–2014)
Minnesota Timberwolves (2008–2009)
Washington Wizards (2009–2010)
Miami Heat (2010–2013)
Cleveland Cavaliers (2014–2015)
Denver Nuggets (2015–2017)
1,590
3,910
.407

21
Rice, GlenGlen Rice
SF
Miami Heat (1989–1995)
Charlotte Hornets (1995–1998)
Los Angeles Lakers (1999–2000)
New York Knicks (2000–2001)
Houston Rockets (2001–2003)
Los Angeles Clippers (2003–2004)
1,559
3,896
.400

22
Jones, EddieEddie Jones
SG
Los Angeles Lakers (1994–1999)
Charlotte Hornets (1999–2000)
Miami Heat (2000–2005, 2007)
Memphis Grizzlies (2005–2007)
Dallas Mavericks (2007–2008)
1,546
4,147
.373

23
Hardaway, TimTim Hardaway
PG
Golden State Warriors (1989–1996)
Miami Heat (1996–2001)
Dallas Mavericks (2001–2002)
Denver Nuggets (2002)
Indiana Pacers (2003)
1,542
4,345
.355

24
Van Exel, NickNick Van Exel
PG
Los Angeles Lakers (1993–1998)
Denver Nuggets (1999–2002)
Dallas Mavericks (2002–2003)
Golden State Warriors (2003–2004)
Portland Trail Blazers (2004–2005)
San Antonio Spurs (2005–2006)
1,528
4,278
.357

25
Bibby, MikeMike Bibby
PG
Vancouver Grizzlies (1998–2001)
Sacramento Kings (2001–2008)
Atlanta Hawks (2008–2011)
Washington Wizards (2011)
Miami Heat (2011)
New York Knicks (2011–2012)
1,517
3,999
.379

26
James, LeBronLeBron James^
SF
Cleveland Cavaliers (2003–2010, 2014–present)
Miami Heat (2010–2014)
1,467
4,295
.342

27
Finley, MichaelMichael Finley
SF
Phoenix Suns (1995–1996)
Dallas Mavericks (1996–2005)
San Antonio Spurs (2005–2010)
Boston Celtics (2010)
1,454
3,880
.375

28
Ginóbili, ManuManu Ginóbili^
SG
San Antonio Spurs (2002–present)
1,431
3,863
.370

29
Barry, BrentBrent Barry
SG
Los Angeles Clippers (1995–1998)
Miami Heat (1998)
Chicago Bulls (1999)
Seattle SuperSonics (1999–2004)
San Antonio Spurs (2004–2008)
Houston Rockets (2008–2009)
1,395
3,442
.405

30
Walker, AntoineAntoine Walker
PF
Boston Celtics (1996–2003, 2005)
Dallas Mavericks (2003–2004)
Atlanta Hawks (2004–2005)
Miami Heat (2005–2007)
Minnesota Timberwolves (2007–2008)
1,386
4,264
.325

31
Harden, JamesJames Harden^
SG
Oklahoma City Thunder (2009–2012)
Houston Rockets (2012–present)
1,382
3,801
.364

32
Majerle, DanDan Majerle
SG/SF
Phoenix Suns (1988–1995, 2001–2002)
Cleveland Cavaliers (1995–1996)
Miami Heat (1996–2001)
1,360
3,798
.358

33
Davis, BaronBaron Davis
PG
Charlotte Hornets (1999–2002)
New Orleans Hornets (2002–2005)
Golden State Warriors (2005–2008)
Los Angeles Clippers (2008–2011)
Cleveland Cavaliers (2011)
New York Knicks (2012)
1,332
4,159
.320

34
Thompson, KlayKlay Thompson^
SG
Golden State Warriors (2011–present)
1,328
3,171
.419

35
Richmond, MitchMitch Richmond*
SG
Golden State Warriors (1988–1991)
Sacramento Kings (1991–1998)
Washington Wizards (1998–2001)
Los Angeles Lakers (2001–2002)
1,326
3,419
.388

36
Houston, AllanAllan Houston
SG
Detroit Pistons (1993–1996)
New York Knicks (1996–2005)
1,305
3,247
.402

37
Dunleavy Jr., MikeMike Dunleavy Jr.^
SF/SG
Golden State Warriors (2002–2007)
Indiana Pacers (2007–2011)
Milwaukee Bucks (2011–2013)
Chicago Bulls (2013–2016)
Cleveland Cavaliers (2016)
Atlanta Hawks (2017)
1,304
3,460
.377

38
Porter, TerryTerry Porter
PG
Portland Trail Blazers (1985–1995)
Minnesota Timberwolves (1995–1998)
Miami Heat (1999)
San Antonio Spurs (1999–2002)
1,297
3,360
.386

39
Blaylock, MookieMookie Blaylock
PG
New Jersey Nets (1989–1992)
Atlanta Hawks (1992–1999)
Golden State Warriors (1999–2002)
1,283
3,816
.336

40
Redick, J.J.J.J. Redick^
SG
Orlando Magic (2006–2014)
Milwaukee Bucks (2013–2014)
Los Angeles Clippers (2013–2017)
Philadelphia 76ers (2017–present)
1,271
3,064
.415

41
Durant, KevinKevin Durant^
SF
Seattle SuperSonics/Oklahoma City Thunder (2007–2016)
Golden State Warriors (2016–present)
1,260
3,321
.379

42
Maxwell, VernonVernon Maxwell
SG
San Antonio Spurs (1988–1990, 1996–1997)
Houston Rockets (1990–1995)
Philadelphia 76ers (1995–1996, 2000)
Orlando Magic (1998)
Charlotte Hornets (1998)
Sacramento Kings (1999)
Seattle SuperSonics (1999–2000)
Dallas Mavericks (2001)
1,256
3,931
.320

43
Robinson, CliffordClifford Robinson
PF/SF
Portland Trail Blazers (1989–1997)
Phoenix Suns (1997–2001)
Detroit Pistons (2001–2003)
Golden State Warriors (2003–2005)
New Jersey Nets (2005–2007)
1,253
3,515
.356

44
Matthews, WesleyWesley Matthews^
SG
Utah Jazz (2009–2010)
Portland Trail Blazers (2010–2015)
Dallas Mavericks (2015–present)
1,252
3,265
.383

