document_title: Lil Durk

question_text: when did lil durk sign to def jam

question_tokens: when did lil durk sign to def jam

text: Lil Durk

text: Career

text: 2011–2013: Early life, career and rise to popularity

text: Durk Banks was born on October 19, 1992, in Chicago, Illinois. He was raised in Englewood, a neighborhood on Chicago's South Side.[6]

text: In 2011, Banks would start taking music seriously. After plans to sign with Chief Keef and French Montana's labels fell through,[7] he considered rapping as "a full-time career" after the releases of his two singles, "Sneak Dissin'" and "I'ma Hitta", each of which received generally positive feedback.[8] On October 19, 2012, Durk released his third mixtape, Life Ain't No Joke. As of September 22, 2015, the mixtape has been downloaded over 216,000 times on DatPiff.[9] In December 2012, Durk released the track, called "L's Anthem", which was remixed, featuring French Montana, as a re-release.[10]

text: 2013–2015: Signing to OTF and Def Jam Recordings and Signed to the Streets

text: Due to the popularity of "L's Anthem" and its follow-up single, "Dis Ain't What U Want" in 2013, Durk accepted a joint venture deal with his collective Only the Family and Def Jam Recordings.[11]

text: After a small number of delays, Durk's fourth mixtape Signed to the Streets was released on October 14, 2013, exclusively on DatPiff. It features two guest appearances from former Glo Gang affiliate Lil Reese, along with production credits from Paris Bueller and Young Chop, among others.[12] Eight music videos were released to promote the mixtape: "Bars Pt. 2", "Oh My God", "100 Rounds", "Dis Ain't What U Want", "Bang Bros", "Traumatized", "Hittaz" and "Times". Signed to the Streets would later be named the eighth best mixtape of 2013 by Rolling Stone.[13] On October 22, 2013, in an interview with XXL, Lil Durk said he was working on his debut album under Def Jam.[14][15] Also, Durk was named part of the 2014 XXL Freshmen Class.[16]

text: On July 7, 2014, Durk released his fifth mixtape, the sequel to Signed to the Streets.[17]

text: 2015–2016: Remember My Name

text: On March 25, 2015, Durk announced the title of his debut studio album Remember My Name and revealed its original release date, May 12.[18] On the same day, the album's first single, "Like Me", featuring Jeremih, was released.[19]

text: However, on April 20, 2015, Durk announced that the May 12 release date of Remember My Name was delayed; he also revealed the official album cover and announced that its release had been pushed back to June 2.[20]

text: On June 2, 2015, Durk's debut album, Remember My Name, was released as planned. The album peaked at number fourteen on the Billboard 200 with 28,000 equivalent album units; it sold 24,000 copies in its first week, with the remainder of its unit count attributed to streaming activity and track sales.[21]

text: Later that year, Durk released his sixth mixtape, 300 Days, 300 Nights, on December 15, 2015.[22] The only single released in promotion for the mixtape was "My Beyoncé", which features Detroit rapper Dej Loaf. The single was released on November 20, 2015.[23] A music video for "My Beyoncé" had since been released in early 2016.[24] On June 5, 2017, the single was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America for single-equivalent units of over 500,000 copies.[25][26]

text: 2016: Lil Durk 2X

text: Lil Durk released his second album, Lil Durk 2X, on July 22, 2016.[27] Previously, he released the first single for the album, "She Just Wanna", featuring Ty Dolla $ign, in May.[28] Other follow-up singles for the album include: "Money Walk", featuring Yo Gotti, and "True". The album, unfortunately, failed to meet the same standards as his previous album, Remember My Name, peaking at number twenty-nine on the Billboard 200.[29]

text: Later that November, Durk released his seventh mixtape, They Forgot.[30] The mixtape features guest appearances from Lil Reese, Meek Mill, Mozzy, OTF Ikey, 21 Savage, Hypno Carlito, Dej Loaf, YFN Lucci, and BJ the Chicago Kid. While the production was handled by C-Sick, ChopSquad DJ, Donis Beats, DP Beats, LeekeLeek, Kid Wonder, London on da Track, TY Made It, and Young Chop.[31] The mixtape is supported by the single "Baller".[32]

text: On December 7, 2016, Durk's single, "Like Me", from his debut studio album, Remember My Name, was certified gold by the RIAA.[33]

text: 2017-present: Mixtapes and departure from Def Jam Recordings

text: Throughout 2017, Durk released several mixtapes: Love Songs for the Streets in February,[34] Supa Vultures, a collaborative mixtape with Lil Reese, in August,[35] Signed to the Streets 2.5 in October[36] and Bloodas, a collaborative mixtape with Tee Grizzley, in December.[37]

text: On March 29, 2018, Durk announced his twelfth mixtape to be released the following day by midnight and his first mixtape to be released for digital retail, Just Cause Ya'll Waited. That same time, he also wished Def Jam Recordings the best of luck while revealing that he had "quarantined" his contract with the label.[38][39] Finally, the following day after he left Def Jam, Durk, now a free agent, released Just Cause Ya'll Waited exclusively on Apple Music and the iTunes Store.[40][41] Just Cause Ya'll Waited had since been available for stream or download on other platforms.[42][43][44][45] The mixtape has since became Durk's first non-album project to peak on a Billboard chart, charting at numbers fifty-seven on the Billboard 200, twenty-eight on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart and twenty-two on the Rap Albums chart, respectively.[46][47]

text: Durk has also announced a collaborative project with 808 Mafia producer DY, Durkio Krazy.[48]

text: Only the Family

text:
Only the Family

Founded
2011

Founder
Durk "Lil Durk" Banks

Genre
Hip hop

Country of origin
United States

text: Only the Family is a collective, formed by Lil Durk in 2011.[49]

text: Artists associated with the collective include: Hypno Carlito[50] and singer Ann Marie.[50][51]

text: Former artists include: RondoNumbaNine,[52][53] CDai,[54] Lud Foe[55] and Tay600,[56][57] while the deceased include: OTF NuNu,[58][59] OTF Toon,[60][61] Jae-Money[62] and L'A Capone.[63][64][65][66]

text: Personal life

text: Durk is a member of the Black Disciples, a rival gang of the Gangster Disciples, and has three children in his life[67][68], as well as a younger brother, Dontay Banks.[69][70]

text: Throughout his childhood, his father, Dontay Banks, Sr., had been serving two life sentences without the possibility of parole, with no disclosed details.[71]

text: On May 31, 2014, Durk's cousin, rapper McArthur "OTF NuNu" Swindle, was murdered.[59] Then, on March 27, 2015, Uchenna "OTF Chino Dolla" Agina, Durk's friend and manager was also shot dead.[72][73]

text: Throughout late 2015 and early 2016, rumors begin to swirl that Durk was involved in a romantic relationship with rapper Dej Loaf, but they had both refuted these claims.[74][75][76]

text: Controversies

text: Legal issues

text: In 2011, Banks was arrested on a weapon charge and sentenced to three months in jail. He was later released on bond, only to be sent back to serve 87 more days.[77][78] On June 5, 2013, Banks was arrested after allegedly throwing a loaded .40 caliber handgun into his car when police approached him on South Green Street in Chicago. He was charged with unlawful use of a weapon by a felon.[79] He was held on $100,000 bond and his lawyer would claim to have nine affidavits from witnesses who confirm Durk's innocence. One witness also admitted the gun was his.[80] Banks was released on July 18, 2013.[78]

text: In 2014, his house was searched because someone convicted of second-degree murder charged him with having guns.

text: On September 4, 2015, hours before a scheduled concert performance at the Theatre of Living Arts in Center City, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, a shootout occurred leaving Durk's tour bus damaged by gunfire and one man dead during the scene. Durk was not arrested nor questioned by police.[81][82]

text: On August 19, 2016, he was cleared of disregarding probation when he was arrested on felony gun charges; the judge dropped the charges.[83]

text: Feuds

text: Durk has been participant in a litany of feuds throughout his career.

text: Durk was baffled in a rivalry between Chief Keef and rival Gangster Disciple Joseph “Lil Jojo” Coleman.[84] After Glo Gang affiliate Lil Reese offended his gang set, The Brick Squad (not to be confused with rapper Gucci Mane’s label), Jojo responded with the diss track, “BDK (300K)”, calling out a vast majority of gang members, most namely Keef, Reese and Durk.[85] The feud ended in tragedy after Lil Jojo was shot and killed on September 5, 2012.[86][84][87]

text: After signing, respectively, with Universal Music’s sister labels, Def Jam Recordings and Interscope Records, social and personal problems between Durk and Chief Keef’s label, Glo Gang, began to develop in late 2012. After a social media exchange,[88] Durk disassociated himself from Keef’s label.[89] Then, a spawn of diss songs followed, even for Durk in particular, his remix to Nicki Minaj’s “Chiraq” with Meek Mill and Shy Glizzy.[90][91] There, he not only calls out Keef, but also mentions Lil Reese, The Game, Tyga, King L and the Gangster Disciples.[92] He even calls Keef “disrespectful” for turning his back on their friendship for Tyga and The Game’s own remix of “Chiraq”.[93][94] In the midst of Keef’s then-ongoing beef with rap group Migos, Durk shouted out the group in support to humiliate Keef.[95] However, in August 2014, as Keef was verge of losing his Interscope record deal, Durk decided to mend his differences with him and just squash the feud.[96][97][98]

text: After Durk dissed King L on his “Chiraq” remix, L would respond to both him and Keef, calling their feud a “whack movie trailer” comparison.[99] However, this ended up short-lived as King L called his debacle with Durk a “big mistake”.[100]