Jackson, StephenStephen Jackson†
SG/SF
New Jersey Nets (2000–2001)
San Antonio Spurs (2001–2003, 2012–2013)
Atlanta Hawks (2003–2004)
Indiana Pacers (2004–2007)
Golden State Warriors (2007–2009)
Charlotte Bobcats (2009–2011)
Milwaukee Bucks (2011–2012)
Los Angeles Clippers (2013–2014)
1,252
3,763
.333

46
Battier, ShaneShane Battier†
SF
Memphis Grizzlies (2001–2006, 2011)
Houston Rockets (2006–2011)
Miami Heat (2011–2014)
1,250
3,254
.384

47
Fisher, DerekDerek Fisher†
PG/SG
Los Angeles Lakers (1996–2004, 2007–2012)
Golden State Warriors (2004–2006)
Utah Jazz (2006–2007)
Oklahoma City Thunder (2012, 2013–2014)
Dallas Mavericks (2012)
1,248
3,341
.374

48
Türkoğlu, HedoHedo Türkoğlu†
SF
Sacramento Kings (2000–2003)
San Antonio Spurs (2003–2004)
Orlando Magic (2004–2009, 2010–2013)
Toronto Raptors (2009–2010)
Phoenix Suns (2010)
Los Angeles Clippers (2014–2015)
1,246
3,246
.384

49
Curry, DellDell Curry
SG
Utah Jazz (1986–1987)
Cleveland Cavaliers (1987–1988)
Charlotte Hornets (1988–1998)
Milwaukee Bucks (1999)
Toronto Raptors (1999–2002)
1,245
3,098
.402

50
Williams, JasonJason Williams
PG
Sacramento Kings (1999–2001)
Memphis Grizzlies (2001–2005, 2011)
Miami Heat (2005–2008)
Orlando Magic (2009–2011)
1,238
3,784
.327

text: Progressive list of 3-point scoring leaders[edit]

text: This is a progressive list of 3-point scoring leaders showing how the record has increased through the years.

text:
^
Active NBA player

*
Inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame

†
Not yet eligible for Hall of Fame consideration[3]

text:
Team Abbreviations
Team listed is the one player was on when he established the record.

BOS
Boston Celtics
HOU
Houston Rockets
ORL
Orlando Magic
SEA
Seattle SuperSonics

CHA
Charlotte Bobcats
IND
Indiana Pacers
PHI
Philadelphia 76ers
TOR
Toronto Raptors

CHI
Chicago Bulls
LAL
Los Angeles Lakers
PHO
Phoenix Suns
UTA
Utah Jazz

CLE
Cleveland Cavaliers
MIA
Miami Heat
SAC
Sacramento Kings
WAS
Washington Wizards

DEN
Denver Nuggets
MIL
Milwaukee Bucks
SAS
San Antonio Spurs
WSB
Washington Bullets

GSW
Golden State Warriors
NYK
New York Knicks
SDC
San Diego Clippers

text:
Progressive 3 point Leaders

Season
Year-by-year leader
3P
Active player leader
3P
Career record
3P
Single season record
3P
Season

1979–80
Brian Taylor000SDC
90
Brian Taylor000SDC
90
Brian Taylor000SDC
90
Brian Taylor000SDC
90
1979–80

1980–81
Mike Bratz000CLE
57
134
134
1980–81

1981–82
Don Buse000IND
73
Joe Hassett000GSW
193
Joe Hassett000GSW
193
1981–82

1982–83
Mike Dunleavy000 SAS
67
194
194
1982–83

1983–84
Darrell Griffith000UTA
91
Darrell Griffith000UTA
154
Darrell Griffith000UTA
91
1983–84

1984–85
92
246
Darrell Griffith000UTA
246
92
1984–85

1985–86
Larry Bird*000BOS
82
Larry Bird*000BOS
267
Larry Bird*000BOS
267
1985–86

1986–87
90
357
357
1986–87

1987–88
Danny Ainge000BOS
148
455
455
Danny Ainge000BOS
148
1987–88

1988–89
Michael Adams000DEN
166
Dale Ellis000SEA
472
Dale Ellis000SEA
472
Michael Adams000DEN
166
1988–89

1989–90
158
568
568
1989–90

1990–91
Vernon Maxwell000HOU
172
Michael Adams
000DEN 1990–91
000WSB 1991–92
658
Michael Adams
000DEN 1990–91
000WSB 1991–92
658
Vernon Maxwell000HOU
172
1990–91

1991–92
162
783
783
1991–92

1992–93

Reggie Miller*000IND
Dan Majerle000PHO
167
Dale Ellis
000 SAS 1992–94
000 DEN 1994–97
882
Dale Ellis
000 SAS 1992–94
000 DEN 1994–97
882
1992–93

1993–94
Dan Majerle000PHO
192
1,013
1,013
Dan Majerle000PHO
192
1993–94

1994–95
John Starks000NYK
217
1,119
1,119
John Starks000NYK
217
1994–95

1995–96
Dennis Scott000ORL
267
1,269
1,269
Dennis Scott000ORL
267
1995–96

1996–97
Reggie Miller*000IND
229
1,461
1,461
1996–97

1997–98
Wesley Person000CLE
192
Reggie Miller*000IND
1,596
Reggie Miller*000IND
1,596
1997–98

1998–99
Dee Brown000TOR
135
1,702
1,702
1998–99

1999–00
Gary Payton*000SEA
177
1,867
1,867
1999–00

2000–01
Antoine Walker000BOS
221
2,037
2,037
2000–01

2001–02
Allen, RayRay Allen†000MIL
229
2,217
2,217
2001–02

2002–03
201
2,330
2,330
2002–03

2003–04
Peja Stojaković000SAC
240
2,464
2,464
2003–04

2004–05

Quentin Richardson†0PHO
Kyle Korver^00PHI

226
2,560
2,560
2004–05

2005–06
Allen, RayRay Allen†000SEA
269
Allen, RayRay Allen†
000SEA 2005–07
000BOS 2007–12
000MIA 2012–14
1,755
Allen, RayRay Allen†000SEA
269
2005–06