text: Durk’s feud with California rappers The Game and Tyga ignited in 2014 after releasing their remix to Nicki Minaj’s “Chiraq”, called “Chiraq to L.A.”.[101] Other than Durk being called out was 40 Glocc, Compton Menace and Waka Flocka Flame.[102] This urged Durk and The Game, both to respond by heated exchanges socially.[103][104][105] After Durk threatened to “holla” at Tyga, he went to sexually boast about having an affair with Game’s ex-fiancée, Tiffney Cambridge.[106][107] However, this would force Game to respond with “Bigger than Me”, which he targets Durk, 40 Glocc, 50 Cent, and many countless others.[108][109][110] Just eight months following, Durk squashed his feuds with Game and a week later with Tyga.[111][112][113]

text: In his adolescence, Durk and Famous Dex attended Paul Robeson High School, but after they both dropped out, the two seemingly lost contact.[114] But after Durk became famous, Dex immediately revealed in an interview that he never saw him in his later days soon after, until they finally got a chance to meet with one another during the 2016 BET Awards.[115][116] Durk also admitted that he was still "rockin'" with Dex.[117] Musician Lil’ Mister also alleged a collaborative project between the two rappers was in development.[118]

text: In the spring of 2016, after Tay600 was accused of testifying against fellow Black Disciples RondoNumbaNine, CDai and DRose 600 in their murder trials as an eyewitness,[119] he was kicked out of his gang set, The Team 600, and was also dropped from Only the Family.[120][121] However, Tay600 denied “snitching” on his former friends and blamed the entire ordeal on Durk, as he responded with a music video for his song, “Pressure”, as well as a mixtape, The Truth, released that February.[122] After dissing Tay600 at a live venue in Atlantic City, New Jersey,[123] Durk also released a remix to Meek Mill’s “We Ball” with Tay’s former friend Booka600.[124] Infuriated of the fact that his ex-friend collaborated with a rival, Tay600 responded with his own remix of “We Ball”, calling Durk’s collective Only the Family “fags”.[125][126] The feud resurfaced later in September 2017, after Tay600 criticized his former gang members for not helping him.[127] He also bragged that he was involved in a short-lived sexual relationship with the mother of two of Durk’s three children.[57][128]

text: Durk was in the middle of controversy after a song by J. Cole, "Everybody Dies", was released in late-November, days before his fourth studio album, 4 Your Eyez Only, was released on December 9, 2016. The lyric on the song cited: "Lil whatever/Just another short bus rapper/Fake drug dealers turned tour bus trappers", with many speculating that this could be aimed at Durk, Lil Yachty and Lil Uzi Vert.[129][130] It is unclear whether if it is a diss or vice versa as neither Durk or Cole responded to the track nor one another.[131][132]

text: Discography

text:
Remember My Name (2015)
Lil Durk 2X (2016)

text: Awards and nominations

text: Underground Interviews

text:
Year
Nominee/work
Award
Result

2016
Lil Durk
Best Rapper of 2016[133]
Nominated


document_title: Military history of South Africa during World War II

question_text: when did south africa declare war on germany

root

text: Political choices at outbreak of war[edit]

text: On the eve of World War II, the Union of South Africa found itself in a unique political and military quandary. While it was closely allied with Great Britain, being a co-equal Dominion under the 1931 Statute of Westminster with its head of state being the British king, the South African Prime Minister on 1 September 1939 was J.B.M. Hertzog – the leader of the pro-Afrikaner and anti-British National Party. The National Party had joined in a unity government with the pro-British South African Party of Jan Smuts in 1934 as the United Party.

tag: p

text: Hertzog's problem was that South Africa was constitutionally obligated to support Great Britain against Nazi Germany. The Polish-British Common Defence Pact obligated Britain, and in turn its dominions, to help Poland if attacked by the Nazis. When Adolf Hitler's forces attacked Poland on 1 September 1939, Britain declared war on Germany two days later. A short but furious debate unfolded in South Africa, especially in the halls of power in the Parliament of South Africa. It pitted those who sought to enter the war on Britain's side, led by Smuts, against those who wanted to keep South Africa neutral, led by Hertzog.

text: Declaration of war against the Axis[edit]

text: On 4 September 1939, the United Party caucus refused to accept Hertzog's stance of neutrality in World War II and deposed him in favour of Smuts. Upon becoming Prime Minister, Smuts declared South Africa officially at war with Germany and the Axis. He immediately set about fortifying South Africa against any possible German sea invasion because of South Africa's global strategic importance controlling the long sea route around the Cape of Good Hope.

text: John Vorster and other members of the pro-Nazi Ossewabrandwag strongly objected to South Africa's participation in World War II and actively carried out sabotage against Smuts' government. Smuts took severe action against the Ossewabrandwag movement and jailed its leaders, including Vorster, for the duration of the war.

text: Field Marshal and Prime Minister Smuts[edit]

text: Field Marshal Jan Smuts was the only important non-British general whose advice was constantly sought by Britain's war-time Prime Minister Winston Churchill. Smuts was invited to the Imperial War Cabinet in 1939 as the most senior South African in favour of war. On 28 May 1941, Smuts was appointed a Field Marshal of the British Army, becoming the first South African to hold that rank. Ultimately, Smuts would pay a steep political price for his closeness to the British establishment, to the King, and to Churchill which had made Smuts very unpopular amongst the Afrikaners, leading to his eventual downfall.

text: Manpower[edit]

text: With the declaration of war in September 1939, the South African Army numbered only 5,353 regulars,[1] with an additional 14,631 men of the Active Citizen Force (ACF) which gave peace time training to volunteers and in time of war would form the main body of the army. Pre-war plans did not anticipate that the army would fight outside southern Africa and it was trained and equipped only for bush warfare.

text: One of the problems to continuously face South Africa during the war was the shortage of available men. Due to its race policies it would only consider arming men of European descent which limited the available pool of men aged between 20 and 40 to around 320,000. In addition the declaration of war on Germany had the support of only a narrow majority in the South African parliament and was far from universally popular. Indeed, there was a significant minority actively opposed to the war and under these conditions conscription was never an option. The expansion of the army and its deployment overseas depended entirely on volunteers.

text: Given the country's attitudes to race, it is not surprising that the enlistment of fighting troops from the much larger black population was hardly considered. Instead, in an attempt to free up as many whites as possible for the fighting and technical arms, a number of corps were formed to provide drivers and pioneers, drawn from the more acceptable Cape Coloured and Indian populations. These were eventually amalgamated into the Cape Corps. A Native Military Corps, manned by blacks, was also formed for pioneer and labouring tasks. For some of their tasks, individuals were armed, mainly for self-protection and guard duties, but they were never allowed to participate in actual combat against Europeans.

text: Military contributions and casualties in World War II[edit]

text: South Africa and its military forces contributed in many theaters of war. South Africa's contribution consisted mainly of supplying troops, airmen and material for the North African campaign (the Desert War) and the Italian Campaign as well as to Allied ships that docked at its crucial ports adjoining the Atlantic Ocean and Indian Ocean that converge at the tip of Southern Africa. Numerous volunteers also flew for the Royal Air Force.

text:
The South African Army and Air Force played a major role in defeating the Italian forces of Benito Mussolini during the 1940–1941 East African Campaign. The converted Junkers Ju 86s of 12 Squadron, South African Air Force, carried out the first bombing raid of the campaign on a concentration of tanks at Moyale at 8am on 11 June 1940, mere hours after Italy's declaration of war.[2]
Another important victory that the South Africans participated in was the liberation of Madagascar from the control of the Vichy French. British troops aided by South African soldiers, staged their attack from South Africa, landing on the strategic island on 4 May 1942[3] to preclude its seizure by the Japanese.
The South African 1st Infantry Division took part in several actions in North Africa in 1941 and 1942, including the Battle of El Alamein, before being withdrawn to South Africa to be re-constituted as an armoured division.
The South African 2nd Infantry Division also took part in a number of actions in North Africa during 1942, but on 21 June 1942 two complete infantry brigades of the division as well as most of the supporting units were captured at the fall of Tobruk.
The South African 3rd Infantry Division never took an active part in any battles but instead organised and trained the South African home defence forces, performed garrison duties and supplied replacements for the South African 1st Infantry Division and the South African 2nd Infantry Division. One of this division's constituent brigades — 7 SA Motorised Brigade — did take part in the invasion of Madagascar in 1942.
The South African 6th Armoured Division fought in numerous actions in Italy in 1944–1945.
The South African Air Force (SAAF) made a significant contribution to the air war in East Africa, North Africa, Sicily, Italy, the Balkans and even as far east as bombing missions aimed at the Romanian oilfields in Ploiești,[4] supply missions in support of the Warsaw uprising[5] and reconnaissance missions ahead of the Russian advances in the Lvov-Cracow area.[6]
Numerous South African airmen also volunteered service to the RAF, some serving with distinction.
South Africa contributed to the war effort against Japan, supplying men and manning ships in naval engagements against the Japanese.[7]

tag: ol

text: About 334,000 men volunteered for full-time service in the South African Army during the war (including some 211,000 white, 77,000 black and 46,000 coloured and Indian servicemen). The Commonwealth War Graves Commission has records of 11,023 known South Africans who died during World War II.[8]


document_title: Timeline of rocket and missile technology

question_text: when was the first rocket sent into space

text: 11th century[edit]

text: 11th century AD - The first documented record of gunpowder and the fire arrow, an early form of rocketry, appears in the Chinese text Wujing Zongyao.

tag: ul

text: 17th century-19th century[edit]

text:
1633 - Lagâri Hasan Çelebi launched a 7-winged rocket using 50 okka (140 lbs) of gunpowder from Sarayburnu, the point below Topkapı Palace in Istanbul.[1]
1650 - Artis Magnae Artilleriae pars prima ("Great Art of Artillery, the First Part") is printed in Amsterdam, about a year before the death of its author, Kazimierz Siemienowicz.
1664 - A "space rocket" is imagined as a future technology to be studied in France and its drawing is ordered by French finance minister Colbert; designed by Le Brun on a Gobelins tapestry [2] (see: French space program)
1798 - Tipu Sultan, the King of the state of Mysore in India, develops and uses iron rockets against the British Army (see Mysorean rockets).
1801 - The British Army develops the Congreve rocket based on weapons used against them by Tipu Sultan.
1806 - Claude Ruggieri, an Italian living in France, launched animals on rockets and recovered them using parachutes. He was prevented from launching a child by police.[3]
1813 - "A Treatise on the Motion of Rockets" by William Moore – first appearance of the rocket equation
1818 - Henry Trengrouse demonstrates his rocket apparatus for projecting a lifeline from a wrecked ship to the shore, later widely adopted
1844 - William Hale invents the spin-stabilized rocket
1861 - William Leitch publishes an essay "A Journey Through Space" (later published in his book God's Glory in the Heavens (1862)), introducing the concept of using rockets to propel a vehicle carrying people into space, to visit the Moon and other planets.
1865 - Jules Verne publishes From the Earth to the Moon as a humorous science fantasy story about a space gun launching a manned spacecraft equipped with rockets for landing on the Moon, but eventually used for another orbital maneuver.

text: 20th century[edit]

text:
1902 - French cinema pioneer Georges Méliès directs A Trip to the Moon, the first film about space travel.
1903 - Konstantin Tsiolkovsky begins a series of papers discussing the use of rocketry to reach outer space, space suits, and colonization of the solar system. Two key points discussed in his works are liquid fuels and staging.
1913 - Without knowing the work of Russian mathematician Konstantin Tsiolkovsky, French engineer Robert Esnault-Pelterie derived the equations for space flight, produced a paper that presented the rocket equation and calculated the energies required to reach the Moon and nearby planets.[4]
1922 - Hermann Oberth publishes his scientific work about rocketry and space exploration: Die Rakete zu den Planetenräumen ("By Rocket into Planetary Space").
1924 - Society for Studies of Interplanetary Travel founded in Moscow by Konstantin Tsiolkovsky, Friedrich Zander and 200 other space and rocket experts
1926 - Robert Goddard launches the first liquid fuel rocket.
1927 - Verein für Raumschiffahrt (VfR - "Spaceflight Society") founded in Germany.
1929 - Woman in the Moon, considered to be one of the first "serious" science fiction films.
1931 - Friedrich Schmiedl attempts the first rocket mail service in Austria
1935 - Emilio Herrera Linares from Spain designed and made the first full-pressured astronaut suit, called the escafandra estratonáutica. The Russians then used a model of Herrera's suit when first flying into space of which the Americans would then later adopt when creating their own space program.
1937 - Peenemünde Army Research Center founded in Germany
1938 - The  Projectile Development Establishment founded at Fort Halstead for the United Kingdom's research into military solid-fuel rockets.
1939 - Katyusha multiple rocket launchers (Russian: Катюша) are a type of rocket artillery first built and fielded by the Soviet Union.
1941 -  French rocket EA-41 is launched, being the first European liquid propellant working rocket[5]
1941 - Jet Assisted Take Off JATO installed on US Army Air Corp Ercoupe aircraft occurred on 12 August in March Field, California.
1942 - Wernher von Braun and Walter Dornberger launch the first V-2 rocket at Peenemünde in northern Germany.
1942 - A V-2 rocket reaches an altitude of 85 km.
1944 - The V-2 rocket MW 18014 reaches an altitude of 176 km, becoming the first man-made object in space.
1945 - Lothar Sieber dies after the first vertical take-off manned rocket flight in a Bachem Ba 349 "Natter"
1945 - Operation Paperclip takes 1,600 German rocket scientists and technicians to the United States
1945 - Operation Osoaviakhim takes 2,000 German rocket scientists and technicians to the Soviet Union
1946 - First flight of the Nike missile, later the first operational surface-to-air guided missile
1947 - Chuck Yeager achieves the first manned supersonic flight in a Bell X-1 rocket-powered aircraft
1949 - Willy Ley publishes The Conquest of Space
1952 - 22 May, French Véronique 1 rocket is launched from the Algerian desert.
1952 - Wernher von Braun discusses the technical details of a manned exploration of Mars in Das Marsprojekt.
1953 - Colliers Magazine publishes a series of articles on man's future in space, igniting the interest of people around the world. The series includes numerous articles by Ley and von Braun, illustrated by Chesley Bonestell.
1956 - First launch of PGM-17 Thor, the first US ballistic missile and forerunner of the Delta space launch rockets
1957 - Launch of the first ICBM, the USSR's R-7 (8K71), known to NATO as the SS-6 Sapwood.
1957 - The USSR launches Sputnik 1, the first artificial satellite.
1958 - The U.S. launches Explorer 1, the first American artificial satellite, on a Jupiter-C rocket.
1958 - US launches their first ICBM, the Atlas-B (the Atlas-A was a test article only).
1961 - the USSR launches Vostok 1, Yuri Gagarin reached a height of 327 km above Earth and was the first man to orbit Earth.
1961 - US, a Mercury capsule named Freedom 7 with  Alan B. Shepard, spacecraft was launched by a Redstone rocket on a ballistic trajectory suborbital flight.
1962 - The US launches Mercury MA-6 (Friendship 7) on an Atlas D booster, John Glenn finally puts America in orbit.
1963 - The USSR launches Vostok 6, Valentina Tereshkova was the first woman (and first civilian) to orbit Earth. She remained in space for nearly three days and orbited the Earth 48 times.
1963 - US X-15 rocket-plane, the first reusable manned spacecraft (suborbital) reaches space, pioneering reusability, carried launch and glide landings.
1965 - USSR Proton rocket, highly successful launch vehicle with notable payloads, Salyut 6 & Salyut 7, Mir & ISS components
1965 - Robert Salked investigates various single stage to orbit spaceplane concepts[6][7][8]
1966 - USSR Luna 9, the first soft landing on the Moon
1966 - USSR launches Soyuz spacecraft, longest-running series of spacecraft, eventually serving Soviet, Russian and International space missions.
1969 - US Apollo 11, first men on the Moon, first lunar surface extravehicular activity.
1981 - US space shuttle pioneers reusability and glide landings
1998 - US Deep Space 1 is first deep space mission to use an ion thruster for propulsion.
1998 - Russia launch Zarya module which is the first part of the International Space Station.

text: 21st century[edit]

text:
2001 - Russian Soyuz spacecraft sent the first space tourist Dennis Tito to International Space Station.[9]
2004 - US-based, first privately developed, manned (suborbital) spaceflight, SpaceShipOne demonstrates reusability.[10]
2008 - SpaceX—with their Falcon 1 rocket—became the first private entity to successfully launch a rocket into orbit.[11]
2012 - The SpaceX Dragon space capsule—launched aboard a Falcon 9 launch vehicle—was the first private spacecraft to  successfully dock with another spacecraft, and was also the first private capsule to dock at the International Space Station.[12]
2014 - First booster rocket returning from an orbital trajectory to achieve a zero-velocity-at-zero-altitude propulsive vertical landing.  The first-stage booster of Falcon 9 Flight 9 made the first successful controlled ocean soft touchdown of a liquid-rocket-engine orbital booster on April 18, 2014.[13][14]
2015 - SpaceX's Falcon 9 Flight 20 was the first time that the first stage of an orbital rocket made a successful return and vertical landing.[15]
2017 - SpaceX's Falcon 9 SES-10 was the first time a used orbital rocket made a successful return [16]
2018 - The Electron rocket was the first New-Zealand rocket to achieve orbit. The rocket is also unique in using an electric pump-fed engine. The rocket also carried an additional satellite payload called "Humanity Star", a 1-meter-wide (3 ft) carbon fiber sphere made up of 65 panels that reflect the Sun's light.[17]


document_title: Darth Vader grotesque

question_text: where is the darth vader gargoyle on the national cathedral

text: Darth Vader grotesque

text:
Darth Vader grotesque
Year
1980Type
LimestoneLocation
Washington, D.C.Coordinates
38°55′50″N 77°04′17″W / 38.9305°N 77.0715°W / 38.9305; -77.0715Owner
Washington National Cathedral

tag: table

text: The Darth Vader grotesque is a limestone grotesque by Jay Hall Carpenter. It is located at the Washington National Cathedral, Northwest, Washington, D.C., United States.[1][2]

text: The Darth Vader grotesque is one of many grotesques that are part of the National Cathedral's rain control system. The grotesques deflect rainwater by bouncing it off the tops of their heads and away from the stone walls.[3]

text: In the 1980s, during the construction of the northwest tower, Christopher Rader won third-place in a National Geographic World magazine contest for children, with his drawing of Star Wars villain Darth Vader. The fierce head was sculpted by Jay Hall Carpenter and the stonecarver was Patrick J. Plunkett.[4] The Darth Vader grotesque is difficult to see with the naked eye, and binoculars are generally needed to spot it.[5]


document_title: Postal codes in Vietnam

question_text: postal code for ho chi minh city district 10

text: Postal codes in Vietnam

text: The following table is a list of postal codes in Vietnam (6 digits).