2006–07
Gilbert Arenas00WAS
Raja Bell†00PHO

205
1,920
2006–07

2007–08
Jason Richardson†000CHA
243
2,100
2007–08

2008–09
Rashard Lewis†000ORL
220
2,299
2008–09

2009–10
Aaron Brooks^000HOU
209
2,444
2009–10

2010–11
Dorell Wright†000GSW
194
2,612
Allen, RayRay Allen†
000BOS 2010–12
000MIA 2012–14
2,612
2010–11

2011–12
Ryan Anderson^000ORL
166
2,718
2,718
2011–12

2012–13
Stephen Curry^000GSW
272
2,857
2,857
Stephen Curry^000GSW
272
2012–13

2013–14
261
2,973
2,973
2013–14

2014–15
286
Jason Terry^
000HOU 2014–16
000MIL 2016–17
2,076
286
2014–15

2015–16
402
2,169
402
2015–16

2016–17
324
2,242
2016–17

Season
Year-by-Year Leader
3P
Active Player Leader
3P
Career Record
3P
Single Season Record
3P
Season

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ The National Basketball Association did not record 3-point field goals until the 1979–80 season
Jump up ^ "NBA Progressive Leaders and Records for 3-Pt Field Goals". Basketball-Reference.com. Sports-Reference. Retrieved 24 March 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b A player is not eligible for induction into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame until he has been fully retired for four calendar years (reduced from five in 2015).
Jump up ^ "2018 Hall of Fame Candidates". Basketball-reference.com. Retrieved 8 April 2016.
Jump up ^ "NBA Win Shares". Basketball-reference.com. Retrieved 8 April 2016.
Jump up ^ American Basketball Association (ABA) teams other than those admitted into the NBA in 1976 are not included; each year is linked to an article about that particular NBA season.

tag: ol


document_title: List of heads of state of Nigeria

question_text: who is the head of state in nigeria

question_tokens: who is the head of state in nigeria

text: List of heads of state of Nigeria

text: Monarch (1960–1963)[edit]

text: The succession to the throne was the same as the succession to the British throne.

text:
Queen

Reign

Royal House

Prime Minister

№

Portrait

Name

Start

End

Duration

1

Elizabeth II(1926–)

1 October 1960

1 October 1963

3 years, 0 days

Windsor

Balewa

text: Governor-General[edit]

text: The Governor-General was the representative of the monarch in Nigeria and exercised most of the powers of the monarch. The Governor-General was appointed for an indefinite term, serving at the pleasure of the monarch. Since Nigeria was granted independence by the Nigeria Independence Act 1960, rather than being first established as a semi-autonomous Dominion and later promoted to independence by the Statute of Westminster 1931, the Governor-General was appointed solely on the advice of the Nigerian cabinet without the involvement of the British government, with the sole of exception of James Robertson, the former colonial governor, who served as Governor-General temporarily until he was replaced by Nnamdi Azikiwe. In the event of a vacancy the Chief Justice would have served as Officer Administering the Government.

text:
Governor-General

Term of office

Monarch

Prime Minister

№

Portrait

Name

Took office

Left office

Duration

1

Sir James Robertson(1899–1983)

1 October 1960

16 November 1960

46 days

Elizabeth II

Balewa

2

Nnamdi Azikiwe(1904–1996)

16 November 1960

1 October 1963

2 years, 319 days

Elizabeth II

Balewa

text: First Republic (1963–1966)[edit]

text: Under the 1963 Constitution, the first constitution of the Republic of Nigeria, the President replaced the monarch as ceremonial head of state. The President was elected by Parliament for a five-year term. In the event of a vacancy the President of the Senate would have served as Acting President.

text:
President

Term of office

Political party(at time of election)

Prime Minister(s)

№

Portrait

Name

Took office

Left office

Duration

1

Nnamdi Azikiwe(1904–1996)

1 October 1963

16 January 1966(deposed.)

2 years, 107 days

National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons

Balewa

text: Military rule (1966–1979)[edit]

text: Major Chukwuma Kaduna Nzeogwu led a coup d'état in 1966 which overthrew President Azikiwe and his government.

text:
Head of State

Term of Office

Military

№

Portrait

Name

Took office

Left office

Duration

2

Major-General Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi(1924–1966)

16 January 1966

29 July 1966(assassinated.)

194 days

Federal Military Government

3

General Yakubu Gowon(1934–)

1 August 1966

29 July 1975(deposed.)

8 years, 362 days

Federal Military Government

4

General Murtala Mohammed(1938–1976)

29 July 1975

13 February 1976(assassinated.)

199 days

Federal Military Government

5

Major-General Olusegun Obasanjo(1937–)

13 February 1976

1 October 1979(resigned.)

3 years, 258 days

Federal Military Government

text: Second Republic (1979–1983)[edit]

text: Under the 1979 Constitution, the second constitution of the Republic of Nigeria, the President was head of both state and government. The President was elected by for a four-year term. In the event of a vacancy the Vice President would have served as Acting President.

text:
President

Term of office

Political party(at time of election)

№

Portrait

Name

Took office

Left office

Duration

6

Shehu Shagari(1925–)

1 October 1979

31 December 1983(deposed.)

4 years, 91 days

National Party of Nigeria

text: Military rule (1983–1993)[edit]

text: Major-General Muhammadu Buhari led a coup d'état which overthrew President Shagari and his government.

text:
Head of State

Term of Office

Military

№

Portrait

Name

Took office

Left office

Duration

7

Major-General Muhammadu Buhari(1942–)

31 December 1983

27 August 1985(deposed.)

1 year, 239 days

Supreme Military Council

8

General Ibrahim Babangida(1941–)

27 August 1985

26 August 1993(resigned.)

7 years, 364 days

Armed Forces Ruling Council

text: Third Republic (1993)[edit]

text: The Third Republic was the planned republican government of Nigeria in 1993 which was to be governed by the Third Republican constitution.

text: The constitution of the Third Republic was drafted in 1989, when General Ibrahim Badamasi Babangida (IBB), the military Head of State, promised to terminate military rule by 1990 – a date which was subsequently pushed back to 1993. IBB lifted the ban on political activity in the spring of 1989, and his government established two political parties: the center-right National Republican Convention (NRC) and the center-left Social Democratic Party (SDP). Gubernatorial and state legislative elections were conducted in December 1991, while the presidential election was postponed till 12 June 1993 – due to political unrest. M. K. O. Abiola, a wealthy Yoruba businessman, won a decisive victory in the presidential elections on the SDP platm.