text:
Area
Postal code

An Giang Province
88xxxx

Bắc Giang Province
23xxxx

Bắc Kạn Province
96xxxx

Bạc Liêu Province
26xxxx

Bắc Ninh Province
22xxxx

Bà Rịa–Vũng Tàu Province
79xxxx

Bến Tre Province
93xxxx

Bình Định Province
59xxxx

Bình Dương Province
82xxxx

Bình Phước Province
83xxxx

Bình Thuận Province
80xxxx

Cà Mau Province
97xxxx

Cần Thơ
90xxxx

Cao Bằng Province
27xxxx

Da Nang
55xxxx

Đắk Lắk Province
63xxxx

Đắk Nông Province
64xxxx

Điện Biên Province
38xxxx

Đồng Nai Province
71xxxx

Đồng Tháp Province
87xxxx

Gia Lai Province
60xxxx

Hà Giang Province
31xxxx

Hà Nam Province
40xxxx

Hà Tĩnh Province
48xxxx

Hải Dương Province
17xxxx

Hai Phong
18xxxx

Hanoi
10xxxx – 15xxxx

Hậu Giang Province
91xxxx

Hòa Bình Province
35xxxx

Ho Chi Minh City
70xxxx – 76xxxx

Hưng Yên Province
16xxxx

Khánh Hòa Province
65xxxx

Kiên Giang Province
92xxxx

Kon Tum Province
58xxxx

Lai Châu Province
39xxxx

Lâm Đồng Province
67xxxx

Lạng Sơn Province
24xxxx

Lào Cai Province
33xxxx

Long An Province
85xxxx

Nam Định Province
42xxxx

Nghệ An Province
46xxxx – 47xxxx

Ninh Bình Province
43xxxx

Ninh Thuận Province
66xxxx

Phú Thọ Province
29xxxx

Phú Yên Province
62xxxx

Quảng Bình Province
51xxxx

Quảng Nam Province
56xxxx

Quảng Ngãi Province
57xxxx

Quảng Ninh Province
20xxxx

Quảng Trị Province
52xxxx

Sóc Trăng Province
95xxxx

Sơn La Province
36xxxx

Tây Ninh Province
84xxxx

Thái Bình Province
41xxxx

Thái Nguyên Province
25xxxx

Thanh Hóa Province
44xxxx – 45xxxx

Thừa Thiên–Huế Province
53xxxx

Tiền Giang Province
86xxxx

Trà Vinh Province
94xxxx

Tuyên Quang Province
30xxxx

Vĩnh Long Province
89xxxx

Vĩnh Phúc Province
28xxxx

Yên Bái Province
32xxxx


document_title: Southern American English

question_text: where does the american southern accent come from

text: Southern American English

text: Geography[edit]

text: The dialects collectively known as Southern American English stretch across the south-eastern and south-central United States, but exclude the southernmost areas of Florida and the extreme western and south-western parts of Texas as well as the Rio Grande Valley (Laredo to Brownsville). This linguistic region includes Alabama, Georgia, Tennessee, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Louisiana, and Arkansas, as well as most of Texas, Virginia, Kentucky, Oklahoma, West Virginia, and northern and central Florida. Southern American English dialects can also be found in extreme southern parts of Missouri, Maryland, Delaware, and Illinois.[11][12]

text: Southern dialects originated in large part from a mix of immigrants from the British Isles, who moved to the American South in the 17th and 18th centuries, and the creole or post-creole speech of African slaves. Upheavals such as the Great Depression, the Dust Bowl and World War II caused mass migrations of those and other settlers throughout the United States.

text: Modern phonology[edit]

text: The Southern United States underwent several major sound changes from the beginning to the middle of the twentieth century, during which a more unified, region-wide sound system developed, markedly different from the sound systems of the nineteenth-century Southern dialects.

text: South[edit]

text:
A list of typical Southern vowels[15][16][show]

English diaphoneme
Southern phoneme
Example words

Pure vowels (Monophthongs)

/æ/
[æ~æjə~æ̠ɛæ̠]
act, pal, trap

[eə~æjə]
ham, land, yeah

/ɑː/
[ɑ]
blah, bother, father,
lot, top, wasp

/ɒ/

[ɑɒ~ɑ] (older: [ɔo~ɑɒ])
all, dog, bought,
loss, saw, taught

/ɔː/

/ɛ/
[ɛ~ɛjə]
preceding a nasal consonant: [ɪ~ɪ(ʲ)ə]
dress, met, bread

/ə/
[ə]
about, syrup, arena

[ɪ~ɪ̈~ə]
island, gamut, wasted

/ɪ/
[ɪ~ɪjə~iə]
hit, skim, tip

/iː/
[i̞i~ɪi]
beam, chic, fleet

/ʌ/
[ɜ]
bus, flood, what

/ʊ/
[ʊ̈~ʏ]
book, put, should

/uː/
[ʊu~ɵu~ʊ̈y~y̞y~ʉ̞u̟]
food, glue, new

Diphthongs

/aɪ/
[äː~äɛ]
ride, shine, try

([ɐi~äɪ~äɛ])
bright, dice, psych

/aʊ/
[æɒ~ɛjɔ]
now, ouch, scout

/eɪ/
[ɛi~æ̠i]
lake, paid, rein

/ɔɪ/
[oi]
boy, choice, moist

/oʊ/
[ɜʊ~ɜʊ̈~ɜʏ]
preceding /l/ or a hiatus: [ɔu]
goat, oh, show

R-colored vowels

/ɑːr/
rhotic Southern dialects: [ɒɚˠ~ɑɚˠ]
non-rhotic Southern dialects: [ɒː~ɑː]
barn, car, park

/ɛər/
rhotic: [e̞ɚˠ~ɛ(ʲ)ɚˠ]
non-rhotic: [ɛ(ʲ)ə]
bare, bear, there

/ɜːr/
[ɚˠ~ɐɚˠ] (older: [ɜ~ə])
burn, first, herd

/ər/
rhotic:[ɚˠ]
non-rhotic:[ə]
better, martyr, doctor

/ɪər/
rhotic: [iɚˠ]
non-rhotic: [iə]
fear, peer, tier

/ɔːr/
rhotic: [o(u)ɚˠ]
non-rhotic: [o(u)ə]
hoarse, horse, poor
score, tour, war

/ʊər/

/jʊər/
rhotic: [juɚˠ~jɚˠ]
non-rhotic: [juə]
cure, Europe, pure

text: The South proper as a present-day dialect region generally includes all of these pronunciation features below, which are popularly recognized in the United States as a "Southern accent". However, there is still actually wide variation in Southern speech regarding potential differences based on factors like a speaker's exact sub-region, age, ethnicity, etc. The following phonological phenomena focus on the developing sound system of the more recent Southern dialects of the United States that altogether largely (though certainly not entirely) superseded the older Southern regional patterns:

text:
Southern Vowel Shift (or Southern Shift): A chain shift regarding vowels is fully completed, or occurring, in most Southern dialects, especially younger ones, and at the most advanced stage in the "Inland South" (i.e. away from the coastline) and "Texas South" (i.e. most of central and northern Texas). This 3-stage chain movement of vowels, called the Southern Shift, is first triggered by Stage 1 that dominates the entire Southern region, followed by Stage 2 that covers almost all of that area, and Stage 3 that is concentrated only in speakers of certain core sub-regions. Stage 1 (defined below) may have begun in some Southern dialects as early as the first half of the 1800s with a glide weakening of /aɪ/ to [aɛ] or [aə]; however, it was still largely incomplete or absent in the mid-1800s, before expanding rapidly from the last quarter of the 1800s into the middle 1900s;[17] today, this glide weakening or even total glide deletion is the pronunciation norm throughout all of the Southern United States.

Stage 1 (/aɪ/ → [aː] and /æ/ → [ɛ(j)ə]):

The starting point, or first stage, of the Southern Shift is the transition of the gliding vowel (diphthong) /aɪ/ ( listen) towards a "glideless" long vowel [aː] ( listen), so that, for example, the word ride commonly approaches a sound that most other American English speakers would hear as rod or rad. Stage 1 is now complete for a majority of Southern dialects.[18] Southern speakers particularly exhibit the Stage 1 shift at the ends of words and before voiced consonants, but often not before voiceless consonants, where the diphthong instead retains its glide, so that ride is [ɹäːd], but right is [ɹäɪt]. Inland (i.e. non-coastal) Southern speakers, however, indeed delete the glide of /aɪ/ in all contexts, as in the stereotyped pronunciation "nahs whaht rahss" for nice white rice; these most shift-advanced speakers are largely found today in an Appalachian area that comprises eastern Tennessee, western North Carolina and northern Alabama, as well as in central Texas.[19] Some traditional East Coast Southern accents do not exhibit this Stage 1 glide deletion,[20] particularly in Charleston, SC and possibly Atlanta and Savannah, GA (cities that are, at best, considered marginal to the modern Southern dialect region).
This new glideless [aː~äː] vowel encroaches on the territory of the "short a" vowel, /æ/ (as in rat or bad), thus pushing /æ/ generally higher and fronter in the mouth (and also possibly giving it a complex gliding quality, often starting higher and then gliding lower); thus /æ/ can range variously away from its original position: [æ(j)ə~æɛæ~ɛ(j)ə>ɛ]. An example is that, to other English speakers, the Southern pronunciation of yap sounds something like yeah-up.