text:
President

Term of office

Political party(at time of election)

№

Portrait

Name

Took office

Left office

Duration

9

Ernest Shonekan(1936–)

26 August 1993

17 November 1993(deposed.)

83 days

Independent

text: Military rule (1993–1999)[edit]

text: General Sani Abacha led a coup d'état which overthrew President Shonekan and his government.

text:
Head of State

Term of Office

Military

№

Portrait

Name

Took office

Left office

Duration

10

General Sani Abacha(1943–1998)

17 November 1993

8 June 1998(died in office.)

4 years, 203 days

Provisional Ruling Council

11

General Abdulsalami Abubakar(1942–)

8 June 1998

29 May 1999(resigned.)

355 days

Provisional Ruling Council

text: Fourth Nigerian Republic[edit]

text: Under the fourth Constitution of the Republic of Nigeria, the President is head of both state and government. The President is elected by for a four-year term. In the event of a vacancy the Vice President serves as Acting President.

text:
President

Term of office

Political party(at time of election)

№

Portrait

Name

Took office

Left office

Duration

12

Olusegun Obasanjo(1937–)

29 May 1999

29 May 2007

8 years, 0 days

People's Democratic Party

13

Umaru Musa Yar'Adua(1951–2010)

29 May 2007

5 May 2010[2](died in office.)

2 years, 341 days

People's Democratic Party

14

Goodluck Jonathan(1957–)

5 May 2010

29 May 2015

5 years, 25 days

People's Democratic Party

15

Muhammadu Buhari(1942–)

29 May 2015

Incumbent

3 years, 150 days

All Progressives Congress

text: Living former heads of state[edit]

text:
Name

Term/Reign

Office

Date of birth

Elizabeth II

1961–1963

Queen of Nigeria

 (1926-04-21) April 21, 1926 (age 92)

Yakubu Gowon

1966–1975

Military ruler

 (1934-10-19) October 19, 1934 (age 84)

Olusegun Obasanjo

1976–19791999–2007

Military rulerPresident of Nigeria

 (1937-03-05) March 5, 1937 (age 81)

Shehu Shagari

1979–1983

President of Nigeria

 (1925-02-25) February 25, 1925 (age 93)

Ibrahim Babangida

1985–1993

Military ruler

 (1941-08-17) August 17, 1941 (age 77)

Ernest Shonekan

1993

President of Nigeria

 (1936-05-09) May 9, 1936 (age 82)

Abdulsalami Abubakar

1998–1999

Military ruler

 (1942-06-13) June 13, 1942 (age 76)

Goodluck Jonathan

2010–2015

President of Nigeria

 (1957-11-20) November 20, 1957 (age 60)

Muhammadu Buhari

1983-1985
2015-date

Military Ruler
President of Nigeria

 (1942-12-17) December 17, 1942 (age 75)


document_title: Capital punishment in Illinois

question_text: when was the electric chair banned in illinois

text: Capital punishment in Illinois

text: Capital punishment was a legal form of punishment in the U.S. state of Illinois until 2011, when it was abolished.

text: Initially, Illinois used death by hanging as a form of execution. The last person executed by this method was the public execution of Charles Birger. In 1928, the electric chair was substituted for death by hanging. After being struck down by Furman v. Georgia in 1972, the death penalty was reinstated in Illinois on July 1, 1974 but voided by the Supreme Court of Illinois in 1975. Illinois officially reinstated the death penalty on July 1, 1977. Lethal injection was adopted in the state in 1990, but the electric chair remained operational in Illinois to replace lethal injection if needed.

text: In 1994, the state executed serial killer John Wayne Gacy, who sexually assaulted, tortured and murdered at least 33 teenage boys and young men between 1972 and 1978 in Cook County (a part of metropolitan Chicago).

text: On 11 January 2003 the Republican Governor George Ryan blanket commuted the sentences of all the 167 inmates condemned to death, a gesture that his opponents attribute to the fact that he was rendered ineligible by his unpopularity and charged with conspiracy, racketeering and fraud.[1]

text: 14 people were sentenced to death and many reforms have been undertaken, notably under the leadership of Senator Barack Obama has passed a law requiring police to videotape interrogations.[2]

text: Democratic Governor Pat Quinn signed legislation on March 9, 2011 to abolish the death penalty in Illinois to go into effect July 1, 2011, and commuted the death sentences of the fifteen inmates on Illinois' death row to life imprisonment. Quinn was criticized for signing the bill after saying that he supported the death penalty during the 2010 gubernatorial campaign after which he defeated the Republican candidate with 50.4% of the vote.[3]


document_title: List of Georgia Bulldogs football seasons

question_text: when was the last time georgia was 6-0

question_tokens: when was the last time georgia was 6-0

text: The following is a complete list of Georgia Bulldogs football seasons. The Bulldogs currently compete in the Southeastern Conference, and have an overall record of 799–418–54 in 124 seasons.

text: Seasons[edit]

text:
Year
Team
Overall
Conference
Standing
Bowl/playoffs
Coaches#
AP°

Charles Herty (Independent) (1892)

1892
Georgia
1–1

Herty:
1–1

Ernest Brown (Independent) (1893)

1893
Georgia
2–2–1

Brown:
2–2–1

Robert Winston (Independent) (1894)

1894
Georgia
5–1

Winston:
5–1

Glenn Scobey "Pop" Warner (Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association) (1895–1896)

1895
Georgia
3–4
2–4

1896
Georgia
4–0
3–0
T–1st

Warner:
7–4
5–4

Charles McCarthy (Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association) (1897–1898)

1897
Georgia
2–1
2–0

1898
Georgia
4–2
3–2

McCarthy:
6–3
5–2

Gordon Saussy (Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association) (1899)

1899
Georgia
2–3–1
2–3–1

Saussy:
2–3–1
2–3–1

E. E. Jones (Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association) (1900)

1900
Georgia
2–4
1–3

Jones:
2–4
1–3

William A. Reynolds (Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association) (1901–1902)

1901
Georgia
1–5–2
0–5–2

1902
Georgia
4–2–1
4–2–1

Reynolds:
5–7–3
4–7–3

Marvin M. Dickinson (Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association) (1903)

1903
Georgia
3–4
3–2

1905
Georgia
1–5
0–5

Dickinson:
4–9
3–7

George S. Whitney (Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association) (1906–1907)

1906
Georgia
2–4–1
2–3–1
10th

1907
Georgia
4–3–1
2–3–1
8th

Whitney:
6–7–2
4–6–2

Branch Bocock (Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association) (1908)

1908
Georgia
5–2–1

Bocock:
5–2–1

James Coulter & Frank Dobson (Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association) (1909)

1909
Georgia
2–4–2
1–4–2

Coulter & Dobson:
2–4–2
1–4–2

W. A. Cunningham (Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association) (1910–1919)

1910
Georgia
6–2–1
3–2–1

1911
Georgia
7–1–1
4–1–1

1912
Georgia
6–1–1
5–1–1

1913
Georgia
6–2
4–2

1914
Georgia
3–5–1
2–5–1

1915
Georgia
5–2–2
3–2–2

1916
Georgia
6–3
6–2

1919
Georgia
4–2–3
4–2–3

Cunningham:
43–18–9
31–17–9

Herman Stegeman (Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association/Southern Conference) (1920–1922)

1920
Georgia
8–0–1
8–0–1

1921
Georgia
7–2–1
6–0–1

1922
Georgia
5–4–1
1–3–1
T–16th

Stegeman:
20–6–3
15–3–3

George Cecil Woodruff (Southern Conference) (1923–1927)

1923
Georgia
5–3–1
4–2
5th

1924
Georgia
7–3
5–1
T–2nd

1925
Georgia
4–5
2–4
14th

1926
Georgia
5–4
4–2
T–4th

1927
Georgia
9–1
6–1
T–4th

Woodruff:
30–16–1
21–10

Harry Mehre (Southern Conference/Southeastern Conference) (1928–1937)

1928
Georgia
4–5
2–4
17th

1929
Georgia
6–4
4–2
T–7th

1930
Georgia
7–2–1
3–2–1
10th

1931
Georgia
8–2
6–1
4th

1932
Georgia
2–5–2
2–4–2
15th

1933
Georgia
8–2
3–1
3rd

1934
Georgia
7–3
3–2
5th

1935
Georgia
6–4
2–4
11th

1936
Georgia
5–4–1
3–3
T–6th

1937
Georgia
6–3–2
1–2–2
10th

Mehre:
59–34–6
29–25–5

Joel Hunt (Southeastern Conference) (1938)

1938
Georgia
5–4–1
1–2–1
9th

Hunt:
5–4–1
1–2–1

Wally Butts (Southeastern Conference) (1939–1960)

1939
Georgia
5–6
1–3
8th

1940
Georgia
5–4–1
2–3–1
7th

1941
Georgia
9–1–1
3–1–1
4th
W Orange

14

1942
Georgia
11–1
5–1
1st
W Rose

2

1943
Georgia
6–4
0–3
4th

1944
Georgia
7–3
4–2
T–3rd

1945
Georgia
9–2
4–2
4th
W Oil

18

1946
Georgia
11–0
5–0
T–1st
W Sugar

3

1947
Georgia
7–4–1
3–3
T–4th
T Gator

1948
Georgia
9–2
6–0
1st
L Orange

8

1949
Georgia
4–6–1
1–4–1
T–10th

1950
Georgia
6–3–3
3–2–1
6th
L Presidential Cup

1951
Georgia
5–5
2–4
T–9th

1952
Georgia
7–4
4–3
5th

1953
Georgia
3–8
1–5
T–10th

1954
Georgia
6–3–1
3–2–1
5th

1955
Georgia
4–6
2–5
11th

1956
Georgia
3–6–1
1–6
12th

1957
Georgia
3–7
3–4
9th

1958
Georgia
4–6
2–4
10th

1959
Georgia
10–1
7–0
1st
W Orange
5
5

1960
Georgia
6–4
4–3
6th

Butts:
140–86–9
66–60–5

Johnny Griffith (Southeastern Conference) (1961–1963)

1961
Georgia
3–7
2–5
9th

1962
Georgia
3–4–3
2–3–1
T–7th

1963
Georgia
4–5–1
2–4
9th

Griffith:
10–16–4
6–12–1

Vince Dooley (Southeastern Conference) (1964–1988)

1964
Georgia
7–3–1
3–2
5th
W Sun

1965
Georgia
6–4
2–3
8th

15

1966
Georgia
10–1
5–0
T–1st
W Cotton
4
4

1967
Georgia
7–4
3–2
5th
L Liberty
18

1968
Georgia
8–1–2
5–0–1
1st
L Sugar
4
8

1969
Georgia
5–5–1
2–3–1
6th
L Sun

1970
Georgia
5–5
3–3
T–5th

1971
Georgia
11–1
5–1
T–2nd
W Gator
8
7

1972
Georgia
7–4
4–3
5th

1973
Georgia
7–4–1
3–4
T–5th
W Peach

1974
Georgia
6–6
4–2
T–2nd
L Tangerine

1975
Georgia
9–3
5–1
T–2nd
L Cotton
19
19

1976
Georgia
10–2
5–1
1st
L Sugar
10
10

1977
Georgia
5–6
2–4
T–6th

1978
Georgia
9–2–1
5–0–1
2nd
L Bluebonnet
15
16

1979
Georgia
6–5
5–1
2nd

1980
Georgia
12–0
6–0
1st
W Sugar
1
1

1981
Georgia
10–2
6–0
T–1st
L Sugar
5
6

1982
Georgia
11–1
6–0
1st
L Sugar
4
4

1983
Georgia
10–1–1
5–1
2nd
W Cotton
4
4

1984
Georgia
7–4–1
4–2
T–3rd
T Florida Citrus

1985
Georgia
7–3–2
3–2–1
5th
T Sun

1986
Georgia
8–4
4–2
T–2nd
L Hall of Fame

1987
Georgia
9–3
4–2
T–4th
W Liberty
14
13

1988
Georgia
9–3
5–2
3rd
W Gator
15
15

Dooley:
201–77–10
104–42–4

Ray Goff (Southeastern Conference) (1989–1995)