Stage 2 (/eɪ/ → [ɛɪ] and /ɛ/ → [e(j)ə]):

By removing the existence of [aɪ], Stage 1 leaves open a lower space for /eɪ/ (as in name and day) to occupy, causing Stage 2: the pulling of the diphthong /eɪ/ into a lower starting position, towards [ɛɪ] ( listen) or to an even lower and/or more retracted sound.
At the same time, the pushing of /æ/ into the vicinity of /ɛ/ (as in red or belt), forces /ɛ/ itself into a higher and fronter position, occupying the [e] area (previously the vicinity of /eɪ/). /ɛ/ also often acquires an in-glide: thus, [e(j)ə]. An example is that, to other English speakers, the Southern pronunciation of yep sounds something like yay-up. Stage 2 is most common in heavily stressed syllables. Southern accents originating from cities that formerly had the greatest influence and wealth in the South (Richmond, VA; Charleston, SC; Atlanta, Macon, and Savannah, GA; and all of Florida) do not traditionally participate in Stage 2.[21]

Stage 3 (/i/ → [ɪi] and /ɪ/ → [iə]): By the same pushing and pulling domino effects described above, /ɪ/ (as in hit or lick) and /i/ (as in beam or meet) follow suit by both possibly becoming diphthongs whose nuclei switch positions. /ɪ/ may be pushed into a diphthong with a raised beginning, [iə], while /i/ may be pulled into a diphthong with a lowered beginning, [ɪi]. An example is that, to other English speakers, the Southern pronunciation of fin sounds something like fee-in, while meal sounds something like mih-eel. Like the other stages of the Southern shift, Stage 3 is most common in heavily stressed syllables and particularly among Inland Southern speakers.[21]
Southern vowel breaking ("Southern drawl"): All three stages of the Southern Shift often result in the short front pure vowels being "broken" into gliding vowels, making one-syllable words like pet and pit sound as if they might have two syllables (as something like pay-it and pee-it respectively). This short front vowel gliding phenomenon is popularly recognized as the "Southern drawl". The "short a", "short e", and "short i" vowels are all affected, developing a glide up from their original starting position to [j], and then often back down to a schwa vowel: /æ/ → [æjə~ɛjə]; /ɛ/ → [ɛjə~ejə]; and /ɪ/ → [ɪjə~ijə], respectively. This phenomenon is on the decline, being most typical of Southern speakers born before 1960,[22] though mostly after the mid-1800s.

Unstressed, word-final /ŋ/ → [n]: The phoneme /ŋ/ in an unstressed syllable at the end of a word fronts to [n], so that singing /ˈsɪŋɪŋ/ is sometimes written phonetically as singin [ˈsɪŋɪn].[23] This is common in vernacular English dialects around the world.
Lacking or transitioning cot–caught merger: The historical distinction between the two vowels sounds /ɔː/ and /ɒ/, in words like caught and cot or stalk and stock is mainly preserved.[24] In much of the South during the 1900s, there was a trend to lower the vowel found in words like stalk and caught, often with an upglide, so that the most common result today is the gliding vowel [ɑɒ]. However, the cot–caught merger is becoming increasingly common throughout the United States, thus affecting Southeastern and even some Southern dialects, towards a merged vowel [ɑ].[25] In the South, this merger, or a transition towards this merger, is especially documented in central, northern, and (particularly) western Texas.[26]

text:
Pin-pen merger: the vowels [ɛ] and [ɪ] now merge when before nasal consonants, so that pen and pin, for instance, or hem and him, are pronounced the same, as pin or him, respectively.[24] The merger, towards the sound [ɪ], is still unreported among some vestigial varieties of the older South, and other geographically Southern U.S. varieties that have eluded the Southern Vowel Shift, such as the Yat dialect of New Orleans or the anomalous dialect of Savannah, Georgia.
Rhoticity: The "dropping" of the r sound after vowels was historically widespread in the South, particularly in former plantation area. This phenomenon, non-rhoticity, was considered prestigious before World War II, after which the social perception in the South reversed. Now, rhoticity (sometimes called r-fulness), in which all r sounds are pronounced, is dominant throughout the entire South, and even more so among younger and female white Southerners; the only major exception is among African American Southerners, whose modern vernacular dialect continues to be mostly non-rhotic.[27] The sound quality of the Southern r is the distinctive "bunch-tongued r", produced by strongly constricting the root and/or midsection of the tongue.[28]
Lax and tense vowels often neutralize before /l/, making pairs like feel/fill and fail/fell homophones for speakers in some areas of the South. Some speakers may distinguish between the two sets of words by reversing the normal vowel sound, e.g., feel in Southern may sound like fill, and vice versa.[29]
The back vowel /u/ (in goose or true) is fronted in the mouth to the vicinity of /ʉ/ or even farther forward, which is then followed by a slight gliding quality; different gliding qualities have been reported, including both backward and (especially in the eastern half of the South) forward glides.[30]
Back Upglide (Chain) Shift: In Southern regional dialects, /aʊ/ shifts forward and upward to [æʊ] (also possibly realized, variously, as [æjə~æo~ɛɔ~eo]); thus allowing the back vowel /ɔː/ to fill an area similar to the former position of /aʊ/ in the mouth, becoming lowered and developing an upglide [ɑɒ]; this, in turn, allows (though only for the most advanced Southern speakers) the upgliding /ɔɪ/, before /l/, to lose its glide [ɔː] (for instance, causing the word boils to sound something like the British or New York City pronunciations of  balls).[31]
The vowel /ʌ/, as in bug, luck, strut, etc., is realized as [ɜ], occasionally fronted to [ɛ̈] or raised in the mouth to [ə]. In former plantation areas, a more backed form, [ʌ], is common among older speakers.[32]
/z/ becomes [d] before /n/, for example [ˈwʌdn̩t] wasn't, [ˈbɪdnɪs] business,[33] but hasn't may keep the [z] to avoid merging with hadn't.
Many nouns are stressed on the first syllable that are stressed on the second syllable in most other American accents.[22] These may include police, cement, Detroit, Thanksgiving, insurance, behind, display, hotel, motel, recycle, TV, guitar, July, and umbrella. Today, younger Southerners tend to keep this initial stress for a more reduced set of words, perhaps including only insurance, defense, Thanksgiving, and umbrella.[34][35]
Phonemic incidence is sometimes unique in the South, so that:[35]

Florida is typically pronounced /ˈflɑrɪdə/ rather than General American /ˈflɔrɪdə/, and lawyer is /ˈlɔ.jər/ rather than General American /ˈlɔɪ.ər/ (i.e., the first syllable of lawyer sounds like law, not loy).
The /deɪ/ in words like Monday and Sunday is commonly /di/.
Spigot (a water tap) is often pronounced /ˈspɪkət/, as though spelled spicket.

Lacking or incomplete happy tensing: The tensing of unstressed, word-final /ɪ/ (the second vowel sound in words like happy, money, Chelsea, etc.) to a higher and fronter vowel like [i] is typical throughout the United States, except in the South. The South maintains a sound not obviously tensed: [ɪ] or [ɪ~i].[36]
Words ending in unstressed /oʊ/ may be pronounced as /ə/ (especially with the spelling ⟨ow⟩), making yellow sound like yella or tomorrow like tomorra.

text: Inland South and Texas South[edit]

text: ANAE identifies the "Inland South" as a large linguistic area of the South located mostly in southern Appalachia (specifically naming the cities of Greenville SC, Asheville NC, Knoxville and Chattanooga TN, and Birmingham and Linden AL), inland from both the Gulf and Atlantic Coasts, and the originating region of the Southern Vowel Shift. The Inland South, along with the "Texas South" (an urban core of central Texas: Dallas, Lubbock, Odessa, and San Antonio)[10] are considered the two major locations in which the Southern regional sound system is the most evolved, and therefore the core areas of the current-day South as a dialect region.[37]

text: The accents of Texas are actually diverse, for example with important Spanish influences on its vocabulary;[38] however, much of the state is still an unambiguous region of modern rhotic Southern speech, strongest in the cities of Dallas, Lubbock, Odessa, and San Antonio,[10] which all firmly demonstrate the first stage of the Southern Shift, if not also further stages of the shift.[39] Texan cities that are noticeably "non-Southern" dialectally are Abilene and Austin; only marginally Southern are Houston, El Paso, and Corpus Christi.[40] In western and northern Texas, the cot–caught merger is very close to completed.[41]

text: Atlanta, Charleston, and Savannah[edit]

text: The Atlas of North American English identified Atlanta, Georgia as a dialectal "island of non-Southern speech",[42] Charleston, South Carolina likewise as "not markedly Southern in character", and the traditional local accent of Savannah, Georgia as "giving way to regional [Midland] patterns",[43] despite these being three prominent Southern cities. The dialect features of Atlanta are best described today as sporadic from speaker to speaker, with such variation increased due to a huge movement of non-Southerners into the area during the 1990s.[44] Modern-day Charleston speakers have leveled in the direction of a more generalized Midland accent, away from the city's now-defunct, traditional Charleston accent, whose features were "diametrically opposed to the Southern Shift... and differ in many other respects from the main body of Southern dialects".[45] The Savannah accent is also becoming more Midland-like. The following vowel sounds of Atlanta, Charleston, and Savannah have been unaffected by typical Southern phenomena like the Southern drawl and Southern Vowel Shift:[44]

text:
/æ/ as in bad (the "default" General American nasal short-a system is in use, in which /æ/ is tensed only before /n/ or /m/).[45]
/aɪ/ as in bide (however, some Atlanta and Savannah speakers do variably show Southern /aɪ/ glide weakening).
/eɪ/ as in bait.
/ɛ/ as in bed.
/ɪ/ as in bid.
/iː/ as in bead.
/ɔː/ as in bought (which is lowered, as in most of the U.S., and approaches [ɒ~ɑ]; the cot–caught merger is mostly at a transitional stage in these cities).

text: However, the modern accents of Atlanta, Charleston, and Savannah can be regarded roughly as varieties of Midland English;[44][46] some speakers from all three cities (though most consistently Charleston and least consistently in Savannah) demonstrate the Southeastern fronting of /oʊ/. The status of the pin–pen merger is highly variable in all three cities.[46] Non-rhoticity (r-dropping) is now rare in these cities, yet still documented in some speakers.[47]

text: Southern Louisiana[edit]

text: Southern Louisiana, as well as some of southeast Texas (Houston to Beaumont), and coastal Mississippi, feature a number of dialects influenced by other languages beyond English. Most of southern Louisiana constitutes Acadiana, dominated for hundreds of years by monolingual speakers of Cajun French,[48] which combines elements of Acadian French with other French and Spanish words. This French dialect is spoken by many of the older members of the Cajun ethnic group and is said to be dying out. A related language called Louisiana Creole French also exists.