1989
Georgia
6–6
4–3
4th
L Peach

1990
Georgia
4–7
2–5
7th

1991
Georgia
9–3
4–3
4th
W Independence
19
17

1992
Georgia
10–2
6–2
T–1st (Eastern)
W Florida Citrus
8
8

1993
Georgia
5–6
2–6
4th (Eastern)

1994
Georgia
6–4–1
3–4–1
4th (Eastern)

1995
Georgia
6–6
3–5
3rd (Eastern)
L Peach

Goff:
46–34–1
24–28–1

Jim Donnan (Southeastern Conference) (1996–2000)

1996
Georgia
5–6
3–5
T–4th (Eastern)

1997
Georgia
10–2
6–2
T–2nd (Eastern)
W Outback
10
10

1998
Georgia
9–3
6–2
3rd (Eastern)
W Peach
14
14

1999
Georgia
8–4
5–3
3rd (Eastern)
W Outback
16
16

2000
Georgia
8–4
5–3
T–2nd (Eastern)
W Oahu
17
20

Donnan:
40–19
25–15

Mark Richt (Southeastern Conference) (2001–2015)

2001
Georgia
8–4
5–3
T–3rd (Eastern)
L Music City
25
22

2002
Georgia
13–1
7–1
1st (Eastern)
W Sugar†
3
3

2003
Georgia
11–3
6–2
T–1st (Eastern)
W Capital One
6
7

2004
Georgia
10–2
6–2
2nd (Eastern)
W Outback
6
7

2005
Georgia
10–3
6–2
1st (Eastern)
L Sugar†
10
10

2006
Georgia
9–4
4–4
T–3rd (Eastern)
W Chick-fil-A

23

2007
Georgia
11–2
6–2
2nd (Eastern)
W Sugar†
3
2

2008
Georgia
10–3
6–2
2nd (Eastern)
W Capital One
10
13

2009
Georgia
8–5
4–4
T–2nd (Eastern)
W Independence

2010
Georgia
6–7
3–5
T–3rd (Eastern)
L Liberty

2011
Georgia
10–4
7–1
1st (Eastern)
L Outback
20
19

2012
Georgia
12–2
7–1
T–1st (Eastern)
W Capital One
4
5

2013
Georgia
8–5
5–3
3rd (Eastern)
L Gator

2014
Georgia
10–3
6–2
2nd (Eastern)
W Belk
9
9

2015
Georgia
10–3
5–3
T–2nd (Eastern)
W TaxSlayer[1]
24

Richt:
145–51
83–37

Kirby Smart (Southeastern Conference) (2016–present)

2016
Georgia
8–5
4-4
3rd (Eastern)
W Liberty

2017
Georgia
12–1
7-1
1st (Eastern)
()
7
7

Smart:
20–6
11-5

Total:
803–418–54

      National championship         Conference title         Conference division title or championship game berth

†Indicates Bowl Coalition, Bowl Alliance, BCS, or CFP / New Years' Six bowl.
#Rankings from final Coaches Poll.
°Rankings from final AP Poll.


document_title: Ouija

question_text: when did parker brothers make the ouija board

text: Ouija

text: History[edit]

text: China[edit]

text: One of the first mentions of the automatic writing method used in the ouija board is found in China around 1100 AD, in historical documents of the Song Dynasty. The method was known as fuji "planchette writing". The use of planchette writing as an ostensible means of necromancy and communion with the spirit-world continued, and, albeit under special rituals and supervisions, was a central practice of the Quanzhen School, until it was forbidden by the Qing Dynasty.[11] Several entire scriptures of the Daozang are supposedly works of automatic planchette writing. According to one author, similar methods of mediumistic spirit writing have been practiced in ancient India, Greece, Rome, and medieval Europe.[12]

text: Talking boards[edit]

text: As a part of the spiritualist movement, mediums began to employ various means for communication with the dead. Following the American Civil War in the United States, mediums did significant business in presumably allowing survivors to contact lost relatives. The ouija itself would be created and named in Baltimore, Maryland, in 1890, but the use of talking boards was so common by 1886 that news reported the phenomenon taking over the spiritualists' camps in Ohio.[4]

text: Commercial parlor game[edit]

text: Businessman Elijah Bond had the idea to patent a planchette sold with a board on which the alphabet was printed, much like the previously existing talking boards. The patentees filed on May 28, 1890 for patent protection and thus are credited with the invention of the Ouija board. Issue date on the patent was February 10, 1891. They received U.S. Patent 446,054. Bond was an attorney and was an inventor of other objects in addition to this device.

text: An employee of Elijah Bond, William Fuld, took over the talking board production. In 1901, Fuld started production of his own boards under the name "Ouija".[13] Charles Kennard (founder of Kennard Novelty Company which manufactured Fuld's talking boards and where Fuld had worked as a varnisher) claimed he learned the name "Ouija" from using the board and that it was an ancient Egyptian word meaning "good luck." When Fuld took over production of the boards, he popularized the more widely accepted etymology: that the name came from a combination of the French and German words for "yes".[14]

text: The Fuld name became synonymous with the Ouija board, as Fuld reinvented its history, claiming that he himself had invented it. The strange talk about the boards from Fuld's competitors flooded the market, and all these boards enjoyed a heyday from the 1920s through the 1960s. Fuld sued many companies over the "Ouija" name and concept up until his death in 1927. In 1966, Fuld's estate sold the entire business to Parker Brothers. Hasbro purchased the product line in 1991 and continues to hold all trademarks and patents. About ten brands of talking boards are sold today under various names.[13]

text: Scientific investigation[edit]

text: The ouija phenomenon is considered by the scientific community to be the result of the ideomotor response.[7][15][16][17] Michael Faraday first described this effect in 1853, while investigating table-turning.[18][19]

text: Various studies have been produced, recreating the effects of the ouija board in the lab and showing that, under laboratory conditions, the subjects were moving the planchette involuntarily.[15][20] A 2012 study found that when answering yes or no questions, ouija use was significantly more accurate than guesswork, suggesting that it might draw on the unconscious mind.[16] Skeptics have described ouija board users as 'operators'.[21] Some critics noted that the messages ostensibly spelled out by spirits were similar to whatever was going through the minds of the subjects.[22] According to Professor of neurology Terence Hines in his book Pseudoscience and the Paranormal (2003):

text: The planchette is guided by unconscious muscular exertions like those responsible for table movement. Nonetheless, in both cases, the illusion that the object (table or planchette) is moving under its own control is often extremely powerful and sufficient to convince many people that spirits are truly at work... The unconscious muscle movements responsible for the moving tables and Ouija board phenomena seen at seances are examples of a class of phenomena due to what psychologists call a dissociative state. A dissociative state is one in which consciousness is somehow divided or cut off from some aspects of the individual's normal cognitive, motor, or sensory functions.[23]

text: In the 1970s ouija board users were also described as "cult members" by sociologists, though this was severely scrutinised in the field.[24]

text: Ouija boards have been criticized in the press since their inception, having been variously described as "'vestigial remains' of primitive belief-systems" and a con to part fools from their money.[25] Some journalists have described reports of ouija board findings as 'half truths' and have suggested that their inclusion in national newspapers lowers the national discourse overall.[26]

text: Use in creation of literature[edit]

text: Ouija boards have been the source of inspiration for literary works, used as guidance in writing or as a form of channeling literary works. As a result of Ouija boards' becoming popular in the early 20th century, by the 1920s many "psychic" books were written of varying quality often initiated by ouija board use.[27]

text: Emily Grant Hutchings claimed that her novel Jap Herron: A Novel Written from the Ouija Board (1917) was dictated by Mark Twain's spirit through the use of a Ouija board after his death.[28]

text: Pearl Lenore Curran (February 15, 1883 – December 4, 1937), alleged that for over 20 years she was in contact with a spirit named Patience Worth. This symbiotic relationship produced several novels, and works of poetry and prose, which Pearl Curran claimed were delivered to her through channelling Worth's spirit during sessions with a ouija board, and which works Curran then transcribed.

text: In late 1963, Jane Roberts and her husband Robert Butts started experimenting with a ouija board as part of Roberts' research for a book on extra-sensory perception.[29] According to Roberts and Butts, on December 2, 1963 they began to receive coherent messages from a male personality who eventually identified himself as Seth, culminating in a series of books dictated by "Seth".

text: In 1982, poet James Merrill released an apocalyptic 560-page epic poem titled The Changing Light at Sandover, which documented two decades of messages dictated from the Ouija board during séances hosted by Merrill and his partner David Noyes Jackson. Sandover, which received the National Book Critics Circle Award in 1983,[30] was published in three volumes beginning in 1976. The first contained a poem for each of the letters A through Z, and was called The Book of Ephraim. It appeared in the collection Divine Comedies, which won the Pulitzer Prize for Poetry in 1977.[31] According to Merrill, the spirits ordered him to write and publish the next two installments, Mirabell: Books of Number in 1978 (which won the National Book Award for Poetry)[32] and Scripts for the Pageant in 1980.

text: Religious responses[edit]

text: Since early in the Ouija board's history, it has been criticized by several Christian denominations.[5] For example, Catholic Answers, a Roman Catholic Christian apologetics organization, states that "The Ouija board is far from harmless, as it is a form of divination (seeking information from supernatural sources)."[33] Moreover, Catholic Christian bishops in Micronesia called for the boards to be banned and warned congregations that they were talking to demons when using Ouija boards.[34] In a pastoral letter, The Dutch Reformed Churches encouraged its communicants to avoid Ouija boards, as it is a practice "related to the occult".[35] The Lutheran Church also forbids its faithful from using Ouija boards as it teaches that such would be a violation of the Ten Commandments.[36]

text: In 2001, Ouija boards were burned in Alamogordo, New Mexico, by fundamentalist groups alongside Harry Potter books as "symbols of witchcraft."[37][38][39] Religious criticism has also expressed beliefs that the Ouija board reveals information which should only be in God's hands, and thus it is a tool of Satan.[40] A spokesperson for Human Life International described the boards as a portal to talk to spirits and called for Hasbro to be prohibited from marketing them.[41]

text: Notable users[edit]

text:
Roland Doe used an Ouija board, which the Catholic Church stated led to his possession by a demon.[42]
Dick Brooks, of the Houdini Museum in Scranton, Pennsylvania, uses a Ouija board as part of a paranormal and seance presentation.[43]
Jane Roberts contacted Seth initially through the Ouija board an 'energy personality essence no longer focused in the physical world'. The book Seth Speaks was an explanation of reality by Seth.
G. K. Chesterton used a Ouija board in his teenaged years. Around 1893, he had gone through a crisis of scepticism and depression, and during this period Chesterton experimented with the Ouija board and grew fascinated with the occult.[44]
Early press releases stated that Vincent Furnier's stage and band name "Alice Cooper" was agreed upon after a session with a Ouija board, during which it was revealed that Furnier was the reincarnation of a 17th-century witch with that name. Alice Cooper later revealed that he just thought of the first name that came to his head while discussing a new band name with his band.[45]
Poet James Merrill used a Ouija board for years and even encouraged entrance of spirits into his body. Before he died, he recommended that people must not use Ouija boards.[46]
Former Italian Prime Minister Romano Prodi claimed under oath that, in a séance held in 1978 with other professors at the University of Bologna, the "ghost" of Giorgio La Pira used a Ouija to spell the name of the street where Aldo Moro was being held by the Red Brigades. According to Peter Popham of The Independent: "Everybody here has long believed that Prodi's Ouija board tale was no more than an ill-advised and bizarre way to conceal the identity of his true source, probably a person from Bologna's seething far-left underground whom he was pledged to protect."[47]