text: Southern Louisiana English especially is known for some unique vocabulary; long sandwiches are often called poor boys or po' boys, woodlice/roly-polies called doodle bugs, the end of a bread loaf called a nose, and pedestrian islands and median strips alike referred to as neutral ground.[35]

text: Acadiana[edit]

text: Since the early 1900s, Cajuns of southern Louisiana, though historically monolingual French speakers, began to develop their own vernacular dialect of English, which retains some influences and words from Acadian/Cajun French, such as "cher" (dear) or "nonc" (uncle). This dialect fell out of fashion after World War II, but experienced a renewal in primarily male speakers born since the 1970s, who have been the most appealed by, and the biggest appealers for, a successful Cajun cultural renaissance.[48] Speakers of Cajun Vernacular English demonstrate these major features, among many others:[49]

text:
Non-rhoticity (or r-dropping), for the most part.
High nasalization, even in vowels before nasal consonants.
Deletion of any word's final consonant(s): Examples are that hand becomes [hæ̃], food becomes [fuː], rent becomes [ɹɪ̃], New York becomes [nuˈjɔə], and so on.[49]
Universal glide weakening: A particular process of glide weakening is common in the South for certain gliding vowels; however, Cajun English is distinct in that every single English gliding vowel is subject to glide weakening or deletion. For instance, /oʊ/ (as in Joe), /eɪ/ (as in jay), and /ɔɪ/ (as in joy) have somewhat or entirely reduced glides: [oː], [eː], and [ɔː], respectively.[49]
Cot–caught merger towards [ä].[49]

text: New Orleans (Yat)[edit]

text: One historical English dialect spoken only by those raised in the Greater New Orleans area is non-rhotic and noticeably shares more pronunciation commonalities (due to very strong historical ties) with the New York accent than with other Southern accents. Since at least the 1980s, this local New Orleans dialect has popularly been called "Yat", from the common local greeting "Where you at?". The New York City English features shared with this dialect include:[44]

text:
Non-rhoticity.
Short-a split system (so that bad and back, for example, have different vowels).
/ɔː/ as high, often with a glide [ɔə].
/ɑːr/ as rounded [ɒː~ɔː].
Coil–curl merger (traditionally, though now in decline).

text: Yat also lacks the typical vowel changes of the Southern Shift and the pin–pen merger that are commonly heard elsewhere throughout the South. Yat is associated with the working and lower middle classes, though a spectrum with fewer notable Yat features is often heard the higher one's socioeconomic status; such New Orleans affluence is associated with the New Orleans Uptown and the Garden District, and its speech patterns are sometimes considered a separate variety altogether from the Yat dialect.[50]

text: Additionally, many unique terms such as "neutral ground"[51] for the median of a divided street (Louisiana/Southern Mississippi) or "banquette"[52] for a sidewalk (southern Louisiana/eastern Texas) are found in New Orleans and elsewhere in coastal Louisiana.

text: Older phonology[edit]

text: Prior to becoming a phonologically unified dialect region, the South was once home to an array of much more diverse accents at the local level. Features of the deeper interior Appalachian South largely became the basis for the newer Southern regional dialect; thus, older Southern American English primarily refers to the English spoken outside of Appalachia: the coastal and former plantation areas of the South, best documented before the Civil War, on the decline during the early 1900s, and basically non-existent in speakers born since the Civil Rights Movement.[53]

text: Little unified these older Southern dialects, since they never formed a single homogeneous dialect region to begin with. Some older Southern accents were rhotic (most strongly in Appalachia and west of the Mississippi), while the majority were non-rhotic (most strongly in plantation areas); however, wide variation existed. Some older Southern accents showed (or approximated) Stage 1 of the Southern Vowel Shift—namely, the glide weakening of /aɪ/—however, it is virtually unreported before the very late 1800s.[54] In general, the older Southern dialects clearly lacked the Mary–marry–merry, cot–caught, horse–hoarse, wine–whine, full–fool, fill–feel, and do–dew mergers, all of which are now common to, or encroaching on, all varieties of present-day Southern American English. Older Southern sound systems included those local to:[5]

text:
Plantation South (the Black Belt excluding the Lowcountry): phonologically characterized by /aɪ/ glide weakening, non-rhoticity (for some accents, including a coil–curl merger), and the Southern trap–bath split (a version of the trap–bath split unique to older Southern U.S. speech that causes words like lass [ɫæs~ɫæɛæs] not to rhyme with words like pass [pʰæes]).

Eastern and central Virginia (often identified as the "Tidewater accent"): further characterized by Canadian raising and some vestigial resistance to the vein–vain merger.

Lowcountry (of South Carolina and Georgia; often identified as the traditional "Charleston accent"): characterized by no /aɪ/ glide weakening, non-rhoticity (including the coil-curl merger), the Southern trap–bath split, Canadian raising, the cheer–chair merger, /eɪ/ pronounced as [e(ə)], and /oʊ/ pronounced as [o(ə)].
Outer Banks and Chesapeake Bay (often identified as the "Hoi Toider accent"): characterized by no /aɪ/ glide weakening (with the on-glide strongly backed, unlike any other U.S. dialect), the card–cord merger, /aʊ/ pronounced as [aʊ~äɪ], and up-gliding of pure vowels especially before /ʃ/ (making fish sound almost like feesh and ash like aysh). It is the only dialect of the older South still extant on the East Coast, due to being passed on through generations of geographically isolated islanders.
Appalachian and Ozark Mountains: characterized by strong rhoticity and a tor–tore–tour merger (which still exist in that region), the Southern trap–bath split, plus the original and most advanced instances of the Southern Vowel Shift now defining the whole South.

text: Grammar[edit]

text: These grammatical features are characteristic of both older and newer Southern American English.

text:
Use of done as an auxiliary verb between the subject and verb in sentences conveying the past tense.

I done told you before.

Use of done (instead of did) as the past simple form of do, and similar uses of the past participle in place of the past simple, such as seen replacing saw as past simple form of see.

I only done what you done told me.
I seen her first.

Use of other non-standard preterites, Such as drownded as the past tense of drown, knowed as past tense of know, choosed as the past tense of choose, degradated as the past tense of degrade.

I knowed you for a fool soon as I seen you.

Use of was in place of were, or other words regularizing the past tense of be to was.[citation needed]

You was sittin' on that chair.

Use of been instead of have been in perfect constructions.

I been livin' here darn near my whole life.

Use of double modals (might could, might should, might would, used to could, etc.--also called "modal stacking") and sometimes even triple modals that involve oughta (like might should oughta)

I might could climb to the top.
I used to could do that.

Use of (a-)fixin' to, or just "fixing to" in more modern Southern, to indicate immediate future action in place of intending to, preparing to, or about to.

He's fixin' to eat.
They're fixing to go for a hike.

Preservation of older English me, him, etc. as reflexive datives.

I'm fixin' to paint me a picture.
He's gonna catch him a big one.

Saying this here in place of this or this one, and that there in place of that or that one.

This here's mine and that there is yours.

Existential It, a feature dating from Middle English which can be explained as substituting it for there when there refers to no physical location, but only to the existence of something.

It's one lady that lives in town.

Use of ever in place of every.

Ever'where's the same these days.

Use of "over yonder" in place of "over there" or "in or at that indicated place", especially to refer to a particularly different spot, such as in "the house over yonder". Additionally, "yonder" tends to refer to a third, larger degree of distance beyond both "here" and "there", indicating that something is a longer way away, and to a lesser extent, in a wide or loosely defined expanse, as in the church hymn "When the Roll Is Called Up Yonder".[55]

text: Vocabulary[edit]

text: Y'all[edit]

text: Y'all is a second person plural pronoun and the usual Southern plural form of the word you.[57] It is originally a contraction – you all – which is used less frequently.[58] This term originated with the modern Southern dialect region and is not found in older Southern dialects.

text:
When addressing a group, y'all is general (I know y'all) and is used to address the group as a whole, whereas all y'all is used to emphasize specificity of each and every member of the group ("I know all y'all.") The possessive form of Y'all is created by adding the standard "-'s".

"I've got y'all's assignments here." /jɔːlz/

Y'all is distinctly separate from the singular you. The statement "I gave y'all my truck payment last week," is more precise than "I gave you my truck payment last week." You (if interpreted as singular) could imply the payment was given directly to the person being spoken to – when that may not be the case.
"All y'all" is used to specify that all members of the second person plural (i.e., all persons currently being addressed and/or all members of a group represented by an addressee) are included; that is, it operates in contradistinction to "some of y'all", thereby functioning similarly to "all of you" in standard English.
In rural southern Appalachia an "n" is added to pronouns indicating "one" "his'n" "his one" "her'n" "her one" "Yor'n" "your one" i.e. "his, hers and yours". Another example is yernses. It may be substituted for the 2nd person plural possessive yours.