text:
The Mars Volta wrote their album Bedlam in Goliath (2008) based on their alleged experiences with a Ouija board. According to their story (written for them by a fiction author, Jeremy Robert Johnson), Omar Rodriguez Lopez purchased one while traveling in Jerusalem. At first the board provided a story which became the theme for the album. Strange events allegedly related to this activity occurred during the recording of the album: the studio flooded, one of the album's main engineers had a nervous breakdown, equipment began to malfunction, and Cedric Bixler-Zavala's foot was injured. Following these bad experiences the band buried the Ouija board.[48]
In the murder trial of Joshua Tucker, his mother insisted that he had carried out the murders while possessed by the Devil, who found him when he was using a Ouija board.[49][50]
Bill Wilson, the co-founder of Alcoholics Anonymous, used a Ouija board and conducted seances in attempts to contact the dead.[51]
Much of William Butler Yeats's later poetry was inspired, among other facets of occultism, by the Ouija board. Yeats himself did not use it, but his wife did.[52]
In London in 1994, convicted murderer Stephen Young was granted a retrial after it was learned that four of the jurors had conducted a Ouija board séance and had "contacted" the murdered man, who had named Young as his killer.[53] Young was convicted for a second time at his retrial and jailed for life.[54][55][56]
Aleister Crowley had great admiration for the use of the ouija board and it played a passing role in his magical workings.[57][58] Jane Wolfe, who lived with Crowley at Abbey of Thelema, also used the Ouija board. She credits some of her greatest spiritual communications to use of this implement. Crowley also discussed the Ouija board with another of his students, and the most ardent of them, Frater Achad (Charles Stansfeld Jones): it is frequently mentioned in their unpublished letters. In 1917 Achad experimented with the board as a means of summoning Angels, as opposed to Elementals. In one letter Crowley told Jones: "Your Ouija board experiment is rather fun. You see how very satisfactory it is, but I believe things improve greatly with practice. I think you should keep to one angel, and make the magical preparations more elaborate." Over the years, both became so fascinated by the board that they discussed marketing their own design. Their discourse culminated in a letter, dated February 21, 1919, in which Crowley tells Jones, "Re: Ouija Board. I offer you the basis of ten percent of my net profit. You are, if you accept this, responsible for the legal protection of the ideas, and the marketing of the copyright designs. I trust that this may be satisfactory to you. I hope to let you have the material in the course of a week." In March, Crowley wrote to Achad to inform him,"I'll think up another name for Ouija." But their business venture never came to fruition and Crowley's new design, along with his name for the board, has not survived. Crowley has stated, of the Ouija Board that,

text: There is, however, a good way of using this instrument to get what you want, and that is to perform the whole operation in a consecrated circle, so that undesirable aliens cannot interfere with it. You should then employ the proper magical invocation in order to get into your circle just the one spirit you want. It is comparatively easy to do this. A few simple instructions are all that is necessary, and I shall be pleased to give these, free of charge, to any one who cares to apply.[57]

text: E. H. Jones and C. W. Hill, whilst prisoners of the Turks during the First World War, used a Ouija board to convince their captors that they were mediums as part of an escape plan.[59]

text: In popular culture[edit]

text: Ouija boards have figured prominently in horror tales in various media as devices enabling malevolent spirits to spook their users. Most often, they make brief appearances, relying heavily on the atmosphere of mystery the board already holds in the mind of the viewer, in order to add credence to the paranormal presence in the story being told.

text: Books[edit]

text: In Stephen King's post-apocalyptic novel The Stand, Nadine Cross is contacted by Randall Flagg (also known as the dark man or Satan's Imp) twice via Ouija board. The first time is unintentionally, in college; the second time, in post-plague Boulder, she deliberately opens herself up to the communication, with dire consequences.

text: The Ouija Board (Paranormal Adventure Series Book 1) by Shelby White centers on a group of friends who unintentionally release evil through their use of a Ouija board, as does The Harrowing by Alexandra Sokoloff.

text: In For What It’s Worth by Janet Tashjian a boy uses a Ouija board to contact the spirits of Janis Joplin, Jimi Hendrix, and Jim Morrison.

text: Issue #79 of Bart Simpson, a comic book series based on The Simpsons, contains a story called "The Demon" in which Bart and Lisa find a Ouija board and unleash a demon. Issue #10 of Bart Simpson's Treehouse of horror contains the story "Scareway to Heaven" in which a Ouija board results in demon possession.

text: The Invisible Histories of the Spiral Mountain; or The Hymns of Melchizedek, an occult novel by Christopher of Detroit, contains several chapter that use the talking board for communication with the protagonist's higher self.

text: Movies[edit]

text: The Uninvited, made in 1944, features a scene with an impromptu board the characters put together. The 1973 blockbuster film, The Exorcist, also uses a ouija board to explain why the young girl becomes possessed. Alison's Birthday has one too, with its claustrophobia-inducing filming, as do the films Deadly Messages and Awakenings.

text: The earliest Western film to hinge its entire plot around the (mis)use of a Ouija board, Witchboard (1986), makes a nod to The Exorcist (where there is a sequence in which a board is used), with a main character called Linda, and her partner quipping "So what you're telling me is... that I'm living with Linda Blair?" Witchboard was so successful it spawned two sequels: Witchboard 2: The Devil's Doorway, and Witchboard III: The Possession. In the same year as the first of the trilogy, the film Spookies also had its own Ouija board scene.

text: What Lies Beneath (2000) also includes a séance scene with a board. Paranormal Activity (2007) involves a violent entity haunting a couple that becomes more powerful when the Ouija board is used. Another 2007 film, Ouija, depicted a group of adolescents whose use of the board causes a murderous spirit to follow them, while four years later, The Ouija Experiment portrayed a group of friends whose use of the board opens, and fails to close, a portal between the worlds of the living and the dead.[60] The 2014 film Ouija featured a group of friends whose use of the board prompted a series of deaths.[61] That film was followed by a 2016 prequel, Ouija: Origin of Evil, which also features the device.

text: Television[edit]

text: In season 1 episode 5 of The West Wing, the Ouija boards are mentioned by two characters who compare having a Ouija board to believing in UFO's.

text: In Season 3 Episode 8 of the TV series Reba, Barbra Jean and Reba use an Ouija Board to try and clean Barbra Jean and Brock’s house after Reba convinced her that the house was haunted. While holding the séance Reba pretended to be a ghost causing Barbra Jean to scream and run up stairs. The electric then goes out and Barbra Jean screams once again. At the end of the episode Barbra Jean asked Reba if they should ask the board if Brock was being a good husband in Vegas and the planchette moved. Reba then jumped across the table into Barbra Jean’s arms.