"That book is yernses." /ˈjɜːrnzəz/

text: Other vocabulary[edit]

text: In the United States, the following vocabulary is mostly unique to, or best associated with, Southern U.S. English:[35]

text:
Ain't to mean am not, is not, are not, have not, has not, etc.[59]
Buggy to mean shopping cart
Carry to additionally mean to escort or accompany[60]
Catty-corner to mean located or placed diagonally
Chill bumps as a synonym for goose bumps
Coke to mean any sweet, carbonated soft drink
Crawfish to mean crayfish
Devil is beating his wife to describe the weather phenomenon of a sunshower
Icing (preferred over frosting, in the confectionary sense)
Ordinary to mean disreputable[61]

Ornery to mean bad-tempered or surly (derived from ordinary)

Powerful to mean great in number or amount (used as an adverb)[61]
Right to mean very or extremely (used as an adverb)[62]
Reckon to mean to think or conclude[63]
Rolling to mean the prank of toilet papering
Slaw as a synonym for coleslaw
Tote to mean to carry[59]
Veranda to mean large, roofed porch[61]
Yonder to mean over there[59]

text: Unique words can occur as Southern nonstandard past-tense forms of verbs, particularly in the Southern highlands and Piney Woods, as in yesterday they riz up, come outside, drawed, and drownded, as well as participle forms like they have took it, rode it, blowed it up, and swimmed away.[59] Drug is traditionally both the past tense and participle form of the verb drag.[59]

text: Relationship to African-American English[edit]

text: Discussion of "Southern dialect" in the United States popularly refers to those English varieties spoken by white Southerners;[6] however, as a geographic term, it may also encompass the dialects developed among other social or ethnic groups in the South, most prominently including African Americans. Today, African-American English (AAE) is a fairly unified variety of English spoken by working- and middle-class African Americans throughout the United States. AAE exhibits an evident relationship with both older and newer Southern dialects, though the exact nature of this relationship is poorly understood.[64] It is clear that AAE was influenced by older speech patterns of the Southern United States, where Africans and African Americans were held as slaves until the American Civil War. These slaves originally spoke a diversity of indigenous African languages but picked up English to communicate with one another, their white masters, and the white servants and laborers they often closely worked alongside. Many features of AAE suggest that it largely developed from nonstandard dialects of colonial English (with some features of AAE absent from other modern American dialects, yet still existing in certain modern British dialects). However, there is also evidence of the influence of West African languages on AAE vocabulary and grammar.

text: It is uncertain to what extent early white Southern English borrowed elements from early African American English versus the other way around. Like many white accents of English once spoken in Southern plantation areas—namely, the Lowcountry, Virginia Piedmont and Tidewater, lower Mississippi Valley, and western Black Belt—the modern-day AAE accent is mostly non-rhotic (or "r-dropping" ). The presence of non-rhoticity in both black English and older white Southern English is not merely coincidence, though, again, which dialect influenced which is unknown. It is better documented, however, that white Southerners borrowed some morphological processes from black Southerners.

text: Many grammatical features were used alike by older speakers of white Southern English and African American English more so than by contemporary speakers of the same two varieties. Even so, contemporary speakers of both continue to share these unique grammatical features: "existential it", the word y'all, double negatives, was to mean were, deletion of had and have, them to mean those, the term fixin' to, stressing the first syllable of words like hotel or guitar, and many others.[65] Both dialects also continue to share these same pronunciation features: /ɪ/ tensing, /ʌ/ raising, upgliding /ɔː/, the pin–pen merger, and the most defining sound of the current Southern accent (though rarely documented in older Southern accents): the glide weakening of /aɪ/. However, while this glide weakening has triggered among white Southerners a complicated "Southern Vowel Shift", black speakers in the South and elsewhere on the other hand are "not participating or barely participating" in much of this shift.[66] AAE speakers also do not front the vowel starting positions of /oʊ/ and /uː/, thus aligning these characteristics more with the speech of nineteenth-century white Southerners than twentieth-century white Southerners.[67]

text: One strong possibility for the divergence of black American English and white Southern American English (i.e., the disappearance of older Southern American English) is that the civil rights struggles caused these two racial groups "to stigmatize linguistic variables associated with the other group".[68] This may explain some of the differences outlined above, including why all traditionally non-rhotic white Southern accents have shifted to now becoming intensely rhotic.[citation needed]


document_title: Iowa–Iowa State rivalry

question_text: when was the last time iowa beat iowa state in basketball

text: Iowa–Iowa State rivalry

text: Football series[edit]

text: Men's basketball series[edit]

text: Iowa victories are shaded in gold ██. Iowa State victories shaded in cardinal ██.

text:
Date
Site
Winning team
Losing team
Series

February 5, 1909
Ames
Iowa
30
Iowa State
27
UI 1-0

February 26, 1910
Iowa City
Iowa
24
Iowa State
12
UI 2-0

February 8, 1913
Iowa City
Iowa
27
Iowa State
15
UI 3-0

February 25, 1913
Ames
Iowa
21
Iowa State
13
UI 4-0

January 31, 1914
Iowa City
Iowa
22
Iowa State
15
UI 5-0

February 24, 1914
Ames
Iowa
21
Iowa State
16
UI 6-0

February 16, 1915
Iowa City
Iowa
27
Iowa State
12
UI 7-0

March 4, 1915
Ames
Iowa
23
Iowa State
18
UI 8-0

February 19, 1916
Iowa City
Iowa
26
Iowa State
9
UI 9-0

March 4, 1916
Ames
Iowa
22
Iowa State
14
UI 10-0

February 16, 1917
Ames
Iowa State
24
Iowa
12
UI 10-1

February 27, 1917
Iowa City
Iowa
15
Iowa State
13
UI 11-1

February 9, 1918
Iowa City
Iowa
24
Iowa State
9
UI 12-1

March 1, 1918
Ames
Iowa
22
Iowa State
20
UI 13-1

February 15, 1919
Iowa City
Iowa
27
Iowa State
17
UI 14-1

March 1, 1919
Ames
Iowa
29
Iowa State
20
UI 15-1

January 23, 1920
Iowa City
Iowa
27
Iowa State
15
UI 16-1

March 6, 1920
Ames
Iowa
26
Iowa State
19
UI 17-1

February 15, 1921
Iowa City
Iowa State
20
Iowa
16
UI 17-2

March 11, 1921
Ames
Iowa State
26
Iowa
18
UI 17-3

December 11, 1933
Iowa City
Iowa
30
Iowa State
12
UI 18-3

January 1, 1935
Ames
Iowa State
41
Iowa
33
UI 18-4

December 23, 1970
Iowa City
Iowa
87
Iowa State
68
UI 19-4

December 18, 1971
Ames
Iowa State
97
Iowa
94
UI 19-5

January 2, 1973
Iowa City
Iowa
66
Iowa State
57
UI 20-5

January 7, 1974
Ames
Iowa State
94
Iowa
77
UI 20-6

December 12, 1974
Iowa City
Iowa
77
Iowa State
66
UI 21-6

December 12, 1975
Ames
Iowa
91
Iowa State
77
UI 22-6

December 18, 1976
Iowa City
Iowa
85
Iowa State
64
UI 23-6

November 26, 1977
Ames
Iowa State
79
Iowa
78
UI 23-7

December 11, 1978
Iowa City
Iowa
67
Iowa State
66
UI 24-7

December 15, 1979
Ames
(17) Iowa
67
Iowa State
64
UI 25-7

December 20, 1980
Iowa City
(16) Iowa
85
Iowa State
59
UI 26-7

December 8, 1981
Ames
(6) Iowa
79
Iowa State
68
UI 27-7

January 15, 1983
Iowa City
(12) Iowa
73
Iowa State
56
UI 28-7

January 14, 1984
Ames
Iowa State
76
Iowa
72 (2OT)
UI 28-8

December 4, 1984
Iowa City
Iowa State
54
Iowa
50
UI 28-9

December 10, 1985
Ames
Iowa State
74
Iowa
61
UI 28-10

December 20, 1986
Iowa City
(3) Iowa
89
Iowa State
64
UI 29-10

December 19, 1987
Ames
(20) Iowa State
102
(7) Iowa
100 (OT)
UI 29-11

December 10, 1988
Iowa City
(5) Iowa
91
Iowa State
71
UI 30-11

December 7, 1989
Ames
Iowa
89
Iowa State
87
UI 31-11

December 8, 1990
Iowa City
Iowa
75
Iowa State
73
UI 32-11

December 14, 1991
Ames
Iowa State
98
(16) Iowa
84
UI 32-12

December 12, 1992
Iowa City
(8) Iowa
78
Iowa State
51
UI 33-12

December 11, 1993
Ames
Iowa State
86
Iowa
79
UI 33-13

December 10, 1994
Iowa City
Iowa State
76
Iowa
63
UI 33-14

December 9, 1995
Ames
(12) Iowa
56
Iowa State
50
UI 34-14

December 14, 1996
Iowa City
(6) Iowa State
81
Iowa
74
UI 34-15

December 13, 1997
Ames
(10) Iowa
60
Iowa State
59
UI 35-15

December 12, 1998
Iowa City
Iowa
74
Iowa State
54
UI 36-15

December 11, 1999
Ames
Iowa State
79
Iowa
66
UI 36-16

December 9, 2000
Iowa City
Iowa
80
(25) Iowa State
68
UI 37-16

December 8, 2001
Ames
(12) Iowa
78
Iowa State
53
UI 38-16

December 13, 2002
Iowa City
Iowa State
73
Iowa
69
UI 38-17

March 21, 2003
Ames
Iowa
54
Iowa State
53
UI 39-17 (NIT)

January 21, 2004
Ames
Iowa State
84
Iowa
76
UI 39-18

December 10, 2004
Iowa City
(17) Iowa
70
Iowa State
63
UI 40-18

December 9, 2005
Ames
Iowa State
72
(12) Iowa
60
UI 40-19

December 8, 2006
Iowa City
Iowa
77
Iowa State
59
UI 41-19

December 8, 2007
Ames
Iowa State
56
Iowa
47
UI 41-20

December 12, 2008
Iowa City
Iowa
73
Iowa State
57
UI 42-20

December 11, 2009
Ames
Iowa State
81
Iowa
71
UI 42-21

December 10, 2010
Iowa City
Iowa State
75
Iowa
72
UI 42-22

December 9, 2011
Ames
Iowa State
86
Iowa
76
UI 42-23

December 7, 2012
Iowa City
Iowa
80
Iowa State
71
UI 43-23

December 13, 2013
Ames
(17) Iowa State
85
(23) Iowa
82
UI 43-24

December 12, 2014
Iowa City
(14) Iowa State
90
Iowa
75
UI 43-25

December 10, 2015
Ames
(4) Iowa State
83
Iowa
82
UI 43-26

December 8, 2016
Iowa City
Iowa
78
(25) Iowa State
64
UI 44-26

December 7, 2017
Ames
Iowa State
84
Iowa
78
UI 44-27

text: Iowa leads the all-time series 44-27.

text: Wrestling[edit]

text:
Date
Site
Winning team
Losing team
Series

2004
Iowa City
Iowa State
19
Iowa
16

2005
Ames
Iowa
20
Iowa State
15

2006
Iowa City
Iowa
24
Iowa State
6

2007
Ames
Iowa
20
#1 Iowa State
13

2008
Iowa City
#1 Iowa
20
Iowa State
15

2009
Ames
Iowa
19
Iowa State
12

2010
Iowa City
Iowa
22
Iowa State
13

2011
Ames
Iowa
27
Iowa State
9

2012
Iowa City
Iowa
32
Iowa State
3

2013
Ames
Iowa
23
Iowa State
9

2014
Iowa City
Iowa
28
Iowa State
8

2015
Ames
Iowa
33
Iowa State
6

2016
Iowa City
Iowa
26
Iowa State
9

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ "Iowa State University enrollment is 36,001". Iowa State. Retrieved 1 October 2017.
Jump up ^ "University of Iowa announces record-breaking first-year class". University of Iowa. Retrieved 1 October 2017.
Jump up ^ "Hy-Vee Cy-Hawk Series". Hy-Vee Cy-Hawk Series. Retrieved 2008-03-08.

text:
[show]

v
t
e

Iowa Hawkeyes men's basketball

Venues

Close Hall (1901–1904)
Iowa Armory (1905–1926)
Iowa Field House (1927–1983)
Carver–Hawkeye Arena (1983–present)

Rivalries

Iowa "Big Four"
Iowa State (Iowa Corn Cy-Hawk Series)

Culture & lore

History
Herky the Hawk
"Iowa Fight Song"
First 5-on-5 college basketball game

People

Head coaches
Individual honors

Seasons

1892–93
1893–95
1895–96
1896–97
1897–98
1898–1901
1901–02
1902–03
1903–04
1904–05
1905–06
1906–07
1907–08
1908–09
1909–10
1910–11
1911–12
1912–13
1913–14
1914–15
1915–16
1916–17
1917–18
1918–19
1919–20
1920–21
1921–22
1922–23
1923–24
1924–25
1925–26
1926–27
1927–28
1928–29
1929–30
1930–31
1931–32
1932–33
1933–34
1934–35
1935–36
1936–37
1937–38
1938–39
1939–40
1940–41
1941–42
1942–43
1943–44
1944–45
1945–46
1946–47
1947–48
1948–49
1949–50
1950–51
1951–52
1952–53
1953–54
1954–55
1955–56
1956–57
1957–58
1958–59
1959–60
1960–61
1961–62
1962–63
1963–64
1964–65
1965–66
1966–67
1967–68
1968–69
1969–70
1970–71
1971–72
1972–73
1973–74
1974–75
1975–76
1976–77
1977–78
1978–79
1979–80
1980–81
1981–82
1982–83
1983–84
1984–85
1985–86
1986–87
1987–88
1988–89
1989–90
1990–91
1991–92
1992–93
1993–94
1994–95
1995–96
1996–97
1997–98
1998–99
1999–00
2000–01
2001–02
2002–03
2003–04
2004–05
2005–06
2006–07
2007–08
2008–09
2009–10
2010–11
2011–12
2012–13
2013–14
2014–15
2015–16
2016–17
2017–18

NCAA Final Four appearances in italics

text:
[show]

v
t
e

Iowa State Cyclones men's basketball

Venues

State Gymnasium (1913–1947)
Iowa State Armory (1947–1971)
Hilton Coliseum (1971–present)

Rivalries

Iowa "Big Four"
Iowa (Iowa Corn Cy-Hawk Series)

Culture & lore

Cy the Cardinal
"ISU Fights"
Iowa State Pep Band

People

Head coaches
Notable players

Seasons

1907–08
1908–09
1909–10
1910–11
1911–12
1912–13
1913–14
1914–15
1915–16
1916–17
1917–18
1918–19
1919–20
1920–21
1921–22
1922–23
1923–24
1924–25
1925–26
1926–27
1927–28
1928–29
1929–30
1930–31
1931–32
1932–33
1933–34
1934–35
1935–36
1936–37
1937–38
1938–39
1939–40
1940–41
1941–42
1942–43
1943–44
1944–45
1945–46
1946–47
1947–48
1948–49
1949–50
1950–51
1951–52
1952–53
1953–54
1954–55
1955–56
1956–57
1957–58
1958–59
1959–60
1960–61
1961–62
1962–63
1963–64
1964–65
1965–66
1966–67
1967–68
1968–69
1969–70
1970–71
1971–72
1972–73
1973–74
1974–75
1975–76
1976–77
1977–78
1978–79
1979–80
1980–81
1981–82
1982–83
1983–84
1984–85
1985–86
1986–87
1987–88
1988–89
1989–90
1990–91
1991–92
1992–93
1993–94
1994–95
1995–96
1996–97
1997–98
1998–99
1999–00
2000–01
2001–02
2002–03
2003–04
2004–05
2005–06
2006–07
2007–08
2008–09
2009–10
2010–11
2011–12
2012–13
2013–14
2014–15
2015–16
2016–17
2017–18

NCAA Final Four appearance in italics

text: College basketball rivalries in the United StatesCollege sports rivalries in the United StatesIowa HawkeyesIowa State Cyclones1894 establishments in Iowa


document_title: Lincoln Memorial Reflecting Pool

question_text: when was the reflecting pool in washington dc built

text: Lincoln Memorial Reflecting Pool

text: Description[edit]

text: The Lincoln Memorial Reflecting Pool was designed by Henry Bacon, and was constructed in 1922 and 1923, following the dedication of the Lincoln Memorial. It is approximately 2,029 feet (618 m) long (over a third of a mile) and 167 feet (51 m) wide. The perimeter of the pool is therefore 4,392 feet (1,339 m), about 0.83 miles around. It has a depth of approximately 18 inches (46 cm) on the sides and  30 inches (76 cm) in the center. It holds approximately 6,750,000 U.S. gallons (25,500,000 L) of water.[3]

text: Restoration[edit]

text: Using funding from the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009, the National Park Service reconstructed the Lincoln Memorial Reflecting Pool. The pool's water supply system was updated to eliminate stagnant water by circulating water from the Tidal Basin; the pool was formerly filled using potable water from the city. Paved walking paths were added to the north and south sides of the pool to replace worn grass and to prevent further erosion.[4] Construction on the 18-month, $30.74 million project began in November 2010. In May 2011, workers began sinking the first of 2,113 wood pilings into a 40-foot deep layer of soft, marshy river clay and some dredged material atop bedrock to support a new pool.[5] The pool reopened on August 31, 2012. The project was managed by the Louis Berger Group.[6]

text: Post-restoration operation[edit]

text: Within weeks of the pool's reopening in 2012, it had to be drained and cleaned at a cost of $100,000 due to algae in the pool. The algae growth was so extensive it almost completely covered the surface of the pool.[7] Using an ozone disinfectant system installed during the renovation,[8] the National Park Service said it would double the amount of algae-killing ozone in the pool to control future outbreaks.[7]

text: In 2013, construction on the National World War II Memorial damaged the eastern end of the Reflecting Pool. NPS workers closed the eastern 30 feet (9.1 m) of the pool in August 2015 to repair the basin, work that was completed in the summer of 2016.[9]

text: The Reflecting Pool was completely drained in June 2017 to control a parasitical outbreak. The parasite, which causes swimmer's itch, infects snails which inhabit the pool. More than 80 ducks and ducklings have died at the pool due to parasitical infection since May 20. Park Service workers said the work and refilling of the pool would take 10 days.[10]

text: Events[edit]

text: Located at the base of the Lincoln Memorial's steps, the Reflecting Pool area has been the site of many historic events, including:

text:
In 1939, singer Marian Anderson was denied permission to perform at Constitution Hall in Washington because she was African American. An open-air concert was held on Easter Sunday, with a crowd of over 75,000 people.
On August 28, 1963, the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom used the area for its Civil Rights rally. It was there that Martin Luther King Jr. gave his "I Have a Dream" speech, delivered to a crowd of 250,000 people.
In 2009, We Are One: The Obama Inaugural Celebration at the Lincoln Memorial was held, with a crowd of 400,000 people.
In 2010, the restoration project began.
On August 28, 2010, the Restoring Honor rally was held. Notable speakers included Alveda King, the niece of Martin Luther King Jr., former Vice Presidential candidate Gov. Sarah Palin and the event's organizer Glenn Beck.
As of 2012, the restoration project was completed and the pool was reopened on August 31.
On December 31, 2012, National Park Rangers, using their personal funds and time, lit over 2,000 candles around the reflecting pool in commemoration of the 150th anniversary of the Emancipation Proclamation, where the Park Service rang in the New Year with a Night Watch and Freedom Vigil and the singing of "My Country, 'Tis of Thee."
On August 28, 2013, the 50th anniversary of the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom and Martin Luther King Jr.'s "I Have A Dream" speech was commemorated by an all-day event. The event featured various speakers including then President Barack Obama and John Lewis, the only speaker from the original rally to remain living.

text: Gallery[edit]

text:
The Lincoln Memorial Reflecting Pool seen from the Lincoln Memorial (2005)

Ice covering the Lincoln Memorial Reflecting Pool after the February 5–6, 2010 North American blizzard

Lincoln Memorial Reflecting Pool before reconstruction (April 2010)

Lincoln Memorial Reflecting Pool undergoing reconstruction (June 2011)

The Lincoln Memorial Reflecting Pool undergoing reconstruction (December 2011)

Lincoln Memorial Reflecting Pool after reconstruction (May 2016)

The Lincoln Memorial Reflecting Pool at sunset (August 2015)